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University of Texas Commencement 4/19/90 [OA 8311]
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26
20
5
2
Davis/Martin
Date: May 11, 1990
Title: Austin
Draft: One
PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS: COMMENCEMENT, The University of Texas
The Frank Irwin Center, Austin
Saturday, May 19, 7 p.m.
( (Chairman Beecherl, President Cunningham, Mrs. Johnson,
Reverend Bethune, Dean Livingston, Rita Clements -- and Bill,
thank you for that gracious introduction. )\\\
( (Well, there's nothing like the great outdoors. ))\\\
(And I understand I'm too late for Eeyore's birthday p.120
UT Austin
party. But it's great to be back in Longhorn Country. TRaditions and
Nostalgia
( (You know, last year I addressed Texas A&M. Two weeks
ago, I addressed Oklahoma University. So, while I am not
taking sides, President Cunningham says we saved the best for
last. ))\\\
"on Campus" April 2-8,1990
I gave my first U.T. commencement address in 1973, when I
had just completed a tour of duty at the United Nations. I am
doubly honored to be back, this time with an honorary degree in
Facts The Unev. of Texas at Austin
law. ( (By the way, your fellow alumnus, Secretary of State James
Baker, gets quite testy when anyone dares to suggest that there
is a contradiction in that term, "honorary lawyer. ))\\\
SpringE So many great Americans have given this address, from
speaker
Barbara Jordan to a former Texas public school teacher by the
Encyclopetia Ameurcans. 130
name of Lyndon Johnson. So I consider it the highest honor to
once again address the graduates of this great institution.
The ideals of U.T. were born with Texas, when the
The Univ. of TX Report of Centernial commission
revolutionaries of 1836 called for "a university of the first
panson of the The conscience
UT Austin and
2
doss
TRaditions
Nostalgia p.51
P.23
class. Texas began dirt poor, but Texans were rich in land and
vision. And so what began as a dream on forty acres of pasture
is now a mini-metropolis housing some of the best schools in
Facts The Univ of Texas at Austin 1990
America. Nobel and Pulitzer Prize winners rank among your
faculty, National Merit scholars lead your students.
So let me say it loud and clear: The first Texans were
wrong. This is not a first-class university. You are
graduates of a world-class university.
( (And if I ever forget this, Jim Baker will remind me. ))\\\
The PFOR zheimer
Your splendid libraries house the manuscripts of Joyce, Library
Hemingway and Beckett. You are justly proud of rare books that exas
The Unit of
EncyclopeDia Americana
resound with the rich voices of Chaucer, the Italian Renaissance, vol 23,
and the folios of Shakespeare and Spenser.
P.383
But a world-class university must have a revered tradition
Facts The Uain of
of its own. And so you do. It was near here that J. Frank Dobie Texas
held court with other scholars of the Southwest on his beloved
who was WHO in America p. 991
Paisano Ranch. vIt was here that Walter Prescott Webb scrutinized
Taleast old Time as 289
old legends and 10. Henry spun news ones.
Encyclopedia
American
vol.14p.107
But it took a Mississippian, Willie Morris, to forever
capture the soul of this University, a soul embodied on a street
called The Drag. In the 1950s, he described Guadalupe Street as
teaming with people in blue jeans and tuxedos, pedal-pushers and
Centennial evening gowns, Stetson hats and orange string ties, and tiny
Factfile
clusters of foreign students with nowhere to go and no football
p.25
game to talk about.
3
Since then, students from around the world have become a
true part of the University of Texas community, as U.T. has
certainly become more of a part of the world. And within this
wide world, you can choose to work and succeed in Paris, France,
or Paris, Texas. In short, you face the best of dilemmas -- a
wealth of opportunities.
Americana Encyclopedia I won't hazard to give advice, but let me describe my own
p.
452
experience. Next month will be forty-two years since my
graduation. And I, too, was presented with a neat little set of
choices on my graduation day: (further study, then a law firm, a
bank or the stock market, probably in New York. Honorable and
interesting professions, all.\\ And I gave each of them serious
consideration. I consulted my elders. I looked at every
angle, logically, sensibly and practically. But the truly
great decisions we make in life are rarely logical or practical.
I packed my bags and drove my red Studebaker to the oil fields of
West Texas.
A
few months later, Barbara and I were living with our
infant son George in a tiny ramshackle shotgun house in the oil
town of Odessa. It had a makeshift partition down the middle
that split the house into two apartments, leaving us with a small
kitchen, a shared bathroom, and an old water-drip window unit
cranked up like a West Texas dust storm.\\ And it still couldn't
drown out the noise of the all-night parties next door.
And yes, there were times when Barbara and I wondered what
we had gotten ourselves into. But we had faith that, come hell
4
or high water, we were choosing a future that would be uniquely
our own. Like most Americans, we were free to choose where we
wanted to live, what we wanted to do. We came of age at time
when the possibilities of America seemed limitless.
But outside of America, the world of free choices was
shrinking. Winston Churchill's prediction that an Iron Curtain
would sever Europe into two hostile camps was soon vindicated
an Iron Curtain did cut Hungary and Czechoslovakia from the West,
and Germany from itself. And with every brick, every guard tower
and every stand of barbed wire, the compass of freedom narrowed.
Our world became a little smaller.
Eventually, half of humanity lost its freedom. Millions of
men and women were told what to study, what job to take and where
to live. All their drive, talent and imagination were misused or
wasted. Yet many still had what Barbara Jordan calls "conviction May24,
U.Of Texas Commercement Speech
1986
values." Even under the pain of death, they resisted.
Harry Huntt Ransom, the late University of Texas scholar and
leader, said that it has always been up to the great thinkers to
take the great risks. Some, in fact, risked and P.14 lost their
The
Ransom
Conscure
heads, he said, and the loss was anatomical, not metaphorical. of the
Unw
As in the Middle Ages, the price of dissidence against 20th
century Communism could be death.
New
Andrei Sakharov risked everything when he confronted
Jan8+15, P.7990 Threpublic
Khrushchev with the truth on above-ground nuclear testing. Now,
the Soviet people revere his memory.
p.7
5
Vaclav Havel risked everything as an imprisoned playwright,
and now he leads a great nation.
And an electrician from Gdansk named Lech Walesa risked it
all to lead a whole people to freedom.
The determination of men and women yearning to be free
simply proved tougher than the walls that surrounded them.
Because of their courage, the free world is now more vast than
anyone dared imagine. And with this greater world of freedom
comes greater opportunity -- in the East and the West. Whether
you will make your career in art, business, law or science, this
can only be good news.
Wust this morning, I toured the Houston office of what will
be the site of our next economic summit with Canada, France,
Great Britain, Italy, Japan and West Germany. When we meet, it
will be more than just a comparison of balance sheets. It will
be an act of fellowship between free nations.
In Houston, Prime Minister Mulroney and I will represent two
great and sovereign nations living at peace, with completely open
borders. Prime Minister Kaifu, my new friend, will represent a
nation whose business life is deeply integrated with America's,
and whose cultural ties to us are deepening. And then there are
the Europeans, who are on the verge of forever casting off the
animosities of the past to create a united Europe -- peoples open
to each other, and, I predict, open to the world.
This is a remarkable moment in world history. And so I am
here today to challenge you to make the most of it, to be a
6
part of it, to live in these remarkable times, to seize the
day.
You know, there was a wonderful scene in a recent movie, The
Dead Poets Society, where Robin Williams -- who plays an English
teacher -- leads the young men in his class to a large case
filled with the yellowed class pictures of students from the turn
of the century -- the kind of pictures we've all passed by
without a second thought.
And Williams said: ((
"))
I like to think that we
will all seize the day, and make it our own.
I know many of you must be young men and women in a hurry.
( (Youth example)) Then there are those of you who labor
VT Austin TRadi tions + Nostalgia
furiously on a school project The Daily Texan, or some special p 104
mission of your own. For you, Jack London said it all when he
wrote:
The American TReasury
1455-1955 pp.946-
947
"I would rather be a superb meteor,
every atom of me in magnificent glow,
than a sleepy and permanent planet.
The proper function of man is to live, not to exist.
I shall not waste my time in trying to prolong them.
I shall use my time."
Current
Others move more deliberately, but with just as much
Biography
Yearbook
1985
purpose
Helen Hoover Santmeyer labored for decades over one
in 1925 1st book
p357
novel, and became a first-time author at age eighty-eight. And
forth bookat 88
we have with us today, ((name)), who is graduating with a
((B.A.)) in studio art at the age of seventy.
They too, have seized the day -- and made it their own. \\
7
Let that stand as a working definition of democracy. It
gives you the chance to follow your path, whether it leads you to
another state or even another country, or to the town you were
born in; to continue a family tradition, or to blaze a trail of
your own. Your opportunity may be in international trade, or
helping to nurse crack babies back to health in an inner-city
hospital. But whatever you do, be a part of the times you live
in. Do something extraordinary. Carpe Diem. ( (Give the Hook
em Horns Sign.) )
Once again, it is a delight to be back.
May God bless you all, and may God bless the United States
of America.
#
#
#
Williantt
Davis/Martin
Date: May 17, 1990
Title: Austin
Draft: Seven
PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS: COMMENCEMENT, The University of Texas
shule Perky's (
MEMORIAL STADIUM
LouisA.
BEach
Saturday, early May 19, 7 p.m. of Regents
(Chairman Beecherl, President Cunningham, Mrs. Johnson,
52
Reverend Bethune, Dean Liv ingston, Senator Bentsen Congressman Soph
5.
Pickle congratulations on the graduation of your granddaughter
Muline Allen Ceep
Beary
introduction.
[[NAME]], Rita Clements andrace and Bill, thank you for that gracious
IIIII
)
chancellor
Beger Pages Noms sit (
(Well, there's nothing like the great outdoors.
\\\
Mass
(For once, I guess you don't care whether or not you get to
mark
on the 50 yard-line. \\\
EE-or EE
((I understand I'm also too late for Eeyore's birthday
party. \\\\ But it's great to be back in Longhorn Country, just
the same.))
I gave my first U.T. commencement address in 1973, when I
had just completed a tour of duty at the United Nations. I am
pleased to be back. I am grateful, and indeed honored, by this
honorary degree in law. \\\
So many great Americans have given this address, including a
former Texas public school teacher by the name of Lyndon Johnson,
and later, Lady Bird Johnson. So I consider it the highest honor
to once again address the graduates of this great institution. \\
The ideals of U.T. were born with Texas, when the
revolutionaries of 1836 called for "a university of the first
class." Texas began dirt poor, but Texans were rich in land and
2
vision. And so what began as a dream on forty acres of pasture
is now a mini-metropolis housing some of the best schools in
America. Nobel and Pulitzer Prize winners rank among your
faculty, National Merit scholars lead your students.
So let me say it loud and clear: The first Texans, in a
sense, were wrong. This is not just a first-class university.
You are graduates of a world-class university.
( (And if I ever forget this, our Secretary of State Jim
Baker will remind me\\\ and so will our son Jeb, another proud
graduate of U.T.))
Your splendid libraries house the manuscripts of Joyce,
Hemingway and Beckett. You are justly proud of rare books and
folios that resound with the rich voices of Chaucer and the
Pitzah-n Renaissance, Shakespeare and Spenser.
But a world-class university must have a revered tradition
of its own. And so you do. It was near here that J. Frank Dobie
held court with other scholars of the Southwest on his beloved
Paisano Ranch. It was here that Walter Prescott Webb scrutinized
old legends and O. Henry spun news ones.
and read
Since then, students from around the world have become a
true part of the University of Texas community, as U.T. has
certainly become more of a part of the world. And within this
wide world, you can choose to work and succeed in Paris, France,
or Paris, Texas. In short, you face the best of dilemmas -- a
wealth of opportunities, opportunities born of democracy.
3
In four commencement addresses this spring, I have examined
what makes democracy such a special way of life: how democracies
refuse to perish by uniting in a strong defensive alliance; how
they are strengthened by the rule of law; how freedom empowers
people to solve the toughest problems; and how democracy leads to
progress and adventure. Tonight, in my final commencement
address of the year, I want to discuss the personal side of
democracy: What it offers us, what we can make of it.
To graduate from college in America is to be as free as any
man or woman can be. And now, for the first time in half a
century, a new generation in Eastern Europe is reveling in
freedom, throwing their caps in the air and shouting to the high
heavens because, finally, they are free to live where they want
and free to be what they want. From Austin to Berlin to
Budapest, we live during a remarkable moment in world history, an
exhilarating time -- the triumph of freedom.
But freedom has a constant companion -- challenge. And so I
am here tonight to challenge you to make the most of our changing
world, \\ to live these remarkable times, to take risks to do
something extraordinary
This is what Jack London was getting at when he wrote:
"I would rather be a superb meteor,
every atom of me in magnificent glow,
than a sleepy and permanent planet.
The proper function of man is to live, not to exist."
Of course, you don't have to strike out for the South Seas
or the wild country of Alaska like Jack London. But you can make
4
your life an adventure. Next month will be forty-two years since
my graduation. And like many of you, I, too, was presented with
some choices on my graduation day: further study, then a law
firm, a bank or the stock market, probably in New York.
Honorable and interesting professions, all. But the truly
great decisions we make in life are rarely logical or practical.
They spring right from the heart. And so I packed my bags, and
drove my red Studebaker from the Eastern states of our
upbringing, to the oil fields of West Texas.
Sometime later, Barbara and I were living with our infant
son George in a tiny ramshackle shotgun house in the oil town of
Odessa. We chose a future that would be uniquely our own. Like
most Americans, we were free to live where we pleased, do what we
wanted. We came of age at a time when the post-war possibilities
of America seemed limitless.
But outside of America, the world of free choices was
shrinking. Winston Churchill's prediction that an Iron Curtain
would sever Europe into two hostile camps was soon fact -- an
Iron Curtain did cut Eastern Europe from the West, and Germany
from itself. And when every brick, every guard tower and every
strand of barbed wire was in place, two worlds existed -- one of
free people and free choice, and one of tyranny and subjugation.
Eventually, millions of men and women were told what to
think and study, what job to take and where to live. Imagine,
all that drive, talent and imagination misused and wasted. Yet
5
many still held fast to what Barbara Jordan calls "conviction
values.' Even under the pain of death, they resisted.
Harry Huntt Ransom, the late University of Texas scholar and
leader, said that it has always been up to the great thinkers to
take the great risks. Some, in fact, risked and lost their
heads, he said, "and the loss was anatomical, not metaphorical."
Like a free-thinker in the Middle Ages, a dissident speaking out
against 20th century Communism could lose his mind in a workcamp
or a psychiatric dungeon, or his life with a bullet.
This is what Andrei Sakharov risked when he confronted
Khrushchev with the truth on above-ground nuclear testing. And
that's one reason the Soviet people revere his memory today.
This is what an electrician from Gdansk named Lech Walesa
risked when he led the people of Poland to freedom.
And this is what Vaclav Havel of Czechoslovakia risked as an
imprisoned playwright. Now he leads a great nation.
It was this man I had the honor of inviting up to the White
House Residence to see the Lincoln Bedroom. President Havel was
in awe because he knew that this room was really President
Lincoln's old office. It was there that Lincoln worked,
deliberated and agonized over a terrible war.
But President Havel knew that room is hallowed for one
reason above all. It was there that President Lincoln signed the
Emancipation Proclamation. It was there that he freed a people.
And it was there, in that room, that I saw President Havel moved
6
to tears by the knowledge that freedom's bell was ringing at long
last for Czechoslovakia.
What one man draws from history, another finds in music.
President Landsbergis of Lithuania, who adopted Beethoven's Ninth
Symphony as an anthem for his people's movement, was asked why
the strains of Beethoven should resound through the streets and
squares of Vilnius. He replied that it is because the Ninth is
"a symphony of freedom and victory against slavery, insidiousness
and darkest hatred."
So the determination of men and women yearning to be free is
simply proving tougher than the walls that surround them.
Because of their courage, the free world is now more vast than
anyone dared imagine.
Consider the case of a man named Cestimir ( (CESS-tee-MEAR) )
Suchy ( (SUE-chey) ) a Czech journalist who refused to describe
the 1968 Soviet invasion of his country as an act of brotherly
love. Mister Suchy was fired for his honesty. But he was
allowed to make a living at a new profession -- washing windows.
Ask him for his business card today, and it still says:
Suchy, window-washer. But this is an example of the man's good
humor, for he now has a new job with a new title. He is the dean
of journalism at Prague's Charles University. Throughout the
universities of the East, it is the mandarins of Marxist dogma
who are now out of work.
This is our amazing new world of freedom. And with greater
freedom comes greater opportunity -- in the East and the West.
7
Whether you will make your career in the arts, business, law or
science, this can only be good news.
Just this morning, I toured the Houston office of what will
be the site of our next economic summit with Canada, France,
Great Britain, Italy, Japan and West Germany. When we meet, it
will be more than just a comparison of balance sheets. It will
be an act of fellowship between free nations.
These nations stood with us through that "long twilight
struggle," through the painstaking building of alliances and the
endless preparations for a war that must never be; through the
human toil and the human toll, the sacrifice of resources that
could have been used for gentler ends. This is what the Cold War
has cost Western Europe and America.
But today, freedom prevails because freedom works. Freedom
is not only right, it is practical. It is not only good, it is
better. And it is because of the indominable spirit of man that
the day of the dictator is over.
But there are also many extraordinary men and women to be
found right here at home; like Felicitas Atabong, a student from
Cameroon, who tonight will receive a Bachelor of Arts degree with
a majoring minor in computer science. She just turned nineteen.
And then there is Maggie Nola Sloan Taylor, who graduates
May Ist
tonight with a Bachelors of Fine Arts degree at the age of
seventy; or Irene Mortenson Burnside, a nurse whose experience
goes back to the Army Nurse Corps in the Pacific Theater of World
8
War Two; tonight she earns her Ph.D in nursing, with a specialty
in gerontology
Like them, you have spent years learning. Now is the time
to spend your life doing. III Make your Czech or Polish lessons
work for the Citizens Democracy Corps, put your Spanish in the
service of the Peace Corps, or work with VISTA right here in our
precious USA. Care for AIDS babies. Love every child, from the
hospital corridors of your own backyard in Austin, to the
beleagured clincs of Central Africa. \\
But whatever you do, live a life of adventure and meaning so
brilliant that like a Roman candle, it lights up the world.
Dazzle us. Astonish us. Be extraordinary.
Once again, it is a delight to be back. God bless you all,
and may God bless the United States of America. Hook 'em Horns.
( (Give the Hook 'em Horns sign.) )
#
#
#
9
And it is also over because of people like Gheorghe Calciu -
- a Romanian Orthodox minister I've been privileged to know, a
man who spent 21 of his 64 years in prison. Father Calciu was
already a former prisoner when he risked his freedom by daring to
preach. For that he was imprisoned again -- and tortured beyond
belief. And yet father Calciu stayed true to his faith. So he
was sentenced to death.
And as he stood in the corner of the prison yard, awaiting
death, praying for his wife and son -- something remarkable
happened. His two executioners called out to him. Surely, he
thought, this was the end. But instead one of them said,
"Father, we have decided not to kill you.
Three weeks later, he asked permission to celebrate the
Divine Liturgy. And while making preparations, he saw his two
would-be executioners walk into his cell, and get down on their
knees to receive absolution. This much must be said: It is
because of men and women like Father Calciu that faith is winning
out over hate.
10
RETORT CARD
( (And for those few of you out there who are making so much
noise, all I can say is: "The eyes of Texas are upon you. "))
Arpad Gerntz
NOFORN
HUNGARY
Arpad GONCZ
(Phonetic: gontz)
Biototz
Chairman, National Assembly and
Acting State President
(since 2 May 1990)
Addressed as: Mr. President
Arpad Goncz, a member of the Alliance of
Free Democrats (SZDSZ), became acting head of
state at the opening of Hungary's first freely-
elected parliament since 1945. A playwright and
former political prisoner (1958-63), he is a symbol
of opposition intellectuals and of those who suffered
for their participation in the 1956 revolution. He is
a close friend of new Prime Minister and
Hungarian Democratic Forum (MDF) Chairman,
Jozsef Antail. Goncz will serve as acting president
©
until the Assembly decides on the mechanics for electing a permanent officeholder; he will
reportedly be elected to a full term as Hungary's head of state in June or July 1990. (C NF)
Goncz's nomination probably surprised many members of the Hungarian electorate.
He had not previously been a top figure in the SZDSZ, the Assembly's second-largest party.
Moreover, the hard-fought election campaign intensified already strained relations between
his party and the MDF. His nomination was secured by Antail as part of an intricate deal:
in return for SZDSZ concessions that facilitate the MDF-led coalition's ability to pass
important legislation, the MDF will give Goncz the presidency and the SZDSZ a say in the
appointment of Hungarian media officials. Antall may have insisted upon Genez, a Jew, 10
squelch charges that the MDF is an anti Semitie party. (C NF)
Goncz was born in Budapest in 1922. He earned a doctor of laws from Peter Pazmany
(now Budapest) University in 1944. He subsequently fought in the anti-Nazi resistance.
Goncz joined the Independent Smallholders Party after the war. He also led a Budapest
youth organization and edited the weekly newspaper Nemzedek (Generation). Following the
Communist takeover in 1948, Goncz became a laborer. He also studied agricultural
economics at the University of Agricultural Sciences in Godollo. In 1958 he was sentenced
to life imprisonment for his activities during the 1956 revolution. He was released under a
general amnesty in 1963 and found work as a translator. In subsequent years he contributed
to underground "samizdat" publications. Goncz was a founding member of the Budapest-
based Network of Free Initiatives-predecessor organization of the SZDSZ-in 1988. (U)
Goncz has tremendous wit and intellect, according to Embassy reports. The president
of the Hungarian Writer's Union, he has won the Attila Jozsef and Wheatland Literary
Prizes. He also translated President Bush's autobiography, Looking Forward, into
Hungarian before the President's visit to Budapest in 1989. (C NF)
Goncz has traveled to the United States many times and is a strong proponent of good
US-Hungarian relations. He speaks English well. He is married. (U)
I
PDB BRIEFER
To SUPPLY
CORRECTED
Classified by:
0183247
Deciassity:
OADR
Bio ON 5/13/9
Derived From:
Multipie
CONFIDENTIAL
George CAL-Chew
April 29, 1990
MEMORANDUM FOR CHRISS WINSTON
MARK DAVIS
CHRISTINA MARTIN
FROM:
STEPHANIE BLESSEY
SUBJECT:
U.T. COMMENCEMENT ADDRESS
The following is information gathered on the pre-advance to
Austin.
Contacts:
Susan Clagett (512) 471-7753
Public Affairs
Shirley Bird Perry (512) 471-7753
Vice President
Monty Jones (512) 471-3151
Media Relations Coordinator
John Kalan (512) 472-5663
student
Former Commencements:
List attached
Highlights:
Lloyd Bensten Dec. '89
Ambassador George Bush '73
Logistics:
time: 8:17 p.m.
audience: 13,000
introduction: Governor Clements
teleprompter
live on close circuit TV
Fame:
O Fifth honorary degree given by UT
Last one was LBJ
List of others attached
O Two Nobel Prize winners on faculty
Steven Weinberg
Ilya Pergagine?
O Barbara Jordan - faculty
Familiars
"Hook 'em"
"Eyes of Texas"
Tower bells
Eeyore's b-day celebration on April 11 in the student union
40 acres - older part of campus
Bevo - longhorn steer mascot
Live Oak is a characteristic tree
Daily Texan
Utmost - magazine
Polis - political expression magazine
Joke Material:
650 student organizations
from Donald Trump Fan Club to Nude Sunbathing to the
Python Club of satirists
Parking
no "tea sippers" here -- UT students were characterized as
tea sippers by the Aggies
Aggie jokes
Landmarks:
Food and Jester - houses 300 people and serves awful food
Memorial Stadium
The Tower - is lighted orange when UT wins and
commencement O The Main Mall - walkway in front of main
building
The Drag - Guadalupe Street where students shop
West Mall - quad lined with tables for demonstrators and
causes, a microcosm of democracy
Saint Rita #1 - oil rig that hit first. The savior of the
University. Everyone gives thanks to Saint Rita. p.27
Traditions and Nostalgia
Hot Issues:
Money - economy and jobs
Racism - There have been demonstrations.
Demographics of school: 5,000 Hispanics, 1,200 blacks
Traditions:
Smokey the Cannon is shot after every goal.
"Eyes of Texas" is sung after every score.
Big Bertha - one of the largest drums in the world is beat
after every score.
Texas Independence Day celebration every March 2.
When students wanted to celebrate President Winston
protested, but when he finally decided to join the
celebration he added, "I was born in the land of
liberty, rocked in the cradle of liberty, nursed on the
bottle of liberty, and I've had liberty preached to me
all my life, but Texas University students take more
liberty than anyone I've ever come in contact with."
p. 83 Traditions and Nostalgia
All over the world UT alumns celebrate.
Sports:
Biggest: football and basketball (final 8)
Women's sports: 15 championships in 15 years
Rivalry: UT VS. OU in Dallas (UT won this year)
Over 800 intermural softball teams
Attachments:
Yearbook
Traditions and Nostalgia
Cook 'em Horns describes traditions
Daily Texans
Vice President Bush's Address 4/7/83
Past commencement speakers
Newspaper supplement on minority recruitment
Education address 1/18/90
*
Former commencement addresses including Ambassador Bush's
Library brochure
Centennial commemorative brochure (2)
LBJ Library Centennial display brochure
Research projects brochure
Centennial factfile
Report of Centennial Commission
April 26, 1990
MEMORANDUM FOR CHRISS WINSTON
MARK DAVIS
CHRISTINA MARTIN
FROM:
STEPHANIE BLESSEY
SUBJECT:
GOVERNOR CAMPBELL FUNDRAISER
The following is information I gathered on the pre-advance
trip to Columbia, South Carolina.
Note:
The speech might be carried on the South Carolina prime news
show if it's under ten minutes. Advance has suggested using a
toast lectern and speechcards. Should it be teleprompted, if it's
on live TV.?
Contacts:
Tucker Eskew (803) 734-9818
Press Secretary
Warren Tompkins (803) 734-9869 (1843 fax)
Chief of Staff
Fred Allen (803) 254-1990 (7167 fax)
Campaign Manager
Logistics:
Tickets: $100-$5,000
Audience: 2,000
Format: Stand-up bar-b-que on the lawn of the Mansion
Backdrop: Governor Campbell banner and Mansion
Introduction: Governor Cambpell for 30 seconds
Time: between 7:00 and 7:30 p.m.
Length: 7-9 minutes
Background:
Theme: "Leadership and Experience You Can Trust"
Big Issues: Economic Development
Education
Environment
Campbell co-chaired the task force on education
o Tucker Eskew will send information on South Carolina and
Campbell's initiatives.
Dais:
Governor and Mrs Campbell
Senator and Mrs Thurmond
Congressman and Mrs Spence
Congressman and Mrs Ravenel
Richard E. Greer Dinner Chairman
Personal:
Campbell and Bush are close
- Fished together last August in Maine
- Last August, in Kennebunkport Campbell caught a fish,
the President did not, but he gaffed Campbell's.
- Tucker Eskew to provide more anecdotes
CONTACTS
Governor's Office: Warren Tompkins
803-734-9869
Fax: 803-734-1843
Campbell Campaign Office: Fred Allen
803-254-1990
Fax: 803-254-7167
Governor's Mansion: Ann Pincelli
803-737-3000
Sound, Light, Staging, etc.
Serious Fun Events: Larry Hiscox
704-597-8563
Charlotte, NC
Catering
Southern Way: Jimmy Stephenson
803-783-1061
THE WHITE HOUSE
WASHINGTON
1990 MAY 16 PM 9: 13
THE PRESIDENT HAS SEEN
5/17/90
May 16, 1990
INFORMATION
MEMORANDUM FOR THE PRESIDENT
Through:
CHRISS WINSTON cw
From:
MARK DAVIS MD
1
Subject:
University of Texas Commencement
I.
SUMMARY:
You will give the commencement address for the University of
Texas at Austin, Saturday, May 19, at 7 p.m. As you know, the
ceremony was originally scheduled by U.T. officials to be inside
the Irwin Coliseum. Now you will be in the large open air
Memorial Stadium, before an audience of 45,000. Your remarks are
about eighteen minutes in length, and will be teleprompted.
II. DISCUSSION:
This speech touches on the personal side of democracy -- how
it offers us a wealth of opportunities; how we are challenged to
make the most of it.
Although the local press is predicting a lot of hecklers,
the open-air effect of the stadium should diminish their
effectiveness. We will provide you with a "retort card" in the
unlikely event things truly get out hand.
Gov Clements
Congr. Pickel
Chrm Becohnel +
members of
board of regat
Chnd mark
PMS Cunningham of
(Rev. Bethure)
Beg. end.
UTNEWS
THE UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT AUSTIN
News 4) Information Service
UNIVERSITY
NEWS AND INFORMATION SERVICE
THE
TEXAS
THE UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT AUSTIN
MONTY JONES
BLSCHILINE
Media Relations Coordinator
AUSTIN
P.O. Drawer Z Austin, Texas 78713-7509-(512)471-3151
WALTER WEBB HALL
(512)471-3151
25TH AND GUADALUPE
P.O. BOX Z, AUSTIN, TEXAS 78713-7509
April 26, 1990
Christina Martin
Research Assistant
Office of Presidential Speechwriting
The White House
Washington, D.C.
Dear Ms. Martin:
Please find enclosed some research materials that Stephanie
Blessey requested that I send you in addition to the
materials that we provided her this week during the pre-advance
visit to the University. This package includes:
1. A copy of President Johnson's Commencement
address in 1964.
2. "Registered Student Organizations, " a publica-
tion showing the large number and diversity of
student organizations on the campus.
3. Clippings from the student newspaper, The Daily
Texan, containing references to possible
demonstrations during Commencement. This office
is not aware of any further articles along those
lines, but I will keep an eye out and will pass
along to you anything else that appears.
In addition, I told Stephanie that I would provide you with the
number of intramural softball teams on the campus this spring.
The number is 646. This is fairly typical of the University's
large recreational sports program. There is comparable student
interest in intramural football in the fall.
Please call if you would like any additional research materials
or other information about the University.
Sincerely,
Monty Jones
Monty Jones
Media Relations Coordinator
MJ/et
SF-100 SERIES FAX
PAGE 01
News and Information Service
The University of Texas at Austin
Liz carperter
P.O. Box z, UT Station
Johnsois
Austin, Texas 78713
(512) 471-3151
Puss See.
Fax (512) 471-5812
Lady Bird Johnson
FACSIMILE TRANSMITTAL
DATE:
5/15/90
TO:
Curistina Martin
Speech Whiting
the White House
FAX NUMBER: (202) 456-6218
FROM:
Martha Boyd
New V Information
UT Austin
This transmittal consists of 11 pages, plus this cover sheet. If you did not
receive all of the pages, please call (512) 471-3151 as soon as possible.
SF-100 SERIES
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PAGE 02
NEWS AND INFORMATION SERVICE
and
THE UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT AUSTIN
STAP
P.O. Drawer Z Austin, Texas 78713-7509 (512)471-3151
May 15, 1990
TO:
Christina Martin
FROM:
Martha
Boyd
SUBJECT: Student volunteer activities at The University of Texas
at Austin
Cheryl Wood, Coordinator of Student Volunteer Services in the
Campus Activities Office of the Dean of Students at UT Austin has
provided us with several pages of information about the activities
of her office and about Project Reach out--a one-day Volunteer Day
at UT Austin--described in the attached material.
In addition, I send two newspaper clippings about a new student
organization, the Hispanic Student Scholarship Initiative, and
another clip about students who work with public school students in
the Austin schools.
A few of the activities of the most active student service group,
Alpha Phi Omega (APO) are summarized below:
APO is a student organization of approximately 280 members who
logged 10,000 volunteer hours during the Spring Semester 1990 and
approximately 7,000 hours during the 1989 Fall Semester in numerous
ongoing projects. The group added 20 new projects during the
Spring Semester. A few examples of their volunteer efforts are
listed below:
They were named the largest and best volunteer group when they went
to nearby Southwest Texas State University in San Marcos and helped
with the special Olympics--training volunteers to time and start
races and working with adults and kids who participated in the
events. They have also conducted Elderly Olympics for residents in
an Austin nursing home.
One of APO's main projects is the Blood Drive conducted each
semester on the UT Austin campus. During the past semester they
logged 1400 volunteer hours in three locations providing clerical
and support staff for technicians collecting blood for the Centex
Regional Blood Center and M.D. Anderson Hospital in Houston in a
week-long drive which attracted more than 1700 donors.
Other projects include the Rat Patrol, in which they clean and pick
up trash in parts of the city; stripping and repainting a house in
a low-income neighborhood in East Austin, with the Housing Resource
Center; organizing and conducting Project SELF for local
underprivileged Girl Scouts to see a play or participate in arts
and crafts; and teaching classes in folk art and dancing for
students at the local Deaf School, Blind School and MHMR agencies,
SF-100 SERIES
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PAGE 03
as well as taking them on picnics and other recreational
activities.
These are just a few of the volunteer activities of individuals and
groups at The University of Texas at Austin.
Please add the following information to what was sent you yesterday
about our oldest graduate, Maggie Taylor. We understand that she
received her first college degree, a Bachelor of Science in
Business Administration from George Washington University, in 1979,
when she was 59 years old. Her current degree is a B.F.A. in
studio art, with a concentration in painting. She is said to have
worked for NASA and is quite articulate.
Please let us know if any of the information we are sending today
is illegible because of the FAX transmission (some of it came to us
by FAX), and of course let us know if we can help with other
information.
SF-100 SERIES FAX
PAGE 04
407-14-90 MIIM
STATE OREGON OF EXTS FST
OFFICE OF THE DEAN OF STUDENTS
THE UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT AUSTIN
AUSTAN THE DEPARTMENT
Campus Activities Office Texas Union 4.304 Austin, Towns 78713-7338-(512)471-3063
May 14, 1990
MEMORANDUM
TO:
Martha Boyd
FROM:
Cheryl L. Wood csw
RE:
Student Volunteer Services
Student volunteer services acts as a clearinghouse of information for volunteer
opportunities in the Austin area. Agencies or Individuals contact our office with
a specific need and we, in turn, place an announcement In the "Around
Campus" section of The Daily Texan advertising for individual volunteers. This
procedure has proved very effective in solloiting volunteers for agencies whom
would not otherwise have access to the student population at The University of
Texas at Austin.
SF-100 SERIES FAX
PAGE 05
CAMPUS AUTIVITIES
P.03
P
ROJECT
R
EACH
UT
March 3, 1990: 3rd Annual UT Community Volunteer Day
Project Reach Out Campus Activities Office/ Texas Union 4304/ Austin, Texas/ 78713-7338
What Is Project Reach Out?
Project Reach Out is a student-run Volunteer Day designed to involve as many UT student organizations and
individuals in community service as possible. In the past two years, more than 3500 students participated. This
year's Project Reach Out Day is Saturday, MARCH 3, 1990. More than 70 community service projects
are available. Project size ranges from 1 to 500 people. Time commitment varies from 1 to several hours.
Projects involve all age groups --from children to senior citizens - and all types -- from painting and construction
to parties and sports. If you have ever thought about volunteering, Project Reach Out is for you!
How do I and/or my organization participate in Project Reach Out?
Participation works the same as it has in the past. All you have to do is send a representative (or yourself) to
attend one of the Liaison Meetings held each Thursday night In Jester A315A from 6 as 6:30 pm, (from
Feb. 1 W March 1). At that meeting there will be a short presentation about volunteering. The lialson receives a
packet including a list of the available projects. S/he then needs only to return a sign-up sheet, choose the project
wanted, and participate on March 3. The night of March 3, Alpha Phi Omega will sponsor a party for all
participants with the proceeds going to charity. Participation is simple, and Austin needs your help!
Why should I volunteer?
In the age of "more will than wallet" and "thousand points of light," volunteers are expected to fill in the gaps left
by government and societal neglect. Community service is essential to the survival of any social service agency.
But the reasons for volunteering run much deeper. Each person has some talent that they can share with others.
Whether it's an area of expertise, a willingness to work, or just the ability to talk and listen (the average nursing
home resident does not have a single visitor over the course of a year). your time and talent are desperately
needed by the Austin community. Volunteering provides you and/or your group with a feeling of positive
accomplishment and a fellowship not found with other activities. Project Reach Out's mobilization of student
volunteers also makes a positive statement about the reciprocal role of the-University in the community.
Volunteering helps you, your group, the University, and the needy of Austin!
Project Reach Out is funded by the Students' Association and sponsored by sr, Dean of Students, Campus Adivities, and Volunteer
SF-100 SERIES
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PAGE 06
P
ROJECT
R
EACH
U T
March 3, 1990: 3rd Annual UT Community Volunteer Day
Projotal Rench Out Compus Activities Officer Texas Union 4.304/ Austin, Texas 787137338
If ! already volunteer, why should I participate In Project Reach Out?
Project Reach Out provides an opportunity for those who already volunteer to explore other community
service opportunities. The wide range of projects includes something for everyone. Regular volunteers are also
encouraged to volunteer on March 3 in their own projects. The greater the overall participation, the larger the
positive statement about the University and impact on the community. If you want w set-up your own project, as
a number of organizations do, we need only a count of members participating and the agency Involved.
What If 1 can't attend the Thursday meetings?
Project Reach Out office hours are MWF_9-2:00, and ThF 2-5:00 In the Campus
Activities Office, Texas Union 4.304D. Stop by, or call Mark Cover at 471-3065(W):
467-0181(H) or Kristin Hahn at 471-3065(W): 472-7049(H).
How soon should I attend a Project Reach Out meeting?
NOW! Projects are filling daily and the sooner you attend, the better the solection of projects. In addition, Austin
agencies are depending on your help for March 3. They need time to best coordinate your involvement. If you
cannot come to this or next Thursday's meeting in Jester A315A from 6-6:30 pm, please try to come by the office
hours listed above.
WE NEED YOU
TO VOLUNTEER!
FOR THE THIRD ANNUAL
PROJECT REACH OUT COMMUNITY SERVICE DAY
SATURDAY, MARCH 3, 1990
Call 471-3065 for more information
Project Reach Out is funded by the Students' Association and sponsored by sr, Dean of Students, Campus Activities, and Volunteer
Services
PAGE 07
,
WE THANK YOU FOR VOLUNTEERING!
1
The Third Annual PROJECT REACH OUT COMMUNITY SERVICE DAY was an unprecedented success!
On Saturday, March 3, 2.800 UT students from 87 Student Organizations participated
in community service projects helping children, elderly, handicapped, and numerous others throughout Austin.
Thank You to the following organizations for participating in Project Reach Out:
0
Allied Health Organizations
Eta Kappe Nu
Phi Alpha Epsilon
Freshman Students' Association
Phi Kappa Signa Fraternity
Alpha Chi Omaga Sorority
Alpha Dalta Pi Sorority
Gamma Dalta Epsilon
Phi Theta Kappa Alumni
T
Alpha Gamma Delta Socority
Gay 6 Lesbian Students' Association
Pi Signa Pi
Alpha Phi Onega
Golden Key National Honor Society
Plan II Students Association
>
T
Hispanic Business Student Association
Project Reach Out
Alpha Phi Serority
I.E.E.E.
Sigma Phi Lambda
Anchorettes
Individuals (Thanks to all of you!)
Social Hork School Council
Angel Flight
I
Arnold Air/APROTC
Inter-Varsity Christian Fellowship
Spooks
International Awareness Committee
Students' Association
Bellwether
I)
Beta Alpha Rho Pre-Law
Kalaidoscope
Tau Beta Pi
]
Kappe Delta Sorority
Texas Union Fine Arts Committee
Beta Beta Beta
Kappa Kappa Gamma Sorority
Texas Wranglers
Beta Upsilon Chi
University Accounting Association
Bevo's Babes
Kappa Kappa Psi
I
Blanton Advisory
Kappa Psi Pharmaceutical Fratemity
University Democrats
Business Professional Advertising
Kappa Sigma Fraternity
Upsilon Tau/Theta Tau
)
Korean Christian Fellowship
UT Ad Club
Canterbury Episcopal Student Assec.
Catholic Student Association
LBJ School of Public Affairs
UT Economics Association
FAX
Chi Omaga Sorority
Leadership Board
UT Management Association
Chi Theta Beta
Longhorn Hellraisers
UT MROTC Bravo-3
Child Development Organization
Longhora Pre-Pharmacy Association
UT MROTC Headquarters Company
Circle K International
Malaysian Singaporean Christians
UT NROTC Platoon A-3
SF-100 SERIES
College Republicans
Mexican Students' Association
UT NROTC Platoon B-1
Collegiates For Christ
N.S.A.B.
UT Spanish Club
Delta Chi Fraternity
National Student Business League
Women In Nedicine
Delta Delta Delta Serority
Officers of Christian Fellowship
Women's Co-Op
Delta Gamma Sorority
Optonetry Club
World Student Service Corps
Delta Sigma Phi Fraternity
Orange Jackets
Young Life College Fellowship
Phi Alpha Delta Pre-Law
Zeta Tau Alpha Sorority
Disch-Falk Diamonds
Thanks To Hudents' Association, The Campus Activities Office,
Office of the Dear of Stadents, and Alpha The Omeya
Stand Special Thanks to Charyl Wood, Vicky Bascology and Body Concon!
SF-100 SERIES
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PAGE 08
PROJECT REACH OUT 1000
PARITAL SUMMARY OF PROJECTS. 3/0/90
NAME OF AGENCY
PROJECT DESCRIPTION
MAX.
TIME
FILLED
ACRIL Herndon House
yard clean-up. planting
10
a hrs.
YES
Adaptive Resources
spaghetti dinner with physically disabled--2/23
25
5-8
YES
AISD - Austin High
paint commons area
1
10
8- 12
YES
AISD Kocurek Elementary
tell stories and perform akits with students
E
10 12
YES
AISD - Mendez Middle School
help with peer pressure workshop
R
9- 1
YES
AISD -- O. Henry Middle School
paint the Inside of portable building classrooms
25
8-1
YES
AISD - Ortega Elementary
drive parents to vote in school board election
20
9-12.25
YES
AISD Rice Elementary
build a garden in the shape of the state of Texas
10
11-3
YES
AISD - Travis High School
landscape courtyard
20
9-1
YES
Assoc. for Retarded Citizens
out LID fivers for Nat. MR Awareness
20
1
YES
ATC MHMR - Homestead Unit
help with landscaping for house
20
6 hrs.
YES
ATCMHMB Crisis Stabilization Unit
have pienio with ellents and help with plante
e
1230-3
YES
ATCMHMR Crisis Stabilization Unit
help clients sort and size donated clothing
4
12
YES
ATCMHMB-Crisists Stabilization Unit
help clients prepare front vard for landscaping
8
9 12
YES
Aue Contor for Attitudinal Hooling
holo with pointing and gordoning
10
13:30 3:30
YES
Austin Childrens' Museum
help children during Chinese Lion Dance
3
1:30 - 3:30
YES
Austin Comm. Nursery School
playground maint. and renovation
12
9-2
YES
Austin Groups for the Elderly
painting. Spring planting
&
4-6 hrs
YES
Austin Manor Nursing Center
play BINGO with residents - 2/24
20
1 hr
YES
Austin Manor Nursing Home
play BINGO with residents
5
1 hr.
YES
Austin Nature Center
belo with "Wild and Wooly"
23
varies
YES
Austin Rape Crisis Center
build shelves and doll house
is
12
YES
Austin Rape Crisis Center
scrape and paint building
20
9-3
YES
Austin Regional Clinic
do one-to-one surveying with adults in clinic 1
3
10 4
YES
Austin Regional Clinlo
provide entertainment in podiatric olinio
1
3
10 4
YES
Austin State Hospital
playground maintenance and renovation
6
4 hrs.
YES
Austin State Hospital
sorting and hanging clothing donations
19
6 hrs.
YES
Austin State 1 lospital
sponsoring fundraising pushball tournament
400
all day
YES
Austin State School
help with New Games Day
20
1-4
YES
Big Brothers/Blo Sisters
help with Bowl for Kids' Sake-3/24
60
all day
YES
Buckner Villa Slesta
practice games with Alzheimer's unit
15
2 hrs.
YES
Cap. Area Easter Seals Behab
set up stage et Doubletree 1 letel
15
4 hrs.
YES
Capital Area Food Bank
sort. evaluate and box food
40
9-1
YES
Control Toxas Care Contor
play BINGO with oldorly residents
16
be
YES
Child Ino.(Hoadctart)
Indoor painting of office and alassroom conce
30
8:30 - 4:30
YES
Children's Discovery Center
grounds cleanup with kids and parents
5
9-2
YES
Earth Day Celebration
Assemble plywood trees with students
8
10-2
YES
Easter Seals Foundation
Fundraiser
&
varies
YES
Eastern Hills Care Center
asking residents for their likes and dislikes in food
4
9-2
YES
Eastern Hills Care Center
sort andisize-match donated clothing
20
9-2
YES
Faith Presbyterian Child Care
Inside maintenance. outside painting
a
B- $
YES
Family and Client Support
work on Eevore's Birthday decorations
20
12-3
YES
Four Seasons Nursing Home
visit with elderly residents
30
2-3
YES
Girl Scouts
help with name
70
varies
YES
Habitat for Humanity
help with house construction
1
15
9-4
YES
Housing Resources Assoc.
rehabilitate home of elderly family
X
9-1
YES
Housing Resources Assoc.
warehouse organization
25
9-1
YES
International hospitality comm.
closning, corting donations
6
0- 1
YES
Jerry MacClifton Center
help AISD special students bowl for fundraiser
30
9:15 - 12:00
YES
Jewish Federation of Austin
indoor and outdoor renovations 3/4
20
1-5
YES
dualse Wish I land 1 home
the outdose corden work with children from I the
&
2 last
YES
Juventle Diabetes Foundation
help with teeter-totter-athon
200
varies
YES
Latte Convelescent Center
play games with residents
20
230-4
YES
Legends of Coll
work at concession stands-wk of 4/18
500
varies
YES
Live Oak Elementary
help elem. students with a cemetery clean-t R
10
9 12
YES
Live Oak Theatre Productions
usher for God's Favorite (Neil Simon play)
4
8-9:15pm
YES
Marbridge Villa
have a kite-fiving party with residents
25
1:30-3:30
YES
Mayfield Park Community Proi.
cleaning By ponds
10
9- 12
YES
Mayfield Park Community Proi.
loading furniture and debris
10
9 12
YES
Metropolitan Volunteer Proo.
beautify an Indigent gravevard
15
9- 4
YES
MEXIC-ARTE Museum
remove camel: atrio and sand floor
15
10-8
YES
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187-14-90 MON 13:39 01 CAMPUS HUTIVITIES
PROJECT REACH OUT 1000
PARTIAL SUMMARY OF PROJECTS, 3/6/90
NAME OF AGENCY
PROJECT DIESCRIPTION
MAX-
NIME
B-ILLED
Mexican Students' Association
(arranged own project)
17
varies
YES
Multiole Sclerosis Sec.
viek 3 nursing homes with MS clionts
9
10- 12
YES
Neches Crossing(MHMB)
go with clients and staff member on social outing
4
hrs.
YES
Neches Crossing(MHMB)
help with arts and crafts
4
4 hrs.
YES
North Central Caregivers
vardwork light repairs for older person
12
9- 12
YES
Northwest Mediclex
help residents with simple crafts
30
2hrs.
YES
Open Door Preschool - North
Interior maintenance
8
9 - 11
YES
Open Door Preschool- North
pleyground improvement
10
9- 1
YES
Options in Supportive Houslog
help with plenicier clients
10
12-3
YES
People Helping People
help with benefit garage sale and food drive
30
8-4
YES
Sigma Chi Fraternity
highway deanuo
10
am.
YES
Social Security Administration
distribute Info. to low income areas
40
8- 12
YES
Southwest Mediplex
visit with bed-bound. elderly residents
36
10 - 12
YES
Southwood Care Center
take wheelchair residents for walks
20
1:30-3:30
YES
Spooks Initiated
help with warehouse work
10
11-3
YES
St. George's Court
wash windows and glass doors
15
9- 12
YES
Texas DH9 Ollent Self-Suppoort
take dropout teens around camous
20
10-1
YES
Texas School for the Deaf
paint with group of teenaged students
15
4 his
YES
Texas State Library
straighten and sort talking books
75
8-5
YES
Inras States Library
telephone patrons to ask about services
6
10-1
YES
Town Lake Cleanup
clean Town Lake from cances
15
varies
YES
Travis State School
activities with mentally retarded people(3 projects)
150
2-4 hrs.
YES
Tx. Soa. to Prevent Blindness
out up posters around Austin
10
2 hrs.
YES
United Cerebral Palsy
take disabled people on a mail outing - 3/10
10
3 hrs.
YES
Univ. OliliN Dev.
- from vile lv a
18
8- 11
YES
Wild Basin Wilderness Pres.
work on trail building
25
9- 12
YES
SF-100 SERIES
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Austin American-Statesman
Sunday, January 14, 1990
UT students aim tutor program
proports
at potential Hispanic dropouts
By Enedelia J. Obregon
Lara, spokesman for the student
American-Steteman Staff
economics junior from Roma; Al-
organization. "We went to make a
berto Guerrero, & graduate student
point with the kids that Hispanics
Raising $5,250 may not seem like
in public administration at the
can turn that around."
much to some organizations. But
LBJ School from Rio Grande City:
The students, who will be tu-
to the Hispanic Student Scholar-
Eduardo Arredondo, a govern-
ship Initiative, it meant the differ-
tored in English and math, for the
ment/pre-law junior from San An-
ence between ignoring potential
most part are average students who
tonio; and Catarino Felan, an
dropouts and offering them the
have been identified as having les-
economics junior from Houston.
chance to succeed.
dership qualities and the potential
for doing better in school.
The students raised the money
The HSSI, a student organiza-
for the program through private
tion at the University of Texas,
Lara, a junior economics major
contributions from local businesses
spent last semester raising the
from El Paso, said he got the idea
and individuals. The university
money to begin a new tutoring pro-
for the program after listening to a
helped screen potential tutors and
gram for 35 students at Martin
lecture on the economic implica-
train those selected.
Junior High School. Seven Hispan-
tions of the high Hispanic dropout
ic UT students in good academic
rate by Ray Marshall, an econom-
Ramirez said the pilot project is
ics professor at the LBJ School of
a stepping stone to statewide in.
standing will each receive a $750
Public Affairs at UT.
volvement. The group plans to get
scholarship for the spring semester
help from other groups and raise
to become tutors at the school, be-
Dropout rates for Hispanics in
$350,000 to create a permanent en-
ginning next Saturday.
Texas are as high as 50 percent in
dowment to finance more scholar-
The seven tutors and five project
some areas. In the Austin Indepen-
ships. They have been working
founders met for the first time this
dent School District, a 1987-88 re-
with the UT and Texas A&M uni-
week with the principal and coun-
port that followed classes of
versity systems and the McAllen
selors at Martin to acquaint them-
students through all four years of
Independent School District in
selves with the school, get some
high school indicated that the over-
hopes of expanding the program.
advice, and learn the rules and reg-
all dropout rate was 28 percent,
Martin Principal Martin Bera
ulations of the program.
compared with a dropout rate of 39
said he is impressed by the univer-
"We're targeting Hispanics be-
percent for Hispanics.
sity students' enthusissm.
cause they form the largest group
Besides Lara, the founders of the
"What makes this program
in terms of dropouts." said Rene
program are Daniel Ramirez, an
unique is that it was initiated by
Martin Junior High School Assistant Principal Toni Gar-
Staff photo by Keren Warren
cla, right, gives a tour of the school to UT students who
will tutor pupils at Martin this semester. Seven UT stu-
dents will receive $750 stipends for participating.
students for students," said Bera,
serving as a role model.
whose students also have tutors
economics senior from San An-
"I have & background similar to
from other programs in the AISD.
many of them," said Lamas, whose
tonio who is applying to law school,
"They'll serve to motivate them
into continuing with higher educa-
mother - a 9th grade droput -
said he feels it his duty to give
had her at 14. "I grew up with a sin-
something back to the Mexican
tion and looking beyond high
gle parent like many of the kids
American community.
school and setting goals."
here. We were always poor. I hope
"I had some good mentors,' Lo-
For Tina Lamas, a business
that if they see that I can do it.
pas said. "And now I want to pull
management junior from Aransas
they feel that they can do it, too.
someone ün with me. And I hope
Pass, being a tutor means mainly
Another tutor, Louis Lopez, an
that these bids reach back and pull
someone plan with them.
SF-100 SERIES
FAX
PAGE 11
Hispanic scholarship program
focuses on curbing dropout rate
Chris Barton
called the dropout rate "horrible."
"I hope to contribute something
Daily Texan Staff
1-16-90
He also explained that dropouts
back to my community because I felt
take a toll on the state, saying that
there were a lot of people who
each year students who quit school
helped me," said tutor Laura Mon-
Hoping to increase future
ultimately cost taxpayers between
talvo. "I want to teach [the children)
Hispanic enrollment at the Univer-
$12 billion and $17 billion.
that there is no such thing as the
sity, a new campus group is ad-
Lara said he hopes his organiza-
Hispanic myth that because we're
dressing the current problem of a
tion will help turn this trend
Hispanic we can't achieve as others
high dropout rate for Hispanic
around. "We think that these sev-
can."
youths, the group's chairman said
enth and eighth graders can go to
The UT Office of Admissions also
at a reception Monday night.
college and graduate and go back to
recognized a need to assist Hispanic
René Lara, chairman of the
the community and serve the com-
schoolchildren and helped the
I fispanic Student Scholarship Initia-
munity in a good, positive man-
group's members design their pro-
five. said his group will launch a
ner, he said.
gram, said Augustine Garza, depu-
program this semester in which sev-
The organization is focusing on
ty director of admissions.
en Hispanic UT students will earn
junior high students who have dis-
"We felt right away that the
$750 scholarships by tutoring 35
played positive potential for
group of young men and women
Hispanic students at East Austin's
achievement and leadership despite
that they [initiative members] were
Martin Junior High.
their B and C averages, Lara said. In
striving to focus their attention on
"We are shooting for having the
the program's initial implementa-
was exactly the group of people that
seventh and eighth graders at Mar-
tion, the junior high students will
we needed to help," Garza said.
tin Junior High School go to college
be tutored in math and English for
"We're very, very interested in this
and graduate from college," said
18 weeks this spring.
program."
Lara, an economics junior.
Scholarship initiative member AI-
The program is an attempt to curb
berto Guerrero, addressing possible
Lara said he hopes the tutorial
the city's high dropout rate among
skepticism over the project's chanc-
program will be adopted by other
Hispanic school children. According
es for success, said although "some
universities and other races. The
to a 1987-88 study by the Austin In-
people might think this project is
scholarship initiative group will try
dependent School District, 39 per-
overly ambitious for University stu-
to continue to monitor the progress
cent of Hispanic high school stu-
dents, we don't believe so."
of the junior high students through-
dents dropped out during a four-
In addition to the financial aid tu-
out high school and into college, he
year period, in contrast to an overall
tors will receive for their efforts, the
said.
rate of 28 percent.
UT students participating in the
"Our definition of a dropout is
State Sen. Gonzalo Barrientos, D-
program said they also have person-
someone who doesn't finish col-
Austin, spoke at the reception and
al reasons for participating.
lege," Lara said.
SF-100 SERIES
FAX
PAGE 12
UT students, alumna help teens
Matthew Connaily
School. She said one of the best
up to four years. The teen-agers
Daily Texan Staff
2-1-90
ways to inspire the young is to
must be 15 years old to qualify.
teach them their cultural heritage.
A variety of AISD programs tar.
"Their whole attitude toward life
get different groups of youths, such
The "troublemakers" and "class
changes," she said. "I would talk to
as the School Age Parenting Pro-
failures" in Austin's middle and
them about Afro-American history
gram for high school students with
high schools are proving they can
and Chicano history, and they
children and the Mentoring Pro-
think and perform as well as any-
would really start to listen to me."
gram, which uses mostly volunteers
one, say UT students and Austin In-
Other "academic incentives" take
who work with high-schoolers on
dependent School District officials
the guise of a bribe. Austin told her
an individual basis.
who work to help problem teens.
class that if they made the honor
Gary Hicks, a counselor at Pearce,
These mostly single-parent stu-
roll, she would take them out for
said such changes have come about
dents receive a few lessons on self-
dinner.
because of the wave of school re-
pride and positive thinking, and
"Nine kids made the honor roll -
form legislation passed during the
then they "really get motivated,"
more 50 than any other class in the
mid-1980s, including the "no-pass,
said Gloria Williams, director of sec-
school. And none of those kids had
no-play" rule.
ondary programs for AISD.
made the honor roll before."
"What has happened is the mid-
"There are just all kinds of neat
But Markla said most of the moti-
dle school must work with the kids
things going on on the campuses,"
vation to do well comes from the
rather than socially promoting
Williams said. "The staff are work-
students' teacher, Bernadine
them, 50 we're providing extra sup-
ing with the kids' parents. We have
Chaple, a UT graduate.
port in every way possible," Hicks
volunteers from the college and
"I don't use conventional teach-
said.
business communities spending
ing methods," Chaple said. "I tend
The Parenting Program recently
time with the kids."
to treat my students as if they were
received funding from the Texas Ed-
One such volunteer is Markla
my own children."
ucation Agency and is scheduled to
Austin, a UT pre-law/government
Chaple works with the Academic
begin in March. It will provide fami-
junior who has been working with
Incentive Program, designed for
ly help for school-age parents while/
eighth-graders at Pearce Middle
students who have been held back
they attend high school.
Going on an Expotition
In a little while they were all ready at the top of the
Forest, and the Expotition started. First came Christopher
Robin and Rabbit, then Piglet and Pooh; then Kanga, with
Roo in her pocket, and Owl; then Eeyore; and, at the end,
in a long line, all Rabbit's friends-and-relations.
"I didn't ask them," explained Rabbit carelessly. "They
just came. They always do. They can march at the end,
after Eeyore."
-WINNIE-THE-POOH
$20 Aprad
Goncz
5732
President to speak on campus
Bush will deliver the address at 107th Commencement ceremony
P
RESIDENT GEORGE BUSH HAS ACCEPTED AN INVI-
invitation for that event, he was United States ambassa-
tation from The University of Texas at Austin to be the
dor to the United Nations. A few months before Com-
speaker for its 107th Commencement May 19.
mencement, however, he left the U.N. position to be-
The ceremony will begin at 7:30 p.m. at the Frank C.
come chairman of the Republican National Committee.
Erwin Jr. Special Events Center.
President Bush has family ties to UT Austin. His sec-
President William H. Cunningham of UT Austin said,
ond son, John Ellis "Jeb" Bush, received a bachelor of
"The University is highly honored that President Bush
arts) degree with honors in 1974 from the University.
will visit the campus and participate in this ceremony,
The president's fourth son, Marvin P. Bush, was a
which is so important for the institution and its stu-
freshman at the University in 1975-76.
dents. This special occasion also will permit the Univer-
sity to pay tribute to the president and his distinguished
In consultation with White House officials, the Uni-
record of public service and leadership."
versity has decided that the ceremony will be held in-
doors at the Erwin Center rather than in the traditional
President Bush will be the second American president
to address a UT Austin Commencement. In 1964, Presi-
outdoor setting in front of the Main Building. The in-
dent Lyndon B. Johnson gave the Commencement ad-
door site will comply with White House requirements
dress.
that a single location be designated for a presidential
When President Bush delivers this spring's Com-
address. The Erwin Center is the University's custom-
mencement address, it will not be the first time he has
ary alternate site in case of rain.
filled such a role at the University. He also was the 1973
The University expects about 5,000 degree candidates
Commencement speaker. At the time he accepted the
this spring.
On
campus
A PUBLICATION FOR FACULTY AND STAFF AT
VOL. 17, NO. 25
THE UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT AUSTIN
APRIL 2-8, 1990
Environmental Solutions Program set to start
THE ENVIRONMENTAL SOLUTIONS PROGRAM AT THE
Fifteen UT Austin faculty and staff members - with a
University of Texas at Austin officially gets under way
total of $2.3 million in research already in progress -
in September 1990, bringing together researchers from
will become part of the Environmental Solutions Pro-
different disciplines to find solutions to such timely
gram (ESP). They are engineers from five disciplines
PRESIDENT GEORGE BUSH,
problems as water and air pollution, or ways to mini-
with expertise in such diverse fields as water purifica-
who will speak May 19 at Commencement.
mize and handle hazardous waste.
tion and using bacteria to break down hazardous waste.
OFFICIALS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS
FACTS
The University of Texas System
Board of Regents
The University
Officers
of Texas
at Austin
1990
Louis A. Beecherl, Jr., Chairman
Sam Barshop, Vice-Chairman
Bill Roden, Vice-Chairman
Arthur H. Dilly, Executive Secretary
Members
Terms Expire February 1, 1991
Jack S. Blanton
Houston
Shannon H. Ratliff
Austin
Bill Roden
Midland
Terms Expire February 1, 1993
Sam Barshop
San Antonio
Louis A. Beecherl, Jr.
Dallas
W.A. "Tex" Moncrief, Jr
Fort Worth
Terms Expire February 1, 1995
Robert J. Cruikshank
Houston
Tom Loeffler
San Antonio
Mario E. Ramirez, M.D
Roma
Administrative Officials
Chancellor of
The University of Texas System
Dr. Hans Mark
Executive Vice Chancellor
for Academic Affairs
Dr. James P. Duncan
Executive Vice Chancellor
for Health Affairs
Dr. Charles B. Mullins
Executive Vice Chancellor
for Asset Management
Michael E. Patrick
The University of Texas at Austin
President
Dr. William H. Cunningham
Executive Vice President
and Provost
Dr. Gerhard J. Fonken
Vice President for
Administration
Dr. Edwin R. Sharpe
Vice President for
Business Affairs
G. Charles Franklin
Vice President for
Development and
University Relations
Mrs. Shirley Bird Perry
Vice President and Dean of
Graduate Studies
Dr. William S. Livingston
Vice President for
Student Affairs
Dr. James W. Vick
January 1990
THE UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT AUSTIN
In its 107 years, The University of Texas at Austin has
grown from a small campus, where cows once grazed on the
grounds, to become a major institution known nationally
for the quality of its research, teaching and public service.
In research, for example, two engineering faculty
members have developed a low-temperature process to form
ultra-thin components of microchips that eventually will
lead to chips a thousand times more powerful than those on
today's market. Promising research also is being done by
two zoologists, who are perfecting a technique for repairing
nerve damage that someday may have applications for
human beings.
In teaching, UT Austin puts a premium on outstanding
instruction; about 100 faculty members each year receive
teaching excellence awards. In 1989, the highest award
($10,000) for excellent undergraduate teaching went to a
philosophy professor whose lectures help students make
sense of values in the modern world.
As a state-supported institution, UT Austin fosters many
forms of public service. Those range from a biennial survey
of state employee job satisfaction conducted for the
Governor's Office and 16 state agencies to the production of
TV announcements for local and national AIDS hotlines.
As the academic flagship of the UT System's 14
component institutions, UT Austin has come far from its
beginning in 1883, when it had only one building, eight
teachers, two departments, 221 students and a 40-acre
campus. Today, it has a main campus of 357 acres and 118
buildings that is home to more than 50,000 students, 2,300
faculty and 11,000 staff members. Since its opening in 1883,
UT Austin has awarded more than 312,800 degrees. Among
its alumni are Lady Bird Johnson, Walter Cronkite, Bill
Moyers, Secretary of State James A. Baker III and astronauts
Alan Bean and Robert Crippen.
FACULTY
RESEARCH
Faculty Recognition and Honors
From the efforts of individual faculty members to the
work of 84 organized research units, scholarly inquiry at UT
The UT Austin faculty includes the winner of the 1977
Austin covers a broad range of disciplines-from ancient
Nobel Prize in Chemistry, winner of the 1979 Nobel Prize
Maya hieroglyphics to robots that can perform tasks
in Physics, winner of the 1948 Pulitzer Prize in Fiction and
hazardous for humans.
winner of the 1967 Pulitzer Prize in History.
Research is funded by grants and contracts from
National Academy of Sciences
17 members
governmental agencies and from the private sector; through
(two are foreign associates)
gifts from individuals, foundations and corporations; from
National Academy of Engineering
28 members
the Available University Fund, and through state
American Academy of Arts and Sciences
17 members
appropriations. A total of $135,764,127 was awarded to UT
(one is a foreign associate)
Austin in grants and contracts for 1988-89. Federal dollars
American Law Institute
19 members
amounted to $90,064,176, accounting for 66.3 percent of the
total. In addition, UT Austin received $16,376,983 for the
Endowed Faculty Positions
period November 1989-August 1991 through the Texas
A major highlight of the University's Centennial was the
Advanced Technology Research Program. That
substantial expansion of new privately funded endowments
program-the largest competitive state-supported research
for faculty positions. The University now has more than
grant program in the nation-supports basic and applied
1,000 such endowments.
research which will help Texas strengthen and diversify its
An endowed chair is funded at a minimum of $500,000; a
economy.
professorship, at $100,000; a faculty fellowship, at $50,000,
and a lectureship, at $20,000. Through December 1989, UT
Austin had faculty endowments as follows:
Endowed Chairs
176
Endowed Professorships
471
Endowed Faculty Fellowships & Lectureships
375
Total 1,022
Fall 1989 Faculty/Staff Appointments
Job Class
Headcount
Faculty (Professors, Instructors & Lecturers)
2,333
Assistant Instructors & Teaching Assistants
2,543
Student Academic & Research Assistants
2,272
Librarians
127
Administrative & Professional Personnel
1,081
Classified Staff
10,761
Total UT Austin
19,117*
*(The total includes temporary and work-study employees.)
RESOURCES
recovery, quantum chemistry, medicine and high-energy
physics.
Facilities
Financial Resources
On its main campus in central Austin, the University
maintains 118 buildings representing about 12.5 million
Tax dollars appropriated by the Texas State Legislature
square feet of space with a replacement value in excess of
represent 31.5 percent of UT Austin's total 1989-90 budget
one billion dollars.
of $619 million. Other sources of funds are federal, state and
Beyond the main campus, other UT-owned property in
private grants (23.7 percent); self-supporting auxiliary
Austin includes the 445-acre Brackenridge Tract, where a
enterprises such as dormitories, intercollegiate athletics and
biological field laboratory and family student housing are
the Texas Union (15.5 percent); monies from the Available
located; the 94-acre Montopolis Research Center in
University Fund, which is income from the Permanent
southeast Austin; and the Balcones Research Center, a
University Fund (12.3 percent); endowments and gifts (10.7
475-acre tract eight miles northwest of the campus.
percent); tuition and fees paid by students (5.3 percent); and
Balcones is a research site for 21 UT Austin science and
various other sources (1 percent).
engineering laboratories.
The basic operating expenses for the University are
Near Austin is Paisano, a retreat for writers and artists. It
funded through the educational and general (E&G) portion
was the ranch of the late J. Frank Dobie, Texas folklorist.
of the budget, representing 53.2 percent of the total budget.
UT Austin also has facilities in other Texas locales,
The E&G budget pays for faculty and staff salaries, libraries,
including the Institute for Geophysics (Galveston), Marine
student services, physical plant operations and other general
Science Institute (Port Aransas), McDonald Observatory
administration.
(atop Mount Locke in the Davis Mountains of West Texas)
and Winedale Historical Center (Fayette County).
1989-90 Budget
(Shown in Millions of Dollars)
Computers
Budgeted Expenses
On the main campus, central academic computing
'Educational and General Funds
$329
facilities ranging from mainframes to microcomputers are
Auxiliary Enterprise Funds
96
available to all academic departments and research centers
Gifts, Grants, and Designated Funds
66
and to individual faculty, students and staff. The
Sponsored Research and Services
127
Computation Center supports academic computing with
Agency Funds
1
two CDC 170/750 systems, nine DEC VAX 11/780s and an
IBM 3081D. It includes an Advanced Graphics Laboratory,
Total Budget
$619
high-performance workstation laboratory, microcomputer
*Sources of Educational and General Funds
laboratory and public terminal facilities. The computers are
General Revenue Appropriations (tax dollars)
$195
accessible from terminals and personal computers both on
Transfer from Available Fund
76
and off campus and are connected to each other through a
Tuition
33
high-speed data communication network. Various
Overhead for Sponsored Projects
20
departments and research centers have more than 150 other
Various Other Sources
5
mainframes and minicomputers.
Total Educational and General Funds
$329
The Computation Center offers more than 70 short
courses on computing topics. At its Microcomputer
Teaching Facility in the Thompson Conference Center,
faculty, students and staff can receive hands-on computer
training. The public may also use this facility on a
space-available basis.
The UT System Center for High Performance Computing,
located at UT Austin's Balcones Research Center, provides
supercomputer services to all component institutions in the
UT System through a telecommunication network. The
supercomputer center is equipped with a Cray X-MP/24 and
a Cray X-MP/14se plus two front-end computers (a DEC
VAX 8600 and a Convex C-120) and an IBM 4381 file server.
Able to make 400 million computations per second, the
supercomputer has accelerated research in such fields as oil
STUDENTS
Quality of the Student Body
On measures such as the number of new National Merit
Scholars and the high school rankings of entering freshmen,
UT Austin continues to attract a large number of
academically talented students.
In the 1989 fall semester, the University enrolled 217 new
National Merit scholars, making the Texas campus second
only to Harvard/Radcliffe in that regard. UT Austin's
cumulative four-year enrollment of National Merit Scholars
in that particular semester stood at 819.
The average Scholastic Aptitude Test score of UT Austin
freshmen who enrolled in Fall 1989 was 1,098, almost 200
points higher than the national SAT average of 903 of all
college-bound high school seniors.
Furthermore, for the 1989 fall semester, 86 percent of the
entering freshmen ranked in the top quarter of their high
school class, while 52 percent were in the top 10 percent.
University students annually receive more than 13,626
competitive academic scholarships which have a combined
value of $19.1 million.
ADMISSION INFORMATION
Specific high school units are required for admission. The
Office of Admissions can provide further information. Call
(512) 471-1711.
Application Deadlines
Admission
All required application materials for undergraduates, graduates and
international students must be submitted by the following deadlines:
Fall
Spring
Summer
Semester
Semester
Session
Undergraduate
March 1
October 1
March 1
(U.S. freshmen and
transfer students)
Graduate School
March 1
October 1
March 1
Law School
February 1
(none accepted)
February 1
International students
April 1
October 1
April 1
Former students
July 1
December 1
May 1
Transient students
May 1
Some colleges and schools at the University have enrollment limitations
and therefore require earlier application dates.
A nonrefundable $25 processing fee is required of students applying for
admission to the University. The application fee is slightly higher for
Graduate School of Business and foreign students and for those entering the
professional pharmacy program.
Prospective students may request admission information by writing the
Office of Admissions, Main Building 7, The University of Texas at Austin,
Austin, Texas 78712-1159.
SPRING EXERCISES
PAST COMMENCEMENT SPEAKERS
AT THE UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT AUSTIN
May 1949
Honorable James P. Hart
Associate Justice, Supreme Court of Texas
June 1950
Governor Allan Shivers
State of Texas
June 1951
Sam Rayburn, Speaker, United States
House of Representatives
May 1952
President Theophilus S. Painter
University of Texas
May 1953
Dr. O. C. Carmichael
University of Alabama
May 1954
L. L. Colbert
President, Chrysler Corporation
June 1955
Robert B. Anderson
Deputy Secretary of Defense
June 1956
John Jay Hopkins, Chairman and President,
General Dynamics Corporation
June 1957
Detlev W. Bronk, President, Rockefeller
Institute for Medical Research; President,
National Academy of Sciences
May 1958
Dean Rusk
President, Rockefeller Foundation
June 1959
Alan T. Waterman
Director, National Science Foundation
June 1960
Ramon Beteta
Director, Novedades, Mexico City
June 1961
Edward Weeks
Editor, The Atlantic Monthly
June 1962
Norman Cousins
Editor, The Saturday Review
PAST COMMENCEMENT SPEAKERS
AT THE UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT AUSTIN
PAGE 2
June 1963
Leland J. Haworth, Member, Atomic
Energy Commission; Director-Designate,
National Science Foundation
May 1964
President Lyndon Baines Johnson
May 1965
President Clark Kerr
University of California
June 1966
Francis Keppel, Former Assistant
Secretary for Education
Department of Health, Education & Welfare
June 1967
Ramsey Clark, Attorney General
of the United States
June 1968
John Connally, Governor of
the State of Texas
May 1969
Dean John Petersen Elder
Graduate School of Arts and Sciences
Harvard University
May 1970
Thomas G. Wicker
Associate Editor, The New York Times
May 1971
Terry Sanford
President, Duke University
May 1972
William D. Ruckelshaus, Administrator
Environmental Protection Agency
May 1973
George H. Bush, Chairman
Republican National Committee
(former U.S. Ambassador to United Nations)
May 1974
Captain Alan L. Bean, U.S.N.
National Aeronautics and Space
Administration
May 1975
McGeorge Bundy, President
Ford Foundation, New York
May 1976
Daniel J. Boorstin
Librarian of Congress
May 1977
John R. Hubbard, President
University of Southern California
May 1978
Paul W. Murrill, Chancellor
Louisiana State University
PAST COMMENCEMENT SPEAKERS
AT THE UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT AUSTIN
PAGE 3
May 1979
Robert A. Nisbet
American Enterprise Institute
for Public Policy Study
May 1980
Norman Hackerman
President, Rice University
May 1981
The Honorable Allan Shivers
Former Governor of Texas
May 1982
Otis A. Singletary, President
University of Kentucky
May 1983
For the Students
Ms. Julie Ann Tindall
For The Faculty
Professor Emmette S. Redford
For The Alumni
Mrs. Lyndon B. Johnson
For The Administration
President Peter T. Flawn
May 1984
E. D. Walker, Chancellor
The University of Texas System
May 1985
Representing the 1920's-1930's
Jane Weinert Blumberg
Representing the 1940's
Mario E. Ramirez, M.D.
Representing the 1950's
Lloyd N. Hand
Representing the 1960's to Present
Prudence Mahaffey Mackintosh
May 1986
Professor Barbara Jordan
Lyndon B. Johnson Centennial Chair
in National Policy
May 1987
The Honorable Jim Wright
Speaker of the House
U.S. House of Representatives
May 1988
Bill Moyers
New York, New York
PAST COMMENCEMENT SPEAKERS
AT THE UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT AUSTIN
PAGE 4
May 1989
Peter O'Donnell, Jr.
Dallas, Texas
DECEMBER GRADUATION CEREMONIES
THE UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT AUSTIN
PAST SPEAKERS
December 7, 1986
The Honorable Henry G. Cisneros
Mayor of San Antonio
December 6, 1987
Admiral B.R. Inman, USN, (Retired)
Austin, Texas
December 11, 1988
Dr. Steven Weinberg
Regental Professor and Holder of
Jack S. Josey-Welch Foundation
Chair in Science, U.T. Austin
Nobel Laureate in Physics
December 10, 1989
The Honorable Lloyd M. Bentsen
United States Senator
Washington, D.C.
VOLUME 16
Jefferson to Latin
THEENCYCLOPEDIA
AMERICANA
INTERNATIONAL EDITION
COMPLETE IN THIRTY VOLUMES
FIRST PUBLISHED IN 1829
GROLIER INCORPORATED
International Headquarters: Danbury, Connecticut 06816
LYNDON BAINES
JOHNSON
Lady Bird Johnson,
the
president's
wife, received her
nickname from a
childhood nurse-
maid who said she
was "as pretty as
a lady bird." The
former Claudia
BORN
Aug. 27, 1908, near Johnson City,
Texas.
Alta Taylor mar-
ried Johnson in
HIGHER
Southwest Texas State Teachers
1934.
EDUCATION
College, B.S., 1930.
RELIGION
Disciples of Christ.
FRED WARD FROM
BLACK STAR
OCCUPATION
Teacher, public official.
MARRIAGE
Nov. 17, 1934, to Claudia Alta Taylor.
CHILDREN
Lynda Bird Johnson (1944-
);
Luci Baines Johnson (1947-
).
they had reached their
their respect for his abil
MILITARY
U.S. Navy in World War II.
admirers soon included SO
SERVICE
President Franklin D. Ro
POLITICAL PARTY
Democratic.
ans like Rayburn and Vice
LEGAL RESIDENCE
Texas.
Garner.
During his four years
POSITION BEFORE
Vice President.
TAKING OFFICE
retary Johnson met Claud
woman from Texas kno
DIED
Jan. 22, 1973, near Johnson City,
friends as "Lady Bird." A
Texas.
ship, they were married (
BURIAL PLACE
Near Johnson City,
couple had two daughters
Texas.
ried Charles S. Robb, el
ginia in 1981), born in 1
born in 1947. From the 1
THE LYNDON BAINES JOHNSON LIBRARY AUSTIN. TEXAS
riage, Lady Bird's charm,
bition assisted her husb
JOHNSON, Lyndon Baines (1908-1973), 36th pres-
born near Johnson City in southwestern Texas on
ways.
ident of the United States. Born far from the
Aug. 27, 1908. His family, which had lived for a
By 1935, Johnson had
centers of power, he devoted his life to the art of
long time in Texas, had not become wealthy.
Washington as a young m
politics and eventually reached the most power-
as an ardent New Deale
His parents occupied a farm in poor, hilly farm-
ful position in the world, the presidency. Ear-
ing country, and they could not provide their son
velt and accepted his p
lier, as Senate floor leader of the Democratic
with many advantages. He attended public
government, seeing it as a
party, he became one of the most important men
plishment. As a consec
schools and graduated from Johnson City High
in Washington.
School in 1924.
though not yet 27 years
Frustrated in his bid for the Democratic pres-
Texas administrator of th
In 1927, Johnson was ready to heed his moth-
idential nomination in 1960, Johnson settled for
er's appeals that he further his education. He
ministration, a post that €
the vice presidency under John F. Kennedy and
enrolled in Southwest Texas State Teachers Col-
powers of government to
contributed significantly to the ticket's victory
lege in San Marcos. Even though he partici-
job opportunities for you
that fall. For nearly three years he served as a
tion also enabled him to I
pated actively in debate and campus politics,
loyal and unusually active lieutenant to the dy-
for those who benefited fr
edited the school paper, and spent a year away
namic younger man who in 1960 had defeated
there were thousands-
from his studies teaching school, he managed to
his presidential aspirations and then selected
help.
graduate in 3½ years. The energy that charac-
him as a running mate. Then, as a consequence
terized his later career was already apparent.
Member of Congress. C
of the tragic assassination of President Kennedy,
port, Johnson decided to
Johnson found himself the occupant of the White
EARLY PUBLIC CAREER
on the political ladder.
House. He quickly smashed the legislative
For the first year after college, Johnson taught
Texas' 10th congressional
deadlock between president and Congress and
public speaking and debate in a Houston high
and he filed for it. Cha,
obtained enactment of major domestic measures
anti-New Deal Democrat
school, but politics drew him away from the
proposed by his predecessor.
classroom. His political interests had developed
thoroughgoing supporter
In the 1964 presidential election, Johnson
early, for many members of his family partici-
The young politician fin
overwhelmed Sen. Barry Goldwater. He then
pated in politics. His father served five terms in
closest opponent.
expanded his program of domestic reform, which
the Texas legislature and was a friend of one of
Returning to the Was
he believed would lead to a "Great Society."
the rising figures in state politics, Congressman
that knew him, Johnson di
But the rest of the world did not respond so
Sam Rayburn. In 1931, Lyndon campaigned for
for a position of importance
readily to Johnson's innovating tendencies. His
Richard M. Kleberg and was rewarded with an
resentatives. He had ma
popularity and ability to control events declined,
appointment as the new congressman's secre-
on F.D.R., and the presio
chiefly because of his decision to escalate the
like Rayburn, now one of
tary. This post provided many opportunities for
war in Vietnam. Unexpectedly, he decided not
a young man eager and able to learn.
ers, took steps to see to it
to seek reelection in 1968.
Going to Washington when the "old order"
Texas obtained good CC
Armed with some influe
BOYHOOD AND EDUCATION
was giving way to the "New Deal," Johnson
how, Johnson battled str
quickly discovered where power lay and how to
Johnson's early life contained few hints of the
use the machinery of government. He became
fully for federal projects
lofty position he would one day attain. He was
acquainted with men of influence, found out how
demonstrated a strong int
flood control, reclamation
130
THE UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT AUSTIN
Report of the Centennial Commission
#
SEPTEMBER 15, 1983
A university serves as a wellspring of human
We conceive the mission of The University to
knowledge and values. Throughout history,
be:
each new age has brought new challenges to
To promote the development of the human
fundamental principles of freedom, equality,
resources of Texas and the nation to their high-
and justice. In recent history, each decade has
est potential of intellectual achievement and
witnessed awesome increases in the amount of
personal growth;
knowledge to be disseminated and advances in
To provide excellent teaching for the educa-
the means devised for such dissemination. In
tion of qualified and promising undergraduates
furtherance of The University of Texas at Aus-
and graduates of diverse social, economic, and
tin's fulfillment of the statutory and constitu-
ethnic backgrounds;
tional mandates that it be "a University of the
To conduct research designed to develop and
first class," the Commission has evaluated The
to extend human knowledge;
University's mission under the assumption of a
To advance the arts and to preserve culture;
rapidly changing future.
To cultivate in the minds of the students the
Technology currently exists that will revolu-
ethical and moral values that are the basis of a
tionize education as we know it. Technology
humane social order;
will alter education as surely and dramatically
To maintain intellectual freedom, to protect
as it has altered communications, transporta-
it from those who seek to shackle independent
tion, business, industry, and society itself. The
thought, and to guard against unquestioning
University must therefore seize its opportunity
conformity to established intellectual doctrine;
to use its resources in responding to and influ-
To provide superior libraries that will serve as
encing future changes in education. Though we
centers of scholarly research and as learning re-
can predict with assurance that The University
sources for students, faculty members, and the
will confront and indeed inspire changes in the
people of Texas;
next century, we cannot predict with like cer-
To render service to the public through mu-
tainty either the scope or the detail of such
seums, exhibitions, performing arts, and other
changes. We do know this: that in dealing with
cultural activities; through applied research;
the future, The University must respond with
through dissemination of information; and
flexibility to the challenges ahead, many of
through athletic activities;
which we can only imagine, and most of which
To provide continuing and advanced educa-
we cannot now anticipate.
tion for professional development and intellec-
We recognize The University's outstanding
tual enrichment; and
record of educational, scientific, social, and cul-
To serve as the leader of higher education in
tural achievements. However, maintaining first-
Texas and to develop further a superior system
class status requires an ever-escalating effort.
of higher education, as well as to sustain and
Excellence is not an absolute. Once great, a uni-
strengthen the quality of primary and second-
versity can lose its greatness if it ceases to strive
ary school education throughout the State.
for excellence. Therefore, The University must
continue to dedicate itself to superior achieve-
ment in instruction, student performance, re-
In order to accomplish its mission:
search, and scholarly accomplishment.
The University must produce self-reliant
The University must prepare its graduates to
graduates who are able to provide leadership
respond to the challenges of the future. The fu-
and who do not simply react to events. The
ture holds such monumental changes as mass
University must not only equip its graduates
shifting of populations; new limitations on
with skills but must also educate them broadly
natural resources such as energy, water, and
enough to enable them to adapt to and cope
food; and vast economic and technological
with the accelerated process of change that will
changes. The University's graduates must be
occur in business, professional, and social in-
equipped to deal with these changes, as well as
stitutions in the future.
with national and regional rivalries, space ex-
The University must expose all students to a
ploration, and the computer age.
broad spectrum of the liberal arts, so that they
17
Harry Huntt Ransom
The Conscience
of the University
Edited by Hazel H. Ransom
and Other Essays
UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS PRESS
AUSTIN
Harry Huntt Ransom
Educational Resources in Texas
23
on was considered proper
such accounts should end in bad satire about big-hatted Texans
ces, especially when com-
on the loose in the cultural capitals of the world and in bad novels
ower. As a refinement of
about Texans at home.
ture decorated, even when
None of this lore was damaging until it was taken seriously. It
S of gentlemen who wore
became most damaging when Texans, who started it all as a joke,
h only in its degeneration
began to take some of it seriously themselves. In the lore that
ents and fancy old-school
joined its dollar wealth and its intellectual development, Texas
lived out a vivid paradox that must be left to the social psycholo-
ly by the development of
gists. For many years before the Civil War, and for many years
related immediately, sol-
after, the state was land-big and dirt-poor. Throughout this pe-
1 society. The healthy eco-
riod, from about 1846 to 1916, educational activities in Texas
epends not only upon com-
were bold and decisive and educational plans so ambitious as to
ional development within
require both the hardihood and the gambling spirit of the frontier.
gnition of the fact that the
It was after this era that Texas wealth, power, and influence grew.
part of national and inter-
Texas resources suddenly meant something more than wide
eas and cultural resources.
expanse of land and wild extremes of temperature. Yet in this
eservation of cultural val-
new age, educational progress slowed. Sometimes it came to a
S. Private opinion and in-
dead stop. In the era of its biggest boom and its loudest boasts,
: by isolationism; they are
Texas has not maintained its original self-esteem or its first ambi-
ese walls crossing the cul-
tion in things intellectual, cultural, and artistic.
Where were the resolution, sensitive state pride, knowledge-
evelopment have confused
able sense of value, willingness to take a risk, determination to
ecent years have brought
capitalize on the American future in recent decades of compromis-
and friction among various
ing on educational minimums, concession to difficulty and deficit?
$ of unbridled, uncurried,
For more than half a century Texas education has needed the
:
unto themselves and vig-
same resourcefulness as Texas projects for drilling holes for oil
not like themselves grew
and water, shoving ship channels, plowing the earth, and planing
mechanism of the frontier.
the air.
ient means for fending off
The irony is doubled now that knowledge has become quickly
dly extravagant Texas re-
convertible into cold cash. In modern industry, with growing re-
ress. All were designed to
search budgets, charges for intellection are rapidly overtaking
and the effete newcomer,
charges for management. Whoever said "A penny for your
at he wore, what he said,
thoughts" wasn't talking business with an engineer, physicist, or
chemist at current rates for scientific consultation in Texas.
orts were defense mecha-
Meanwhile, economic and social interrelations of "resources"
lively commercial trade in
have grown more and more complex. Time was when raw re-
UT Austin
TRADITIONS AND
NOSTALGIA
By
MARGARET CATHERINE BERRY
TEXT ILLUSTRATION BY
JOE STUBBLEFIELD
COVER JACKET BY
DON COLLINS
EP
EAKIN PRESS
AUSTIN, TEXAS
S
THE FORTY ACRES
ition began in November, 1941,
The elevated terrain in Austin on which the Universi-
e scheduled to play the Aggies at
d not defeated Texas A. & M. on
ty is located embraced only forty acres of land at one time.
3, and the outcome seemed glum
This site was selected when the City of Austin was sur-
were heading for the Rose Bowl.
veyed for the state capital and was for many years called
"College Hill."
about the beginning of the tradi-
Many beautiful live oaks and other kinds of trees on
ay before this Thanksgiving Day
started a candle at their house
the hill were cut down during the Civil War by order of
eping it lighted until the Long-
General John B. Magruder in order to place cannons there
to defend the City of Austin.
tion, where they would defy the
nesday morning the girls at the
Boundaries of the Forty Acres were Guadalupe Street
iterally built a fire under their
on the west from Twenty-First to Twenty-Fourth Streets;
tch" to see that the candle kept
along Twenty-Fourth Street to Speedway on the north;
Speedway on the east from Twenty-Fourth to Twenty-
First Street; and Twenty-First Street on the south from
at worried University students
Speedway to Guadalupe.
Hipple, a local fortune teller,
ng red candles during the week
The Forty Acres, with the exception of Clark Field ac-
hex on A.&M. Her instructions
quired in 1899 and located just east of the campus, re-
d the move was successful. The
mained the sole block of land making up the campus until
mashing score of 23 to 0. This
approximately four hundred fifty acres along the Colo-
X worked from 1941 until 1955
rado River between the city and the Austin dam were
es were snuffed out by T.C. U. in
given to the University by Colonel George W. Bracken-
ridge of San Antonio on June 17, 1910. After a spirited
the candles are often cited. In
drive, supported by President Robert E. Vinson and the
one in the nation with Fred Ben-
Regents, to move the campus to the Brackenridge land on
rs; the Longhorns were number
the river, the Thirty-Seventh Legislature appropriated, in
23-20. In 1953, the vicious Bay-
1921, the sum of $1,350,000 for the purchase of 135 acres
tion, rolled into Austin in the
of land north and east of the University as an addition to
and were defeated 21-20.
the original campus.
1 burned occasionally before
Since that time, the original Forty Acres has become
316 acres of land, not counting the Brackenridge tract or
other holdings away from the main campus.
51
The Pforzheimer Library THE UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT AUSTIN
$
John 1948-49 Kernun
Journal during first of
They's
since
9,
or
Brance
1500
words
per
Altha
=
and
(shil
Anne
idea
by
with
delight
in
The
beraure
They
are
Awns Huxley
Freedom
writing
Than
Town
City,
who
The
qual-
1447 with have been sitting down writing
can
on
and
a
of
Concition percript
I
falsemest.
These
feelings,
during
as
script
say
yet,
do
So
(The
other
the
durge
the
This
better.
Them
A Sampling of Twentieth-Century Holdings
Left: Aldous Huxley. Title page and page from the
Much of the Harry Ransom Humanities Research Center's international
corrected typescript and manuscript draft of Brave
reputation rests on its extensive holdings of twentieth-century Ameri-
New World.
can, British, and French literary manuscripts. Each year the Center
Above: Jack Kerouac. A page from the autograph
travel diary for 1948-49 titled "Journal during the
attracts over 10,000 researchers whose use of the collections often results
first stages of 'On the Road."
in books, articles, dissertations, conference papers, and occasionally
even theatrical and cinema productions. No scholar working in the field
of American, British, or French literature and the arts can afford to
ignore the research potential of this vast library.
AMERICAN AND BRITISH LITERATURE
Present among the manuscripts are numerous landmarks of contempo-
rary English literature, including James Joyce's corrected page proofs of
his masterpiece Ulysses, multiple autograph versions of E.M. Forster's A
Passage to India, the early autograph drafts of Tennessee Williams's A
Streetcar Named Desire, and the extensively corrected galley proofs of
William Faulkner's novel Sanctuary. Impressive as these single items
may be, the importance of the collection for scholars lies in the
unparalleled depth of the resources. Significant holdings for authors
such as W.H. Auden, James Agee, T.S. Eliot, Lillian Hellman, Ernest
Hemingway, Jack Kerouac, D.H. Lawrence, Robert Lowell, Arthur
Miller, Ezra Pound, Anne Sexton, G.B. Shaw, John Steinbeck, Virginia
Woolf, and countless others contain not only manuscript works but
often lengthy correspondences with other writers, publishers, friends,
and family. Supporting these materials are first and subsequent edi-
tions, photographs, and artifacts.
FRENCH LITERATURE
Closely related to the Harry Ransom Humanities Research Center's
English-language collections in its emphasis on the modern movement
in literature and the arts is the Carlton Lake Collection, the most
extensive group of modern French literary research materials anywhere
outside France. It includes books, photographs, artworks in various
media, and original documents of all kinds. Its greatest strength,
however, lies in its manuscript resources. The Collection covers a broad
range of writers and artists, among them Guillaume Apollinaire, Samuel
Beckett, André Breton, Louis-Ferdinand Céline, René Char, Jean Coc-
teau, Colette, Paul Eluard, André Gide, Alfred Jarry, Matisse, Picasso,
Jean-Paul Sartre, Toulouse-Lautrec, and Paul Valéry. In addition to
these and other major creative figures in art and literature, the
Collection contains the largest and most important group in any
institution of autograph music manuscripts by the leading modern
French composers: Maurice Ravel, Claude Debussy, Gabriel Fauré,
Albert Roussel, and Paul Dukas.
Samuel Beckett. A page from the autograph manu-
script of his novel Watt, written during World War II
in six notebooks, totaling 945 pages.
6 for
in may Now an will in
Antoine de Saint-Exupéry. Original watercolor by
Saint-Exupéry for his book Le Petit Prince (The Little
Prince), with annotations in his hand, 11" X 8½.
THE PFORZHEIMER LIBRARY AT TEXAS
An event of unprecedented academic importance to The University of
Texas at Austin is the arrival of the Carl H. Pforzheimer Library to
enlarge and enrich the already notable collections of rare books and
manuscripts of the Harry Ransom Humanities Research Center.
A Unique Collection
The Library consists of more than 1,100 titles and approximately 250
groups of manuscript letters and documents covering the 225-year
period from 1475 (the year the first book was printed in the English
language) to 1700. It contains the poetry, prose, and drama of Spenser,
Shakespeare, Bacon, Donne, Milton, and many of their contemporaries.
In addition to the works of the writers who established the contours of
our English heritage, these first 225 years of typography in England also
brought the first translations into English of a number of classic and
continental writers, notably Aristotle, St. Augustine, Castiglione, Cer-
vantes, Montaigne, and Seneca, and these translations are also repre-
sented in the Pforzheimer Library.
Some Well-Known Works
Among the treasures is the first book printed in the English language,
Recuyell of the historyes of Troye by Raoul Le Fevre. It was printed by
William Caxton and Colard Mansion in 1475. Also present in the
collection are seven other works printed by Caxton, famed as the first
printer in English.
Some other well-known works:
SHAKESPEARE, the four folios: 1623, 1632, 1663, and 1685.
THE COVERDALE BIBLE, 1535, the first complete Bible in English, and the
first printing of the King James version, 1611.
CHAUCER'S Works, London, 1532. This was the earliest critical attempt
at an edition of Chaucer's works.
SPENSER'S The Faerie Queene, London, 1590.
BACON'S Essayes, London, 1597. This is the first edition of this most
famous of English essayists.
DONNE'S Poems, by J.D. With Elegies on the Authors Death, London, 1633.
Few of Donne's poems were printed during his lifetime. The 1633
Poems is the first collected edition.
MILTON'S A Maske Presented at Ludlow Castle, London, 1637. It is the
copy owned by the Earl of Bridgewater for whom the masque was
written and performed.
There are works of government, such as Thomas Hobbes's Leviathan,
1651, John Locke's An Essay Concerning Humane Understanding (spelled
"human" in modern editions), 1690, and Richard Hooker's Of the Lawes
of Ecclesiasticall Politie, 1594-97; of history, such as The Generall Historie of
Virginia by Captain John Smith, 1624, the first sizable work written in
English about the new-found continent; and of education, such as Roger
Ascham's The Scholemaster, 1570, a classic in the history of pedagogy and
a model of English prose composition.
There are also first editions of the first translations of major classical
and continental writers:
ARISTOTLE'S Politiques, London, 1598.
ST. CASTIGLIONE'S AUGUSTINE'S The The Courtyer, Citie of God, London, London, 1561. 1610. - Example of Italian Revaissance piece
CERVANTES' Don-Quichote, London, 1620.
MONTAIGNE'S Essayes, London, 1603.
SENECA'S Tenne Tragedies, London, 1581.
The Library's Formation
Carl H. Pforzheimer, Sr. put his collection together during the great
period of sales of the major English house libraries, which started in the
1880's and continued through the dispersal (1916-1927) of the Britwell
Court Collection (the greatest collection of early English literature ever
brought together by an individual). The auction of the famed
Elizabethan collection of John L. Clawson in 1926 was dominated by Mr.
Pforzheimer's purchases. The books in the Pforzheimer Library bear
most distinguished lineages. Moreover, a considerable number of them
are of a state or variant not represented in any other library.
Even the Catalogue Is a Rare Book
Literary scholars everywhere know the Pforzheimer Library through its
famous three-volume catalogue published in 1940. Entitled The Carl H.
Pforzheimer Library: English Literature, 1475-1700, the catalogue provides
carefully detailed descriptions of each item in the collection. Approxi-
mately 20 years of descriptive work went into its making. Published in a
limited edition of only 150 copies, the Pforzheimer catalogue today is
itself a rare book much sought after.
While the catalogue describes 98 percent of the holdings, Mr.
Pforzheimer did not stop purchasing with its publication; the collection
includes a number of superb items purchased after 1940, such as John
Lyly's Euphues and His England (London, 1580), believed to be the only
perfect copy.
VOLUME 23
Pumps to Russell
THE ENCYCLOPEDIA
AMERICANA
INTERNATIONAL EDITION
COMPLETE IN THIRTY VOLUMES
FIRST PUBLISHED IN 1829
GROLIER INCORPORATED
International Headquarters: Danbury, Connecticut 06816
$ followed by the great
Burckhardt who, in his Swiss
ur der Renaissance in brilliant
comparison with the great achievements of the
Some reputable scholars even
ilization of the Renaissance Italier
that there was no justification what-
ed the period Dante
term Renaissance and that our his-
lern spirit in a profound the
Italy as the age that saw
ever understanding would be improved by
torical striking it from our vocabulary.
IS and a
n an
of a civilization THE
From this debate, which still continues, has
emerged Renaissance emerged & clearer emerged a clearer and a greater discrimination
apprehension of the meaning
al unity. He bril.
word to historical phenomena.
talian civilization around his
in is clear that Burckhardt and his followers in
le spirit of individualism. in-
the It 19th century overstated the case for a break
is of Italy, he maintained, The
historical continuity. Students today would
legree of freedom from the per-
not in be inclined to make the break between the
conditioning than existed in pat- the
Middle Ages and the Renaissance either as sharp
the condottieri (military leaders
all-encompassing as Burckhardt implied.
e early despots succeeded
scholarship has, on the
institutions to their own pur- in
claim of the medievalists
became, in Burckhardt's phrase,
that the political and economic institutions of the
al combined with the genius of
With this political
modern world owe much more to the develop-
ments of the 12th and 13th centuries than they
le to produce those unique
do to the Renaissance as Burckhardt interpreted
talian Renaissance civilization.
it. On the other hand, the attack on the validity
tment included very little in
of the conception of the Renaissance has been
sis of causation or account of
carried to indefensible lengths. We are thus left
e same characteristics of Ren-
with a concept that recognizes the Renaissance
re to be found in the 14th
as a useful description of an important chapter
16th. The Renaissance ap-
in the intellectual rather than in the institutional
a phenomenon outside time, a
history of the Western world. Although changes
SNARK INTERNATIONAL
miracle interrupting the ordi-
in the mental and spiritual climate are always
Niccolò Machiavelli redirected Renaissance thought by
torical evolution and marking
more elusive to date than the great political revo-
his analysis of the political behavior of mankind.
the ideas that have been most
lutions, this Renaissance chapter may be said to
le modern world.
begin with an account of Italian humanism in the
e the later 19th century that
14th century. Its sequel traces the gradual con-
tween the Christian believer and the classical
sm in all aspects of social life,
quest of the Western world by the new modes
scholar, and sometimes, especially in the 15th
e of Renaissance individualism
of thought that had originated in Italy.
century, the latter seemed to triumph over the
Also those who were seeking
former. But the view that many of the 15th
THE RENAISSANCE IN ITALY
e from a civilization increas-
century humanists were "pagans" has had to be
industrialism could look back
It already has been noted that one of the most
abandoned or greatly modified. A man like Lo-
a historical period that was
striking innovations in the Italian 14th century
renzo Valla, even if he did write against the Do-
hr been dedicated to the values
was the attainment of a new perspective on the
nation of Constantine and the abuses in the
expense of morality.
civilizations of Greece and Rome and the conse-
church, gave evidence in his De libero arbitrio
the 20th Century. The attack
quent development of a new periodization of his-
(1439; Dialogue on the Freedom of the Will)
onception began in the 20th
tory. The central figure in this achievement was
of a deeply Christian consciousness. In an at-
principally from students of
the 14th century poet and humanist Petrarch.
mosphere so thoroughly penetrated by the ob-
The profounder students of
From an early age Petrarch dedicated himself to
servances and presuppositions of Christianity,
doubt on the proposition that
the study of the classics. Although his vernacu-
it was still impossible for anything like modern
S man had been conscious of
lar poetry is today more regarded and remem-
agnosticism or atheism to command a wide ac-
member of a group (church,
bered than his Latin compositions, it was on the
ceptance.
), and had had no realization
latter that his fame rested in his own lifetime.
Another theme of humanistic speculation was
as an individual. Research
His friend Giovanni Boccaccio shared Petrarch's
the continuing debate between the claims of the
institutions showed that the
passionate desire for a deeper knowledge of the
active and the contemplative life. Petrarch him-
I far more, for example, to
ancient world, and besides the famous Decameron
self had condemned Cicero for his political career,
ies of the 12th and 13th cen-
(1353) wrote important works in Latin on
but supported for a time the Roman revolution
Italian city-states of the 14th
ancient mythology and on the fate of heroes and
of his day by Cola di Rienzo. In the early 15th
pointed out also that the re-
princes. In the followers of Petrarch and Boc-
century, humanists like Lino Coluccio di Piero
ndeed the whole basis of the
caccio we can see clearly developed the character-
Salutati, Leonardo Bruni, and Poggio Bracciolini,
on did not coincide with the
istic features of humanist thought. (See HUMAN-
all of whom became secretaries of the Florentine
ian cultural advances. Burck-
ISM.) In their emphasis on grammar and
Republic, supported a program of active participa-
ided economic history in his
rhetoric and on the importance of form in writing
tion in politics and the service of the state. Late
lidity of the concept of the
and speaking, the humanists were the direct
in the 15th century, however, when the Medici
eriod seemed to be impaired
descendants of medieval teachers. But their reli-
rule had been established in Florence and most
d that there were important
ance on a better and more direct knowledge of
of the other Italian states had fallen under sig-
ity to which it did not apply.
antiquity gave their thought a new orientation.
nories, the humanists preferred to retire to the
al renewals of importance
Among the teachers and scholars of the new
villas of their patrons and lead lives devoted to
have taken place in the Mid-
learning, who often became secretaries of princes
literature or Neoplatonic poetry far removed
issance of the 12th century,
and communes, appeared the intense nostalgia
ssance of the 10th century,
for the civilization of Greece and Rome, the
from the sense of civic obligation that had been
felt by their predecessors.
Renaissance of the 8th be-
scorn for scholasticism and metaphysics in favor
Pursuit of Classical Languages. Humanist en-
; of historical interpretation.
of an interest in man and in ethics, and the em-
phasis on the values derived from ancient litera-
thusiasm kindled the desire for the knowledge of
Renaissance was seen as but
Greek and the search for ancient manuscripts.
series of revivals. At worst,
ture as a guide to conduct.
Petrarch had not known Greek, and Boccaccio
mitative and unimportant in
The more such interests were developed, the
made only a beginning in the language. Their
more they revealed the possibility of tensions be-
successors were more fortunate. Manuel Chrys-
381
finding important works of Cicero and Quintilian
and, in a celebrated letter to a friend in Florence,
and the Medici in Flc
described how he had rescued these great authors
descendant of a black
from their unworthy captivity in the neglect of
of Milan in the mide
monastic library. Later in the century the Annales a
and his sons presided
of Cornelius Tacitus were discovered, and these
brilliant courts in Rer
came into immense popularity as the forms of
Beatrice d'Este reigned
political life in Italy became more rigid. Tacitus,
Sforza, and Leonardo
the resigned historian of imperial corruption, ap-
were among the artists
pealed more directly than republican Livy to an
of the duke.
age that saw Italy succumbing to the weight of
In Florence, the M
foreign despotism. For the most part, however,
in 1434, and Cosimo de
the great age of the recovery of ancient authors
gram of lavish support
was the first part of the 15th century, and sub-
was continued by his
sequent generations of scholars spent their great-
built, painters and scul
est efforts in capitalizing on the finds made by
to decorate them, and S
their predecessors.
the work of translation
The effort to establish the correct texts and
libraries. The Medici
to elucidate their real meaning produced an in-
the republican form of
creasing body of philological knowledge. Such
continued to behave as
a work as Lorenzo Valla's Elegantiae Linguae
vate citizens of Flore
Latinae (1440; Elegances of the Latin Language)
lived on a scale far me
pointed out the correct-that is, the ancient-
of many contemporary p
usage at the expense of the living Latin language,
founded their private fo
which was regarded by humanist scholars as
republic. The court
barbarous and corrupt. With the invention of
grandson, Lorenzo the
printing it became possible to reproduce exactly
1492, represented the
a single emendation in a text, and genuinely
Renaissance, and the ta
critical editions began to make their appearance.
the patron were matche
The whole body of historical knowledge about
artists, poets, philosopl
classical civilization that thus became available
surrounded him.
was the basis for the widespread and self-con-
Yet Florence was not
ALINARI/SCALA
scious imitation of ancient forms in literature
ments could be found
The humanist Enea Silvio de' Piccolomini, later Pope
and in art and even in the habits and style of
dukes of Urbino were Ct
Pius II, is awarded a laurel crown by the emperor.
daily life.
and their encourageme
Cultural Creativity. The classical revival, the
arts. Their court becam
Renaissance in its original sense, was accompa-
sare Castiglione's Il
oloras, a Byzantine envoy, went to Florence in
nied by a great outburst of creativity in literature,
Courtier), the most wi
1395 and began giving lessons in Greek. Leo-
painting, sculpture, and architecture. While many
sance treatises on mar
nardo Bruni described with what eagerness these
of the humanists advocated a sterile imitation of
Mantua and the Este
lessons were greeted and how he himself, under
Latin models in poetry and prose, some writers,
the inspiration of this opportunity, gave up the
and among them the greatest of Italian Renais-
study of the civil law and applied himself day
sance poets, had the courage to write in the ver-
France's army enters Flore
and night to learning Greek. During the sub-
nacular. Although the 15th and 16th century
sequent years other Byzantine scholars and refu-
writers Matteo Maria Boiardo, Politian (Poli
gees spread the knowledge of Greek even more
ziano), Ludovico Ariosto, and Torquato Tasso
widely, and by the time Constantinople fell to
used both medieval and classical models, they
the Turks in 1453, the teaching of Greek was well
wrote their masterpieces in the vernacular, just as
established. A real knowledge of the language
Dante and Petrarch had. In the same way, paint-
was, however, the prerogative of the few, and
ers from Masaccio and Filippo Brunelleschi to
Italian humanism remained, on the whole, more
Michelangelo, Raphael, Andrea del Sarto, and
oriented toward Latin literature than toward
Leonardo da Vinci drew inspiration from the
Greek. Most of the educated public for many
classical revival. But their work transcended
years to come received their knowledge of Greek
imitation of the classical and exhibited great in-
authors through the medium of Latin translations,
dependence and originality. The art of the
the making of which was one of the great scholar-
quattrocento (15th century) and the first part of
ly achievements of the 15th century. Plato, for
the 16th century has remained one of the glories
example, was most widely read in the translation
of Western civilization.
of his works into Latin made by Marsilio Ficino
Patronage. Scholar, poet, and artist all found
under the patronage of the Medici. By the end
patrons who gave them commissions and pensions
of the 15th century, nevertheless, the number of
and frequently were able to appreciate their work
scholars who knew Greek was so considerable
The political conditions in Italy were for a brief
that the famous Aldine Press in Venice embarked
period peculiarly favorable to the sponsoring
on printing the entire body of ancient Greek
intellectual and artistic activity. In many cases
literature.
tyrants and condottieri who had no legitimate
The desire to perfect the knowledge of the
title to the political
ancient languages was accompanied and stimu-
justify themselves
lated by the recovery of lost or previously un-
patrons of arts and letters. If one lacked princeh
known manuscripts containing classical master-
ancestors, one could adopt princely virtues and
pieces. The early 14th century was the great age
of discovery when scholars such as Poggio Brac-
princely style and convince the people that their their
ruler had a natural right to preside over
ciolini, attending the Council of Constance,
destinies.
searched for manuscripts in the monasteries of
Switzerland and Germany. He was rewarded by
Among the greater Italian powers who Milan illus
trate this development were the Sforza in
382
RENAISSANCE
383
ant works of Cicero and Quintilia
rated letter to a friend
in Florence. Francesco Sforza,
vided examples of Renaissance courts distin-
he had rescued these
a blacksmith, seized the duchy
guished for their fostering of all the arts.
orthy captivity in the
the middle of the 15th century,
The role of the papacy requires special men-
y. Later in the century
his sons presided over one of the most
tion. After the conciliarist attack on the papacy
acitus were discovered,
and brilliant courts in Renaissance Italy, in which
had subsided, the papal court began to assume
nense popularity as the forms these
Beatrice d'Este reigned as the wife of Ludovico
an important place in the new intellectual move-
Sforza, and Leonardo da Vinci and Bramante
ment in Italy. The 15th century Pope Nicholas V
storian of imperial corruption,
Italy became more rigid. Tacitos
among the artists employed in the service
supported among his secretaries some of the most
irectly than republican Livy to
were of the duke.
distinguished humanist scholars of the age and
taly succumbing to the weight
In Florence, the Medici had come to power
commissioned an enormous number of transla-
sm. For the most part, howeve
1434, and Cosimo de' Medici initiated the pro-
tions from the Greek. He was one of the chief
of the recovery of authom
in of lavish support for arts and letters that
creators of the Vatican Library, which reflected
art of the 15th century, and
gram continued by his successors. Palaces were
the interests of the new learning. His successor,
tions of scholars spent their great- sub.
was built, painters and sculptors were commissioned
Pius II, the former Enea Silvio de' Piccolomini,
apitalizing on the finds made
decorate them, and scholars were supported in
known as Aeneas Silvius, was himself a distin-
ors.
to the work of translation and in the collection of
guished scholar and historian. The popes of the
to establish the correct texts
libraries. The Medici did not formally abolish
later 15th century continued to do even more for
eir real meaning produced an and in
the republican form of government and in fact
the encouragement of literature and art. Sixtus
of philological knowledge. Such
continued to behave as if they were simply pri-
IV, Francesco della Rovere, built the Sistine
renzo Valla's Elegantiae Linguae
vate citizens of Florence. Nevertheless they
Chapel and had its walls decorated by the great-
lived on a scale far more magnificent than that
est quattrocento artists. Alexander VI, whatever
e correct-that
Elegances of the Latin Languagent-
of many contemporary princes and, in effect, con-
may be said about his unfortunate influence on
ense of the living Latin language,
founded their private fortunes with those of the
the moral position of the papacy, had the taste
garded by humanist scholars
republic. The court of Cosimo's celebrated
to commission Pinturicchio to do the superb
corrupt. With the invention of as
grandson, Lorenzo the Magnificent, who died in
decorations of the Borgia apartments.
me possible to reproduce exactly
1492, represented the peak of the Florentine
The climax of the Renaissance papacy was,
dation in a text, and genuinely
Renaissance, and the taste and discrimination of
however, reached in the pontificate of Julius II
began to make their appearance.
the patron were matched by the greatness of the
(reigned 1503-1513). One of the greatest
ly of historical knowledge about
artists, poets, philosophers, and scholars who
figures in the history of patronage, he caused St.
surrounded him.
Peter's to be rebuilt and summoned Bramante,
tion that thus became available
for the widespread and self-con-
Yet Florence was not unique. Similar achieve-
Michelangelo, and Raphael, among others, to
1 of ancient forms in literature
ments could be found at other centers. The
work for him. Within the short span of years of
even in the habits and style of
dukes of Urbino were celebrated for their library
this pontificate, the whole new style of the High
and their encouragement of literature and the
Renaissance emerged in the creations of those
tivity. The classical revival, the
arts. Their court became the setting for Baldas-
and other artists working in Rome.
its original sense, was accompa-
sare Castiglione's Il Cortegiano (1528; The
Julius was succeeded by Leo X, grandson of
outburst of creativity in literature,
Courtier), the most widely read of all Renais-
Lorenzo the Magnificent. This pope, while not
ire, and architecture. While many
sance treatises on manners. The Gonzaga at
nearly as great nor as vital a figure as Julius,
S advocated a sterile imitation of
Mantua and the Este at Ferrara likewise pro-
brought to the papacy the Medici traditions of
poetry and prose, some writers,
m the greatest of Italian Renais-
1 the courage to write in the ver-
France's army enters Florence. The 1494 invasion helped to spread the Italian Renaissance to northern Europe.
igh the 15th and 16th century
EPA/SCALA
Maria Boiardo, Politian (Poli-
CO Ariosto, and Torquato Tasso
ieval and classical models, they
erpieces in the vernacular, just as
rch had. In the same way, paint-
cio and Filippo Brunelleschi to
Raphael, Andrea del Sarto, and
'inci drew inspiration from the
But their work transcended
classical and exhibited great in-
d originality. The art of the
5th century) and the first part of
has remained one of the glories
ization.
cholar, poet, and artist all found
e them commissions and pensions
ere able to appreciate their work.
nditions in Italy were for a brief
/ favorable to the sponsoring of
artistic activity. In many cases,
dottieri who had no legitimate
ical power they enjoyed tried to
es by becoming distinguished
nd letters. If one lacked princely
ould adopt princely virtues and a
di convince the people that their
ural right to preside over their
reater Italian powers who illus-
pment were the Sforza in Milan
VOLUME 9
Desert to Egret
THE ENCYCLOPEDIA
AMERICANA
INTERNATIONAL EDITION
COMPLETE IN THIRTY VOLUMES
FIRST PUBLISHED IN 1829
GROLIER INCORPORATED
International Headquarters: Danbury, Connecticut 06816
Sydney Thompson (1824
pet and critic. He was born
DOBERMAN PINSCHER, dõ'ber-men pin'cher, a
dog trained for use in police and
on April 5, 1824, and was
tutors. A precocious youth,
litary work and as a protector-companion in
a seer whose verse was
home. Doberman pinschers have the fire and
m work,
d. The stylistic mets
chtning reaction of terriers and the power and
Iligence of guard and herding breeds. It is
used as a hunting dog.
vere parodied in Firmilian
who labeled Dobell and his
The breed originated in Germany in the late
modic" school. Dobell's
19th century, but its ancestry is not certain. It
0) expressed his sympathy
derives its name from Louis Doberman of
lists, and his England in
Apolda, Thuringia (a region of West Germany),
ontained descriptive verses
whose experiments were reportedly involved in
early development of the breed, and from the
during his last 20 years, Do.
German word for terrier. The breed's reputation
courage and its beauty made it popular in
22, 1874, and was buried
estershire. His miscellaneous
other lands, particularly the United States.
ed
The Doberman pinscher has a short, shiny
1,
coat, clipped ears and tail, and very strong
sculature. Its height at the shoulders is 24 to
EVELYN M. SHAFER
inches (60-70 cm), and its weight may be 55
Sir William (1899-1970), Am-
Doberman pinscher
90 pounds (25-40 kg); males are larger than
is noted for his fine craftsman
color and for his Hogarthiat
females. The Doberman pinscher's coat may be
black, reddish-brown, bluish-gray, or silvery-
manners, customs, history, and life of the Para-
orn on Sept. 24, 1899, in New
1 Wales, and worked there
beige with characteristic rust markings.
guayan Indians and highlights the efforts of the
missionaries to prevent the despoliation of the
e moving to Sydney to study
DOBIE, dõ'bē, J. Frank (1888-1964), American
Indians by the civil authorities.
eceived a traveling scholarship
n Society of Arts and went
writer. James Frank Dobie was born on a ranch
Dobrizhoffer was named preacher to the Im-
Live Oak county, Texas, on Sept. 26, 1888.
perial Court at Vienna in 1773. He held this
studied at the Slade School
Working as a newspaper reporter between terms,
I at the Royal Academy. Re-
post until his death in Vienna on July 17, 1791.
graduated from Southwestern University in
a in 1939, he was the official
CLEMENT J. ARMITAGE, S.J.
1910 and received a master's degree from Colum-
I Works Council there during
Jesuit Missions, N. Y.
bia in 1914. During World War I he was an
ll's portrait of a fellow artist,
artillery officer. He taught English at several
DOBROVSKY, dô'brôf-skē, Joseph (1753-1829),
institutions, mainly at the University of Texas.
the Archibald Prize for por-
Czech philologist, who laid the foundations for
Noted as a collector and recorder of South-
tings are represented in the
the comparative study of Slavonic languages. He
western folklore, he was for two decades secre-
of Sydney and Adelaide, and
was born of Bohemian parents on Aug. 17, 1753,
tary of the Texas Folklore Society and editor of
in Gyermet, near Györ, Hungary. For a brief
IS.
ighted in 1966. He died
publications. His 20 books include A Vaquero
time he was a Jesuit priest. After the dissolution
Wales, on May 14, 1970.
of the Brush Country (1929), Coronado's Chil-
of the Jesuit order in 1773, he devoted his life to
dren (1930), The Longhorns (1941), and The
scholarship. He died at Brno, Moravia, on Jan.
'be-ri-ner, Johann Wolfgang
Mustangs (1952). He died in Austin, Texas, on
6, 1829.
Sept. 18, 1964.
an chemist who, with his the
Dobrovský wrote in Latin and German, but
WAYNE GARD
duced the idea that certain
not in Czech. However, he helped revive the
Author of "Rawhide Texas"
ar properties can be arranged
Czech national consciousness and, through his
Döbereiner was born in Hof,
studies, inspired the revival of Czech as a liter-
DÖBLIN, dû'blēn, Alfred (1878-1957), German
3, 1780. At the age of 14 he
ary language. His principal works are Geschichte
writer of the expressionist school. He was born
harmacies, where he acquired
der böhmishcen Sprache und ältern Litteratur
in Stettin, Pomerania, on Aug. 10, 1878, and was
emistry. In 1810 he was ap-
(1792), a survey of the Czech language; Ausführ-
physician in Berlin before winning critical ac-
F chemistry at the University
liches Lehrgebäude der böhmischen Sprache
claim for his novel Die drei Sprünge des Wang-
(1809-1819), a study of Czech grammar; and In-
lun (1915), set in China. His later books in-
ired by Sir Humphry Davy's
stitutiones linguae Slavicae dialecti veteris (1822),
clude a historical novel, Wallenstein (1920); a
um, produced a platinum
the first scientific grammar of Old Slavonic.
Utopian satire, Berge, Meere und Giganten
/ decomposing a platinum salt
(1924); and his best-known work, Berlin Alex-
hydrogen gas was directed
DOBRUDJA, dô'broo-jä, is a historical region of
anderplatz ( 1929; Eng. tr., 1931), a novel whose
this porous metal in air, the
the Balkan peninsula, now divided politically be-
interior monologues show the influence of Joyce.
corporated the process into a
tween Bulgaria and Rumania. It is bounded on
After living in exile in France and the United
known as Döbereiner's lamp.
the west and north by the Danube River and
States from 1933 to 1945, Döblin returned to
mportant step in the use of
its estuary (the Kilia channel), on the east by
Germany. His last novel, Hamlet (1956), was
the Black Sea, and on the south by a line running
st.
nd 1829, Döbereiner sought
an expression of his hope for a new Europe. He
from the Danube near Tutrakan (Turtucaia) to
died on June 26, 1957, at Emmendingen.
that chemically similar ele-
Ekrene, south of Balchik, on the Black Sea.
aged in groups of three, or
Dobrudja (or Dobruja) has an area of ap-
DOBRIZHOFFER, dõ'brits-hõf-er, Martin (1717-
e equivalent weights of the
proximately 9,000 square miles (23,300 sq km).
y equal amounts. His triads
1791), Austrian Jesuit missionary in Paraguay.
The Rumanian name for the region is Dobrogea.
He was born in Friedberg, Bohemia, on Sept. 7,
ontium-barium and chlorine-
The chief cities in the region are Silistra and
bereiner thus produced the
1717, and joined the Society of Jesus in 1736.
Tolbukhin (Dobrich) in Bulgaria, and Con-
He was sent in 1749 to Paraguay, where he
periodicity of the elements.
stanţa, the major port of Rumania. The area is
labored for 18 years among the Guarani and
as not considered important
flat and semiarid, and it produces a high yield
t foreshadowed Mendeleyev's
Abipón tribes. When the Jesuits were expelled
of cereal crops. A major industrial district was
elements. Döbereiner died
from Paraguay and other Spanish possessions in
built up around Constanţa in the 1950's and
1849.
1767, he returned to Austria. He composed a
1960's. The area also has vineyards, and a fish-
3-volume work, Historia de Abiponibus (1783-
EDUARD FARBER
ing industry operates along the coast.
1784), based on his experiences and observations.
Editor of "Great Chemists
The Rumanian section of Dobrudja is now the
The work provides a detailed description of the
center of that country's tourist industry. A se-
225
WHRC
AWHO WAS WHO
R
IN AMERICA
WITH WORLD NOTABLES
VOLUME IV
1961-1968
Indexed to All Who Was Who Volumes
A COMPONENT VOLUME OF
WHO'S WHO IN AMERICAN HISTORY
A compilation of sketches of WHO'S WHO IN AMERICA biographees as last published
in Volumes 32 to 34 inclusive (1961-1968)-or in any earlier volume if not in
hand for inclusion in previous WHO WAS WHO editions (Volumes I, II, and III,
1897-1960)- with dates of death, interment locations, and any requested
revisions appended. For the first time, sketches include all WHO'S WHO
IN AMERICA biographees 100 years of age or older about whom no
current vital statistics data could be found (see Preface).
MARQUIS-WHO'S WHO, INC.
(The A.N. Marquis Company-Founded 1897)
MARQUIS-WHO'S WHO BUILDING
200 EAST OHIO STREET
CHICAGO, ILLINOIS 60611
991
ricia Mary, Sheila Margaret (Mrs
WEBB,
Kenneth Seymour, writer, dramatist; b. 1911-12, v.p., asst. gen. mgr., dir., 1913-20, v.p., tion of Hardy's Three Wayfarers, 1943; Jubilee Edi-
Vebb. Ross & Griffiths, barristers
licitor, 1910: practiced Dargaville, 1913.
Oct. 16, 1885; S. William Edward and
gen. mgr., 1920, pres., now chmn., pres., gen.
tion of Housman's A Shropshire Lad, 1946; Hardy
(Bell) W.: A.B., Columbia, 1906; m. Lor-
mgr., 1956-57: pres. Hudson-Webber Realty Co.,
in
1947: Bibliography of Jacob Abbott, 1948; Jewett, A
America,
1946;
Letters
of
Sarah
Orne
rekland, New Zealand, 1927
Frost, Sept. 20, 1920. Began as writer and
Shopping Centers, Inc.; chmn. bd. Detroit Shop-
ent 1943-, atty. gen., minister
for vaudeville stage, 1910; writer, Vitagraph
ping News, Newsplate Engraving Co.; v.p., dir.
Thousand-and-One Fore-Edge Paintings, 1949, rev
). minister of external affairs,
1913, writer, dir., 1918-19: writer for screen,
William H. Miller Co.: dir., mem. exec. com. Mich.
1966; Bibliography of Sarah Orne Jewett (with
rd tys., 1951-55: high commr
writer, dir., or dir. 1919-38, successively with
Bell Telephone Co. Mem. exec. com. Greater De-
Clara C. Weber), 1949. Conthr. many articles to
in United Kingdom, 1955
Whitman Bennett-First Nat.,
troit Hosp. Fund: mem. nat. com. sponsors Mich.
mags. Home: 42 Burleigh St., Waterville, Me. Died
ir I, 1917-19. Knight Comdr St.
Served
Artists, C.
Meml. Phoenix Project: 1st v.p., trustee Harper
Dec. 19, 1966.
1, London N.W. 1. Office: 415, Terrace
George. Home: 1. Cornwall
Burr & Co., Pathé, Lee DeForest Co., Inspira-
Hosp.; mem. bd. Hudson-Webber Found.; trustee
WEBER, Gustav C. E., M.D.; b. Bonn, Prussia,
Pictures, Tiffany Pictures, Fitzpatrick Pic-
Eloise and Richard Webber Found.: asso. mem.
May 26, 1828; studied at Univ. of Bonn until
2. Deceased.
writer for legitimate stage, 1924-- radio
Phi Beta Kappa Found.: adv. bd. United Found.;
revolution of 1848 caused him to come to
arle W., business exec.: b. Morehead
and producer Batten Barton Durstine and
hon. trustee Children's Hosp. Mich.; hon. chmn.
U.S.; settled as farmer near St. Louis, Mo.
writer
Inc., 1933--, Western editor, 1953-;
Mich. Cancer Found.; hon. asso. Roscoe B. Jackson
Later completed studies at Vienna, Amsterdam
eb. 9, 1883; S. Alexander H. and
W.: student Duke: A.B., U. Mich Hat.
withor
assom, radio works, plays, mus. comedies and vaude-
Meml. Lab. Mem. Det. Bd. Commerce. Mem. De-
and Paris; practiced medicine in New York,
sketches. Lectr. on radio writing and prodn.
troit Symphony Soc., Soc. Arts and Crafts. Detroit
1853; and later in Cleveland, 0.; prof. surgery,
it N.Y. Law Sch., 1902-04; m. Lilise
U., 1942-43. Bd. dirs. Percy Williams Home.
Mus. of Art Founders Soc., Detroit Hist. Soc., De-
Cleveland Med. Coll., 1856-63; surgeon-gen. Ohio,
Jan. 11, 1944. Admitted to N.Y.
S.Y.
ed in N.Y.C., 1904-22; gen. atty.
Soc. of Cincinnati, S. R., A.S.C.A.P. (chart-
troit Zool. Soc., Com. Fgn. Relations, Newcomen
1861; organized system for better medical care
1922-25; pres. Ethyl Corp., 1925-47.
Song Writers Protective Assn., Actors Equity
Soc. Eng., Central Bus. Dist. Assn. (hon.). Phi
of troops in field; founded, 1864, Charity Hospi-
947-48. Trustee Duke. Clubs: Metropolic
Motion Picture Dirs. Assn. (eastern pres.
Beta Kappa (local hon. dir.) Rep. Presbyn. Mason tal Med. Coll., in which he became prof. clinical
League Am. (sec. 1941-43,
(K.T., Shriner, Jester). Clubs: Detroit, Detroit surgery and dean of faculty; retained chair aft-
ty, Cloud (N.Y.C.); St. Andrews Golf
Dramatists Guild (council 1931-
Athletic, Economic (Detroit) Grosse Pointe, Grosse
er
the
coll.
became
med.
dept.
of
Univ.
of
N.Y.). Office: 15 E. 26th St., N.Y.C.
Guild (founder, 1st pres. 1935-
Pointe Yacht. Country of Detroit (Gorsse Pointe): Wooster; returned to Germany. Address: Nurem-
July 7, 1965; burried Morehead City,
5), mem. council 1935-50), Radio Dirs. Guild,
Bloomfield Hills (Mich.) Country: Kebo Valley (Bar burg, Bavaria, Germany.
George Thomas, editor; b. Montreal.
Alpha 38: Chi Rho. Clubs: Lambs (council 1932-50),
Harbor); Bath, Indian Creek Country (Miami Beach);
WEBER, Henry Adam, chemist; b. Clinton Tp.,
Nov. 3, 1866; S. George and Han-
Mayers N.Y. Home: 310 S. Bundy Dr., Los An-
Detroit Assn. of Phi Beta Kappa. Home: 21 Bea-
Franklin
Co.,
0.,
July
12,
1845;
S.
Frederick
ton) W.; ed. McMaster U., Toronto;
gles 49. Office: 1680 N. Vine St., Hollywood,
con Hill, Grosse Pointe 36, Mich. Office: 1206
and Caroline (Tascher) W.: student Otterbein U.,
of D.D. from Denison U., 0.);
Cal.
Died Mar. 6, 1966.
Woodward Av., Detroit 26. Died May 23, 1967; 1861-63, Poly. Sch., Kaiserslautern, 1863-66
enson, of Mt. Forest, Ont., Feb. m, 6,
WEBB, Richard L(ockwood), educator; b. Farmer
buried Woodlawn Cemetery, Detroit.
(grad.); U. of Munich, 1866-68; (Ph.D., Ohio State
ined Bapt. ministry, 1888; paster,
ls, N.Y., 1888-93, Auburn, N.Y.,
City, Ill., Oct. 14, 1902; S. Charles and Anna (White)
WEBBER, Richard Hudson, business exec.; b. Io-
U., 1879); m. Rosa Ober, of Columbus, 0., Dec.
rampton, Ont., 1896-1901, Toronto,
#: A.B., U. Ill., 1924, M.S., 1925; Ph.D., 1931;
nia, Mich., July 24, 1879; S. Joseph T. and Mary E.
29, 1870. Asst. chemist Ohio Geol. Survey, 1869-
ernat. sec. Bapt. Young Peoples Union
Pauline Marvel, Dec. 31, 1929. Asst. zoology U.
(Hudson) W.; student pub. schs., Mich.; m. Eloise
74; prof. chemistry, U. of Ill., 1874-82: mfr.
05-11; asso. editor periodicals of
m., #. 1924-26. instr. anatomy, sch. medicine, 1926-
C. Jenks, May 23, 1914; children-Jean Christina
sugar from sorghum, 1882-84; prof. agrl. chemist-
Pub. Soc., June 1, 1911-May 1917;
$1. asso., 1931-34, asst. prof., 1934-39, asso. prof.,
(Mrs. Stuart B. Sutphin, Jr.), Mary Eleanor (Mrs.
ry, Ohio State U., since 1884. Chemist to State
religious edn. for Western Canada,
Joseph R. Parker), Joseph Hudson (dec.). Buyer's
Bd. Agr., Ill., also Ill. State Bd. Health, 1874-
1939-45, prof. anatomy, 1945-46; vis. prof. anatomy
C. S.S. Council of Evang. Denomina-
asst., buyer The J. L. Hudson Co., 1898-1912,
82: state chemist and chief chemsit, Ohio State
Washington U., St. Louis, 1945-46; faculty dept.
anatomy Ind. U. since 1946, chmn. dept. since 1948.
pres., 1912-48, chmn. bd., 1948-61, hon. chmn.
Dairy and Food Commn., 1884-97. Fellow A.A.
and Can. Sec. div. edn. instns. Am.
telief in the Near East. Office: 1
bd., 1961--; dir. Hudson Motor Car Co., 1929-
A.S.; mem. Am. Chem. Soc., Am. Soc. Micros-
Mem. A.A.A.S., Am. Assn. Anatomists, Ind. Acad.
New York, N.Y.T
Sci., Sigma Xi, Gamma Alpha, Kappa Delta Rho,
34. Pres., Harper Hosp.; asso. mem. Roscoe B.
copists, Assn. Official Agrl. Chemists, Ohio Acad.
Jackson Meml. Lab., Bar Harbor, Me. Mem. Nat.
Science; mem. Internat. Congress of Applied
Phi Beta Pi. Contbr. articles profl. publs. Home:
anor A., educator; b. Nashville, Apr. 1,
1408 Maxwell Lane, Bloomington, Ind. Died Nov.
Retail Mehts. Assn. (pres. 1921-22). Republican.
Chemistry. Author: Select Course in Qualitative
nzo C. and Ellen (Hanor) W.: A.B., U.
10, 1961; buried Rose-Hill Mausoleum, Bloomington,
Presbyn. Home: 437 Lake Shore, Grosse Pointe
Analysis, 4 edits., 1875-91; contbr. to Journal
Farms, Mich. 48236. Office: 1206 Woodward Av.,
American Chemical Society. Address: 1342 For-
908; M.S., U. Chgo., 1911; Ph.D.,
Ind.
WEBB, Walter Prescott, author, educator; b. Pan-
Detroit 48226. Died Feb. 22, 1967; buried Wood-
sythe Av., Columbus, 0.+
dy Coll. for Tchrs., 1920: m. Willard
mings, Aug. 11, 1914; children-John
ela County, Tex., Apr. 3, 1888; S. Casner P. and Mary
lawn Cemetery.
WEBER, John, mech. engr.; b. Pitts., Oct. 20,
Carolyn, Mary Willard, Martha Cather-
Elizabeth (Kyle) W.; A.B., U. of Tex., 1915, A.M.,
WEBBER, Samuel Gilbert, physician; b. Boston,
1885; S. John and Emma Wilson (Beitler) W.; M.
ology, chemistry, physiology, psychology
1920, Ph.D., 1932; student University of Wisconsin,
July 24, 1838; S. Aaron D. and Maria (Gilbert)
E., U. Pitts., 1909; D.Sc.: m. Blanche J. Martin,
ite Normal Sch., 1912-17; chemistry and
1916, U. Chgo., 1922-23; M.A., Oxford U.; Litt.D.,
W.; A.B., Harvard, 1860, M.D., 1865; studied in
Mar. 21, 1912; children-John Martin, James Har-
So. Meth. U.; m. Jane Elizabeth Oliphant, Sept. 16,
Vienna, 1866-67; m. Nancy Sturtevant, of Boston,
old, Dorothy Ellen. With U. Pitts., 1909- except
orge Peabody Coll. for Tehrs., 1917-53,
1916 (dec. 1960); 1 dau., Mildred; m. 2d,
Apr. 13, 1864. Asst. surgeon U.S.N., 1862-65;
during war period, successively research asst., in-
53-; cons. on nature films, and sci.
os. Fellow A.A.A.S. (council 1945-53);
Maury Maverick, Dec. 14, 1961. Tchr. pub. schs.
settled in Boston, 1865; pathologist Boston City
str. in mech. engring., asst. prof., asso. prof.,
Hosp., 1869-72; phys. dept. nervous diseases,
prof. and head of dept., 1922-25, bus. mgr., sup-
rem. Soc. (chmn. Nashville sect. 1951),
1907-09 and 1911-18; apptd. instr. in history, U. of
Study Soc., Nat. Assn. Research in Sci.
Boston Dispensary, 1873-78; visiting phys. dept.
ervising engr. constructional work, 1926-36, sec. of
Tex., 1918, adjunct prof., 1920, asso. prof., 1927,
of nervous and renal diseases, Boston City Hos-
univ., 1936-- Served as capt. engrs., World War;
es. 1937), Nat. Council on Elementary
prof. since 1933; cons. historian Nat. Park Service,
(chmn. dept. sci. instrn. 1926), Nat.
1937; Harkness lecturer in Am. history, London U.,
pital, 1877-85; supt. 1885-91, and since then
mem. Vehicle Standardization Bd., also Automotive
Assn. (sec. 1946-52, chmn. mag. bd.
consulting phys. to Adams Nervine Asylum; clin.
Products Com., War Industries Bd. Mem. Delta Tau
spring 1938; Guggenheim fellow. 1938; Harmsworth
prof. Am. Hist., Oxford U., Eng., 1942-43; dis-
instr. nervous diseases, Harvard Med. Sch., 1875-
Delta, Omicron Delta Kappa, Sigma Tau, Scabbard
0. Assn. Sci. and Industry (dir. 1941.
85; prof. neurology, Tufts Coll. Med. School,
and Blade. Republican. Mem. United Presbyn. Ch.
Acad. Sci. (pres. 1946), Freolac Club,
tinguished prof. history U. Tex., 1952- Recip-
Pi, Phi Delta Kappa. Author: Science
1893-1902. Mem. Mass. Med. Soc., Boston Soc.
Club: University (Pitts.) Home: 1317 Dennison
on and Experiment (with R. 0. Beau-
ient Am. Council of Learned Soc. award, 1958; dis-
15. Contbr. to encys. and ednl. jours.
tinguished alumnus award, U. Texas, 1958. Fellow
Med. Improvement, Boston Soc. Neurology and
St., Pitts. 15217. Died Mar. 1, 1966.
Sch. Sci. Library (ann.), 1925-45;
Texas Institute of Letters; mem. Am. Hist. Assn.
Psychiatry, Boston Med. Library Assn., Am. Neurol.
WEBER, Max, artist; b. Byelostok, Russia, Apr.
Assn., A.A.A.S., Nat. Geog. Soc., S.A.R.; hon. mem.
18, 1881; S. Morris and Julia (Getz) W.; brought by
nce, 1927-47; sci. issues Education,
(pres. 1958), Miss. Valley (pres. 1953), Southwestern
A.B.C.F.M.; life mem. Boston YMCA, Mass. Home
parents to U.S., 1891; grad. Boys High Sch., Brook-
ome: 245 Blue Hills Dr., Nashville
hist. assns., Texas Folklore Soc., Tex. Philosophical
Missionary Soc.; mem. Boston Congregational
lyn, 1898; grad. Pratt Inst., 1900, A.F.D., 1959;
I July 3, 1965; buried Mt. Olivet
Soc. Democrat. Clubs: Town and Gown, Headliners.
Author: The Growth of a Nation (with E. C. Barker
Club. Author, Cerebro-Spinal Meningitis (Boylston
Dr. of Humane Letters, Brandeis University, 1957;
and W. E. Dodd), 1928; The Story of Our Nation
prize essay), 1866; Treatise on Nervous Dis-
m. Frances Abrams, June 27, 1916; children-May-
mes Duncan, advt. exec.; b. St. Louis,
eases, 1885; Genealogy of the Southworth Fam-
nard Jay, Judith Sarah. Teacher of painting from
(with same), 1929; The Great Plains (awarded Lou-
08; S. James and Margaret (Snethen)
ily, 1905; also 100 articles in med. jours. Home:
life, Art Students League. N.Y. City, 1920-21, 1925-
bat prize by Columbia U.), 1931; The Texas Rangers,
im laude Choate Sch.; A.B., Princeton,
Boston; (summer) Sagamore Beach, Mass.
27. Represented in principal museums and galleries
1935 (screened by Paramount, 1936); Divided We
argaret Ann Glaenzer, Oct. 30. 1931;
WEBER, Albert J., judge; b. West Point, Ia.,
throughout the U.S. Recipient of numerous prizes
Stand; The Crisis of Frontierless Democracy, 1937;
The Great Frontier, 1952; More Water for Texas,
Nov. 19, 1859; S. Henry and Christine W.: ed.
and awards. Fellow Internat. Arts and Letters. Mem.
rgaret Ann, Katrinka Brette. Trainee
Dominick, N.Y.C., 1931-33; advt. mgr.
1954; An Honest Preface, 1959. Editor: The Hand-
Ia. Wesleyan Coll.; m. Nellie Howard, of Dallas
Am. Painters, Sculptors and Gravers, Artists Equity
dising mgr. Am. Commercial Alcohol
book of Texas, 1952. Home: 602 W. 9th St., Austin,
City, III., Jan. 1, 1884. Admitted to Utah bar,
(exec. bd.), Bklyn. Inst. Art and Sci. (life), Inter-
39; v.p., gen. mgr. Jones & Brakeley,
Tex. 78701. Died Mar. 8, 1963; buried Tex. State
1890, and practiced at Ogden; pros. atty.,
nat. Mark Soc. (hon.), Nat. Insts. Arts and Letters.
939-43; v.p., mgr. new bus. dept. Young
Weber Co., Utah, 1892-96; removed to Salt
Jewish. Author: Cubist Poems, 1914; Essays on Art,
Cemetery, Austin, Tex.
Inc., 1943-51; v.p. C. J. LaRoche &
Lake City, 1902; chief justice Supreme Court of
1916; Primitives, 1927, Woodcuts. 1957. Home: 11
951-53, pres., dir., 1953--, chairman
WEBB, William Snyder, educator; b. Greendale,
Utah, term 1919-Jan. 1, 1925. Democrat. Mason,
Hartley Rd., Great Neck, N.Y. Died Oct. 4, 1961.
d, January 1958- Mem. executive
Ky., Jan. 19, 1882; S. William and Gulielma (Sny-
K.P., Moose. Home: East Mill Creek, Salt Lake
WEBER, Randolph Henry, U.S. judge; b. St.
der) W.; B.S., U. Ky., 1901, M.S., 1902; student
Services Dept. Nat. Bd. YMCA. 1949-;
City, Utah.t
Louis, Nov. 26, 1909; S. Henry P. and Lillian A.
U. Chgo., 7 quarters, 1911-15: Hon. D.Sc., U.
vich, Conn. disaster com. A.R.C., 1946-
WEBER, Carl Jefferson, educator; b. Balt., Jan.
(Boelling) W.; student Westminster Coll., Fulton,
Ala., 1937; m. Alleen P. Lary, June 8, 1910; chil-
Greenwich, Country Day Sch. Mem. Am.
20, 1894; S. Adam S. and Lora (Jefferson) W.;
Mo., 1928-30; LL.B., Washington U., 1933; LL.D.,
dren-William Lary, Jane Allen. Instr. physics U.
Agys., Greenwich C. of C. (v.p. 1951-
grad. Balt. City Coll., 1910; B.A., Johns Hopkins,
Culver-Stockton Coll., Canton, Mo., 1958; m. Lila
Ky., 1904-08, asst. prof., 1908-14, asso. prof.,
Kennebunk River (Kennebunkport, Me.,
1914; Rhodes Scholar, Queen's Coll., Oxford U.,
H. Everts, Sept. 8, 1934; children-Phillip A.,
1914-17, prof., head dept. physics, 1919-- prof.,
i); Greenwich (Conn.) Country. Home:
1914-17, B.A., 1916, M.A., 1920; D.Litt., Frank-
head dept. anthropology and archeology. 1929--
Randolph H. Admitted to Mo. bar. 1933; practiced
lin and Marshall Coll., 1938; m. Clara W. Carter,
Dr., Greenwich, Conn. Office: 575 Lex-
Archeologist, TVA. 1934-37. Maj., F.A., U.S.
in Poplar Bluff, 1933-57; city atty., Poplar Bluff,
June 23, 1921: children-David Carter, Dorothy
N.Y.C. 22. Died Sept. 1960.
Army, World War I, assigned to Ft. Sill Sch. Fire.
1935-37; pros. atty., Butler County, Mo., 1937-38;
Carter. Instr., asst. prof. English, Colby Coll.,
Trustee Lees Collegiate Inst., 1920-29, 1943-
rep. Butler County to Mo. Legislature, 1939-40; cir-
ohn) Burkitt, engineer: b. Phila., Nov.
1918-20; asst. in English, Johns Hopkins, 1920-21;
Mem. council A.A.A.S.; sec. Am. Assn. Physics
cuit judge 33d Jud. Circuit, Mo., 1943-57; U.S. dist.
Charles Rose and Eliza Ann (Greaves)
instr. English, U.S. Naval Acad., 1920-22; instr. in
Tehrs.; mem. Com. on Basic Needs in Am. Arch-
judge, Eastern Dist. of Mo., 1957- Dir. Poplar
of Mich., 1871: studied mathematics
lit. Johns Hopkins Summer Sch., 3 summers, 1923-
aeology, Div. Anthropology and Psychology; NRC;
at univs. of Heidelberg, Göttingen,
28; prof. English (summers), U. Me., 1932, U.
Bluff Loan & Bldg. Assn., 1950-57. Pres. Poplar
pres. Central Sect. Am. Anthropol. Assn.: v.p. Soc.
Bluff Industries. 1947-56. Adv. bd. Salvation Army.
Paris, 1878-81; m. Mary Emlenie, d.
for Am. Archaeology: v.p. Ky. Research Found.;
W.Va., 1941, U. N.C., 1948; U. So. Cal., 1947-
Served as lt. col. Mo. Reserve Mil. Force. 1941-46.
M. Gregory, 1st pres. of U. of Ill.,
chmn. com. for recovering archaeol. remains, rep.
1949; with Colby Coll., 1922--, successively asst.
Am. Council Learned Socs.; mem. Am Physicists
prof., asso. prof. and prof. English until 1928,
Recipient DeMolay Legion of Honor, 1957. Alumni
376. Prof. civ. engring., U. of Ill.,
of. applied mathematics, Cornell U.,
Soc., Phi Beta Kappa, Sigma Xi, Pi Mu Epsilon,
Roberts prof. English lit., 1928--, curator of rare
Achievement award Westminster Coll., 1958. Mem.
Sigma Pi Sigma, O.D.K. Presbyn. Author: Bulletins
books, 1940 founder, editor Colby Library
Am. Judicature Soc., Inst. Jud. Adminstrn., Poplar
prof. mathematics and mechanics,
Quar., 1943- Guggenheim Fellow, 1944-45. Mem.
Bluff C. of C. (past pres.), Nat. Union Fraternal
1. Tech., 1885-; now consulting
119, 122 and 129, Bur. Am. Ethnology; also vari-
at Internat. Elec. Exhbn., 1884;
Modern Lang. Assn. Am., Phi Beta Kappa. Conglist.
Beneficiary Assn. (v.p., dir.), Am., Mo. (gov. 1952-
ous reports and bulls. Home: Lexington, Ky. Died
Author or editor: English Versification, 1926; The
56), Butler County (past pres.) bar assns., Mo. Jud.
Louis Expn., 1904. Inventor of the
Feb. 15, 1964.
Best of Browning, 1930; Unconsidered Trifles, 1933;
Conf. (v.p., mem. exec. com. 1950-56), Sigma Phi
namometer, Viscous Dynamometer, and
for the measurement of power,
WEBBER, Oscar, business exec.; b. Ionia, Mich.,
Hardy's Lost Novel, 1935; Notes on Tess of the
Epsilon, Delta Theta Phi. Mem. Christian Ch. (elder).
scientific apparatus. Fellow A.A.A.S.;
May 22, 1889; S. Joseph Tompkins and Mary
D'Urbervilles, 1935; Notes on Far from the Mad-
Mason (Shriner; past master; grand orator 1959). Odd
) Matematico di Palermo, Am. Math.
Eleanor (Hudson) W.; A.B., U. Mich. 1910; LL.D.
ding Crowd, 1937; Rebekah Owen and Thomas Har-
Fellow; mem. Order Eastern Star. Club: Poplar Bluff
Soc. Mech. Engrs. Retired on Carnegie
(hon. Wayne State U.; m. Marjorie Lambert, Jan.
dy, 1939; Revenge Is Sweet, 1940; Hardy of Wes-
Lions (past pres.). Home: 6340 Wydown, Clayton 5.
26, 1916 (dec. Nov. 15, 1941); 1 dau., Marjorie sex, 1940, rev., 1965; The Jubilee of Tess, 1941;
Mo. Office: Federal Court House and Custom House.
1907. Author fomany scientific pa-
Lambert (Mrs. John H. Buell). Asst. buyer J. L. The First Hundred Years of Thomas Hardy, 1942;
St. Louis 63101. Died Nov. 23, 1961; buried
Glen Ridge, N.J. Address: Hoboken,
Hudson Co., dept. store, Detroit, 1910-11; buyer, Hardy's First Christmas Story, 1942; Jubilee edi- Meml. Gardens, Poplar Bluff, Mo.
VOLUME 14
Heart to India
THE ENCYCLOPEDIA
AMERICANA
INTERNATIONAL EDITION
COMPLETE IN THIRTY VOLUMES
FIRST PUBLISHED IN 1829
GROLIER INCORPORATED
International Headquarters: Danbury, Connecticut 06816
HENRY
107
797-1878), American physi-
or his work with electromag-
HENRY, 0. (1862-1910), the pen name of the
ne of the United States' out-
American author William Sidney Porter, whose
tal scientists in the 19th
short stories entertained millions of readers, put
the commercial short story on the literary map,
ed as the first director of the
on from 1846 to 1878.
and influenced generations of writers in the
United States and abroad.
n Albany, N. Y., on Dec. 17.
Life. William Sidney (or Sydney) Porter was
he rudiments of primary and
born in Greensboro, N. C., on Sept. 11, 1862, the
but he read avidly anything
son of a popular, improvident, and heavy-drinking
grasp. When he was about
doctor who had learned medicine in a local drug-
counter with a popular book
store. When his mother died in 1865, William
im to devote his life to re-
and his brother were educated in a small private
gently, he secured admission
school run by Dr. Porter's sister. He left school
my, where he learned chem-
at 15 to work in his uncle's drugstore, a job he
physiology preparatory to
found both humiliating and boring. Five years
However, his first position
later he moved to a Texas ranch with a Greens-
in natural science and math-
boro family; subsequently he lived in Austin,
ny Academy (1826-1832).
Texas, where he married, became a popular
0, Hans Christian Oersted
teller in a local bank, and purchased a weekly
an electric current in a wire
newspaper.
field around it. His finding
But ill fortune followed Porter. His young
tific world, which in the
wife's health was precarious, their first child died
by the researches of C. A.
in infancy, his newspaper failed, and in 1894 he
to believe that electricity
was accused of embezzling bank funds. Though
totally unrelated. Oersted's
many of his friends believed him innocent, he
earch for the converse effect
eventually skipped bond and fled to Honduras,
n of an electric current by
returning only to be with his wife, who died in
COLONIAL WILLIAMSBURG COLLECTION
first contribution to this
the summer of 1897. Shortly thereafter, Porter
Patrick Henry (portrait by Thomas Sully, 1815)
ovement on existing electro-
was committed to a federal penitentiary in Ohio,
ed the wire wound around
where he began writing fiction in earnest.
naking possible windings of
Following his release in 1901-he received the
HENRY, Patrick (1736-1799), American revo-
atly increasing the possible
maximum reduction of sentence for good behavior
lutionary leader and orator, whose stirring call to
agnets. This improvement
-Porter made his way to New York City. There
arms against Britain became a rallying cry for
araday to devise his famous
he became enormously popular for the hundreds
the patriots. Ending with the words "Give me
to discover electromagnetic
of stories published under the pseudonym "O.
liberty, or give me death," this speech assured
1831. Henry's independent
Henry," a name perhaps derived partly from one
the mobilization of the Virginia militia and Hen-
n probably preceded Fara-
of the penitentiary guards. He attempted to bury
ry's reputation as perhaps the most effective
as a teacher prevented him
his past, shunned publicity, and had no intimate
speaker in American history.
observations first.
friends. Three years before his death, he married
Henry never wrote out his speeches, and be-
ecame professor of natural
a boyhood sweetheart, but the marriage was a
cause there are few detailed firsthand reports, the
ollege of New Jersey (now
failure. A gentle, alienated, and lonely alcoholic,
exact words are seldom known. But there can
1, where he continued his
Porter died in New York City, his "Bagdad-on-
be no question of the overpowering impact of his
He had already concluded
the-Subway," on June 5, 1910.
oratory. Indeed, no written record could carry
upted in a wire would in-
Work. The first of Porter's stories in a na-
the total effect, for so much depended on his
rent in the same wire and
tional magazine was published in 1898; Cabbages
manner, his inflections, his gestures, and his
32) an account of the spark
and Kings, his first book, appeared in 1904 and
voice. Casual about dress, rather awkward and
such a circuit. Again, how-
was followed by 13 other collections, including
unpolished, Henry, once on his feet, was rarely
to follow up his ideas, and
The Four Million (1906), The Voice of the City
equaled in the command of an audience.
le first paper on self-induc-
(1908), Roads of Destiny (1909), and Rolling
Every great movement must have a variety of
published a paper explaining
Stones (1912). He wrote rapidly and seldom re-
leaders to make it successful, and so it was with
35 and is generally credited
vised; at the peak of his career he averaged a
the American Revolution. Thomas Jefferson was
honor of this achievement,
short story a week.
the philosopher of the revolution, Samuel Adams,
aductive resistance is named
At his best, Porter was a gifted raconteur who
the political organizer, George Washington, the
brought new verve, excitement, good humor, and
military genius, and Patrick Henry, the orator.
bent led him to devise an
suspense to the short story. He was passionately
Early Life. Henry was born at Studley plan-
), to invent and demon-
interested in people and places and was capable
tation in Hanover county, Va., on May 29, 1736,
aph (1831), and to invent
of swift and compassionate insights. His stories
the son of John Henry, a Scotsman from Aber-
35). He also developed an
move briskly to the surprise endings that never
deen, and Sarah Winston Syme. His boyhood
er and invented noninduc-
seemed to weary their creator or his hordes of
gave little indication of those qualities of intel-
devotees. But Porter's literary shortcomings are
lect and leadership that were to make him fa-
846, Henry left Princeton,
as conspicuous as his assets: repetition, contriv-
mous, for he was much more familiar with the
in research, to become the
ance, the creation of caricatures rather than char-
woods and streams of his beloved Virginia than
rector of the newly formed
acters, and an inevitable shallowness. Never, as
he was with books. Even so, his uncle, the Rev.
n, which he guided through
one of his contemporaries once commented, did
Patrick Henry, and his well-educated father in-
with great skill. He super-
he really do justice to his great talent.
troduced him to some Latin and Greek and even
research at the institution
Among the many "selected" and "collected"
more mathematics.
ematic reporting and scien-
editions, probably the most satisfactory is The
When Patrick was 16, he joined his older
ather. In addition, he also
Complete Works of O. Henry (2 vols., 1953).
brother in operating a country store, but it failed.
f the National Academy of
WILLIAM PEDEN
At 18 he had neither money nor prospects, but
0 years of his very produc-
Author of "The American Short Story"
this did not deter him from asking Sarah Shelton
I in Washington, D. C., on
Further Reading: Langford, Gerald, Alias O. Henry: A
to marry him nor her from agreeing. The two
L. PEARCE WILLIAMS
Biography of William Sidney Porter (1957; reprint, Green-
sets of parents came to the rescue of the young
wood Press 1983); Smith, C. A., O. Henry (Chelsea House
couple and set them up on a farm with a small
Cornell University
1981); Stuart, David, O. Henry (Stein & Day 1986).
number of slaves. Henry loved the pleasures of
CENTENNIAL
FACTFILE
A listing
of information about
The University of Texas
A few of the Longhorn Alumni Band
The mountain of trash grows as two
members played for the 1982 Football
students add an old chair to the stack
Preview held by the Travis County
in preparation for the 1954 bontire. a
Exes Club in Memorial Stadium.
tradition preceding Longhorn-Aggie
football games.
In the only match of 1902. the UT Young Ladies' Basket-
ball Team defeated the Town Girls. 7-4.
ments" were created: the Academic
Field), Pease Park, north banks of Town
Department and the Law Department.
Lake, and a vacant plot between
Students in the Academic Department
Guadalupe and Lamar at 45th have
called themselves "academs."
been locations. No bonfire was built in
1981 or 1982.
Accounting, Office of-Collects, dis-
burses, and controls monies; records,
AIAW-Association of Intercollegiate
summarizes, and analyzes financial
Athletics for Women; directed the ex.
data; processes, reports information.
pansion of women's collegiate sports
Academic Center, Undergraduate
1972-1982; lost much of its member-
Library-Undergraduate Library. Re-
Aden, Eunice-A physical education
ship when National Collegiate Athletic
ferred to as the AC; the elegant four-
instructor, 1904-1910, and director of
Association (see NCAA) offered cham-
story building on the West Mall be-
the Department of Physical Education
pionships in women's sports and paid
tween the Main Building and the Texas
for Women until 1921; she organized
for travel expenses to the champion-
Union. Completed in 1963 at a cost of
the Women's Athletic Association.
ships in 1982. The AIAW was forced
$4.7 million, the building was one of
out of business and in the fall of 1982.
the dreams of the late Harry Huntt
Admissions Office-In the Main Build-
the NCAA took control of all women's
Ransom and was completed while he
ing, processes all applications for ad-
collegiate athletic programs.
was chancellor. Its purpose was to pro-
mission to the University and notifies
vide undergraduate access to open
prospective students of their accep-
Akers' Angels-Service organization
stacks when the Main Library was a
tance status. Other services: counsel-
started in 1978 to aid the Longhorn
closed-shelf facility. The Academic
ing, outreach programs, evaluation of
football team; members serve as host-
Center is housed on the fourth floor. A
transfer coursework.
esses during spring recruiting and at
number of special rooms contain rare
such functions as alumni pre-game par-
collections of artifacts and manuscripts.
Aggie Bonfire-One of the memorable
ties and the annual football banquet.
ceremonies associated with the annual
Academs-When the University was
gridiron competition between UT and
Albers, Carl.C.-1898-1967, born Lin-
first established in 1883, two "depart-
Texas A&M University. The Texas
coln, Texas; graduated from UT Col-
Some material from UT Austin Traditions
Cowboys have usually sponsored col-
lege of Pharmacy and began teaching
and Nostalgia by Margaret Berry, was used
lection of wood for the fire. The present
pharmacology there in 1923; acting
with permission of Shoal Creek Publishers.
Clark Field (once called Freshman
dean at the time of his death.
8 Alcalde January/February 1983
scholarship, service, and extracurricu-
the model in 1924.
in their fields and have continued to be
lar activities; named for Marjorie Mar-
loyal to the University. The first awards
ion Darilek of Moulton, Texas, a
Dillingham's Pasture-A 100-acre
were made in 1958; 97 had been
journalism major active in campus ac-
sheep farm owned by H. N. Dilling-
awarded through 1982.
tivities, who graduated from the Uni-
ham located eight miles out on the
versity in 1946 and died in 1948.
Georgetown turnpike. For 25 cents in
Division of Housing and Food Ser-
the 1930s, students had the privilege of
vice-Responsible for all residences
Data Processing Division-The com-
parking undisturbed. About 30 min-
owned by the University. Accommo-
puter system used for student and fac-
utes before dormitories would close,
dations include residence halls for
ulty-staff accounting, registration, and
Mr. Dillingham would ring his big bell
women and men, a co-ed residence hall
other demographic purposes. It is
to warn students it was time to head
complex, and one- to three-bedroom
housed in the Main Building.
back to the campus.
apartments and mobile home spaces
for students with families. Approx-
Daunoy, Myrle University
Dinosaur Club-Organized in 1942 as
imately 5,532 students (2,728 men and
Sweetheart, 1930. Born in New Or-
the "Die? No, Sir" Club, its purpose
2,804 women) can be housed in the
leans, she came to UT in 1928: Appar-
was to "prevent members from fossiliz-
halls and cooperatives; 628 apartments
ently she was married to Howard Ellis
ing prematurely." Its membership was
and 84 mobile home spaces are also
Tyson soon after becoming UT's sweet-
composed of retired faculty and staff,
available.
heart and never graduated. She now
and the group kept few records and had
lives in Houston.
only one officer who performed its few
Dobie Hall-A high-rise, privately
official functions. The first secretary
owned co-ed residence hall, built in
Days of May, 1970-A period of stu-
was J. W. Calhoun. The name was
1970 and located on the corner of 21st
dent protest of the Vietnam War, U.S.
changed to Dinosaur Club in 1954, and
and Guadalupe. Named for the il-
involvement in Cambodia, and the
the group last met in 1980.
lustrious J. Frank Dobie, a UT legend
Kent State University deaths. Thou-
and sometimes cause. Dobie has its
sands gathered on the South Mall to
Dirty Martin's-"A parlor of warmth,
own mall, a parking garage, a movie
hear speeches, stage teach-ins, and
good-eatin' and human activity"
theater, and accommodations for 900.
camp overnight; Friday, May 8, an esti-
opened in 1926 at 2404 Guadalupe and
mated 20,000 marched downtown in
later moved to the 2800 block, where it
Dobie, J. Frank-1888-1964, born Live
peaceful protest.
is today. To generations of students, its
Oak County, Texas; noted Texana au-
"Kum-bak" hamburgers, known for
thor; member of the UT English fac-
Deep Eddy-A City of Austin swim-
their "everything-on-it" good taste,
ulty, 1914-1947; liberal Democrat,
ming pool, near Town Lake off W. 1st
have been favorites.
often at odds with UT and state offi-
Street. Fed by a spring, its beautiful
cials; recipient of the Presidential
tree-shaded setting was a favorite stu-
Disabled Student Services-Assists
Medal of Freedom from President Lyn-
dent retreat in early University history.
with: information, mobility, registra-
don B. Johnson.
tion, tests, note-taking and interpreter
Deep Eddy Apartments-Located on
referral, wheelchair repair and loan,
Dobie, J. Frank, Library-Part of the
approximately 14½ acres in the 2500
Braille materials, tactile maps, and pro-
Leeds Gallery on the fourth floor of the
block of the east side of Lake Austin
gram activities. Staff members and peer
Academic Center; considered a fulfill-
Blvd. The complex consists of 136
advisers are available through the Of-
ment of the legendary Texas folklor-
apartments, which range in size from
fice of the Dean of Students to assist
ist's desire for a "corner forever Texas."
660 square foot, one-bedroom units to a
with individual problems. A handbook
His personal library and art collec-
four-bedroom unit with approximately
for handicapped students is available.
tion-which includes works by Rem-
1,177 square feet. These were old
ington, Russell, and Hurd-are on
World War II barracks moved to this lo-
Disch, W.J. "Billy"-Former minor
display.
cation for student and faculty families
league professional player; coached UT
in 1948. They were being torn down in
baseball, 1911-1941; his teams were
Dolley, James Clay-Acting president
1982-83; new apartments will be built.
champions 25 times. He was nick-
for the University, 1952; came to UT in
named "Uncle Billy."
1928 and served until 1966 in several
Development Board-Handles all pri-
positions, including professor of invest
vate contributions to the University.
Disch-Falk Field-The home of the
ments, vice president for fiscal affairs
Made up of presidential appointees, the
Longhorn baseball team since 1975.
and vice chancellor for fiscal affairs.
board organizes methods of solicitation
With permanent bleacher seats for
of funds. Established in 1938, the
5,000 and wall-to-wall AstroTurf, it is
Doluisio, James T.-Dean of the Col-
board's first director was Hulon W.
located east of IH35 at Martin Luther
lege of Pharmacy since 1973.
Black. The board is assisted in its work
King Blvd. and Comal. The field is
and fund-raising by the staff of the De-
named for two of the University's for-
Doty, E. W.-Dean of the College of
velopment Office, which is housed in
mer outstanding baseball coaches: W.J.
Fine Arts, 1938-1963 and 1965-1971.
the Littlefield Home on campus.
"Uncle Billy" Disch and Bibb Falk.
Douglass, Robert Raymond-First di-
Diana-Statue in the courtyard formed
Discovery-A quarterly magazine of
rector of Graduate School of Library
by Andrews, Blanton, Carothers, and
research and scholarship published
Science, 1948-1969.
Littlefield dormitories; sculpted in
since 1976. It features research projects
1922 by Anna Hyatt Huntington, wife
undertaken by UT faculty members
Drag, The-A term used to refer to the
of Archer Huntington, who donated
and contains sections on research
part of Guadalupe Street adjacent to
the money that created and supports
news, contracts, grants, and UT
the campus on its west side. Small
the Archer M. Huntington Art Gallery.
publications.
shops, fast-food vendors and restau-
It's a statue of a woman with a hunter's
rants, theaters, financial institutions,
bow in her hand and a dog at her feet
Distinguished Alumnus Awards-Pre-
and churches line the Drag. Through
resembling Huntington's "Young Di-
sented annually by The Ex-Students'
the years, the types of businesses have
ana" in Boston, which may have been
Association to a maximum of four
changed as the student culture
sculpted with actress Bette Davis as
alumni who have outstanding records
changed.
Alcalde January/February 1983 25
VOLUME 21
Oporto to Photoengraving
THE ENCYCLOPEDIA
AMERICANA
INTERNATIONAL EDITION
COMPLETE IN THIRTY VOLUMES
FIRST PUBLISHED IN 1829
GROLIER INCORPORATED
International Headquarters: Danbury. Connecticut 06816
452
PARIS-PARIS OPERA
PARIS, a city in north central Kentucky, the seat
of Bourbon county, 20 miles (32 km) north of
centrates on science and technology and medi-
cine and related subjects.
Lexington. One of Kentucky's earliest distill-
eries was established here, and the liquor was
The University of Paris grew out of schools
named after the county. The name was applied
attached to the Cathedral of Notre Dame.
Among the scholars connected with these
later to any corn whiskey made from this distill-
schools was the philosopher and theologian Pe-
ery's formula. The chief trade is tobacco, grass
ter Abelard, who disassociated the schools from
seed, and horses. Major industries include the
the cathedral and moved them to the Left Bank.
manufacture of textiles and auto parts.
This action ultimately resulted in the official es-
Points of interest are Duncan Tavern (1788),
tablishment of the university in the early 13th
The Paris Opera House, de-
on the public square; and Cane Ridge Meeting
century.
House, where the Disciples of Christ denomina-
signed by Charles Garnier,
The most famous unit of the university was
tion was founded in the early 19th century.
opened in 1875. A master-
the Sorbonne, originally a college-that is, a res-
The area was first settled in 1772, and the city
piece of 19th century architec-
idence hall-founded for theology students in
ture, it is one of the largest and
was incorporated in 1785. Paris has a city-
the mid-13th century by Robert de Sorbon. Lav.
most opulent theaters in the
manager form of government. Population: 7,935.
ishly endowed, with an important library, the
world.
Sorbonne soon overshadowed other university
PARIS, a city in northeastern Texas, 90 miles (145
colleges. In the Renaissance it became a center
km) northeast of Dallas and 15 miles (24 km)
of humanism, dedicated to enlightened scholar-
south of the Oklahoma boundary. The seat of
ship.
Lamar county, Paris is the center of a fertile agri-
cultural area and a hub of trade and transporta-
PARIS BASIN, an oblong depression about 20,000
tion. Manufactured products include light
square miles (50,000 sq km) in extent, in the Cre-
bulbs, boilers, and food and paper products.
taceous rocks under and around Paris, France,
Points of interest include the Paris Junior
filled in with richly fossiliferous Tertiary depos-
Palais de Chaillot. From
College, the Maxey House (1867), and the Gam-
its. The basin was made famous by the investi-
and repertories of the Opéra
bill Canada Goose Refuge. Outstanding annual
gations of Baron Georges Cuvier, the French nat-
were administered as a unit
events are an art fair and the Narra Chisum Trail
uralist.
Rally.
single international company
The area was first settled in 1824. Paris was
tendance while reducing exp
PARIS COMMUNE. See COMMUNE OF PARIS (1789-
incorporated as a town in 1854 and received its
History. The first century
1795); COMMUNE OF PARIS (1871).
dominated by the opéras-bal
city charter in 1905. It has a council-manager
tor, 1672-1687) and of Rame
form of government. Population: 25,498.
PARIS GREEN, a highly poisonous, bright blue-
1751). The arrival of Gluck
green pigment, known also as emerald green and
PARIS, Conference of (1919), a series of confer-
by a variety of other names. Although it is one of
riod in which foreign compc
stage with works written to C
ences held in Paris by the victors in World War I
the most brilliant of the inorganic colors and was
tions (sung throughout to Fre
to draw up peace treaties and to establish the
formerly used widely as a paint pigment, Paris
this group were Piccinni, C
organization of the League of Nations. The con-
green has fallen into disfavor because of its poi-
Rossini, and Meyerbeer. Th
ference lasted from January 18 to June 28, when
sonous nature and its tendency to blacken. It is
the Treaty of Versailles was signed.
a copper acetoarsenite prepared from arsenic tri-
composers to write for the Op
and Verdi, with three works
See also WORLD WAR I-Diplomatic History
oxide and acetate of copper.
emergence of a new generati
of the War.
The use of Paris green today generally is con-
fined to fungicides, insecticides, antifouling
posers (Gounod, Thomas, Sai
PARIS, Declaration of. See DECLARATION OF PARIS.
paint for ship bottoms, and wood-preservative
senet) after 1850, the Opéra
national institution. This ten
preparations.
the 20th century with the intr
PARIS, Peace of (1783), the definitive treaty (also
erroneously called the Treaty of Versailles) that
PARIS OPERA, the principal opera company of
by Bruneau, Roussel, Dukas,
terminated the American Revolution. It was
France, officially entitled the Théâtre National
ger, and Poulenc.
signed in Paris on Sept. 3, 1783. The signatories
Opéra de Paris. Originally called the Académie
17th and early 18th centuries
After the Baroque opéras-
were Britain on the one side and the United
Royale de Musique, the Opéra was inaugurated
States, France, Spain, and the Netherlands on
on March 3, 1671, with a performance of Pomone,
ing Gluck's (1774)
on mythological subjects wer
the other.
a five-act pastorale by Cambert and Perrin. The
In addition to acknowledging the indepen-
latter was its first licensee. Today the term
Perhaps t
dence of the United States, the treaty provided
Opéra refers both to the Palais Garnier theater,
is genres associat
that the navigation of the Mississippi River
which was opened in 1875, and to the state-
the massive grand-opéra,
should be made free to all parties to the agree-
supported company, created by Louis XIV, that
de Portici (18
ment, that Florida and Menorca should be re-
(1829) and con
now occupies it.
stored to Spain, and that France should control
Character. Until about 1960 the Opéra main-
le Diable (1831
Tobago and the region of the Senegal.
tained its own predominantly French company
of singers and dancers, only a few of whom
acts, are filled with spectacle
These works, ofte
PARIS, University of, an institution of higher
appeared outside France. All performances, in-
pieces and feature elaborate
learning in Paris, France. It is officially called
cluding works by Mozart, Verdi, and Wagner,
with effect
the Universités de Paris I à XIII (Universities of
were given in French. Exceptions occurred
often loo
Paris I to XIII) because it is composed of 13
when companies from abroad gave brief seasons
in viole
autonomous faculties. The present university
there-for example, Diaghilev's Russian perfor-
thesesettempted to adapt his Tar
system was established in 1970, in response to
mances in 1908. Today, however, the company their
adding
student disorders in May 1968 that led to reforms
is an international one, performing works in
resultin
and reorganization.
original languages. The leading singers are en
three performance
All of the university units are coeducational
gaged only for particular roles, instead of forming
repertory in 1895
and state supported. In general, they offer a
a resident ensemble.
the closing of the
variety of curricula, although some of them have
Performances by the Opéra are not confined
were a number of operas first
more restricted courses of study. For example,
to the Palais Garnier
the Opéra ano
the Université de Paris IX specializes in busi-
Salle Favart (former home givera-Comiquel
over them Gounoc
ness studies, and the Université de Paris XI con-
at the Théâtre des
at the Opéra) ai
Barbara Jordan
University of Texas Commencement Speech
May 24, 1986
CONVICTION VALUES
While thinking about and preparing what is to follow, I had a
strong sense of the importance of tonight's event. I thought
about the commencements in which I had participated as a
candidate for graduation and tried to recall the addresses I had
heard on those occasions. With great effort and total
concentration, I could not recall the subject, subject-matter or
speaker at any of those events (and I am not ancient). (Though
not particularly noted for my modesty, neither could I remember
the subject matter of commencement speeches I have delivered in
the past.) I therefore have no illusions about the impact of my
presence nor of my words. But, listen anyway. Pretend that for
the next fifteen minutes I'm the only game in town.
In spite of the odds against your remembering my words this
evening in years or days - hence, I did search for a topic that
would be worthy of your time. In seeking such a topic, I spoke
to students and faculty of this University and asked them what
message they would like to convey, were they in my place. I was
surprised at the common refrain: Values. Whether they be
educational values or personal values, the concept was
recurrent. I was surprised because I thought that a speech on
values might be old hat; perhaps I assumed that by the time a
student graduated from a University his or her values would be
I I :-
something that would need no attention. Perhaps I thought that
many would feel that the subject of values is one that should
stay out of the educational arena. And maybe that is why I have
chosen to speak about values: because the subject has been taken
for granted and thus perhaps ignored; yet we apparently need to
be reminded of what lies behind the facts and figures and lessons
that we know as education.
I call what follows, CONVICTION VALUES. By that I mean that one
should have some principles, standards or qualities which are
firmly fixed, unwavering and immutable; that there are some
traits of character which are or should be non-negotiable; that
we should have a set of beliefs which is endemic to our concept
of self.
Having said that, you might infer that conviction values are
inherently good. Not always, not always.
If convictions cause one to be rigid, inflexible and unwilling
to compromise when compromise is necessary, such convictions do
not serve a good end. If such values are antithetical to basic
human rights and to maximizing hope, they are to be rejected.
(The President of South Africa has convictions which apparently
cause him to believe that it is right for a white minority to
suppress and subjugate a black majority ***** a view which should be
rejected. )
The values which I have in mind are those which should be
! I N
learning to do right when it's troublesome to do right
and ain't no trouble to do wrong, and the wages is just
the same? I was stuck. I couldn't answer that. So I
reckoned I wouldn t bother no more about it, but after
this always do whichever comes handiest at the time.
Whichever comes handiest at the time' flies in the face of
convictions. The alternative is not easy but must be pursued.
Education is a value at once general and specific. It was made
a general principle of government in the Declaration of
Independence of the Republic of Texas in 1836. The Texas
Declaration of Independence states: "It (the government of
Mexico) has failed to establish any public system of education,
although possessed of almost boundless resources
and although
it is an axiom in political science that unless a people are
educated and enlightened it is idle to expect the continuance of
civil liberty or the capacity for self government. 11
From this statement of principle the people of Texas and their
governors moved with alacrity to establish a system of public
education. This University was subsequently established. In
celebrating the centennial of the University of Texas, "first
class" became "world class. 11 Scholars and academic chairs
proliferated. And then came 1986, the sesquicentennial of the
state. That noble principle 50 well stated in 1836 came face to
face with collapsing oil prices and revenue shortfalls. If our
own rhetoric a statement of conviction, then our course of action
is clears We change our revenue base to reflect present
exigencies and reaffirm our faith in education as a value which
--- 4 -
Harry Huntt Ransom
The Conscience
of the University
Edited by Hazel H. Ransom
and Other Essays
UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS PRESS
AUSTIN
14
Harry Huntt Ransom
when it was comforting to report that only twelve men in the
world knew what Einstein was talking or writing about. Such
good-humored response to obscurities of knowledge does little
harm. When response is moved by fear, which turns to hate,
which can turn to persecution, the result is havoc. Witness the
fortunes of scholars in Europe before World War II.
Anti-intellectualism should be countered at the start by forth-
right understanding and by equally forthright conviction. Ex-
pedient submission to book-burners and vilifiers of the search
for freedom through truth is neither good strategy nor good
tactics. It is, in long historic fact, treason against man's highest
intellectual and spiritual potentials.
For centuries the universities carried on their combat with
ignorance in what today would seem to be seclusion. Cloistered
thought and intellectual battles for knowledge within university
walls were not nearly so peaceful as some sentimental anti-
quarians would have us believe. Scholars alone or in company
with their fellows had to confront not only querulousness and
open quarrel but also clashes with ignorance in general, the
hostilities of prejudgment, settled institutional prejudice, the hos-
tility of the public. Some took great risks. Some early scholars,
indeed, risked and lost their heads, and the loss was anatomical,
not metaphorical.
Throughout these earlier centuries and in our generation,
universities have had opportunity to use ignorance as well as
knowledge. One use has been the encouragement of intellectual
humility, a talent still much needed in every academic arena.
Acknowledged ignorance can also be the start of rational dis-
cussion. Socrates made a personally disastrous but philosophi-
cally and pedagogically triumphant career of that intellectual
position. He has had his modern imitators. Yet it is apparent
that in the twentieth century there is still a shortage of free
willingness to pursue ignorance impartially toward something
like bare truth. Indeed, truth has sometimes seemed to pose a
greater threat than hemlock to minds disposed to their own
comfort.
NEW THE REPUBLIC
A Weekly Journal of Opinion
Editor-in-Chief and Chairman
JANUARY 8 & 15, 1990
FOUNDED 1914
MARTIN PERETZ
WASHINGTON, D.C.
Editor
ISSUES 3,912 & 3,913
HENDRIK HERTZBERG
Literary Editor
LEON WIESELTIER
Managing Editor
DOROTHY WICKENDEN
Senior Editors
FRED BARNES, ANN HULBERT.
MICKEY KAUS. MICHAEL KINSLEY.
MORTON KONDRACKE. ROBERT WRIGHT
Editor, New Republic Books (Basic Books)
BILL NEWLIN
Cover photo by Marie Cosindas.
Economics
Articles on pages 22 and 28.
ROBERT KUTTNER
Films
Theater
STANLEY KAUFFMANN
ROBERT BRUSTEIN
4 MICHAEL KINSLEY TRB: A LIBERAL TAX CUT Your taxes just went up again. It's time for
Music
Poetry
Democrats to do something about it.
EDWARD ROTHSTEIN
RICHARD HOWARD
Art
Architecture
6 CORRESPONDENCE Cocaine, Nicaragua, Shira, &c.
MARK STEVENS
HERBERT MUSCHAMP
Contributing Editors
7 THE EDITORS SAKHAROV With the loss of the prophet of glasnost, has Russia gained a
ROBERT COLES, HENRY FAIRLIE,
liberal tradition? PANAMA COCKED HAT Early indications suggest that Bush's military
JAMES K. GLASSMAN, CHARLES KRAUTHAMMER,
intervention was a good idea. NOTEBOOK Bork worship, Quayle revisionism, &c.
VINT LAWRENCE, LOUIS MENAND, ADAM MICHNIK,
ROBERT B. REICH, JONATHAN RIEDER,
12 FRED BARNES WHITE HOUSE WATCH: MR. POPULARITY Bush keeps boosting his approv-
MAGGIE SCARF, RONALD STEEL,
RICHARD L. STROUT, E. V. THAW, ANNE TYLER,
al rating by breaking all the rules about how Presidents are supposed to act.
NICHOLAS VON HOFFMAN,
13 STEPHEN COHEN PRAGUE POSTCARD: ROSES IN THE SNOW With Vaclav Havel and the
MICHAEL WALZER, C. VANN WOODWARD
Associate Editor
students in the lead, Czechoslovakia's Civic Forum emerges victorious.
JACOB WEISBERG
Editorial-Corporate Coordinator
14 JACOB WEISBERG BLOC PARTIES Washington's consultants and lobbyists are just
LAURA E. OBOLENSKY
thrilled about Eastern Europe's emerging democracies.
Assistant to the Editors
16 ANGELA STENT DOCTRINAL DISCORD What has to be called the Gorbachev Doctrine is
JUNE HALEY
a calculated risk that has scrambled all of Moscow's calculations.
Assistant Editors
KAREN LEHRMAN, LEONA HIRAOKA ROTH
18 SCOTT MCCONNELL AND ERIC BREINDEL INCLUSION ILLUSION The Sobol report
Production Manager
BRUCE STEINKE
on New York's 'white nationalist' school curriculum won't help minorities a bit.
Assistant Production Manager
22 JAMES M. MCPHERSON THE 'GLORY' STORY The film about the 54th Massachusetts,
KRISTIN CONRADI
the black regiment that fought heroically at Fort Wagner, fudges a few historical details
Production Associate
ERIC V. PETERSON
but articulates well some larger truths about what happened in the Civil War,
Literary Assistant
28 STANLEY KAUFFMANN ON FILMS: COMRADES IN ARMS Glory, a full-bodied, bloody,
SARA MOSLE
moving account of a black regiment in the Union Army.
Reporter-Researchers
DANIEL GROSS, DAVID P. HAMILTON,
30 MARK STEVENS ON ART: CHURCH'S CHURCH Frederic Church, an American master of
WESTON KOSOVA
excess, discovered spiritual ecstasy and kitsch in his art.
President
33 EDWARD ROTHSTEIN DREAMS OF DISAPPEARANCE The eccentric vision of Elias
JEFFREY L. DEARTH
Publisher
Canetti, obsessed by power and by the lure of escape.
JOAN M. STAPLETON
36 NICHOLAS CHRISTOPHER POEM Scarlet Lake
Associate Publisher
TOM HICKS
39 J. M. COETZEE TOO LATE THE LIBERAL Save the Beloved Country by Alan Paton
Controller
JEAN GANDY
41 ROBERT ALTER THE METAMORPHOSIS The Storyteller by Mario Vargas Llosa, translated
Advertising Manager
by Helen Lane
JENNIFER BARRETT
Circulation Director
43 JEFFERSON MORLEY FELIX'S FRIENDS Skadow Warrior: The CIA Hero of a Hundred Untold
PATTY JONES
Battles by Felix I. Rodriguez and John Weisman
Accounting Manager
CHRISTINA R. OVERHOLSER
46 HENDRIK HERTZBERG WASHINGTON DIARIST: WAR STORIES Yet more on Glory, plus a
Advertising Assistant
holiday Bennett-bashing and Atwater-induced cognitive dissonance.
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JANUARY 8 & 15, 1990 THE NEW REPUBLIC 3
NEW THE REPUBLIC
JANUARY 8 & 15, 1990
SAKHAROV
Mikhail Gorbachev didn't imagine, when he dismissed
bor-when he spoke out, as one of his country's
Andrei Sakharov from the podium of the Congress of
prominent physicists, against nuclear testing. But it
People's Deputies with a Brezhnevite wave of his hand,
was with the publication of "Thoughts on Progress,
that Sakharov would go home and die. It was typical of
Peaceful Co-existence, and Intellectual Freedom" in
Sakharov to embarrass power even in death. His life
1968 that the tyrants met their match. Because of that
was the most extraordinary embarrassment of power in
essay, which was widely distributed in samizdat, Sa-
our time.
kharov was barred from what the Soviets call "secret
"I am not a professional politician," Sakharov wrote
work." It was the beginning of a disgraceful persecu-
in exile in Gorky, in March 1981. "Perhaps that is why I
tion. In 1970 he was one of the founders of the Hu-
am always bothered by questions concerning the useful-
man Rights Committee in Moscow, which began the
ness and eventual results of my actions. I am inclined to
campaign against psychiatric hospitalization for po-
believe that moral criteria in combination with unre-
litical reasons and the forcible resettlement of
stricted inquiry provide the only possible compass for
individuals and groups. In 1972 his first inter-
these complex and contradictory problems. I shall re-
views with Western journalists appeared in
frain from predictions, but today as always I believe in
the West-how stirred we too were by his
the power of reason and the human spirit." Like all of
words-and a year later the Soviet press began
Sakharov's sentences, those sentences feel classical.
its decade and a half of vilification. By that time
Their simplicity is the result of a preternatural clarity, a
the KGB was animadverting in its own way upon the
preternatural constancy. They sound all of Sakha-
deviations of Academician Sakharov.
rov's-and Milton's, and Locke's, and Jefferson's, and
There was a really Galilean quality to Sakharov's
Mill's, and Gandhi's, and Einstein's, and King's—
dissent. He was introducing into Russia one of the most
themes. The indifference to consequences; the rejec-
momentous achievements of Europe: the scientific in-
tion of force; the absolutism of tolerance; the priority of
spiration of democracy. He always spoke of "scientific
morality to politics; the faith in truth; the calm of dis-
methodology and a democratic spirit" in the same
sent; the confidence in the mind: these were the ideas
breath. He set out to promote the spirit of unfettered
with which Sakharov opened a gaping hole, a white
inquiry that he imbibed from his scientific milieu-"the
hole, in the totality of the totalitarians.
fearless weighing of all facts, views, and theories"-into
Sakharov's prodigious talent for freedom made it-
the foundation of a social order. It was, certainly, the
self known to the Soviet authorities as early as 1957-
ultimate retort to the "scientific socialism" on which the
just a year after he was awarded the Lenin Prize, and,
Soviet state was erected. The integrity of the scientist
for the second time, the title Hero of Socialist La-
and the integrity of the heretic were, for Sakharov, the
JANUARY 8 & 15, 1990 THE NEW REPUBLIC 7
same. And when science betrayed its essential freedom,
to my way of thinking. I consider a democratic mode of
he also spoke out, as in his important contribution to
development the only satisfactory one for any country. The
the discrediting of Lysenkoism, the specious Stalinist
centuries-old abject and servile Russian spirit, combined
science according to which acquired traits may be inher-
with suspicion of foreigners, seems to me a tremendous
ited. (With any luck, though, the Soviet Union will
affliction, and not a sign of national vitality. Only demo-
cratic institutions can mature the national character so that
inherit the acquired trait of Sakharovism.)
it is capable of leading a sensible way of life in our ever
Nor was that all. There are two answers to Lenin, and
more complicated world.
neither of them is Gorbachev. One of the answers is
Sakharov. The other is Solzhenitsyn. By the early '70s it
In truth, Sakharov, not Solzhenitsyn, was the philo-
became clear that Sakharov was a voice not only against
sophical innovator. Solzhenitsyn wishes to revive an
Soviet totalitarianism, but also against Russian mille-
old dispensation. Sakharov wished to inculcate a new
narianism. History will probably record that Sakharov's
one. This man was living proof of what might be called
quarrel with Solzheni-
the spirituality of de-
tsyn was as fateful
mocracy. He showed
for the Soviet Union
that liberalism and
as Sakharov's quar-
the belief in rights
rel with Khrushchev,
strengthens, not slack-
Brezhnev, Andropov,
ens, the soul.
and Chernenko. As
He has been often
the Soviet Union in
called a prophet, and
the age of glasnost
rightly. But let us
loses its identity, as it
not forget that in
watches its traditions
their time the proph-
of this century be-
ets were not heroes
come rubble, as it
but outcasts; that they
searches for a politi-
were despised as trai-
cal culture, for a the-
tors and defeatists;
ory of legitimacy, that
that they were, by the
will secure the break
standards of their own
with its Communist
societies, moral mani-
past, it will have to
acs. "Forgive us" is
make a choice be-
the popular refrain in
tween Sakharov and
Moscow now, in the
Solzhenitsyn.
wake of Sakharov's
The debate be-
death, and the popu-
tween these giants was
lar feeling of guilt has
extraordinary. Rarely
an ugly basis in reali-
has freedom been de-
ty. Sakharov in Gorky:
manded of power in
there was the typical
the name of principles
fate of prophets. It is
so different. Sakharov
some solace, there-
recognized Solzheni-
fore, to recall that,
tsyn's greatness, but
unlike another proph-
repudiated his chau-
et who was also con-
vinism, his irratio-
secrated to the end
ANDREI SAKHAROV BY VINT LAWRENCE FOR THE NEW REPUBLIC
nalism, his morbidity,
of bondage, Sakharov
his hatred of the West. "I find it difficult," he wrote in
lived not only to see the promised land, he lived also to
1974,
set foot in it. With his every step, in fact, its promise
gained in reality. One way of describing glasnost, after
to accept Solzhenitsyn's view of Marxism as a "Western"
all, is government in the spirit of Sakharov.
and antireligious doctrine which distorted a healthy Rus-
He was an absolutist to the end. He died at work on a
sian line of development. The very classification of ideas as
speech that called for the end of the Communist Party's
Western or Russian is incomprehensible to me. In my view,
monopoly of power in the Soviet Union. In the cause of
a scientific and rational approach to social and natural
reason, he was not a reasonable man. But the prospects
phenomena is only compatible with a classification of ideas
of that cause, even under Gorbachev, are not at all
as true or false
Solzhenitsyn argues that our country
may not be ready for a democratic system, and that an
plain. Russia, after all, is not a country with acknowl-
authoritarian system combined with legality and Ortho-
edged liberal traditions. No, that's not quite right. Before
doxy cannot be all that bad if Russia managed to conserve
Sakharov, Russia was not a country with acknowledged
its national vitality under such a system right into the
liberal traditions. Now, in his legacy, it has a liberal
20th century. These assertions of Solzhenitsyn's are alien
spur. Will it be spurred?
8 THE NEW REPUBLIC JANUARY 8 & 15, 1990
UT Austin
TRADITIONS AND
NOSTALGIA
By
MARGARET CATHERINE BERRY
TEXT ILLUSTRATION BY
JOE STUBBLEFIELD
COVER JACKET BY
DON COLLINS
EP
EAKIN PRESS
AUSTIN, TEXAS
the reens. ine new Dianket Tax, auopteu 111 1910, апо-
THE TEXAN
cated a part of the optional student activity fee to The Daily
Texan. Financial problems continued to plague the publi-
AUSTIN, TEXAS, OCTOBER a. 1900
Number
cations. The Students' Association finally requested a
HE
UNIVERSITY
OPENING
if
you
be
from
leitering about the corrulars
15th.
walks
life,
contains
many
few
moments
before
50-year charter from the State of Texas for Texas Student
annual
of
the
different
Publications, Inc. The charter was granted in May, 1921.
The management of affairs of this corporation was vested
in a board of nine members - - two selected by and from
the Students' Assembly, three faculty members appointed
by the President of the University, the President of the
THE DAILY TEXAN
Students' association, and the editors of the official stu-
dent publications. The board annually elected a supervis-
ing business manager who had sole power of direction
On the University campus, early student publications
and general supervision of official publications.
did not receive a hearty welcome from faculty members.
In 1925, after twenty-five years of publication, the stu-
The faculty objected to the first attempt, made privately,
dent paper claimed to have the largest staff of reporters of
in 1883 to publish a University magazine. Several other
any newspaper in the world. One hundred and sixty-five
early attempts also failed. Finally, The Ranger, a paper
students had positions on the student paper!
started in 1900, and The Calendar, a weekly journal pub-
A thrust for independence has been a noticeable char-
lished in 1889 and again in 1899-1900, combined, and only
acteristic of student editors since The Texan began publi-
one paper, The Texan, was published in the fall of 1900.
cation. Changing emphasis in make-up of publication, in
The first four volumes were published as a private enter-
editorial policies, and in value of news as measured by its
prise; from volume five onward, The Texan was published
location in the paper tended to reflect student interest and
by the Students' Association until the Texas Student Pub-
attitudes through the years. Editors have periodically pro-
lications, Inc., was chartered in May, 1921.
tested violations of the inviolable right of freedom of the
The Texan became a semiweekly in September, 1907,
press. They have complained of censorship and have crit-
and then became a daily, by student referendum, in the
icized discipline committees and administrators for at-
fall of 1913. Before a vote was taken during the preceding
tempting to regulate the content of The Daily Texan. A re-
semester, the student editor urged adoption of a daily, be-
view of the publication through the years indicates that
cause the increased number of dodgers, posters, and bul-
not many volumes escaped the editors' complaints about
letins had become a nuisance. The editor-in-chief and
attempts at censorship.
managing editor, as in the past, were elected by students
The TSP charter was amended several times before it
at large.
expired in 1971. An attempt to renew the charter by the
When the School of Journalism opened in September,
TSP Board of Directors was blocked. Following a consid-
1914, the student publications remained independent of
erable amount of discussion, legal counsel, debate, and
the school itself, but improved preparation of editors and
threatened litigation, the corporation was dissolved and a
reporters was one reason for establishing the school.
Declaration of Trust, offered by the Regents of the U.T.
Student publications had financial problems during
104
105
System, was accepted by the TSP Board of Directors. The
new agreement permitted the TSP Board to serve as "Op-
erating Trustees" of the assets and publications of the for-
mer Texas Student Publications, Inc. Under the terms of
the Trust, the publications of TSP are operated by the
University, all employees are employed by the University,
and the ultimate authority governing the individual publi-
cations of TSP collectively rests with the University.
The new Board of Trustees is composed of four stu-
dents from the School of Journalism who are elected with-
in the school; two undergraduate students elected at-large
in campus-wide elections; two journalism faculty mem-
bers and one business administration faculty member ap-
pointed by the U.T. Austin President; and two profes-
sional journalists, also appointed by the President. Voting
board members total eleven. Ex officio, nonvoting mem-
bers include the General Manager of Student Publica-
tions, the Dean of Students or his delegate, the Editorial
Manager of The Daily Texan, and the student editors of all
TSP publications.
TSP now has its own building and equipment within
the new Communications complex, The Texan has a well-
designed, beautiful suite of offices and laboratories, and it
has a new press.
The editor of the Texan is still elected by the student
body, and beginning in September, 1974, students indi-
cated their willingness to support the paper through pay-
ment of optional fees.
The Daily Texan has often been an award-winning pa-
per and is nationally recognized as one of the finest uni-
versity newspapers being published.
106
*
*
The
*
*
American Treasury
*
*
*
*
1455-1955
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*.
*
*
SELECTED, ARRANGED, AND EDITED BY
CLIFTON FADIMAN
ASSISTED BY CHARLES VAN DOREN
<rzo MGC 25M02-0
y
Harper & Brothers, Publishers
Vibrary
New York
J OF THE BUDGET
UL 12 1960
*
Office of the President
946
ON THINGS IN GENERAL
TELLERS OF TALES: CABELL
947
We are always the same age inside.
rather be a superb meteor, every atom of me in magnificent glow, than a
sleepy and permanent planet. The proper function of man is to live, not
The money is always there, but the pockets change; it is not in the same
to exist. I shall not waste my days in trying to prolong them. I shall use
pockets after a change, and that is all there is to say about money.
my time.
Quoted by Joan London, Jack London and His Times
FRANCES M. FORD
I think I can—I think I can—I think I can.
I thought I could—I
JAMES BRANCH CABELL
thought I could—I thought I could.
The Little Engine That Could
Providence labors with quaint instruments, dilapidating Troy by means
of a wooden rocking-horse, and loosing sin into the Universe through a
half-eaten apple.
SHERWOOD ANDERSON
Cream of the Jest, 1917
I am a lover and have not found my thing to love.
Winesburg, Ohio, "Tandy," 1919
Indeed, when I consider the race to which I have the honor to belong,
I am filled with respectful wonder.
All about it flows and gyrates
Everyone in the world is Christ and they are all crucified.
unceasingly the material universe,-an endless inconceivable jumble of
Ibid., "The Philosopher"
rotary blazing gas and frozen spheres and detonating comets, where-
through spins Earth like a frail midge. And to this blown molecule adhere
If I could be brave enough and live long enough I could crawl inside the
what millions and millions of parasites just such as I am, begetting and
life of every man, woman, and child in America. After I had gone within
dreaming and slaying and abnegating and toiling and making mirth, just
them I could be born out of them. I could become something the like of
as did aforetime those countless generations of our forebears, every one
which has never been seen before. We would see then what America
of whom was likewise a creature just such as I am! Were the human
beings that have been subjected to confinement in flesh each numbered,
is like.
A New Testament, "A Poet," 1927
as is customary in other penal institutes, with what interminable row of
digits might one set forth your number, say, or mine?
My feet are cold and wet. I have been walking too long on the bed of
Nor is this everything. For my reason, such as it is, perceives this race,
a river.
in its entirety, in the whole outcome of its achievement, to be beyond all
Spoken to his secretary on November 27, 1912, whereupon
wording petty and ineffectual: and no more than thought can estimate
he left the factory and wandered aimlessly about for four
the relative proportion to the material universe of our poor Earth, can
days until he was found in Cleveland by a pharmacist. He
thought conceive with what quintillionths to express that fractional part
had had some sort of breakdown, and it is probably untrue
which I, as an individual parasite, add to Earth's negligible fretting by
that, as he later said, this was a conscious and intentional
ephemerae.
diversionary activity on his part. The strain was so great
And still-behold the miracle!-still I believe life to be a personal
that he had to discontinue his business in Elyria, Ohio, and
transaction between myself and Omnipotence; I believe that what I do is
go to Cleveland.
somehow of importance; and I believe that I am on a journey toward
some very public triumph not unlike that of the third prince in the fairy-
tale.
JACK LONDON
Even to-day I believe in this dynamic illusion. For that creed
was the first great inspiration of the demi-urge,-man's big romantic idea
I would rather be ashes than dust! I would rather that my spark should
of Chivalry, of himself as his Father's representative in an alien country;
burn out in a brilliant blaze than it should be stifled by dry-rot. I would
-and it is a notion at which mere fact and reason yelp denial unavail-
Current
Biography
Yearbook
1985
EDITOR
Charles Moritz
ASSOCIATE EDITORS
Henry Sloan
Kieran Dugan
Judith Graham
Mary E. Kiffer
ASSISTANT EDITOR
Margaret Brodhead
THE H. W. WILSON COMPANY
NEW YORK
SANTMYER
e histories he had written
Hardanger fjord, but on his way up found himself
Long Road," he invokes images of "a new and
ing eleven more, within
confronted by a threatening bull, and running
wholly delightful sphere of life and mind
a
Awakenings, which was
wildly down the mountain in panic, slipped and
wonderful continent, an infinite open country, a
in London in 1973 and by
fell, tearing the quadriceps tendon of his left thigh.
new realm, to which the neurology and medicine
in 1974.
In A Leg to Stand On (Summit Books, 1984) Sacks
of the future might aspire." In appraising A Leg to
ags is its case histories, but
details the harrowing afternoon of making his way
Stand On for the New York Review of Books (Sep-
lowed by Sacks's musings
down the mountain with only one good leg, the
tember 27, 1984), Jerome Bruner came to the con-
cience and metaphysics,
thoughts that passed through his mind on his life
clusion that it is "a story about the nature of
y, biology, consciousness,
and the possibility of his death, and his rescue, just
selfhood-a narrative comparable to Conrad's The
SO discusses the nature of
as darkness came, by reindeer hunters. Yet, as
Secret Sharer."
ons" that promote disease
Sacks was only to realize later, his odyssey had
Oliver Sacks continues to write for the lay press
ling process and presents
only begun. It was not the accident in itself but the
as well as for his medical colleagues. His article
against "assembly-line
following weeks he spent as a doctor who had be-
"The Lost Mariner" (New York Review of Books,
verything human, every-
come a patient, the slow process of his recovery,
February 16, 1984), about a man with severe memo-
1, ground, pulverized, at-
the intertwining of physical injury and conscious-
ry loss, presents Sacks's further musings on the in-
otherwise 'processed' out
ness of self, that impelled Sacks to write a book
tegrity of the human spirit-especially in
based not on his observations of others, but on his
contemplation of nature or art or God-despite
he answer as to the "why"
own observations of himself.
handicaps that empirical science calls "hopeless."
1 on post-encephalitic pa-
Sacks, who had never before been a patient,
The New York Review of Books received a fervent
are of the chemical but in
now experienced from the inside that sense of stig-
and almost unprecedented outpouring of reader
periences, consciousness,
ma and impotence attached to what he calls "the
comment on that essay. And Awakenings, in a dra-
e patients. What did life
social caste of patients
out-cast, outcasts, set
matic adaptation by the playwright Harold Pinter,
suddenly vital conscious-
apart by society." Furthermore, his severe but un-
was shown on British television in late 1984. Al-
dy 40 years older than she
complicated wound had unforeseen effects on him
though Sacks maintains his active teaching post as
ater in historic time? "The
that the medical "experts" quickly dismissed with
professor of neurology at Albert Einstein College
re as clear as its benefits,"
the abrupt reassurance, "You'll be fine." But far
of Medicine, he told Current Biography that his
ope to reduce the one and
from feeling fine, Sacks was experiencing the pa-
"essential work (and habitat) is in chronic hospitals,
ist go beyond L-DOPA, be-
ralysis of his leg not merely as a physical paralysis
charity hospitals, asylums, homes, etc."
1 considerations, and deal
but as a profound alienation from the very concept
Oliver Sacks, who is six feet tall and weighs
being-in-the-world."
of his left leg. He could not restore to his conscious-
about 220 pounds, rises early most mornings for an
S hardly standard neurolo-
ness the image of his left leg as part of himself; he
hour-long bicycle ride, and following his day's
of Awakenings met, for the
could not reconnect his will to his leg even at the
work he takes a long swim. He lives in the Bronx
silence from the medical
point when, physically, he "should" have been able
in a small red house with a white picket fence. An
on was the British Clinical
to move it.
omnivorous reader, he often quotes the philoso-
amed Awakenings as his
In the process of reconnecting his mind to his
phers and poets in his books and articles, and he
3 and felt impelled to com-
leg, Sacks drew on both his profound knowledge
delights in browsing through the volumes of the
itism" of the medical com-
of neurology and the consolations of poets and phi-
Oxford English Dictionary in bed. Behind his
ok. In the opinion of the
losophers. In fact it was music that helped him
gold-rimmed glasses there is a gentle gaze that be-
A. R. Luria, the book re-
break through to a rediscovery of his whole body-
fits a man who once said: "I think [Martin] Buber's
radition of clinical case
self-music, and the spontaneous action elicited by
comment, 'We must humanize technology, before
great neurologists and psy-
a healer who listened fully and attentively to
it dehumanizes us,' applies desperately to
enth century," and poets,
Sacks's subjective reality, and proceeded on that
medicine."
cally oriented social scien-
basis.
raise. W. H. Auden called
Several years passed before Oliver Sacks set
References: British Medical Journal D 24 '83;
I Doris Lessing wrote, "It
down in writing his experiences in A Leg to Stand
Newsday mag p18 D 9 '84 pors; Newsweek
at a knife-edge we live on."
On. He had corresponded with A. R. Luria on his
104:70+ Ag 20 '84 por; Contemporary Authors
f the American Institute of
ordeal, and Luria had replied that "such symptoms
vols 53-56 (1975); Sacks, Oliver. A Leg to Stand
Martin H. Krieger recom-
are perhaps common, but very uncommonly de-
On (1984)
social planners, those who
scribed.
Please publish your observations."
problem solvers, managers,
And when Sacks read for himself the masterful
works of the early-twentieth-century British neu-
eception to Awakenings on
rologist Sir Henry Head, the previously irreconcil-
es disquieted Sacks, who
able pieces finally came together for him, both the
Santmyer, Helen Hooven
to expand the horizons of
debt he owed to tradition, and the new trails he
ow the field altogether. In
was seeking to blaze. Consequently, A Leg to Stand
Nov. 25, 1895 Writer. Address: b. Harper &
experience which, once ful-
On concludes with Sacks's vision and perspective
Row, 10 E. 53rd St., New York City, N. Y. 10022;
professional knowledge-a
of a "new" neurology or neuropsychology, one that
h. Hospitality Home East, N. Monroe Dr.,
al long years-finally en-
goes beyond the bounds of empirical science "to
Xenia, Ohio 45385
his own satisfaction where
assert and affirm the living subject, to escape from
) to the neurological tradi-
a purely objective, or 'robotic,' science, to find and
After writing in relative obscurity for more than
establish what was missing-a living 'I'."
sixty years, Helen Hooven Santmyer skyrocketed
acks was on a mountaineer-
In fact, it is more than a "new" neurology or a
to national attention at the age of eighty-eight with
He set out one morning to
new "human medicine" that Sacks envisions. In
the republication of her fourth book,
And
l-foot mountain above the
the last chapter of A Leg to Stand On, called "The
Ladies of the Club." Originally issued in a limited
1985 CURRENT BIOGRAPHY YEARBOOK
357
SANTMYER
Convinced that a college education-though un-
usual for women in that era-was essential if she
were to become a writer, Helen Hooven Santmyer
attended Wellesley College in Massachusetts,
where she wrote poetry, belonged to a literary club
called the Scribblers, and was one of ten graduat-
ing seniors in the class of 1918 elected to the year-
book's Hall of Fame. Staying on in Boston after
receiving her B.A. degree, Miss Santmyer worked
for a year for a radical suffragist group but found
it not to her liking. "They considered a day lost
when they hadn't succeeded in getting into jail,"
she explained to Jane Howard. "That's not my ap-
proach. My own approach is to avoid getting into
jail."
Moving to New York in 1919, Helen Hooven
Santmyer worked as a secretary to the editor of
Scribner's Magazine, where she met such literary
luminaries as Ernest Hemingway and F. Scott Fitz-
gerald. Her New York apartment, which she
shared with a friend from Wellesley and their
black housemaid from Xenia, was close enough to
the Metropolitan Museum of Art to allow her to
"dash in, whenever [she] had a spare fifteen min-
Helen Hooven Santmyer
utes, to look at the Egyptian collection or whatever
else [she] felt like seeing." But in spite of the attrac-
printing by the Ohio State University Press, Miss
tions of the metropolis, she returned to Xenia at her
Santmyer's saga of life in a small midwestern town
father's bidding and taught English at the local
gathered dust on library shelves until it was
high school in 1921-22. "My father told me that if
"discovered" by the mother of a Hollywood writer-
I would come home for a year, he would pay my
director and became a publishing event. Within
way for three years at Oxford University in
months, " And Ladies of the Club" was re-
England," she recalled in an interview with Paul
published by G. P. Putnam's Sons; chosen as a
Galloway for the Chicago Tribune (June 10, 1984).
Book-of-the-Month Club main selection; proposed
"I agreed. I would have never saved enough money
as a television miniseries; and propelled to the top
otherwise." That promised trip was delayed two
of the New York Times best-seller list. Ironically,
more years while Miss Santmyer taught as an assis-
Helen Hooven Santmyer has become a literary ce-
tant professor of literature at Wellesley, but in 1924
lebrity and a darling of the media at an age when
she began her studies at Oxford University.
she feels she is too old to write another book.
After Oxford granted her a B.Litt. degree in
Born in Cincinnati, Ohio on November 25, 1895,
1927, she once again returned to Ohio. The follow-
Helen Hooven Santmyer was the first of the three
ing year she was elected to membership in the
children of Bertha (Hooven) Santmyer and Joseph
Women's Club of Xenia, on whose roster she has
Wright Santmyer, a drug salesman. When she was
remained ever since. Like the other ladies of the
five, the Santmyers moved to the home that her
club, she was required to deliver papers from time
great-grandfather, a carriage maker, had owned in
to time on such wide-ranging topics as "Religion
Xenia, Ohio, a small town steeped in the Republi-
South of the Sahara," "Lucretia Mott," "J. M. Synge
can and Protestant values cherished by her family.
and Lady Gregory," "Glimpses of Early Japan," and
Helen Hooven Santmyer was to spend most of her
"Ohio Journalism."
life in Xenia.
In 1925, while she was studying at Oxford,
Admittedly a tomboy, Miss Santmyer enjoyed a
Houghton-Mifflin published her first novel. Herbs
carefree childhood, but she also admired intellec-
and Apples tells the story of Derrick Thornton, a
tual achievement and, inspired by the books of
young midwestern girl with an ambition for inde-
Louisa May Alcott, decided at an early age to be-
pendent achievement. Like Miss Santmyer herself,
come a writer. She was also influenced by the
Derrick attends an Eastern college, is celebrated
Women's Club of Xenia, which met once a month
there for her writing talent, and then moves to New
for "the mutual benefit which may be obtained by
York where she is a moderately successful contrib-
its members in intellectual culture," according to
utor to literary magazines. Although she claims to
its bylaws. "We always stopped whatever noisy
"loathe the idea of marriage," Derrick falls in love
game we were playing when we saw the ladies be-
with and is betrothed to Jack Devlin, but he is
ginning to assemble," she told Jane Howard in an
killed in Europe while fighting in World War I. Fi-
interview for Life (June 1984). "We had great re-
nally-in a plot twist that foreshadowed Miss Sant-
spect for them; they had a reputation for being very
myer's own future-she returns to her Ohio town,
well educated, very full of ideas. They were an ex-
giving up her ambition for laurel leaves in ex-
ample to me."
change for the midwest's "herbs and apples."
358
CURRENT BIOGRAPHY YEARBOOK 1985
SANTMYER
e education-though un-
Herbs and Apples was hospitably received. Voic-
traveling troupes once performed, and the impos-
ra-was essential if she
ing the critical consensus, a New Republic review-
ing Presbyterian church she attended as a child.
Helen Hooven Santmyer
er noted that "Miss Santmyer is lacking in the
Using those sites as opportunities for retailing auto-
lege in Massachusetts,
ability to sift her material so as to make it sustain
biographical anecdotes and stories about some of
elonged to a literary club
her theme, and the narrative drags accordingly. Yet
Xenia's citizenry, both living and dead, she effec-
was one of ten graduat-
scattered through this oddly compounded book are
tively conveyed the quintessence of small-town
1918 elected to the year-
passages of a breathtaking delicacy and poignancy
life. Although the book received little national at-
ying on in Boston after
of insight and power beyond cavil."
tention, Ohio Town was extravagantly praised in
Miss Santmyer worked
The Fierce Dispute (Houghton-Mifflin, 1929),
her home state and won the 1963 Ohioana Book
ffragist group but found
her second novel, chronicles an intense battle of
Award.
y considered a day lost
wills, waged between a child's mother and grand-
Turning once again to fiction, in the mid-1960s
ded in getting into jail,"
mother over her future. After her divorce from an
Helen Hooven Santmyer began what many con-
ward. "That's not my ap-
unfaithful Italian musician named Paolo, Hilary
sider to be her magnum opus: a quasi-historical
h is to avoid getting into
Baird returns with their daughter, Lucy Anne, to
narrative about a small-town women's club, mod-
her mother's fine old home in the midwest. Still in
eled after the Women's Club of Xenia, and its
in 1919, Helen Hooven
love with Paolo in spite of his infidelity, Hilary de-
members. Finally completing it in 1975, she
ecretary to the editor of
termines that Lucy Anne will follow in his foot-
shipped the longhand manuscript in eleven boxes
ere she met such literary
steps by becoming a musician, but grandmother
to Weldon A. Kefauver, the director of the Ohio
ingway and F. Scott Fitz-
Baird so detests her former son-in-law that she is
State University Press, to whom she "felt under
apartment, which she
equally adamant that the child will not study mu-
obligation" because of her satisfaction with his
om Wellesley and their
sic. Although the dispute ends only with the grand-
handling of Ohio Town. Although university press-
nia, was close enough to
mother's death, in her last will and testament she
es rarely publish fiction, Kefauver persuaded the
n of Art to allow her to
acknowledges her capitulation. The book was
editorial board to accept the massive work for pub-
had a spare fifteen min-
greeted with only lukewarm praise from review-
lication; however, when after six years the editing
in collection or whatever
ers, who found the plot improbable and the rela-
process was finally completed and 1,631 copies of
But in spite of the attrac-
tionships between characters artificial, but most
the 1,344-page volume were issued in 1982, only
e returned to Xenia at her
critics were impressed by the delineation of young
about 300 copies were sold, primarily to libraries.
ght English at the local
Lucy Anne. Helen Hooven Santmyer herself has
The enthusiasm of one reader, however, revived
My father told me that if
characterized her two first novels as "youthful"
the flagging fortunes of
And Ladies of the
1 year, he would pay my
and has confessed to Edwin McDowell in a New
Club." Extolling its merits, Grace Sindell, a resi-
Oxford University in
York Times interview (January 12, 1984) that she
dent of the affluent Cleveland suburb of Shaker
an interview with Paul
"would just as soon forget them."
Heights, Ohio, persuaded her son Gerald, a direc-
Tribune (June 10, 1984).
In the early 1930s, Helen Hooven Santmyer
tor, writer, and producer in Hollywood, to read it.
ver saved enough money
moved with her parents to Orange County, Califor-
Convinced that the book would provide grist for a
d trip was delayed two
nia, where her father managed the R. A. Kelly rope
television miniseries, early in 1984 he flew to Ohio
ntmyer taught as an assis-
factory, but the family returned to Xenia five years
with the Los Angeles producer and former book
at Wellesley, but in 1924
later when he retired. In 1936 she accepted a posi-
publisher Stanley Corwin to negotiate with the
Oxford University.
tion as dean of women at Cedarville College, a
Ohio State University Press for the world publica-
her a B.Litt. degree in
small Presbyterian school only eight miles from
tion, television, and motion-picture rights to the
ned to Ohio. The follow-
Xenia. She stayed at Cedarville for seventeen
novel, which they finally acquired in January 1985.
1.to membership in the
years, eventually becoming head of its English de-
G. P. Putnam's Sons then paid them $50,000 for the
on whose roster she has
partment. When the college was taken over by fun-
right to publish the book in a trade edition, and
e the other ladies of the
damentalist Baptists, she left Cedarville to become
Berkley Books, in turn, purchased from Putnam's
deliver papers from time
a reference librarian at the Dayton (Ohio) and
the paperback rights for $396,000. When the Book-
aging topics as "Religion
Montgomery County Public Library, where she re-
of-the-Month Club paid $110,000 for the privilege
cretia Mott," "J. M. Synge
mained until she retired in 1960.
of offering the novel as one of its main selections
pses of Early Japan," and
During her career as an educator and librarian,
for the summer of 1984, the sale was reported on
Helen Hooven Santmyer had continued to write in
the front page of the January 12, 1984 edition of the
vas studying at Oxford,
her spare time, but only after her retirement could
New York Times. Even before its official republi-
ned her first novel. Herbs
she indulge the luxury of devoting her full time to
cation by Putnam's on June 25, 1984,
And
y of Derrick Thornton, a
literary pursuits. She had long been interested in
Ladies of the Club" was ranked number two on the
ith an ambition for inde-
the history of Xenia and its landmarks, and one of
New York Times best-seller list, instantly making
te Miss Santmyer herself,
her articles on the town, "Cemetery: A
its octogenarian author a celebrity.
rn college, is celebrated
Reminiscence," had been published in the Antioch
Structured by the device of the fortnightly meet-
t, and then moves to New
Review (Spring 1956) before her retirement. A sec-
ings of the local women's club, the monumental,
rately successful contrib-
ond, "There Were Fences," appeared in the
minutely detailed.novel chronicles the day-to-day
S. Although-she claims to
Antioch Review's Spring 1961 issue. Continuing to
occurrences that shape the lives of several families
age," Derrick falls in love
mine that lode, she wrote eleven more historical
in the fictional town of Waynesboro, Ohio (a thinly
) Jack Devlin, but he is
essays, and in 1962 the Ohio State University Press,
veiled version of Xenia) from the founding of the
thting in World War I. Fi-
in Columbus, published all thirteen as Ohio Town:
club in 1868 to the election of Franklin Delano
foreshadowed Miss Sant-
A Portrait of Xenia.
Roosevelt as president in 1932. (When one inter-
returns to her Ohio town,
With thoroughly researched and lovingly re-
viewer asked Miss Santmyer why she ended her
for laurel leaves in ex-
called detail, she evoked such historic landmarks
novel with the beginning of the Roosevelt adminis-
it's "herbs and apples."
as the courthouse square, the Opera House where
tration, she snapped, "What I thought of the New
1985 CURRENT BIOGRAPHY YEARBOOK
359
SAWYER
Deal wasn't fit to print.") Its two central characters,
climbed to the number-one spot on the New York
both charter members of the women's club, are
Times best-seller list, and over 200,000 copies were
Anne Gordon, the wife of the town's physician,
in print by mid-July. Having bought the rights to
John Gordon, whose efforts to endure her hus-
Ohio Town from the Ohio State University Press
band's infidelities and recover from the tragedies
for $25,000, Harper and Row capitalized on the
that befall their two children turn her into a kind
success of
And Ladies of the Club by reissu-
of stoical heroine by the end of the book; and Sally
ing Ohio Town in August 1984 and Herbs and
Rausch, whose energetic German husband, Lud-
Apples in October 1985. A new edition of The
wig, becomes the proprietor of a rope factory, a
Fierce Dispute, a serialization of
And Ladies
leading industrialist, and a power broker in the Re-
of the Club" in Family Circle magazine, and a TV
publican party. Interwoven with their life stories
miniseries of that novel were also in the works. For
and those of their neighbors and kin are such im-
her accomplishments, she received in 1985 an hon-
portant events in American history as the assassi-
orary doctorate in the humanities from Wright Uni-
nations of Presidents Garfield and McKinley (both
versity and the Governor's Award for Literature.
Ohio Republicans), the introduction of electricity,
Helen Hooven Santmyer lives today in a nurs-
the telephone, and the automobile, the Crédit Mo-
ing home, confined to a wheelchair because of ar-
bilier affair, the Spanish-American War, and
thritis. Although she suffers from emphysema, she
World War I.
is a chainsmoker of Chesterfields. She is blind in
And Ladies of the Club' "was widely billed
one eye and has a cataract in the other. Her closest
as a retort to Sinclair Lewis' derogatory portrait of
friend, Mildred Sandoe, who for many years
Middle America in Main Street. It was also com-
shared her home in Xenia and traveled with her to
monly reported to have been in work since the
Canada and Mexico, now lives in the opposite
1920s, when Main Street was first published. Miss
wing of the nursing home. Despite her poor health,
Santmyer denies both rumors, though she admit-
strained by the stress of instant celebrity, and her
tedly regards Lewis' book as "prejudiced and
pride in her accomplishments, Miss Santmyer re-
unfair" and even has a character in her novel who
tains a firm hold on her perspective and common
"seethed" when she thought about the defamation
sense. "Ninety percent of the hoopla," she sniffed
of small-town life in Main Street. "Lewis wrote his
to Jane Briggs-Bunting in an interview for People
version and I wrote mine," she said in an interview
(July 16, 1984), "is because I'm such an old lady."
for Newsweek (June 18, 1984). She also made it
clear that while she had been planning such a nov-
References: Chicago Tribune II p1'+ Je 10 '84
el for most of her life, she did not actually begin to
por; Life 7:31+ Je '84 pors; N Y Times A p1+ Ja,
write
And Ladies of the Club" until she was
12 '84 por; Newsweek 103:93 Je 18 '84 por;
seventy.
People 22:75+ Il 16 '84 pors; Contemporary
In spite of all its prepublication fanfare and im-
Authors 1st rev vol 4 (1967)
pressive advance sales, the book failed to impress
most critics. While applauding her scrupulous at-
tention to detail in describing period costumes and
architecture, her grasp of history, and her discre-
tion in dealing with the characters' intimate lives,
Sawyer, Diane
many critics complained that the prose was la-
bored, the narrative dull. Other reviewers, equat-
Dec. 22, 1945- Broadcast journalist. Address: b.
ing the viewpoint developed in the novel with that
CBS News, 524 W. 57th St., New York City,
of the author, objected to Helen Hooven Sant-
N.Y. 10019
myer's infatuation with her upper-middle-class,
white, Republican, and Protestant characters, and
In 1984, just six years after joining the Washington
found her heroes small-minded, self-absorbed,
bureau of CBS News in the relatively lowly posi-
even bigoted.
tion of general assignment reporter, Diane Sawyer
Writing in the conservative National Review
was named coeditor of the slickly produced,
(October 5, 1984), Francis X. Marnell joined a mi-
multi-Emmy-winning 60 Minutes, the prime-time
nority of critics in praising the novel as an admira-
news magazine that has consistently ranked among
ble "domestic history" and as an interesting
the top five television programs in the country for
sociological study, but in a more representative re-
more than a decade. Miss Sawyer, 60 Minutes' first
view, Susan Brownmiller asserted in the Chicago
woman correspondent, brought to her new job
Tribune's Bookworld (June 10, 1984) that
journalistic skills acquired during an early stint at
And Ladies of the Club "is "the sometimes inspired,
an understaffed local television station and, later,
sometimes embarrassing, uneven work of a writer
as coanchor of CBS's national morning news
with flashes of talent who labored in a vacuum and
broadcast, an unsurpassed knowledge of politics
lost her perspective, most likely because she cared
learned during her eight years as a staff assistant
too much about Waynesboro's lost world to grasp
to former President Richard Nixon, and what a
the destructiveness of its dreadful limitations."
writer for Newsweek magazine called a "special
Nevertheless, its chilly critical reaction did not
blend of the cerebral and the glamorous." With her
dim the popularity of
And Ladies of the
low-key, businesslike delivery and warm, gracious
Club": by the third week after publication, it had
manner, she manages to be at once authoritative
360
CURRENT BIOGRAPHY YEARBOOK 1985
JULY
SUNDAY
MONDAY
TUESDAY
WEDNESDAY
THURSDAY
FRIDAY
SATURDAY
Canada Day
Independence Day
in Canada
1
2
3
4
5
Virginias Bday 6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
C.Mdineauxs 20 Bday
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
"Oh, Eeyore," began Piglet a little ner-
vously.
Eeyore put out a paw and waved him
away. "Tomorrow," said Eeyore. "Or the
29
30
31
next day."
Davis/Martin
Date: May 11, 1990
Title: Austin
Draft: Five
to Cowling
PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS: COMMENCEMENT, The University of Texas
MEMORIAL STADIUM
Saturday, May 19, 7 p.m.
152 220
((Chairman Beecherl, President Cunningham, Mrs. Johnson,
Reverend Bethune, Dean Livingston, Senator Bentsen, Congressman
Pickle -- congratulations on the graduation of your granddaughter
[[NAME]] Rita Clements -- and Bill, thank you for that gracious
introduction. ))\\\
( (Well, there's nothing like the great outdoors. ) 1111
( ( I understand I'm too late for Eeyore's birthday party.
11/twe explan;
But it's great to be back in Longhorn Country, just the same.
( (You know last year I addressed Texas A&M. Two weeks
ago, I addressed Oklahoma State University. So, while I am not
taking sides, President Cunningham says we saved the best for
last. )) HI
I gave my first U.T. commencement address in 1973, when I
had just completed a tour of duty at the United Nations. I am
pleand
daubly Monoved - to be back. this time with an honorary degree in
I am gratiful, and indeed honored by 6
law. ( (By the way, your fellow alumnus, Secretary of State James
Baker, gets quite testy when anyone dares to suggest that there
I am not one who sees
?
is an inherent contradiction in that term, "honorary
lawyer. "))\\\
So many great Americans have given this address, including a
former Texas public school teacher by the name of Lyndon Johnson,
2
and later, Lady Bird Johnson. So I consider it the highest honor
to once again address the graduates of this great institution.
The ideals of U.T. were born with Texas, when the
revolutionaries of 1836 called for "a university of the first
class." Texas began dirt poor, but Texans were rich in land and
vision. And so what began as a dream on forty acres of pasture
is now a mini-metropolis housing some of the best schools in
America. Nobel and Pulitzer Prize winners rank among your
faculty, National Merit scholars lead your students.
M a sense
So let me say it loud and clear: The first Texans were
just
wrong. This is not a first-class university. You are
graduates of a world-class university. III
and security A state
( (And if I ever forget this, Jim Baker will remind me ,),111
and so will on someh son Jeb a proud raduate of U.T.
Your splendid libraries house the manuscripts of Joyce,
Hemingway and Beckett. You are justly proud of rare books and
folios that resound with the rich voices of Chaucer and the
Italian Renaissance, Shakespeare and Spenser.
But a world-class university must have a revered tradition
of its own. And so you do. It was near here that J. Frank Dobie
held court with other scholars of the Southwest on his beloved
Paisano Ranch. It was here that Walter Prescott Webb scrutinized
old legends and O. Henry spun news ones.
Since then, students from around the world have become a
true part of the University of Texas community, as U.T. has
certainly become more of a part of the world. And within this
wide world, you can choose to work and succeed in Paris, France,
3
or Paris, Texas. In short, you face the best of dilemmas -- a
wealth of opportunities, opportunities born of democracy.
In four commencement addresses this spring, I have examined
what makes democracy such a special way of life: how democracies
refuse to perish by uniting in a strong defensive alliance; how
they are strengthened by the rule of law; how freedom empowers
people to solve the toughest problems; and how democracy leads to
progress and adventure. Tonight, in my final commencement
address of the year, I want to discuss the personal side of
democracy: What it offers us, what we can make of it.
To graduate from college in America is to be as free as any
man or woman can be. And now, for the first time in half a
century, a new generation in Eastern Europe is reveling in
freedom, throwing their caps in the air and shouting to the high
free
heavens because, finally, they live where they want and be
what they want. From Austin to Berlin to Budapest, we live
during a remarkable moment in world history, an exhilarating time
-- the triumph of freedom.
But freedom has a constant companion -- challenge. And so I
am here tonight to challenge you to make the most of our changing
world, 11 to live these remarkable times, to take risks to do
something extraordinary. \\
This is what Jack London was getting at when he wrote:
"I would rather be a superb meteor,
every atom of me in magnificent glow,
than a sleepy and permanent planet.
The proper function of man is to live, not to exist."
4
Of course, you don't have to strike out for the South Seas
or the wild country of Alaska like Jack London. But you can make
your life an adventure. Next month will be forty-two years since
may of
my graduation. And like you, I, too, was presented with a neat
some
little set of choices on my graduation day: further study, then a
law firm, a bank or the stock market, probably in New York.
Honorable and interesting professions, all. \ And I gave each of
them serious consideration I I consulted my parents and
family. I looked at every angle, legically, sensibly and
practically But the truly great decisions we make in life are
rarely logical or practical. They spring right from the heart.
And SO Barbara and I packed our bags, and drove our red
Studebaker to the oil fields of West Texas.
from the Stratein States of our upbringing
A few months later, we were living with our infant son
George in a tiny ramshackle shotgun house in the oil town of
Odessa. It had a makeshift partition down the middle that split
the house into two apartments, leaving us with a small kitchen, a
shared bathroom, and an old water-drip window unit that cranked
up like a West Texas dust storm. And it still couldn't drown
out the noise of the all-night parties next door.
And yes, there were times when Barbara and I wondered what
we had gotten ourselves into But we had faith that, come hell
we choze
or high water, we were choosing a future that would be uniquely
our own. Like most Americans, we were free to live where we
pleased, do what we wanted. We came of age at a time when the
post-wassibilities post
of America seemed limitless.
5
But outside of America, the world of free choices was
shrinking. Winston Churchill's prediction that an Iron Curtain
would sever. Europe into two hostile camps was soon fact -- an
Iron Curtain did cut Eastern Europe from the West, and Germany
from itself. And when every brick, every guard tower and every
strand of barbed wire was in place, two worlds existed -- one of
free people and free choice, and one of tyranny and subjugation.
Eventually, millions of men and women were told what to
think and study, what job to take and where to live. Imagine,
all that drive, talent and imagination misused and wasted. Yet
many still held fast to what Barbara Jordan calls "conviction
values." Even under the pain of death, they resisted.
Harry Huntt Ransom, the late University of Texas scholar and
leader, said that it has always been up to the great thinkers to
take the great risks. Some, in fact, risked and lost their
heads, he said, "and the loss was anatomical, not metaphorical."
Like a free-thinker in the Middle Ages, a dissident speaking out
against 20th century Communism could lose his mind in a workcamp
or a psychiatric dungeon, or his life with a bullet.
This is what Andrei Sakharov risked when he confronted
Khrushchev with the truth on above-ground nuclear testing. And
that's one reason the Soviet people revere his memory today.
This is what Vaclav Havel of Czechoslovakia risked as an
beef
imprisoned playwright. Now he leads a great nation.
UP
And this is what an electrician from Gdansk named Lech
yea
Walesa risked when he led the people of Poland to freedom.
what
keeps
fuiture
6
The determination of men and women yearning to be free
simply proved tougher than the walls that surrounded them.
Because of their courage, the free world is now more vast than
anyone dared imagine.
Consider the case of a man named Cestimir ((CESS-tee-MEAR) )
Suchy ((SUE-chey)) a Czech journalist who refused to describe
the 1968 Soviet invasion of his country as an act of brotherly
love. Mister Suchy was fired for his honesty. But he was
allowed to make a living at a new profession -- washing windows.
Ask him for his business card today, and it still says:
Suchy, window-washer. But this is an example of the man's good
humor, for he now has a new job with a new title. He is the dean
of journalism at Prague's Charles University. Throughout the
universities of the East, it is the mandarins of Marxist dogma
who are now out of work.
This is our amazing new world of freedom. And with greater
freedom comes greater opportunity -- in the East and the West.
Whether you will make your career in the arts, business, law or
science, this can only be good news.
Just this morning, I toured the Houston office of what will
be the site of our next economic summit with Canada, France,
Great Britain, Italy, Japan and West Germany. When we meet, it
will be more than just a comparison of balance sheets. It will
be an act of fellowship between free nations.
These nations stood with us through that "long twilight
struggle," through the painstaking building of alliances and the
lomanian Cleric.
7
endless preparations for a war that must never be; through the
human toil and the human toll, the sacrifice of resources that
could have been used for gentler ends. This is what the Cold War
has cost Western Europe and America.
But today, freedom prevails because freedom works. Freedom
is not only right, it is practical. It is not only good, it is
better. That is why the day of the dictator is over.
But this is
Now we must turn to the task of making freedom's triumph
complete at home, a triumph of dignity over squalor -- of shelter
over homelessness -- of literacy and learning over ignorance and
vice -- of safety and security over crime and drugs -- of family
and faith over broken homes -- of hope over despair.
But this time, we will resist the centralization of
authority. We will empower the poor to enter the mainstream, to
make sure that all men and women can find their destinies. We
will put our faith in free markets and free people. We will
measure progress not by money spent and bureaucracies raised; but
by people helped. In other words, it is my fervent hope that the
peace and prosperity we have for worked for so long allows us to
build what I call a kinder, gentler America.
It is for this, that Americans are fighting for freedom --
not against a totalitarian government, but against drugs, crime
and illiteracy. Throughout this land, Americans are tapping
their deepest strengths, their inner resources, to light the way
-- to be a guiding star for someone who is lost -- to add to that
constellation of volunteers I call a thousand points of light.
8
Their philosophy is simple and direct: If you don't like
everything about America today, then make a better America
tomorrow.
This is the spirit of extraordinary young men and women in a
hurry. Like Felicitas Atabong, a student from Cameroon, who
tonight will receive a Bachelor of Arts degree with a minor in
computer science. She just turned nineteen.
And this is the spirit of those who never quit: like Maggie
Nola Sloan Taylor, who graduates tonight with a Bachelors of Fine
Arts degree at the age of seventy; or Irene Mortenson Burnside, a
nurse whose experience goes back to the Army Nurse Corps in the
Pacific Theater of World War Two; tonight she earns her Ph.D in
nursing, with a specialty in gerontology.
Like them, you have spent years learning. Now is the time
to spend your life doing. III Make your Czech or Polish lessons
work for the Citizens Democracy Corps, or put your Spanish in the
service of the Peace Corps. Nurse Caretains crack babies back to health.
here in on previous USA on in
Or aim for the sky. Discover the cure for cancer or the ozone
hole. Be the first man or woman on Mars
But whatever you do, live a life of adventure and meaning so
brilliant that like a Roman candle, it lights up the world.
Dazzle us. Astonish us. Be extraordinary.
Once again, it is a delight to be back. God bless you all,
and may God bless the United States of America. Hook 'em Horns.
( (Give the Hook 'em Horns sign.) )
Davis/Martin
Date: May 17, 1990
Title: Austin
Draft: Six
PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS: COMMENCEMENT, The University of Texas
MEMORIAL STADIUM
Saturday, May 19, 7 p.m.
( (Chairman Beecherl, President Cunningham, Mrs. Johnson,
Reverend Bethune, Dean Livingston, Senator Bentsen, Congressman
Pickle -- congratulations on the graduation of your granddaughter
[[NAME]], Rita Clements -- and Bill, thank you for that gracious
introduction.) )
( (Well, there's nothing like the great outdoors. \\\
( (For once, I guess you don't care whether or not you get to
sit on the 50 yard-line. III
( ( I understand I'm also too late for Eeyore's birthday
party. But it's great to be back in Longhorn Country, just
the same. ))
I gave my first U.T. commencement address in 1973, when I
had just completed a tour of duty at the United Nations. I am
pleased to be back. I am grateful, and indeed honored, by this
honorary degree in law.
So many great Americans have given this address, including a
former Texas public school teacher by the name of Lyndon Johnson,
and later, Lady Bird Johnson. So I consider it the highest honor
to once again address the graduates of this great institution. 11
The ideals of U.T. were born with Texas, when the
revolutionaries of 1836 called for "a university of the first
class." Texas began dirt poor, but Texans were rich in land and
2
vision. And so what began as a dream on forty acres of pasture
is now a mini-metropolis housing some of the best schools in
America. Nobel and Pulitzer Prize winners rank among your
faculty, National Merit scholars lead your students.
So let me say it loud and clear: The first Texans, in a
sense, were wrong. This is not just a first-class university.\
You are graduates of a world-class university.
( (And if I ever forget this, our Secretary of State Jim
Baker will remind me\\ and so will our son Jeb, another proud
graduate of U.T. ) 1111
Your splendid libraries house the manuscripts of Joyce,
Hemingway and Beckett. You are justly proud of rare books and
folios that resound with the rich voices of Chaucer and the
Italian Renaissance, Shakespeare and Spenser.
But a world-class university must have a revered tradition
of its own. And so you do. It was near here that J. Frank Dobie
held court with other scholars of the Southwest on his beloved
Paisano Ranch. It was here that Walter Prescott Webb scrutinized
old legends and O. Henry spun news ones.
Since then, students from around the world have become a
true part of the University of Texas community, as U.T. has
certainly become more of a part of the world. And within this
wide world, you can choose to work and succeed in Paris, France,
or Paris, Texas. In short, you face the best of dilemmas -- a
wealth of opportunities, opportunities born of democracy.
3
In four commencement addresses this spring, I have examined
what makes democracy such a special way of life: how democracies
refuse to perish by uniting in a strong defensive alliance; how
they are strengthened by the rule of law; how freedom empowers
people to solve the toughest problems; and how democracy leads to
progress and adventure. Tonight, in my final commencement
address of the year, I want to discuss the personal side of
democracy: What it offers us, what we can make of it.
To graduate from college in America is to be as free as any
man or woman can be. And now, for the first time in half a
century, a new generation in Eastern Europe is reveling in
freedom, throwing their caps in the air and shouting to the high
heavens because, finally, they are free to live where they want
and free to be what they want. From Austin to Berlin to
Budapest, we live during a remarkable moment in world history, an
exhilarating time -- the triumph of freedom.
But freedom has a constant companion -- challenge. And so I
am here tonight to challenge you to make the most of our changing
world, \\ to live these remarkable times, to take risks to do
something extraordinary
This is what Jack London was getting at when he wrote:
"I would rather be a superb meteor,
every atom of me in magnificent glow,
than a sleepy and permanent planet.
The proper function of man is to live, not to exist.' "
Of course, you don't have to strike out for the South Seas
or the wild country of Alaska like Jack London. But you can make
4
your life an adventure. Next month will be forty-two years since
my graduation. And like many of you, I, too, was presented with
some choices on my graduation day: further study, then a law
firm, a bank or the stock market, probably in New York.
Honorable and interesting professions, all.\\ But the truly
great decisions we make in life are rarely logical or practical.
They spring right from the heart. And so I packed my bags, and
drove my red Studebaker from the Eastern states of our
upbringing, to the oil fields of West Texas. III
Sometime later, Barbara and I were living with our infant
son George in a tiny ramshackle shotgun house in the oil town of
Odessa. We choose a future that would be uniquely our own. Like
most Americans, we were free to live where we pleased, do what we
wanted. We came of age at a time when the post-war possibilities
of America seemed limitless.
But outside of America, the world of free choices was
shrinking. Winston Churchill's prediction that an Iron Curtain
would sever Europe into two hostile camps was soon fact -- an
Iron Curtain did cut Eastern Europe from the West, and Germany
from itself. And when every brick, every guard tower and every
strand of barbed wire was in place, two worlds existed -- one of
free people and free choice, and one of tyranny and subjugation.
Eventually, millions of men and women were told what to
think and study, what job to take and where to live. Imagine,
all that drive, talent and imagination misused and wasted. Yet
5
many still held fast to what Barbara Jordan calls "conviction
values. Even under the pain of death, they resisted.
Harry Huntt Ransom, the late University of Texas scholar and
leader, said that it has always been up to the great thinkers to
take the great risks. Some, in fact, risked and lost their
heads, he said, "and the loss was anatomical, not metaphorical."
Like a free-thinker in the Middle Ages, a dissident speaking out
against 20th century Communism could lose his mind in a workcamp
or a psychiatric dungeon, or his life with a bullet.
This is what Andrei Sakharov risked when he confronted
Khrushchev with the truth on above-ground nuclear testing. And
that's one reason the Soviet people revere his memory today.
This is what an electrician from Gdansk named Lech Walesa
risked when he led the people of Poland to freedom.
And this is what Vaclav Havel of Czechoslovakia risked as an
imprisoned playwright. Now he leads a great nation.
It was this man I had the honor of inviting up to the White
House Residence to see the Lincoln Bedroom. President Havel was
in awe because he knew that this room was really President
Lincoln's old office. It was there that Lincoln worked,
deliberated and agonized over a terrible war.
But President Havel knew that room is hallowed for one
reason above all. It was there that President Lincoln signed the
Emancipation Proclamation. It was there that he freed a people.
And it was there, in that room, that I saw President Havel moved
6
to tears by the knowledge that freedom's bell was ringing at long
last for Czechoslovakia.
This is also the spirit of President Landsbergis of
Lithuania, who has designated Beethoven's Ninth Symphony as an
anthem for his people's movement. When asked why the strains of
Beethoven should resound through the streets and squares of
Vilnius, Landsbergis says it is because the Ninth is "a symphony
of freedom and victory against slavery, insidiousness and darkest
hatred. "
So the determination of men and women yearning to be free is
simply proving tougher than the walls that surround them.
Because of their courage, the free world is now more vast than
anyone dared imagine.
Consider the case of a man named Cestimir ( (CESS-tee-MEAR) )
Suchy ( (SUE-chey) ) a Czech journalist who refused to describe
the 1968 Soviet invasion of his country as an act of brotherly
love. Mister Suchy was fired for his honesty. But he was
allowed to make a living at a new profession -- washing windows.
Ask him for his business card today, and it still says:
Suchy, window-washer. But this is an example of the man's good
humor, for he now has a new job with a new title. He is the dean
of journalism at Prague's Charles University. Throughout the
universities of the East, it is the mandarins of Marxist dogma
who are now out of work.
This is our amazing new world of freedom. And with greater
freedom comes greater opportunity -- in the East and the West.
7
Whether you will make your career in the arts, business, law or
science, this can only be good news.
Just this morning, I toured the Houston office of what will
be the site of our next economic summit with Canada, France,
Great Britain, Italy, Japan and West Germany. When we meet, it
will be more than just a comparison of balance sheets. It will
be an act of fellowship between free nations.
These nations stood with us through that "long twilight
struggle," through the painstaking building of alliances and the
endless preparations for a war that must never be; through the
human toil and the human toll, the sacrifice of resources that
could have been used for gentler ends. This is what the Cold War
has cost Western Europe and America.
But today, freedom prevails because freedom works. Freedom
is not only right, it is practical. It is not only good, it is
better. That is why the day of the dictator is over.
And it is also over because of people like Gheorghe Calciu -
- a Romanian Orthodox minister I've been privileged know, a man
who spent 21 of his 64 years in prison. Father Calciu was
already a former prisoner when he risked his freedom by daring to
preach. For that he was imprisoned again -- and tortured beyond
belief. And yet father Calciu stayed true to his faith. So he
was sentenced to death.
And as he stood in the corner of the prison yard, awaiting
death, praying for his wife and son -- something remarkable
happened. His two executioners called out to him. Surely, he
8
thought, this was the end. But instead one of them said,
"Father, we have decided not to kill you."
Three weeks later, he asked permission to celebrate the
Divine Liturgy. And while making preparations, he saw his two
would-be executioners walk into his cell, and get down on their
knees to receive absolution. This much must be said: It is
because of men and women like Father Calciu that faith is winning
over hate.
There are also indomitable spirits to be found right at
home; many extraordinary young American men and women in a hurry;
like Felicitas Atabong, a student from Cameroon, who tonight will
receive a Bachelor of Arts degree with a minor in computer
science. She just turned nineteen.
And this is the spirit of those who never quit: like Maggie
Nola Sloan Taylor, who graduates tonight with a Bachelors of Fine
Arts degree at the age of seventy; or Irene Mortenson Burnside, a
nurse whose experience goes back to the Army Nurse Corps in the
Pacific Theater of World War Two; tonight she earns her Ph.D in
nursing, with a specialty in gerontology.
Like them, you have spent years learning. Now is the time
to spend your life doing III Make your Czech or Polish lessons
work for the Citizens Democracy Corps, put your Spanish in the
service of the Peace Corps, or work with VISTA right here in our
precious USA. Care for AIDS babies. Love every child, should
they be from Austin or the corridors of Central Africa. Aim for
the sky.
9
But whatever you do, live a life of adventure and meaning so
brilliant that like a Roman candle, it lights up the world.
Dazzle us. Astonish us. Be extraordinary.
Once again, it is a delight to be back. God bless you all,
and may God bless the United States of America. Hook 'em Horns.
( (Give the Hook 'em Horns sign.))
Jex yop
- 2 -
((I'D LOVE TO COME BACK HOME
TO Felf MY FRIENDS Muray AGAIN
NEXT OCTOBER, TO THROW OUT THE FIRST BALL AT THE
OPENING GAME OF THE RANGERS-ASTROS WORLD SERIES. YOU
KNOW, I ASKED GEORGE IF I COULD TRY OUT FOR THE CLUB.
HE SAID, "SURE, DAD, YOU CAN COME DOWN AND THROW THE
BALL AROUND. BUT DON'T GIVE UP YOUR DAY JOB."/// THEN
HE ADDED, KINDLY, "WHY DON'T YOU TRY OUT FOR THE OLD
TIMERS' LEAGUE. ")) //
BUT THERE IS SOME SADNESS INVOLVED IN THIS
HOMECOMING, TOO. FROM OUR ROOM, BARBARA AND I SAW
SOME OF THE AREA DEVASTATED BY THE FLOODING. WE WERE
ASTOUNDED THAT WE COULD ONLY SEE THE TOPS OF THE TREES
WHERE THE TRINITY HAS OVERFLOWED. TWO WEEKS AGO, I
SIGNED AN EMERGENCY FEMA PROCLAMATION BRINGING FEDERAL
DISASTER AID TO THE BELEAGUERED COUNTIES. AND MORE
COUNTIES 5/22 ARE BEING ADDED. freemon Lead 30th Sdothlawn 5/22 Bersle lawnop
RU
Jim
State
Bill Hisen
4040
Davis/Martin
Date: May 17, 1990
Title: Austin
Draft: Eight
PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS: COMMENCEMENT, The University of Texas
MEMORIAL STADIUM
Saturday, May 19, 7 p.m.
((Governor Clements -- Bill, thank you for that gracious
introduction, Rita Clements, Congressman Jake Pickle and Beryl -
- congratulations on the graduation of your granddaughter Bergen
Norris -- Chairman Beecherl [BEACH-rul], Members of the Board of
Regents, Chancellor Mark, President Cunningham, Reverend Bethune
-- thank you all.) )
( (Well, there's nothing like the great outdoors. III
( (For once, I guess you don't care whether or not you get to
sit on the 50 yard-line. III
((I understand I'm also too late for Eeyore's [EE-OR's]
birthday party. But it's great to be back in Longhorn
Country, just the same. ) )
I gave my first U.T. commencement address in 1973, when I
had just completed a tour of duty at the United Nations. I am
pleased to be back. I am grateful, and indeed honored, by this
honorary degree in law.
So many great Americans have given this address, including a
former Texas public school teacher by the name of Lyndon Johnson,
and later, Lady Bird Johnson. So I consider it the highest honor
to once again address the graduates of this great institution.
The ideals of U.T. were born with Texas, when the
revolutionaries of 1836 called for "a university of the first
2
class. Texas began dirt poor, but Texans were rich in land and
vision. And so what began as a dream on forty acres of pasture
is now a mini-metropolis housing some of the best schools in
America. Nobel and Pulitzer Prize winners rank among your
faculty, National Merit scholars lead your students.
So let me say it loud and clear: The first Texans, in a
sense, were wrong. This is not just a first-class university.\
You are graduates of a world-class university.
((And if I ever forget this, our Secretary of State Jim
Baker will remind me\ and so will our son Jeb, another proud
graduate of U.T.))
Your splendid libraries house the manuscripts of Joyce,
Hemingway and Beckett. You are justly proud of rare books and
folios that resound with the rich voices of Chaucer and the
Italian Renaissance, Shakespeare and Spenser.
But a world-class university must have a revered tradition
of its own. And so you do. It was near here that J. Frank Dobie
held court with other scholars of the Southwest on his beloved
Paisano [Pie-ZAH-no] Ranch. It was here that Walter Prescott
Webb scrutinized old legends and O. Henry spun news ones.
Since then, students from around the world have become a
true part of the University of Texas community, as U.T. has
certainly become more of a part of the world. And within this
wide world, you can choose to work and succeed in Paris, France,
or Paris, Texas. In short, you face the best of dilemmas -- a
wealth of opportunities, opportunities born of democracy.
3
In four commencement addresses this spring, I have examined
what makes democracy such a special way of life: how democracies
refuse to perish by uniting in a strong defensive alliance; how
they are strengthened by the rule of law; how freedom empowers
people to solve the toughest problems; and how democracy leads to
progress and adventure. Tonight, in my final commencement
address of the year, I want to discuss the personal side of
democracy: What it offers us, what we can make of it.
To graduate from college in America is to be as free as any
man or woman can be. And now, for the first time in half a
century, a new generation in Eastern Europe is reveling in
freedom, throwing their caps in the air and shouting to the high
heavens because, finally, they are free to live where they want
and free to be what they want. From Austin to Berlin to
Budapest, we live during a remarkable moment in world history, an
exhilarating time -- the triumph of freedom.
But freedom has a constant companion -- challenge. And so I
am here tonight to challenge you to make the most of our changing
world, to live these remarkable times, to take risks\ to do
something extraordinary.
This is what Jack London was getting at when he wrote:
"I would rather be a superb meteor,
every atom of me in magnificent glow,
than a sleepy and permanent planet.
The proper function of man is to live, not to exist.'
Of course, you don't have to strike out for the South Seas
or the wild country of Alaska like Jack London. But you can make
4
your life an adventure. Next month will be forty-two years since
my graduation. And like many of you, I, too, was presented with
some choices on my graduation day: further study, then a law
firm, a bank or the stock market, probably in New York.
Honorable and interesting professions, all.\\ But the truly
great decisions we make in life are rarely logical or practical.
They spring right from the heart. And so I packed my bags, and
drove my red Studebaker from the Eastern states of our
upbringing, to the oil fields of West Texas.
Sometime later, Barbara and I were living with our infant
son George in a tiny ramshackle shotgun house in the oil town of
Odessa. We chose a future that would be uniquely our own. Like
most Americans, we were free to live where we pleased, do what we
wanted. We came of age at a time when the post-war possibilities
of America seemed limitless.
But outside of America, the world of free choices was
shrinking. Winston Churchill's prediction that an Iron Curtain
would sever Europe into two hostile camps was soon fact -- an
Iron Curtain did cut Eastern Europe from the West, and Germany
from itself. And when every brick, every guard tower and every
strand of barbed wire was in place, two worlds existed -- one of
free people and free choice, and one of tyranny and subjugation.
Eventually, millions of men and women were told what to
think and study, what job to take and where to live. Imagine,
all that drive, talent and imagination misused and wasted. Yet
5
many still held fast to what Barbara Jordan calls "conviction
values.' Even under the pain of death, they resisted.
Harry Huntt Ransom, the late University of Texas scholar and
leader, said that it has always been up to the great thinkers to
take the great risks. Some, in fact, risked and lost their
heads, he said, "and the loss was anatomical, not metaphorical."
Like a free-thinker in the Middle Ages, a dissident speaking out
against 20th century Communism could lose his mind in a workcamp
or a psychiatric dungeon, or his life with a bullet.
This is what Andrei Sakharov risked when he confronted
Khrushchev with the truth on above-ground nuclear testing. And
that's one reason the Soviet people revere his memory today.
This is what an electrician from Gdansk named Lech Walesa
risked when he led the people of Poland to freedom.
And this is what Vaclav Havel of Czechoslovakia risked as an
imprisoned playwright. Now he leads a great nation.
Let me tell you about President Havel, and a few other brave
souls from the East. It was this man I had the honor of inviting
up to the White House Residence to see the Lincoln Bedroom. And
President Havel was in awe because he knew that this room was
really President Lincoln's old office. It was there that Lincoln
worked, deliberated and agonized over a terrible war.
But President Havel knew that room is hallowed for one
reason above all. It was there that President Lincoln signed the
Emancipation Proclamation. It was there that he freed a people.
And it was there, in that room, that I saw President Havel moved
6
to tears by the knowledge that freedom's bell was ringing at long
last for Czechoslovakia.
What one man draws from history, another finds in music.
President Landsbergis of Lithuania, who adopted Beethoven's Ninth
Symphony as an anthem for his people's movement, was asked why
the strains of Beethoven should resound through the streets and
squares of Vilnius. He replied that it is because the Ninth is
"a symphony of freedom and victory against slavery, insidiousness
and darkest hatred."
And what one man draws from music, another finds in prayer.
Gheorghe [George] Calciu [CAL-chew] -- a Romanian Orthodox
minister I've been privileged to know, spent 21 of his 64 years
in prison. Father Calciu was already a former prisoner when he
risked his freedom by daring to preach. For that he was
imprisoned again -- and tortured beyond belief. And yet father
Calciu stayed true to his faith. So he was sentenced to death.
And as he stood in the corner of the prison yard, awaiting
death, praying for his wife and son -- something remarkable
happened. His two executioners called out to him. Surely, he
thought, this was the end. But instead one of them said,
"Father, we have decided not to kill you." "
Three weeks later, he asked permission to celebrate the
Divine Liturgy. And while making preparations, he saw his two
would-be executioners walk into his cell, and get down on their
knees to receive absolution. This much must be said: It is
2. 1. Gerton trentz
Vaclau
3. Maine
Towers
7
because of men and women like Father Calciu that faith is winning
out over hate. 11
And truth is winning out over lies. Consider the case of a
man named Cestimir [CESS-tee-MEAR] Suchy [SUE-chey], a Czech
journalist who refused to describe the 1968 Soviet invasion of
his country as an act of brotherly love. Mister Suchy was fired
for his honesty. But he was allowed to make a living at a new
profession -- washing windows.
Ask him for his business card today, and it still says:
Suchy, window-washer. But this is an example of the man's good
humor, for he now has a new job with a new title. He is the dean
of journalism at Prague's Charles University. Throughout the
universities of the East, it is the mandarins of Marxist dogma
who are now out of work.
Let me tell you one last story -- that of Aprad Goncz
[Gurntz] of Hungary, who came to visit me yesterday in the Oval
Office. I am especially indebted to President Goncz [Gurntz],
because he translated my autobiography Looking Forward into
e
Hungarian. Like President Havel, President Goncz [Gurntz] is
also a playrwright. A former anti-fascist fighter and newspaper
editor, he was sent sentenced to life imprisonment during the
1956 revolution. But, once released, he persevered as a
dissident and today he leads the Hungarian people as their acting
President.
So the determination of men and women yearning to be free is
simply proving tougher than the walls that surround them.
8
Because of their courage, the free world is now more vast than
anyone dared imagine.
This is our amazing new world of freedom. And with greater
freedom comes greater opportunity -- in the East and the West.
Whether you will make your career in the arts, business, law or
science, this can only be good news.
Just this morning, I toured the Houston office of what will
be the site of our next economic summit with Canada, France,
Great Britain, Italy, Japan and West Germany. When we meet, it
will be more than just a comparison of balance sheets. It will
be an act of fellowship between free nations.
These nations stood with us through that "long twilight
struggle," through the painstaking building of alliances and the
endless preparations for a war that must never be; through the
human toil and the human toll, the sacrifice of resources that
could have been used for gentler ends. This is what the Cold War
has cost Western Europe and America.
But today, freedom prevails because freedom works. Freedom
is not only right, it is practical. It is not only good, it is
better. And it is because of the indomitable spirit of man that
the day of the dictator is over.
But there are also many extraordinary men and women to be
found right here at home; like Felicitas [Fee-LEE-cee-TAS]
Atabong, a student from Cameroon, who tonight will receive a
degree in computer science. She just turned nineteen.
9
And then there is Maggie Taylor, who graduates tonight with
a Bachelors of Fine Arts degree at the age of seventy; or Irene
Burnside, a nurse whose experience goes back to the Army Nurse
Corps in the Pacific Theater of World War Two; tonight she earns
her Ph. D in nursing, with a specialty in gerontology 11
Like them, you have spent years learning. Now is the time
to spend your life doing. III Make your Czech or Polish lessons
work for the Citizens Democracy Corps, put your Spanish in the
service of the Peace Corps, or work with VISTA right here in our
precious USA. Care for AIDS babies. Love every child, from the
hospital corridors of your own backyard in Austin, to the
beleaguered clinics of Central Africa. 11
But whatever you do, live a life of adventure and meaning so
brilliant that like a Roman candle, it lights up the world.
Dazzle us. Astonish us. Be extraordinary.
Once again, it is a delight to be back. God bless you all,
and may God bless the United States of America. Hook 'em Horns.
( (Give the Hook 'em Horns sign.) )
#
#
#
10
RETORT CARD
( (And for those few of you out there who are making so much
noise, all I can say is: "The eyes of Texas are upon you."))
or
((
Davis/Martin
Title: Eaward
May 15, 1990
Draft: Three
PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS: E AWARDS, THE ROSE GARDEN
Wednesday, May 23, 1990, ((Time))
doit
( (Acknowledgements -- Ambassador Hills and Secretary
Mosbacher [[You know, Bob, I'm starting to feel like we're being
neglected by the national press corps. Maybe we should go into a
new line of work -- skin-care and commencement speeches. ]]))\\\
But it's especially great to have Carla and Bob here. For
American business, confronting protectionist barriers is like
having a door shut rudely in your face. And more and more,
American business is looking to Carla to open the door, and Bob
to guide them to it.
But, in the end, it is up to American business to step
through the opening, to enter foreign markets. And so that's why
I am here today, to present the "E" awards honoring American
firms that have been such outstanding competitors abroad. ( (And
later on, I'll let you in on what the "E" stands for; but first,
a hint -- it doesn't stand for Elvis. ))\\\
Before I get to the awards, let me talk trade. I believe
the protectionist path leads to closed markets, lower living
standards and high unemployment. So our direction is toward open
markets, expanding trade and negotiating a set of clear and
enforceable rules to govern world commerce. This is the path to
prosperity, growth and high employment.
2
And that is why my top trade priority for this year is an
multilated
ambitious agreement. We must conclude the Uruguay Round of
1
global trade talks by December.
Unfortunately, world trade has outgrown the rules of the
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, or GATT, that served so
well for four decades. The United States and almost 100 other
nations representing more than 85 percent of the world's trade
agree, and are working with us to revise and improve GATT rules.
This is what we are striving to achieve:
*** First, we seek to reform agricultural trade, a market
inadequately covered by GATT rules, and badly distorted by
subsidies that cost farmers and consumers alike hundreds of
billions of dollars. There cannot be a successful conclusion to
the Uruguay Round without fundamental agricultural reform.
*** Second, we challenge our trading partners to envision a
world free of tariffs.
*** Third, the United States wants to curb hundreds of
billions of dollars of trade-distorting subsidies. We hold the
tried and true belief that entrepreneurs should compete on the
governments deep pockets
basis of price and quality, not by bribes to the market.
*** Fourth, we want to ensure that the rules we have, and
those that we are negotiating, apply to developing countries no
longer at the margin of the trading system.
*** Fifth, we want to develop fair rules for new areas:
services, investment and intellectual property not covered under
current GATT rules.
3
*** Sixth and last, we want to create swift and effective
means to resolve trade disputes.
All told, we are striving to incorporate roughly one
trillion dollars worth of goods and services -- a third of world
trade that is not sufficiently covered by rules of fair play.
In our efforts, we will, of course, work closely with our
friends in Congress and the business community. But time is
short, our task is great. I call on our trading partners to move
these negotiations forward at the Organization for Economic
Cooperation and Development meeting this month, and at the end of
the Economic Summit in July.
This round of the GATT is an ambitious undertaking -- the
last, best chance for the world to enter the next century with
free and fair trade for all. So let me be blunt: To The United
States regards-no agreement is better than a bad agreement. III
Even as we are driving at full-speed to complete the Round,
the United States is also making progress in market-opening
negotiations with Japan; in keeping the flow of goods and
services open with Canada and Mexico; in starting a dialogue with
the dynamic states of the Pacific Rim; and in ensuring that
after the historic unions of
America will have access to Europe 22.
19921
We are also negotiating trade and investment agreements with
the reform governments of Eastern Europe and Latin America. They
stand to reap enormous gains from integration into the global
trading system; but the United States will also gain from their
long pent-up industry and imagination. Our objective is to
4
anchor these countries in the ideal of freedom -- economic, as
well as political freedom. So we are striving for free trade,
not just because it is good for America, but because it is good
for all mankind.
As the winds of change sweep out old barriers and liberalize
markets from Managua to Warsaw, we must be prepared to take
advantage of this historic opportunity, to compete and win. That
is why today I directed the Economic Policy Council to undertake
a Commercial Opportunities Initiative to encourage American
business to be more competitive.
The EPC will implement this initiative through the Trade
Promotion Coordinating Committee, or TPCC, to be chaired by the
Secretary of Commerce. This committee will, for the first time,
bring all the resources of the federal government to bear to
serve American exporting businesses.
I am also directing the committee to promote U.S. businesses
in new or neglected markets by leading Presidential Trade
Missions, missions to be headed by the Department of Commerce.
The EPC will report to me with a strategy for implementing this
Commercial Opportunities Initiative by September 30.
Now, for the matter at hand.
At the height of the Second World War, "E" awards were
presented to war plants in recognition of excellence in
production. In a time of peace, we use the "E" symbol to
celebrate excellence in American exports. And as it turns out,
this is a very appropriate time for us to confer these awards.
5
You see, this week the Commercement ree Department and its
International Trade Administration is joining with state and
local governments, international trade groups and universities to
celebrate World Trade Week. And this week, we really have
something to celebrate -- last Wednesday's announcement that U.S.
exports in March hit $33.3 billion -- a record high.
This is yet another sign that America is a resurgent power
in world trade. And America exporting strength is no accident.
It is a result of the leadership of the American worker, the
American entrepreneur and an outstanding Secretary of Commerce,
Bob Mosbacher.
And so it is my pleasure to join Bob in presenting this
prestigious award for exporting excellence to eleven outstanding
companies:
First: The Aerotech World Trade Corporation of White
Plains, New York. III
*** The American Bureau of Collections of Buffalo, New
York. III
*** The American Hardware Manufacturers Association, of
Schaumburg, Illinois.
*** Applied Communications, Inc., of Omaha. III
*** Bruce Foods Corporation of New Iberia, Louisiana. Now,
let me say something about Bruce Foods and their claim to fame.
You see, they have a contract to build more than forty Cajun and
Mexican restaurants in the Soviet Union. ( (So imagine that,
tacos in Tashkent and crawdaddies in Kiev. ) )
6
*** Commerce Bank of Kansas City. III
*** The Jacobsen Division of Textron, Racine, Wisconsin. III
*** The Midamar Corporation of Cedar Rapids. III
*** The Mid-South Exporter's Roundtable of Memphis.
*** Proler International Corporation of Houston. \\\
And last: Valmont Industries of Valley, Nebraska.
You've all started the 1990s off in a winning spirit. And
you've done something more than just represent your firms --
you've represented American drive and creativity to the world.
For that you have my gratitude and my congratulations.
Thank you, God bless you, and may God bless the United
States of America.
#
#
#
Cruncil americas of
South Lawn
Cuban Independnce
10 Men
David
SF-100 SERIES
FAX
PAGE 01
News and Information Service
The University of Texas at Austin
P.O. Box Z, UT Station
Austin, Texas 78713
(512) 471-3151
Fax (512) 471-5812
FACSIMILE TRANSMITTAL
DATE:
5/14/90
TO:
Christina Martin
White Home
Speech writing office
FAX NUMBER: (202) 456-6218
FROM:
Maria Bayd
Newr. information
UT Austin
This transmittal consists of 3 pages, plus this cover sheet. If you did not
receive all of the pages, please call (512) 471-3151 as soon as possible.
SF-100 SERIES FAX
PAGE 02
News & Information Service
WALTER WEBB HALL 300
5/14/90
471-3151
20: Caristina Martin
THE UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT AUSTIN
From: Marina Boyd
As l was sending This to you & noticed a
mistake in The birth date of Barbara Anne
Winkler. Corrected version follows. Please
destroy earlier copy
Sorry - Thanks
Maria
Correct birth dew. is 1/24/20
NEWS AND INFORMATION SERVICE
WORK D OF THE
THE UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT AUSTIN
P.O. Drawer z. Austin, Texas 78713-7509 (512)471-3151
May 14, 1990
TO:
Christina Martin
FROM: Martha Boyd
SUBJECT: Oldest and youngest graduates, May 1990 Commencement
The University of Texas at Austin
OLDEST GRADUATES:
We have identified three graduates who were born before 1930 among
the May 1990 graduating classes at UT Austin. They are listed
below. The individual information about each is all public
information:
*
Maggie Nola Sloan Taylor, born 2/12/20, will receive a
Bachelor of Fine Arts degree in studio arts. She holds a Bachelor
of Science degree in administration from George Washington
University. She entered UT Austin to pursue the B.F.A. degree in
Extended Page
2.1
February 1987. Her home address is 2531 Baxter Drive, Austin, TX
78745, and her phone number is (512) 444-5855. We understand she
plans to attend Commencement.
Irene Mortenson Burnside, born 10/4/23, will receive a Ph.D.
degree in nursing, with a specialty in gerontology. The title of
her dissertation is "The Effect of Reminiscent Groups on Fatigue,
Affect and Life Satisfaction in Older Women." Her supervising
professor is Dr. LaVerne Gallman, professor of nursing, UT Austin.
Her home address is 365 La Cresta Heights Rd., El Cajon, CA 92021,
phone (519) 444-4798. We understand she plans to attend
Commencement. She is widowed, with three children and three
grandchildren. She holds a nursing diploma from Ancker Hospital
School of Nursing, St. Paul, MN (1944) and served as a staff nurse
in the Army Nurse Corps in the Pacific Theater. She holds a B.F.A.
degree from the University of Denver (1957), a Master of Science
from the University of California at San Francisco (1966), and a
Post Master's Certificate in adult psychiatric nursing from UC San
Francisco (1967). She has taught at UC San Francisco, was
coordinator of nursing education at San Jose State while pursuing a
Ph.D. at UT Austin. In 1990 she was awarded the rank of associate
professor at San Jose State. She has accepted a teaching position
in Australia.
Barbara Anne Winkler, born 4/24/26, will receive a Ph.D.
degree in anthropology from UT Austin. The title of her
dissertation is "Gluton Sensitivity as a Possible Potentiator of or
Contributor to Gall Bladder Disease Among Mexican Americans." Her
supervising professors are Jose Limon, former associate professor
of anthropology, UT Austin, and Henry Selby, professor of
anthropology, UT Austin. Her home address is 300 Fenny Road, #502,
ua
2/3
415
SF-100 SERIES FAX
PAGE 03
Galveston, TX 77550. She is currently coordinating a research
project in the Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas
Medical Branch at Galveston. Her phone number there is (409) 761-
1624. It. is our understanding at this time that she does not plan
to attend Commencement. She attended George Washington University,
but left before completing a bachelor's degree to enter the service
of the Government of the Union of Burma. After six years of work,
she married and moved to Corpus Christi, Texas to raise a family.
Twenty-six years later she returned to UT Austin to complete a
Bachelor of Arts degree (1979) and a Master of Arts degree (1982),
both in anthropology.
YOUNGEST GRADUATE:
Fel P tas
Atabong
Felicitas Anyicha Atabong, born 5/1/71, will receive a
Bachelor of Arts degree with a major in computer sciences. She
first entered The University of Texas at Austin in September 1987.
Previously she attended Austin Community College. She is a foreign
student from Cameroon, West Africa. Her address in Austin is 2223
South Lakeshore Boulevard, #106, Austin, TX 78741, and her phone
number is (512) 448-3084. Her permanent address in the U.S. is
6721 Tower Drive, Apt. 204, Alexandria, VA 22306, phone number
(703) 660-1222. She has indicated she plans to attend
Commencement. (This information is public information.)
UT Austin students pursuing graduate degrees are asked to provide a
full vita with the understanding that any of the information may be
made public. For that reason, more information about the two
students who will receive Ph. D. degrees is available than about the
two students who will receive bachelor's degrees.
It is our understanding, as we discussed today, if President Bush
decides to include reference to any of the students listed above in
his address, you will notify them by phone in advance that they
will be included in his speech. We appreciate that courtesy to
those students.
We are gathering information about student volunteer services at
this time and will send by FAX as soon as possible.
Development Counsellors International
220 Fifth Avenue
New York New York 10001
USA
212.725.0707
FAX
Fax # 212/725-2254
DATE: 5/17/90
# ,OF PAGES INCLUDING FRONT SHEET:
&
TO: Christina Martin
FAX #:
FROM: Mark Themes
IF YOU DID NOT RECEIVE ALL PAGES, PLEASE TELEPHONE 212/725-0707
212 725 2254 P.01
05/17/1990 13:15 DEVELOPMENT COVNSELLORS
Development Counsellors International
220 Fifth Avenue
New York New York 10001
USA
212.725.0707
FAX 212-725-2254
May 17, 1990
To:
Ms. Christina Martin
Research Department
From:
Mark Thomas
Austin Chamber of Commerce
Re:
President Bush's Univ. of Texas Address
Dear Ms. Martin,
I understand that you are researching the speech for the
President at the University of Texas on Saturday. As the
communications counsel for the Greater Austin Chamber of
Commerce, I thought you may be interested in the following
background information. Much of it pertains to the President's
"1,000 points of light," education and industrial policies.
Please call if there is anything we can do for you. I may be
reached at 212/725-0707. Thank you.
Sincerely,
Jhoman
Mark Thomas
212 725 2254 P.02
05/17/1990 13:16 DEVELOPMENT COVNSELLORS
AUSTIN, TEXAS BACKGROUND INFORMATION
FOR RELEASE ON RECEIPT
ISSUED MAY 16, 1990
AUSTIN, TEX. IS MODEL FOR U.S. COMPETITIVENESS
Austinites say they are 'what the world is coming to.
Capital city of Texas blends technological
innovation with laid-back spirit amidst
unexpected lakes and hills.
AUSTIN, Tex. -- Austin is an emerging national laboratory
for leading microelectronic technologies as well as concepts of
global competitiveness.
Yet for all its high-tech wizardry, the city retains a
laid-back spirit wrapped in a physical setting that never fails
to surprise first-time visitors.
Perhaps because its compelling quality of life has been a
powerful magnet for the best and brightest people, Austin
increasingly finds itself on the cutting edge of the action as
America struggles to remain technologically competitive in the
worldwide marketplace:
0
IBM is developing that $60-billion
corporation's most critical
new
technologies in Austin -- including
- more -
212 725 2254 P.03
05/17/1990 13:16 DEVELOPMENT COVNSELLORS
FIRST ADD, Austin, Tex.
advanced computer workstations on which the
company's future may rest -- as well as a
million square feet of additional permanent
office space to house its activities here;
0
Motorola's globally-successful 68000 family
of microprocessors used to power computers
and help run thousands of other consumer
products are designed in Austin, where the
company is currently spending another half-
billion dollars to build its most advanced
semiconductor fabrication facility;
0
The two leading U.S. models of large-scale
cooperative industrial research and
development
|
SEMATECH,
and
Microelectronics and Computer Technology
Corporation (MCC) -- both claim Austin as
their home;
o
Two of the nation's leading manufacturers
of PC clones have sprung up from humble
entrepreneurial roots in Austin to gain
sales of hundreds of millions of dollars
annually;
o
The city has become a virtual boomtown of
the software industry as hundreds of
- more -
212 725 2254 P.04
13.166 0661/21/90
SECOND ADD, Austin, Tex.
software designers and publishers flock to
Austin to nestle next to the computer
manufacturers and researchers; and
o
Texas's flagship state university research
campus, the University of Texas at Austin,
helps push annual local research and
development expenditures to more than $1.2
billion, highest in the nation for cities
with a quarter~million population or more.
As highly-trained engineers and scientists with 3M, Texas
Instruments, Advanced Micro Devices, MCC, SEMATECH, and scores
of other technology-driven companies have arrived in Austin,
they have merged into a young, highly-educated population fed.
by UT-Austin students who arrived here through the years and
refused to leave following graduation.
A global leader in petroleum engineering research and
education since the 1940s, UT-Austin has more recently emerged
as a powerhouse in other engineering disciplines and was ranked
eighth among all U.S. engineering schools in 1990 by U.S. News
& World Report.
Overall, UT-Austin has endowed more faculty positions than
any other university in the United States, and it has ranked
second in the nation in enrollment of new National Merit
Scholars for seven consecutive years.
- more -
212 725 2254 P.05
05/17/1990 13:17 DEVELOPMENT COVNSELLORS
THIRD ADD, Austin, Tex.
The university's powerful influence and Austin's new role
in the global electronics revolution have resulted in a local
population that is unusually well-schooled and shares an
international outlook:
o
Austinites are more highly educated than
the residents of any other U.S. city of a
quarter-million population or more, and 31%
of adult residents have completed 16 years
or more of schooling;
o
Bookstore sales per household annually are
higher in Austin ($195) than any other
American city, and Austin has more
bookstores per household than any city but
San Francisco;
C
More than 3,600 foreign students are
enrolled in area universities, and
orientals comprise a rapidly-growing
percentage of a local population that
historically has included a large Hispanic
segment;
o
Japanese is offered as a second language in
the city's public school system, and more
than 80 Japanese scholars come to Austin as
visiting professors each year; and
- more -
212 725 2254 P.06
05/17/1990 13:17 DEVELOPMENT COVNSELLORS
FOURTH ADD, Austin, Tex.
0
25% of the passengers reserving non-stop
passage to Japan each day through
Dallas/Fort Worth Airport are Austinites.
As Austin has emerged as a technology center, it has
retained a strong 'right-brain' bent that accounts for much of
its attractivensss to the scientists, engineers, and educators
who drive its high-tech successes.
This curious blend includes a growing national reputation
for live music. Billboard called Austin "one of the most
music-intensive cities in America today," and more than 200
clubs offer live music any night of the week.
Aside from the influence of entertainers and the large
population of some 60,000 university students, Austin's laid-
back spirit is the result of accidents of geologic history and
the intentions of man.
First-time visitors are usually surprised to find that
Austin is a city of hills located on a stable fault line that
marks the start of the Texas Hill Country, the region that
gained famed in the 1960s when President Lyndon Johnson
retreated frequently to his ranch there.
Austin is also a city lush with trees, 65 miles of hike-
and-bike pathways, and a dazzling chain of man-made lakes that
stretch through Austin and provide recreational opportunities
for a hundred miles to the north of the city,
- more -
212 725 2254 P.07
S80773SNA00 13:18 0661/21/90
FIFTH ADD, Austin, Tex.
The ambiance of Austin's natural beauty, full complement
of performing and visual arts, and technological interests have
drawn people accustomed to working with innovation and ideas.
The result is a 'city of learners and readers' who are fiercely
proud of their adopted hometown.
so proud, in fact, that San Francisco Chronicle columnist
Joe Bob Briggs put Austin on his list of the "top 10 places in
America that consider themselves God's promised land." Not a
compliment in his way of thinking, but surely a testament to
the fervor Austinites feel for their city.
It's been a little more than 150 years since Austin was
founded and almost that long since it served as the capitol of
the Republic of Texas, Memories of its moment as a seat of
government among nations are long forgotten by all but history
buffs and Texas school children.
In place of that recollection, however, there is a growing
awareness that Austin is becoming a player in the international
arena of ideas and that the city could have a powerful
influence in determining whether America retains its
competitive edge in the world.
-- end --
FOR MORE INFORMATION, CONTACT:
Susan Engelking
Howard Falkenberg
Ted Levine or Mark Thomas
Economic Development Division
Stants Falkenberg & Partners Inc.
Development Counsellore International
Greater Austin Chamber of Commerce
612/462-3697
212/725-0707
512/322-5619
212 725 2254 P.08
S80773SNA00 13:18 0661/21/90
Davis/Martin
Title: Eaward
May 15, 1990
Draft: One
PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS: E AWARDS, THE ROSE GARDEN
Wednesday, May 23, 1990, ((Time))
((Acknowledgements, -- Ambassador Hills and Secretary
Mosbacher [[You know, Bob, I'm starting to feel like we're being
neglected by the national press corps. Maybe we should go into a
new line of work -- skin-care and commencement speeches. ]]))\\\
But it's especially great to have Carla and Bob here. For
American business, confronting protectionist barriers is like
having a door shut rudely in your face. And more and more,
American business is looking to Carla to open the door, and Bob
to guide them to it.
But, in the end, it is up to American business to walk
through, to enter a foreign market. And so that's why I am here
today, to present the "E" awards honoring American firms that
have been such outstanding competitors abroad. ((And later on,
I'll let you in on what the "E" stands for; but first, a hint --
it doesn't stand for Elvis. )) III
But
before I get to the awards, let me talk trade. I
believe the protectionist path leads to closed markets, lower
living standards and high unemployment. So our direction is
toward open markets, expanding trade and negotiating a set of
clear and enforceable rules to govern world commerce. This is
the path to prosperity, growth and high employment.
2
And that is why my top trade priority for this year is an
ambitious agreement. We must conclude the Uruguay Round of
global trade talks by December.
Unfortunately, world trade has outgrown the rules of the
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, or GATT, that served so
well for four decades. The United States and almost 100 other
nations representing more than 85 percent of the world's trade
agree, and are working with us to revise and improve GATT rules.
This is what we are striving to achieve:
*** First, we seek to reform agricultural trade, a market
inadequately covered by GATT rules, and badly distorted by
subsidies that cost farmers and consumers alike hundreds of
billions of dollars. There cannot be a successful conclusion to
the Uruguay Round without fundamental agricultural reform.
*** Second, we challenge our trading partners to envision a
world free of tariffs.
*** Third, the United States wants to curb hundreds of
billions of dollars of trade-distorting subsidies. We hold the
tried and true belief that entrepreneurs should compete on the
basis of price and quality, not by bribes to the market.
*** Fourth, we want to ensure that the rules we have, and
those that we are negotiating, apply to developing countries no
longer at the margin of the trading system.
*** Fifth, we want to develop fair rules for new areas:
services, investment and intellectual property not covered under
current GATT rules.
3
*** Sixth and last, we want to create swift and effective
means to resolve trade disputes.
All told, we are striving to incorporate roughly one
trillion dollars worth of goods and services -- a third of world
trade that is not sufficiently covered by rules of fair play.
Underlying all our efforts in the Uruguay Round is our
belief in the benefits of integrated world trade. A solid
agreement coming out of this round of GATT talks can be a
unifying force, from Budapest to Brasilia. But only through such
an agreement will each nation alone, and the world as a whole,
gain the assurance that come from a strong set of fair and
enforceable rules.
Of course, we will continue to work with our friends in
Congress and the business community to meet their concerns. But
time is short, our task is great. I call on our trading partners
to match our commitment. I urge them to move these negotiations
forward at the Organization for Economic Cooperation and
Development meeting this month, and at the end of the Economic
Summit in July.
This round of the GATT is a bold and ambitious undertaking.
It is the last, best chance for the world to enter the next
century with free and fair trade for all. So let me be blunt:
The United States regards no agreement as better than a bad
agreement. III
Even as we are driving at full-speed to complete the Round,
the United States is also making progress in market-opening
4
negotiations with important trading partners. For example, in
recent months, Japan has shown a commitment to make market-
opening changes. Canada and Mexico are working with us to keep
the flow of goods and services between us truly free and open.
We are working for the same end with our friends in the European
Community, as they come ever closer to a single market by 1992.
And, we've started dialogues with the dynamic states of the
Pacific Rim.
We are also negotiating trade and investment agreements with
the reform governments of Eastern Europe and Latin America. They
stand to reap enormous gains from integration into the global
trading system; but the United States will also gain from their
long pent-up industry and imagination. Our objective is to
anchor these countries in the ideal of freedom -- economic, as
well as political freedom. We are striving for free trade, not
just because it is good for America, but also because it is good
for all mankind.
As the winds of change sweep out old barriers and liberalize
markets from Managua to Warsaw, we must be prepared to take
advantage of this historic opportunity, to compete and win. That
is why I am announcing today a new Presidential initiative -- the
Commercial Diplomacy Initiative -- to encourage American business
to compete abroad.
My initiative begins with a directive creating a Trade
Promotion Coordination Group of federal departments and agencies
that deal with international trade, chaired by the Secretary of
5
Commerce, to promote trade and exports as a vital national
priority. The group will assist American firms seeking
information on markets, distributors, export financing, joint
venture partners and standards of foreign markets. And, when
necessary, it will provide representation to foreign governments
and international organizations.
I am also asking the group to promote U.S. businesses in new
or neglected markets by leading Presidential Trade Missions. In
short, our initiative will focus federal resources in an
imaginative and forceful way to boost U.S. exports.
Now, for the matter at hand.
At the height of the Second World War, "E" awards were
presented to war plants in recognition of excellence in
production. In a time of peace, President Kennedy revived the
"E" symbol for excellence in exports. And so it is my pleasure
to continue this tradition today, to present this prestigious
award for exporting excellence to eleven outstanding companies:
First: The Aerotech World Trade Corporation of White
Plains, New York. III
Second: The American Bureau of Collections of Buffalo, New
York. III
Third: The American Hardware Manufacturers Association, of
Schaumburg, Illinois. III
Fourth: Applied Communications, Inc., of Omaha. III
Fifth: Bruce Foods Corporation of New Iberia, Louisiana.
Now, let me say something about Bruce Foods and their claim to
6
fame. You see, they have a contract to build more than forty
Cajun and Mexican restaurants in the Soviet Union. ( (So imagine
that, tacos in Tashkent and crawdaddies in Kiev. ) 1111
Sixth: Commerce Bank of Kansas City. III
Seventh: The Jacobsen Division of Textron, Racine,
Wisconsin. III
Eighth: The Midamar Corporation of Cedar Rapids III
Ninth: The Mid-South Exporter's Roundtable of Memphis. III
Tenth: Proler International Corporation of Houston. III
And eleventh: Valmont Industries of Valley, Nebraska. III
You've all started the 1990s off in a winning spirit. And
you've done something more than just represent your firms --
you've represented American drive and creativity to the world.
For that you have my gratitude and my congratulations.
Thank you, God bless you, and may God bless the United
States of America.
#
#
#
4
A few months later, Barbara and I were living with our
infant son George in a tiny ramshackle shotgun house in the oil
town of Odessa. It had a makeshift partition down the middle
that split the house into two apartments, leaving us with a small
kitchen, a shared bathroom, and an old water-drip window unit
that cranked up like a West Texas dust storm.\\ And it still
couldn't drown out the noise of the all-night parties next
door.
And yes, there were times when Barbara and I wondered what
we had gotten ourselves into. But we had faith that, come hell
or high water, we were choosing a future that would be uniquely
our own. Like most Americans, we were free to live where we
pleased, do what we wanted. We came of age at time when the
possibilities of America seemed limitless.
But outside of America, the world of free choices was
shrinking. Winston Churchill's prediction that an Iron Curtain
would sever Europe into two hostile camps was soon vindicated --
an Iron Curtain did cut Eastern Europe from the West, and Germany
from itself. And when every brick, every guard tower and every
strand of barbed wire was in place, two worlds existed -- one of
free people and free choice, and one of tyranny and subjugation.
Eventually, millions of men and women were told what to
study, what job to take and where to live. Imagine, all that
drive, talent and imagination misused and wasted. Yet many still
held fast to what Barbara Jordan calls "conviction values." Even
under the pain of death, they resisted.
5
Harry Huntt Ransom, the late University of Texas scholar and
leader, said that it has always been up to the great thinkers to
take the great risks. Some, in fact, risked and lost their
heads, he said, "and the loss was anatomical, not metaphorical."
Like a free-thinker in the Middle Ages, a dissident against 20th
century Communism could lose his mind in a workcamp or a
psychiatric dungeon, or his life with a bullet.
This is what Andrei Sakharov risked when he confronted
Khrushchev with the truth on above-ground nuclear testing. And
that's one reason the Soviet people revere his memory today.
This is what Vaclav Havel risked as an imprisoned
playwright. Now he leads a great nation.
And this is what an electrician from Gdansk named Lech
Walesa risked when he lead the people of Poland to freedom.
The determination of men and women yearning to be free
simply proved tougher than the walls that surrounded them.
Because of their courage, the free world is now more vast than
anyone dared imagine.
( (Eastern Europe freedom examples to come) )
And with this greater world of freedom comes greater
opportunity -- in the East and the West. Whether you will make
your career in art, business, law or science, this can only be
good news.
Just this morning, I toured the Houston office of what will
be the site of our next economic summit with Canada, France,
Great Britain, Italy, Japan and West Germany. When we meet, it
6
will be more than just a comparison of balance sheets. It will
be an act of fellowship between free nations.
In Houston, Prime Minister Mulroney and I will represent two
great and sovereign nations living at peace, with completely open
borders. Prime Minister Kaifu, my new friend, will represent a
nation whose business life is deeply integrated with America's,
and whose cultural ties with us are deepening. And then there
are the Europeans, who are on the verge of forever casting off
the animosities of the past to forge a united Europe -- peoples
open to each other, and, I predict, open to the world.
At home, Americans are also fighting for freedom -- not
against a totalitarian government, but against drugs, crime and
illiteracy. Throughout this land, Americans are tapping their
deepest strengths, their inner resources, to light the way -- to
be a guiding star for someone who is lost -- to add to that
constellation of volunteers I call a thousand points of light.
Their philosophy is simple and direct: If you don't like
everything about America today, then make a better America
tomorrow.
So from Austin to Brussels to Budapest, this is a remarkable
moment in world history. We are challenged to work for freedom,
at home and abroad. And so I am here tonight to challenge you to
make the most of our changing world, to live these remarkable
times, to do something extraordinary.
I know many of you must be young men and women in a hurry.
Take Felicitas Anyicha Atabong, a foreign student from Cameroon,
7
who tonight will receive a Bachelor of Arts degree with a minor
in computer science. She is just a month older than eighteen.
Then there are those of you who labor furiously on a school
project, The Daily Texan, or some special mission of your own.
For you, Jack London said it all when he wrote:
"I would rather be a superb meteor,
every atom of me in magnificent glow,
than a sleepy and permanent planet.
The proper function of man is to live, not to exist."
Others move more deliberately, but with just as much
purpose. Helen Hoover Santmeyer labored for decades over one
novel, and became a first-time author at eighty-eight. And we
have with us Maggie Nola Sloan Taylor, who is graduating tonight
with a Bachelors of Fine Arts degree at the age of seventy; or
Irene Mortenson Burnside, a nurse whose experience goes back to
the Army Nurse Corps in the Pacific Theater; tonight she earns
her Ph.D in nursing, with a specialty in gerontology.
Then there are those whose lifework is dedicated to others.
( (Local T.P.L.s or Achievement Against the Odds people.) )
So let these Americans stand as a working definition of
democracy. Freedom also gives you the chance to follow your
path, whether it leads you to another state, another country, or
to the town you were born in; to continue a family tradition, or
to blaze a trail of your own. Your opportunity may be in
international trade, or helping to nurse crack babies back to
health in an inner-city hospital. But whatever you do, be a part
8
of the times you live in. I know you'll do something
extraordinary.
Once again, it is a delight to be back. God bless you all,
and may God bless the United States of America.
Hook 'em Horns. ( (Give the Hook 'em Horns sign.))
#
#
#
7K
2931 Kassarine Pass
c. Norvath
Austin, Texas 78704
May 3, 1990
President George Bush
The White House
Washington, D.C. 20500
Dear President Bush:
I am a Ph.D. candidate who is participating in commencement
ceremonies at the University of Texas on May 19, 1990. I am
very disturbed that because you are giving the commencement
address, the people in my life who have been instrumental
in helping me accomplish my goal of receiving my doctorate,
namely my children, my family and my friends, will not all
be able to attend my graduation.
As a single parent working full-time, it has taken me 8 years
to complete my doctorate. I know I speak for hundreds of
other graduates when I say I want my family and friends to
share in my joy when I receive my diploma, and I want to be
able to hear their cheers as I get hooded. Having them in
some auditorium watching a live video just doesn't cut it.
Surely you would not have wanted to be denied attendance at
one of your children's graduation ceremonies because a
President was giving the address?
I know that the Erwin Center holds enough people so that
the family and friends of all graduates could attend. However,
some political dignitaries might not be able to attend if
seats were filled by family and friends of the graduates.
Is that why we are being given so few tickets? Is that why
there are scalpers selling tickets on the black market?
Mr. President, with all due respect, if my family and friends
cannot be present at my commencement because you are speaking,
I don't want you there at this once-in-a-lifetime celebration.
What do you think?
Sincerely,
Pamela J. Monday, Ph.D.
CC: Dr. William Cunningham, President
The University of Texas
5-7-90
Dear Mrs. Barrera:
Congratulations on the graduation of your son from
the University of Texas. Barbara and I know that
special feeling when your last child completes his
education. You have expressed it best yourself --
Hurrah!
You can be extremely proud of your children's
accomplishments. I am sure that the nurturing
atmosphere you provided them at home is largely
responsible for their success. Your family is
testimony to the opportunities and promise that
America offers, and I commend you for keeping
alive the American Dream. I know your children
will instill in their sons and daughters the
importance of education to achieving one's goals
and ambitions.
I look forward to the Texas commencement knowing that
all of the Barreras will be present. Barbara joins
me in sending you and your wonderful family our best
wishes. God bless you.
Sincerely,
GEORGE BUSH
Mrs. Delpha M. Barrera
Post Office Box 116
Premont, Texas 78375
GB/TV/PJL/SMG/emu
(5PRESE)
CC: Tom Valega Rm. 93
SAMPLE
900508
THE WHITE HOUSE
WASHINGTON
May 16, 1990
MEMORANDUM FOR CHRISTINA MARTIN
FROM:
TOM VALEGA, JR.
WRITER, OFFICE OF SPECIAL LETTER RESPONSE
PRESIDENTIAL MESSAGES AND CORRESPONDENCE
SUBJECT:
UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS COMMENCEMENT EXERCISES
Attached are several pieces of correspondence regarding the UT
graduation ceremony that I thought might be of interest to you.
The first, from Mrs. Barrera, was included in sample mail for the
POTUS to see and sign. The archetypical American Dream story.
The second item is from Dr. Monday, the irate Ph. D. candidate
featured in the recent article in the "Washington Post, " and my
draft response to her. The response has been neither edited nor
approved, so I expect some of the language will be changed. If
you'd like a copy of the final, which should go out soon, please
let me know (x2276).
The last letter is from the President of UT to Ben Bradlee, with
a copy to the POTUS, explaining how the commencement controversy
arose, White House response, etc.
Finally, our office answers many amusing, inspiring, heart-
warming and heart-wrenching letters, some of which go in to the
POTUS. We also draft Presidential Messages, nearly two hundred
in the last two weeks. We frequently "borrow" language from
speeches, and would be flattered should you ever decide to return
the favor. Anything we can do to help, just let us know.
DRAFT
Dear Dr. Monday:
Thank you for your letter regarding the arrangements for the
1990 commencement exercises at the University of Texas. I can
certainly appreciate your desire to have your family witness the
crowning achievement of your academic career.
I'm sure that you and many other graduates are relieved to learn
that graduation will take place outdoors, in order to accomodate
all those who wanted to attend. I might also point out that your
determination and spiritedness has helped drive home the lesson
that, in America, one person truly can make a difference in
improving conditions for others.
Barbara joins me in sending our best wishes to you and your
family; I look forward to addressing the 1990 graduating class of
the University of Texas, and their family and friends -- all of
them.
Sincerely,
GB
Dr. Pamela J. Monday
2931 Kassarine Pass
Austin, Texas 78704
-Copy
UNIV
PRACKING
$
OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENT
THE
TEX
THE UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT AUSTIN
AT
BIL
P.O. Box T. Austin, Texas 78713-7389
AUS
May 11, 1990
Mr. Benjamin C. Bradlee
Editor
Washington Post
1150 Fifteenth Street, N.W.
Washington, D.C. 20071
Dear Mr. Bradlee:
I was sorry to see (Washington Post article, May 11)
that some people have been critical of the White House because
of the plans for Commencement at The University of Texas at
Austin. Throughout the planning for President Bush's visit as
our Commencement speaker, The University has enjoyed complete
cooperation and support from the White House in ensuring that
as many family members and other guests as possible would be
able to attend the ceremony.
The White House did not suggest or determine the site of
our Commencement. In fact, The University decided to move the
ceremony from its traditional outdoor site in front of the Main
Building because an indoor site offered 4,452 more seats than
the traditional site and seemed a more suitable location for
a Presidential visit. But even the greater capacity of the
indoor site was exceeded by the unprecedented interest in the
ceremony among graduates and their families because of the
opportunity to hear an address from President Bush on this
important occasion.
In order to accommodate every graduate and family member
who wishes to attend, we decided this week to relocate the
ceremony to Memorial Stadium. I want to emphasize that the
White House has made every effort to assist us in planning for
this previously unanticipated crowd. The degree of cooperation
and responsiveness from White House officials has been extraor-
dinary, and I am deeply grateful for their understanding and
helpfulness.
Sincerely,
William H. Cunningham
President
WHC:
CC: President George Bush
DEPARTMENT OF COMPANY
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
Office of Public Affairs
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
Washington, D.C. 20230
May 11, 1990
Memorandum to Chriss Winston
From:
Marion C. Blakey
my
Subject: President's Speech in Texas on May 19
It is my understanding that the President will be speaking before
the University of Texas on May 19 and may address the topic of U.S.
relations with Latin America.
In light of this, we thought you might find helpful a recent speech
by Secretary Mosbacher on U.S. -Mexico economic relations. He
delivered it in March to the U.S. Border Governors, and it contains
a lot of good facts and figures on Mexico's economic recovery and
opportunities for U.S. business in Mexico. While I am sure the
President's topic will be much broader than this, I thought this
speech might be useful.
Let us know if we can be helpful on economic and business issues
in Latin America.
tinal
Pfs
DRAFT: SAUNDERS, 3/29/90, 5:00 P.M.
U.S. -MEXICO BORDER GOVERNORS CONFERENCE
SPEECH BY
ROBERT A. MOSBACHER
SECRETARY OF COMMERCE
MARCH 30, 1990
AUSTIN, TEXAS
1
THANK YOU, ERNESTO [ANCIRA (EN-SEE-RA) -- BOARD
MEMBER OF THE TEXAS CHAMBER OF COMMERCE].
It's A PRIVILEGE TO BE HERE WITH SECRETARY
SERRA, OUR GRACIOUS HOST GOVERNOR CLEMENTS,
DISTINGUISHED GOVERNORS, AND LEADING MEMBERS OF THE
BUSINESS COMMUNITY. WE ARE EMBARKING ON A NEW ERA
FOR THE UNITED STATES AND MEXICO -- AN ERA OF CLOSER
RELATIONS, THRIVING TRADE, AND GREAT ECONOMIC
POTENTIAL ON BOTH SIDES OF THE BORDER.
As A TEXAN IT'S A TREAT TO ADDRESS THIS
DISTINGUISHED AUDIENCE ON MY HOME TURF. WE MAY HAVE
DIVERSE RESPONSIBILITIES IN BUSINESS AND
GOVERNMENT -- BUT WE ARE UNITED BY A DESIRE FOR A
BETTER LIFE FOR THE PEOPLE OF THIS REGION.
2
IN FACT, THE 10 STATES REPRESENTED HERE TODAY
HAVE BECOME A SORT OF DYNAMIC ECONOMIC LABORATORY.
WITHIN THIS LABORATORY, YOU ARE DEVELOPING SOLUTIONS
TO THE PRACTICAL CHALLENGES OF COMMERCIAL
INTEGRATION ALONG THE BORDER. As PART OF THE BORDER
COMMUNITY, YOU ARE -- IN A VERY REAL SENSE -- THE
SCIENTISTS AND TECHNICIANS RESPONSIBLE FOR THIS
HISTORIC EXPERIMENT.
A KEY STEWARD OF THIS EXPERIMENT IS MY GOOD
FRIEND AND COUNTERPART FROM MEXICO, SECRETARY SERRA.
WE SALUTE THE COURAGE AND PERSISTENCE OF PRESIDENT
SALINAS, SECRETARY SERRA, AND THE REST OF THE
CABINET -- AND WE ENTHUSIASTICALLY ENDORSE THEIR
GOAL OF ENERGIZING THE MEXICAN ECONOMY THROUGH FREE
MARKETS.
3
A MAJOR WAY WE CAN HELP MEXICO IS TO KEEP OUR
OWN ECONOMY OPEN TO ITS GOODS -- AND TO KEEP THE
U.S. ECONOMIC EXPANSION GOING STRONG. To ACCOMPLISH
THIS TASK PRESIDENT BUSH HAS LAUNCHED AN EIGHT POINT
COMPETITIVENESS AGENDA.
FIRST: WE MUST THINK LONGTERM AND REDUCE THE
DEFICIT WITH NO NEW TAXES, AND CUT THE CAPITAL GAINS
RATE AS OTHER FORWARD-LOOKING NATIONS HAVE DONE.
SECOND: WE MUST REFORM HARMFUL REGULATIONS --
so THE PRESIDENT HAS ENDORSED CHANGING OUR ANTITRUST
LAWS TO ALLOW JOINT PRODUCTION AND HAS INTRODUCED
LEGISLATION ON PRODUCT LIABILITY REFORM.
THIRD: WE HAVE BOOSTED FEDERAL RESEARCH AND
DEVELOPMENT BY 16 PERCENT -- AND HAVE ACCELERATED
EFFORTS TO COMMERCIALIZE THE RESULTS OF OUR
RESEARCH.
4
FOURTH: WE MUST CLEAN UP OUR ENVIRONMENT IN
WAYS THAT REASONABLY BALANCE THE NEEDS OF THE
ENVIRONMENT WITH THE NEEDS OF THE ECONOMY.
FIFTH: WE HAVE LAUNCHED A NATIONWIDE EFFORT TO
IMPROVE OUR EDUCATION SYSTEM, ESPECIALLY IN SCIENCE
AND MATHEMATICS.
SIXTH: WE ARE EMPHASIZING QUALITY IN GOODS AND
SERVICES.
SEVENTH: WE WILL STREAMLINE EXPORT CONTROLS.
EIGHTH: WE MUST AIM FOR A CLEAR-CUT TRADE
POLICY PAVING A TWO-WAY STREET. As PRESIDENT BUSH
HAS SAID, "WE'VE GOT TO STRIVE FOR FREE TRADE --
FREE AND FAIR TRADE. It's THE FUEL OF PROSPERITY
WORLDWIDE.' II
SECRETARY SERRA AND I KNOW FIRST-HAND THAT TRADE
LEADS TO PROSPERITY. WE ARE WORKING CLOSELY
TOGETHER TO BOOST TRADE BETWEEN OUR NATIONS.
5
OUR EFFORTS BEGAN LAST OCTOBER WITH THE CREATION
OF THE U.S.-MEXICO JOINT COMMITTEE FOR TRADE AND
INVESTMENT. ITS GOAL IS TO PROMOTE COMMERCIAL
OPPORTUNITIES ON BOTH SIDES OF THE BORDER.
As PART OF THIS PROGRAM, IN NOVEMBER WE IN THE
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE LED A TRADE MISSION OF
16 CHIEF EXECUTIVES -- INCLUDING EIGHT FROM THE
BORDER STATES -- TO MEXICO CITY. SECRETARY SERRA
HELPED US EXPLORE OPPORTUNITIES IN
TELECOMMUNICATIONS, TOURISM, TRANSPORTATION, AND
INFRASTRUCTURE. MORE MISSIONS ARE PLANNED THIS YEAR
-- FOCUSING ON SUCH AREAS AS PETROCHEMICALS,
FINANCIAL SERVICES, TOURISM, AND POLLUTION CONTROLS.
OUR NATIONS ARE ALSO DEVELOPING TECHNICAL
EXCHANGES IN THE AREAS OF PATENT AND TRADEMARKS,
LEGISLATION AFFECTING TRADE AND INVESTMENT, AND
BUSINESS PROMOTION TECHNIQUES.
6
FINALLY, SECRETARY SERRA AND I ARE CONDUCTING
PUBLIC CONFERENCES TOGETHER TO SPREAD THE GOOD NEWS
ABOUT THE "NEW" MEXICO. WE HAD ONE SEMINAR IN NEW
YORK CITY RECENTLY -- AND ARE LOOKING FORWARD TO
OTHERS AROUND THE UNITED STATES.
AT THESE SEMINARS OUR MESSAGE IS SIMPLE AND
DIRECT: THE NEW U.S.-MEXICO RELATIONSHIP MEANS NEW
OPPORTUNITY FOR THE PRIVATE SECTOR.
MEXICO IS OUR THIRD-LARGEST TRADING PARTNER AND
OUR THIRD LARGEST MARKET FOR EXPORTS. OUR TOTAL
TRADE WITH MEXICO REACHED AN ALL-TIME HIGH OF
$52 BILLION IN 1989 -- A 20 PERCENT JUMP OVER 1988
AND UP 50 PERCENT FROM 1987. WE PREDICT TRADE WILL
GROW AN ADDITIONAL 10 PERCENT IN 1990.
7
MEXICO IS ALREADY THE ELEVENTH LARGEST NATION IN
THE WORLD -- WITH ITS 85 MILLION PEOPLE, A
POPULATION THAT GROWS BY TWO PERCENT A YEAR, AND
MEXICO CITY IS THE LARGEST CITY ON EARTH.
BUT THE MAIN REASON WE TALK OF A THRESHOLD OF
OPPORTUNITY IS THIS: MEXICO IS UNDERGOING A VAST
POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC TRANSFORMATION. INFLATION
HAS BEEN SLASHED FROM 159 PERCENT IN 1987 TO LESS
THAN 20 PERCENT ONLY TWO YEARS LATER IN 1989.
ECONOMIC GROWTH WAS SOLID LAST YEAR AND UNEMPLOYMENT
SHOULD DROP FROM ITS CURRENT LEVEL OF 18 PERCENT AS
THE REFORMS AND ECONOMIC GROWTH CONTINUE.
THESE CHANGES HAVE BOOSTED BUSINESS CONFIDENCE
IN MEXICO.
8
IN FACT, FOREIGN INVESTMENT IN MEXICO TOTALLED
$2 BILLION IN THE FIRST SIX MONTHS OF LAST YEAR
ALONE. ANOTHER $3 BILLION IN INVESTMENTS HAS BEEN
ANNOUNCED BY FORD, NISSAN, AND VOLKSWAGEN.
MOREOVER, SOME $3 BILLION IN "FLIGHT" CAPITAL
HAS RETURNED HOME TO MEXICO -- PERHAPS THE SINGLE
BEST INDICATOR THAT MEXICANS BELIEVE IN THE SALINAS
ECONOMIC REFORM PROGRAM.
THIS SURGE IN FOREIGN INVESTMENT IS EASING THE
FOREIGN DEBT PICTURE AS WELL -- BY PROVIDING AN
ALTERNATIVE TO BORROWED MONEY. WITH ECONOMIC
PROSPECTS BRIGHTER, MEXICO WAS ABLE TO REACH AN
AGREEMENT WITH COMMERCIAL BANKS ON $53 BILLION OF
ITS DEBT -- AND INTEREST RATES DECLINED AS A RESULT.
9
MEXICO ALSO WILL RECEIVE $1.5 BILLION IN NEW BANK
LOANS OVER THE NEXT THREE YEARS. As THE REFORMS
REVITALIZE THE ECONOMY, THE FOREIGN DEBT SHOULD EASE
STILL FURTHER.
ANOTHER SUCCESS STORY IN THE NEW, VITAL MEXICO
IS THE "IN-BOND" INDUSTRY. I SPOKE OF THIS REGION
AS AN ECONOMIC LABORATORY -- AND THE IN-BOND
INDUSTRY IS IN KEEPING WITH THE GREAT EXPERIMENTS OF
THE 1980s -- THE SPREAD OF FREE MARKETS AND FREE
TRADE AREAS ACROSS THE WORLD.
THE IN-BOND INDUSTRY IS A SPECIAL KIND OF FREE
TRADE ZONE. As YOU WELL KNOW, THIS PROGRAM ALLOWS
FOREIGN MANUFACTURERS TO SHIP COMPONENTS DUTY-FREE
INTO MEXICO -- TO BUILD PRODUCTS THAT ARE ULTIMATELY
EXPORTED. THIS SECTOR EMPLOYS OVER 400,000 PEOPLE
IN 1600 PLANTS -- AND GREW A REMARKABLE 19 PERCENT
(ON AVERAGE) EACH YEAR FROM 1983 TO 1988.
10
IN-BOND OPERATIONS HAVE ALREADY BROUGHT EXTENSIVE
INDUSTRIAL AND COMMERCIAL INTEGRATION ALONG THE
BORDER. AND JUST RECENTLY, MEXICO ACTED TO
ENCOURAGE IN-BOND FACILITIES IN THE INTERIOR OF
MEXICO AND WILL PERMIT MORE IN-BOND GOODS TO BE SOLD
IN THAT COUNTRY.
BUT WHAT ABOUT THE COMMON CONCERN IN THE UNITED
STATES THAT THE IN-BOND EXPERIMENT REDUCES JOBS?
WHEN THE RESULTS OF AN EXPERIMENT ARE
QUESTIONED, YOU TRY TO VERIFY THE RESULTS WITH
EXPERTS. WE FOUND THAT MANY STUDIES -- INCLUDING
THOSE FROM THE U.S. INTERNATIONAL TRADE COMMISSION
AND THE U.S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR -- SHOW THAT THE
NET EFFECT IS MORE JOBS. IN-BOND MEANS MORE JOBS ON
BOTH SIDES OF THE BORDER. THE REASON IS SIMPLE.
11
FREE TRADE STIMULATES ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITY --
BECAUSE IT ALLOWS PEOPLE TO TAKE ADVANTAGE OF
OPPORTUNITIES THAT REGULATIONS WOULD OTHERWISE
PROHIBIT.
IN FACT, THE IN-BOND PROGRAM CREATES THOUSANDS
OF JOBS IN TEXAS ALONE. THE FEDERAL RESERVE BANK OF
DALLAS ESTIMATES IT DIRECTLY ACCOUNTS FOR 16,000
JOBS AND INDIRECTLY FOR AN ADDITIONAL 25,000.
COMMERCIAL ACTIVITY IS ALSO GENERATED IN TEXAS
SERVICES INDUSTRIES, SUCH AS CUSTOMS BROKERS,
TRANSPORTATION AND OTHER PURCHASES. PURCHASES FROM
TEXAS SUPPLIERS COULD REPRESENT AS MANY AS 10,000
EXTRA JOBS.
12
WE WOULD LIKE TO BROADEN THE SUCCESSFUL "IN-
BOND" EXPERIMENT. INDEED, THERE IS TALK OF A
"NORTH AMERICAN FREE TRADE ZONE" -- WHERE DUTIES AND
TARIFFS AND OTHER BARRIERS WOULD DISAPPEAR FROM THE
CONTINENT.
THE TOPIC OF A MEXICO-U.S. FREE TRADE AGREEMENT
HAS ALSO BEEN WIDELY DISCUSSED OVER THE YEARS. OUR
TWO GOVERNMENTS HAVE DISCUSSED IT IN GENERAL TERMS,
ACADEMICS HAVE WRITTEN ABOUT IT, AND PREVIOUS
ADMINISTRATIONS HAVE CONSIDERED IT.
HOWEVER, CONTRARY TO RECENT REPORTS, THE U.S.
AND MEXICO HAVE NOT BEGUN THE NEGOTIATION OF AN FTA.
WHEN PRESIDENTS BUSH AND SALINAS MET LAST OCTOBER,
THEY AGREED THAT WE SHOULD EXAMINE WAYS TO ENHANCE
U.S. -MEXICAN TRADE AND INVESTMENT RELATIONS.
13
WITH THAT CHARGE, SECRETARY SERRA AND I ARE
PURSUING ALTERNATIVE APPROACHES TO INCREASE OUR
TRADE.
THE KEY POINT TO REMEMBER IS THAT MEXICO IS A
CLOSE NEIGHBOR AND FRIEND, AND EXPANDING OUR
ECONOMIC RELATIONSHIP IS A PRIORITY FOR BOTH
COUNTRIES. OUR TRADE WITH MEXICO IS ALREADY OUR
THIRD LARGEST PARTNERSHIP -- AND WITH FREER TRADE,
THE FUTURE WOULD BE WITHOUT LIMIT.
WE BELIEVE IN PRESIDENT SALINAS AND SECRETARY
SERRA. AND WE BELIEVE IN THE MEXICAN PEOPLE. THEY
KNOW THE ROAD AHEAD MAY NOT ALWAYS BE EASY, BUT THEY
ALSO KNOW THEY CAN'T GO BACK TO THE DISASTROUS
PROTECTIONIST ECONOMIES OF THE PAST.
14
WE BELIEVE MEXICO CAN BE A FIRST-CLASS ECONOMY
IN THE WORLD MARKETPLACE BY THE TURN OF THE CENTURY.
A NEWLY-INDUSTRIALIZED NATION RATHER THAN A
DEVELOPING NATION.
JUST LOOK AT MEXICO'S COMMITMENT TO A MODERN
INFRASTRUCTURE -- $10 BILLION DEVOTED TO A STATE OF
THE ART TELECOMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM. ANOTHER
$10 BILLION ON A MODERN EDUCATION SYSTEM. AND WITH
SIMILAR PLANS FOR TRANSPORTATION, MEXICO WILL HAVE A
MODERN INTERSTATE HIGHWAY SYSTEM, A MODERN RAILWAY
SYSTEM, AND NEW CONTAINERIZED PORTS.
WE ARE IN A POSITION TO JOINTLY SET SOME
AMBITIOUS GOALS FOR OUR TWO COUNTRIES:
* By 1995, IF PRESENT TRENDS CONTINUE, WE CAN
TOP $100 BILLION TOTAL TRADE PER YEAR.
15
*
WE MUST BOTH KEEP OUR ECONOMIES GROWING
-- MEXICO WITH HER REFORMS AND THE UNITED
STATES WITH THE EIGHT-INITIATIVE PROGRAM I
OUTLINED EARLIER.
*
WE MUST KEEP OUR MARKETS OPEN -- TO ONE
ANOTHER AND TO OTHER NATIONS.
*
GOVERNMENT AND BUSINESS MUST PROMOTE TRADE
-- IN THE SPIRIT OF THE TRADE MISSIONS AND
TRADE AND INVESTMENT COMMITTEE THAT HAVE
GOTTEN US OFF TO SUCH A GOOD START.
*
WE MUST MAKE OUR SYSTEMS CONSISTENT ON
INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS AND IN THE WAY
WE MEASURE TRADE DATA.
16
*
FINALLY, WE CAN ALL PROSPER FROM COOPERATION
-- FEDERAL GOVERNMENT, STATE GOVERNMENT, AND
PRIVATE SECTOR. THIS CONFERENCE IS AN
EXCELLENT EXAMPLE OF FEDERAL-STATE-PRIVATE
COOPERATION THAT HAS BEEN GROWING FOR 10
YEARS NOW -- AND IT WILL CONTINUE TO GROW IN
SCOPE AND INFLUENCE.
IF ITS REFORMS CONTINUE, MEXICO STANDS TO BECOME
A MODEL OF FREE-MARKET ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT -- NOT
ONLY REGIONALLY BUT GLOBALLY. THE MEXICAN PEOPLE
CAN IGNITE GROWTH IN LATIN AMERICA AND INSPIRE
DEVELOPING NATIONS WORLDWIDE.
WE IN THE UNITED STATES MUST REMEMBER THE
PRINCIPLES THAT GUIDED OUR OWN NATION TO GREATNESS.
WE -- THE GREAT LABORATORY OF FREEDOM IN 1776 --
HAVE NEVER BEEN AFRAID TO TRY NEW IDEAS, TO
EXPERIMENT, TO KEEP FOCUSED ON THE FUTURE.
17
WE MUST KEEP OUR ECONOMY STRONG AND OPEN -- AND KEEP
OUR HEARTS AND MINDS OPEN TO THE CONCERNS OF OUR
CLOSE FRIENDS AND NEXT-DOOR NEIGHBORS TO THE SOUTH.
THANK YOU VERY MUCH.