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Originally Processed With FOIA(s):
FOIA Number:
S
S
FOIA
MARKER
This is not a textual record. This is used as an
administrative marker by the George Bush Presidential
Library Staff.
Record Group/Collection:
George H.W. Bush Presidential Records
Collection/Office of Origin:
Speechwriting, White House Office of
Series:
Speech File Backup Files
Subseries:
Chron File, 1989-1993
OA/ID Number:
13715
Folder ID Number:
13715-001
Folder Title:
Florida GOP Address 4/20/90 [OA 8311] [ 1]
Stack:
Row:
Section:
Shelf:
Position:
G
26
20
5
3
MEMORANDUM
TO:
MARK LANGE
FROM:
CAROLYN CAWLEY
RE:
BACKGROUND ON FLORIDA GOP EVENT
EVENT:
Republican Party of Florida
1990 Statesman's Dinner
DATE:
April 20, 1990
LOCATION:
Orange County Convention Center, Orlando
(site of the Farm Speech in January)
ATTENDEES:
approximately 2500. Speech is TelePrompted
TIME:
POTUS speaks at 7:00 p.m. and departs for
Islamorada, FL
LUMINARIES
(more TBD) :
National Statesman:
POTUS
FL Statesman:
Alec P. Courtelis
Honorary Chairman:
Bob Hope
Dinner Chairman:
Jeb Bush
Corporate Chairs:
H. Wayne Huizenga,
Blockbuster Video
Ricardo Vadia,
Corepoint Corporation
Fred Bullard,
The Bullard Group
Special Gifts Chair:
Phil Bakes,
Eastern Airlines
Dignitary Chairman:
Sen. Connie Mack
Special Guest:
Lee Greenwood
(Republican convention)
04/05/90
16:07
CONGRESSMAN BILL GRANT
001
BILL GRANT
WASHINGTON OFFICE.
20 DISTRICT. FLORIDA
Room 1330
LONGWORTH House OFFICE BUILDING
202-226-8235
COMMITTEE ON AGRICULTURE
TOBACCO AND PEANUTS
Congress of the United States
DISTRICT OFFICES
SUBCOMM/TTEES:
830 THOMASVILLE ROAD, SUITE 101
LIVESTOGR, DATE AND POULTRY
TALLAHABSEE FL 32303
House of Representatives
904-881-7434
PUBLIC WORKS AND
TRANSPORTATION COMMITTEE
1990-A SOUTH FIRST STREET
Mashington. BC 20515
LAKE CITY. FL 22055
SELECT COMMITTEE ON NARCOTICS
904-755-5657
ABUSE AND CONTROL
POST OFFICE BUILDING # 109
MARIANNA. FL 32446
904-826-3526
TELECOPY
TO:
Christina Barton
FROM:
Sharon Brooks
DATE:
4/5/90
TIME:
4:55pm
NUMBER OF PAGES:
/
(
EXCLUDING COVER SHEET
(
) INCLUDING COVER SHEET
CONTACT:
PHONE:
INSTRUCTIONS OR COMMENTS:
Bio for
Congressment Thank
APR 4 '90 13:23
FROM FL REPUBLICAN PARTY
PAGE. . 001/003
Republican Party of Florida
DARITY
SO
FLORIDA
Van B. Poole, Chairman P.O. Box 311 Tallahassee, Florida 32302 (904) 222-7920 fx: (904)681-0184
Fax Cover Sheet:
To:
Carolyn Camlay
202/456/6218
From: Stan Smith, Press Secretary
Date: 4-4-90
# Of Sheets:
(including cover sheet)
NOTES:
Tampa Bay included?
to protect aquatic Riches
THE WHITE HOUSE
it Jampa
WASHINGTON
Bay.
David:
One of the items we had been discussing for
the President's Florida trip later this month
was an announcement of new estuaries under
EPA's national estuary program. Six sites
are under consideration, with four to be
named. Two of the six are in Florida, in-
cluding Tampa Bay, Martinez's hometown, so
we were trying to see if there would be in-
terest in going there and having the President
make the announcement if it was in fact chosen.
Advance did not bite on the idea because of
the logistical. EPA now wants to know if there
would be a possibility of the President making
the announcement wherever he happens to be.
This could be a good environmental announce-
ment, but to make it happen EPA needs to get
the selection process in full gear by Monday
or Tuesday. It should be noted that other
of the possible sites are in Maine and Massa-
chusetts, so the alternative would be pro-
ceeding with the process in due course and
seeing if the President might later make the
announcement at one of the other sites, pass-
ing on the Earth Day opportunity.
Barry
THE NATIONAL ESTUARY PROGRAM
THE PROBLEM
Estuaries and near coastal waters are among the richest,
most productive, and most intensively used habitats on earth.
These areas accommodate fishing, commercial shipping, tourism,
recreation, boat traffic, flood control, waste disposal,
industry, waterfront development, wildlife, and people -- all at
the same time.
This intense concentration of uses in coastal areas is
showing its effects, including contaminated fish, shellfish, and
sediments; closed beaches; and aquatic dead zones where nothing
survives. Various causes have been cited for these problems,
including discharges from sewer pipes and treatment plants,
runoff from farms and urban areas, and leachate from failing
septic systems.
Too many demands are sending too many pollutants into
estuaries and near coastal waters that are reaching the limits of
their assimilative capacity. Unfortunately, these kinds of
problems are not fully addressed by conventional pollution
control programs, which are based on regulations and enforcement.
Rather, the solution lies in understanding complex issues of
habitat, multimedia and nonpoint source pollution, land-use
planning, and resource management.
THE PROGRAM
Under section 320 of the Water Quality Act of 1987, Congress
established the National Estuary Program (NEP) within EPA
precisely to address these issues. Under the law, the NEP's
mission is to show how estuaries can be protected and enhanced
through comprehensive, action-oriented management programs.
This emphasis on action and comprehensive solutions is
unique within EPA, growing from the Agency's experiences in the
Great Lakes and Chesapeake Bay programs. No other program has
the mandate to target entire geographic areas, or to look at
whole ecosystems instead of isolated problems.
Three characteristics in particular distinguish the NEP
approach. First, the NEP emphasizes partnerships. No single
agency, citizen organization, or interest group can manage the
problems of a particular estuary. The NEP brings together all
parties with an interest in an estuary -- federal agencies, state
and local governments, citizens, user groups, and others -- to
collaborate in a unique forum called a Management Conference.
-2-
The role of the Management Conference is to develop a
comprehensive conservation and management plan (CCMP) that
characterizes major problems of the estuary and identifies how
these problems will be addressed.
Second, the NEP focuses on management and regulatory tools
to implement CCMPs. These tools range from traditional technical
assistance in monitoring, sampling, and other research efforts to
workshops on financing, public participation, and promoting
successful management approaches. Another major tool is the
NEP's mandate to coordinate and leverage other programs. By
coordinating its efforts with key Federal agencies such as the
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, the U.S. Fish
and Wildlife Service, the U.S. Geological Survey, the Food and
Drug Administration, and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, the
NEP has successfully focused attention and funding on coastal and
marine issues.
Third, and most important, the NEP emphasizes action, and by
doing so, produces results. Development of a CCMP is not just a
planning exercise. The process identifies major problems within
an estuary and binds participants to specific financial,
institutional, and political commitments to address those
problems. CCMPs are management blueprints, translating goals
into concrete schedules and activities.
The NEP reinforces this focus on action by offering
additional financial help for estuary projects that choose to
take action even before the CCMP is developed. For example, the
NEP funds demonstration projects that test the effectiveness of
selected pollution abatement and control strategies, show
environmental improvements that can be achieved on a small scale,
and help determine the time and resources needed to apply similar
approaches throughout the waterbody. Examples of such
demonstration projects include a stormwater diversion/filtration
project in Puget Sound, a wetlands restoration project in San
Francisco Bay, and a project in Long Island Sound to test the
feasibility of new and innovative techniques for removing
nutrients from POTW effluent.
THE FUTURE
The NEP is currently entering Phase III, with 6 new
estuaries nominated to the program in 1989. The new nominations
include Casco Bay, Maine; Massachusetts Bays, Massachusetts;
Charleston Harbor, South Carolina; Indian River Lagoon, Florida;
Tampa Bay, Florida; and Barataria-Terrebonne Bays, Louisiana.
The Administrator's decision on designation of these estuaries to
the NEP is expected in April 1990.
-3-
The 12 estuaries currently in the NEP address specific
regional problems, as well as problems common to all estuaries.
The Management Conferences convened for these estuaries reflect
various stages of the NEP process; some were established almost
five years ago and are ready to produce CCMPs, others were
convened only a short while ago and are in the process of
characterizing the problems of their estuaries.
During its brief history, the NEP has demonstrated that many
critical choices for our coasts are made by state and local
governments. The Federal government can provide leadership and
technical assistance, promote certain trends, encourage
innovation, and focus resources. But the most important lesson
from the NEP is that state governments and local communities can
generate and sustain the political and institutional will to
protect our coastal environment. By forming partnerships among
all three levels, the NEP fosters a spirit of cooperation and
commitment that results in action.
National Estuary Program: Nominations
Casco Bay
Massachusetts Bays
Charleston Harbor
Indian Iliver Legoon
Bays
Tampo Bay
Nominations
12:05
UPIT - REGION IV
002
UNITED STATES
UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
PROTECTION
REGION IV
345 COURTLAND STREET. N.E.
March 23, 1990
ATLANTA. GEORGIA 30365
CONFIDENTIAL
MEMORANDUM
Tidwell
From:
Greer
C.
Tidwell
Regional Administrator
To:
Gordon Binder
Chief of Staff
Subj: Potential Earth Day Activity
In connection with a possible visit to Tampa to announce inclusion of
Tampa Bay and Indian River in the National Estuary Program, the
following have particularly current environmental significance:
1. Sarasota Bay, previously identified as part of the National
Estuary Program. The Sarasota Bay Project has been formulating a
comprehensive conservation and management plan to combat problems
caused by rapid urbanization, similar to those experienced in Tampa
Bay, less than 50 miles to the north. There would be a number of
ways in which the efforts in Sarasota Bay and Tampa Bay could be
compared and linked.
2. Constructed wetlands, part of a federally-sponsored project
at Orlando's Iron Bridge POTW, where a constructed wetlands system
provides advanced treatment for municipal wastewater.
3. Lake Okeechobee, where a comprehensive Surface Water
Improvement and Management (SWIM) plan of non-point source pollution
control, particularly involving area agricultural activities, is
being implemented under Florida law to improve water quality. Note,
however, that some of the same controls protecting the lake may be
intensifying the pollution problem southward to Everglades National
Park, about which litigation is pending.
4. Kissimmee River Restoration Project in Florida, which is
being designed to backfill 30-35 miles of the canal that destroyed
much of the Kissimmee River. This unprecedented project would
restore natural river environment while providing water quality
benefits to areas downstream such as Lake Okeechobee. Note, however,
that this announced project will be very expensive and has not yet
been funded.
5. EPA's laboratory at Gulf Breeze, Florida (some 50 miles east
of Mobile), which participated in innovative efforts to increase
biological degradation of oil spilled in the Valdez incident. Within
ten miles of this laboratory is located Perdido Bay, site of joint
state and federal efforts to protect the area as part of the Near
Coastal Waters Program.
Additional details can be readily provided on any of the above that
interest you. I have designated Lawrence Neville (FTS 257-3004), my
Director of Public Affairs, as Region IV contact on this matter.
-
L UNITED STATES. AGERCY
UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
WASHINGTON DC 20460
MAR 22 1990
OFFICE OF COMMUNICATIONS
AND PUBLIC AFFAIRS
Basy:
Asnegmated -
(1) Materials on National 5 extraries
willbe rominated- -- only want make
it because of probtens with their application. Notethat there are
two locations me Florida and one m Maine (there's a governor's
race in Main) near Kennbankport.
(2) Materials on the opening of our radiation GG
in Montgomeng Alabama.
I'm leaving for vacation on Friday but Cardl and Rogy will
be working with Green Tidavell, our Regioral Administrator in Atlanta.
If you need of reachme, call (607) 793-119.
Low
Printed on Registed Paper
THE NATIONAL ESTUARY PROGRAM
THE PROBLEM
Estuaries and near coastal waters are among the richest,
most productive, and most intensively used habitats on earth.
These areas accommodate fishing, commercial shipping, tourism,
recreation, boat traffic, flood control, waste disposal,
industry, waterfront development, wildlife, and people -- all at
the same time.
This intense concentration of uses in coastal areas is
showing its effects, including contaminated fish, shellfish, and
sediments; closed beaches; and aquatic dead zones where nothing
survives. Various causes have been cited for these problems,
including discharges from sewer pipes and treatment plants,
runoff from farms and urban areas, and leachate from failing
septic systems-
Too many demands are sending too many pollutants into
estuaries and near coastal waters that are reaching the limits of
their assimilative capacity. Unfortunately, these kinds of
problems are not fully addressed by conventional pollution
control programs, which are based on regulations and enforcement.
Rather, the solution lies in understanding complex issues of
habitat, multimedia and nonpoint source pollution, land-use
planning, and resource management.
THE PROGRAM
Under section 320 of the Water Quality Act of 1987, Congress
established the National Estuary Program (NEP) within EPA
precisely to address these issues. Under the law, the NEP's
mission is to show how ostuaries can be protected and enhanced
through comprehensive, action-oriented management programs.
This emphasis on action and comprehensive solutions is
unique within EPA, growing from the Agency's experiences in the
Great Lakes and Chesapeake Bay programs. No other program has
the mandate to target entire geographic areas, or to look at
whole ecosystems instead of isolated problems.
Three characteristics in particular distinguish the NEP
approach. First, the NEP emphasizes partnerships. No single
agency, citizen organization, or intorest group can manage the
problems of a particular estuary. The NEP brings together All
parties with an interest in an estuary -- federal agencies, state
and local governments, citizens, user groups, and others -- to
collaborate in a unique forum called a Management Conference.
606
006
4006
ADMIN
-2-
The role of the Management Conference is to develop a
comprehensive conservation and management plan (CCMP) that
characterizes major problems of the estuary and identifies how
these problems will be addressed.
Second, the NEP focuses on management and regulatory tools
to implement CCMPs. These tools range from traditional technical
assistance in monitoring, sampling, and other research efforts to
workshops on financing, public participation, and promoting
successful management approaches. Another major tool is the
NEP's mandate to coordinate and leverage other programs. BY
coordinating its efforts with key Federal agencies such as the
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, the U.S. Fish
and Wildlife Service, the U.S. Geological Survey, the Food and
Drug Administration, and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, the
NEP has successfully focused attention and funding on coastal and
marine issues.
Third, and most important, the NEP emphasizes action, and by
doing so, produces results. Development of 2 CCMP is not just a
planning exercise. The process identifies major problems within
an estuary and binds participants to specific financial,
institutional, and political commitments to address those
problems. CCMPs are management blueprints, translating goals
into concrete schedules and activities.
The NEP reinforces this focus on action by offering
additional financial help for estuary projects that choose to
take action even before the CCMP is developed. For example, the
NEP funds demonstration projects that test the cffectiveness of
selected pollution abatement and control strategies, show
environmental improvements that can be achieved on a small scale,
and help determine the time and resources needed to apply similar
approaches throughout the waterbody. Examples of such
demonstration projects include a stormwater diversion/filtration
project in Puget Sound, a wetlands restoration project in San
Francisco Bay, and a project in Long Island Sound to test the
feasibility of new and innovative techniques for removing
nutrients from POTW effluent.
THE FUTURE
The NEP is currently entering Phase III, with 6 new
estuaries nominated to the program in 1989- The new nominations
include Casco Bay, Maine; Massachusetts Bays, Massachusetts;
Charleston Harbor, South Carolina; Indian River Lagoon, Florida;
Tampa Bay, Florida; and Barataria-Terrebonne Bays, Louisiana.
The Administrator's decision on designation of these estuaries to
the NEP is expected in April 1990.
-3-
The 12 estuaries currently in the NEP address specific
regional problems, as well as problems common to all estuaries.
The Management Conferences convened for these estuaries reflect
various stages of the NEP process; some were established almost
five years ago and are ready to produce CCMPs, others were
convened only a short while ago and are in the process of
characterizing the problems of their estuaries.
During its brief history, the NEP has demonstrated that many
critical choices for our coasts are made by state and local
governments. The Federal government can provide leadership and
technical assistance, promote certain trends, encourage
innovation, and focus resources. But the most important lesson
from the NEP is that state governments and local communities can
generate and sustain the political and institutional will to
protect our coastal environment. BY forming partnerships among
all three levels, the NEP fosters a spirit of cooperation and
commitment that results in action.
15/J UVD
The National Estuary Program
Background and History
Cra DEFUII ADMIN
1985 Direct budget appropriations to conduct four studies:
Buzzards Bay, Massachusetts
Long Island Sound, New York and New Jersey
Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island
2020 02/39/00 700% you 07:17
Puget Sound, Washington
EPA National Estuary Program
National Estuary Program: 1985
Puget Sound
Buzzards Bay
Normagneet Day
Long Island Sound
New Programs
The National Estuary Program
Background and History, (cont'd)
1986 Increase in funding; decision to add two studies:
Albemarle/Pamlico Sounds, North Carolina
San Francisco Bay, California
EPA National Estuary Prcgram
>
The National Estuary Program
Background and History, (cont'd)
Decision based on the need to:
- expand the types of environmental problems addressed
Bra VDI 011
- increase regional participation
- increase state participation
707.21 you 7006
- Increase coverage of the coasts
67:1T 08/22/00
EPA National Estuary Program
National Estuary Program: 1986
Pugel Sound
Buzzards Day
Narraganselt Bay
THEY e 1
Long Island Sound
San Francisco
Day
Albarnarle-Pemico Sounds
> 4 706 >
New Programs
,
.
Existing Programs
02/27/00 0
TTN 7
Water Quality Act - Section 320
Establishes the National Estuary Program
EPA DEPUTY ADMIN
Authorizes the EPA Administrator to convene Management
Y
Conferences
Defines activities and requirements for Management Conferences
Authorizes up to $12,000,000 per year to 1991
207.0. 200 2004
03/22/90 17:30
EPA National Estuary Program
7
PURPOSES OF THE
NATIONAL ESTUARY PROGRAM
1. Identify nationally significant estuaries threatened by pollution,
development, or overuse
an VET 011
2. Promote comprehensive planning for, and conservation and
management of, significant estuaries
3. Encourage preparation of management plans for significant estuaries
4. Enhance the coordination of estuarine research
I
NATIONAL ESTUARY PROGRAM
SEVEN PURPOSES OF A NATIONAL ESTUARY
PROGRAM MANAGEMENT CONFERENCE
1. Assess trends in water quality, natural resources, and estuary uses
2. Collect, characterize, and assess data on toxics, nutrients, and
natural resources within the estuarine zone to identify causes of
environmental problems
3. Develop relationship between pollutant loadings and estuarine water
quality, natural resources, and potential uses In the estuary
NATIONAL ESTUARY PROGRAM
SEVEN PURPOSES OF A NATIONAL ESTUARY
PROGRAM MANAGEMENT CONFERENCE
4. Develop a comprehensive conservation and management plan that
recommends priority actions and compliance schedules
5. Develop plans for coordinated implementation
6. Monitor effectiveness of actions taken
7. Review all federal financial assistance programs and federal
development projects for consistency with estuary management plans
NATIONAL ESTUARY PROGRAM
+
>
MCS-1-3
Management Conference Membership
EPA Regional
Administrator
NAME WIT
State, Local,
State, Federal,
and Foreign
and Local
Governments
Agencies
Affected
Users
Scientific
Educational
Community
Institutions
General Public
EPA National Estuary Program
Major Estuary Program Milestones
Planning Initiative CCMP Development
Characterization
Implementation
Priority Action Plans
Charactertzation
Report
Comprehensive
Conservation and
Implementation
Management Fish
Progress
Report
EPA National Estuary Program
Implementation of National Estuary Program
Phase I:
September 1987 - April 1988
Review, evaluate and convene Management
Conferences in six existing programs
Phase II:
February 1988 - June 1988
Provide opportunity for new estuaries to enter
the program
Phase III: June 1988 M forward
Provide opportunity for other estuaries to enter
the program
EPA National Estuary Program
Phase I: Existing Program Estuaries
With EPA Regional and State program participants:
Reviewed progress to date
Evaluated new requirements
Completed schedules for major program milestones in a
designation package
Signed EPA/State Conference Agreements
Convened Management Conferences
Conducted Ceremonies
EPA National Estuary Program
Phase II: New Estuaries
Given Priority Consideration and declared to be of National
Significance
Guidance on Contents of Governor's Nomination
EPA review and comments on drafts or previous submissions
Conference calls
Direct on-site visits and/or workshops
Action to convene when nomination is complete
EPA National Estuary Program
Governor's Nomination
National significance
Need for a conference
Likellhood of success
Need for additional controls of point and nonpoint sources of
pollution
EPA National Estuary Program
National Significance
Why should EPA and the State promote comprehensive planning
for the estuary being nominated?
Why is the estuary important to the Nation?
How can the lessons learned from this estuary be applied to other
coastal areas within the State or to other States?
Governor's Nomination
EPA National Estuary Program
The Need for the Conference
What are the major environmental problems facing the estuary?
What are the institutional problems facing the estuary?
What are the most likely causes of these problems?
Governor's Nomination
EPA National Estuary Program
The Likelihood of Success
What are State and local governments, and public and private
Institutions already doing for the estuary?
What goals and objectives do you propose to set for the estuary
and how do you propose to meet them?
Who will participate in the Management Conference and how will it
be organized?
Is there public and political will, as well as financial capabilities, to
support Implementation of the Comprehensive Conservation and
Management Plan?
Governor's Nomination
EPA National Estuary Program
National Estuary Program: 1988
Puget Sound
Buzzarda Day
Narragensett Day
Long Island Sound
NY-NJ Hesbor
Delaware Bay
San Franolsco Bay
Delaware Inland Baya
Albomarle-Panilica Sounds
Sente Monica Bay
Galvesion Bay
Serasota Bay
New Programs Added
Existing Programs
Phase III: Other Estuaries
After June 1988
Evaluate nominations including "National Significance"
Decide on convening when nominations are complete
EPA National Estuary Program
National Estuary Program: Nominations
Casco Bay
Massachusetts Days
Charleston Harbor
Indian filver Legoon
Days
Tampa Boy
Nominations
2
Withdrawal/Redaction Sheet
(George Bush Library)
Document No.
Subject/Title of Document
Date
Restriction
Class.
and Type
01. List
Re: Florida GOP Contacts. (1 pp.)
04/20/90
P-6, (b)(6),
(b)(7)(e), (b)(7)(f)
Collection:
Record Group:
Bush Presidential Records
Office:
Speechwriting, White House Office of
Series:
Speech File, Backup
Subseries:
WHORM Cat.:
File Location:
Florida GOP Address 4/20/90 [2]
Date Closed:
10/15/2004
OA/ID Number:
08311
FOIA/SYS Case #:
Re-review Case #:
2004-2265-S
P-2/P-5 Review Case #:
MR Case #:
Appeal Case #:
MR Disposition:
Appeal Disposition:
Disposition Date:
Disposition Date:
RESTRICTION CODES
Presidential Records Act - [44 U.S.C. 2204(a)]
Freedom of Information Act - [5 U.S.C. 552(b)]
P-1 National Security Classified Information [(a)(1) of the PRA]
(b)(1) National security classified information [(b)(1) of the FOIA]
P-2 Relating to the appointment to Federal office [(a)(2) of the PRA]
(b)(2) Release would disclose internal personnel rules and practices of an
P-3 Release would violate a Federal statute [(a)(3) of the PRA]
agency [(b)(2) of the FOIA]
P-4 Release would disclose trade secrets or confidential commercial or
(b)(3) Release would violate a Federal statute [(b)(3) of the FOIA]
financial information [(a)(4) of the PRA]
(b)(4) Release would disclose trade secrets or confidential or financial
P-5 Release would disclose confidential advise between the President
information [(b)(4) of the FOIA]
and his advisors, or between such advisors [a)(5) of the PRA]
(b)(6) Release would constitute a clearly unwarranted invasion of
P-6 Release would constitute a clearly unwarranted invasion of
personal privacy [(b)(6) of the FOIA]
personal privacy [(a)(6) of the PRA]
(b)(7) Release would disclose information compiled for law enforcement
purposes [(b)(7) of the FOIA]
C. Closed in accordance with restrictions contained in donor's deed of
(b)(8) Release would disclose information concerning the regulation of
gift.
financial institutions [(b)(8) of the FOIA]
(b)(9) Release would disclose geological or geophysical information
Odell, Roper
& Associates, Inc.
Katheryn S. Phillips
Director, Special Events
7316 Wisconsin Avenue
Suite 507
Bethesda, MD 20814
(301) 657-9821
Orange County
Convention/Civic Center
Chuck Potter
#896
Event Services Manager
Tel: (407) 345-9800 Fax: (407) 345-9866
9800 International Drive, Orlando, Florida 32819-8199
REPUBLICAN PARTY OF FLORIDA
1990 STATESMAN'S DINNER
APRIL 20, 1990
NAME
ADDRESS
AFFILIATION
WORK PHONE
HOME PHONE
FAX NUMBER
Vi. 1. JONN FABREGA
Box 311
RPOF
904/222-1920
4/88/0184
TALCANASSEE
2. Bob RISNEY
white House Comm (202)395-4040
ORANGE COUNTY CONVENTION CTR
3. Tom STARK 9800 International Dr. ORL FL
407 345-9832
17-345-9866
u.s. SECRET SERVICE
4. GERRY CRAGAL
GRLANDO, FC.
407/648-6333
5. Russ MILLER
SECRET Service
202-395-4112
-
I
DEPUTY DIRECTOR OF ADVANCE
6. SPENCER GEISSINGER FOR PRESS, THE WHITE HOUSE
202 456 - 7565
DEPUTY DIRECTOR OF ADVANCE
202 456 - 7565
7. JUDD SWIFT
THE WHITE HOUSE
8. Sally Salmm Assoc. Director
WH Political Affairs
202-456-6573
202/456-2380
9. Peggy Hazelng Asst. WH Presidential Dir. Advance 202/456
2021
456-282
10. Carolyn Caw
REPUBLICAN PARTY OF FLORIDA
1990 STATESMAN'S DINNER
APRIL 20, 1990
NAME
ADDRESS
AFFILIATION
WORK PHONE
HOME PHONE
FAX NUMBER
1. KristenGear
WH. speechwnting
202-456-2950
I
202-456-6218
2. ANDY FOSTER WH POLITICAL AFFAIRS 202 456 6510
-
11
и 2380
3. DOUG ADAIR WH Cabinet Affairs ,, 456-2800
"
" 2223
4. Lymn LAWSON WH Affairs 202-4566597
202 456 2380
5. BeAu NewmAN MARINE ONE ADVANCE 703 640-2364
6. Major have Bonwit Marine Corps Aide tothe President 407-345-9822 202-395-1747
407-345-986
7. Elizabeth Forsythe Comention Guter
8. Shuck Potter Convention Center 407-345-9896 " " 407-345-9866
9. LeAnn Weiss RPOF Volunteer Coordinator 407-898-4410
10. Kathy Phillips Odell, RopeRE assoc. Inc 301-657-9821 301-656-3046
1,000 ft. 55 Covered Loading Docks/5 Drive-In Ramps
C
RR
RR
C
Storage
20'x18'H
Storage
35'x18'H
35'x18'H
Storage
Storage
30'x18'H
Storage
30'x18'H
Storage
RR
RR
30'x18'H
Storage
2,848
30' 30'H
60'x30'H
Ground Level
Telescoping
Freight Entry
Seating
90'
Receiving
90'
Show Offices
Second Floor
Hall E
Lee
Hall D
Hall c
Hall B
45,970 sq.ft.
101,540 sq.ft.
78,600 sq.ft.
66,000 sq.ft.
300 ft.
Concessions
120'
(165'x300')
(330'x300')
(250'x300')
(220'x300')
226 10x10 booths
542 10x10 booths
385 10x10 booths
339 10x10 booths
Concessions
Max. Seating 3,600
Max. Seating 5,660
Show Offices
30' to beam
30' to beam
40' to beam
40 to beam
Second Floor
Kitchen
90'
Halls D and
Max. Seating 11,478
RR
MOVEABLE WALL CORRIDOR
2,848
Telescoping
60'x30'H
(3,000 sq. ft.)
90'
RR
Seating
S
N
Elevator
2A
60'x18'H
1A
c
RR
+
RR
c
9A
10A
10B
10C
11A
11B
11C
1B
2B
Opens To
9B
Hall B
RR
Atrium
Atrium
Registration Area
5
90' 30'
RR
Court-
12A
Yard
3
4
5A
SOUTH
5B
Max.
6A
6B
8A
8B
8C
8D
Hall A
LOBBY
12B
Seating
144
48,600 sq.ft.
10' 13'H
Kitchen
3
12C
(180'x270')
4
Ground Level
Freight Entry
7A
231 10x10 booths
ENTRANCE
8E
8F
8G
8H
30' to beam
7B
12D
RR
Registration
RR
Elevator
RR
Legend
REGISTRATION CONCOURSE - COMPLETED 1990 - 180' X 75'
90'x75'
GRAND LOBBY
Escalator
1
46,350 sq.ft.
Stairs
2
Exhibit Hall
Meeting Room
ENTRANCE
Stairs
Registration
Area
Stairs
Lobby
Support
13
13
13
13
+
Registration Area
RR
A
B
C
D
(Under Construction)
Stairs
=
=
Moveable
ENTRANCE
Partitions
RR Restrooms
C Concessions
COVERED BUS LOADING
20 Buses
+
First Aid
Meeting Rooms
Gallery
Room
Dimensions
Sq Ft (H)
Room
Dimensions
Sq Ft (H)
Room
Dimensions
Sq Ft (H)
1
39' 36'
1,404 (11')
9
39' 36'
1,404 (11')
20
147' 90'
13,230 (18')
1A
19' 36'
684
9A
19' 36'
684
20A
38' 30'
1,140
20
20
20
1B
20' 36'
756
9B
20' 36'
756
20B
38' 30'
1,140
A
B
C
RR
2
49' 35'
1,715 (11')
10
87' 39'
3,393 (16')
20C
38' 30'
1,140
Open
To
2A
24' 35'
875
10A
28' 39'
1,092
20D
90' 50'
4,500
Below
2B
24' 35'
875
10B
30' 39'
1,170
20E
38' 30'
1,140
20D
21
3
25' 19'
475 (12')
10C
28' 39'
1,092
20F
38' 30'
1,140
4
24' 19'
456 (12')
11
87' 39'
3,393 (16')
20G
38' 30'
1,140
Elevator
20
20
20
Ceiling
5
59' 32'
1,888 (16')
11A
28' 39'
1,092
21
24' 57'
1,368 (18')
E
F
G
22
Hall A
5A
30' 32'
960
11B
30' 39'
1,170
22
24' 55'
1,320 (18')
5B
29' 32'
928
11C
28' 39'
1,092
23
117' 48'
5,616 (18')
RR
6
88' 52'
4,576 (16')
12
134' 60'
8,040 (16')
23A
28' 48'
1,344
6A
44' 52'
2,288
12A
29' 60'
1,740
23B
30' 48'
1,440
Open
6B
44' 52'
2,288
12B
30' 60'
1,800
23C
30' 48'
1,440
To
7
42' 38'
1,596 (16')
12C
30' 60'
1,800
23D
28' 48'
1,344
Below
Open
Escalator
To
7A
21' 38'
798
12D
45' 60'
2,700
A
180' 270'
48,600 (30')
Stairs
Below
Open
7B
21' 38'
798
13
117' 48'
5,616 (16')
A-1
90' 68'
6,120
8
161' 101'
16,261 (22')
13A
28' 48'
1,344
A-2
90' 68'
6,120
23
23
23
23
8A
45' 38'
1,710
Stairs
13B
30' 48'
1,440
A-3
90' X 106'
9,540
RR
A
B
c
D
8B
45' 39'
1,755
13C
30' 48'
1,440
A-4
90' 106'
9,540
8C
45' 41'
1,845
13D
28' 48'
1,344
A-5
180' 68'
12,240
8D
45' 41'
1,845
8E
45' 38'
1,710
Second Floor
8F
45' 39'
1,755
8G
45' 41'
1,845
8H
45' 41'
1,845
Orange County Convention/ Center
"The aim of art is to represent not the outward appearance
of things, but their inward significance." (Aristotle)
A meeting's mood and momentum are inevitably enhanced
by the meeting place. At the Orange County Convention/Civic
Center both the art and the science of memorable meetings come together. The
striking sunlit atrium lobby provides direct access to 350,000 gross square feet
of exhibition space, 49 meeting rooms and 60 loading docks in the midst of afford-
able accommodations and distinctive year-round entertainment. Discover the
Orange County Convention/Civic Center. A place of beauty. a work of art.
A complimentary limited edition lithograph of "A Gathering Place" is available on request. Signed and
numbered by the artist. Each 20"x22" print appears without advertising on felt-finish archival stock.
Orange County Convention/ Civic Center
9800 International Drive
Orlando, Florida 32819-8199
(407) 345-9800
SERVICE CORRIDOR
CEAR
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
REAR
PROJECTION
PROJECTION
O
O
0
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
0
0
C.
O
0
0
O
O
0
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0
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0
0
0
C
O
0
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0
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0
0
0
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0
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0
O
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0
0
0
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0
0
O
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GRAND CYPRESS BALLROOM
APR 12 '90 11:19
FROM FL REPUBLICAN PARTY
PAGE. .
REFUBLICA PARTY
OF FLORIDA
Van 8. Poole
Chairman
FAX COVER SHEET
Sherry Plymale
Vice Chairman
ido Jackson
Secretary
TO:
Christina Martin 202/450-4218
Shirlee Bowne'
Treasurer
FROM:
Ginny Dinkins
Kathy Phillips
Assistant
Secretary
DATE:
John Laurent
Assistant
4/12/90
Treasurer
Chester Clem
National
Total number of pages (including this cover sheet) 6
Committeeman
Marychne Morse
National
If you do not receive all pages, please telephone
Committeewoman
904/222-7920 and ask for
.
COMMENTS: Draft Time line for your
information. Has not been
approved
1639
1/08
my
719
North
Calhoun
Street
+
PAGE. 002/006
APR 12 '30 11:19
FROM FL REPUBLICAN PARTY
DRAFT
TENTATIVE TIMELINE
REPUBLICAN PARTY OF FLORIDA STATESMAN'S DINNER
ORANGE COUNTY CONVENTION CENTER
9800 INTERNATIONAL DRIVE
ORLANDO, FLORIDA
(As of April 11, 1990)
WEDNESDAY, APRIL 18, 1990
8:00 a.m.
CLEAN - UP DAY -- ORANGE
COUNTY CONVENTION CENTER
THURSDAY, APRIL 19, 1990
6:00 a.m.
DECORATORS ARRIVE AND
BEGIN DECORATION PROCESS
6:00 p.m.
VOLUNTEERS MEETING
FRIDAY, APRIL 20, 1990
Time TBA
Speakers, Entertainers Walk Through
Sound Checks
Video Checks
Secret Service Walk Through
6:00 p.m.
Guests arrive at the Convention Center. Met
outside of the Convention Center by members
of Dr. Phillips High School Band (playing
upbeat & patriotic music) and are directed
by volunteers inside Center to Will Call
(if necessary), then through Magnatometers
and to one of five receptions (each
reception will have a separate ticket):
Patron:
Patron table/ticket buyers and
Florida Capital Council Members.
Legislative
Legislative table/ticket buyers.
VIP Dignatary: Congressional, Florida Cabinet
and Special Guest table/ticket
buyers, Florida Victory Committee
members. (Special Photo
opportunity for Host Committee
Members).
PAGE. 003/006
APR 12 '90 11:19
FROM FL REPUBLICAN PARTY
Statesman's:
National Statesman, Florida
Statesman, Governor, US Senate &
US Cabinet table/ticket buyers
and Co-Chairman.
Photo Reception
Co-Chairmen, National Statesman
and Florida Statesman table/ticket
buyers. Governor, US Senate and
US Cabinet table buyers.
6:30 p.m.
President Bush drops by Statesman'
Reception, makes brief remarks and departs
to photo opportunity reception.
6:45 p.m.
President departs Statesman's Reception.
Guests begin to move to Hall D from
Statesman's Reception to be seated.
*President Bush moves to Photo Reception.
Photos are taken and guests are escorted
to Hall D. At the conclusion of the
photos, President and Mr. Courtelis
to holding area.
All dinner guests proceed to enter Hall D to
be seated for dinner. Volunteer/Greeter
will assist with seating. Guests will have
a ticket with their table number.
7:00 p.m. Majority of stage guests are seated.
President Bush, Alec Courtelis, special
dignitaries and key stage participants/
leadership are holding.
All dinner guests are seated.
Dr. Phillips Marching Band leads
Dignitaries and Head Table participants
into Hall D and are introduced (via Voice
Over) and are seated on the stage.
7:05 p.m. Alec Courtelis is announced and escorted
to stage.
"Ruffles & Floruishes" by Dr. Phillips
High School Band.
President Bush is announced.
*Special Gift Presentations will be made by:
Phil Bakes/Jan Nobles (Eastern Airlines)
Van Poole/Col. Dunlap (Republican Party of Fla.)
PAGE. 004/006
APR 12 '90 11:20
FROM FL REPUBLICAN PARTY
7:06 p.m. "Hail to the Chief" by Dr. Phillips High
School Band.
President is escorted to stage amidst
fanfare.
7:10 p.m. Van Poole approaches podium. Makes brief
welcoming remarks, acknowledges guests,
dignitaries (stage guest dignitaries, i.e,
Federal Secretaries, Sen. Mack, Governor,
Lt. Governor, etc.) and leadership and
asks guests to stand for Posting of the
Colors by the Dr. Phillips High School
Jr. ROTC. "America the Beautiful" played
in background by Dr. Phillips Band. Pledge
of Allegiance led by State Sen. Jim Scott
and "Star Spangled Banner" played
by Dr. Phillips High School Band as Colors
are posted by Dr. Phillips High School ROTC.
Dr. Phillips High School Band marches out
of Hall D.
7:15 p.m. Invocation by The Hon. John Renke.
Dinner is served.
Band plays background music as dinner is
served.
7:45
p.m.
Dessert is served.
Van Poole introduces Jeb Bush, Dinner
Chairman and Co-Master of Ceremonies.
7:47 p.m. Jeb Bush thanks Van Poole and recognizes
leadership (introduces Florida Congressional
Delegation individually and then introduces
State Secretaries, the Florida State Senate
and House of Representatives as house lights
go up and the individuals stand as a group).
Jeb Bush makes announcement that Eastern
Airlines drawing will be held later on in
the program.
PAGE. 005/006
APR 12 '90 11:20
FROM FL REPUBLICAN PARTY
7:50 p.m. Jeb Bush kicks-off Florida Statesman's
Award and introduces Dr. Armand Hammer,
Chairman and Chief Executive Officer,
Occidental Petroleum Corporation. (Dr.
Hammer is escorted to and from podium).
7:52
p.m. Dr. Armand Hammer's remarks.
7:55 p.m. Van Poole approaches podium and
introduces the former of King of Greece,
His Majesty King Constantine.
7:57 p.m. His Majesty King Constantine's remarks.
8:00 p.m. Van Poole introduces Ron Kaufman, Deputy
Assistant to the President for Presidential
Personnel.
8:02 p.m. Ron Kaufman remarks.
8:05 p.m. Jeb Bush introduces Florida Statesman's
video.
8:10 p.m. Video concludes.
Jeb Bush introduces Dignitary Chairman the
Honorable Connie Mack III.
8:12 p.m. Brief remarks and presentation of Florida
Statesman's Award to Alec Courtelis by
Senator Connie Mack III.
8:15 p.m. Brief remarks by Alec P. Courtelis.
8:17 p.m. Jeb Bush introduces first speaker on
behalf of the President, Barber Conable
(tentative) (Chairman of World Bank and
former US Representative from New York).
8:18 p.m. Barber Conable (tent.) brief remarks.
8:21 p.m.
Jeb Bush introduces Betsy Hemmingway.
8:22 p.m. Betsy Hemmingway makes brief remarks on
behalf of President.
APR 12 '90 11:21
FROM FL REPUBLICAN PARTY
PAGE. 006/006
8:25 p.m. Van Poole introduces George Bush III.
8:26 p.m. George Bush III makes brief remarks.
8:29 p.m. Van Poole introduces National Statesman's
video.
8:34 p.m. National Statesman's video concludes.
Van Poole introduces Governor Bob Martinez.
8:35 p.m. Governor Martinez presents the National
Statesman's Award to President Bush. Brief
remarks.
8:37 p.m. President Bush accepts National Statesman's
Award and makes brief remarks.
8:45 p.m. Van Poole introduces Lee Greenwood.
8:47 p.m. Lee Greenwood sings "God Bless the USA".
8:50 p.m. President Bush departs Convention Center.
8:55 p.m. Jeb Bush asks Lee Greenwood to sing two
more songs.
8:57
p.m.
Lee Greenwood sings.
9:15 p.m. Announcement by Jeb Bush of 5 free Eastern
trip winners. Jeb Bush introduces Special
Gifts Chairman Phil Bakes of Eastern
Airlines. Winners are asked to stand at
their seats. Letters are hand-delivered
by flight attendants to winners.
9:30 p.m. Jeb Bush/Van Poole thank the guests.
Event concludes.
Coffee is served in foyer.
THE WHITE HOUSE
WASHINGTON
Tammy
Marjorie Stillman - Douglas
birth: 4-7-1890
Everglades. Nut'l. Parr
GOVERNOR BOB MARTINEZ
1989 SUMMARY
CRIMINAL JUSTICE
Corrections
more than 9,000 beds in 1989.
Continued expansion of Florida's prison system, adding
Established Florida's first Master Plan for Corrections,
to guide, the state's prison expansion program.
Won passage of the Control Release Authority, a system
to keep the worst offenders behind bars for longer and prevent
early release due to overcrowding.
Continued to expand the Corrections work program. In
July, expanded the program to use work crews to demolish crack
houses in Florida's cities.
Law Enforcement
Authorized the reorganization of the Florida Department
of Law Enforcement to greatly improve administrative and
investigative capabilities.
Signed the Law Enforcement Protection Act to impose
stricter penalties on those who harm a law officer, and to
prevent early release as a result of overcrowding for those
convicted under this law.
Victims
Established the Governor's Coordinating Council on
Victims Rights and Services to implement the constitutional
amendment on victims rights and to award Victims of Crime Act
(VOCA) grants.
In December, he created the Governor's partnership for
Victims Compensation between the state and the Florida
insurance industry to handle a backlog of compensation claims
filed by victims.
Capital Punishment
ThE TED Bunoy is OF AMERICA Fins their /AST
Appoal in Flo,
Has signed 40 death warrants in 1989 (subject to (OR for the TED
change), including the final warrant for the execution of Bunny's fino ftnis
serial killer Theodore Bundy, who was executed January 24. WORLD, that their Diabolica
tranlenos in Flor.
Initiated reforms to speed up the death penalty appeals
process, to prevent needless delays and abuse of the court
system.
Other
Initiated process that resulted in the release of James
Richardson, following a clemency hearing and decision that no
retrial was necessary for this man who spent 21 years
wrongfully children. convicted of the poisoning murder of his seven
Signed gun safety law to require gun owners to keep
firearms locked away from children, to prevent needless and
avoidable accidents.
DRUG FIGHTING
Governor Martinez has made Florida a leader in the
nation's war on drugs.
National and International
Serves as Lead Governor for Substance Abuse and Drug
Trafficking for the National Governors' Association.
Traveled to Panama, Bolivia and Colombia in March to see
firsthand:the source of America's drug supply.
Developed 10-point plan for domestic and international
drug-fighting efforts, which received unanimous support at the
National Governor's Association in August.
Presented President Bush with 10-point plan for
anti-drug activities, which were used by the President as he
developed the nation's first Drug Control Strategy. In
addition, he testified during U.S. Senate committee hearings
in support of the President's anti-drug plan.
Demand
Established Florida's Drug-Free School Zone program, to
impose a minimum three-year jail term for anyone convicted of
drug activity within 1,000 feet of a school. To date, the
Governor has helped establish Drug-Free School Zones in Miami,
Orlando, Tampa, West Palm Beach, Jacksonville, Tallahassee,
Panama City, Ft. Myers, Pensacola, Cocoa and Ocala.
Initiated Florida's Drug-Free Workplace policy for state
government. The Governor intends for the Executive Office of
the Governor to be, the first state agency to participate in
drug-testing in, 1990.
Created Inner City Action Team in August as part of the
Governor's Drug Policy Task Force, to respond to the problem
of crack and cocaine in Florida's inner cities.
Expanded Florida's Red Ribbon campaign from once a year
to every day of the year. Established Florida's first
Drug-Free Weekend, held October 28-29.
Supply
Advocated the use of special military forces in South
America to seek out and bring to justice drug lords
responsible for drug activity in Florida and has urged
President Bush to offer American support to Colombian
President Virgilio Barco in his efforts to bring the drug
lords to justice.
One of the first Governors to use the National Guard in
drug-fighting efforts.
-- Florida National Guard received $3.4 million to assist
in anti-drug efforts. Programs included reinforcing U.S.
Customs efforts at Florida ports to inspect for contraband.
The effort served as a deterrent.
Signed Memorandum of Agreement with both the State of
New York and the Southern states to establish intelligence
links to combat drug trafficking.
ENVIRONMENT
Continued to oppose oil drilling and exploration off the
southwest coast of Florida, including the Florida Keys. He has
successfully lobbied for extensions on federal moratoriums to
ban drilling and exploration and seeks a permanent ban.
-- In January, he wrote to President Bush urging the delay
of offshore drilling activity and requesting that a
representativé of Florida be added to the Presidential Task
Force on Outer Continental Shelf.
-- In. June, he testified before the Presidential Outer
Continental Shelf Leasing and Development Task Force to urge
the banning of offshore drilling in the Florida Keys and wrote
to Florida's Congressional delegation urging them to support
extension of the moratorium on drilling. The moratorium was
extended.
-- In September, he met with U.S. Interior Secretary
Manuel Lujan, urging him to tour the Florida Keys. Later that
month, he testified before the NOAA hearing on Oil and Gas
Exploration to reinforce his objections to Unocal and Mobil
drilling in the Gulf.
-- In October, he took Secretary Lujan on a tour of the
Florida Keys.
Sent a team of Florida environmental officials to Alaska
to evaluate the oil spill of the Exxon Valdez and has ordered
the Florida Department of Community Affairs to work with the
Florida Department of Environmental regulation to review and
reinforce the state's emergency response plans in the event of
a similar tragedy occurring off the Florida coast.
His call for moving shipping lanes at least 10 miles off
Florida's fragile coastline proved prophetic in November when
three freighters ran aground off the Keys, severely damaging
the only living coral reefs in the continental United States.
-- Continues to work with U.S. Coast Guard Commandant
Admiral Paul Yost to move the shipping lanes at least 10
nautical miles beyond Florida's fragile coast, taking Yost on
an aerial tour of the area and writing to U.S. Transportation
Secretary Samuel Skinner, urging him to support the
tanker-free zones. Following his tour of the area, Admiral
Yost wrote to the Governor endorsing legislation to require a
study of the tanker-free zones.
Worked in cooperation with Florida's Congressional
delegation to expand the Everglades. In November, he released
the Everglades Status Report and urged the U.S. Senate to
enact the Everglades Expansion and Protection Act. The
following day, after the bill was approved by Congress, he
wrote to President Bush urging him to sign the measure into
law.
Established extensive coastal protection program that
prohibits offshore oil and gas drilling and exploration in
Florida waters, creates a Spill Response Team in the event of
an oil spill, and authorizes Florida to enter into a compact
with other Southern Atlantic and Gulf states to coordinate
marine and environmental protection programs.
Created the Commission on the Future of Florida's
Environment to develop a blueprint for protecting Florida's
environmental resources and directing our environmental needs
into the next century.
Created the Water Resource Commission to evaluate how
Florida can protect the quality and quantity of its finite
water supply.
Led establishment of Florida's first Environmental
Education program to teach Floridians the value of their
state's environmental resources in the belief that if more
Floridians understand the value of their surroundings, they
are more likely to appreciate and take care of them.
Has initiated efforts to restore and protect waterbodies
throughout Florida:
-- Built on his 1988 initiatives that established the
Wekiva River Task Force and Suwannee River Task Force, which
has resulted in measures to save the rivers from destructive
development.
-- Nominated Sarasota Bay, Tampa Bay and Indian River
Lagoon for the National Estuary Program.
-- Directed $750,000 to protect and restore Lake Jackson
in Leon County.
Established program to protect Florida's endangered
mammal, the manatee.
GROWTH MANAGEMENT
Established the Task Force on Urban Growth Patterns to
prevent urban sprawl and the problems it creates.
Has focused much-needed attention on Florida's urban
environment -- through a comprehensive program to address
stormwater runoff program and protecting the quality and
quantity of Florida's water supply.
Worked to improve Florida's Growth Management Act:
-- Supports legislation that will provide easier access to
revenue sources for local government to fund infrastructure
needs.
Worked to implement a bonding program approved in 1988
by the Florida voters that would have provided millions for
right-of-way acquisition and bridge construction.
EDUCATION
Called for and presided over Florida's first Governor's
Education Summit. Will restructure state's education system
to incorporate concept of choice in school selection and move
toward smaller "schools within schools" and magnet programs.
Called for the establishment of an Office of Athletic
Standards and Practices and an overview of the state
university System's academic/athletic balance.
Established Florida's first residential math and science
school. In December, the Governor appointed the board to
oversee development of the program.
Expanded Florida's Pre-paid College Tuition Program to
provide full scholarships to 670 economically disadvantaged
Florida youngsters each year.
SOCIAL SERVICES
In its second full year, Project Independence has placed
31,000 former welfare recipients in jobs, provided training,
education and other pre-employment assistance to 36,000
people, resulting in a savings of $47 million to the state.
Called for tougher regulation of abortion clinics to
protect women who seek their services.
Children
Expanded the program he initiated in 1987 to provide
pre-school opportunities for 3- and 4-year-olds who face the
greatest economic and academic risks.
Approved use of $9 million to expand services for abused
and neglected children.
One Church, One Child has placed 388 black children in
adoptive homes. (Public-private partnership established in
1987 gets churches involved in finding adoptive parents for
black foster children.
Expanded Medicaid eligibility to 150 percent of poverty
level for pregnant women and infants.
Elderly
Appointed General Earl Peck as executive director of the
state's new Department of Veterans Affairs.
Created the Pepper Commission on Aging to serve as
advisory body to Governor and Legislature on issues concerning
Florida's growing population of older residents.
GOVERNMENT REFORM/ECONOMY
Government Reform
Governor has applied a conservative approach to governing by
improving the efficiency and effectiveness of state government.
Implemented reforms to enhance ethical requirements for
Public Serivce Commissioners and proposed merit retention of PSC
members.
Initiated sunset review of all state agencies to improve
efficiency and justify spending.
Proposed sweeping ethics in government legislation that
included provisions to extend the Sunshine Law to the
Legislature, to prohibit top administrators from lobbying their
former agencies for two years, and to abolish "leadership funds. "
Economy
Established Spaceport Florida Authority to develop the
state's and the nation's first commercial launch facility. With
Lt. Governor Bobby Brantley as chairman of the Authority, Florida
is well on its way to achieving its goal of developing a
sub-orbital launch facility at Cape San Blas by 1991.
Implemented cost-saving measures that have saved taxpayers
more than $77.0 million to date.
Enabled Florida's economy to continue its rapid expansion:
-- More than 27.7 million visitors in first eight months of
1989 -- up 5.2 percent over the same period last year and well on
its way to a record 40 million visitors.
$1.2 billion in tourism-related sales taxes, up 13 percent
over last year
-- Leading the nation in the number of new incorporations --
60,000 in the first nine months of 1989, up 2 percent , while the
nation as a whole is down .6 percent.
-- Experiencing highest job growth rate of the 11 most
populous states.
-- Creation of 460,500 jobs during the Governor's
administration.
Florida's economic mainstays -- agriculture and tourism --
remain strong, while the economy is expanding into newer areas
like motion pictures and television, international trade and
space technology.
Met with NFL Commissioner Paul Tagliabue the week after he
was chosen in October to encourage the league to look to Florida
when expanding franchises.
OTHER
Traveled to El Salvador in March as part of a U.S.
contingent deployed by President Bush to monitor the country's
presidential elections. Personally reported to President Bush of
the group's findings.
# # #
COMMERCE STATISTICS
EMPLOYMENT
Unemployment fell to 5.6 percent in November, compared with
the previous rate of 5.8. This drop compares to the national
rate of 5.4, which is up from the previous month. The decline
reflects the overall strength of the Florida economy. During
November, 50,000 more Floridians went to work.
Unemployment rates for December will be released on Friday,
January 5.
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
Florida has been a national leader in business growth during
the Governor's administration.
-- Between January 1987 -November 1989, created 668,200
new jobs.
-- Florida still ranks No. 1 in the nation in birthrate of
new business
-- Florida has highest job growth rate among the 11 most
populous states.
-- Second only to California in actual number of new jobs
created.
-- New incorporations -- first nine months of 1989:
60,000. This leads the nation. Florida's new incorporations
Lynn
were up nearly 2 percent while the U.S. figures have dropped
by .6 percent.
Lynglox
-- More than 5.9 million people are at work in Florida.
TOURISM
Project a record 39-40 million visitors for 1989
-- Counted 27.7 million visitors for the first eight
months of 1989 --- a 5.2 percent increase over the same period
last year.
-- Collected $1.2 BILLION in tourism-related sales tax for
1989 to date -- a 13 percent increase over last year (includes
increase in sales tax from 5 cents to 6 cents).
INTERNATIONAL TRADE
1988 was a record year for Florida
-- $27.6 BILLION -- a 21.7 percent increase during the
Governor's administration
MOTION PICTURE AND TV
Florida's new industry is progressing rapidly:
-- 121 motion picture and TV feature films made in Florida.
-- $416.5 million in budgets.
-- 49,346 commercials and recordings -- $193.1 million in
budgets
# # #
THE WHITE HOUSE
Office of the Press Secretary
(San Francisco, California)
For Immediate Release
February 28, 1990
REMARKS BY THE PRESIDENT
FOR PETE WILSON FUNDRAISER
Grand Ballroom
St. Francis Hotel
San Francisco, California
7:48 P.M. PST
THE PRESIDENT: Thank you SO much for that welcome. And,
Pete, oh, how strongly I feel about this gubernatorial race. And I
came out here to wish you the very best and to state with confidence,
especially after talking to some of your most enthusiastic supporters
before dinner, that you will indeed be the next governor of the State
of California. And I am delighted to predict that right here.
(Applause.) Just don't use the same pollster Ortega did. (Laughter
and applause.)
To you and Gail, Barbara and I send our very best. The
Wilsons were just upstairs and talked to Barbara at home -- and sorry
she is not here tonight. She is going to meet me in a day or SO in
-- as we receive the Prime Minister of Japan in California.
I want to salute Lee Atwater, who is doing an outstanding
job as the Chairman of the Republican National Committee.
(Applause.) And, Frank, I'm not upstaging you, but I'm saying nice
things about you it seems just yesterday and the day before, but I'm
glad you're here, sir, and I appreciate the work you're doing for the
party. I'm delighted to once again be with Bill Walsh, who's been
such an example not just in the field of athletics, but in his
commitment to helping others. And I also think we would be remiss if
we didn't thank the Lowell High School Band for their participation
here tonight. (Applause.)
And as some of you know, I was just in San Francisco
three weeks ago. But, as Kipling said, San Francisco, like all of
California, has one drawback -- it's hard to leave.
So much has happened, even since my last trip right here
to San Francisco. And Bishop Swing, my old, dear friend, our pastor,
now a Bishop out here -- it's not that we find that hard to believe,
sir, but I'm so glad to see you again. But he was our pastor in
Washington. Would it seem presumptuous of me to say that many of our
prayers seem to be answered? From Moscow to Managua, change is in
the air. And the Revolution of '89 has continued into a new decade,
a decade of democracy. (Applause.)
Time and again in this century the political map of the
world was transformed. And in each instance, a new world order came
about through the advent of a new tyrant or the outbreak of a bloody
global war, or its end.
Now the world has undergone another upheaval. But this
time, there's no war. We've seen a bold Soviet leader initiate
daring reforms. We've seen a playwright, humble man that I received
in the White House the other day, Vaclav Havel move from prison to
the presidential palace in Czechoslovakia. We've seen both the
Berlin Wall and the Romanian dictatorship tumble into ruins. And I
think it's fair to say that the day of the dictator is over.
(Applause.)
MORE
- 2 -
Victor Hugo said that no army can match the might of an
idea whose time has come. In the Revolution of '89, an idea overcame
armies and tanks -- and that idea is democracy. This has been true
in the East. Now it is becoming true throughout the Western
Hemisphere -- first in Panama after Operation Just Cause, and now, at
long last, for the brave people of Nicaragua.
And how could we ask for more? (Applause.)
Another symbol of change, this morning I called President
Gorbachev. And we had a long talk on matters affecting Nicaragua and
Eastern Europe. And after the call and this highly rational and, I
would say, cordial discussion with this dynamic new Soviet leader, my
mind went back to those days not so many years ago when a talk of
this nature would not have been possible. The mood of the day back
then -- confrontation, rhetorical over-kill, tension bordering on
hostility.
Yes, we've got some problems with the Soviet Union. But
today's talk was so different -- no polemics. Where we differed, we
vowed to discuss the differences further. And the point is reason
and calmness have replaced rhetoric. And as your President, I am
determined to consult often with President Gorbachev to keep open the
door to negotiation and peace. These indeed are exciting times, and
I'm proud to be your President in these times of change. (Applause.)
But we're gathered here tonight to celebrate events
closer to home. As I said, California is hard to leave -- and for
me, it's been hard to leave even when I'm back at the White House.
You see, it was just yesterday -- Bill -- that for the second time in
my presidency, Barbara and I had the pleasure of entertaining the
winners of the Super Bowl -- and once again, our guests were the San
Francisco Forty-Niners. (Applause.)
And just a few months earlier, Barbara and I hosted the
Oakland A's after their great World Series victory. (Applause.)
Something about monopoly; there's something in the books about
cornering the market here -- a little antitrust action. (Laughter.)
But when it comes to champions, I'm beginning to think you have
cornered the market.
Yet I'm here on behalf of another champion. A champion
for the victims of crime and drug-related violence. A champion for
the environment. A champion for California. A champion for a sound
and growing economy. And I'm talking about the next governor of your
state -- Pete Wilson. (Applause.) And in this critical -- critical
for the nation -- election, with Pete at the top of the ticket, come
November, California will go Republican in a big way. (Applause.)
California is prized for more than its political
importance or the size of its GNP that Pete in a slightly braggart
fashion there was talking about. We must win the state because
California really does represent the future.
California is at the forefront, not just regionally and
nationally, but as he rightfully pointed out, internationally, and
needs a special kind of leadership -- and Pete Wilson's kind of
needs a special K1P or leadership -- and reto lison s kind or
leadership it is. /enty-three-year career in ablic life. It began
under the Dome in Sacramento. And today, he is a lawmaker still,
this time in Washington, D.C. But it was as Mayor of San Diego that
Pete first showed a flair, a talent, for executive leadership. And
it is exactly this kind of executive leadership that the whole state
of California needs to take it to the threshold of a new millennium.
You've got a good governor. In my view, we have a great governor,
and I want to see that tradition continue with Pete Wilson.
(Applause.)
And, sadly, California needs something else. It needs to
continue a crime-fighting tradition. It needs a governor who will
continue the war against violent crime. California needs a governor
who shares our philosophy about crime. And our philosophy --
MORE
Davis/Martin
April 7, 1990
Title: Florida
Draft: One
PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS: REPUBLICAN GOP, ORLANDO
7 p.m., Friday, April 20, 1990
( (Acknowledgements -- Alec Courtelis, Bob Hope, Jeanie
Austin, Governor Martinez, Senator Connie Mack, Congressman Bill
Grant, Lee Greenwood and, of course, Jeb and Colomba.) )
((A.C. jokes to come))
((Will you forgive a grandad one editorial comment? --
Didn't George P. give a great little speech?\\ Well, at least
it's good to know that there's at least one orator in the
family. ) )
Jeanie, it's great to be back in your hometown. You know,
Barbara and I have found it awfully hard to stay away from
Florida in recent years. And it's not just the beaches --- it's
the company -- the infectious optimism of Florida Republicans.
And you have every reason to be cheerful. After all, here in the
land of the sun and the gateway to the stars, Floridians are
rejecting the politics of the past. You are creating the future
of America in Florida\\ -- and it is a Republican future.
Florida is no longer where America just vacations. More and
more, it is where America lives. From 1985 to 1990, you went
from fourth to third largest state in America. This rapid growth
has brought jobs and greater opportunties. But it has also meant
crime, congestion and an even greater need to protect Florida's
special environment.
2
So what you need is a governor who will always seek the best
for Florida, who will carefully weigh the needs of nature and
man, who will make the most of economic opportunity while
protecting your special way of life. That's the kind of governor
you want. That's the governor you've got. And that's the
governor you're going to re-elect -- Governor Bob Martinez.
Floridians want opportunity -- and Republicans are providing
it. Among all the states, Florida ranks as Number One in the
creation of new business -- especially in high-tech
manufacturing. And over the last decade, while the Florida
workforce has grown by half: so have the number of Florida jobs.
But Floridians also want to preserve this state's special
environment. From Apalachicola Bay to the Keys, Florida is a
tropical jewel glistening with rivers, marshes, freshwater
swamps, beautiful beaches and mangrove forests. And we intend to
keep it that way.
Two weeks ago, the famous South Florida conservationist
Marjory Stoneman Douglas celebrated her 100th birthday. And in
her century, she has seen the vast swamp prairie of the
Everglades wither to half its size. She has watched as
crocodiles, turtles and Florida Panther almost disappeared. She
has seen rookeries of wading birds -- once counted in the
millions -- dwindle to mere thousands. She was the first to
sound the alarm. She made us realize that the Everglades is the
heart of Florida -- we must not let it die.
3
So Floridians want action on the Everglades, and they are
getting it -- from Republicans. It started when Bob joined with
my Administration to extend the Everglades eastward. He took the
initiative, and created the East Everglades Land Acquisition Task
Force. And because the State of Florida was willing to set aside
part of the land, and because of the leadership of your
Republican Congressional delegation in Washington, I was able to
sign into law a bill increasing the size of the park by more than
100,000 acres. Of course, more needs to be done. But we must
keep the Everglades as Florida's everlasting treasure.
Still, it isn't enough to preserve nature, if our beaches
are fouled, our cities filthy, the air we breath, dirty.
Floridians want action on a cleaner environment --- and under
Republicans, they are getting it. Florida Republicans are
working for cleaner beaches and toxic cleanups. And at the
federal level, I proposed the first major revision of the Clean
Air Act since 1977 -- one that uses market solutions to cut acid
rain, smog and other poisons in our air. ((It is our proposal
that Congress has passed. And it is our proposal that I will
sign into law. ) )
Floridians also want to be safe from crime -- and that is
why they turn again and again to Republican leadership. Here in
Florida, Republican leaders have toughened prison sentences and
added the prison space to enforce it. In Washington, I worked
with Connie Mack and your House Republican delegation to pass
part of my anti-crime package. More money has been provided for
4
additional prison space and more federal law enforcement
officers. But the Democrats have yet to act on the rest of my
violent crime package -- to toughen federal sentences for those
using a firearm in the commission of a felony -- to reform the
rules of evidence -- and to enact the death penalty proposal. So
I am here to ask you to join me in calling on Congress to take
the shackles off the cops, the courts and law. And the best
way to do this is to vote Republican in November.
And finally, Floridians want one thing more -- to know that
their children will get the kind of education they deserve. It
was here in Florida that the great community college tradition
was born out of a unique partnership. Now your business and
education leaders are again working together, this time to make
Florida a world leader in math, science and computer education by
1999. What you want to do for Florida, I want to do for all of
America. And that is why I was delighted to have the support and
advice of Governor Martinez and his colleagues at the
Charlottesville Education Summit. Education is the future of
America. We must make the grade.
When it comes to social progress, from jobs to a cleaner
environment, to fighting crime or educating yet another
generation -- Floridians are more and more turning to the party
of achievement.
Just look at what Republican leadership has meant to the
world. Throughout the '80s, one party said that unilateral
disarmament was the way to peace -- and that is why so many
5
Democratic voters and leaders like Bill Grant made the switch.
( (Joke) )
The other party -- our party -- advocated a more balanced
approach. It was the Republicans who stayed true to the maxim of
a great Democratic President: We never feared to negotiate -- but
we never negotiated out of fear. Look at the results of our
approach.
In the Revolution of '89, we saw freedom come to Poland and
Hungary, a playwright-president in Czechoslovakia and Germans --
East and West -- raise hammers to that Wall of shame in Berlin.
And now we are close -- so very close -- to living in a
democratic Hemisphere, a compass of freedom that extends from
Alaska to Argentina. Look at the map.
There was once a dictatorship in Panama. But then came the
uprising -- and now the people rule in Panama. There was once
militant regime in Managua -- but then came the election, and now
the people rule in Nicaragua.\ And, of course, there is one
last hardline holdout in the West. But with TV Marti, we are
bringing the truth to the people of Cuba. And you know the old
saying -- the truth will set you free. III
These are historic achievements. And it is Republican
leadership that has brought us to this moment. For me to
continue to do the job, I will need a Congress I can work with -
- partners in leadership like Bill Grant and Ileana Ros-Lehtinen
( (Ill-ee-ahna Ross Lay-ten-en.) ) And Governor Martinez will need
6
a legislature in Tallahassie that can. We are just four seats
away from controlling the Florida seat.
Just four seats divides the party of big promises from the
party of big achievements.
We can make that difference -- and by working together, we
will make Florida for once and for all a Republican state. Thank
you, God bless you and God bless America.
#
#
#
The environment always has been a contentious issue, and
these days are no exception. Environmentalists have taken to
criticizing the administration reflexively if their demands are
not met in full. Industrial trade groups are making well know
their displeasure over the stringency of the Administration's
clean air bill, which passed the Senate this week after herculean
negotiations and protracted debate. The President -- who is
trying to advance a broad, environmental agenda in novel, cost-
effective ways -- seems to be catching it from both sides for his
efforts.
I don't pretend to be disinterested. And I hope I have not, in
the space of little more than a year, become a thin-skinned
insider. But it seems to me indisputable that the Bush
Administration has engaged the environmental issue in a very
aggressive, ambitious way, a way that is designed to secure
maximum environmental gains at reasonable economic costs. In
fact, no President has ever given more time and attention to
environmental policies than has George Bush. And his Chief of
Staff John Sununu deserves great credit for having constructively
moved these environmental initiatives forward. The result has
been the most environmentally active presidency since Theodore
Roosevelt.
- 3 -
relatively simple: Prison sentences should be at least as tough as
the criminals we convict.
At the federal level, I relied on Pete's help to pass a
major part of our anticrime package. More money has been provided
for prison space and more federal law enforcement officers. But
Congress has left too much work undone.
We need action on the rest of our proposals to fight
violent crime -- by toughening federal sentences for those who use a
firearm in the commission of a felony. And if the kingpins who deal
drugs are dealing death, then let's judge them for what they are --
murderers. It's time we took the shackles off the policemen, the
courts and the law. I am convinced we must be tougher on these drug
criminals. (Applause.)
And a governor has to be as tough as the times. But the
challenges of the future will also require vision and compassion, if
we're to protect a fragile coastal ecology, or educate a new
generation of children.
From the urban canyons of Los Angeles to the Yosemite
beloved by Ansel Adams, Californians were among the first to stand up
for the environment. And Pete Wilson was among the first
environmentalists to hold office. He's added thousands of acres to
the California wilderness system, saved canyons, protected urban
recreation sites. And he supports our America the Beautiful
initiative to plant a billion trees, to expand our national parks and
wildlife preserves, -- (applause) -- and to make this more like the
unspoiled green continent our forebears knew.
Right now, Pete is working with me on our
administration's proposal to enact our Clean Air bill, the first
significant change since 1977. One that will clean up the smog and
curb acid rain and cut back on the air toxics that plague
California's air. Cleaner cars. Cleaner fuels. Cleaner factories.
That's what we're striving for. And with Pete Wilson at the helm,
you'll have a governor who works for a cleaner California, just as he
has in the United States Senate.
Education is also critical to the future -- and it's a
critical responsibility. I'd say an increasingly critical
responsibility of every governor. Governors across the country are
disturbed that there are still many American children -- often in the
inner city, often immigrants -- who are denied the American dream
because of a lack of literacy, a lack of job skills. This is unfair,
this is unjust, and this is unacceptable. And that's why Pete Wilson
backs our proposal for a half-billion-dollar increase for Head Start
to give these children a hopeful start in life. I need that through
the United States Congress. (Applause.)
Almost a year has passed since I sent the Educational
Excellence Act to Congress. It's based on a few basic concepts: TO
make our schools work, we must give parents, teachers and children
the power to choose. To make our system work, states, schools and
individuals will need greater flexibility in the way in which they
can pursue these goals. And then we must all be accountable for the
results
results.
Last April, I asked Congress to pass these measures to
reform our educational system. And, look, thanks to Pete's help and
that of others, education reform has already passed the United States
Senate. Now it's time for the House to finish its homework and pass
our education reform now.
The political future of California and all of America
rests on yet another issue -- an issue that affects the voting rights
of every Republican, every Independent, every Democratic voter -- an
issue of fundamental fairness -- and I am talking about
reapportionment. (Applause.)
Some say reapportionment has been a political gold mine
MORE
- 4 -
for both parties. They may be right. The Democrats get the gold and
we get the shaft. (Laughter.)
Remember, after the 1990 Census, almost one out of eight
members of Congress will represent the State of California. Remember
that. This is bigger than party politics. Gerrymandering violates
the spirit of one man, one vote. On a summer night in 1981, a group
of California Democrats sat in a restaurant in Sacramento with pencil
and paper and redesigned your_political future.
Lines were drawn -- crazy, twisted lines -- that cut
across communities, towns and even streets -- without the slightest
regard for the will of the people. Since those district lines went
into effect, there have been 135 general elections for California's
congressional seats, and only once has a seat changed party control.
And remember, this same brand of political manipulation that hurts
Republicans also hurts every minority voter in the State of
California. (Applause.)
So isn't it ironic, if a little sad, that in the very
decade democracy dawned around the world, a small group sitting
around a table in a restaurant who called themselves Democrats
infringed on voting rights in America?
Still, Republicans do not seek revenge, don't seek a
gerrymander of our own. No. With fair lines, we can can win on the
issues. And we can also win on the strength of our candidates.
You know, in the early days of our great nation, some
Americans stayed in the cities of the East and built great industries
-- and they have every right to be proud. And some Americans came
halfway across the continent and farmed our rich and fertile plains.
And they, too, have every right to be proud. But then there were
those who pressed ever forward until they reached the sea --
gumption, gold, and glory took them all the-way to the shore of the
shining Pacific. We call these people Californians.
Some found gold. Most didn't. But all Californians
found something precious -- the future. so today's State of
California is tomorrow's State of the Union. And there's no one
better to lead California into that exciting future than Pete Wilson.
(Applause.)
It's been said that "if you would test a man, first give
him power." For 23 years, Pete Wilson has been tested. He's used
power not to glorify self, to glorify one man. but to make a better
life for millions. He's a great Senator today -- a sterling example
of California's passion for excellence. Tomorrow, the Golden State
will be proud to call him governor.
Thank you, and God bless you all. Thank you for having
me here once again. (Applause.) Thank you very much.
END
8:08 P.M. PST
THE WHITE HOUSE
Office of the Press Secretary
(San Francisco, California)
EMBARGOED FOR RELEASE
UNTIL 7:45 P.M. PST
10:45 P.M. EST
WEDNESDAY, FEBRUARY 28, 1990
CORRECTION
INSERT TO TEXT OF REMARKS BY THE PRESIDENT
AT WILSON FUNDRAISING DINNER
Grand Ballroom
St. Francis Hotel
San Francisco, California
February 28, 1990
This morning I called Mr. Gorbachev. We had a long talk on matters
affecting Nicaragua and Eastern Europe.
After the call and the rational, cordial discussion with this
dynamic new Soviet leader, my mind went back to those days not so
many possible. years ago when a talk of this nature would not have been
The mood of the day back then -- confrontation, rhetorical overkill,
tension bordering on hostility.
Today's talk was so different -- no polemics. Where we differed, we
vowed to discuss the differences further. The point is, reason and
calmness have replaced rhetoric.
As your President, I am determined to consult often with President
Gerbachev to keep open the door to negotiation and peace. These
indeed are exciting times.
# # #
Davis/Martin
April 7, 1990
Title: Florida
Draft: One
PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS: REPUBLICAN GOP, ORLANDO
7 p.m., Friday, April 20, 1990
( (Acknowledgements -- Alec Courtelis, Bob Hope, Governor
Martinez, Senator Connie Mack, Congressman Bill Grant, Lee
Greenwood and, of course, Jeb and Colomba.) ))
(
Islamorada Bob Hope Alec Courtelis jokes to come) )
2.
( (Will you forgive a grandad one editorial comment? --
Didn't George P. give a great little speech?\ Well, at least
it's good to know that there's at least one orator in the
family. ) )
(And Jeanie Austin, you're doing an outstanding job -- along
with our great Republican National Committee Chairman, Lee
Atwater. And while I'm at it, let me say that Lee's fighting
spirit is an inspiration to us all. Everyone who knows Lee knows
that this is one campaign he's going to win. 111))
And Jeanie, it's also great to be back in your hometown.
Barbara and I have found it awfully hard to stay away from
Florida in recent years. And it's not just the beaches --- it's
the company --- the infectious optimism of Florida Republicans.
You certainly have every reason to be cheerful. After all, it's
here in the land of the sun and the gateway to the stars, that
voters are rejecting the politics of the past. It's here that
you are pioneering the future of America\\ -- and it is a
Republican future.
Washington. And
Itis this future that Dam morking for in
DOUG GAMBLE
424 - 36th Place
Manhattan Beach, CA 90266
April 9/90
(213) 546-6409
TO: KRISTEN GEAR
2 Pages
GOP EVENT - ORLANDO, FLA (Mark Davis)
IT'S A PLEASURE TO BE HERE IN ORLANDO, HOME OF THE MAGIC KINGDOM, BECAUSE
IT LETS ME GET AWAY FOR AWHILE FROM WASHINGTON, HOME OF THE WILD KINGDOM.
I WAS HOPING TO VISIT FANTASYLAND, BUT IT'S TOO FULL OF DEMOCRATS DREAMING
UP NEW POLICIES.
I THINK IT'S TIME FOR PEOPLE TO STOP WAGING NEGATIVE CAMPAIGNS AGAINST EACH
ACCUSATIONS AND SNIPING.
OTHER, TO DO AWAY WITH BICKERING AND ANIMOSITY AND
BUT I'M SURE YOU'D RATHER HEAR ME TALK ABOUT POLITICS THAN ABOUT MGM-DISNEY VS.
UNIVERSAL.
I'M GOING BONE-FISHING A LITTLE LATER. I HOPE THOSE FISH ARE READY TO MEET
THEIR MATCH, BECAUSE THIS IS GOING TO BE THE MOST TRIUMPHANT RETURN TO THE BEACH
SINCE MACARTHUR.
IE'S GREAT TO HAVE BOB HOPE HERE -- ONE OF OUR GREATEST AMERICANS EVEN THOUGH HE
WAS BORN IN ENGLAND. AND HE WAS FUNNY FROM THE TIME HE WAS A YOUNG BOY. CROSSING
THE ATLANTIC, HE HAD EVERYONE IN STITCHES ABOARD THE MAYFLOWER.
MORE
- 2 - -
DOUG GAMBLE
TO: KRISTEN GEAR FLORIDA (CONT'D)
BOB HOPE IS GOING TO BE 87 NEXT MONTH, AND I CAN'T GET OVER HOW GREAT HE
LOOKS. PONCE DE LEON MAY NOT HAVE FOUND THE FOUNTAIN OF YOUTH, BUT IT'S
OBVIOUS BOB DID.
I'VE ALWAYS ADMIRED BOB HOPE FOR THE WAY HE PUT HiS LIFE ON THE LINE SO
MANY TIMES TO ENTERTAIN OUR TROOPS. I ONCE ASKED HIM WHAT WAS THE TOUGHEST
COMBAT SITUATION HE WAS EVER M IN, AND HE SAID "PLAYING GOLF WITH JERRY FORD."
FLORIDA MAY NOT HAVE A PROFESSIONAL BASEBALL TEAM YET, BUT 1 KNOW GOVERNOR
BOB MARTINEZ IS 60ING TO COME THROUGH THIS YEAR WITH A BIG R.B.1. -- REPUBLICANS
BACK IN.
IF YOU THINK THE DEVELOPMENTS BUILT BY ALEX COURTELIS ARE BIG, WAIT'LL YOU SEE
THE VICTORIES THE REPUBLICANS ARE BUILDING HERE IN FLORIDA.
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Public Papers of the Presidents
Remarks at a Republican Party Fundraising Dinner in Los
Angeles, California
25 weekly Comp. Pres. DOC. 18/
February 6, 1990
LENGTH: 194U words
Thank you, rank, and Goernor Deukmejian. Duke, always a pleasure to see you.
10 the California State delegation, many ot whom are here, thank you for coming.
And it's great to see our party Chairman Lee Atwater with us tonight. He's
doing anoutstanding Job. He plays that rhythm and Dlues - I'd rather hear
Vicky Carr sing, but nevertheless. LLaughter] And thank you tor the beautitul
rendition of the Star-Spangled Banner. Johnny, the nonorary mayor of Hollywood.
And all of you who are supporting this marvelous ettort for our party, headed by
Frank VISCO -- and, Frank, thank you tor the introduction. 1 see that we have a
lot of celebrities here tonight. BOD Hope, thank you, sir, for your remarks.
when 1 tirst saw this star-studded audience, 1 thought I'd wandered into a
Lakers' game. LLaughter] 1 don't think there have been 50 many celebrities in
one place since they used to be there at Dodgers Stadium ----- at 10mmy Lasorda's
office before they allowed the visitors -- kicked the visitors out of there.
And, of course, Arnold Schwarzenegger 15 here. He was up visiting Barbara
and me the other day at Camp David. 1 call him, "Conan the Republican." And he
has taken on big Job tor us as Chairman of this Fitness Council, and it's very,
very important -- he's taking it seriously. we saw his beautiful new daughter
up there at Camp David - 1 bent over to K155 her and she tried to bench-press
me. LLaughter] Where 15 he? on, right. Sorry about that. LLaughter] Ihat's
when 1 realized that any kid who has her own set of tree weights doesn't need a
teddy bear. LLaughter]
NOW, there's one more person I'd like to mention tonight, even though he's
not here -- a triend of everybody in this room -- tonight ne's celebrating his
/9th birthday, and 1 would like to simply say, happy birthday, President Reagan,
wherever you are, and best wishes from all of us. This 15 my tirst trip out
here on behalt of the California State party. 1 want to thank all of you tor
the victory that you gave us here on election night. I'll never torget the
close win heree. You have my gratitude - - Duke, certainly, Governor, you do -
and my appreciation tor your hard work and commitment tor a JOD well-done.
But tonight, 1 want to talk to you about another job: the JOD of preparing
our great country tor the tuture. Last Wednesday, 1 made my tirst State of the
Union address to the nation. 1 covered a lot of ground because our country
taces diverse challenges that will test every American as we enter this new
decade. Around the world, there 15, as we've heard here tonight, rapid and
welcome change, as people trom Panama to Prague strive tor democracy.
Selt-determination 15 contagious. They even want It in Malibu, 1 understand.
LLaughter] But millions of people are leaping over their volleyball nets to tree
them. LLaughter] No, but seriously -- Liaughter] -- millions of people are
looking to America for the hope and encouragement they need as they seek the
same treedom we have here. Freedom of expression, security, and opportunity we
enjoy. And America Will be there to help. But It America 15 to continue its
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traditional leadership role, we've got to De competitive enough to take on the
JOB, and strong and smart enough to do it right. loday - Lat this point, the
President was interrupted by a demonstrator] --- she's pretty tough. LLaughter
and applause You know, economic times are reasonably good and we're enjoying
the greatest economic expansion in peacetime history. But to maintain the
growth that has provided better lives tor millions of Americans, we've got to
make sure that America becomes even stronger. We've got to invest in our
tuture.
And first, a sound education tor our Kids must be the tirst and toremost, and
it 15. And we have proposed the largest education budget in history. But real
improvement in our schools 15 not simply a matter of spending more. It's a
matter of asking more of our students, our teachers, our parents, our schools.
And while the Federal Government 15 going to help meet its national challenge,
the States - the "laboratories" of democracy, as Justice Brandeis put It --
Will do a much better JOb than we ever can. And that's why we've announced new
education goals tor our country, developed working with Governor Deukmejian and
the other 49 governors. By the year 2000, every child must start school ready
to learn and we've got to increase our high school graduation rate to no 1ess
than YU percent. And we're going to make sure that our schools' diplomas mean
something. In critical subjects - at the 4th, 8th and 12th grades - we must
assess our students' performance. By the year 2000, U.S. students must be tirst
in the world in math and science SKILLS. And every American adult must be a
literate worker and citizen. Every school in America must otter the kind of
disciplined environment needed for our Kids to learn. And this other goal,
every school in America must be drug-tree.
Here in California, we've designated LOS Angeles as a "high intensity drug
tratticking area" to help this great city rid itselt of the scourge of drugs.
And we've got to get PCP and crack ott the streets and out of the schools. And
It's time we got more Federal resources into the hands of those on the tront
lines. It we are to compete internationally, America must be drug-tree,
well-educated and ready to do the JOD right.
And there's another investment we must make for the tuture of this country to
keep competitive, and I'm talking about R&D, research and development.
California can be proud of its great research institutions. Schools like these
will dream the dreams and create the ideas that form the cornerstone of our
economic power in the years to come. And that's why our 1991 budget includes a
record-high $/1 Dillion proposal for research and development. And with the
Dest young minds of the next generation on our side, America WILL win the
research and development race.
Education, a drug-tree workplace, and research and development are part of
the mix tor economic competitiveness. But there's one more important ingredient
-- and many here know this --- savings and investment. And together, they create
JODS and promote opportunity tor all Americans. And 50 we've proposed the
Savings and Economic browth Act, which includes our tamily savings account
proposal and provisions to allow first-time home buyers to make an early
withdrawal trom those IRA'S without penalty. And it does one more thing; It
proposes a cut in the rate in the capital gains tax. Last year, a majority in
both Houses of Congress showed their support tor this capital gains tax cut.
And this year, with your help, we'll pass that tax cut to give our competitors a
run for the money and keep the American economy going strong.
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But to remain competitive, government must also reflect the new world
emerging around us -- like the National Training Center base I've just visited
in Barstow - that Barbara and 1 were at today, and later going to the Strategic
Air Command base near Omaha. AS the nature of the threats to the American
security change -- and they are changing - so, too, must our response change.
Our torces WILL remain robust, well-trained, highly professional but geared to
the new challenges of the 'YUs. And 1 belleve that we can do that. I'm in a
big battle in Congress, and I'd like to have your support to keep reasonable
levels of detense. I'm not going to miss an opportunity to cut, but 1 want to
do it prudently, and 1 want to get something trom the other side when we do it.
Finally, one more thought here - kind of competitiveness I'd like to talk to
you about. Let me tell you a story about a summer night, 1981, when a group of
California Democrats sat in a restaurant in Sacramento with a pencil and a
paper, redesigning California's political landscape. They drew what one of them
called at the time their "contribution to modern art" - it was their words.
well, we've got a name tor it, and we call it gerrymandering. Lines were drawn
across communities, towns, even streets into twisted, contorted crazy shapes --
without the slightest regard tor either the WILL of the people or the rules of
elementary tairness. Since those lines went into effect, there have been 135
general elections tor California's congressional seats, and only once has a seat
changed party control.
In 1984, in fact, Republican congressional candidates together received more
total votes than the Democratic candidates and yet won nine tewer seats. The
1990 Census may, and probably WILL, give California up to seven new
congressional seats - meaning that nearly one out of every eight Congressmen in
Washington Will represent California. And all existing California congressional
district lines will have to be redrawn - this time not with pencils in a
restaurant, but by state-of-the-art advanced computers. The time has come for
redistricting retorm. And we've got to end the charade of that Phil Burton
Democratic gerrymandering that has deprived this State of tair representation.
LOOK, unlike the Democrats, we don't need gerrymandering because Republicans
can win on the issues. You heard Duke say it. In fact, we can put the
Democrats out of business - on the issues. LOOK at what this bovernor's
Reepublican administration has accomplished since 1983: the unemployment rate
was 11, cut to 5.2 percent; 2.7 million new JODS created in this great State.
The list keeps growing: 14 new and expanded prisons open in 1991, education
tunding more than doubled, drug education now included in every school from
grades four to eight. California now has some of the toughest environmental
laws in the nation, with thousands ot acres of sensitive lands acquired and
preserved. And thanks to common-sense policies and strong leadership,
California 15 better ott than It ever has been. Let's keep It that way. Let's
keep it Reepublican, and let's elect Hete Wilson next November to be Governor
of this great State.
Unfortunately, Pete couldn't join us tonight. He's in Washington - a
crucial vote in the Senate on education. 1 appreciate his work, for he's a
proven winner -- and the voters know it. And he's a strong environmentalist, a
leader of the war on drugs, key member of our team in the United States Senate.
And Delleve me, we'll miss Senator Wilson, but come to think of it, 1 really
like the sound of Governor Pete Wilson. You know Pete Will De leading a 50110
team of candidates for State office to victory, and with him they'll De the ones
to keep the taxes low, the environment clean and the economy strong. People
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say I'm a cautious guy, and 1 can understand that - well, 1 really can't
understand it. I'm going to go out on a limb tonight and make a prediction:
1990 Will be a great year for the Golden State because Pete Wilson Will De
your next Governor. So my plea, in the tradition of Ronald Reagan and George
Deukmejian, let's keep California great and keep it Republican.
Barbara and 1 are delighted to be with you. Thank you for what you're doing
for this party, thank you for what you're doing for the campaign for Governor
and the other statewide races. Thank you all, bod Dless you, and God bless the
United States of America. Thank you very much.
Note: The President spoke at 8:26 p.m. in the L.A. Ballroom at the
CenturyPiaza Hotel. In his opening remarks, he reterred to Frank Visco,
chairman of the California Republican Party, and 10mmy Lasorda, manager of the
Los Angeles Dodgers.
LEXIS® ® NEXIS® ® LEXIS® NEXIS® ®
What I Believe
About the
Environment
by President George Bush
ast summer. I took my 13-year-old
grandson on a fishing trip to Jackson
Lake. Wyoming. The memory of that
day lingers-the two of us casting our
lines. sinking long. flashy spinners deep
into the crystalline water. After some
effort. we caught a few Mackinaw trout
and let them go. But the real catch was
for our eyes.
From our small boat, we watched elk
warily emerge from the forest at dusk to
drink at the lake. And rising out of the
forest in the distance were the
Tetons-jagged. immense. snow-capped.
invincible. No words, no photo. no
painter could do them justice.
Of course. there was a time when all
of North America was as primitive and
pristine as Jackson Hole. But aside from
protected areas like the Grand Tetons.
the buffalo hunters and the settlers
changed the face of the land. forever.
We no longer enjoy the luxury
of leisurely action.
Environmental protection must
become a higher priority for
us all.
National Park Service photo.
The exploitation of natural resources
one place on Earth can have serious
Policy Act into law. All the historic
was a natural way of life for the
consequences for other. sometimes
environmental laws of the 70s follo
pioneers. In fact. it was the only way of
remote. parts of our planet. In fact. some
this bold step: the Clean Air Act. th
life. So our ancestors did what they had
scientists compare the Earth to a single
Clean Water Act. and the laws
to do to build a great nation. simply
organism. a living system whose ability
regulating pesticides. toxic substand
assuming that the land offered a
to survive depends on its overall
and hazardous wastes.
limitless bounty.
well-being.
It was also roughly 20 years ago t
Today. of course. we know better.
It is not possible to restore our
EPA began its historic mission und
And knowing better. we must act better.
environment to a perfectly natural state.
the strong leadership of Bill
President Teddy Rooseveit declared
Yet we've also learned that a growing
Ruckelshaus. And in this same trad.
80 years ago that nothing short of
economy can only be sustained with a
Bill Reilly brings to EPA his own
defending this country in wartime
healthy environment. This requires a
distinctive brand of
"compares in importance with the great
balance-trade-offs. tough decisions.
leadership-leadership based on bo
central task of leaving this land even a
careful planning. exact studies. and
environmental expertise and real
better land for our descendants than it
creative proposals.
commitment.
is for us." He was one of the first to
Seeking that balance. environmental
In the first year of this
perceive that nature is not an infinite
leaders like Senators Ed Muskie.
Administration. we've taken on ma
resource. Environmental destruction in
Howard Baker. the late Henry Jackson.
tough environmental problems. On
and others put aside party differences in
12. I announced ways we can use t
the late 1960s to craft landmark
market to reduce emissions of acid
comprehensive environmental
urban smog. and toxic air pollution
legislation. On January 1, 1970.
included in the first major overhau
President Nixon began the new decade
bv signing the National Environmental
2
EPA JC
Grand Teton National Park,
Wyoming.
President Theodore Roosevelt, an early
environmentalist, loved hiking and
camping. in this 1903 photo, he is shown
with John Muir, who founded the Sierra
Club.
the Clean Air Act to be proposed in
providing world environmental
more than a decade.
leadership.
Later in the year, we called for $710
million for Clean Coal Technology: a
At home. we've brought to my
ban on nearly all uses of asbestos by
Administration outstanding
environmental professionals. like
1997: and a ban on the export of
Michael Deland, who chairs the
hazardous waste. In addition, we've
important Council on Environmental
accelerated our leadership on global
change. proposing a 28-percent increase
Quality. We've broken new ground by
in global environmental research and
declaring that pollution prevention is
offering to host an international
our ultimate goal. For too long, we've
focused on clean-up campaigns and
conference next fall to negotiate a
framework treaty on global change.
Sierra Club photo.
penalties after the damage is done. It's
time to reorient our policies to
But the federal government is only
the peoples of Europe in May. In Mainz.
technologies and processes that reduce
part of the story. Twenty years ago, the
West Germany. I said that my
or prevent pollution-to stop it before it
environmental movement was gaining
generation remembers a world ravaged
strength in the city halls and state
starts. In the 1990s. pollution
by war. And. of course, Europeans have
capitols of our nation, as well as in
prevention must go to the source.
rebuilt their proud cities and restored
Washington. And-the new commitment
To save the Earth will require our bes
their majestic cathedrals. But I told
efforts. Everyone must volunteer to
to a cleaner. safer environment wasn't
them: "What a tragedy it would be if
help. Business. labor. and consumers
just confined to government. It grew
your continent were again spoiled. this
must cooperate. Environmentalists and
from the bottom up-not just from
time by a more subtle and insidious
school boards. city councils, and state
industrialists must be partners. not
legislatures-but from millions of
adversaries. Local communities. large
homes.
and small, must enlist. And so must
If our response is to be
Americans came together as
families-we all can learn to generate
effective, then all the nations
environmental volunteers-
less waste and to recycle the waste that
of the world must make
we do produce. In fact. those families
spontaneously. almost instinctively-to
save the Earth. And it was this
common cause in defense of
that do recycle have found it makes
movement that created the first Earth
our environment.
economic, as well as ecological. sense.
Finally. there is one simple thing that
Day on April 22. 1970. Earth Day began
you can do on Earth Day. regardless of
as a spectacular movement of citizen
your age or ability. I ask you to join me
leadership. It has become an American
danger-that of poisoned rivers and acid
in sowing a legacy of cleaner air and
tradition. worthy of future generations.
rain." I told them of America's
more beautiful horizons. I ask you to
A president quickly learns to see
environmental tragedy in Alaska. I
perform a simple act. I ask you to plant
policy in the broadest terms possible.
noted that countries from France to
a tree.
Urban and housing policy must be
Finland suffered after Chernobyl. and
You don't have to be a poet or a
related to transportation. transportation
that West Germany is struggling to save
painter to appreciate a tree. Trees cool
policy to energy. energy policy to
the Black Forest. The bottom line is
the Earth on a summer's day. They quie:
agriculture. and so on. Applying this
this: Environmental destruction respects
the noise of a freeway. They provide a
same perspective, one cannot fail to see
no borders.
natural wind break in winter. And every
that deforestation. ozone depletion.
When I suggested that the United
tree makes America a little greener. a
ocean pollution. and the threat of global
States and Western Europe extend a
little more like the verdant nation the
warming interconnect to challenge our
hand to the East. the people of Europe
Pilgrims knew.
future. We no longer enjoy the luxury of
on both sides of the Iron Curtain
I hope that Earth Day will once again
leisurely action. Environmental
responded with enthusiasm. Since then.
demonstrate that solutions to
protection must become a higher
working with my counterparts in
environmental problems are emerging
priority for us all.
Western Europe. we have reached
from the good will, generosity. and
If our response is to be effective, then
agreements to share our environmental
vision of the American people. We have
all the nations of the world must make
technical and regulatory knowledge
already given the world so much. Let's
common cause in defense of our
with Eastern Europe.
give the world an example of
environment. This is a message I took to
I hope these agreements become a
volunteerism and environmental
model not just for Europe. but for the
leadership on April 22. 1990. and in the
world. And I am determined that in the
years to come. 0
1990s. the United States of America will
continue to assume responsibility by
JANUARY FEBRUARY 1990
REPUBLICAN PARTY OF FLORIDA
1990 STATESMAN'S DINNER
VTELEPROMPTER
As of March 20, 1990
DATE:
Friday, April 20, 1990
LOCATION:
Orange County Convention Center
9800 International Drive, Orlando, FL
NATIONAL STATESMAN:
The President of the United States, George Bush
FLORIDA STATESMAN:
Alec P. Courtelis
HONORARY CHAIRMAN:
Bob Hope last years honoree
DINNER CHAIRMAN:
Jeb Bush
CORPORATE CHAIRMEN:
H. Wayne Huizenga, Blockbuster Video
Ricardo Vadia, Corepoint Corporation
Fred B. Bullard, Jr., The Bullard Group
SPECIAL GIFTS CHAIRMAN:
Phil Bakes, Eastern Airlines
DIGNITARY CHAIRMAN:
The Honorable Connie Mack, III
United States Senate
SPECIAL GUEST:
Lee Greenwood
TENTATIVE AGENDA:
6:00 p.m. Cocktails
7:00 p.m. Dinner
8:00 p.m. Program
ATTENDANCE:
Approximately 2,500
TICKETS:
Patron -- $300 Per Person
Legislative Sponsor -- $500 Per Person
Congressional Sponsor -- $1,000 Per Person
ATTIRE:
Dark Suits and Cocktail Dresses
(Finance)
INFORMATION:
j
Allison McArthur, Republican Party of Florida
(904) 222-7920
& Stan Smith
"Republican Majority '90"
(press)
are the contac ts
CHRONOLOGICAL HISTORY OF FLORIDA
were education, public health, conservation, and advertising
broadcast television station.
the state's qualities. Under his leadership, the cigarette tax
1950
The Kefauver Crime Investigating Committee of the
was increased from three to four cents. The tax on alcoholic
United States Senate held hearings in Miami. Frozen
beverages was also raised. The taxes financed multi-million
concentrates of citrus juices became a major industry in
dollar improvements for state institutions and provided more
Florida. Florida's population was 2,771,305, twentieth highest
money for schools. Florida celebrated its state centennial.
among the states. Miami, Jacksonville, St. Petersburg-Tampa,
MAY 7, 1945
Germany surrendered, ending the war in
Orlando, and the Palm Beaches were the five major
Europe. Three months later, Japan surrendered. World War
metropolitan centers of the state.
II was over.
JULY 24, 1950
The first missile was tested at Cape
SEPTEMBER 15, 1945
Hurricane winds caused a fire that
Canaveral by the United States Army. It was over 50 feet tall
destroyed Richmond Naval Air Station south of Miami.
and was comprised of two "stages." The first stage was a
Twenty-five blimps, 366 airplanes, and 150 automobiles were
modified German V-2 rocket that had been captured during
destroyed. The center of the hurricane passed over the base.
World War II, and the second stage was a U.S. Army developed
Winds were estimated at 125 miles per hour. Three 16 story
WAC corporal rocket.
hangars began to blow away. Parts of their roofs fell and
1951
Terrorist bombings across the state destroyed
smashed into the parked vehicles below, starting a fire that
synagogues and homes of politically active Blacks. The Ku
completely destroyed the hangars and their contents.
Klux Klan was the group thought to be responsible for the
1946
The conclusion of the war sparked a building boom
bombings. The legislature passed laws forbidding the wearing
in Florida. Many veterans took advantage of government
of masks, and Governor Warren came out strongly against
financial assistance and started college. In the last year of
these atrocities. However, his sincerity was questioned by many
the war, enrollment at the University of Florida fell below
after he admitted that he had once been a member of the Klan.
1,000. In the summer of 1946, more than 8,000 sought
1952
Florida's voters amended the state constitution to
admission-at least a third more than the University of Florida
allow motor vehicle tax revenue to be used for the construction
had room for. Many of these new students were ex-servicemen.
of schools.
The legislature made the University of Florida and Florida
JANUARY 6, 1953
Daniel T. McCarty (1912-1953) was
State College for Women coeducational, the latter becoming
inaugurated as governor of Florida. McCarty was a Democrat.
Florida State University in the process.
He was born in Ft. Pierce and was a cattleman and citrus
1947
The legislature adopted a statewide junior college
grower. Before becoming governor, he had served in World
program. The colleges were to be maintained jointly by the
War II, and the state legislature. He advocated vetoing any
counties and the state. The purpose of these so-called
new proposal for new taxes and the dismissal of any law officer
"community colleges" was unclear. Some thought they were
who failed to do his duty. McCarty also wanted to build a
to be extensions of high school to the thirteenth and fourteenth
four-lane highway down the east coast and to create a state
grades. Others thought they should be the beginning of a
department of labor with cabinet rank. He urged against the
four-year degree-the final two years of study to be completed
exploration of oil on state and private lands in the Everglades
at a university. Still others viewed the purpose of junior
National Park. During his administration, teachers' salaries
colleges to be vocational in nature. They became
were raised $350, the Communist Party was outlawed in
"multipurpose," covering a broad spectrum of objectives. The
Florida, and a turnpike commission was created to build and
program got off to a slow start. Only four areas were
maintain the lower 110 miles of a tollway from Ft. Pierce to
participating after a 10 year period. After that, growth was
Miami.
rapid.
SEPTEMBER 26, 1953
Governor McCarty died of a
DECEMBER 6, 1947
The Everglades National Park, the
massive heart attack. Charley E. Johns (b. 1905), president
nation's third largest, was dedicated. It is located in Dade,
of the state senate, succeeded him. Johns was also a Democrat.
Monroe, and Collier Counties and is administered by the
1954
William C. Cramer of St. Petersburg was the first
National Park Service of the United States Department of
Republican since 1885 to be elected by Floridians to the United
the Interior.
States Congress. He won reelection until 1970.
1949
The Air Force Missile Test Center was established on
MAY 17, 1954
The United States Supreme Court ruled
Cape Canaveral.
unanimously that racial segregation in public schools was
JANUARY 4, 1949
Fuller Warren (1905-1973), yet another
unconstitutional. Florida's legislature appointed a committee
Democrat, was inaugurated as governor of Florida. He was
to study the effects of desegregation of the schools. Their
born in Blountstown in Calhoun County, Florida, and was
report was presented to the Federal Court as a protest, and
elected to the state legislature while he was still a student at
the state attorney general requested a stay of execution of
the University of Florida. He served as a naval gunner in
the Supreme Court's ruling that public schools should be
World War I. Warren was a lawyer and a writer. Under his
desegregated.
leadership the legislature banned livestock from grazing along
1955
The legislature created the Constitutional Advisory
the side of highways, strengthened the citrus code so that
Commission to look at the state constitution and suggest
unripe fruit could not be shipped, and established a
changes. One obstacle to change was the threat of legislative
reforestation program and modern highway construction
control by rural majorities in north Florida. These rural
which included the Florida Turnpike, Jacksonville Expressway,
political leaders were called "pork choppers;" thus, people
and the Sunshine Skyway at St. Petersburg. He actively
from north Florida became known by the same name. People
promoted Florida's tourism.
from south Florida-a more urban area in comparison-
JANUARY 27, 1949
The Federal Communications
became known as "lamb choppers." Legislative districts were
Commission authorized WTV in Miami as Florida's first
marked by geographical boundaries, not by population.
296
FLYING THE COLORS: FLORIDA FACTS ©JOHN CLEMENTS 1987
(407)-
POLITICAL-Sally Salmon
CABINET-Doug Adair
ORLANDO, FLORDIA - 20 APRIL 1990
EVENT: Florida GOP Event / Orange Co. Convention / Civie center
CONTACTS:
#
904/222-7920
Iknowfrom- campaign 1. Stan Smith press secretary 3. Kathy Phillips
2. John Fabrega
Odell, Ropert Assoc.
LOCAL COLOR:
Richard Atwood Orangeco. chair. Emmy Kirkwood vicechair.
INTRODUCING Not decided THE yet PRESIDENT: / maybe Governor, Alec, Jeb -GeorgeP. may speak
WHERE HE IS BEFORE SPEECH:
From Airport will come from Alabama fundraiser
WHERE HE GOES AFTER SPEECH:
TELEPROMPTER: Islamorada, Florida
Hearrives $ speaks ~ 7pm
YES
NO
expecting 2,500 people
HUMOR: Notime for local humor, but there mustike some stones about
TOTUS and Alee Coortelis and since Disney land is only 20min.
away might want to do a take oft on one of the characters,
George . the President's grandson may speak atthe
event. TBD.
Remember Jeannie Austin is from Orange Co. shewill most
likely attend the event as well. And Chairman VanPoole
They are only 4 seats away from winning the FLA. senate
There will probably be afair number of Cabinet Secretaries
attending This event. Possibles so fare are: Mosbacher, Sleiner
Lujan B Senator Mack too. Check is Doug Adair.
The President and Alec Courtelis are both receiving awards as
The National & Florida Statesmen they are planning on two
Speakers for each winner as well as a 4min. video of all
their art wonderful arhievements. Bothare being honored.
This is the second Rep. Party of Florida Statesman's Dinner.
POTUS did not attend last year, but he did send a letter.
Bob Hope was the National Statesman honored at last year's
dinner. His remarks were very funny. (humor for our
speech: can't hope to follow in his footsteps?)
--POTUS will probably be introduced by Jeb Bush. (TBD)
--There will be 20 tables on the stage, each filled with leaders
of government and business. There is no head table per se; POTUS
will be seated at one of the 20.
The theme of the evening is : "REPUBLICAN MAJORITY, '90".
This is a crucial for Governor Martinez, who is up for
re election, and will be at the event.
Also, the RP of FL is only 4 seats away from the majority
in the State Senate.
--Jeb Bush and Van B. Poole, RP of FL Chairman, are co-emcees
--Alec P. Courtelis and POTUS will be receiving "The Statesman's
Award" for the Florida Statesman and the National Statesman,
respectively. The award is to honor their contributions as
statesman. There will be a 4 minute video of their achievements.
I will be receiving more info on Courtelis. He and POTUS
are very good friends; Courtelis has raised MUCHO DINERO for the
President. He is currently the chair of Team 100 and the Finance
Chair of the RP of FL.
MEMORANDUM
TO:
MARK LANGE
FROM:
CAROLYN CAWLEY
RE:
BACKGROUND ON FLORIDA GOP EVENT
EVENT:
Republican Party of Florida
1990 Statesman's Dinner
DATE:
April 20, 1990
LOCATION:
Orange County Convention Center, Orlando
(site of the Farm Speech in January)
ATTENDEES:
approximately 2500. Speech is TelePrompted
TIME:
POTUS speaks at 7:00 p.m. and departs for
Islamorada, FL
LUMINARIES
(more TBD) :
National Statesman:
POTUS
FL Statesman:
Alec P. Courtelis
Honorary Chairman:
Bob Hope
Dinner Chairman:
Jeb Bush
Corporate Chairs:
H. Wayne Huizenga,
Blockbuster Video
Ricardo Vadia,
Corepoint Corporation
Fred Bullard,
The Bullard Group
Special Gifts Chair:
Phil Bakes,
Eastern Airlines
Dignitary Chairman:
Sen. Connie Mack
Special Guest:
Lee Greenwood
(Republican convention)
This is the second Rep. Party of Florida Statesman's Dinner.
POTUS did not attend last year, but he did send a letter.
Bob Hope was the National Statesman honored at last year's
dinner. His remarks were very funny. (humor for our
speech: can't hope to follow in his footsteps?)
POTUS will probably be introduced by Jeb Bush. (TBD)
There will be 20 tables on the stage, each filled with leaders
of government and business. There is no head table per se; POTUS
will be seated at one of the 20.
The theme of the evening is : "REPUBLICAN MAJORITY, '90".
This is a crucial for Governor Martinez, who is up for
re election, and will be at the event.
Also, the RP of FL is only 4 seats away from the majority
in the State Senate.
Jeb Bush and Van B. Poole, RP of FL Chairman, are co-emcees
Alec P. Courtelis and POTUS will be receiving "The Statesman's
Award" for the Florida Statesman and the National Statesman,
respectively. The award is to honor their contributions as
statesman. There will be a 4 minute video of their achievements.
I will be receiving more info on Courtelis. He and POTUS
are very good friends; Courtelis has raised MUCHO DINERO for the
President. He is currently the chair of Team 100 and the Finance
Chair of the RP of FL.
REPUBLICAN PARTY OF FLORIDA
1990 STATESMAN'S DINNER
VTELEPROMPTER
As of March 20, 1990
DATE:
Friday, April 20, 1990
LOCATION:
Orange County Convention Center
9800 International Drive, Orlando, FL
NATIONAL STATESMAN:
The President of the United States, George Bush
FLORIDA STATESMAN:
Alec P. Courtelis
HONORARY CHAIRMAN:
Bob Hope last years honoree
DINNER CHAIRMAN:
Jeb Bush
CORPORATE CHAIRMEN:
H. Wayne Huizenga, Blockbuster Video
Ricardo Vadia, Corepoint Corporation
Fred B. Bullard, Jr., The Bullard Group
SPECIAL GIFTS CHAIRMAN:
Phil Bakes, Eastern Airlines
DIGNITARY CHAIRMAN:
The Honorable Connie Mack, III
United States Senate
SPECIAL GUEST:
Lee Greenwood
TENTATIVE AGENDA:
6:00 p.m. Cocktails
7:00 p.m. Dinner
8:00 p.m. Program
ATTENDANCE:
Approximately 2,500
TICKETS:
Patron -- $300 Per Person
Legislative Sponsor -- $500 Per Person
Congressional Sponsor -- $1,000 Per Person
ATTIRE:
Dark Suits and Cocktail Dresses
(Finance)
INFORMATION:
Allison McArthur, Republican Party of Florida
(904) 222-7920
& Stan Smith
"Republican Majority '90"
(press)
are the contacts
Lisa Bell
tn his State of the
Union message, President
Bush named education
as a national priority.
Florida 's business
community shares his
concerns, and this
report details what
we're doing about it!
Lisa Bell
Lisa Bell
Vice-President - Communications
FLORIDA CHAMBER
of Commerce
136 S. Bronough St.
P.O. Box 11309
Tallahassee, FL 32302-3309
(904) 222-2831 FAX (904) 222-5520
Sally Salmon
alex Countetis. Cualian howes/hug
fam in South 7 /orida.
Nate friance Chainan 1 Bush
- Flo. COP
- MARTING
Unselfish/ ChARities
Connie Mack
George Arizurtiza - (305)530-7000
Close friend of A.E.
Kniverly 224-5274 Faity - Sen
[or Van Pore (904) 222-7920
]
0
Born in Creese?
Florida
you're 2ND in nation in producing fresh vegetaller ((broced),
almost 5 centuries ago, in the Easter peason, exploren
landed here seeking gold. They found something letter
The Howering land of the fun everglades and
is more than white blue skir , Arange gsoves
(moe than savings fanks, or thopedic supply companing
and geeger farms)
This magical place,
the fard of the sun, to the stars
In 1985, 6th largest state.
by 1990- 4th largst
while work torce grew by half in but beale,
new employment kept pace
greated growth electronics, high feeh.
13% such. in manuf jobe
5.5% cap. income tax away lowest in the nation
buy no personal income Tax.
-one of only balf a dozen state that
Aode Cty schools -Emovative
beware wettands deal?
FLORIDA GOP CONTACTS
D.C.
Ially Salmon -Pritical
Dong Adair - Cabinet
FL RPFL
Itan Smith 904/222-7920
t
John Jabrega
J
areison mearther 904-222-7920
FL Chanber- - Lisa Bere - (904) 222-2831
FL Tourism Bureau- (904)487-1462
MAiN REP. CONTACTS
Orlando chamber
Improving Math & Science Education
A
BUSINESS AGEND
100
C
RISE TO THE
CHALLENGE
THE
FLORIDA
CHAMBER
RISE TO THE
CHALLENGE
The Challenge
Page Three
The Response
Page Seven
Action Agenda
Page Nine
Appendix
Page Seventeen
lassified advertisements such as
these have not appeared in Florida
newspapers yet.
Unless we take action, though, these
fictitious ads could become a reality.
The unfortunate truth is that too few
'HELP WANTED"
of our students and workers are
mathematically and scientifically
BUSINESS
SCHOOLS
literate enough to help Florida compete
Florida companies in
Florida public schools
in the increasingly competitive global
highly-competitive world
overwhelmed by growth
markets seek millions of
seek 120,000 teachers by
marketplace.
new employees, Must
year 2000. Also seek pub-
have basic skills, ad-
lic officials, business
The Florida Chamber has joined with
vanced training and good
leaders, parents, con-
work habits. Rewarding
cerned citizens for in-
the State Department of Education to
careers in all aspects of
novative involvement in
propose goals and actions to improve
services and manufac-
long-term relationship
turing. Equal opportunity
Apply immediately.
our current performance in math,
employers. Apply in
person.
science and computer education. We
STUDENTS
have produced a comprehensive plan,
Florida youth seek addi-
released in April, 1989.
tional help to avoid future
of inadequate skills, low
This publication is designed to alert
productivity, and dead-
end careers. Excellent
Florida business people about the
benefits with growth
potential. Call for de-
alarming extent of the problem, and
tails.
more important, to outline the practical
steps we can take-and are taking-in
our own businesses and communities to
Rise To The Challenge.
At stake is nothing less than the
future prosperity of all Floridians.
Teed G Dmount
Fred Donovan
President, The Florida Chamber
President, Baskerville-Donovan Engineers
MATH AND SCIENCE
Improving Education
THE CHALLENGE
The supply-and-demand statistics tell the story:
Demand: Higher Skills Needed
Among the qualities of future Florida workers, none will be more important than flexibility,
adaptability and the willingness to continue learning. Countless jobs that once required
physical strength, manual dexterity and repetitive calculations already require problem-
solving abilities and teamwork. These trends are accelerating.
Test after test,
measurement after
Nowhere is the need for skilled workers more apparent than in the fast-growing high-
measurement, anecdote
technology sector. Florida now has 1,900 high-tech companies employing 150,000
after anecdote all
underscore one central
workers-an increase of 224 percent in the past 10 years. If the trend continues, within
truth: there are disturbing
five years, Florida will rank fourth in high-tech jobs behind California, Texas and
gaps between what
Florida's workers must
Massachusetts.
know tomorrow and what
Future job growth is expected to be
Florida's students are
National Rankings of Key Florida
learning today.
Business Climate Indicators
particularly strong for medical
Bob Alligood
President, Delay, Thompson,
assistants, computer systems analysts,
Alligood & Beck and
Chairman, Task Force to Improve
computer programmers, health
Mathematics, Science &
4th
Computer Education
6th
10th
professionals and data processing
repair persons-all requiring technical
Midrange
skills. The need for technically skilled
employees will be especially acute in
32nd
the health-care field.
41st
Overall, Florida must shift its economic
46th
focus to high-value-added
Low Taxes High State Low Labor Available Education Transportation
Business Costs
Workforce
manufacturing and services industries.
Incentives
From Cornerstone: Foundations for Economic Leadership,
Such a shift will require significant
Florida Chamber of Commerce, 1989
investments in human-resource
Source: Grant Thornton, 1988.
Today Florida's cost advantages on taxes and wages
development, investments that are
are increasingly being offset by disadvantages on
"quality" indicators.
essential to a rising standard of living
for all Floridians over the long term.
three
A BUSINESS AGENDA
The Florida Chamber
Supply: Inadequately Prepared Students
In a recent survey, 41 percent of Florida corporations said they had trouble finding
qualified professional-technical employees, and one major high-tech firm hires 80 percent
of its professional staff from out of state. Without significant changes in the educational
system, these shortages will increase.
American students consistently rank near the bottom on international mathematics and
science tests. To the extent state data is available, Florida students tend to perform at
about the national average-or worse.
On statewide tests, only half or fewer of Florida's eleventh graders could correctly
calculate interest on a loan, change a decimal to a percent or convert square yards into
square feet.
Performance worsens over time. In mathematics, two out of five Florida first graders did
as well or better than their counterparts in Japan and Taiwan. But by the fifth grade, only
one out of six of our children did as well or better. The older they get, the more Florida
children fall behind.
Achievement levels for minorities and females (who along with immigrants, will make up
85 percent of Florida's new workers by the year 2000) tend to be lower than for white
male students.
The poor student performance is not surprising. Consider that:
-
The average U.S. elementary student spends only 20 minutes a day on science
and 44 minutes on mathematics.
- Despite studies showing that hands-on, experimental learning is more effective,
84 percent of instruction in U.S. secondary school mathematics and science
classes and 74 percent in elementary classes is by lecture.
-
Too much mathematics and science education amounts to rote memorization of
discrete facts and formulas, with too little attention to the integration of
mathematical and scientific principles and processes, and not enough emphasis
on learning for understanding.
- Despite recent improvements, not enough Florida students and teachers have
adequate access to computers and other instructional technology.
Compounding the problem, Florida faces increasing shortages of qualified mathematics
and science teachers.
four
MATH AND SCIENCE
Improving Education
Florida
Between 1986 and 2000, Florida is ex-
Math and Science Teachers
pected to produce only 18 percent of the
Supply and Demand 1986-2000
mathematics teachers and 9.5 percent
16,000
of the science teachers it needs.
Projected
14,000
Demand
Projected
Too many teachers are unprepared.
14,500
Demand
12,000
14,000
For instance, elementary education
10,000
majors averaged less than a single sem-
8,000
ester hour in mathematics or science
6,000
during their junior or senior year in
4,000
college and none took an upper-
Projected
Florida
Projected
division science course.
2,000
Supply
Florida
3,480
Supply
Despite recent improvements, Florida
0
2,520
teachers remain inadequately compen-
Source: Miller Office of Deputy Commissioner DOE.
sated, ranking 27th overall nationwide.
The Consequences
The consequences of these academic deficiencies and teacher shortages extend directly
to Florida businesses.
A student who doesn't understand the function of a decimal point today can mistakenly
write an insurance claim check tomorrow for $3,000 instead of $30.00.
A student who can't convert fractions to percentages today can measure incorrectly
tomorrow and produce a whole trashbin of faulty parts.
As Xerox Chairman David Kearns has pointed out, "If current demographic and economic
trends continue, American business will have to hire a million new workers a year who
cannot read, write or count. Teaching them how and absorbing the lost productivity while
they're learning will cost industry $25 billion a year."
We cannot afford that kind of lost productivity-not if we want to maintain, or improve,
our standard of living.
In a competitive global economy, the job that moved from Detroit to Tampa in the 1970s
could just as easily move to Juarez and Bangkok in the 1990s. Or to Atlanta and Raleigh.
In a world economy, Florida's competitive edge rests on its ability to work smarter-to
apply technological advances to marketable products and services. In such an economy,
there will be an expanding premium placed on technical skills.
five
A BUSINESS AGENDA
The Florida Chamber
It's not that our students all need to
Science & Engineering Pipeline
be trained as Ph.D. engineers or Nobel-
High School Through Ph.D. Degree
prize-winning chemists-though we
1977
High School
4,000,000
certainly need more of them. Our
Sophomores
High School Sophomores with S&E Interest 730,000
primary challenge is to educate people
1979
who can operate our automated
High School Seniors with S & E Interest
590,000
1980
factories, use new agricultural
340,000
College Freshmen with S & E Interest
technologies, repair our VCRs and use
1984
206,000
Baccalaureate Degrees in S&E
new technology to handle a sales call-
Graduate Study in S & E
61,000
or save a life. The bottom line is that
1986
46,000
Masters Degree in S & E
it's hard to imagine a Florida business
1992
9,700
that will not require technically literate
Ph.D. Degrees in S & E
Source:Changing America: The New Face of Science and Engineering
employees in the future.
But the mathematics and science challenge goes beyond the bottom line. With the
emergence of the "greenhouse effect" of global warming and with a biotechnology
revolution that is creating new life forms, all citizens must have some understanding of the
forces shaping our lives.
Thus, Florida is faced with twin challenges. A world-class economy needs world-class
workers. And a representative democracy needs literate, informed citizens.
Changing demographics will markedly affect the composition of the future workforce.
Net New Workers, 1985-2000
25,000,000
7%
Non-White
Men
Immigrant
9%
Women
Non-White
13%
Women
13%
Immigrant
Men
Source:
White
15%
Men
U.S. Department
of Labor.
White
42%
Women
six
MATH AND SCIENCE
Improving Education
THE RESPONSE
This is no time for finger-pointing.
To be sure, schools are on the front line in the race to upgrade our children's skills. To
that end, The Florida Chamber was pleased to have joined with the Florida Department of
Education to prepare a Comprehensive Plan for Improving Mathematics, Science and
Computer Education-a blueprint for statewide educational reform that was released in
April 1989. The 28-member task force of leading business executives and educators from
around the state had a clear-cut mission:
To make Florida a world leader in math,
science and computer education by the year 1999.
To accomplish that fundamental objective, we focused on five broad goals:
Strengthen the K-12 curriculum to ensure that students have a chance to explore a subject in
depth, learn to reason scientifically and see the connections among various mathematical and
scientific principles.
Restructure learning to make mathematics, science and computer education more exciting
through increased "hands-on" learning that exposes students early and often to the thrill of
discovery, to the adventures of observation and to the broader insights into the scientific
principles that govern their world.
Mount an aggressive campaign to recruit, prepare and retain qualified teachers in the state.
Reach out to students with special needs, such as minorities and females who have been under-
represented in scientific and technical fields.
And finally, ensure accountability for results by establishing a 10-year implementation
schedule, through which reforms will be phased in district by district, school by school, grade
by grade. The implementation will be overseen by a research advisory commission of
educators, business executives, scientists, state government officials and others. (For details on
the Comprehensive Plan see Appendix).
Legislation implementing the Comprehensive Plan was passed by the 1989 Florida
Legislature. The legislation addresses many of the individual components of the Plan by
creating such innovative and needed programs as the Teacher Quest Scholarship
seven
A BUSINESS AGENDA
The Florida Chamber
Program and the Mentor Teacher Program. A crucial element is a mandate that the 10
year implementation schedule contained in the Plan begin during the 1989-90 school
year. In addition, to ensure that critical employer needs of the future are fully
considered during implementation, the legislation creates an advisory council composed
of educators and business people, some of whom will be appointed by the President of
The Florida Chamber.
The Chamber is encouraged by the positive response to the Plan-not only in
Tallahassee but across the state. The media, as well as the legislature, has responded with
coverage in virtually every major newspaper in the state.
Responsibility for improving the mathematical and scientific performance of Florida
students extends far beyond the schoolhouse and statehouse. Florida businesses must
become more involved. The Sarasota Herald Tribune (April 26, 1989) editorialized about
the Plan,"
The Chamber(s) members are promoting their own self interests
because improvement in education can make for a more prosperous business climate,
but that's fine because unless influential business men and business women start
constantly rattling the legislature's and local school districts' cages demanding a better
'product,' conditions are unlikely to improve."
The following pages describe what we must do-and are doing-to help our students
and teachers implement the ambitious goals of the Comprehensive Plan.
eight
MATH AND SCIENCE
Improving Education
ACTION AGENDA
Your commitment is needed.
What Florida Businesses Need to Do
There are ample opportunities for businesses, large and small, to help boost the
mathematical and scientific literacy of Florida's students.
And there are many compelling reasons for us to become involved. Start with self-
interest. After all, at stake is the future of our businesses
and our children and
grandchildren.
But a broader question is at stake-the future well-being of our state and all our citizens
Since everyone knows
is on the line. Our ability to build better schools, bigger parks and expanded
the problem, business
libraries
needs to adopt that
to finance fire, police and other public services
and to afford quality
famous Noah principle:
health care depends directly on an expanding economy. Such economic growth, in turn,
No more prizes for
requires highly skilled employees.
predicting rain. Prizes
only for building arks.
To help ensure that our businesses have a ready supply of quality employees well into
Louis V. Gerstner
(former President,
American Express)
the 21st century. The Florida Chamber has identified a 10-step agenda of action for its
members.
The diversity of ideas share one common element: the individual commitment of
business executives to act. We have no excuse to wait for "someone else" to solve the
problem. There will be no miraculous solutions from Tallahassee or Washington.
Improving the mathematical and scientific literacy of Floridians will depend on what we
do
in our own institutions and in our own communities.
Furthermore, the magnitude of the education challenge is SO great-and the cost of
failure so unacceptably high-that business involvement with the schools must move
into a new, more activist phase.
As the Institute for Educational Leadership has observed:
Most business-education partnerships, although worthwhile, have existed at the
margin of educational reform-adopting schools; furnishing teachers with support,
training or equipment; and providing jobs or scholarships to students. Or they
occur at the front end of the reforms, with creation of blue-ribbon task forces to
propose and/or lobby in support of new education initiatives.
nine
A BUSINESS AGENDA
The Florida Chamber
Bridge-building of that sort was essential in the past decade as business and educators
established common cause and staked out common ground.
Today, however, we need to go beyond feel-good partnerships and roll up our sleeves-
whether it's mentoring an underprivileged child or lobbying policymakers for increased
investments in education. A top-down report doesn't touch children unless someone does
something. That someone must be you.
The following ideas include many of the traditional recommendations for business
involvement with the schools. But they also call for an extra level of commitment, a new
willingness to become involved in a very personal way. In thinking about how exactly you
might help, consider that senior executives at Procter & Gamble spend up to 10 hours a
week on school reform.
Each member of The Florida Chamber cannot necessarily duplicate that extraordinary
example of dedication, yet each of us can at least aspire to it.
1. Face the Facts
Time and again, Americans and Floridians have risen to challenges, but they first had to
realize that a problem existed. They had to face the facts, unpleasant as that task can be
sometimes. Because awareness precedes action, we first need to raise the alarm in our
own companies
and communities. Florida citizens must be made aware of the gaps
in mathematical and scientific literacy and understand how those shortfalls affect all of
us. Start with your employees. Use your company newsletter to spread the word.
Encourage your employees to help their children with their homework
or release
them to volunteer at a local science museum or school.
2. Lobby for Excellence
We need to be vocal in our insistence that Florida schools adopt high standards of
educational quality and that our educators be held accountable for results. That means
being much more actively involved in the political process. There are many ways that
businesses can put education on their political agendas. Let legislators and school board
members know of your concerns about the state's educational system. Back candidates
who support first-rate education. Speak out on such controversial issues as merit pay and
the election of school superintendents. Sponsor community forums on key educational
ten
MATH AND SCIENCE
Improving Education
issues. Encourage your local superintendent to form a business advisory committee.
Support the statewide Chamber's efforts to promote school reform. Furthermore, we need
to be willing to stand up for new taxes, if that is what's required to get the quality we need.
Although it's not just a question of throwing money at the problem, it is difficult to see how
we can revise our curricula, upgrade our textbooks, provide more "hands-on" learning,
and recruit and retain high-quality teachers without spending more money.
3. Speak Out
As leaders in the community, business executives must continuously convey to
teachers, students, parents and other civic leaders that reforming mathematics and
science instruction is a top priority for Florda businesses. Beyond more active political
involvement, there are plentiful opportunities to let your views be known. Speak out on the
importance of technical literacy. Make sure your local Chamber is doing something to
improve the quality of instruction. Encourage your local newspaper editor to become as
much of an educational booster as a sports booster. Become a cheerleader for reform in
your own company. Organize public reward-and-recognition programs for outstanding
students. Sponsor fairs and contests. These need not involve major expenditures: any
business that can afford to sponsor a Little League team can afford to underwrite a
science fair or a math competition.
4. Become Mentors
We know that nothing is more effective in increasing motivation, boosting performance
and reducing drop-outs than a one-to-one relationship between a child and a respected
adult. Quality mentoring programs are especially valuable for students who do not have
supportive parents at home. Volunteer as a tutor. Spend an afternoon taking a child to a
zoo, an aquarium or a science museum. Or offer career-shadowing programs that give
students the opportunity to join your employees for a day "on the job."
5. Encourage Employee Participation
Create incentives to promote more voluntary action by your employees. Give workers
one, two or even three hours a week off with pay to tutor local students in mathematics
eleven
A BUSINESS AGENDA
The Florida Chamber
and science. Give three afternoons a year off to employees who want to participate in
parent-teacher conferences at their schools. Establish in-house recognition programs that
honor your employees who volunteer at science museums, schools and other community
organizations. For senior managers, make such community service work one criterion for
promotion. Or have your finest technical employees visit classrooms to help students
explore career choices.
6. Open Your Doors
To foster the kind of "hands-on" learning required, expand your summer internship
programs for promising K-12 students and teachers alike. Among specific possibilities,
businesses should play a key role in establishing a new "Teacher/Quest" program which
lets teachers explore job-related science, mathematics and computer skills while working
for participating firms. Alternatively, invite the local high school science teachers to sit in
on your in-house training sessions. You also can roll out the welcome mat by giving public
tours and demonstrations of your science-related facilities, displaying student science fair
projects in your lobbies, or creating displays that show how dramatically technology is
transforming your companies and industries. Or open your meeting facilities for use by
teachers, parents and students.
7. Build Bridges to the Community
Both to reinforce the importance of educational reform and to help build local awareness
and participation, take the lead in organizing such activities as community-wide ecology
projects, "math bees" or science competitions. For more direct intervention, have your
company adopt a school or a classroom.
8. Share Experiences
In order to respond to economic competitiveness pressures, Florida businesses have
engaged in a painful restructuring, similar to that now confronted by our school system.
We've learned-sometimes the hard way-how to boost efficiency and improve quality. A
growing number of educators are now looking to us for pragmatic advice on how to cut
costs and boost performance. We should be willing to respond in a positive way-not by
twelve
MATH AND SCIENCE
Improving Education
dictating solutions, but by sharing the lessons we have learned in a spirit of constructive
cooperation.
9. Donate Money, Equipment and Facilities
Because the Chamber believes that the kinds of direct participation and partnerships
discussed above promise greater success in the long term, we have purposefully left the
issue of money until the end. Nonetheless, it should not be ignored altogether. Investment
opportunities which can leverage excellence are plentiful. Provide financial aid and
scholarships to students. Offer mini-grants to outstanding mathematics and science
teachers. Help fund the "Doing Science/Doing Mathematics" program that will bring more
"hands-on" learning activities to the state's 1,667 elementary and middle schools. Donate
used computer and laboratory equipment to schools.
10. Back the Chamber's Efforts
Help The Florida Chamber in its efforts to promote education reform. Make sure you
have a copy of the Comprehensive Plan. Read it. And use it as the basis of your own
initiatives.
This 10-step action agenda barely touches the surface of what can-and must-be done.
Thankfully, dozens of Florida companies and thousands of individual employers and
employees already are transforming their commitment into action. The following pages
profile some of the more exciting and promising initiatives under way around the state.
What Florida Businesses Are Doing
Florida companies already are sponsoring innovative programs to build the technical
skills of the state's future workforce. These pioneering efforts provide models for other
businesses to join or adapt. Corporate commitments range from providing funds and
personnel to opening facilities to student field trips.
The aim may be to stimulate students' interest in math and science studies or to provide
practical career guidance, to help teachers improve their classroom skills or to
complement the teachers' efforts with guest speakers or volunteer tutors. But all of these
programs have one thing in common: a bridge between the business community and the
schools that link today's students with tomorrow's job skills.
thirteen
A BUSINESS AGENDA
The Florida Chamber
Companies such as Tropicana Products, FPL, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich and Paradyne Corp.
are sponsoring Florida MATHCOUNTS, an annual math coaching and competition
program for seventh and eighth graders. The Florida Engineering Society and the
National Society of Professional Engineers provide coaching materials at no cost to the
schools to prepare "mathletes" for competitions before audiences at the regional, state
and national levels. The corporate sponsors provide prizes and funding.
The National Society of Professional Engineers and the Florida Engineering Society are also
sponsoring Project CREATE (Creative Responses from Elementary Age ThinkErs), a pilot
program for fourth, fifth and sixth graders in four Central Florida Schools. The program
is designed to boost student's creative thinking in a non-threatening problem-solving
atmosphere with some emphasis on math and science.
Motorola and United Technologies Pratt & Whitney send engineers into Palm Beach county
schools as part of the Reaching Education Excellence Through Linkages (REEL) program,
which tries to make classroom teaching more practical by using specialists from the
business community to demonstrate how concepts in the students' textbooks are used in
manufacturing.
Burger King provides Bay County students with food awards for earning stars in the
county-wide Math Superstars Program. Students who excel in the program get T-shirts at
the end of the year.
Southern Bell engineers work with minority high math achievers at Dillard High School in
Broward County. The program is designed to keep those students on a college-bound track
and to expose them to job opportunities in engineering, science or math fields with
practical advice on how to build careers. Volunteers also assist students with projects for
competitions at the school and state level.
AT&T helps students with science projects and gives teachers an opportunity to become
acquainted with new computer software through the Partners in Excellence program at
Broward County's Northeast High School.
Several organizations, including Cordis Corp., Jackson Memorial Hospital, the University of
Miami School of Medicine, the Miami Seaquarium, South Miami Hospital, Pearlson Engineering,
Gables Engineering and Eastern Airlines, bring gifted students in as interns to work with
fourteen
MATH AND SCIENCE
Improving Education
professional scientists through the Community Lab Research Program in Dade County
schools.
The Tampa Electric Company sponsors summer science and math camps and a workshop
for teachers of environmental education for Hillsborough County teachers. It also provides
science fair trophies and ribbons.
FPL's education office funds materials and equipment for summer science teacher
training and publishes a free newsletter with math, science and technology ideas that it
sends to more than 1,000 teachers.
IBM has devoted a staff member to the development of the High Technology Magnet
Program complete with its own curriculum in math, science, engineering and technology at
the Sun Coast High School in Riviera Beach, Palm Beach County. IBM also hosts 40
minority students at Florida Atlantic University in a College Outreach Program which
encourages students to pursue enrollment, scholarships and loans in the areas of math,
science and engineering. And, IBM is providing $25 million dollars in grant funds to
colleges of education and high schools to develop the use of technology in the classroom.
United Technologies Pratt & Whitney is also participating in the Project to Increase Mastery
in Mathematics and Science (PIMMS) in collaboration with Palm Beach county schools and
Florida Atlantic University's Center for Excellence. The project introduced a 60-hour
program for 30 middle- and high-school math and science teachers to help them improve
their teaching strategies and preparation, develop math and science activities to meet the
needs of the new technological era, and to employ lab activities that use easily obtained,
inexpensive materials and limited amounts of space.
Harris Corp. sponsors the Harris Initiative for Quality Education program with Brevard
County public schools, putting on science seminars and fairs and conducting in-service
teacher and administrator training featuring nationally known speakers.
The Science and Math Advocacy Council of Citrus County, organized in 1985, works with the
school board, offering elementary-school teacher incentives and student Math Field Days
each spring. For the middle- and high-school levels, the council offers mini-grants of up to
$30 to help fund student science projects and awards a renewable $500 scholarship to a
senior from each high school who wants to pursue college studies in math, science or
technology.
fifteen
1
A BUSINESS AGENDA
The Florida Chamber
The Northwest Florida Water Management District provides a one-week science unit,
Waterways, for middle-school students in the 16 school systems in the area. Science
teachers attend training sessions and are provided with slides and instructional materials.
Organizations including Florida Power Corp., the Central Florida Mineral & Gem Society, Martin
Marietta and Walt Disney World provide varied kinds of science-oriented assistance,
including field trips, fossil and mineral specimens, science fair prizes and judges, lectures,
video tapes, scholarships and teacher training under the Partners in Education program, in
the Orange County public schools.
The U.S. Navy provides volunteers for math and science projects. For instance, Navy
officers, senior enlisted personnel and Navy retirees with high-tech skills assist school
personnel in math, science and compute areas. Begun in Pensacola in 1983, the program
has been extended to Orlando, Jacksonville and Mayport. Another project sends Navy
personnel into inner-city Jacksonville elementary schools to work one-on-one on reading
and math skills with students on Saturday mornings.
The McDonald's McHappy Awards program in Columbia County issues cards for free
sundaes, which teachers can give to third, fourth and fifth graders who learn their
multiplication tables.
NASA Kennedy Space Center provides students with an opportunity to work on science and
engineering projects with a mentor through the Summer High School Apprenticeship
Research Program (SHARP). Students from Volusia, Brevard, Orange and Seminole
Counties apply through their school system and interview at NASA for a limited number of
positions.
Step by step, school by school these firms are helping to build
the foundation of Florida's economic future.
sixteen
MATH AND SCIENCE
Improving Education
APPENDIX
Details on the Comprehensive Plan
The Comprehensive Plan for Improving Mathematics, Science and Computer Education, a
joint initiative by The Florida Chamber and the Florida Department of Education, advances
five basic goals, accompanied by a series of specific recommendations, to improve
mathematics, science and computer education in Florida. The major proposals are
summarized below.
Strengthen the Curriculum
At all grade levels, more conceptual understanding should be encouraged. A curriculum
that is an inch deep and a mile wide is inadequate. So is rote memorization of unconnected
facts and formulas. Students must understand the relationships between and among
mathematical and scientific principles and processes. And they must have a chance to
explore a subject in depth, learn to reason scientifically, experiment and test for
alternative solutions and reject hypotheses that cannot be supported by the evidence.
Specific recommendations include:
Teach all elementary school students math and science on a daily basis, using computer
technology where appropriate.
Reform the middle-school curricula to ensure that students take subjects such as
algebra, geometry and estimation; and that science courses cover concepts in physical
sciences, life and earth/space sciences, and science, technology and society.
Require all high school graduates to have at least three credits in both math and science.
Ensure that the high school curriculum, in addition to continuing courses first offered in
middle school, includes such new topics as probability, trigonometry, calculus, biology
and the history of scientific thought.
Review and revise, as necessary, all textbooks, software and instructional material to
support the goals of the Comprehensive Plan.
Restructure Learning
The most effective way to improve academic performance is to make mathematics,
science and computer instruction more stimulating. Specific recommendations include:
Expand the real-world application of mathematical and science concepts.
seventeen
A BUSINESS AGENDA
The Florida Chamber
Emphasize active experimentation, teamwork, cooperative learning and critical thinking
through "spirit of science" approaches.
Establish a business/education matching-grant partnership program to provide funds to
elementary and middle schools for improving mathematics, science and computer
education.
Increase the availability and use of state-of-the-art instructional technology.
Prepare More Qualified Teachers
The success of the Comprehensive Plan depends fundamentally on the quality of our
teachers. If we want our students to benefit from a more stimulating, demanding and
integrated approach to mathematics, science and computer education, we must begin by
preparing, recruiting and retaining the best instructors possible. Specific recommendations
include:
Identify and recruit high-quality students to teaching careers through such programs as
Future Educators of America.
Expand existing recruitment, loan and grant programs to recruit and retain qualified
teacher candidates.
Expand efforts to recruit and educate teachers with non-traditional teaching
backgrounds, such as retired civilian and military scientists, engineers and technicians.
Expand the capacity of Florida universities and community colleges to produce one-third
of the state's needed mathematics, science and computer education teachers within five
years.
Improve pre- and in-service programs to ensure that elementary teachers are properly
prepared to teach mathematics, science and computer classes.
Continue efforts to improve the compensation (salaries and benefits) of all teachers. And
consider special incentives (such as 11-or 12-month contracts) to recruit good teachers
into subject areas with critical shortages such as mathematics, science and computer
education.
Create a more professional work environment for teachers, giving teachers more
decision-making authority in the schools; more rewards for innovations; and more
opportunities to exchange ideas and successful practices.
Expand professional-development. opportunities, such as greater use of summer in-
service institutes.
eighteen
MATH AND SCIENCE
Improving Education
Reach Out to Students With Special Needs
Given that 85 percent of Florida's new workers by the year 2000 are projected to be
minorities, immigrants and women, and that these groups traditionally have been under-
represented in scientific and technical fields, special steps must be taken to encourage
their development. The keys appear to be early and sustained interventions to stimulate
student interest and boost performance. Specific recommendations include:
Support exemplary efforts such as magnet programs and centers for academically
talented students; develop alternatives to the tracking system; and provide greater
access to positive role models.
Help teachers and parents overcome stereotypes; provide early intervention and
counseling; and stress technical-related career opportunities.
Encourage colleges and universities to use dual enrollments, advanced placements and
financial-aid awards to target under-represented groups for mathematics, science and
technical studies.
Get Results
The Plan must be implemented and refined, as necessary, to make substantial,
measurable improvements in mathematics, science and computer education by 1999. Also,
statewide and classroom tests must be revised, as needed, to support the goals of the
Plan. Specific recommendations include:
Implement the Plan in three "lighthouse districts" to learn what it will take to succeed statewide.
Establish a research advisory commission of educators, business executives, scientists,
state government officials and others to oversee the Plan's evolution and
implementation. Top priorities should be to:
- Conduct a thorough re-examination of curriculum assessment goals in all
mathematics, science and computer education.
- Monitor and refine measures of success, and report annually.
Supplement paper-and pencil tests by developing practical assessment to evaluate such
skills as problem-solving, critical thinking, reasoning, cooperative learning, teamwork
and the application of knowledge. Among other recommendations, the report urges
greater use of calculators during tests to ensure that students do not spend a
disproportionate amount of time on computational operations.
nineteen
A BUSINESS AGENDA
The Florida Chamber
A Final Word
To perform to the high standards established by the Plan, Florida students need the
enthusiastic support of the entire community. We have seen time and again how the
encouragement of a parent, the enthusiasm of a science museum volunteer, and the
personal involvement of a business executive can make a tangible difference in a student's
performance. Such mutually reinforcing partnerships should become the rule, not the
exception. In this regard, the Task Force makes two recommendations:
Increase expectations and reward achievement. Having demanded excellence, we must
also be sure to reward outstanding achievement. Among the more promising
approaches, we encourage communities to reward achievement in mathematics, science
and computer education as energetically as they now honor athletes, performers and
artists.
Expand the productive collaboration of educators with parents, community resources,
business and industry. Programs such as the Education and Industry Coalition of the
Florida Chamber of Commerce have played a leadership role in developing new
partnerships with industry. Many more such alliances are needed.
For further information, The Florida Department of Education publishes a resource
guide of innovative programs, Sharing Success in Mathematics, Science and
Computer Education. To receive a copy call (904) 487-1078.
twenty
TASK FORCE TO IMPROVE
Mathematics
Science
Computer Education
BUSINESS REPRESENTATIVES
Bob Alligood
Julius F. Hobbs
Kim L. Maher
Task Force Chairman
Tampa Electric Company
The Discovery Center
DeLay, Thompson, Alligood,
Tampa
Fort Lauderdale
& Beck
Jacksonville
Tom Hopkins
Bill Maloy
FPL
Instructional Development &
Harry J. Baum
Miami
Educational Programs
Electronics & Missiles Group
Support Department, U.S. Navy
Martin Marietta Corporation
William B. Howden
Pensacola
Orlando
Government Products Division
United Technologies
Nancy McDonald
John T. Carroll
Pratt & Whitney
Computer Technology Planning
United Technologies
West Palm Beach
Tampa
Optical Systems
West Palm Beach
Ron Hutt
George Mosakowski
Harris Corporation
John F. Kennedy Space Center,
James T. Glass
Melbourne
NASA
Post, Buckley, Schuh
Kennedy Space Center
& Jernigan
Patrick Kelly
Miami
IBM Corporation
George Rickus
Boca Raton
Florida Power Corporation
St. Petersburg
EDUCATORS
Judy Ambler
Mary Ann DuPont
Katie W. Knight
Florida Association for
Palm Beach County Schools
Escambia County Schools
Computers in Education
West Palm Beach
Pensacola
Belcher Elementary School
Palm Harbor
Susan A. Englert
Roger O'Brien
Largo Senior High
Polk County Public Schools
John D. Bernreuter, III
Presidential Award Winner in
President Florida Association
Manatee County Schools
Math/Science Teaching
of Math Supervisors
Florida Association
Largo
Bartow
of Science Teachers
Bradenton
John J. Geil
Mary Budd Rowe
Vocational Education
University of Florida
Cheryl Cliett
Brevard County Schools
President National Association
Sealey Elementary School
Rockledge
of Science Teachers
Tallahassee
Gainesville
Sherrie Glass
Tom Denmark
High School Student
Kenneth Tobin
Legislative liaison for mathematics
Miami Killian Senior High
Science Education
and science organizations
Dade County Schools
Florida State University
Tallahassee
Miami
Tallahassee
Roderick S. Dickens, Jr.
Preston Jones
Nathan B. Forrest Senior High
Manatee County Schools
Presidential Award Winner in
Bradenton
Math/Science Teaching
Jacksonville
Acknowledgement
This publication grew out of a joint project with
The Florida Chamber of Commerce and The Florida Department of Education.
Special thanks to FPL
for the printing of this document and their
support of Mathematics and Science instruction in Florida.
The following companies are greatly appreciated
for their contributions, support and efforts to improve
Mathematics and Science Education:
American Heritage Life Insurance Company
Baskerville-Donovan Engineers
Ben Hill Griffin, Inc.
Energy, Inc.
FPL
Florida Power Corporation
Gulf Power Company
IBM Corporation
Motorola, Inc.
Post, Buckley, Schuh & Jernigan
Tampa Electric Company
The Haskell Company
United Technologies/Pratt & Whitney
Winn Dixie Stores, Inc.
Florida Education & Industry Coalition
T
he Florida Education & Industry Coalition is an innovative partnership administered by
the Florida Chamber of Commerce through which business and education leaders jointly
develop policies and programs to strengthen Florida education at all levels.
Florida's economic competitiveness depends on strong links between business and
education. The Coalition provides leadership for addressing such critical issues as:
The need for a competitive work force;
The problem of at risk youth who are not succeeding at school or work;
The quantity and quality of public school teachers;
The availability of highly skilled technical and scientific personnel.
For more information or to obtain copies
of the report please contact
The Florida Chamber of Commerce
Florida Education & Industry Coalition
P.O. Box 11309
Tallahassee, FL 32302
C=A+ C'=A'+B' A 2 + 2
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APRIL 2, 1990
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U.S.News
April 2, 1990 Vol. 108 No. 13
BUSINESS
KEEP
7 Letters to the Editor
ABORTION
39 The movie industry is producing big
CURRENTS
SAFE
profits-but spiraling costs could pinch
AND
10 One Week: An All-American snapshot.
LEGAL
44 How more companies are taking a
How we count and why
businesslike approach to AIDS
NEZ
12 The new democracy on South Africa's
NATIVE
45 Economic Outlook: Sylvia Nasar on
doorstep
7-Eleven's rising sun
The
TINEZ!
women's gains-they'll keep coming
new Age of Bamboo Heavy lifting in the
art world
A superdrug called aspirin
HORIZONS
16 John Leo on the trouble with self-
ABORTTON
esteem in our schools
TOM KANE-BLACK STAR
COVER
LEGA
46 Lost empires of the Americas. Stunning
new archaeological evidence on the
19 Washington Whispers
20 Pro-choice activists
Andean empires suggests how
civilizations rise and dissolve
U.S.NEWS
stage impassioned rally
55 Thor Heyerdahl, sailing against the
20 The abortion hype. Alarmists were wrong;
current. Now the Norwegian explorer is
not much has changed since Webster
tackling the ruins of Peru
LAISYE
22 Ben J. Wattenberg on census abuse
NEWS YOU CAN USE
24 Can the Everglades still be saved? A
61 Environment: Doing your bit to save the
massive restoration project may revive it
earth. Small efforts do count-some
much more than others
28 Tomorrow: Michael Barone on the
Republicans' high ride into the '90s
WORLD REPORT
ROBERT D. TONSING-PICTURE GROUP FOR USN&WR
65 Health: A new worry for microwave cooks
66 Investing: Sneaking into a country-club
fund
29 Mikhail Gorbachev is insisting on playing
by Moscow rules in Lithuania
68 Vital Statistics
31 Helmut Kohl's nettlesome nemesis
29 Resolute Lithuanians,
71 News You Can Use: Freewheeling
34 Inside Africa's dirtiest war
an "incendiary potential"
rental-car deals; fixing holes in kids'
hearts; coq au vin to go
38 Worldgram: Brazil's economic shocks;
Thatcher's woes; Israel's odd politics
72 Editorial: Past fears, future concerns
MARTHA COOPER-NATIONAL COOPER GEOGRAPHIC SOCIETY
BRUCE McBROOM-PARAMOUNT
ROB KEMP FOR USN&WR
39
Sean Connery, in a
46
An early Andean burial mask
Paramount moneymaker
61
Can tuna boycotts save dolphins?
COVER: Illustration by Alan Reingold
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TO THE EDITOR
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American medicine: The main causes of es-
Executive Editor
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view organization, I am convinced of the
Peter W. Bernstein
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calating health-care costs are more political
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Editor at Large David R. Gergen
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the rate of four per hour, 8 hours per day,
ell, Kenneth R. Sheets, Jeffery L. Sheler, Pamela Sherrid, James Wallace,
medicine. Health-care resources are limit-
eth T. Walsh, David Whitman, Leonard Wiener, Clemens P. Work.
five days per week for 50 weeks per year, I
ciate Editors: Amy Bernstein, Robert F. Black (Senior Economist), Don L.
ed. Who shall live and who shall die, based
would have a gross income of $96,000 per
ghs, Shannon Brownlee, Betsy Carpenter, Peter Cary, Steven Findlay,
en J. Hedges, Miriam Horn, Jim Impoco, Art Levine, Louise Lief, Francesca
on cost considerations, must be society's de-
year. As a private businessman, my ex-
Γ Kritz, Lisa J. Moore, Eva Pomice, James Popkin, Peter Ross Range,
y Roberts, Amy Saltzman, Joseph P. Shapiro, Joanne Silberner, Marc Silver,
cision, not the decision of physicians.
penses last year were: Salaries, $42,527; sup-
Kates Smith, Douglas Stanglin, Vic Sussman, Terri Thompson, Jeannye
ton, Thomas Toch, Jo Ann Tooley, Daniel P. Wiener, Gordon Witkin.
Marshall F. Goldberg, M.D.
plies, $17,113; telephone, $1,396; utilities,
stic Correspondents: New York, Scott Minerbrook; Atlanta, Matthew
Fairbanks, Alaska
er; Chicago, Paul Glastris.
$1,918; rent, $7,200; malpractice insurance,
gn Correspondents: London, Robin Knight, European Senior Editor; Middle
$14,034; office insurance, $1,608; and
Richard Z. Chesnoff, Senior Correspondent; Paris, David Lawday; Moscow,
rimble; Tokyo, Mike Tharp; Beijing, Dusko Doder; Latin America, Linda
Your article admirably indicates the
health insurance for my family, $4,200. This
son (Miami), Carla Anne Robbins (on leave).
al Correspondents: Soviet Union, Dianne Rinehart; Britain, Leslie Mandel-
problems facing America's health-care sys-
is a grand total of $89,996 or a net profit of
Nicaragua, Mary Speck; Israel, David Makovsky; Tunisia, Jihan El-Tahri;
Gordon R. Robison; South Africa, Jim Jones; Kenya, Eric Ransdell;
tem. However, the article focuses on the
$6,004, hardly an exorbitant income.
bines, Margot Cohen; South Korea, Peter Maass; Brazil, Geri Smith; Canada,
one fifth who are uninsured or underin-
Alan E. Abel, M.D.
rd Simon; Germany, Michael Farr; Austria, Michael Z. Wise; West Coast,
la Ellis-Simons.
sured and only hints at efforts to reduce as-
Dumas, Tex.
ibuting Editors: Fouad Ajami, Timothy Garton Ash, Harold Evans, James
IS, Hirsh Goodman, Josef Joffe, John Keegan, Emily MacFarquhar, Richard
tronomical costs such as the $450,000 bill a
Edwin Taylor, Henry Trewhitt, Ben J. Wattenberg.
rter-Researchers: Ann E. Andrews, Bruce B. Auster, Johanna V. Boublik
relative of mine had after a six-month stay
Just as public and private education exist
hics), Sarah Burke, Lynn Anderson Carle, Gary Cohen, Dorian R. Friedman,
n F. Golden, Susan V. Lawrence, Nancy Linnon, Margaret Mannix, Jane
in the hospital. As a member of the board of
side by side in our country, perhaps a two-
e, Joannie M. Schrof, Jessica A. Space.
the Rhode Island/Maine medical peer-re-
tier system for medical and long-term care
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NEWS & WORLD REPORT, April 2, 1990
7
LETTERS TO THE EDITOR
LINDA L. CREIGHTON-USN&WR
could provide the solution to our health-
chev! SDI terrifies the Soviets because, un-
care problems. For a good, basic health-
like some members of Congress, they have a
care delivery system that is simple, econom-
deep respect for our ability to "pull a rabbit
ical and fair, and supported by everyone,
out of a hat." Staging Pershing and land-
adopt the Canadian system of national
based cruise missiles in Western Europe
health insurance. On the private side, let
demonstrated, more than any other single
those who are able and willing to pay fi-
event in the 1980s, that NATO would not
nance their own private medical care and
be intimidated. Finally, every Russian pilot
care facilities.
in Afghanistan found that strafing villages
Dorothy Bradley
was a lot less fun when looking over his
Colorado Springs
shoulder for a Stinger missile. Stymied
abroad, the Soviet Union had no choice but
It is a sad indictment of our country and
to turn inward and confront its crumbling
of the medical establishment that we have
system. The Democratic leadership in Con-
failed so many people in delivery of quality
gress should read your fine editorial, swal-
care, when we have consumed so much of
Underinsured. Families live with Angst
low its pride and give Ronald Reagan a
these people's resources. History should
well-deserved pat on the back.
have taught us that throwing money and
Frank A. Mueller
regulation at these problems only confounds
preventive model. History by now should
Charlottesville, Va.
them, aggravates the citizenry and eventual-
have taught all of us that an ounce of preven-
ly brings about collapse. I would encourage
tion is worth a pound of cure.
Old radicals: The inability of leftists to ac-
members of the Pepper Commission and
John H. Surry, M.D.
cept the failure of the socialist ideal is sad
public-health-policy planners to carefully
Harrisburg, Pa.
["Leftists in the Wilderness," March 19].
look at the 21 countries where the outcome
They now blame the excesses of the Com-
measures of health indicate greater success
Cold-war victory: David Gergen scored a
munists and ignore the fact that all at-
than the United States. I am certain they
bull's-eye with "Why Soviet Dominoes
tempts at socialism outside of Communism
will discover an inverted ratio of specialists
Fell" [Editorial Page, March 19]. It amazes
have similarly failed or are failing. Ring
to primary-care physicians in the United
me that most liberals give absolutely no
Lardner comes closest to recognizing this
States. That is, in the U.S. there are far and
credit to Ronald Reagan for his role in fac-
with his statement, "Given human nature,
away more specialists than physicians who
ing down the Soviet Union and its cronies.
I'm not sure that [socialism] can be [put
care for patients in a comprehensive disease-
Without Reagan there would be no Gorba-
into practice]." Exactly! Human nature en-
"When Tom died, I just went numb.
Then I panicked. I knew we had
life insurance-1 wrote the checks."
"But with the kids in college,
I figured things would be pretty tight.
Was I surprised."
compasses a broad spectrum of needs, capa-
eas of specialization. All four categories
cation provided by a tuitionless state uni-
bilities, desires and morals. Expecting all
produce graduates who are eligible for jobs
versity system. His government fully subsi-
humans to behave in a prescribed way will
with great financial rewards. You might
dizes the education here. The only cost is
never work. No society can ever be perfect,
have chosen to present a more balanced pic-
the time consumed. If we want the U.S. to
something all idealists refuse to accept. The
ture by covering programs for more of the
carry what's left of our technological lead-
best we can do is allow a maximum of free-
helping professions such as education and
ership into the 21st century, we'd better
dom of action and belief, and therefore ac-
social work. Individuals in those fields are
level the playing field and do it soon!
complishment, while attempting to identify
also paying expensive tuition, but with no
Henry J. Dumas
and control any excesses. The accomplish-
opportunity to begin employment in the
Derry, N.H.
ments of our imperfect Founding Fathers in
$50,000-$100,000 range. It would be much
defining our society look better all the time.
more enjoyable and enriching to read about
You have trotted out the same tired, albe-
Peter F. Wells
their motivation than some of the anecdotes
it updated, stats to back up the best-gradu-
Rindge, N.H.
you chose to include. But keep on reporting
ate-schools rundown. But the numbers
that with two years of graduate school, stu-
don't mean much. It's all very simple.
Education survey: Your ratings of business,
dents can choose between teaching in a
When I need brain surgery, I won't pick my
law, engineering and medical schools were
classroom or beginning corporate life at
doctor because he went to Harvard. Far
right on target ["America's Best Profes-
$50,000. Maybe we need to have pointed out
more important is how many brains he has
sional Schools," March 19]. Your precision
to us how distorted our priorities are.
operated on successfully. In short, excel-
can only be underscored by these schools'
Sharon Roush
lence in training is reflected in how success-
campaigns to discredit your survey and its
West Redding, Conn.
ful those who have been trained are in the
excellent reporting. For all too long, acade-
line of work they choose. Ten years out of
mia has been a world unto itself, setting its
You state the sad fact that only 1 in 5
school, the student-faculty ratio or whether
own rules and playing its own game. May
Ph.D. engineering candidates is a native-
they went full or part time won't matter.
your annual ratings of all universities and
born American but do not address the
A. L. Johnson
colleges continue to enjoy a well-deserved
cause. The typical engineering graduate
Alexandria, Va.
wide audience.
has spent 4.7 undergraduate years to ob-
Stanley R. Jaffin
tain the degree and leaves with $15,000 of
Silver Spring, Md.
debt. The prospect of additional economic
Address letters for publication to Letters Editor,
U.S.News & World Report, 2400 N Street, N.W.,
sacrifice is underwhelming. The typical
Your coverage of graduate-school educa-
Washington, D.C. 20037-1196. Send letters by fax
foreign graduate student arrives in this
to (202) 955-2685. Include full name, address and
tion was disappointing in its selection of ar-
country essentially debt-free with his edu-
daytime phone number. Letters may be edited.
"I had no idea the policies
would've gone up so much in value.
There is a difference in life
They even helped me open this place."
insurance. Northwestern Mutual
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ranked first in dividend perfor-
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CURRENTS
An All-American snapshot:
How we count and why
N
ations have always had the impulse to define themselves, to look into a mirror
and say: This is who we are. Parts of China conducted a census for tax purposes
as early as 3000 B.C., and after the Israelites escaped from Egypt, they assessed
their military strength by listing all males age 20 and above. The American Constitu-
tion has required a census every 10 years since 1790, and the process is both enlighten-
ing and unnerving. We learn much, but the information often conflicts with our na-
tional self-image. Accordingly, the census has been a battleground between the
dominant culture and its challengers, a place where ethnic, racial and social minorities
assert their identity and importance. Count us, they insist; we count, too.
This year featured the first comprehensive attempt to estimate the nation's home-
less population. Some advocates for the homeless objected, saying the census could
never yield a true picture, and they have a point. Americans like to be counted, but
they also protect their privacy, and shame sometimes aggravates their suspicion. One
man at a shelter in New Hampshire said, "I don't want nobody to know I'm here."
So the homeless movement is playing a slick political game, trying to discredit the
count at a time when some politicians would like to
downgrade the issue. But the critics miss a larger
'The 1990
point. Just by turning the mirror on the homeless,
by including them in our national snapshot, the
census is
Census Bureau acknowledges their consequence. As
already
Chester Broadwell, a resident of the Waystation
reflecting new
shelter in Burlington, Vt., said: "It shows that
tensions between
they're starting to recognize us as humans and not
the scum of the earth."
our national
The 1990 census is already reflecting new tensions
myths and the
between our national myths and the undercurrents
undercurrents
of cultural change. For the first time, unrelated
adults living together will be asked if they are "un-
of cultural
married partners," a way of identifying established
change'
homosexual and heterosexual couples. Projections
show the white proportion of the population slip-
ping as Hispanic and Asian populations surge. The
number of married couples with minor children has actually fallen since 1980, and
one quarter of all households are now made up of single people living alone. Families
headed by women have jumped by a third, and in the 35-to-44 age bracket 78 per-
cent of women now work. Bye-bye, Ozzie and Harriet.
Numbers translate into political strength and public aid, and black leaders already
are accusing the Census Bureau of undercounting minorities this year. But it might
be comforting to know that George Washington complained of an undercount in
1790, attributing the problem to the "indolence of the people" and to their fear that
the survey could lead to a tax. Slaves counted for only three fifths of a person, and
most Indians were not tallied at all. The 1820 survey made the first distinction be-
tween citizens and foreigners, and the 1840 census counted mines and quarries along
with people. In 1890, families were asked if there were any idiots around and wheth-
er their heads were larger or smaller than average. By 1900, Indians were included,
but they were hard to locate. In 1910, immigrants in Chicago hid from the counters,
fearful of being deported. Women that year protested their classification as "idlers"
and asked that "housewife" be included as an occupation, a change that was not
made for 20 years. During 1930, Jewish newspapers urged readers to cooperate with
the census and boost their numbers. In 1940, the great migration from rural to urban
areas first appeared, and by 1960 cities were vigorously protesting the lack of a fair
count. In 1980, the Census Bureau employed "streetwise" interviewers to remedy
the problem.
At heart, the census is a very American institution. We care about being counted
because we think we matter. Each one of us.
by Steven V. Roberts
"Not the scum of the earth." The attemp
10
U.S.NEWS & WORLD REPORT, April 2, 1990
to count those on the streets and in shelters is a way to acknowledge their place in the national picture-that they are of consequence
U.S.NEWS & WORLD REPORT, April 2, 1990
11
CURRENTS
ADIL BRADLOW-AP
ALEXANDER JOE-AFP
New nation. Namibian soldiers and
NAMIBIA
civilians celebrate independence;
De Klerk confers with Nujoma
SOUTH AFRICA
stayed on. Namibia's main opposition
Ito-Yokado Group, which agreed to
party, made up of a mixture of blacks
buy a 75 percent stake in the teetering
Will Namibia's
and whites, has shown the way for the
retailer for $400 million, is Japan's sec-
South African National Party, author of
ond-largest supermarket owner and 7-
freedom rub off?
apartheid, to consider opening its mem-
Eleven's local licensee. Since opening its
bership to all races.
first store in downtown Tokyo 17 years
uring 75 years of colonial rule and
The new nation's economic perfor-
ago, Ito-Yokado's 7-Eleven Japan has
I
23 years of guerrilla warfare, Na-
mance could prove equally important in
mushroomed into 4,000 outlets serving
mibia formed the front line of Pre-
the eyes of South Africans. Namibia cur-
everything from Slurpees to sushi. In
toria's battle to preserve white rule. Last
rently depends on mining and ranching
addition to 7-Elevens, the retailer owns
week, it became the front line of South
on its arid terrain, with economic power
superstores that last
Africa's hope for a multiracial, demo-
concentrated in the hands of whites and
year generated $12
cratic state. Namibia emerged as a po-
foreigners. President Sam Nujoma has
billion in sales. The
tential model for a new South Africa as
eased their concerns by dropping the
Pretoria's flag descended over Windhoek
Marxist rhetoric of his years as SWAPO
chased Southland
KATSUMI KASAHARA-AP
ELEVEN
company said it pur-
and 1.4 million Namibians celebrated
guerrilla leader. The Constitution for-
partly out of worry
the birth of their new nation-the last of
bids nationalization without fair com-
that bankruptcy
more than 40 black African colonies to
pensation. With African National Con-
would harm the im-
achieve independence since Britain freed
gress leader Nelson Mandela continuing
age of sebun-irebun,
Ghana in 1957.
to call for the nationalization of mines
which means 7-Elev-
Namibia's negotiated Constitution is
and other industries, South African busi-
en in Japanese.
one of Africa's most democratic, second
ness people hope he will change his mind
For Dallas-based
only to that of Botswana, perhaps. It
and follow Nujoma's example. For his
Southland, stagger-
protects minorities, guarantees human
part, Mandela hopes that Pretoria will
ing under its $3 bil-
rights and a free press, and provides an
look at the results of its decision to hand
lion debt, the deal
independent judiciary. Because SWAPO,
Namibia over to its black majority and
came not a moment
the independence movement turned polit-
follow its own example.
too soon. But for Ja-
ical party, earned only a slim majority in
pan, Inc., the timing
Tokyo 7-Eleven
last year's elections, a strong opposition
BUSINESS
was bad. A steep rise
stands ready to prevent Namibia from
in Japanese investment has become a
slipping into the mass of one-party states
The sun sets in the
flashpoint in fraying U.S.-Japan relations.
that dominate most of the continent.
In 1989, Japan overtook the Netherlands
The Namibian example could silence
East for 7-Eleven
to become America's No. 2 foreign inves-
some of the arguments of conservative
tor. High-profile trophy acquisitions,
white South Africans. Under the sardon-
Joe Thompson was a pioneer of the conve-
such as Sony's $3.4 billion buyout of
ic refrain of "one man, one vote, once,"
nience store in the late 1920s, selling
Columbia Pictures and Mitsubishi Cor-
they have habitually pointed to the un-
bread, milk and other goods at his Texas
poration's purchase of a controlling inter-
democratic African regimes as justifica-
ice stations. In 1987, his three sons used a
est in Rockefeller Center, have played
tion for stifling democratic aspirations of
junk-bond leveraged buyout to ward off a
poorly on Capitol Hill. As for Southland
black South Africans. The Namibian
takeover. Last week, their Southland Cor-
creditors, they are not jumping with joy
right wing has already faded as other
poration, operator of the 7-Eleven stores,
either. By some estimates, bondholders
whites have come to embrace indepen-
became the latest victim of the financial
would be offered about 25 cents on the
dence. Almost all of the 75,000 whites-
excesses of the '80s-and was forced to
dollar, less than what they would get if 7-
5 percent of the population-have
sell the store to Japan, Inc.
Eleven filed for Chapter 11.
12
U.S.NEWS & WORLD REPORT, April 2, 1990
CURRENTS
JIM BRANDENBURG © NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC SOCIETY
BOTANY
MEDICINE
Bamboo blooms
What twins tell us
herald a boom
about schizophrenia
Even before the news of last week,
Schizophrenia afflicts more than 2.5 mil-
it was nearly the perfect plant. So
lion Americans and costs society up to
strong it forms scaffolding on
$20 billion each year. Yet the hallucina-
Hong Kong skyscrapers. So sup-
tions, delusions and apathy that are typi-
ple it makes prized fly rods. So
cal of the disease have so far eluded
vigorous it can grow 4 feet in a
scientific explanation. Last week, a piece
day. Food for both finicky gour-
of the puzzle was firmly glued into place.
mets and fat cattle, the venerable
A report by National Institute of Mental
bamboo has just one big fault: It
Health researchers yielded the clearest
takes decades to bloom and bear
evidence to date that schizophrenia is a
seeds. That handicap to modern
Bamboo curtain. Asia's home-grown scaffolding
brain disorder, not a purely psychologi-
cultivation may now fade. The
cal condition, as was once argued.
latest issue of Nature reports that Indian
Selected strains and hybrids made pos-
The scientists used a sophisticated
scientists have forced bamboo to blossom
sible by forced flowering could make bam-
scanning device to examine the brain
in the lab, and if their work can be
boo grow faster, stronger and less vulnera-
structure of 15 pairs of identical twins-
replicated, a new Bamboo Age will begin.
ble to disease. Standing to benefit are the
one schizophrenic, the other normal-
Since the Stone Age, humans have de-
millions of Asians, Africans and Latin
and discovered subtle anatomical differ-
pended on the giant grass called bamboo,
Americans who live and work in buildings
ences. In the mentally ill twins, the fluid-
but the plant missed out on both the
made of bamboo and even bamboo-rein-
filled brain cavities called ventricles were
agricultural revolution and the green rev-
forced concrete. New strains of the plant,
found to be enlarged, indicating the tis-
olution. With seeds scarce, little bamboo
already higher in protein than other grass-
sue had either shrunk or developed ab-
is cultivated. India, which has lost most of
es, could supply an increasingly valuable
normally. Similarly, brain regions in-
its original tree forests, relies on wild
cattle fodder. Also set to gain are the
volved in memory, emotion, decision
bamboo stands for most of its paper pulp.
world's 1,000 or so wild giant pandas in
making and other higher-order abilities
An abundant supply of seeds would allow
China, who eat as much as 90 pounds of
were smaller in the afflicted twins.
the subcontinent, other deforested lands
bamboo a day. Man has steadily taken
Schizophrenia runs in families, and ex-
and perhaps the U.S. to plant great forests
away the pandas' bamboo habitat. Now
perts believe it likely that genetic vulnera-
that would mature in only four years.
he may have the seeds to restore it.
bility plays a role. Since the twins in the
ISABELLA STEWART GARDNER MUSEUM
THE GRANGER COLLECTION
CRIME
for their mansions in
Medellín or Riyadh?
The hidden
Most experts are skep-
art of theft
tical of such scenarios,
but they concede that
laws in some countries
The two men who mas-
verge on sanctioning il-
queraded as cops and
licit art buys. In Japan,
pulled off the biggest art
for instance, stolen art
heist in history last week
cannot be recovered
no doubt won the grudg-
from an unwitting pur-
ing admiration of master
chaser if it has been two
thieves from Rancho Mi-
years since the theft.
rage to the Riviera. But
Oil pinches. The Boston
Some art lovers may
in the end, such kudos,
thieves got Rembrandt's
even be willing to com-
diluted by the trade's
"The Storm on the Sea
mission a crime. The
pragmatic devotion to
of Galilee. The
1969 theft of Caravag-
anonymity, may be the
Vermeer above has been
gio's "Adoration of the
only payoff the robbers
stolen twice in Ireland
Shepherds" in Palermo
will get. The 11 master-
and is still missing.
was allegedly ordered
pieces they pinched from
by a Mafia don.
Boston's Isabella Stewart Gardner
crime after narcotics smuggling, with
As a last resort, every looted muse-
Museum, estimated to be worth more
only 10 percent of the works ever
um hopes for a demand for ransom.
than $200 million, are too famously
recovered. Many of those missing
The Gardner Museum's offer of a $1
hot for the legitimate art market.
have likely been destroyed, by desper-
million reward might look to the
The paintings may simply disap-
ate thieves covering their tracks.
crooks like a kind of invitation to a
pear, like 32,000 other stolen works,
Or is the Boston haul actually bound
veiled payoff. If it does, says one detec-
among them paintings by Bruegel,
for some underground art market
tive, an accomplice could contrive to
van Eyck and Goya. Art theft is now
where amoral connoisseurs like James
be "walking down an alley and spot
the second-biggest international
Bond's old foe, Dr. No, buy paintings
one of the paintings in a trash can."
U.S.NEWS & WORLD REPORT, April 2, 1990
13
CURRENTS
study are genetically identical, however,
something other than heredity clearly is
PEOPLE MAKING NEWS
at work as well. Researchers are investi-
gating a long list of possible culprits, some
On and off the rocks in Alaska
of them striking before birth, some after.
Among the suspects are viral infections,
Among skippers of the sea, Captain
oxygen deprivation and traumatic events
Bligh was more scorned and Captain
that alter the development of neural tis-
Queeg more ridiculed. But that was
JACK SMITH-AP
sue. The symptoms of the disease usually
fiction. Joseph Hazelwood read the
appear in adolescence or early adulthood
editorials and heard the late-night-
and may be triggered by stress.
TV jokes that castigated him. Last
week, two days before the anniversa-
HEALTH
ry of America's worst oil spill, an
Anchorage jury convicted the Exxon
The little pill
Valdez captain of misdemeanor neg-
that fills the bill
ligence after his tanker ran aground
-but acquitted him of a felony
charge of being drunk. The judge
In 1899, when Felix Hoffmann synthe-
sentenced him to pay $50,000 in resti-
sized aspirin to ease his father's crippling
tution and spend 1,000 hours clean-
arthritis, he could scarcely have known he
ing up oily beaches. Said Hazelwood:
was minting a drug whose benefits would
"I've had better years."
still be unfolding almost a century later.
The superdrug's latest coup came last
Socialist-road warrior
week: A study found that people who have
It was Beijing's version of the state-
Hazelwood. With Dad after verdict
irregular heartbeats and thus a high risk
of-the-union address-Premier Li
of stroke can nearly wipe out that risk by
Peng's first speech to China's Con-
Power eater
taking aspirin. The experiment was the
gress since Tiananmen Square-and
Decades from now, some scholar
first to show that aspirin can prevent
it saw only one path for the future:
will stumble across this entry from
strokes in people who have never had one.
"The socialist road." Doors are open
last week's George Bush press con-
While taking an aspirin a day or a clot-
to Western trade and technology, Li
ference: "I do not like broccoli. And
retarding drug called
stressed, but not to the political ideas
I haven't liked it since I was a little
warfarin for a little more
sweeping Eastern Europe. Instead,
kid and my mother made me eat it.
than a year, 716 stroke-
he said, "we must intensify dictator-
I'm President of the United States,
prone men and women
ship by the socialist-state appara-
and I'm not going to eat any more
had 81 percent fewer
tus." That day, the Congress accept-
broccoli." How should history judge
strokes than the 528 who
ed Deng Xiaoping's resignation from
such a leader, the first President to
took a placebo.
his last government post, but the
ban a vegetable from "Air Force
Aspirin's benefits:
octogenarian's influence continues.
One"? Broccoli-lover Barbara Bush
Stroke, heart attack. It
offered her answer: "Anyone who
TERRY E. SMITH FOR USN&WR
The views Li expressed matched
lowers the risk of hav-
Deng's thoughts to a Tiananmen T.
eats pork rinds can't be all good."
ing another one by 25 to
50 percent and saves
lives when given within
24 hours of a first heart
attack; it reduces the
odds, almost by half, of an attack in
healthy, middle-aged men.
Pain. It fights menstrual cramps, tooth-
aches, muscle aches and headaches.
Inflammation. It relieves sunburn and
combats the stiffness of arthritis.
Fever. It brings down body tempera-
ture within hours.
The benefits roll could lengthen. Re-
searchers in this decade will test whether
aspirin can retard cataracts, boost the
ability of AIDS and cancer patients to
fight their diseases and improve poor leg
circulation in diabetics.
But doctors warn that aspirin, for all
its benefits, causes stomach problems for
some and should not be taken regularly
without consulting a physician.
Currents contributors: Don L. Boroughs, Jim Jones,
Bush. The President in his salad days (age 10) with brother Prescott
Jim Impoco, Erica E. Goode, Miriam Horn, Marjory
Roberts, Lewis J. Lord
14
U.S.NEWS & WORLD REPORT, April 2, 1990
Distilled and Government Supervision
Bottled
in
CUTTY SARK
BLENDED
SCOTS WHISKY
100% Scotch Whiskies
The uncommonly smooth
Scots Whisky
LIVE A CUTTY ABOVE.
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dial 1-800-238-4373.
ON EDUCATION
The trouble with self-esteem
M
ost people think of the California
BY JOHN LEO
tems torn by competing pressure groups,
state task force on self-esteem as
they have no natural enemies. They have
yet another California joke, one more zany feel-
only one flaw: They are a terrible idea.
good perpetration by lotus land's blissed-out mental surf-
First of all, despite the firsthand reports of many teach-
ers. This notion has been encouraged by Garry Trudeau,
ers, there is almost no research evidence that these pro-
the Doonesbury cartoonist, who poked savage fun at the
grams work. The book The Social Importance of Self-
task force when it was announced and again when it
Esteem, which is basically all the research turned up by
issued its final report three years and $735,000 later.
the California task force, says frankly, "One of the disap-
Any report devoted to the idea that the state should go
pointing aspects of every chapter in this volume
is how
around promoting and monitoring good feelings is obvi-
low the associations between self-esteem and its conse-
ously open to ridicule. (The task force deflected some
quences are in research to date." In fact, those correlations
gibes and criticism by adding "personal and social respon-
are as close to zero as you can get in the social sciences.
sibility" to its title and by issuing a few conservative
This confirms the common-sense judgment that behavior
findings.) But the conception of self-esteem as a public-
is rarely changed by injections of positive thinking and
policy issue is not a lotus-land joke, nor a California-only
psychic boosterism. Confidence boosting has a long and
phenomenon. It is an idea that has quietly taken hold all
important tradition in the schools, but what evidence we
around the country. The self-esteem movement, in fact, is
have indicates that fear of failure and parental hovering
a social force of some strength, particularly in the schools.
have much more to do with academic success than good
Rita Kramer, a New York journal-
feelings about the self.
ist and author, conducted inter-
Second, the self-esteem move-
views at 20 education schools
ment is on a collision course with
around the country and was star-
the growing movement to revive
tled to find that self-esteem is the
the schools academically. The self-
dominant educational theory al-
esteem movement is rooted in the
most everywhere she went. She
California therapies, which are
thinks the rising emphasis on feel-
sunny, feel-good and generally hos-
ings comes at the expense of sub-
tile to learning and intellect. Fritz
ject matter and therefore is a very
Perls, the founder of Gestalt psy-
ominous development. Her book in
chology, set the tone for California
progress has the nonsubtle working
therapies by denouncing intellect
title The Dumbing Down of Ameri-
as "a drag" and "a whore." The
can Education.
California task-force report is dedi-
Those who push self-esteem in
cated to the late Virginia Satir, a
the schools point out that the pub-
charismatic therapist with not
lic-school system is in disastrous
much use for the human mind.
shape, particularly in the cities.
("She can fill any hall in the coun-
Teachers are expected to cope with
try, but she has great difficulty con-
the devastating results of poverty,
ceptualizing," one of her colleagues
racial discrimination, crime, drugs,
told me after a Satir lecture.)
BONNIE TIMMONS FOR USN&WR
broken homes and child abuse. Un-
The self-esteem literature is clot-
der these wartime conditions, the schools are de facto
ted with dismissive references to achievement. The self-
social agencies, presumably with nothing to lose and
esteem research book, mentioned above, contains many
much to gain by building up the egos of their children.
darts aimed at competition, achievement and success.
Self-esteem programs use simple exercises frankly bor-
After all, if people are perfect and lovable just the way
rowed from the "You're much too hard on yourself"
they are, why should anyone need to change or strive?
California therapies. In the curriculum at St. Clement
This is why the obsession with self-esteem ultimately
Catholic School in Somerville, Mass., children take part
undermines real education. When the self-esteem move-
in "affirmation exercises," saying nice things about them-
ment takes over a school, teachers are under pressure to
selves, such as "I am a good person; I am special."
accept every child as is. To keep children feeling good
Sometimes they do this silently while imagining them-
about themselves, you must avoid all criticism and almost
selves atop a windswept mountain; sometimes aloud in
any challenge that could conceivably end in failure. In
front of the class while looking into a mirror. They keep
practice, this means each child is treated like a fragile
journals of their accomplishments, are encouraged to sup-
therapy consumer in constant need of an ego boost. Diffi-
port the good feelings of classmates (the proper response
cult work is out of the question, and standards get low-
is "Thanks-I affirm you for being a good friend") and
ered in school after school. Even tests become problemat-
glance up many times a day at the symbol of the program,
ic because someone might fail them.
a "potential bottle," a foot-high jar filled with blue water
This becomes a parody of self-esteem. Real self-esteem
that represents the untapped possibilities in all children.
is released when a child learns something and develops a
Cheap points of light. The Bush era turns out to be a
sense of mastery. It is a byproduct of, and not a substitute
perfect time for self-esteem programs. They cost almost
for, real education. And until we grapple with the real
nothing. They offer the light of sunny California opti-
agenda of the self-esteem movement-ersatz therapeutic
mism at a time of great pessimism. They are simple-
massage instead of learning-there will probably be no
easily grasped, easily spread. And in public-school sys-
educational reform at all.
16
U.S.NEWS & WORLD REPORT, April 2, 1990
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Profile in Quality #13:
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the Ford Thunderbird Super Coupe in 1989, the
Thunderbird in 1987 and Ford Taurus in 1986.
Receiving this award is further evidence that
Ford's total commitment to quality is producing
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WASHINGTON
WHISPERS
Investigating the spies. The next target
Sununu's long hand
Making house calls. Senator Robert Byrd
of congressional investigators will be U.S.
of West Virginia still lobbies in a way
spy catchers. Sources on Capitol Hill
strikes critic at State
others think is passé. To promote an
point to several counterintelligence fail-
amendment to the pending clean-air bill
ures, including the loss of secrets revealed
in the espionage trials of the Walker
Walesa's speechwriter
that would provide benefits for coal min-
ers adversely affected by the plan, Byrd
family and the inept handling of a length-
to be new envoy to U.S.
has been visiting fellow senators' offices,
ening list of U.S. personnel accused of
often unannounced, and sometimes he
trading information for money and sex.
The NRA plan to profit
phones late at night. If the colleague is not
The result will be a major probe later this
in, Byrd, chairman of the powerful Ap-
year of capability and methodology at the
from Gorby's gun ban
propriations Committee, leaves informa-
FBI and in the Pentagon. Lawmakers are
tion and a handwritten note.
irked by the explanation that the counter-
intelligence services are swamped by the
new surveillance required by the vast
the Mideast, huddling for hours in tête-à-
Gorby and the NRA. When Mikhail Gor-
increase of visitors to the West from what
têtes with leaders and offering the Carter
bachev ordered that citizens of the newly
used to be the Communist bloc.
Presidential Center in Atlanta as an ideal
declared Republic of Lithuania turn over
spot where he could mediate between Isra-
their firearms to the Soviet Army, the
el and its Syrian and Palestinian foes. But
National Rifle Association saw a chance to
Reaching out, Sununu style. Despite
his praise for Syria's willingness to take
score points. "A gun-registration require-
mounting criticism, White House Chief
part in a peace conference and his harsh
ment in Lithuania is what makes it possi-
of Staff John Sununu remains a bulldog
words for Israel's treatment of Palestin-
ble for Gorbachev to enforce his order,"
on the issue of global warming and ac-
ians have upset Israelis, whose government
says an NRA official involved in planning
companying news leaks. Early in March,
was unseated by a parliamentary no-con-
an advertisement on the subject. "We will
Sununu reached outside his immediate
fidence vote during Carter's visit. Also
be making that clear to Americans." The
jurisdiction and demanded the resigna-
marring the mood: Former Israeli Prime
NRA hopes that Gorbachev's move in
tion of William Nitze, deputy assistant
Lithuania will help derail proposals to
secretary of state for environment, health
curb semiautomatic weapons in the U.S.,
and natural resources. Sununu accused
an issue likely to reach the Senate floor
Nitze of straying from the administra-
next month. Last week, a House subcom-
tion's position of doubting that global
mittee approved a bill to require registra-
warming is a scientific certainty-a posi-
tion of semiautomatic rifles. Last sum-
tion that Sununu .had crafted-and fa-
mer, NRA ran similar advertisements
voring instead an aggressive U.S. effort to
after the Chinese Army's quelling of the
counter global warming. Sununu also
Tiananmen Square demonstrations.
claimed that Nitze had leaked informa-
tion on Sununu's role in overruling Wil-
liam Reilly, the Environmental Protec-
More Democratic dissension. Democrat-
tion Agency administrator, on global
ic National Committee Chairman Ron
warming. "Misperceptions" on both
Brown's endorsement of New York Sen-
counts, claims Nitze, now a visiting schol-
ator Pat Moynihan's proposal to roll
ar at the Environmental Law Institute
back the Social Security payroll tax sig-
and the son of veteran arms-control nego-
nals a party split: Professionals of the
tiator Paul Nitze.
campaign committees vs. Democrats of
the Congress. While congressional lead-
ers have been unable to find an alterna-
Ghost no more. Lech Walesa's ghost-
tive to the Moynihan plan, party leaders
writer is coming out from behind his
TAYLOR JONES FOR USN&WR
outside the Congress got tired of waiting
typewriter to serve as Poland's new en-
and moved, calling their endorsement of
voy in Washington. Journalist Kazi-
Moynihan the position of the party.
mierz Dziewanowski, 59, is slated to be-
Peacemaker Jimmy Carter
come the first major ambassador
Dreaming of a new Mideast treaty
appointed by Solidarity. He will replace
Chip off the old platform. The latest sta-
Jan Kinast, a veteran hard-line Commu-
Minister Menachem Begin, who signed
tus symbol on a federal bureaucrat's desk
nist. A commentator on foreign affairs
the peace treaty with Egypt's late Presi-
is a wooden gavel, the size of a fountain
for three decades, Dziewanowski scored
dent Anwar Sadat, turned down Carter's
pen. These are belated tokens of apprecia-
his biggest hit as the author of Walesa's
request for a meeting, as did Begin confi-
tion, sent by George Bush in the past few
much acclaimed speech to a joint session
dant Yehiel Kadishai, who usually stands
weeks to 100 of his loyalists. The gavels
of the U.S. Congress last fall.
in for his boss now living in seclusion in
were carved out of the platform Bush
Jerusalem. Carter's current trip gives the
stood on when he delivered his inaugural
White House pause because, unlike his
address in January, 1989. White House
Carter's revival? Is former President Jim-
recent diplomatic work in Central Ameri-
insiders say the gifts, each of them ac-
my Carter thinking of reliving his glory
ca, he is "soloing" in the Mideast, not
companied by a handwritten note from
days when he negotiated peace between
coordinating with U.S. policy.
the President, are the latest example of
Israel and Egypt? On the 11th anniversary
Bush using his personal touch to main-
of his triumph, Carter has been touring
Edited by Charles Fenyvesi
tain his network for the 1992 campaign.
U.S.NEWS & WORLD REPORT, April 2, 1990
19
U.S.NEWS
The Abortion Hype
Alarmists were wrong; not much has changed since Webster
Recipe: Stir together dire predictions
ly enacted a law that requires minors to
may differ personally about abortion,
from anti-abortion and pro-choice advo-
get consent either from their parents or a
they share a professional interest in
cates, adding a spoonful of true-life
judge to get an abortion, while West
spreading alarmist predictions and in ig-
horror stories and a pinch of angry
Virginia passed an amendment forbid-
noring the bulk of the American populace
protesters. Carefully remove drab, equiv-
ding state funding of abortions, another
who support neither anti-abortion activ-
ocating observations by legal scholars
common pre-Webster restriction.) Laurie
ists nor pro-choice advocates. Inevitably,
and medical professionals. Then leaven
Anne Ramsey of Americans United for
reporters find that advocates make good
with snappy quotes, stir well and bake in
Life acknowledges that "few, if any,
copy. If a reporter calls up law professor
national news media. Yield: Unlimited
abortions have been limited or not per-
X, and hears that the "Webster decision is
servings of Abortion Hype.
formed because of Webster."
a complex ruling, one which we may not
There are several explanations why
know the full ramifications of for some
t may not be a new concoction, but
advocates and pundits exaggerated Web-
time," that tepid quote, so to speak, will
ever since the Supreme Court broad-
ster's impact-and are likely to continue
likely end up in the junk bin of history.
ened the rights of states to regulate
to do so. The essential, enduring ingredi-
Advocates, by contrast, churn out color-
abortion last July, Abortion Hype has
ents of Abortion Hype include:
ful quotes about enslaved women and
been tumbling forth faster than the plat-
The odd couple: Media and advocates.
baby killers, and they stage impassioned
ters at a Dionysian feast. At the time the
However much reporters and advocates
protest rallies (witness the photo below).
Court announced its decision in Webster
V. Reproductive Health Services Inc., both
pro-life and pro-choice advocates predict-
The three major
ed the ruling would mark the denouement
pro-life groups
of abortion. John Willke, president of the
raised well over
National Right to Life Committee, pro-
claimed there would now "be a halt to this
$19.4 million last year,
genocidal movement," and former Rea-
compared with a fund-
gan White House domestic-policy aide
raising tally of $15.3
Gary Bauer exulted that "Roe is on the
million in 1988.
way to the junk heap of history." Just last
week, the pattern of apocalyptic rhetoric
was repeated: When the governor of
Guam signed a law prohibiting abortion
(except when the life of the mother is
STOP
endangered), Kate Michelman of the Na-
ABORTION
tional Abortion Rights Action League
(NARAL) called the new statute an "ex-
NOW
treme, irresponsible, dangerous threat to
THE
BABIES
all American women."
are to
Notwithstanding the hyperbole, the
"Since the Supreme
GOD RECORDS LOVE 000
MARTINE
fact is that the right to abortion is just as
Court's decision in the
unencumbered today as it was before the
YOU DAY SETS BEFORE THIS
ALTERNA
Webster ruling. After the decision was
Webster case, the
LIFE & DEATH
ABC
handed down last summer, many news
enemies of life have
THUS CHOOSE LIFE
MART
organizations, including U.S. News, pro-
become more vocal,
FOR YOU & YOUR G!
jected that roughly half the states might
STOP
more strident, more
restrict abortion; a NARAL study indi-
determined and better
cated that the legislatures and sitting
governors of 15 states favored banning
financed!
Unless you
abortion outright. Yet in the nine-month
and I act now, our pro-
interim, only one state, Pennsylvania,
life efforts will be
has put into law a truly new abortion
buried by the well-
statute that even modestly restricted ac-
heeled and media-
cess to abortion (and a federal court
promptly enjoined its major provisions
backed pro-abortion
before they ever took effect). This year,
minority."
two other states have passed anti-abor-
tion statutes similar to those enacted else-
RECENT FUND-RAISING
LETTER FROM JUDIE BROWN
where in the U.S., where such laws also
OF THE AMERICAN
have had little apparent impact on the
LIFE LEAGUE
right to abortion. (South Carolina recent-
Good copy. Advocates and reporters who rely on them skew
20
U.S.NEWS & WORLD REPORT, April 2, 1990
A new analysis by the Washington-
taken last September suggests, the over-
find most Americans regard abortion as
based Center for Media and Public Af-
drawn coverage helped influence public
immoral and would like to see more re-
fairs gives some examples of how media
perceptions: Two thirds of all Americans
strictions imposed upon it. Such ambiva-
coverage of abortion gets framed by the
then anticipated new restrictions would
lence, however, rarely shows up in news
advocates. The center reviewed all 159
likely be placed on abortion in their own
stories. "It is difficult to make news out of
stories that appeared on the three net-
states during the upcoming year.
a centrist position," says Larry Sabato, a
work nightly news broadcasts or in the
Still, the hyperbolic news coverage of
professor of government at the University
New York Times and Washington Post
Webster did help advocates to rally the
of Virginia. "People don't hold rallies to
during the two months following Web-
faithful. Virtually all of the major anti-
stake out their pragmatism." In one typi-
ster. Their study found that nearly 40
abortion and pro-choice groups had rec-
cal news account last year, NBC corre-
percent of the sources cited in the news
ord fund-raising years in 1989, in most
spondent Lisa Myers said the abortion
stories were either pro-choice or anti-
instances doubling what they collected
fight is "like the Civil War, there's no
abortion organizations. By way of com-
in 1988. Now, both sides cite Webster in
suitable middle ground." In fact, there is
parison, if all the citations attributed in
scaremongering fund-raising letters,
a middle ground, even if those occupying
the same coverage to George Bush and
with each claiming that, as a conse-
it get little attention.
other administration officials, profes-
quence of the court ruling, the enemy is
The quest for pain-free consensus. So far
sional associations (like the American
about to achieve a crushing victory.
this year, more than 150 pieces of abor-
College of Obstetrics) and Supreme
One unfortunate consequence of the
tion legislation have been proposed in
Court Justices were combined, the advo-
hype is that the majority of Americans,
state legislatures around the country. Yet
cacy groups would still have been cited
who do not agree with the advocates on
the fact that only three bills have been
almost twice as often as all the rest. Far
either side, are largely absent from the
signed into law in 1990 underscores the
and away, the two individuals cited most
public debate. Numerous polls show that
difficulty of actually moving the states to
often in the coverage were Molly Yard,
few Americans wish to flatly outlaw abor-
reform abortion regulation. Among the
president of the National Organization
tion or trust the government to regulate
many issues state legislatures tackle,
for Women, and NARAL's Michelman.
the reproductive decisions of adult wom-
abortion is particularly susceptible to
And as a New York Times/CBS poll
en. But at the same time, the surveys also
deadlock-like the one that knotted the
TOM STAR
Maryland Senate last week, forcing law-
makers to approve referendums that al-
The three major
low voters to resolve the debate. Most
KEEP
pro-choice groups
analysts, though, exaggerated Webster's
increased their
impact because they failed to emphasize
ABORTION
fund-raising from
the important differences between pro-
posing and enacting legislation.
$16.8 million in
The latter requires representatives to
SAFE
1988 to $36.5
reach a consensus, which is difficult on
million last year.
such a divisive, intimate issue-even in
legislatures that overwhelmingly oppose
AND
abortion. In Missouri, the state that
KEEP
spawned the controversial regulations
LEGAL
upheld in Webster, new abortion restric-
ABORTION
tions have been tied up in committees
controlled by pro-choice lawmakers. In
EGAL
conservative, Mormon-dominated Utah,
pro-life Governor Norman Bangerter
declined to push an anti-abortion bill
because he found it could cost the state
"Right now, the
up to $1 million in legal fees to defend it
situation could not be
in court. In Michigan, both houses
passed a parental-consent bill after near-
more alarming. Anti-
ly five months of debate-only to have
abortion zealots,
the Democratic governor veto it.
emboldened by
Ironically, pro-life forces may have had
WOMB
powerful signals from
it easier in some state legislatures prior to
both the highest court
Webster. During the pre-Webster days,
legislators could propose and occasional-
in the land and
ly enact narrow anti-abortion bills be-
President Bush, have
cause they had a no-lose rhetorical value.
ABORTION
already targeted 19
Most pro-choice voters ignored such bills,
states likely to restrict
comfortable that the fundamental right to
abortion this year
abortion was already protected by the
courts. After Webster, though, state legis-
We don't have a
lators found pro-choice voters were con-
moment to lose."
cerned and organized. Last November,
RECENT FUND-RAISING
Republican gubernatorial candidates in
LETTER FROM MOLLY YARD
Virginia and New Jersey lost close elec-
OF THE NATIONAL
tions, with both defeats widely attributed
ORGANIZATION FOR WOMEN
to their anti-abortion positions. Ever
ate, leaving out the majority who have less extreme views
since, most state legislators have done
U.S.NEWS & WORLD REPORT, April 2, 1990
21
U.S.NEWS
little more than cling to the status quo.
That reticence is likely to continue in
GORRELL-RICHMOND-NEWS LEADER
1990, since 36 governors and a third of the
U.S. Senate will be elected this fall. As
GORRELL
SURE...I USED TO HAVE
political analyst William Schneider of the
A BIGGER PLACE THEN
American Enterprise Institute puts it:
THE CENSUS BUREAU CAME
ALONG AND I HAD TO MOVE
"Politicians do not, as a rule, seek to slit
TO THIS DUMP!...
their throats. And that is what voting on
abortion means these days-somebody is
guaranteed to get very mad at you."
The enduring persistence of Roe. Most
news reports underplayed one central
finding in Webster: It did not overturn
Roe. It was also ambiguous. The Court
HOMELESS
did, of course, grant the states greater
leeway to restrict abortion, but just how
much leeway is still unclear. To take one
example, swing vote Sandra Day O'Con-
nor has said only that abortion restric-
tions imposed thus far have not placed
an "undue burden" on a woman's abor-
tion decision. As a result of hedging by
the Court, state officials hoping to sup-
plant Roe have mostly been stymied.
When Louisiana's attorney general re-
cently sought to enforce a statute that
Beware the data twisters
predated Roe and criminalized abortion,
a panel of three federal judges rejected
COMMENTARY
BY BEN J. WATTENBERG
his request. They concluded that since
Louisiana had passed other laws after
Roe that permitted abortion, the earlier
A
mericans are data junkies. The decennial census, which is being tak-
en this week, is the keystone for America's statistical universe, as
statute was "repealed by implication."
well as the political bedrock for our egalitarian Republic of numbers.
Eventually, the Court may well over-
But there are problems in our data democracy. Soon, census figures will
turn Roe. Last week, the Idaho Legisla-
begin to pour out, and the media will again be concentrating on statistical
ture passed a tough anti-abortion bill,
stories. Beware. We are in an unprecedented era of data twisting. Of
which, along with the Guam legislation,
course, statistics are not set in stone. Definitional problems alone can lead
could end up as a test case of Roe. The
honorable people to come to different conclusions. But some of what we
Idaho bill bans abortion except in cases
hear is distortion in the service of crisismongering. Some examples:
of rape reported to authorities in seven
Infant mortality. Despite the assertion that a crisis exists, the infant-mor-
days, incest if the victim is younger than
tality rate has been roughly halved, for whites and blacks, just since 1970.
18, severe fetal deformity and a threat to
School dropouts. Critics claim the rate is "catastrophic." But it's at the
the mother's life or physical health. If
lowest level in history for blacks and whites.
Idaho Governor Cecil Andrus signs the
Jobs. It's said America is "losing jobs" due to the "trade deficit"-a fa-
legislation, and if the voters do not elect
vorite claim of businessmen who want protection for inefficient operations.
to overturn it in a referendum, the law
But unemployment went down as the trade deficit went up. We're near
could reach the Supreme Court. Howev-
full employment now (and it's not because of more hamburger flippers).
er, its review may not take place for two
Functional illiteracy. No one knows how to define it, and there are no
to three years, and cases now pending
good data over time. One definition made Abraham Lincoln illiterate (too
before the Court on parental notification
few years of schooling). Another counts people who can't understand an
laws are not expected to undo Roe.
insurance policy, probably including this author. Yet illiteracy is almost
Even if Roe eventually is overturned,
surely falling. Many of the elderly never completed elementary school. As
the recent paralysis in the states over
they die out, total illiteracy goes down.
abortion suggests that reversal might
What's going on? The sequence often goes like this: An advocacy group,
have surprisingly little impact on abor-
usually well-meaning, finds a problem. An academic is leased to do a fore-
tion. If, for instance, Idaho's law is up-
ordained study. The problem is presented in exaggerated form. Print jour-
held, many women there would likely
nalists are informed of the new crisis. Television follows up. And advo-
travel to neighboring Washington, Ore-
cates claim a grass-roots movement and demand legislation.
gon or Montana, where the majority of
What's wrong with that? Who is against the further reduction of infant
voters still support legalized abortion.
mortality? Or getting teenagers to stay in school? The problem is that
Moreover, in a nation where millions of
crisismongering places priorities on the most exaggerated problems, not
women-mothers, daughters, cousins,
the most important. It causes a credibility backlash; citizens believe
wives and friends-have had abortions
"they're lying to me again." It demeans the academy; who trusts the let-
since 1973, it seems unlikely most states
ters "Ph.D." any longer? We end up governed by social fictions, not by
will ever again widely ban abortion. If the
social facts. As the data soon start flying, the public should ask the law-
last nine months are any guide, the future
yers' question: Cui bono? Who gains?
of abortion in the U.S. may amount to
little more than a shrill stalemate.
Ben J. Wattenberg is a senior fellow at the American Enterprise Institute
by David Whitman with Ted Gest and Ann E. Andrews
22
U.S.NEWS & WORLD REPORT, April 2, 1990
Joey's big sister went to school
on the GI Bill.
Now Joey's signed up, too.
The Montgomery GI Bill was created precisely for outstanding young people,
like Joey and his sister, to help cover the cost of continuing their education.
If they invest a few years serving in any of the Military Services, or part-time
in the National Guard or Selected Reserves, they'll get the chance to travel, to learn
useful skills, to discover their true potential. And thanks to the Montgomery GI Bill,
we'll invest in their future with thousands of dollars in tuition assistance for courses
at approved colleges, vocational or
technical schools.
Opportunity Is Waiting For You
For full details, contact a local
military recruiter today.
ARMED FORCES
U.S.NEWS
Vanishing wildlife. Everglades wading birds, like roseate spoonbills, once numbered more than a million, but drought and pollution h
sustains the park, have desiccated much
Can the Everglades
of its wetlands. An 18-month drought is
exacerbating the situation. Wading
birds, the park's signature feature, like
Homeated
still be saved?
Yellowstone's bison or Glacier's griz-
zlies, numbered more than a million a
1/201
century ago. Today, the flocks have been
reduced to a scant 5,000 birds, and none
has nested in two years. Voracious alli-
277
The nation's premier wetland is dying, but a
gators, whose population in the dried-
massive restoration project may revive the park
out park is also drastically shrinking, are
cannibalizing their young. Exotic plants,
thriving on nutrients in agricultural run-
F
rom dawn to dusk, the tourists flock
Close to a million people visit Ever-
off, are forcing out natural vegetation.
to Eco Pond like the birds that roost
glades Park each year, to marvel at the
Bass and catfish should not be eaten
here deep in the heart of Everglades
wildlife and gaze at the steamy landscape
because they are laced with natural mer-
National Park. It's an avian paradise,
that is part African veld, part tropical
cury leached into ponds from soil dried
color-splashed with roseate spoonbills,
swamp. Life plays out here as it has over
to dust. Panthers, snail kites and wood
blue herons, purple gallinules, white ibis-
the millennia: Primal, unchanging, inde-
storks, three of the park's 13 endangered
es, reddish egrets, cormorants, cranes and
structible. At least, that is how it seems.
wildlife species, teeter on the brink of
anhingas. The spot evokes an image of
Everglades looks healthy, but parts of the
extinction. Says park wildlife biologist
nature's finest, unspoiled handiwork. But
finely tuned ecosystem are near total col-
John Ogden: "This is our Silent Spring."
Eco Pond, the best place to view birds, is
lapse. The park is dying.
At this eleventh hour, an unlikely co-
actually a man-made lagoon that is part
Years of mismanaging the water sup-
alition has come together, in the nation's
of the sewage-treatment system for the
ply, with agriculture and urban develop-
biggest environmental-restoration proj-
Flamingo lodge and visitors' center.
ment increasingly diverting the flow that
ect ever, to try to revive the park. While
24
U.S.NEWS & WORLD REPORT, April 2, 1990
LARRY LIPSKY-SOUTHERN STOCK PHOTOS
WENDELL METZEN-SOUTHERN STOCK PHOTOS
Progress? Increasingly, Everglades wetlands are being drained for development
CLAUDINE LAABS
ed to deplete their ranks to 5,000 or fewer
Thirsty crops. South Florida's farms have first call on the free, but precious, water
the scale of the Everglades plan pales
is optimistic. "I have to be," he says.
from hydrologists and biologists and
beside huge tasks such as restoring the
"The alternative is a biological desert,
eternally dependent on an artificial sup-
poisoned landscapes of Eastern Europe
with a remnant of park containing a few
ply of water.
or healing the world's ravaged rain for-
alligators here, a few bird nests there
The base line for success is cleaner
ests, the effort in Florida will be the first
and a nice museum with a stuffed pan-
water-and plenty of it-that can come
crucial test for a fragile alliance of state
ther as the centerpiece."
only at the expense of agriculture or
and federal conservation agencies, gov-
Water fight. The resurrection process
urban areas. South Florida's sugar plan-
ernment officials, environmental groups
has begun. It includes two restoration
tations and vegetable farms are the like-
and their longtime ecology foe, the U.S.
projects by the Corps of Engineers and a
liest targets. "Slicing the water pie will
Army Corps of Engineers.
major park expansion that together will
be tough, but we've given enough, and
But is it already too late to save the
cost more than $360 million. Everyone
we can't give any more," insists Ever-
Everglades? Predicting the future health
agrees, however, that reviving the park
glades Park Superintendent Robert
of the park is about as tricky as forecast-
will eventually require more millions, a
Chandler. "There has to be serious con-
ing when the next substantial rains will
decade or longer to complete massive
servation by others." As the region's
drench it. Some observers fear it may
public-works projects and a commitment
farms, and cities like Miami and Palm
already be past reclamation, but many
by South Florida, especially its agricul-
Beach, have expanded, water has trick-
officials, including environmentalists,
tural interests and urban citizens, to con-
led into the park in ever decreasing, ever
believe that with swift and decisive ac-
serve water.
more polluted amounts. "It's like an in-
tion the park can be revived. "No one
Even with all that, the Everglades can
tensive-care patient on an IV drip,"
really knows when something this big
never be fully restored to its natural
grumbles Podgor. "The patient is still
and complex reaches the point of no
state. The entire ecology of the region
alive, but it's a pitiful sight."
return," says Joe Podgor, director of
has been drastically altered to allow
When it comes to crown-jewel parks,
Friends of the Everglades, a national en-
man-not nature-to control the flow of
Everglades has always been the tar-
vironmental-support group. "It may al-
water south from Lake Okeechobee. In
nished gem. Americans have aggressive-
ready have happened." Biologist Ogden
the best-case scenario, the ecosystem will
ly protected their beloved national parks
acknowledges this gloomy possibility but
be in constant need of skilled attention
from proposals that would cause serious
U.S.NEWS & WORLD REPORT, April 2, 1990
25
U.S.NEWS
JEFF GLICK-USN&WR
desecration: Building a dam across the
Colorado River in the Grand Canyon or
The ever endangered Everglades
Jacksonville
logging Yosemite's redwoods. But wet-
The original Everglades covered 4 million acres of southeast
FLORIDA
lands have long been regarded as waste-
Florida from Lake Okeechobee to the present national park. Since
Orlando
lands good for little but draining for
1948, 2 million acres have been drained between the lake and the
Tampa
development or farms. As a result, the
park to establish farms and stimulate urban development. The
Area of
nation's wetlands have been reduced
resulting water shortage and agricultural pollutants have placed the
detail
from 215 million acres in colonial times
park in environmental jeopardy and upset the ecology of natural
Miami
to 93 million acres today, a folly only
preserves from Lake Okeechobee south to the Pennekamp coral reef
recently recognized by the environmen-
off Key Largo. Restoration efforts include recurving the Kissimmee
tal community.
River and expanding Everglades Park to the east.
Clogged arteries. After Everglades
Dairy
Sugar
Vegetable
Urban
production
cane
crops
development
Park was established in 1947, about 2
million acres of wetlands to the north
Kissimmee River
0
25
50
SEE DETAIL BELOW
were drained for farms and urban devel-
opment. South Florida boomed. Some
SCALE OF MILES
4.5 million people now live in the horse-
shoe crescent around the Everglades re-
gion, and 600 new residents arrive each
FLORIDA
Lake
Loxahatchee
day. But the ecological costs, even be-
Okeechobee
National
Wildlife
yond the park, have been high. The once
Refuge
crystalline waters of Lake Okeechobee
West
are now polluted with dairy-farm runoff
Fort Myers
Canals
Palm
Beach
and choked with algae. Much of the rich
Everglades muck on the vegetable farms
and sugar plantations is drying to dust
Gulf of Mexico
EVERGLADES
and blowing away. Before the current
drought began, the Loxahatchee Nation-
Rekinking
Naples
al Wildlife Refuge was home to more
Shark River
Fort
than 30,000 pairs of nesting wading
the Kissimmee
Slough
Lauderdale
The Army Corps of Engineers
Big Cypress
East
birds. This year, it has none. Cattails
is reversing its ecological
National
Everglades
that proliferate in the phosphorus-laden
mistake and restoring a river
Preserve
addition
runoff from sugar plantations are chok-
BEFORE
Miami
Kissimmee River
ing waterways in much the same way
After the channel
cholesterol clogs human arteries. Off-
was straightened,
Everglades
polluted water flowed into
National
Homestead
shore from the national park at Key
the lake, promoting algae Lake
Park
Largo Marine Sanctuary, parts of the
growth and killing fish
Okeechobee
Park
Atlantic
only living coral reef in the continental
AFTER
9336 entrance
Ocean
U.S. are being smothered by algae that
Kissimmee River
thrive in the polluted waters that seep
New marshlands
KEY
created along the
LARGO
into the Atlantic Ocean.
river bends will filter
Flamingo
Environmentalists think their best
the nutrient-rich water
Lake
before it enters the lake
Okeechobee
chances for improving the supply and
quality of water in the Everglades will
LAURA RILEY-BRUCE COLEMAN
Threatened:
determination of conservationists. Sa
Oron "Sonny" Bass, a U.S. wildlife
'One tough cat'
search biologist: "This is one tough ca
One of 13 subspecies of North Ame
can mountain lion, the Florida cat is
O
ne of the world's most endangered
smaller, darker version of the Wes
animals clings to life a scant 40 miles
cougar, with a distinctive kink in its t
from downtown Miami. The Florida pan-
and a cowlick on its back. The solita
ther, which once roamed the Southeast
nocturnal carnivores roam up to 2
from Louisiana to South Carolina, is
square miles to hunt deer, wild hogs a
threatened by poachers' bullets and
small mammals in the harsh Evergla
speeding cars and is being debilitated by
environment.
parasites, mercury poisoning and inbreed-
To help the panther survive, und
ing. Because South Florida's population is
passes have been built along Interst
growing so rapidly, the loss of natural
75, known as Alligator Alley, and spe
habitat to development is the greatest
limits are being more strictly enforc
threat to the panther's survival. That the
Also, habitat has been purchased fr
feline still prowls the Everglades-30 to
landowners and game hunting restrict
50 panthers are thought to survive there
to build up the cats' supply of pr
and in Big Cypress National Preserve-is
Inbreeding has left most males suffer
Extinction looms. A Florida panther
a tribute to its own adaptability and to the
from genetic deficiencies that ham]
26
U.S.NEWS & WORLD REPORT, April 2, 1990
come in a pending federal-
court battle in Miami and
MOICALL
Army engineers are em-
barking on a separate, $20
in the state capital, where
million modification of ca-
water officials will decide
nals, spillways and pump-
questions of future need
ing stations to assure a
and allocation. The conser-
steadier supply of cleaner
vationists have already
water for the park. In ad-
made it clear that agricul-
dition, last fall Congress
ture-particularly the sug-
authorized the purchase of
ar industry-is their main
107,000 acres to be added
target. Some 430,000 acres
to the east section of the
of the drained Everglades
park. The $67 million proj-
are in sugar production.
ect will help restore natu-
Since the water is free,
ral flow in the Shark River
South Florida's farmers
Slough, a 50-mile-wide,
take as much as they need
inches-deep sheet of water
and have little incentive to
that in normal times trick-
conserve. Phosphorus pol-
les southwest through the
lution in runoff provided
Saw-grass veld. Biologist John Ogden says the park can be saved
park to the Gulf of Mexico
ammunition for the law-
and is a critical part of the
suit filed by the U.S. Attorney in Octo-
of Engineers. For decades the nemesis of
wildlife food chain. Today, the slough is
ber, 1988, as the first salvo in what has
environmentalists for its dam building
as dry and barren as a Kansas farm
been dubbed "the war against sugar."
and other projects that radically altered
pond in a midsummer drought. Re-
Ecological allies. The suit charges the
the landscape, the Corps is now seen as
stored, its shallow waters will bring fish
state with pumping polluted sugar-plan-
a strong ecological partner in South
and other organisms to feed the park's
tation runoff onto federal lands, and the
Florida. In the late 1960s, over the pro-
decimated wading birds.
case looms as the nation's second-biggest
tests of environmentalists, the Army en-
As the nation's most ambitious at-
environmental litigation after the Alas-
gineers turned a 52-mile stretch of the
tempt to put a little wild back in the
kan oil spill. To deal with the phosphorus,
meandering Kissimmee River above
wilderness is launched, the Everglades
a state plan would create a 40,000-acre
Lake Okeechobee into an arrow-straight
project has an excellent chance to suc-
marsh on Florida-owned lands to filter
waterway. The engineering was intended
ceed-if it is not too late. Therein lies
the effluent. Environmentalists are furi-
to control floods and improve naviga-
the irony. Were the Everglades a purple-
ous that the state is offering public land
tion, but it also destroyed water-cleans-
mountains'-majesty expanse of towering
instead of requiring the sugar industry to
ing marshes. This allowed millions of
peaks, game-filled forests and rushing
convert its own fields. But Dalton Yan-
gallons of nutrient-rich dairy-farm run-
rivers, the park would never have been
cey, executive vice president of the Flori-
off to pollute the lake, which in turn
allowed to deteriorate this far. It will be
da Sugar Cane League, notes that growing
sends its waters flowing south as far as
a measure of America's ecological com-
vegetables that require pesticides instead
the park. Now the Corps is spending
mitment and maturity in this so-called
of growing sugar, or allowing urban de-
$275 million to restore the Kissimmee
decade of the environment if the inhospi-
velopment, would be far more damaging.
to its natural state, with twisting oxbow
table, table-flat, trackless swamp can one
The battle has also been joined in the
curves and extensive wetlands. Scientists
day relinquish its status as America's
sweltering pastures north of Lake Okee-
are confident it will improve water qual-
most endangered national park.
chobee, where conservationists have
ity in the lake and downstream.
found an unusual ally: The Army Corps
There are other reasons for optimism.
by Michael Satchell
ccessful reproduction, and attempts at
vitro fertilization have failed.
A captive-breeding program will soon
nsfer five pairs of panthers from the
Id to zoos, but the plan poses a dilem-
1. It is intended to provide 200 healthy
nthers by the year 2000, and wildlife
earchers like Sonny Bass are eager to
ERWIN AND PEGGY BAUER-BRUCE COLEMAN
ntroduce the animals into their origi-
I habitat. But even if tracts of public
d like wildlife refuges can serve as
nther preserves, there is likely to be
position. Recent attempts to return
: endangered red wolf to the Carolinas
d the gray wolf to the Yellowstone
tional Park region of Montana and
oming have met with fierce resis-
ice from farmers and ranchers. If the
ther-breeding program is successful,
ding a place for the big cats will be as
allenging as assuring their survival.
Rare sight. No more than 50 panthers survive in the shrinking Everglades habitat
U.S.NEWS & WORLD REPORT, April 2, 1990
27
TOMORROW
Republicans' high ride into the '90s
T
exas's gubernatorial primary, the
as an oil millionaire, has struck a chord
BY MICHAEL BARONE
year's first big-state political race,
with "the Bubba vote"-the mostly ru-
spotlights the advantages of the Re-
ral-origin Texans who take pride in the
publicans-and the handicaps of the Democrats-in the
state's history and traditional values. "I am Bubba," he
politics of the 1990s. The stunning 61 percent Republi-
likes to say. And Williams, like many Bubbas, is more
can-primary victory of Midland oilman Clayton Williams
sophisticated than he appears: He is not just a rancher
shows how a Republican had the maneuvering room to
and wildcatter but also a telecommunications entrepre-
come up with a positive platform on drugs and education
neur and an instructor at Texas A&M, the sometimes
at a time when voters want activist government-at least
joked-about but increasingly respected state university.
at the state and local levels. At the same time, the 39-37
Texas's Bubbas aren't necessarily antigovernment, but
Democratic-primary standoff between state Treasurer
they do look askance at liberal cultural values, even while
Ann Richards and Atty. Gen. Jim Mattox, which will be
they increasingly make their living in high tech.
settled in an April 10 runoff, was a nasty-tempered brawl
Meanwhile, the Democrats compete sotto voce for in-
that left the candidates on the defensive, unable or unwill-
terest-group support and out loud mostly flail at each
ing to make proposals with much appeal to voters.
other. That it seems is their strategy for the fall, when one
Williams's big victory was the triumph of a Republican
of them will face Williams. A Richards adviser says, "I
who combined tough and soft approaches to major issues
know this guy's bubble is going to burst." And Mattox's
of the day. His mostly self-financed $6 million ad cam-
pollster says, "He's a Texas businessman; there's got to be
paign is known best for showing him in cowboy hat and
something in there" to attack. But with his pro-active
boots calling for military-style boot camps for drug of-
program, Williams is far ahead, with a good chance of
fenders where "I'll introduce 'em
helping his party win other state-
WILLIAMS CAMPAIGN
to the joys of bustin' rocks." But
wide offices and enough legislative
his program also has a softer side,
seats to set the electoral bound-
promising drug counseling for the
aries of the 30 U.S. representatives
rock busters, two years of free col-
Texas will field in 1992.
lege tuition for honors students at
Texas high schools and more vo-
Right turn at the polls
cational education.
Williams's unusual program has
personal roots: He says he decided
T
he election results in Nicaragua
and East Germany, a surprise
to run after dealing with his oldest
to many reporters, show a striking
son's drug problem in 1986. But
pattern predicted in this magazine
his program also highlights the
in several recent stories. Most vot-
strategic advantages Republicans
ers most places prefer the parties
have in post-Reagan state politics.
of the right, if those parties sup-
Williams clearly benefits from the
port some government help for
voters' assumption that a Republi-
those who help themselves-the
can will resist raising taxes. It
platform of Nicaragua's UNO,
gives him credibility when he ar-
"I am Bubba." A Williams TV ad connects
Germany's Christian Democrats
gues that his management skills
and Texas's Clayton Williams.
would enable him to hold down state spending, which
But the voters are saying, in the slogan of the East
rose 23 percent in two years, and that he can find money
German winners, "No more socialist experiments." They
to pay for new programs by selling some of the 21,000
are looking for economic growth, not economic redistri-
state cars-even if that proposal doesn't truly yield much.
bution, and while they want a safety net, they have little
Exceedingly vague. The Democrats, meanwhile, are on
confidence in government's ability to direct the whole
the defensive because voters fear they will raise taxes,
economy. They prefer politicians who affirm cultural val-
show too much sympathy for criminals and cater to
ues to bureaucratic busybodies who want to reform them.
special interests. To allay these fears, "Texas tough" Mat-
History is not, it seems, an endless move to the left.
tox boasts of his support for the death penalty and prom-
ises a state lottery while accusing opponents of wanting to
Insulting Rosty
raise taxes. As for Richards, the Democrats' 1988 nation-
al keynoter, she seems afraid to say what she believes. In
W
hy has there been such a resounding lack of response
ads and debates, she is exceedingly vague, and on the
among politicians to Dan Rostenkowski's deficit-
stump she uses code language to signal her agreement
cutting proposal? Maybe because Rosty, who with his
with liberal interest groups. On education, she is for
father held the post of 32nd-ward Democratic committee-
higher teacher salaries and wants to get rid of competency
man in Chicago for more than 50 years, isn't thinking like
tests-a teachers' union stand that would undo major
a pol any more. Just renominated without opposition,
reforms enacted in 1984. On crime, she signals her dis-
with no opponent in November, widely expected to retire
taste for tough stands by ridiculing opponents for "brag-
in 1992 (probably the last year he can pocket his $1
ging how many men they've killed" and arguing, 1960s
million-plus campaign treasury), he doesn't have to face
style, that crime will not be stopped unless its "root
voters angry about tax increases and benefit cuts. Back
causes" are addressed.
home, one observer says, "he's viewed as a statesman,
Against this backdrop, Williams, despite his standing
which in Chicago is almost an insult."
28
U.S.NEWS & WORLD REPORT, April 2, 1990
0
0
11
⑉0
"I was wondering if you could possibly return
the cup of Johnnie Walker Black Label you borrowed".
EWBORN citizens, at
GLASNOST REOPENS A "WINDOW TO THE WEST."
N
a ceremony in the Baby
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in Leningrad."
To begin life in Lenin-
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changes as momentous as any in
CAN WE SEE
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With glasnost, today's Lenin-
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into business for themselves.
Leningrad, a city of golden
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life, and bring the openness of ideas
to a watching world. That's why we
Western world as a result of
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glasnost. Glasnost is Russian
salute the National Geographic Society
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our country's basic principles.
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For Americans, openness is not a new
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Chevron
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WORLD REPORT
Defying Moscow rules
Stubborn Lithuania bets that Mikhail Gorbachev is bluffing
ROGOV-ZOJA PICTURES FOR USN&WR
It is an unlikely setting
for Mikhail Gorbachev's
toughest test in five
years as Soviet leader:
The modern, Spartan
chamber of the Lithua-
nian Supreme Council,
stripped of all Soviet trappings and now
adorned only by a huge green, red and
yellow banner of independent Lithuania
hanging above the speaker's podium. The
nimble Gorbachev has navigated his way
through political intrigues, ethnic feuds
and natural disasters, beating off some
challenges and sidestepping others. But
there is no getting around Lithuania, a
tiny, stubborn corner of the Soviet em-
pire that shows no interest in watering
down its defiant declaration of indepen-
dence from Moscow.
The resulting war of nerves between
Moscow and Vilnius could bring eco-
nomic chaos and physical violence to
both the Lithuanian David and the Soviet
Goliath. Gorbachev, recently vested with
sweeping new presidential powers, has
issued a steady stream of directives aimed
at bringing the Lithuanians to heel, and
the Soviet military, the Interior Ministry,
and the KGB all have flexed their muscles
to unnerve the republic's new leadership.
But Lithuania's new parliament has large-
ly ignored the attempts at intimidation
and publicly concentrated on assembling
the legal foundations of a new republic.
Lawmakers discussed the formation of
the republic's new broadcasting authority
as occasional Soviet military transports
rumbled overhead.
Risky business. The stakes are enor-
mous. Lithuania's leaders are betting
their futures and those of their people on a
return to self-rule after 50 years of Soviet
control. For Gorbachev, giving in would
be an admission of weakness that likely
would mean the beginning of the end of
an already unstable and impoverished
Steady on. Despite Moscow's threats, Lithuanian President Landsbergis is unbowed
Soviet federation. "Perhaps we have very
little time," said Lithuanian President
expelled two U.S. diplomats from Lithu-
Lithuania has virtually no energy re-
Vytautas Landsbergis. "Let's remember
ania, and by appealing for diplomatic
sources of its own, and it gets cut-rate oil
Hungary, Czechoslovakia, China."
recognition to keep their fledgling re-
and other raw materials from the U.S.S.R.
The showdown is casting a shadow
public afloat, Lithuania's leaders are
Its finished goods are mostly uncompeti-
over superpower relations as well, leav-
putting the U.S. and other nations on
tive by Western standards. Lithuanian
ing the Bush administration torn be-
the spot. "Everything we are doing now
businesses would face tough competition
tween its hopes for a profitable summer
resembles a farce, a theater, unless we
for outside investment from Eastern Eu-
summit and new arms-control agree-
can gain recognition," says Virgilijus Ce-
rope. Communications and transporta-
ments and its commitment to the Lithu-
paitis, a leading member of Lithuania's
tion are still controlled by Moscow, as
anians' right to determine their own des-
new parliament.
Lithuanians were reminded when their
tiny (see page 30). Last Friday, Moscow
Gorbachev is holding the high cards.
international phone lines were sporadical-
U.S.NEWS & WORLD REPORT, April 2, 1990
29
WORLD REPORT
ly interrupted soon after their indepen-
change for better treat-
dence declaration.
ment from Gorbachev.
The republic has no military force of
nians estimate there are at least 30,000
Soviet troops based in the republic, and
that number was bolstered by an esti-
mated 2,000 paratroopers flown in to a
ROBERT D. TONSING-PICTURE GROUP FOR USN&WR
Nor have Moscow liber-
its own, and Moscow could try to dis-
als rallied to the Lithua-
arm even the local police. The Lithua-
nian cause. An interview
with President Lands-
bergis in the Moscow
News was accompanied
by a statement criticiz-
base near Kaunas earlier this month.
ing "an impatient Lithu-
But the Lithuanians can exert some
anian leadership." In the
economic pressure on Moscow as well.
Congress of People's
The republic produces twice as much
Deputies, only 93 of
meat and milk as it consumes and exports
some 350 opposition
those badly needed products to the rest of
members voted against a
the U.S.S.R. "What we produce for the
resolution annulling
Soviet Union is no less important than
Switching sides. Soviet deserters in Lithuania
Lithuania's declaration
what we buy," insists Prime Minister
of independence.
Kazimiera Prunskiene, noting that Lithu-
watch on Lithuania, even sending observ-
Meanwhile, individuals and enter-
ania turns Soviet raw materials into elec-
ers to take notes on the formation of the
prises are unsure whether to obey Mos-
tronic equipment and a range of consumer
new government. Pro-independence can-
cow or Vilnius. Factories are scrambling
goods, from shoes to refrigerators, prized
didates did well in recent elections in
to assure suppliers and customers
by hard-pressed Soviet consumers.
Lithuania's neighboring Baltic states,
around the U.S.S.R. that they intend to
The Lithuanians are counting on pres-
Latvia and Estonia. But so far, the two
continue doing business. Some 1,000 of
sure from liberal Soviet reformers and
have held back, leading to speculation in
the 40,000 Lithuanians doing their man-
other restive republics to help their cause.
Vilnius that the Estonians in particular
datory service in the Soviet military have
Other ethnic groups, including Ukraini-
may be negotiating with Moscow to pur-
deserted and made their way home,
ans and Moldavians, are keeping a close
sue independence more slowly in ex-
where many have registered for protec-
The Bush White House fiddles
fine distinctions may contain loophole
big enough to drive a tank through. Th
while Gorbachev's Kremlin fumes
administration's concession that force
acceptable under some conditions, fo
example, may encourage Gorbachev
resident Bush says it would be "ar-
says Valdas Katkus, a member of the new
believe he can get tough with Lithuan
P
rogant" of the United States to try
Lithuanian Supreme Council, "then we
under the guise of restoring order-pe
to get in the middle of the row
are little more than hostages to Moscow."
haps by confiscating weapons or roundir
between Moscow and Lithuania. But
A crackdown by Gorbachev would
up deserters from the Soviet Army-
with Soviet helicopters buzzing over the
disrupt U.S.-Soviet negotiations ranging
especially given Bush's tepid reaction
Lithuanian capital, some American offi-
from economic and arms-control treaties
the Chinese crackdown in Tiananme
cials have begun rethinking the adminis-
to a settlement in Afghanistan. But the
Square. Worse, by tying U.S. recognitic
tration's cheerleading for Gorbachev
U.S. attempt to head off such a crisis by
of Lithuania to the new government
and its laissez-faire attitude toward his
soft-pedaling the Kremlin's intimidation
ability to demonstrate control of its OW
policies. Although Washington contin-
of Lithuania shows just how much ma-
territory, Bush inadvertently could ha
ues to believe that Gorbachev is only
neuvering room Bush and his aides have
invited Gorbachev to show just who rea
bluffing, one official says the Soviet lead-
surrendered in the name of good rela-
ly controls the beleaguered republic.
er's demand that Lithuanians surrender
tions with Gorbachev and support for
The Bush administration seems so an
their hunting rifles "raises questions
his political and economic reforms. Af-
ious to minimize Gorbachev's strong-ar.
about how he is playing the game, how
ter Soviet troops moved into Azerbai-
tactics that it sometimes is hard to te
he is using his power. People are begin-
jan's capital to crush ethnic unrest, the
where Soviet explanations end and tl
ning to see a more complex Gorbachev."
administration's response was notably
public U.S. response begins. "I'd say 1
Adds another: "Even in
low-key. Czechoslovak President Vaclav
them sort it out," Bush told reporters
the era of glasnost, we
Havel met with the widow of dissident
Washington last week, as the Sovie
don't fully understand
hero Andrei Sakharov in Moscow, but
turned up the heat on Lithuania. "They'
the political pressures
Secretary of State James Baker did not
on the right track." Meanwhile, as Mo
he may be under."
even visit Sakharov's grave when he was
cow was preparing to disarm the Lithu
Although the admin-
in Moscow last month.
nian police, the two superpowers a
istration is struggling to
Subtle distinctions. This diplomatic
nounced a tentative five-year agreeme
avoid choosing sides be-
minuet has sometimes left the U.S. in an
on Soviet purchases of U.S. grain.
tween Gorbachev and
awkward position. Baker has tried to
Some U.S. officials recognize that tl
the Lithuanians, its
strike a balance between offending Gor-
administration's timidity could become
hands-off policy already
bachev and giving him carte blanche to
political embarrassment. "The crit
is helping shape events.
crack down on his opponents by con-
cism," says a Bush adviser, "is that
DARRYL HEIKES-USN&WR
"If the West is worried
demning the use of force to suppress
invade Panama for democracy and
about offending Gorba-
dissent while giving Moscow leeway to
support free elections in Nicaragua, y
chev or hurting him,"
use force to restore public order. But such
we speak with a crooked tongue on Lit
30
U.S.NEWS & WORLD REPORT, April 2, 1990
ALI CAMP & ASSOC
tion by the new government. Others are
stopping by the Supreme Council build-
ing, some in uniform, wondering wheth-
er to desert or return to their units,
where reports of incidents of hazing and
other mistreatment of Lithuanians are
increasing.
Both sides are seeking to play down
the confrontation. Lithuanian President
Landsbergis has welcomed most of Mos-
cow's missives as steps toward formal
negotiations. "If we had wanted con-
frontation, we would have switched off
the lights two weeks ago," replies a se-
nior official at Moscow's Communist
Party Central Committee headquarters.
But if Vilnius continues to ignore Gor-
bachev, the Soviet leader's backers say, he
might exercise another of his new powers
by taking direct presidential control of
Lithuania. If there is one certainty in the
crisis, it is that Mikhail Gorbachev did
The challenger. Lafontaine is betting that German unity will prove expensive
not become his country's most powerful
leader since Stalin in order to preside over
the dissolution of the Soviet Union.
West Germany's Scrooge
by Jeff Trimble in Vilnius
with Dianne Rinehart in Moscow
waits in the wings
ania." Representative Richard Durbin
Oskar Lafontaine asks who will pay for unification
)-III.), the co-author of a House letter
alling for a tougher policy on Lithua-
B
etter to act the big spender than
Julian Bullard, "by a man who stands 6-
a, says the U.S. should take the lead in
Scrooge at the birth of the new
foot-4 in his socks, is a master of the
rmally recognizing Lithuania: "This is
Germany. West German Chancel-
simple slogan and does not mind the
real test of U.S. values and principles."
lor Helmut Kohl's large pocketbook and
rain." Kohl barnstormed across gray,
Administration officials emphasize
sense of occasion so impressed East Ger-
wintry East Germany, and the election
at the U.S. has never recognized Mos-
man voters that they have effectively put
posters of the conservative Alliance for
w's forced annexation of the Baltic
him in charge of their country. Now
Germany, led by the sister party of his
publics in 1940, but they say Washing-
comes the hard part. The conservative
West German Christian Democratic
n should not insist publicly now on
Chancellor is like a man with two wives,
Union (CDU), said simply "Ja"-a clear
eir independence and appear to be
needing to keep both happy at the risk of
invitation to immediate unity. Lafon-
rcing Gorbachev's hand. Bush's cau-
satisfying neither. Should he falter,
taine's sister Social Democrats were
on will come as no surprise to the Sovi-
Scrooge is ready to carry off the more
mumbling about some slower road.
leader. At their summit in Malta last
fetching one, West Germany.
The youthful Lafontaine, 46, however,
ecember, Bush told Gorbachev he sup-
Scrooge is Oskar Lafontaine. That, at
is not unnerved by the East German
orted "self-determination" and the
least, is the way East Germans saw
setback. Last week, on securing his par-
beaceful exercise of political rights" in
Kohl's rival for reunifier in chief when
ty's nomination for Chancellor in West
e Baltics and added mildly that the use
they voted conservative in their first free
Germany's own, more significant legisla-
force to crush dissent would be "coun-
election last week. Pre-election opinion
tive elections in December, he confronted
rproductive." That could have given
polls had predicted victory for East Ger-
all Germans with a big question: How
orbachev the impression that Bush's
man Social Democrats in league with
can Kohl keep his promises to impover-
lerance in the Baltics
Lafontaine, the new
ADRIAN BRADSHAW-VISIONS FOR USN&WR
ished East Germany
as great as it was in
champion of West Ger-
without imperiling West
eijing. Bush may be
many's opposition So-
Germany's own pre-
unting on private,
cial Democratic Party
cious prosperity?
rsonal diplomacy to
(SPD). But East Ger-
The answer, insists
fluence Moscow, but
man voters opted for
Lafontaine, is that Kohl
S own aides have ad-
the reassuring Kohl-
can't. West Germans al-
itted that similar en-
and through him for
ready are beginning to
eaties to China's lead-
double-quick unity and
resent the costly benefits
S have not produced
the purchasing power of
and privileges extended
e expected results.
the deutschemarks that
to East German prosper-
soon will be jingling in
ity seekers still crossing
Douglas Stanglin with
DARRYL HEIKES-USN&WR
their pockets.
the border (more than
The East Germans
nneth T. Walsh in
1,500 registered the day
shington
were swept off their feet,
after East Germany's
observes a recent British
vote). Two West Ger-
ambassador to Bonn, Sir
Gambler. Can Kohl deliver?
man states, including
U.S.NEWS & WORLD REPORT, April 2, 1990
31
WORLD REPORT
The last gasp for another
director, isn't optimistic. "We can't
sell our cars any more," he says. "Peo-
wheezing relic of socialism
ple are waiting for currency union and
then they'll buy their cars in West
Germany with deutschemarks." The
T
he only good thing I can say
Zwickau next year, and a totally new
Trabant's name means "satellite," in
about the Trabant is that it al-
Trabant by the mid-1990s.
honor of the Soviet sputnik of the
ways starts, freezing or not,"
For now, the old factory will keep
1950s. The car has scarcely been mod-
says mechanic Tomas Kahl, 19. He
producing Trabants. The Trabi does
ified since, which is why Schiebert
should know. He works at the gray
have saving graces, says welder Jo-
does not drive one. He rides a bicycle.
concrete auto plant at Zwickau that
achim Anwand. "You can go right
The threat of as many as 2,000
produces this choking symbol of East
into a ditch and just pick it up and
layoffs does not seem to alarm Trabant
German industrial backwardness. "It
come out the other side. You can't do
workers. Those expecting to stay on
was a wonderful car 30 years ago."
that with a Mercedes." But Jürgen
hope to get paid as much as West
Like many of his 11,500 co-work-
Schiebert, Trabant's public-relations
German auto workers. Kahl says that
ers, Kahl voted conservative in East
even if he's laid off, he is
RICKI ROSEN-PICTURE GROUP
Germany's first free elections last
sure he can find work
week. Bumper stickers favoring im-
elsewhere.
mediate German unity decorate the
East Germany's chief
poky "Trabis" in the workers' park-
cause for mourning the
ing lot and signal enthusiasm for a
demise of the Trabi will
$2.9 billion joint venture between the
be the loss of a rich
West German auto giant Volkswagen
source of jokes. "Have
and East Germany's state-owned
you heard," says Tra-
auto-making conglomerate.
bant metalworker Ger-
A new Trabant. Yet Volkswagen's
hard Kempe, "that the
arrival will kill the smelly two-stroke
last Trabi we make will
Trabant. "It's the same as East Ger-
have two tailpipes? It'll
many. The car is losing its identity,"
be East Germany's per-
says Kahl. Last year, the Zwickau
fect wheelbarrow."
plant produced 146,000 Trabants in
an array of bland pastels. VW plans
by David Lawday with June
to produce 400 of its Polos daily at
Model T. Trabants are made the old-fashioned way
Carolyn Erlick in Zwickau
Lafontaine's own Saarland, have unilater-
the hardheaded pragmatist and Kohl is
French control, took four years to make
ally canceled the refugee benefits as a
the risk taker. While Kohl promises the
its return to Germany-starting with a
signal to Easterners that they would serve
East immediate gratification, Lafontaine
referendum in 1955 and ending with full
themselves and a united Germany better
has distressed German unions by telling
economic integration in 1959.
by staying put. Indeed, no sooner had the
them he could support their demands for
Nor is it surprising that Lafontaine, a
East Germans voted than Kohl's govern-
shorter working hours-but only if they
descendant of a French officer sent to
ment announced the abolition by July 1 of
accepted less pay. The longtime scourge
the Saar 300 years ago by Louis XIV, is
most of the controversial benefits. This
of NATO balks at those who cast him as
concerned about the price of reunifica-
postelection maneuver was, said Lafon-
the champion of a neutral Germany,
tion. The Saarland is one of the smallest
taine, Kohl's "first betrayal" of the hopes
calling neutrality an absurd and irrele-
and poorest states in Germany, a mini-
East Germans were investing in him.
vant concept. He sees Europe's nation-
Ruhr of played-out coal and steel that
Being a killjoy is not the natural way of
states integrated, Germany included,
has yo-yoed between German and
the Saarland political leader, who built his
into a progressively federal Europe with
French control over the past century
career in hot pursuit of left-wing causes,
a new security system replacing the pres-
and is still struggling to modernize its
environmental and antinuclear. "Red Os-
ent Eastern and Western blocs. The
own industry.
kar" was a leader of the campaign in the
blocs are finished, he says, adding some-
Kohl sees the pitfalls ahead. But he has
early 1980s to prevent the installation of
what vaguely, "The new system must of
to deliver on his promises, including the
U.S. medium-range nuclear weapons in
course incorporate the United States, in-
lopsided and expensive one-for-one com-
West Germany. He has the face of a
cluding the possibility of an American
mon-currency plan under which East
choirboy but a reputation for being a little
troop presence."
Germans will be able to start swapping
dangerous. And a little showy. A twice-
Reassuring Poland. Lafontaine's "new
their semiworthless ostmarks for solid
divorced bachelor who wears modish
security system" remains imprecise, es-
deutschemarks on July 1. In West Ger-
suits, he installed an expensive chef at his
pecially for someone educated by Jesuits.
many, the Chancellor now is favored to
home state's small office in Bonn.
To the joint West German-French army
win re-election in December. The Saar-
Shooting through the Social Demo-
brigade created last year to underscore
lander is waiting for things to go wrong.
cratic ranks, Lafontaine captured the
Germany's commitment to European in-
In a twist on the famous words of Louis
Saarland for his party from long en-
tegration, he would now add a German-
XV, whose great-grandfather dispatched
trenched conservatives in 1985. The
Polish brigade to help dispel lingering
Lafontaine's French ancestor to the Saar-
Saarland's activist leader immediately
fears of German expansionism.
land, the West German Scrooge says:
became a provocative national figure:
Lafontaine's go-slow approach to re-
"After the deluge, me."
Napoleon of the Saar, they called him.
unification is based partly on experience.
But now, with unity almost here, he is
His Saarland, placed under postwar
by David Lawday in Berlin
32
U.S.NEWS & WORLD REPORT, April 2, 1990
WALL STREET JOUR PHOENIX
DI
ABOUT FACE
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WORLD REPORT
PHOTOS BY ERIC RANSDELL FOR US
The cupboard is bare. After Ethiopian air raids on Massawa, scavengers find only a few bags of unburned grain for famine victims
The apocalypse in Ethiopia
Grain burns in a starving nation as another dictator's days dwindle
aunt nomads paw through smolder-
tal repression, ideological bombast and
war: Eritrea's three-decade struggle for
G
ing piles of grain in the bombed-out
$11 billion in Soviet aid. After years of
autonomy or independence. But they may
Red Sea port of Massawa, scuttling
jockeying for influence in Ethiopia, Mos-
come too late to save either those facing
to salvage a few sacks of food that are all
cow and Washington now have decided
starvation in Eritrea or the millions facing
that remain of 50,000 tons of aid once
the region is not much of a strategic prize
famine in Tigré province and elsewhere in
destined for Ethiopia's war-scarred Eri-
after all. These changes may finally write
the Red Sea hinterland.
trea province. These ghosts of the ruins
an end to Africa's longest-running civil
Mengistu's position has become in-
load what they find onto camels for a
GARY VISGAITIS-USN&WR
creasingly vulnerable since the EPLF
grim trek into the drought-stricken
overran Massawa in mid-February after
countryside, where as many as 1.9 mil-
one of the fiercest battles in Africa since
ERITREA
Map
lion people are starving. Most days, the
Massawa
detail
World War II. Just a few days before the
scavengers must dive for cover amid the
Asmara
rebel attack, Soviet arms were still flow-
charred hulks of Soviet-built T-55 tanks
SUDAN
ing through the port to the 120,000-
TIGRE
and United Nations relief trucks when
Assab
Gulf of Aden
strong Ethiopian Second Revolutionary
Ethiopian jets scream back to drop more
Army. With that lifeline cut, Mengistu's
bombs and napalm on the port, which
biggest and best front-line force is cut off
Addis Ababa
DJIBOUTI
was captured by the Eritrean People's
and running short of food, fuel and wa-
Liberation Front (EPLF) last month.
ter in Asmara, the Eritrean provincial
War, famine and superpower competi-
ETHIOPIA
capital, and a nearby garrison town.
tion have tortured northern Ethiopia
EPLF forces are already within 30 miles
since the early 1960s. Now, however, a
major rebel offensive is closing in on the
UGANDA
of Asmara; they need to advance only
about 12 more miles to bring the city's
KENYA
SOMALIA
Marxist regime that President Mengistu
airport under artillery fire that would
0
250
SCALE OF MILES
1,000
Haile Miriam has held together with bru-
smash the Second Army's tenuous air-
U.S.NEWS & WORLD REPORT, April 2, 1990
34
supply route from Addis Ababa, the na-
1988 as Mikhail Gorbachev's reformers
arms-supply agreement that expires this
tional capital.
questioned the value of fighting proxy
year, "we don't have any counselors or
Mengistu has been in trouble before
wars in the Third World and Mengistu's
experts or technicians helping to fight or
but survived because of the loyalty of his
forces looked increasingly incapable of
advising" in Ethiopia.
military, the guile of his East German-
defeating the rebels, no matter how much
Mengistu is receiving new assistance
staffed intelligence service and the open
help they received from Moscow. By ear-
from Israel, which re-established diplo-
checkbook of his Kremlin supporters.
ly this year, the Soviets had moved from
matic relations with Ethiopia last De-
All three of those props are now missing
publicly warning Mengistu that his war
cember as a step toward getting exit visas
or seriously weakened. Despite bloody
was unwinnable-widely interpreted as
for some 10,000 Falasha Jews who live
purges of Army officers-including exe-
backstage support for negotiated settle-
there. Although Israeli officials flatly
cutions carried out personally by Men-
ments with the rebels-to actually cut-
deny that any lethal aid is included in
gistu-the military no longer shares its
ting back support for his regime. This
the aid package, Western diplomats in
leader's enthusiasm for continuing the
time, no Soviet ships arrived to save Mas-
Addis Ababa report that Israeli advisers
war at any cost. An attempted coup
sawa. And Moscow reportedly rejected
and military supplies, including clust-
against Mengistu last
er bombs, already are
May failed largely be-
arriving. The EPLF
cause the plot was dis-
makes similar claims of
covered in advance by
Israeli involvement.
East German security
"We know that the Is-
advisers. But those ad-
raelis have been sup-
visers were called
plying bombs for the
home even before East
Ethiopian Air Force
Germany voted out the
and that there has been
Communists. Diplo-
a resumption of coop-
mats in Addis Ababa
eration in areas like in-
say another major mili-
telligence and informa-
tary defeat, such as the
tion," EPLF Secretary
fall of Asmara, could
General Isais Afer-
trigger a new coup at-
woki told U.S. News
tempt that would have
last week.
much greater chances
The full impact of
of success.
the Massawa fighting
Public support for
on famine rélief is un-
Mengistu was revived
certain but could be
briefly last fall, when
devastating. The port
his forces stopped an
would be serviceable
offensive by another
within a few days if
breakaway rebel group, the Tigréan Peo-
Mengistu halted the daily bombing by
ple's Liberation Front (TPLF), within
accepting a U.S.-backed EPLF proposal
200 miles of Addis Ababa. But steadily
to make it an "open city" for shipping
worsening food shortages, relentless pov-
grain to starving civilians on both sides.
erty and widespread fears about a new
The chances of that happening appear just
round of press-gang conscription of teen-
as slim as the prospect of concluding other
agers have soured the mood in the capi-
agreements that would let relief convoys
tal. Few people put much stock in Men-
across battle lines before summer rains
gistu's March 5 attempt to get in step
make roads impassable.
with perestroika by publicly embracing
Meanwhile, Ethiopians who know lit-
capitalism-tabbed a "deathbed conver-
tle about politics but much about hunger
sion" by one Western diplomat-or his
are beginning to trek long distances
proposal to replace the country's rigid
Of war and death. Ethiopian POW's are
across the parched countryside. When
Stalinist system with a mixed economy.
marched to detention camps. Boxes
Hamid Nur, a 54-year-old peasant,
"Mengistu has lived his whole life as a
filled with human skulls bear mute
heard a rumor that food salvaged from
thug, a murderer and a Marxist," says a
testimony to purges in Mengistu's Army
Massawa would be handed out, he
senior U.S. official. "Suddenly he turns
walked 24 hours to get enough grain to
capitalist. That's bull."
an appeal to use its giant Antonov cargo
keep his family alive for a month.
Where have all the Russians gone? Capi-
planes, which are still sitting on the tar-
If hundreds of thousands of people
talist or Communist, the Ethiopian dicta-
mac at Addis Ababa, to supply the be-
starve, as in 1984-85, it would be a grim-
tor now seems to hold little attraction for
sieged Second Army in Asmara.
ly fitting counterpart to a recent discov-
the Kremlin, which once backed him
Then last week the Soviet ambassador
ery on a former Ethiopian Army com-
lavishly. When Eritrean rebels attacked
in Sudan, which also serves as a staging
Massawa in 1977 and 1978, Soviet war-
pound near Massawa: Fifty large
base for famine-relief operations, an-
ammunition crates stuffed full of human
ships shelled the port and saved Mengis-
nounced that all Soviet advisers had
bones. The victims were probably sol-
tu's forces from certain defeat. For years,
been pulled out of Ethiopia's battle
diers killed in Mengistu's purges, not in
Moscow automatically replaced tanks,
zones. The envoy, Valeri Soukhine, told
artillery and rifles captured by the EPLF.
combat. Their burial site-set up almost
the Reuter news agency that hundreds of
as a kind of shrine-likely will not be the
As recently as last May, Western officials
advisers had withdrawn to Addis Ababa,
last such find as Mengistu's bloodstained
say, there were 5,000 Soviet advisers
where some will continue working while
regime collapses on itself.
working with the Ethiopian Army.
others return home. Soukhine said that
All this began to change sometime in
even though Moscow might renew an
by Eric Ransdell in Massawa
U.S.NEWS & WORLD REPORT, April 2, 1990
35
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WORLDGRAM
ECONOMIC SHOCK TREATMENT IN BRAZIL
BRASILIA
LONDON
JERUSALEM
THE PRESIDENT TAKES ON THE ELITE
popular once its tax and spending plans
Brazilian President Fernando Collor de
are detailed. And Thatcher's a proven
Mello's bold shock treatment for curing
rebounder. But if Tories do badly in May's
hyperinflation amounts to all-out war. To
local elections--as seems likely--she'll
succeed, the new President must subdue an
face a leadership challenge for sure.
entrenched bureaucracy, crush the special
interests and impose self-sacrifice on a
ISRAEL'S SOAP-OPERA POLITICS
powerful and extravagant elite. One defeat
Until Israel's tragicomic electoral system
and the whole strategy could fail.
is amended, forming a government seems
Confronted by runaway inflation, soaring
destined to remain a soap-opera blend of
debt and a widening gap between the rich
political seduction and matchmaking.
and poor, Collor has launched an economic
Consider the latest episodes revolving
offensive that spares no one but the
around the small ultrareligious parties
destitute. The key elements: A savage
that long have held the balance of power
liquidity squeeze that removes 70 percent
in the 120-seat Knesset (parliament)
of the $150 billion now in circulation--
Shas, a Sephardic-based party whose six
hurting big businessmen and speculators
votes were instrumental in toppling Prime
most--huge cuts in federal spending, the
Minister Shamir in mid-March, undergoes a
sale of state-owned companies, slashes in
change of heart. At the urgings of the
the bureaucracy, higher taxes for business
dovish leader of the two-member Torah Flag
and the rich and a wage-price freeze.
Party, Shas swings back behind Shamir's
So far, most Brazilians accept the you-
Likud Party. That creates a 60-60 split in
must-break-eggs-to-make-an-omelet tack.
the Knesset between pro-Likud factions and
But pessimists warn of overkill. They say
those backing Labor leader Shimon Peres.
plans to deter recession by injecting
President Chaim Herzog, a former Labor
cruzeiros into the economy through
VIP, gives Peres first crack at forming a
periodic auctions will fail. They see
cabinet, provoking charges of favoritism.
opposition parties diluting the plan with
Peres turns first to Agudat Israel, the
industrial subsidies and exceptions to the
Hasidic group whose previous demands to
money crunch. Collor knows that would be
narrow the definition of who is a Jew
fatal. He will accept minor compromises
angered American Jews. Peres learns the
but is determined to be tough. When some
price of Agudat support will be more funds
firms began firing workers on the ground
for religious schools, added housing for
there were no new cruzeiros to pay them,
young couples, a delay in electoral reform
Collor charged, "Sabotage" and threatened
and new religious laws outlawing pork,
to decree a period of no layoffs at all if
curbing pornography and limiting abortion
need be. The early rounds go to Collor.
(but no who-is-a-Jew legislation). Then
Peres calls Shamir to ask if he might
A WARNING TO BRITAIN'S THATCHER
consider joining a Labor-led government.
The British Tories' by-election defeat in
No way. Shas is next. It declines even to
a Conservative stronghold is more warning
talk to Peres. So Peres meets with left-
than death knell for Prime Minister
wing parties; some seek more social
Margaret Thatcher's political fortunes.
spending, others more money for Israeli
But she can't afford any more setbacks.
Arabs or changes in election laws. The
True, Thatcher appears boxed in. Labor's
wheeling and dealing seem endless.
sweeping victory in mid-Staffordshire
If Peres fails, then Likud will try.
marked a backlash against her new local
More deadlock means new elections, likely
head tax, sky-high interest rates and her
to produce yet another standoff. Only
abrasive personality. Promised benefits of
ending the proportional-representation
tax reform and lower interest rates will
system that awards Knesset seats to the
be a long time coming. Thatcher herself is
tiniest minority will produce majority
not about to start eating humble pie.
rule. And when will that come? Israeli
However, don't count her out yet.
cynics say the Messiah will arrive first.
By-elections encourage protest; turncoat
Tories may return to the fold later.
by Gerson Yalowitz with Geri Smith in Brasília, Robin Knight in London
Labor's new "moderation" may not prove
and David Makovsky in Jerusalem
38
U.S.NEWS & WORLD REPORT, April 2, 1990
BUSINESS
Hollywood's numbers game
The movie industry's profits are rising-but SO are its costs
scar week is when the movie indus-
O
try gets to toot its own horn. And
there's plenty to cheer about: A
record $5 billion in domestic ticket sales
and an abundance of hits with wide ap-
PETER SOREL-WALT DISNEY
peal, from films of gut-wrenching real-
ism like "Born on the Fourth of July,"
to escapist fantasies like Steven Spiel-
berg's latest installment of the Indiana
Jones saga, to bravura actors' pictures
like the low-budget "Driving Miss Dai-
sy," the sleeper of the year. "The busi-
ness is in the best shape it's been in for
years," crows Barry Levinson, who won
an Academy Award last year for direct-
ing "Rain Man." But there is also, he
adds, "a fear that big 'Batman'-type
movies will increasingly dominate what
the studios make."
Playing inflation leapfrog. The skyrock-
eting price of chasing ever bigger suc-
cess-"Batman" cost $50 million-is
downright scary to many veterans in the
film industry. "Everything has become so
elephantine, from the types of pictures to
the size of budgets and salaries," laments
movie and record mogul David Geffen,
who is MCA, Inc.'s largest stockholder.
"Unless you have a blockbuster, people
don't think you are in the movie busi-
ness." Soaring returns and ever bigger
budgets keep leap-frogging each other, as
a new inflationary spiral courses through
the industry. Today, studios increasingly
budget $50 million to produce a single
film and an additional $20 million to
market and distribute it worldwide.
In a curious kind of self-parody, Hol-
lywood's money mania has produced a
lot of bitter off-screen backbiting about
Cash act. Warren Beatty as Dick Tracy in Disney's new $70 million extravaganza
who is to blame. Studio magnates claim
stars have become too money hungry
even as they outbid each other for the
Fade to black
services of Hollywood's biggest names.
The payout for the average feature film is seven
Increasingly powerful agents are being
years. In 1989, U.S. movie studios, producers,
fingered for forcing studios to take pack-
exhibitors and distributors generated more than $45
ages of their clients for a movie when
billion in revenues. Here's where they made it
only a single hot star or director is
Domestic box-office receipts
$22 bil.
sought. The influx of foreign money,
Overseas box-office sales
$15.5 bil.
such as the purchase of Columbia by
Domestic video
$3.4 bil.
Sony for $3.4 billion, is another fac-
Foreign video
$2 bil.
tor that is cited. "The dirty little
secret in Hollywood is that there
Foreign-TV release
$800 mil.
is more money than there is
Cable-TV release
$750 mil.
talent," complains one
Network-TV syndication
$450 mil.
Cable-TV syndication
$200 mil.
"Red October." A
Network-TV release
big hit for Sean
$200 mil.
Connery
Pay-per-view-TV release
$120 mil.
Note: Numbers are estimates.
USN&WR-Basic data: Baseline
PARAMOUNT
U.S.NEWS & WORLD REPORT, April 2, 1990
39
BUSINESS
prominent studio chieftain. "I'm en-
ly join him: "Millions are to be grabbed
become a deal-driven business and not
countering greed that is beyond my
out here, and your only competition is
an idea-driven business." Movie studios
worst nightmares," moans the head of
idiots. Don't let this get around."
have found it most profitable to have
another major studio, who himself earns
Today, it's tens of millions that can be
others make films for them, which are
tens of millions of dollars a year.
made. Jack Nicholson earned an esti-
then released through their exclusive-
For independent filmmakers, who
mated $60 million for his portrayal of
distribution systems. Since the overhead
came up with offbeat hits like "My Left
the Joker in "Batman." But what con-
is fixed, the more films they run through
Foot," "Drugstore Cowboy" and "sex,
tributes to a studio's bottom line has
their distribution pipeline, the greater
lies, and videotape" over the past year,
changed significantly in just the past few
the profits. Alternatively, a single block-
success also has its flip side. Stars and
years. Pay-cable services like Home Box
buster can generate the revenues of a
directors in such films soon become hot
Office, videocassette rentals and other
half-dozen ordinary films.
commodities in the hit-driven movie
ancillary distribution channels now ac-
Last year's domestic box-office
business. They catapult into the big
count for more than half of many films'
champ, "Batman," released by Warner,
leagues before the smaller companies
earnings. So lucrative are the video
grossed over $250 million-the studio's
have a chance to capitalize on their fame.
rights that studios are able to borrow
take was $151 million-and the film is
Hollywood is no stranger to high
against them to finance new produc-
expected eventually to produce world-
rollers, and it has always been driven by
tions. Sequels are particularly useful in
wide revenues approaching $1 billion
big hits. The colossal and the gigantic
this regard, since they repeat a proven
from videocassette sales and rentals, pay
have been part of the scene ever since the
success and are easier to raise money
television and the other burgeoning mar-
days of D. W. Griffith and Cecil B. De
against.
kets as well as from the sale of related
Mille, as has the jackpot mentality. Soon
Distribution magic. Studios have
items. In June, Disney will release an-
after Herman Mankiewicz, who wrote
evolved from centers of filmmaking cre-
other film based on a comic strip, "Dick
the screenplay for "Citizen Kane," ar-
ativity to film marketing and distribu-
Tracy," starring Warren Beatty and Ma-
rived in Hollywood in the mid-1920s, he
tion companies. Says one prominent stu-
donna. The studio hopes that the movie
urged fellow writer Ben Hecht to quick-
dio head: "More than anything, it's
will match, if not exceed, the box-office
WHO RUNS
HOLLYWOOD
Many of the industry's most powerful player
are off screen. Here are some of the bigges
WILLIAM COUPON-PEGGY SIEG
AGENTS
President and founder of Cre-
ative Artists Agency, Michael
Ovitz runs Hollywood's most
powerful talent bank. A stable
of stars that includes Tom
Cruise and Eddie Murphy al-
Michael Ovitz.
lows Ovitz to "package" his
Hollywood's
actors with directors and
powerful superagent
screenwriters-an offer few
studios feel they can afford to
refuse. Jeff Berg, president of
Diehard. Fox Film's Joe Ro
International Creative Manage-
ment, is closing fast on CAA
"Honey, I Shrunk the Kids."
with box-office stars Richard
Fox Film's new kid on the
Gere and Michelle Pfeiffer.
block, Joe Roth, has been gi
en a long leash by Fox chief
STUDIO HEADS
Barry Diller. The founder of
Disney Studios' Jeffrey Katzen-
Morgan Creek Pictures plan
berg whipped a stodgy, $250
double output to 23 films thi
million-a-year film company
year, including a late-June r
into one of the industry's big-
lease of "Die Hard II." Thou
gest moneymakers. Last year,
he doesn't run the studio di-
the studio grossed $2 billion
rectly, Steve Ross, cochairm
from such offbeat hits as
of Time Warner, Inc., is a ke
CREATIVE ARTISTS AGENCY
U.S.NEWS & WORLD REPORT, April 2, 1990
and merchandising success of "Batman."
the circuit. Next up is "Days of Thun-
production power team, Barry Diller,
That's why the latest Hollywood
der," in which Tom Cruise plays a
now chairman of Fox, and Michael
buzzword is "tentpole picture." Like the
stock-car racer. The film is the first of
Eisner, chairman of Walt Disney.
central support that lifts up the entire
six for which Paramount has paid $300
Paramount is not the only studio
big top, tentpole films have generated
million to "Top Gun" and "Beverly
swinging for the fences. When Sony
enough revenues to pay for a skein of
Hills Cop" producers Don Simpson and
bought Columbia Pictures for $3.4 bil-
releases. But today, some studios are
Jerry Bruckheimer to make over the
lion, it hired "Batman" producers Peter
concentrating their energies on a hand-
next five years. Three other Paramount
Guber and Jon Peters away from
ful of such films, which now dominate
films are sequels to previous hits: "An-
Warner to run the studio. Sony paid the
their entire schedules. This is the case at
other 48 Hours" reunites Eddie Murphy
two men $200 million and an additional
Paramount, which has a half-dozen po-
and Nick Nolte; Jack Nicholson stars in
$500 million to Warner to free them
tential blockbusters set for release this
"The Two Jakes," a follow-up to "Chi-
from their production contract. "Now
year, accounting for an estimated $300
natown," and "The Godfather, Part
Guber and Peters are stuck with such a
million of the studio's $500 million pro-
III," by Francis Ford Coppola, is set to
huge overhead that they will have to
duction budget.
première at Christmas.
spend a billion in production and try to
Recycling, Hollywood style. Paramount
Paramount's marketing brawn is no
hit a home run every time at bat," ob-
is playing the tentpole strategy for all it's
substitute for brains, at least the kind
serves a rival studio boss.
worth. "We're not afraid to spend mon-
that Hollywood traditionally has relied
Until now, the rising cost of making a
ey," says Sid Ganis, Paramount's co-
on, says Joe Roth, the new head of
film has been more or less matched by
production chief. "It's a business about
Twentieth Century Fox's film division.
higher revenues from the box office and
taking calculated risks." And the tactic
"They're just making catalog pictures,
videocassettes as well as rapidly increas-
seems to be paying off: "The Hunt for
spending $50 million each to make a few
ing profits from foreign distribution. The
Red October," starring Sean Connery, is
colossal pictures based on the ideas of
one thing that could upset the delicate
the biggest movie of the year so far,
people who have now gone elsewhere."
balance between costs and revenue, says
grossing $58 million after three weeks on
Roth is referring to Paramount's former
Harold Vogel, Merrill Lynch's enter-
WARNER BROS
player in its day-to-day opera-
EVA SERENY-UNIVERSAL
A risk taker, he is working on
tions. His track record includes
two movies about the rock
"Batman," which has earned
group the Doors. Hollywood's
the studio $151 million in rent-
hottest young director, Tim Bur-
als. Since taking the helm at
ton, turned 30 on the set of
Universal Pictures in 1986,
"Batman." The former Disney
Chairman Tom Pollock has
animator's only other features,
turned the once floundering
"Beetlejuice" and "Pee-wee's
studio around with such hits as
Big Adventure," were both
"Back to the Future II" and
smashes. Czechoslovak-born
"Twins." This year, the former
Ivan Reitman, who perfected
lawyer plans to release 25
high-concept comedy like "Ani-
films, among them "Back to
"Batman" baby. Tim Burton
mal House," also boasts one
Champ. Steven Spielberg
the Future III." A 27-year veter-
of Hollywood's longest winning
an of the marketing division,
DIRECTORS
streaks, with such hits as
But it was remembering his Balti-
Paramount Pictures Chairman
"Ghostbusters." His latest proj-
more roots in films like "Diner"
Frank Mancuso resuscitated the
Oliver Stone cashed in on the
ect: "Kindergarten Cop" with
that launched the former come-
studio following the 1984 de-
Vietnam boom with "Pla-
Arnold Schwarzenegger.
dy writer for Carol Burnett from
parture of chief Barry Diller. In
toon" and "Born on
the last three years, Paramount
the Fourth of July."
DIRECTOR-WRITERS
the small screen to the big. An-
other TV writer who successfully
has scored either first or sec-
"Rain Man" won Barry
jumped to film is "Mary Tyler
ond-place status with eight
Levinson an Oscar for
Moore Show" cocreator James
films grossing $100 million or
best director last year,
Brooks, whose "Terms of En-
more. "The Hunt for Red Octo-
Rob Reiner.
and "Good Morning,
dearment" and "Broadcast
ber," which took in $17 million
From TV
Vietnam" brought
News" made the Oscars. He
its first weekend, may uphold
sitcoms to star
him popular acclaim.
produced "War of the Roses"
that record. Sony capped its
director
for Fox but will soon be a free
purchase of Columbia Pictures
agent. Known as King of the Brat
last year by buying "Batman"
Pack for his hits "The Breakfast
producers Peter Guber and Jon
Club" and "Pretty in Pink," John
Peters out of their Warner con-
Hughes has had great success in
tracts for an estimated $500
the lucrative teen market.
million. One of Hollywood's few
successful independent pro-
PRODUCERS
ducers, Larry Gordon ("Field
Former "All in the Family" ac-
of Dreams," "48 Hours")
tor Rob Reiner has become a
recently started his own
star producer-director.
studio, Largo Pictures, with
Credits include last year's
$100 million from Japanese
surprise hit "When
electronics firm JVC.
Harry Met Sally
Next
MARK HANAUER-ONYX
41
BUSINESS
tainment analyst, is the increased power
on the marquee; rather, it rests with stu-
"Even small movies these days cost $20
of agents who negotiate ever more lucra-
dios that seem to turn over management
million if they're released by a major
tive deals for their actors, writers and
with astonishing frequency. "When a
studio. So why not pop in a few names—
directors. "Rising talent costs are con-
new management comes in, there's pres-
that will raise the cost to $30 million or
suming the golden egg," says Vogel, au-
sure to perform and get projects started,
$40 million, but at least it gives you
thor of the book Entertainment Industry
so they buy a package."
something to promote."
Economics.
Overseas sales. While studios complain
Big-budget films have been all the rage
A measure of the clout accorded
about the strain on their finances, they
before in Hollywood. But it was the fail-
agents these days is the fact that Michael
nonetheless fall over each other to tie up
ure of splashy, expensive musicals like
Ovitz, head of Creative Artists Agency,
the most expensive talent as a kind of
"Doctor Dolittle" and "Star!" in the late
is known as the single most powerful
insurance policy. Proven draws like Mel
'60s that brought Twentieth Century Fox
person in Hollywood. Because of the
Gibson and Arnold Schwarzenegger not
to the brink of insolvency. When low-
amazing roster of artists the agency rep-
only have domestic appeal but virtually
budget "Easy Rider" scored big soon
resents, such as Tom Cruise, Barbra
guarantee a film's success internationally.
afterward, "little" movies became the
Streisand, Robert Redford and Dustin
Overseas ticket sales from "Tango and
new formula. But by 1977, Fox became
Hoffman, CAA has the power to pack-
Cash," a cop-buddy film with Sylvester
the most profitable studio when "Star
age entire movies with its clients, thus
Stallone and Kurt Russell, could top $100
Wars," which cost $10 million, became a
significantly adding to a film's produc-
million. The returns from the Rambo
national sensation, spawning several se-
tion cost even before one frame is shot.
movies helped build tiny Carolco into a
quels. If a few of the forthcoming super-
An example is "Ghostbusters" and its
Hollywood powerhouse; its next release,
novae collapse into a box-office black
sequel, for which Bill Murray and other
"Total Recall," stars muscleman Schwar-
hole, Hollywood might discover once
stars, as well as director Ivan Reitman,
zenegger, whose appeal is so great that the
more that small is beautiful. But given
all came from CAA. In Ovitz's defense,
film has a guaranteed release in 100 coun-
the current trend, don't count on it.
one studio chief says the problem is not
tries. That is seen, somehow, as a conser-
so much CAA's power to dictate who's
vative strategy. Notes one studio boss,
by Jack Egan
ROLAND NEVEU-UNIVERSAL
up is "Misery" with James
Team" and "Parenthood"-
ALL AROUND
Caan. Steven Spielberg is Holly-
make money; the last grossed
wood's box-office champ, hav-
just under $100 million.
Entertainment impresario David
ing directed four and produced
Geffen produced Broadway
STARS
two of the 10 most successful
showstoppers "M. Butterfly"
films of all time. His Amblin En-
Even Eddie Murphy's misses are
and "Cats." Movie credits in-
tertainment is producing six
hits. Critics panned his "Har-
clude "Beetlejuice" and the
original movies for Turner Net-
lem Knights," yet it made
current "Men Don't Leave." An
work Television. "Top Gun"
about $60 million. He has three
11 percent share makes Gef-
producers Don Simpson and Jer-
more films to make for Para-
fen, who just sold his record
ry Bruckheimer recently struck a
mount, but other studios al-
company, MCA, Inc.'s biggest
six-picture deal with Paramount
ready are wooing. "Top Gun"
stockholder.
said to be worth $300 million.
Bankable. Tom Cruise
propelled Tom Cruise to super-
RON GALELLA
The first is a big-budget race-
star status; more-challenging
car epic called "Days of Thun-
Film Entertainment's Ron How-
roles, like the paraplegic Viet-
der," with Tom Cruise. Imagine
ard and Brian Grazer have seen
nam vet in "Born on the Fourth
all their films-"The
of July," have kept him there.
'Burbs," "Dream
Paramount is wagering $60 mil-
lion on the next Cruise opus,
Eddie Murphy.
dubbed "Top Car" by wags. As
Bidding
the Joker in "Batman," veteran
war
character actor Jack Nicholson
could
laughed all the way to the
make
bank, pocketing a percentage
him
of the profits estimated to
richer
be worth up to $60 million.
Yo! Cher and David Geffen
Bodybuilder Arnold Schwarzen-
egger has been pumping some
GATEKEEPERS
of moviedom's beefiest profits.
He shared 35 percent of the
Behind every hit is a hard-hit-
$150 million in gross profits
ting publicist. New York-based
generated by "Twins" with
Peggy Siegal controls media ac-
costar Danny DeVito and
cess to top talent like Barry
director Ivan Reitman and
Levinson. In 10 years, PMK
will make $11 million in his
founder Pat Kingsley has
next film, "Total Recall."
amassed a stable of some 60
Cher is one of the few
superstars; downplaying the
actresses who can command
personal lives of clients like
top audience-and top
Woody Allen has won her the
dollar.
biggest, if not the most, names.
BONNIE SCHIFFMAN-ONYX
U.S.NEWS & WORLD REPORT, April 2, 1990
Test rivir a~: ab won'ti stc nc e
your mind. It could change your life.
Pretend you're from
with a car that's built like a
including Saab's new Road-
yourself driving more often
Missouri.
block of granite but doesn't
side Assistance Program,
for the fun of it, or going out
Bring your skepticism to
handle like one; for five
can be yours for about
in weather that used to keep
a Saab showroom and let US
years running, Saabs have
$25,500*; which is much less
you in (all Saabs have front-
show you what a Saab is all
ranked best in their class
money than many European
wheel drive for terrific trac-
about.
in the Highway Loss Data
cars that do less. (Saabs are
tion). At the most you'll feel
Let US challenge you with
Institute's survey of injury
intelligently priced from
wonderful; at
a car like the 900 Turbo
claim frequency.
$16,995 to $32,995.)
the least, less
SAAB
shown here. It hauls like a
Standard ABS brakes
All these things will
skeptical.
wagon and goes like a
and driver's air bags on all
change your mind when we
Even if you
rocket. So which is it? It's
1990 Saabs could make that
show you a Saab. But will
are from
SCANIA
whichever you need at the
six years running.
owning one change your
Missouri.
moment.
Dare US to alter your views
life? Perhaps.
The most intelligent
Allow US to startle you
on value. The 900 Turbo,
Perhaps you'll find
cars ever built.
*MSRP: $25,495, 3 door 5-speed manual, excluding taxes, license, freight, dealer charges and options. Prices subject to change. © 1990 Saab-Scania of America, Inc.
scoturbo
SAAB
BUSINESS
A businesslike approach to AIDS
Companies like General Motors are pioneering programs on the job
n the mid-'80s, panic swept
alition on AIDS, a business
a General Motors plant in
group. In the vanguard are
Clinton, Miss., when word
companies in hard-hit regions
leaked that a worker had been
like San Francisco, where
diagnosed with AIDS. Other
BankAmerica, Levi Strauss
workers refused to use bath-
Associates, Inc., and Pacific
rooms or phones the AIDS
Telesis have ambitious corpo-
sufferer had touched; some
rate programs dealing with
even threatened to stay home if
AIDS and are actively in-
the infected employe returned
volved in AIDS-related causes.
to work. That kind of scare is
This week, President Bush will
unlikely to happen again-at
address 400 business and labor
least at GM. Spurred by the
leaders on the epidemic, and he
incident, the auto giant and
is expected to signal his sup-
the United Auto Workers
port for a business-led offen-
launched a $2 million program
sive against the disease.
to allay concerns about the dis-
Even so, says Stiles, only one
ease and to safeguard the rights
quarter of major U.S. compa-
of AIDS victims. "AIDS is not
nies have formulated AIDS
a threat to the workplace,"
policies. And many small firms
says Patricia Houtteman, co-
can't afford extensive employe
director of AIDS education at
benefits and educational pro-
General Motors. "The fear of
grams. At best, corporations
it is."
No outcast. GM covers AIDS care for Kokomo's Ryan White
treat AIDS like other serious
To combat that fear, the
illnesses, while still addressing
GM/UAW program concen-
the unique fears surrounding
trates on education. GM has
the disease. Digital Equipment
mailed brochures and maga-
Corporation has taken a par-
zines on AIDS to all of its
AIDS
ticularly humane approach.
500,000 employes and their
The
hardest
"We don't feel that mailing out
part
families and provided classes
brochures is enough," says
for workers on the spread, pre-
dring
Paul Ross, manager of Digi-
vention and treatment of the
disease. Through teleconfer-
Positive
Network Action for
tal's AIDS Program Office.
"This is an illness that needs to
ences, seminars and written
1
be discussed." Digital orga-
materials, the auto giant trains
nizes dialogues between indi-
plant managers, union offi-
viduals with the disease and
cials, health personnel and
groups of healthy employes.
counselors to deal with every-
When an employe died of
thing from discrimination
AIDS not long ago, the compa-
against AIDS victims to safety
ny brought in trauma-inter-
issues. GM allows AIDS-in-
vention teams to counsel fel-
fected employes to stay on the
low workers. "Work is the one
job as long as they are physically able to
Fear fighters. Education is considered a
constant in a world where everything
do the work. What's more, GM guaran-
key weapon in limiting the toll that
changed overnight," says one Digital em-
tees AIDS victims-including depen-
AIDS exacts in the workplace
ploye who has the disease. "The compa-
dents of employes-confidentiality and
ny's supportive position on AIDS has
continued access to the company's bene-
medical claims in the 1990s. And the rest
made a major difference in my life."
fit plan. For example, GM still pays med-
of corporate America will share in the
Another pioneer, Levi Strauss, offers
ical bills for AIDS victim Ryan White,
epidemic's costs. Last year alone, the
terminally ill AIDS patients home and
the Kokomo, Ind., youth whose case re-
44,000 people diagnosed with AIDS in-
hospice health care as a compassionate
ceived national attention in 1986 when
curred direct medical expenses of $3.3
and cost-efficient alternative to long-term
neighbors tried to bar him from school;
billion, 40 percent of which was picked up
hospitalization. But the company also
his mother works for a GM subsidiary.
by business and private insurers, accord-
encourages sick employes to keep work-
A frank assessment. For GM, the
ing to an estimate by Fred Hellinger, an
ing through flexible schedules and part-
stakes are high. As the nation's largest
economist with the U.S. Department of
time jobs, and counsels them and their
employer after the federal government, it
Health and Human Services.
families on such topics as handling ru-
insures 2.3 million workers and depen-
Faced with the spread of AIDS, more
mors and returning to work. With AIDS
dents, 1 percent of the U.S. population. If
and more firms are following GM's lead.
victims surviving longer today than in the
GM has a proportional share of the na-
"There's a long list of companies that are
past, the emphasis at firms like Levi is on
tion's AIDS cases at an average medical
comprehensive and compassionate in
helping employes live with the disease.
cost of $75,000 per case, it will face
their response to AIDS," says B. J. Stiles,
hundreds of millions, perhaps billions, in
president of the National Leadership Co-
by Eva Pomice
44
U.S.NEWS & WORLD REPORT, April 2, 1990
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NEARLY ONE MILLION CHILDREN
WOULD BE GLAD TO CALL THE NUMBER BELOW.
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NEGLECTED AND MOLESTED.
According to most recently published data, child abuse is up 80% since 1981.
The net proceeds of your $5 call to the number below (which will be billed to you through
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THE CHILDREN'S CAMPAIGN
THE CHILD WELFARE LEAGUE OF AMERICA
ECONOMIC OUTLOOK
WOMEN'S GAINS WILL KEEP COMING
by Sylvia Nasar
170 YEARS OF PAID WORK
1960. Smarter educational choices are
When WWII ended, the boys came home but
leading women into careers with greater
the women went to work. No trend has been
lifetime earnings. The supersegregated
more dramatic than the huge postwar influx
pattern of female and male occupations
of wives into the paid labor force. But
barely changed from 1900 to 1970, says
after nearly five decades, women still
Goldin. Now, 30 percent of working women
earn far less than men, do most of the
are professionals or managers, the same
home chores and risk greater poverty. That
proportion as men. The number of women in
paradox has convinced many Americans that
pink-collar clerical and service jobs is
more work hasn't led to more equality.
falling. Half of accountants and one sixth
Don't believe it. Women's progress is
of doctors are women.
greater than it appears. The wage gap is
What took so long? The jobs available,
shrinking for the first time since WWII
women's expectations and discrimination
(see chart). Women are streaming into
slowed progress. When 10-hour days were
high-paying jobs. Most important, women
the norm in manufacturing and part-time
are poised for further gains in the 1990s.
work was nonexistent, women with families
These advances have precedents long
couldn't take paid jobs. From 1920 to
before World War II. In "Understanding The
1950, when 80 percent of working girls
Gender Gap: An Economic History of
quit at marriage, most big companies
American Women," economist Claudia Goldin
forbade hiring married women in fast-
traces the rise of women's paid work from
growing clerical positions.
1790. Her key finding: The "gender gap" in
The future looks bright. In the '90s,
pay and occupations has narrowed in only
labor will be in short supply and women
three periods. The first, 1820 to 1850,
will account for half of that scarce
was during the Industrial Revolution. The
commodity. In contrast to the uneducated,
second, 1900 to 1930, occurred during an
young and transient female workers of 100
explosion of white-collar office work. The
years ago, today's majority consists of
third is today.
well-educated mothers who expect to stick
around. "Companies seem to respond to the
HIGHER EXPECTATIONS
really large and dominant group of women
Why is the gender gap shrinking now? Among
in the labor market,' says Goldin.
other things, women have gotten more
serious about working. More women work
TURNAROUND
full time and most take less time off to
When things finally do change, history
raise children. Women also
shows, they change
USN&WR
have wised up. As late as
remarkably fast. Take the
the '60s, young women
The gender gap shrinks
'50s, when young women
tended to severely
left offices and stores en
underestimate how much of
Earnings
.65
masse to begin the baby
their adult lives would be
Ratio of women's
boom. Almost overnight,
spent on the job. So they
earnings to men's
companies dropped the
invested less in schooling
.60
"marriage bars" and
and career training than
created the part-time jobs
they might have, had they
that older married women
0
foreseen the future more
wanted. The best female
clearly. Women now join
1960
1970
1980
1988
employe, declared a '50s
the work force with more
1.1
Sears executive, is "a
1.0
impressive credentials.
married woman with a
Women win more B.A.'s than
.8
mortgage on her house and
men these days (see
.6
her children partially
chart). A business major
Education
raised." Now that women
Ratio of bachelor's
is now their first choice,
degrees earned by
expect to work most of
just as for males. Women
women VS. men
0
their lives, history
earn a third of all
1960
1970
1980
1988
suggests that the labor
professional degrees VS.
USN&WR-Basic data: U.S. Bureau of Labor
market will find ways to
fewer than 5 percent in
Statistics, Dept. of Education
accommodate them.
U.S.NEWS & WORLD REPORT, April 2, 1990
45
COVER STORY
LOST
EMPIRES
OF THE
AMERICAS
The ancient Andean
empires shed new
light on how
civilizations arise
he Spanish conquistador Francis-
T
co Pizarro and his invading force
of 167 soldiers must have felt a
faint, eerie shock of recognition
when they first encountered the Inca
Empire nearly five centuries ago.
Though the civilization cradled between
South America's Pacific coast and the
towering Andes lacked the wheel, iron
and a written language, in many other
ways it was as sophisticated as the soci-
eties Pizarro had left behind in Europe.
In the Andes ruled a powerful mon-
arch who commanded an empire of aris-
tocrats, bureaucrats, accountants, arti-
sans, priests, peasant farmers and skilled
warriors. The mountain terrain was
sculpted with terraced farmland and
scored by vast networks of irrigation ca-
nals. An 18,000-mile system of paved
roads, dotted with thousands of state-
owned storehouses stocked with freeze-
Now, on the eve of the 500th anniversa-
New excavations have turned up huge
dried food, linked together 12 million
ry of Columbus's landfall in the Caribbe-
stone pyramids and other monuments
people over an area that stretched far-
an, the New World is providing another
that date back nearly 5,000 years, to about
ther than the Roman Empire in its hey-
shock-this time to scientists. A recent
the time when the Great Pyramids were
day. The Inca capital city, Cuzco, was
series of stunning archaeological finds in
being constructed in Egypt. Another dig
"so beautiful and has such fine build-
South America has revealed that the Incas
has uncovered a Peruvian "King Tut," an
ings," wrote one chronicler to the Span-
were merely the final act in an Andean
elaborate tomb containing the 1,500-year-
ish monarch, King Charles, "it would be
civilization that was far older and far
old remains of a ruler buried with hun-
remarkable even in Spain."
more sophisticated than ever imagined.
dreds of priceless gold and silver artifacts.
46
U.S.NEWS & WORLD REPORT, April 2, 1990
HORIZONS
ILLUSTRATION BY GREG HARLIN-STANSBURY, RONSAVILLE, WOOD, INC
Archaeologists working near Bolivia's
a new light by archaeologists who find
STREET LIFE IN ANCIENT CUZCO
Lake Titicaca have resurrected an ancient
that the Incas' domination of their empire
irrigation system and discovered that it
relied as much on their skills in manage-
Aloft on a litter and surrounded by servants,
produces more food than the modern
ment and public relations as on their
a nobleman is carried toward the Temple of
farming methods used in the area today.
abilities as soldiers.
the Sun, the ritual center of Cuzco, the Inca
Even the Incas, whose vivid description
Not only are the recent findings giving
capital city. Planned in the shape of a puma,
by 16th-century Spanish travelers made
a new picture of Andean civilization; they
the ceremonial city boasted exquisite stone-
them the best-known of the ancient South
are also providing new clues to the funda-
work in its temples and walls, some of which
American societies, have been revealed in
mental nature of civilization itself. Ar-
are still standing.
U.S.NEWS & WORLD REPORT, April 2, 1990
47
COVER STORY
chaeologists have long puzzled over why,
des can be regarded almost as a parallel
after nearly 90,000 years of living as
world where the "experiment" of human
small, egalitarian bands of hunter-gather-
habitation in the Old World has been
ers and in tiny villages, humans around
carried out in an exotic climate and rug-
the world began forming complex societ-
ged terrain, yet has yielded surprisingly
ies about 8,000 years ago, undertaking
analogous results. "The similarities be-
CENTRAL
huge construction projects, building cit-
tween these independent civilizations
AMERICA
ies, becoming specialists in various crafts
give us the challenge of explanation,"
1200 B.C.
and stratifying into a hierarchy of social,
says Timothy Earle, an archaeologist at
economic and religious classes.
the University of California at Los An-
Six civilizations. The Andes region is
geles who has long studied the funda-
one of only six sites in the world where
mental mechanisms by which complex
civilization arose out of simpler human
societies arise-and fall.
existence-the others being Mesopota-
The extremely arid climate of Peru's
AREA
ANDES
mia, the Indus Valley, Egypt, China and
coast has preserved the distant past per-
SHOWN
2100 B.C.
Central America, home of the famed
haps better than anywhere else on earth.
BELOW
Maya and Aztec societies. The archaeo-
Researchers, for instance, have found in-
logical evidence overwhelmingly indi-
tact seeds, potatoes and bits of fabric that
cates that while there was some contact
are 5,000 years old. Yet only a tiny frac-
among the Old World societies, these six
tion of the remains of the ancient civiliza-
centers of civilization arose independent-
tion that flourished in the Andes has been
ly as an expanding human population
excavated. Archaeologists have been
responded to environmental and social
hampered by harsh weather, grave rob-
Cradles of civilization. Complex societies arc
pressures. (The theory that civilization
bers fueling the lucrative trade in pre-
began only once and then was spread
Columbian art, guerrilla warfare and lack
standing the New World's ancient past
around the globe by explorers or fisher-
of funds in countries that often lack mon-
has been the revelation that the begin-
men is still argued by some scholars: See
ey for basic needs. The result is that new
nings of Andean civilization go back
profile of Thor Heyerdahl, page 55.)
excavations are upsetting the theories of
nearly 2,000 years further than scientists
South America's Andean region pre-
past archaeologists, who were forced to
previously believed-1,000 years before
sents a unique laboratory for studying
base their ideas on far scantier evidence.
complex societies arose in Central
the origins of complex societies. The An-
The most dramatic upheaval in under-
America, which has long been consid-
PARALLEL WORLDS
FIRST
FIRST
HUMANS
FULLY
CIVILIZATION
CIVILIZATION
PHOTOS, TOP, LEFT TO RIGHT: JAKE RAJS-THE IMAGE BANK, ROBERT FRERCK-ODYSSEY PRODUCTIONS, ROBERT FRERCK-WOODFIN CAMP;
BOTTOM, LEFT TO RIGHT: PATTI MURRAY-ANIMALS ANIMALS, DUMBARTON OAKS RESEARCH LIBRARY AND COLLECTIONS, WASHINGTON, D.C.
ARRIVE IN
DOMESTICATED
CONSTRUCTION
IN CHINA, THE
OF CENTRAL
NEW WORLD
BARLEY AND
OF THE GREAT
SHANG
AMERICA,
VIA BERING
WHEAT IN FERTILE
PYRAMID AT
DYNASTY,
THE OLMEC,
LAND BRIDGE
CRESCENT
GIZA, IN EGYPT
ARISES
APPEARS
13,000 B.C.
8000 B.C.
2540 B.C.
1800 B.C.
1200 B.C.
PYRAMIDS AT GIZA
OLMEC STATUE
PAR
Other regions
3000 B.C.
2000 B.C.
1000 B.
Andes region
LLAMAS
CHAVIN GOLD SPOON
8500 B.C.
3500 B.C.
3000-2100 B.C.
2100-800 B.C.
EVIDENCE OF
LLAMAS
APPEARANCE OF
SETTLEMENTS
PEPPERS AND
DOMES-
MONUMENTS ON
MOVE INLAND,
GOURDS,
TICATED IN
PERUVIAN COAST;
LARGE U-SHAPED
FIRST
ANDEAN
FARMING
MONUMENTS
DOMESTICATED
HIGHLANDS
SOCIETIES IN
APPEAR;
PLANTS IN
ANDEAN
INTRODUCTION OF
NEW WORLD,
HIGHLANDS
IRRIGATION,
IN PERU
POTTERY AND
WEAVING
BRAZIL
BOLIV
COLOMBIA
PERU
Huánuco Pampa
Cuzco
(Inca ceremonial center)
(capital of the
Inca Empire)
ECUADOR
Cardal
Moche
El Paraíso
Sechin Alto
Pampa de las
Chavín de
Tucume
Llamas-Moxeke
Huantar
(Heyerdahl dig,
(ancient warehouse)
(center of
see page 55)
Chavín cult)
DAVID MERRILL-USN&WR
religious cult, called the Chavín, that
the creation of specialized laborers such
archaeologists traditionally regarded as
as food producers, craftsmen and bu-
the wellspring of Andean civilization.
reaucrats. But the ancient peoples who
When artifacts from these monuments
constructed these Andean monuments
MESOPOTAMIA
CHINA
were dated for the first time, however,
appear to have depended mostly on fish-
3500 B.C.
1800 B.C.
researchers were stunned to find that the
ing for their sustenance. The remains of
structures preceded the Chavín period
finely meshed nets and fish bones found
INDUS VALLEY
2500 B.C.
by as much as two millennia. "We've
at many sites along the coast indicate
suddenly discovered 2,000 years of miss-
that these ancient societies caught an-
T
B.C.
ing civilization," says Richard Burger, a
chovies, from which they presumably
professor at Yale University.
made fish meal, as part of a diet comple-
Civil engineering. These first societies to
mented by mussels, clams, larger fish
emerge in the Western Hemisphere were
and vegetables like sweet potatoes and
not as advanced as contemporary Old
beans, which they grew in small plots.
World societies such as those in Meso-
Lacking the lush land that nurtured
potamia and Egypt; they lacked pottery,
Mesopotamia, it seems, the ancient
weaving and large-scale agriculture, but
Americans turned to the Pacific Ocean
the structures they built nevertheless re-
off Peru's coast, one of the richest fisher-
veal sophisticated labor organization
ies in the world, for their garden. "Peo-
and engineering skills. One ancient mon-
ple normally associate anchovies with
umental center called El Paraíso, for in-
the tops of pizzas, not the rise of civiliza-
stance, has more than a dozen monu-
tion," says Michael Moseley, an archae-
pendently in only six areas of the world
ments containing 100,000 tons of
ologist and Andean expert with the Uni-
quarried stones and is estimated to have
versity of Florida.
ered the cradle of civilization in the New
taken more than a million person-days
These coastal peoples did not rely en-
World. Until recently, the remains of
of labor to build.
tirely on the sea for their sustenance,
dozens of ancient stone monuments that
The rise of complex societies has long
however. A key to the emergence of civi-
dot Peru's coast and highlands were
been thought to have been triggered by
lization in the Andes is that these societ-
thought to have been built several centu-
agriculture because the high productivi-
ies began trading with farming societies
ries before the time of Christ, when An-
ty of the land enabled a large population
in the highlands that had arisen at the
dean civilization was dominated by a
to live more closely together, leading to
same time-a practice that laid the foun-
ALEXANDER
THE GREAT
ROMAN
MAYA
AZTECS
COLUMBUS
MERGENCE
CONQUERS
EMPIRE
CIVIL-
NORMANS
FLOURISH IN
REACHES
OF GREEK
EGYPT AND
AT ITS
IZATION
CONQUER
CENTRAL
NEW
IVILIZATION
PERSIA
HEIGHT
A.D. 300-
ENGLAND
AMERICA
WORLD
500 B.C.
334 B.C.
A.D. 117
900
A.D. 1066
A.D. 1345
A.D. 1492
MAYA TEMPLE
COLUMBUS'S ARRIVAL
A.D.1
A.D. 1000
A.D. 2000
MOCHE JEWELRY
THE INCAS' MACHU PICCHU
100 B.C.
A.D. 100-600
A.D. 500-1000
A.D. 1440-1532
A.D. 1532
E OF
MOCHE
TIAHUANACO
INCA EMPIRE
ARRIVAL OF
VIN
SOCIETY
STATE
STRETCHES
PIZARRO IN
IGIOUS
ARISES IN
FLOURISHES IN
FROM NORTH-
SOUTH
T
NORTHERN
BOLIVIA'S
ERN ECUADOR
AMERICA
OUGHOUT
PERU
LAKE TITICACA
TO CENTRAL
BOTTOM, LEFT TO RIGHT: MARTHA COOPER-NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC SOCIETY, ROBERT FRERCK-THE STOCK MARKET
PHOTOS, TOP, LEFT TO RIGHT: DAVID ALAN HARVEY-WOODFIN CAMP, THE GRANGER COLLECTION;
RTH AND
REGION
CHILE, AN AREA
ITRAL
MORE THAN
IU
2,500 MILES
LONG
Key to the Ancient Andes
DAVID S.
Ancient temple sites
(3000-1000 B.C.)
Chavín influence
Tiahuanaco
(800-100 B.C.)
ARGENTINA
Moche influence
caca
(A.D. 100-600)
Tiahuanaco influence
(A.D. 500-1000)
Inca Empire
(A.D. 1440-1532)
Later sites
0
100
SCALE OF MILES
Pacific Ocean
COVER STORY
dation for trade routes con-
MARTHA COOPER-NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC SOCIETY
KIRY O'DONNEL-SIPA PRESS
necting the far corners of
South American cultures
up through the time of the
Incas some 40 centuries lat-
er. Archaeologists have re-
covered obsidian, which is
available only in the moun-
tains, among the refuse at
coastal sites. And the re-
mains of the highland set-
tlements, though miles
from the ocean, are littered
with seashells and fish
bones. This ancient trade
network appears to have
stretched even farther: At
one highland center, re-
searchers found the jaw-
A TREASURE OF GOLD AND TURQUOISE: UNEARTHING A PERUVIAN "KING TUT"
bone of a piranha, appar-
The enormous power wielded by rulers is evident in the recently discovered tomb of a nobleman in an
ently brought from the
early Andean society known as the Moche. Buried with a coterie of family, servants and pets, the
Amazon rain forest to use
leader was bedecked with precious artifacts similar to this gold mask, found at another tomb nearby.
in woodworking.
When the coastal peo-
ples suddenly, and mysteriously, moved
who forced others to work, as was the
"But it may be that here we are seeing a
farther inland along Peru's many river
case in ancient societies such as Egypt.
type of society where religion was a more
valleys some 4,000 years ago, they devel-
Anthropologists have long assumed that
important motivator." At Cardal, for ex-
oped the new technologies of irrigation,
such enormous construction projects
ample, Burger and his colleagues recently
pottery and weaving-but maintained
were an indication that the society that
uncovered evidence that the building of
the old traditions with a boom in monu-
built them had become stratified into
the monument may have been undertak-
ment construction. Built in a character-
haves and have-nots, with the ruling
en by a populace that feared its gods, not
istic U-shape that is found throughout
elite forcing other members of the soci-
its rulers: A huge frieze of menacing,
the valleys, the stone monuments are
ety to work on projects that were largely
interlocking fangs painted red and yellow
larger and more sophisticated than their
for the benefit of the rulers.
flanks both sides of the doorway at the top
predecessors. The main pyramid at a
Religious motives. In many of the early
of the pyramid, creating a terrifying su-
valley site called Sechín Alto, for in-
monument-building societies, however,
pernatural display.
stance, is one of the largest prehistoric
there is little sign of this economic social
At another early monument site, how-
monuments in the New World, nearly
stratification, says Yale's Burger, who is
ever, there are hints of the coercive bu-
1,000 feet wide at its base and standing
excavating a 3,000-year-old monument
reaucracy that eventually was to become a
12 stories high.
center called Cardal. There are no elabo-
powerful force in daily life. Shelia and
More remarkable than the size of
rate burials of rulers, for example, nor
Thomas Pozorski, a husband-and-wife
these huge U-shaped structures is that
signs of the accumulation of luxury items
team of archaeologists from the Pan
many appear to have been created with-
by a select few. "In Egypt, pyramids were
American University in Edinburg, Tex.,
out the presence of a Draconian ruler
expressions of royal power," says Burger.
have uncovered what they believe to be
the oldest warehouse in the New
PREHISTORIC WAREHOUSE
DD
Storage
World. A 450-by-450-foot building
00
DD
niches
00
00
with walls nearly 20 feet high and
This 3,500-year-old structure
DG
dating back to 1500 B.C., the struc-
held food and precious
DD
00
ture contains numerous smaller
goods and was secured
DD
rooms containing niches that the
by wooden bars, sug-
DDC
Pozorskis believe were used to
gesting rulers con-
000 000
000000
store potatoes, beans, peanuts and
trolled the soci-
000000
000
000
perhaps luxury goods such as cloth
ety's stores.
000
DD
000
and beads. All of the nearly 100
PAMPA DE LAS LLAMAS-MOXEKE
DOC
doorways to the building's rooms
DOB
000
00000000
were blocked by a wooden bar that
DO
could be slid back to allow entrance.
The Pozorskis interpret these elabo-
D
000
000
000
000
rate gateways, as well as the tiny clay
000
"stamps" that were found near the ware-
house, as evidence that a powerful bu-
reaucracy controlled access to food in
the society and used that power to co-
Wooden-bar gate
Main entryways
erce the populace to build the many oth-
er public and religious buildings at the
site. "The Pozorskis' work shows that
USN& WH-Basic data: Adapted from a
nobody gave up their simpler life, they
METT
drawing by Jo Ann Bastaroli
were forced to give it up," says Jonathan
50
U.S.NEWS & WORLD REPORT, April 2, 1990
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COVER STORY
Haas, an anthropologist at the Field
this long-lost method of constructing
empire, their real genius lay in their abili-
Museum in Chicago. "Leaders gained
raised fields among irrigation channels
ty to cajole rather than coerce. The Incas
control over food production and then
could have allowed more than 100,000
recognized that maintaining an army in
exploited that power, which led to the
people to thrive more than a millennium
hostile territory can be very expensive,
thing we call civilization."
ago in a region that now supports ap-
says Terence D'Altroy, an archaeologist
This growing concentration of reli-
proximately 7,000.
at Columbia University who has recently
gious, military and economic power in
The widespread benefits of these an-
written a book on Inca governing meth-
the hands of an elite is strikingly evident
cient irrigation canals and other large-
ods, and so they preferred to use econom-
in the recent discovery of the spectacular
scale projects illustrate the complex rela-
ic, political and religious strategies to
tomb of a "warrior-priest," a nobleman
tionship between the rulers of a society
persuade conquered tribes to coexist
in a society known as the Moche that
and the ruled. Political scientists point
peacefully within the Empire.
flourished on the North Coast of Peru
out that while societies often arise as a
While the Incas committed bloody
from roughly A.D. 100 to 600. Excavat-
result of elites seizing power solely for
massacres of tribes who resisted their
ed by Walter Alva of the Brüning Ar-
their own benefit, leaders must continue
conquest and forcibly relocated entire
chaeological Museum in Lambayeque,
Peru, the tomb is one of the richest ever
found in the Americas. It contains the
GARY VISGAITIS-USN&WR
remains of the gold-bedecked ruler, who
ANCIENT AGRICULTURE
died in his mid-30s, as well as several
The Tiahuanaco's
Water in the canals,
women and men thought to have been
servants and family members, and his
irrigation system relied on
heated by the sun during
an intimate knowledge of
the day, radiated its
pet dog. Also buried with the ruler was a
the area's climate. Dirt
warmth at night, helping to
treasure-trove of feathered headdresses,
dug to form the canals
protect crops against the
gold, silver and copper ornaments, ear-
was used to construct raised
frost that often occurs because of the
rings, bracelets and face masks, a gold
fields some 30 feet wide.
area's 12,000-foot-high altitude.
rattle, a gold armor plate, dozens of ex-
otic seashells, fine cloth and various
weapons.
Ritual sacrifice. Like the Incas, the
Raised fields
Moche left no written records of their
The farmers ate
Muck scraped off
society, but the extravagance of the no-
the fish and fowl
bottom of canals
A layer of clay
bleman's burial suggests that he was one
that lived in the
prevented salty
<<<<<<
was used as
of the ruling elite who figure prominent-
canals
water from
fertilizer
ly in the depictions of Moche life drawn
seeping into the
fields
on pottery vessels and hammered into
Warm
metal implements. Almost godlike in
Topsoil
Finer gravel
mist
status, the warrior-priest oversaw the rit-
5 feet
ual sacrifice of prisoners of war and is
often portrayed drinking their blood
Thick cobblestone base
Large gravel
from a tall goblet.
ALAN KOLATA-UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO
The grisly blood rituals that often
USING ANCESTRAL
characterized ancient American societies
FARMING WISDOM
have led many in the modern world to
regard these ancient peoples as less than
Reproducing the ancient
civilized. This attitude obscures the
irrigation methods
amazing achievements in other quintes-
practiced by their
sentially civilized activities such as as-
ancestors more than a
tronomy, art, engineering and agricul-
thousand years ago,
ture. New archaeological finds reveal, for
farmers living near
example, that the people of the ancient
Bolivia's Lake Titicaca
Andean empire of Tiahuanaco, which
raised crop yields seven
flourished from about A.D. 500 to 1000,
times higher than average.
combined their knowledge of hydrology
and farming to produce irrigated fields
that far outproduced modern farming
to reaffirm their legitimacy through a
communities they regarded as dangerous,
methods despite harsh environmental
mix of force, ideology and, most impor-
in many other cases they left the existing
conditions such as drought, flooding,
tant, responsiveness to their subjects'
social structure of a conquered people
frost and extremely high altitude.
needs. "People will participate in a so-
relatively intact. The local leaders often
In a remarkable example of "experi-
cial system only to a point where it bene-
remained as governing officials, although
mental archaeology," Alan Kolata and
fits them," says Earle. "The state, in
answering to the Inca hierarchy. Peasants
his colleagues at the University of Chica-
trying to do good for itself, must also do
had to pay a labor tax by working part
go reproduced the irrigation technology
good for the underlying population."
time in state-owned fields, serving in the
practiced 1,500 years ago by the Tiahua-
One key to understanding this compli-
military or producing goods like pottery
naco people in test plots near modern-
cated relationship between a ruler and the
and cloth; otherwise, life for a typical
day Bolivia's Lake Titicaca. The result-
ruled has come from the Incas. New
farmer could remain largely unchanged.
ing bumper crops-in some cases seven
studies demonstrate that while the "Pha-
Like modern U.S. politicians, Inca
times the average yield of land farmed
raohs of the Andes" were never reluctant
rulers also were well aware that style is
using modern techniques-suggest that
to use force to control their enormous
often more persuasive than substance
U.S.NEWS & WORLD REPORT, April 2, 1990
53
COVER STORY
when trying to win their subjects' hearts
and minds. Excavating a major Inca ad-
ministrative center that had been set up
in a province far from the Inca capital of
Cuzco, for instance, archaeologist Craig
Morris of the American Museum of
Natural History found to his surprise
that the prime function of the site ap-
pears to have been hosting lavish cere-
monial feasts for the locals, rather than
administering political or economic con-
trol. The purpose of these feasts was a
ILLUSTRATION BY ROB WOOD-STANSBURY, RONSAVILLE, WOOD, INC.
sophisticated public-relations strategy,
Morris suggests: The Incas relied on
such ceremonies to create an ideological
bond between faraway rulers and the
people of the province, subtly suggesting
that participation in the Inca Empire
"was something more than working the
state's fields or fighting a distant war."
Imperial entanglements. One of the par-
adoxes of structured societies is that de-
spite the onerous burdens rulers may
COMING TO AMERICA
place on their subjects, the lives of com-
mon people often improve, at least mate-
Were the first New World settlers fishermen?
rially. Studying the daily life of a tribe
known as the Wankas before and after
their conquest by the Incas, D'Altroy and
A
S archaeologists dig into the complexities of ancient South American
imperialism, scientists in North America are revising a long-accepted
his colleagues found that in many re-
notion of just how humans reached the New World in the first place. The
spects people in the tribe had a better
first Americans traditionally have been depicted as hunters trudging across a
standard of living as part of the empire,
frozen tundra in search of woolly mammoths. But an emerging theory holds
including less warfare with neighboring
that the first humans to cross the Bering land bridge that connected Asia to
tribes and greater access to food and other
America about 15,000 years ago may have been coastal people who fished and
goods. Yet such material gains are not
whaled their way along the southern shore of the bridge to the New World,
always sufficient to maintain the status
then followed rivers into the heart of the Americas.
quo: The Wankas, for example, readily
Proponents of this "coastal theory" argue that the climate in the interior of
helped Pizarro's invading forces against
the Bering land bridge was simply too harsh for man and had too little plant
the Incas, as did many other tribes.
life to support big game in the numbers needed for
As archaeologists learn more about the
human survival. The more likely source of food at
governing strategies used by the Incas and
that time was the sea, according to William S.
other rulers of ancient civilizations, they
Laughlin, professor of biobehavioral sciences at the
are beginning to see complex societies as
University of Connecticut and father of the coastal
fragile, often ungainly, entities that are
theory. "The southern shore of the land bridge
always compromises between the rulers
would have had a bounty of sea mammals, fish and
and the ruled, no matter what the ideolo-
birds to support human life," says Laughlin, who
gy behind them. As such, advanced soci-
describes the first Americans as skilled whalers
DENNIS STANFORD-SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION
eties appear to represent neither the near
who used driftwood for boats and skins of large sea
perfection of the human condition, as
birds for clothing.
some would have it, nor an ugly manifes-
Evidence of marine cultures on Asia's east coast
tation of human nature at its worst.
around the time of the alleged crossing lends even
Relative latecomers in the span of hu-
more plausibility to the theory, says William Fitz-
Talking points. Early
man history, civilizations have taken on a
hugh, director for arctic research at the Smithsoni-
American spearheads
dazzling variety of forms-from theocra-
an Institution. The problem with proving either of
cies and monarchies to military dictator-
the two competing theories, however, is that the physical evidence of any
ships and republics-since the first simple
human activity in and around the land bridge now lies buried beneath the
tribes began building massive stone mon-
frigid Bering Sea. "Anything below 100 feet of ocean is more or less lost to us,
uments thousands of years ago. Yet an
because even if you find an artifact, you can't study it in the context of its
enduring equation remains: "Human so-
natural surroundings," Fitzhugh points out. Still, harpoons and other artifacts
cieties have a limited set of fundamental
from Alaskan sites hint that early Americans did belong to a maritime culture.
problems that they face and a limited
Scientists are confident that forthcoming digs near river shores, where coastal
number of successful strategies to solve
people may have camped as they headed inland, will yield proof that the first
them," says D'Altroy. But if the events of
Americans had an intimate knowledge of the sea.
the past year in Eastern Europe and other
Even if such evidence is found, however, the controversy over America's
areas of the world are any indication, the
first immigrants will likely continue. A half-dozen archaeologists in South
human race surely has not exhausted its
America believe they have found signs of life some 30,000 to 40,000 years ago,
potential for surprise.
long before coastal Asians could have crossed the land bridge.
by William F. Allman with Joannie M. Schrof
54
U.S.NEWS & WORLD REPORT, April 2, 1990
HORIZONS
PHOTOS BY VERA LENTZ-BLACK STAR FOR USN&WR
THOR HEYERDAHL
SAILING
AGAINST
THE
CURRENT
The Norwegian explorer
has spent his life seeking
ancient mariners. Now he
is tackling the ruins of Peru
Digging for connections. Heyerdahl ducks out of the sun at Tucume in Peru
T
hor Heyerdahl won't quit. At 75,
leaving them free to arrive at their own
Think of Heyerdahl as a time detec-
he is deep in another adventure,
conclusions.
tive, a gumshoe of prehistory with an
organizing an archaeological dig of
The pattern of pearls. Still, what inter-
uncanny ability to ask obvious questions
the biggest complex of pyramids in the
ests Heyerdahl most is the big picture.
that lead to new thinking about old dog-
Americas. Sifting sand on the coastal
And his ruling thesis of a primordial
ma. As a young university graduate in
plains of Peru may not sound as exciting
culture of bearded, long-eared, sun-wor-
the Pacific just before World War II, he
as crossing oceans on rafts or reed boats,
shiping pyramid builders is a lollapa-
stumbled on what he concluded may
but this dig could provide important clues
looza. One way or another, just about all
have been the final resting place of an
to a mystery the author of Kon-Tiki has
his expeditions, from Kon-Tiki and the
ancient and widely traveled seafaring
been investigating all his life: Was there a
Ra's I and II to his excavations in the
civilization. He has since spent his life
common cultural heritage that gave rise
Maldives, Easter Island and now Peru,
tracing back its roots, searching for what
to all the world's ancient civilizations?
have sought to put together pieces of this
he calls the zero hour of civilized man.
The Norwegian explorer speculates that
elaborate puzzle. "People think I am just
Heyerdahl first roiled the quiet waters
the ancient pre-Inca culture that created
an adventurer," he says. "They don't
of academia by sailing the balsa-log raft
the pyramid complex in Peru may be a
realize that all the things I have done are
Kon-Tiki across the Pacific in 1947. Most
missing link in a chain of civilizations
like pearls on a string: They are part of
scientists at the time dismissed, as they do
connecting Meso-America to Egypt,
one single pattern."
now, the idea that such craft were capable
Mesopotamia, the Indus Valley and possi-
bly the lost continent of Atlantis.
This kind of wild speculation has al-
ways had Heyerdahl in trouble with es-
tablished archaeologists, anthropologists
and other scholars of prehistory, who
claim he has scant scientific evidence to
back up his theories. But over his life-
time, he has turned up a surprising
amount of convincing evidence suggest-
ing sea contacts among remote ancient
PAST IN PIECES
cultures, for which he gets little credit.
The modern-day descen-
At the same time, the university-trained
dants of pre-Inca tribes in
zoologist has learned to separate his sci-
Peru sift through the sand
entific work from his grander specula-
at Heyerdahl's Tucume
tive theories, hiring bona fide archaeolo-
site for potsherds that may
gists to do spadework on digs and
help explain their ancestry.
U.S.NEWS & WORLD REPORT, April 2, 1990
55
COVER STORY
of ocean-going trips and assumed the
cient civilization spread from a common
to show that many ancient civilizations
Pacific Islands were settled from Asia.
source by land and by sea to other places
invented all that fancy stuff like pyramids
"The only thing that Heyerdahl proved,"
around the world. The opposing camp of
on their own," he argues.
remarked one noted archaeologist of the
"isolationists" thinks ancient civilizations
Schaedel is nevertheless impressed by
Kon-Tiki expedition, "was that Norwe-
cropped up independent of one another
some of Heyerdahl's specific findings.
gians are good sailors." But Heyerdahl,
and, because of man's natural propensi-
Among them: The dressed stonework he
then and now, remains convinced his raft
ties, developed similar characteristics,
uncovered in the foundations of mono-
trip and other evidence he has turned up
such as sun worship and pyramid build-
liths on Easter Island, which suggests
establish a more obvious sailing route, one
ing. Today, according to University of
that ancient South Americans must have
that follows the prevailing winds and
Texas Prof. Richard P. Schaedel, a noted
reached the island, even if they did not
currents from South America.
expert on Andean civilization, most pre-
predominate. He is now collaborating
Heyerdahl includes himself among a
historians regard as outdated the notion
with Heyerdahl on a study of ancient
camp of prehistorians called "diffusion-
of one original civilization diffusing to all
Peruvian navigation. "Many orthodox
ists," those who tend to believe that an-
others. "Enough evidence has been found
members of our profession have pooh-
RE-CREATING THE PAST An artist's study of the Tucume ruins in coastal
Peru shows what the ancient city of pyramids and elaborate ramps might have
looked like at its peak. Heyerdahl is seeking evidence of a maritime society.
MATT ZANG-USN&WR
WHY I AM DIGGING AT TUCUME
ACCESS RAMPS
Above: The rooms at the
A
couple of miles from the old Pan-American Highway
tops of the Tucume
lies the largest complex of monumental adobe struc-
pyramids were reachable
tures in the New World: 26 large pyramids, and many
only by ascending long,
more smaller ones, clustered together within a single temple
zigzagging ramps. The
site covering some 500 acres. When I first came through the
narrow passageways were
forest of scattered algarroba trees that hide the view to the
probably constructed to
ruins, I felt as if I were dreaming. I had never seen anything
limit access to the rooms
like this before. Eroded by the centuries, these pyramids have
to a privileged elite. Left:
never been damaged by looters nor excavated by archaeolo-
Some of the rooms at
gists. What tempted me more than anything else to organize
Tucume were decorated
a major excavation in Tucume was the booty that looters had
with elegant and colorful
recently taken out of the tombs at Sipán, a politically related
wall paintings of birds and
site. There were mummy masks and royal paraphernalia of
geometric designs. The
gold inlaid with lapis lazuli, green turquoise and tropical
adobe walls were first
spondylus shell. None of these materials exists in Peru. The
prepared with a layer of
nearest source of lapis lazuli is below the borders of present
fine clay plaster.
56
U.S.NEWS & WORLD REPORT, April 2, 1990
poohed Heyerdahl without adequate jus-
Egypt and the Indus Valley all emerged
voyages in such disparate places as the
tification," says Schaedel. "But others,
about the same time: 3000 B.C. "Why this
Nile, the Indus Valley, the Tigris and
including myself, think that his proce-
impressive, seemingly overnight blossom-
Euphrates and, on the other side of the
dures have been scientifically satisfac-
ing in three places simultaneously unless
Atlantic, in the Gulf of Mexico. There,
tory and his contributions substantial."
there was some link between them?" he
they may well have proceeded to rebuild
Gun-shy from the flak he has taken
asks in The Tigris Expedition.
civilization as they knew it in Atlantis.
from the scientific community, Heyer-
Heyerdahl suggests that the explana-
As yet, little scientific research sup-
dahl has laid out the grand theory behind
tion may lie in the myth that the lost
ports this thesis-or refutes it. But in
his work only in tentative bits and pieces
civilization of Atlantis perished in a
Heyerdahl's view, lots of intriguing cir-
that are scattered amid his writings and
flood. Should such a flood have oc-
cumstantial evidence justifies looking
interviews like potsherds at an archaeo-
curred, swallowing up a continent in a
into it further. For instance, he cites
logical dig. He often comes back to the
day and a night as the legend says, it is
evidence of a major geological catastro-
extraordinary coincidence that sophisti-
plausible that some people managed
phe in the Atlantic around 3000 B.C.; he
cated civilizations in Mesopotamia,
hasty escapes by boat, landing after long
notes that the ancestral myths of almost
MATT ZANG-USN&WR
MATT ZANG-USN&WR
QUALITY CONTROL
Chile, and the turquoise could have come only from Argenti-
na. Spondylus shell could only have come from Panama or
Most of the pyramids and
Ecuador. It seemed impossible that the people of Sipán,
other structures at Tucume
which dates to A.D. 290, could have walked more than a
were built with adobe
thousand miles down the desert coast and across valleys occu-
bricks, with thick layers of
pied by hostile nations. The early art of these pyramid build-
mud mortar between the
ers shows that they built large ships of reed bundles, such as
courses. Often, adobe
I had personally used to cross the Atlantic and the Indian
bricks of different colors
oceans. They also used balsa-log rafts. With such vessels, they
were incorporated into a
must have sailed all the way down the South American coast.
single wall, perhaps to
The ground in Tucume is strewn with spondylus and other
keep track of the
seashells, proving contact with the nearby sea. The people who
productivity of different
built these pyramids were "Long-ears," who wore huge plugs in
workshops. Finger marks
their extended ear lobes. Perhaps our excavations in Tucume
identified on other adobe
can help throw more light on the origins of the navigating Long-
bricks may have served a
ears who built the giant statues on Easter Island and brought
similar purpose.
Peruvian sweet potatoes, уисса and cotton to Polynesia.
CAPTIONS BY
DR. DANIEL SANDWEISS
U.S.NEWS & WORLD REPORT, April 2, 1990
hundred
57
To Be The On-
Everything Needs To
For as long as
in top condition. Which is why
the Department of
American's maintenance is anything
Transportation
but routine. It's exacting. Uncom-
has been keep-
promising.
ing records, one
In fact, for every hour
461544
airline has done the
in the air, an American
best job of getting
Airlines plane
you where you're
going on time:
American Airlines,
the On-time Machine*
And while we're proud
of our on-time record,
we're prouder still of what it says
about American Airlines.
BEING ON TIME
MEANS BEING METICULOUS
receives eleven man-hours O
IN EVERY DETAIL.
maintenance. By skillful me-
Obviously, for an airline to
chanics whose training and expertis
be on time, its planes have to be
are unsurpassed in the industry.
YOU CAN'T BE ON TIME
IF BAGGAGE LAGS BEHIND.
An on-time airline demands an on
time baggage system. So American
keeps coming up with ideas to make
time Machine.
RunLike Clockwork.
WE PUT OUR PASSENGERS
ABOVE ALL.
Whileanon-
time arrival is
what travelers
say they want
<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<
most from an air-
line, we knowit's
not the only thing.
LuxuryLiner
Which is why, at
American Airlines,
you'll find courteous
and at-
tentive service
every step of the way.
Because it's not enough
just to get you where you're
going on time. We want to
be sure you enjoy the trip.
D.O.T. cumulative percentages of nonstop domestic
flights arriving within 15 minutes of schedule for all re-
ported airports, for the seven largest airlines (domestic
revenue passenger miles) since September 1987.
aggage handling more precise.
hether it's something as advanced
; electronic scanning for accurate
rting, or as simple as double-
gging bags on connecting flights.
At American Airlines, we under-
and the importance of efficient
aggage handling. Because arriving
1 time at your destination doesn't
AmericanAirlines
ean anything if your bags don't.
Something special in the air.
COVER STORY
all the ancient cultures speak of origins
site, called Tucume, two years ago by
sheer size of the place. It was the center
in the aftermath of disastrous floods,
Peruvian archaeologist Walter Alva, who
of a bustling pre-Inca civilization near
and he dwells on the remarkable number
had just opened a rich tomb at Sipán on
the time and place he figures seafarers
of similarities between these ancient cul-
the northern coastal plains of Peru. It was
set off from Peru across the Pacific.
tures discovered by archaeologists over
filled with remarkable gold jewelry and
While the irrigation canals showed that
the years. In one essay, Heyerdahl lists
clothing and suggested that the Moche
Tucume was a major agrarian civiliza-
53, ranging from pyramid building and
culture of chieftain-priests in power from
tion, Heyerdahl is convinced it conduct-
script to mummification and circumci-
100 B.C. to A.D. 600 was more sophisti-
ed oceangoing trade. The coast is only
sion. The most significant in his view
cated than previously thought. Alva then
12 miles away, seashells litter the site to
was the reed boat, which he has since
took Heyerdahl to another place he had
this day, and he has already dug up a
proved could have transported settlers
planned to excavate before he became
wooden steering oar.
across the Atlantic and Pacific.
involved with the Moche tomb.
He agreed to organize the archaeolog-
Today, Heyerdahl has come full circle
About 2 hours' drive north on the
ical dig at the site under the auspices of
in his lifelong investigation. He has
potholed Pan-American highway, Alva
the Peruvian government's National In-
launched his latest-and most likely his
turned off at the small, impoverished
stitute of Culture, overseen by Alva, and
last-expedition in Peru, whence he set
village of Tucume. Behind the village are
persuaded the Kon-Tiki Museum in
off as a 33-year-old on Kon-Tiki. He
what first look like mud hills, crevassed
Oslo to come up with $180,000 in initial
remains captivated by the pre-Inca leg-
by the torrential El Niño rains that come
financing. Heyerdahl has made a person-
end of Kon-Tiki Viracocha: A white,
once every nine years or so. But as Hey-
al commitment to the place that is un-
bearded sun king who
usual in someone his
VERA LENTZ-BLACK STAR FOR USN&WR
came out of the sea
age. He moved to Peru
from the north to teach
from his home in Italy
the native Indians an
and bought a farm on
advanced culture, only
the outskirts of town,
later to be attacked by
where he plans to settle.
rebelling vassals and
He designed and built a
driven off on a raft into
scenic two-story lodge
the Pacific.
he dubbed Casa Kon-
Satisfied that a South
Tiki. The White House,
American culture such
as it is called locally,
as that evoked in the leg-
overlooks a large vege-
ends of Kon-Tiki ended
table garden he has
up on Easter Island and
planted and faces the
elsewhere in Polynesia,
majestic pyramids to
Heyerdahl now wants to
the east.
dig up more evidence of
It didn't take Heyer-
the civilizing culture's
dahl long to establish
passage in ancient Peru.
himself as a local chief-
Among other things, he
tain in his own right.
will be looking for fair-
He has attracted a
haired mummies, some
steady stream of impor-
of which have been
Jogging in the ruins. Heyerdahl, 75, has made his home in Tucume
tant visitors and tour-
found in other pre-Inca
ists, boosting the town's
ruins, and wood tablets such as those he
erdahl moved closer, it became clear
economy, and he hopes to persuade Pe-
found on Easter Island that are inscribed
that the hills were man-made, part of a
ru's President to finance a sanitation sys-
with an undecipherable picture language
massive complex of ancient adobe pyra-
tem for the village. He has also befriend-
found nowhere else. "Common to all
mids. Grand entrance ramps, common
ed suspicious witch doctors. When night
accounts of how culture reached Peru,"
to the Inca and Aztec stone pyramids in
watchmen fled a guard post on the site,
writes Heyerdahl in an essay entitled
subsequent epochs, rose to the tops.
claiming it was inhabited by spirits, Hey-
"The Bearded Gods Before Columbus,"
Huge courtyards and possible water res-
erdahl brought in a top witch doctor to
"is the admission that the Incas lived
ervoirs had been constructed inside the
protect the place. Since then, the devils
more or less as savages until a light-
baked-mud-brick walls.
have kept their distance.
skinned, bearded foreigner and his entou-
The site was surrounded by smaller
At a time when modern man looks to
rage came into their country, taught them
pyramids and a network of irrigation
outer space for new frontiers to explore,
the ways of civilization and departed."
canals more than 1,000 years old that
Heyerdahl believes contemporary civili-
The implication that American Indi-
were fed from distant mountains and are
zation has evolved surprisingly little
ans were not capable of civilizing them-
still used by Peruvian peasants. Clearly,
from its ancient roots, largely because it
selves raises another set of objections to
Tucume had been a major governing or
ignores the wisdom of those who have
Heyerdahl's theory. But Heyerdahl, who
religious center of an industrious people.
gone before. "We fumble ahead blindly
sailed under the flag of the United Na-
Only a few archaeologists had ever done
with no idea where we have come from,"
tions and always made a point of includ-
any digging at the site, barely scratching
he says. Faced with the stark contrast
ing members of different nationalities
the surface. Grave robbers avoided it
between Tucume's green, flourishing
and races on his expeditions, dismisses
because local superstition held that the
past and its dusty, impoverished present,
racial insinuations. In his view, the fore-
temples were inhabited by devils.
it is not difficult to understand why Hey-
bears of European civilization, the Egyp-
Significant seashells. Alva speculates
erdahl wonders whether civilization did
tians and Greeks, picked up their early
that Tucume could have 20 times the
indeed peak long, long ago.
wisdom from the same source.
gold and other treasures found in Sipán.
Heyerdahl was introduced to the Peru
But Heyerdahl was intrigued by the
by Thomas Moore
60
U.S.NEWS & WORLD REPORT, April 2, 1990
NEWS YOU CAN USE
DOING YOUR BIT TO
SAVE THE EARTH
ENVIRONMENT
Small efforts do count-some much more than others
P
re-Earth Day Syndrome is in full voice. Antici-
and carted off to landfills. Each year, 16 billion are
pating the nationwide rally on April 22, every
LIFE
tossed, making up 1.7 percent, by weight, of municipal
new book and magazine seems to serve up lists of
solid waste. That may not seem like much, but it is a
steps you can take to clean up the planet, halt global
warming and keep the dolphins safe.
EARTH
significant amount for any single product, particularly
one contaminated with human waste.
Unfortunately, an environmentally correct life can-
Cloth diapers are hardly friendly to the environ-
not be reduced to a simple, do-it-yourself checklist. "I'm an
ment, however. Harvesting cotton leaves little residue behind,
expert in this business, and when I walk through a supermar-
making the soil susceptible to erosion. The energy consumed
ket, I get frustrated," says Jan Beyea, a scientist at the
in making and laundering cloth diapers exceeds that expended
National Audubon Society in New York. Trash bags or dia-
in producing disposable diapers. And when parents subscribe
pers that are labeled "biodegradable," for instance, will in all
to a diaper service, the truck that picks up the dirty diapers
likelihood remain hale when buried in a tightly packed land-
burns gasoline or diesel fuel and pumps out carbon dioxide,
fill, never exposed to the sunlight or air that would break
carbon monoxide and other pollutants.
them down. And it's not just a matter of sorting out truth
Environmentalists concede that perhaps too much attention
from hype: Consumers also must ponder the relative merits of
is being focused on diapers. But they firmly believe that cloth is
countless plastic and paper containers. Sometimes it's easy. A
better, citing the risk of disease from disposables and the sheer
box made of recycled paper is clearly preferable to plastic. But
wastefulness of the product. Yet fair-minded researchers also
the choices are not always so straightforward, as the sections
admit that parents may have no choice. Some day-care centers
that follow make clear.
accept only toddlers in disposable diapers, and some studies
show that disposables may discourage diaper rash.
THE GREAT DIAPER DEBATE
Parents who simply prefer the convenience of disposables
should feel a bit guilty, says Allen Hershkowitz, a senior
scientist at the Natural Resources Defense Council in New
The media hoopla might lead an
York. But they need not bear the guilt alone, since the makers of
interplanetary visitor to conclude
disposable diapers have gone to great effort to market that
that the fate of the earth depends on
convenience-and since there could be an alternative. "Call the
switching from disposable to cloth
company's 800 number, and pressure them to recycle disposable
diapers.
diapers," suggests Hershkowitz. The research is already in
Obviously, disposable diapers do
progress at Procter & Gamble, which in April will begin
Mother Nature no favors. Manufac-
collecting used diapers in Seattle. The goal is to break them
turing them gobbles up 510,000 tons
down to plastic and wood pulp and reuse the materials. "The
of wood pulp a year. After covering
problem isn't disposable diapers, it's how we manage our
a baby's bottom for a few hours, the
garbage," says a spokesman. Meanwhile, a push from parents
diapers are dumped into trash bags
couldn't hurt.
BOOKS THAT MAKE YOU SEE GREEN
chapters on the environment;
nest-building birds, says the
a newcomer to the movement
columnist; use plastic tabs as
Whatever the literary virtues
produce one pat of butter,
might be overwhelmed.
guitar picks. Thus will the
of today's "how to save the
100 gallons of water is re-
The Green Consumer, by
planet be saved.
earth" books, at least no
quired") and homely advice
John Elkington, Julia Hailes
Shopping for a Better
trees fell; all are printed on
(save a gallon per flush by
and Joel Makower (Penguin,
World, by the Council on
recycled paper. Here is a
putting a water-filled plastic
$8.95). A wealth of mostly
Economic Priorities (Ballan-
sampling:
jug in the toilet tank).
helpful information about
tine, $4.95). Think keeping
50 Simple Things You Can
The Green Lifestyle Hand-
what to buy, from baby
track of coupons is hard? Try
Do To Save the Earth, by
book, edited by Jeremy Rif-
products to rain-forest nuts.
shopping with this list of
The Earthworks Group
kin (Henry Holt, $10.95). An
Heloise: Hints for a Healthy
1,400 products and the politi-
(Earthworks Press, $4.95).
activist will welcome the
Planet, by Heloise (Perigee,
cal and environmental stands
The best. Lively facts ("to
1,001 tips and the thoughtful
$7.95). Put dryer lint out for
of their manufacturers.
U.S.NEWS & WORLD REPORT, April 2, 1990
61
NEWS YOU CAN USE
TUNA SANDWICHES
SOME TIPS WORK
A GOOD BAG IS
AND DOLPHINS
1. Just Say No to bags.
HARD FIND
Bring your own bag on
Each year, an esti-
errands or stuff the goods
"Paper or plastic?"
mated 100,000 dol-
in your pockets, purse or
asks the supermarket
phins die because of
briefcase.
cashier. It's a ques-
tuna fishing. In parts
2. Replace a few light
tion capable of trip-
of the Pacific, the big
bulbs with screw-in
ECO-
ping up the most
fish swim beneath
fluorescents. "Compact
MART
dedicated do-gooder.
the marine mam-
fluorescents" cost $10 to
The production of
mals, so one way
$20 each but slash elec-
FOODS
both plastic and pa-
that fishermen trap
tricity consumption by 75
per bags pollutes the
the tuna is to spread
percent and last 10,000
air and water. Mak-
nets around dol-
hours. The savings over
ing paper bags exacts
phins. It's easier
the life of the fluorescent:
a toll on trees as
than waiting to spot a school of tuna. But the
About $30.
well. And a plastic bag takes up less space in a
dolphins can drown while entangled in the
3. Avoid hazardous clean-
landfill than a paper bag. So which is better
net. Others are wounded in the process and
ers. Vinegar, ammonia,
for the environment? "I've been studying the
become prey for sharks.
baking soda and deter-
issue for two years and I still don't know,"
That doesn't mean your tuna sandwich cost
gent are cheaper anyway.
says Howard Levenson, senior analyst at the
a dolphin its life. Less than 10 percent of the
4. Keep your tires proper-
Office of Technology Assessment, the re-
world's tuna is caught this way. But the major
ly inflated. It will give
search arm of Congress.
U.S. companies that sell canned tuna buy
you up to 5 percent more
The far-from-ideal solution is to bring your
from boats that are responsible. for dolphin
miles per gallon. The
own canvas or string bag. That is feasible for
kills, says David Phillips, director of Earth
tires last longer, too.
a few items, but hardly practical for a family's
Island Institute, a San Francisco-based con-
5. Install a low-flow
weekly $157 shopping excursion.
servation group.
shower head. Water use
So you move to a more exotic level of
That led to a call by environmental groups in
is cut by about half. Tak-
relevant information. Coastal residents, for
1988 for a lasting boycott of canned tuna. Tuna
ing a daily 7-minute
example, should know that plastic bags could
sales have not slumped, but publicity about the
shower requires 5,000
blow off a garbage truck or barge and land in
boycott has led restaurants and schools to ban
fewer gallons a year.
the water. Wildlife, particularly turtles, could
tuna from the menu. Phillips and other activ-
6. Snub throwaways. Do
ingest the bags and die. The winner near the
ists are hopeful. "The H. J. Heinz Company,
you really need a dispos-
ocean, then, is paper. Elsewhere, plastic has
which owns StarKist, does not want its reputa-
able camera or razor?
the edge. It weighs less than paper, and as a
tion damaged," he says. A spokesman for
Neither do landfills.
rule, the lighter a product, the less pollution it
StarKist says that the U.S. tuna fleet reduced
causes when it is manufactured, says Jan
its dolphin kill from 20,500 in 1986 to 12,600 in
Beyea, a scientist at the National Audubon
1989. That may be true, Phillips says, but
Society. Unless, that is, the plastic bag is dyed
StarKist and other companies buy from foreign vessels as well.
yellow or red. The dyes might contain lead or cadmium, says
Consumers would have an easier time if the Dolphin Pro-
Beyea. These toxic elements enter the atmosphere if the bags
tection Consumer Information Act, a bill pending in Con-
are incinerated, and could leach out in a landfill.
gress, passes. It would require cans of tuna to be marked
Whether your choice is paper or plastic, experts recommend
"dolphin safe" or "dangerous to dolphins." Then people
that you try to use bags more than once. Keep them handy
could have their tuna and still send a message.
and tote them back to the store the next time you shop. The
Dolphin devotees need not completely swear off tuna.
cashier may give you a funny stare, but you could be blazing a
Health-food stores sell Deep Sea and Miramonte tongol tuna, a
trail for shoppers of the future. If stores start charging per bag,
species that does not swim near dolphins. And fresh tuna steak
as some discount chains and environmentally minded super-
is O.K. It was caught with a hook or a harpoon, not a net.
markets now do, most folks will bring their own.
A STEP FORWARD, A STEP BACK
carbons. Mistake: Many cups
are now made with CFC substi-
Battered by information, some of it conflicting, many people
tutes. Real CFC problem is car's
aren't quite sure what to do. Consider the following day in
leaky air conditioner, unfixed
the life of a well-intentioned, hypothetical American.
since last summer. Feel guilty.
12:32 p.m. Ask fast-food place
7:05 a.m. Shave, turn off faucet
doesn't shine inside landfills.
to hold the pickles-and the
between razor rinsings. A 3-
8:05 a.m. Bus to work. No sec-
plastic tray. Forget it. Pleading
ILLUSTRATIONS BY ROB KEMP FOR USN&WR
minute shower saves energy
ond car; saves about 5,500
for understanding, manager
and water. Feel virtuous.
pounds a year of globe-warming
says he does each night's inven-
7:30 a.m. Toss breakfast litter
carbon-dioxide emissions.
tory by counting the unused
into supposedly biodegradable
9:37 a.m. Drink coffee from
containers.
garbage bag. Recall that bag
mug, not foam cup made from
4:15 p.m. Sort office trash for
breaks down in sunlight. Sun
ozone-gobbling chlorofluoro-
recycling. Even bring in junk
62
U.S.NEWS & WORLD REPORT, April 2, 1990
GARBAGE AND MORE
AND SOME DON'T
COOLING OFF A
GARBAGE
1. Forget biodegradable
WARMING GLOBE
plastics. They don't
In theory, Americans
break down in tightly
Planting trees, espe-
can continue throw-
compacted landfills any
cially faster growing
ing away as much as
better than banana peels
types like sycamores
they want and there
and newspapers do.
and pines, would
will be room for it
2. Don't bother with "re-
help take care of
somewhere. Urban
cyclable" plastic contain-
global warming. As
cynics might propose
ers. In the U.S., only 1
trees grow, they ab-
that Wyoming, the
percent of plastic refuse is
sorb carbon dioxide,
least populous state,
recycled. You'll do more
a major player in the
be turned into a na-
good buying eggs in card-
greenhouse effect be-
tional landfill.
board cartons, which are
cause it traps heat in
But garbologists
made from recycled
the atmosphere that
believe people can and should throw away less
newspaper.
ordinarily would escape into outer space.
than the current 160 million tons per year they
3. Paper coffee cups are
Realistically, of course, global warming
discard, an amount equal to 3.6 pounds per
no panacea. Unless they
can't be stopped with sycamores. "The U.S. is
person per day. "The public doesn't want more
are recycled, paper cups
the leading contributor of carbon dioxide, but
landfills, and we are depositing materials that
end up in landfills just
it's not the sole source of the problem," says
are easily recycled," says Daryl Ditz, a senior
like their polystyrene
Richard Somerville, chief of the climate re-
extension associate at Cornell University's
cousins. Bring a mug
search division at the Scripps Institution of
Center for Environmental Research.
from home for your
Oceanography at the University of California
Creating less garbage means disposing of
coffee.
at San Diego. "It's been estimated that you'd
your "disposable" mind-set. "When you go
4. "Friendly" aerosol
have to plant 1,000 trees for each person on
shopping, think of all the products as 'pre-
sprays often aren't. Most
the planet to halt the worldwide increase in
garbage,' says Ditz. Buying the largest con-
aerosol sprays are free of
carbon dioxide emissions."
tainer of a product, for instance, saves money
ozone-damaging chloro-
Far more significant are the energy-con-
and reduces the number of cans and boxes
fluorocarbons. That's
serving steps supposedly drilled into every
you'll be tossing out. And pointless trash comes
been the law in the U.S.
U.S. citizen during the energy crunch of 1974.
from tiny products like deodorant and makeup
since 1978. But spray
If they sound as obvious now as they did then,
often surrounded by layers of packaging.
propellants like propane
the fact is that they work. Heat your home
One way to sharpen your trash conscious-
and butane are polluters.
more efficiently (and turn down the thermo-
ness is to move to Seattle. The city efficiently
Look for pumps or alter-
stat at night). Wear sweaters and long under-
recycles paper, glass, aluminum, plastic and
native forms like roll-ons.
wear to keep warm. Cut back on hot showers.
yard waste. You store the refuse in special
Turn off lights when you're going to be out of
cans that you then put out for curbside pick-
a room for 15 minutes or more. Look for an
up. In 1989, 34 percent of Seattle's solid waste
energy-efficient replacement after your old
was recycled, up from 24 percent in 1987. That compares
washer shudders through its final spin cycle. Drive less.
with a national average of 10 percent.
This time around, it may be harder to motivate yourself to
You can start your own Seattle-type program-with yard
take the bus instead of driving. You don't get a quick payoff
waste. Grass clippings, leaves and other yard debris make up 20
as you did in the '70s, when a gallon of gas saved meant you
out of every 100 pounds in a typical landfill. These lawn
could put off by a day having to wait in the line of cars
leftovers can be dumped into a plastic bin about 3 feet high, or
snaking around the gas station. But conserving energy is the
into a corner of the yard fenced with chicken wire. Rained on or
one strategy virtually everyone can follow, and one that could
watered regularly, says Carl Woestendiek, a waste-reduction
truly help to save the earth.
planner for the Seattle Solid Waste Utility, they will decompose
into rich, crumbly compost, an excellent fertilizer.
by Marc Silver
from home. Can't remem-
center accepts only disposables.
Most people also rinse, wind up
9:35 p.m. A beer to go with TV.
whether Post-it stickers,
6:15 p.m. Make quick run to
using more hot water.
Snip plastic six-pack rings be-
vn envelopes and candy
the grocery store. Choose paper
8:02 p.m. Wash laundry with
fore tossing away. Uncut rings
ppers go into "recycle" or
over plastic bag for groceries.
phosphate-free detergent in
can strangle seals and sea birds.
waway basket. Office recy-
Discover later that polyethyl-
cold water. Set dryer on low.
11:01 p.m. TV news says fuel
} person out. Make random
ene plastic bags cause less pol-
Feel close to nature.
bills will jump.
ce. Feel silly.
lution per pound to make than
8:15 p.m. Read daughter story
11:30 p.m. Turn down thermo-
p.m. Buy "biodegradable"
virgin paper and take up less
about saving dolphins. Replace
stat, get out $450 handmade
osable diapers. Critical fel-
space in landfills. Oh, well.
burned-out light with "energy
Amish quilt.
shopper announces they're
6:47 p.m. Can't find sponge.
saving" bulb. Notice fine print
11:45 p.m. Dream of pursuit by
ponsible because they real-
Wipe up spilled milk with pa-
on package: Only save 5 watts.
ferocious dolphins. Wake up
on't break down. Also,
per towel.
Call cousin, an accountant. She
sweaty. Swear off tuna.
1 diapers are cheaper. Valid
7:25 p.m. Load dishwasher,
says annual savings comes to 40
irrelevant; kid's day-care
scraping but not rinsing dishes.
cents a bulb. Big deal.
by Michael Kiernan
U.S.NEWS & WORLD REPORT, April 2, 1990
63
We're concerned about
the abuse of our products.
And we're doing
something about it.
Anheuser-Busch we, like any
Know When To Say When
Pit Stop
This nationwide consumer education and
This program was developed to encourage
awareness campaign began in 1983 and is
responsible behavior by college students
A
responsible manufacturer, are
concerned by the abuse of
designed to encourage responsible con-
during Spring Break and other school vaca-
our products.
sumption of beer. A series of prime time
tion periods. In cooperation with local and
The vast majority of the 80 mil-
television commercials and other promo-
state governments, "Pit Stop" personnel
tional materials reminds consumers not to
provide coffee, doughnuts and, to those of
lion Americans who enjoy beer do
overindulge, and provides suggestions
legal drinking age, a message of personal
so responsibly. But those few who
to bartenders and hosts on responsible serv-
responsibility and caution at state-owned
ing. "Know When To Say When"
rest areas along major highways. "Pit Stop"
abuse it can have an impact far
has allowed us to apply our
has been so successful that it has been
beyond their numbers. An impact
marketing expertise and
expanded to other travel occasions.
that reflects on us as a company, on
deliver a message of personal
WHEN
responsibility to a broad
our products and employees, and
cross section of the American
on the much larger population of
public.
responsible beer drinkers.
On this page you'll find a brief
introduction to a few of the pro-
grams we've created, or help spon-
Family Talk About Drinking
Alert Cab
sor, to lessen that impact.
This program offers a free or reduced-priced
The absolute solution to the
This program features a series of informa-
tive guides written in conjunction with
taxi ride home to customers in taverns or res-
abuse of alcohol isn't on this page.
prominent authorities on children, family
taurants who have chosen not to drive after
That's a challenge our society as a
counseling, and alcohol research.
drinking. Alert Cab is no substitute for safe
and responsible drinking, but it can add a
whole has before it. We must all
The guides cover everything from the
effects of peer pressure and recognizing
greater margin of safety for these customers
continue to take the problem seri-
and others in the
teenage drinking problems to drinking and
community.
ously, as parents, hosts, friends and
driving and the community resources
citizens.
available to you and your kids. For copies,
just call 1-800-359-TALK.
As a brewer we feel an added
responsibility. The ancient craft we
Family Talk
practice is designed to produce a
About Drinking
beverage of friendship, refreshment
and moderation. We brew beer to be
enjoyed responsibly.
If you have comments or sug-
gestions, please let us hear from you.
I'm Driving
Your Alcohol I.Q.
And please take a few moments to
We support the designated driver concept
This program is designed to educate con-
see if you can play a role in any of
through sponsorship of the "I'm Driving"
sumers about alcohol use in an easy-to-
the programs mentioned here. We'd
program. "I'm Driving" is promoted with
understand, entertaining format. A video
counter cards, table tents, buttons and other
starring "LA Law's" Michael Tucker and Jill
welcome your help.
educational materials. This program is not a
Eikenberry takes the viewer through the
substitute for responsible drinking, but it
truths and myths surrounding alcohol.
We brewour beers
offers a sensible option in potential drunk
Anheuser-Busch has developed this pro-
Driving driving situations.
gram in the belief that education is the best
tool available to encourage responsible con-
to be enjoyed
sumption and reduce abuse. "Your Alcohol
I.Q.' is available as a free rental at 25,000
video outlets around the country.
responsibly.
Anheuser-Busch,Inc.
For more information write: Anheuser-Busch,
Inc. Consumer Awareness and Education, One
Busch Place, St. Louis, MO 63118.
1989, Anheuser-Busch, Inc., St. Louis, Mo.
NEWS YOU CAN USE
A new worry for microwave cooks
HEALTH
Chemicals in plastic packaging may be leaking into your dinner
hen microwave ovens first in-
W
weren't so high as to prompt a recall, but
it on a cookie sheet in a preheated con-
vaded America's kitchens in the
the agency was worried enough to ask
ventional oven for a few minutes to com-
1960s, many people worried
food companies to submit data proving
pensate. Susceptors embedded in pop-
that anyone within cooking distance
their products' safety. The data are due
corn bags are tougher to spot. Look for a
might be zapped by leaking radiation.
by next week, but a ruling isn't likely for
dark area, or call the manufacturer. The
Experience has put those fears to rest.
months. The FDA has not yet studied
only way to avoid any potential risk from
But cooks have new cause for caution:
closely how plastic wraps behave in mi-
a susceptor in a popcorn bag is to search
The containers and the plastic wrapping
crowave ovens. But a 1987 British study
for one of the handful of susceptor-free
used in the microwave.
of one type of wrap showed that DEHA,
brands, such as PopExpress.
Prompted by several preliminary stud-
a chemical used to make some plastic
You won't be able to avoid DEHA or
ies by the Food and Drug Administration
more pliable, leached into microwaved
other plastic-wrap additives by compari-
and independent researchers,
PHOTOS BY TAL McBRIDE FOR USN&WR, COURTESY OF RELIABLE HOME APPLIANCES
son shopping. Virtually all
the consumer-advocate group
manufacturers add some
Center for Science in the Pub-
chemical to microwavable
lic Interest is urging people to
wraps, and they don't list the
avoid certain packaging when
components on the boxes. A
microwaving. The potential
spokeswoman for Reynolds,
villains are chemicals that
maker of Reynolds Plastic
may leak into food from two
Wrap, says the company has
sources: The clingy plastic
heated its microwavable wrap
wrap often used when left-
Print
to destruction and no harmful
overs are reheated and "heat
susceptors," plastic-encased
!!!!
chemicals were produced.
But Reynolds hasn't checked
metal elements included in
E
specifically whether any sub-
packages of foods like pop-
stances migrate into food.
corn and pizza to concentrate
Acetyl tributyl citrate, a
microwave energy for full
chemical in Dow Chemical's
cooking and crisping.
Saran Wrap that works the
Faulty standards? No one
same way as DEHA, is ap-
claims that plastic wrap and
proved by the FDA. But the
susceptors have made anyone
approval dates from the pre-
sick. But at the same time,
microwave 1950s. The chemi-
there have been no rigorous
cal is now under study by the
tests to prove that harmful
same British group that stud-
chemicals from the packaging
ied DEHA.
don't leach into food during
Still, any cling wrap can be
the intense, rapid heating that
Forget the directions. The way to
used safely as long as it
takes place in a microwave
microwave a Pizza For One, says
doesn't touch the food. Barba-
oven. Testing is necessary, ar-
its maker Celeste, is to put the
ra Kafka, author of two mi-
gue the CSPI and the FDA,
pizza on its "heat susceptor" disk,
crowave cookbooks, advises
since there is potential for
left, and place both on the empty
stretching the wrap tightly
harm. Manufacturers of
carton so microwaves travel under
across the container to seal it.
microwavable food and plas-
them. But chemicals from the
That way, heat will be re-
tic wrap insist that their
disk may leach into the crust.
tained and the dish will heat
packaging products are safe
Since plastic wrap may give off
evenly. Before removing the
and that they meet FDA
chemicals, too, it's best to keep
dish from the microwave, she
standards designed to keep el-
the wrap from touching the food.
says, you should poke a hole
ements of packaging out of
or two in the wrap; that way,
the food. But the standards derived from
foods. More DEHA got into fatty foods
the vacuum created when the trapped air
tests in ordinary ovens, not microwaves.
than vegetables, because fat gets especial-
cools and shrinks will not suck the plastic
Some of the materials in the susceptors
ly hot in microwaves. At high concentra-
down onto the food. Reynolds's spokes-
have been shown to be safe when heated
tions, DEHA can cause cancer in mice.
woman suggests cooking the food with a
in conventional ovens to temperatures of
Playing it safe is relatively easy. You
corner of the dish uncovered by the wrap
300 to 350 degrees Fahrenheit. In a mi-
can simply toss out any packaging with
to prevent the sudden escape of potential-
crowave, the metal-and-plastic elements
susceptors, like the pizza-size disks that
ly scalding steam when you take off the
can hit 500 degrees.
come with microwavable pizzas and the
plastic. While the FDA and the food
In the recent FDA tests, in fact, chem-
grey lining of some fish-stick and
industry look for answers, a few changes
ists who tested heat susceptors by
French-fry containers. Cook instead on
in cooking methods are a small price to
microwaving cooking oil in susceptor-
microwave-safe plates, plain paper tow-
pay for the microwave's convenience mi-
lined containers found that chemicals
els or paper plates. Taste will be unaf-
nus the risk.
from the susceptors and their paper
fected, and while the food will be less
backing did leak into the oil. The levels
crisp than otherwise, you can try putting
by Joanne Silberner
U.S.NEWS & WORLD REPORT, April 2, 1990
65
NEWS YOU CAN USE
Sneaking into a country-club fund
INVESTING
A shareholder in a closed mutual fund can get you in the door
C
all them the country-club mutual
agent-the company that handles the
funds. Investors who have managed
trading of shares-specifying that you are
to gain admission enjoy some of the
to be given one or more shares. The letter
fanciest long-term-performance records
must include your name, address and
in the business. But membership is exclu-
Social Security number. The shares will
sive. In fact, the doors have slammed shut.
be automatically transferred to your
At least that's what the managers of
name, and at that point, the account is
superstar funds like FPA Paramount, Se-
O
open and you are free to add to it.
quoia and Windsor would have you be-
Since most funds have rules about
lieve. These funds operate like any fund
except that they have decided, at least
TERRY SMITH FOR USN&WR
how much an investor must maintain in
an account, most likely you will have to
temporarily, to refuse new accounts, an
boost the account's value to at least $500
action any fund can take to avoid grow-
to keep it open. But the minimum ac-
ing too bulky. But closed funds admit
count size may be far smaller than the
reluctantly to a side entrance through
deposit required of an investor coming
which newcomers can sneak-and es-
of stock bargains last year and reopened
in through normal channels. In fact, this
cape the minimum-investment require-
briefly to take in new capital. It was
technique can be used to open accounts
ments to boot: A shareholder transfers a
swamped by $1.1 billion in five months.
at almost any mutual fund with a high
share to you and, presto, you're in.
FPA Paramount, which closed in 1983,
account-opening requirement. Gabelli
The country-club funds aren't thrilled
decided to raise $40 million over the first
Asset Fund, which welcomes new inves-
by the prospect of investors' circumvent-
three months of 1989. Demand was so
tors, will not open a new account with
ing their locks. "I have a better chance to
strong that the fund locked up again
less than $25,000. But a fund official
perform well managing smaller amounts
after just six weeks.
says Gabelli will keep open any account
of money," says FPA Paramount manag-
People whose friends or relatives are
that contains at least $500.
er William Sams, whose growth-and-in-
shareholders should find entree easy.
A sudden influx of new accounts
come fund specializes in stocks of small
One Sequoia Fund investor told U.S.
could conceivably do damage, since
companies. FPA Paramount's 10-year
News that by transferring stock, he has
managers might be forced to invest-larg-
return of 428 percent handily outpaces
opened accounts for his wife, children
er sums than they comfortably can. But
the 336 percent returned on average by
and siblings. Otherwise, your broker, ac-
managers generally agree that the im-
similar funds. Small companies tend to
countant or even your doctor may know
pact of side-door investments is likely to
have fewer shares outstanding, Sams
someone who invests with one of these
be minimal. "Practically speaking, if a
says; he couldn't find enough shares to
funds and would negotiate to transfer
few hundred thousand dollars come into
soak up more massive amounts of money
you a share. Fund companies frown on
the fund, that's not going to affect us,"
and still be so successful.
cash transactions, though they would
says G. Kenneth Heebner, manager of
A reason to bother. With more than
have trouble policing them. An investor
CGM Capital Development, the newly
1,000 stock funds to choose from, why
in an individual retirement account
renamed Loomis-Sayles Capital Devel-
bother with those that don't want you?
won't help you; funds do not allow IRA
opment Fund. Sneaking in the back way
Check their records. Or ask any of the
shares to be transferred.
will be too much trouble for many peo-
investors who scrambled into Windsor
Suppose your choice is Mutual: Shares,
ple. But as Groucho Marx might have
Fund or FPA Paramount when they
a growth-and-income stock fund whose
observed, there's something to be said
briefly reopened in January, 1989.
2,129 percent, 15-year return dwarfs the
for belonging to a club that would refuse
Windsor, a growth-and-income fund
paltry 888 percent average return of simi-
you as a member.
with a total return of 525 percent over
lar funds. Your Mutual: Shares investor
the last 10 years, spotted an abundance
sends a letter to the fund's transfer
by Daniel P. Wiener in New York
PERKS
OF
MEMBERSHIP Each of these mutual funds, now closed to new investors, has trounced the averages over the
long term, though not necessarily year to year. You'll need the help of a current shareholder to gain admission to these
exclusive country-club funds, but a call to the fund should at least yield a prospectus.
Minimum
to open
15-year
10-year
1989
Fund (load status)
Fund category
Phone
account
return
return
return
CGM Capital Development (NL)
(growth)
(800) 345-4048
$1,000
1,571%
624%
17.9%
FPA Paramount (L)
(growth & income)
(800) 421-4374
$1,500
1,456%
428%
22.6%
Mutual: Qualified (NL)
(growth & income)
(800) 448-3863
$1,000
NA
464%
14.5%
Mutual: Shares (NL)
(growth & income)
(800) 448-3863
$5,000
2,129%
447%
14.9%
Sequoia (NL)
(growth)
(212) 245-4500
None
2,663%
499%
27.9%
Vanguard High Yield Stock(NL)
(equity income)
(800) 662-7447
$3,000
1,105%
515%
2.9%
Windsor (NL)
(growth & income)
(800) 662-7447
$10,000
1,802%
525%
15.0%
Standard & Poor's 500 Index
905%
404%
31.6%
Note: NL No load, L= Load, NA=Not available. CGM Capital Development was formerly Loomis-Sayles Capital Development. Some funds allow accounts below minimums.
Mutual: Qualified's 10-year return is since 9/80; Vanguard High Yield Stock's 15-year return is since 12/75.
USN&WR-Basic data: Lipper Analytical Services
66
U.S.NEWS & WORLD REPORT, April 2, 1990
ONLY ONE EXPRESS COMPANY GOESTO
THE 3'x6'CORPORATE MAILROOM.
POST OFFICE
BONES
EXPRESS MAIL
Post office boxes are a fact of life for many small
businesses. Here's another fact: only one express
We Deliver.
OFFICIAL OLYMPIC
company delivers to post office boxes. Only Express
SPONSOR
Mail® service from your post office. $8.75 for up to
8 OZS. Overnight delivery guaranteed.*
Full postage refund if delivery is not attempted by noon. Some restrictions apply. Check with your local Post Office for details. © 1990 USPS 36 USC 380
VITAL
STATISTICS
NEWS YOU CAN USE
RICHARD GAGE-USN&WR
LICENSE
Oscar faces
CAREER QUIZ
Job seekers in certain trades
must prove their proficiency.
1.
Barber
the music
These test questions might
A person with a prominent
be asked of applicants
nose should have a-
in the following
(a) pyramid moustache
A memorable movie tune
occupations-
(b) large moustache
(c) narrow moustache
doesn't always win an Oscar.
(d) small moustache
"As Time Goes By," written
2.
Building contractor
11 years before "Casablan-
What should be painted first when
ca" came out in 1942, was
painting a room?
ineligible because it was not
(a) walls
composed for the movie. On
(b) windowsills
(c) trim and moldings
the other hand, the song Bo-
(d) ceiling
gie couldn't bear to hear
Answers:
3.
Restaurateur, hotelier
would have faced tough com-
7.(c) 8.(d)
The employes of which department
petition. The winner that year
4.(a) 5.(d) 6.(c)
are often in a better position to
was "White Christmas."
1.(b) 2.(d) 3.(d)
embezzle assets than most other
employes?
(a) the accounting department
Here are the most recent
(b) the housekeeping department
Oscar-winning tunes and the
(c) the keting department
movies in which they were
(d) the food and beverage department
performed-
USN&WR-Basic data:
The Book of Tests, by
4. Cosmetologist
1988 Let the River Run, "Working
Allen D. Bragdon,
A proficient manicurist has the necessary
Harper & Row, Inc., ©1989
Girl"
skills to give a manicure within-
1987 The Time of My Life, "Dirty
(a) 30 minutes (c) 5 minutes
Dancing"
630
(b) 60 minutes (d) 10 minutes
1986 Take My Breath Away, "Top
MILES IN THE BANK
bil.
5.
Fashion designer
Gun"
1985 Say You, Say Me, "White Nights"
You could fly to Pluto and back
600 bil.
100 percent silk was first made in-
90 times and not use up all
(a) China
(c) Korea
1984 I Just Called to Say I Love You,
the unclaimed frequent-
(b) Italy
(d) Japan
"The Woman in Red"
1983 Flashdance What a Feeling,
flier miles. Here is the
unclaimed
500 bil.
Travel agent
"Flashdance"
total still unused—
Which of the following flights is
1982 Up Where We Belong, "An
the longest?
Officer and a Gentleman"
and
(a) London to Istanbul
1981 Arthur's Theme, "Arthur"
400 bil.
1980 Fame, "Fame"
earned
(b) Beijing to Shanghai
(c) Los Angeles to Honolulu
1979 It Goes Like It Goes, "Norma
Miles
7.
Florist
Rae"
300 bil.
The most popular flower in Ameri
1978 Last Dance, "Thank God It's
Friday"
(a) violet
(c) rose
(b) carnation
(d) lily
1977 You Light Up My Life, "You Light
Up My Life"
200 bil.
Interior designer
1976 Evergreen, "A Star is Born"
What one element helps to give
1975 I'm Easy, "Nashville"
62
balance to a room?
1974 We May Never Love Like This
bil.
100 bil.
(a) a window on every wall
Again, "The Towering Inferno"
(b) a fireplace
1973 The Way We Were, "The Way
(c) matching wallpaper and draper
We Were"
0
(d) furniture of varied height
1972 The Morning After, "Poseidon
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
Adventure"
USN&WR-Basic data: Frequent Flyer Services; Runzheimer International
Compiled by Jo Ann Tooley
1971 Theme From Shaft, "Shaft"
with Joannie M. Schrof
1970 For All We Know, "Lovers and
Other Strangers"
THE TAPE'S THE THING
1969 Raindrops Keep Fallin' on My
Head, "Butch Cassidy and the
Sundance Kid"
Huge hits like
1968 The Windmills of Your Mind,
52
84
"Batman" and "Lethal
110
"The Thomas Crown Affair"
mil.
mil.
mil.
135
1967 Talk to the Animals, "Doctor
Weapon" made 1989 a boom
mil.
200
year for prerecorded
22
mil.
Dolittle"
1966 Born Free, "Born Free"
videocassettes, but blanks
9.5
1965 The Shadow of Your Smile,
dropped by 20 million.
THE
1985
1986
1987
"The Sandpiper"
Here are figures for
mil.
1984
1988
1989
1964 Chim Chim Cher-ee, "Mary
the last decade
Poppins"
5.5il.
mil.
1983
109
182
1963 Call Me Irresponsible, "Papa's
280
1982
57
mil.
mil.
mil.
340
Delicate Condition"
the
mil.
300
1962 Days of Wine and Roses, "Days
Time
1984
1985
1986
mil.
Prerecorded
1981
280
of Wine and Roses"
cassettes sold
THE
1983
1987
1988
mil.
1961 Moon River, "Breakfast at
Tiffany's"
1980
THE
1982
1989
1960 Never on Sunday, "Never on
15
1861
Sunday"
Blank
1959 High Hopes, "A Hole in the
cassettes sold
0861
Head"
USN&WR-Basic data: Academy of Motion Picture
USN&WR-
Arts and Sciences
Note: Prerecorded videocassettes are those sold to
Basic data:
U.S. dealers; blank cassettes are those sold to consumers.
Industry sources
68
U.S.NEWS & WORLD REPORT, April 2, 1990
ON APRIL 1ST,
WE'RE GOING
TO HIT YOU
RIGHT WHERE
YOU LIVE.
CNBC, the only cable network dedicated to consumers, and U.S.News & World Report present
a special one-hour program, "The 1990 Homeowner's Guide." This program will offer practical
information on buying, selling, financing, home technology and much more.
Don't miss this first in a series of CNBC-U.S.News specials. And be sure to read all about the latest
trends in real estate in the April 9 issue of U.S.News. At last, news you can watch, read and use.
U.S.News
crbc
Consumer News & Business Channel
To order a videocassette of "The 1990 Homeowner's Guide," call 1-800-228-2210.
Please have your credit card ready when you call. The cost is only $14.95 (plus $1.95 for postage and handling). Allow 4-6 weeks for shipping. © 1990 CNBC
What's The Skinny
On Beef?
W ll that word ord ord on it. The
on fat is less.
Less at the ranch and less in
the meat market. Which is
Before
After
remarkably good news for every-
MEANWHILE BACK ATTHE RANCH.
one who thought all they had to
We haven't exactly been staring at the sagebrush while the rest of
look forward to was poached
the world ran to aerobics class. Leaner breeding, skinnier feeding
blowfish. So start the charcoal
and closer trimming are making things definitely
or light the broiler. Because
okay at the corral.
now, eating skinny doesn't
mean you have to starve.
(30Z)
302
MODERATION IN ALL THINGS.
OF CALORIES AND CRAVINGS.
Beef, chicken or fish, the suggested serving size is 3-ounces,
A lean, trimmed 3-ounce serving of beef averages just
cooked. Raw, just think of a quarter pound of lean beef
200 calories. Some cuts have even fewer. Just check out
per person. Then think teriyaki, fajitas, kabobs, satays
the "Skinniest Six" below.
SKINNY BEEF SALAD.
For a salad you won't wish was
something else, toss in a few
strips of tender sirloin along
with the green stuff. P.S. It also
works with leftovers.
BEEF
Figures are for
3-ounce
servings,
cooked and
trimmed. *
© 1988 Beef
Industry
Counciland
Beef Board
Beef.
ROUND TIP
TOP LOIN
TOP ROUND
EYE OF ROUND
TENDERLOIN
SIRLOIN
6.4 gms total fat*
7.6 gms total fat*
5.3 gms total fat*
Real Food For Real People.
5.5 gms total fat*
7.9 gms total fat*
7.4 gms total fat*
(2.3 gms sat. fat)
(3.0 gms sat. fat)
(1.8 gms sat. fat)
(2. 1 gms sat. fat)
(3. 1 gms sat. fat)
(3.0 gms sat. fat)
162 calories
172 calories
162 calories
155 calories
174 calories
177 calories
Source: U.S.D.A. Handbook No. 8-13
NEWS YOU CAN USE
FREEWHEELING RENTAL-CAR DEALS
To compete for vacationers, Hertz Rent-A-
being done only at Boston's Children's
Car now offers unlimited free mileage.
Hospital, Toronto's Hospital for Sick
Before, drivers got the first 100 miles a
Children, the University of Nebraska
day free; additional miles cost 30 to 32
Medical Center in Omaha, Yale-New Haven
cents. But check other companies before
Hospital and Texas Children's Hospital in
rushing to Hertz. Virtually all agencies
Houston. Kids are typically out of the
offer free mileage in Florida and Hawaii.
hospital in one or two days.
Alamo drivers get free mileage everywhere.
Many Dollar, Thrifty and Avis branches
COQ AU VIN TO GO
offer free mileage at times, often for
Fans of take-out fare tired of Chinese
weekly rentals. The Hertz offer doesn't
food and pizza can now dial out for more-
apply to business travelers and others
varied treats. Delivery services have
with already discounted rates, and cars
joined with restaurants in major cities to
must be booked at least a day ahead and
offer stay-at-home customers many of the
returned to the same rental office.
restaurants' entrees for an extra $3 to $6
Since rental firms grant at least 75
per delivery. Look for these firms under
free daily miles anyway, drivers who won't
"caterers" in the Yellow Pages.
exceed that should seek the best rate. A
Companies like Waiters on Wheels in San
compact car for a week in Boston this
Francisco, (415) 252-1470, Restaurant
June, for example, would cost $118 at
Express in Newport Beach, Calif., (714)
Avis, $145 at Hertz and $160 at Alamo;
833-1872, and Entree Express in Boise,
none charges for mileage. The same car in
Idaho, (208) 336-4545, generally handle
Los Angeles would run $159 at Avis, $149
dinner orders only. Customers select from
at Hertz and $140 at Alamo. Advance
collections of restaurant menus; orders
reservations make a difference, too. This
are then faxed to the restaurants. A
July in Orlando, National is charging $119
minimum order is usually $10 to $15, and
for a compact car reserved two weeks
you pay by cash or credit card. Some
ahead, or $129 for a reservation made one
companies provide complimentary extras:
week in advance.
Room Service in Chicago, (312) 707-9300,
offers disposable utensils, plates and
FIXING HOLES IN KIDS' HEARTS
napkins, and the soon-to-open VaRoom
About 2,500 U.S. children a year are born
Service in Washington, D.C., (202) 337-
with a hole between the upper chambers of
3463, adds a carnation and newspaper.
the heart that lets oxygen-rich blood from
the lungs leak back into the heart instead
ENDNOTES
of flowing to the body. Because the heart
"A Chorus Line," Broadway's longest-
must work harder, the child feels
running show, is nearing its final curtain
fatigued, and increased blood flow back to
after 15 years. The last performance at
the lungs can damage them. Until recently,
the Shubert Theatre will be Saturday,
closing the hole meant surgery before age
April 28. Tele-charge, (212) 239-6200,
5 and a week's hospital stay. Now, doctors
still has $40 to $50 orchestra, mezzanine
have begun using a simpler procedure. By
and balcony seats available. Some half-
snaking a small tube up through an artery
price tickets may also be found on
or vein in the leg and into the heart,
performance day at TKTS, a discount-ticket
they can move a tiny Dacron-and-steel
booth at Broadway and 47th Street.
device to the site and open it,
The U.S. Department of Education is
umbrellalike, to cover the hole. Tension
giving a break to scofflaws in an effort
springs hold the plug in place while
to recoup some of the $7 billion due on
tissue grows around it in about six weeks.
defaulted student loans. Anyone in default
The technique has been effective in
as of Dec. 19, 1989, who pays the full
nearly all the 120 or SO procedures
amount owed by Aug. 31, 1990, can ignore
performed to date. A potential risk is
all penalty, collection or finance charges
that the device will move and block or
assessed on the loan through the end of
rupture a blood vessel or heart valve. In
August. Call (800) 333-INFO.
four cases so far, the umbrella couldn't
cover the hole, which was then closed
by Francesca Lunzer Kritz
surgically. For now, the procedure is
with Lisa J. Moore and Sharon F. Golden
U.S.NEWS & WORLD REPORT, April 2, 1990
71
EDITORIAL PAGE
by MORTIMER B. ZUCKERMAN
Editor-in-Chief
PAST FEARS, FUTURE CONCERNS
G
erman unity, unthinkable such a short time
the nuclear club closed-how, in short, to keep
ago, is now inevitable. And quickly so. The
the peace? German neutralism isn't the answer.
West, remembering Germany's bloody history in
No American, European or Soviet leader can dis-
this century, finds itself ambivalent. As François
regard the lessons of history-that in this century,
Mauriac put it, "I love Germany so much, I am
two world wars grew out of Germany's attempt to
happy there are two of them."
pursue a purely national policy in the center of the
Fear of One Germany seems to me a bit over-
Continent. A neutral, self-absorbed Germany
done. West Germany, after all, is a strong democ-
would become once again the focus of Western
racy; East Germans, with a kind of justifiable
suspicions and Soviet fear and would enhance the
arson, have set the torch to the totalitarian state.
risks of conflict. A German decision for neutrality
It follows that a united Germany, in theory,
would not be a decision to stay out of the declin-
should share our Western values and alliances.
ing conflict between East and West, but a decision
Moreover, unification carries the special benefit of
to operate as rival to both.
removing the most dangerous flash points in East-
The safest solution for everyone is a united
West tension, the border between East
Germany whose foreign policy is tied to
and West Germany and the Commu-
Western Europe, whose economic fu-
nist control of access to West Berlin.
ture is integrated in the European Com-
So why does concern hover in the
munity and whose military power and
background? The lingering fear is that
security derive from a NATO that seeks
an economically powerful Germany,
stability at the lowest levels of military
even if democratic, might succumb to
force. In this context, East Germany
arrogant nationalism, turning away
must remain demilitarized. New arms
from its Western neighbors, the Euro-
agreements between Moscow and
pean Community and the Atlantic Alli-
Washington must be negotiated with
ance. Possible indifference to the EC
the objective of dissolving the long-held
draws upon the substantial resentment
concern of a short-warning, conven-
of the burdens involved in supporting
tional-arms attack on Western Europe
the new Europe from a new generation in Germany
by Soviet forces. We must not forget that the Soviet
that has come to see freedom and prosperity as part
Union remains the strongest power in Europe, with
of the natural order. Its members have no memory
the largest army and with nuclear weapons, and for
of World War II, the Marshall Plan, the Berlin
the foreseeable future will remain a potentially
Airlift. Nor do they place as high a value as their
hostile power that can be balanced only by the U.S.
parents on the long-term Western commitments
A U.S. presence in Europe-indeed, in Germa-
that have kept the Soviets at bay and provided the
ny-is still vital to reassure Europeans that Ameri-
foundation for economic growth.
can muscle would be there to sustain the new
It is crucial, then, that we underline for them
system, whether threatened by a resurgent Berlin or
the major benefits of an association with the West.
a bellicose Moscow. Whatever the ultimate balance
The great bulk, approximately 70 percent, of the
of conventional forces, some American nuclear
export-dominated German economy goes to the
presence must be retained in Europe, for history has
European Community and the European Free
taught us that conventional weapons cannot be
Trade Association. Another chunk goes to Ameri-
relied upon to deter war, even though opposing
ca. These markets will remain Germany's largest
forces may appear roughly equal. To pull back U.S.
even if the percentages narrow as a result of the
nuclear weapons to American soil or to the sea is no
economic revival of Eastern Europe and the Sovi-
answer, for distant deterrence would lack the credi-
et Union. The economic future is West, not East.
bility necessary to ensure peace. Out of duty and
The bigger challenges to the West and to the
self-interest, America must remain in Europe until
new Germany may be geopolitical: How to guar-
neither a unified Germany nor a disunited Soviet
antee the current borders of Europe, how to keep
Union could conceivably be a menace to anyone.
72
U.S.NEWS & WORLD REPORT, April 2, 1990
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a
U.S. News
RESEARCH 111
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