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National Academy of Sciences 4/24/90 [OA 8311] [2]
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National Academy of Sciences 4/24/90 [OA 8311] [2]
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Speech Backup Chronological Files
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This is not a textual record. This is used as an
administrative marker by the George Bush Presidential
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Speechwriting, White House Office of
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13715-008
Folder Title:
National Academy of Sciences 4/24/90 [OA 8311] [2]
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26
20
5
3
NATIONA
OF SCIEN
NOIE
AF
El
V
3
NATIONALRESE TIONAL RESE RCHICOVNCIL
NATIONAL ACAD MYOPSCIENCES
The cover: Members of the National Academy of Sciences at the
61st Annual Meeting, April 27-29, 1925. George Ellery Hale
appears to the left of the middle fold, holding a sheaf of papers.
Gano Dunn is to the right of the middle fold, in the middle row,
immediately below the herm lamp.
Title page: Herm-footed lamp; front terrace of Academy. It was
Dunn, speaking at the dedication of the building on April 28, 1924,
who called the Academy building a temple dedicated to science.
NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL
a temple of Science
INTRODUCTION
"A national focus of science and research
" Thus
Certainly, acquiring a headquarters in the nation's
George Ellery Hale, distinguished scientist and
capital enabled the Academy, through the National
Foreign Secretary of the National Academy of Sci-
Research Council, to play an ever more significant role
ences, described his hopes for the Academy. Hale was
in the nation's scientific life. The institution has suc-
the animating spirit behind the drive to build a home
ceeded in enlisting the finest American scientific minds
for the Academy. He propelled his vision toward real-
of the century in fulfilling its mandate to advise the
ity, as earlier he had spurred the creation of the Na-
government on science and technology policy. The
tional Research Council, through which the Academy
Academy complex-National Academy of Sciences,
provided scientific advice to the government.
National Academy of Engineering, Institute of
The National Academy of Sciences was chartered
Medicine, and National Research Council-is unique
by Congress in 1863 as an honorific society. For the
among the world's science academies in the broad scope
first half century of its history, the Academy conducted
of services it renders to our nation's Executive Branch
its activities in borrowed quarters. During World War
and to the Congress. In addition, Academy studies
I, the federal government markedly increased its reliance
and reports are influential in the private sector and in
on the Academy for advice on matters scientific and
the international sphere as well.
technical. In 1916, with the founding of the Academy's
We warmly welcome visitors to the Academy build-
affiliate, the National Research Council, the need for a
ing. Our members and staff hope that the visitor not
permanent home became urgent.
only will derive interest and pleasure from learning
Hale, whose remarkable energies equalled his stun-
about this handsome structure, but also will be stimu-
ning intellect, spearheaded a fund-raising campaign for
lated to become better acquainted with the important
the building; engaged Bertram Grosvenor Goodhue, a
work conducted in this "temple of science."
leading American architect; agonized over myriad de-
tails during construction of the building; and even
contributed to the motto destined to be inscribed in the
dome of the Academy's Great Hall: To science, pilot of
TrankPress
industry, conqueror of disease, multiplier of the harvest,
explorer of the universe, revealer of nature's laws, eternal
FRANK PRESS
guide to truth.
President
In 1924, Goodhue's neoclassic building on the mall
National Academy of Sciences
in Washington, D.C., was dedicated before an as-
semblage of the leading scientific and political figures of
the day. President Calvin Coolidge, delivering the
principal address, declared that the "magnificent build-
ing now being dedicated to science predicts a new day
in scientific research."
3
ORIGINS
Before the building was the site; and before the site, a
canal, an estuary, stream, tidal flats, marshes. In the
ashington, D.C.
1790s, when Pierre L'Enfant was drafting his grand
scheme for the city of Washington-and for a century
GEORGETOWN
thereafter- - the Potomac River wandered unrestricted
along Foggy Bottom. It swung widely around the high
WHITE
HOUSE
-
land now known as 23rd and C Streets, N.W., a
NATIONAL
ACADEMY OF
SCIENCES
block west of the Academy, and flowed east to the foot
LINCOLN
THE MALL
S.\CAPITOL
of the White House grounds, where at one time it
MEMORIAL
WASHINGTON
MONUMENT
provided easy access for President John Quincy
Basin
Adams, an enthusiastic bather.
JEFFERSON
MEMORIAL
In the 1850s, a person standing at the site of the
Academy's main entrance could enjoy a pleasant vista
across marshes and flats to the Potomac, almost as far
I
Channel
downriver as Alexandria, Virginia. Sailing vessels
might be seen in the distance, tacking upstream toward
the docks on the Anacostia River, where the presence
PRESENT SHORELINE
of deep water close to shore supported the vision of
JHORELINE IN
Washington as a major inland river port as well as
THE LATE 1700s
capital city. In the immediate foreground, literally cros-
sing the Academy's present front lawn, humbler ship-
ping might be observed-perhaps a slow-moving
barge traversing the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal. In
those days, the canal curved down from Georgetown
arrangement that lasted for more than 50 years. As an
paralleling the bend of the river, passing what is now
occupant of L'Enfant's projected Mall, Henry prodded
Constitution Avenue, as far as 17th Street, N. W.,
reluctant federal administrations to fill in the canals,
where a small tollhouse remains to this day.
perfect the roads, and drain the marshes. Although
In 1863, when an act of Congress incorporated the
progress was slow, he was instrumental in the unfolding
National Academy of Sciences, marshes and tidal
plan that in time produced the Mall as we know it,
waters rimmed the rise of ground where the half-
including the land on which the permanent home of the
finished Washington Monument stood. Nearby, Joseph
National Academy would rise.
Henry presided over the Smithsonian Institution as its
first secretary. A charter member of the National
Academy of Sciences, Henry invited the fledgling sci-
entific group to shelter under his institutional roof, an
4
1883
A view of Foggy Bottom, Georgetown, and the Potomac River,
taken from the top of the Washington Monument in 1885. The
Academy site is just above the large pool of water in the left of the
photograph.
RECOGNITION OF NEED
During the more than 50 years that the Academy
off Upper Water Street, and the building site was
resided at the Smithsonian, quite a few members
squared to B Street, renamed Constitution Avenue in
looked forward to the time when the Academy would
1931.
have its own building, "the home of science in
The Carnegie Corporation set aside $5,000,000
America." At the close of World War I, necessity
for the Academy and NRC endowment, with
spurred this hope. The need for enlarged quarters to
$1,350,000 thereof available for construction of a
house the Academy and the newly created National
building. The ultimate cost of the building, met by
Research Council (NRC) became urgent. The NRC,
transfers from the endowment, was $1,450,000.
formed in 1916 as an entity of the Academy,
Ground was broken the first week of July 1922; the
broadened the Academy's role as adviser to the gov-
cornerstone was laid on October 30. Construction was
ernment and in the war-preparedness effort. It pro-
completed just in time for the building's dedication at
vided a framework within which governmental, edu-
the Academy's annual meeting, on April 28, 1924.
cational, industrial, and other research organizations
could cooperate to attack scientific problems.
Central to the creation of the NRC were George
Ellery Hale, a noted solar physicist and leading spirit
of the Academy and Robert A. Millikan, distin-
guished physicist and educational leader. Largely
through their efforts, on May 11, 1918, President
Woodrow Wilson signed an Executive Order, request-
ing the National Academy of Sciences "to perpetuate
the National Research Council.
1
Hale became chairman of an Academy building
committee, succeeded later by the engineer Gano
Dunn. In 1919, the Carnegie Corporation of New
York agreed to contribute funds for construction of a
building, plus an endowment, if the Academy could
secure a building site. Thus encouraged, the Academy
raised money for purchase of a tract of land near the
new Lincoln Memorial in Potomac Park. The site,
costing about $185,000 and measuring 531 by 422
feet, was bounded on the north by C Street, by 21st
and 22nd Streets on the east and west, and cutting
diagonally across its southern boundary, by Upper
Water Street. Subsequently, an act of Congress closed
6
THE ARCHITECT
John Ruskin's criteria for architects, if rigidly en-
forced, might decimate the profession. "No person
who is not a great sculptor or painter can be an
architect," Ruskin wrote. "If he is not a sculptor or
painter, he can only be a builder."
Bertram Grosvenor Goodhue (1869-1924), ar-
chitect of the Academy building, recognized these
criteria. Writing to his friend, the architect Paul Cret,
Goodhue said:
I should like to be merely one of the three people to
produce a building, i.e. architect, painter, sculptor
I should like to do the plan and the massing of
the building; then
turn the ornament (whether
sculpture or not makes no difference) over to a
perfectly qualified sculptor, and the color and
surface direction (mural pictures or not as the case
may be) to an equally qualified painter.
Medallion, bronze front doors.
This division of artistic labor was followed in the
Academy building, which is ornamented by the subtle
and beautiful sculpture of Lee Lawrie, with whom
Goodhue had worked on numerous projects, and the
without distinction in itself beyond the fact that it lies
paintings of Albert Herter and muralist Hildreth
within a thousand feet or so of the Lincoln Memorial."
Meiere.
Richard Oliver, Goodhue's biographer, called the
Goodhue's design of the Academy building was his
choice of the site "brilliant for the Academy and its
one great venture into the field of classical architecture,
future
(insuring) that the Academy would share
as he preferred freer styles, particularly Gothic and
symbolically and physically the imperial composition of
Spanish-Colonial.² Discussions with him took place
the city of Washington."
over a period of a few years, while the Academy went
Proximity to the Lincoln Memorial made use of a
about the business of acquiring a site. Goodhue was
classical style inevitable for the Academy building, and
not overly enthusiastic about the final choice, preferring
for a time Goodhue urged the Building Committee to
a hilly location on 16th Street that the Academy at one
find an architect who did not share his anticlassical
time had considered. Of the land in Foggy Bottom he
prejudices. George Ellery Hale persisted, however.
wrote, "Though bare and uninteresting at present, this
He had engaged Goodhue to design the campus of the
is capable of beautiful and effective treatment, though
California Institute of Technology, of which Hale was
7
president, and he had come to value the architect's
modern and scientific set of clients." Later, Hale was
work highly. Hale wrote,
to speak of how he and Goodhue sought to create a
monumental but unpretentious building that would not
I felt that if his interest in the problem could once be
detract from the Lincoln Memorial.
aroused, a distinct contribution to architecture
The Academy proved to be the last of his works
would almost certainly result. Yielding at last, and
Goodhue saw through to completion, as he died in
discarding from the outset the customary long row of
1924, only a few days before the Academy building
columns "supporting nothing but the cornice," he set
was to be dedicated. He was 55 years old-an
himself the task of developing a facade of extreme
American Institute of Architects Gold Medalist-just
simplicity and refinement, relieved only by Lawrie's
coming of age in an architectural career of outstanding
superb bronzes and by sparse and delicate stone
achievement. The rank of the Academy in the
cutting.
catalogue of Goodhue's work may be judged by its
Goodhue saw his task as "producing a modern and
inclusion among the bas relief images of his greatest
scientific building, built with modern and scientific
buildings carved on his tomb in the Church of the
materials, by modern and scientific methods for a
Intercession, New York City.³
8
national academy
Washington
sapri
Bertrant
Construction of the building, April 1923, facing northeast;
the Great Hall in the foreground.
Opposite: Architect's rendering of proposed facade. Goodhue re-
tained the basic design, modifying window treatment and other
details.
9
01
background.
View facing south from C Street, 1924, with Lincoln Memorial in
THE SETTING
THE GROUNDS
The Federal Commission of Fine Arts considered the
Charles Downing Lay, a landscape architect, drew up
northern side of B Street, N.W. (now Constitution
the original plans for the Academy grounds in 1924.
Avenue), between 17th and 23rd Streets, N. W., as
Soulangeana magnolias banked the building's front ter-
the "frame" for the Lincoln Memorial, which had been
race, Lombardy poplars lined the entrance walk, and
dedicated on Memorial Day, 1922. Designs for all
American hollies provided color in winter. The overall
buildings in that area were to respect this relationship.
grounds plan has been considerably modified over the
The concept of the Mall included the Capitol, repre-
years; the hollies still thrive, along with some oaks,
senting all the people; the Washington Monument, a
elms, and European beeches from Lay's plan, but newer
reminder of the fight for independence; the memorial to
Soulangeana have replaced the originals and English
Lincoln, who preserved the Union; and the Arlington
boxwood has long since been substituted for the pop-
Memorial bridge to Virginia, symbolizing the resolve
lars. Today, hundreds of varieties of trees, shrubs, and
to maintain ties of brotherhood among all the states.
flowers adorn the grounds, and new plantings are fre-
The first building constructed in the "frame," the
quently added.4
Academy was conceived by Goodhue as "a central
The topography of the land, inclining gradually
pavilion in a small but heavily wooded park." Between
upward from Constitution Avenue to C Street, sug-
1924 and 1937, Constitution Avenue acquired the Pan
gested to Goodhue the placement of three rectangular
American Union Annex and buildings of the Public
reflecting pools in stepped areas on the walkway lead-
Health Service (now occupied by the Department of
ing to the building's main entrance. Lined with eight-
the Interior), the Federal Reserve Board, the
inch-square turquoise-hued tiles, the pools were
Academy, and the American Pharmaceutical Associa-
stocked by the U.S. Bureau of Fisheries with succes-
tion. Tour guides often identified the neighboring Pub-
sive generations of exotic fish. The cost of repairing the
lic Health Service, Federal Reserve, and Academy as
pools eventually proved prohibitive; in 1951 the tile was
"Healthy, Wealthy, and Wise."
removed, and the areas were adapted for use as planters.
11
DESCRIPTION OF THE BUILDING
The general character of Goodhue's three-story build-
Alexandrian civilization and practically nothing at all
ing, viewed from the Constitution Avenue side, is in
of its architectural style is known, so perhaps it is safe
harmony with other Washington buildings constructed
to class the National Academy-Research Council
before prestressed concrete. Tending toward neoclassi-
building as Alexandrian." The interior decor is eclec-
cism, the building, however, is free of the rows of
tic but verges toward the art deco mode popular when
columns usually associated with neoclassical architec-
the building was designed.
ture in the nation's capital. Goodhue himself thought it
From a structural standpoint, the building site was
was impossible to date the style of the building and
somewhat unfavorable, as it comprised an old stream
called it Alexandrian, referring to the period (300
bed, covered over years earlier when the tidal flats were
B.C.-400 A.D.) when Greek literature and learning
filled in. The foundations required special precautions
centered at ancient Alexandria, Egypt, site of the
-74 concrete piers, 5 feet square, sunk to bedrock,
famed Library and Museum. Concerning this appella-
23 to 25 feet deep, support the girders holding up the
tion, Gano Dunn wryly remarked, "Little enough of
walls. The girders bearing the terrace rest on 33 large
concrete-filled steel tubes.
Many different-sized stone courses of ashlar
masonry are arrayed to form the exterior walls. The
courses are recessed to form a "battered" wall, where
the masonry is not exactly plumb, but slightly set back,
in this case about one-quarter of an inch per foot.
Battering, a classical Greek practice, creates a sense of
monumentality. This construction is easily seen in the
west exterior wall of the auditorium (which follows the
original building in style), where from bottom to top
the marble blocks are increasingly indented from the
edge of the brick sustaining wall.
Building facade showing original pools.
12
THE FACADE
A frontal view of the building readily reveals the
marble, supply the white portion of the color scheme.
architect's green and white color scheme. The luxuriant
Gleaming Vermont Imperial Danby was used for the
shrubbery of the semiformal garden counterpoints the
wings and auditorium, because by the time they were
facade's copper ornamentation. The broad, inviting
added, deposits of New York Dover, with its high
terrace with its comfortable wrap-around bench, and
magnesium content, had been quarried to exhaustion
the building walls, of warm-toned New York Dover
during World War II. Magnesium-bearing crystals are
Copper cheneau with lynx and owl motif.
13
still clearly visible to the visitor to the Academy's main
terrace who takes a moment to search for them.
From roofline to terrace, beautiful decorative detail
is exhibited on the building's 260-foot facade. The
eaves are capped with a copper crest, or cheneau,
composed of alternate deep relief figures of the owl and
the lynx, symbolizing wisdom and alert observation,
with at each corner a coiled serpent-another ancient
symbol of wisdom and an object of veneration. A
cornice runs the width of the building, and below it a
frieze bears a quotation in Greek from Aristotle.
Translated, it reads:
The search for Truth is in one way hard and in
another easy. For it is evident that no one can master
it fully nor miss it wholly. But each adds a little to
our knowledge of Nature, and from all the facts
assembled there arises a certain grandeur.
Metaphysics a. 1. 993a30-993b4
Below the frieze the architrave is supported somewhat
Snake motif at corner of cheneau.
untraditionally by pilasters carved in the face of the
stones.
Flanking the building entrance is a pair of footed
herm lamps in the form of female heads crowned by the
symbols for fire, water, air, and earth.
14
THE WINDOW PANELS
Six large bronze panels fill the space between the first-
alternating from side to side of the main entrance out to
and second-floor windows. The panels depict the
the ends of the building.
progress of science from Greek to modern times by
The cornerstone, at the southwest corner of the
portraying a succession of the great founders, each
building, is identified by the initials of the Academy
accompanied by a symbol of his field of work. From
and the National Research Council. It harbors a box
the west end of the building the figures are: Galton,
of mementos, including photographs of the act of in-
Gibbs, Von Helmholtz, Darwin, Lyell, Faraday; Von
corporation of the Academy; a history of the
Humboldt, Dalton, Lamarck, Watt, Franklin,
Academy's first 50 years; Woodrow Wilson's executive
Huygens; Galileo, da Vinci, Hipparchus, Euclid,
order perpetuating the NRC; a miscellany of NAS
Democritus, Thales; Hippocrates, Aristotle, Ar-
and NRC publications; and a copy of Scribner's maga-
chimedes, Copernicus, Vesalius, Harvey; Descartes,
zine for November 1922, with an article by George
Newton, Linneaus, Lavoisier, Laplace, Cuvier,
Ellery Hale entitled "A National Focus of Science and
Gauss; Carnot, Bernard, Joule, Pasteur, Mendel,
Research."
Maxwell. They are arranged roughly chronologically,
GAL
LEONARDO HIPPARCHVS
EVOLID
DEMORITVS
THAL ES
LEO
Bronze window panel; Constitution Avenue facade.
15
Bronze doors, marble
cornice; Constitution Avenue
facade.
Opposite: One of eight
panels depicting famous men
of science; front doors.
THEM
mail
MI are
HIM *noth
11 il " If Little
16
THE DOORS
The building's central entrance on Constitution Av-
enue, focal point of the facade, adheres to the Greek
style. Massive bronze sliding doors are Lee Lawrie's
masterwork for the building.
Lawrie (1877-1963) has been called the dean of
American architectural sculptors. Many of his finest
works were done in collaboration with Goodhue, with
whom he was philosophically attuned in believing that
sculpture should be integral to the architecture of a
building and not merely applied as decoration.⁵ "The
history, lore, and contemporary role of science" was the
FWTON
theme chosen by Goodhue for all the decorative ele-
ments found in the Academy building. Nowhere is this
more apparent than in Lawrie's magnificently embossed
doors with their eight panels in low relief, each depict-
ing a major figure in science from Aristotle to Pasteur.
Constructed in the antique manner- of cast plates
overlaid on a wooden core-from top to bottom (left
to right when one faces the building) the doors show the
philosopher Aristotle with his pupil Alexander the
Great; another famous teacher, Euclid, the father of
geometry; astronomer, mathematician, and physicist
Galileo holding a telescope and pointing heavenward
with Venice's St. Mark's Cathedral and the Campanile
in the background; Newton, the mathematician, perus-
whom allude to the search for knowledge. They include
ing a scroll, behind him a design suggesting gravita-
the philosopher Confucius astride a deer, Hammurabi
tional forces; the geologist Lyell examining a rock;
the law-giver, Emperor Charlemagne, the Zoroastrian
Darwin, the naturalist, contemplating a skull-in the
deity Ahura Mazda, Romulus and Remus suckled by
background a totem symbolizing evolution, a silhouet-
the wolf, Hercules battling his enemies, Roman and
ted mastodon, and the owl of wisdom; the engineer
Norse ships, a bison with corn, the owl of wisdom, an
Watt with fly wheel and gears recalling the invention of
elephant, a camel, and a janiform head of Lawrie and
the condensing steam engine; and Pasteur with mi-
Goodhue dated 1923, the year the doors were cast.
croscope and books, saluting Asclepius, the Greek god
Smaller medallions portray Diana, Perseus with the
of medicine. Surrounding the main panels a series of
head of the Gorgon Medusa, the centaur Chiron,
medallions portray real and mythological figures, all of
Oedipus questioned by the Sphinx, Apollo slaying the
17
Prometheus, small medallion; front doors.
Confucius, secondary medallion; front doors.
Opposite: One of eight major panels on front doors.
serpent, Vulcan, Sisyphus, Icarus and Daedalus,
Across the top of the doorway, in a marble pedi-
Icarus falling, Atlas, Orpheus, Athena, Prometheus,
ment, an allegory of the evolution of life presents scien-
Hercules wrestling the lion, a truncated Nike of
tific subjects-earth, sky, water, prehistoric creatures
Samothrace, and Greek athletes. Designs based on
- and also the mythological unicorn. Owls peer from
botanical themes, rosettes, and mythological beasts fill
the pediment's corners. At the apex, the sun, source of
the spaces between these medallions. (The doors,
light and energy, serves as background to a hand
usually out of sight in their side apertures, may be seen
holding the figure of a man. Rosettes, the Greek key,
after 4:30 p.m. on Saturdays, and all day on Sundays
and foliage decorate the carved stone doorway lintel
- -when the building is closed - or upon request.)
and jambs.
18
-
Bronze and glass screens;
foyer entrance to Great
Hall.
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20
THE MAIN FOYER
Inside the building the green and white color scheme of
glass grilles bearing the signs of the zodiac, scientific
the exterior continues. The main doorway opens on a
symbols to the ancients, screen the foyer at both ends; a
simple neoclassical vestibule and reception foyer with
silver vine design decorates the mahogany ceiling. Four
walls of creamy Lens stone, a fossil-rich limestone from
bronze lamps, similar in design to the bowls in which
the region of Caen, France. Green painted bronze and
vestal virgins carried fire, illuminate the foyer.
Detail, bronze doorknob;
foyer entrance to library.
21
Great Hall, facing north;
Prometheus Mural.
Opposite: Tile medallion;
pendentive, Great Hall.
NAIVRES
22
THE GREAT HALL
Nothing in the design or scale of the foyer prepares the
visitor for the grandeur and colorful decoration of the
Great Hall, which opens from the foyer. The Great
Hall measures 64 feet square and rises to a height of 56
feet at the apex of the dome. Designed as the building's
central feature, it served as an auditorium until comple-
tion of the auditorium wing in 1970.
Hildreth Meiere's (1893-1961) emblematic figures
and inscriptions, brilliantly painted on gessoed tiles
which adorn the dome, give full expression to the
architect's intention of creating a "temple of science."
Meiere's adaptability and willingness to experiment in
various media made her a frequent and valuable col-
laborator for Goodhue. When Goodhue's idea of
painting the tile on the Academy dome did not yield the
desired effect, Meiere tried an innovative technique-
gesso on tile to a depth of about one-half inch. The
material, applied hot and by hand, provides a textured
surface.⁶
Cruciform in shape, the Great Hall is vaulted and
supports a central dome on pendentives which are
decorated by female figures representing earth, air, fire,
and water- - the four elements of the ancient Greeks.
quence moving. Below this band the dome divides into
(Pendentives are triangular sections of a sphere that
eight radial panels. Each contains a figure symbolizing
permit transition from a rectangular ground plan to a
one of the principal divisions of science accompanied
circular dome.) Adjacent to each figure, three small
by two smaller emblems. Beginning with the panel
circles contain objects reflecting practical ways these
immediately over the north wall facing the room's
elements have been harnessed for humanity's use: Earth
entrance and moving counterclockwise are found: An-
-level with pendulum bob, compass, plowshare; Air-
thropology, with early man and the Roman Caesar;
bellows, sailboat, windmill; Fire-candle, teapot, kiln;
Geology, with axe, pick, and trilobite fossil; Chemistry,
and Water-well, water wheel, and a figure represent-
with retort on tripod, test tube, and burner; Astronomy,
ing water's three stages (vapor, liquid, and ice).
with sextant, planet, and stars; Physics, with magnet
At the apex of the dome a conventionalized sun is
and air pump; Mathematics, with abacus and diagram
encircled by symbols of the eight planets⁷ and the
of the Pythagorean theorem; Botany, with peas and
inscription: Ages and cycles of nature in ceaseless se-
sunflower; and Zoology, with zebra and starfish.
23
OF
Code B CHEM EVAVA
C HOROR LEURN NANNA
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STATE
STATE
Below these eight panels, on a drum circling the
dome, is the inscription:
To science, pilot of industry, conqueror of disease,
multiplier of the harvest, explorer of the universe,
revealer of nature's laws, eternal guide to truth.
The round soffit arches over the galleries and the
north wall display Meiere's interpretation of the insig-
nia of four of the world's oldest academies of science,
ES MOTOR
with attendant representations of discoveries made by
their members. On the north arch, above the entrance
doors to the auditorium wing, is the Museum of
Alexandria, founded by Ptolemy I (367-283 B.C.),
represented by an Egyptian pylon flanked by palm
trees. The two lower medallions depict two of the seven
wonders of the ancient world-the pyramids and
Pharos, the great lighthouse of Alexandria, reputed to
have been 400 feet high. Over the east gallery is the
crowned lynx, symbol of the Accademia dei Lincei,
Rome, founded in 1603; in the medallions are Volta's
electric pile and Galileo's telescope. Above the south
Above and opposite: Tile medallions depicting major
gallery is the symbol of the Academie des Sciences,
divisions of science; dome, Great Hall.
Paris, founded in 1666; the medallions show Daguer-
re's camera and the flask in which Pascal weighed air.
The symbol of the Royal Society of London, founded
in 1660, is over the west gallery; in the medallions are
Newton's prism showing the spectrum and Watt's
steam engine.
On the Great Hall's north wall a painting by Albert
Herter (1871-1950) portrays Prometheus, aided by
Athena, stealing the divine fire from the chariot of
Helios, the sun god, to bring mankind the flame of
knowledge. The artist followed ancient Greek and
Egyptian mural painting custom in labeling the
figures. 8 Beneath the painting a quotation from Aes-
25
chylus' Prometheus Bound recites the benefits conferred
on the world by science.⁹
The Great Hall's three galleries, paneled with inlaid
American walnut, are supported by columns of green
verdantique marble (verde antico), with capitals of
white Champville marble. Akoustilith, an acoustic ma-
terial resembling cement block and considered highly
sophisticated in 1922, covers the undecorated walls of
the Great Hall and is the material of the dome. Wide
bands of blue slate, flanked by narrow strips of Utah
light bird's-eye marble, frame the floor, which is pre-
dominantly gray-green slate.
Directly beneath the apex of the dome is a Foucault
pendulum and a bronze medallion in the floor whose
design is based on a map of the solar system published
in the Atlas Celestis of Andreas Cellarius Palatinus,
Amsterdam, 1661. The array of the planets is the
Copernican system as known to Galileo. The medal-
lion is the wellhead or cover placed in the floor when
the spectroscopic case over which the Foucault pen-
dulum swings is lowered below floor level. Reliefs
representing the sun gods of many cultures circle the
pendulum base. The pendulum and the spectroscope
(no longer in operation) were among several scientific
exhibits maintained by the Academy in the early days
Above: George Ellery Hale, viewing base of Foucault pendulum,
of the building for the interest of the general public.
Great Hall, 1925.
Several rooms adjacent to the Great Hall were also
used for scientific exhibitions. During World War II
Opposite: Tile medallion; dome, Great Hall.
this practice ended, as the space was needed for
offices.
Beneath Herter's Prometheus, and framing the
doorway that leads to the new auditorium, are pilasters
topped by Lee Lawrie's sculptured figures symbolizing
Darkness and Light.
26
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THE LIBRARY
The library, on the Academy's west front to the left of
Egyptian priests carving and painting hieroglyphics;
the entrance foyer, preserves the building's green and
and men making papyrus and engaged in scroll writ-
white color scheme in its creamy Lens stone walls and
ing. The top sequence depicts monastic scholars il-
slate floor. Despite some neoclassical trim, it is essen-
luminating manuscripts and the Plantin press, an im-
tially a utilitarian room. The center of interest is the
portant printing house in 16th century Antwerp. Sym-
fireplace at the end of the room, with its carved over-
bols from ancient alphabets decorate spaces between
mantel representing the history of the art of writing.
panels. A slender obelisk forms the axis of this
Chronological sequence is ordered from the bottom of
sculptural relief, which bears the motto: To ages yet
the carving to the top. Figures include a prehistoric
unborn, in accents yet unknown. Three ceiling panels
man and woman decorating a cave; the bison of the
depict discovery, the recording of discovery, and the
Magdalenian Period (30,000 B.C. to 10,000 B. C.)
reading of the record.
as found in the Altamira Cave near Santander, Spain;
Library, shortly after
completion of building.
Opposite: Carved mantel
over fireplace in library.
28
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29
7
AS
THE MEMBERS' LOUNGE
THE LECTURE ROOM
Adjoining the library, the members' lounge is designed
To the right of the main entrance, on the east front of
as a place for hospitality, conversation, relaxation, or
the building, is the lecture room, now used for meetings
as a meeting room. It retains vestiges of neoclassical
and lectures, but originally designed to permit the
decoration, primarily a columnar motif on the walls
demonstration of actual laboratory experiments. Its
that are paneled with walnut to about two-thirds of
walnut panelled walls have the same columnar motif as
their height. Above this wainscoting, a painted frieze
the library and members' lounge. Restored and moder-
by Albert Herter presents stylized insignia of eight
nized in 1981, the room is equipped with excellent
historic universities: Harvard, Yale, Bologna, Paris,
lighting and acoustical facilities. Four Audubon en-
Heidelberg, Leiden, Cambridge, and Oxford. A
gravings (Havell Edition) hang here. Of interest are the
draped female figure and the initials NAS, carved in
marquetry on the exterior of the sound booth, and
the Sienna marble fireplace, are Lawrie's art deco
grilles near the ceiling, which function as part of the
version of the Academy seal. The room also contains
ventillation system. They are in the form of elaborate
portraits and busts of former NAS Presidents and a
knots of the type favored by Leonardo da Vinci and
cabinet displaying replicas of medals awarded by the
Albrecht Dürer.
Academy.
Members' lounge.
Opposite: Seal over fireplace; members' lounge.
31
THE BOARD ROOM
Beyond the lecture room, at the easternmost part of the
in his choice of a tapestry as background for the
building, is the board room, of the same size and
painting. Left to right: Benjamin Peirce, Alexander
proportion as the members' lounge at the west end of
Dallas Bache, Joseph Henry, Louis Agassiz, Lincoln,
the building and similar in design. The painting by
Henry Wilson, Charles H. Davis, and Benjamin Ap-
Albert Herter above the marble fireplace depicts Pres-
thorp Gould. Another feature of the room is the elec-
ident Abraham Lincoln with the founders of the
trolier, a globe-shaped ceiling fixture representing the
Academy signing the Academy charter of March 3,
world painted in accordance with ancient concepts,
1863. Herter's lifelong interest in tapestry is reflected
notably Leonardo da Vinci's map dated 1515.
Founders with President Lincoln Signing the Charter of the Academy;
board room.
32
THE WINGS
In the 1940s and 1950s, the government's increased use
room called "the rotunda" because of a circular ar-
of the scientific advisory services of the Academy and
chitectural element in the ceiling- are used for art
National Research Council necessitated additional
exhibits. A small permanent collection, displayed
space for the institution. The west and east wings and
throughout the building, supplements the changing ex-
the auditorium were added in 1962, 1965, and 1970,
hibits.
respectively, achieving a symmetry compatible with
A courtyard, formed when the west wing was add-
Bertram Goodhue's original plan. The exteriors retain
ed, is landscaped with flowering shrubs; linden trees
the building's original style. These additions were car-
circle George B. Jolley's copper fountain. "Pod," a
ried out by the firm of Harrison and Abramowitz,
sculpture by Harry Bertoia, is also found in the court,
whose senior member, Wallace K. Harrison (1895-
which is entered from the lounge adjacent to the execu-
1981), had been a young draftsman in Goodhue's office
tive dining room.
at the time the main building was designed. 10 Careful
attention was given to using the same stone work pat-
tern and repeating the bronze window trim motifs,
which show the head of Imhotep, an Egyptian priest
who, after his death, was deified as a god of medicine.
The wings' exterior doors match Goodhue's in size; like
his, they have eight panels, but unlike his they lack
decoration. Prometheus and Athena, frequently repre-
sented in the original building's decoration, appear on
interior and exterior door handles on the west wing
doors.
A gift from the Equitable Life Assurance Society
made construction of the west wing possible in time for
the Academy's 1963 centennial. A score of industries
and foundations, including Ford and Rockefeller, con-
tributed to the Academy Centennial Building Fund,
providing funds for the east wing and some support for
construction of the auditorium. In the wings, on two
floors and a ground floor, are four conference rooms, a
refectory, and about 60 offices occupied by executive
personnel of the National Research Council. The
major portion of the Research Council staff is housed in
leased space elsewhere in Washington. The west wing
corridor and the rotunda-actually a 25-foot-square
33
THE AUDITORIUM
Frederick Seitz, Academy President from 1962 to
1969, led fund-raising efforts for the 670-seat au-
ditorium wing designed by Harrison-the final addi-
tion to the original building. Unity of exterior design
was successfully accomplished in the auditorium wing
aided by a reproduction of the copper cheneau on the
original facade. Inside, however, the wing departs from
the rest of the building in its thoroughly modern style,
although the entrance from C Street maintains the green
Schematic drawing of auditorium.
of the building color scheme in the richly variegated
Verde Issogne marble floor, named for the town in the
Val Aosta, Italy, where it was quarried.
Access to the auditorium is via a foyer, paved in the
circular disc as the disc rolls along a straight line
same marble and panelled in walnut. The auditorium,
without slipping.) Although uncommon in architecture,
like the Great Hall, is a surprise. The visitor entering
the cycloid was used by Sir Christopher Wren in
through the dark wood and marble of the foyer, is
several of his exterior designs. It was chosen as the
unprepared for the contemporary style of the red,
basic coordinate system in the Academy auditorium
white, and gray auditorium. Incorporating modern
because the cycloid, with a constantly changing center
concepts and acoustical techniques, the auditorium was
of curvature, lacks a focal point; in acoustical design,
designed primarily for oral presentations and is used
focal points are to be avoided to achieve maximum
extensively for scientific symposia and meetings. The
sound distribution.
hall provides an excellent setting for music as well.
The diamond surfaces, formed by the intersection of
Music critics have pronounced the auditorium "ex-
280 flat panels, differ in size, in angular position, and
traordinary" and "acoustically stunning." Private con-
in the distance they project into the auditorium from the
certs are held here during the Academy's annual meet-
basic cycloidal curve. The shell makes no physical
ings; through its Arts in the Academy program, the
contact with the surrounding walls or floor, but hangs
Academy also sponsors an annual series of free
like an outsized lampshade from 1, 125 resilient metal
chamber music concerts for the public.
straps attached to fixed trusses above the auditorium
Unusual features in the auditorium's construction
ceiling.
insulate against exterior noises. The unconventional
The diamond-shaped panels, which were fabricated
interior of the room-in form a huge shell-consists of
in place, are covered with metal lath, plaster, a second
70 adjoining diamond-shaped projections whose bases
metal lath, and again plaster, totaling approximately 160
are located on a coordinate system that places them
tons. During the construction phase, the array of panels
along points on cycloid-shaped curves. (A cycloid is a
was held in place by rigid supports, removed after the
curve traced by a point on the circumference of a
plaster had set.
34
35
Auditorium.
THE EINSTEIN MEMORIAL
Cyril M. Harris, Charles Batchelor Professor of
The memorial to Albert Einstein situated in an elm
Electrical Engineering and Architecture at Columbia
and holly grove in the southwest corner of the Academy
University, a leading authority in the field of acoustics,
grounds, was unveiled at the Academy's annual meet-
designed the auditorium's acoustics. Later he per-
ing, April 22, 1979, in honor of the centennial of the
formed the same function for Washington's John F.
great scientist's birth. Einstein is depicted seated on a
Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts and the
three-step bench of Mount Airy (North Carolina)
Metropolitan Opera House and Avery Fisher Hall in
white granite. The bronze figure, weighing approxi-
New York City's Lincoln Center. Dr. Harris is a
mately 4 tons, is 12 feet incheight. Three caissons,
member of the National Academy of Sciences and the
totalling 135 tons, sunk in bedrock to a depth of 23 to
National Academy of Engineering.
25 feet, support the monument.
The largest single gift for construction of the au-
In its left hand, the figure holds a paper with math-
ditorium was provided by the Hugh L. Dryden
ematical equations summarizing three of Einstein's most
Memorial Fund in honor of Dryden, the Academy's
important scientific contributions: the photoelectric ef-
Home Secretary from 1955 to 1965. Una Hanbury's
fect, the theory of general relativity, and the equiva-
bronze portrait bust of Dryden is located in the
lence of energy and matter. Three quotations from
walnut-panelled auditorium lounge, which opens off
Einstein are engraved on the bench where the figure is
the hall's upper level. Academy art exhibits are dis-
seated:
played here. Other contributions came from the Sloan
Foundation, industry, government agencies, private
As long as I have any choice in the matter, I shall live
donors, and Academy resources.
only in a country where civil liberty, tolerance, and
The Academy's archives are housed on the east side
equality of all citizens before the law prevail.
of the auditorium wing with a separate area equipped
Joy and amazement at the beauty and grandeur of this
with constant temperature-humidity control devices for
world of which man can just form a faint notion
preservation purposes. The archives contain the corpo
rate records of the Academy and a unique record of the
1 he right to search for truth implies also a duty; one
history of science in the United States. Office suites
must not conceal any part of what one has recognized to
be true.
occupy other space atop the auditorium wing.
The star map at the statue's base-a 28-foot field
of emerald pearl granite from Larvik, Norway, is
embedded with more than 2, 700 metal studs represent-
ing the planets, sun, moon, stars, and other celestial
objects accurately positioned as they were on the dedi-
cation date by astronomers from the U.S. Naval
Observatory.
The sculptor, Robert Berks, known for his portrait
36
Einstein Memorial.
busts (John F. Kennedy at Washington's Kennedy Cen-
ter), based the work on a bust of Einstein he sculptured
from life in 1953. Landscape architect James A. Van
On March 15, 1974, the National Academy of
Sweden designed the monument landscaping. Einstein
Sciences building was selected for inclusion on the
was elected a Foreign Associate of the Academy in
National Register of Historic Places.
1922 and became a member in 1942, two years after
he became a naturalized citizen.
early 1950's
sculpted from life
37
went to his home
Bronze doorknob, Prometheus motif; Great Hall.
38
NOTES
1. The Order set forth the NRC's functions: "To stimulate
exterior and interior, cheneau, terrace lamps, bronze doors
research in the mathematical, physical, and biological sci-
and lamps in the building's foyer, capitals and window screens
ences, and in the application of these sciences to engineering,
in the Great Hall, stone and plaster work in the library, and
agriculture, medicine, and other useful arts
To survey the
the bronze door knobs (one based on an Athenian coin) and
larger possibilities of science, to formulate comprehensive
bannister finials. Notable among Lawrie's several collabora-
projects of research, and to develop effective means of utilizing
tions with Goodhue were the Nebraska State Capitol, Lin-
the scientific and technical resources of the country.
To
coln, begun in 1922 and completed in 1932, eight years after
promote cooperation in research, at home and abroad
To
Goodhue's death; in New York, St. Thomas' Church, the
serve as a means of bringing American and foreign inves-
Church of the Heavenly Rest, and the Chapel (now Church)
tigators into active cooperation with the scientific and technical
of the Intercession. Important work with other architects
services of the War and Navy Departments and with those of
included the Cathedral of St. John the Divine, New York; the
the civil branches of the Government.
To direct the
bronze "Atlas" and the sculptured stone screen, International
attention of scientific and technical investigators to the present
Building, Rockefeller Center, New York; "George Washing-
importance of military and industrial problems in connection
ton" at the National Cathedral, Washington, D. C.; several
with the war.
[and] To gather and collate scientific and
statues for the U.S. Military Academy at West Point; and
technical information at home and abroad, in cooperation with
works at the Los Angeles Public Library; Bok Singing
governmental and other agencies
Tower, Florida; Louisiana State Capitol; Yale University's
Harkness Memorial Tower; and the Memorial Bridge, Har-
2. Much of his work consisted of churches: St. Thomas' and St.
risburg, Pennsylvania. The portrait relief of President
Bartholomew's in New York City; the chapel of the United
Franklin D. Roosevelt, which appears on the Roosevelt dime,
States Military Academy, West Point; and the chapel of the
was sculpted by Lawrie. He taught generations of architects
University of Chicago. He also gained fame from his design of
and sculptors at Yale and Harvard Universities and was
the Nebraska State Capitol. Goodhue's interest in the adapta-
awarded two Gold Medals by the American Institute of
tion of Spanish architecture to the needs of Southern Califor-
Architects (1921 and 1927). Lawrie's other awards included
nia is evident in the Central Public Library, Los Angeles, and
the Medal of Honor of the Architectural League of New
in the Physics Building of the California Institute of Technol-
York and the National Sculpture Society's Medal of Honor.
ogy, also in the planning scheme for the Caltech campus. For
additional information about Goodhue, see Bertram Grosvenor
6. Among Meiere's collaborative works done with Goodhue
Goodhue by Richard Oliver, 1983, Architectural History
were altar pieces for St. Mark's Episcopal Church, Mt.
Foundation.
Kisco, New York, and St. Martin's Episcopal Church,
Providence, Rhode Island, mosaics for St. Bartholomew's
3. The Chapel (now Church) of the Intercession was Goodhue's
Church, New York, and a tile mural for the dome of the
favorite ecclesiastical commission. His long-time collaborator,
Nebraska State Capitol, Lincoln. Working with other ar-
sculptor Lee Lawrie, designed the tomb.
chitects, she also designed mosaics for Temple Emanu-El and
4. In 1982, the Professional Grounds Management Society
the Irving Trust Co., in New York; the crypt mosaics at the
presented its national Grand Award for the best-maintained
National Cathedral, Washington, D. C.; the Lady Altar, St.
grounds of an institution to Mark J. Feist, the Academy's
Patrick's Cathedral, New York; and reredos for St. John's
grounds manager.
Episcopal Church, Beverly Farms, Massachusetts, and St.
Mark's-on-the-Hill, Pikesville, Maryland. In 1928 Meiere
5. All sculptural elements in the Academy building are Lawrie's
received a Gold Medal from the Architectural League of
creations: the bronze doors and window panels on the Con-
New York, and in 1956 the American Institute of Architects
stitution Avenue facade, stone carvings on the building's
awarded her the Fine Arts Medal.
39
7. Pluto, the ninth major planet, was not discovered until 1930.
8. Herter, best known as a portraitist and muralist, has works in
the collection of New York's Metropolitan Museum of Art,
and the National Museum of American Art, Washington,
D.C. Among his awards were an Honorable Mention at the
Paris Salon (1890), a medal at the Atlanta Exposition
(1895), the Lipincott prize (1897), and a silver medal at the
Pan-American Exposition in Buffalo, New York (1901).
9. "Hearken to the miseries that beset mankind. They were
witless erst and I made them to have sense and be endowed
with reason. Though they had eyes to see they saw in vain;
they had ears but heard not. But, like to shapes in dreams,
throughout their length of days without purpose they wrought
all things in confusion
They had no sign either of winter or
of flowery spring or of fruitful summer, whereon they could
depend, but in everything they wrought without judgment,
until such time as I taught them to discern the risings of the
stars and their settings. Aye, and numbers, too, chiefest of
sciences, I invented for them, and the combining of letters,
creative mother of the muses' arts, wherewith to hold all things
in memory.
Twas I and no one else that contrived the
mariner's flaxen-winged car to roam the sea
If ever man
fell ill, there was no defence, but for lack of medicine they
Tile medallion; dome, Great Hall.
wasted away, until I showed them how to mix soothing
remedies wherewith they now ward off all their disorders
Hear the sum of the whole matter-every art possessed by
man comes from Prometheus."
10. The Academy chose the 50th anniversary celebration of the
building, in 1974, to honor Harrison by presenting him with
an illuminated scroll. Harrison is considered one of the most
influential figures in architecture of his generation, and de-
signed buildings in many cities. He is best known as the
codesigner of Rockefeller Center, chief architect of the United
Nations buildings, director of the overall design of Lincoln
Center, and architect of the Metropolitan Opera House at
Lincoln Center, all in New York City.
40
C STREET
Shaded area indicates additions to building after original
construction.
C STREET
ENTRANCE
AUDITORIUM
22nd STREET
21st STREET
GREAT
HALL
MAIN
FOYER
MEMBERS'
LECTURE
BOARD
LIBRARY
LOUNGE
ROOM
ROOM
MAIN
ENTRANCE
to EINSTEIN MEMORIAL
CONSTITUTION AVENUE
to VIETNAM MEMORIAL
and LINCOLN MEMORIAL
Picture Credits
Shonna Valeska: 1, 7, 13, 14, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24,
25, 27, 29, 30, 35, 37, 38, 40
National Academy of Sciences Archives: cover, 2, 9, 10, 12, 15
(R. V. Smutný), 28, 31, 32
U.S. Naval Observatory: 5
Fine Arts Commission: 8
Science Service: 26 (James Stokley)
Pamela Steele Reznick: 4
This booklet was originally researched and written by
Peregrine S. White in 1972. It was reprinted in 1974, 1978, 1979,
and 1980. The current version was revised and edited in 1984 by
Fredrica W. Wechsler. Reprinted 1987.
The typeface used in the booklet is Cheltenham Oldstyle, designed
by Bertram Grosvenor Goodhue in 1904.
Graphic design: Pamela Steele Reznick.
Published by the National Academy Press.
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REMARKS TO THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
ANNUAL MEETING
DATE: APRIL 23, 1990
TIME: 2:00 P.M.
LOCATION: NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
AUDITORIUM
THROUGH: DAVID DEMAREST
ASSISTANT TO THE PRESIDENT FOR
COMMUNICATIONS
FROM: CHRISS WINSTON
DEPUTY ASSISTANT TO THE PRESIDENT
FOR COMMUNICATIONS AND DIRECTOR
OF SPEECHWRITER
I. PURPOSE
To applaud the National Academy of Sciences for their
valuable
role in advising the President and the US
government on scientific
matters. To show this
Administration's support for science and technology -- in
research, education, and in the policy-making process -- and
to outline
the initiatives taken in these areas.
II. BACKGROUND
In 1863, President Abraham Lincoln signed the Congressional
Charter creating the National Academy of Sciences to honor America's most
eminent scientists and draw upon their expertise in advising the Federal
government.
Over the years, the Academy has continued to fulfill this role and has
been enlarged to include: the National
Academy of Engineering,
the Institute of Medicine, and
the National Research Council.
Today the Academy claims
over 600 members, each of whom is chosen
for their major
contribution to original research. In fact, 162 Nobel
Prize winners have been members of the Academy.
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III. PARTICIPANTS ON STAGE
The President
Dr. D. Allan Bromley, Assistant to the President for
Science and Technology
Dr. Frank Press, President, National Academy of Sciences
Dr. James D. Ebert, Vice President, National Academy
of Sciences
Dr. Peter H. Raven, Home Secretary, National Academy
of Sciences
Dr. William E. Gordon, Foreign Secretary, National Academy
of Sciences
Dr. Elkan R. Blout, Treasurer, National Academy of Sciences
500 Members of the National Academy of Sciences
IV. PRESS PLAN
Open press.
V.
SEQUENCE OF EVENTS
Please see Advance Office Scenario.
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will
ADDRESS
At Washington, 10.30 a. m., Monday, April 28, 1924, dedicating
the building for the National Academy of Sciences and the National
Research Council, President Coolidge spoke as follows
If there be one thing in which America is preeminent, it iś a dis-
position to follow the truth. It is this sentiment which characterized
the voyage of Columbus. It was the moving impulse of those leaders
in the early settlement of our country and has been followed in the
great decisions of the Nation through all its history. Sometimes this
has been represented by political action, sometimes by scientific
achievements. On this occasion the emphasis is on the side of science.
By science I mean the careful assembling of facts, their com-
parison and their interpretation. Of those who are entitled to high
rank in both our political and scientific life, perhaps Benjamin
Franklin was the earliest and one of the most conspicuous examples.
But it is the same spirit that has moved through all our life, which
makes it particularly appropriate that our National Government
should be active in its encouragement of the searching out of the
truth in the physical world, and applying it to the well being of the
people, as it is interested in the searching out of the truth in the
political world, with the same object in view.
President Washington in his farewell address to the American
people said: Promote, then, as an object of primary importance,
institutions for the general diffusion of knowledge. In proportion
as the structure of a government gives force to public opinions it
should be enlightened." It was the first President of the United
States who saw the necessity of research in this country. Jefferson,
our third President, was himself a research worker by natural gift,
and loved the problems which gave him a broader knowledge of our
natural surroundings. The beginning of our Government, there-
fore, had to do with the inception of scientific research in the United
States.
American science may be divided into five periods-thë Jeffer-
sonian period, that of Silliman, the Agassiz period, the present
period of cooperative research when no one dominates, and the
future for which definite foundations are now being laid.
The Jeffersonian period began even before Jefferson's term as
President. Palæontology in the United States had its beginning
in the publication in 1797 of Jefferson's paper on the Megalonyx of
great claw. The first large palæontological laboratory in this coun-
try was in the East Room of the White House, where Jefferson ar-
ranged his fossils for study.
99072-24
Coolidge - 1924
2
The Silliman period covers largely the first half of the last
century. During this time the National Institution for the Promo-
tion of Science and Art was established in the Nation's Capital,
which promised to be a rival to the American Philosophical Society
in Philadelphia. Meanwhile the American Association was started.
Also, in this period, an ex President of the United States was con-
cerned in the founding of an institution for research. John Quincy
Adams in his own handwriting amended the bill to establish the
Smithsonian Institution, giving it the broad scope which it has
to-day.
The third period, that of Agassiz, again brings a President for-
ward in the promotion of science. Abraham Lincoln, deeply inter-
ested in the welfare of the American people, confessed that up to the
time when he became President and talked with Joseph Henry, then
head of the Smithsonian Institution, he was inclined to view the
Institution as a rather useless Government luxury, but he said, " It
must be a grand school, if it produces such thinkers as he." Later
on, in 1864, when the very foundations of the Nation were shaken
with the Civil War, the same President looked from the Executive
Mansion, on the Smithsonian Building which was burning, and re-
marked to some military gentlemen present: " Gentlemen, beyond
is a national calamity. We have no time to think of it now; we must
attend to other things." It was in these days of strife that a Senator
from Massachusetts, Henry Wilson, later Vice President, put
through the two Houses of Congress a bill incorporating the National
Academy of Sciences in the United States of America. President
Lincoln signed this bill. Just how much the war influenced the
recognition of necessity for such a body is not known, but war prob-
lems were assigned to the Academy and acted on. Since then many
Government scientific questions have been referred to it by the
President, members of the Cabinet, committees of Congress, and the
Academy members have lent themselves to the work of solving these
problems, knowing that their only compensation would be the knowl-
edge that they had served the Government of the United States to
the best of their ability.
The period of individual work in science continued in America
up to the time of the World War. Then a change came over the
established methods of warfare. Instead of individual fighting indi-
vidual, it was masses against masses. Scientific problems in re-
search for the solution of war matters could not, therefore, be solved
by one man alone, but must be worked out by those interested in
the same field. Realizing this fact, and knowing of the many ex-
perts in the various fields of science covered by the Academy, a re-
quest was made to President Wilson by the Academy to call the lead-
ing scientific men of America for service under the guidance of the
3
National Academy of Sciences and to organize a body to solve
problems which required cooperative research. Thus began the
National Research Council, and later the Council of National De-
fense requested it to act as the department of research of that body.
After the armistice was signed the President of the United States,
appreciating the value of what had been done, requested the Na-
tional Academy of Sciences to reorganize the National Research
Council under its charter on a permanent peace basis, and with this
request cooperation in scientific research was given a firm founda-
tion. Upon the assumption of this added responsibility it was
found that the old quarters of the Academy at the Smithsonian In-
stitution were not adequate. A number of philanthropists who
recognized that splendid work could be done if ample space and
facilities were available, contributed a sum sufficient to secure the
lot on B Street, between Twenty-first and Twenty-second Streets
and C Street. The Carnegie Corporation of New York then do-
nated the building, which may be termed the Temple of Science in
America. It is not a place of mystery, but one to lead the public
in thinking deeply and seeing how research can explain fundamental
problems.
Nothing with more promise than the fifth period, that of the
future of American science, could come to the American people
The scientific man is rending the earth to reveal its secrets. Truth
must prevail for the betterment of mankind, and with the energy
that the men of science are putting into the problems of research,
Diogenes would certainly have a chance to lay down his quarter staff
and lantern and rest, if he would turn his search in their direction.
This magnificent building now being dedicated to science predicts
a new day in scientific research. A new sun is rising. It is destined
to illuminate the scientific world by illuminating this hall.
One of the most important possibilities for service of the National
Academy of Sciences, in the future, lies in its opportunity for in-
spiring the people of America to insistence upon having the truth,
and nothing but the truth, regarding everything that touches the life
of the Nation. It is always to be borne in mind that while the
peculiar relation of the Academy to the Government of the United
States may concern the conduct of specific researches, the example
of dignified emphasis upon the truth as reached by correct thinking
in every department of research, and in its practical applications,
may be a contribution of inestimable value to the whole people.
It is for this purpose that the Government sets its stamp of ap-
proval upon this effort, and joins in dedicating this building to the
betterment of the human race by achieving a clearer knowledge of
the truth.
Remarks of the President
at the Annual Meeting of the
National Academy of Sciences
OF
PIR THE O IDENT SEAL SEAL THE UNITED ED
April 23, 1979
16
Carter - 1979
National Academy of Sciences
Remarks at the Academy's Annual
Meeting. April 23, 1979
President Handler, distinguished members of the National Academy of
Sciences, guests who are equally distinguished in your own field of work:
I'm indeed pleased to be here. I know that election to the National
Academy is the highest honor that can be paid to a scientist or an engineer in
the United States, and I again congratulate all of you.
I understand that in the Soviet Union, when someone is chosen to their
National Academy of Sciences, his or her salary immediately doubles -
[laughter] - and a chauffered car is made available for use. I understand
there's a slight difference in our own country. [Laughter] You immediately
get a bill for membership dues, and you are pledged voluntarily to give
advice to your Government free of charge. [Laughter] And I thank you for
that.
I am honored to address this distinguished convocation and to join with
you in commemorating the 100th anniversary year of the birth of Albert
Einstein
The National Academy of Sciences was already a thriving institution
when Albert Einstein was born. In 1942, soon after taking out American
citizenship, Dr. Einstein was elected to this Academy, becoming at once its
newest and, perhaps, its most eminent member. His coming to our country
was a matter of carefully considered choice. In this respect, he was like
many thousands of scientists from all over the world - drawn to this
country by an atmosphere of intellectual freedom, adventure, and hospitality
for the pursuit of scientific truth.
That atmosphere has invigorated American life from our Nation's begin-
nings. Scientists-statesmen such as Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Jeffer-
son were among the authors of our own national independence. Their
influence helped to establish the young American republic as a place where
scientific endeavor was not only encouraged but was honored.
We've never deviated from that commitment. And it's significant, I
believe, that the Congress and President Lincoln chartered this National
Academy of Sciences at the height of our gravest national crisis. In so doing,
1
they demonstrated a deep understanding of the importance of science to the
One month to the day after President Kennedy spoke those words, he was
very survival of our Nation.
stricken down by an assassin's bullet. And then began a long period of
There is little that we can predict with certainty. But we can be very sure
political trauma in our country. But in many ways, those following years
that whatever the future holds, we will be better prepared for it if we pursue a
were exciting ones in science and technology - years of breakthrough
strong national program of support for science and technology. That's why
discoveries in molecular biology, particle physics, and many other fields,
even in this time of budgetary restraint, I have remained firmly committed to
and of technological progress epitomized by the triumphant landing of men
on the Moon. Yet for scientists, as for so many of the rest of us in politics and
such a program.
Scientific enterprise will be a key to our future strength, but we in this
other fields, they were also difficult years. American science found itself
room cannot take this for granted. In this centennial year, it's well to
beleaguered by two very different kinds of anti-intellectualism: on the one
remember that faith in the future was a notable quality of Albert Einstein.
hand, by the romantic anti-rationalism of the counterculture and, on the
Only an optimist could have undertaken the incredibly ambitious task that
other, by the veiled hostility of a national administration that distrusted the
Dr. Einstein set for himself - the discovery and the explication of the
academic and the scientific community.
underlying order of our universe.
The latter presented the most serious threat. Federal policy toward science
Throughout his life, Dr. Einstein sought not only to discover order in the
became infected with a simplistic search for a simple fix. Research that
natural world, but also to promote order in the human world.
seemed to promise a quick payoff was more amply funded, while support of
Einstein the humanitarian has much to teach us, as does Einstein the
basic research was allowed to decline. The future of our scientific and
physicist. He saw the pursuit of science as good in itself, but he also saw that
technological primacy was put at risk.
the uses of science are only as good - or as bad - as the moral and
I came to office determined to reverse that dangerous, shortsighted trend.
political choices that determine those uses. In his own words, and I quote,
And today I reaffirm to you my commitment to basic research, the bedrock
"Concern for man himself and his fate must always form the chief interest of
of our scientific and technological future.
all technical endeavors - in order that the creation of our minds shall be a
During the 2 years of my own administration, I've proposed increases
blessing and not a curse."
already of more than 25 percent in Federal funding of basic research. I've
The tree of science is always beautiful, but its fruits can be bitter as well as
asked the Congress to support this increased funding in order to meet the
sweet. Our task is to nourish the tree of science and to attempt as best we can
long-term needs of our Nation.
to harvest the fruits that are sweet. And that task must be shared by all of
I've also sought to strengthen basic research in the individual Federal
us - scientists, engineers, industrial leaders, educators, and public offi-
agencies. Each agency has been asked to reexamine its own budget request
to see how basic research commitments could be strengthened. And we've
cials alike.
I hope that science and technology in the United States will continue to be
tried to resolve non-budgetary problems that have inhibited research in our
shaped by Einstein's vision of knowledge that keeps the good of human
universities - problems of unnecessary Government regulation and exces-
beings always at the forefront.
sive bureaucratic paper shuffling.
It's in that context that I want to share with you briefly some ideas and
Economists estimate that advances in knowledge have accounted for three
observations about basic research, about a strategy for energy technology,
quarters of our own country's economic growth in this century. By itself,
about industrial innovation, about scientific cooperation among nations, and
that is a decisive reason for us to support the basic research that undergirds
about the role of science in helping to control its own most fearsome
our technological might. But the value of basic research is even higher and
offspring - nuclear weapons. I'll be very brief.
deeper than meeting payrolls and spawning new industries; the fundamental
The last President to address a convocation of the National Academy of
concern of basic research is the discovery of truth about the natural universe.
Sciences, John F. Kennedy, spoke of basic research in these words: "We
The search for truth is a central part of what it means to be human.
realize now,' he said, "that progress in technology depends on progress in
No issue illuminates our Nation's practical need for science and tech-
theory; that the most abstract investigations can lead to the most concrete
nology more than the energy problem.
results; and that the vitality of a scientific community springs from its
Oil remains by far the most important energy source, and we are in the
passion to answer science's most fundamental questions."
painful situation of relying on a greedy and unreliable foreign cartel for
3
2
nearly half the oil we use in this country. As that onrushing river of foreign
another $4 or $5 billion, in addition to the $6 billion in increased revenue that
oil flows into our country, a river of American money flows out, threatening
they would get under decontrol with an honest windfall profits tax proposal
the health of our economy, the stability of our currency, and even the
passed.
security of our Nation.
They will try to pass this charade off on the American people as a so-called
Science and technology can change that, but only if we commit ourselves
plowback provision. But it isn't a plowback; it is a plowunder and a
to a national strategy of developing energy alternatives. We have such a
kickback, and what is going to be plowed under is the Energy Security Fund
strategy - one that will enable us to move away from imported oil and
with its aid to research and its aid to the poor. And what's going to be kicked
increasingly move toward non-fossil fuels - and I'm determined that we
back to the oil companies is the money that would go to finance these
will pursue it.
absolutely necessary programs for the well-being of the future of our
Over the next decade or so, we must rely mostly on existing technologies,
country.
but we will pave the way for future progress by fostering conservation,
I ask for your support in the battle to pass an honest windfall profits tax to
domestic production of oil and gas, greater use of coal, the safety of nuclear
finance a real Energy Security Fund for our Nation, in consonance with the
plants, and the use of solar power.
program that will give greatly increased incentive and greatly increased
From about 1990 through the second decade of the next century, we will
profits for the oil companies to explore and to discover and to produce
pass through a dramatic and sometimes bumpy period of transition. Conser-
additional sources of domestic oil and natural gas.
vation will be forced upon us, and the mix of our energy resources will
And I also call on all of you in the scientific and engineering communities
change as we turn increasingly toward unconventional sources of fuel.
to fulfill the trust of the American people by creating the new energy
By the second quarter of the 21st century, we will have learned to rely on
technologies that are so vital to the future well-being of our country.
cleaner, essentially inexhaustible sources of energy. The principal candi-
We need innovation on a broader scale as well, for new ideas in America
dates include, of course, fusion and such solar technologies as photo-
are central not only to reducing our dependence on foreign oil, but also on
voltaics.
our efforts to control inflation, to improve productivity of our workers, to
We are preparing right now for these stages of our energy future. Our
protect the environment, and to ensure the prosperity of the American
energy research and development is already larger in its program size than
people.
those of all our allies combined. But we must do more. That's why I have
We tend to think of the inventiveness of American industry as a kind of
proposed the creation of an Energy Security Fund to supplement our normal
inevitable birthright, but complacency is the last thing we can afford. Too
budget mechanisms. The revenues for this fund will come from a windfall
many of our industries in this country have gone stale. Innovative industries
tax on the unearned, excess profits that would otherwise go to the oil
in countries like Japan and West Germany put too many of ours to shame.
companies because of the decontrol of oil prices - over and above needed
Our competitiveness has begun to slip.
incentives for exploration and production within our country.
The American free enterprise system has always been vigorous enough
The Energy Security Fund will provide relief to those least able to pay for
and able enough and dedicated enough and well-supported enough to pre-
more costly energy, and large sums will go to finance projects that are
vail. I have no doubt that it still retains those capabilities.
important to our energy future, including a regional petroleum reserve,
We must nurture an environment in which the new idea and the fresh
better mass transit, coal and oil shale development, new incentives for solar
approach are put to use. The Federal Government bears a large share of this
techniques, and other basic and applied research projects with which many
responsibility. We must change Government practices that thwart innova-
of you are already intimately acquainted.
tion, while enhancing Government policies which encourage the develop-
The Energy Security Fund faces a difficult passage through Congress, but
ment of new products and new processes.
we are making progress because the public supports our proposals. Many of
Last year, I directed the Secretary of Commerce to begin a major study of
those who only a few weeks ago were dedicated to killing outright the
industrial innovation. That study, involving some 30 Federal departments
windfall profits tax have now given up on that fight. But the battle is far from
and agencies and consultations with industry, labor, and the universities and
over. New strategy seems to be to try to hoodwink the American people by
the public, will soon be completed. I look forward to reviewing the recom-
passing a windfall profits tax that is in fact a charade - a tax designed
mendations and to acting on them, hopefully with your help.
primarily to provide loopholes to the oil companies so that they will get
4
5
Many of you in this room today are leaders of American business and
our purpose is human betterment - material, intellectual, and spiritual.
industry, and I call on you to emphasize innovation in the companies which
In the coming era, we will reap a good return on the more than $100 billion
you serve. Like Federal support of basic research, industrial development
the United States has invested in space. From platforms in space, we can
and investment in research, both basic and applied, in new products and new
indeed continue to improve our world. Every year, satellites make new
processes is a practical testament of faith in our own future.
contributions in such areas as agriculture, environmental monitoring, land
Since Kepler's day and before, scientists have been perhaps the most
use, resource discovery, climatology, and communications.
international of all professions in their outlook. In our own time, the
With the advent of the space shuttle, we will have an unmatchable ability
explosion of communications and technology has made international scien-
to work in space. We will see a flowering of research and industrial activities
tific communicaiton both easier and more urgent than ever before.
in space, and we will make quantum jumps in international cooperation,
Albert Einstein himself operated on what even then was a very modest
advancing the causes of peace and human development.
budget. He needed little more than a few sharpened pencils and a quiet place
Mankind's leap into space has changed human consciousness forever.
to think. But as you know, the task of building upon his work can be much
The era of manned exploration of deep space is still well in the future, but our
more expensive. Many of the key experiments yet to be done - in both
senses are already penetrating the outer reaches of the solar system and
basic and applied technology - are on a monumental scale.
beyond. No one who has seen those breath-taking pictures of Jupiter and its
Our choice in the years ahead will be between carrying out the few large
moons sent back from Voyager I could fail to have been surprised and
projects we can afford on our own, as Americans - or by doing many more
delighted by them. We can expect many more such surprises, many more
projects, perhaps even more effectively, in cooperation with other nations.
such delights, as we probe further into the universe and its mysteries.
We must continue to choose cooperation - for reasons that go beyond the
And finally, let me say that of all the fruits of science, none is more bitter
considerable benefits of sharing the costs and sharing ideas.
than nuclear weapons. And of all the responsibilities of nations, none is
With our traditional friends, scientific and technological cooperation can
more urgent than the control of this most terrible menace to our lives and to
strengthen existing bonds. With others, who may not be quite so friendly, it
our civilization.
can help to bridge political and ideological and cultural divisions.
All of us are thankful that the recent accident at Three Mile Island in
One of the most important purposes of international cooperation in tech-
Pennsylvania ended without harm to the public. That accident may even
nology and science is to meet the developing needs of the poorer countries of
have served some positive purpose. It has, of course, led us to redouble our
the world.
determination to improve the safety of nuclear power. Even more impor-
The future of the advanced countries is increasingly tied up with that of the
tantly, however, it has reminded us vividly of the dreadful consequences of
developing world. Yet, only about I percent of the world's civilian research
nuclear war.
and development is devoted directly to the problems of the poorer half of
We have lived too long with nuclear weapons. We've grown too accus-
humanity - problems such as poverty, disease, hunger, education, and
tomed to their shadowy presence in our lives. We are too apt to forget what
resource development. We should be doing more.
the ultimate horror would be: the instant death of millions and the slow and
A year ago, I proposed the creation of a new Institute for Scientific and
agonizing death of many millions more; the destruction of the cultural
Technological Cooperation to mobilize the talents of scientists and engi-
legacy of all mankind; the poisoning of air and soil and water for many dark
neers in this country and in the developing world to address these critical
generations to come. In an all-out nuclear exchange, the victim would be
problems. Instead of providing relief, we would aid the Third World in
nothing less than the past, present, and future of our own human species.
building its own corps of development scientists and decisionmakers. And
When President Kennedy addressed this body 16 years ago, the Senate
we would join them in mutually beneficial projects in agriculture, medicine,
had just ratified the most significant step in nuclear arms control until that
industrialization, and appropriate energy systems.
time the atmospheric test ban treaty. The SALT II treaty, now nearing
The Institute for Scientific and Technological Cooperation has been
completion, is part of the same process - a long, slow progress of gradual
approved already by the House of Representatives and is now before the
steps toward sanity, based on mutual self-interest. And after SALT II, that
Senate for consideration. It needs your full support.
process will continue with a comprehensive nuclear test ban and then with
Let me turn now to the use and exploration in space where, as on Earth,
SALT III.
6
7
SALT II will reduce the risk of nuclear war by lowering levels of strategic
arms, by containing development of new weapons systems, and by contrib-
uting to a more stable political interrelationship between ourselves and the
people of the Soviet Union.
Many of the issues involved in assessing the treaty are very complex
technically, and the American people will look to the scientific community
to help shape an educated public debate. Many of you devoted much effort to
the debate over SALT I, and you played a major role in forming the
consensus that developed to support that treaty. Today, I ask for a renewal of
that commitment.
If science gave us nuclear weapons, it's no less true that science has given
us the extraordinary means of verifying compliance with treaties to control
those weapons. In the great SALT II debate which has already begun, the
participation of scientists will indeed be crucial.
Albert Einstein also said these words, "The importance of securing
international peace was recognized by the really great men of former
generations. But the technical advances of our times have turned this ethical
postulate into a matter of life and death for civilized mankind today, and
made it a moral duty to take an active part in the solution of the problems of
peace, a duty which no conscientious law [man] can shirk."
These words were more prophetic than anyone could know, for they were
spoken more than a decade before the explosion of the first atomic bomb.
Those words are important. I urge you to heed them as we conclude SALT
II, the next step towards nuclear arms control and a stronger and more sure
worldwide peace.
Americans once had an unquestioned faith in science as a savior. We've
grown more skeptical of science, as of so much else in our lives. but we still
look to our scientists and to our engineers, our medical researchers and to our
doctors, to our inventors and to our thinkers, to improve our lives and to
improve the lives of our children.
My concern for the state of American science and technology has made
our present efforts a keystone in building a new and a more solid foundation
for our common future. I look to the members of this Academy, to the entire
scientific and engineering community, to the Members of the Congress, and
to the people of our country, to join these efforts through science for a greater
America.
Thank you very much.
NOTE: The President spoke at 2:32 p.m. in the auditorium of the National Academy of
Sciences building. Philip Handler is President of the Academy.
8
The Centennial Convocation Address
of President John F. Kennedy
JFK- 1963
pg /
Reprinted from
NEWS REPORT
National Academy of Sciences National Research Council
VOLUME XIII
November-December 1963
NUMBER 6
The Centennial Convocation Address
of President John F. Kennedy
Introduction by Dr. Seitz
In 1863 at a very dark hour in the midst of a great civil war, the Presi-
dent of the United States took time from his heavy cares to underscore the
future of science in the United States by signing the charter of the National
Academy of Sciences. As has been mentioned earlier in the course of our
Centennial, the day on which the charter was signed, namely March 3rd,
was also the day on which President Lincoln signed the Conscription Act
of the Civil War. The quality of the burdens on his mind at that time is
quite evident.
In 1963 another great President, also plagued with great issues quite
fundamental not only to the unity of our country and the rights of its cit-
izens both born and unborn but to the entire course of evolution of world
society, has offered to take time from his heavy cares to address us at this
Convocation.
Mr. President, we deeply appreciate your generosity. I am sure that this
occasion will serve to reinforce even further the already strong bonds which
tie our Academy to you and the service of our country. We await your words.
T HANK you very much, Dr. Seitz. I
I am proud that he is with me on this very
am happy to accept the invitation to ad-
important occasion to my own country.
dress the National Academy of Sciences,
It is impressive to reflect that 100 years
and I am very happy to come here with our
ago, in the midst of a savage fraternal war,
distinguished visitor from Bolivia, the Presi-
the United States Congress established a
dent of Bolivia [Dr. Victor Paz Estenssoro],
body devoted to the advancement of scien-
although a distinguished scholar and edu-
tific research. The recognition then of the
cator in his own right, and in exile, has
value of abstract science ran against the
led his country through one of the most
grain of our traditional preoccupation with
profound revolutions in the last decade that
technology and engineering.
this hemisphere has witnessed. Therefore,
You will remember De Tocqueville's
JFK-1963
P9 2
SINDEP-KENNEDY
famous chapter on why the Americans are
even more because the big issues so often
more addicted to practical than to theoret-
go beyond the possibilities of exact scien-
ical science. De Tocqueville concluded
tific determination.
that, the more democratic a society, "the
I know few significant questions of pub-
more will discoveries immediately appli-
lic policy which can safely be confided to
cable to productive industry confer gain,
computers. In the end, the hard decisions
fame, and even power on their authors."
inescapably involve imponderables of in-
But if I were to name a single thing which
tuition, prudence, and judgment.
points up the difference this century has
In the last hundred years, science has
made in the American attitude toward
thus emerged from a peripheral concern
science, it would certainly be the whole-
of government to an active partner. The
hearted understanding today of the im-
instrumentalities devised in recent times
portance of pure science. We realize now
have given this partnership continuity and
the progress in technology depends on prog-
force. The question in all our minds today
ress in theory; that the most abstract
is how science can best continue its service
investigations can lead to the most concrete
to the Nation, to the people, to the world,
results, and that the vitality of a scientific
in the years to come.
community springs from its passion to an-
I would suggest that science is already
swer science's most fundamental questions.
moving to enlarge its influence in three
I therefore greet this body with particular
general ways: in the interdisciplinary area,
pleasure, for the range and depth of scien-
in the international area, and in the inter-
tific achievement represented in this room
cultural area. For science is the most power-
constitutes the seedbed of our Nation's
ful means we have for the unification of
future.
knowledge, and a main obligation of its
The last hundred years have seen a sec-
future must be to deal with problems which
ond great change-the change in the rela-
cut across boundaries, whether boundaries
tionship between science and public policy.
between the sciences, boundaries between
To this new relationship, your own acad-
nations, or boundaries between man's scien-
emy has made a decisive contribution.
tific and his humane concerns.
For a century the National Academy of
As science, of necessity, becomes more
Sciences has exemplified the partnership
involved with itself, so also, of necessity,
between scientists who accept the respon-
it becomes more international. I am im-
sibilities that accompany freedom and a
pressed to know of the 670 members of
government which encourages the increase
this academy, 163 were born in other lands.
of knowledge for the welfare of mankind.
The great scientific challenges transcend
As a result in large part of the recommen-
national frontiers and national prejudices.
dations of this academy, the Federal Gov-
In a sense, this has always been true, for
ernment enlarged its scientific activities
the language of science has always been
through such agencies as the Geological
universal and perhaps scientists have been
Survey, the Weather Bureau, the Bureau
the most international of all professions
of Standards, the Forest Service, and many
in their outlook, but the contemporary
others, but it took the First World War
revolution in transport and communications
to bring science into central contact with
has dramatically contributed to the inter-
governmental policy and it took the Second
nationalization of science, and one con-
World War to make scientific counsel an
sequence has been the increase in organized
indispensable function of government. The
international cooperation.
relationship between science and public
Every time you scientists make a major
policy is bound to be complex.
invention, we politicians have to invent a
As the country had reason to note in
new institution to cope with it, and almost
recent weeks during the debate on the test
invariably these days, and happily, it must
ban treaty, scientists do not always unite
be an international institution. I am not
themselves on their recommendations to
just thinking of the fact that when you
the makers of policy. This is only partly
gentlemen figure out how to build a global
because of scientific disagreements. It is
satellite communications system we have
JFK-1963
P9.3
to figure out a global organization to man-
erty. We can now begin to hope and, I
age it. I am thinking as well that scientific
believe, know that Malthus was expressing
advantage provided the rationale for the
not a law of nature but merely the limitation
World Health Organization and the Food
then of scientific and social wisdom. The
and Agricultural Organization; that split-
truth or falsity of his prediction will depend
ting the atom leads not only to a nuclear
now, with the tools we have, on our own
arms race but to the establishment of the
actions, now and in the years to come.
International Atomic Energy Agency; that
The earth can be an abundant mother
the need for scientific exploration of Ant-
to all of the people that will be born in
arctica leads to an international treaty
the coming years if we learn to use her
providing free access to the area without
with skill and wisdom, to heal her wounds,
regard to territorial claims; that the scien-
replenish her vitality, and utilize her po-
tific possibility of a World Weather Watch
tentialities. And the necessity is now urgent
requires the attention of the World Me-
and worldwide, for few nations embarked
teorological Organization; that the explora-
on the adventure of development have the
tion of oceans leads to the establishment
resources to sustain an ever-growing popu-
of an Intergovernmental Oceanographic
lation and a rising standard of living. The
Commission.
United Nations has designated this the
Recent scientific advances have not only
Decade of Development. We all stand
made international cooperation desirable,
committed to make this agreeable hope a
but they have made it essential. The ocean,
reality. This seems to me the greatest chal-
the atmosphere, outer space, belong not
lenge to science in our times, to use the
to one nation or one ideology but to all
world's resources, to expand life and hope
mankind, and as science carries out its
for the world's inhabitants. While these are
tasks in the years ahead, it must enlist all
essentially applied problems, they require
its own disciplines, all nations prepared for
guidance and support from basic science.
the scientific quest, and all men capable
I solicit your help, and I particularly
of sympathizing with the scientific impulse.
solicit your help in meeting a problem of
Scientists alone can establish the objec-
universal concern-the supply of food to
tives of their research, but society, in
the multiplying mouths of a multiplying
extending support to science, must take
world. Abundance depends now on the ap-
account of its own needs. As a layman, I
plication of sound biological analysis to
can suggest only with diffidence what some
the problems of agriculture. If all the knowl-
of the major tasks might be on your scien-
edge that we now have were systematically
tific agenda, but I venture to mention cer-
applied to all the countries of the world,
tain areas which, from the viewpoint of
the world could greatly improve its per-
the maker of policy, might deserve your
formance in the low-yield areas, but this
special concern.
would not be enough, and the long-term
First, I would suggest the question of
answer to inadequate food production,
the conservation and development of our
which brings misery with it, must lie in
natural resources. In a recent speech to
new research and new experimentation, and
the General Assembly of the United Nations,
the successful use of new knowledge will
I proposed a worldwide program to protect
require close cooperation with other nations.
land and water, forests and wildlife, to
Already a beginning has been made. I
combat exhaustion and erosion, to stop the
think of the work in other countries, of
contamination of water and air by industrial
the Rockefeller and Ford Foundations, and
as well as nuclear pollution, and to provide
the creation by the OAS [Organization of
for the steady renewal and expansion of
American States] of the Inter-American
the natural bases of life.
Institute of Agricultural Sciences in Costa
Malthus argued a century and a half ago
Rica. I look forward eventually to the
that man, by using up all of his available
establishment of a series of international
resources, would forever press on the limits
agricultural research institutes on a re-
of subsistence, thus condemning humanity
gional basis throughout the developing
to an indefinite future of misery and pov-
world. I can imagine nothing more unwise
JFK-1963
P9 4
than to hoard our knowledge and not dis-
phere for many decades, but its problems
seminate it and develop the means of dis-
continue to defy us. The reasons for our
seminating it throughout the globe.
limited progress are obvious. Weather can-
Second, I would call your attention to a
not be easily reproduced and observed in
related problem; that is, the understanding
the laboratory. It must, therefore, be studied
and use of the resources of the sea. I re-
in all of its violence wherever it has its
cently sent to Congress a plan for a national
way. Here, as in oceanography, new scien-
attack on the oceans of the world, calling
tific tools have become available. With
for the expenditure of more than $2 billion
modern computers, rockets, and satellites,
over the next ten years. This plan is the
the time is ripe to harness a variety of
culmination of 3 years' effort by the Inter-
disciplines for a concerted attack. And even
Agency Committee on Oceanography, and
more than oceanography, the atmospheric
it results from recommendations made by
sciences require worldwide observation and,
the National Academy.
hence, international cooperation.
Our goal is to investigate the world ocean,
Some of our most successful international
its boundaries, its properties, its processes.
efforts have involved the study of the at-
To a surprising extent, the sea has remained
mosphere. We all know that the World
a mystery. Ten thousand fleets still sweep
Meteorological Organization has been ef-
over it in vain. We know less of the oceans
fective in this field. It is now developing
at our feet, where we came from, than we
a worldwide weather system to which na-
do of the sky above our heads. It is time
tions the world over can make their con-
to change this, to use to the full our power-
tributions. Such cooperative undertakings
ful new instruments of oceanic exploration,
can challenge the world's best efforts for
to drive back the frontiers of the unknown
decades to come.
in the waters which encircle our globe.
Fourth, I would mention a problem which
I can imagine no field more exciting today
I know has greatly concerned many of you.
than this great effort which our country
That is our responsibility to control the
and others will carry on in the years to
effects of our own scientific experiments,
come. We need this knowledge for its own
for as science investigates the natural en-
sake. We want to know what is under the
vironment, it also modifies it, and that
sea, and we need it to consider its bearings
modification may have incalculable con-
on our security, and on the world's social
sequences for evil as well as for good.
and economic needs. It has been estimated,
In the past, the problem of conservation
for example, that the yield of food from
has been mainly the problem of human
the seas could be increased five or ten
waste of natural resources, of their destruc-
times through better knowledge of marine
tion, but science has the power for the first
biology, and some day we will seed and
time in history now to undertake experi-
weed and harvest the ocean. Here, again,
ments with premeditation which can ir-
the job can best be done by the nations
reversibly alter our biological and physical
of the world working together in interna-
environment on a global scale. The problem
tional institutions.
is difficult, because it is hard to know in
As all men breathe the same air, so a
advance whether the cumulative effects of
storm along Cape Cod may well begin off
a particular experiment will help or harm
the shores of Japan. The world ocean is
mankind. In the case of nuclear testing,
also indivisible, and events in one part of
the world is satisfied that radioactive con-
the great sea have astonishing effects in
tamination involves unnecessary risks, and
remote places.
we are all heartened that more than 100
International scientific cooperation is in-
nations have joined to outlaw testing in
dispensable if human knowledge of the
environments where the effects most di-
ocean is to keep pace with human needs.
rectly threaten mankind.
Third, there is the atmosphere itself, the
In other fields we may be less sure. We
atmosphere in which we live and breathe
must, for example, balance the gains of
and which makes life on this planet pos-
weather modification against the hazards
sible. Scientists have studied the atmos-
of protracted drought or storm.
JFK 1963
DG
5
The Government has the clear respon-
wider understanding by the country as a
sibility to weigh the importance of large-
whole of the value of this work which has
scale experiments to the advantage of knowl-
been so sustained by so many of you.
edge or to national security against the
I would not close, however, on a gloomy
possibility of adverse and destructive ef-
note, for ours is a century of scientific con-
fects. The scientific community must assist
quest and scientific triumph. If scientific
the Government in arriving at rational judg-
discovery has not been an unalloyed bless-
ments and interpreting these issues to the
ing, if it has conferred on mankind the
public. To deal with this problem, we have
power not only to create, but also to an-
worked out formal procedures within the
nihilate, it has at the same time provided
Government, to assure expert review before
humanity with a supreme challenge and a
potentially risky experiments are under-
supreme testing. If the challenge and the
taken, and we will make every effort to
testing are too much for humanity, then
publish the data needed to permit open
we are all doomed, but I believe that the
examination and discussion of proposed
future can be bright, and I believe it can
experiments by the scientific community
be certain. Man is still the master of his
before they are authorized.
own fate, and I believe that the power of
If science is to press ahead in the four
science and the responsibility of science
fields that I have mentioned, if it is to
have offered mankind a new opportunity
continue to grow in effectiveness and pro-
not only for intellectual growth, but for
ductivity, our society must provide scien-
moral discipline, not only for the acquisition
tific inquiry the necessary means of sus-
of knowledge but for the strengthening of
tenance. We must, in short, support it.
our nerve and our will.
Military and space needs, for example, offer
We are bound to grope for a time as we
little justification for much work in what
grapple with problems without precedent
Joseph Henry called abstract science.
in human history, but wisdom is the child
Though such fundamental inquiry is es-
of experience. In the years since man un-
sential to the future technological vitality
locked the power stored within the atom,
of industry and Government alike, it is
the world has made progress, halting but
usually more difficult to comprehend than
effective, towards bringing that power un-
applied activity and, as a consequence,
der human control. The challenge, in short,
often seems harder to justify to the Con-
may be our salvation. As we begin to master
gress, to the Executive Branch, and to the
the potentialities of modern science we
people.
move toward a new era in which science
But if basic research is to be properly
can fulfill its creative promise and help
regarded, it must be better understood. I
bring into existence the happiest society
ask you to reflect on this problem and on
the world has ever known.
the means by which, in the years to come,
I express my appreciation to all of you
our society can assure continuing backing
for what you have done in your respective
to fundamental research in the life sciences,
disciplines in the field of science, and the
the physical sciences, the social sciencies,
contribution which those disciplines have
our natural resources, on agriculture, on
made to the welfare of our country, and
protection against pollution and erosion.
in the great sense, to the welfare of all
Together, the scientific community, the
mankind.
Government, industry, and education must
I can imagine no period in the long his-
work out the way to nourish American
tory of the world where it would be more
science in all its power and vitality. Even
exciting and rewarding than in the field
this year we have already seen in the first
today of scientific exploration. I recognize,
actions of the House of Representatives
with each door that we unlock we see
some failure of support for important areas
perhaps ten doors that we never knew
of research which must depend on the
existed and, therefore, we have to keep
national government. I am hopeful that
working forward. But with all of the tools
the Senate of the United States will restore
now at our command, with all the areas
these funds. Of course, what it needs is a
of knowledge which are waiting to be
JFK - 1963
09
opened up, I think that never in the short
in your work and make it possible for us
history of this academy or in the far longer
to encourage other gifted young men and
history of science has the time been
women to move into these high fields which
brighter, the need been greater for the co-
require so much from them and which has
operation between those of us who work in
so much to give to all of our people. So
Government and those of you who may
the need is very great. Even though some
work in far distant laboratories on subjects
of your experiments may not bring fruition
almost wholly unrelated to the problems
right away, I hope that they will be carried
we now face in 1963. I hope that that
out immediately.
cooperation will remain intimate and that
It reminds us of what the great French
it will remain beneficial to both science and
Marshal Lyautey once said to his gardener:
to the people as a whole.
"Plant a tree tomorrow." And the gardener
Science has made all of our lives so
said, "It won't bear fruit for a hundred
much easier and happier in the last 30
years." "In that case," Lyautey said to the
years. I hope that the people of the United
gardener, "plant it this afternoon." That is
States will continue to sustain all of you
how I feel about your work.
JFK - 1963
P9 7
THE WHITE HOUSE
Office of the Press Secretary
For Immediate Release
March 3, 1989
REMARKS BY THE PRESIDENT
TO WINNERS OF
WESTINGHOUSE SCIENCE TALENT SEARCH
The National Academy of Sciences Building
Washington, D.C.
2:20 P.M. EST
THE PRESIDENT: Thank you very much. Thank you, Mr.
Marous, and all of what you at Westinghouse do for this outstanding
concept. Doctor Prass -- last time = saw Frank Press -- maybe it
wasn't the last time, but he'd just received an honorary degree at a
graduation ceremony where there were 50,000 people present as Ohio
State University -- well-deserved honor, that he well-deserved
as
a
matter of fact, for prestige he's given to science in this country.
And when he salutes a group like this, why, it makes at big
impression
on me as well.
I want to thank you all -- Dr. Seaborg, whose
reputation
is well-known to everybody here; and John as well, for exp
soma of the axhibits to me. (Laughter.) I had done a lot
field of the viability of MVM Parvo Virus. (Laughter.)
:
night I like to curl up with a book on mapping mutants.
(Laughter.)
And every once in a while, when I have some spare time, Barbara,
I
read aloud about the behavior of the inhibitions of sialidas
(Laughter.)
so we have a lot in common with these researcher
(Laughtar.) But I'll tall you, I'm glad there's no quiz.
(Laughter.) And I am 30 impressed and : expect averybody
had a chance to look at these studies. And I'll tall you,
reaffirms your basic faith in the young people of this coun
in
the -- I'd say also, in the academic process. Yestarday we
saluted
some teachers over at the White House and, boy, I wish I'd
seen this
before I'd had -- before I'd been over there to pay my respect
the teachers who help these young minds.
But really, what all or you have accomplished is
something to be proud of. Not only is it at great achieveme
you really earned these honors. Thomas Edison said that
one percent inspiration and 99 percent perspiration. Well,
you, with your academic diligenca and your intellect and a
hard work, have won the oldest and largest national high school
competition in the entire country.
And past winners of the Westinghouse Talent Sear
distinguished themselves in every field of science and math
And your predecassors have received avery major honor and a
their fields, including the Nobel Prize and the National Meda
Science.
And what you've done is important for America.
Scientific and technological advancement have always been at
heart of our nation's pioneer spirit, pushing the boundaries
knowledge, creating aconomic opportunity, and certainly incr
our standard of living and making this a healthier and safer
which to live. It is scientific advancements that made us
the damage to our Earth's protactive ozons layer and the nee
reduce CFC3 that deplate our precious upper atmospheric resc
MORE
Bush 1989
- 2 -
As a result of these advances, the United States and other nations
have led the way through the Montreal Protocol, through -- towards
reductions of CFCs. And that Protocol will reduce CFCs to 50 percent
of 1986 levels by the year 1998. But recent studies indicate that
this 50-percent reduction may not be enough. And that's thought
some of you interested in that field might like to know that today
asked Bill Reilly, our new EPA Administrator, to join with other
nations this weekend as he goes abroad in supporting the ca for
the
elimination of CFC3 by the year 2000, provided the safe substitutes
are available. And, of course, such a phaseout must be guided by
the
scientific, economic, and technological assessments under the
Protocol.
Às a nation, we have no natural resource more pracious
than our intallectual resources. In fact, it's only thanks
human
knowledge and ingenuity that crude oil became a valuable fue
that fields of grain become methanol, or that grains of sand
become
silicon chips.
Sciantific knowledge must be ranewed and expanded
each
generation. Many of the miracles that we take for granted
averyday life originated in defense and space research. This
investment in new technologies and new plant and aquipment
expand our competitive edge as a nation, and thereby assuring
opportunities for America's next generation in science, eng
and manufacturing. But for our country to maintain its tachno
cal
and scientific excellence, no investment in machines or labort
as,
as vital as that may be, will, by itself, be sufficient.
Ther
to be the people who have the knowledge and the commitment
And
will be men and women like yourselves who will lead America
next century.
You know, by one estimate, it takes 10,000 high
students expressing an interest in a science or engineering
assure us of 20 men and women who will go on to receive doc:
degraes. And I hope that each student in this room gets a
or pursues a caraer of one kind or another in science and
and that some of you consider returning to the classroom as
to inspire a new generation of sciantists for the fuzure.
The fruits of investing in science and scientis
evident. Human intalligence has explored the vastness of OU
soace
and the inner frontiers of the particles of the atom; diseas
been cursd, knowledge has been harnessed and energy -- I was
to
say that energy has been created, but then I remembered the
thermodynamics. so lat's just call it a wash -- (laughtar)
say that energy has neither been created nor destroyed.
(Lauchter)
And please don't debate me on that, Glenn. (Laughtar.)
But we truly have seen the scientific knowledge
oned
in the United States vastly improve the lives of our citizen
people around the world. And today, international scientis
science students are coming here to America, to do research
study, to teach; and this is something that our country great
benefits from.
Yet, still, as a nation, lat's face 10, we've got
better. We're not producing enough scientists and mathemati
and engineers. American universities conder only about 77,
angineering degrees a year at the undergraduate lavel. And
about the same number that Japan produces with a total popul
only half our size.
Initiatives from Washington are important. But
not anough. Students and parents and teachers will determine
direction our young people take and, ultimataly, what direct
therefore, that our country takes. And there's only one goa
worthy of us as Americans, And that is to be the very best
world, to be number one. That's our history, but :: is also
balieve, our destiny. our national qualities of intellectual
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curiesity and innovation, our frontier spirit and our habit of
problem-solving all uniqualy equip America for the great
technological age that is dawning.
To help us move in that direction, the federal budget I
propose would, as Frank said, increase funding for -- maybe he didn't
cover this point -- but for NASA by 22 percent, would also advance us
toward our goal of doubling the budget for the National Scienca
Foundation by 1993. I also proposed full funding for the
Suparconducting Super Collider, and even though I'm from Taxas
people seem to understand. (Laughter.) And as an incenti for
private industry, a permanent research and axperimentation
tax
cradit.
But one of the most important investments that
want
us
to make is in science aducation. so I have proposed a National
Science Scholars Program that would provide 570 scholarships a year.
And these would be for up to $10,000 a year, for four years., And
this program would be based on merit and it would draw at east one
young scientist from avery district, every congressional
--
435 across the entire United States -- providing local insp.
and national leadership for the study of science. And I them
one
proves better than all of you just how much our students are cabable
of and how important it is to provide the encouragement and
resources
that you need. And when you couple this modest federal
what Westinghouse and others are doing in this area across
country, we do have something significant and I'd say unique
country.
So : came over here to congratulate the sponsors
congratulate the scientists who have given their blessing to
innovative program and especially, to congratulate all or you
achievers. I think all or you are destined for great things
And
you've got any skeptics out in the audience, go next door and take
a
look and you'll see exactly what I mean.
Thank you and God blass all of you. (Applause.
END
3:31 P.M
REPRODUCED FROM THE COLLECTIONS
OF NATIONAL ACADEMY OE SCIENCES
THE ARCHIVES OF THE
MEMBERS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
Each year in late April during its annual meeting, the Academy elects
up to 60 new members and 15 new foreign associates. New members and foreign
associates are chosen for "major contributions to original research."
Members of the Academy have included some of the most famous names in
science and technology including 162 Nobel Prize winners. A sampling of past
members includes:
Albert Einstein developer of the theory of the relativity of space and time
Alexander Graham Bell inventor of the telephone
Ernest 0. Lawrence inventor of the cyclotron
John von Neumann father of games theory
Joseph Henry first secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, pioneer in
study of electromagnetism
Thomas Edison inventor of the light bulb and the phonograph
Robert J. Oppenheimer director of the Manhattan project to develop the
atomic bomb
Enrico Fermi winner of the Nobel Prize in physics for some of the first
experiments in atomic fission.
Maria Goeppert Mayer winner of the Nobel Prize in physics for explanations
of the structure of atomic nuclei
A.A. Michelson the first American to win the Nobel Prize, granted in 1907
for research on the nature of light
T. H. Morgan winner of the Nobel Prize for discovering the functions
of the chromosome in the transmission of heredity
Vladimir Zworykin instrumental in the development of television
Orville Wright coinventor of the airplane
Margaret Mead pioneer in anthropological research
John W. Powell --- geologist and explorer, instrumental in first geological
survey of the American West
Current members of the Academy have some equally impressive
credentials. For example:
James Watson, director of Cold Spring Habor Laboratory, Long Island, New York
Nobel Prize winner and codiscoverer of the structure of DNA
B.F. Skinner, William James Hall professor, Harvard University famous
some may be
behavioral psychologist
Philip Leder, professor of genetics, Harvard Medical School developer of the
first patented animal, a mouse carrying a human cancer gene
Carl Djerassi, department of chemistry, Stanford University pioneer in
development of birth control pills
Linus Pauling, independent researcher, Big Sur, Calif. winner of Nobel
prizes in both chemistry and peace
Barbara McClintock, distinguished service member, Carnegie Institution
winner of the Nobel prize for studies of the genetics of corn
Freeman Dyson, professor of physics, Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton
well known physicist and author
Donald Kennedy, president, Stanford University also former head of the Food
and Drug Administration
Paul Marks, president, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center head of one of
the largest private cancer centers in the world
-2-
Luis Alvarez, professor of physics emeritus, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory --
Nobel prize winner and researcher noted for his theory that the
collision of a huge meteor with the earth caused the extinction of the
dinosaurs.
Bruce Ames, department of biochemistry, University of California, Berkeley --
developer of the widely used "Ames test" for determining
carcinogenicity, also recently in the news with a new index to cancer
risks.
Lewis Thomas, university professor, State University of New York, Stony
Brook -- world renown cancer researcher, president emeritus of
Sloan-Kettering Cancer center, contributing editor for Discover
magazine.
Herbert Simon, professor of computer science and psychology, Carnegie-Mellon
University winner of the Nobel prize in economics and pioneer in
the field of artificial intelligence.
Jerome Wiesner, institute professor, Massachusetts Institute of Technology --
science adviser to Presidents Kennedy and Johnson and active arms
control advocate.
Andrei Sakharov, (foreign associate of the Academy), U.S.S.R. -- activist Soviet
dissident, winner of the Nobel Peace Prize and father of the Soviet
hydrogen bomb
David Baltimore, director, Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research and
Massachusetts Institute of Technology -- Nobel prize winner in
medicine and well-known AIDS researcher.
Leon Lederman, director, Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory head of the
U.S. laboratory with the most powerful atomic particle accelerator in
the world
NATIONAL
A NEW ERA
ACADEMY OF
IN SERVICE TO
SCIENCES
THE NATION
"The last hundred years have seen
a second great change-the change
in the relationship between science
and public policy. To this new
relationship, your own academy has
made a decisive contribution. For a
century the National Academy of
Sciences has exemplified the
partnership between scientists who
accept the responsibilities that
accompany freedom and a
government which encourages the
increase of knowledge for the
welfare of mankind."
President John F. Kennedy,
convocation address upon the occasion of the
centennial celebration of the National Academy
of Sciences, October 1963
In 1863, President Abraham Lincoln
signed the congressional charter
creating the National Academy of
Sciences to honor America's most
eminent scientists and draw upon
their expertise in advising the
federal government. Today, the
Academy is the country's premier
source of advice on science and
technology and their relation to
national policy. As it moves forward
in this role, the Academy believes
that it can strengthen its
contribution by building an
endowment to provide the strong
foundation of support needed to
initiate and develop projects of
timely national impact. In this way,
the Academy can increase its
capacity to lead and secure its
objectives to preserve the scholarly
nature, lasting value, objectivity,
and independence of its work.
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A SINGULAR NATIONAL RESOURCE
After 125 years of service to the nation, the National Academy of
Sciences remains singular. Created by the U.S. Congress as a private ad-
visory body to the federal government, the Academy is not a federal
agency, but an independent, nonprofit, and self-governing institution.
Unrestricted by the pressures normal to the political process, the
Academy bases its recommendations on expert analyses rather than on
ideology and thus provides advice that is scientifically valid, impartial,
and balanced. At the same time, the government has special access to
the Academy's resources and, by tradition, the Academy has a privileged
place of access to the government.
The Academy's headquarters in the nation's Capital overlook the
Lincoln Memorial. With complementary facilities at the Woods Hole
Study Center in Woods Hole, Massachusetts, and at the Arnold and
Mabel Beckman Center in Irvine, California, the Academy employs a
broad cross-section of the country's experts.
Founded when the United States was just emerging as a technologi-
cal society, the Academy has built a powerful scientific and technologi-
cal advisory organization mirroring the nation's technological growth. In
1916, at the request of President Wilson, the Academy formed the
National Research Council to embrace the scientific and engineering
skills of American citizens beyond the Academy's limited membership,
which at that time totaled about 150. Further extension included the
creation of two sister institutions: the National Academy of Engineering,
established in 1964, which is autonomous in its administration and in
the selection of its members and shares with the National Academy of
Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government; and the
Institute of Medicine, established in 1970, which is charged with the ex-
amination of policy matters pertaining to the improvement of health
care and the advancement of health science and education. These parts-
old and new working in concert-strengthened the institution, making
it more ecumenical in perspective and more effective in responding to
requests posed to it.
Membership and Volunteer Structure
The Academy's strength, its credibility, is rooted in its distinguished na-
tional membership and in the study committees that operate through
the National Research Council and the Institute of Medicine.
The Academy's members include more than 1,500 scientists repre-
senting mathematics; economics; the physical, biological, and medical
sciences; the social and behavioral sciences; engineering; and the diverse
applied sciences. These members are elected exclusively on the basis of
their distinctive scientific achievements, and election to the Academy is
considered second only to the Nobel Prize as the most highly sought
recognition in the scientific world.
The locus for studies conducted by the Academy is the Research
Council, which can tap the resources of the entire U.S. scientific and
technical communities and, when needed, the expertise of foreign scien-
tists and engineers as well. Some 950 committees of more than 9,000
scientists and other volunteers examine, at any given time, a full range
of national issues in which science and technology are key components.
Committee members include working scientists from university and in-
dustrial labs; deans, provosts, and university presidents; vice presidents
for research and development and chief executive officers of major firms;
lawyers, economists and, social scientists; and a host of other experts
willing to commit themselves to public service in the interest of im-
proved public policy-making. About 53 percent come from academe; 20
percent from industry; 19 percent from the professional communities,
nonprofit institutions, and other sectors; and 8 percent from govern-
"I have been consistently impressed
ment.
with the qualities of judgement
Committee members are carefully chosen to represent the broad
evident in everything [the Academy]
expertise necessary to examine an issue. Men and women appointed to
does-in its recruitment processes
study committees serve as volunteers-only their expenses are paid.
for study committees as well as for
Their gift of experience and time is immeasurable considering their
its own membership, in the care
other responsibilities.
given to the preparation and review
of reports, and in its public positions.
The Nature of the Work
This country needs and deserves
outstanding scientific and technical
As the Academy's structure has grown, so has its scope broadened, to en-
leadership, and through the
compass virtually every field of science, engineering, and health-
Academy receives no less."
with the overall, two-part objective to apply science to national and in-
Robert McC. Adams
ternational problems and policy decisions and to foster the orderly ad-
Secretary, Smithsonian Institution
vancement of science.
Problem-solving is at the heart of the study reports published by
the Research Council. The issues studied are often controversial and
complex with no simple answers. They require the gathering of existing
scientific evidence and the assessment of its implications for public poli-
2
cy. They are by their nature some of the most difficult problems facing
the nation-environmental degradation, access to health care, economic
strength, and education, to name a few. The challenge is always to clari-
fy, quantify when possible, and validate the available information, and
then to set out alternative courses. Often the results spark further re-
search and provoke further requests for Academy review. Sometimes, in-
stead of definitive solutions, the results are new, more effective ways to
manage problems.
Through annual meetings and the election of new officers and
members, the Academy sets the standards for scientific achievement. It
authenticates scientific findings and alerts society to areas of concern. It
also provides scientific consensus on a continuing basis. In addition, the
Academy assists the nation in planning and evaluating its science,
through epochal examinations of research opportunities in various disci-
plines, such as chemistry, physics, astronomy, mathematics, the behav-
ioral and social sciences, and the earth sciences.
A constant that runs through much of the Academy's work is the
need to balance risks against benefits: the risk of cancer against the bene-
fits of using food preservatives, or the comparative risks of nuclear ener-
gy against those of other energy sources. Such decisions confront every
"
the work of these panels fits
citizen in a modern society. They are necessary, sometimes urgent, and
well my interest in devoting clear,
always difficult. The Academy provides the credible, reliable, indepen-
logical reflection and analysis to
dent, and impartial advice that can lead to sound and responsible deci-
important issues of the day, and in
sions.
reaching judgments that may direct
governmental action, whether by
Congress or the Executive Branch, in
Integrity
a sensible direction."
Because of its status as a private institution, the Academy can indepen-
Richard N. Cooper
dently decide what studies to accept and judge the competence required
Maurits C. Boas Professor of International
to address a particular issue. Integral to its committee system is a consid-
Economics, Harvard University
eration of bias and conflicts of interest in the appointment of members.
A rigorous peer-review process validates a committee's work. No report
is issued by the Academy without it first having been reviewed by a
group other than the committee that produced the work. By institution-
al requirement, committees respond to each review comment. In this
way, the Academy ensures accuracy, balance, and overall probity.
Impact
The Academy's work informs debates in Congress and the administra-
tion and influences legislation and appropriations. Special briefings pro-
vide information to congressional members, government officials, and
industry leaders. Through journals, seminars, and the media, the Acade-
my heightens the public's awareness of issues and helps to inform those
who must eventually vote on policy decisions. Academy volunteers,
3
who form a large part of the body of informed understanding in our soci-
ety, themselves have a major impact. As testimony to the respect in
which it is held internationally, foreign academies study the National
Academy of Sciences, seeking to emulate how it works and what it does.
STRENGTHENING ITS SERVICE TO THE NATION
A Message from the President
The National Academy of Sciences is the most important private adviso-
ry mechanism for science and technology policy in the United States.
With its ability to assemble experts of the highest reputation from a
wide spectrum of disciplines, the Academy is an unparalleled resource
for addressing the complex, cross-disciplinary, and multifaceted scientif-
ic and technological problems and opportunities of our age. Increasingly,
no single government agency can take full responsibility for assessing
and acting on such problems as global climate change, the treatment of
AIDS, or U.S. technological competitiveness.
The Academy, while remaining responsive to federal government
requests as its charter provides, is expanding its capacity to initiate and
develop projects on its own. Such initiatives complement the work per-
formed at the request of government and bring Academy resources and
expertise to bear on a wider range of problems.
The most important source of funds for self-initiated activities is
the income derived from endowment. A sustained, guaranteed source
of support, endowment gives the Academy an agenda-setting capability
that allows it to undertake important studies, independent of govern-
ment support or interest; to give the nation consistent guidance for the
long term on such issues as international security and arms control, and
science and mathematics education; and to anticipate and respond quickly
to urgent national problems.
In 1981 the Academy began an effort to increase its institutional
endowment, which includes the endowment of its sister organization,
the Institute of Medicine, from $21 million to $100 million, thus provid-
ing income equivalent to about 10 percent of government-funded activi-
ties. This effort was given great impetus in May 1988 by receipt of a $20
million endowment grant from the W.K. Kellogg Foundation, which
was awarded jointly to the Academy and the Institute. The grant re-
quires the Academy and the Institute to raise $16 million in matching
funds. If the institution is successful in meeting the terms of the grant, a
4
full description of which is included on page 31 of this brochure, our goal
will be reached.
The boxes on the following pages highlight some activities initiated
by the Academy in recent years and funded in varying degrees through
contributions (many to the endowment) from individuals, corporations,
and foundations. This partial list exemplifies the importance of the
Academy, as a public-service oriented organization, having financial in-
dependence and an agenda-setting capability. Some of these activities,
such as the Committee on Human Rights, are long term and would ben-
efit from endowment to sustain them in the coming years. Also dis-
cussed on the following pages are selected national issues on the Acade-
my's agenda now and for the future. These activities represent the kinds
of projects that might be undertaken or continued if sufficient endow-
ment were available.
The challenges generated by scientific and technological develop-
ments are many. Increased commitment to the institution's endowment
will provide the support with which we can explore opportunities, build
solutions to problems, and strengthen our service to the nation.
TransPress
Frank Press
President, National Academy of Sciences
Chairman, National Research Council
5
MAKING A DIFFERENCE
Strengthening the
Scientific Enterprise
In fostering strong American science, an emerging priority for the
Academy is to analyze the nation's research and development capability.
Critical issues include the climate in which researchers, particularly
younger researchers, work; the capabilities of various research institu-
tions (e.g., universities, not-for-profit organizations, and industrial labo-
ratories) to play appropriate roles in the national effort; and the roles of
various government agencies and private institutions in providing sup-
port for research and development.
Internationally, pressures for cooperative research with other coun-
tries are intensifying as the cost of research increases and national re-
sources are depleted. Among the questions to be answered are: What
makes a field of study appropriate for international cooperation? What
criteria are needed to determine which fields to include? Research
Council committees can-and do-examine such complex questions.
Research efforts also need to go beyond the classic areas of science
to include large systems such as transportation, water supply, education,
and welfare. Yet jurisdictional and financial fractionation makes it diffi-
cult to mount a research agenda designed to protect enormous public in-
vestments, improve services, create and calibrate innovations, and pro-
"America's future depends on
vide measures of performance. An examination of ways to construct
our ability to utilize science and
effective research programs for these large systems will require the
technology for our national
Academy's attention.
development and to enhance our
international relationships. The
National Academy of Sciences
provides one of the best and most
A New Commitment to the Behavioral and Social Sciences
effective ways in which scientists
The urgent need for a new
resources, and grants to capitalize
can utilize their time and talents in
commitment to the behavioral
on wide-ranging opportunities for
this great national effort."
and social sciences was broadcast in
scientific advances and practical
Peter H. Raven
1988 by The Behavioral and Social
benefits-from programs to reduce
Director, Missouri Botanical Garden
Sciences: Achievements and
drug abuse to improved economic
6
Opportunities, the report of an
analyses. These recommendations
Academy-initiated study. The report
formed the core of an American
revealed that support for behavioral
Psychological Association action
and social sciences had dropped 25
plan, which was endorsed by 19
percent between fiscal years 1972
behavioral and social science
and 1987, while federal spending for
organizations, and was the focus of
other areas of scientific research
a 1989 congressional hearing to
increased by 36 percent in the same
review National Science Foundation
period. The report recommended
support for behavioral and social
new national support for advanced
science.
training, research technology, data
E E
9
B
An important change in the configuration of industrial research ef-
forts needs to be assessed: The merging of large companies sometimes
results in reduced research. Meanwhile, new collaborations are being es-
tablished within industry and between industry and universities, states
and industry, and companies in different countries. Further study by the
Academy can lead to a clearer understanding of the implications of these
changes.
Reaching beyond science policy to scientific discovery, the Acade-
my plans to introduce a provocative annual series, the National Science
Frontiers Symposium, which will bring together outstanding young U.S.
scientists to discuss exciting scientific advances and opportunities in
their own fields. By challenging these scientists to think about what is
glimpsed "on the horizon" in fields other than their own, the Academy
hopes to stimulate interaction and collaboration. Videotapes and ab-
stracts of each symposium will be prepared so that colleges and universi-
ties may also participate in the exchange.
New Alliances for Research
The Government-University-
cooperative research programs;
Industry Research Roundtable,
and the identification of the factors
established in 1984, provides a forum
necessary to operate successful
President George Bush and the
1989 Westinghouse Science Talent Search
for exploring ways to improve the
multidisciplinary research and
high school finalists at the National
productivity of the nation's research
education programs.
Academy of Sciences.
enterprise. The uniqueness of the
Extended projects include an
roundtable is in its membership and
exacting look at the changes in the
in the continuity with which key
organizational structure and resource
individuals address important topics
base of the U.S. research system and
and provide superior analytical
their effect on the "home of science"
backup. Members include the leaders
in the United States, universities; an
of the federal R&D enterprise; senior
investigation of the financing of
industry, university, and state
academic research facilities; a study
officers; and working scientists and
of the attractiveness of graduate
engineers. Invited guests extend the
education to the very best
8
reach of the members.
undergraduates; and an assessment
Results of roundtable activities
of the relationships of the new
include the standardization and
university-industry alliances to
simplification of government-
technical change and innovation in
university and industry-university
industry. Further, in recognition of
research agreements; promotion of
the increasing role of the states in
broader based consideration for
science and technology, the
nurturing science and engineering
roundtable has created a federal-state
talent; elucidation of the factors
dialogue on science and technology
important in the operation and self-
and policy issues.
assessment of university-industry
International Affairs
Academy initiatives in international affairs are taking on a new empha-
sis: New grounds for developing fruitful relations are being forged, a pub-
lic-policy orientation adopted, and long-term pioneering projects estab-
lished.
In its traditional operational role of managing U.S. involvement
with foreign scientific communities, the Academy is establishing cre-
ative avenues for international exchange. In January 1988, the presidents
of the National Academy of Sciences and the Academy of Sciences of the
USSR signed a five-year agreement for scientific and technological coop-
eration. At the same time, the president of the Institute of Medicine
signed a five-year agreement establishing for the first time scientific co-
operation with the Soviet Academy of Medical Sciences. These two
agreements afford an unusual opportunity for the United States to en-
gage influential Soviet scientists in workshop discussions and symposia
on such significant global issues as the environment, arms control, edu-
cation, alcohol and substance abuse, AIDS and the human immunodefi-
ciency virus, and human rights.
Since 1966, the Academy's Committee on Scholarly Communi-
cation with the People's Republic of China has been striving to build a
relationship with a country whose importance to the United States and
the rest of the world can only increase in the future. Subject to suitable
conditions, in the years ahead the committee will emphasize visits be-
tween individual researchers of the two countries; sponsor programs pro-
International Security and Arms Control
Established in 1980, the Committee
develop recommendations,
provide a window onto the dramatic
on International Security and Arms
statements, conclusions, and other
changes occurring in Soviet political,
Control (CISAC) reflects the benefits
initiatives for presentation to both
economic, and scientific life.
of a private, unofficial Academy-
public and private audiences;
A new activity for CISAC is
sponsored initiative in a politically
respond to requests from the
an informal dialogue with Chinese
sensitive area. The committee
executive and legislative branches of
scientists on international and
9
maintains a rotating membership of
the U.S. government; and expand the
regional security issues. This is a
distinguished scientists and experts
interest of U.S. scientists and
unique and promising development
in security and arms control. Their
engineers in international security
for professional-level scientific
objectives are to study and report on
and arms control.
dialogue, where little has existed
scientific and technical issues
CISAC conducts continuing
before.
germane to international security
private bilateral meetings with a
and arms control; engage in
comparable group from the Academy
discussions with similar
of Sciences of the USSR. In addition
organizations in other countries;
to improving understanding between
the two countries, these meetings
viding American and Chinese scientists with opportunities to collabo-
rate in such areas as agriculture, biotechnology, global change, and
science policy; and offer a public outreach service for science and educa-
tional relations with China.
In Mexico, where severe economic problems have seriously eroded
10
that country's science, technology, and educational base, leaders in the
Academy, the National Academy of Engineering, the Institute of
Medicine, and the Mexican Academies of Sciences and Engineering have
established a long-term science and technology partnership intended to
sustain and increase Mexican economic development. Specific program
objectives are to: strengthen and build Mexican institutional capacity in
science and technology policy; initiate joint studies on science, technolo-
gy, and health issues that will contribute to policy formulation in both
nations; and improve scientific and technical literacy in Mexico.
The Academy is also taking the lead in areas affecting international
public policy. Studies are planned to: explore the problems associated
with the lack of uniform treatment of intellectual property rights de-
rived from basic scientific research and technological development; rec-
ommend suitable mechanisms for future U.S. government and private
sector interactions with countries-such as Brazil, Korea, and Mexico-
that have made substantial economic progress in the past and have,
therefore, graduated from U.S. economic and technical assistance; and
facilitate global science and technology and analyze the strengths and
weaknesses of existing multilateral organizations in meeting national re-
search goals. Additionally, the Beckman Center Pacific Rim Seminars
will be a continuing and prestigious series of meetings exploring the role
of science and technology in promoting the security and economic and
social development of the Pacific Rim.
Assistance to developing countries has been and will continue to be
of major interest to the nation. The Research Council's Board on Science
and Technology for International Development (BOSTID) has, for al-
most two decades, focused its efforts on marshalling the diverse scientif-
ic and technological talents of the United States to concentrate on issues
important to developing countries, and has at times provided a produc-
tive alternative to official channels. Through an integrated program of
National Security
Two Academy-initiated studies have
In February 1987, Balancing
industry. The report appeared when
significantly influenced national
the National Interest: National
modification of national security
security policy. A 1982 report,
Security Export Controls and
export controls was being considered
Scientific Communication and
Global Economic Competition
by Congress and the Reagan
National Security, was pivotal in
assessed the effectiveness and
administration. Released with
evaluating the need for controls on
economic impact of U.S. export
extensive press coverage, the panel's
the dissemination of basic research
controls on militarily sensitive
findings and recommendations were
in universities and led the National
products. The panel was made up of
also presented personally to the
Security Council, at the President's
university officials, industry
President's National Security
directive, to order an interagency
executives, and former government
Advisor and the secretaries of State,
review of the issue. The result was
officials with experience in defense,
Defense, and Commerce. Within
the National Security Decision
trade, and intelligence. The report
several weeks, the Department of
Directive 189, which in September
found that controls on high-
Commerce issued new regulations
11
1984 stated for the first time the
technology products cost the nation's
easing export controls on some
commitment of the U.S.
businesses about $9.3 billion each
products already widely available
Government to maintain
year, but that many of the rules did
from U.S. allies and proposed
unrestricted access to the results of
not serve national security interests.
streamlining trade rules for a number
"fundamental research." The report
The study concluded that because
of other products.
is now the basic reference document
the ineffective controls did not
on this matter.
prevent Warsaw Pact countries from
gaining access to many advanced
technologies, the net effect of the
regulations was to penalize U.S.
U.S.-Japan Relations
The Office of Japan Affairs was
The office is a direct outgrowth
both countries and illuminated
created in 1988 to complement
of a series of exchanges that made
inequalities and limitations inherent
government efforts and to shed light
the Academy a focal point for
in traditional negotiations for equal
on questions central to national
informal discussions with leading
access. The talks also introduced the
policy debates on science,
Japanese and American scientists,
new concept of symmetrical access,
technology, and U.S.-Japan relations.
technologists, and research
wherein both sides agreed to explore
Bilateral meetings, workshops, and
managers. These unofficial meetings,
measures designed to bring about
policy studies are being undertaken
initiated in 1985 and 1986 by the
a more balanced and equitable flow
to promote a greater understanding
Academy and the National Academy
of scientists, engineers, and
of how each country pursues
of Engineering and called the U.S.-
precommercial information between
scientific and technological
Japan Discussions on Advanced
their respective research systems.
objectives.
Technology and the International
Environment, brought together
business and academic leaders from
overseas work, research grants, published studies, advisory committees,
conferences, seminars, and outreach activities, BOSTID is a vital mecha-
nism for assisting developing countries.
Great changes continue to occur within these countries and in sci-
entific knowledge relevant to development needs. Budget appropriations
for development assistance have been shrinking at the same time that
scientific and technical knowledge has become key to the economic and
social development of these countries. New methods and institutions
will be needed to allow more effective interaction; cooperation rather
than assistance will become the more useful approach to development,
especially since many important problems of health, food production,
population, environment, and natural resources require global solutions.
Academy analysis will be important to policy decisions in this area, es-
pecially in an era of greater urgency and lesser resources.
Human rights will continue to be on the international agenda in
the future, and are a vital component of the Academy's international
program. Through its Committee on Human Rights, progress has been
Andrei Sakharov, human rights activist
12
and a foreign associate of the Academy,
made in such countries as Chile, Morocco, Nicaragua, Somalia, and the
Eliot Stellar, chairman of the Academy's
USSR. In Somalia, for example, a joint Academy-Institute of Medicine
Committee on Human Rights, and Tatyana
delegation was one of the first human rights missions ever allowed into
Yankelevich, Dr. Sakharov's stepdaughter,
the country. It is widely believed that the delegation's resulting report
at the November 1988 dinner at the
Academy honoring Dr. Sakharov upon the
and a subsequent appeal to the Prime Minister of Somalia led to the
occasion of his visit to the United States—
release of twelve prisoners. In the future, the committee will continue to
his first international visit since his 1986
press for the release of scientific colleagues unjustly imprisioned through-
release from internal exile in the Soviet
out the world.
Union.
Education
Computer innovations are dramatically changing education technology
today. Exciting experimental programs are being advanced to help teach-
ers plan and execute lessons and to help students as they work individu-
ally and in group situations.
The issue is how to effectively apply this technology in our schools-
how to introduce computers and how to get them used. Problems also
emerge in dealing with the politics of a heterogeneous situation in
which community, county, state, and federal interests are involved.
Designing and recommending avenues for implementing criteria to
judge the effectiveness of new technology is the objective. Examining
current knowledge in this area, validating it, synthesizing it, relating it
to the current situation, and making recommendations is the challenge.
On another level, the educational system as a whole requires atten-
tion. U.S. education is in its second phase of reform. Phase one began
with national alerts in the early 1980s about the system's problems, in-
cluding reports by federal agencies and a convocation in 1982 conducted
Mathematical Sciences Education Board
The Mathematical Sciences
with a clear statement of excellence
Education Board (MSEB) was
in school mathematics, and in a
established by the Academy in 1985
vigorous campaign to expand the
at the urging of the mathematics
understanding of this work at the
community to provide national
state and local levels.
leadership for bringing about
The MSEB has also embarked
significant improvements in
on an ambitious plan to actively
mathematics education in the United
engage U.S. employers in revitalizing
States. The MSEB concentrates on
mathematics education. A 1988
reforming mathematics education, at
symposium focused on the
all grades and in all areas, from
connection between mathematics
curriculum and instruction to testing
education in U.S. schools and
and teacher training. By viewing
colleges and the ability of U.S.
13
mathematics as a whole system, the
business and industry to compete
MSEB's model of broad and
internationally. One recommen-
continuing concentration on a major
dation was that MSEB establish a
problem is now being transported to
Corporate Council for Mathematics
other areas of education. Linked
Education, the planning for which
efforts are under way in curriculum
has been launched.
reform, in the establishment of
standards to provide school systems
Focusing on Industry Needs
The 1984 report, High Schools and
skills-has reverberated through out
the Changing Workplace: The
the educational system. Some 35,000
Employers' View, addressed the
copies of the report have been
needs of high school graduates not
distributed and an additional 16,000
going to college from the perspective
sold. States and localities continue to
of the private businesses and public
inquire about it, to organize forums
institutions that will employ them.
devoted to it, and to embed its
The essential message-that certain
message into their educational
specific competencies, including
planning.
literacy with words and numbers, are
"As chairman of the study on
much more important than specific
High Schools and the Changing
Workplace: The Employers' View,
I saw first hand how the Academy
contributed to our understanding of
by the Research Council on science and mathematics education. The
critical social issues through a
next phase of reform will involve defining and emplacing the changes
process of study, evaluation and
needed to correct the problems.
recommended action. The National
Since the 1982 convocation, the Research Council, supported by
Academy of Sciences is actively
private funds, has launched a new body of work on the system through
involved in the life of the nation
two major education units, the Mathematical Sciences Education Board
and committed to projects that have
and the National Science Resources Center. A principal objective is the
a direct bearing on the future of
creation of effective links and communication systems with a large
American education, technological
number of groups and organizations encompassing not only professional
leadership and industrial
societies in mathematics, science, and engineering, but also national ed-
competitiveness."
ucational organizations and policymakers, state and local education au-
Richard E. Heckert
thorities, business and industrial organizations, and the general public.
Chairman of the Finance Committee and
Also significant is the raising of awareness in these groups of the need for
Former Chairman and Chief Executive Officer,
major improvements in curriculum, instruction, testing, and teacher ed-
E. I.DuPont de Nemours & Co., Inc.
ucation. Techniques, resources, and new curriculum ideas must be
shared. In an arena in which the players are in constant flux-new peo-
ple are becoming teachers, parents, and students-systems must be
developed to reach these individuals on a continuing basis. Sustained
private support is pivotal in furthering this communication of under-
standing.
14
The Research Council is also focusing on the nation's diminishing
pool of scientific talent-an issue of particular concern at a time when
the demand for scientists and engineers is growing in industry and
academe. Plans include a comprehensive analysis of the nation's ap-
proach to nurturing prospective scientists and engineers and identifying
points in the pipeline where talented students-particularly minorities
and women-are lost.
HD
National Science Resources Center
The National Science Resources
strategies for science and
scientists whose aim is to translate
Center (NSRC) is a joint effort of the
mathematics education can be
new scientific knowledge into
Academy and the Smithsonian
introduced and shared.
educational resources and to
15
Institution. It focuses less on
One NSRC project, Science
stimulate students' imaginations and
reforming the total educational
and Technology for Children, is
experimentation. The project also
system and more on a major
developing scientifically current and
plans to create training laboratories
problem within the system-weak
enticing hands-on science
for a substantial number of students
science instruction in precollege
instructional units for elementary
and teachers.
education. The center serves as a
school students, which will be tested
national interchange point where
initially in 16 school districts across
successful programs, techniques, and
the country. The project is the result
of intensive and sustained
collaboration between teachers and
Agriculture
Characterized by extremes-decline and innovation-agriculture in the
United States today is in transition. The decline of U.S. competitiveness
in international markets and the inability of farmers to recover from the
pressures of complex economic blows contrast with new research devel-
opments that are accelerating the pace of change. Scientific disciplines
are combining to create new interdisciplinary approaches to problems.
Under the leadership of the Research Council's Board on Agri-
culture, Academy initiatives foster a national commitment to strength-
en U.S. agriculture and its competitive position, address current issues,
anticipate new challenges, and assess this nation's role in preserving the
planet's environmental integrity.
One of the board's major programs is a series of studies on U.S. nat-
ural resource use, conservation, and management policies. Four studies,
Nitrogen Management in the Midwest, Management of Highly Erodible
and Other Fragile Farmlands, Public Rangeland Classification Systems,
"The Academy provides a variety of
and Western Water Management Change-Third Party Effects, will
platforms through which policy and
touch upon issues of significance in all major farming regions of the
science issues can be discussed and
country. The project will provide an opportunity for the board to develop
explored with a number of
not only expertise, but also a significant series of reports and recommen-
important audiences-including
dations involving agriculture's impact on water quality-an issue des-
industry and the public. In March
tined to become one of the most challenging on the environmental and
1985, I had the honor of co-chairing
agricultural policy agenda.
a symposium on biotechnology at
the Academy, and saw firsthand the
vital role it fulfills."
Richard J. Mahoney
Biotechnology
Chairman and Chief Executive Officer,
Monsanto Company
A 1987 report (now in its third
programs to support research, train
printing), Agricultural
researchers, and advance the
Biotechnology: Strategies for
agricultural enterprise into the
National Competitiveness, was an
biotechnology era. Following the
outgrowth of the Academy's concern
report's release, the Academy held a
that rapidly unfolding discoveries
high-level briefing attended by U.S.
16
and their applications in
Department of Agriculture (USDA)
biotechnology were surpassing the
officials, congressional staff,
capacity of society-especially
scientific and trade association
agricultural research and educational
leaders, and members of the press.
institutions-to absorb and adjust to
The briefing provided the stimulus
change. The report explored ways to
for improved programs such as the
accelerate the benefits of
$20 million biotechnology initiative
biotechnology within the
for the competitive research grants
agricultural economy and
program within the USDA.
emphasized the need for a serious
commitment of funds, talent, and
Biotechnology-its tremendous potential and the influence of pub-
lic policy on its development-is drawing national attention. Use of
biotechnology can improve crop and animal production and create inno-
vative opportunities to manufacture new products and foods, treat and
use wastes, and use renewable resources for fuel. New genetic and eco-
logical techniques, particularly in the areas of pest control and nutrition-
al qualities of food, are expected to benefit American consumers and the
nation's natural environment alike. Yet it is unclear whether existing in-
stitutions and policies are appropriate to address these goals. Assuring
that biotechnology thrives amidst legitmate public concerns will be a
major issue for the Academy.
In an effort to strengthen agriculture for the benefit of all peoples,
the Academy is looking at ways to improve and promote basic nutrition
for humans and animals, to increase the nutritional value of crops and
animal products, and to assure the availability of safe uncontaminated
foods at reasonable costs. To guarantee security and leadership for the fu-
ture, the Academy will continue to address issues pertaining to agricul-
ture in primary, secondary, and higher education and the dissemination
of information about agriculture to individuals and organizations
throughout all sectors of the economy.
On an international level, the board is conducting a number of
major studies that should have far-reaching effects on conservation, envi-
ronmental quality, and agriculture. The Committee on Managing Global
Genetic Resources is developing a series of reports that address one of
the most crucial issues today: loss of the world's biological resources.
The expert international committee assembled by the board is examin-
ing not only the scientific problems of protecting and using these re-
sources, but also the related social, economic, and legal questions in-
volved. The committee's mandate is to move beyond just highlighting
the problems and to set forth rational, scientifically based, workable op-
tions for nations. Without such guidance, biological resources could be
lost forever.
Also under way are board efforts to promote the concept of sustain-
able agriculture and to engage in cooperative research and scientific ex-
change with other nations. A key objective is to promote recognition of
the Board on Agriculture's 1989 report on sustainable agriculture and to
18
initiate international follow-up projects. While trade and economic ten-
sions are likely to continue as divisive forces among nations, the concept
of agricultural sustainability and humankind's ultimate dependence on
its attainment may prove a powerful force leading to a new era of cooper-
ation and exchange in the agricultural, ecological, nutritional, and food
sciences.
Another major activity encompasses the productivity, profitability,
and competitiveness of U.S. agriculture. Such a project could make an
important, and perhaps unique, contribution to understanding how com-
modity policies, technology, trade, and macroeconomic policies affect
the performance of U.S. food and fiber industries, and thus shape the na-
tion's role in meeting global food needs and preserving the planet's envi-
ronmental integrity.
The Environment
Major global changes-such as "the greenhouse effect" caused by in-
creasing levels of carbon dioxide, methane, and other gases; the depletion
of the stratospheric ozone layer; changes in land use and tropical defor-
estation; radiation increases; and industrial pollutants-are disturbing
the balance of environmental systems. In 1983, long before national at-
tention was focused on "the greenhouse effect," the Academy published
a report about the effects of increased atmospheric carbon dioxide on the
climate. Sending such early warning signals is one of the Academy's
roles.
At a time when government interest is often focused on narrow
regulatory concerns and specific legislation, the Academy can offer both
immediate and long-term perspectives. Environmental issues are in-
creasingly global and interdisciplinary. The Academy can draw upon the
entire spectrum of its resources and establish liaisons with international
organizations and U.S. scientists and engineers in international research
programs.
Biodiversity
The 1984 National Forum on
high schools, colleges, and the
Biodiversity, held at the Academy
interested public. Press coverage on
and cosponsored by the Smithsonian
the forum was extensive, with front
Institution, provided a means for
page articles published in the
19
distinguished scholars and the public
nation's leading newspapers and wire
to explore the global problem of
service stories appearing
preserving plant and animal species
internationally. A 1988 published
and their habitats. More than 1,500
book of papers presented at the
individuals attended the four-day
forum, Biodiversity, is on its way to
meeting and thousands more across
becoming the definitive source of
the country watched the concluding
information on this topic.
teleconference via satellite. A
videotape of highlights from the
teleconference was distributed to
Acid Rain
In 1984 the Academy received the
private funding enabled the
National Wildlife Federation's
Academy to provide an objective,
prestigious Conservationist of the
comprehensive assessment on what
Year award, which cited the 1983
was known and not known about
Research Council report, Acid
acid deposition. The report had the
Deposition: Atmospheric Processes
effect of refocusing the national
in Eastern North America, as
debate from spurious arguments
evidence of "the importance of the
about degrees of scientific
Academy's objective, high quality
uncertainty to policy issues related
studies to the environmental policy
to what, if anything, to do about
debate." At a time when the
acid rain.
government agenda did not include
examination of the acid rain issue,
The Academy is involved in a range of specific environmental is-
sues. In the area of environmental pollution, studies address the disposal
of radioactive and other wastes and industrial by-products, as well as fed-
eral government research and regulatory programs associated with pollu-
tion control. In human health and environment issues, studies address
environmental epidemiology, toxicology, assessment of risks from pollu-
tants, and problems of environmental engineering, socioeconomic and
science policy, and the monitoring of biological diversity.
The Academy's attention is also directed toward the diversity of
public policies that are growing more complex and less effective because
the nation is not developing better ways to value natural resources and
environmental quality. Natural resources tend to be undervalued in eco-
nomic terms, and are sometimes overprotected through regulations be-
cause of unfounded fears that they will be "lost." A critical question to
be addressed is how science and technology can help societies distin-
guish between natural evolutionary change and the acute destabilization
of ecosystems by human interference.
Piecemeal data and conventional wisdom exist about the petro-
leum reserves and undiscovered resources located throughout the world,
but there is no definitive source of up-to-date, reasonable, uniform infor-
mation that could provide a sound basis for decision-making. The
Academy can conduct a comprehensive evaluation of the available do-
mestic and world oil resource estimates, the associated projections for
production and consumption, and what these factors imply for the ener-
gy future of the United States.
Social and Community Issues
Through the Research Council's Commission on Behavioral and Social
Sciences and Education, the Academy works to inform the nation's deci-
sion-making processes by providing science-based information on a full
array of social policy issues. A key area of concern for the commission is
the well being of the individual, whether in his or her role as citizen,
family member, or as a member of such demographic groups as the el-
derly, children, minorities, the poor, and the unemployed. The issues in-
21
clude poverty, welfare, crime, substance abuse, housing and community
development, and social policies in the workplace.
Responding to these national needs is an enormous challenge for all
involved. Nevertheless, private and public sector programs throughout
the country that seek solutions to problems families and communities
face share a common need-quality research and analysis of the causes
and consequences of social ills and expert information and guidance on
alternative ways to mitigate these socially-debilitating problems.
The Academy has provided leadership to meet this need in the past
and is now examining a range of critical problems confronting families
and communities. These examinations include studies on such issues as
behavioral and social science research related to AIDS prevention, drug
abuse prevention strategies, understanding and control of violence, and
employer policies for working parents.
In the future, the Academy's focus will continue to be on the pro-
motion and preservation of the American family. The American family
"The National Research Council's
has changed dramatically in the last three decades. Single-parent homes
Commission on Behavioral and
are now commonplace. In many two-parent families, both parents work
Social Sciences and Education plays
outside the home. In addition, the stresses of modern life can lead to ex-
a major role in the ever-widening
cessive use or abuse of alcohol and drugs, increased family violence, and
theatre of sociological study-
chronic disease.
monitoring current developments
Children and youth are especially vulnerable to the new pressures
and encouraging new ones,
being placed on families. For example, only recently have the interrela-
assessing trends, educating the
tions of academic performance, drop-out rates, delinquency, drug and al-
public. Responding to the seemingly
cohol abuse, depression, and suicide among young people become appar-
insurmountable challenges
ent. Academy studies can integrate findings in these areas and assess
presented by the advancements of a
their implications for education, health care, criminal justice, welfare
modern society, the Commission
policies and programs, and clinical approaches to treatment.
takes bold steps in new directions,
Another emerging concern are the effects of poverty and low in-
as with its study, The Contributions
come on children's academic and psychological well being. A study is
of Behavioral and Social Science to
planned to review and integrate research from several disciplines that ad-
the Prevention of Nuclear War.
dress issues concerning patterns of income and poverty in families with
It has been an honor-and a
children and the effects of economic disadvantage on children's social,
reward-to have served as a
physical, and cognitive development.
member of such a distinguished
In providing comprehensive, multidisciplinary, and sustained scien-
commission."
tific examination of these critical social and community issues, the
Academy must continue to depend on private support, as the federal
Eleanor B. Sheldon, Ph.D.
government has given only episodic attention to the issues. With such
support, the Academy can become the common ground of careful analy-
sis and reliable information on which contentious and inevitably emo-
tional matters of social policy can be debated.
Adolescent Sexuality
A 1987 study, Risking the Future:
States than in other industrialized
executive branch, the Academy
22
Adolescent Sexuality, Pregnancy,
countries, even though age of
distributed the report to
and Childbearing, carefully
initiation and levels of sexual
policymakers throughout the
separated scientific knowledge from
activity are comparable. The report
country and initiated an extensive
ideology and provided a clearer basis
urged that the highest priority be
outreach effort including briefings,
for policy-making than was
given to approaches for preventing
presentations at professional
previously available. The report cited
adolescent pregnancy, and endorsed a
meetings, and articles in professional
surveys showing that rates of teenage
range of actions to help accomplish
journals read by educators and social
pregnancy, abortion, and
this goal.
and community workers.
childbearing are higher in the United
Recognizing that the likely
impact would be greater with state
and local governments than with the
Children and Families
Issues concerning the status of
groups lack the power to sustain
making capacity of the public and
children and families, while
interest and conviction among
private sectors on behalf of children
periodically brought into the public
public and private sector
and families. To this end, the forum
eye, have frequently failed to capture
decisionmakers, and their calls for
has held or is planning briefings of
and hold the attention of high-level
action, though loud at the time, are
congressmen and journalists,
government, corporate, and
often lost in the din.
conferences, and has distributed
community leaders. An impending
Recognizing the need for a
reports and other literature-all
social problem or crisis can trigger
comprehensive approach, in 1988 the
intended to inform decisionmakers
widespread public concern; yet that
Academy and the Institute jointly
about scientific knowledge relevant
concern is more often than not short
initiated the National Forum on the
to children's issues, clarify policy
lived. In the past, groups of experts
Future of Children and Families, to
issues and options, and identify
have been convened to study the
act as an institutional mechanism
policy issues that require additional
health and development of children
for promoting a continuing dialogue
research.
and their families, and have issued
among scholars and experts in child
calls for action. But these individual
development and health, and leaders
in government, business, and
philanthropy. The forum's primary
mission is to enhance the policy-
Health
Events and prospects directly affecting human health are in ferment and
increasingly are provoking public debate. Health care is becoming more
expensive, but also more expert. New ways will have to be found to pay
for care, because too many people cannot pay. Access to care is a prob-
lem for millions, but ensuring the quality of care is becoming equally
important.
These and similar matters are the concern of the Academy's sister
organization, the Institute of Medicine. The Institute's elected member-
ship, includes physicians and other health professionals, but also lawyers,
economists, engineers, and scientists, to name a few. Its members provide
a diversity of perspective and a range of expertise that are appropriate to
23
the complexity of human health and today's health policy problems. The
honor of election entails a commitment to serve in the Institute's efforts
to evaluate and address these issues.
The breadth of the Institute's capabilities is indicated by its operat-
ing units, which cover health sciences, health promotion and disease
prevention, mental health and behavioral medicine, health care services,
international health, food and nutrition, and epidemiologic studies of
war veterans. Added to these are such Institute-wide efforts as the AIDS
program, which, with additional support from the Academy, has pro-
duced two widely quoted, influential reports, and the Council on Health
M
Care Technology, established by Congress to assess therapeutic and diag-
nostic medical techniques, and that relies on funding from both private
and governmental sources. In addition, the Institute assists advanced ed-
ucation in health policy through its administration of the Robert Wood
Johnson Health Policy Fellowships and its direction of the convening
and publication activities of the Pew Health Policy Program.
The Institute operates by assembling committees of its members
and other experts to examine specific problems and recommend solu-
tions. One study is a review of how resources are apportioned in the
health sciences, now that foundations and industry-as well as the feder-
al government-play a significant role in the support of biomedical re-
search. The study arises from the need to assure adequate balance in
overall funding between the investigative research itself and the infras-
tructure needed to support research-the advanced scientific training,
equipment, and facilities required to maintain a vigorous research effort.
Another committee is examining interventions aimed at alcoholism
with the goal of describing areas of needed research that could foster ad-
vances in prevention and treatment.
"Seen from close range, the impact
Although most Institute studies present advice on promising areas
which the Institute has on the
for research on an issue, some projects are specifically geared toward rec-
development of a coherent health
ommending a new research agenda. For example, the Institute is prepar-
care and research policy has been
ing a national plan for research on aging that will specify needs and oppor-
impressive. In an environment that
tunities that extend from basic biological and behavioral work to clinical
seems to be characterized by
medicine and health services research. The intent is to help set priorities
random motion on the one hand
so as to make the most effective use of limited resources and acquire the
and vested interests on the other,
understanding necessary to improve health care for the elderly.
a consistent voice of reason,
dispassionate judgment and
expertise emanating from the
Infant Mortality
Institute serves as a beacon for the
rational advance of the public good.
A 1985 Institute of Medicine report,
states to make prenatal care
As a Vice Chair of the IOM Council,
Preventing Low Birthweight,
available under Medicaid.
and as a reviewer of the report IOM
attested to the benefits of prenatal
A complementary report,
compiled on the future of the
care in preventing prematurity and
Prenatal Care: Reaching Mothers,
National Institutes of Health's
intrauterine growth retardation. The
Reaching Infants, was published in
intramural program, I have seen
report became the principal
October 1988. The report points to
close up the extraordinary value of
documentation for legislation
data showing that about one-third of
25
the Institute's work.
enacted as Public Law 99-660, which
all U.S. infants are born to mothers
established the National
Philip Leder, M.D.
who do not receive adequate prenatal
John Emory Andrus Professor and Chairman,
Commission for the Prevention of
care, and states that the present U.S.
Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical
Infant Mortality. This commission,
maternity-care system is "flawed,
School
now in place, has among its duties
fragmented, and overly complex,"
the identification of financial,
and needs "fundamental reforms, not
governmental, and other barriers to
incremental changes in existing
prenatal care. The report also helped
programs."
to inspire the introduction of
legislation in more than half the
The Institute's capacity for convening groups of individuals with
the needed experience and expertise to confront complex health issues
has led to the creation of "roundtables." These forums encourage the
discussion of divergent views in an effort to develop a greater under-
standing of the problem at hand. An example is the Forum on Drug De-
velopment and Regulation, in which the Institute brings together leaders
from the pharmaceutical industry, federal health agencies, research
universities, medical practice, and consumer interest groups to map a
smoother path from the discovery of a drug to its approval for use.
While the political process in America often emphasizes short-
range answers, the Institute is organized to take a long-range view. In-
creasingly, as the complexity of today's health problems becomes mani-
fest, the Institute is watching developments on a broad front in order to
anticipate the need for new organizational forms and solutions in the
future.
Society's deepening concern about all aspects of health and health
care is exemplified in some of the Institute's recent investigations.
Among these are a study of organizational and policy needs in contracep-
tive development, and a program designed to enable primary care physi-
cians to become more expert in diagnosing and treating illnesses at-
tributable to a person's occupation or to environmental conditions.
The Institute's ability to confront a wide variety of concerns ulti-
mately depends on its independence-on a measure of stability that only
Confronting AIDS
The response of the Institute and the
was described by The New York
amendments to the Public Service
Academy to the AIDS crisis
Times as having "provided a
Act and related legislation in 1988
illustrates their ability to act swiftly
benchmark by which many
was clear: Nearly $1.5 billion was
and effectively on critical national
members of Congress and analysts
allocated for research, public health,
issues. The immediate availability of
judged the effectiveness of the
and health care measures for AIDS in
private funds allowed the Institute
nation's efforts to combat AIDS."
FY 1989, which was about 40 percent
and the Academy to conduct an
Staff of the Senate and House
more than in FY 1988. It also led to
intensive seven-month study in
appropriations committees consulted
the establishment of the National
1986. The resulting report,
with the Institute of Medicine before
Commission on AIDS and the
26
Confronting AIDS: Directions for
shaping legislation to fund AIDS
authorization for the Centers for
Public Health, Health Care, and
programs-legislation that nearly
Disease Control to develop and buy
Research, proposed a national
doubled federal spending against
advertising to teach about AIDS.
strategy for the prevention and
AIDS from FY 1987 to FY 1988. The
The update was further credited
treatment of AIDS in the United
magnitude of these federal budget
with contributing to the
States at a time when the federal
increases has been credited as
recommendations of the Presidential
government was not prepared to
reflecting the impact of the report's
Commission on the HIV Epidemic,
respond in a coordinated fashion.
findings.
whose report was released in mid-
Months after its release, the report
Subsequently, the Institute and
1988.
the Academy issued, Confronting
AIDS: Update 1988. Its effect on
an endowment provides. The availability of unencumbered funds can
ensure both program autonomy and the flexibility to respond quickly to
problems and issues as they arise. Such support is crucial to ensuring the
Institute's continued contributions to health policy decisions.
For example, the Institute is currently preparing activities focused
on the serious problem of access to health care in the United States.
There is evidence that access is becoming more difficult for the unin-
sured; health care providers reacting to competitive pressures and public
health agencies with constrained budgets cannot affort to treat people
who cannot pay. Although pieces of the problem are being addressed by
some states and by existing and proposed changes in federal programs,
clear objectives for improving the delivery of care to the poor are lacking,
"The IOM has provided and is
as are ways to monitor changes in access caused by policy alterations or
providing for me an opportunity to
societal changes. The Institute seeks to define the nation's expectations
participate in understanding and
of new policy measures and to refine the methodology for monitoring ac-
affecting positively major health
cess to care.
issues which our society must
On another front, the Institute wishes to follow up on its now com-
confront. Whether it is a study of the
pleted appraisal of utilization management methods in health care. The
Centers for Disease Control or the
committee for this analysis looked at the ways health insurers try to in-
setting of the research agenda in
fluence patient care decisions through review of services prior to their
aging, the problems are not trivial
delivery. The report will describe why these utilization management
and the opportunities for important
techniques have become important, how they work, and what we know
service are extraordinary. Further,
about their effects on cost, quality, access, and attitudes. Further work
the IOM recruits both from within
will deal with the development of guidelines and standards of practice in
its membership and from the
managed care, and on fostering research to obtain more certain evidence
scholarly community at large,
of how effective utilization management is in controlling costs and pro-
talented and energetic colleagues to
tecting the public's health.
examine these important issues."
Health-compromising behaviors-such as smoking, drug and alco-
Julius R. Krevans, M.D.
hol abuse, or overeating-affect the way our nation uses its health re-
Chancellor, University of California at
sources. An evaluation of the methods now employed to encourage bet-
San Francisco
ter health habits is much needed. Despite the importance of this kind of
preventive intervention, the efficacy of different approaches to achieving
and maintaining such behavior change is not well understood. The
Institute proposes to conduct a thorough assessment of behavior change
techniques in order to clarify research needs and describe what is known
about those interventions that do work.
Efforts to prevent the global spread of HIV infection and AIDS will
27
depend on better methods for predicting the incidence of infection.
These efforts will require the sustained collaboration of researchers in
many diverse fields related to AIDS modeling. Experts in and out of gov-
ernment have urged the Institute to convene groups to determine how to
refine current models for gauging our progress in controlling the spread
of HIV infection and for predicting the demographic impact of AIDS
both in the United States and internationally.
Nutrition is likely to play an important role in the etiology and
management of genetically as well as environmentally governed diseases
in coming decades. Nutrition scientists, educators, and policymakers
should thus consider whether current trends in research and training in
nutrition and food science reflect a readiness to meet these challenges
The Institute is also committed to address issues in international
health policy. Two studies are planned. The first will build on newly
available Year 2000 epidemiologic profiles to identify international
health needs, how they should be addressed, by whom, and with what
"The intramural program of the
human and financial resources. The other study will examine the im-
National Institutes of Health is
pacts global environmental change could have on human health.
central to basic biomedical research
In these and other areas, the Institute of Medicine can be a catalyst
in the United States. When its
for important public and private initiatives and could provide the com-
continued excellence as a
prehensive and informed insights essential to resolving serious domestic
government entity appeared
and international challenges in public health, medical science and edu-
problematic because of inadequate
cation, and health care. Increased support will be the key to such
resources, I was pleased to serve on
achievements-support that is free of shifting political agendas and that
an IOM study committee that
allows the independence of action that has helped the Institute become
recommeded some changes to
the influential body it is today.
guarantee the program's continued
productivity."
P. Roy Vagelos, M.D.
Chairman, President, and Chief Executive
Officer, Merck & Company, Inc.
National Understanding
Enlightening and improving the dissemination of knowledge, and thus
informing public debate and policy, is fundamental to the Academy. As
the scope of the Academy's work broadens, communication must also
increase. New approaches are under way to broadcast the results of stud-
ies and to increase public understanding of national issues and the role of
science.
Promotion of Research Council and Institute of Medicine commit-
tee reports is expanding. Some reports receive special distribution, such
as Science and Creationism, which, with private sector support, was
given to every school district in the country. For others, the president of
the Academy or Institute may brief appropriate Cabinet officers or con-
gressional committee chairmen to ensure their awareness of the study
and its conclusions.
The Academy is also designing several special programs to reach
28
groups with specific national influence. A new series of roundtable dia-
logues and informal conversations will give members of Congress and
representatives of the scientific community a chance to exchange ideas
and share information on timely issues. Through an ambassadorial pro-
gram, Academy officers will speak to national meetings of major organi-
zations. Forums for the media will explore scientific and technological
developments that may not (yet) be of fast-breaking interest but are nev-
ertheless important. Because regional, state, and local governments are
increasingly responsible for such activities as waste disposal, public
health, regional development, and problems of adolescents, outreach to
these groups also needs to increase.
Breakthroughs in Television
Through an extraordinary
The first program, "Planet
The success of "Planet Earth"
partnership with the media,
Earth," won a 1986 prime-time
led to a 12-part series, "The Infinite
scientists, government, and industry,
Emmy Award as "outstanding
Voyage", conveying the excitement
the Academy has taken a bold lead
informational series." The
and challenge of modern discoveries
in scientific television
companion publication was a 1986
in the life, physical, and medical
programming. Supported through
Book-of-the-Month Club selection.
sciences. The series was a
private funds from some of the
Three years in the making, the series
breakthrough in television
nation's leading companies and
covered all seven continents, the
underwriting and sponsorship: it was
coproduced by the Academy and
oceans, the atmosphere, the sun,
the first to premiere nationwide on
29
WQED/Pittsburgh, the award-
space, and other planets and used
the public broadcasting system, then
winning public broadcasting station,
contributions from 400 scientists
air on selected commercial stations.
the programs have been exciting and
who have revolutionized the study of
With this imaginative approach,
informative, with photography
this planet. Accompanying
public broadcasting, sponsors, and
matching the standards set by
textbooks became the basis for a
the Academy, working together,
WQED's National Geographic
television course for college credit;
reached a very large audience.
Specials.
75,000 secondary school study
guides were distributed to science
teachers; and schools were given free
taping rights.
Published Debate
Issues in Science and Technology, a
enabled the journal to enlarge its
quarterly publication introduced in
circulation to more than 17,000
1984, is directed toward policy
subscribers in five years. With
leaders and seeks to stimulate
continuing support, the focus will be
thoughtful debate. Articles by
to increase this base through special
distinguished individuals on a broad
promotions to academe, institutions,
spectrum of topics interweave
and members of scientific and
science and technology with policy.
technical societies. The aim is
Support from two universities,
30,000 subscribers in 1991.
private foundations, and companies
"The public importance of the
Academy's work is a special
incentive for busy scholars and
other citizens to give time to its
And the Academy must always be ready for spontaneous as well as
work. A bonus of no small value is
planned opportunities for enlightenment and exchange between people
the enhancement in knowledge and
and nations: to arrange informal, spur-of-the-moment meetings such as
understanding of some of society's
those between representatives from American industry and academe and
most perplexing and fascinating
the Soviet scientists and economists in the United States with Secretary
issues that inevitably comes with
Gorbachev for the 1987 Summit, between François Mitterand and Rajiv
participation in the Academy's
Gandhi, among other heads of state, and among groups assembled by the
work."
Academy. The Academy has long been a catalyst for these unofficial,
Eleanor Holmes Norton
highly productive international meetings, an extremely important role
Professor of Law, Georgetown University
for it to continue playing.
Law Center
For the general public, the Academy is planning and producing sev-
eral projects that-through television, radio, and film-show people that
science is exciting, timely, and important.
Projected for public television is "Space Age," a film series and edu-
cational project to be produced in conjunction with the International
Space Year of 1992. International in scope, the estimated 10 to 12 pro-
grams will take a definitive look at the achievements of space science
and technology and will be the centerpiece of the many educational ma-
terials to be developed for use in elementary and secondary schools and
postsecondary institutions.
For commercial radio, "Why in the World," a series of 90-second
30
spots is planned for "drive time" audiences. The spots will explore all as-
pects of science, technology, and health, examining both the news in sci-
ence and the science behind the news.
In 1988, the Academy and WQED/Pittsburgh inaugurated a new
project: airing in the United States the winning films of Sci-Tech, an in-
ternational science, technology, and medicine film festival hosted by the
Royal Society of Great Britain. Future award-winning films will be
shown every two years in Washington and at the Beckman Center on
the West Coast.
THE CAPITAL CAMPAIGN
The W.K. Kellogg Foundation awarded $20 million in endowment funds
to the National Academy of Sciences and the Institute of Medicine in
May 1988 for the support of studies in agriculture, health, and education.
Under the terms of the award, Kellogg provided $4 million in endow-
ment funds in June 1988 and will provide up to $4 million in additional
funds each year for a four-year period ending March 31, 1993. These lat-
ter funds must be matched on a one-to-one basis with endowment funds
raised by the Academy and the Institute from other sources.
The Academy and the Institute have undertaken a capital cam-
paign to raise the $16 million in matching funds needed to secure all
available Kellogg dollars. Numerous opportunities exist within the cam-
paign for donors wishing to create a permanent named fund. Donors
may, for example, establish named endowment funds to support activi-
ties and studies in the eight major issue areas described in the preceding
pages:
Strengthening the Scientific Enterprise
International Affairs
Education
Agriculture
The Environment
Social and Community Issues
Health
National Understanding
In addition, the Academy seeks endowment funds for the following
areas:
Board on Biology-This major unit of the Research Council's
Commission on Life Sciences needs endowment to address a broad range
of critical issues in biology in a timely manner, often well before their
benefits or risks are appreciated by conventional government and private
sector funding sources. Such issues include: the opportunities offered by
biotechnology for commercial and social goods; biodiversity, where tra-
ditional biology has the lead disciplinary role; and global environmental
change, where biology has often been neglected.
Board on Chemical Sciences and Technology-This major unit of
31
the Research Council's Commission on Physical Sciences, Mathematics,
and Resources needs the flexibility of funding that endowment provides
to: respond quickly to new developments in the fields of molecular science
and engineering; provide consistent guidance over the long term on
issues such as improving chemical education; and address timely issues,
including the competitiveness of the chemical processing industries.
Institute for Strategic Transportation Studies (ISTP)-Endowment
funds would be used to establish ISTP within the Research Council's
Transportation Research Board. The institute would study strategic long-
range transportation problems and make policy recommendations that
would be disseminated to the appropriate groups at the federal, state, and
local levels. The transportation policy issues identified for study by ISTP
would transcend the scope of any one federal government agency or
individual transportation industry sector and might include such issues
as: transportation infrastructure and inadequate airport capacity and its
effect on the productivity and safety of our aviation system. The ob-
jective of ISTP would be to improve strategic transportation decision-
making by providing policymakers with objective, credible facts,
analyses, and recommendations.
Opportunities also exist under the campaign for donors to provide
endowments for three of the Academy's facilities: the headquarters
building in Washington, D.C.; the Woods Hole Study Center in Woods
Hole, Massachusetts; and the Arnold and Mabel Beckman Center of the
National Academies of Sciences and Engineering in Irvine, California.
Additionally, donors may contribute endowment to the Arts in the
Academy Program, which brings fine music and art, often with a sci-
ence-oriented theme, to the residents of the nation's capital.
Gifts can be made in a variety of forms, including cash, securities,
and the establishment of life income and charitable lead trusts. Donors
may prefer to make an extended commitment or pledge.
All gifts to the Academy and the Institute are tax-deductible.
Inquiries about the campaign and gifts to the Academy or Institute
can be addressed to the:
Office of Development
National Academy of Sciences
2101 Constitution Avenue, N.W.
Washington, D.C. 20418.
Telephone inquiries should be directed to the office at:
(202) 334-2431.
32
SAMUEL O. THIER
Samuel Thier is a physician who can talk to government, industry, and
"We have come close to chaos in
academia about the nation's health problems. As an investigator, his
health policy. We're developing
studies of renal function advanced our understanding of inherited kidney
incredible scientific potential-
disorders. As a department chairman, he developed innovative programs
some of it translated without
in undergraduate, graduate, and continuing medical education. And as a
adequate evaluation. And at the
clinician/administrator, he personally provided care to and organized
same time, we have policies that
care for diverse populations of patients, including the indigent.
create havoc in the practice of
Dr. Thier has served as president of the Institute of Medicine since
medicine and make the health
1985. Before that he was professor and chairman of internal medicine at
professions potentially less
Yale. He also was chief of medical service at Yale-New Haven Hospital,
attractive. The long-range impact of
where he initiated improvements in the training of physicians in clinical
these policies needs to be thought
research and established consulting relationships for the School of
about very carefully, because it is
Medicine with hospitals throughout the region. Dr. Thier attended
not a coordinated, thoughtful way
Cornell University as an undergraduate, and received his M.D. from the
of going forward. At IOM, we're
State University of New York at Syracuse. His internship and residency
trying to focus attention on the need
were at the Massachusetts General Hospital, where in 1966 he was chief
for coordinated policies linking
resident in medicine. Dr. Thier was a member of the medical faculty of
research and care."
Harvard and then of the University of Pennsylvania before moving to
Samuel O. Thier, M.D.
Yale in 1975. In 1981 he was named Sterling Professor, a university-wide
President, Institute of Medicine
chair at Yale reserved for scholars of exceptional accomplishment.
Dr. Thier has been president of the American Federation for Clini-
cal Research, chairman of the American Board of Internal Medicine, and
a member of the NIH Director's Advisory Committee. He has been in-
vited to testify before congressional committees on a variety of issues on
health-related research and medical care.
INSTITUTE OF MEDICINE
COUNCIL MEMBERS - 1990
Samuel O. Thier, M.D., President
Albert R. Jonsen, Ph.D.
Institute of Medicine (Chairman)
Professor of Ethics in Medicine and
Edward N. Brandt, Jr., M.D., Ph.D.
Chairman, Department of Medical
(Vice Chairman)
History and Ethics, University of
Executive Dean, College of Medicine,
Washington School of Medicine
University of Oklahoma Health
Elaine L. Larson, R.N., Ph.D.
Sciences Center
Nutting Chair in Clinical Nursing,
Mary Ellen Avery, M.D.
The Johns Hopkins University School
Thomas Morgan Rotch Professor of
of Nursing
Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School
Joyce C. Lashof, M.D.
Professor and Dean, School of Public
Stuart Bondurant, M.D.
Professor of Medicine and Dean,
Health, University of California at
School of Medicine, University of
Berkeley
North Carolina, Chapel Hill
Harold S. Luft, Ph.D.
Professor of Health Economics and
Purnell W. Choppin, M.D.
President, Howard Hughes Medical
Associate Director, Institute for Health
Institute
Policy Studies, University of California
at San Francisco
Pedro Cuatrecasas, M.D.
President, Pharmaceutical Research
Leon E. Rosenberg, M.D.
Dean, School of Medicine, and CNH
Division, Warner-Lambert Company
Long Professor of Human Genetics,
Christopher C. Fordham III, M.D.
Medicine and Pediatrics, Yale
Chancellor Emeritus and Professor of
University School of Medicine
Medicine, University of North
Carolina, Chapel Hill
Janet D. Rowley, M.D.
Blum Riese Distinguished Service
John C. Greene, D.M.D., M.P.H.
Professor, Department of Medicine and
Dean, School of Dentistry, University
Department of Molecular Genetics
of California at San Francisco
and Cell Biology, The University of
Margaret C. Heagarty, M.D.
Chicago
Director of Pediatrics, Harlem
Aaron Shirley, M.D.
Hospital Center, and Professor of
Director, Jackson-Hinds
Pediatrics, College of Physicians &
Comprehensive Health Center,
Surgeons, Columbia University
Jackson, Mississippi
Robert L. Hill, Ph.D.
Frank A. Sloan, Ph.D.
James B. Duke Professor and
Centennial Professor of Economics and
Chairman, Department of
Director, Health Policy Center,
Biochemistry, Duke University
Vanderbilt University
Medical Center
Rosemary A. Stevens, Ph.D.
John K. Iglehart
Professor and Chairman, Department
Editor, Health Affairs Quarterly, and
of History and Sociology of Science,
National Correspondent, The New
University of Pennsylvania
England Journal of Medicine
Richard J. Johns, M.D.
Massey Professor and Director,
Department of Biomedical
Engineering, The Johns Hopkins
University School of Medicine
PHOTO CREDITS: Matt Borkoski, front cover;
courtesy of NAS Archives, inside front cover;
Max Hirshfeld, 4; Nathan Benn/Woodfin Camp, 7;
Susan Biddle/White House photography staff, 8;
McAllister of Denver/UNIPHOTO, 10; Dick
Luria/FOLIO, 11; Andrew Bradkte, 12; Pat Lanza
Field/FOLIO, 13, 15; Craig Aurness/Woodfin
Camp, 17; Cotton Coulson/Woodfin Camp, 18;
UNIPHOTO, 19; John Zoiner/UNIPHOTO, 20; Linda
Bartlett, 21; Frank Aleksandrowicz/UNIPHOTO, 23;
Henley & Savage/UNIPHOTO, 24; Alon Reininger/
Contact Press Images, 26; courtesy of NASA, 29.
GRAPHIC DESIGN: Pamela Reznick
"The members of the Academy's
study committees take their
responsibilities very seriously, with
the result that the discussion is
deep, probing, and stimulating.
Perhaps because of the intellectual
rigor and care with which the
Academy's committees approach
their tasks, the resulting reports
have significant impact. Indeed, the
reports often serve as the foundation
for government action or as the
framework for subsequent public
debate. It is my view that no other
private institution in America has
such profound and far-reaching
impact on public-policy issues."
Richard A. Meserve, Esquire
Covington & Burling
COVER PHOTO: The National Academy of
Sciences headquarters, the three-story
neoclassical building in the right
foreground, faces the Lincoln Memorial
in Washington, D.C. It was named to the
National Register of Historic Places in
1974.
R
RODUCED FROM THE COLLECTIONS
OF THE ARCHIVES OF THE
NATIONAL ACADEMY OE SCIENCER
NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
AND ITS SISTER INSTITUTIONS
Brief Historical Outline by Period
Period
Historical Sketch
Highlights
1863-1915
The NAS was founded and
1863 First report,
organized in 1863 under a
on weights, mea-
charter granted by the US
sures and coinage
Congress which established it
1884 Report that
as a private, self-organizing
led to founding of
and self-perpetuating
USGS
1885 Report
organization with the charge to
recommending new
provide the Federal Government
Naval Observatory
with advice on scientific and
1897 Report that
technical matters. During its
led to founding of
initial fifty-two years, NAS
National Park
formed more than forty advisory
Service and the
committees and issued more than
national park
thirty formal reports
system
1880 and
containing such advice; it
1903 Reports on the
established thirteen trust
condition and
funds whose income was used to
restoration of the
support the work and publishing
Declaration of
activities of scientists or to
Independence
recognize the significant
1913-1914 Initial
scientific achievements of
efforts to esta-
individuals; and it grew in
blish a permanent
membership from the fifty
Academy home in
nominations in the 1863 Act to
Washington, D.C.
140 members, one honorary
1915 The NAS
member, and forty foreign
Proceedings was
associates in 1915.
founded
1916-1918
This short period saw the
1916 NRC created
founding of the National
following President
Research Council and marks the
Wilson's acceptance
beginning of the modern
of NAS offer, with
Academy. The concerns of the
George Ellery Hale
Institution were mostly those
as its first chair-
of the Federal Government in
man
May 1918
time of war, and responding to
Wilson issued an
the need the new Research
executive order
Council established a wide
requesting the NAS
variety of continuing
to perpetuate the
- 2 -
1916-1918
committees and special projects
NRC
October 1918
(cont)
on topics ranging from chemical
Inter-Allied Confe-
warfare, munitions and military
rence on Interna-
medicine to the identification
tional Scientific
of submarines, the physics of
Organizations
optical observation, and the
adopted Hale's
best type of balloon to use for
proposal to create
aerial scouting. This work was
an International
new and intensive, and gave
Research Council
both the scientific community
(IRC)
and the government a taste for
a certain type of continuing
interaction theretofore
unknown.
1919-1939
This period was, in essence,
1919 NRC reorgan-
that in which much of the
ized for peacetime
modern scientific community was
Carnegie
created, particularly in the
Corporation gave $5
private sector. The Academy
million to NAS "for
and the Research Council were
the purposes of the
heavily engaged in promoting
NRC" Longest
scientific cooperation,
existing NRC
providing and encouraging
entity, predecessor
communications among the
of TRB, established
scientific, industrial and
Rockefeller
academic research communities,
Foundation gave
seeking the means to encourage
$50,000 and pledged
scientific education and young
$500,000 over 5
scientists, and generally
years, and the NRC
broadening the public's
Fellowship Program
knowledge and understanding of
was launched
1924
scientific matters. The period
Dedication of NAS-
also contained periods of
NRC Building in
conflict and its resolution in
Washington
1931
the relationships between the
IRC became the
Academy and the Research
International Coun-
Council, and between the
cil of Scientific
Institution and the Federal
Unions (ICSU)
Government. Funding was a
1933-1939 Conflict
major source of difficulty, as
over Science Advi-
both the government and the
sory Board pitted
Academy were hurt by the
NAS against NRC and
Depression, and for a time the
Federal Government
Academy's international
1935-1936 F. R.
responsibilities were in
Lillie first NAS
jeopardy. By the end of the
President to be NRC
period, however, most of these
Chairman
conflicts and difficulties had
been resolved.
- 3. -
1940-1950
The 1940's were a period of
1940-41 Cooperating
transition for the Academy. In
with OSRD/CMR, NRC
the early years, it was heavily
created Committees
involved in support of the war
on Military
effort, cooperating with the
Medicine
NAS
Office of Scientific Research
Committee on Atomic
and Development (OSRD), and
Fission reported
becoming in essence its
that bomb was
Committee on Medical Research.
possible
1946 D.
This experience led to post-war
W. Bronk became NRC
efforts by both the Academy and
Chairman
NRC
the government to institution-
accepted direction
alize the advisory relationship
of the Atomic Bomb
that had been created. Various
Casualty Commission
things were tried, but all
1947 NAS
failed, mostly because the
President Jewett
Academy and the government
warned of in-
could not agree on the level of
creasing government
control that the government
involvement in
would exercise. For this
direction of
reason, the Academy initially
science
1950 NSF
opposed the establishment of
established by
the National Science
Federal Government
Foundation; despite this, the
D. W. Bronk
Academy became a major
elected NAS Presi-
recipient of NSF funds in the
dent, gave up NRC
next decade.
Chairmanship
1951-1963
The achievements of the 1950's
1951 NRC began
were the consolidation of
advising NSF
thirty years of work by the
fellowship programs
Academy. The period was
1955 Committees
dominated by D. W. Bronk, NAS
on Biological
President and from 1954 NRC
Effects of Atomic
Chairman (the offices were
Radiation appointed
never again separate), who
1957-58/9 IGY in
encouraged a breadth of
operation, leading
activity and a depth of
to creation of NRC
involvement with the government
Committee on Polar
never seen before. Many
Research, Space
functions changed, however, as
Science Board and
the government scientific
Geophysics Research
apparatus grew and began to
Board 1957
take over some of the things
Project Mohole
the Academy had done. The
began
Creation of
great fellowship programs were
President's Science
taken over by NSF
the
Advisory Committee
military advisory boards became
(PSAC) by President
more powerful and the advice of
Eisenhower
1962
the Academy less project-
NAS Council
- 4 -
1951-1963
oriented
but the achievements
formally joined
(cont)
of the International
offices of NAS
Geophysical Year, which the NAS
President and NRC
initiated and for which it led
Chairman
NAS
the US effort, became a
created the
crowning achievement of 40
Committee on
years of NRC history
as well
Science and Public
as involving that spur to
Policy (COSPUP)
increased science-
1963 NAS celebrated
consciousness, Sputnik. The
its Centennial,
period ended with celebration
with President
of the Institution's
Kennedy addressing
Centennial.
the convocation
1964-1973
This period was one of
1964 National
fundamental change for the
Academy of
Academy. It marks the end of
Engineering
the post-war period and the
founded
COSPUP
beginning of new relationships
began peer review
between the Academy and the
of NRC reports;
Federal Government, as well as
function taken over
fundamental changes in how the
by Report Review
Academy did business. The
Committee in 1970
Academy began to perform an
1966 F. Seitz
increasing number of policy
became first
studies in the 1960's, both on
resident NAS
its own initiative and for the
President
1967
government, and this type of
Most NRC staff
study became a chief
consolidated in the
characteristic of the following
Joseph Henry
period. Internally, there were
Building
1969 P.
four major changes: the NAS
Handler elected to
President became resident; a
succeed F. Seitz,
program of peer review of
who resigned
1970
reports was instituted; the
Institute of
first major reorganization of
Medicine founded
the Research Council was
1971-73 NRC
planned and implemented; and
reorganized into
the National Academy of
four Assemblies and
Engineering and the Institute
four Commissions
of Medicine were founded. The
Statement of
Institution that emerged from
Principles set
this period was significantly
relations of NAS
different from the one that
and NAE in gover-
entered it, and no subsequent
nance of NRC
changes were as profound.
1974-1981
In the aftermath of the war in
1974 President's
Vietnam, which had occasioned
Food and Nutrition
the abolishing of PSAC and
Study formed
- 5 -
internal dissentions over
Lombardo case
classified studies, the Academy
established that
sought to find a new place in
NRC committees are
the science policy arena. The
not government
reorganization of the Research
advisory committees
Council, completed in 1975,
1975 Committee
ended the involvement of the
on Nuclear and
scientific societies in the
Alternative Energy
Academy's policy activities and
Systems established
increased the role of Academy
Radiation
members. New concerns with
Effects Research
energy and the environment
Foundation took
brought calls for different
over ABCC programs
kinds of advice and the need to
1976 NAS
use the expertise of
Committee on Human
individuals not part of the
Rights and NRC
Academy's usual pool of
Committee on
experts. The Institution
Scholarly
established formal means to
Communications with
ensure good balance in
People's Republic
committee membership. The
of China founded
public face of the Institution
1979 First
was characteristically that of
Science and
NAS President Philip Handler,
Technology: Five
architect of the NRC
Year Outlook issued
reorganization and active
on behalf of NSF
spokesman for the place of
science in education and the
public welfare.
1982-
The modern period opened with
1982 Second major
the second major reorganization
reorganization of
of the NRC, and a refocussing
the NRC
1984 NAS
of the Institution's energies
publication of
on building communications with
Science and
the scientific research
Creationism
community, on achieving an
Issues in Science
increased ability to pursue
and Technology
independent or self-initiated
began publication
projects, and on increasing
1985 NRC Board
public awareness of science,
on Mathematical
technology and the activities
Sciences Education
of the Institution. Activities
established
1986
include, in the first area, the
Strategic Highway
Academy Industry Program and
Research Program
the Government-University-
began Planet
Industry Research Roundtable,
Earth film series
among others; in the second
broadcast 1987
area, the most significant and
NRC offices moved
successful fund-raising efforts
from Pennsylvania
- 6 -
since the early years of the
Avenue location to
Research Council; and in the
Whitehaven Street
third, improved publishing and
in Georgetown, and
public relations efforts,
spread into several
including film series, news
surrounding
services, and augmented report
buildings
Report
announcement and presentation
of Panel to Advise
activities. By the later
NSF on Basic
1980's, the continuing shift in
Science and
advisory emphasis from
Technology
technical to policy topics
Centers
Infinite
resulted in the greater part of
Voyage film series
studies being of the latter
began broad-
sort; requests for advice were
casting 1988
frequently being written into
Beckman Study
legislation by Congress; and
Center in Irvine,
the Institution was beginning
California,
to be concerned with managing
dedicated
the growth in the number and
variety of its enterprises.
REPRODUCED FROM THE COLLECTIONS
OF THE ARCHIVES OF THE
NATIONAL ACADEMY 06 SCIENCES
Brief Historical Outline by Period
Period
Impacts of Reports/Activities
1863-1915
First government request for advisory services
received in 1863 for report on weights, measures,
and coinage Navy requests reports on variety of
technical questions, among them magnetic
deviations in iron ships (1863), protecting
bottoms of iron ships from corrosion (1864), and
on continuance of Wind and Current Charts and
Sailing Directions
NAS contributes to US
policies and organization of its scientific
bureaus through reports that lead to founding of
United States Geological Survey and reorganization
of weather service and signal corps (1884), the
establishment of a new Naval Observatory (1885),
and the founding of National Park Service and
national park system (1897)
NAS reports on
condition and restoration of Declaration of
Independence in 1880 and 1903, and on controlling
landslides during Panama Canal construction (1915-
1917)
1916-1918
NRC organized to provide scientific research
services for national preparedness and to mobilize
nation's scientists in advisory activities
In
1917 US Council of National Defense asks NRC to
serves as its Department of Research
Range of
NRC national defense efforts includes work in
submarine detection and defensive and offensive
aspects of gas warfare Research Information
Committee and Research Information Service
establish offices in allied countries to direct
exchange of scientific, technical, and industrial
information crucial to the war effort
NRC
assists Signal Corp's organization of Science and
Research Division (1917) and advises Patent Office
on more effective operations
Committee on
Psychology develops first large scale use of
intelligence testing for the purposes of testing
and classifying military recruits. The success of
psychological testing elevates role of psychology
and leads to development of large scale testing in
school systems
NRC takes dominant role in
creation of International Research Council (IRC)
in 1918
1919-1939
NRC Fellowships established in 1919 to provide
postdoctoral support in biological, natural, and
medical sciences. This influential program is
premiere source of American research training
-2-
1919-1939
support for over thirty years
Highway Research
(cont)
Board established (1919) to conduct transportation
studies. Is longest-lived NRC component, now
directs studies as the Transportation Research
Board
NAS Committee on Oceanography issues
influential report (1929) that leads to
establishment of Woods Hole Oceanographic
Institution
IRC becomes International Council of
Scientific Unions (ICSU) in 1931, and NRC directs
US role in formation of international unions and
participation in international scientific
activities
From 1933 through the Science
Advisory Board, Committee on Government Relations,
and Government Relations and Science Advisory
Committee NAS-NRC creates a new apparatus of
advisory services to government. Technical
services to armed forces (Army Air Corps, naval
feasibility studies) provides basis for
relationships that emerge during World War
II
NRC founds the American Geophysical Union
(1919)
NRC begins publication of Biological
Abstracts and Psychological Abstracts
NRC brings
science to general public by joining in creation
of Science News Service (1920), by its role as
scientific advisor to the directors of the 1933
World's Fair and by the activities of the
Committees on Scientific Aids to Learning (1937-
1939)
NRC grants to investigators through its
committees on sex research and endocrinology
result in discoveries of new hormones, vitamins,
and diagnostic and treatment methods
With
publication of multi-volume series Physics of the
Earth (beginning in 1931) NRC makes substantial
contribution to the earth sciences literature.
1940-1950
NAS-NRC preparedness for war predates US entry
with creation of first military medical committees
(1939-1940)
NRC advises the US Office of
Scientific Research and Development (OSRD), its
Committee on Medical Research (CMR) and National
Defense Research Council (NDRC), the armed forces,
and other agencies on a variety of war related
studies conducted by all NRC technical divisions
in all areas of concern
For CMR the NRC sponsors
a research program in every area of military
medicine, including synthesis of penicillin,
aviation medicine, work in sanitary engineering,
production of drugs and essential supplies, and
providing new techniques and therapies for
-3-
1940-1950
battlefield medicine
The NRC mobilizes US
(cont)
scientists for war work through the Roster of
Scientific and Specialized Personnel and by
establishing the Office of Scientific Personnel
(1941)
NAS Committee on Atomic Fission reports
on feasibility of an atomic bomb, leading to the
Manhattan Project
War Metallurgy Committee
directs work in minerals and metals
NRC provides
advice on selection and training of pilots, on
anti-submarine warfare, on fortification design,
and on quartermaster problems
The Committee on
Food Habits studies rationing
The Committee on
Food and Nutrition is formed in 1940 (becomes Food
and Nutrition Board in 1942) and published the
first Recommended Dietary Allowances in 1941, a
periodic publication that has had an impact on
national nutritional policies from its
inception
Through NRC reference committees
scientific journals voluntarily restrict or
suspend publication of articles deemed crucial to
national defense, while ensuring authors credit
for their discoveries when emergency
subsides
First publication of Nutrient
Requirement Series, authoritative reports on
economically important domestic animals
A
Presidential Directive requests the NRC to
establish and assume operational responsibilities
for the Atomic Bomb Casualty Commission
Pacific
Science Board established (1946)
Committee on
Undersea Warfare begins (1946)
1951-1963
The report of the Committees on Biological Effects
of Atomic Radiation is published in 1956 and
contributes to the national debate and policy-
making on atomic radiation and the nuclear
industry
NAS-NRC directs US participation in the
International Geophysical Year (1957-1958), whose
accomplishments include the launch of American
satellites, the establishment of research bases in
Antarctica, and upper atomosphere research
IGY
initiatives and successes lead NAS-NRC to
establish Committee on Atmospheric Sciences
(1957) the Polar Research Board, the Space
Science Board (1958), and the Geophysics Research
Board (1959)
NAS and USSR Academy of Sciences
sign scientific exchange agreement in 1959,
providing for research visits to each country by
the others' scientists, bilateral conferences,
symposia, and research projects. Agreements with
other countries are to follow
NAS-NRC conducts
-4-
1951-1963
summer studies for the Navy and for the Air Force;
(cont)
still-classified reports contributed to long-range
planning and technological innovations
Air Force
Studies Board predecessor established in 1962 to
provide on-going advisory services to USAF
Committee on Science and Public Policy (COSPUP)
established in 1961 (as Committee on Government
Relations) to aid government in formation of
science and technology policy and in application
of policies to national problems. First COSPUP
report Growth of World Population appears in
1963
In response to request from President
Kennedy, the NAS forms the Committee on Natural
Resources whose 1963 Natural Resources made
significant contributions to national policy in
regard to the conservation, development, and use
of natural resources
1964-1973
The National Academy of Engineering (NAE) is
founded under the NAS charter in 1964 to provide
engineering advisory services to the nation and to
provide a mechanism for honoring the contributions
of distinguished engineers
COSPUP issues series
of well-received reports surveying research fields
and recommending government directions, including
funding levels. Among these are Ground Based
Astronomy: A Ten-Year Program (1964) the first
chemistry survey Chemistry: Opportunities and
Needs (1965) and The Behavioral and Social
Sciences: Outlooks and Needs (1969)
First
contract between the NAS and the Congress results
in COSPUP reports for the House Committee on
Science and Astronautics: Basic Research and
National Needs (1965), Applied Science and
Technological Progress (1967), and Technology:
Processes of Assessment and Choice (1969) The
COSPUP efforts were designed to identify and
describe critical policy issues faced by
government in its decisions to regulate, support,
or otherwise foster research in the US, according
to Rep. George Miller, Chairman, Committee on
Science and Astronautics
SSB provides variety of
advisory services to NASA including 1966 reports
Space Research: Directions for the Future and
Biology and the Exploration of Mars
Committee on
Scholarly Communication with People's Republic of
China formed with American Council of Learned
Societies and the Social Science Research
Council
The 1969 Drug Efficacy Study to the
Commissioner of the Food and Drug Administration
leads to sweeping FDA changes in the licensing and
-5-
1964-1973
distribution of prescription medications
(cont)
Contributions to environmental sciences and to
national environmental policy include such studies
as Impact of the Bay Area Rapid Transit System on
the San Francisco Metropolitan Region (1970),
Jamaica Bay and Kennedy Airport: A Multidiscipli-
nary Environmental Study (1971) and the NAE Bay
Area Transit (BART) Impact Program Advisory
Committee
The Board on Medicine, formed in 1967,
becomes the Institute of Medicine in December
1970. Under the IOM's charter its purpose is "the
protection and advancement of the health of the
public, including the conduct of study programs
relating to the delivery of health care, medical
education, and biomedical research and
development Motor Vehicle Emissions (1973)
reports on technological feasibility of meeting
emission standards
1974-1982
Science and Technology in Presidential Policy-
making (1974) contributes to 1976 reestablishment
of White House Office of Science and Technology
World Food and Nutrition Study responds to
Presidential request for research recommendations
for providing for present and future needs of
world's poor
NAS creates Committee on Human
Rights in 1976 to act on behalf of scientific
colleagues throughout the world who are victims of
repression Eleven EPA Analytical Studies issued
between 1973-1977 to review programs and
priorities of the Environmental Protection
Agency
Naval Studies Board created to advise
Navy on space, aviation, and navigational
activities
Energy in Transition: 1985-2010
(1980) studies US energy needs and appropriate
role of nuclear and alternative energy
systems
Outlook for Science and Technology: The
Next Five Years appears in 1979. First of a
series of significant reports to NSF identifying
current and emerging national problems and
opportunities for or constraints on scientific
capabilities for addressing these problems
1980
Improving Aircraft Safety assesses FAA policies
and procedures for certifying commercial aircraft
airworthiness
1982-1989
Science and Mathematics in the Schools, the report
of a 1982 convocation, is distributed to each of
nation's school districts
Concern with science
and mathematics education on elementary and
-6-
1982-1989
secondary levels leads to 1985 creation of the
(cont)
Mathematical Sciences Education Board, whose
Everybody Counts (1989) has had broad impact and
1987 National Science Resources Center (joint with
the Smithsonian Institution)
55: A Decade of
Experience (1984) leads to exemption of rural
interstate highways from the provision
NRC
pursues its 1981 work on acid rain with Acid
Deposition: Atmospheric Processes in Eastern North
America (1983) and convenes joint tri-academy
studies with Canada and Mexico
National
Academies Op-Ed Service formed in 1983 to bring
science editorials and opinion to country's
newspapers; now reaches more than 350
COSEPUP
(Committee on Science, Engineering and Public
Policy) succeeds COSPUP in 1981
COSEPUP's
research briefings for OSTP and selected federal
agencies identify research areas within specific
fields of science likely to return the highest
scientific dividends (1982-1987) and generate
exceptional interest within government and private
sector
Recommendations of Risk Assessment in the
Federal Government: Managing the Process (1983)
are adopted by EPA and other agencies
"Issues in
Science and Technology," a quarterly journal of
opinion, begins in 1984
1984 formation of
Government-University-Industry Research Roundtable
(1984) provides forum for dialogue between
scientists, engineers, administrators, and policy-
makers on ways of improving the productivity of
the nation's research enterprise
Injury in
America (1985) influences national injury control
program
Airliner Cabin Environment (1986)
influences ban on smoking on domestic flights of
less than two hours
Strategic Highway Research
Program formed in NRC to accelerate research on
highway maintenance
"Planet Earth" begins
broadcasting in 1986
Produced by WQED, with NAS
serving as scientific advisor, this Emmy-award
winning series was followed by "The Infinite
Voyage," now in its third season
IOM's Improving
the Quality of Care in Nursing Homes (1986) has
impact on federal legislation directed at
addressing inadequacies of care in nursing
homes
NASA requests NRC advice on space shuttle
program following the Challenger disaster.
Studies on solid rocket booster redesign and a
criticality review and hazard analysis and audit
of shuttle follow (1986-1988)
NRC and IOM
address nation's concern with AIDS through various
-7-
1982-1989
reports including Confronting AIDS: Directions for
(cont)
Public Health, Care, and Research (1986, Update in
1988) and AIDS, Sexual Behavior, and Intravenous
Drug Use (1989) ; studies have helped mobilize
Congress and the Executive Branch and to increase
funding levels for AIDS research
NAS and NAE
provide Department of Energy list of best
qualified sites for Superconducting Super Collider
(1987)
Long-term planning for space program
addressed in 1988 Space Science in the Twenty-
First Century: Imperatives for the Decades 1995-
2015
The Academies and IOM contribute to federal
budget planning through Federal Science and
Technology Budget Priorities: New Perspectives &
Procedures (1988) requested by Senate Budget
Committee Two IOM studies on the National
Institutes of Health influence organizational
structure, funding levels, and personnel
recruitment and retention (1984, 1988)
Mapping
and Sequencing the Human Genome (1988) provides
blueprint for the proposed project
Major
assessment on status of black Americans, A Common
Destiny: Blacks and American Society published
(1989)
NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
of the United States of America
Texas: 37 members
OF
THE
ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 1863 UNITED in AMENICA STATES OF
FOUNDED
MEMBERSHIP LISTING
January 1990
BY
I
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Council
5
Classes and Sections
7
NAS Officers and Membership Services
9
Members and Members Emeriti
11
Foreign Associates
43
Public Welfare Medalists
49
Sections
51
Geographical Listing of Academy Members
71
Geographical Listing of Foreign Associates
89
3
COUNCIL
President:
*Press, Frank, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C. (1993)
Vice President:
*Ebert, James D., Chesapeake Bay Inst, Baltimore, Maryland (1993)
Home Secretary:
*Raven, Peter H., Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, Missouri (1991)
Foreign Secretary:
Gordon, W. E., Rice University, Houston, Texas (1990)
Treasurer:
*Blout, Elkan R., Harvard Med Sch & Harvard Sch of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts (1992)
Councilors:
Adams, Robert McC., Smithsonian Inst, Washington, D.C. (1992)
Bogorad, Lawrence, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts (1992)
*Chilton, Mary-Dell, CIBA-Geigy Biotech, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (1991)
Cronin, James W., University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois (1991)
Dresselhaus, Mildred S., MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts (1990)
Hoffmann, Roald, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York (1990)
*Isselbacher, Kurt J., Mass General Hospital Cancer Ctr, Boston, Massachusetts (1990)
Mintz, Beatrice, Inst for Cancer Research, Fox Chase, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (1992)
Patel, C. Kumar N., AT&T Bell Laboratories, Murray Hill, New Jersey (1991)
*Silver, Leon T., Cal Tech, Pasadena, California (1992)
Sharp, Phillip A., MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts (1990)
Zinder, Norton D., The Rockefeller University, New York, New York (1991)
Expiration of term of office is shown in parentheses following the affiliation listing.
All terms expire June 30 of the indicated.
*Member of Executive Committee of the Council
5
CLASSES
The Academy is divided into six Classes as follows:
I.
Physical & Mathematical Sciences (Sections 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16)
II.
Biological Sciences (Sections 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27)
III.
Engineering & Applied Sciences (Sections 31, 32, 33)
IV.
Medical Sciences (Sections 41, 42, 43)
V.
Behavioral & Social Sciences (Sections 51, 52, 53, 54)
VI.
Applied Biological & Agricultural Sciences (Sections 61, 62)
SECTIONS
Each Class is further divided into Sections to which members are assigned at
their own choice:
(11)
Mathematics
(12)
Astronomy
(13)
Physics
(14)
Chemistry
(15)
Geology
(16)
Geophysics
(21)
Biochemistry
(22)
Cellular and Developmental Biology
(23)
Physiology and Pharmacology
(24)
Neurobiology
(25)
Botany
(26)
Genetics
(27)
Population Biology, Evolution and Ecology
(31)
Engineering
(32)
Applied Mathematical Sciences
(33)
Applied Physical Sciences
(41)
Medical Genetics, Hematology and Oncology
(42)
Medical Physiology and Metabolism
(43)
Microbiology and Immunology
(51)
Anthropology
(52)
Psychology
(53)
Social and Political Sciences
(54)
Economic Sciences
(61)
Applied Biological Sciences
(62)
Agricultural Sciences
7
NAS OFFICERS AND MEMBERSHIP SERVICES
National Academy of Sciences' Officers
President, Frank Press
(202) 334-2100
Executive Officer, Philip M. Smith
(202) 334-3000
Vice President, James D. Ebert
(202) 387-6405
Home Secretary, Peter H. Raven
(202) 334-2446
Principal Staff Officer, Kenneth R. Fulton
(202) 334-2446
Foreign Secretary, W. E. Gordon
(202) 334-2800
Executive Director, Victor Rabinowitch
(202) 334-2800
Treasurer, Elkan Blout
(202) 334-2666
Chief Financial Officer, David Williams
(202) 334-2666
Membership Services
Awards, Grants, Members' Records, Memoirs
Staff Associate, Elizabeth J. Sherman
(202) 334-2444
Administrative Secretary, Mindy Saslaw
(202) 334-2444
Dues
Accounting, Shirley Roebuck
(202) 334-3574
Elections, Membership Affairs and Committees
Staff Associate, Mary Hofbauer Brown
(202) 334-2444
Administrative Secretary, Jackie Holliday
(202) 334-2444
Foreign Associates
Administrative Officer, Carol K. Picard
(202) 334-2800
Proceedings
Managing Editor, Frances R. Zwanzig
(202) 334-2525
Regional Roundtables
Executive Assistant, Jean P. Marterre
(202) 334-2446
9
MEMBERS
Abeles, Robert H., Brandeis U, Waltham, Massachusetts
Abelson, John N., Cal Tech, Pasadena, California
Abelson, Philip H., Washington, D.C.
Abrahams, Elihu R., Rutgers U, Piscataway, New Jersey
Adair, Robert K., Yale U, New Haven, Connecticut
Adams, Robert McC., Smithsonian Inst, Washington, D.C.
Adelberg, Edward A., Yale U, New Haven, Connecticut
Adkisson, Perry L., Texas A&M U System, College Station, Texas
Adler, Julius, U of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
Adler, Stephen L., Inst for Advanced Study, Princeton, New Jersey
Agnew, Harold M., Solana Beach, California
Ahlers, Guenter, U of Calif, Santa Barbara, California
Ahlfors, Lars v., Harvard U, Cambridge, Massachusetts
Ahrens, Edward H., Jr., Rockefeller U, New York, New York
Aki, Keiiti, U of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
Alberts, Bruce M., U of Calif, San Francisco, California
Alberty, Robert A., MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts
Alder, Berni J., Lawrence Livermore Lab, Livermore, California
Alexander, Richard D., U of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
Allard, R. W., U of Calif, Davis, California
Allen, Clarence R., Cal Tech, Pasadena, California
Aller, Lawrence H., U of Calif, Los Angeles, California
Almond, Gabriel A., Stanford U, Stanford, California
Ames, Bruce N., U of Calif, Berkeley, California
Amos, D. Bernard, Duke U Sch Med, Durham, North Carolina
Anders, Edward, U of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
Anderson, Carl D., Cal Tech, Pasadena, California
*
Anderson, Charles A., Pomona, California
Anderson, Don L., Cal Tech, Pasadena, California
Anderson, Kinsey A., U of Calif, Berkeley, California
Anderson, Philip W., Princeton U, Princeton, New Jersey
Anderson, Theodore W., Stanford U, Stanford, California
Anderson, Thomas F., Inst For Cancer Res, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Anderson, Wyatt W., U of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
Andrews, Henry N., Laconia, New Hampshire
Anfinsen, C. B., Johns Hopkins U, Baltimore, Maryland
Anson, Fred C., Cal Tech, Pasadena, California
Armstrong, Clay M., U of Penn, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Arnett, Edward M., Duke U, Durham, North Carolina
Arnett, W. David, U of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
Arnold, James R., U of Calif-San Diego, La Jolla, California
Arnold, William A., Oak Ridge Nat'l Lab, Oak Ridge, Tennessee
Arnon, Daniel I., U of Calif, Berkeley, California
Arntzen, Charles J., Texas A&M U System, College Station, Texas
Arrow, Kenneth J., Stanford U, Stanford, California
Artin, Michael, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts
Ashwell, G. Gilbert, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
Atkinson, Richard C., U of Calif-San Diego, La Jolla, California
Attardi, Giuseppe M., Cal Tech, Pasadena, California
Emeritus Member
11
Aumann, Robert J., Hebrew U, Jerusalem, Israel
Aurbach, Gerald D., NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
Austen, K. Frank, Harvard U Med Sch, Boston, Massachusetts
Austrian, Robert, U of Penn Sch of Med, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Axel, Richard, HHMI, Columbia U, New York, New York
Axelrod, Julius, NIMH, Bethesda, Maryland
Axelrod, Robert M., U of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
Axtell, John D., Purdue U, West Lafayette, Indiana
Ayala, Francisco J., U of Calif, Irvine, California
Aydelotte, William O., U of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
Babcock, Horace W., Mt. Wilson/Las Campas Obsvs, Pasadena, California
Bacher, Robert F., Montecito, California
Bachrach, Howard L., USDA, Greenport, New York
Backus, George E., U of Calif-San Diego, La Jolla, California
Backus, John, IBM, San Jose, California
Bahcall, John N., The Inst for Advanced Study, Princeton, New Jersey
Bainbridge, Kenneth T., Weston, Massachusetts
Baker, James G., Harvard U, Cambridge, Massachusetts
Baker, Paul T., Kaneohe, Hawaii
Baker, W. O., Morristown, New Jersey
Baldeschwieler, John D., Cal Tech, Pasadena, California
Baldwin, Robert L., Stanford U-Sch of Med, Stanford, California
Ballou, Clinton E., U of Calif, Berkeley, California
Balluffi, Robert W., MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts
Baltimore, David, Whitehead Inst, Cambridge, Massachusetts
Banks, Harlan P., Cornell U, Ithaca, New York
Barber, Stanley A., Purdue U, West Lafayette, Indiana
Bard, Allen J., U of Texas, Austin, Texas
Bardeen, John, U of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois
Barker, H. A., U of Calif, Berkeley, California
Barrett, C. S., U of Denver, Denver, Colorado
*
Barschall, H. H., U of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
Bartholomew, George A., U of Calif, Los Angeles, California
Bartlett, Paul D., Harvard U, Cambridge, Massachusetts
Barton, Paul B. Jr., US Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia
Basolo, Fred, Northwestern U, Evanston, Illinois
Bass, Hyman, Columbia U, New York, New York
Bauman, Dale E., Cornell U, Ithaca, New York
Baumol, William J., Princeton U, Princeton, New Jersey
Baym, Gordon A., U of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois
Bean, Charles P., Rensselaer Polytech Inst, Troy, New York
Bearn, Alexander G., Rockefeller U, New York, New York
Beauchamp, Jesse L., Cal Tech, Pasadena, California
Beck, Stanley D., U of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
Becker, Gary S., U of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
Beckwith, Jonathan R., Harvard Med Sch, Boston, Massachusetts
Beeson, Paul B., Redmond, Washington
Beevers, Harry, U of Calif, Santa Cruz, California
Beidler, Lloyd M., Florida State U, Tallahassee, Florida
Beinert, Helmut, Med Col of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
Benacerraf, Baruj, Dana-Farber Cancer Inst, Boston, Massachusetts
Benditt, Earl P., U of Washington Sch of Med, Seattle, Washington
Benedek, George B., MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts
Benedict, Manson, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts
Benkovic, Stephen J., Penn State U, U Park, Pennsylvania
* Emeritus Member
12
Bennett, Michael V. L., Albert Einstein Col of Med, Bronx, New York
Benson, Andrew A., U of Calif-San Diego, La Jolla, California
Benson, Sidney W., U of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
Benzer, Seymour, Cal Tech, Pasadena, California
Berg, Howard C., Harvard U, Cambridge, Massachusetts
Berg, Paul, Stanford U Sch of Med, Stanford, California
Berggren, William A., Woods Hole Oceanogr Inst, Woods Hole, California
Bergman, Robert G., U of Calif, Berkeley, California
Bergson, Abram, Harvard U, Cambridge, Massachusetts
Berko, Stephan, Brandeis U, Waltham, Massachusetts
Berlin, O. Brent, U of Calif, Berkeley, Calkifornia
Berliner, Robert W., Yale U Sch of Med, New Haven, Connecticut
Bern, Howard A., U of Calif, Berkeley, California
Berne, Robert M., U of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
Berner, Robert A., Yale U, New Haven, Connecticut
Bernstein, Ira B., Yale U, New Haven, Connecticut
Bernstein, Richard B., U of Calif, Los Angeles, California
Berry, Brian J. L., U of Texas-Dallas, Richardson, Texas
Berry, R. Stephen, U of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
Bers, Lipman, Columbia U, New York, New York
Bersohn, Richard, Columbia U, New York, New York
Berson, Jerome A., Yale U, New Haven, Connecticut
Bethe, Hans A., Cornell U, Ithaca, New York
Beutler, Ernest, Scripps Clin Res Fdn, La Jolla, California
Beyer, Karl H., Jr., Penn State U Hershey Med Cntr, Hershey, Pennsylvania
Bickel, Peter J., U of Calif, Berkeley, California
Bigeleisen, Jacob, SUNY, Stony Brook, New York
Billings, Marland P., North Conway, New Hampshire
Birch, A. Francis, Harvard U, Cambridge, Massachusetts
Bird, R. Byron, U of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
Birkhoff, Garrett, Harvard U, Cambridge, Massachusetts
Bishop, J. Michael, U of Calif, San Francisco, California
Bizzi, Emilio, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts
Bjorken, James D., Fermi Natl Accel Lab, Batavia, Illinois
Bjorkman, Olle, Carnegie Inst Wash, Stanford, California
Blackwell, David H., U of Calif, Berkeley, California
Blalock, Hubert M., Jr., U of Washington, Hansville, Washington
Blau, Peter M., U of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
Bleakney, Walker, Santa Barbara, California
Blobel, Gunter K., Rockefeller U, New York, New York
Bloch, Herman S., Skokie, Illinois
Bloch, Konrad E., Harvard U, Cambridge, Massachusetts
Bloembergen, Nicolaas, Harvard U, Cambridge, Massachusetts
Bloom, Barry R., Albert Einstein Col of Med, Bronx, New York
Bloom, Floyd E., Scripps Clin Res Fdn, La Jolla, California
Blout, Elkan R., Harvard U Med Sch, Boston, MA; Nat'l Acad of Scs,
Washington, D.C.
Blumberg, Baruch S., Fox Chase Cancer Ctr, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Bodian, David, Johns Hopkins Med Sch, Baltimore, Maryland
Boehm, Felix H., Cal Tech, Pasadena, California
Boekelheide, V. C., U of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon
Bogorad, Lawrence, Harvard U, Cambridge, Massachusetts
Bogue, Allan G., U of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
Bonner, James F., Cal Tech, Pasadena, California
Bonner, J. T., Princeton U, Princeton, New Jersey
Borchert, John R., U of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
Borel, Armand, Inst for Advanced Study, Princeton, New Jersey
Borlaug, Norman E., CIMMYT, D. F., Mexico
Emeritus Member
13
Bormann, Frederick H., Yale U, New Haven, Connecticut
Botstein, David, GENENTECH, S. San Francisco, California
Bott, Raoul, Harvard U, Cambridge, Massachusetts
Boudart, Michel, Stanford U, Stanford, California
Boulding, Kenneth E., U of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado
Bovey, Frank A., AT&T Bell Labs, Murray Hill, New Jersey
Bower, Gordon H., Stanford U, Stanford, California
Boyd, F. R., Jr., Carnegie Inst Wash, Washington, D.C.
Boyer, Herbert W., U of Calif, San Francisco, California
Boyer, P. D., U of Calif, Los Angeles, California
Boynton, Robert M., U of Calif-San Diego, La Jolla, California
Boyse, Edward A., U of Arizona Health Scs Ctr, Tucson, Arizona
Brace, W. F., MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts
Bradbury, N. E., Los Alamos, New Mexico
Brady, Roscoe O., NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
Braidwood, Robert J., La Porte, Indiana
Brakke, Myron K., U of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska
Branscomb, Lewis M., Harvard U, Cambridge, Massachusetts
Branton, Daniel, Harvard U, Cambridge, Massachusetts
Brauman, John I., Stanford U, Stanford, California
Braunwald, Eugene, Harvard U Med Sch, Boston, Massachusetts
Bremner, John M., Iowa State U, Ames, Iowa
Breslow, Ronald, Columbia U, New York, New York
Brewer, Leo, U of Calif, Berkeley, California
Brewer, Richard G., IBM, San Jose, California
Bridges, William B., Cal Tech, Pasadena, California
Briggs, Winslow R., Carnegie Inst Wash, Stanford, California
Brill, Winston J., AGRACETUS, Middleton, Wisconsin
Brink, Frank, Jr., Doylestown, Pennsylvania
Brinkhous, Kenneth M., U of NC Sch of Med, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
Brinkman, W. F, AT&T Bell Labs, Murray Hill, New Jersey
Brinster, Ralph L., U of Penn, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Britten, Roy J., Cal Tech, Corona Del Mar, California
Brobeck, John R., Swarthmore, Pennsylvania
Broecker, Wallace S., Columbia U, Palisades, New York
Brooks, Harvey, Harvard U, Cambridge, Massachusetts
Brooks, Norman H., Cal Tech, Pasadena, California
Browder, Felix E., Rutgers U, New Brunswick, New Jersey
Browder, William, Princeton U, Princeton, New Jersey
Brown, Donald D., Carnegie Inst Wash, Baltimore, Maryland
Brown, Gerald E., SUNY, Stony Brook, New York
Brown, Harold, Johns Hopkins Sch Adv Intnat'l Studies, Washington, D.C.
Brown, Herbert C., Purdue U, Lafayette, Indiana
Brown, Michael S., U of Texas Southwestern Med Ctr, Dallas, Texas
Brown, Roger W., Harvard U, Cambridge, Massachusetts
Brown, Walter L., AT&T Bell Labs, Murray Hill, New Jersey
Brown, William L., Pioneer Hibred Int'l, Johnston, Iowa
Brueckner, Keith A., U of Calif-San Diego, La Jolla, California
Bruice, Thomas C., U of Calif, Santa Barbara, California
Bryant, Marvin P., U of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois
Bryson, Arthur E., Jr., Stanford U, Stanford, California
Buchanan, John M., MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts
Buchi, George H., MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts
Buchsbaum, S. J., AT&T Bell Labs, Holmdel, New Jersey
Budiansky, Bernard, Harvard U, Cambridge, Massachusetts
Buikstra, Jane E., U of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
Bukovac, Martin J., Michigan State U, East Lansing, Michigan
Bullock, Theodore H., U of Calif, Sch of Med, La Jolla, California
Emeritus Member
14
Burbidge, E. Margaret, U of Calif-San Diego, La Jolla, California
Burchfiel, B. Clark, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts
Burke, Bernard F., MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts
Burns, John J., Roche Inst. of Molec Bio, Nutley, New Jersey
Burris, R. H., U of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
Burstein, Elias, U of Penn, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Burton, Glenn W., USDA, Tifton, Georgia
Byers, Horace R., Santa Barbara, California
Cahn, John W., Nat'l Bur of Stand, Gaithersburg, Maryland
Cain, Stanley A., U of Calif, Santa Cruz, California
Cairns, Theodore L., Chadds Ford, Pennsylvania
Calabi, Eugenio, U of Penn, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Calderon, Alberto P., U of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
Callan, Curtis G., Jr., Princeton U, Princeton, New Jersey
Calvin, Melvin, U of Calif, Berkeley, California
Cameron, A. G. W., Harvard U, Cambridge, Massachusetts
Campbell, Allan, Stanford U, Stanford, California
Campbell, Donald T., Lehigh U, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania
Cantoni, Giulio L., NIMH, Bethesda, Maryland
Cantor, Charles R., Columbia U, New York, New York
Carbon, John A., U of Calif, Santa Barbara, California
Cardona, Manuel, Max-Planck Inst, Federal Republic of Germany
Carrier, George F., Harvard U, Cambridge, Massachusetts
Carson, Hampton L., U of Hawaii Sch of Med, Honolulu, Hawaii
Carter, H. E., U of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
Case, Kenneth M., Rockefeller U, New York, New York
Castle, W. B., Harvard U, Brookline, Massachusetts
Catterall, William A., U of Washington, Seattle, Washington
Cech, Thomas R., U of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado
Chalmers, Bruce, Harvard U, Cambridge, Massachusetts
Chamberlain, Joseph W., Rice U, Houston, Texas
Chamberlain, Owen, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, California
Chamberlin, Michael J., U of Calif, Berkeley, California
Chance, Britton, U of Penn Sch of Med, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Chandrasekhar, S., U of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
Chang, Kwang-Chih, Harvard U, Cambridge, Massachusetts
Chanock, Robert M., NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
Chapman, Orville L., U of Calif, Los Angeles, California
Chargaff, Erwin, New York, New York
Chase, Merrill W., Rockefeller U, New York, New York
Chern, Shiing-Shen, U of Calif, Berkeley, California
Chernoff, Herman, Harvard U, Cambridge, Massachusetts
Chew, Geoffrey F., U of Calif, Berkeley, California
Chilton, Mary-Dell, CIBA-Geigy, Res Triangle Park, North Carolina
Cho, Alfred Yi, AT&T Bell Labs, Murray Hill, New Jersey
Chodorow, Marvin, Stanford U, Stanford, California
Chomsky, A. Noam, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts
Choppin, Purnell W., HHMI, Bethesda, Maryland
Christy, Robert F., Cal Tech, Pasadena, California
Chu, Paul C-W., U of Houston, Houston, Texas
Church, Alonzo, U of Calif, Los Angeles, California
Clark, George W., MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts
Clayton, Roderick K., Ithaca, New York
Cleland, W. Wallace, U of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
Clements, John A., U of Calif, San Francisco, California
Clogston, Albert M., Tesuque, New Mexico
Closs, Gerhard L., U of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
Emeritus Member
15
Cloud, Prestôn, U of Calif, Santa Barbara, California
Clough, Ray W., U of Calif, Berkeley, California
Coale, Ansley J., Princeton U, Princeton, New Jersey
Cockerham, C. Clark, NC State U, Raleigh, North Carolina
Code, Arthur D., U of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
Coe, Michael D., Yale U, New Haven, Connecticut
Cohen, Marshall H., Cal Tech, Pasadena, California
Cohen, Marvin L., U of Calif, Berkeley, California
Cohen, Melvin J., Yale U, New Haven, Connecticut
Cohen, Morrel H., Exxon Res & Enginr Co., Annandale, New Jersey
Cohen, Morris, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts
Cohen, Paul J., Stanford U, Stanford, California
Cohen, Philip P., U of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
Cohen, Seymour S., Marine Biol Lab, Woods Hole, Massachusetts
Cohen, Stanley, Vanderbilt U Sch of Med, Nashville, Tennessee
Cohen, Stanley N., Stanford U Sch of Med, Stanford, California
Cohn, Mildred, U of Penn Sch of Med, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Cohn, Zanvil A., Rockefeller U, New York, New York
Colbert, Edwin H., Museum Northern Ariz, Flagstaff, Arizona
Cole, Julian D., Rensselaer Polytech Inst, Troy, New York
Coleman, James S., U of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
Coleman, Robert G., Stanford U, Stanford, California
Coleman, Sidney R., Harvard U, Cambridge, Massachusetts
Colgate, S. A., Los Alamos Nat'l Lab, Los Alamos, New Mexico
Collman, James P., Stanford U, Stanford, California
Colson, Elizabeth F., U of Calif, Berkeley, California
Commins, Eugene D., U of Calif, Berkeley, California
Conklin, Harold C., Yale U, New Haven, Connecticut
Conn, Eric E., U of Calif, Davis, California
Conn, Jerome W., Naples, Florida
Conney, Allan H., Rutgers U, New Brunswick, New Jersey
Connick, Robert E., U of Calif, Berkeley, California
Converse, Philip E., Ctr for Adv Stdy in Behav Scs, Stanford, California
Cook, Stephen A., U of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
Coon, M. J., U of Michigan Med Sch, Ann Arbor, Michigan
Cooper, Leon N, Brown U, Providence, Rhode Island
Cooper, Max D., U of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama
Corey, E. J., Harvard U, Cambridge, Massachusetts
Cormack, A. M., Tufts U, Medford, Massachusetts
Costa, Erminio, Georgetown U Sch of Med, Washington, D.C.
Cotton, F. Albert, Texas A&M U, College Station, Texas
Courant, Ernest D., Brookhaven Nat'l Lab, Upton, New York
Cowling, Ellis B., NC State U, Raleigh, North Carolina
Cozzarelli, Nicholas R., U of Calif, Berkeley, California
Craig, George Brownlee Jr., U of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana
Craig, Harmon, U of Calif-San Diego, La Jolla, California
Cram, Donald J., U of Calif, Los Angeles, California
Crane, H. Richard, U of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
*
Crawford, Bryce, Jr., U of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
Creutz, E. C., Rancho Santa Fe, California
Crewe, Albert V., U of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
Cristol, Stanley J., U of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado
Cronbach, Lee J., Atherton, California
Cronin, James W., U of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
Cronkite, Eugene P., Brookhaven Nat'l Lab, Upton, New York
Crothers, Donald M., Yale U, New Haven, Connecticut
Crow, James F., U of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
Crowell, John C., U of Calif, Santa Barbara, California
Emeritus Member
16
Cuatrecasas, Pedro M., Warner-Lambert Co., Ann Arbor, Michigan
Curtin, David Y., U of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois
Cutler, C. Chapin, Stanford, California
Dahl, Lawrence F., U of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
Dahl, Robert A., Yale U, New Haven, Connecticut
Daly, J. M., U of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska
Danishefsky, Samuel J., Yale U, New Haven, Connecticut
Dantzig, George B., Stanford U, Stanford, California
Darby, William J., Vanderbilt U Sch of Med, Nashville, Tennessee
Darlington, Sidney, U of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire
Darnell, James E., Jr., Rockefeller U, New York, New York
Dashen, Roger, U of Calif, San Diego, California
Dauben, William G., U of Calif, Berkeley, California
Daughaday, William H., Washington U Sch of Med, St. Louis, Missouri
Davenport, Horace W., U of Michigan Med Sch, Ann Arbor, Michigan
*
David, E. E., Jr., EED, Inc, Bedminster, New Jersey
Davidson, Eric H., Cal Tech, Pasadena, California
Davidson, Ernest R., Indiana U, Bloomington, Indiana
Davidson, Norman R., Cal Tech, Pasadena, California
Davie, Earl W., U of Washington, Seattle, Washington
Davies, David R., NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
Davis, Bernard D., Harvard Med Sch, Boston, Massachusetts
Davis, George K., Gainesville, Florida
Davis, Hallowell, University City, Missouri
Davis, James O., U of Missouri Med Sch, Columbia, Missouri
Davis, Kingsley, Stanford U, Stanford, California
Davis, Margaret Bryan, U of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
Davis, Raymond, Jr., U of Penn, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Davis, Ronald W., Stanford U Sch of Med, Stanford, California
Davis, Russ E., U of Calif, San Diego, California
Dawid, Igor B., NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
Dawson, John M., U of Calif, Los Angeles, California
Debreu, Gerard, U of Calif, Berkeley, California
Deere, Don U., Gainesville, Florida
Dehmelt, Hans, U of Washington, Seattle, Washington
de Laguna, Frederica, Bryn Mawr Col, Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania
DeLuca, H. F., U of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
Denison, Edward F., Brookings Inst, Washington, D.C.
Dervan, Peter B., Cal Tech, Pasadena, California
Dethier, Vincent G., U of Mass, Amherst, Massachusetts
Deutsch, Karl W., Harvard U, Cambridge, Massachusetts
Deutsch, Martin, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts
De Valois, Russell L., U of Calif, Berkeley, California
de Vaucouleurs, Gerard, U of Texas, Austin, Texas
Dewar, Michael J. S., U of Texas, Austin, Texas
Diamond, Irving T., Duke U, Durham, North Carolina
Diamond, Jared M., UCLA Sch of Med, Los Angeles, California
Diamond, Peter Arthur, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts
Dicke, Robert H., Princeton U, Princeton, New Jersey
Dickerson, Richard E., U of Calif, Los Angeles, California
Dickinson, Robert E., Natl Ctr for Atmosph Res, Boulder, Colorado
Diener, Theodor o., USDA, Beltsville, Maryland
Dilcher, David L., Indiana U, Bloomington, Indiana
Dixon, Frank J., Scripps Clin Res Fdn, La Jolla, California
Djerassi, Carl, Stanford U, Stanford, California
Doell, Richard R., Pt. Richmond, California *
Doering, William, Harvard U, Cambridge, Massachusetts
Emeritus Member
17
Doermann, August H., Yukon Territory, Canada
Dole, Vincent P., Rockefeller U, New York, New York
Donahue, Thomas M., U of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
Doob, Joseph L., Urbana, Illinois
Doolittle, Russell F., U of Calif-San Diego, La Jolla, California
Doty, Paul M., Harvard U, Cambridge, Massachusetts
Dowling, John E., Harvard U, Cambridge, Massachusetts
Drake, Frank D., U of Calif, Santa Cruz, California
Drell, Sidney D., Stanford U, Stanford, California
Dresselhaus, Mildred S., MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts
Drickamer, Harry G., U of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois
DuBridge, Lee A., Pasadena, California
Duesberg, Peter H., U of Calif, Berkeley, California
Duffin, R. J., Carnegie Mellon U, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Dulbecco, Renato, Salk Inst, San Diego, California
Duncan, Otis Dudley, U of Calif, Santa Barbara, California
Dunne, Thomas, U of Washington, Seattle, Washington
Dye, James L., Michigan State U, E. Lansing, Michigan
Dynes, Robert C., AT&T Bell Labs, Murray Hill, New Jersey
Dynkin, Eugene B., Cornell U, Ithaca, New York
Dyson, Freeman J., The Inst for Adv Stdy, Princeton, New Jersey
Eagle, Harry, Albert Einstein Col of Med, Bronx, New York
Eastman, Dean E., IBM, Yorktown Heights, New York
Ebert, James D., Johns Hopkins U, Baltimore, Maryland; Nat'l Academy of Scs,
Washington, DC
Edelman, Gerald M., Rockefeller U, New York, New York
Edelman, Isidore S., Columbia U-Col of Phys/Surgs, New York, New York
Edmondson, W. T., U of Washington, Seattle, Washington
Edsall, John T., Harvard U, Cambridge, Massachusetts
Efron, Bradley, Stanford U, Stanford, California
Eggan, Fred R., Santa Fe, New Mexico
Ehrlich, Gert, U of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois
Ehrlich, Paul R., Stanford U, Stanford, California
Eilenberg, Samuel, Columbia U, New York, New York
Eisen, Herman N., MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts
Eisenberg, David, U of Calif, Los Angeles, California
Eisner, Thomas, Cornell U, Ithaca, New York
Elias, Peter, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts
Eliel, Ernest L., U of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
Elsasser, Walter M., Johns Hopkins U, Baltimore, Maryland
El-Sayed, Mostafa F., U of Calif, Los Angeles, California
Emery, K. O., Woods Hole Oceanogr Inst, Falmouth, Massachusetts
Emmons, Howard W., Harvard U, Cambridge, Massachusetts
Engel, Albert E. J., U of Calif-San Diego, La Jolla, California
*
Englesberg, Ellis, U of Calif, Santa Barbara, California
Epstein, Emanuel, U of Calif, Davis, California
Epstein, Samuel, Cal Tech, Pasadena, California
Erikson, R. L., Harvard U, Cambridge, Massachusetts
Ernst, W. G., Stanford U, Stanford, California
Esau, Katherine, U of Calif, Santa Barbara, California
*
Estabrook, Ronald W., U of Texas, Dallas, Texas
Estes, William K., Harvard U, Cambridge, Massachusetts
Evans, David A., Harvard U, Cambridge, Massachusetts
Evans, Harold J., Oregon State U, Corvallis, Oregon
Evans, Howard E., Colorado State U, Fort Collins, Colorado
Evans, Ronald M., HHMI, The Salk Inst, San Diego, California
Emeritus Member
18
Faber, Sandra M., U of Calif, Lick Obsv, Santa Cruz, California
Falicov, L. M., U of Calif, Berkeley, California
Falkow, Stanley, Stanford U, Stanford, California
Fano, Robert M., MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts
Fano, Ugo, U of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
Farquhar, Marilyn G., Yale U Sch of Med, New Haven, Connecticut
Fawcett, Don W., Harvard U Med Sch, Boston, Massachusetts
Federer, Herbert, North Scituate, Rhode Island *
Fefferman, Charles, Princeton U, Princeton, New Jersey
Feher, George, U of Calif-San Diego, La Jolla, California
Feigenbaum, Mitchell J., Rockefeller U, New York, New York
Feit, Walter, Yale U, New Haven, Connecticut
Felsenfeld, Gary, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
Fenno, Richard F. Jr., U of Rochester, Rochester, New York
Ferejohn, John A., Stanford U, Stanford, California
Ferry, John D., U of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
Feshbach, Herman, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts
Field, G. B., Harvard-Smithson Ctr for Astroph, Cambridge, Massachusetts
Fields, Bernard N., Harvard U Med Sch, Boston, Massachusetts
Finch, Clement A., Seattle, Washington
Fink, Gerald R., Whitehead Inst, Cambridge, Massachusetts
First, Neal L., U of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
Fischbach, Gerald D., Washington U, Sch of Med, St. Louis, Missouri
Fischer, Edmond H., U of Washington, Seattle, Washington
Fitch, Val L., Princeton U, Princeton, New Jersey
Fitch, Walter M., U of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
Fixman, Marshall, Colorado State U, Fort Collins, Colorado
Flanagan, James L., AT&T Bell Labs, Murray Hill, New Jersey
Flannery, Kent v., U of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
Flexner, Louis B., U of Penn Sch of Med, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Fogel, Robert W., U of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
Folkers, Karl A., U of Texas, Austin, Texas
Forster, Robert E., U of Penn Sch of Med, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Foster, George M., Jr., U of Calif, Berkeley, California
Fowler, T. Kenneth, U of Calif, Berkeley, California
Fowler, William A., Cal Tech, Pasadena, California
Fox, Maurice S., MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts
Fraenkel-Conrat, Heinz, U of Calif, Berkeley, California
Frake, Charles O., Stanford U, Stanford, California
Frauenfelder, Hans, U of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois
Fredrickson, Donald S., Bethesda, Maryland
Freedman, Michael H., U of Calif-San Diego, La Jolla, California
Freedman, Ronald, U of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
French, C. Stacy, Los Altos Hills, California
Fridovich, Irwin, Duke U Sch of Med, Durham, North Carolina
Fried, Josef, U of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
Frieden, Carl, Washington U Sch of Med, Seattle, Washington
Friedkin, Morris Enton, U of Calif-San Diego, La Jolla, California
Friedlander, Gerhart, Brookhaven Nat'l Lab, Upton, New York
Friedman, Herbert, Naval Res Labs, Washington, D.C.
Friedman, Milton, Hoover Instn, Stanford, California
Frieman, Edward A., Scripps Inst of Oceanogr, Jolla, California
Fruton, Joseph S., New Haven, Connecticut
Fultz, Dave, U of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
Furshpan, Edwin J., Harvard Med Sch, Boston, Massachusetts
Furstenberg, Hillel, Hebrew U, Jerusalem, Israel
Furth, Harold P., Princeton U, Princeton, New Jersey
Emeritus Member
19
Gajdusek, D. Carleton, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
Galambos, Robert, La Jolla, California
Gale, David, U of Calif, Berkeley, California
Gall, Joseph G., Carnegie Inst Washington, Baltimore, Maryland
Gallo, Robert C., NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
Garabedian, Paul R., New York U, New York, New York
Garcia, John A., U of Calif, Los Angeles, California *
Gardner, Wilford R., U of Calif, Berkeley, California
Garen, Alan, Yale U, New Haven, Connecticut
Garn, Stanley M., U of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
Garner, Wendell R., Yale U, New Haven, Connecticut
Gartler, Stanley M., U of Washington, Seattle, Washington
Garwin, Richard L., IBM, Yorktown Heights, New York
Gassman, Paul G., U of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
Gates, Marshall, U of Rochester, Rochester, New York
Geballe, T. H., Stanford U, Stanford, California
Geertz, Clifford J., Inst for Adv Study, Princeton, New Jersey
Gehring, Frederick W., U of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
Geiduschek, E. Peter, U of Calif-San Diego, La Jolla, California
Gellert, Martin F., NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
Gell-Mann, Murray, Cal Tech, Pasadena, California
Giacconi, Riccardo, Space Teles Sci Inst, Baltimore, Maryland
Giaever, Ivar, Rensselear Polytech Inst, Troy, New York
Gibbons, James F., Stanford U, Stanford, California
Gibbs, Martin, Brandeis U, Waltham, Massachusetts
Giblett, Eloise R., Puget Sound Blood Ct, Seattle, Washington
Gibson, Eleanor J., Cornell U, Ithaca, New York
Gibson, Quentin H., Cornell U, Ithaca, New York
Giebisch, Gerhard H., Yale U Sch of Med, New Haven, Connecticut
Gilbert, J. Freeman, U of Calif-San Diego, La Jolla, California
Gilbert, Walter, Harvard U, Cambridge, Massachusetts
Giles, Norman H., U of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
Gilman, Alfred G., U of Texas Southwestern Med Ctr, Dallas, Texas
Gilruth, Robert R., Kilmarnock, Virginia
Ginsberg, Harold S., Columbia U-Col of Phys/Surgs, New York, New York
Ginzton, E. L., Varian Associates, Palo Alto, California
Glaser, Donald A., U of Calif, Berkeley, California
Glashow, Sheldon L., Harvard U, Brookline, Massachusetts
Glass, H. Bentley, East Setauket, New York
Glauber, Roy J., Harvard U, Cambridge, Massachusetts
Gleason, Andrew M., Harvard U, Cambridge, Massachusetts
Glimm, James G., SUNY, Stony Brook, New York
Goddard, William A. III, Cal Tech, Pasadena, California
Goebel, Walther F., Rockefeller U, Greenwich, Connecticut
Gold, T., Cornell U, Ithaca, New York
Goldberg, Edward D., U of Calif-San Diego, La Jolla, California
Goldberger, Arthur S., U of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
Goldberger, M. L., The Inst for Adv Study, Princeton, New Jersey
Goldhaber, Gerson, U of Calif, Berkeley, California
Goldhaber, Gertrude S., Brookhaven Nat'l Lab, Upton, New York
Goldhaber, Maurice, Brookhaven Nat'l Lab, Upton, New York
Goldreich, Peter M., Cal Tech, Pasadena, California
Goldstein, Avram, Stanford U, Palo Alto, California
Goldstein, Joseph L., U of Texas Southwestern Med Ctr, Dallas, Texas
Goldstine, Herman H., Amer Phil Society, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Gomer, Robert, U of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
Gomory, Ralph E., Alfred P. Sloan Fnd, New York, New York
Good, Robert A., U of So Florida, St. Petersburg, Florida
Emeritus Member
20
Goodenough, Ward H., U of Penn, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Goodman, Leo A., U of Calif, Berkeley, California
Goodman, Louis S., U of Utah Col of Med, Salt Lake City, Utah
Goodman, Major M., NC State U, Raleigh, North Carolina
Goody, Richard M., Harvard U, Cambridge, Massachusetts
Gordon, James P., AT&T Bell Labs, Murray Hill, New Jersey
Gordon, Roy G., Harvard U, Cambridge, Massachusetts
Gordon, W. E., Rice U, Houston, Texas; Nat'l Academy of Scs, Washington, D.C.
Gorenstein, Daniel, Rutgers U, New Brunswick, New Jersey
Gotschlich, Emil C., Rockefeller U, New York, New York
Gottschalk, Carl W., U of NC Sch Med, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
Gould, Roy W., Cal Tech, Pasadena, California
Gould, Stephen Jay, Harvard U, Cambridge, Massachusetts
Graham, Frances K., U of Delaware, Newark, Delaware
Graham, Ronald L., AT&T Bell Labs, Murray Hill, New Jersey
Grant, Verne E., U of Texas, Austin, Texas
Gray, Harry B., Cal Tech, Pasadena, California
Graybiel, Ann M., MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts
Green, David M., U of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
Green, Howard, Harvard U Med Sch, Boston, Massachusetts
Green, M. M., U of Calif, Davis, California
Green, Roger C., U of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
Greenberg, Joseph H., Stanford U, Stanford, California
Greenewalt, Crawford H., E I Dupont de Nemours & Co, Wilmington, Delaware *
Greengard, Paul, Rockefeller U, New York, New York
Greenstein, Jesse L., Cal Tech, Pasadena, California
Greisen, Kenneth I., Ithaca, New York
Griffin, Donald R., Rockefeller U, New York, New York
Griffin, James B., Bethesda, Maryland
Griffiths, Phillip A., Duke U, Durham, North Carolina
Griffiths, Robert B., Carnegie Mellon U, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Griliches, Zvi, Harvard U, Cambridge, Massachusetts
Grobstein, Clifford, U of Calif-San Diego, La Jolla, California
Gross, David Jonathan, Princeton U, Princeton, New Jersey
Gross, Jerome, Harvard Med Sch, Boston, Massachusetts
Gross, Ludwik, Veterans Admin, Bronx, New York
Grubbs, Robert H., Cal Tech, Pasadena, California
Grunwald, Ernest, Brandeis U, Waltham, Massachusetts
Guillemin, Roger, Whittier Inst, La Jolla, California
Guillemin, Victor W., MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts
Gunn, James E., Princeton U, Princeton, New Jersey
Gunsalus, Irwin C., U of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois
Guth, Alan H., MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts
Gutowsky, H. S., U of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois
Haas, Mary R., U of Calif, Berkeley, California
Hackerman, Norman, Robt A. Welch Fdn, Houston, Texas
Haensel, Vladimir, U of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts
Hagins, W. A., NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
Hagstrum, Homer D., Summit, New Jersey
Hahn, E. L., U of Calif, Berkeley, California
Hall, John L., U of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado
Hall, Robert N., General Electric, Schenectady, New York
Hallauer, Arnel R., Iowa State U, Ames, Iowa
Halle, Morris, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts
Halperin, Bertrand I., Harvard U, Cambridge, Massachusetts
Halpern, Jack, U of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
Halver, John E., U of Washington, Seattle, Washington
Emeritus Member
21
Hamburger, Viktor, Washington U, St. Louis, Missouri
Hamilton, Warren B., U.S. Geological Survey, Denver, Colorado
Hammel, Eugene Alfred, U of Calif, Berkeley, California
Hammes, Gordon G., U of Calif, Santa Barbara, California
Hammond, George S., North Garden, Virginia
Hanawalt, Philip C., Stanford U, Stanford, California
Hannay, N. Bruce, Friday Harbor, Washington
Hansen, Morris H., Westat Inc, Rockville, Maryland
Harberger, Arnold C., U of Calif, Los Angeles, California
Harker, David, Med Fdn Buffalo Labs, Buffalo, New York
*
Harlan, Jack R., New Orleans, Louisiana
Harrington, William F., Johns Hopkins U, Baltimore, Maryland
Harris, Cyril M., Columbia U, New York, New York
Harris, Stephen E., Stanford U, Stanford, California
Harris, Theodore E., U of So California, Los Angeles, Calfornia
Harris, Zellig S., U of Penn, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Hart, Stanley R., MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts
Hartwell, Leland H., U of Washington, Seattle, Washington
Haskins, Caryl P., Washington, D.C.
Hasler, Arthur D., U of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
Hauptman, Herbert A., Med Fdn of Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
Haury, Emil W., U of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
Haus, Hermann A., MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts
Hauser, Philip M., U of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
Hauser, Robert Mason, U of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
Havel, Richard J., U of Calif Med Sch, San Francisco, California
Hawthorne, M. Frederick, U of Calif, Los Angeles, California
Hay, Elizabeth D., Harvard U Med Sch, Boston, Massachusetts
Heeschen, D. S., Nat'l Radio Astron Lab, Charlottesville, Virginia
Hegsted, D. Mark, Harvard U Med Sch, Southborough, Massachusetts
Heidelberger, Michael, New York U Sch of Med, New York, New York
Heiser, Charles B., Jr., Indiana U, Bloomington, Indiana
Held, Richard M., MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts
Helinski, Donald R., U of Calif-San Diego, La Jolla, California
Helliwell, Robert A., Stanford U, Stanford, California
Hellwarth, Robert W., U of So California, Los Angeles, California
Henle, Gertrude, Newtown Square, Pennsylvania
Henley, Ernest M., U of Washington, Seattle, Washington
Heppel, Leon A., Cornell U, Ithaca, New York
Herb, R. G., Nat'l Electrostat, Middleton, Wisconsin
Herbig, George H., U of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii
Herring, W. Conyers, Stanford U, Stanford, California
Herschbach, Dudley R., Harvard U, Cambridge, Massachusetts
Hershey, A. D., Syosset, New York
Herskowitz, Ira, U of Calif, San Francisco, California
Hertz, Roy, George Washington U, Bethesda, Maryland
Herzenberg, Leonard A., Stanford U Sch of Med, Stanford, California
Hess, George P., Cornell U, Ithaca, New York
Hewlett, William R., Hewlett-Packard Inc, Palo Alto, California
Hilgard, E. R., Stanford U, Stanford, California
Hill, Robert L., Duke U Sch of Med, Durham, North Carolina
Hill, Terrell L., Santa Cruz, California
Hille, Bertil, U of Washington Sch of Med, Seattle, Washington
Hilleman, Maurice R., Merck Sharp & Dohme Res Labs, West Point, Pennsylvania
Hirschfelder, J. O., U of Wis, Madison,; U of Calif, Santa Barbara, California
Hirschman, Albert O., Inst for Adv Study, Princeton, New Jersey
Hirsh, Ira J., Washington U, St. Louis, Missouri
Hirst, George K., Morgan Hill, California
Emeritus Member
22
Hitchings, George H., Burroughs Wellcome, Durham, North Carolina
Hoagland, Mahlon, Worcester Fndn Exper Bio, Thetford, Vermont
Hoard, J. L., Cornell U, Ithaca, New York
Hochberg, Julian, Columbia U, New York, New York
Hochschild, Gerhard P., U of Calif, Berkeley, California
Hochstrasser, Robin M,, U of Penn, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Hockett, Charles F., Ithaca, New York
Hoeffding, Wassily, U of NC, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
Hoenigswald, Henry M., U of Penn, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Hoffman, Alan J., IBM, Yorktown Heights, New York
Hoffman, Joseph F., Yale U Sch of Med, New Haven, Connecticut
Hoffmann, Roald, Cornell U, Ithaca, New York
Hofmann, Klaus H., U Pittsburgh Sch of Med, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Hofstadter, Robert, Stanford U, Stanford, California
Hogness, David S., Stanford U Sch of Med, Stanford, California
Hohenberg, Pierre C., AT&T Bell Labs, Murray Hill, New Jersey
Hole, Frank A., Yale U, New Haven, Connecticut
Holland, H. D., Harvard U, Cambridge, Massachusetts
Holley, Robert W., Salk Inst Biol Study, San Diego, California
Holm, Richard H., Harvard U, Cambridge, Massachusetts
Holman, Ralph T., U of Minnesota, Austin, Minnesota
Holonyak, Nick, Jr., U of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois
Holtfreter, Johannes, U of Rochester, Rochester, New York
Hood, Leroy, Cal Tech, Pasadena, California
Hopfield, John J., Cal Tech, Pasadena, California
Horecker, B. L., Cornell U Med Col, New York, New York
Hornig, Donald F., Harvard U, Boston, Massachusetts
Horowitz, Norman H., Cal Tech, Pasadena, California
Horsfall, James G., Conn Agri Exper Sta, New Haven, Connecticut
Horstmann, Dorothy M., Yale U Sch of Med, New Haven, Connecticut
Hotchkiss, Rollin D., SUNY, Albany, New York
Hottel, H. C., MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts
Housner, George W., Cal Tech, Pasadena, California
Houthakker, Hendrik S., Harvard U, Cambridge, Massachusetts
Howard, Louis N., Florida State U, Tallahassee, Florida
Howell, F. Clark, U of Calif, Berkeley, California
Howells, W. W., Harvard U, Cambridge, Massachusetts
Hubel, David H., Harvard U Med Sch, Boston, Massachusetts
Huebner, Robert J., Rockville, Maryland
Huffaker, Carl B., Lafayette, California
Huggins, Charles B., U of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
Hughes, Vernon W., Yale U, New Haven, Connecticut
Huizenga, John R., U of Rochester, Rochester, New York
Hulm, John K., Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Hulse, Frederick S., Pebble Beach, California
Hunten, Donald M., U of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
Hurvich, Leo M., U of Penn, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Hurwicz, Leonid, U of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
Hurwitz, Jerard, Mem Sln-Kettering Cancer Cntr, New York, New York
Hutchinson, G. Evelyn, Yale U, New Haven, Connecticut
Hutchison, Clyde A., Jr., U of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
Iben, Icko, Jr., Penn State U, University Park, Pennsylvania
Ibers, James A., Northwestern U, Evanston, Illinois
Imbrie, John, Brown U, Providence, Rhode Island
Inghram, Mark G., U of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
Inkeles, Alex, Stanford U, Stanford, California
Ippen, Erich P, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts
Emeritus Member
23
Isard, Walter, Drexell Hill, Pennsylvania
Isselbacher, Kurt J., Mass General Hosp, Boston, Massachusetts
Itano, Harvey A., U of Calif-San Diego, La Jolla, California
Jackson, Marion L., U of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
Jacobson, Leon O., U of Chicago Sch of Med, Chicago, Illinois
Jacobson, Nathan, Yale U, New Haven, Connecticut
Jagendorf, Andre T., Cornell U, Ithaca, New York
James, Harold L., US Geological Survey, Port Townsend, Washington
Jameson, Dorothea, U of Penn, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Javan, Ali, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts
Jeffries, Carson D., U of Calif, Berkeley, California
Jencks, William P., Brandeis U, Waltham, Massachusetts
Jennings, Jesse D., U of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon
Jensen, Elwood v., U of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
John, Fritz, New York U, New York, New York
Johnson, Clarence L., Lockheed Aircraft Co, Burbank, California
Johnson, William S., Stanford U, Stanford, California
Johnston, Harold S., U of Calif, Berkeley, California
Joklik, W. K., Duke U Sch of Med, Durham, North Carolina
Jonas, Jiri, U of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois
Jones, Mary Ellen, U of NC Sch Med, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
Jones, Robert T., Stanford, California
Jorgenson, Dale W., Harvard U, Cambridge, Massachusetts
Julesz, Bela, Rutgers U, New Brunswick, New Jersey
Kaback, H. Ronald, HHMI, U of Calif. Los Angeles, California
Kabat, Elvin A., Columbia U, Col of Phys/Surgs, New York, New York
Kadanoff, Leo P., U of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
Kafatos, F. Constantine, Harvard U, Cambridge, Massachusetts
Kaiser, A. Dale, Stanford U-School of Med, Stanford, California
Kalckar, Herman M., Boston U, Boston, Massachusetts
Kamen, Martin D., Montecito, California
Kan, Yuet Wai, U of Calif, San Francisco, California
Kandel, Eric R., Columbia U, Col of Phys/Surgs, New York, New York
Kantrowitz, Arthur R., Dartmouth Col, Hanover, New Hampshire
Kaplan, Joseph, Los Angeles, California
Kaplansky, Irving, Math Sci Res Inst, Berkeley, California
Kappler, John W., HHMI, Denver, Colorado
Karle, Isabella L., U.S. Naval Res Lab, Washington, D.C.
Karle, Jerome, U.S. Naval Res Lab, Washington, D.C.
Karlin, Samuel, Stanford U, Stanford, California
Karp, Richard M., U of Calif, Berkeley, California
Karplus, Martin, Harvard U, Cambridge, Massachusetts
Kasha, Michael, Florida State U, Tallahassee, Florida
Kates, Robert W., Brown U, Providence, Rhode Island
Katz, Joseph J., Argonne Nat'l Lab, Argonne, Illinois
Kaufman, Seymour, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
Kaula, William M., U of Calif, Los Angeles, California
Kauzmann, Walter J., Princeton U, Princeton, New Jersey
Keller, Joseph B., Stanford U, Stanford, California
Kellermann, K. I., Nat'l Radio Astron Lab, Charlottesville, Virginia
Kelley, Harold H., U of Calif, Los Angeles, California
Kelman, Arthur, North Carolina State U, Raleigh, North Carolina
Kennedy, Donald, Stanford U, Stanford, California
Kennedy, Eugene P., Harvard U Med Sch, Boston, Massachusetts
Kerst, Donald W., U of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
Kesten, Harry, Cornell U, Ithaca, New York
Emeritus Member
24
Kety, Seymour S., NIMH, Bethesda, Maryland
Keyfitz, Nathan, HASA, Laxenburg, Austria
Khorana, H. Gobind, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts
Kieffer, Susan W., US Geological Survey, Flagstaff, Arizona
Kilbourne, Edwin D., Mt Sinai Sch of Med-CUNY, New York, New York
King, Ivan R., U of Calif, Berkeley, California
Kipnis, David M., Washington U, Sch of Med, St. Louis, Missouri
Kirk, T. Kent, U.S. Forest Products Lab, Madison, Wisconsin
Kirschner, Marc W., U of Calif Med Sch, San Francisco, California
Kittel, Charles, U of Calif, Berkeley, California
Klebanoff, Seymour J., U of Washington Sch of Med, Seattle, Washington
Kleene, Stephen C., U of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
Klein, Lawrence R., U of Penn, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Klein, Martin J., Yale U, New Haven, Connecticut
Klemperer, William, Harvard U, Cambridge, Massachusetts
Kleppner, Daniel, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts
Klotz, Irving M., Northwestern U, Evanston, Illinois
Knight, Walter D., U of Calif, Berkeley, California
Knipling, E. F., USDA, Beltsville, Maryland
Knobil, Ernst, U of Tex Health Sci Ctr, Houston, Texas
Knopoff, Leon, U of Calif, Los Angeles, California
Knudson, Alfred G. Jr., Fox Chase Cancer Ctr, Philadephia, Pennsylvania
Knuth, Donald E., Stanford U, Stanford, California
Kochi, Jay K., U of Houston, Houston, Texas
Koelle, George B., U of Penn Sch Med, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Kohn, Joseph J., Princeton U, Princeton, New Jersey
Kohn, Walter, U of Calif, Santa Barbara, California
Kolthoff, I. M., U of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
Konishi, Masakazu, Cal Tech, Pasadena, California
Koprowski, Hilary, Wistar Inst, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Kornberg, Arthur, Stanford U Sch of Med, Stanford, California
Kornfeld, Stuart A., Washington U Sch of Med, St. Louis, Missouri
Koshland, Daniel E., Jr., U of Calif, Berkeley, California
Koshland, Marian E., U of Calif, Berkeley, California
Kostant, Bertram, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts
Kraft, Robert P., U of Calif, Santa Cruz, California
Kramer, Paul J., Duke U, Durham, North Carolina
Krampitz, Lester O., Case Western Reserve U, Cleveland, Ohio
Krause, Richard M., NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
Kraushaar, William L., U of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
Krauskopf, Konrad B., Stanford U, Stanford, California
Kraut, Joseph, U of Calif, San Diego, California
Kravitz, Edward A., Harvard Med Sch, Boston, Massachusetts
Krebs, Edwin G., HHMI, U of Washington Sch of Med, Seattle, Washington
Kroll, Norman M., U of Calif-San Diego, La Jolla, California
Krugman, Saul, New York U Med Ctr, New York, New York
Kruskal, Martin D., Princeton U, Princeton, New Jersey
Kuhn, Thomas S., MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts
Kusch, P., U of Texas-Dallas, Richardson, Texas
Lacey, John I., Wright State U Sch of Med, Yellow Springs, Ohio
Lachenbruch, Arthur H., US Geological Survey, Menlo Park, California
Lacy, Paul E., Washington U Sch of Med, St. Louis, Missouri
Lamb, Willis E., Jr., U of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
Land, Edwin H., Rowland Inst for Sc, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts
Landauer, Rolf W., IBM, Yorktown Heights, New York,
Landes, David S., Harvard U, Cambridge, Massachusetts
Lane, M. Daniel, Johns Hopkins U-Medical Insts., Baltimore, Maryland
Emeritus Member
25
Lang, Anton, Michigan State U, East Lansing, Michigan
Lang, Serge, Yale U, New Haven, Connecticut
Langer, James S., U of Calif, Santa Barbara, California
Lardy, Henry A., U of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
Larrabee, Martin G., Johns Hopkins U, Baltimore, Maryland
Lauterbur, Paul C., U of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois
Lawrence, H. Sherwood, New York U Med Ctr, New York, New York
Lax, Benjamin, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts
Lax, Melvin, City College of CUNY, New York, New York
Lax, Peter D., New York U, New York, New York
Leaf, Alexander, Mass General Hosp, Boston, Massachusetts
Lebowitz, Joel L., Rutgers U, New Brunswick, New Jersey
Leder, Philip, HHMI, Harvard U Med School, Boston, Massachusetts
Lederberg, Joshua, Rockefeller U, New York, New York
Lederman, Leon M., Fermi Nat'l Accelerator Lab, Batavia, Illinois
Lee, Tsung-Dao, Columbia U, New York, New York
Lee, Yuan T., Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, California
Lefkowitz, Robert J., HHMI, Duke U, Durham, North Carolina
Lehman, I. Robert, Stanford U Sch of Med, Stanford, California
Lehmann, Erich L., U of Calif, Berkeley, California
Leighton, Robert B., Cal Tech, Pasadena, California
Lennarz, William J., SUNY, Stony Brook, New York
Leonard, Nelson J., U of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois
Leontief, Wassily, New York U, New York, New York
Leopold, Estella B., U of Washington, Seattle, Washington
Leopold, Luna B., U of Calif, Berkeley, California
Lerman, Leonard S., MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts
Lerner, Aaron B., Yale U Sch of Med, New Haven, Connecticut
Letsinger, Robert L., Northwestern U, Evanston, Illinois
Levi-Montalcini, Rita, Inst of Neurobio, Rome, Italy
Levine, Rachmiel, City of Hope Med Ctr, Duarte, California
Levings, C. S. III, NC State U, Raleigh, North Carolina
Levinthal, Cyrus, Columbia U, New York, New York
Levy, Donald H., U of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
Lewis, Edward B., Cal Tech, Pasadena, California
Liberman, Alvin M., Haskins Labs, New Haven, Connecticut
Licklider, J. C. R., MIT, Arlington, Massachusetts
Lieb, Elliott H., Princeton U, Princeton, New Jersey
Lieberman, Seymour, St. Luke's-Roosevelt Inst, New York, New York
Liepmann, Hans W., Cal Tech, Pasadena, California
Likens, Gene E., New York Bot Garden, Millbrook, New York
Lilly, Frank, Albert Einstein Col of Med, Bronx, New York
Lin, Chia-Chiao, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts
Lindsley, Dan L., Jr., U of Calif-San Diego, La Jolla, California
Lindsley, Donald B., U of Calif, Los Angeles, California
Lindzey, Gardner, Ctr for Adv Stdy in Behav. Scs., Stanford, California
Lindzen, Richard S., Newton, Massachusetts
Lineberger, W. Carl, U of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado
Lippard, Stephen J., MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts
Lipscomb, William N., Harvard U, Cambridge, Massachusetts
Lipset, S. M., Stanford U, Stanford, California
Littlefield, John W., Johns Hopkins U Sch of Med, Baltimore, Maryland
Llinas, R. R, New York U Sch of Med, New York, New York
Lodish, Harvey F., MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts
London, Irving M., Harvard-MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts
Long, Franklin A., U of Calif, Irvine, California
Lorand, Laszlo, Northwestern U, Evanston, Illinois
Lorente de No, R., Tucson, Arizona
*
Emeritus Member
26
Lorenz, Edward N., MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts
Lounsbury, Floyd G., Yale U, New Haven, Connecticut
Lovering, Thomas S., Santa Barbara, California
*
Low, Francis E., MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts
Low, Frank J., U of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
Lowenstam, Heinz A., Cal Tech, Pasadena, California
Lowry, Oliver H., Washington U Sch of Med, St. Louis, Missouri
Lucas, Robert E., Jr., U of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
Luce, R. Duncan, U of Calif, Irvine, California
Luck, David J. L., Rockefeller U, New York, New York
Luria, S. E., MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts
Luttinger, J. M., Columbia U, New York, New York
Luyten, Willem J., U of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
Lynds, Roger, Kitt Peak Nat'l Obsv, Tuscon, Arizona
MacDonald, Gordon J. F., MITRE Corporation, McLean, Virginia
Macdonald, J. Ross, U of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
Mackey, George W., Harvard U, Cambridge, Massachusetts
Mac Lane, Saunders, U of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
MacNeish, Richard S., Andover Fdn for Arch Res, Andover, Massachusetts
Magasanik, Boris, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts
Magoun, H. W., Santa Monica, California
Maiman, Theodore H., Santa Barbara, California
Majerus, Phil, Washington U Sch of Med, St. Louis, Missouri
Malkus, Willem V. R., MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts
Malone, Thomas F., St. Joseph's Col, West Hartford, Connecticut
Maniatis, Thomas P., Harvard U, Cambridge, Massachusetts
Mann, Robert W., MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts
Marble, Frank E., Cal Tech, Pasadena, California
March, James G., Stanford U, Stanford, California
Marchesi, Vincent T., Yale U Sch of Med, New Haven, Connecticut
Marcus, R. A., Cal Tech, Pasadena, California
Margoliash, Emanuel, Northwestern U, Evanston, Illinois
Margrave, John L., Rice U, Houston, Texas
Margulis, Lynn, U of Mass, Amherst, Massachusetts
Mark, H. F., Polytech U, Brooklyn, New York
Markert, Clement L., NC State U, Raleigh, North Carolina
Marks, Paul A., Mem Sloan-Kett Can Ctr, New York, New York
Marler, Peter R., Rockefeller U, Millbrook, New York
Marrack, Philippa, HHMI, Denver, Colorado
Marshak, Robert E., Blacksburg, Virginia
Martin, Paul, Harvard U, Cambridge, Massachusetts
Mather, John N., Princeton U, Princeton, New Jersey
Mathews, Max v., Stanford U, Stanford, California
Matthews, Brian W., U of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon
Mayall, N. U., Tucson, Arizona
Mayr, Ernst, Harvard U, Cambridge, Massachusetts
Mazia, Daniel, Stanford U, Pacific Grove, California
Mazur, Barry C., Harvard U, Cambridge, Massachusetts
McCann, S. M., U of Texas Southwestern Med Center, Dallas, Texas
McCarthy, John, Stanford U, Stanford, California
McCarty, Maclyn, Rockefeller U, New York, New York
McClintock, Barbara, Cold Sprng Harbor Lab, Cold Spring Harbor, New York
McClure, Donald S., Princeton U, Princeton, New Jersey
McConnell, Harden M., Stanford U, Stanford, California
McCray, Richard, Columbia U, New York, New York
McDaniel, Boyce D., Cornell U, Ithaca, New York
McDevitt, Hugh O'N., Stanford U Sch of Med, Stanford, California
* Emeritus Member
27
McDonald, Frank B., NASA, Greenbelt, Maryland
McElroy, W. D., U of Calif-San Diego, La Jolla, California
McFadden, Daniel L., MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts
McGaugh, James L., U of Calif, Irvine, California
McKay, Kenneth G., AT&T Bell Labs, New York, New York
McKean, Henry P., New York U, New York, New York
McKenzie, Lionel W., U of Rochester, Rochester, New York
McKusick, Victor A., Johns Hopkins U Sch of Med, Baltimore, Maryland
McLafferty, Fred W., Cornell U, Ithaca, New York
McMillan, Edwin M., Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, California
Mead, Carver A., Cal Tech, Pasadena, California
Meehl, Paul E., U of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
Meinwald, Jerrold, Cornell U, Ithaca, New York
Meister, Alton, Cornell U Med Col, New York, New York
Menken, Jane A., U of Penn, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Merrifield, R. Bruce, Rockefeller U, New York, New York
Merton, Robert K., New York, New York
Mertz, Edwin T., West Lafayette, Indiana
Meselson, M. S., Harvard U, Cambridge, Massachusetts
Metcalf, Robert L., U of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois
Meyer, Karl, Columbia U, Col of Phys/Surg, New York, New York
Meyer, Peter, U of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
Michener, Charles D., U of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas
Michl, Josef, U of Texas, Austin, Texas
Mihalas, Dimitri, U of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois
Miles, John W., U of Calif-San Diego, La Jolla, California
Miller, George A., Princeton U, Princeton, New Jersey
Miller, James A., U of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
Miller, Neal E., Yale U, New Haven, Connecticut
Miller, Oscar L., Jr., U of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
Miller, Stanley L., U of Calif-San Diego, La Jolla, California
Miller, William H., U of Calif, Berkeley, California
Milnor, John W., SUNY, Stony Brook, New York
Minsky, Marvin Lee, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
Mintz, Beatrice, Fox Chase Cancer Ctr, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Mishkin, Mortimer, NIMH, Bethesda, Maryland
Mislow, Kurt M., Princeton U, Princeton, New Jersey
Modigliani, Franco, MIT, Belmont, Massachusetts
Moll, John L., Hewlett-Packard Labs, Palo Alto, California
Montgomery, Deane, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
Mooney, Harold A., Stanford U, Stanford, California
Moore, C. Bradley, U of Calif, Berkeley, California
Moore, Francis D., Harvard U Med Sch, Boston, Massachusetts
Moore, John A. U of Calif, Riverside, California
Morales, Manuel F., San Francisco, California
Morgan, James Newton, U of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
Morgan, W. Jason, Princeton U, Princeton, New Jersey
Morgan, W. W., Yerkes Obsv, Williams Bay, Wisconsin
Morrison, Philip, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts
Moscona, Aron A., U of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
Moser, Jurgen K., Swiss Fed Inst Tech, Zurich, Switzerland
Moss, Bernard, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
Mosteller, Frederick, Harvard U, Cambridge, Massachusetts
Mostow, G. D., Yale U, New Haven, Connecticut
Motulsky, Arno G., U of Washington Sch of Med, Seattle, Washington
Mountcastle, Vernon B., Johns Hopkins U Sch of Med, Baltimore, Maryland
Muller-Eberhard, Hans J., Bernhard Nocht Inst, Hamburg, Germany
Mullins, William W., Carnegie Mellon U, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Emeritus Member
28
Mumford, David B., Harvard U, Cambridge, Massachusetts
Munch, Guido, Max-Planck Inst, Federal Republic of Germany
Munk, Walter H., U of Calif-San Diego, La Jolla, California
Munro, H. N., Tufts U, Boston, Massachusetts
Musgrave, Richard A., U of Calif, Santa Cruz, California
Myers, Jack, U of Texas, Austin, Texas
Nachmias, Jacob, U of Penn, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Nambu, Yoichiro, U of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
Namias, Jerome, U of Calif-San Diego, La Jolla, California
Nathans, Daniel, Johns Hopkins U, Baltimore, Maryland
Nathenson, Stanley G., Albert Einstein Col of Med, Bronx, New York
Nauta, Walle J. Harinx, Cambridge, Massachusetts
Needleman, Philip, Monsanto, St. Louis, Missouri
Neel, James V. G., U of Michigan Med Sch, Ann Arbor, Michigan
Neff, William D., Indiana U, Bloomington, Indiana
Neisser, Ulric, Emory U, Atlanta, Georgia
Nelson, Oliver E. Jr., U of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
Nerlove, Marc, U of Penn, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Ness, Norman F., Landenberg, Pennsylvania
Neufeld, Elizabeth F., U of Calif Sch of Med, Los Angeles, California
Neugebauer, Gerry, Cal Tech, Pasadena, California
Neugebauer, Otto E., The Inst for Adv Stdy, Princeton, New Jersey
Neurath, Hans, U of Washington, Seattle, Washington
Newcomb, Eldon H., U of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
Newell, Allen, Carnegie Mellon U, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Newell, Norman D., Amer Museum Nat Hist, New York, New York
Newman, Melvin S., Ohio State U, Columbus, Ohio
Ney, Edward P., U of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
Nier, Alfred O. C., U of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
Nierenberg, William A., Scripps Inst of Oceanogr, La Jolla, California
Nirenberg, Louis, New York U, New York, New York
Nirenberg, Marshall W., NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
Nisonoff, Alfred, Brandeis U, Waltham, Massachusetts
Nolan, Thomas B., Washington, D.C.
Nomura, Masayasu, U of Calif, Irvine, California
Nottebohm, Fernando, Rockefeller U, New York, New York
Nowell, Peter C., U of Penn Sch of Med, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Noyce, Robert N., SEMATECH, Austin, Texas
Noyes, Richard M., U of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon
O'Brien, Brian, Woodstock, Connecticut
Ochoa, Severo, U Autonoma, Madrid, Spain
Odum, Eugene P., U of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
Ogren, William L., U of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois
Ohno, Susumu, City Of Hope Med Ctr, Duarte, California
Olah, George A., U of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
Old, Lloyd J., Mem Sloan-Kett Cntr, New York, New York
Oliver, B. M., Hewlett-Packard Co, Palo Alto, California
Oliver, Douglas, U of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii
Oliver, Jack E., Cornell U, Ithaca, New York
Olson, Everett C., U of Calif, Los Angeles, California
Oncley, J. L., U of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
Orians, Gordon H., U of Washington, Seattle, Washington
Ornstein, Donald S., Stanford U, Stanford, California
Osborn, Mary Jane, U of Connecticut Health Ctr, Farmington, Connecticut
Osgood, Charles E., U of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois
Osheroff, Douglas D., Stanford U, Stanford, California
Emeritus Member
29
Osterbrock, Donald E., U of Calif Lick Obsv, Santa Cruz, California
Ostriker, Jeremiah P., Princeton U, Princeton, New Jersey
Overhauser, Albert W., Purdue U, West Lafayette, Indiana
Owen, Ray D., Cal Tech, Pasadena, California
Page, Irvine H., Hyannis Port, Massachusetts
Paine, Robert T., U of Washington, Seattle, Washington
Pais, Abraham, Rockefeller U, New York, New York
Pake, George E., Inst for Res on Learn, Palo Alto, California
Palade, George E., Yale U Sch of Med, New Haven, Connecticut
Palay, Sanford L., Concord, Massachusetts
Palmiter, Richard D., U of Washington Sch of Med, Seattle, Washington
Panish, Morton B., AT&T Bell Labs, Murray Hill, New Jersey
Panofsky, W. K. H., Stanford U, Stanford, California
Pappenheimer, A. M., Jr., Harvard U, Cambridge, Massachusetts
Pappenheimer, John R., Harvard U, Bedford, Massachusetts
Paquette, Leo A., Ohio State U, Columbus, Ohio
Pardee, Arthur B., Dana Farber Canc Inst, Boston, Massachusetts
Pardue, Mary-Lou, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts
Park, Charles R., Vanderbilt U Sch of Med, Nashville, Tennessee
Parker, Eugene N., U of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
Parr, Robert G., U of NC, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
Parshall, George W., E I Dupont De Nem Co, Wilmington, Delaware
Partee, Barbara H., U of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts
Pastan, Ira, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
Patel, C. Kumar N., AT&T Bell Labs, Murray Hill, New Jersey
Patrick, Ruth, Acad Natural Sci, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Patterson, Clair C., Cal Tech, Pasadena, California
Paul, William E., NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
Pauling, Linus, Big Sur, California
Pearson, Ralph G., U of Calif, Santa Barbara, California
Pederson, Donald O., U of Calif, Berkeley, California
Pedlosky, Joseph, WHOI, Woods Hole, Massachusetts
Pekeris, Chaim L., Weizmann Inst of Sci, Rehovot, Israel
Peloquin, S. J., U of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
Penman, Sheldon, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts
Penzias, Arno A., AT&T Bell Labs, Murray Hill, New Jersey
Perkins, David D., Stanford U, Stanford, California
Perl, Martin L., Stanford U, Stanford, California
Perlman, I., Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, California
Perry, Robert P., Fox Chase Cancer Ctr, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Pettengill, Gordon, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts
Pettijohn, F. J., Johns Hopkins U, Baltimore, Maryland
Pfaffmann, Carl, Rockefeller U, New York, New York
Phelps, Edmund S., Columbia U, New York, New York
Phillips, J. C., AT&T Bell Labs, Murray Hill, New Jersey
Phillips, Norman A., Merrimack, New Hampshire
Phillips, William D., Mallinckrodt Inc, St. Louis, Missouri
Phinney, Bernard O., U of Calif, Los Angeles, California
Pickering, W. H., Pickering Res Corp, Pasadena, California
Pierce, J. R., Stanford U, Stanford, California
Pike, Kenneth L., Summer Inst of Ling, Dallas, Texas
Pines, Alexander, U of Calif, Berkeley, California
Pines, David, U of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois
Piore, E. R., New York, New York
Pittendrigh, Colin S., Oregon Inst of Marine Biology, Charleston, Oregon
Pitzer, K. S., U of Calif, Berkeley, California
Porter, Keith R., U of Penn, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Emeritus Member
30
Posner, Michael I., U of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon
Pospisil, Leopold J., Yale U, New Haven, Connecticut
Postman, Leo J., U of Calif, Berkeley, California
Potter, Michael, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
Potter, Van R., U of Wisconsin Med Ctr, Madison, Wisconsin
Pound, Robert V., Harvard U, Cambridge, Massachusetts
Prausnitz, John M., U of Calif, Berkelely, California
Preer, John R., Jr., Indiana U, Bloomington, Indiana
Prescott, David M., U of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado
Press, Frank, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C.
Preston, George W., Mt Wilson/Las Camp Obsvs, Pasadena, California
Preston, Samuel H., U of Penn, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Price, P. Buford, Jr., U of Calif, Berkeley, California
Prosser, C. Ladd, U of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois
Ptashne, Mark, Harvard U, Cambridge, Massachusetts
Puck, Theodore T., U of Colorado Med Ctr, Denver, Colorado
Puckett, Allen E., Hughes Aircraft Co, Los Angeles, California
Purcell, E. M., Harvard U, Cambridge, Massachusetts
Purcell, Robert H., NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
Purpura, Dominick P., Albert Einstein Col of Med, Bronx, New York
Purves, Dale, Washington U, St. Louis, Missouri
Putnam, Frank W., Indiana U, Bloomington, Indiana
Quate, C. F., Stanford U, Stanford, California
Quillen, Daniel G., U of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
Quine, Willard V., Harvard U, Cambridge, Massachusetts
Rabinowitz, Jesse C., U of Calif, Berkeley, California
Racker, Efraim, Cornell U, Ithaca, New York
Radner, Roy, AT&T Bell Labs, Murray Hill, New Jersey
Rahn, Hermann, State U of New York, Buffalo, New York
Rakic, Pasko, Yale U Sch of Med, New Haven, Connecticut
Rall, J. Edward, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
Ramo, Simon, TRW Inc, Redondo Beach, California
Ramsey, Norman F., Harvard U, Cambridge, Massachusetts
Ranney, Helen M., VA Med Ctr, San Diego, California
Rasmussen, Norman C., MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts
Ratliff, Floyd, Rockefeller U, New York, New York
Ratner, Sarah, Public Hith Res Inst, New York, New York
Ratnoff, Oscar D., Case Western Reserve U, Cleveland, Ohio
Raup, David M., U of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
Raven, Peter H., Missouri Bot Gardens, St. Louis, Missouri; Nat'l Academy of
Scs, Washington, D.C.
Raymond, Arthur E., Los Angeles, California
Redfield, Alfred G., Brandeis U, Waltham, Massachusetts
Reed, Lester J., U of Texas, Austin, Texas
Reed, Richard J., U of Washington, Seattle, Washington
Reese, Thomas S., NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
Reines, Frederick, U of Calif, Irvine, California
Reiss, Howard, U of Calif, Los Angeles, California
Rentzepis, Peter M., U of Calif, Irvine, California
Reppy, John D., Cornell U, Ithaca, New York
Rescorla, Robert A., U of Penn, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Revelle, Roger R., U of Calif-San Diego, La Jolla, California
Reynolds, John H., U of Calif, Berkeley, California
Rhines, Peter B., U of Washington, Seattle, Washington
Rhoades, M. M., Indiana U, Bloomington, Indiana
Rice, James R., Harvard U, Cambridge, Massachusetts
Emeritus Member
31
Rice, Stuart A., U of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
Rich, Alexander, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts
Richards, Frederic M., Guilford, Connecticut
Richards, Paul L., U of Calif, Berkeley, California
Richardson, Charles C., Harvard U Med Sch, Boston, Massachusetts
Richardson, Robert C., Cornell U, Ithaca, New York
Richter, Burton, Stanford U, Stanford, California
Rick, Charles M., U of Calif, Davis, California
Riggs, Lorrin A., Brown U, Providence, Rhode Island
Riker, William H., U of Rochester, Rochester, New York
Ripley, S. Dillon, II, Smithsonian Inst, Washington, D.C.
Ris, Hans, U of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
Robbins, Frederick C., Case Western Reserve U, Cleveland, Ohio
Robbins, Herbert E., Rutgers U, New Brunswick, New Jersey
Robbins, Phillips W., MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts
Roberts, Eugene, City of Hope, Duarte, California
Roberts, John D., Cal Tech, Pasadena, California
Roberts, John M., U of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Roberts, Morton S., Nat'l Radio Astron Lab, Charlottesville, Virginia
Rodbell, Martin, NIEH, Res Triangle Park, North Carolina
Rodgers, John, Yale U, New Haven, Connecticut
Roedder, Edwin W., Harvard U, Cambridge, Massachusetts
Roeder, Robert G., Rockefeller U, New York, New York
Roelofs, Wendell L., NY State Agri Exp Sta, Geneva, New York
Roizman, Bernard, U of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
Rollins, Reed C., Harvard U, Cambridge, Massachusetts
Rose, Irwin, Fox Chase Cancer Ctr, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Rose, Jerzy E., U of Wisconsin Sch of Med, Madison, Wisconsin
Roseman, Saul, Johns Hopkins U, Baltimore, Maryland
Rosen, Ora M., Mem Sloan-Kett Cancer Ctr, New York, New York
Rosenberg, Leon E., Yale U Sch of Med, New Haven, Connecticut
Rosenblatt, Murray, U of Calif-San Diego, La Jolla, California
Rosenblith, Walter A., MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts
Rosenbluth, M. N., U of Calif-San Diego, La Jolla, California
Rosenzweig, Mark R., U of Calif, Berkeley, California
Ross, Ian M., AT&T Bell Labs, Holmdel, New Jersey
Ross, John, Stanford U, Stanford, California
Rossi, Bruno B., MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts
Rossini, Frederick D., Juno Beach, Florida
Rossmann, Michael G., Purdue U, West Lafayette, Indiana
Rota, Gian-Carlo, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts
Roth, John R., U of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
Rouse, Irving, Yale U, New Haven, Connecticut
Rowland, F. Sherwood, U of Calif, Irvine, California
Rowley, Janet D., U of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
Rubin, Gerald M., U of Calif, Berkeley, California
Rubin, Harry, U of Calif, Berkeley, California
Rubin, Vera C., Carnegie Inst Wash, Washington, D.C.
Ruddle, Francis H., Yale U, New Haven, Connecticut
Ruderman, Malvin A., Columbia U, New York, New York
Rudnick, Isadore, U of Calif, Los Angeles, California
Russell, Elizabeth S., Jackson Lab, Bar Harbor, Maine
Russell, Liane B., Oak Ridge Nat'l Lab, Oak Ridge, Tennessee
Russell, William L., Oak Ridge Nat'l Lab, Oak Ridge, Tennessee
Rutter, William J., U of Calif, Med Ctr, San Francisco, California
Ryan, Clarence A., Jr., Washington State U, Pullman, Washington
Sabatini, David D., New York U Med Sch, New York, New York
* Emeritus Member
32
Sabin, Albert B., Washington, D.C.
Sachs, Robert G., U of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
Sager, Ruth, Dana-Farber Canc Inst, Boston, Massachusetts
Salisbury, G. W., U of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois
Salpeter, E. Ernest, Cornell U, Ithaca, New York
Samios, Nicholas P., Brookhaven Nat'l Lab, Upton, New York
Samuelson, Paul A., MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts
Sanders, Howard L., WHOI, Woods Hole, Massachusetts
Sanders, William T., The Penn State U, University Park, Pennsylvania
Sandweiss, Jack, Yale U, New Haven, Connecticut
San Pietro, Anthony G., Indiana U, Bloomington, Indiana
Sarett, Lewis H., Viola, Idaho
Sargent, Thomas J., Stanford U, Stanford, California
Sato, Gordon H., Jones Cell Sci Ctr, Lake Placid, New York
Sawyer, Charles H., U of Calif Sch of Med, Los Angeles, California
Scarf, Herbert E., Yale U, New Haven, Connecticut
Schachman, Howard K., U of Calif, Berkeley, California
Schachter, Stanley, Columbia U, New York, New York
Schairer, George S., Bellevue, Washington
Schally, Andrew v., Veterans Admin Med Ctr, New Orleans, Louisiana
Scharff, Matthew D., Albert Einstein Col of Med, Bronx, New York
Scharrer, Berta V., Albert Einstein Col of Med, Bronx, New York
Schawlow, Arthur L., Stanford U, Stanford, California
Schelling, Thomas C., Harvard U, Cambridge, Massachusetts
Schellman, John A., U of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon
Scheraga, H. A., Cornell U, Ithaca, New York
Schiffer, John P., Argonne Nat'l Lab, Argonne, Illinois
Schiffer, M. M., Stanford U, Stanford, California
Schimke, Robert T., Stanford U, Stanford, California
Schmid, Rudi, U of Calif Sch of Med, San Francisco, California
Schmidt-Nielsen, Knut, Duke U, Durham, North Carolina
Schmitt, Francis O., MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts
Schneiderman, Howard A., Monsanto Co, St. Louis, Missouri
Schoener, Thomas W., U of Calif, Davis, California
Schramm, David N., U of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
Schrieffer, J. Robert, U of Calif, Santa Barbara, California
Schultes, Richard E., Harvard U, Cambridge, Massachusetts
Schultz, Theodore W., U of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
Schwartz, Jacob T., New York U, New York, New York
Schwartz, Melvin, Digital Pathways, Mountain View, California
Schwarzschild, Martin, Princeton U, Princeton, New Jersey
Schwinger, Julian, U of Calif, Los Angeles, California
Sclater, John G., U of Texas, Austin, Texas
Scolnick, Edward M., Merck Sharp & Dohme, West Point, Pennsylvania
Scott, Dana S., Carnegie Mellon U, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Scrimshaw, Nevin S., Harvard U, Cambridge, Massachusetts
Seaborg, Glenn T., U of Calif, Berkeley, California
Sears, Ernest R., U of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
Sears, William R., U of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
Seegmiller, J. Edwin, U of Calif Sch of Med, La Jolla, California
Segal, I. E., MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts
Seitz, Frederick, Rockefeller U, New York, New York
Selander, Robert K., Penn State U, University Park, Pennsylvania
Sequeira, Luis, U of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
Serber, Robert, Columbia U, New York, New York
Serrin, James B., U of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
Setlow, Richard B., Brookhaven Nat'l Lab, Upton, New York
Sewell, William H., U of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
Emeritus Member
33
Shank, Charles V., Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, California
Shannon, Claude E., Winchester, Massachusetts
Shannon, James A., Beaverton, Oregon
Shapiro, Ascher H., MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts
Shapiro, Harry L., Amer Museum Nat Hist, New York, New York *
Shapiro, Irwin I., Hrvrd-Smths Astrphys, Cambridge, Massachusetts
Shapley, Lloyd S., U of Calif, Los Angeles, California
Sharp, Phillip A., MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts
Sharp, Robert P., Cal Tech, Pasadena, California
Sharpless, K. Barry, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts
Shatkin, Aaron J., Cntr for Adv Biotech & Med, Piscataway, New Jersey
Sheehan, John C., MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts
Shemin, David, Woods Hole, Massachusetts
Shepard, Roger N., Stanford U, Stanford, California
Shepherd, Robert J., U of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
Shepp, Lawrence A., AT&T Bell Labs, Murray Hill, New Jersey
Sherman, Fred, U. of Rochester Med Sch, Rochester, New York
Shirane, Gen, Brookhaven Nat'l Lab, Upton, New York
Shirley, David A., Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, California
Shoemaker, Eugene M., US Geological Survey, Flagstaff, Arizona
Shreffler, Donald C., Washington U Sch of Med, St. Louis, Missouri
Shu, Frank H., U of Calif, Berkeley, California
Shull, Clifford G., MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts
Shull, Harrison, Naval Postgrad Sch, Monterey, California
Shulman, Robert G., Yale U, New Haven, Connecticut
Sibley, Charles G., San Francisco State U, Tiburon, California
Sidman, Richard L., Harvard Med Sch, Boston, Massachusetts
Siegman, Anthony E., Stanford U, Stanford, California
Siekevitz, Philip, Rockefeller U, New York, New York
Silver, Leon T., Cal Tech, Pasadena, California
Simmons, H. E., Jr., E I Dupont De Nem Co, Wilmington, Delaware
Simon, Herbert A., Carnegie Mellon U, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Simon, Melvin I., Cal Tech, Pasadena, California
Simons, Elwyn L., Duke U, Durham, North Carolina
Simpson, John A., U of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
Sims, Christopher A, U of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
Sinfelt, John H., Exxon, Annandale, New Jersey
Singer, I. M., MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts
Singer, Maxine F., Carnegie Inst of Washington, Washington, D.C.
Singer, S. J., U of Calif-San Diego, La Jolla, California
Sinsheimer, Robert Louis, U of Calif, Santa Barbara, California
Skell, Philip S., The Penn State U, University Park, Pennsylvania
Skinner, B. F., Harvard U, Cambridge, Massachusetts
Skinner, G. William, Stanford U, Stanford, California
Skoog, Folke K., U of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
Slepian, David, Summit, New Jersey
Slichter, Charles P., U of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois
Sly, William S., St. Louis U Sch of Med, St. Louis, Missouri
Smale, Stephen, U of Calif, Berkeley, California
Smith, Albert C., U of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii
Smith, Cyril Stanley, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts
*
Smith, Emil L., U of Calif Sch of Med, Los Angeles, California
Smith, Hamilton O., Johns Hopkins U, Baltimore, Maryland
Smith, Joseph v., U of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
Smith, Ray F., U of Calif, Lafayette, California
Smithies, Oliver, U of NC, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
Smyth, Charles P., Bozeman, Montana
Snell, Esmond E., U of Texas, Austin, Texas
Emeritus Member
34
Snell, George D., Bar Harbor, Maine
Snyder, Solomon H., Johns Hopkins U Sch of Med, Baltimore, Maryland
Sokal, Robert R., SUNY, Stony Brook, New York
Sokoloff, Louis, NIMH, Bethesda, Maryland
Solomon, Richard L., Conway, New Hampshire
Solovay, Robert M., U of Calif, Berkeley, California
Solow, Robert M., MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts
Somero, George N., Scripps Inst of Oceanogr, San Diego, California
Somorjai, G. A., U of Calif, Berkeley, California
Sorokin, Peter P., IBM, Yorktown Heights, New York
Spencer, D. C., Princeton U, Princeton, New Jersey *
Sperling, George, New York U, New York, New York
Sperry, Roger W., Cal Tech, Pasadena, California
Spinrad, Hyron, U of Calif, Berkeley, California
Spiro, Melford E., U of Calif-San Diego, La Jolla, California
Spitzer, Frank L., Cornell U, Ithaca, New York
Spitzer, Lyman, Jr., Princeton U, Princeton, New Jersey
Spoehr, Alexander, Honolulu, Hawaii
Spradling, Allan C., HHMI, Carnegie Inst of Wash, Baltimore, Maryland
Sprague, G. Frederick, U of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois
Sprague, James M., U of Penn Sch of Med, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Srb, Adrian M., Cornell U, Ithaca, New York
Stadtman, E. R., NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
Stadtman, Thressa C., NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
Stahl, Franklin W., U of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon
Stark, George R., Imper Cancer Res Fdn, London, United Kingdom
Starr, Richard C., U of Texas, Austin, Texas
Stebbins, G. Ledyard, U of Calif, Davis, California
Stein, Charles M., Stanford U, Stanford, California
Stein, Elias M., Princeton U, Princeton, New Jersey
Steinberg, Daniel, U of Calif Sch of Med-San Diego, La Jolla, California
Steinberg, Robert, U of Calif, Los Angeles, California
Steinberger, J., CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
Steiner, Donald F., HHMI, U of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
Steitz, Joan A., HHMI, Yale UNew Haven, Connecticut
Stellar, Eliot, U of Penn, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Stent, Gunther S., U of Calif, Berkeley, California
Sternberg, Saul, U of Penn, Murray Hill, New Jersey
Sternberg, Shlomo, Harvard U, Cambridge, Massachusetts
Stetten, DeWitt, Jr., NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
Stevens, Charles F., HHMI, Yale U Sch of Med, New Haven, Connecticut
Stever, H. Guyford, Washington, D.C.
Stewart, T. Dale, Smithsonian Inst, Washington, D.C.
Stigler, George J., U of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
Stiglitz, Joseph E., Stanford U, Stanford, California
Stillinger, Frank H., AT&T Bell Labs, Murray Hill, New Jersey
Stockmayer, W. H., Dartmouth Col, Hanover, New Hampshire
Stoeckenius, Walther, U of Calif, San Francisco, California
Stoker, J. J., New York U, New York, New York
Stommel, Henry M., WHOI, Woods Hole, Massachusetts
Stone, Edward C. Jr., Cal Tech, Pasadena, California
Stork, Gilbert, Columbia U, New York, New York
Stratton, J. A., MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts
Streitwieser, Andrew, Jr., U of Calif, Berkeley, California
Strominger, Jack L., Harvard U, Cambridge, Massachusetts
Stryer, Lubert, Stanford U Sch of Med, Stanford, California
Stumpf, P. K., U of Calif, Davis, California
Sturtevant, Julian M., Yale U, New Haven, Connecticut
* Emeritus Member
35
Suess, Hans E., U of Calif-San Diego, La Jolla, California
Suhl, Harry, U of Calif-San Diego, La Jolla, California
Suits, C. G., Pilot Knob, New York
Sullivan, Dennis P., CUNY, New York, New York
Summers, Max D., Texas A&M U, College Station, Texas
Suppes, Patrick, Stanford U, Stanford, California
Sutherland, Ivan E., Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Swan, Richard G., U of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
Swift, Hewson H., U of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
Sykes, Lynn R., Columbia U, New York, New York
Tabor, Herbert, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
Talalay, Paul, Johns Hopkins U Sch of Med, Baltimore, Maryland
Talmage, David W., U of Colorado Med Ctr, Denver, Colorado
Tamm, Igor, Rockefeller U, New York, New York
Tanford, Charles, London, England
Tanner, Champ B., U of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
Tarbell, D. Stanley, Vanderbilt U, Nashville, Tennessee
Tarjan, Robert E., Princeton U, Princeton, New Jersey
Tate, John T., Harvard U, Cambridge, Massachusetts
Taube, Henry, Stanford U, Stanford, California
Taylor, C. Richard, Harvard U, Bedford, Massachusetts
Taylor, Hugh P., Jr., Cal Tech, Pasadena, California
Taylor, J. Herbert, Florida State U, Tallahassee, Florida
Taylor, Joseph H., Jr., Princeton U, Princeton, New Jersey
Teitelbaum, Philip, U of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
Telegdi, Valentine L., Geneva, Switzerland
Teller, Edward, Lawrence Livermore Labs, Livermore, California
Temin, Howard M., U of Wisconsin Sch of Med, Madison, Wisconsin
Temkin, Owsei, Baltimore, Maryland
Terborgh, John W., Duke U, Durham, North Carolina
Thaddeus, Patrick, Harvard-Smithson Astrphys, Cambridge, Massachusetts
Thimann, Kenneth V., Haverford, Pennsylvania
Thomas, David H., American Mus of Natural Hist, New York, New York
Thomas, E. Donnall, F Hutchison Can Ctr, Seattle, Washington
Thomas, Gareth, U of Calif, Berkeley, California
Thomas, Lewis, Cornell U, New York, New York
Thomas, L. H., Raleigh, North Carolina
Thompson, James B., Jr., Harvard U, Cambridge, Massachusetts
Thompson, J. G., U of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
Thompson, Ken, AT&T Bell Labs, Murray Hill, New Jersey
Thompson, Richard F., U of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
Thorne, Kip S., Cal Tech, Pasadena, California
Thurston, William P., Princeton U, Princeton, New Jersey
Tien, Ping King, AT&T Bell Labs, Holmdel, New Jersey
Tilly, Charles, New Sch for Social Res, New York, New York
Tilton, George R., U of Calif, Santa Barbara, California
Ting, Samuel C.C., MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts
Tinkham, M., Harvard U, Cambridge, Massachusetts
Tinoco, Ignacio, Jr., U of Calif, Berkeley, California
Tobin, James, Yale U, New Haven, Connecticut
Tobler, Waldo R., U of Calif, Santa Barbara, California
Todaro, George J., ONCOGEN, Seattle, Washington
Tolbert, N. Edward, Michigan State U, East Lansing, Michigan
Toomre, Alar, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts
Torrey, John G., Harvard U, Petersham, Massachusetts
Tousey, Richard, Naval Res Lab, Washington, D.C.
Townes, Charles H., U of Calif, Berkeley, California
Emeritus Member
36
Trager, William, Rockefeller U, New York, New York
Treiman, Sam B., Princeton U, Princeton, New Jersey
Trilling, George H., U of Calif, Berkeley, California
Trost, Barry M., Stanford U, Stanford, California
Tsui, Daniel C., Princeton U, Princeton, New Jersey
Tukey, John W., Princeton U, Princeton, New Jersey
Turcotte, Donald L., Cornell U, Ithaca, New York
Turekian, Karl K., Yale U, New Haven, Connecticut
Turkevich, Anthony L., U of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
Turnbull, David, Harvard U, Cambridge, Massachusetts
Turro, Nicholas J., Columbia U, New York, New York
Udenfriend, Sidney, Nutley, New Jersey
Uhlenbeck, Karen K., U of Texas, Austin, Texas
Uhr, Jonathan W., U of Texas Southwestern Med Ctr, Dallas, Texas
Umbarger, H. Edwin, Purdue U, West Lafayette, Indiana
Unanue, Emil R., Washington U Sch of Med, St. Louis, Missouri
Underwood, Benton J., Northwestern U, Evanston, Illinois
Unger, Roger H., U of Texas Southwestern Med Ctr, Dallas, Texas
Vagelos, P. Roy, Merck & Co, Inc, Rahway, New Jersey
Valentine, James W., U of Calif, Santa Barbara, California
Valentine, William N., U of Calif, Los Angeles, California
Vallee, Bert L., Harvard U Med Sch, Boston, Massachusetts
Van Allen, James A., U of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
van Holde, K. E., Oregon State U, Corvallis, Oregon
van Tamelen, Eugene E., Stanford U, Stanford, California
Varmus, Harold, U of Calif, San Francisco, California
Varner, J. E., Washington U, St. Louis, Missouri
Vaughan, Martha, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
Velick, Sidney F., U of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
Verba, Sidney, Harvard U, Cambridge, Massachusetts
Verhoogen, John, U of Calif, Berkeley, California
Villard, Oswald G., Jr., SRI International, Menlo Park, California
Vogt, Evon Zartman, Jr., Harvard U, Cambridge, Massachusetts
Vogt, Peter K., U of Southern Calif Sch of Med, Los Angeles, California
von Hippel, Peter H., U of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon
Wadleigh, Cecil H., Lanham, Maryland
Waelsch, Salome G., Albert Einstein Col of Med, Bronx, New York
Waggoner, Paul E., Conn Agri Exper Sta, New Haven, Connecticut
Wagner, Warren H., Jr., U of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
Wald, George, Harvard U, Cambridge, Massachusetts
Waldmann, Thomas A., NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
Walker, J. C., Sun City, Arizona
Walker, Robert M., Washington U, St. Louis, Missouri
Wall, Frederick T., U of Calif-San Diego, La Jolla, California
Wallace, Anthony F. C., U of Penn, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Wallace, Bruce, Virginia Polytech Inst & State U, Blacksburg, Virginia
Wallach, Hans, Swarthmore Col, Swarthmore, Pennsylvania
Walling, Cheves, U of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
Walsh, Christopher T., Harvard Med Sch, Boston, Massachusetts
Wang, James C., Harvard U, Cambridge, Massachusetts
Washburn, Sherwood L., U of Calif, Berkeley, California *
Wasserburg, G. J., Cal Tech, Pasadena, California
Wasserman, Harry H., Yale U, New Haven, Connecticut
Wasserman, Robert H., Cornell U, Ithaca, New York
Waters, Aaron C., Tacoma, Washington
Watkins, George D., Lehigh U, Bethleham, Pennsylvania
Emeritus Member
37
Watson, James D., Cold Spring Harbr Lab, Long Island, New York
Watson, Kenneth M., U of Calif-San Diego, La Jolla, California
Watson, Patty J., Washington U, St. Louis, Missouri
Waugh, J. S., MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts
Weber, Ernst, Tryon, North Carolina
Weber, Gregorio, U of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois
Wedel, Waldo R., Smithsonian Inst, Washington, D.C.
Weinberg, Alvin M., Oak Ridge Assoc U, Oak Ridge, Tennessee
Weinberg, Robert A., Whitehead Inst, Cambridge, Massachusetts
Weinberg, Steven, U of Texas, Austin, Texas
Weinhouse, Sidney, Temple U Sch of Med, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Weintraub, Harold, F Hutchison Can Ctr, Seattle, Washington
Weiskrantz, Lawrence, U of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
Weiss, Paul A., Rockefeller U, New York, New York
Weissbach, Herbert, Roche Inst of Molec Bio, Nutley, New Jersey
Weisskopf, Victor F., MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts
Weissman, Irving, L., Stanford U Sch of Med, Stanford, California
Weissman, S. I., Washington U, St. Louis, Missouri
Weissman, Sherman M., Yale U Sch of Med, New Haven, Connecticut
Weller, Thomas H., Needham, Massachusetts
Wells, John W., Cornell U, Ithaca, New York
Wendorf, Fred, Southern Methodist U, Dallas, Texas
Went, F. W., U of Nevada, Reno, Nevada
West-Eberhard, Mary J., Smithson Tropical Res Inst, Costa Rica
Westheimer, Frank H., Harvard U, Cambridge, Massachusetts
Wetherill, George W., Carnegie Inst Wash, Washington, D.C.
Wever, E. G., Princeton U, Princeton, New Jersey
Weymann, Ray J., Mt Wilson & Las Campanas Obsvs, Pasadena, California
Wheeler, John A., Princeton U, Princeton, New Jersey
Whinnery, John R., U of Calif, Berkeley, California
Whipple, Fred L., Smithsonian Inst, Cambridge, Massachusetts
White, Donald E., Menlo Park, California
White, Gilbert F., U of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado
White, Harrison C., Columbia U, New York, New York
Whitehead, George W., Arlington, Massachusetts
Whitesides, George M., Harvard U, Cambridge, Massachusetts
Whitford, A. E., U of Calif, Santa Cruz, California
Whiting, John W. M., West Tisbury, Massachusetts
Wiberg, Kenneth B., Yale U, New Haven, Connecticut
Wick, Gian-Carlo, Torino, Italy
Widom, Benjamin, Cornell U, Ithaca, New York
Wiesel, Torsten N., Rockefeller U, New York, New York
Wiesner, Jerome B., MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts
Wightman, Arthur S., Princeton U, Princeton, New Jersey
Wigler, Michael H., Cold Spring Harbor Lab, Cold Spring Harbor, New York
Wigner, Eugene P., Princeton U, Princeton, New Jersey
Wilkinson, David T., Princeton U, Princeton, New Jersey
Willey, Gordon R., Harvard U, Cambridge, Massachusetts
Williams, Carroll M., Harvard U, Cambridge, Massachusetts
Williams, Robin M., Jr., Cornell U, Ithaca, New York
Williams, Robley C., U of Calif, Berkeley, California
Wilson, E. B., Harvard U, Cambridge, Massachusetts
Wilson, Edward O., Harvard U, Cambridge, Massachusetts
Wilson, Jean D., U of Texas Southwestern Med Ctr, Dallas, Texas
Wilson, Kenneth G., Cornell U, Ithaca, New York
Wilson, Olin C., Hale Obsv, Pasadena, California
Wilson, Robert R., Cornell U, Ithaca, New York
Wilson, R. W., AT&T Bell Labs, Holmdel, New Jersey
Emeritus Member
38
Winograd, Shmuel, IBM, Yorktown Heights, New York
Witkin, Evelyn M., Rutgers U, Piscataway, New Jersey
Witkop, Bernhard, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
Witten, Edward, Inst for Adv Stdy, Princeton, New Jersey
Woese, Carl R., U of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois
Wogan, Gerald N., MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts
Wolf, Alfred P., Brookhaven Nat'l Lab, Upton, New York
Wolfe, Ralph S., U of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois
Wolfenstein, Lincoln, Carnegie Mellon U, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Wolman, M. Gordon, Johns Hopkins U, Baltimore, Maryland
Wolpert, Julian, Princeton U, Princeton, New Jersey
Wood, Harland G., Case Western Reserve U, Cleveland, Ohio
Wood, William B., III, U of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado
Wooldridge, Dean E., Santa Barbara, California
Woolsey, Clinton N., U of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
Wright, H. E., Jr., U of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
Wu, C. S., Columbia U, New York, New York
Wunsch, Carl, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts
Wurtz, Robert H., Nat'l Eye Inst, Bethesda, Maryland
Wyckoff, Ralph W. G., U of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
*
Wyman, Jeffries, Paris, France
Wyngaarden, James B., NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
Yalow, Rosalyn S., Veterans Admin Med Ctr, Bronx, New York
Yang, Chen Ning, State U of New York, Stony Brook, New York
Yanofsky, Charles, Stanford U, Stanford, California
Yoder, Hatten S., Jr., Carnegie Inst Wash, Washington, D.C.
Zamecnik, Paul C., Worcester Fndn Exper Bio, Shrewsbury, Massachusetts
Zare, Richard N., Stanford U, Stanford, California
Zen, E-an, US Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia
Zener, Clarence M., Carnegie Mellon U, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Zentmyer, George A., U of Calif, Riverside, California
Zewail, Ahmed H., Cal Tech, Pasedena, California
Zilversmit, Donald B., Cornell U, Ithaca, New York
Zimm, Bruno H., U of Calif-San, Diego, La Jolla, California
Zimmerman, Howard E., U of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
Zinder, Norton D., Rockefeller U, New York, New York
Zinn, Walter H., Clearwater, Florida
Zumino, Bruno, U of Calif, Berkeley, California
Zwanzig, Robert W., NIH, College Park, Maryland
Zygmund, Antoni, U of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
Number of Members January 1990: 1,552
Number of Members Emeriti January 1990: 78
* Emeritus Member
39
FOREIGN ASSOCIATES
Abdus Salam, Imp Col, London, England, U.K.; Int'l Cen for Theo Phys, Trieste, Italy
Abragam, Anatole, Paris, France
Aigrain, Pierre R., Paris, France
Alfven, Hannes, U of Calif-San Diego, La Jolla, California
Allegre, Claude J., Inst de Physique du Globe, Paris, France
Ambartsumian, v., Burakan Astronom Obsv, Erevan, Armenia, U.S.S.R.
Arber, Werner, Biozentrum der U Basel, Basel, Switzerland
Arnold, Vladimir I., Steklov Mathematical Inst, Moscow, U.S.S.R.
Atiyah, Michael F., U of Oxford, Oxford, England, U.K.
Auerbach, Charlotte, Inst of Animal Genetics, Edinburgh, Scotland, U.K.
Axford, W. I., Max-Planck-Inst fur Aeronomie, FRG
Bartlett, Neil, U of Calif, Berkeley, California
Barton, D. H. R., Texas A&M U, College Station, Texas
Bates, Sir David, Queen's U, Belfast, Northern Ireland, U.K.
Beermann, Wolfgang, Max-Planck-Inst fur Biologie, FRG
Bell, Ronald P., Leeds, England, U.K.
Bergstrom, Sune, Karolinska Inst, Stockholm, Sweden
Bernal, Ignacio, Mexico City, Mexico
Binnig, Gerd K., IBM, Sektion Physik der U., Munchen, FRG
Birnstiel, Max L., IMP, Vienna, Austria
Blamont, Jacques Emile, U of Paris, Paris, France
Bodmer, Sir Walter, Imp Can Res Fund, London, England, U.K.
Bogolubov, Nikolai N., Joint Inst Nuclear Res, Moscow, U.S.S.R.
Bohr, Aage N., Niels Bohr Inst, Copenhagen, Denmark
Bolton, John G., Queensland, Australia
Boserup, Ester T, Brissago, Switzerland
Brass, W., Ctr for Population Studies, London, England, U.K.
Brenner, Sydney, MRC Molec Genetics Unit, Cambridge, England, U.K.
Bressani, R., Inst of Nutrit of Cent Amer & Pan, Guatemala City, Guatemala
Broadbent, Donald E., U of Oxford, Oxford, England, U.K.
Bunning, Erwin, Max-Planck-Inst fur Biologie, FRG
Burgen, Sir Arnold S. v., Darwin Col, Cambridge, England, U.K.
Cabibbo, Nicola, I.N.F.N., Rome, Italy
Cartan, Henri P., Paris, France
Casimir, H. B. G., Heeze, The Netherlands
Catcheside, D. G., Leabrook, South Austrialia
Cavalli-Sforza, L. L., Stanford U Sch of Med, Stanford, California
Chambon, Pierre H., Inst de Chimie Biologique, Paris, France
Changeux, Jean-Pierre, Inst Pasteur, Paris, France
Charpak, Georges, CERN, Geneve, Switzerland
Cherenkov, Pavel A., The Academy of Scs of the U.S.S.R., Moscow, U.S.S.R.
Clark, J. Desmond, U of California, Berkeley, California
Clark, J. G. D., Cambridge, England, U.K.
Coombs, Douglas S., U of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
Cornforth, Sir John, U of Sussex, Brighton, England, U.K.
Cottrell, Sir Alan, U of Cambridge, Cambridge, England, U.K.
Cousteau, Jacques-Yves, Cousteau Society, New York, New York
Cowan, W. Maxwell, HHMI, Bethesda, Maryland
Cox, Sir David, U of Oxford, Oxford, England
Crick, Francis, Salk Inst for Bio Studies, San Diego, California
Dahrendorf, Ralf, St. Antony's Col, Oxford, England, U.K.
Dausset, Jean, Col De France, Paris, France
41
de Duve, Christian, Int'l Inst. of Cell & Molec Path., Brussels, Belgium;
The Rockefeller U, New York, New York
de Gennes, Pierre-Gilles, Ecole Super de Phys et Chimie Indust, Paris, France
Dubinin, N. P., The Academy of Scs of the U.S.S.R., Moscow, U.S.S.R.
Dunitz, Jack D., Swiss Fed Inst of Tech, Zurich, Switzerland
Duysens, Louis N.M., State U, Leiden, The Netherlands
Eccles, Sir John C., Contra, Switzerland
Eigen, Manfred, Max-Planck-Inst fur Biophy Chem, Gottingen, FRG
Eisenstadt, Shmuel Noah, Hebrew U, Jerusalem, Israel
Erdos, Paul, Hungarian Academy of Scs, Realtanoda, Hungary
Esaki, Leo, IBM, Yorktown Heights, New York
Eschenmoser, Albert J., Swiss Fed Inst Tech, Zurich, Switzerland
Farkas, Tibor, Hungarian Academy of Scs, Szeged, Hungary
Feng, De-Pei, Academia Sinica, Shanghai, Peoples Republic of China
Fenner, Frank J., The Australian Nat'l U, Canberra, Australia
Fisher, Michael E., U of Maryland, Col Park, Maryland
Fraisse, Paul, Chatenay-Malabry, France
Frank, Sir Charles, Bristol, England, U.K.
Frankel, Sir Otto H., CSIRO, Canberra, Australia
Frankenhaueser, Marianne, U of Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden
Frey-Wyssling, A. F., Inst for Allegem Bot, Zurich, Switzerland
Fukui, Kenichi, Kyoto U, Kyoto, Japan
Gansser, A., Massagno, Switzerland
Garcia-Bellido, Antonio, U Autonom de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
Gautheret, Roger, Bourg la Reine, France
Gear, James H. S., Nat'l Inst. for Virol & S Afr Inst for Med Res,
Johannesburg, Republic of South Africa
Gehring, Walter J., U of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
Geiss, Johannes, U of Berne, Berne, Switzerland
Gelfand, I. M., Moscow State U, Moscow, U.S.S.R.
Ginzburg, Vitaly L., Academy of Scs of the U.S.S.R., Moscow, U.S.S.R.
Glen, Robert, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
Gowans, Sir James L., Oxford, England, U.K.
Granit, Ragnar, Stockholm, Sweden
Gromov, Mickael, Inst des Hautes Etud Scientif, Bures-sur-Yvette, France
Grunberg-Manago, M., Inst de Bio Physico-Chim, Paris, France
Gurdon, John Bertrand, U of Cambridge, Cambridge, England, U.K.
Hahn, Frank H., U of Cambridge, Cambridge, England, U.K.
Hanafusa, Hidesaburo, Rockefeller U, New York, New York
Harper, John L., U Col of North. Wales, Bangor, Gwynedd, Wales, U.K.
Harris, Harry, U of Penn, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Harrison, J. M., Sci Inst of Northwest Territories, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
Hawthorne, W. R., Churchill Col, Cambridge, England, U.K.
Hayaishi, Osamu, Osaka Biosci Inst, Osaka, Japan
Hayashi, Choshiro, Koyoto U, Kyoto , Japan
Herzberg, Gerhard, Nat'l Res Coun of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
Heslop-Harrison, J., Welsh Plant Breed Station, Leominster, England, U.K.
Hicks, Sir John R., U of Oxford, All Souls Col, Oxford, England, U.K.
Hill, Robin, U of Cambridge, Cambridge, England, U.K.
Hinde, Robert A., St John's Col, Cambridge, England, U.K.
Hirzebruch, F., Max-Planck-Inst fur Mathematik, FRG
Hodgkin, Sir Alan, U Cambridge, Cambridge, England, U.K.
Hodgkin, Dorothy, Chem Crystallog Lab, Oxford, England, U.K.
Hokfelt, Tomas, Karolinska Inst, Stockholm, Sweden
't Hooft, G., Inst for Theoret Physics, Utrecht, The Netherlands
42
Hormander, Lars, U of Lund, Lund, Sweden
Hoyle, Sir Fred, Bournemouth, England, U.K.
Hsu, Kenneth J., Swiss Fed Inst of Tech, Zurich, Switzerland
Huisgen, Rolf, U of Munich, Munich, Federal Republic of Germany
Huxley, Sir Andrew, Trinity Col, Cambridge, England, U.K.
Huxley, Hugh E., Brandeis U, Waltham, Massachusetts
Inose, Hiroshi, U of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
Ishizaka, Kimishige, Johns Hopkins Sch of Med, Baltimore, Maryland
Iversen, L. L., Merck Sharp & Dohme Res Labs, Essex, England, U.K.
Jacob, Francois, Inst Pasteur, Paris, France
Jerne, Niels Kaj, Castillon-du-Gard, France
Joliot, Pierre A., Inst de Bio Physico-Chim, Paris, France
Jost, Alfred D., Col de France, Paris, France
Jost, Res, Zurich, Switzerland
Kaiser, Wolfgang, Tech U Munchen, Munich, Federal Republic of Germany
Katchalski-Katzir, Ephraim, The Weizmann Inst of Science, Rehovot, Israel
Katz, Sir Bernard, U Col of London, England, U.K.
Keilis-Borok, V. I., Academy of Sciences of the U.S.S.R., Moscow, U.S.S.R.
Kendrew, Sir John, The Guildhall, Cambridge, England, U.K.
Khush, Gurdev S., Internat'l Rice Research Inst, Manila, Philippines
Kimura, Motoo, Nat'l Inst of Genetics, Misima, Japan
Klein, George, Karolinska Inst, Stockholm, Sweden
Klug, Aaron, MRC Lab of Molec Bio, Cambridge, England, U.K.
Knowles, Jeremy R., Harvard U, Cambridge, Massachusetts
Kodaira, Kunihiko, Tokyo, Japan
Kornberg, Sir Hans L., Christ's Col, Cambridge, England, U.K.
Kosterlitz, Hans W., U of Aberdeen, Scotland, U.K.
Krein, Mark G., Academy of Scs of the U.S.S.R., Odessa, U.S.S.R.
Kubo, Ryogo, Keio U, Yokohama, Japan
Kushiro, Ikuo, U of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
Lal, Devendra, Scripps Inst of Oceanogr, U of Calif, La Jolla, California
Leakey, Mary D., Nat'l Museum of Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya
LeDouarin, Nicole, Inst D'Embryo du CNRS Col De France, Nogent-sur-Marne, France
Lehn, Jean-Marie P., Col de France, Paris; U Louis Pasteur, Strasbourg, France
Leray, Jean, Col de France, Paris, France
Levi-Strauss, Claude, Col De France, Paris, France
Lord Lewis, of Newnham (Jack Lewis), Cambridge U, Cambridge, England, U.K.
Lighthill, Sir M. James, U Col London, London, England, U.K.
Lindauer, Martin, Bayerische-Julius-Max U, Roentgenring, FRG
Longuet-Higgins, H. C., U of Sussex, Brighton, England, U.K.
Longuet-Higgins, Michael S., U of Cambridge, Cambridge, England, U.K.
Luft, Rolf, Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
Lwoff, Andre, Inst Pasteur, Paris, France
Lyon, Mary F., MRC Radiobio Unit, Oxon, England, U.K.
Malinvaud, Edmond, Paris, France
Mandelbrot, Benoit B., IBM, Yorktown Heights, New York
Margalef, Ramon, U of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
McKenzie, Dan P., Bullard Labs, Cambridge, England, U.K.
McLaren, Digby J., Royal Society of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
McMichael, Sir John, London, England, U.K.
Meade, James E., Little Shelford, Cambridge, England, U.K.
Melchers, Georg F., Max-Planck Inst fur Bio, Tubingen, FRG
Metcalf, Donald, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Victoria, Australia
Miledi, Ricardo, U of Calif, Irvine, California
43
Miller, Jacques F. A. P., The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Victoria, Australia
Milner, Brenda, Montreal Neuro Inst, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
Milstein, Cesar, MRC Lab of Molec Bio, Cambridge, England, U.K.
Mitchell, Peter D., The Glynn Res Fdn Ltd., Cornwall, England, U.K.
Monin, Andrei S., Acad of Sci of the U.S.S.R., Moscow, U.S.S.R.
Mossbauer, Rudolf L., Tech U Munchen, Garching, FRG
Mott, Sir Nevill, U of Cambridge, Cambridge, England, U.K.
Mottelson, Ben R., Nordisk Inst for Teoretisk Atomfysik, Copenhagen, Denmark
Muller, K. Alex, IBM Zurich Research Lab, Ruschlikon, Switzerland
Mutt, Viktor, Karolinska Inst, Stockholm, Sweden
Nagata, Takesi, Nat'l Inst of Polar Res, Tokyo, Japan
Needham, Joseph, Cambridge, England, U.K.
Ne'eman, Yuval, Tel Aviv U, Ramat Aviv, Israel
Neher, Erwin, Max-Planck-Inst for Biophys Chem, Gottingen, FRG
Nicolet, Marcel, Brussels, Belgium
Nishizuka, Yasutomi, Kobe U Sch of Med, Kobe, Japan
Nossal, Sir Gustav J. v., U of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
Occhialini, Giuseppe, U of Milan, Milan, Italy
Oort, Jan H., Sterrewacht-Huygens Lab, Leiden, The Netherlands
Paczynski, Bohdan, Princeton U, Princeton, New Jersey
Peebles, Phillip J., Princeton U, Princeton, New Jersey
Peierls, Sir Rudolf, Nuclear Physics Lab, Oxford, England, U.K.
Peimbert, Manuel, U Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Mexico
Penney, W. G. B., Wantage, Oxfordshire, England, U.K.
Perutz, Max F., U Postgraduate Med Sch, Cambridge, England, U.K.
Phillips, Sir David, The Rex Richards Building, Oxford, England, U.K.
Polanyi, John C., U of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
Pontecorvo, G. P. A., London, England, U.K.
Pople, John A., Carnegie Mellon U, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Popper, Sir Karl, London Sch of Economics, London, England, U.K.
Porter, Sir George, The Royal Society, London, England, U.K.
Prelog, v., Eigenossische Tech Hochschule, Zurich, Switzerland
Price, Raymond A., Queens U, Kingston, Onatario, Canada
Prigogine, I., U of Brussels, Brussels, Belgium
Rabin, Michael O., Hebrew U, Jerusalem, Israel; Harvard U, Cambridge,
Massachusetts
Ramalingaswami, v., Indian Coun of Med Res, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, India
Ramsay, John G., Geo Inst, Zurich, Switzerland
Rees, Martin J., Inst of Astron, Cambridge, England, U.K.
Reichard, Peter A., Karolinska Inst, Stockholm, Sweden
Reichardt, Werner E., Max-Planck-Inst for Bio Cybrnetics, Tubingen, FRG
Reichel-Dolmatoff, G., U of Calif, Los Angeles, California
Reichstein, Tadeus, Inst fur Organ Chem, Basel, Switzerland
Reig, Osvaldo A., U de Buenos Aires, Argentina
Rensch, Bernhard, Zoo Inst der Westfalischen Wilhelms-U, FRG
Riley, Sir Ralph, Stapleford, Cambridge, England, U.K.
Ringwood, A. E., The Australian Nat'l U, Canberra, Australia
Robertson, Alan, Inst of Animal Gen, Edinburgh, Scotland, U.K.
Robertson, Sir Rutherford N., Binalong, Australia
Rohrer, Heinrich, IBM, Zurich, Switzerland
Rosenblueth, Emilio, Ciudad U, Mexico
Rubbia, Carlo, Harvard U, Cambridge, Massachusetts; CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
Sagdeev, Roald Z., Academy of Scs of the U.S.S.R, Moscow, U.S.S.R
Samuelsson, Bengt, Karolinska Inst, Stockholm, Sweden
44
Sanger, Frederick, Cambridge, England, U.K.
Schatz, Gottfried, U of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
Schell, Jozef S., Max-Planck-Inst fur Zuchtungsforschung, Egelspfad, FRG
Schmidt, Maarten, Cal Tech, Pasadena, California
Seaton, Michael John, U Col of London, London, England, U.K.
Sela, Michael, Weizmann Inst of Sc, Rehovot, Israel
Serre, Jean-Pierre, Col de France, Paris, France
Shafarevich, Igor R., Academy of Scs of the U.S.S.R., Moscow, U.S.S.R.
Siegbahn, Kai, Inst of Physics, Uppsala, Sweden
Skou, Jens C., U of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark
Slatyer, Ralph O., Australian Nat'l U, Canberra, Australia
Smith, John M., U of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, England, U.K.
Sokolov, Eugene N., Moscow State U, Moscow, U.S.S.R.
Southwood, Sir Richard, U of Oxford, Oxford, England, U.K.
Starlinger, Peter, U of Cologne, Cologne, FRG
Sugimura, Takashi, Nat'l Cancer Ctr, Tokyo, Japan
Swaminathan, M. S., Madras, India
Szentagothai, Janos, Semmelweis U Med Sch, Budapest, Hungary
Takhtajan, Armen L., Komarov Bot Inst, Leningrad, U.S.S.R.
Tan, Jia-Zhen, Fudan U, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
Thirring, Walter E., The Inst for Theoret Physics, Vienna, Austria
Tinbergen, J., The Hagne, The Netherlands
Tobias, Phillip v., U of Witwatersrand Med Sch, Johannesburg, Rep of So Africa
Todd, Lord of Trumpington, (A. R. Todd), Christ's Col, Cambridge, England, U.K.
Tomita, Tsuneo, Keio U Sch of Med, Tokyo, Japan
Tonegawa, Susumu, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts
Trumpy, D. Rudolf, Kuesnacht, Switzerland
Tulving, Endel, U of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
Tversky, Amos, Stanford U, Stanford, California
Ussing, Hans H., Copenhagen U, Copenhagen, Denmark
Uyeda, Seiya, U of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
van de Hulst, Hendrik C., Huygens Lab, Leiden, The Netherlands
Vane, Sir John R., St. Bartholomew's Hospital Med Col, London, England, U.K.
Van Hove, Leon, CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
Van Montagu, Marc, Labo Voor Genetika, Gent, Belgium
von Wettstein, Diter, Carlsberg Lab, Copenhagen Valby, Denmark
Waldenstrom, Jan G., General Hospital, Malmo, Sweden
Waterhouse, Douglas F., C.S.I.R.O., Canberra, Australia
Weibel, Ewald R., U of Berne, Berne, Switzerland
Weil, Andre, The Inst for Adv Study, Princeton, New Jersey
Weissman, Charles, U Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
Wigglesworth, Sir Vincent, U of Cambridge, Cambridge, England, U.K.
Wilkes, Maurice V., Olivetti Res Limited, Cambridge, England, U.K.
Wilkinson, Sir Geoffrey, Imp Col of Sc & Tech, London, England, U.K.
Wilson, J. Tuzo, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Wyllie, Peter J., Cal Tech, Pasadena, California
Yen, D. E., The Australian Nat'l U, Canberra, Australia
Zhou Guangzhao, Chinese Academy of Scs, Beijing, People's Republic of China
Number of Foreign Associates January 1990: 258
45
PUBLIC WELFARE MEDALISTS
Baumgartner, Leona, Chilmark, Massachusetts
Carey, William D., Carnegie Corporation of New York, Washington, D.C.
Corson, Dale, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
Daddario, Emilio Q., Washington, D.C.
Doolittle, James H., Carmel, California
Gardner, John W., Carmel, California
Green, Cecil H., Dallas, Texas
Henderson, Donald A., Johns Hopkins U, Baltimore, Maryland
Hesburgh, The Reverend Theodore M. CS C, Retired, Notre Dame, Indiana
Packard, David, Hewlett-Packard Co., Palo Alto, California
Rees, Mina S., New York, New York
Rogers, Paul Grant, Washington, D.C.
Sawyer, John E., Woods Hole, Massachusetts
Shannon, James A., Portland, Oregon
Sullivan, Walter S., New York Times, New York, New York
Train, Russell E., World Wildlife Fund, Washington, D.C.
Number of Public Welfare Medalists January 1990: 16
47
SECTIONS
11-Mathematics-69 Members
Ahlfors, Lars V.
Smale, Stephen
Artin, Michael
Solovay, Robert
Bass, Hyman
Stein, Charles M.
Bers, Lipman
Stein, Elias M.
Birkhoff, Garrett
Steinberg, Robert
Borel, Armand
Sternberg, Shlomo
Bott, Raoul
Sullivan, Dennis P.
Browder, Felix E.
Swan, Richard G.
Browder, William
Tate, John T.
Calabi, Eugenio
Thompson, J. G.
Calderon, Alberto P.
Thurston, William P.
Chern, Shiing-shen
Uhlenbeck, Karen K.
Church, Alonzo
Whitehead, George W.
Cohen, Paul J.
Zygmund, Antoni
Eilenberg, Samuel
Fefferman, Charles
Members Emeriti
Feit, Walter
Freedman, Michael H.
Doob, J. L.
Furstenberg, Hille H.
Federer, Herbert
Gehring, F. W.
Spencer, D. C.
Gleason, Andrew M.
Glimm, James
Foreign Associates
Gorenstein, Daniel
Graham, Ronald L.
Arnold, Vladimir I.
Griffiths, Phillip A.
Atiyah, Michael F.
Guillemin, Victor W.
Cartan, Henri
Hochschild, Gerhard P.
Cox, Sir David R.
Jacobson, Nathan
Erdos, Paul
Kaplansky, Irving
Gelfand, I. M.
Kleene, Stephen C.
Gromov, Mikhael
Kohn, Joseph J.
Hirzebruch, F.
Kostant, Bertram
Hormander, Lars
Lang, Serge
Kodaira, Kunihiko
Lax, Peter D.
Krein, Mark G.
Lieb, Elliott
Leray, Jean
Mackey, George W.
Serre, Jean-Pierre
Mac Lane, Saunders
Shafarevich, Igor R.
Mather, John N.
Weil, Andre
Mazur, Barry C.
McKean, Henry P.
Milnor, John W.
12-Astronomy-59 Members
Montgomery, Deane
Moser, Jurgen
Aller, Lawrence H.
Mostow, G. D.
Arnett, W. David
Mumford, David B.
Babcock, Horace W.
Nirenberg, Louis
Bahcall, John N.
Ornstein, Donald S.
Baker, James G.
Quillen, Daniel G.
Burbidge, E. Margaret
Robbins, Herbert
Burke, Bernard F.
Rota, Gian-Carlo
Chandrasekhar, S.
Schiffer, M. M.
Clark, George W.
Segal, I. E.
Code, Arthur D.
Serrin, James B.
Cohen, Marshall H.
Shannon, Claude E.
Davis, Raymond, Jr.
Singer, I. M.
de Vaucouleurs, Gerard
49
Drake, Frank D.
Paczynski, Bohdan
Faber, Sandra Moore
Peebles, Phillip J.
Field, George B.
Peimbert, Manuel
Friedman, Herbert
Rees, Martin J.
Giacconi, Riccardo
Schmidt, Maarten
Greenstein, Jesse L.
Seaton, Michael John
Gunn, James E.
van de Hulst, Hendrik C.
Heeschen, D. S.
Herbig, George H.
Iben, Icko, Jr.
13-Physics-145 Members
Kellermann, K. I.
King, Ivan R.
Abrahams, Elihu
Kraft, Robert P.
Adair, Robert K.
Kraushaar, William L.
Adler, Stephen L.
Leighton, R. B.
Agnew, Harold M.
Low, Frank J.
Ahlers, Guenter
Luyten, Willem J.
Bacher, Robert F.
Lynds, Roger
Bainbridge, Kenneth T.
McCray, Richard A.
Bardeen, John
Mihalas, Dimitri
Barschall, H. H.
Morgan, W. W.
Baym, Gordon A.
Muench, Guido
Benedek, George B.
Neugebauer, Gerry
Berg, Howard C.
Neugebauer, Otto E.
Berko, Stephan
Osterbrock, Donald E.
Bethe, H. A.
Ostriker, Jeremiah P.
Bjorken, James D.
Parker, Eugene N.
Bloembergen, Nicolaas
Penzias, Arno A.
Boehm, Felix
Preston, George W.
Brewer, Richard G.
Roberts, Morton S.
Brown, Gerald E.
Rubin, Vera C.
Brueckner, Keith A.
Salpeter, E. E.
Callan, Curtis, G., Jr.
Schwarzschild, Martin
Chamberlain, Owen
Shapiro, Irwin I.
Chew, Geoffrey F.
Shu, Frank H.
Christy, Robert F.
Spinrad, Hyron
Cohen, Marvin L.
Spitzer, Lyman, Jr.
Coleman, Sidney
Taylor, Joseph H., Jr.
Colgate, S. A.
Thaddeus, Patrick
Commins, Eugene D.
Thorne, Kip S.
Cooper, Leon N.
Toomre, Alar
Courant, Ernest D.
Tousey, Richard
Creutz, E.
Weymann, Ray J.
Crewe, Albert V.
Whipple, Fred L.
Cronin, James W.
Whitford, A. E.
Dashen, Roger
Wilson, R. W.
Dehmelt, Hans
Deutsch, Martin
Members Emeriti
Dicke, Robert H.
Drell, Sidney D.
Mayall, N. U.
Dyson, Freeman J.
Wilson, Olin C.
Fano, Ugo
Feher, George
Foreign Associates
Feshbach, Herman
Fitch, Val L.
Ambartsumian, V.
Fowler, William A.
Bolton, John G.
Frauenfelder, Hans
Hayashi, Chushiro
Garwin, Richard L.
Hoyle, Sir Fred
Gell-Mann, Murray
Oort, Jan
Glaser, Donald A.
50
Glashow, Sheldon Lee
Ruderman, Malvin A.
Glauber, Roy J.
Sachs, Robert G.
Goldberger, M. L.
Samios, Nicholas P.
Goldhaber, Gerson
Sandweiss, Jack
Goldhaber, Gertrude S.
Schawlow, Arthur L.
Goldhaber, Maurice
Schiffer, John P.
Greisen, Kenneth I.
Schramm, David N.
Gross, David J.
Schrieffer, J. Robert
Guth, Alan H.
Schwartz, Melvin
Hahn, E. L.
Schwinger, Julian
Hall, John L.
Seitz, Frederick
Halperin, Bertrand I.
Serber, Robert
Henley, Ernest M.
Slichter, Charles P.
Herb, R. G.
Sorokin, Peter P.
Herring, W. Conyers
Steinberger, J.
Hofstadter, R.
Suhl, Harry
Hohenberg, Pierre C.
Telegdi, Valentine L.
Hopfield, John J.
Teller, Edward
Hughes, Vernon W.
Ting, Samuel C. C.
Inghram, Mark G.
Tinkham, M.
Javan, Ali
Townes, Charles H.
Jeffries, Carson D.
Treiman, Sam
Kadanoff, Leo P.
Trilling, George H.
Kerst, Donald W.
Watson, Kenneth M.
Kittel, C.
Weinberg, Steven
Klein, Martin J.
Wheeler, John A.
Kleppner, Daniel
Wick, Gian-Carlo
Knight, Walter D.
Wightman, Arthur S.
Kohn, Walter
Wigner, Eugene P.
Kroll, Norman M.
Wilkinson, David T.
Kusch, P.
Wilson, Kenneth G.
Lamb, Willis E., Jr.
Wilson, Robert R.
Land, Edwin H.
Witten, Edward
Lederman, Leon M.
Wolfenstein, Lincoln
Lee, Tsung-Dao
Wu, C. S.
Low, Francis E.
Yang, Chen Ning
Luttinger, J. M.
Zumino, Bruno
Marshak, Robert E.
Martin, Paul
Members Emeriti
McDaniel, Boyce D.
McMillan, Edwin M.
Anderson, Carl D.
Morrison, Philip
Bleakney, Walker
Nambu, Yoichiro
Bradbury, N. E.
O'Brien, Brian
Crane, H. Richard
Osheroff, Douglas D.
DuBridge, L. A.
Overhauser, Albert W.
Pais, Abraham
Pake, George E.
Rossi, Bruno B.
Panofsky, W. K. H.
Weisskopf, Victor F.
Perl, Martin L.
Pines, David
Foreign Associates
Pound, Robert V.
Purcell, E. M.
Abdus Salam
Ramsey, Norman F.
Abragam, Anatole
Redfield, Alfred G.
Amaldi, Edoardo
Reines, Frederick
Bogolubov, Nikolai N.
Reppy, John D.
Bohr, Aage
Richards, Paul L.
Cabibbo, Nicola
Richardson, Robert C.
Charpak, Georges
Richter, Burton
Cherenkov, Pavel A.
51
Ginzburg, Vitaly L.
Cristol, Stanley J.
Herzberg, Gerhard
Crothers, Donald M.
't Hooft, G.
Curtin, David Y.
Kubo, Ryogo
Dahl, Lawrence
Moessbauer, Rudolf L.
Danishefsky, Samuel J.
Mott, Sir Nevill
Dauben, William G.
Mottelson, Ben R.
Davidson, Ernest R.
Ne'eman, Yuval
Dervan, Peter B.
Occhialini, Giuseppe
Dewar, Michael J. S.
Peierls, Sir Rudolf
Djerassi, Carl
Rohrer, Heinrich
Doering, William
Rubbia, Carlo
Drickamer, Harry G.
Sakharov, Andrei
Dye, James L.
Siegbahn, Kai
El-Sayed, Mostafa A.
Thirring, Walter E.
Eliel, Ernest L.
Van Hove, Leon
Evans, David A.
Zhou, Guangzhao
Ferry, John D.
Fixman, Marshall
Folkers, Karl
14-Chemistry-171 Members
Fried, Josef
Friedlander, Gerhart
Alberty, Robert A.
Gassman, Paul G.
Alder, Berni J.
Gates, Marshall
Anson, Fred C.
Goddard, William A. III
Arnett, Edward M.
Gomer, Robert
Baker, W. O.
Gordon, Roy
Baldeschwieler, John D.
Gray, Harry B.
Bard, Allen J.
Grubbs, Robert H.
Bartlett, Paul D.
Grunwald, Ernest
Basolo, Fred
Gutowsky, H. S.
Beauchamp, Jesse L.
Hackerman, Norman
Benkovic, Stephen J.
Halpern, Jack
Benson, Sidney W.
Hammes, Gordon G.
Bergman, Robert G.
Hammond, George S.
Bernstein, Richard B.
Hawthorne, M. Frederick
Berry, R. Stephen
Herschbach, Dudley
Bersohn, Richard
Hirschfelder, Joseph O.
Berson, Jerome A.
Hochstrasser, Robin M.
Bigeleisen, Jacob
Hoffmann, Roald
Bloch, Herman S.
Holm, Richard H.
Boekelheide, V.
Hornig, Donald F.
Boudart, Michel
Huizenga, John R.
Bovey, Frank
Hutchison, Clyde A.
Brauman, John I.
Ibers, James A.
Breslow, Ronald
Johnson, William S.
Brewer, Leo
Johnston, Harold S.
Brown, Herbert C.
Jonas, Jiri
Bruice, Thomas C.
Karle, Isabella L.
Buchi, George H.
Karle, Jerome
Cairns, T. L.
Karplus, Martin
Calvin, Melvin
Kasha, Michael
Chapman, Orville L.
Katz, Joseph J.
Closs, Gerhard L.
Kauzmann, Walter
Collman, James P.
Klemperer, William
Connick, Robert E.
Kochi, Jay K.
Corey, E. J.
Lauterbur, Paul C.
Cotton, F. Albert
Lee, Yuan T.
Cram, Donald J.
Leonard, Nelson J.
Crawford, Bryce, Jr.
Letsinger, Robert L.
52
Levy, Donald H.
Wasserman, Harry H.
Lineberger, W. Carl
Waugh, J. S.
Lippard, Stephen J.
Weissman, S. I.
Lipscomb, William N.
Westheimer, Frank H.
Long, Franklin A.
Whitesides, George M.
Marcus, R. A.
Wiberg, Kenneth B.
Margrave, John L.
Widom, Benjamin
Mark, H. F.
Wilson, E. Bright
McClure, Donald S.
Witkop, Bernhard
McConnell, Harden M.
Wolf, Alfred P.
McLafferty, Fred W.
Zare, Richard N.
Meinwald, Jerrold
Zewail, Ahmed Hassan
Michl, Josef
Zimm, Bruno H.
Miller, William H.
Zimmerman, Howard E.
Mislow, Kurt
Zwanzig, Robert
Moore, C. Bradley
Newman, Melvin S.
Noyes, Richard M.
Members Emeriti
Olah, George A.
Paquette, Leo A.
Harker, David
Parr, Robert G.
Hoard, J. L.
Parshall, George W.
Kolthoff, I. M.
Pauling, Linus
Wyckoff, Ralph W. G.
Pearson, Ralph G.
Perlman, I.
Foreign Associates
Pines, Alexander
Pitzer, K. S.
Bartlett, Neil
Reiss, Howard
Barton, D. H. R.
Rentzepis, Peter M.
Bell, Ronald P.
Rice, Stuart A.
Cornforth, Sir John
Roberts, John D.
Dunitz, Jack D.
Ross, John
Eigen, Manfred
Rossini, Frederick D.
Eschenmoser, Albert J.
Rowland, F. Sherwood
Fisher, Michael E.
Sarett, Lewis H.
Fukui, Kenichi
Schellman, John A.
Hodgkin, Dorothy
Scheraga, H. A.
Huisgen, Rolf
Seaborg, Glenn T.
Lehn, Jean-Marie P.
Sharpless, K. Barry
Lewis, Sir Jack
Sheehan, John C.
Polanyi, John C.
Shirley, David A.
Pople, John A.
Shull, Harrison
Porter, Sir George
Simmons, H. E.
Prelog, V.
Sinfelt, John H.
Prigogine, I.
Skell, Philip S.
Reichstein, Tadeus
Smyth, Charles P.
Todd, Lord, of Trumpington
Somorjai, G. A.
Wilkinson, Sir Geoffrey
Stockmayer, W. H.
Stork, Gilbert
Streitwieser, Andrew, Jr.
15-Geology-39 Members
Tarbell, D. Stanley
Taube, Henry
Abelson, Philip H.
Tinoco, Ignacio, Jr.
Allen, Clarence R.
Trost, Barry M.
Barton, Paul B.
Turkevich, Anthony L.
Berggren, William A.
Turro, Nicholas J.
Berner, Robert A.
van Tamelen, Eugene E.
Boyd, F. R., Jr.
Wall, Frederick T.
Brace, W. F.
Walling, Cheves
Burchfiel, B. Clark
53
Coleman, Robert G.
16-Geophysics-65 Members
Crowell, John C.
Dunne, Thomas
Aki, Keiiti
Ernst, W. G.
Anders, Edward
Hamilton, Warren B.
Anderson, Don L.
Hart, Stanley R.
Anderson, Kinsey A.
Holland, H. D.
Arnold, James R.
Imbrie, John
Backus, George E.
James, Harold L.
Birch, A. Francis
Kieffer, Susan W.
Broecker, Wallace S.
Krauskopf, Konrad B.
Byers, Horace R.
Lachenbruch, Arthur H.
Cameron, A. G. W.
Leopold, Luna B.
Chamberlain, Joseph W.
Lowenstam, Heinz A.
Craig, Harmon
Newell, Norman D.
Davis, Russ E.
Oliver, Jack E.
Dickinson, Robert E.
Pettijohn, F. J.
Donahue, Thomas M.
Raup, David M.
Epstein, Samuel
Rodgers John
Frieman, Edward A.
Roedder, Edwin W.
Fultz, Dave
Sharp, Robert P.
Gilbert, Freeman
Shoemaker, Eugene M.
Gold, T.
Silver, Leon Theodore
Goldberg, Edward D.
Smith, Joseph V.
Goldreich, Peter
Taylor, Hugh P., Jr.
Goody, Richard M.
Thompson, James B., Jr.
Gordon, W. E.
Tilton, George R.
Helliwell, R. A.
White, Donald E.
Hunten, Donald M.
Wright, H. E., Jr.
Kaula, William M.
Yoder, Hatten S., Jr.
Knopoff, Leon
Zen, E-an
Lindzen, Richard S.
MacDonald, Gordon J. F.
Members Emeriti
Malkus, Willem V. R.
Malone, Thomas F.
Anderson, Charles A.
McDonald, Frank B.
Billings, Marland P.
Meyer, Peter
Cloud, Preston
Morgan, W. Jason
Doell, Richard R.
Munk, Walter H.
Emery, K. O.
Namias, Jerome
Engel, Albert E. J.
Ness, Norman F.
Hubbert, M. King
Ney, Edward P.
Lovering, Thomas S.
Nier, Alfred O. C.
Nolan, Thomas B.
Patterson, Clair C.
Waters, Aaron C.
Pedlosky, Joseph
Wells, John W.
Pekeris, Chaim L.
Pettengill, Gordon
Foreign Associates
Phillips, Norman A.
Press, Frank
Coombs, Douglas S.
Price, P. Buford, Jr.
Gansser, A.
Reed, Richard J.
Harrison, J. M.
Revelle, Roger
Hsu, Kenneth J.
Reynolds, John H.
Kushiro, Ikuo
Rhines, Peter B.
McLaren, Digby J.
Sclater, John G.
Price, Raymond A.
Simpson, John A.
Ramsay, John G.
Stommel, Henry M.
Ringwood, A. E.
Stone, Edward C.
Truempy, D. Rudolf
Suess, Hans E.
Wyllie, Peter J.
Sykes, Lynn R.
54
Turcotte, Donald Lawson
Carter, H. E.
Turekian, Karl K.
Cech, Thomas R.
Van Allen, James A.
Chamberlin, Michael J.
Villard, Oswald G., Jr.
Chance, Britton
Walker, Robert M.
Cleland, W. Wallace
Wasserburg, G. J.
Cohen, Philip P.
Wetherill, George W.
Cohen, Seymour S.
Wunsch, Carl
Cohn, Mildred
Coon, M. J.
Members Emeriti
Cozzarelli, Nicholas R.
Cuatrecasas, Pedro M.
Elsasser, Walter M.
Davie, Earl W.
Kaplan, Joseph
Davies, David R.
Lorenz, Edward N.
DeLuca, H. F.
Verhoogen, John
Dickerson, Richard E.
Doolittle, Russell F.
Foreign Associates
Doty, Paul
Edelman, Gerald M.
Alfven, Hannes
Edelman, Isidore S.
Allegre, Claude J.
Eisenberg, David S.
Axford, W. I.
Estabrook, Ronald W.
Bates, Sir David
Felsenfeld, Gary
Blamont, Jacques Emile
Fischer, Edmond H.
Geiss, Johannes
Fraenkel-Conrat, Heinz
Keilis-Borok, V. I.
Fridovich, Irwin
Lal, Devendra
Frieden, Carl
Longuet-Higgins, Michael
Friedkin, Morris Enton
McKenzie, Dan P.
Fruton, Joseph S.
Monin, Andrei S.
Geiduschek, E. Peter
Nagata, Takesi
Gellert, Martin
Nicolet, Marcel
Gibson, Quentin H.
Sagdeev, Roald z.
Gilbert, Walter
Uyeda, Seiya
Gunsalus, Irwin C.
Wilson, J. Tuzo
Harrington, William F.
Heppel, Leon A.
Hess, George P.
21-Biochemistry-148 Members
Hill, Robert L.
Hill, Terrell L.
Abeles, Robert H.
Hoagland, Mahlon
Abelson, John
Hofmann, Klaus
Adler, Julius
Horecker, B. L.
Alberts, Bruce M.
Hurwitz, Jerard
Ames, Bruce N.
Jencks, William P.
Anfinsen, C. B.
Jones, Mary Ellen
Arnon, Daniel I.
Kaback, H. Ronald
Ashwell, G. Gilbert
Kabat, Elvin A.
Baldwin, Robert L.
Kalckar, Herman M.
Ballou, Clinton
Kaufman, Seymour
Barker, H. A.
Kennedy, Eugene P.
Beinert, Helmut
Khorana, H. Gobind
Berg, Paul
Klotz, Irving M.
Bloch, Konrad E.
Kornberg, Arthur
Blout, Elkan R.
Koshland, Daniel E., Jr.
Boyer, Herbert W.
Krampitz, Lester O.
Boyer, P. D.
Kraut, Joseph
Brady, Roscoe O.
Lane, M. Daniel
Buchanan, John M.
Lardy, Henry A.
Cantoni, Giulio L.
Lehman, I. Robert
Carbon, John A.
Lennarz, William J.
55
Lorand, Laszlo
Wang, James C.
Margoliash, Emanuel
Weber, Gregorio
Matthews, Brian W.
Weinhouse, Sidney
McElroy, W. D.
Weissbach, Herbert
Meister, Alton
Williams, Robley C.
Merrifield, Bruce
Wolfe, Ralph S.
Miller, Stanley L.
Wood, Harland G.
Morales, Manuel F.
Wyman, Jeffries
Nathans, Daniel
Zamecnik, Paul C.
Neufeld, Elizabeth F.
Neurath, Hans
Members Emeriti
Nirenberg, Marshall W.
Nomura, Masayasu
Chargaff, Erwin
Ochoa, Severo
Edsall, John T.
Oncley, J. L.
Kamen, Martin D.
Osborn, M. J.
Meyer, Karl
Park, Charles R.
Wald, George
Phillips, William D.
Rabinowitz, Jesse C.
Foreign Associates
Racker, Efraim
Ratner, Sarah
Bergstroem, Sune
Reed, Lester J.
de Duve, Christian
Rich, Alexander
Grunberg-Manago, Marianne
Richards, Frederic M.
Hayaishi, Osamu
Richardson, Charles C.
Huxley, Hugh E.
Robbins, Phillips W.
Katchalski-Katzir, Ephrai
Rose, Irwin
Kendrew, Sir John
Roseman, Saul
Knowles, Jeremy
Rosen, Ora M.
Kornberg, Sir Hans
Rossmann, Michael G.
Mitchell, Peter
Rutter, William J.
Nishizuka, Yasutomi
San Pietro, Anthony
Perutz, Max F.
Schachman, Howard K.
Phillips, Sir David
Schimke, Robert T.
Reichard, Peter A.
Shemin, David
Samuelsson, Bengt
Shulman, Robert G.
Sanger, Frederick
Singer, Maxine F.
Schatz, Gottfried
Sinsheimer, Robert Louis
Sela, Michael
Smith, Emil L.
Smith, Hamilton O.
Snell, Esmond E.
22-Cellular and Developmental
Stadtman, E. R.
Biology-64 Members
Stadtman, Thressa C.
Stark, George R.
Attardi, Giuseppe M.
Steiner, Donald F.
Bishop, J. Michael
Steitz, Joan A.
Blobel, Gunter
Strominger, Jack Leonard
Bonner, James F.
Stryer, Lubert
Bonner, J. T.
Sturtevant, Julian M.
Branton, Daniel
Tabor, Herbert
Brinster, Ralph L.
Talalay, Paul
Britten, Roy J.
Udenfriend, Sidney
Brown, Donald D.
Umbarger, H. Edwin
Cohen, Stanley
Vagelos, P. Roy
Darnell, James E., Jr.
Vallee, Bert L.
Davidson, Eric H.
Van Holde, K. E.
Davidson, Norman
Velick, Sidney F.
Davis, Bernard D.
von Hippel, Peter H.
Dawid, Igor B.
Walsh, Christoph T.
Dulbecco, Renato
56
Eagle, Harry
Chambon, Pierre
Ebert, James D.
Gehring, Walter J.
Erikson, R. L.
Gurdon, John Bertrand
Farquhar, Marilyn G.
Jacob, Francois
Fawcett, Don W.
Klug, Aaron
Gall, Joseph G.
Le Douarin, Nicole M.
Green, Howard
Milstein, Cesar
Grobstein, Clifford
Szentagothai, Janos
Gross, Jerome
Tonegawa, Susumu
Hagins, W. A.
Wigglesworth, Sir Vincent
Hay, Elizabeth D.
Herskowitz, Ira
Hogness, David S.
23-Physiology and Pharmacology-
Holley, Robert W.
29 Members
Hotchkiss, Rollin D.
Kafatos, Fotis C.
Armstrong, Clay M.
Kirschner, Marc W.
Bern, Howard A.
Leder, Philip
Berne, Robert M.
Lodish, Harvey F.
Beyer, Karl H., Jr.
Luck, David J. L.
Brobeck, John R.
Mazia, Daniel
Brooks, Chandler McC.
Miller, Oscar L., Jr.
Burns, John J.
Moscona, Aron A.
Catterall, William A.
Palade, George E.
Conney, Allan H.
Palmiter, Richard D.
Forster, Robert E.
Pappenheimer, A. M., Jr.
Giebisch, Gerhard
Pardee, Arthur B.
Gilman, Alfred G.
Penman, Sheldon
Goldstein, Avram
Perry, Robert P.
Goodman, Louis S.
Porter, Keith R.
Hoffman, Joseph F.
Prescott, David M.
Knobil, Ernst
Puck, Theodore T.
Koelle, George B.
Ris, Hans
Krebs, Edwin G.
Roeder, Robert G.
Lowry, Oliver H.
Rubin, Harry
McCann, S. M.
Sabatini, David D.
Needleman, Philip
Sato, Gordon H.
Pappenheimer, John R.
Schneiderman, Howard A.
Prosser, C. Ladd
Sharp, Phillip A.
Rahn, Herman
Shatkin, Aaron J.
Sawyer, Charles H.
Siekevitz, Philip
Schmidt-Nielsen, Knut
Singer, S. J.
Shannon, James A.
Stoeckenius, Walther
Somero, George N.
Swift, Hewson
Tanford, Charles
Trager, William
Taylor, C. Richard
Waelsch, Salome G.
Weiss, Paul
Members Emeriti
Williams, Carroll M.
Woese, Carl
Davenport, Horace W.
Magoun, H. W.
Member Emeritus
Foreign Associates
Holtfreter, Johannes
Burgen, Sir Arnold S. V.
Eccles, Sir John
Foreign Associates
Granit, Ragnar
Hodgkin, Sir Alan
Beermann, Wolfgang
Huxley, Sir Andrew F.
Birnstiel, Max L.
Skou, Jens C.
57
Ussing, Hans H.
Members Emeriti
Vane, Sir John R.
Weibel, Ewald R.
Davis, Hallowell
Lorente de No, R.
Temkin, Owsei
24-Neurobiology-51 Members
Foreign Associates
Axelrod, Julius
Beidler, Lloyd M.
Changeux, Jean-Pierre
Bennett, Michael V. L.
Cowan, W. Maxwell
Bloom, Floyd E.
Crick, Francis
Bodian, David
Feng, De-Pei
Brink, Frank, Jr.
Hokfelt, Tomas
Bullock, Theodore H.
Iversen, L. L.
Cohen, Melvin J.
Katz, Sir Bernard
Costa, Erminio
Kosterlitz, Hans W.
Dethier, Vincent G.
Lindauer, Martin
Dowling, John E.
Miledi, Ricardo
Fischbach, Gerald D.
Neher, Erwin
Flexner, Louis B.
Reichardt, Werner
Furshpan, Edwin J.
Tomita, Tsuneo
Gajdusek, D. Carleton
Graybiel, Ann M.
Greengard, Paul
25-Botany-36 Members
Griffin, Donald R.
Hamburger, Viktor
Andrews, Henry N.
Hille, Bertil
Arnold, William A.
Hubel, David-H.
Banks, Harlan P.
Kandel, Eric R.
Beevers, Harry
Kennedy, Donald
Benson, Andrew A.
Kety, Seymour S.
Bjorkman, Olle
Konishi, Masakazu
Bogorad, Lawrence
Kravitz, Edward A.
Briggs, Winslow R.
Larrabee, Martin G.
Burris, R. H.
Levi-Montalcini, Rita
Conn, Eric E.
Llinas, R.
Dilcher, Davil L.
Marler, Peter
Epstein, Emanuel
Mountcastle, Vernon B.
Evans, Harold J.
Nauta, Walle J. Harinx
French, C. Stacy
Nottebohm, Fernando
Gibbs, Martin
Palay, Sanford L.
Grant, Verne E.
Pittendrigh, Colin S.
Heiser, Charles B., Jr.
Purpura, Dominick P.
Jagendorf, Andre T.
Purves, Dale
Kramer, Paul J.
Rakic, Pasko
Lang, Anton
Reese, Thomas S.
Mooney, Harold A.
Roberts, Eugene
Myers, Jack
Rose, Jerzy E.
Newcomb, Eldon H.
Rosenblith, Walter A.
Phinney, Bernard O.
Scharrer, Berta V.
Raven, Peter H.
Schmitt, Francis O.
Rollins, Reed C.
Sidman, Richard L.
Ryan, Clarence A., Jr.
Snyder, Solomon H.
Skoog, Folke
Sokoloff, Louis
Smith, Albert C.
Stent, Gunther S.
Starr, Richard C.
Stevens, Charles F.
Stumpf, P. K.
Wiesel, Torsten N.
Thimann, Kenneth V.
Woolsey, Clinton N.
Tolbert, N. Edward
Torrey, John G.
58
Varner, J. E.
Lindsley, Dan L.
Wagner, Warren H., Jr.
Luria, S. E.
Magasanik, Boris
McClintock, Barbara
Meselson, M. S.
Members Emeriti
Mintz, Beatrice
Neel, James V.
Clayton, Roderick K.
Owen, Ray D.
Esau, Katherine
Pardue, Mary-Lou
Srb, Adrian M.
Perkins, David D.
Went, F. W.
Preer, John R., Jr.
Ptashne, Mark
Foreign Associates
Rhoades, M. M.
Roth, John R.
Buenning, Erwin
Rubin, Gerald M.
Duysens, Louis N. M.
Russell, Elizabeth S.
Frey-Wyssling, A.
Russell, Liane B.
Gautheret, Roger
Russell, William L.
Heslop-Harrison, J.
Sager, Ruth
Hill, Robin
Setlow, Richard B.
Joliot, Pierre A.
Sherman, Fred
Melchers, Georg Friedrich
Simon, Melvin I.
Robertson, Sir Rutherford
Smithies, Oliver
Schell, Jozef Stefaan
Spradling, Allan C.
Slatyer, Ralph O.
Stahl, Franklin W.
Takhtajan, Armen
Taylor, J. Herbert
Van Montagu, Marc
Temin, Howard M.
von Wettstein, Diter
Watson, J. D.
Witkin, Evelyn M.
Wood, William B.
26-Genetics-60 Members
Yanofsky, Charles
Zinder, Norton D.
Adelberg, Edward A.
Anderson, Thomas F.
Members Emeriti
Beckwith, Jonathan
Benzer, Seymour
Doermann, August H.
Botstein, David
Hershey, A. D.
Campbell, Allan
Cohen, Stanley N.
Foreign Associates
Crow, James F.
Davis, Ronald W.
Arber, Werner
Englesberg, Ellis
Auerbach, Charlotte
Fink, Gerald R.
Bodmer, Sir Walter
Fox, Maurice
Brenner, Sydney
Garen, Alan
Catcheside, D. G.
Giles, Norman H.
Cavalli-Sforza, L. L.
Glass, H. Bentley
Dubinin, N. P.
Green, M. M.
Garcia-Bellido, A.
Hanawalt, Philip C.
Harris, Harry
Hartwell, Leland H.
Kimura, Motoo
Haskins, Caryl P.
Lyon, Mary F.
Helinski, Donald R.
Pontecorvo, G.
Herzenberg, Leonard A.
Starlinger, Peter
Horowitz, Norman H.
Tan, Jia-Zhen
Kaiser, A. D.
Lederberg, Joshua
Lerman, Leonard S.
Levinthal, Cyrus
Lewis, Edward B.
59
27-Population Biology, Evolution
Southwood, Sir Richard
and Ecology-41 Members
Alexander, Richard D.
31-Engineering-77 Members
Allard, R. W.
Anderson, Wyatt Wheaton
Benedict, Manson
Ayala, Francisco J.
Bird, R. Byron
Bartholomew, George A.
Bridges, William B.
Bormann, Frederick Herbert
Brooks, Norman H.
Carson, Hampton L.
Brown, Harold
Colbert, Edwin H.
Brown, Walter L.
Davis, Margaret Bryan
Bryson, Arthur E., Jr.
Diamond, Jared M.
Buchsbaum, S. J.
Edmondson, W. T.
Budiansky, Bernard
Ehrlich, Paul R.
Cho, Alfred Y.
Eisner, Thomas
Chodorow, Marvin
Evans, Howard E.
Clough, Ray W.
Fitch, Walter M.
Cutler, C. Chapin
Gould, Stephen Jay
Darlington, Sidney
Hasler, Arthur D.
David, E. E., Jr.
Hutchinson, G. Evelyn
Deere, Don U.
Leopold, Estella B.
Dresselhaus, Mildred S.
Likens, Gene E.
Elias, Peter
Margulis, Lynn
Emmons, Howard W.
Mayr, Ernst
Fano, Robert M.
Michener, Charles D.
Flanagan, James L.
Moore, John A.
Fowler, T. Kenneth
Odum, Eugene P.
Furth, Harold P.
Olson, Everett C.
Gibbons, James F.
Orians, Gordon H.
Gilruth, Robert R.
Paine, Robert T.
Ginzton, E. L.
Patrick, Ruth
Gould, Roy W.
Ripley, S. Dillon
Haensel, Vladimir
Sanders, Howard L.
Hannay, N. Bruce
Schoener, Thomas W.
Harris, Cyril M.
Selander, Robert K.
Harris, Stephen E.
Sibley, Charles G.
Haus, Hermann A.
Sokal, Robert R.
Hellwarth, Robert W.
Stebbins, G. Ledyard
Hewlett, William R.
Terborgh, John W.
Holonyak, Nick, Jr.
Valentine, James W.
Hottel, H. C.
Wallace, Bruce
Housner, George W.
West-Eberhard, Mary Jane
Ippen, Erich P.
Wilson, Edward O.
Johnson, Clarence L.
Jones, Robert T.
Member Emeritus
Licklider, J. C. R.
Mann, Robert W.
Cain, Stanley A.
Marble, Frank E.
Mathews, M. V.
Foreign Associates
McKay, Kenneth G.
Mead, Carver A.
Cousteau, Jacques-Yves
Moll, John L.
Harper, John L.
Nierenberg, William A.
Leakey, Mary D.
Noyce, Robert N.
Margalef, Ramon
Oliver, B. M.
Popper, Sir Karl
Panish, Morton B.
Reig, Osvaldo A.
Patel, C. Kumar N.
Rensch, Bernhard
Pederson, Donald O.
Smith, John Maynard
Pickering, W. H.
60
Pierce, J. R.
Hauptman, Herbert A.
Piore, E. R.
Hoeffding, Wassily
Puckett, Allen E.
Hoffman, Alan J.
Quate, C. F.
Howard, Louis N.
Ramo, Simon
Karlin, Samuel
Rasmussen, Norman C.
Karp, Richard M.
Ross, Ian M.
Keller, Joseph B.
Schairer, George S.
Kesten, Harry
Sears, William R.
Knuth, Donald E.
Shank, Charles V.
Kruskal, Martin
Shapiro, Ascher H.
Lehmann, Erich L.
Siegman, Anthony E.
Lin, Chia-Chiao
Stever, H. Guyford
McCarthy, John
Stratton, J. A.
Miles, John W.
Suits, C. G.
Mosteller, Frederick
Sutherland, Ivan E.
Rosenblatt, Murray
Tien, Ping King
Scott, Dana S.
Weber, Ernst
Shepp, Lawrence A.
Whinnery, John R.
Slepian, David
Wiesner, Jerome B.
Spitzer, Frank L.
Wooldridge, Dean E.
Tarjan, Robert E.
Thomas, L. H.
Members Emeriti
Thompson, Ken
Tukey, John W.
Greenewalt, Crawford H.
Winograd, Shmuel
Edgerton, Harold E.
Raymond, Arthur E.
Member Emeritus
Zinn, Walter H.
John, Fritz
Foreign Associates
Foreign Associates
Cottrell, Sir Alan
Esaki, Leo
Lighthill, Sir M. James
Hawthorne, W. R.
Longuet-Higgins, H. C.
Inose, Hiroshi
Mandelbrot, Benoit B.
Kaiser, Wolfgang
Rabin, Michael O.
Rosenblueth, Emilio
Wilkes, Maurice V.
33-Applied Physical Sciences-
56 Members
32-Applied Mathematical
Sciences-41 Members
Anderson, Philip W.
Balluffi, Robert W.
Anderson, Theodore W.
Bean, Charles P.
Backus, John
Bernstein, Ira B.
Bickel, Peter J.
Branscomb, Lewis M.
Blackwell, David H.
Brinkman, W. F
Carrier, George F.
Brooks, Harvey
Chernoff, Herman
Burstein, Elias
Cole, Julian D.
Cahn, John W.
Cook, Stephen A.
Cardona, Manuel
Dantzig, George B.
Case, Kenneth M.
Dynkin, Eugene B.
Chu, Paul C. W.
Efron, Bradley
Clogston, Albert M.
Gale, David
Cohen, Morrel H.
Goldstine, Herman H.
Cohen, Morris
Gomory, Ralph E.
Cormack, A. M.
Hansen, Morris H.
Dawson, John M.
Harris, Theodore E.
Dynes, Robert C.
61
Eastman, Dean E.
41-Medical Genetics, Hematology
Ehrlich, Gert
and Oncology-50 Members
Falicov, L. M.
Feigenbaum, Mitchell J.
Axel, Richard
Garabedian, Paul R.
Bearn, Alexander G.
Geballe, T. H.
Beutler, Ernest
Giaever, Ivar
Blumberg, Baruch S.
Gordon, James P.
Brinkhous, Kenneth M.
Griffiths, Robert B.
Brown, Michael S.
Hagstrum, Homer D.
Cantor, Charles R.
Hall, Robert N.
Cohn, Zanvil A.
Harris, Zellig S.
Cronkite, Eugene P.
Hulm, John K.
Evans, Ronald M.
Kantrowitz, Arthur
Gallo, Robert C.
Landauer, Rolf W.
Gartler, Stanley M.
Langer, James S.
Giblett, Eloise R.
Lax, Benjamin
Goldstein, Joseph L.
Lax, Melvin
Gross, Ludwik
Lebowitz, Joel L.
Huggins, Charles
Liepmann, Hans W.
Itano, Harvey A.
Macdonald, J. Ross
Jacobson, Leon O.
Maiman, Theordore H.
Kan, Yuet Wai
Minsky, Marvin L.
Klebanoff, Seymour J.
Mullins, William W.
Knudson, Alfred G. Jr.
Phillips, J. C.
Koprowski, Hilary
Prausnitz, John M.
Kornfeld, Stuart A.
Rice, James R.
Lilly, Frank
Rosenbluth, M. N.
Littlefield, John W.
Rudnick, Isadore
London, Irving M.
Schwartz, Jacob T.
Majerus, Phil
Shirane, Gen
Maniatis, Thomas
Shull, Clifford G.
Marchesi, Vincent T.
Stillinger, Frank H.
Marks, Paul A.
Thomas, Gareth
McKusick, Victor A.
Tsui, Daniel Chee
Miller, James A.
Turnbull, David
Motulsky, Arno G.
Watkins, George D.
Nowell, Peter C.
Weinberg, Alvin M.
Ohno, Susumu
Zener, Clarence
Ranney, Helen M.
Ratnoff, Oscar D.
Members Emeriti
Rosenberg, Leon E.
Rowley, Janet D.
Barrett, C. S.
Ruddle, Francis H.
Chalmers, Bruce
Scolnick, Edward M.
Duffin, R. J.
Sly, William S.
Smith, Cyril S.
Thomas, E. Donnall
Stoker, J. J.
Todaro, George Joseph
Valentine, William N.
Foreign Associates
Varmus, Harold
Weinberg, Robert A.
Aigrain, Pierre R.
Weintraub, Harold
Binnig, Gerd Karl
Weissman, Sherman M.
Casimir, H. B. G.
Wigler, Michael H.
de Gennes, Pierre-Gilles
Frank, Sir Charles
Members Emeriti
Jost, Res
Muller, K. Alex
Castle, W. B.
Penney, W. G.
Finch, Clement A.
Henle, Gertrude
62
Potter, Van R.
Foreign Associates
Foreign Associates
Jost, Alfred
Luft, Rolf
Gowans, Sir James
McMichael, Sir John
Klein, George
Mutt, Viktor
Metcalf, Donald
Sugimura, Takashi
Waldenstrom, Jan G.
43-Microbiology and
Weissmann, Charles
Immunology-57 Members
Amos, Bernard
42-Medical Physiology and
Austen, K. Frank
Metabolism-42 Members
Austrian, Robert
Baltimore, David
Ahrens, Edward H., Jr.
Beeson, Paul B.
Aurbach, Gerald D.
Benacerraf, Baruj
Benditt, Earl P.
Bloom, Barry R.
Berliner, Robert W.
Boyse, Edward A.
Braunwald, Eugene
Chanock, Robert M.
Clements, John A.
Chase, Merrill W.
Conn, Jerome W.
Choppin, Purnell W.
Daughaday, William H.
Cooper, Max D.
Davis, James Othello
Dixon, Frank J.
Dole, Vincent P.
Duesberg, Peter H.
Fredrickson, Donald S.
Eisen, Herman N.
Gottschalk, Carl W.
Falkow, Stanley
Guillemin, Roger
Fields, Bernard N.
Havel, Richard J.
Ginsberg, Harold S.
Hertz, Roy
Goebel, Walther F.
Hitchings, George H.
Good, Robert A.
Isselbacher, Kurt J.
Gotschlich, Emil C.
Jensen, Elwood V.
Heidelberger, Michael
Kipnis, David M.
Hilleman, Maurice R.
Lacy, Paul E.
Hood, Leroy
Leaf, Alexander
Horstmann, Dorothy M.
Lefkowitz, Robert J.
Joklik, W. K.
Lerner, Aaron B.
Kappler, John W.
Levine, Rachmiel
Kilbourne, Edwin D.
Liddle, Grant W.
Koshland, Marian E.
Lieberman, Seymour
Krause, Richard M.
Moore, Francis D.
Krugman, Saul
Page, Irvine H.
Lawrence, H. Sherwood
Pastan, Ira
Marrack, Philippa
Rall, J. Edward
McCarty, Maclyn
Rodbell, Martin
McDevitt, Hugh O'N.
Schally, Andrew V.
Moss, Bernard
Schmid, Rudi
Muller-Eberhard, Hans J.
Seegmiller, J. Edwin
Nathenson, Stanley G.
Steinberg, Daniel
Nisonoff, Alfred
Stetten, DeWitt, Jr.
Old, Lloyd J.
Unger, Roger H.
Paul, William E.
Vaughan, Martha
Potter, Michael
Wilson, Jean D.
Purcell, Robert H.
Wyngaarden, James B.
Putnam, Frank W.
Yalow, Rosalyn S.
Robbins, Frederick C.
Zilversmit, Donald B.
Roizman, Bernard
Scharff, Matthew D.
Shreffler, Donald C.
63
Talmage, David W.
Howells, W. W.
Tamm, Igor
Hulse, Frederick S.
Thomas, Lewis
Jennings, Jesse D.
Uhr, Jonathan W.
Lounsbury, Floyd G.
Unanue, Emil R.
MacNeish, Richard S.
Vogt, Peter K.
Oliver, Douglas
Waldmann, Thomas
Partee, Barbara H.
Weller, Thomas
Pike, Kenneth L.
Weissman, Irving L.
Pospisil, Leopold J.
Roberts, John M.
Members Emeriti
Rouse, Irving
Sanders, William T.
Hirst, George K.
Simons, Elwyn L.
Huebner, Robert J.
Skinner, G. William
Sabin, Albert B.
Spiro, Melford E.
Snell, George D.
Stewart, T. D.
Thomas, David H.
Foreign Associates
Vogt, Evon Zartman, Jr.
Wallace, Anthony F. C.
Dausset, Jean
Watson, Patty Jo
Fenner, Frank
Wedel, Waldo R.
Gear, James H. S.
Wendorf, Fred
Hanafusa, Hidesaburo
Whiting, John W. M.
Ishizaka, Kimishige
Willey, Gordon R.
Jerne, Niels Kaj
Lwoff, Andre
Members Emeriti
Miller, Jacques F. A. P.
Nossal, Sir Gustav J. V.
Braidwood, Robert J.
Hockett, Charles F.
Shapiro, Harry L.
51-Anthropology-51 Members
Spoehr, Alexander
Washburn, Sherwood L.
Adams, Robert McCormick
Baker, Paul T.
Foreign Associates
Berlin, Overton Brent
Buikstra, Jane E.
Bernal, Ignacio
Chang, Kwang-chih
Clark, J. Desmond
Chomsky, Noam
Clark, J. G. D.
Coe, Michael D.
Levi-Strauss, Claude
Colson, Elizabeth F.
Reichel-Dolmatoff, Gerard
Conklin, Harold C.
Tobias, Phillip V.
de Laguna, Frederica
Yen, D. E.
Eggan, Fred
Flannery, Kent V.
Foster, George M., Jr.
52-Psychology-59 Members
Frake, Charles O.
Garn, Stanley M.
Atkinson, Richard C.
Geertz, Clifford
Bizzi, Emilio
Goodenough, Ward H.
Bower, Gordon H.
Green, R. C.
Boynton, Robert M.
Greenberg, Joseph H.
Brown, Roger
Griffin, James B.
Cronbach, Lee J.
Haas, Mary R.
De Valois, Russell L.
Halle, Morris
Diamond, Irving T.
Hammel, E. A.
Estes, William K.
Haury, Emil W.
Galambos, Robert
Hoenigswald, Henry A.
Garner, Wendell R.
Hole, Frank
Gibson, Eleanor Jack
Howell, F. Clark
Graham, Frances K.
64
Green, David M.
Sokolov, Eugene Nikolaiev
Held, Richard M.
Tulving, Endel
Hilgard, E. R.
Tversky, Amos
Hirsh, Ira J.
Hochberg, Julian
Hurvich, Leo M.
53-Social and Political
Jameson, Dorothea
Sciences-44 Members
Julesz, Bela
Kelley, Harold H.
Almond, Gabriel A.
Lacey, John I.
Axelrod, Robert
Liberman, Alvin M.
Aydelotte, William O.
Lindsley, Donald B.
Berry, Brian J. L.
Lindzey, Gardner
Blalock, Hubert M., Jr.
Luce, R. Duncan
Blau, Peter M.
McGaugh, James L.
Bogue, Allan G.
Meehl, Paul E.
Borchert, John R.
Miller, George A.
Boulding, Kenneth E.
Miller, Neal E.
Campbell, Donald T.
Mishkin, Mortimer
Coale, Ansley J.
Nachmias, Jacob
Coleman, James S.
Neff, William D.
Converse, Philip E.
Neisser, Ulric
Dahl, Robert A.
Newell, Allen
Davis, Kingsley
Pfaffmann, Carl
Deutsch, Karl W.
Posner, Michael I.
Fenno, Richard F., Jr.
Postman, Leo J.
Ferejohn, John A.
Rescorla, Robert A.
Freedman, Ronald
Riggs, Lorrin A.
Goodman, Leo A.
Rosenzweig, Mark R.
Hauser, Philip M.
Schachter, Stanley
Hauser, Robert M.
Shepard, Roger N.
Hirschman, Albert O.
Skinner, B. F.
Inkeles, Alex
Solomon, Richard L.
Isard, Walter
Sperling, George
Kates, Robert W.
Sperry, Roger W.
Keyfitz, Nathan
Sprague, James M.
Kuhn, Thomas S.
Stellar, Eliot
Lipset, S. M.
Sternberg, Saul
March, James G.
Suppes, Patrick
Menken, Jane A.
Teitelbaum, Philip
Merton, Robert K.
Thompson, Richard F.
Preston, Samuel H.
Underwood, Benton J.
Riker, William H.
Wallach, Hans
Sewell, William H.
Weiskrantz, Lawrence
Simon, Herbert A.
Wurtz, Robert H.
Tilly, Charles
Tobler, Waldo R.
Members Emeritus
Verba, Sidney
White, Gilbert F.
Garcia, John
White, Harrison C.
Wever, E. G.
Williams, Robin M., Jr.
Ratliff, Floyd
Wolman, M. Gordon
Wolpert, Julian
Foreign Associates
Members Emeriti
Broadbent, Donald E.
Fraisse, Paul
Duncan, Otis Dudley
Frankenhaeuser, Marianne
Osgood, Charles E.
Hinde, Robert A.
Quine, Willard V.
Milner, Brenda
65
Foreign Associates
61-Applied Biological Sciences-
20 Members
Brass, W.
Dahrendorf, Ralf
Arntzen, Charles J.
Eisenstadt, Shmuel Noah
Bachrach, Howard L.
Needham, Joseph
Bauman, Dale E.
Tinbergen, J.
Brill, Winston J.
Bryant, Marvin P.
Cowling, Ellis B.
54-Economic Sciences-
Craig, George Brownlee, J
39 Members
Darby, William J.
Davis, George K.
Arrow, Kenneth J.
Halver, John E.
Aumann, Robert J.
Hegsted, D. M.
Baumol, William J.
Holman, Ralph T.
Becker, Gary S.
Kirk, T. Kent
Bergson, Abram
Mertz, Edwin T.
Debreu, Gerard
Munro, H. N.
Denison, Edward F.
Schultes, Richard Evans
Diamond, Peter Arthur
Scrimshaw, Nevin S.
Fogel, Robert William
Wasserman, Robert H.
Friedman, Milton
Wogan, Gerald N.
Goldberger, Arthur S.
Griliches, Zvi
Foreign Associates
Harberger, Arnold C.
Houthakker, Hendrik S.
Bressani, Ricardo
Hurwicz, Leonid
Farkas, Tibor
Jorgenson, Dale W.
Ramalingaswami, Vulimiri
Klein, Lawrence R.
Landes, David S.
Leontief, Wassily
62-Agricultural Sciences-
Lucas, Robert E., Jr.
42 Members
McFadden, Daniel L.
McKenzie, Lionel W.
Adkisson, Perry L.
Modigliani, Franco
Axtell, John D.
Morgan, James N.
Barber, Stanley A.
Musgrave, Richard A.
Beck, Stanley D.
Nerlove, Marc
Borlaug, Norman E.
Phelps, Edmund S.
Brakke, Myron K.
Radner, Roy
Bremner, John M.
Samuelson, Paul A.
Brown, William L.
Sargent, Thomas J.
Bukovac, Martin J.
Scarf, Herbert E.
Burton, Glenn W.
Schelling, Thomas C.
Chilton, Mary-Dell
Schultz, Theodore W.
Cockerham, C. Clark
Shapley, Lloyd S.
Daly, J. M.
Sims, Christopher A.
Diener, Theodor O.
Solow, Robert M.
First, Neal L.
Stigler, George J.
Gardner, Wilford R.
Stiglitz, Joseph E.
Goodman, Major M.
Tobin, James
Hallauer, Arnold R.
Harlan, Jack R.
Foreign Associates
Horsfall, James G.
Huffaker, Carl B.
Boserup, Ester
Jackson, Marion L.
Hahn, Frank H.
Kelman, Arthur
Malinvaud, Edmond
Levings, C. S. III
Meade, James
Markert, Clement L.
Metcalf, Robert L.
66
Nelson, Oliver E., Jr.
Ogren, William L.
Peloquin, S. J.
Rick, Charles M.
Roelofs, Wendell L.
Salisbury, G. W.
Sears, Ernest R.
Sequeira, Luis
Shepherd, Robert J.
Smith, Ray F.
Sprague, G. F.
Tanner, Champ B.
Wadleigh, Cecil H.
Waggoner, Paul E.
Walker, J. C.
Zentmyer, George A.
Members Emeriti
Knipling, E. F.
Foreign Associates
Frankel, Sir Otto H.
Glen, Robert
Khush, Gurdev S.
Riley, Sir Ralph
Swaminathan, M. S.
Waterhouse, Douglas F.
67
X
GEOGRAPHICAL LISTING OF ACADEMY MEMBERS
Alabama-1 Member
Ballou, Clinton
Barker, H. A.
Cooper, Max D.
Bartholomew, George A.
Beauchamp, Jesse L.
Beevers, Harry
Arizona-16 Members
Benson, Andrew A.
Benson, Sidney W.
Arnette, David
Benzer, Seymour
Boyse, Edward A.
Berg, Paul
Carter, H. E.
Bergman, Robert G.
Colbert, Edwin H.
Berlin, Overton Brent
Haury, Emil W.
Bern, Howard A.
Hunten, Donald M.
Bernstein, Richard B.
Kieffer, Susan W.
Beutler, Ernest
Lamb, Willis E., Jr.
Bickel, Peter J.
Lorente de No, R.
Bishop, J. Michael
Low, Frank J.
Bjorkman, Olle
Lynds, Roger
Blackwell, David H.
Mayall, N. U.
Bleakney, Walker
Sears, William R.
Bloom, Floyd E.
Shoemaker, Eugene M.
Boehm, Felix
Walker, J. C.
Bonner, James F.
Wyckoff, Ralph W. G.
Botstein, David
Boudart, Michel
Bower, Gordon H.
California-430 Members
Boyer, Herbert W.
Boyer, P. D.
Abelson, John
Boynton, Robert M.
Agnew, Harold M.
Brauman, John I.
Ahlers, Guenter
Brewer, Leo
Aki, Keiiti
Brewer, Richard G.
Alberts, Bruce M.
Bridges, William B.
Alder, Berni J.
Briggs, Winslow R.
Allard, R. W.
Britten, Roy J.
Allen, Clarence R.
Brooks, Norman H.
Aller, Lawrence H.
Brueckner, Keith A.
Almond, Gabriel A.
Bruice, Thomas C.
Ames, Bruce N.
Bryson, Arthur E., Jr.
Anderson, Carl D.
Bullock, Theodore H.
Anderson, Charles A.
Burbidge, E. Margaret
Anderson, Don L.
Byers, Horace R.
Anderson, Kinsey A.
Cain, Stanley
Anderson, Theodore W.
Calvin, Melvin
Anson, Fred C.
Campbell, Allan
Arnold, James R.
Carbon, John A.
Arnon, Daniel I.
Chamberlain, Owen
Arrow, Kenneth J.
Chamberlin, Michael J.
Atkinson, Richard C.
Chapman, Orville L.
Attardi, Giuseppe M.
Chern, Shiing-shen
Ayala, Francisco J.
Chew, Geoffrey F.
Babcock, Horace W.
Chodorow, Marvin
Bacher, Robert F.
Christy, Robert F.
Backus, George E.
Church, Alonzo
Backus, John
Clements, John A.
Baldeschwieler, John D.
Cloud, Preston
Baldwin, Robert L.
Clough, Ray W.
69
Cohen, Marshall H.
Foster, George M., Jr.
Cohen, Marvin L.
Fowler, William A.
Cohen, Paul J.
Fowler, T. Kenneth
Cohen, Stanley N.
Fraenkel-Conrat, Heinz
Coleman, Robert G.
Frake, Charles O.
Collman, James P.
Freedman, Michael Hartley
Colson, Elizabeth F.
French, C. Stacy
Commins, Eugene D.
Friedkin, Morris Enton
Conn, Eric E.
Friedman, Milton
Connick, Robert E.
Frieman, Edward A.
Converse, Philip E.
Galambos, Robert
Cozzarelli, Nicholas R.
Gale, David
Craig, Harmon
Garcia, John
Cram, Donald J.
Gardner, Wilford R.
Creutz, E.
Geballe, T. H.
Cronbach, Lee J.
Geiduschek, E. Peter
Crowell, John C.
Gell-Mann, Murray
Cutler, C. Chapin
Gibbons, James F.
Dantzig, George B.
Gilbert, Freeman
Dashen, Roger
Ginzton, E. L.
Dauben, William G.
Glaser, Donald A.
Davidson, Eric H.
Goddard, William A. III
Davidson, Norman
Goldberg, Edward D.
Davis, Kingsley
Goldhaber, Gerson
Davis, Ronald W.
Goldreich, Peter
Davis, Russ E.
Goldstein, Avram
Dawson, John M.
Goodman, Leo A.
Debreu, Gerard
Gould, Roy W.
Dervan, Peter B.
Gray, Harry B.
De Valois, Russell L.
Green, M. M.
Diamond, Jared M.
Greenberg, Joseph H.
Dickerson, Richard E.
Greenstein, Jesse L.
Dixon, Frank J.
Grobstein, Clifford
Djerassi, Carl
Grubbs, Robert H.
Doell, Richard R.
Guillemin, Roger
Doolittle, Russell F.
Haas, Mary R.
Drake, Frank D.
Hahn, E. L.
Drell, Sidney D.
Hammel, E. A.
DuBridge, L. A.
Hammes, Gordon G.
Duesberg, Peter H.
Hanawalt, Phillip C.
Dulbecco, Renato
Harberger, Arnold C.
Duncan, Otis Dudley
Harris, Stephen E.
Efron, Bradley
Harris, Theodore E.
Ehrlich, Paul R.
Havel, Richard J.
Eisenberg, David
Hawthorne, M. Frederick
El-Sayed, Mostafa A.
Helinski, Donald R.
Engel, Albert E.
Helliwell, R. A.
Englesberg, Ellis
Hellwarth, Robert W.
Epstein, Emanuel
Herring, W. Conyers
Epstein, Samuel
Herskowitz, Ira
Ernst, W. G.
Herzenberg, Leonard A.
Esau, Katherine
Hewlett, William R.
Evans, Ronald M.
Hilgard, E. R.
Faber, Sandra Moore
Hill, Terrell L.
Falicov, L. M.
Hirst, George K.
Falkow, Stanley
Hochschild, Gerhard P.
Feher, George
Hofstadter, R.
Ferejohn, John A.
Hogness, David S.
Fitch, Walter M.
Holley, Robert W.
70
Hood, Leroy
Maiman, Theodore H.
Hopfield, John J.
Marble, Frank E.
Horowitz, Norman H.
March, James G.
Housner, George W.
Marcus, R. A.
Howell, F. Clark
Mathews, M. V.
Huffaker, Carl Barton
Mazia, Daniel
Hulse, Frederick S.
McCarthy, John
Inkeles, Alex
McConnell, Harden M.
Itano, Harvey A.
McDevitt, Hugh O'N.
Jeffries, Carson D.
McElroy, W. D.
Johnson, Clarence L.
McGaugh, James L.
Johnson, William S.
McMillan, Edwin M.
Johnston, Harold S.
Mead, Carver A.
Jones, Robert T.
Miles, John W.
Kaiser, A. D.
Miller, Stanley L.
Kamen, Martin D.
Miller, William H.
Kan, Yuet Wai
Moll, John L.
Kaplan, Joseph
Mooney, Harold A.
Kaplansky, Irving
Moore, C. Bradley
Karlin, Samuel
Moore, John A.
Karp, Richard M.
Morales, Manuel F.
Kaula, William M.
Munk, Walter H.
Keller, Joseph B.
Musgrave, Richard Abel
Kelley, Harold H.
Namias, Jerome
Kennedy, Donald
Neufeld, Elizabeth F.
King, Ivan R.
Neugebauer, Gerry
Kirschner, Marc W.
Nierenberg, William A.
Kittel, C.
Nomura, Masayasu
Knight, Walter D.
Ohno, Susumu
Knopoff, Leon
Olah, George A.
Knuth, Donald E.
Oliver, B. M.
Kohn, Walter
Olson, Everett C.
Konishi, Masakazu
Ornstein, Donald S.
Kornberg, Arthur
Osheroff, Douglas D.
Koshland, Daniel E., Jr.
Osterbrock, Donald E.
Koshland, Marian E.
Owen, Ray D.
Kraft, Robert P.
Pake, George E.
Krauskopf, Konrad B.
Panofsky, W. K. H.
Kraut, Joseph
Patterson, Clair C.
Kroll, Norman M.
Pauling, Linus
Lachenbruch, Arthur H.
Pearson, Ralph G.
Langer, James S.
Pederson, Donald O.
Lee, Yuan T.
Perkins, David D.
Lehman, I. Robert
Perl, Martin L.
Lehmann, Erich L.
Perlman, I.
Leighton, R. B.
Phinney, Bernard O.
Leopold, Luna B.
Pickering, W. H.
Levine, Rachmiel
Pierce, J. R.
Lewis, Edward B.
Pines, Alexander
Liepmann, Hans W.
Pitzer, K. S.
Lindsley, Dan L.
Postman, Leo J.
Lindsley, Donald B.
Prausnitz, John M.
Lindzey, Gardner
Preston, George W.
Lipset, S. M.
Price, P. Buford, Jr.
Long, Franklin
Puckett, Allen E.
Lovering, Thomas S.
Quate, C. F.
Lowenstam, Heinz A.
Rabinowitz, Jesse C.
Luce, R. Duncan
Ramo, Simon
Magoun, H. W.
Ranney, Helen M.
71
Raymond, Arthur E.
Steinberg, Robert
Reines, Frederick
Stent, Gunther S.
Reiss, Howard
Stiglitz, Joseph
Rentzepis, Peter M.
Stoeckenius, Walther
Revelle, Roger
Stone, Edward C.
Reynolds, John H.
Streitwieser, Andrew, Jr.
Richards, Paul L.
Stryer, Lubert
Richter, Burton
Stumpf, P. K.
Rick, Charles M.
Suess, Hans E.
Roberts, Eugene
Suhl, Harry
Roberts, John D.
Suppes, Patrick
Rosenblatt, Murray
Taube, Henry
Rosenbluth, M. N.
Taylor, Hugh P., Jr.
Rosenzweig, Mark R.
Teller, Edward
Ross, John
Thimann, Kenneth V.
Rowland, F. Sherwood
Thomas, Gareth
Rubin, Gerald M.
Thompson, Richard F.
Rubin, Harry
Thorne, Kip S.
Rudnick, Isadore
Tilton, George R.
Rutter, William J.
Tinoco, Ignacio, Jr.
Sargent, Thomas J.
Tobler, Waldo R.
Sawyer, Charles H.
Townes, Charles H.
Schachman, Howard K.
Trilling, George H.
Schawlow, Arthur L.
Trost, Barry M.
Schiffer, M. M.
Valentine, James W.
Schimke, Robert T.
Valentine, William N.
Schmid, Rudi
van Tamelen, Eugene E.
Schoener, Thomas W.
Varmus, Harold E.
Schrieffer, J. Robert
Verhoogen, John
Schwartz, Melvin
Villard, Oswald G., Jr.
Schwinger, Julian
Vogt, Peter K.
Seaborg, Glenn T.
Wall, Frederick T.
Seegmiller, J. Edwin
Washburn, Sherwood L.
Shank, Charles V.
Wasserburg, G. J.
Shapley, Lloyd S.
Watson, Kenneth M.
Sharp, Robert P.
Weissman, Irving L.
Shepard, Roger N.
Weymann, Ray J.
Shirley, David A.
Whinnery, John R.
Shu, Frank H.
White, Donald E.
Shull, Harrison
Whitford, A. E.
Sibley, Charles G.
Williams, Robley C.
Siegman, Anthony E.
Wilson, Olin C.
Silver, Leon Theodore
Wooldridge, Dean E.
Simon, Melvin I.
Yanofsky, Charles
Singer, S. J.
Zare, Richard N.
Sinsheimer, Robert Louis
Zentmyer, George A.
Skinner, G. William
Zewail, Ahmed H
Smale, Stephen
Zimm, Bruno H.
Smith, Emil L.
Zumino, Bruno
Smith, Ray F.
Solovay, Robert
Somero, George N.
Colorado-19 Members
Somorjai, G. A.
Sperry, Roger W.
Barrett, C.S.
Spinrad, Hyron
Boulding, Kenneth E.
Spiro, Melford E.
Cech, Thomas R.
Stebbins, G. Ledyard
Cristol, Stanley J.
Stein, Charles M.
Dickinson, Robert E.
Steinberg, Daniel
Evans, Howard E.
72
Fixman, Marshall
Rodgers, John
Hall, John L.
Rosenberg, Leon E.
Hamilton, Warren B.
Rouse, Irving
Kappler, John W.
Ruddle, Francis H.
Lineberger, W. Carl
Sandweiss, Jack
Marrack, Philippa
Scarf, Herbert E.
McCray, Richard A.
Shulman, Robert G.
Prescott, David Marshall
Steitz, Joan A.
Puck, Theodore T.
Stevens, Charles F.
Spencer, D. C.
Sturtevant, Julian M.
Talmage, David W.
Tobin, James
White, Gilbert F.
Turekian, Karl K.
Wood, William B.
Waggoner, Paul E.
Wasserman, Harry H.
Weissman, Sherman M.
Connecticut-58 Members
Wiberg, Kenneth B.
Adair, Robert K.
Adelberg, Edward A.
Delaware-5 Members
Berliner, Robert W.
Berner, Robert A.
Graham, Frances K.
Bernstein, Ira B.
Greenewalt, Crawford H.
Berson, Jerome A.
Ness, Norman F.
Bormann, Frederick H.
Parshall, George W.
Coe, Michael D.
Simmons, H. E.
Cohen, Melvin J.
Conklin, Harold C.
Crothers, Donald M.
Dist. of Columbia-23 Members
Dahl, Robert A.
Danishefsky, Samuel J.
Abelson, Philip H.
Farquhar, Marilyn Gist
Adams, Robert McCormick
Feit, Walter
Boyd, F. R., Jr.
Fruton, Joseph S.
Brown, Harold
Garen, Alan
Costa, Erminio
Garner, Wendell R.
Denison, Edward F.
Giebisch, Gerhard
Friedman, Herbert
Goebel, Walther F.
Griffin, James B.
Hoffman, Joseph F.
Haskins, Caryl P.
Hole, Frank
Karle, Isabella L.
Horsfall, James G.
Karle, Jerome
Horstmann, Dorothy M.
Nolan, Thomas B.
Hughes, Vernon W.
Press, Frank
Hutchinson, G. Evelyn
Ripley, S. Dillon
Jacobson, Nathan
Rubin, Vera C.
Klein, Martin J.
Sabin, Albert B.
Lang, Serge
Singer, Maxine F.
Lerner, Aaron B.
Stever, H. Guyford
Liberman, Alvin M.
Stewart, T. D.
Lounsbury, Floyd G.
Tousey, Richard
Malone, Thomas F.
Wedel, Waldo R.
Marchesi, Vincent T.
Wetherill, George W.
Miller, Neal E.
Yoder, Hatten S., Jr.
Mostow, G. D.
O'Brien, Brian
Osborn, M. J.
Florida-12 Members
Palade, George E.
Pospisil, Leopold J.
Beidler, Lloyd M.
Rakic, Pasko
Conn, Jerome W.
Richards, Frederic M.
Davis, George K.
73
Deere, Don U.
Frauenfelder, Hans
Good, Robert A.
Fried, Josef
Green, David M.
Fultz, Dave
Howard, Louis N.
Gomer, Robert
Kasha, Michael
Gunsalus, Irwin C.
Rossini, Frederick D.
Gutowsky, H. S.
Taylor, J. Herbert
Halpern, Jack
Teitelbaum, Philip
Hauser, Philip M.
Zinn, Walter H.
Holonyak, Nick, Jr.
Huggins, Charles
Hutchison, Clyde A.
Georgia-5 Members
Ibers, James A.
Jacobson, Leon O.
Anderson, Wyatt W.
Jensen, Elwood V.
Burton, Glenn W.
Jonas, Jiri
Giles, Norman H.
Kadanoff, Leo P.
Neisser, Ulric
Katz, Joseph J.
Odum, Eugene P.
Klotz, Irving M.
Lauterbur, Paul C.
Lederman, Leon M.
Hawaii-6 Members
Leonard, Nelson J.
Letsinger, Robert L.
Baker, Paul T.
Levy, Donald H.
Carson, Hampton L.
Lorand, Laszlo
Herbig, George H.
Lucas, Robert E., Jr.
Oliver, Douglas
Mac Lane, Saunders
Smith, Albert C.
Margoliash, Emanuel
Spoehr, Alexander
Metcalf, Robert L.
Meyer, Peter
Mihalas, Dimitri
Idaho-1 Member
Moscona, Aron A.
Nambu, Yoichiro
Sarett, Lewis H.
Ogren, William L.
Osgood, Charles E.
Parker, Eugene N.
Illinois-82 Members
Pines, David
Prosser, C. Ladd
Anders, Edward
Raup, David M.
Bardeen, John
Rice, Stuart A.
Basolo, Fred
Roizman, Bernard
Baym, Gordon A.
Rowley, Janet D.
Becker, Gary S.
Sachs, Robert G.
Berry, R. Stephen
Salisbury, G. W.
Bjorken, James D.
Schiffer, John P.
Bloch, Herman S.
Schramm, David N.
Bryant, Marvin P.
Schultz, Theodore W.
Buikstra, Jane E.
Simpson, John A.
Calderon, Alberto P.
Slichter, Charles P.
Chandrasekhar, S.
Smith, Joseph V.
Closs, Gerhard L.
Sprague, G. F.
Coleman, James S.
Steiner, Donald F.
Crewe, Albert V.
Stigler, George J.
Cronin, James W.
Swan, Richard G.
Curtin, David Y.
Swift, Hewson
Doob, J. L.
Turkevich, Anthony L.
Drickamer, Harry G.
Underwood, Benton J.
Ehrlich, Gert
Weber, Gregorio
Fano, Ugo
Woese, Carl R.
Fogel, Robert W.
Wolfe, Ralph S.
74
1 è
Zygmund, Antoni
Axelrod, Julius
Bodian, David
Indiana-17 Members
Brady, Roscoe O.
Brown, Donald D.
Axtell, John D.
Cahn, John W.
Barber, Stanley A.
Cantoni, Giulio L.
Braidwood, Robert J.
Chanock, Robert M.
Brown, Herbert C.
Choppin, Purnell W.
Craig, George Brownlee, Jr.
Davies, David R.
Davidson, Ernest R.
Dawid, Igor B.
Dilcher, Davil L.
Diener, Theodor O.
Heiser, Charles B., Jr.
Ebert, James D.
Mertz, Edwin T.
Elsasser, Walter M.
Neff, William D.
Felsenfeld, Gary
Overhauser, Albert W.
Fredrickson, Donald S.
Preer, John R., Jr.
Gajdusek, D. Carleton
Putnam, Frank W.
Gall, Joseph G.
Rhoades, M. M.
Gallo, Robert C.
Rossmann, Michael G.
Gellert, Martin
San Pietro, Anthony
Giacconi, Riccardo
Umbarger, H. Edwin
Griffin, James B.
Hagins, W. A.
Hansen, Morris H.
Iowa-5 Members
Harrington, William F.
Hertz, Roy
Aydelotte, William O.
Huebner, Robert J.
Bremner, John M.
Kaufman, Seymour
Brown, William L.
Kety, Seymour S.
Hallauer, Arnel R.
Knipling, Edward F.
Van Allen, James A.
Krause, Richard
Lane, M. Daniel
Larrabee, Martin G.
Kansas-1 Member
Littlefield, John W.
McDonald, Frank
Michener, Charles D.
McKusick, Victor A.
Mishkin, Mortimer
Moss, Bernard
Kentucky-1 Member
Mountcastle, Vernon B.
Nathans, Daniel
Shepherd, Robert J.
Nirenberg, Marshall W.
Pastan, Ira
Paul, William E.
Louisiana-2 Members
Pettijohn, F. J.
Potter, Michael
Harlan, Jack R.
Purcell, Robert H.
Schally, Andrew V.
Rall, J. Edward
Reese, Thomas
Roseman, Saul
Maine-2 Members
Smith, Hamilton O.
Snyder, Solomon H.
Russell, Elizabeth S.
Sokoloff, Louis
Snell, George D.
Spradling, Allan C.
Stadtman, E. R.
Stadtman, Thressa C.
Maryland-68 Members
Stetten, DeWitt, Jr.
Tabor, Herbert
Anfinsen, C. B.
Talalay, Paul
Ashwell, G. Gilbert
Temkin, Owsei
Aurbach, Gerald D.
Vaughan, Martha
75
Wadleigh, Cecil H.
Corey, E. J.
Waldmann, Thomas
Cormack, A. M.
Witkop, Bernhard
Davis, Bernard D.
Wolman, M. Gordon
Dethier, Vincent G.
Wurtz, Robert H.
Deutsch, Karl W.
Wyngaarden, James B.
Deutsch, Martin
Zwanzig, Robert
Diamond, Peter Arthur
Doering, William
Doty, Paul
Massachusetts-243 Members
Dowling, John E.
Dresselhaus, Mildred S.
Abeles, Robert H.
Edgerton, Harold E.
Ahlfors, Lars V.
Edsall, John T.
Alberty, Robert A.
Eisen, Herman N.
Artin, Michael
Elias, Peter
Austen, K. Frank
Emery, K. O.
Bainbridge, Kenneth T.
Emmons, Howard W.
Baker, James G.
Erikson, R. L.
Balluffi, Robert W.
Estes, William K.
Baltimore, David
Evans, David A.
Bartlett, Paul D.
Fano, Robert M.
Beckwith, Jonathan
Feshbach, Herman
Benacerraf, Baruj
Field, George B.
Benedek, George B.
Fields, Bernard N.
Benedict, Manson
Fink, Gerald R.
Berg, Howard C.
Fox, Maurice S.
Berggren, William A.
Furshpan, Edwin J.
Bergson, Abram
Gibbs, Martin
Berko, Stephan
Gilbert, Walter
Birch, A. Francis
Glashow, Sheldon Lee
Birkhoff, Garrett
Glauber, Roy J.
Bizzi, Emilio
Gleason, Andrew M.
Bloch, Konrad E.
Goody, Richard M.
Bloembergen, Nicolaas
Gordon, Roy
Blout, Elkan R.
Gould, Stephen Jay
Bogorad, Lawrence
Graybiel, Ann M.
Bott, Raoul
Green, Howard
Brace, W. F.
Griliches, Zvi
Branscomb, Lewis M.
Gross, Jerome
Branton, Daniel
Grunwald, Ernest
Braunwald, Eugene
Guillemin, Victor W.
Brooks, Harvey
Guth, Alan H.
Brown, Roger
Haensel, Vladimir
Buchanan, John M.
Halle, Morris
Buchi, George H.
Halperin, Bertrand I.
Budiansky, Bernard
Hart, Stanley R.
Burchfiel, B. Clark
Haus, Hermann A.
Burke, Bernard F.
Hay, Elizabeth D.
Cameron, A. G. W.
Hegsted, D. M.
Carrier, George F.
Held, Richard M.
Castle, W. B.
Herschbach, Dudley
Chalmers, Bruce
Holland, H. D.
Chang, Kwang-chih
Holm, Richard H.
Chernoff, Herman
Hornig, Donald F.
Chomsky, Noam
Hotchkiss, Rollin D.
Clark, George W.
Hottel, H. C.
Cohen, Morris
Houthakker, Hendrik S.
Cohen, Seymour S.
Howells, W. W.
Coleman, Sidney
Hubel, David H.
76
Ippen, Erich P.
Partee, Barbara H.
Isselbacher, Kurt J.
Pedlosky, Joseph
Javan, Ali
Penman, Sheldon
Jencks, William P.
Pettengill, Gordon
Jorgenson, Dale W.
Pound, Robert V.
Kafatos, Fotis C.
Ptashne, Mark
Kalckar, Herman M.
Purcell, E. M.
Karplus, Martin
Quine, Willard V.
Kennedy, Eugene P.
Ramsey, Norman F.
Khorana, H. Gobind
Rasmussen, Norman C.
Klemperer, William
Redfield, Alfred G.
Kleppner, Daniel
Rice, James R.
Kostant, Bertram
Rich, Alexander
Kravitz, Edward A.
Richardson, Charles C.
Kuhn, Thomas S.
Robbins, Phillips W.
Land, Edwin H.
Roedder, Edwin W.
Landes, David S.
Rollins, Reed C.
Lax, Benjamin
Rosenblith, Walter A.
Leaf, Alexander
Rossi, Bruno B.
Leder, Philip
Rota, Gian-Carlo
Lerman, Leonard S.
Sager, Ruth
Licklider, J. C.R.
Samuelson, Paul A.
Lin, Chia-Chiao
Sanders, Howard L.
Lindzen, Richard S.
Schelling, Thomas Crombie
Lippard, Stephen J.
Schmitt, Francis O.
Lipscomb, William N.
Schultes, Richard Evans
Lodish, Harvey F.
Scrimshaw, Nevin
London, Irving M.
Segal, I. E.
Lorenz, Edward N.
Shannon, Claude E.
Low, Francis E.
Shapiro, Ascher H.
Luria, S. E.
Shapiro, Irwin I.
Mackey, George W.
Sharp, Phillip A.
MacNeish, Richard S.
Sharpless, K. Barry
Magasanik, Boris
Sheehan, John C.
Malkus, Willem V. R.
Shemin, David
Maniatis, Thomas
Shull, Clifford G.
Mann, Robert W.
Sidman, Richard L.
Margulis, Lynn
Singer, I. M.
Martin, Paul
Skinner, B. F.
Mayr, Ernst
Smith, Cyril Stanley
Mazur, Barry C.
Solow, Robert M.
McFadden, Daniel L.
Sternberg, Shlomo
Meselson, M. S.
Stommel, Henry M.
Minsky, Marvin L.
Stratton, J. A.
Modigliani, Franco
Strominger, Jack Leonard
Moore, Francis D.
Tate, John T.
Morrison, Philip
Taylor, C. Richard
Mosteller, Frederick
Thaddeus, Patrick
Mumford, David B.
Thompson, James B., Jr.
Munro, H. N.
Ting, Samuel C.C.
Nauta, Walle J. Harinx
Tinkham, M.
Nisonoff, Alfred
Toomre, Alar
Orowan, Egon
Torrey, John G.
Page, Irvine H.
Turnbull, David
Palay, Sanford L.
Vallee, Bert L.
Pappenheimer, A. M., Jr.
Verba, Sidney
Pappenheimer, John R.
Vogt, Evon Zartman, Jr.
Pardee, Arthur B.
Wald, George
Pardue, Mary-Lou
Walsh, Christopher T.
77
Wang, James C.
Wright, H. E., Jr.
Waugh, J. S.
Weinberg, Robert A.
Weisskopf, Victor F.
Missouri-25 Members
Weller, Thomas
Westheimer, Frank H.
Daughaday, William H.
Whipple, Fred L.
Davis, Hallowell
Whitehead, George W.
Davis, James Othello
Whitesides, George M.
Fischbach, Gerald D.
Whiting, John W. M.
Frieden, Carl
Wiesner, Jerome B.
Hamburger, Viktor
Willey, Gordon R.
Hirsh, Ira J.
Williams, Carroll M.
Kipnis, David M.
Wilson, E. Bright
Kornfeld, Stuart A.
Wilson, Edward O.
Lacy, Paul E.
Wogan, Gerald N.
Lowry, Oliver H.
Wunsch, Carl
Majerus, Phil
Zamecnik, Paul C.
Needleman, Philip
Phillips, William D.
Purves, Dale
Michigan-20 Members
Raven, Peter H.
Schneiderman, Howard A.
Alexander, Richard D.
Sears, Ernest R.
Axelrod, Robert
Shreffler, Donald C.
Bukovac, Martin J.
Sly, William S.
Coon, M. J.
Unanue, Emil R.
Crane, H. Richard
Varner, J. E.
Cuatrecasas, Pedro M.
Walker, Robert M.
Davenport, Horace W.
Watson, Patty Jo
Donahue, Thomas M.
Weissman, S. I.
Dye, James L.
Flannery, Kent V.
Freedman, Ronald
Montana-2 Members
Garn, Stanley M.
Gehring, F. W.
Fawcett, Don W.
Inghram, Mark G.
Pittendrigh, Colin S.
Lang, Anton
Morgan, James N.
Neel, James V.
Nebraska-2 Members
Oncley, J. L.
Tolbert, N. Edward
Brakke, Myron K.
Wagner, Warren H., Jr.
Daly, J. M.
Minnesota-14 Members
Nevada-1 Member
Borchert, John R.
Went, F. W.
Crawford, Bryce, Jr.
Davis, Margaret Bryan
Gassman, Paul G.
New Hampshire-7 Members
Holman, Ralph T.
Hurwicz, Leonid
Andrews, Henry N.
Kolthoff, I. M.
Billings, Marland P.
Luyten, Willem J.
Darlington, Sidney
Meehl, Paul E.
Kantrowitz, Arthur
Ney, Edward P.
Phillips, Norman A.
Nier, Alfred O. C.
Solomon, Richard L.
Serrin, James B.
Stockmayer, W. H.
Sims, Christopher A.
78
New Jersey-90 Members
Radner, Roy
Robbins, Herbert
Abrahams, Elihu
Ross, Ian M.
Adler, Stephen L.
Schwarzschild, Martin
Anderson, Philip W.
Shatkin, Aaron J.
Bahcall, John N.
Shepp, Lawrence A.
Baker, W. O.
Sinfelt, John H.
Baumol, William J.
Slepian, David
Bonner, J. T.
Smyth, Charles P.
Borel, Armand
Spitzer, Lyman, Jr.
Bovey, Frank
Stein, Elias M.
Brinkman, W. F
Stillinger, Frank Henry
Browder, Felix E.
Tarjan, Robert E.
Browder, William
Taylor, Joseph H., Jr.
Brown, Walter L.
Thompson, Ken
Buchsbaum, S. J.
Thurston, William P.
Burns, John J.
Tien, Ping King
Callan, Curtis G.
Treiman, Sam
Cho, Alfred Y.
Tsui, Daniel Chee
Coale, Ansley J.
Tukey, John W.
Cohen, Morrel H.
Udenfriend, Sidney
Conney, Allan H.
Vagelos, P. Roy
David, E. E., Jr.
Weissbach, Herbert
Dicke, Robert H.
Wever, E. G.
Dynes, Robert C.
Wheeler, John A.
Dyson, Freeman J.
Wightman, Arthur S.
Fefferman, Charles
Wigner, Eugene P.
Fitch, Val L.
Wilkinson, David T.
Flanagan, James L.
Wilson, R. W.
Furth, Harold P.
Witkin, Evelyn M.
Geertz, Clifford
Witten, Edward
Goldberger, M. L.
Wolpert, Julian
Gordon, James P.
Gorenstein, Daniel
Graham, Ronald L.
New Mexico-4 Members
Gross, David Jonathan
Gunn, James E.
Bradbury, N. E.
Hagstrum, Homer D.
Clogston, Albert M.
Hirschman, Albert O.
Colgate, S. A.
Hohenberg, Pierre C.
Eggan, Fred
Julesz, Bela
Kaback, H. Ronald
Kauzmann, Walter
New York-187 Members
Kohn, Joseph J.
Kruskal, Martin
Ahrens, Edward H., Jr.
Lebowitz, Joel L.
Axel, Richard
Lieb, Elliott
Bachrach, Howard L.
Mather, John N.
Banks, Harlan P.
McClure, Donald S.
Bass, Hyman
Miller, George A.
Bauman, Dale E.
Milnor, John W.
Bean, Charles P.
Mislow, Kurt
Bearn, Alexander
Morgan, W. Jason
Bennett, Michael V. L.
Neugebauer, Otto E.
Bers, Lipman
Ostriker, Jeremiah P.
Bersohn, Richard
Panish, Morton B.
Bethe, H. A.
Patel, C. Kumar N.
Bigeleisen, Jacob
Penzias, Arno A.
Blobel, Gunter
Phillips, J. C.
Bloom, Barry R.
79
Breslow, Ronald
Huizenga, John R.
Brink, Frank
Hurwitz, Jerard
Broecker, Wallace S.
Isard, Walter
Brooks, Chandler McC.
Jagendorf, Andre T.
Brown, Gerald E.
John, Fritz
Cantor, Charles R.
Kabat, Elvin A.
Case, Kenneth M.
Kandel, Eric R.
Chargaff, Erwin
Kesten, Harry
Chase, Merrill W.
Kilbourne, Edwin D.
Clayton, Roderick K.
Krugman, Saul
Cohn, Zanvil A.
Landauer, Rolf W.
Cole, Julian D.
Lawrence, H. Sherwood
Courant, Ernest D.
Lax, Melvin
Cronkite, Eugene P.
Lax, Peter D.
Darnell, James E., Jr.
Lederberg, Joshua
Dole, Vincent P.
Lee, Tsung-Dao
Dynkin, Eugene B.
Lennarz, William J.
Eagle, Harry
Leontief, Wassily
Eastman, Dean E.
Levinthal, Cyrus
Edelman, Gerald M.
Lieberman, Seymour
Edelman, Isidore S.
Likens, Gene E.
Eilenberg, Samuel
Lilly, Frank
Eisner, Thomas
Llinas, R.
Feigenbaum, Mitchell J.
Luck, David J. L.
Fenno, Richard F., Jr.
Luttinger, J. M.
Friedlander, Gerhart
Mark, H. F.
Garabedian, Paul R.
Marks, Paul A.
Garwin, Richard L.
Marler, Peter
Gates, Marshall
McCarty, Maclyn
Giaever, Ivar
McClintock, Barbara
Gibson, Eleanor Jack
McDaniel, Boyce D.
Gibson, Quentin H.
McCray, Richard A.
Ginsberg, Harold S.
McKay, Kenneth G.
Glass, H. Bentley
McKean, Henry P.
Glimm, James
McKenzie, Lionel W.
Gold, T.
McLafferty, Fred W.
Goldhaber, Gertrude S.
Meinwald, Jerrold
Goldhaber, Maurice
Meister, Alton
Gomory, Ralph E.
Merrifield, Bruce
Gotschlich, Emil C.
Merton, Robert K.
Greengard, Paul
Meyer, Karl
Greisen, Kenneth I.
Nathenson, Stanley G.
Griffin, Donald R.
Newell, Norman D.
Gross, Ludwik
Nirenberg, Louis
Hall, Robert N.
Nottebohm, Fernando
Harker, David
Old, Lloyd J.
Harris, Cyril M.
Oliver, Jack E.
Hauptman, Herbert A.
Pais, Abraham
Heidelberger, Michael
Pfaffmann, Carl
Heppel, Leon A.
Phelps, Edmund S.
Hershey, A. D.
Piore, E. R.
Hess, George P.
Purpura, Dominick P.
Hoard, J. L.
Racker, Efraim
Hochberg, Julian
Rahn, Hermann
Hockett, Charles F.
Ratliff, Floyd
Hoffman, Alan J.
Ratner, Sarah
Hoffmann, Roald
Reppy, John D.
Holtfreter, Johannes
Richardson, Robert C.
Horecker, B. L.
Riker, William H.
80
Roeder, Robert G.
North Carolina-33 Members
Roelofs, Wendell L.
Rosen, Ora M.
Amos, Bernard
Ruderman, Malvin A.
Arnett, Edward M.
Sabatini, David D.
Blau, Peter M.
Salpeter, E. E.
Brinkhous, Kenneth M.
Samios, Nicholas P.
Chilton, Mary-Dell
Sato, Gordon H.
Cockerham, C. Clark
Schachter, Stanley
Cowling, Ellis B.
Scharff, Matthew D.
Diamond, Irving T.
Scharrer, Berta V.
Eliel, Ernest L.
Scheraga, H. A.
Fridovich, Irwin
Schwartz, Jacob T.
Goodman, Major M.
Seitz, Frederick
Gottschalk, Carl W.
Serber, Robert
Griffiths, Phillip A.
Setlow, Richard B.
Hill, Robert L.
Shapiro, Harry L.
Hitchings, George H.
Sherman, Fred
Hoeffding, Wassily
Shirane, Gen
Joklik, W. K.
Siekevitz, Philip
Jones, Mary Ellen
Sokal, Robert R.
Kramer, Paul J.
Sorokin, Peter P.
Lefkowitz, Robert J.
Sperling, George
Levings, C. S. III
Spitzer, Frank L.
Macdonald, J. Ross
Srb, Adrian M.
Markert, Clement L.
Stoker, J. J.
Montgomery, Deane
Stork, Gilbert
Parr, Robert G.
Suits, C. G.
Rodbell, Martin
Sullivan, Dennis P.
Schmidt-Nielsen, Knut
Sykes, Lynn R.
Simons, Elwyn L.
Tamm, Igor
Smithies, Oliver
Thomas, David H.
Terborgh, John W.
Thomas, Lewis
Thomas, L. H.
Tilly, Charles
Weber, Ernst
Trager, William
Turcotte, Donald L.
Turro, Nicholas J.
Ohio-7 Members
Waelsch, Salome G.
Wasserman, Robert H.
Krampitz, Lester O.
Watson, J. D.
Lacey, John I.
Wells, John W.
Newman, Melvin S.
White, Harrison
Paquette, Leo A.
Widom, Benjamin
Ratnoff, Oscar D.
Wiesel, Torsten N.
Robbins, Frederick C.
Wigler, Michael H.
Wood, Harland G.
Williams, Robin M., Jr.
Wilson, Kenneth G.
Wilson, Robert R.
Oregon-11 Members
Winograd, Shmuel
Wolf, Alfred P.
Boekelheide, V.
Wu, C. S.
Evans, Harold J.
Yalow, Rosalyn S.
Jennings, Jesse D.
Yang, Chen Ning
Matthews, Brian W.
Zilversmit, Donald B.
Noyes, Richard M.
Zinder, Norton D.
Posner, Michael
Schellman, John A.
Shannon, James A.
Stahl, Franklin W.
van Holde, K. E.
81
von Hippel, Peter H.
Simon, Herbert A.
Skell, Philip S.
Sprague, James M.
Pennsylvania-66 Members
Stellar, Eliot
Sternberg, Saul
Anderson, Thomas F.
Sutherland, Ivan
Armstrong, Clay M.
Wallace, Anthony F. C.
Austrian, Robert
Wallach, Hans
Benkovic, Stephen J.
Watkins, George D.
Beyer, Karl H., Jr.
Weinhouse, Sidney
Blumberg, Baruch S.
Wolfenstein, Lincoln
Brinster, Ralph L.
Zener, Clarence
Brobeck, John R.
Burstein, Elias
Cairns, T. L.
Rhode Island-5 Members
Calabi, Eugenio
Campbell, Donald T.
Cooper, Leon N.
Chance, Britton
Federer, Herbert
Cohn, Mildred
Imbrie, John
Davis, Raymond J.
Kates, Robert W.
de Laguna, Frederica
Riggs, Lorrin A.
Duffin, R. J.
Flexner, Louis B.
Forster, Robert E.
Tennessee-9 Members
Goldstine, Herman H.
Goodenough, Ward H.
Arnold, William A.
Griffiths, Robert B.
Cohen, Stanley
Harris, Zellig S.
Darby, William J.
Henle, Gertrude
Liddle, Grant W.
Hilleman, Maurice R.
Park, Charles R.
Hochstrasser, Robin M.
Russell, Liane Brauch
Hoenigswald, Henry M.
Russell, William L.
Hofmann, Klaus
Tarbell, D. Stanley
Hulm, John K.
Weinberg, Alvin M.
Hurvich, Leo M.
Iben, Icko, Jr.
Jameson, Dorothea
Texas-37 Members
Klein, Lawrence R.
Knudson, Alfred G.
Adkisson, Perry L.
Koelle, George B.
Arntzen, Charles
Koprowski, Hilary
Bard, Allen J.
Menken, Jane A.
Berry, Brian J. L.
Mintz, Beatrice
Brown, Michael S.
Mullins, William W.
Chamberlain, Joseph W.
Nachmias, Jacob
Chu, Paul C. W.
Nerlove, Marc
Cotton, F. Albert
Newell, Allen
de Vaucouleurs, Gerard
Nowell, Peter C.
Dewar, Michael J. S.
Patrick, Ruth
Estabrook, Ronald W.
Perry, Robert P.
Folkers, Karl
Porter, Keith
Gilman, Alfred G.
Preston, Samuel H.
Goldstein, Joseph L.
Rescorla, Robert A.
Gordon, W. E.
Roberts, John M.
Grant, Verne E.
Rose, Irwin
Hackerman, Norman
Sanders, William T.
Knobil, Ernst
Scolnick, Edward M.
Kochi, Jay K.
Scott, Dana S.
Kusch, P.
Selander, Robert K.
Margrave, John L.
82
McCann, S. M.
Gartler, Stanley M.
Michl, Josef
Giblett, Eloise R.
Myers, Jack
Halver, John E.
Noyce, Robert
Hannay, N. Bruce
Pike, Kenneth L.
Hartwell, Leland H.
Reed, Lester J.
Henley, Ernest M.
Sclater, John G.
Hille, Bertil
Snell, Esmond E.
James, Harold L.
Starr, Richard C.
Klebanoff, Seymour J.
Summers, Max D.
Krebs, Edwin G.
Uhlenbeck, Karen K.
Leopold, Estella B.
Uhr, Jonathan W.
Motulsky, Arno G.
Unger, Roger H.
Neurath, Hans
Weinberg, Steven
Orians, Gordon H.
Wendorf, Fred
Paine, Robert T.
Wilson, Jean D.
Palmiter, Richard D.
Reed, Richard J.
Rhines, Peter B.
Utah-4 Members
Ryan, Clarence A., Jr.
Schairer, George S.
Goodman, Louis S.
Thomas, E. Donnall
Roth, John R.
Todaro, George Joseph
Velick, Sidney F.
Waters, Aaron C.
Walling, Cheves
Weintraub, Harold
Vermont-1 Member
Wisconsin-43 Members
Hoagland, Mahlon
Adler, Julius
Barschall, H. H.
Beck, Stanley D.
Virginia-12 Members
Beinert, Helmut
Bird, R. Byron
Barton, Paul B.
Bogue, Allan G.
Berne, Robert M.
Brill, Winston J.
Gilruth, Robert R.
Burris, R. H.
Hammond, George S.
Cleland, W. Wallace
Heeschen, D. S.
Code, Arthur D.
Kellermann, K. I.
Cohen, Philip P.
MacDonald, Gordon J. F.
Crow, James F.
Marshak, Robert E.
Dahl, Lawrence F.
Miller, Oscar L., Jr.
DeLuca, H. F.
Roberts, Morton S.
Ferry, John D.
Wallace, Bruce
First, Neal L.
Zen, E-an
Goldberger, Arthur S.
Hasler, Arthur D.
Hauser, Robert Mason
Washington-35 Members
Herb, R. G.
Hirschfelder, Joseph O.
Beeson, Paul B.
Jackson, Marion L.
Benditt, Earl P.
Kelman, Arthur
Blalock, Hubert M., Jr.
Kerst, Donald W.
Catterall, William A.
Kirk, T. Kent
Davie, Earl W.
Kleene, Stephen C.
Dehmelt, Hans
Kraushaar, William L.
Dunne, Thomas
Lardy, Henry A.
Edmondson, W. T.
Miller, James A.
Finch, Clement A.
Morgan, W. W.
Fischer, Edmond H.
Nelson, Oliver E., Jr.
83
Newcomb, Eldon H.
Mexico-1 Member
Peloquin, S. J.
Potter, Van R.
Borlaug, Norman E.
Ris, Hans
Rose, Jerzy E.
Sequeira, Luis
New Zealand-1 Member
Sewell, William H.
Skoog, Folke
Green, R. C.
Tanner, Champ B.
Temin, Howard M.
Woolsey, Clinton N.
Spain-2 Members
Zimmerman, Howard E.
Muench, Guido
Ochoa, Severo
Members Abroad
Switzerland-3 Members
Austria-1 Member
Moser, Jurgen
Keyfitz, Nathan
Steinberger, J.
Telegdi, Valentine L.
Canada-2 Members
United Kingdom-5 Members
Cook, Stephen A.
Doermann, August H.
Quillen, Daniel G.
Stark, George R.
Tanford, Charles
Costa Rica-1 Member
Thompson, J. G.
Weiskrantz, Lawrence
West-Eberhard, Mary Jane
FRG-2 Members
Cardona, Manuel
Mueller-Eberhard, Hans J.
France-1 Member
Wyman, Jeffries
Israel-3 Members
Aumann, Robert J.
Furstenberg, Hillel
Pekeris, Chaim L.
Italy-2 Members
Levi-Montalcini, Rita
Wick, Gian-Carlo
84
GEOGRAPHICAL LISTING OF FOREIGN ASSOCIATES
Argentina-1 Foreign Associate
Colombia-1 Foreign Associate
Reig, Osvaldo A.
Reichel-Dolmatoff, Gerard
Australia-12 Foreign Associates
Denmark-5 Foreign Associates
Bolton, John G.
Bohr, Aage
Catcheside, D. G.
Mottelson, Ben R.
Fenner, Frank
Skou, Jens C.
Frankel, Sir Otto H.
Ussing, Hans H.
Metcalf, Donald
von Wettstein, Diter
Miller, Jacques F. A. P.
Nossal, Sir Gustav J. V.
Ringwood, A. E.
FRG-16 Foreign Associates
Robertson, Sir Rutherford
Slatyer, Ralph O.
Axford, W.I.
Waterhouse, Douglas F.
Beermann, Wolfgang
Yen, D. E.
Binnig, Gerd Karl
Bunning, Erwin
Eigen, Manfred
Austria-2 Foreign Associates
Hirzebruch, F.
Huisgen, Rolf
Birnstiel, Max L.
Kaiser, Wolfgang
Thirring, Walter E.
Lindauer, Martin
Melchers, Georg Friedrich
Moessbauer, Rudolf L.
Belgium-4 Foreign Associates
Neher, Erwin
Reichardt, Werner
de Duve, Christian
Rensch, Bernhard
Nicolet, Marcel
Schell, Jozef Stefaan
Prigogine, I.
Starlinger, Peter
Van Montagu, Marc
France-24 Foreign Associates
Canada-9 Foreign Associates
Abragam, Anatole
Glen, Robert
Aigrain, Pierre R.
Harrison, J. M.
Allegre, Claude J.
Herzberg, Gerhard
Blamont, Jacques Emile
McLaren, Digby J.
Cartan, Henri
Milner, Brenda
Chambon, Pierre
Polanyi, John C.
Changeux, Jean-Pierre
Price, Raymond
Dausset, Jean
Tulving, Endel
de Gennes, Pierre-Gilles
Wilson, J. Tuzo
Fraisse, Paul
Gautheret, Roger
Grunberg-Manago, Marianne
China-3 Foreign Associates
Jacob, Francois
Jerne, Niels Kaj
Feng, De-Pei
Joliot, Pierre A.
Tan, Jia-Zhen
Jost, Alfred
Zhou, Guangzhao
Le Douarin, Nicole M.
Lehn, Jean-Marie P.
Leray, Jean
85
Levi-Strauss, Claude
Kenya-1 Foreign Associate
Lwoff, Andre
Malinvaud, Edmond
Leakey, Mary D.
Serre, Jean-Pierre
Mexico-3 Foreign Associates
Guatemala-1 Foreign Associate
Bernal, Ignacio
Bressani, Ricardo
Peimbert, Manuel
Rosenblueth, Emilio
Hungary-3 Foreign Associates
Netherlands-6 Foreign Associates
Erdos, Paul
Farkas, Tibor
Casimir, H. B. G.
Szentagothai, Janos
Duysens, Louis N. M.
't Hooft, G.
Oort, Jan
India-2 Foreign Associates
Tinbergen, J.
van de Hulst, Hendrik C.
Ramalingaswami, Vulimiri
Swaminathan, M.S.
New Zealand-1 Foreign Associate
Israel-5 Foreign Associates
Coombs, Douglas S.
Eisenstadt, Shmuel Noah
Katchalski-Katzir, Ephraim
Philippines-1 Foreign Associate
Ne'eman, Yuval
Rabin, Michael O.
Khush, Gurdev S.
Sela, Michael
South Africa-2 Foreign Associates
Italy-4 Foreign Associates
Gear, James H. S.
Abdus Salam
Tobias, Phillip V.
Amaldi, Edoardo
Cabibbo, Nicola
Occhialini, Giuseppe
Spain-2 Foreign Associates
Garcia-Bellido, A.
Japan-13 Foreign Associates
Margalef, Ramon
Fukui, Kenichi
Hayaishi, Osamu
Sweden-12 Foreign Associates
Hayashi, Chushiro
Inose, Hiroshi
Bergstrom, Sune
Kimura, Motoo
Frankenhaeuser, Marianne
Kodaira, Kunihiko
Granit, Ragnar
Kubo, Ryogo
Hokfelt, Tomas
Kushiro, Ikuo
Hormander, Lars
Nagata, Takesi
Klein, George
Nishizuka, Yasutomi
Luft, Rolf
Sugimura, Takashi
Mutt, Viktor
Tomita, Tsuneo
Reichard, Peter A.
Uyeda, Seiya
Samuelsson, Bengt
Siegbahn, Kai
Waldenstrom, Jan G.
86
Klug, Aaron
Switzerland-22 Foreign Associates
Kornberg, Sir Hans
Kosterlitz, Hans W.
Arber, Werner
Lord Lewis of Newnham
Boserup, Ester
Lighthill, Sir M. James
Charpak, Georges
Longuet-Higgins, H. C.
Dunitz, Jack D.
Longuet-Higgins, Michael S.
Eccles, Sir John
Lyon, Mary F.
Eschenmoser, Albert J.
McKenzie, Dan P.
Frey-Wyssling, A.
McMichael, Sir John
Gansser, A.
Meade, James
Gehring, Walter J.
Milstein, Cesar
Geiss, Johannes
Mitchell, Peter
Hsu, Kenneth J.
Mott, Sir Nevill
Jost, Res
Needham, Joseph
Muller, K. Alex
Peierls, Sir Rudolf
Prelog, V.
Penney, W. G.
Ramsay, John G.
Perutz, Max F.
Reichstein, Tadeus
Phillips, Sir David
Rohrer, Heinrich
Pontecorvo, G.
Schatz, Gottfried
Popper, Sir Karl
Truempy, D. Rudolf
Porter, Sir George
Van Hove, Leon
Rees, Martin J.
Weibel, Ewald R.
Riley, Sir Ralph
Weissmann, Charles
Sanger, Frederick
Seaton, Michael John
Smith, John Maynard
United Kingdom-62 Foreign
Southwood, Sir Richard
Associates
Lord Todd of Trumpington
Vane, Sir John R.
Atiyah, Michael F.
Wigglesworth, Sir Vincent
Auerbach, Charlotte
Wilkes, Maurice V.
Bates, Sir David
Wilkinson, Sir Geoffrey
Bell, Ronald P.
Bodmer, Sir Walter
Brass, W.
U.S.S.R.-15 Foreign Associates
Brenner, Sydney
Broadbent, Donald E.
Ambartsumian, V.
Burgen, Sir Arnold S. V.
Arnold, Vladimir I.
Clark, J. G. D.
Bogolubov, Nikolai N.
Cornforth, Sir John
Cherenkov, Pavel A.
Cottrell, Sir Alan
Dubinin, N. P.
Cox, Sir David R.
Gelfand, I. M.
Dahrendorf, Ralf
Ginzburg, Vitaly L.
Frank, Sir Charles
Keilis-Borok, V. I.
Gowans, Sir James
Krein, Mark G.
Gurdon, John Bertrand
Monin, Andrei S.
Hahn, Frank H.
Sagdeev, Roald z.
Harper, John L.
Sakharov, Andrei
Heslop-Harrison, J.
Shafarevich, Igor R.
Hill, Robin
Sokolov, Eugene N.
Hinde, Robert A.
Takhtajan, Armen
Hodgkin, Sir Alan
Hodgkin, Dorothy
Hoyle, Sir Fred
USA-28 Foreign Associates
Huxley, Sir Andrew F.
Iversen, L. L.
Alfven, Hannes
Katz, Sir Bernard
Bartlett, Neil
Kendrew, Sir John
Barton, D. H. R.
87
Cavalli-Sforza, L. L.
Clark, J. Desmond
Cousteau, Jacques-Yves
Cowan, W. Maxwell
Crick, Francis
Esaki, Leo
Fisher, Michael E.
Hanafusa, Hidesaburo
Harris, Harry
Hawthorne, William R.
Huxley, Hugh E.
Ishizaka, Kimishige
Knowles, Jeremy
Lal, Devendra
Mandelbrot, Benoit B.
Miledi, Ricardo
Paczynski, Bohdan
Peebles, Philip J.
Pople, John A.
Rubbia, Carlo
Schmidt, Maarten
Tonegawa, Susumu
Tversky, Amos
Weil, Andre
Wyllie, Peter J.
88
Many will be in audieve
NAS MEMBERS AND THE NOBEL PRIZE AWARDS
PHYSICS
1936
Carl D. Anderson
1952
E. M. Purcell
1955
P. Kusch and Willis E. Lamb, Jr.
1956
John Bardeen and William Shockley
1957
Chen Ning Yang and Tsung-Dao Lee
1959
Owen Chamberlain and Emilio Segré
1960
Donald A. Glaser
1961
Robert Hofstadter
1963
Eugene Wigner
1964
Charles H. Townes
1965
Julian Schwinger
1967
H. A. Bethe
1969
Murray Gell-Mann
1972
J. Robert Schriefer, Leon N Cooper and
John Bardeen
1973
Ivar Giaever
1976
Burton Richter and Samuel C. C. Ting
1977
Philip W. Anderson
1978
R. W. Wilson and Arno A. Penzias
1979
Steven Weinberg and Sheldon Lee Glashow
1980
James W. Cronin and Val L. Fitch
1981
Nicolaas Bloembergen
1982
Kenneth G. Wilson
1983
S. Chandrasekhar and William S. Fowler
1988
Leon M. Lederman
1989
Norman F. Ramsey and Hans G. Dehmelt
CHEMISTRY
1951
Edwin M. McMillian and Glenn T. Seaborg
1954
Linus Pauling
1961
Melvin Calvin
1972
C. B. Anfinsen
1976
William N. Lipscomb
1979
Herbert C. Brown
1980
Paul Berg and Walter Gilbert
1981
Roald Hoffmann
1983
Henry Taube
1984
Bruce Merrifield
1985
Herbert Hauptman and Jerome Karle
1986
Yuan T. Lee and Dudley Herschbach
1987
Donald J. Cram
1989
Thomas R. Cech
PHYSIOLOGY OR MEDICINE
1954
Frederick C. Robbins and Thomas Weller
1958
George Beadle and Joshua Lederberg
1959
Arthur Kornberg and Severo Ochoa
1964
Konrad E. Bloch
1966
Charles Huggins
1967
George Wald
1968
Robert W. Holley, H. Gobind Khorana and
Marshall Warren Nirenberg
1969
A. D. Hershey and S. E. Luria
1970
Julius Axelrod
1972
Gerald M. Edelman
1974
George E. Palade
1975
David Baltimore, Howard W. Temin and Renato
Dulbecco
1976
Baruch S. Blumberg and D. Carleton Gajdusek
1977
Roger Guillemin, Andrew V. Schally and
Rosalyn S. Yalow
1978
Daniel Nathans and Hamilton O. Smith
1979
A. M. Comack
1980
Baruj Benacerraf and George Snell
1981
David H. Hubel, Roger W. Sperry and
Torsten Wiesel
1983
Barbara McClintock
1985
Michael S. Brown and Joseph L. Goldstein
1986
Stanley Cohen and Rita Levi-Montalcini
1989
J. Michael Bishop
ECONOMICS
1970
Paul A. Samuelson
1972
Kenneth J. Arrow
1973
Wassily Leontief
1976
Milton Friedman
1978
Herbert A. Simon
1979
Theodore W. Schultz
1980
Lawrence Klein
1981
James Tobin
1982
George J. Stigler
1983
Gerard Debreu
1985
Franco Modigliani
1987
Robert M. Solow
PEACE
1963
Linus Pauling
1970
Norman Borlaug