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Tunisian State Visit 5/15/90 [OA 6898]
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Tunisian State Visit 5/15/90 [OA 6898]
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Speech File Backup Files
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Folder Title:
Tunisian State Visit 5/15/90 [OA 6898]
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26
20
5
7
05/08/90
15:26
NEA/MFU
002
THEMES FOR THE PRESIDENT'S WELCOMING STATEMENT
STATE VISIT OF TUNISIAN PRESIDENT BEN ALI
May 15, 1990, 10:00 a.m.
o
I am happy to have the opportunity to welcome you to
Washington this time for a longer visit than was
possible last November. I look forward to continuing
the dialogue we started then.
o
Your visit continues a tradition of high-level visits to
each other's country since Tunisian independence in
1956.
o
As Vice President, I visited Tunisia in 1983 and 1986.
0
From those visits I recall the moving sight of the
American Military Cemetery in Carthage, which contains
the graves of thousands of American G.I.'s who gave
their lives for the Allied cause in World War II. That
sight reminds one that the ties between the U.S. and
Tunisia are old and deep.
o
We have had close bilateral relations since Tunisian
independence in 1956. Tunisia has been a example of
pragmatism and stability in the Middle East.
o
It has played an effective role as intermediary between
the Arab countries and the West. Moreover, Tunisia has
consistently supported a peaceful, negotiated resolution
to Middle Eastern issues, including the Arab-Israeli
conflict.
05/08/90
15:27
NEA/MFO
003
-2-
0
Tunisia also has an impressive record in other
respects. It has the highest literacy rate in North
Africa. It has always honored its debt obligations. It
is persevering in the fourth year of a disciplined,
market-oriented restructuring of its economy.
o
Your visit comes at a time of transition for North
Africa. Today the countries of the Maghreb are
searching for prosperity and stability on a regional
basis. Political pluralism and market-based economies
have taken root and are beginning to flourish there.
Tunisia's reforms have served as the model.
o
We admire Tunisia's commitment to political and
market-oriented economic reforms. The U.S. will
continue to support Tunisia through foreign assistance
and cooperation.
0
This a time of great change in the region and in the
world. I look forward to my discussions with President
Ben Ali, who also comes to Washington as the current
president of the Arab Maghreb Union.
05/08/90
15:27
NEH/MFU
004
THEMES FOR THE PRESIDENT'S TOAST
STATE VISIT OF TUNISIAN PRESIDENT BEN ALI
May 15, 1990, State Dinner
o
I want to toast a leader who took Tunisia through a
critical juncture in its history.
o
President Ben Ali's peaceful and constitutional
accession to power on November 7, 1987 marked a turning
point in Tunisian history. He boldly but wisely chose
the difficult path of political and economic reform.
o
Tunisia has a great history that goes back to the
earliest foundations of Mediterranean civilization. For
centuries Carthage dominated the Western Mediterranean.
It rivaled the splendor and power of Rome, and produced
great leaders like Hannibal. It also produced great
thinkers like St. Augustine and the 14th century
historian Ibn Khaldoun, who produced the world's first
critical study of history and civilization.
o
Tunisia's dedication to a government of laws and reason
goes back many years. Tunisia has the oldest
constitutional tradition in the Arab World, dating from
1861. Tunisia is committed to tolerance and a peaceful,
moderate approach to regional and international
problems. This commitment has been the basis of the
special friendship between our two countries.
05/08/90
15:27
NEH/MFU
005
BY 2 -
0
Today Tunisia serves as a model of pragmatic change in
the Arab world: a country that has shunned the specious
path of radicalism; looks to the future, not the past;
and draws on the progressive tradition within its North
African and Islamic heritage to address the challenges
of a fast-changing world.
o
You have already faced great challenges and you will
face more. It is not easy to pursue sound, steady,
rational policies when others offer simplistic solutions
for very complex problems. We admire your tenacity and
pragmatic approach and we will support you in your
efforts.
O
Our talks today have strengthened an already deep
friendship, improved our understanding of each other's
concerns, and laid the foundation for expanded
cooperation in the future.
o
Let me ask you all to toast the health and success of
President Ben Ali and the friendship between our two
nations.
15:28
NEH/MFU
006
THEMES FOR THE PRESIDENT'S STATEMENT
FOLLOWING THE WHITE HOUSE MEETINGS
STATE VISIT OF TUNISIAN PRESIDENT BEN ALI
May 15, 1990, 11:30 a.m.
o
We have just concluded a very friendly and valuable
meeting. Our discussion is a continuation of one begun
during President Ben Ali's visit to Washington last
November.
0
Our relations with Tunisia enjoy a very special place
because of our common dedication to negotiating peaceful
solutions to problems and our common interest in
promoting peace and stability in the region. Our
discussions today demonstrated that our relations, which
go back to 1797, are still fresh and growing.
0
Our conversation covered a wide range of bilateral and
international issues of mutual interest, including ways
to enhance cooperation to promote Tunisia's economic
development and to foster greater regional stability.
We also witnessed the signing of our bilateral
investment treaty, which will increase possibilities for
investment and offer greater protection to private
investors in each other's country.
o
Tunisia has long been important as a bridge between the
Arab World and Africa on the one hand, and Europe on the
other. Both areas are in the midst of significant
OJ/ DO/ DU
10:20
NEH/TIFU
007
-2-
changes, most notably the turn toward pluralism and
market-oriented economies. At the same time, the speed
and strain of change presents new political and economic
challenges. President Ben Ali has impressed me with his
determination to meet these challenges in a way which
will fulfill the Tunisians' aspirations for democracy
and sustainable economic growth.
STATE DINNER TOAST FOR PRESIDENT BEN ALI
THE EAST ROOM / TUESDAY, MAY 15, 1990 / 7:45 P.M.
MR. PRESIDENT, MEMBERS OF THE TUNISIAN DELEGATION
-- IT'S A GREAT HONOR FOR BARBARA AND ME TO WELCOME YOU
BACK TO THE WHITE HOUSE. AND IT'S ALSO A GREAT
PLEASURE, A PERSONAL PLEASURE, FOR WE HAVE MUCH IN
COMMON. LIKE ME, BEFORE BECOMING PRESIDENT YOU WERE AN
AMBASSADOR. LIKE ME, YOU COME FROM A LARGE FAMILY IN
WHICH YOU TAKE GREAT PRIDE.
- 2 -
LIKE ME, YOU ALSO TAKE PRIDE IN PHYSICAL FITNESS, FROM
A YOUTHFUL PASSION FOR SOCCER TO AN INTEREST IN JOGGING
TODAY. AND WE BOTH LIKE TO KEEP OUR STAFFS JUMPING BY
HEADING OUT ONTO THE STREETS FOR SURPRISE VISITS WITH
OUR COUNTRYMEN. [[TRUE -- HE PRIDES HIMSELF ON THIS]]
((AND LIKE ME, YOU KEEP TRACK OF YOUR CABINET
PERSONALLY, USING A HOME COMPUTER. YOUR HOME COMPUTER
IS CALLED AN "APPLE." Mr HOME COMPUTER IS CALLED "JOHN
SUNUNU. ")) III
- 3 -
&
((AND WE BOTH TAKE GREAT PRIDE IN OUR ROLES AS
GRANDFATHERS. BUT IN THIS COUNTRY, THE COMBINATION OF
GRANDCHILDREN AND COMPUTER GAMES HAS PRODUCED SOME
UNEXPECTED RESULTS. TRUE STORY. THE MOST POPULAR
COMPUTER GAME IN AMERICA IS CALLED: TEENAGE MUTANT
NINJA TURTLES.)) 111
((DON'T FEEL SORRY FOR OUR TRANSLATORS. IT DOESN'T
MAKE MUCH SENSE IN ENGLISH, EITHER!)) 1111
- 4 -
TONIGHT, I WANT TO TOAST A LEADER WHO, WITH DIGNITY
AND RESPECT, TOOK TUNISIA THROUGH A CRITICAL TRANSITION
IN ITS HISTORY. PRESIDENT BEN ALI'S PEACEFUL AND
CONSTITUTIONAL ACCESSION TO POWER IN 1987 MARKED A
TURNING POINT IN TUNISIAN HISTORY. HE BOLDLY BUT
WISELY CHOSE THE DIFFICULT PATH OF POLITICAL AND
ECONOMIC REFORM.
- 5 -
y
TUNISIA'S GREATNESS AS A NATION GOES BACK TO THE
EARLIEST FOUNDATIONS OF MEDITERRANEAN CIVILIZATION.
FOR CENTURIES, CARTHAGE DOMINATED THE WESTERN
MEDITERRANEAN, RIVALING THE SPLENDOR AND POWER OF ROME.
TODAY, TUNISIA SERVES AS A MODEL OF PRAGMATIC
CHANGE IN THE ARAB WORLD: A COUNTRY THAT LOOKS TO THE
FUTURE, NOT THE PAST. A COUNTRY THAT HAS SHUNNED THE
PATH OF RADICALISM.
- 6 -
A COUNTRY THAT DRAWS ON THE PROGRESSIVE TRADITION
WITHIN ITS NORTH AFRICAN AND ISLAMIC HERITAGE -- TO
ADDRESS THE CHALLENGES OF A FAST-CHANGING WORLD
WITHOUT. You HAVE ALREADY FACED GREAT CHALLENGES, WITH A
TENACIOUS AND PRAGMATIC APPROACH THAT WE ADMIRE. AND
WE WILL SUPPORT YOU IN YOUR EFFORTS.
MR. PRESIDENT, THIS MORNING I DESCRIBED THE
AMERICAN MILITARY CEMETERY IN CARTHAGE, WHERE NEARLY
3,000 BRAVE AMERICANS ARE BURIED IN TUNISIAN SOIL.
- 7 -
LET ME CONCLUDE TONIGHT WITH THE WORDS LEFT ON YOUR
IKE SHORES BY THEIR COMMANDING GENERAL -- AMERICA'S BELOVED
-- WHEN HE SPOKE IN TUNISIA AS PRESIDENT IN 1959.
IKE NOTED THAT HE HAD LAST VISITED YOUR BEAUTIFUL
OF COUNTRY EXACTLY 16 YEARS EARLIER, IN 1943, IN THE MIDST
A WAR "THAT WE THOUGHT WOULD BRING PERMANENT PEACE."
- 8 -
AND HE ADDED: "WE HAVE FOUND THAT PEACE DOES NOT COME
JUST BECAUSE THE GUNS ARE STILLED. WE HAVE TO WORK FOR
PEACE, WE HAVE TO WORK WITH OUR HEARTS, WITH OUR
SUBSTANCE, WITH OUR HANDS -- WE HAVE TO WORK ALL THE
TIME TO MAINTAIN THE PEACE AND TO MAKE IT MORE SECURE."
MR. PRESIDENT, OUR TALKS HERE TODAY REFLECT
PRESIDENT EISENHOWER'S SENTIMENTS.
to 9 -
THEY HAVE STRENGTHENED A SPECIAL FRIENDSHIP THAT IS
ALREADY DEEP AND ENDURING, IMPROVED OUR UNDERSTANDING
OF EACH OTHER'S CONCERNS, AND LAID THE FOUNDATION FOR
EXPANDED COOPERATION, AND YES, FOR EXPANDED PEACE IN
THE REGION -- AND EXPANDED PEACE IN THE WORLD.
EARLIER THIS MORNING, WE ENJOYED A GLORIOUS DAY OUT
THERE ON THE SOUTH LAWN.
- 10 -
IN TUNISIA, IT IS COMMON TO COMPLIMENT A VISITOR WHO
BRINGS RAIN. BUT BECAUSE WASHINGTON HAS JUST WEATHERED
TWO WEEKENDS OF RAIN -- MR. PRESIDENT -- TODAY WE
APPRECIATE YOU BRINGING THE SUNSHINE. III
LET ME ASK YOU ALL TO TOAST THE HEALTH AND SUCCESS
OF PRESIDENT BEN ALI AND THE FRIENDSHIP BETWEEN OUR TWO
NATIONS.
#
#
#
McNally/Simon -- May 11, 1990
Draft Two (B:TUNISIA.TST)
PRESIDENTIAL REMARKS: STATE DINNER TOAST FOR PRESIDENT BEN ALI
THE EAST ROOM, THE WHITE HOUSE
TUESDAY, MAY 15, 1990, 7:45 P.M.
Mr. President, Members of the Tunisian delegation -- it's a
great pleasure and an honor for Barbara and me to welcome you
back to the White House. III Tonight, I want to toast a leader
who, with dignity and respect, took Tunisia through a critical
transition in its history. President Ben Ali's peaceful and
constitutional accession to power in 1987 marked a turning point
in Tunisian history. He boldly but wisely chose the difficult
path of political and economic reform.
Tunisia has a great history that goes back to the earliest
foundations of Mediterranean civilization. For centuries,
Carthage dominated the Western Mediterranean. It rivaled the
splendor and power of Rome, and produced great leaders like
Hannibal. It also produced great thinkers like St. Augustine
[uh-GUS-tin], and the 14th century historian Ibn Khaldoun [IB-in
kal-DOON], who authored the world's first critical study of
history and civilization.
Tunisia's dedication to a government of laws and reason also
goes back many years. Tunisia has the oldest constitutional
tradition in the Arab World, dating from 1861. Tunisia is
committed to tolerance and a peaceful, moderate approach to
regional and international problems. This commitment has been
the basis of the special friendship between our two countries.
Today, Tunisia serves as a model of pragmatic change in the
Arab world: A country that looks to the future, not the past.
2
A country that has shunned the path of radicalism. A country
that draws on the progressive tradition within its North African
and Islamic heritage -- to address the challenges of a fast-
changing world without. You have already faced great challenges,
with a tenacious and pragmatic approach that we admire. And we
will support you in your efforts.
Mr. President, this morning I described the American Mili-
tary Cemetery in Carthage, where nearly 3,000 brave Americans are
buried in Tunisian soil. Let me conclude tonight with the words
left on your shores by their commanding General -- America's
beloved Ike -- when he spoke in Tunisia as President in 1959.
Ike noted that he had last visited your beautiful country
exactly 16 years earlier, in 1943, in the midst of a war "that we
thought would bring permanent peace." And he added: "We have
found that peace does not come just because the guns are stilled.
We have to work for peace, we have to work with our hearts, with
our substance, with our hands -- we have to work all the time to
maintain the peace and to make it more secure."
Mr. President, our talks here today reflect President
Eisenhower's sentiments. They have strengthened a special
friendship that is already deep and enduring, improved our
understanding of each other's concerns, and laid the foundation
for expanded cooperation, and yes, for expanded peace in the
region -- and expanded peace in the world.
Let me ask you all to toast the health and success of
President Ben Ali and the friendship between our two nations.
#
#
#
McNally/Simon
May 11, 1990
Draft Two (B:TUNISIA.ARR)
PRESIDENTIAL REMARKS: ARRIVAL STATEMENT FOR PRESIDENT BEN ALI
THE SOUTH LAWN, THE WHITE HOUSE
TUESDAY, MAY 15, 1990, 10:00 A.M.
Mr. President, welcome back to the United States. And
welcome back to the White House. 11
I look forward to continuing the dialogue we began last
November. And we are pleased to have the opportunity to welcome
you to Washington for a longer visit than was possible last year.
We are especially pleased to have this opportunity to repay
the fine hospitality Tunisia showed us in 1983 and 1986, when I
visited as Vice President. As with those journeys, your visit
continues a tradition of high-level discussions, demonstrating
that our relations -- dating back to 1797, and close since
Tunisian independence in 1956 -- are still sound and growing.
True to its heritage as an ancient crossroads between Europe
and Africa, Tunisia has played an effective role as intermediary
between the Arab countries and the West. It has been an example
of pragmatism, stability, and progress in the Middle East. And
Tunisia has consistently supported a peaceful, negotiated
resolution to Middle East issues, including the Arab-Israeli
conflict.
Tunisia also has an impressive record in other respects. It
has the highest literacy rate in North Africa. It has always
honored its debt obligations. It is persevering in the fourth
year of a disciplined, market-oriented restructuring of its
2
economy. And it has made a renewed commitment to democracy.
Your visit comes at a time of transition for North Africa.
And we look forward to this opportunity to get better acquainted,
and to consult closely on the broad range of issues and concerns
we share. Today, your friends in the Maghreb [MEG-reb] are
searching for prosperity and stability. Political pluralism and
market-based economies have taken root and are beginning to
flourish there.
Towards this, Tunisia's reforms are a potential model. We
admire Tunisia's commitment to move toward both democracy and a
market-oriented economy, and pledge continuing assistance and
cooperation in these important efforts.
It is fitting, Mr. President, that you should visit as we
approach our Memorial Day observances. From my visits to your
homeland, I recall the moving sight of the American Military
Cemetery in Carthage -- spread out across 27 acres donated by
Tunisia -- a dramatic plateau between the Mediterranean and the
Bay of Tunis. There in North Africa lie the graves of nearly
three thousand brave Americans who gave their lives in the
Allies' first major overland offensive of World War II -- three
thousand Americans who will never come home. And there in North
Africa are inscribed the names of nearly four thousand Missing
-- four thousand Americans whose ends will never be known.
Their ends will never be known. But their sacrifice remains
well known to all. That sight reminds us that the ties between
the U.S. and Tunisia are old and deep. And their sacrifice, like
3
the sacrifices of freedom-loving people everywhere, reminds us of
the new opportunities for both progress and peace that are today
sweeping the world.
Amid this time of great change, both in the world and in the
region, we look forward to our discussions with President Ben
Ali, who also comes to Washington as the current president of the
Arab Maghreb [MEG-reb] Union. We welcome him with a spirit of
under-standing and cooperation, looking forward to our
conversations as allies, and as friends.
Welcome back, Mr. President! God bless you and the
friendship that is shared by our two nations. Thank you.
#
#
#
David welch X 3950
DRAFT REMARKS BY THE PRESIDENT
FOR THE WHITE HOUSE ARRIVAL CEREMONY
for the State Visit of President Ben Ali
10:00 a.m., May 15, 1990
President Ben Ali, I am happy to have the opportunity to welcome
you to Washington again, this time for a longer visit than was
possible last November. I look forward to continuing the
dialogue we started then.
You visit continues a tradition of high-level visits. As Vice
President, I visited Tunisia in 1983 and 1986, so I am now
pleased to repay your hospitality.
From those visits I recall the moving sight of the American
Military Cemetery in Carthage, which contains the graves of
thousands of brave American G.I.'s who gave their lives in one of
our first battles in World War II. That sight reminds one that
the ties between the U.S. and Tunisia are old and deep.
We have had close bilateral relations since Tunisian independence
in 1956. Tunisia has been an example of pragmatism, stability,
and progress in the Middle East. It has played an effective role
as intermediary between the Arab countries and the West.
Moreover, Tunisia has consistently supported a peaceful,
negotiated resolution to Middle East issues, including the Arab-
Israeli conflict.
Tunisia also has an impressive record in other respects. It has
the highest literacy rate in North Africa. It has always honored
its debt obligations. It is persevering in the fourth year of a
disciplined, market-oriented restructuring of its economy. And
it has made a commitment to democracy.
Your visit comes at a time of transition for North Africa. Today
your friends in the Maghreb are searching for prosperity and
stability. Political pluralism and market-based economies have
taken root and are beginning to flourish there. Tunisia's
reforms are a potential model.
We admire Tunisia's commitment to moving toward both democracy
and a market-oriented economy. The U.S. will continue to support
Tunisia in these laudable efforts through foreign assistance and
cooperation.
This is a time of great change in the region and in the world. I
look forward to my discussions with President Ben Ali, who also
comes to Washington as the current president of the Arab Maghreb
Union.
DRAFT REMARKS BY THE PRESIDENT
FOLLOWING THE PRESIDENT'S MEETING WITH PRESIDENT BEN ALI
11:30 a.m., May 15, 1990
We have just concluded a very friendly and valuable meeting. Our
discussion is a continuation of one begun during President Ben
Ali's visit to Washington last November. I might point out that
President Ben Ali is also the current president of the Arab
Maghreb Union.
Our relations with Tunisia enjoy a very special place because of
our common dedication to negotiating peaceful solutions in
regional conflicts, and our common belief in the value of
democracy and free enterprise. Our discussions today
demonstrated that the relations between the Tunisian and American
people, which go back to 1797, are still fresh and growing.
Our conversation covered a wide range of bilateral and
international issues of mutual interest, including Tunisia's
political and economic development and regional stability. We
also witnessed the signing of our bilateral investment treaty,
which will increase possibilities for investment and offer
greater protection to private investors in each other's
countries.
Tunisia has long been important as a bridge between the Arab
World and Africa on the one hand, and Europe on the other. Both
areas are in the midst of significant changes, most notably the
turn toward political pluralism and market-oriented economies.
At the same time, the speed and strain of change presents new
political and economic challenges.
President Ben Al's peaceful accession to power on November 7,
1987, was followed by decisions to pursue difficult, but
necessary political and economic reforms. I expressed the
support of the United States for these decisions, which have the
potential to serve as a model for the region and as a solid basis
for Tunisia's efforts to meet the challenges ahead. President
Ben Ali has impressed me with his determination to meet these
challenges in a way which will fulfill the Tunisians' aspirations
for democracy and sustainable economic growth.
DRAFT REMARKS BY THE PRESIDENT
AT THE STATE DINNER FOR PRESIDENT BEN ALI
May 15, 1990
I want to toast a leader who, with dignity and respect, took
Tunisia through a critical transition in its history.
President Ben Ali's peaceful and constitutional accession to
power on November 7, 1987 marked a turning point in Tunisian
history. He boldly but wisely chose the difficult path of
political and economic reform.
Tunisia has a great history that goes back to the earliest
foundations of Mediterranean civilization. For centuries
Carthage dominated the Western Mediterranean. It rivaled the
splendor and power of Rome, and produced great leaders like
Hannibal. It also produced great thinkers like St. Augustine and
the 14th century historian Ibn Khaldoun, who produced the world's
first critical study of history and civilization.
Tunisia's dedication to a government of laws and reason goes back
many years. Tunisia has the oldest constitutional tradition in
the Arab World, dating from 1861. Tunisia is committed to
tolerance and a peaceful, moderate approach to regional and
international problems. This commitment has been the basis of
the special friendship between our two countries.
Today Tunisia serves as a model of pragmatic change in the Arab
world: a country that has shunned the specious path of
radicalism; looks to the future, not the past; and draws on the
progressive tradition within its North African and Islamic
heritage to address the challenges of a fast-changing world.
You have already faced great challenges and you will face more.
It is not easy to pursue sound, steady, rational policies when
others offer simplistic solutions for very complex problems. We
admire your tenacity and pragmatic approach and will support you
in your efforts.
Our talks today have strengthened an already deep friendship,
improved our understanding of each other's concerns, and laid the
foundation for expanded cooperation in the future.
Let me ask you all to toast the health and success of President
Ben Ali and the friendship between our two nations.
Services of Mead Data Central
PAGE
2
5TH STORY of Level 1 printed in FULL format.
The Associated Press
The materials in the AP file were compiled by The Associated Press. These
materials may not be republished without the express written consent of The
Associated Press.
September 15, 1983, Thursday, AM cycle
SECTION: International News
LENGTH: 447 words
BYLINE: By PAUL TREUTHARDT, Associated Press Writer
DATELINE: TUNIS, Tunisia
KEYWORD:
Bush
BODY:
Vice President George Bush said Thursday that the way to mark the first
anniversary of the massacre of Palestinian refugees in Beirut was to "let
Lebanon be Lebanon
without Israeli force, without Palestinian force, without
the force of Syria."
"Our view is that all foreign forces should get out of Lebanon. The Syrians,
the Palestinians, the Israelis. Out. All the way out," Bush said.
In a television broadcast shown on the eve of the anniversary of the killings
in refugee camps, Bush also told a Tunisian interviewer that "to see that it
doesn't happen again" was a fitting way to remember the dead.
At a meeting with Bush earlier Thursday, President Habib Bourguiba said the
United States must take a stronger stand for Palestinian rights in its Middle
East peace efforts.
Bourguiba said Arab nations friendly to the United States "feel they have the
right to expect from the United States a clearer commitment to a just and
durable solution to the Middle East conflict, which necessarily implies the
recognition of the legitimate right of the Palestinian people to determine their
own future."
Implicit in the president's comments and explicit in those by
government-influenced newspapers was Tunisia's desire to 522 more U.S
pressure on Israel, which rejects Palestianian claims to land Israel occupies.
In a prepared reply, Bush quoted President Reagan as saying a secure and
lasting peace for the Arabs and Israel must include "a resolution of the
Palestinian problem that satisfied that people's legitimate rights."
Tunisia has been a leading moderate and pro-Western voice among the Arabs.
In 1942, U.S. intervention with French authorities saved the life of Bourguiba,
then a revolutionary.
LEXIS® ® NEXIS® ® LEXIS® NEXIS® ®
Services of Mead Data Central
PAGE
3
The Associated Press, September 15, 1983
Bush told the 80-year-old president the only solution in Lebanon was "the
withdrawal of all foreign forces from Lebanese territory." Both Syrian and
Israeli troops occupy parts of Lebanon.
Bush also noted the importance to Tunisia of "secure borders and the
strength with which to counter any outside threats" a reference to Tunisia's
-
rocky relationships with neighboring Libya.
Libyan leader Moammar Khadafy was alleged to have instigated a bloody raid by
rebels in southern Tunisia in 1980.
The United States has provided almost $1 billion in economic aid to Tunisia
since the mid 1950s, when it achieved independence from France. Military aid in
1983 will total $100 million, plus $1.2 million in military training.
Bush came from Algeria on the last leg of a three-nation goodwill tour of
North Africa. He is scheduled to leave Friday for Yugoslavia.
The vice president also will visit Hungary, Romania and Austria before
returning to Washington.
LEXIS® ® NEXIS® ® LEXIS® ® NEXIS® ®
329
Public Papers of the Presidents
In this connection they examined the situation created by the difficul-
ties in Algeria. They agreed that the fact that a solution has not yet been
achieved is a cause of grave concern.
They agreed that the achievement of self-determination by African and
Asian peoples is one of the most important events of our times. They wel-
comed the opportunity offered for the evolution of new relationships and
the improvement of old ones based on a common attachment to funda-
mental principles of human rights and dignity.
President Eisenhower and President Bourguiba expressed their convic-
tion that the efforts by nations to consolidate the peace necessitate in-
creased support from the more industrialized nations for countries in the
course of developing their economies.
The conversations between the two Presidents revealed a wide area of
understanding of the problems raised.
NOTE: This joint statement was released in Tunis.
330
У
Remarks at the Airport in Tunis Before
Leaving for France. December 17, 1959
Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen:
This is the first time that I have been able to visit your beautiful country
for 16 years. I left here 16 years ago this month, and we were in the
midst of a war. We were fighting a war that we thought would bring
permanent peace.
We have found that peace does not come just because the guns are
stilled. We have to work for peace, we have to work with our hearts,
with our substance, with our hands-we have to work all the time to
maintain the peace and to make it more secure.
This cannot be done by any one man, by any one nation-we must
all work together, each nation feeling the pride in itself, in its self-respect,
with its heart and its soul must work with all other nations in friendship
and in freedom, and in this way we will finally make the kind of peace
that all of us want and in which all mankind, as brothers, can truly
prosper.
So, as I see today, over these 16 years, the great transformations that
have come about in your country-your independence, your new build-
ings, everything about your nation that means progress, I hope and trust
862
Dwight. D. Eisenhower, 1959
332
that that kind of rate of progress will be sustained. And if I can come
back within a few years, I will even see greater signs of prosperity and the
advances of Tunisia than I have seen since these last 16 years.
Thank you very much for the great welcome that you and your people
have given to my party and me. I assure you that we translate it into
terms of friendship that your people feel to the American people-as I
assure you that they feel friendship for your people.
Thank you again.
NOTE: The President spoke at 11:20 a.m. before leaving by helicopter for the U.S.S.
Des Moines off Cape Carthage.
331
Remarks to the Ship's Company on Board
the U.S.S. Des Moines. December 18, 1959
IT HAS BEEN a great pleasure for my party and myself to be embarked
in Admiral Anderson's fine fleet. We are particularly grateful, of course,
to the officers and men of the Des Moines and Essex who have been our
hosts for the past 3 days.
Speaking personally, I cannot tell you how much the opportunity to
take a good rest has meant to me. More than that, it has been a very
enjoyable experience. As always, when I embark in Navy ships, I have
been impressed with the good spirit and dedication to duty that I have
seen in this force. You have good reason to be proud of yourselves, and
the ships in which you serve.
Yesterday I sent Christmas Greetings to all members of the Armed
Forces. I know they will understand when I send the men of the Sixth
Fleet special wishes for a Merry Christmas and a Happy New Year.
Thank you-and God bless you.
NOTE: The President spoke over the pub-
Adm. George W. Anderson, Jr., was in
lic address system at 8:30 a.m. Vice
command of the Sixth Fleet.
332
I
Remarks at the Dock Upon Arrival in
Toulon. December 18, 1959
Monsieur Jacquinot, Your Excellencies, Ladies and Gentlemen:
Again I am privileged to visit this lovely country of France. Again I
have the honor of meeting so many of her citizens.
86₃
Feb. 1980
By MIKE EDWARDS
Photographs by DAVID ALAN HARVEY
Tunisia:
BOTH NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC STAFF
ASSERINE PASS ON A DAY of cold
previous November, American and British
K
and rain. Water forming pools on the
soldiers drove into northern Tunisia while
flat ground where the road runs, low
other British forces were pressing the Ger-
clouds hanging on the ribs of Jebel
mans and Italians from the southeast. To
Chambi.
block this closing vise, Rommel determined
Kasserine Pass as it was in February
to give the Americans "an inferiority com-
1943, and the thought in my mind sticks like
plex of no mean order." He struck on Febru-
the mud on my boots: so many invaders.
ary 14, sowing fear among the green troops
History in Tunisia is a catalog of conquest,
and confusion among their commanders.
of the rise and fall of Carthage, Rome, and
Retreating eighty kilometers, the Ameri-
Byzantium, of the coming of the Vandals,
cans formed a line at Kasserine with odd
Arabs, Ottoman Turks, the French.
units and stragglers. The troops facing
And then the Americans. They are still re-
Afrika Korps veterans included engineers
membered: the soldiers with so much equip-
more at home in dump trucks than foxholes.
ment, and chewing gum to swap for eggs.
"Pull a Stonewall Jackson," a colonel was
For Thibab Ben Ammar the war that
ordered. He did, for a day. The next day
brought GIs had no meaning. "Not a war of
German infantry climbed the mountains
Tunisian people," Thibab said, pulling the
while tanks lumbered forward. Again the
wool of his jellaba tight against the cold.
Americans retreated.
Planes screaming overhead, tanks churning
But the pickup defense bought time.
the mud, and soldiers-all foreign.
Hastily collected artillery discouraged Rom-
The Frenchman who owned the farm
mel from attempting a breakthrough that
where Thibab worked, hard by the southern
might have chased the Americans out.
end of the pass, fled before the battle. He
Ahmed Djelidi still marvels at the motor
instructed Thibab to stay and care for the
he salvaged from a truck. "A GMC," he
livestock. "So I stayed," Thibab said.
said. "I put it in a bus and it ran five years."
German generals came wanting food.
In his automobile repair shop, comman-
Thibab killed a lamb. Courteous men, they
deered by GI mechanics, a souvenir of
offered to pay. Was one of the officers the
World War II remains. It is some sergeant's
Desert Fox, Field Marshal Erwin Rommel?
order, painted on a wall: HANDS OFF TOOLS.
Thibab resists this bit of fame; he says he
Tunisia is a bent spike of land, head on the
isn't sure.
Mediterranean, point buried in Sahara
A gentle notch in west-central Tunisia
sand, not quite Missouri size. (See the dou-
beneath Tunisia's highest mountain, 1,544-
ble supplement map, Africa and Its Political
meter (5,066 feet) Jebel Chambi, the pass in
Development, included with this issue.) Lit-
February 1943 seemed to hold in balance the
tle remains from World War II, but those
Allied forces' first major overland offensive
earlier invaders left a treasury unmatched in
of World War II.
North Africa. I think of Dougga and Sbeitla,
Landing in Morocco and Algeria the
temple-crowned Punic and Roman towns.
The sweetest of gushers to a Tunisian farmer is well water lifted to his fields by
a pump he bought with a government loan. With little cash from crude oil,
Tunisia's development relies in large part on agriculture, irrigated since Roman
times by the resource that may run dry at times but will never completely run out.
184
ia:
Sea, Sand, Success
British
while
e Ger-
st. To
mined
/ com-
Febru-
troops
ers.
Ameri-
h odd
facing
;ineers
tholes.
el was
kt day
ntains
in the
time.
Rom-
h that
motor
C," he
ears."
nman-
nir of
eant's
OOLS.
on the
ahara
e dou-
litical
:.) Lit-
those
hed in
beitla,
owns.
lds by
man
in out.
185
Built for bloodletting, the coliseum at El Jem (Roman Thysdrus) is somewhat
Of the labyrinthine medina of Tunis, built
by Arabs, embellished by Turks, later
flanked by architecture that has the look of
Marseille. Of mountaintop villages that har-
Just married, an elaborately gowned
bride receives her friends as she sits alone
bor a few Berbers, the people who possessed
and motionless by custom (right).
Tunisia before any others. * And I think of
As the reception in a Tunis hotel warms
Carthage-Phoenician first, then Roman.
up, a guest (below) dances without inhibi-
Who are the six million Tunisians heir to
tion or partner, since the men keep to
this many-branched legacy? Businessmen
themselves.
in Tunis usually speak French. In the south,
By law, and increasingly in practice,
skin shading from bronze to jet recalls a
women in Tunisia are no longer routinely
trade in human beings from sub-Sahara.
sequestered and dominated. Now that
But for me, the decisive answer comes on a
many have been educated, they are moving
plain in Tunisia's midsection.
into trades, the professions, and even po-
litical office.
A Long Climb for a Lofty Purpose
He is a bony man of more than 60 years,
and the 101 steps to the minaret's parapet
seem almost beyond his strength. Again and
again he stops for breath. "I don't do this for
the money, he says.
From the parapet I look out on Kairouan,
Islam's revered city in North Africa; only
Mecca, Medina, and Jerusalem rank high-
er. Removed from the crowded suqs, I
sense-can almost touch-the peace radiat-
ing from the spires and domes of shrines.
Now Hajji Ammar Baccar is ready. Sum-
moning a voice far younger than his body, he
becomes that which he has been five times a
day for thirty years, Allah's messenger.
"Allah akbar-God is most great!" The
call to prayer floats over the city. He listens
to the echo and gives me a look that says,
"Not bad for an old man, eh?"
Islam reached Tunisia in 670, only 38
years after the death of the Prophet, and
Kairouan became its bastion. I was once in-
side the prayer room of Kairouan's great
mosque, now closed to non-Muslims. Too
many tourists came-too many wearing
shorts and smoking where they shouldn't.
Nine thousand worshipers have knelt at
once there. Sparrows flutter among the
heavy iron chandeliers, finding their own
tranquillity in this great cool room.
The roof is supported by 288 columns of
marble, granite, and porphyry, in as many
shades as one can imagine. Many of these
columns adorned temples to Roman gods,
perhaps to others as well. The mosque's
builders gathered them and brought them to
*Carla Hunt described a Moroccan Berber festival
in last month's NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC.
188
Kairouan. This great edifice is much like
Tunisia's gene pool: of many origins but, in
sum, Arab.
There are Arabs and Arabs. "I may fast at
Ramadan this year," a young Tunisian said
while sipping a beer. Tunisia is often influ-
enced by those other gene streams. She ab-
sorbs the good and bad of the West more
readily than some of the Arab states to which
she feels kin. It is ironic that the Arab
League chose Tunis last year when, ostra-
cizing Egypt because of the peace treaty
with Israel, it withdrew its headquarters
from Cairo. Far from being the league's
most resolute member, Tunisia outraged
other Arab states by saying as early as 15
years ago that they might as well acknowl-
edge Israel's existence.
Tourists Oil Tunisia's Economy
In the coin of resurgent Arab influence
Tunisia is painfully deficient. Gushers to the
east: Libya, 750 million barrels of petroleum
ayear. Gushers to the west: Algeria, 460 mil-
lion barrels. Between, an anemic 38 million.
Oil companies prospecting in Tunisia usual-
ly go home poorer and puzzled. The six pro-
ducing fields pay only 14 percent of the
government's expenses.
An Allied soldier returning to the Tunis he
liberated in May 1943 would recognize
many buildings on the main street; Tunisia
can't afford flashy redevelopment. While
other Arab states pour millions into invest-
ments abroad (including tourist hotels in
Tunisia), Tunisia offers foreign manufac-
turers tax breaks. She needs jobs. Using
what she has-antiquities and beaches—
she earns as much from tourists as from oil.
Yet in the 24 years since she became inde-
pendent from France, Tunisia has made a
record of economic and social progress that
most of the developing world envies.
All those cars jamming the streets of
Tunis and all those serviceable-seldom
fancy-apartment high rises making new
Peace seems perpetual at the huddled
village of Takrouna, but in April 1943 it
was an outpost of hell as New Zealanders
met fierce German resistance here. Yet
within a month the Allies had secured Tu-
nisia and were preparing to assault Sicily.
191
skylines on the capital's outskirts attest to
pilot. They had a sky-is-the-limit confi-
her growing middle class of shopkeepers,
dence. "Football player," one said, admit-
bureaucrats, teachers.
ting, "I'm quite good."
Consider also Bir Thlethine, far down in
I asked a question that touched off ner-
the southeast, on a road beelining for the
vous murmuring-because of embarrass-
Sahara. This village is as plain as its name.
ment, I suppose. How many of their
Bir Thlethine-Well Thirty. Houses shaped
mothers went to school? Finally one hand
like cubes and loaves cringe under the sun.
was raised. "My mother, for a few months."
Two eucalyptuses struggle in the dust.
The girl who said this wants to be a biologist.
Beauty wasn't important to Ahmed Da-
Before independence, tradition assigned
babi. He came to Well Thirty a year ago to
women no role outside the family. Nor were
change his life. Ahmed was wise in the ways
there many opportunities for men. In 1956
of animals, and he knew the country. To
Tunisia had only five men qualified to teach
give up the life of a nomad, the life of every
mathematics.
forebear Ahmed knows about, was no easy
decision. He discussed it with his wife, his
After School, a Hard Lesson Learned
widowed mother, his brother, other no-
In some fields the drive for education suc-
mads. At last he sold his sheep, goats, and
ceeded too well. "They told me that if I got
camels and made a down payment on a
an education I would have a job," said a bit-
house offered by a government agency.
ter man in his 20s. The villainous "they" was
We sat on grass mats in one of the two
undefined beyond being the educational sys-
rooms, sipping thick coffee. "It is a nice
tem. He pursued a literary course at the uni-
house, is it not?" Ahmed's brushy mustache
versity, then really learned something: that
twitched, anticipating my approval.
in a small developing nation (and one with-
In the 1960s the government put a pump
out big oil) only so many nonscientific jobs
in the well and added a storage tank. The
provide the middle-class status to which he
word went out to nomads: Come here and
felt entitled. Meeting friends in cafés for
find a future. There is water, we will give
mint tea or express or moitié-moitié-half
Neft
you a little land, there will be a school.
coffee, half cream-he joined the 15 percent
Ahmed still misses the wandering life-"I
or so who are unemployed.
enjoyed the freedom, the adventure"-but
That isn't a bad rate among developing
Well Thirty has what he wants now. Espe-
nations. It would be worse if thousands had
B
cially that school, three rooms crowded with
not gone abroad to work.
children writing sums on slates. "I had no
Having little experience with scientific
education," he said. "But I want my sons to
applications, or even with plumbing, it was
go as far as they can. My oldest is only in the
natural for Tunisians to pursue the liberal
first grade, but he reads and writes." For
arts-with the result that today there are
Ahmed, Well Thirty is beautiful indeed.
enough language scholars, lawyers, and
Since gaining independence, Tunisia has
social scientists to last until 1990, while any
plowed 30 to 40 percent of her budget into
man with technical skill can take his pick
education, year after year. Thirty thou-
of jobs. The message already had gotten
sand students study free at the University of
through to some of the students in the secon-
Tunis and other higher institutions, includ-
dary school I visited.
ing three medical schools. In the farthest
That school stands on a hill a few miles
reaches, in sand-swept villages less inviting
from Sousse (a Phoenician town, then a Ro-
even than Well Thirty, the daily sight is the
man town) on the eastern seaboard. Tunisia
same: children walking with book bags.
is in effect a two-coast country, with a north-
I went one afternoon to a secondary
ern shore looking toward France and Italy
school where advanced students, forty boys
and, rounding Cape Bon, a long beach fac-
and girls, talked about their career aspira-
ing the sunrise.
tions in passable English-after Arabic and
South from Sousse on the sunrise side, I
French, an important third language for a
spent part of a day with Mohamed Nuri,
country that looks westward as well as east-
a man having an affair with sulfuric acid.
ward. Engineer
agronomist
teacher
"It always
(Continued on page 197)
192
National Geographic, February 1980
it confi-
Mediterranean Sea
admit-
La Galite
Menzel
off ner-
Bourguiba
Bizerte
Tunis-Carthage
TUNISIA
International
arrass-
Utica?
Airport
f their
Tabarka
Cape Bon
Carthage
Kerkouane
HIRTY CENTURIES AGO
e hand
Phoenicians were the first to
onths."
Beja 088 TUNIS
establish colonies on the coast of
ologist.
a land inhabited by a people who
Mejerda
Bou Argoub
ssigned
Dougga...
Thuburbo
would later be called Berbers.
Nabeul
Majus
or were
Zaghouan
Hammamet
Among those outposts Carthage
in 1956
El Kef
Takrouna
grew to a rich and powerful city-
state that traded with, then
0 teach
36° -
threatened, Rome.
Maktar.:
Sousse
"Delenda est Carthago-Carthage
Kairouan
ned
must be destroyed,' was the
000
unflinching aim of the Roman
Bir Chabane
Mahdia
on suc-
Sbeitla
statesman Cato.
if I got
Kasserine Pass
ElJem
And, despite the
d a bit-
brilliant victories
Kasserine
y" was
Jebel Chambi
of Hannibal, it
al sys-
1,544 m 5,066 ft
was destroyed in
he uni-
146 B.C. Utterly.
Sfax
g: that
Kerkenna
The conquering Romans built and
Islands
rebuilt and improved the water
e with-
Gafsa
supply with aqueducts, one of
ic jobs
A
ich he
Es Sekhira
which is still in use.
In time and in turn others came
fés for
Nefta
34° -
to control the land: Vandals,
-half
Tozeur
Gabes
Houmt Souk
Byzantines, Arabs, Turks, and
ercent
Jerba
Chott Jerid
French. Not until 1957 was the
Island
(intermittent
Republic of Tunisia proclaimed
salt lake)
Matmata
loping
under the leadership of Habib
ds had
Bir Zouita
Douz
Bourguiba, who has since been
El Faouar
Medenine
made president for life. With
entific
Haddada
traditions from both the Islamic
and European worlds,
it was
Chenini
Tunisia has followed
1
liberal
Grand
a nonaligned foreign
re are
Erg
policy friendly to the
, and
Bir
Oriental
Thlethine
West, while concentrating
le any
on social and economic
S pick
development. As with
gotten
LIBYA
other developing countries,
secon-
population has grown faster than
ALGERIA
jobs; many Tunisians work abroad,
miles
primarily in France and Libya.
a Ro-
Bir Zar
AREA: 164,200 sq km (63,400 sq mi).
unisia
POPULATION: 6,000,000.
AGRICULTURE
LANGUAGES: Arabic, French.
north-
RELIGION: 98% Muslim. ECONOMY:
I Italy
Bir
SEMIDESERT OR DESERT
Well
Agriculture, tourism, textiles,
h fac-
FOREST
A
Ruin
Sahara
phosphate, fishing, modest petroleum
ESPARTO GRASS
reserves and processing. MAJOR CITY:
Railroad
Tunis, capital, pop. 1,000,000.
ide, I
OLIVES
Oil field and pipeline
CLIMATE: Temperate in the north; hot,
Nuri,
FRUIT
Gas field and pipeline
almost wholly arid desert in the south.
acid.
GRAPES
0
e 197)
KILOMETERS
75
DATES
0
STATUTE MILES
Borj
75
El Khadra
AQUEDUCTS
y 1980
COMPINAL BY OLIVER G.A.M. PAYNE 9.
DRAWN ELIE SABBAN AND LEO ZEBARTH
193
GEOGRAPHIC ART DIVISION
fascinated me," he said, making the reagent
sound wonderful and mysterious. "When I
studied chemistry, I loved to experiment
with it. It is so complex
it demands so
much intelligence to handle."
Gabes, where I met him, was dozing un-
der its date palms when Tunisia committed
more than one billion dollars there-much
of it borrowed money. Two chemical plants
convert phosphate, one of the few riches of
the niggardly Tunisian earth, into fertilizer
and other products. The process requires
huge quantities of sulfuric acid. Mohamed
Nuri is in heaven. And, as foreman of acid
production, he earns $750 a month, nearly
ten times the per capita average.
Gabes booms with 5,000 industrial jobs
and the promise of more chemical plants.
Where will more skilled workers be found?
In the new Gabes engineering college and
technical school.
Coliseum Recalls Roman Occupation
Go south as far as Gabes, and you get into
sand and stubble. Only Tunisia's north is re-
liably watered. Cape Bon's orchards hang
heavy with oranges, and the wheat harvest
in the northwest is generous. In the midsec-
tion winter downpours gash the land-as at
Kasserine-but in summer the fields bake.
Yet some who possessed Tunisia lived
well. An hour's drive south of Sousse took
me to El Jem-Thysdrus to the Romans.
Here archaeologists have uncovered mosaic
floors decorated with designs that testify to
high good times: wine, women, sport.
And gore. Observe that poor man being
prodded at spearpoint toward a leopard.
The beast already has drawn blood; tiny red
stones trail from the wounds.
One of the largest in the Roman world,
seating 35,000, the Thysdrus coliseum sur-
vives in the center of El Jem, towering over
everything except a minaret (pages 186-7).
A block brigade fuels construction of an
apartment building in El Kef (left, above).
With a chronic housing shortage and
crowded conditions, Tunisia has given
priority to multiple-unit dwellings.
Tourism has increased demand for ho-
tels. One of the newest in Tunis is the Hotel
du Lac (left), spreading upward and out-
ward like a ziggurat turned upside down.
197
I went inside and sat on marble slabs where
Tunisians own thousands of trees; others, a
proconsuls applauded death. I descended
handful. In past years a man saved his mon-
into dungeons where men and beasts were
ey to buy one tree
and then another.
penned until their rendezvous. The place
Some people say trees planted by the Ro-
puts goose bumps on Episcopalian skin.
mans 18 centuries ago still bear fruit. So I
When autumn comes, eight presses in El
put a question to Ltaief Agrebi, owner of for-
Jem begin extracting oil from olives. That
ty trees: How long can an olive tree live? An
old, old enterprise helps explain Thysdrus's
intense discussion began, ballooning to in-
good times. This provincial Sin City got fat
clude Mr. Agrebi's son, a cousin, a visitor,
sending oil to Rome.
and a neighbor who came by on his motor-
Oil-that oil-is still exported. From El
bike. "One hundred fifty years. "Two hun-
Jem south to Gabes the country seems solid
dred if it gets water.' "Oh, much longer."
olive: long rows of globular, silver green
Mr. Agrebi's trees were planted by his
canopies on stubby, gnarled trunks. Some
grandfather. He said they surely will be
To hear the sirens' song and live, Ulysses
had himself lashed to the mast. This third-
century mosaic (right) is part of a collec-
tion at the Bardo Museum in Tunis
(above). St. Augustine, a Ulysses of the
spirit, studied in Carthage and eventually
served as a bishop in North Africa.
198
a
there to benefit his grandsons-as much of a
and trenches where stone walls once were."
mon-
lifespan as seemed important.
Carthage: Qart Hadasht, New City. Prin-
Some of the Thysdrus building stones
he
Ro-
cess Elissa of Tyre, tradition holds, led a
may have been carted seventy kilometers to
So
I
band of Phoenicians to this place in 814 B.C.
Kairouan. But the Tunisian city that suf-
of
for-
Dominating the western Mediterranean,
fered most from borrowing was the greatest
An
Carthage grew wealthy, her merchants
in North Africa. "The walls especially were
to
in-
trading afar.
robbed, said Dr. John Humphrey, leader of
Rome also grew in influence. Two Medi-
a University of Michigan archaeological
notor-
terranean superpowers became one too
team at Carthage. He stood beside an exca-
hun-
many. Hannibal led 59,000 soldiers and 37
vation that was checkerboarded with mosa-
nger."
elephants across the Alps, defeated Rome
ic pavements and laced with trenches.
by
his
in three battles, and would have greatly
"What the archaeologist gets," he said, "is
ill
be
changed European history had he not lost
this: islands of surface that were floors,
the fourth. In 146 B.C. Rome destroyed her
rival, pronouncing a curse on the city and
important church, I think," said Dr. Hum-
ceremonially plowing the earth it stood on.
phrey. "The marble used for its decoration
But a century later the Romans returned,
came from Italy, Turkey, and Greece, as
and Carthage flourished once more, chief
well as from other parts of North Africa."
city of the north African province, Rome's
Tons of ancient Carthage are today in Tu-
breadbasket. Carthage was lost to the
nis. Walk through a keyhole doorway in the
Vandals in A.D. 439, then taken by Rome's
old city, the medina, and you may find
successor, the Byzantine Empire, and aban-
Carthaginian columns supporting an arch.
doned after the arrival of the Arabs.
Tunis long ago outgrew its original walled
Superpower City Survives as Suburb
city. After the French claimed Tunisia as a
protectorate in 1883, many new buildings
But Carthage lives-as a Tunis suburb.
went up beyond the strained confines. But
Behind Dr. Humphrey's excavation a com-
the medina endures, a honeycomb of narrow
muter train tooted. On one side a supermar-
passageways, a conservative bastion where
ket's lot was full of cars.
women still modestly pull their billowy
With the conservator of Carthage, Abdel-
majid Ennabli, a slender, intense man with
tufts of hair that take flight in a breeze, I
stood atop the Carthage museum and looked
out on a scene of great beauty. Carthage is a
wealthy suburb, sprinkled with villas. Un-
der those houses lies the past. Mr. Ennabli
can be forgiven for not seeing the beauty.
Construction is officially banned in much
of Carthage; the government intends to cre-
ate an archaeological park on land that re-
mains vacant. But right beside the museum
a new house was going up. "We are doing ev-
erything in our power to stop additional con-
struction," Mr. Ennabli said.
Even though some people manage to
break the rules, he is sure that Carthage will
become the great treasure it should be. In
recent years, 13 archaeological teams have
spaded, scraped, and sifted, helping to
reveal the dimensions of that treasure.
Considering its fame and influence, Car-
thage has been a puzzle. Its visible Roman
sites included a great bath complex and am-
phitheater. The principal Phoenician dis-
covery was the Tophet, a ceremonial site
that yielded a sad trove: the tiny charred
bones of children sacrificed to the goddess
Tanit and her consort, Baal Hammon.
What did the Phoenician city look like?
Beneath four meters of rubble a West Ger-
man team found an orderly rectangular
To sum up social progress under Habib
street grid and evidence of grand villas.
Bourguiba, here returning from medical
Christians were martyred in Carthage in
treatment abroad (above), two factors
the early period of the Roman presence, but
weigh heavily: education and women's
Christianity subsequently caught on and
rights. At a village whose name means
flourished. The excavation where I met Dr.
Well Thirty, the son of a former nomad
(facing page) has done his calculations
Humphrey had disclosed a church, prob-
correctly and builds his chances for a life
ably built early in the fifth century. "A very
beyond camels and goats.
Tunisia: Sea, Sand, Success
201
white sefsaris close against their faces.
"Rose water," a shopkeeper in a green jel-
laba said, touching my hand with the glass
stopper of a bottle. "Jasmine," and he
touched my other hand. "It is said that some-
one in my business has no problems with the
blood. The scents take care of germs."
Abderrazak Ben Rachid has spent most of
his 78 years in the Suq el-Attarine, the Per-
fume Market. His family has been there for
five centuries.
On other streets, bright cloth, carpets,
stacks of red pillbox headgear: big tar-
booshes, half-size chechias.
Tunisians Bank On Family Jewels
And the jewelry market sparkles. Though
for a couple of morning hours the action is
not in the shiny shops but outside.
Everyone seemed nervous there. Women
peered anxiously from behind their drawn
curtains. A slump-shouldered little man
went through the crowd with a tray. He held
up a heavy gold necklace. "Four dinars one
hundred millimes!" The price had been bid
up to $10.25 a gram. (That price has since
more than doubled.)
For many Tunisians, banks are still a
novelty. The heavy earrings adorning rural
women may represent family savings. The
jewelry auction is a way for poor people to
evade a big middleman's profit.
"That necklace belongs to my sister-in-
law," a grizzled man named Ahmed said.
The woman near him clutched her sefsari
closer. "My brother bought a boat," Ahmed
continued. "Now he needs nets. The neck-
lace is worth at least five dinars a gram."
But not today. Ahmed's eyes begged the
crowd, but the bid did not go higher.
Only 270 hectares (667 acres), the medina
is jammed. Cubbyhole factories turn out
furniture, cloth, clothing. There are 11 pub-
lic baths. Antiquarians count 700 buildings
of national import, including 140 palaces.
Most of these were built by families that at-
tended the Turkish beys who ruled Tunisia
beginning in the 16th century. The palaces
are lavish with exquisite tiles and delicate
filigree. Some of them, anyway.
Where 100,000 once lived, there are today
140,000. Many once lovely buildings have
been rented, one family to one room. Leav-
ing a friend's tasteful fifth-floor apartment, I
205
came on a woman cooking on a charcoal
no sign of the broad flashing grin that once
brazier in the ground floor's central hall.
galvanized Tunisian crowds. It used to go
I left the medina and drove to the Tunis
on like a searchlight. I had seen it flash six
airport, where the faithful of the Constitu-
years ago. Meeting a woman whose father
tional Socialist Party had been waiting for
had been a comrade in the independence
two hours. Farm workers milled in the ter-
struggle, he beamed while gently stroking
minal, trailing banners. Ministers and party
her hair. The man had style.
officials waited in a lounge. Soldiers fidget-
As he reached the red carpet, he seemed
ed in ranks beside a block-long red carpet.
to hear the band's stirring music, the repeat-
At last, the plane. It brought a short man
ed rhyming chant of the spectators: "Yah yea
who descended the ramp slowly. There was
Bourgui-BA! Long live Bourguiba!" Pulling
his body straight, he strutted, saluted,
bowed to his flag. For a few moments the
great grin was back. Then he was gone,
whisked away to his palace.
"Tunisia," a student said, "is a young
country with an old heart." Habib Bour-
guiba, leader of the independence move-
ment, leader of the Constitutional Socialist
Party (the only party), first president of Tu-
nisia, and president for life since 1974, is 76
years old. Seldom is he seen in public these
days except as I saw him, as he returned
from yet another trip abroad for medical
attention (page 201).
Bourguiba became a nationalist in the
1930s, knowing both exile and jail. When
France let Tunisia go in 1956, after a time of
strife and agitation, he went among his peo-
ple, infecting them with enthusiasm for hard
work and change. Send your children to
school. Let your women find a role in soci-
ety. He ridiculed tradition with a story
about a bride who was locked in a cellar by
her family and fed only pasta so she would be
light skinned and plump on her wedding
day. He condemned the sefsari. He tackled
the Ramadan fast as wasteful of strength-
one battle he lost. It was a great perfor-
mance; its intensity may have contributed to
the insomnia he suffers today.
His government leaned upon France for
help, especially for teachers. Others also
helped. The United States has given or lent
900 million dollars, seeing Tunisia through
droughts with food, helping build the air-
Snatch: The strain of every last ounce
port where I saw Bourguiba land, building
shows in the face of a weight lifter demon-
part of the university. West Germany con-
strating his skills in Tunis. Sports are
tributed dams, Bulgaria a sports center.
stressed in youth development, and in
Chinese acupuncturists cured my friend
1968 Mohamed Gammoudi reached the
Yusef's sciatica.
pinnacle with a gold medal in the 5,000-
meter run at the Mexico City Olympics.
"I admire most of Bourguiba's policies," a
man of middle years said. "I just wish he had
more respect for human rights." This man
206
National Geographic, February 1980
at once
had spent 2½ years in prison, accused
assembly seats. All were under the Constitu-
d to go
(wrongly, he says) of anti-Bourguiba plot-
ash six
tional Socialist banner, but in philosophy
ting. He now holds a government job. "But
they ranged from standpat conservative to
father
in politics I must remain neutral."
liberal. Some Tunisians think a choice of
ndence
Hundreds have gone to jail-anyone, it
more than one party cannot be far away.
troking
seems, who threatened the status quo. The
From Tunis I traveled down the sunrise
partisan view is that a secure regime, rare in
coast to the island of Jerba, where the word
seemed
the Third World, made possible Tunisia's
"group" means about three busloads
repeat-
assault on backwardness. When a general
three busloads of tourists headed for the ho-
ah yea
strike erupted in rioting and looting in Janu-
tel where you hoped to spend the night.
Pulling
ary 1978, the government opened fire. You
You'll be lucky to have a room.
aluted,
can take your pick of tolls: 40 to 400 dead.
nts the
Power has been closely held in the Consti-
gone,
tutional Socialist Party, and some say the
party is stagnant. As editor of two small
young
reformist newspapers, Hassib Ben Ammar
Bour-
has found himself in court time after time,
move-
accused of defaming the president, the
cialist
army, the national assembly. "Tunisians
of Tu-
were mature enough to get independence,"
1, is 76
he said to me. "Why aren't they mature
: these
enough to have free expression?"
turned
edical
In Defense of the One-party System
Day-to-day government business is in the
in the
hands of Prime Minister Hedi Nouira, who,
When
like Bourguiba, was jailed by the French.
ime of
He seemed stiff in an interview I had with
is peo-
him in the old bey's palace in the casbah, the
r hard
seat of government, on a hill that commands
ren to
the medina. What Mr. Nouira may lack in
1 soci-
old-style Bourguiba charisma, he compen-
story
sates for as an administrator.
lar by
There are accomplishments to be proud of
uld be
in Tunisia, and Mr. Nouira spoke of them: a
dding
fifth of the population in school, a low infla-
ackled
tion rate, per capita income growth of nearly
gth-
9 percent a year. "That growth, he remind-
erfor-
ed me, "places Tunisia among the top six
ted to
nations of the developing world, ahead of
some of the oil countries."
ce for
I asked if the government would someday
$ also
permit other political parties. "Our priority
r lent
is the creation of jobs," he answered. "Does
rough
one prefer to debate the future of the world
e air-
or create jobs to feed the population and
ilding
respond to its needs?"
Catch: Using his teeth as a third hand, a
con-
Nevertheless, a window opened in Tuni-
fisherman removes his prize from a gill net
enter.
sia last fall. The party-which is to say, the
to help supply fish for the domestic market.
friend
government-decided that voters would
Commercial fishing in the Mediterranean
have a choice in elections. In 1974 the candi-
for sardines and tuna, which has steadily
es,"a
dates for the national assembly ran without
expanded in recent years, finds a market
e had
opposition. In elections last November, at
in Europe.
man
least two candidates sought each of the 121
1980
Tunisia: Sea, Sand, Success
207
A farm boy in no hurry allows his donkey to browse on wild poppies
"Are you part of the group?" the desk
During Easter week, hotels in the oasis
clerk inquires. He seems puzzled if you
cities of Nefta and Tozeur were packed with
aren't. Go to a hotel dining room and the
Europeans who splashed in swimming pools
waiter asks to see your group identification
three hours after boarding planes in chilly
card. No card, no meal in this restaurant; it
Paris and Frankfurt. Italian motorcyclists
is reserved for "the group."
tramped around Gafsa in shiny imitation
Most of the 1.3 million vacationers who
leather, taking a break from a trans-Sahara
chose Tunisia last year came on all-inclusive
ride. In the town of Kasserine, fifty French
group tours. Jet after jet brought sun-
septuagenarians filed into the Hotel Cillium
worshiping French, Germans, Scandina-
late at night after a long bus trip. Kasserine
vians, English, and Italians.
is on no "must" itinerary; few come to see the
208
National Geographic February 1080
oppies
as they shamble along toward field work near Kairouan, a city holy to Muslims.
basis
pass, and Kasserine's Roman ruins can't
lunch. But when one walks on the dazzling
with
match, say, Sbeitla's. Isuspect these tourists
beach, wades into the Mediterranean, and
bools
stopped at the Cillium because no other ho-
observes the beach attire-usually mono-
hilly
tel in a hundred miles had room. Such is the
kini, occasionally nokini-vitamin C seems
:lists
success of tourism in Tunisia.
less important, and who minds hot beer?
tion
On Jerba I stayed in Africa's largest hotel,
Tunisians are confused about their free-
hara
the 2,450-bed Dar Jerba. It also is one of
spirited visitors. Many, I think, do not per-
ench
Tunisia's handsomest, low and spreading,
ceive the distinction between the shedding
lium
tastefully confected of arches and domes.
of inhibitions at the beach and the demands
rine
I wish the Dar Jerba did not run out of
of decorum elsewhere. I've seen Tunisian
e the
orange juice at breakfast and cold beer at
shopkeepers grab at passing European
1980
Tunisia: Sea, Sand, Success
209
women with an aggressiveness they'd never
dare display toward Tunisian women.
"Tourism corrupts," a tourist official ac-
knowledged. Tunisians complain that hotel
competition raises the prices of strawberries
and fresh fish. But tourism provides 54,000
jobs that Tunisia badly needs.
By mid-May the grass of Jerba is drained
almost to the color of sand. Jerbians adapted
to a harsh life by becoming merchants, earn-
ing a reputation for shrewd dealing. "And
for honesty," Chaabane Ben Taazayet add-
ed firmly. His brother is one of many Jer-
bians who own neighborhood groceries in
France. Jerbians also have commercial toe-
holds in Algeria and Libya.
Chaabane worked as a tour driver long
enough to save money for a small cloth shop
in Houmt Souk, the island's main town.
Like many Jerbians, he is not sure tourism
will last. "What is here to keep the people
coming? Only the sea and sand. I can't de-
pend on tourism. But a shop
"
Beyond the tourist zone, driving on nar-
row roads, I passed women who seemed like
scurrying birds as the wind caught their gray
futas. They hid their faces as I went by, mak-
ing me feel guilty for looking. At a well a
man filled two earthen jugs and put them on
a donkey. Hotels have made a beachhead on
Jerba-nothing more.
Life Among the Not So Barbaric
Berber. It still stings, that name, widely
considered synonymous with barbarian,
pinned by Arabs on the indigenous people.
Sheikh Said M'sahli, leader of the 2,000 peo-
ple of Chenini, brought it up. "When people
are settled, they have stability, they have
culture," he wanted me to know. "We have
never been nomads. We have always re-
spected the customs of others. Does that
sound barbaric?"
Berbers dwell not so much in as on the
sharp naked mountains that divide Tuni-
sia's harsh southern coastal plain from the
harsher desert. Chenini's stone houses rise
layer after layer against a ridge. Berbers re-
treated to such fortress locations when Arab
tribes swept into Tunisia 13 centuries ago.
Arabs now live in these villages too, but
my Berber-speaking interpreter, M'henni
A singing drummer leads a march to a
Borji, easily distinguished. "You are a Ber-
sub-Saharan beat through the streets of
ber
and you
and you," he would say
210
National Geogranhic February 1980
to children-always with accuracy. M'hen-
provided only one entrance, through heavy
ni's clue was a roundish head instead of the
doors of split palm logs. The ghorfa also was
long Arab one.
a community center, with alcoves where
Barefoot women labor up Chenini's hair-
men could trade or talk.
pin pathways with water jars. Villagers de-
Low arched doorways and precarious
scend to get to their flocks, olive trees, and
stairs led to apartments of several connect-
bits of cultivable land.
ing rooms. Whitewashed walls, elementary
"The world goes fast and our life is slow,"
plumbing, naked lights: nothing fancy. But
the sheikh said. "The people yearn to move
I liked it. You can always stay in a Dar
off the ridge.' Who can blame them? But
Jerba; there aren't many ghorfas.
Tunisia would lose a living museum.
Desert Region Intrigues Geologists
My hotel in the Berber region was a
ghorfa, a complex of a hundred rooms strung
"We are lucky we didn't find much oil," a
along another mountaintop in the village of
businessman said. "Otherwise we wouldn't
Haddada. We might call a ghorfa a granary;
have worked so hard to develop our people."
it stored grain and other goods for the com-
Still, even the slim chance of a strike
munity. Mindful of security, its builders
brings oil companies running today, and the
Tunisian Government is only too happy to
have them try.
Southwest of the mountains where Ber-
bers live, a vast chunk of desert has in-
trigued petroleum geologists for years. Two
of Tunisia's small fields produce in this area.
A jarring two-hour ride across stubble,
and I stood beside tawny dunes. They rose
hard edged, as if walled. In fact, they are ad-
vancing. Beneath them were tents, trailers,
trucks, and big-tired dune buggies.
This was the camp of Compagnie Fran-
çaise de Prospection Sismique. CFPS is a
subsidiary of Seismograph Service Corpora-
tion of Tulsa, Oklahoma, owned by Ray-
theon, the electronics firm. Under contract
to PECTEN Tunisia Company, owned by
Shell Oil of Houston (this gets complicated),
CFPS was blowing up the desert-in a sys-
tematic way.
Star Wars fans have viewed a scene like
this before; the movie's Skywalker home-
stead was one of the underground homes of
Matmata (top). They were excavated for a
down-to-earth reason: Surrounding soil
keeps interiors comfortable year round. A
pensioner of the French Army (left), his
battles done, still lives with the threat of
danger. Heavy rains can cause cave-ins of
the pit homes.
Blasting for clues to oil, a truck loaded
with seismic gear (following pages) resur-
veys the desert in hopes new equipment
will reveal promising geologic structures.
213
Explosive charges laid every 120 meters
Something that looked like a little midwest-
in a straight line sent seismic waves into the
ern U.S. city. That big building on one side:
earth. Rebounding waves were picked up by
the community hospital.
sensitive geophones and sent to a truck
I searched the road ahead and saw a black
stuffed with electronic gear (pages 214-15).
blob. Not on the road but above it, suspend-
Played into a computer, the waves be-
ed and wriggling. It became a Land-Rover
come visible lines on paper. Examining
loaded with tourists.
them, geophysicists can tell whether, deep
They had been to Douz, an oasis with
down, there are rock structures of the sort
small hotels. I, too, went to Douz. It was
that sometimes hold petroleum.
market day, and merchants had spread
My French hosts enjoyed four-course
cloths, from which they sold plastic bowls,
meals and slept in air-conditioned trailers.
spices, incense, cheap perfume, razor
The outside temperature was 112°F one af-
blades. Something was missing here: wom-
ternoon, and 130° when I put the thermom-
en. The Douz market is a man's world.
eter bulb in the sand.
Amid the dunes I spied life: a few strug-
Tunisia Relies on Precious Resource
gling trees, a little grass, sheep, three men.
Southwest of Douz, on a track shouldered
The oldest, Belhassen, barefoot, in his 60s,
by white sand, I drove to El Faouar. A good
lowered a rope into a hole. Splash! He drew
well supports a village and a grove of date
up a piece of inner tube trussed into a buck-
palms, figs, and pomegranates.
et's shape. "You can get along out here if you
I camped by that grove, building a fire
know where water is," he said, passing the
with sticks and palm fronds. It soon died,
inner tube. The taste was brackish.
and I wrapped in a blanket upon soft sand.
Belhassen, along with his cousin Ammar,
Sometime after midnight I awoke, feeling
about 50, and Ammar's nephew Ameur, 22
wind. Sand pattered my face and hands,
or so, had traveled nearly a hundred miles
stuck in my teeth. It accumulated against
with their animals.
the blanket. Stay in one place in the desert,
Trailers, intruders, explosions: What did
and you too can become a dune.
they think of all that? "It won't make any dif-
I shook out at daybreak and observed the
ference to us if oil is found," Belhassan said,
village. At about eight o'clock, small figures
offering the inner tube again.
appeared. They trudged across the sand,
Nomadism is a wonderful life, Ammar
lugging their book satchels.
declared. "You are free. You have a rela-
There is a song that Tunisian children
tionship only with your animals. The only
sing at school. It is a song about work, with
relationship more important is with Allah."
several verses:
Ameur nodded as the older men talked.
I am the joiner, my tool is the saw
Later, beyond their ears, he told me: "I wish
I am the nurse, I heal the wounds
I had gone to school. The only thing I know
I am the master of the anvil,
is being out here with animals."
striking the bars.
Oil people sometimes get lost in the desert
and must radio for a helicopter search. But
All join lustily in the chorus:
the desert can be nibbled at.
My job is the best job, and thanks to it,
On Tunisia's southwestern side a 75-
my country can evolve.
kilometer elevated road starts across the
It protects me from poverty
Chott Jerid, a salt-crusted lake that in its
my job is the best job.
middle reaches has snow's gleam. The light
Oh yes, easy-street gushers would be wel-
there was purplish gray, as if a storm
come in the desert wastes. But Tunisia
were coming. Strange mirages appeared.
knows where her real treasure lies.
A moment for reflection: Mahbouba Sassi glances in the mirror to tie her head-
band. A wife and mother in the village of Takrouna, she wears garb still typical of
rural women in the region. Step by step, Tunisia has, by any standards, quietly but
steadily brought herself into the front rank of developing nations.
Tunisia: Sea, Sand, Success
217
222
TUNIS
TUNIS, too'nis, the capital and largest city of
tine excavations are found in nearby
Tunisia, in North Africa. It lies at the end of the
site of the ancient city-state, now one of
coastal lagoon known as the Lake of Tunis (al-
Bahira), which itself opens into the Gulf of Tunis
urbs of Tunis. Just northeast of Carthage
six miles to the east-northeast. A canal and dike
town of Sidi-bou-Saïd, a charming village
system to the seaport town of La Goulette makes
ing a magnificent view of the Gulf of Tunistry product
History. Known as Tunes or
the port of Tunis accessible to seagoing ships.
times, the city was eclipsed by
Tunis is the principal industrial center of the
acquired importance
country, with plants that process foods and man-
the end of the 600's A.D.
ufacture chemicals, clothing, and metal goods.
ouan (Qairwan) and
Plan of the City. The city consists of two con-
capitals for the Aghlabid and Fatimid dynast
trasting parts-the Tunisian and the European.
Tunis emerged under the Hafsid dynasty
The sloping medieval medina (Arabic meaning
leading city of Tunisia after the 1200's.
25
"city"), flanked by the Bab al-Djazira and Bab
oped as a center of Islamic culture and as a
as-Souika sections, is the heart of the Tunisian
perous commercial city with a population?
section. Covering 702 acres, the medina has a
about 100,000. Caught in the Turko-
population density of more than 209 persons per
struggle of the 16th century, it was occup
acre, with nearly three fifths of the city's Mus-
intermittently by the Spaniards from
1535
lims living in it. The old Casbah (fortress),
1574, when it reverted to Muslim control
which adjoined the medina, was razed after Tu-
Coming under French rule in 1881
nisia became independent in 1956 because it
attracted European immigrants and capital
symbolized the era of foreign domination. It had
sulting in the addition of a large commercial
served as a prison for leading Tunisian national-
administrative, industrial, and residential city
ists during the French protectorate (1881-1956).
the medieval town. The increased economic
The heart of the European part of the city and its
tivity also drew thousands of Muslims from
central residential districts are on flat ground
rural areas. During World War II, Germs
stretching between the lake and the medina.
troops occupied Tunis from Nov. 9, 1942, until
Spreading out from this center are other residen-
was freed by the British Eighth Army on May
tial districts, including several new Muslim
1943.
districts.
Following Tunisia's independence, Tunis
Places of Interest. The covered markets or ba-
came involved in a major urban redevelopment
zaars, called suqs, are the chief tourist attraction
program, designed to eliminate congestion EM
along the crooked streets of the medina. Tuni-
squalor. The old ramparts around the media
sian handicrafts are displayed in a permanent
were torn down, abandoned cemeteries in L
exhibition at Dar Ben Abdallah, a palace in the
center were replaced by parks, and slums WER
medina. Among the outstanding buildings of
razed.
the city are the Zitouna Mosque, founded in 732,
According to the census of 1975, Tunis had
and the Kouba in Belvedere Park, a fine example
population of 550,404. Over half the people
of Moorish architecture. The Kouba, which
were Tunisian Muslims. Smaller groups wes
serves as a museum of Muslim art, offers a beau-
Tunisian Jews, other Muslims, and European
tiful view of the city. The Bardo Museum, situ-
The European and Jewish population declines
ated in a suburb west of Tunis, is perhaps the
sharply after Tunisia became independent.
most important archaeological museum in North
BENJAMIN RIVIS
Africa; it contains impressive examples of an-
Professor of Political Science, Brooklyn Collect
cient mosaics. Phoenician, Roman, and Byzan-
of the City University of New York
The main hotels and commercial buildings of Tunis line the Avenue Habib Bourguiba, the principal thoroughfare in
modern section of the city. The avenue links the Lake of Tunis and the "medina," the old town on the city's western
TUNISIA: 1. The Land
222a
ity-state, now one
found in nearby Carthage,
TUNISIA, too-nē'zhe, is an independent country
CONTENTS
northeast of Carthage is the
North Africa, on the Mediterranean Sea. It is
Section
Page
Section
Page
id, a charming village provid-
the in site of the ancient city-state of Carthage. Its
1. The Land
222a
4. Education
222f
ew of the Gulf of Tunis.
traditional name is Ifriqiyah, an Arabic form
2. Economy
222b
5. Government
222f
as Tunes or Tunis in ancient
of the Roman name "Africa." The name "Tuni-
3. The People
222d
6. History
222f
eclipsed by Carthage, but it
sia is derived from the name of the capital city,
e with the Arab conquest at
A.D. Overshadowed by Kair-
Tunis. Tunisia occupies the most northerly point of
Climate. Because of Tunisia's maritime expo-
sure, regional climatic variations within the
d Mahdia, which served as
the African continent. It is half Mediterranean,
country are less extreme than in the correspond-
labid and Fatimid dynasties
half desert in landscape. Projecting northward
ing regions of neighboring Algeria. Tunisia has
er the Hafsid dynasty as the
into the Mediterranean Sea toward Sicily, only
a typically temperate Mediterranean climate,
sia after the 1200's. It devel-
86 miles away, the country lies approximately
with long, hot, dry summers and short, mild
slamic culture and as a pros-
midway between the Straits of Gibraltar and the
winters with moderate rainfall. Winter tempera-
city with a population of
Suez Canal. It is bounded by the Mediterranean
tures in the city of Tunis range between a low of
ught in the Turko-Spanish
Sea on the east as well as on the north, by Algeria
44°F and a high of 65°F, with an average of 52°F.
h century, it was occupied
on the west and southwest, and by Libya on the
During the summer months the average temper-
he Spaniards from 1535 to
east and southeast. Tunisia occupies a strategic
ature is 79° F, ranging between a low of 65°F and
ted to Muslim control.
position in North Africa, serving as a crossroad
a high of 93°F, except during the sirocco, when
French rule in 1881, Tunis
between Europe and Africa and between the
the temperature may reach 122°F. The sirocco,
immigrants and capital, re-
eastern and western parts of the Arab world.
called shehili in Tunisia, is an oppressive, dry,
tion of a large commercial,
Together with Morocco and Algeria, Tunisia con-
hot wind that blows in from the desert for as long
strial, and residential city to
stitutes the Arab Maghreb.
as a week and is encountered throughout North
The increased economic ac-
Tunisia has an area of 63,170 square miles
Africa and the Middle East. Temperatures in
usands of Muslims from the
(163,610 sq km). Its population, according to the
Tunisia become more extreme in the interior and
ig World War II, German
1975 census, is 5,588,209 (1978 estimate,
to the south, with wider variations between day
is from Nov. 9, 1942, until it
6,077,000). The great majority of the people are
and night.
itish Eighth Army on May 7,
Muslims, and Islam is the state religion. There
Rainfall is irregular and occurs during the
are small groups of Tunisian Jews, French, and
short winter, from November to February. The
ia's independence, Tunis be-
Italians. The principal cities, with 1975 census
rest of the year is virtually rainless. Throughout
major urban redevelopment
populations, are: Tunis, the capital, 550,404;
Tunisia, the number of rainy days is very small.
to eliminate congestion and
Sfax, 171,297; Djerba, 70,217; Sousse, 69,530;
The city of Tunis, situated in one of the highest
amparts around the medina
Bizerte, 62,856; and Kairouan, 54,546. Most of
precipitation zones, has rain on an average of
bandoned cemeteries in the
the population is concentrated in the northeast-
only 79 days a year. Toward the south beyond
d by parks, and slums were
ern region of the country known as the Tell.
the Atlas Mountains, the amount of rainfall de-
The interior and south are sparsely settled.
creases rapidly.
census of 1975, Tunis had a
In 1956, Tunisia became independent, hav-
Major Regions. Tunisia may be divided into
404. Over half the people
ing been a French protectorate since 1881 and
two distinct regions-the relatively well-watered
lims. Smaller groups were
before that at least nominally part of the Ottoman
north and the arid south. The two are separated
er Muslims, and Europeans.
empire. The Husseinid (Husaynid) dynasty,
by the prolongation of the Atlas Mountains from
Jewish population declined
which had reigned in Tunisia since 1705 and
Algeria, running from the southwest to the north-
a became independent.
throughout the years of the French protectorate,
east. The northern region contains three zones:
BENJAMIN RIVLIN
was deposed in 1957 when Tunisia became a
the Tell (Arabic for "hill"), the Sahel, and the
il Science, Brooklyn College
republic.
steppes or interior plateaus.
City University of New York
The Tunisian constitution of 1959 proclaimed
The Tell and the Saharan Atlas mountain
Tunisia as a free, independent state and an inte-
chains of Algeria converge in Tunisia to form a
gral part of the Greater Maghreb. Its religion is
mountain backbone (dorsal range) that divides
the principal thoroughfare in the
Islam, its form of government republican, and its
the northern mountainous Tell from the steppes.
old town on the city's western hills.
official language is Arabic. French is used ex-
The Atlas Mountains in Tunisia, while reaching
CARL FRANK
tensively and serves as the second language.
heights of 5,000 feet (1,520 meters) at Djebel
The national flag of Tunisia consists of a red cres-
Chambi and 4,260 feet (1,300 meters) at Djebel
cent and star enclosed by a white circle on a red
field, and its national anthem is entitled Al-
Zaghouan, are less imposing than in Algeria.
Khaladi (The Glorious). Tunisia is financially
The Tell forms a zone of deep valleys and folded
mountains. It is fertile and well watered, with
part of the French franc zone. Its unit of cur-
up to 24 inches (61 cm) of rain annually, most of
rency is the dinar (1,000 millimes).
it in the winter. It is noted for its cork oak, green
1. The Land
oak, and pine forests. The Medjerda River, with
its tributaries, carries the rain that falls on the
Tunisia is a small country. North to south its
greatest length is 450 miles (724 km) and its
western highlands across the country here to the
Gulf of Tunis. The fertile valleys and alluvial
greatest width, 200 miles (322 km). Bordered by
the sea on the north and east, the country has a
plains formed by the Medjerda permit intensive
cultivation; these northern regions, particularly
copographically it Topographically it Topographically it is a continuation of Algeria,
than 800 miles (1,288 km).
around Tunis and Cape Bon, were transformed
into rich grain-growing areas by European colo-
two countries. The northern coast is abrupt and
are no natural barriers between the
nizers.
rocky, as in Algeria's, and the Atlas Mountains
The Tell joins the Sahel in the northeast.
extend from Algeria into Tunisia, as do the high
Starting at Bizerte, the Sahel extends southward
steppes has and desert regions. Tunisia, however,
along the east coast to Sfax. Sandy beaches
a distinctive physical feature in its long, flat
along curving bays and gulfs mark the Sahel,
coastal for plain in the east, called the Sahel (Arabic
whose flat plain is at times broken by gently
and plain"). The country's geographic position
undulating land. The northern part of the Sahel
hospitable coastal plain have made Tunisia
around Cape Bon, Tunis, and Bizerte averages
considerably ces than Algeria.
about 20 inches (50 cm) of annual rainfall, mostly
more susceptible to outside cul-
in the winter. The land and climate of the north-
ern Sahel have proved most suitable for the cul-
222b
TUNISIA: 1. The Land-2. Economy
A
8°
B
10°
C
12°
D
TUNISIA Map Index
Galite Is
Blano
states
Sicily
Population¹: 5,588,209
MEDITERRANEANC
Bourguiba
Gulf
SEA
Area: 63,170 square
Annaba
CITIES and TOWNS
C. Bon
1
(Bône) Tabarka
Mateuro
Temime
1
Philippe Thomas,002,052
Skikda
TUNIS
La Goulette
Pantelleria
Adjim, 6,288
C3
Remada, 1,866
Mts.
Béja°
(Italy)
Béja, 22,668
B1
Lif
Sbeitla, 3,409
Hammam
Constantine
OMedje
Ben Gardane, 2,138
C3
Sfax, 65,635
Souk-el-Arbsco oLe Kef
Nabeul
Teboursouk
Bizerte, 44,681
B1
Hammamet
Souk-el-Arba, 7,996
Gulf of Hammamet
Dehibat, 1,579
C3
Sousse, 48,172
36°
Enfidaville
36°
Djem, El. See El Djem.
Tabarka, 859
c)
Mellague
O
Kalaa
Kebira
Douz, 9,993
B3
Maktar
Tataouine, 2,599
bez
Monastir
Pelagie Is.
El Djem, 6,777
C2
Thala
Kairouan
O
Moknine
(Italy)
Teboursouk, 7,177
N
Msaken
Mahdia
8
El Hamma, 6,820
B2
Thala, 4,301
Tébessa
(Ksour Essaf
Enfidaville, 3,134
B1
Sbeitla
Tozeur, 11,820
Djem
Fériana, 4,891
B2
Jeb. Chambi
Ras Kaboudia
Tunis (cap.), 410,000
2
Kasserine
2
Fort-Saint
B4
5,066
Tunis, 632,1002
Fériana
Sfax
Gabès, 24,420
B3
Zarzis, 10,829
Kerkennah Is.
Gafsa, 24,345
B2
Gafsa
Mahares
Philippe.
Hammam-Lif, 22,060
C1
o
Hammamet, 7,088
PHYSICAL FEATURES
Shott eli
Thomas
La Skhirra
C1
Shott
Rharsa
Shott el
Gulf of
Kairouan, 33,968
B2
34°
ozeur
El.
Bir Romane (well)
Melrhir
FedjadjHammal
Gabès
34°
Kalaa-Kebira, 16,708
C2
Bir Zar (well)
Neftao
E
O
Adjim
Kasserine, 2,705
B2
Blanc (cape)
Shott et
Gabes
Djerba
Dierid
Kebili
Kebili, 1,625
B3
Bon (cape)
O
Mareth
Zarzis
Ksour Essaf, 11,341
C2
Chambi, Jebel (mt.)
o
Douz
La Goulette, 26,323
C1
Djerba (isl.), 62,445
El Oued
Médenine
La Skhirra
B2
Ben
Djerid, Shott el (salt
3
Gardane
Zwara
3 Le Kef, 14,743
B1
lake)
Tataouine
Maharès, 5,518
B2
Fedjadi, Shott el (salt
&
Bir Romane
Mahdia, 10,842
C2
lake)
Je
fara
Maktar, 4,021
B2
Gabès (gulf)
L
Remada
Mareth, 153
C3
Galite (isls.)
Dehibat
Mateur, 14,641
B1
Hammamet (gulf)
32°
32° Médenine, 5,350
C3
Kaboudia, Ras (cape)
Great
Eastern
ONalut
Menzel-Bourguiba,
Kerkennah (isls.),
Erg
L
I
B
Y
A
34,732
B1
13,074
a
Bir Zar
Menzel-Temime, 11,350
C1
Medjerda (mts.)
Moknine, 17,699
C2
Medjerda (river)
Monastir, 12,596
C2
Mellègue (river)
4
TUNISIA
4
Msaken, 26,142
C2
Rharsa, Shott el (salt
Nabeul, 14,047
C1
lake)
SCALE OF MILES
Nefta, 14,584
A3
Tunis (gulf)
0
0
25
50
100
Fort-Saint
Ghadames
1 Total population, 1975 census; other populations, 1951
!O
©C. S. HAMMOND & Co.
census. 2 City and suburbs.
A Long. East of Greenwich
10°
C
12°
D
tivation of grapes, citrus, other fruits, and garden
2. Economy
produce, as well as for cereals. The southern
With a gross domestic product estimated #
Sahel between the gulfs of Hammamet and
nearly $6 billion annually, Tunisia is predomi-
Gabès, considered by many to be the true Sahel,
nantly an agricultural country. Its economy
is more arid than the northern regions, receiving
affected particularly by an increasing population
only 8-10 inches (203-254 mm) of rainfall annu-
and by unpredictable weather, especially
ally. However, the high humidity along the
drought. About 350,000 workers, who with their
coast compensates in part for the lack of rainfall.
families constitute nearly a third of the popula
This area is noted for its olive groves. The
tion, are described as "chronically unem-
island of Djerba, which lies off the southern end
ployed"-underemployed or completely outside
of the Sahel, enjoys a temperate climate through-
the labor force. Since the country became inde-
out the year.
pendent, the government has pursued a policy
The interior plateaus or steppes lie south of
reorienting the economy toward greater self
the Tell and west of the Sahel. This semiarid
sufficiency, less dependence upon France, closer
region is a tangle of hills, rocky ridges, treeless
ties to the neighboring Maghreb states, increase
plains, and valleys that lie at altitudes from 660
world trade, growth in agriculture and fishing
feet (201 meters) in the north to 1,700 feet (518
development of the tourist trade, establishment
meters) in the southern plains. The steppe re-
of light industries, and greater manufacture
gion has a harsh climate, bleak in winter and
consumer goods. Nevertheless the country
scorched by a desert wind in the summer. Its
been dependent on sizable amounts of foreig
annual rainfall ranges between 6 and 12 inches.
aid. Tunisia formed a limited association with
The land serves as pasturage for sheep and cam-
the European Economic Community (EEC)
els and for the natural growth of esparto grass.
1969.
The southern region of Tunisia, constituting
The government has launched several devel
between two fifths and one half of the country, is
opment plans calling for increased employment
desert. On the northern fringe of the desert,
stretching from Gabès across the country, is a
part, financing of these plans has been supplice
business investment,
line of salt marshes called chotts (shotts), which
by foreign sources.
are circled by oases famous for their dates. The
Agriculture is the mainstay of the economy,
largest of these is the Chott Djerid (Shott el-
and employs about half of the working popula
Djerid; Arabic for "date grove"), which lies 50
tion. State ownership of the land and business
feet (15 meters) below sea level. Though annual
enterprises is widespread.
rainfall in this area is less than 5 inches (127
Agriculture. Tunisia has 16,000 square miles
mm), springs supply water for the oases, where
approximately 3,000,000 date palms grow.
under cultivation and development, 4,000 14,000 square
miles of woods and forests, and about
TUNISIA: 2. Economy
222c
P Index
miles of pastureland. About 14,000
The raising of livestock produces about 20
Area: 63,170 square
square miles are unproductive. 150 Cereals cover
percent of the country's agricultural income.
hilippe-Thomas, 1,052
6,000 square square miles; vineyards, miles. square There miles;
Broadtail sheep are a specialty of Tunisia, and
Ras-Djebel, 10,002
olive trees, 2,920 square are
sheep breeding is receiving special attention be-
lemada, 1,866
Sbeitla, 3,409
restricts cultivation, and harvests fluctuate
and about 800,000 citrus fruit trees. Lack of water
cause of the export potential of wool and meat.
Sfax, 65,635
Sheep number more than 2.5 million.
Souk-el-Arba, 7,996
widely with variations in rainfall.
There are two patterns of agricultural
Sousse, 48,172
Tabarka, 859
normal climate conditions, agricultural
production-the modern and the traditional.
Tataouine, 2,599
leboursouk, 7,177
Thala, 4,301
a a low level and an
a pooduction.provides.unist conduction.providesTunist with crops suffi-
The former, found principally in the productive
cereal areas of the north, is characterized by
of such items as olive oil,
Tozeur, 11,820
large holdings on which are used modern farm-
Tunis (cap.), 410,000
wine, durum wheat, esparto grass, citrus fruits,
ing techniques and efficient mechanized equip-
Tunis, 632,1002
Zarzis, 10,829
dates, and cork. But the extreme fluctuations in
ment that were introduced during the days of the
harvests from year to year force Tunisia to import
French protectorate. Though once largely in the
PHYSICAL FEATURES
substantial amounts of foodstuffs besides the reg-
hands of Europeans, these holdings were nation-
ular imports of sugar, tea, coffee, vegetable oils,
alized in 1964.
Bir Romane (well)
Bir Zar (well)
dairy products, and processed foods.
The traditional agricultural pattern, found
Blanc (cape)
Since ancient times, when Carthage was
outside the northern cereal regions, is followed
Bon (cape)
Chambi, Jebel (mt.)
known as the granary of Rome, Tunisia has been
by almost 500,000 Tunisians. The holdings are
country of cereals. To this day, a large portion
usually small, and production is primitive, yield-
Djerba (isl.), 62,445
Djerid, Shott el (salt
a of the arable land is devoted to the production of
ing a bare subsistence. Those engaged in the
lake)
20500 A2 a a A2 a
hard wheat, soft wheat, and barley, furnishing 40
traditional pattern of agricultural cultivation
Fedjadi, Shott el (salt
percent of the agricultural income. The olive
raise wheat, dates, and olives, or raise live-
lake)
Gabès (gulf)
crop, with favorable weather conditions, sup-
stock.
Galite (isls.)
plies about 25 percent of Tunisia's farm income.
Only 20 percent of the population engaged in
Hammamet (gulf)
Kaboudia, Ras (cape)
Tunisia ranks high in the world's production and
agriculture are wage earners. A large number of
Kerkennah (isls.),
export of olive oil. Viticulture, introduced by
fellahin (peasants) rent land. Several types of
13,074
Europeans in the area around Tunis and Cape
tenancy are found: the khammes ("fifth" in Ara-
Medjerda (mts.)
Bon, has declined since the departure of Euro-
bic), the most traditional, under which the tenant
Medjerda (river)
pean farmers. Other fruits, particularly citrus,
receives one fifth of the yield; the rebaa
Mellègue (river)
Rharsa, Shott el (salt
are grown in the same areas as those producing
("fourth" in Arabic), under which the tenant re-
lake)
grapes, while high-quality dates are grown in the
ceives one fourth of the harvest; and, to a limited
Tunis (gulf)
chott area. Esparto grass, cork, and tobacco are
extent, half-share tenancy.
us; other populations, 1956
also economically important.
During the French protectorate, some at-
tempt was made to improve the quality of native
farming. These efforts, which were extended
A date grower harvests his crop at an oasis at Gafsa.
after independence, included agricultural loans,
Vast salt marshes border this area on the south.
the organization of producer cooperatives, in-
CARL FRANK
struction in modern agricultural techniques, and
the introduction of modern agricultural equip-
C product estimated at
ment. The land that was nationalized in 1964
ly, Tunisia is predomi-
was to be placed under cooperative cultivation.
untry. Its economy is
Special attention is paid to the development of
n increasing population
adequate water resources through irrigation, the
weather, especially
construction of dams, and the boring of artesian
workers, who with their
wells. An outstanding part of this program is the
/ a third of the popula
series of three dams in the Medjerda River val-
S "chronically unem-
ley. This project was designed to irrigate about
d or completely outside
125,000 acres of land and to furnish drinking
e country became inde-
water and electric power for the city of Tunis.
has pursued a policy of
Tunisia faces a basic crisis in its economy
y toward greater self-
because of its heavy dependence upon agricul-
nce upon France, closer
ture. First, agricultural production fluctuates,
aghreb states, increased
because of climatic vagaries, and does not pro-
agriculture and fishing,
vide stability in employment and income to
ist trade, establishment
greater manufacture of
those dependent on it. Second, agricultural pro-
duction has failed to keep pace with the increas-
theless the country has
ing population. While Tunisia's population rose
ble amounts of foreign
75 percent between 1933 and 1963, agricultural
imited association with
productivity increased by only 25 percent.
Community (EEC) in
Third, after independence, the purchase by
France of Tunisia's major agricultural exports of
launched several devel-
wheat, wine, and olive oil at favorable support
increased employment,
prices no longer was certain. While trying to
blans has production.lied
d food
increase agricultural production through mod-
ernization and irrigation, Tunisia has also turned
to other enterprises for needed economic
instay of the economy,
of the working popula-
growth.
f the land and business
Fishing. Benefiting from Tunisia's long sea-
coast, fishing has traditionally played an impor-
d.
tant role in the country's economic life. Some
as 16,000 square miles
40,000 tons of fish are taken annually by approx-
velopment, 4,000 square
rests, and about 14,000
imately 4,000 fishing vessels. The fishing indus-
try is small in scale, and simple, primitive
222d
TUNISIA: 2. Economy-3. The People
techniques are used. As part of its economic
ety of foodstuffs, semifinished and manufa
development, however, Tunisia is developing
products, and fuel.
fishing on a larger commercial scale. Sardines
and tuna are the major catches. A formerly
Tunisia has suffered from a chronic ad
strong sponge-fishing industry has declined be-
balance of trade. Since World War II, except
an occasional year when Tunisia's exports
cause of the growing competition of plastic
substitutes.
equal imports because of unusually good
Mining and Manufacturing. Industrial develop-
vests, exports have balanced off only between
one half and three quarters of the country's
ment in Tunisia is rather limited, but since inde-
ports. Most of Tunisia's trade has been
pendence it has been the policy of the govern-
France, Italy, and West Germany.
ment to promote industrial growth. A large
Until independence, France made up the
portion of the industrial contribution to the na-
tional income is provided by mining. Tradi-
icit in the Tunisian trade balance through capital
investments and government subsidies. Follow
tional handicrafts and some minor manufacturing
activity account for the remainder.
ing independence, Franco-Tunisian economic
relations were the subject of constant renegotis
Mining directly employs about 15,000 work-
tions. Tunisia sought to lessen its dependence
ers in phosphate mines, lead and zinc mines, and
upon France as a source of financial assistance
iron mines, in addition to those working in the
and as a trading partner. The Franco-Tunis
production of marine salt. Furthermore, it pro-
customs union was abrogated in 1959 and
vides much of the country's rail traffic and most
E
placed by an arrangement subject to annual
of its export tonnage. In the 15 years following
re-
newal. Subsequent annual agreements retained
World War II, the value of Tunisia's mineral pro-
the essential features of the customs union.
L
duction quadrupled. The phosphate deposits
1962, however, France stopped paying preferen-
are the most important, for Tunisia produces
tial prices for Tunisian wine, and after Tunisia
about one tenth of the world's consumption, ex-
nationalized French holdings in 1964, France
porting an average of 3,000,000 metric tons of
ended all its preferential trade agreements with
ordinary phosphate and superphosphates annu-
Tunisia but two years later reversed its position
ally. Though extensive, the phosphate deposits
for specific products.
are of lesser quality than those of Morocco be-
In the years immediately following indepen-
cause they contain a lower percentage of trical-
dence, Tunisia turned to the United States for
cium. Quarried in the center of Tunisia, the ore
financial aid of various kinds to overcome its
is processed in plants at Sfax and Tunis.
trade imbalance. The country entered into trade
Iron ore (about 1 million metric tons annu-
relations with Italy, West Germany, Yugoslavia,
ally) is mined along the Algerian frontier, while
Poland, the USSR, Communist China, Czecho-
the less important lead and zinc deposits are
slovakia, Bulgaria, and several Arab countries.
worked in the north. Tunisia has no coal or
Transportation. An extensive network of high-
other natural source of energy needed for indus-
ways and railroads provides access to all sections
trial development. Exploration for oil in the
of the country. Bus routes extend throughout
southwest, not far from where oil was discovered
the country. The government-owned Tunisian
in Algeria, has met with some success. Reserves
National Railways has 1,000 miles of track, con-
are estimated at about 2.3 billion barrels and
necting Tunis with the Algerian line and also
recent production has been about 23 million bar-
joining the northern and southern parts of the
rels annually. Some natural gas deposits have
country. The Sfax-Gafsa railway system has
been found in the Cape Bon vicinity, but Tunisia
more than 300 miles of track. Although the rail-
still must import most of its fuel.
roads are used primarily for hauling mineral
Traditional handicrafts, such as carpet weav-
ores, they carry more than 10 million passengers
ing, copper engraving, leather work, and embroi-
annually.
dery, and the manufacture of pottery, jewelry,
In addition to the four principal ports of
and footwear have long played an important role
Tunis-La Goulette, Bizerte, Sousse, and Sfar,
in the economic life of Tunisia. Faced with the
there are many secondary ports. The ports han-
competition of imported machine-made goods
dle over 8,000 ships annually. Bizerte was for
and changes in patterns of consumption, how-
merly restricted largely to French naval open
ever, the handicrafts sector of Tunisian industry
tions. Sfax and Sousse handle phosphates and
has been weakened. Nevertheless, more than
olive-oil shipments. A port at La Skhirra spe
500,000 people still depend upon it for their live-
cializes in oil bunkering. The El-Aouina airport
lihood. Efforts have been made to strengthen
near Tunis is the country's major international
the handicrafts industry through retraining and
airport. Internal air services link the chief Tuni-
improved cooperative marketing techniques.
sian urban centers.
However, prospects of modernizing it are consid-
ered limited.
3. The People
Modern industry other than mining is varied
Demography. Tunisia's population is the
but small, and generally is worked at below
evenly distributed. About 70 percent live in
capacity. Among the modern enterprises are ce-
northeast in 30 percent of the area. Population
ment and lead-smelting plants, flour mills, fruit
density varies enormously according to region;
and vegetable canneries, fish canneries, and
the average density is 94 inhabitants per square mile
other food-processing plants, soap factories, and
mile, but it ranges from 7 people per square
a plant for cleansing and enriching phosphates.
in the deep south to 254 in the Tunis wilãyat.
Other factories produce electrical equipment,
There has been a heavy increase in Tunisia
cigarettes, alcoholic beverages, aluminum pots
urban population in mid-20th century. Appron-
and pans, and shoes.
mately 30 percent of the total population is
Foreign Trade. Tunisia exports such raw
ban, about one half of this number living
materials as phosphates, iron ore, lead, esparto
Tunis and its suburbs. Growth of the urbas
grass, and basic foodstuffs, such as olive oil,
population has not been restricted to Tunis,
wine, citrus fruits, and dates. It imports a vari-
major cities showed remarkable increases.
el. semifinished and manufactured
uffered from a chronic
Since World War II, except adverse
ir when Tunisia's exports almost for
ecause of unusually
ive balanced off only good hard
Bedouin women belong
ee quarters of the country's
These one of the nomadic tribes
id West Germany.
Tunisia's trade has been with im
to herd camels, sheep, and
goats tot in the deserts of south-
idence, France made up the def
$
Tunisia.
an trade balance through capital
government subsidies. Follow-
ce, Franco-Tunisian economic
e subject of constant renegotia-
ought to
a source lessen its depensistance
partner. The Franco-Tunisian
PAT MORIN, MONKMEYER
vas abrogated in 1959 and re:
angement subject to annual
ent annual agreements retained
The movement to the cities has taken place
Language. In contrast to Algeria and Morocco,
tures of the customs union. In
partly as a result of a rapid population increase.
where substantial vestiges of the Berber heritage
rance stopped paying preferen-
It has also been generated by the displacement
exist in the persons of the Berber-speaking
inisian wine, and after Tunisia
of agricultural workers because of mechanization
tribesmen, Tunisia is almost entirely Arabic-
nch holdings in 1964, France
and by the existence of a large floating agricul-
speaking. The Berber dialects in use in the inte-
ferential trade agreements with
tural population that could count on only sea-
rior just one or two generations ago are no longer
years later reversed its position
sonal work in the country. The influx of this
in evidence there.
icts.
unskilled rural element has intensified the
Religion. Since the first Arab invasion in the
mmediately following indepen-
growth of slums and shanties (gourbis) on the
latter half of the 7th century, Tunisia's culture
urned to the United States for
outskirts of all major urban centers. A govern-
has been predominantly Muslim and Arab. Tu-
various kinds to overcome its
ment policy of "degourbification" has not suc-
nisian Muslims, except for several thousand het-
The country entered into trade
ceeded in eradicating all the slums because their
erodox Kharijites on the island of Djerba, belong
ily, West Germany, Yugoslavia,
inhabitants have been reluctant to return to the
to the orthodox Sunnite branch of Islam. Most
R, Communist China, Czecho-
depressed areas from which they came.
follow the Malikite school of law, but descen-
a, and several Arab countries.
Tunisia's population is growing at a rate of 2
dants of the old Turkish ruling class follow the
percent a year. Its birthrate of 40 per thousand
Hanifite school. Islam in Tunisia has tradition-
An extensive network of high-
Is provides access to all sections
is one of the highest in the world. The death
ally been known for its tolerance of non-
Bus routes extend throughout
rate, particularly the infant mortality rate, has
Muslims. While Islam is the declared official
e government-owned Tunisian
been declining steadily. This gives Tunisia a
religion, freedom of religion is guaranteed by the
S has 1,000 miles of track, con-
population pyramid with a very wide base com-
constitution. Strong secular tendencies are
ith the Algerian line and also
posed of the young.
prevalent among the modernized elite.
ern and southern parts of the
Rural and Urban Life. Tunisia's Muslim popula-
European Population. The European commu-
ifax-Gafsa railway system has
tion is considerably more homogeneous than that
nity, which numbered over 250,000 during the
iles of track. Although the rail-
of either Algeria or Morocco, due in part to the
later years of the French protectorate, decreased
primarily for hauling mineral
smallness of the country and the absence of
to an estimated 60,000 after independence and
nore than 10 million passengers
formidable physical obstacles to movement be-
has remained at about that level. Consisting
tween different parts of the country. Differ-
mainly of French and Italians, plus some Mal-
:o the four principal ports of
ences between townspeople and the rural popu-
tese, the Europeans formed a social group mark-
te, Bizerte, Sousse, and Sfax,
lation are much less pronounced than in Algeria
edly different from the Tunisians.
econdary ports. The ports han-
and Morocco, resulting in considerably more na-
Prior to independence, the European minor-
hips annually. Bizerte was for-
tional uniformity. Seminomadism and tribalism,
ity exercised full political power, dominated the
largely to French naval opera-
while still existent, are declining rapidly.
economy, and supplied the country with techni-
Sousse handle phosphates and
Tunisia has a tradition unique for the Ma-
cally trained and professionally skilled person-
ghreb in its urban settlements that date back to
its. A port at La Skhirra spe-
nel. Because the departure of the European
nkering. The El-Aouina airport
the many ports established in Carthaginian
population has taken place gradually, its effect
e country's major international
times. Within the cities lives an important bour-
on the country as a whole and on the economy in
air services link the chief Tuni-
geois element, more sophisticated in orientation
particular, while felt, has not been too severe.
and habits than the rural population. During the
rs.
French protectorate, contact with European cul-
In many instances, such as in the school system,
ture and values stimulated the emergence of a
it has been possible to replace Europeans with
Tunisians at all levels.
Tunisia's population is un-
modern Tunisian middle class closely approxi-
Jewish Population. The Jews of Tunisia, consti-
d. About 70 percent live in the
mating the standard of living and mores of the
European community.
tuting a very ancient community in the country,
ercent of the area. Population
are mostly Tunisian citizens. Approximately 20
normously according to region;
ity is 94 inhabitants per square
shares of an ethnic background with the inhabitants
Ethnic Composition. Tunisia's population
percent of the Jews obtained French citizenship
Algeria and Morocco; they are an admixture of
under the protectorate. The number of Jewish
S from 7 people per square mile
peoples belonging to the Mediterranean sub-
inhabitants has declined because of emigration;
a to 254 in the Tunis wiläyat.
grouping of the Caucasoid race with some black
since independence the Jewish population has
en a heavy increase in Tunisia
in mid-20th century. Approxi-
admixture from the south. The majority are de-
dropped from 57,792 in 1956 census to an esti-
it of the total population is ur
scendants of the union of the earliest known
mated 30,000 in 1964.
ious Hebrew, Greek, Ro-
inhabitants of the area, the Berbers, with the var-
The Jews are descendants of the original He-
half of this number living in
brew immigrants who came to the country with
uburbs. Growth of the urban all
the Phoenicians, of converted Berber tribes, and
ot been restricted to Tunis, as
Arab, Spanish Moor,
of the Jews who were expelled from Spain in
ved remarkable increases.
come to Tunisia since the
1492. The Jewish population is mainly urban.
settled here 3,000 years ago.
It is culturally divided between those who have
222e
222f
TUNISIA: 4. Education-6. History
been Europeanized and those who have retained
tion provides for a strong executive in
a traditional way of life much like that of their
of the president, who must
Muslim neighbors. An important traditional
Elected for a five-year term by
Jewish community has existed from ancient
frage, he may be reelected twice in consecutive
times on the island of Djerba.
elections. The strength of the president lies
4. Education
his power to establish general state policy and
choose ministers who are responsible solely
Following independence, the Tunisian edu-
him, and in his position as the supreme
cational system sought to fuse the country's tra-
mander of the armed forces. He wields com-
ditional Arabo-Muslim heritage with Western
appointive powers and is described as wide the
modernism. For centuries, traditional education
guardian of the constitution." The 90-member
in Tunisia was restricted to rudimentary reli-
legislature, the National Assembly, is unican
gious training. At the base were the kuttãbs or
eral; members are elected for five-year terms
Koranic schools, scattered throughout the coun-
the same time as the president. The judiciary
try and usually attached to mosques. The only
appointed by the president upon the recommen
textbook in these schools was the Koran, and the
dation of the Higher Judicial Council.
curriculum consisted mainly of learning the Ko-
Local Government. Tunisia is divided into 13
ran by rote, together with some simple training
administrative provinces called wilayats in Art
in arithmetic, penmanship, and religion. Ad-
bic and gouvernorats in French, each headed by
vanced studies in preparation for a religious po-
an appointed wãli or governor. The wäli is the
sition were available at Zitouna (az-Zaytunah)
local representative of central authority. Below
University or at one of its annexes. In 1870, dur-
the wilayats are 83 mendubiyats, or delegations
ing the preprotectorate period of reform, Sadiqi
headed by mutamids (delegates) who exercise
College was established with a modern curricu-
functions equivalent to those of prefects and sub-
lum. Bilingual (Arabic and French) and bicul-
prefects in France. The mendubiyats are subdi-
tural in orientation, this college exercised great
vided into cheikhats, which date back to ethnic
influence over Tunisian intellectual develop-
groupings in the Middle Ages. The number of
ment in the following century. It served as both
cheikhats has declined. In addition some of the
the
a molder of the modern political elite and as a
leading cities and towns are organized as com-
lodestar for the country's educational policy
munes with elected town councils. The number
since independence.
of communes has increased with the movement
While the French protectorate arrested fur-
of the people to urban centers. The communes
ther efforts by Tunisians to modernize education,
range in population from 900 to over 400,000.
D.C
it did develop elementary, secondary, and higher
Political System. Tunisia's political life is dom-
To
educational facilities, primarily for European
inated by the leading party, the Socialist Des-
students, which had an important effect upon the
tour, which was known as the Neo-Destour until
Ro
Tunisians. A substantial number of Tunisian
1964. Other parties such as the Old Destour and
students attended the French schools. Even
the Communist party continue to exist, but they
in
more attended the Franco-Tunisian schools,
are insignificant. For all practical purposes, Tu-
60
which were modeled on Sadiqi College and
nisia has a single party system. The Socialist
the
were intended exclusively for Tunisians. Ko-
Destour has a number of ancillary national orga
M
ranic schools were untouched by the French ad-
nizations, which enjoy organizational autonomy
ministration. Most Jewish students attended
but are not independent centers of political
modern schools established by the Alliance Is-
power. These organizations are: UGTT (Union
raélite Universelle.
Générale des Travailleurs Tunisiens, represent
At independence in 1956, only 26 percent of
ing labor); UGET (Union Générale des Eto-
the children of primary school age and 3 percent
diants de Tunisie, representing students); UNFI
of the children of secondary school age were in
(Union Nationale des Femmes Tunisiennes, rep.
classes. In 1958, Tunisia launched a 10-year
resenting women's groups); UTIC (Union Tunt
plan of educational reform aimed at establishing
sienne des Industriels et Commerçants, repre-
a single school system based on the Sadiqi model
senting commerce and industry); and UNAT
and providing for compulsory primary education
(Union Nationale des Agriculteurs Tunisiens,
and the strengthening of intermediate, second-
representing farmers).
ary, and higher education. In March 1960, the
The Socialist Destour and its allied organize
University of Tunis was established with four
tions form a powerful political machine, which
faculties: science; letters and human science;
receives strong direction from the party's be so
law and political and economic science; and Is-
preme executive, the 15-member political gain
lamic and Arabic studies. The last of these was
reau. Hundreds of thousands of Tunisians
formerly Zitouna University.
ty's local cells, forums for discussing national
an effective political education through the par-
5. Government
issues and for proposing national policy.
The Tunisian constitution was promulgated
on June 1, 1959. The first section describes the
6. History
fundamental character of the republic as well as
Pre-Islamic Period. The earliest
the basic rights and duties of the citizens. These
include equality before the law; the right to own
ants of Tunisia were the Berbers, whose bathe
apparently is derived
property; freedom of conscience, worship, opin-
bers inhabited not only Tunisia, but also
ian (Greek barbaroi; Latin barbari). Algens
ion, press, and association; the right to organize
trade unions; and a unique provision protecting
variously classified as belonging to the Hamite
Morocco, and Libya. Their language has bee
political refugees from extradition. Subsequent
parts deal with the legislative, executive, and
Semitic family, to the Afroasian family, and to class
judicial authorities and with the amending pro-
cedure.
Hamitic family, depending on the language spe
sification being used. Since it was
Structure of National Government. The constitu-
ken, there is no literature of this era.
TUNISIA: 6. History
222g
ong executive in the
history begins with the arrival of the of Phoenicians the
proconsulate of Africa was a stronghold of Chris-
who must
the 1100's B.C. and the founding the modern city of
tianity, producing St. Augustine and St. Cyprian
ear term by suf
Utica, in on a location between cities of
besides becoming a center of the schism of the
lected twice in consecutive
Tunis and Bizerte.
Donatists.
ngth of the president lies in
h general state policy and
After several permanent settlements had
Roman domination gave way to a century-
10 are responsible solely
been established on the Tunisian coast, Carthage
long Vandal occupation that produced hardly any
founded by settlers from Tyre in the 800's
lasting effects upon the country. The Vandals in
sition as the supreme com-
B.C. was on a site near the present city of Tunis. The
turn were succeeded by Byzantium from 534 to
ed forces. He wields wide
hence the name Carthage. Carthage became the
city was called Kart-Hadasht (the new city)-
698. Byzantine rule in the area was never so
and is described as the
firmly rooted as Roman rule had been. It was
stitution." The 90-member
ional Assembly, is unicam-
capital of a powerful empire that extended along
plagued by anarchy and disaffection among the
:lected for five-year terms
the coast into Algeria. In the 400's B.C., Car-
Berber tribes and was racked by religious dissen-
thage, until then mainly a maritime city-state,
sion among Christian sects.
president. The judiciary is
conquered much of the Tunisian hinterland and
Arab Invasions. The situation was eminently
esident upon the recommen-
brought about the intermixing of the Berber and
favorable for the Arab invasions, which began as
r Judicial Council.
Phoenician cultures. Thus most of present-day
raids (razzias) in 648 and within two decades had
Tunisia is divided into 13
Tunisia was included within a single political
turned into a full-scale invasion under Okba
inces called wilãyats in Ara-
entity. Carthage became involved in a long
("Uqbah ibn-Nãfi'). In 670 he founded Kairouan
ts in French, each headed by
struggle with Rome in the Punic Wars, the sec-
(Qairwan), the first Arab city in the Maghreb,
or governor. The wãli is the
ond of which produced the famous Carthaginian
which is still a holy shrine. Okba was able to
of central authority. Below
general, Hannibal (247-183 B.C.).
drive the weakened Byzantines from Tunisia
mendubiyats, or delegations,
While the Carthaginian era ended with the
fairly quickly, but conquering the Berbers
ids (delegates) who exercise
destruction of Carthage by the Romans in 146
proved much more difficult. Fierce resistance
it to those of prefects and sub-
B.C. in the Third Punic War, Carthage itself was
by the Berber tribes of western Tunisia and east-
The mendubiyats are subdi.
rebuilt and remained a capital under the Ro-
ern Algeria led by the legendary queen al-
ts, which date back to ethnic
mans, Vandals, and Byzantines. The Romans
Kahinah (the prophetess) stopped the western
liddle Ages. The number of
dominated the country until 439 A.D. At first,
march of the Arabs for nearly half a century.
ned. In addition some of the
they made little effort to colonize and occupy the
Berber uprisings against Arab domination con-
towns are organized as com-
entire country, though they later penetrated
tinued throughout the 700's. While the area
1 town councils. The number
more deeply. Roman rule was repeatedly chal-
gradually was converted to Islam, resistance to
ncreased with the movement
lenged by uprisings in the interior, of which the
Arab rule took the form of opposition to the Sun-
ban centers. The communes
most famous was the one led by Jugurtha (d. 104
nite orthodoxy of the Arabs and adherence to the
n from 900 to over 400,000.
B.C.). But Tunisia prospered under the Romans.
beliefs of the Kharijite schismatic sect.
Tunisia's political life is dom-
Towns grew, and agriculture developed so richly
During the 700's, the area was ruled by gov-
ding party, the Socialist Des
that the country became known as the granary of
ernors appointed by the Ummayed caliphs of
iown as the Neo-Destour until
Rome. Roman achievements are evidenced to-
Damascus and later by the Abbasid caliphs of
es such as the Old Destour and
day by magnificent ruins, notably the Colosseum
Baghdad. In 800 the governor, Ibrahim ibn-
rty continue to exist, but they
in El-Djem (Thysdrus), capable of holding
al-Aghlab, established an independent dynasty
For all practical purposes, To-
60,000 spectators, the temples at Dougga, and
(Aghlabid), which lasted until 909. The Aghla-
party system. The Socialist
the extraordinary mosaic collection of the Bardo
bids extended their authority eastward to Tripoli,
aber of ancillary national orga-
Museum in Tunis. By the 300's A.D., the Roman
and westward to central Algeria, and they con-
enjoy organizational autonomy
quered Sicily.
pendent centers of political
The Sunnite Aghlabid dynasty was replaced
ganizations are: UGTT (Union
This amphitheater at El-Djem (Thysdrus) was built by the
by the Fatimids, who belonged to the Shi'ite
vailleurs Tunisiens, represent.
Romans. It is second in size to the Colosseum in Rome.
branch of Islam. The founder of the dynasty,
T (Union Générale des Etu-
GUNTER R. REITZ. PIX
supported by Berbers from the Algerian Kabylia
representing students); UNFT
region, established Mahdia, 16 miles southeast of
des Femmes Tunisiennes, rep-
Kairouan, as his capital. In 969 the Fatimids
groups); UTIC (Union Tuni-
conquered Egypt and in 973 moved their capital
striels et Commerçants, repres
to Cairo, which they had built near the earlier
e and industry); and UNAT
capital of al-Fustat. There they established a
des Agriculteurs Tunisiens,
Shi'ite caliphate.
In the middle of the 11th century, the Fa-
Destour ers). and its allied organiza-
timid caliph in Cairo sent two Arab tribes, the
erful political machine, which
banu-Hilal and the banu-Sulaym, to invade Tuni-
direction from the party's sur
sia and western Algeria in punishment for the
the 15-member political be
rebellious attitude displayed by the local gover-
of thousands of Tunisians gain
nor. Thus came the second Arab invasion of the
tical education through the par
Maghreb, which brought about the Arabization
forums for discussing national
of Tunisia but which also plunged the country
oposing national policy.
into two centuries of anarchy. In 1135, Normans
coming from Sicily occupied coastal towns, but
od. The earliest inhabit
the country was retained for Islam by the Almo-
hade dynasty from Morocco, which in 1159 con-
the
quered Tunis and brought the entire Maghreb
were rived
under a single kingdom, with Marrakesh, Mo-
aroi; Latin Algeria
rocco, as its capital.
ot only Tunisia, but also been
Hafsid Dynasty. In 1228 the governor of Tunis,
ibya. Their language has Hamite
who ruled in the name of the Almohade caliph,
the Afroasian family, and clas
as belonging to the to the the
broke away and founded the Hafsid dynasty,
which ruled for more than 300 years. Under the
depending on the language spo
Hafsids, Tunisia attained great heights, develop-
used. Since it was only Written
ing centers of culture where Islamic art, science,
literature of this era.
and literature flowered within an urbane society.
222h
TUNISIA: 6. History
The Hafsid reign resulted in the development of
Tunisia under French rule was
a distinctive Tunisian identity. It was a period
subjected to traditional patterns
of prosperity that was stimulated in part by the
A sizable European population
arrival of Arab and Jewish refugees, who had
been expelled from Spain in 1492.
lished itself in the country. At the beginning of
the protectorate there were 11,200 Italians
By the beginning of the 1500's, the Hafsid
dynasty was in decline. Its decline enabled the
700 French citizens in Tunisia. By 1956, when and
Turks and the Spanish, who were contending for
the protectorate ended, the number of Euro-
mastery of the Mediterranean, to invade Tunisia.
peans had risen to 255,324, most of whom were
Both occupied bases in Tunisia, but by 1574 the
French citizens. The Europeans received favor
Turks had won, and the country became a prov-
able treatment in the form of land concessions
and other economic benefits. Government posts
ince of the Ottoman empire. Turkish governors
were reserved for them, and the exercise of polit-
ruled with the aid of a permanent military garri-
ical rights and privileges was not extended to the
son of Janizaries, but considerable autonomy was
Tunisians. Although a minority, the Europeans
given to local rulers.
constituted a privileged group that wielded most
Husseinid Dynasty. In the middle of the 1600's,
of the political and economic power in the coun-
Tunisia emerged as a beylik, a territory ruled by
try. They generally opposed any liberal policy
a bey who was appointed by the Turkish sultan.
toward the Tunisians for fear of undermining
In 1705 the beylik was converted into a heredi-
their own interests.
tary monarchy by Hussein ben-Ali with the ap-
France's presence in Tunisia and the role of
proval of an assembly of local notables. The
Europeans in the country's development never-
suzerainty of the Ottoman sultan was still recog-
theless were fundamental to Tunisia's progress.
nized by the Husseinids. Whenever a new Hus-
The economy became more diversified, cities
seinid bey acceded to the throne, he applied to
were modernized, and modern education was
the sultan for a firmin (imperial order of investi-
made available, if chiefly for the children of res-
ture) and paid the sultan tribute. In other re-
ident Europeans and of the Muslim elite.
spects the country was an independent state,
Within a generation after the establishment of
maintaining treaty relations with most of the Eu-
the protectorate, the beginnings of a Tunisian
ropean powers.
nationalist movement were evident. Tradition-
European influence in Tunisia increased con-
alists resented the undermining of the Arabo-
siderably during the first half of the 1800's. A
Islamic civilization by French culture, while the
group of Tunisian intellectuals, impressed by
Western-trained elite resented the inferior status
Europe's material and social progress and by the
accorded Tunisians under the protectorate.
Turkish sultan's reforms of 1839, pressed for re-
After World War I, a full-fledged Tunisian
form and modernization. The most prominent of
nationalist organization emerged. In 1919 a Tu.
these leaders were ibn-Abi Diaf, Kahir ed-Din
nisian delegation of traditionalists and modem-
Pasha, and Mohammed Bairam.
ists, headed by Sheikh Abd al-Aziz Taalbi, pre-
In 1857, Mohammed Bey issued the 'Ahd al-
sented a petition to the Paris Peace Conference
Amãn, the pledge of security otherwise known as
asking for self-determination for Tunisia. Re-
the Fundamental Pact, which proclaimed the
buffed in Paris, Taalbi organized the Destour
equality of Muslim and non-Muslim before the
(Constitution) party. From its outset, the Des-
law and promised security to all Tunisians
tour party reflected various shades of opinion.
Neo-
against arbitrary acts by the government. The
By 1934 a schism between the traditional, old-
succeeding monarch, Sadiq Bey, in 1861 promul-
fashioned, bourgeois elements and the mass.
gated a constitution (destour) that in theory
oriented modernists had resulted in the develop
ended the absolute power of the bey. Both the
ment of two parties, the Old Destour, led by
'Ahd al-Amãn and the constitution were short-
Taalbi, and the Neo-Destour, led by the Habib
lived. European creditors, who had lent large
Bourguiba. The Neo-Destour soon became the
sums to Tunisia, demanded that the ill-
leading nationalist party. France did not look
conceived modernization projects be dropped,
favorably upon the growth of nationalism, and
Nati
when their loans were not repaid. Sadiq Bey
the parties and their leaders were harassed.
increased taxation to underwrite his projects, but
World War II and Independence. When World
the people revolted against the increase. In
War II broke out, the Tunisian nationalist lead-
1864 the bey suspended the reforms and the con-
ers were in prison and the parties had been
stitution, defeated in the attempt to Westernize
declared illegal. After the fall of France, Tunisia
the country politically and economically.
was controlled by the Vichy government of Mar-
French Protectorate. The general weakness and
shal Philippe Pétain. With Italy's entry into the
financial difficulties of the Tunisian government
war in June 1940, attention was focused on
set the stage for European imperialist penetra-
Benito Mussolini's designs to annex Tunisia.
tion of Tunisia. The country was sought by sev-
After the Allied landings in French North Africa
eral European powers-Italy, Britain, and
in November 1942, Tunisia became a battlefield
France. The Congress of Berlin in 1878 encour-
between the Allies and the German Africa Corps.
aged France, which had moved into neighboring
By May 1943, United States and British troops
Algeria, to develop its interests in Tunisia. In
had driven out
1881, following incidents along the Algerian-
to French rule. e Gernans and restoreduma
Tunisian frontier, the French entered the coun-
deposed the bey, Moncef, ostensibly for collabo
try. By the Treaty of Bardo of 1881, supple-
ration with the Axis but actually for his prona- on
mented in 1883 by the Convention of La Marsa,
tionalist sympathies, and placed Lamine Bey
Sadiq Bey was forced to agree to the establish-
the throne. During the short German occupa-
ment of Tunisia as a French protectorate.
tion, the nationalists had been permitted to oper-
Under the protectorate, the bey continued to
ate legally, but as soon as French rule returned
reign as titular sovereign. Actually the French
they were declared illegal again.
resident-general and a large French bureaucracy
After World War II, France displayed a more The
ruled the country. Technically a protectorate,
liberal policy toward the nationalists.
TUNISIA: 6. History
223
tional patterns of
nch rule was in fact a colony,
in population gradually estab-
Neo-Destour,led byllary b Neo-Destour, Bourguiba and the sup- Tu-
Ben Youssef received the support of Egypt's
Neo-Destour. as became
president, Gamal Abdel Nasser. (In 1961, Ben
union (UGTT),
Youssef was assassinated under mysterious
country. At the beginning of
in marshaling mass support for intro- the
circumstances in West Germany.) Nasser's sup-
ere were 11,200 Italians and
as in Tunisia. By 1956, when
a in 1947,
a THE a by
port of Ben Youssef severely strained relations
between Tunisia and Egypt. Tunisia joined the
ended, the number of Euro-
these were too by the
Arab League in 1958, and strongly opposed Nas-
) 255,324, most of whom were
but settlers and inadequate by the nation-
ser's efforts to dominate the Arab world. Shortly
The Europeans received favor-
European a brief period in 1950-51, it appeared
thereafter Tunisia boycotted League meetings,
the form of land concessions
ic benefits. Government posts
France and the Neo-Destour had agreed
since Nasser's dominance remained unchecked.
them, and the exercise of polit-
that a program for political reform. A govern-
Relations with Egypt improved sufficiently in
vileges was not extended to the
ment upon of negotiation was constituted under Mo-
the early 1960's for Tunisia to resume its place in
ugh a minority, the Europeans
hammed Chenik, a moderate nationalist; it
the League. However, the rapprochement did
Youssef, Bourguiba's
not last, and in 1965 Tunisia once again boycot-
leged group that wielded most
the Neo-Destour, as min-
ted the League meetings.
d economic power in the coun-
ister of justice. While some reforms were
Following independence, Tunisia experi-
lly opposed any liberal policy
achieved, these efforts collapsed over Neo-
enced several crises in its relations with France.
sians for fear of undermining
:S.
Destour demands for an exclusively Tunisian
They arose in part from the extension of the
Algerian war of independence into Tunisia,
nce in Tunisia and the role of
parliament and over the insistence of the Eu-
ropean settlers upon 50 percent of the seats
which was being used as a base by the Algerian
country's development never-
lamental to Tunisia's progress.
plus the replacement of Tunisia's de jure status
National Army of Liberation. For most of the
sovereign entity by Franco-Tunisian co-
war, the headquarters of the provisional govern-
came more diversified, cities
ment of the Algerian republic were in Tunis. A
I, and modern education was
sovereignty. When the Tunisians appealed to the United
further cause of friction was the maintenance of
chiefly for the children of res-
and of the Muslim elite.
Nations, French authorities arrested Prime Min-
French military bases in Tunisia after indepen-
ration after the establishment of
ister Chenik, Bourguiba, and most of the other
dence. By 1961 only the large naval base at
Tunisian nationalist leaders. This action
Bizerte remained. Bourguiba repeatedly de-
the beginnings of a Tunisian
touched off an outbreak of armed resistance by
manded French evacuation of Bizerte, and in
nent were evident. Tradition-
the Tunisians, which led to a forcible repression
July 1961, when Tunisian volunteers entrenched
e undermining of the Arabo-
in retaliation by French authorities and settler
themselves around the base, fighting broke out
on by French culture, while the
elite resented the inferior status
groups. Unrest spread throughout the country.
and more than 1,000 Tunisians were killed. Sev-
Acts of terror and counterterror increased, and by
eral months later, France agreed to vacate the
ns under the protectorate.
mid-1954 the country was in a state of siege.
base, and in 1963 the French forces were with-
War I, a full-fledged Tunisian
On July 31, 1954, order was restored when
drawn. Relations between the two countries de-
zation emerged. In 1919 a Tu-
French Premier Pierre Mendès-France flew to
teriorated again when French holdings in Tuni-
of traditionalists and modem-
Tunis to announce the immediate grant of full
sia were nationalized in 1964. In retaliation,
Sheikh Abd al-Aziz Taalbi, pre-
Internal autonomy to Tunisia. The nationalists
France canceled its preferential trade agree-
to the Paris Peace Conference
willingly accepted the new status, while the set-
ments with Tunisia and discontinued its finan-
etermination for Tunisia. Re-
thers went along with it grudgingly. A Tunisian
cial aid. As relations improved, however,
Taalbi organized the Destour
government was created under the moderate na-
France and Tunisia were able to reach mutual
rty. From its outset, the Des-
tionalist Tahar Ben Amar and included many
tariff agreements.
ted various shades of opinion.
Neo-Destour ministers. Internal autonomy was
In North African affairs, although Tunisia was
m between the traditional, old-
short-lived, for once France had granted inde-
committed to Maghreb unity, relations with Mo-
geois elements and the mass-
pendence to Morocco in 1956, it was obliged to
rocco and Algeria were strained for a time: Tuni-
ists had resulted in the develop-
follow suit in Tunisia. On March 20, 1956, Tuni-
sia had refused to support Morocco's claims to
rties, the Old Destour, led by
sia became fully independent, and shortly there-
Mauritania and accused Algeria of harboring per-
Neo-Destour, led by the Habib
after Bourguiba assumed the office of prime min-
sons implicated in an abortive attempt on the life
Neo-Destour soon became the
ister.
of Bourguiba in December 1962. However,
ist party. France did not look
the growth of nationalism, and
After Independence. On March 25, 1956, the
relations among the three Maghreb countries
National Constituent Assembly was elected to
gradually improved, and in 1964 Tunisia, Alge-
heir leaders were harassed.
and Independence. When World
draft a constitution. On July 25, 1957, the as-
ria, Libya, and Morocco signed an accord for the
t, the Tunisian nationalist lead-
sembly deposed Lamine Bey, declared Tunisia a
ultimate establishment of a trading union. In
son and the parties had been
republic, and elected Bourguiba president. The
1969 Bourguiba was elected to a third term as
After the fall of France, Tunisia
long-awaited constitution was promulgated on
president and in 1974 he was made president for
June 1, 1959. The Tunisian government intro-
life.
y the Vichy government of Mar-
duced numerous social reforms, including a new
BENJAMIN RIVLIN
tain. With Italy's entry into the
secular civil code, the enfranchisement of
940, attention was focused on
Professor of Political Science, Brooklyn College
ni's designs to annex Tunisia.
women, and the outlawing of polygamy. It also
of the City University of New York
landings in French North Africa
embarked on a program of economic develop-
42, Tunisia became a battlefield
ment. Beginning in 1960, President Bourguiba
Bibliography
ies and the German Africa Corps.
sponsored a campaign enjoining Tunisians from
Amin, Samir, The Maghreb in the Modern World, tr. by
fasting during the month of Ramadan if it inter-
Michael Perl (Gannon 1979).
Brown, L. Carl, The Tunisia of Ahmed Bey: 1837-1855
ne a
a and
States
fiered battle with their ability to work. He equated his
(Princeton Univ. Press 1974).
jihad (holy war).
against economic underdevelopment with
Gallagher, Nancy E., Medicine and Power in Tunisia, 1780-
1900 (Cambridge 1984).
Green, Arnold H., The Tunisian Ulama 1873-1915; Social
', Moncef, ostensibly for
party, which dominated political life in Tunisia,
A struggle for power within the Neo-Destour
Structure and Response to Ideological Currents (Human-
Axis but actually for his prona- on
ities 1978).
hies, and placed Lamine Bey
Hureau, Jean, Tunisia Today (Intl. Learning Systems
uring the short German occupa-
and ended in 1956 with a victory
1977).
and the expulsion of Salah Ben
Salem, Norma, Habib Bourguiba, Islam, and the Creation
lists had been permitted
demned quiba's leadership. Ben Youssef was later con-
had led the challenge to Bour-
of Tunisia (Longwood 1984).
as soon as French rule
Shabon, Anwar, The Political, Economic, and Labor Cli-
mate in Tunisia (Indus. Res. Unit-Wharton 1985).
ared illegal again.
War II, France displayed a more The
for to die after he had been tried in absentia
Simmons, John, and Stone, Russell, eds., Change in Tunisia
high treason and for complicity in a plot
(State Univ. of N.Y. Press 1976).
toward the nationalists.
against Bourguiba's life. Taking refuge in Cairo,
Thurston, Hazel, The Travellers' Guide to Tunisia (Merri-
mack 1979).
Services of Mead Data Central
PAGE
5
4TH STORY of Level 1 printed in FULL format.
Copyright (c) 1986 Reuters Ltd.
March 8, 1986, Saturday, AM cycle
SECTION: International News
LENGTH: 419 words
HEADLINE: BUSH SAYS U.S. AND TUNISIA RELATIONS 'EXTREMELY SOLID'
DATELINE: TUNIS
KEYWORD: BUSH
BODY:
U.S. Vice President George Bush paid a brief visit to Tunisia today to
bolster strained ties with the longstanding U.S. ally in North Africa, which he
said were "extremely solid."
Bush held talks with 83-year-old President Habib Bourguiba during his
six-hour stay and said after the meeting that the United States "had enormous
respect" for him.
Bush later flew to Lisbon, where he will attend inauguration ceremonies of
Portuguese President Mario Soares.
The visit here was aimed at restoring relations bruised five months ago when
President Reagan said he approved an Israeli bombimg raid on the Palestine
Liberation Organization (PLO) headquarters on the outskirts of Tunis on
October 1.
Bush said in a departure statement: "Relations between the United States
and Tunisia are extremely solid."
Bush, accompanied by U.S. Assistant Secretary of State for Middle East
Affairs Richard Murphy, said bilateral relations, regional issues and some world
questions also were discussed when he met Bourguiba's designated heir, Prime
Minister Mohamed Mzali.
Diplomatic sources said that in Bush's talks with Mzali and several cabinet
ministers, Tunisian officials stressed the difficult economic situation their
country was facing.
They said the current crisis, caused by the slump in oil prices and the
forced return of thousands of Tunisian migrant workers from Libya, could create
social problems.
Bush expressed the United States's readiness to help Tunisia as much as
possible, and particularly those Tunisians hit by a drought in the south of the
country, they said.
To repair the damage between the two countries Washington sent senior
official John Whitehead to Tunis in October to express "deep regrets" after
the bombing raid.
LEXIS® NEXIS® LEXIS® ® NEXIS ®
Services of Mead Data Central
PAGE
6
(c) 1986 Reuters Ltd., March 8, 1986
When Bourguiba visited Washington last June, the United States reaffirmed its
support for Tunisia's territorial integrity.
Bourguiba's visit, strongly condemned by neighboring Libya, was a factor in
last summer's crisis between Tunisia and Libya sparked by the expulsion of
Tunisian migrant workers from Libya, diplomatic sources said.
Bush made an official visit to Tunisia in September 1983 as part of a tour
of North African countries.
Diplomatic sources said his visit today might have been prompted by Moscow's
openings toward Tunisia.
Soviet Foreign Minister Eduard Shevardnadze is due to make an official visit
to Tunisia soon, his first trip to this part of the world since he took over
from Andrei Gromyko as head of Soviet diplomacy, they said.
LEXIS® ® NEXIS® ® LEXIS® NEXIS ®
964
Pope John XII died, unshriven
Constitution of Syria adopted
1264
Battle of Lewes, England (Henry III against
Carlsbad Caverns National Park established
1316
the Earl of Leicester)
(New Mexico)
Charles IV, King of Bohemia and Holy Roman
1940
Totem pole on Washington State Office Campus
Emperor, born
dedicated
1491
1494
Modern-day Passover observances began
Rotterdam, Holland devastated by German bombs
Columbus discovered Jamaica
1942
Congress authorized the Women's Army Corps
1553
1608
Marguerite de Valois, queen of Navarre, born
1945
German submarine, U-858, surrendered 44 miles
Charles the Great, King of Lorraine, died
off New Jersey
1609
Henry Hudson began the voyage that sent him
1948
State of Israel proclaimed and recognized by
up the Hudson River
the U.S.
1610
King Henry IV of France and Navarre stabbed
1955
Warsaw Treaty Organization formed
1643
King Louis XIII of France died
1959
Ground-breaking ceremony for the Lincoln Center
1675
Warrant issued for rebuilding St. Paul's
of the Performing Arts (New York
Cathedral, London
City)
1686
Gabriel D. Fahrenheit, German physicist, born
1963
Kuwait joined the United Nations
1710
King Adolphus Frederick of Sweden born
1965
John F. Kennedy Memorial dedicated at Runny-
1764
1771
St. Paul's Chapel begun in New York City
mede, England
King Louis XVIII of France married Louise
1970
Midnight sun returned to North Cape, Norway
Marie Josephine of Savoy
Start of 2-day Independence Day celebrations
1775
William Penn Academy became the College of
in Paraguay
Pennsylvania (now the University
of Pennsylvania)
1780
Louisville, Kentucky, incorporated
May 15th
1787
A convention met in Philadelphia to draft
the Constitution
Roman festival honoring Mercury
1796
First smallpox injection given by Edward
Straw Hat Day
Jenner
Feast of St. Dympna, patron of the insane
1804
Lewis and Clark expedition left St. Louis,
Feast of St. John-Baptist de la Salle
Missouri
Japanese Hollyhock Festival
1842
Illustrated London News first appeared
1043 AD
St. Hallvard died, (Feast Day; patron of Oslo,
1851
Erie Railroad opened from Piermont to Dunkirk,
Norway)
New York
1092
King Philip I of France kidnapped Bertrada
1856
Stock for the U.S. Army's first and only camel
de Montfort
corps, 34 of them, arrived in
1464
Final victory of York over Lancaster in the
Texas
War of the Roses at Hexham,
1861
Robert E. Lee became a Confederate Brigadier
England
General
1602
Cape Cod discovered by Bartholomew Gosnold
George B. McClellan became a Union Major
of England
General
1773
Prince Metternich, Austrian statesman, born
1863
Union forces captured Jackson, Mississippi
1796
Napoleon and his army entered Milan, Italy
1879
Art Institute of Chicago incorporated
1800
Start of Napoleon and the French Consular
1881
1902
St. Mary Mazzarello died (Feast Day)
Guard's 5-day crossing of the
Donald Barr Chidsey, author, born
St. Bernard Pass to Italy
1912
King Frederick VIII of Denmark died
1812
New York City's city hall dedicated
1916
Start of the Battle of Asiago, Austrian
1848
First hospital in New Jersey opened, a mental
1917
defeat on the Italian front
institution in Trenton
First Liberty Loan offered to the U.S. public
1850
U.S. Botanical Garden re-established by
1923
Flogging abolished in Florida labor camps
Congress
1925
Patrice Munsel, singer, born
1854
United States Magazine founded
1929
First airmail service between North and South
1856
Frank Baum, creator of the Wizard of Oz, born
America began
1858
Royal Opera House, Covent Garden, opened in
1930
White House Police Force joined the Secret
London
Service
Dr. Livingstone's party reached the mouth
1859
of the Zambesi River
May 16th
Pierre Curie, scientist, born
1860
Feast of St. John of Nepomucene (patron of
Garibaldi defeated the Neopolitans at
bridges; invoked against disaster)
1862
Calatafimi, Sicily
Feast of St. Andrew Bobola
1864
U.S. Department of Agriculture established
Feast of St. Fructuosus of Braga
Gen. Sherman and the Union victorious at
Feast of St. Honorius of Amiens
1874
Resaca, Georgia
Harvard and McGill Universities played foot-
218 AD
Marcus Aurelius Antoninus proclaimed Emperor
of Rome
ball for their only game, but the
578
St. Brendan the Voyager died (Feast Day)
rules were the basis for the
1160
St. Ubaldo died (Feast Day)
1883
modern game
Geronimo's Mexican camp captured by the U.S.
1265
St. Simon Stock died (Feast Day)
1894
Army
1364
French victory over England at Cocherel,
France
1904
Katherine Anne Porter, author, born
Mary, Queen of Scots, took refuge in England
Clifton Fadiman, author-editor, born
1568
Japanese battleships Hatsuse and Yashima
1605
Camillo Borghese elected Pope (Paul V)
1620
William Adams, first Englishman in Japan, died
1905
hit mines
1681
First female dancers appeared on the stage
1909
Las Vegas, Nevada, founded
James Mason, actor, born
1691
Jacob Leisler became first American colonist
1916
hanged for treason
1918
Entertainment Tax effected in England
Military planes began the first regular
1727
Catherine I, Empress of Russia, died in Paris
1763
Indians burned the fort at Sandusky, Ohio
airmail service between New
1770
Marie Antoinette of Austria married King Louis
1920
York City and Washington, D.C.
XVI of France
Tomb of the Unknown Soldier dedicated at
1771
Regulators defeated in North Carolina
Arlington National Cemetery,
1799
Honore de Balzac, French novelist, born
1923
Washington, D.C.
Richard Avedon, photographer, born
1801
William Henry Seward, U.S. statesman and
1940
purchaser of Alaska, born
First nylon stockings sold
1944
1804
Elizabeth P. Peabody, founder of the first
Clyde Shoun pitched a no-hitter and Cincin-
U.S. kindergarten, born
1947
nati beat Boston, 1-0
1825
Bolivia declared its independence from Spain
$400 million expenditure approved by Congress
1831
David E. Hughes, inventor of the type-printing
to fight Communism in Greece
telegraph, born
1952
and Turkey
Virgil Trucks pitched a no-hitter and Detroit
1861
Kentucky House of Representatives voted to
remain neutral in the Civil War
1957
beat Washington, 1-0
Britain's first hydrogen bomb tested
1864
Platt Rogers Spencer, handwriting expert, died
1958
1960
Sputnik 3 launched by the Russians
1866
Congress authorized the 5¢ piece, called the
half-dime
Sputnik 4, Russian satellite, launched
Don Cardwell's no-hitter let Chicago beat
1868
Impeachment proceedings against President
Andrew Johnson failed
1963
St. Louis 4-0
Gordon Cooper orbited the World in a Mercury
1875
Earthquake shook Venezuela and Colombia
capsule, Faith 7
1886
Emily Dickinson, poet, died
1964
First stage of the Aswan High Dam completed
1905
Henry Fonda, actor, born
in Egypt
1919
Liberace, pianist, born
1965
Avalanche struck Garmisch-Partenkirchen,
3 U.S. Navy seaplanes left Trepassy, Newfound-
land to fly across the Atlantic
1967
Germany
Edward Hopper, artist, died
1920
Joan of Arc canonized as a saint
1968
Northern Japan struck by an earthquake
1928
Royal Tweed Road Bridge in Scotland opened
1969
Abe Fortas became the first U.S. Supreme Court
1929
First motion-picture "Oscars" awarded
Justice to retire under outside
1935
Czechoslovakia and Russia concluded a mutual
defense pact
1971
pressure
Hollyhock Festival at Kyoto, Japan
1953
William N. Catis, Associated Press correspon-
dent, released on spy charges in
Donald F. Duncan, Yo-Yo inventor, died
Czechoslovakia
1990
Chase's Annual Events
May
PARAGUAY: INDEPENDENCE DAY. May 14-15. Two-day
NEW MARKET DAY CEREMONY. May 15. Virginia Military
celebration begins, commemorating independence from Spain,
Institute, Lexington, VA. Full-dress parade and special cere-
attained on May 14, 1811.
mony honoring the VMI cadets who died in the New Market
PHILIPPINES: CARABAO FESTIVAL. May 14-15. Pulilan,
Battle in 1864. Info from: Virginia Military Institute, Tom Joynes,
Bulacan; Nueva Ecija; Angono, Rizal. Parade of farmers to
Public Info Officer, VMI, Lexington, VA 24450.
honor their patron saint, San Isidro, with hundreds of "dressed
OCONALUFTEE INDIAN VILLAGE. May 15-Oct 25. Chero-
up" carabaos participating.
kee Indian Reservation, Cherokee, NC. To portray the Chero-
SPACE MILESTONE: SOYUZ 40 (USSR). May 14. Two cos-
kee lifestyle of the 1750 period. Also featuring "Unto these
monauts (L. Popov and, from Rumania, D. Prunariu) docked at
Hills," a drama portraying history of eastern band of Cherokees.
Salyut 6 space station on May 15. Returned to Earth on May 22.
Info from: Cherokee Historical Assn, Margie Douthit, Public
Launched May 14, 1981.
Relations, PO Box 398, Cherokee, NC 28719.
'THE STARS AND STRIPES FOREVER" DAY. May 14.
POLICE MEMORIAL DAY. May 15. A national event honored
Anniversary of the first public performance of John Philip Sou-
by some 21,000 police departments nationwide. Memorial cere-
sa's march, "The Stars and Stripes Forever," in Philadelphia on
monies at 11 AM in American Police Hall of Fame and Museum,
May 14, 1897. The occasion was the unveiling of a statue of
North Port, FL, and at Congressional Park, Washington, DC.
George Washington, and President William McKinley was pres-
See also: "National Police Week" (May 14). Sponsor: Natl Assn
ent. A bill was introduced in the Congress in 1985 to make "The
of Chiefs of Police. Info from: American Police Hall of Fame and
Stars and Stripes Forever" the official national march of the US.
Museum, 14600 S Tamiami Hall, North Port, FL 33596.
DENMARK: WORLD CONGRESS OF BIOMEDICAL
POLICE OFFICERS MEMORIAL DAY. May 15. Presidential
COMMUNICATION. May 14-19. Copenhagen, Denmark.
Proclamation. "Always May 15 each year since 1963; however
first issued in 1962 for May 14. Proc 3537, May 4, 1963, covers all
succeeding years." (PL87-726 of Oct 1, 1962.)
BIRTHDAYS TODAY
SCHNITZLER, ARTHUR: BIRTH ANNIVERSARY. May 15.
Walter Berry, basketball player, born at Harlem, NY, May 14,
Austrian playwright, novelist and medical doctor, Arthur
1964.
Schnitzler, was born at Vienna on May 15, 1862. Noted for his
Jack Bruce, musician, born at Glasgow, Scotland, May 14, 1943.
psychoanalytical examination of Viennese society. Schnitzler
David Byrne, musician, composer, born at Dumbarton, Scotland,
died Oct 21, 1931.
May 14, 1952.
George Lucas, director, born at Modesto, CA, May 14, 1944.
SPACE MILESTONE: FAITH 7 (US). May 15. Major Gordon
Leroy Cooper orbited Earth 22 times May 15, 1963.
Patrice Munsel, singer, born at Spokane, WA, May 14, 1925.
Richard John Neuhas, Lutheran pastor, born at Pembroke,
WILSON, ELLEN LOUISE AXSON: BIRTH ANNIVER-
Ontario, Canada, May 14, 1936.
SARY. May 15. First wife of Woodrow Wilson, 28th president of
Mike Quick, football player, born at Hamlet, NC, May 14, 1959.
the US, born at Savannah, GA, May 15, 1860. Died Aug 6, 1914.
BIRTHDAYS TODAY
Anna Marie Alberghetti, actress, born at Pesaro, Italy, May 15,
1936.
Eddy Arnold, singer, born at Henderson, TN, May 15, 1918.
Richard Avedon, photographer, born at New York, NY, May 15,
1923.
George Brett, baseball player, born at Moundsville, WV, May 15,
1953.
Joseph Cotten, actor, born at Petersburg, VA, May 15, 1905.
MAY 15 - TUESDAY
Jasper Johns, artist, born at Augusta, GA, May 15, 1930.
Trini Lopez, actor, born at Dallas, TX, May 15, 1937.
135th Day - Remaining, 230
Paul Zindel, writer, born at New York, NY, May 15, 1936.
BASKETBALL HALL OF FAME ENSHRINEMENT CERE-
MONIES. May 15. Springfield, MA. New electees to the Bas-
ketball Hall of Fame will be enshrined. Info from: Basketball Hall
of Fame, PO Box 179, Springfield, MA 01101-0179.
MAY 16 - WEDNESDAY
BAUM, LYMAN FRANK: BIRTH ANNIVERSARY. May 15.
136th Day - Remaining, 229
American newspaperman who wrote the Wizard of Oz stories
BIOGRAPHERS DAY. May 16. Anniversary of the meeting, in
was born at Chittenango, NY, on May 15, 1856. Although the
London, on May 16, 1763, of James Boswell and Samuel John-
Wonderful Wizard of Oz was the most famous, Baum also wrote
son, beginning history's most famous biographer-biographee
many other books for children, including more than a dozen
relationship. Boswell's Journal of a Tour to the Hebrides (1785)
about Oz. He died at Hollywood, CA, May 6, 1919.
and his Life of Samuel Johnson (1791) are regarded as models of
EASTERN PACIFIC HURRICANE SEASON. May 15-Nov
biographical writing. Thus, this day is recommended as one on
30. Eastern Pacific defined as: Coast to 140 West Longitude. Info
which to start reading, or writing, a biography.
from: US Dept of Commerce, Natl Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration, Rockville, MD 20852.
DUBUQUEFEST/VERY SPECIAL ARTS '90. May 16-20.
JAPAN: HOLLYHOCK FESTIVAL (AOI MATSURI). May
Dubuque, IA. A celebration of folk and fine arts. Dance, opera,
music, mime, arts, crafts, poetry, drama and historic architec-
15. Kyoto. The festival features pageant reproducing imperial
ture. Annually, the third weekend in May. Info from: Dubuque-
processions that paid homage to the shrine of Shimogamo and
Fest, 422 Loras Blvd, Dubuque, IA 52001.
Kamigamo in ancient times.
MEXICO: SAN ISIDRO DAY. May 15. Day of San Isidro Labra-
FONDA, HENRY: BIRTH ANNIVERSARY. May 16. Ameri-
can stage and screen actor, Motion Picture Academy award
dor celebrated widely in farming regions to honor St. Isidore, the
winner, born Henry Jaynes Fonda, May 16, 1905, at Grand
Plowman. Livestock gaily decorated with flowers. Celebrations
Island, NE. Began his acting career at the Omaha (NE) Play-
usually begin about May 13 and continue for about a week.
house. Fonda died at Los Angeles, Aug 12, 1982.
117
Holidays
Paraguay
Independence Day
Celebrates the achievement of
independence from Spain, 1811.
The second day of a two-day
May 15
celebration. (See Flag Day, May
14.)
U.S.
Peace Officers Memorial Day
Commemorates all those law
enforcement persons who have
lost their lives in the line of
duty.
Birthdates
1567
Claudio Giovanni Antonio Monteverdi,
1856
L(yman) Frank Baum, U.S. writer of chil-
baptized on this day; Italian composer,
dren's stories; known chiefly for the Oz
music reformer; responsible for many in-
books. [d. May 6, 1919]
novations in musical compositions, in-
1859
Pierre Curie, French chemist; Nobel Prize
cluding the elaboration on recitative forms;
in physics for work on spontaneous radio-
composed many madrigals. [d. November
activity (with his wife Marie Curie and A. H.
29, 1643]
Becquerel), 1903. [d. April 19, 1906]
1633
Sebastien le Prestre de Vauban, French
1862
Arthur Schnitzler, Austrian playwright,
military engineer; Marshal of France, 1703.
novelist. [d, October 21, 1931]
[d. March 30, 1707]
1870
Henry Latham Doherty, U.S. industrialist;
1773
Klemens Wenzel Nepomuk Lothar von
founder of Cities Service Corporation, 1910.
Metternich, Austrian diplomat and states-
[d. December 26, 1939]
man; played key role in making Austria a
1889
Bessie Hillman, U.S. labor leader; founder
leading power of the 19th century. [d. June
of the Amalgamated Clothing Workers of
11, 1859]
America. [d. December 23, 1970]
1788
James Gadsden, U.S. statesman; responsi-
1890
Katherine Anne Porter, U.S. short-story
ble for the Gadsden Purchase from Mexi-
writer, novelist. [d. September 18, 1980]
CO by which the U.S. acquired southern
1902
Richard J. Daley, U.S. political leader;
Arizona and New Mexico. [d. December
Mayor of Chicago, 1955-76; called the last
25, 1858]
of the big-city bosses. [d. December 20,
1808
Michael William Balfe, Irish operatic com-
1976]
poser; composed The Bohemian Girl,
1904
Clifton Fadiman, U.S. literary critic, au-
which contains I Dreamed I Dwelt in Mar-
thor.
ble Halls. [d. October 20, 1870]
1905
Joseph Cotten, U.S. actor.
1814
Stephen Heller, Hungarian composer, pi-
1909
James Mason, British actor. [d. July 27,
anist; intimate of Chopin, Liszt, and Berli-
1984]
OZ. [d. January 14, 1888]
1910
Constance Cummings (Constance Hal-
1845
Elie Metchnikoff (Ilya Ilich Mechnikov),
verstadt), U.S. stage and film actress.
French bacteriologist born in Russia; dis-
covered white corpuscles in living cells;
1915
Paul Anthony Samuelson, U.S. econo-
Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine for
mist; Nobel Prize in economics, 1970.
work on immunology (with P. Ehrlich),
1918
Eddy Arnold, U.S. singer.
1908. [d. July 15, 1916]
1921
Erroll Garner, U.S. jazz pianist, composer.
1855
Louis Bamberger, U.S. merchant. [d.
[d. 1977]
March 11, 1944]
1926
(Levin) Peter Shaffer, British playwright.
Religious Calendar
St. Bertinus, abbot. Also called Bercthun, Bertin,
Brithun. [d. C. 709}
SS. Torquatus and his companions, martyrs. First
SS. Bertha and Rupert, mother and son who estab-
Christian missionaries in Spain. [d. C. 1st century]
lished several hospices for the poor. [d. c. 840)
St. Isidore of Chios, martyr. [d. C. 251]
St. Hallvard, martyr; patron of Oslo, Norway.
SS. Peter of Lampsacus and his companions,
Invoked in defense of an innocent person. [d. 1043]
martyrs. [d. 251]
St. Isaias, Bishop of Rostov. [d. 1090]
St. Hilary of Galeata, abbot and founder of the
St. Isidore the Husbandman, layman; patron of
Monastery at Galeata. [d. 558]
Madrid, Spain. [d. 1130]
SS. Dympna and Gerebernus, martyrs. Dympna is
The Beatified
now regarded as patron saint of the insane. [d. c.
Blessed Magdalen Albrizzi, virgin and superior of
650]
Convent at Brunate. [d. 1465]
1931
Joseph Anthony Califano, Jr., U.S. gov-
1955
Austria and Russia conclude a state treaty
ernment official; Secretary of Health, Edu-
restoring Austrian independence and end-
cation, and Welfare, 1977-79.
ing Russian occupation.
1936
Anna Maria Alberghetti, U.S. operatic so-
1963
U.S. astronaut Gordon Cooper in Faith 7
prano born in Italy
capsule is recovered near Midway after
orbiting the earth 22 times.
Historical Events
1969
Students and others occupying People's
1004
Henry II of Germany is crowned King of
Park on the campus of the University of
Lombardy.
California at Berkeley are attacked by po-
1213
King John of England submits to Pope
lice and national guardsmen during Viet-
Innocent III, and England and Ireland be-
nam War protest.
come papal fiefs.
Justice Abe Fortas resigns from the U.S.
1455
Crusade against the Turks and for the cap-
Supreme Court because of criticism of his
ture of Constantinople is proclaimed by
financial dealings.
Pope Calixtus III.
1970
At Jackson State College, Mississippi, two
1567
Mary, Queen of Scots marries James
students are killed when city and state po-
Hepburn, Earl of Bothwell.
lice open fire on demonstrators.
1860
Giuseppe Garibaldi defeats Neapolitan ar-
1972
Alabama governor George Wallace is seri-
my at Calatafimi (War of Italian Unifica-
ously wounded in an assassination at-
tion).
tempt while campaigning in the Maryland
1867
Russia ratifies the treaty selling Alaska to
Democratic presidential primary.
the U.S. for $7 million.
1900
Paderewski Fund is established by Ignace
Paderewski to award American orchestral
composers.
1916
Austro-Hungarians successfuly launch of-
fensive at Trentino, Italy (World War I).
1920
English army of occupation, known as the
Black and Tans, arrives in Ireland.
1934
Coup d'état in Latvia is led by Karlis
Ulmanis, the Prime Minister.
1940
Dutch army capitulates to Germany
(World War II).
1951
American Telephone & Telegraph Co.
becomes the world's first corporation to
have one million stockholders.
289
BIOGRAPHY
HARRY CONNICKJr.
A couple of weeks before the release of his second album, 20, Harry Connick Jr.
was in the rather heady company of Robin Williams, Bette Midler, Peter Allen, and
Billy Crystal, performing at an all-star gala benefit concert for AIDS in New York
City, sponsored by Metropolitan Home and Life magazines.
For the 20-year old pianist (hence the album title), who has appeared on "The
Tonight Show" with Johnny Carson, entertained at gala birthday bashes for the likes
of Ted Kennedy, Peter Allen, and Lionel Hampton, whose self-titled debut album was a
Critic's Choice in People magazine and was named one of the best new LPs of 1987 by
the Boston Globe -- this first year on the scene has been all business.
Barely out of his teens when he recorded his first Columbia album, Harry Connick
Jr. possesses a track record that many artists his senior would envy. Even before
joining the label, he had worked with the Marsalises, Lionel Hampton, Buddy Rich,
George Shearing, and Eubie Blake.
In the 12 months that have elapsed since the release of that album, Harry has
opened concerts for Branford Marsalis at Town Hall in New York and the Roxy in Los
Angeles; Stan Getz at the Berklee Performance Center in Boston; Arthur Blythe at the
Bottom Line in New York; Sonny Rollins at Wolf Trap; Jane Ira Bloom at the Blue Note
in New York; and A1 Jarreau at Greatwoods. On his own, Harry has headlined Boston's
Nightstage, Blues Alley in Washington, DC, Palace Court in Los Angeles, Great Ameri-
can Music Hall in San Francisco, and numerous other "smart" venues.
He performed at a NOCCA (New Orleans Center for the Creative Arts) benefit with
Bobby Short and Rita Coolidge; at the "Wolf Trap Salutes the Piano" PBS special with
Ellis Marsalis, Carmen McRae and others; at the Mellon Jazz Festival's "An Evening
of American Music with Words" with Sylvia Sims; at the CBS/Epic-Sony "East Meets
West" 6-night showcase at the Bottom Line; and numerous shows during the year with
comedian Steven Wright.
Stephen Holden noted in the New York Times, Harry "exudes a brash, fresh-faced
charisma that could carry him into extra-musical realms of show business, for he is
a natural entertainer as well as a fine musician. His simplest remarks conveyed a
playful, crowd-pleasing energy." Such praise was echoed across the country. In the
Los Angeles Times, Leonard Feather called Harry "a wild anachronism. While other
youngsters were copying the latest solos by Chick Corea or McCoy Tyner, Connick was
busy diving into Earl Hines and Erroll Garner. The lad simply refuses to go with the
fashionable flow."
Feather's observation is evident on 20, the highly-evolved successor to Harry's
1987 debut. A year of standout performances, always expanding his craft, enabled
the pianist to open up his songbook and include some of the vocal performances that
have always been part of the act, but were held back from the first LP. After just
one listen to 20, which was produced by Kevin Blancq, it is now nearly impossible to
conceive of Harry Connick Jr. as anything but an instrumentalist and vocalist.
COLUMBIA RECORDS PRESS & PUBLICITY
51 West 52nd Street, New York, New York 10019 (212) 975-5040 1801 Century Park West. Los Angeles, California 90067 (213) 556-4770
34 Music Square East, Nashville, Tennessee 37203 (615) 742-4321
- 2 -
Harry's offhanded liner notes provide an interesting triptych through 20, start-
ing with the two opening instrumental chestnuts, "Avalon" (its "groove" inspired by
James Booker, a major influence) and "Blue Skies" for Mr. 100 Irving Berlin,
Happy Birthday!"). The three vocals that follow meld seamlessly to close side one:
"Imagination," "Do You Know What It Means To Miss New Orleans?" (the LP's center-
piece, with Dr. John on backup vocals and Hammond B-3 organ), and Harry's adaptation
of the classic "Basin Street Blues."
Opening side two, Hoagy Carmichael's "Lazy River" has a three-part inspiration:
Harry's dad, Fats Waller, and Willie "The Lion" Smith (not to mention old 'Lazy
Bones' himself). Carmen McRae (with whom Harry has appeared) steps in for "Please
Don't Talk About Me When I'm Gone." Harry's instrumental side takes over for "Stars
Fell On Alabama" (dedicated to "Earl, Erroll, Monk and Tatum") and the Gershwins'
"'S'wonderful." He turns to another idol, Harold Arlen, for a surprising version of
"If I Only Had a Brain" (from "The Wizard of Oz"). The LP closes with a tribute to
Duke Ellington, as guest bassist Bob Hurst joins Harry on "Do Nothing 'Till You Hear
From Me," a vocal identified with everyone from Billie Holiday and Ella Fitzgerald
to Mose Allison.
Born and raised in New Orleans, Harry Connick Jr. was surrounded by the area's
disparate musical styles: R&B, Dixieland, and various jazz forms including stride,
bebop and honky tonk. The legal profession was in the family -- Harry's father has
been New Orleans District Attorney since 1973; Harry's late mother Anita, to whose
memory 20 is dedicated, was a judge. But at one time, the parents also owned a
record store and encouraged their son's early enthusiasm for music.
His listening favorites (then and now) include Thelonious Monk, Art Tatum, Louis
Armstrong, and Erroll Garner. New Orleans' famous Preservation Hall was a second
home for Harry, where he heard local artists like Sweet Emma Barrett, Freddie Kohl-
man, Thomas Jefferson, and Teddy Riley. "I became musically active at a young age,"
Harry remembers. "I started sitting in with Dixieland musicians when I was six and
played at my father's inaugural when I was five."
While still in high school, he enrolled as a music major at NOCCA (New Orleans
Center for the Creative Arts) where he met several people who would profoundly
influence his careèr and his future. His classical piano studies with Betty Blancq
(mother of 20 producer Kevin Blancq) enabled Harry to win several local piano compe-
titions. But it was his jazz teacher Ellis Marsalis (father of Wynton and Branford)
who coached Harry in bebop. The Marsalis influence, and that of the late New Orleans
pianist James Booker, are apparent on both of Harry's albums.
Produced by Delfeayo Marsalis (yet another talented sibling), the first album
simply titled Harry Connick Jr. (released October, 1987) was recorded direct-to-
digital 2-track on the SONY PCM 1610, in one single afternoon at Concordia College
in Bronxville, New York, January 12, 1987. Following its October release, Harry
settled in Manhattan and commenced an intense year of performances.
In addition to the gigs mentioned earlier, there were several important radio
appearances, including a co-hosting stint on "Connections" for New York's classical
station WQXR; Marian McPartland's syndicated radio program; and the NPR (National
Public Radio) "Fresh Air" program. Harry could be found playing at the Citicorp
Mardi Gras Festival, the New Orleans Jazz & Heritage Festival, and Lincoln Center's
Festival of Classic Jazz in New York. During the summer, he was seen by millions on
CBS-TV's "Nightwatch" and "CBS News This Morning" shows, capped by an appearance at
the Republican convention in New Orleans.
- 3 -
WHAT THE PRESS IS SAYING ABOUT HARRY CONNICK Jr.
"
one of the most talked-about new jazz musicians in years.
Ernie Santosuosso, Boston Globe
Jazz musicians -- whose grapevine can get a message around the world in
a few days -- began to talk about Harry's talents: his clean, clear touch;
his ability to swing, his fresh, fiery approach during live performances. He
was swift, easeful, and adaptable; he could fascinate as a soloist, and he
could fit in with any group's style. He could also sing with old fashioned,
bluesy soulfulness -- and a hearty dash of humor."
Leslie Gourse, down beat
"...his new Columbia record covers more ground than just the rambunctious
stride/boogie that has called Rampart Street home for decades (he) shows
the same authority wandering through self-penned introspective tunes as
when he's making the 88s jump."
Jim Macnie, Musician
"His light, downward trickling runs often evoke Art Tatum, while his rolling
righthanded melodic style suggests a less ornate Erroll Garner. Passages
of brooding stasis echo the ruminative side of Thelonious Monk, while his
barrelhouse stride piano has the lilting gait of Fats Waller, but with a
heavier touch. If Mr. Connick is a traditionalist who wears his influences
on his sleeve, he puts them together in a way that usually avoids mere imita-
tion."
Stephen Holden, New York Times
"Possession of a modernist harmonic sense has not confined Connick to the
single note right-hand lines and occasional left-hand chords of modern jazz
piano. His technique is rich in the rolling, red-light tradition of his
hometown, plus a host of other models, including Earl Hines, Erroll Garner,
Art Tatum and Thelonious Monk."
Bob Blumenthal, Boston Globe
"Connick, at 20, still isn't old enough to drink at many of the clubs where
he plays, but his reputation has now spread far beyond New Orleans 'I've
been impressed with Harry since I first heard him, when he was 15 years
old,' George Shearing says. 'He's a wonderful player.
Toby Kahn, People
"The much-ballyhooed young pianist from New Orleans has his look just right:
swept-back, jet-black, pompadoured hair; slouch-shouldered jacket; skinny
tie; and -- above all -- the sweetly innocent, but slyly suggestive eyes of
a young Frank Sinatra. In another era, he surely would have had a swarm of
bobby-soxers swooning at his feet In a room filled with a high proportion
of attentive young women, Connick worked his listeners with the skill of a
matinee idol, making effective use of an appealing Southern charm and a dis-
arming stage manner."
Don Heckman, Los Angeles Times
-8810-
26
H
THE NEW YORK TIMES,
POP VIEW/Stephen Holden
A Musician in the Process
Of Inventing Himself
ITH HIS MOVIE
that you can hear even on his worst
star good looks, sultry
At 21, Harry
recordings. At the same time he
New Orleans drawl
didn't have to play a 10-note chord
and conviction that
Connick Jr. may
he found the two notes that mattered.
the jazz musician
And he was very melody-conscious.
should be an entertainer as well as an
have what it
When be-bop came in, melodies
instrumentalist, Harry Connick Jr.
began get lost. Monk was the only
may have what it takes to inject the
takes to inject
person of influence who carried what
world of traditional jazz with a shot of
Ellington did forward. Everyone else
Hollywood glamour.
traditional jazz
went the be-bop route. Now I love bc-
The gifted 21-year-old jazz pianist
bop, but I agree with what Monk
and singer, who opens an extended
with glamour.
did."
engagement Tuesday at the Algon-
In dedicating himself to jazz three
quin Hotel, is a musician
years ago, Mr. Connick gave up the
whose deep New Orleans roots have
notion he had harbored of a dual ca-
prompted critics to describe him, not
keyboard, he is an extroverted young
reer as a jazz and classical pianist.
unkindly, as an anachronism. Along
romantic with a powerful sense of
"I decided that musically I wanted
with his mentor, the 27-year-old
swing who avoids musical frills. Vo-
to be American," he said. "I wanted
jazz trumpeter Wynton Marsalis, he
cally, he suggests a raspy New Or-
to play like Duke Ellington and not
brings an almost religious sense of
leans version of the 1940's
like Chopin. I revamped my
mission to the role of jazz purist.
Frank Sinatra, and his off-the-cuff
technique, took my European train-
Mr. Connick has already released
asides recall Hoagy Carmichael.
ing and threw it out the window."
two albums on Columbia that stylisti-
"Harry Connick Jr.," his 1987 de-
The son of the New Orlenns district
cally recapitulate 11 brond swath of
but, is no Impressive instrumental ni.
attorney, Mr. Connick had been 11
jazz history. Both records are thor-
bum in which his planism carries ech-
child prodigy schooled thoroughly in
oughly listenable, and because of Mr.
OCS of everyone from Fats Waller
both fields. His jazz teachers included
Connick's youth, they offer the added
and Earl Hines to Art Tatum, Erroll
the late James Booker and Ellis Mar-
fascination of documenting an artist
Garner and Thelonious Monk. Colum-
salis, the patriarch of the Marsa-
in the early stages of inventing
bia has just re-released his second al-
lis clan. The Marsalises were instru-
himself.
bum, "20," a piano-vocal record,
mental in inspiring and nurturing his
with a renewed promotional push. If
high-minded jazz purism. And Mr.
much of the piano music on Mr. Con-
Connick shares the stràin of Puritan-
The dictionary defines anachro-
nick's debut has a gossamer delicacy,
ism that goes along with their musi-
nism as something outside its proper
the music on "20" is more aggres-
cal philosophy.
historical time. Yet today, when vin-
sive and spare, with his full, chunky
"Although I know we can't go back
tage popular culture is so relentlessly
piano sound complemented by growl-
to 1943 and the feeling of American-
recycled, almost everything old
ing, rough-hewn vocals.
ism that existed then, the cleanness of
ends up having more than one life.
Sensing Mr. Connick's star poten-
it is something I think I would have
The jazz that Mr. Connick champions,
tial, the label has given him artistic
liked," Mr. Connick reflected. "But I
however, remains a connoisseurs'
carte blanche. His next project, which
don't think of myself as a revivalist
field despite the official reverence
he plans to begin working on in the
throwback either. Growing up
conferred upon it. As hordes of talent-
spring, will be a big-band jazz album
in school I loved the rock-and-roll of
ed young musicians ignore that tradi-
of standards and original songs, using
Billy Joel, Queen and Led Zeppelin. 1
tion to head for the commercially
his own arrangements.
danced to the Bee Gees' music from
greener pastures of of rock, soul, funk
'Saturday Night Fever,' and Ste-
and rap, Mr. Connick and Mr. Marsa-
vie Wonder was my hero. But al-
lis belong to a small minority who see
Mr. Connick claims to have no illu-
though that music is very dear to me
themselves as keepers of the tra-
sions of greatness
and I am nostalgic for it, most of it 1
ditional flame.
"I'm going to die thout ever
don't respect as music.
"People don't realize that eight
changing jazz music," he said. "Even
"The degree of musicianship it
years ago, until Wynton, people had
for Wynton, who IS the general in the
takes to play popular music today has
stopped caring about jazz," Mr. Con-
army, it may take another 25 years
declined tremendously since the 30's
nick said in a recent interview:
before he starts to make a dif-
and 40's. Today having a groove is the
"Even today, jazz to most people is
ference."
most important thing, and there's
the kind of music made by Grover
As a pianist. Mi Conne : traces the
little attention paid to melody. Lyri-
Washington Jr. and Kenny G. That
evolution of his musical esthetic
cally, almost everything is based on
music may not be bad, but it's
backward from Monk ough Elling-
sexual promiscuity. There's so
not jazz."
ton to Armstrong. "People think of
little of substance. I don't respect peo-
It is a mark of Mr. Connick's integ-
Ellington more as a bandleader than
ple who are considered great because
rity and his technical resourcefulness
as a pianist, but pianistically he was a
of their vocal acrobatics. If Billie
that a distinctive performing person-
king," he said. "He got an incredi-
Holiday walked on the stage of the
ality has begun to emerge. At the
bly big and thick sound on the piano
Apollo Theater now, she would be
JNDAY, JANUARY 8, 1989
The New York Times/Sara Krulwich
Mr. Connick-Like his mentor, Wynton Marsalis, he brings a sense of mission to the role of jazz purist.
booed off the stage because
of musical fun, and at the Algonquin,
who said it can't have joy? Look at
all that people want to hear today is
he plans to sing his iconoclastic ver-
Louis Armstrong. Rhythmical-
tricks."
sion of "On the Good Ship Lollipop."
ly, harmonically, and melodically he
A wide streak of humor warms Mr.
He has an affectionate nick-
was so advanced, but what he gave
Connick's puritanism. His slow ballad
name for the show itself. "I'm calling
out was pure joy. He made you get
version of "If I Only Had a Brain" on
it 'Mud on the Mink,' he joked.
down and dance. He made you
the album "20" is a delicious bit
Jazz music may be complex, but
want to get some mud on the mink.
THE WASHINGTON POST
THURSDAY, NOVEMBER 23, 1989
Connick's
Met
Sally
") through changes
from soundtrack-pretty to piano-roll
quaint to avant-aggressive. It was a
Consummate
thrill when the 30-piece big band
orchestra, conducted by arranger
Mark Shaiman, came swinging in on
Charm
"Don't Get Around Much Any-
more."
Sticking mostly to familiar stan-
dards, Connick the piano player
Harry Connick ambled onto the
bounced notes off the tensile
Kennedy Center Concert Hall stage
rhythm section like droplets on a
last night, white towel draped over
hot griddle, while Connick the sing-
his Armani-suited shoulder, waved,
er revealed a lazy bedroom voice
grinned and sat down at the piano to
welcome the first snowflakes of the
(and a budding matinee idol's "Big
season with a solo "Winter Wonder-
Easy" grin) with more than a slight
land"-but he played with a torrid
resemblance in phrasing and under-
rhythmic attack, like someone who
stated panache to the young Frank
had never seen snow before. After
Sinatra and Chet Baker. Joshing the
that, the 22-year-old New Orleans-
Concert Hall crowd as if they were
bred singer-pianist's repertoire was
a few tables in a New Orleans jazz
decidedly hot-weather music.
joint, offering dead-on impressions
Connick assembled his onstage
of Sinatra and Minnelli, even spoof-
ensemble piece by piece: Introduc-
ing his own part-time career as a
ing standup bass player Ben Wolfe
fashion model, young Connick
("please welcome him with a wolf
seemed as close to the "total enter-
call"), Connick sang, "Let's Call the
tainer" as is likely to come along
Whole Thing Off," and even did a
these days, with more charm than
minimalist tap dance. Next out was
all five New Kids on the Block put
drummer Shannon Powell, and the
together. Connick closed with an
completed trio put "It Had to Be
all-out orchestral reprise of "It Had
You" (which has become Connick's
to Be You," leaving everyone, yes,
signature tune, thanks to his ap-
just wild about Harry.
pearance in the movie "When Harry
-Joe Brown
THE ARTS
THE GLOBE AND MAIL, THURSDAY, DECEMBER 7, 1989 c
JAZZ REVIEWS
Good reason to be wild about Harry
BY MARK MILLER
Connick far more often played on the
Special to The Globe and Mail
element of familiarity than against it. There
was nothing much that was new to this act, not
RETROSPECT - and, hey, 'it has
in his admittedly adept piano playing (which
IN
only been six months - the recording
mixes in unequal parts, and sometimes whole,
Harry Connick Jr. made of songs
Monk, Erroll Garner, Dave Brubeck, Fats
from the popular Hollywood movie
Waller, McCoy Tyner, Chico Marx and Victor
When Harry Met Sally may prove to be the
Borge), not in his stylish singing, nor in any of
shrewdest thing the 22-year-old New Orleans
his other impressive talents.
singer and pianist has done in his short career.
There was, however, personality every-
That album has pushed Connick from the
where, whether he was singing Let's Call The
Whole Thing Off to the sturdy, thumping bass
musical periphery of jazz to the money belts of
of Ben Wolfe, or But Nor For Me to the sweet
show business. And as Connick demonstrated
in a winning, 100-minute performance with
sound of strings arranged and conducted by
Marc Shaiman. Not to mention his soft-shoe
trio and orchestra at Roy Thomson Hall in
routines, some from the boards of vaudeville
Toronto Tuesday night, he's a show-biz kid to
and some from the streets of New Orleans.
the bone - in turn a pianist, a stand-up comic,
And not to mention his various quick and ap
a singer, a dancer and an impressionist. By
the time he had also tried his hand at drum-
parently spontaneoùs takes on Judy Garland,
Liza Minnelli, Bing Crosby, Nat Cole and
ming late in the evening, he had done every-
Frank Sinatra, the last serving a little too
thing else either more than well or at least well
obviously to emphasize how much Connick
enough to beg the audience's indulgence. Clev-
er fellow, Connick. Charming,
doesn't sound like Of' Blue Eyes, press clip-
pings to the contrary.
His solo piano version of Winter Wonderland
But let's not mention his references to the
was first up on the program. It seemed a rath-
Stones - there are five of them, not four, even
er risky, left-field place to begin, as he took a
if Connick does know Charlie Watts personally
most familiar melody, appropriate to both the
- and k. d. lang late on in the performance.
film and the time of year, and gave it an
For once, if only once, he seemed to be trying a
offbeat, idiosyncratic interpretation full of ref-
little too hard. Otherwise, the kid's clearly a
erences to Thelonious Monk. Suddenly an in-
natural.
teresting evening of jazz was promised, but
just as suddenly Connick turned right with a
long, chatty monologue, moved safely beyond
the range of the purist's long guns, and never
looked back. It was still an interesting eve-
ning, but for entirely different reasons.
Chicago Tribune, Sunday, January 21, 1990
Section 5
5
Tempo
Eclectic Connick
captivates crowd
with the classics
And that's partially why Connick can
fill a theater as large as the Chicago. He
makes the old music sound fresh to a
By Howard Reich
Entertainment writer
new generation.
No doubt Connick's fame has been
buoyed by his hit soundtrack for the film
Anyone who still believes that Harry
Connick Jr. is more an imitator than an
"When Harry Met Sally
which in-
original could not have been in the sold-
deed precipitated his current national
out Chicago Theatre on Friday evening.
tour. But whether he was performing the
familiar songs from the film's score or
Though there's no arguing that Con-
nick owes a great deal to singers such as
other classics from the American song-
Frank Sinatra and Louis Armstrong and
book, Connick punctuated his delivery
pianists such as Art Tatum and Count
with unpredictable stops, starts, whispers,
shouts and the like.
Basie, these influences are but a portion
of Connick's appeal. He also happens to
In a number such as "Do You Know
be a born entertainer, able to delight an
What It Means to Miss New Orleans,"
audience equally with the ingenuity of
there was no telling when Connick was
his keyboard improvisations, the warmth
going to throw in a silly impersonation of
of his vocals, even the occasional soft-
Nat King Cole or a serious and extended
shoe that will take him from nearly one
jazz-piano cadenza. Similarly, just when
end of the stage to the other.
one was expecting a lush and lavish ar-
rangement of Gus Kahn and Isham
That Connick can scat-sing like a
Jones' "It Had to Be You," Connick
demon, quote everything from James P.
slipped into a suave, understated version
Johnson to Thelonius Monk on the key-
board and play giddy word-games with
that quietly implied its musical meanings.
The evening, in which two uninterrupt-
ed hours fled like 20 minutes, offered sim-
Jazz
ilarly unpredictable accounts of "Winter
Wonderland," in which Connick's piano
solo traversed about 30 years of jazz key-
song lyrics-all at the grand old age of
board history; Duke Ellington's "Don't
22-makes him a genuine phenomenon.
Get "Around Much Anymore," accompa-
Though the musical world never has suf-
nied by a 30-piece orchestra under the
fered a shortage of prodigies (a surplus
energetic direction of Marc Shaiman; and
is more like it), Connick stands apart
a nearly whispered version of the Ger-
from the rest because he makes an audi-
shwins' "Our Love Is Here to Stay."
ence forget his precocity. His act is so
Though Connick obviously builds his
smooth, his delivery so confident that he
show-as well as his musical identity-on
deflects attention away from himself and
treasures of the past, he understands more
onto the music.
about that past than many musicians
Yet even when singing a standard such
twice his age. And considering Connick's
as the Gershwins' "Let's Call the Whole
ample musical gifts, there's every chance
Thing Off," Connick does much more
that the future will take him to newer,
than offer a handsome version of an old
perhaps more contemporary horizons.
chestnut. The way he stretches a phrase,
Even if it doesn't, however, Connick
pushes a tempo, and throws in a joke are
clearly is developing a large, young audi-
quite his own. There's as much rock 'n'
ence for the great old songs. For that
roll anarchy in his delivery as there is un-
alone, Connick's arrival on the entertain-
derstanding of the jazz tradition.
ment scene is most welcome.
Music
Everybody's Wild About Harry
The age's "new" Sinatra hits his snazzy stride
BY ELIZABETH L. BLAND
trio, "for my soul. I need to play some piano."
It was the piano, after all, that got him go-
F
emales from 15 to 50 have been lining
ing. Young Harry was flirting with the keys by
up outside stage doors across the
age three and at five was good enough to play
country, waiting for glimpses of this 22-
The Star-Spangled Banner at his father's in-
year-old crooner, and with good reason:
auguration as New Orleans district attorney.
coming from his sensuous mouth, It Had to
(His late mother was a judge.) His parents,
Be You never sounded so fresh. He plays a
who put themselves through law school by
mean piano too, and has been known to
running a record store, loved to take their
break into a soft-shoe, sit in for his drum-
two children to the French Quarter on week-
mer or do a send-up of Liza Minnelli. In
ends to listen to the Dixieland and bebop
bands on Bourbon Street. Local
musicians, many of whom had deal-
ings with the D.A., were glad to
have Harry Jr. onstage. Having an
audience was intoxicating, Connick
says. "Even now, if I see a piano, I
TIME
THE WEEKLY NEWSMAGAZINE
have to play. I don't care where it is.
I guess it's from getting that atten-
tion every weekend."
Big Easy musicians, with their
color-blind generosity and love of
music, made excellent teachers.
The renowned rhythm-and-blues
pianist James Booker used to come
round to the Connick home to
teach young Harry. "Booker was a
genius," says Connick. "The piano
has been around for hundreds of
years, and he figured out a new way
to play it. I have more respect for
him than for anyone I have ever
known." Booker taught another
The young crooner plays a mean piano too
lesson: Connick attributes his clean
"Even now, when I see one, I have to play."
living, in part, to Booker's early
death from drug and alcohol abuse
short, Harry Connick Jr. is a showman,
when Connick was 13.
right down to his snakeskin shoes.
Pianist Ellis Marsalis, patriarch of the
With a big band behind him and several
jazz clan, was another respected teacher,
thousand enthusiastic fans in front, Con-
but it was his son Wynton who ultimately
nick and his piano have taken center stage.
had more influence. Six years older than
On tour since November with his top-sell-
Connick, Wynton had made a national
ing sound track from the summer hit When
splash with his horn while Harry was still in
Harry (no relation) Met Sally
he
has
ex-
high school. "I wanted to be Wynton. I
tended his run through February to satisfy
wanted to be in his band. I dressed like
the crowds. And his retro good looks and
him. I talked like him."
easy charm have also helped land him his
These days, though, Connick finds the
first film role, as a tail gunner in David
studious Marsalis approach no longer
Puttnam's World War II movie Memphis
suits, and he strictly follows his own path.
Belle, due by Labor Day.
Looking back to Louis Armstrong and
But Connick is more than a flavor-of-the-
Duke Ellington, he notes that those jazz
month matinee idol. He is a musician of seri-
greats had a proud history of performing.
ous intent. His first major-label album, a self-
"Tell me they weren't entertainers, man.
Vol. 135, No.
titled jazz collection that included a superb
They would go out there and give the peo-
rendition of the classic On Green Dolphin
ple a good time." To that end, Connick's
Street, was followed by a second, 20 (Con-
latest role model is Frank Sinatra. Not only
nick's age at the time), that introduced his
does Connick aspire to additional-
Sinatra-style vocals ("I am not a jazz singer.
though occasional-film roles, as well as to
I call it swing"). The chart-topping When
continue singing swing and playing the pi-
Harry Met Sally
will be followed this
ano, but he may, like it or not, be on his way
spring by two new recordings, one with vo-
to becoming something of a sensation. So
cals and a big band and another with a jazz
for now, Harry, it has to be you.
TIME, JANUARY 15. 1990
NEW YORK POST
Founded by Alexander Hamilton in 1801
NEW YORK POST, MONDAY, DECEMBER 11, 1989
Connick in command
By LEE JESKE
JAZZ review
T'S 1989's most amazing jazz
story. A year ago Harry Con-
whipped in. He's a vaudevillian -
nick Jr. was the Knickerbocker
a playing, singing, dancing, ki-
Saloon's Sunday and Monday
bitzing charmer, with an edge of
night pianist. Saturday, the 22-
sinister Southern smarm just be-
year-old New Orleanian sold out
neath the surface. He's simultane-
Avery Fisher Hall.
ously audacious and ingenuous,
Of course, much has happened
patronizing and endearing. And
in the year - namely his smash-
he's got superstar written all over
ing stint at the Algonquin and his
him.
performances of standards on the
Connick's strength remains in
successful "When Harry Met
his ever-evolving piano playing.
Sally" soundtrack. The Avery
But Saturday's show - which fea-
Fisher audience resembled Har-
tured the "When Harry" score,
ry, Harry and Sally - young,
complete with its arranger, Marc
well-dressed, well-heeled and
Shaiman, conducting a large ort
newly enamored of the finer
chestra - stressed Connick the
HARRY CONNICK
things in life, like Gershwin, Por-
crooner, He's a greatly improved
Old-school audacity.
ter and Ellington.
singer from even his Algonquin
Connick is an adorable pastiche
stand, but at times he still veers
tertainer of the old school. Thing
of personalities: Sinatra and Arm-
perilously close to Bill Murray's
is, that is something the world
strong for his singing, Garner and
overwrought lounge warbler.
could use more of, Just ask Satur-
(increasingly) Monk for his play-
Connick, who could develop into
day's audience - on its feet at the
ing, with bits of Sammy Davis
a major Jazz pianist, seems deter-
end, eating from young Connick's
Victor Borge and George. Burns
mined to be an overall socko en-
hand.
When Harry Met Sally..
Romance has its own language, its own rhythms, and its own music. The first two
are captured with masterful subtlety in Rob Reiner's bittersweet film comedy, "When
Harry Met Sally " As for the music, Reiner turned to the phenomenal young singer/
pianist Harry Connick, Jr., to define the melodic contours of love. On the sound-
track album, WHEN HARRY MET SALLY..., Connick performs ten magnificent standards of
American song with his customary wit and panache.
"When Harry Met Sally...," which stars Billy Crystal and Meg Ryan in the title
roles, tells the hilarious yet intimate story of two people who learn that friend-
ship must come before love and sex. Spanning eleven years, several re-runs of "Casa-
blanca," many marathon phone calls, and countless tear-stained Kleenex, the story's
warmth and humor is given added dimension by the music of Connick.
In the film, several songs are performed by various musical legends, including
Frank Sinatra, Ella Fitzgerald, Louis Armstrong, and Ray Charles as well as Connick.
On the soundtrack album, however, Connick takes center stage, turning in a tour-de-
force performance of every song, and confirming the high praise he has earned.
According to Rob Reiner, "Even though this was a modern-day love story, I wanted to
give it a timeless feeling, so I was going to use standards like 'It Had To Be You'
and 'Our Love is Here To Stay.' Once Reiner discovered the artistry of Harry
Connick, Jr., he resolved to have him on the film's soundtrack.
Co-produced by Marc Shaiman with Connick, the film's music adapter and arranger,
WHEN HARRY MET SALLY plays like a clasic American songbook. Among the greats
Connick performs on the album are George Gershwin's "Let's Call The Whole Thing Off"
and "But Not For Me," Rodgers and Hart's "Where Or When" and "I Could Write A Book,"
Duke Ellington's "Don't Get Around Much Anymore," "Stompin' At The Savoy," "Winter
Wonderland," and "Autumn in New York." The film's opening and closing credit theme,
"It Had To Be You," is one of the album's definitive highlights, with both a big
band and piano trio version.
The soundtrack also marks the first time in Connick's recording career that he's
worked with a big band and orchestra. Arrangements and orchestrations on "It Had To
Be You," "Where Or When," "I Could Write A Book" and "But Not For Me" are by Connick
and Shaiman. Other songs are performed as piano/vocal solos, or with Connick's trio
featuring Benjamin Jonah Wolf on bass and Jeff "Tain" Watts on drums. Also appearing
on the album are. tenor saxophonist Frank Wess and guitarist Joy Berliner. In every
case, Connick's evocative vocals and engagingly quirky piano style lend credence to
Downbeat's comments on Harry Connick, Jr.: "Jazz musicians are beginning to talk
about his talents, his clean clear touch, his ability to swing, and his fresh fiery
approach."
COLUMBIA RECORDS PRESS & PUBLICITY
51 West 52nd Street. New York, New York 10019 (212) 975-5040 1801 Century Park West, Los Angeles, California 90067 (213) 556-4770
34 Music Square East, Nashville, Tennessee 37203 (615) 742-4321
-2-
Now only 21 years old, Harry Connick, Jr., has been knocking 'em dead since
launching his professional career only a few years ago. Born and reared in New Orleans,
Connick captures much of that city's savory musical flavor in his own music. He
started sitting in with Dixieland musicians as a child, and while in high school, he
enrolled in the famed New Orleans Center for the Creative Arts. There he studied
classical piano, as well as jazz with Ellis Marsalis, father of Wynton and Branford.
His self-titled debut album was released when Harry was barely out of his teens.
He relocated to New York, jazz center of the world, and began building an extraordinary
reputation as a pianist and singer. A breakthrough was achieved with his 1988 second
album, 20, which spotlighted his vocals for the first time.
Harry has performed on many of the country's premiere stages including New York's
Town Hall, Wolf Trap, the Tonight Show, and others. His now-legendary four-week stint
this past spring at New York's famed Algonquin Hotel drew rave reviews from all quarters.
Said Rolling Stone magazine, "Flaunting his winning charm, Connick played the crowd as
much as he played the piano." He was hailed "one of the most exciting of the new breed
of young jazz musicians," by the New York Daily News, and the New York Times claimed
Connick "may have what it takes to inject the world of traditional jazz with a shot.
of Hollywood glamour."
Still so young, there is no telling how far a talent like Connick may go. For now,
WHEN HARRY MET SALLY will no doubt fortify the ever-growing acclaim for Harry
Connick, Jr., and his luminous musical talent.
"When Harry Met Sally... is a Rob Reiner film from Castle Rock Entertainment.
It stars Billy Crystal, Meg Ryan, Carrie Fisher, and Bruno Kirby. It was written by
Nora Ephron ("Silkwood" "Heartburn"), directed by Rob Reiner, and produced by Reiner
with Andrew Scheinman. The film is distributed by Columbia Pictures.
-8907-
London, England
Daily Mail, Thursday, February 1, 1990.
Page1
Wild about Harry
The young
HE big band sound booms
T
out from the packed con-
cert halls and adoring
women fight for front seats
and a first glimpse of the
Blue Eyes
star performer.
It could be a re-run of Frank Sinatra's
first performances more than 45 years
ago - only this time the girls are wild
who may
about Harry Connick Jnr, a singing
phenomenon whose fame has exploded
across the United States.
Harry is being hailed not only as the new
be even
Sinatra, but as a plano-playing jazz entertainer
with the potential to achieve an even higher
level of stardom. And he is only 22.
It may seem extraordinary that one so young
should eschew contemporary music in favour of
better than
the songs and style of 40 years ago. But Mr
Connick's choice may well turn him into a star
to eclipse all of those of the rock era.
America has never lost faith in the age of
Sinatra
swing which spawned great bands, clever
songwriters and charismatic singers. Sinatra,
Dean Martin and Tony Bennett
have carried the torch but,
farewell concerts notwithstand-
ing. are nearing the end of their
from GEORGE
careers.
The nation looked anxiously for
GORDON
a new icon, and for a generation
IN NEW YORK
found none. Then along came
Connick, crooning his way through
The
phenomenal
Connick,"But don't for imitate Frank, he say
classic songs and giving them his
own touch. Older audiences heard
him singing songs better than they
remembered: younger ones heard
them for the first time.
Page 2
distinctive style. In the cluttered,
one-bedroomed New York apart-
ment he calls home, Harry respond-
ed: Come off it. Who ever heard of
any of the jazz greats having their
Snappy
own style before they were 30? I'm
22 and I'm still learning.
When Tony Bennett heard him.
It was only two years ago that
he predicted: 'He'll be greater than
Harry started singing. 'When E-play
Sinatra.' Millions have heard Con-
the piano, it is jazz, when I sing, 1
nick on the soundtrack from the
call it swing music,' he explained
movie When Harry Met Sally Ton
His singing has added a startling
(CBS Records). Millions more will
new dimension to a career that
see him in David Puttnam's World
already rocketing forward
War III film Memphis Belle
Harry is a lanky. good-looking,
Fashion
snappy dresser, reared in the jazz
quarter of New Orleans. His father
His. vocal style is like his
is a state prosecutor and his
Southern speaking voice 1 slow
mother, who died when he was 13,
and easy to listen to, with a
was a judge. 'I could get prosecuted
soft-spun combination of Hoagy
and sentenced in the family
Carmichael, Nat Cole and Sinatra.
lounge,' he jokes.
It is the latter ingredient, plus the
supple swagger and charismatic
When Harry was five he watched
fascinated as his sister stumbled
Young Sinatra: A rival
demeanour of Sinstra in bobby-
soxer heyday, that have moved him
through her first piano lesson. At
Sunday and rings home every day.
into the mass appeal division,
six he was able to play The Star
Spangled Banner at his father's
At 18 he came to New York and
His current concert tour is a 90
inauguration.
became a hit on the nightclub
per cent advance sell-out. Women
His real musical education came
circuit. He was also listening to
want his autograph and his
music - sometimes for 24 hours at
albums. GQ, the men's fashion
from Bourbon Street. While his
a stretch.
magazine, dressed him for the
father's employees were rounding
cover. Cosmopolitan, Elle and Sev-
up drunks and prostitutes, Harry
'I concentrated on Thelonious
enteen have given him coverage.
sat next to the Dixieland bands. By
Monk and Erroll Garner, then I
eight he was playing with them.
started listening to the great sing-
'I don't try to imitate Sinatra. I
When he was nine he had a union
ers - I mean listening to them to
am not as good as he is. People
card and was asked by Buddy Rich
learn from them, as opposed to just
hear something of him in my style
to go on the road with him.
enjoying their music,' he explained.
and draw that comparison. I love to
sing all kinds of songs, although I
Before CBS signed him, Harry
Tragedy
must admit I feel most comfortable
used to take the subway into the
singing ballads,' he said.
Bronx after Saturday night gigs in
Connick's father turned down
Greenwich Village to do Sunday-
Two new records are due shortly,
the offer and balanced the jazz
morning church services for £30 a
one primarily vocals with a big
time, as organist and choir director.
band, the other piano jazz Of the
with classical studies. New Orleans
'It made for a very long day, but it
latter, he said: 'I had to do it. For
legend James Booker came to his
home to give him lessons. Drug
was an experience." he said.
my soul I have to play some piano.'
addiction killed Booker and the
Concert audiences are stunned
tragedy made a profound impres-
by his ability to render pure Duke
Yearning
sion. Harry neither drinks or
Ellington, Fats Waller, Art Tatum.
Connick admits his talents as &
smokes. He goes to church on
Some critics have said he lacks a
pianist and a crooner have left him
at a career crossroads. He wants to
advance with foot both
divisions. He gets his biggest kicks
doing both before an audience
'One thing I know is that I can
entertain. When I know people are
having a good time, that is the
most important thing for me.
'When I go into a studio and do
my album, that's for me. When the,
audience are out there with their
money paid, I just want to make
them smile and tap their feet,' he
said.
What Harry the crooner is doing
is more than entertainment. In him:
audiences are finding an alternative
to rock and a new yearning for the
ballad. This time It is laced with
something that is pure New Orleans
from a young white singer.
Connick, apparently unfazed by
his propulsion into the limelight, is.
appealing for restraint.
'Look, I haven't contributed
anything yet. I'm still learning
Maybe in 20 years' time you will
hear something and say: "Hey -
that's Connick."
FOR IMMEDIATE
FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE
SEPTEMBER , 1989
HARRY CONNICK, JR. "WHEN HARRY MET SALLY" ALBUM A CROSS-OVER SMASH;
CONNICK TAKES CHARTS, JAZZ AND POP BY STORM
Just as the romantic comedy, "When Harry Met Sally," has become the sleeper hit
of the summer movie season, pianist/singer Harry Connick, Jr., and his Columbia album
of music from the film have also shown remarkably broad-based appeal. Not only has the
album charted Top 5 on Billboard's traditional jazz chart, but it has also streaked
high up the pop album charts as well.
Connick's stylish and witty interpretations of jazz standards have made him one
of the most talked about young performers in the jazz world over the last few years.
His first two albums, Harry Connick, Jr. and 20, were both jazz chart sensations.
However, WHEN HARRY MET SALLY is by far his biggest crossover success to date. In
addition to the album's chart success (hitting just shy of the national Top 40), the
track, "It Had To Be You," from the album, is a hot add at both A/C and jazz radio,
and VH-1 has run the video of the song in heavy rotation all summer long.
The album has been a hit with the press as well. Stephen Holden, writing in the
New York Times, hailed it as "another step forward for an immensely gifted talent."
while Rolling Stone awarded the album three-and-a-half stars and declared the album
"serves as a great introduction to these classics for a new generation and a winning
Connick showcase for those unfortunate millions who've yet to discover him."
In promoting the film and album, Connick recently made guest appearances on major
national TV outlets such as "Good Morning America," "Nightline," "USA Today On TV,"
and VH-1, all of which aired in August. Connick was also the subject of a major in-
depth feature article and fashion layout in the September issue of GQ Magazine.
The multi-talented Connick is currently in London filming "Memphis Belle," a new
film produced by David Puttnam. Making his acting debut, Connick portrays a tailgunner
from the crew of a World War II bomber squadron based in England. Other members of the
cast include John Lithgow, D.B. Sweeney, Eric Stolz, and Matthew Modine. The film,
directed by Michael Caton-Jones ("Scandal"), is due for a summer 1990 release.
Following his work in the film, Connick returns home for a ten-city tour. Titled
"When Harry Met... Harry And Sally," it pairs Connick with a full-scale Big Band,
performing music from "When Harry Met Sally." The tour kicks off in late November,
with a complete itinerary to be announced in the near future. Additional plans in
Connick's future include contributing an original song to the film and soundtrack
album of the upcoming 1990 movie blockbuster, "Dick Tracy," directed by Warren Beatty.
For further information, please contact Shelley Selover at Columbia Records
Publicity Department in Los Angeles, 213.556.4770; or in New York please contact Mary
Ellen Cataneo at 212.975.5040.
COLUMBIA RECORDS
PRESS a PUBLICITY
DEPARTMENT
51 W 52 ST NY NY 10019 *212/975-5040 1801 CENTURY PARK W LOS ANGELES CA 90067 213/556-4770 34 MUSIC SQUARE E NASHVILLE TN 37203 *615/742-4321
Sun-Sentinel, Monday, February 5, 1990 5D
Connick
In concert on Friday at the
Carefree Theatre in West Palm
Beach, The Harry Connick Jr. Trio
played a diverse, one-hour and 45-
WOWS 'em
minute set that was met with rapt
enthusiasm from the sell-out
crowd, as well as two spontaneous
standing ovations - the kind of
at packed
ovations that are instant and
heartfelt, not contrived for the
sake of making the performer feel
Carefree
good.
Connick opened with a free-
wheeling Stompin' at the Savoy,
one of the many gems that is on the
By DEBORAH WILKER
Harry-Sally sound track. If anyone
Music Writer
can bring these great old songs
back to the masses, it is Connick.
Imagine an entertainer who
He makes jazz accessible with a
sings like Sinatra, plays the piano
boyish sort of frivolity that has
like Gershwin, delivers a mono-
been absent from the genre for too
logue like Carson and is even more
long.
handsome than Tom Cruise.
A full-throttle Bye Bye Black-
Harry Connick Jr. is all of these
bird, then a slow-motion saunter
things and more. Connick, 22, best
through It Had to Be You showed
Harry Connick Jr.
known for the music from When
Connick to be as versatile an ar-
Harry Met Sally is probably
ranger as he is a performer.
the most limitless talent to come
Next, there were a couple of
along in years. If he is managed
amusing stories, and an implied
correctly and meets his potential,
wish that young people might want
there is no reason why he shouldn't
to consider embracing the music
become one of the most successful
of '40s. There were, indeed, many
performers ever.
young people in the audience, as
well as senior citizens and all
those in-between. The broad
MUSIC REVIEW
stroke with which Connick keenly
traverses the pop and jazz spec-
Harry Connick Jr.
trum seems to account for much of
his charm and wide appeal.
Friday night at the Carefree
Of the many standards and for-
Theatre in West Palm Beach.
ays into extended can-you-top-this
play-offs with his band-mates,
Connick's best moment came dur-
Connick is a showman. He is not
ing the set-closer, Let's Call the
satsified merely to reproduce a
Whole Thing Off. The George and
Cole Porter standard. He rein-
Ira Gerswin classic is among the
vents everything he touches. He
most memorable show tunes of all
stretches each measure, recasting
time, and Connick's superb adap-
every rhythm and lyric.
tion, which was just a bit on the sly
He doesn't do this merely to play
side, more than did justice to the
the affected role of the stereo-
original.
typed jazzman who can't leave a
The Carefree was the perfect
song alone. Rather, Connick is an
setting for a show like this, but as
improviser of the first order,
Connick's popularity skyrockets,
bringing a distinct blend of New
his days in smaller theaters surely
Orleans and swing-era styles to
will be numbered. All the more
many of the great old pop
reason why this intimate concert
standards.
was one to treasure.
THE WHITE HOUSE
WASHINGTON
Phillip Remler
647 5692
lbn Khaldoun
Transine
oldest guote? const. tradition
in and world
UNCLASSIFIED
STATE VISIT OF TUNISIAN PRESIDENT BEN ALI
OFFICIAL TUNISIAN DELEGATION
(in protocolary order)
1. President Zine El Abidine Ben Ali
2. Mr. Mohamed El Jari, Minister and Director of the
President's Office
3. Mr. Ismail Khelil, Minister of Foreign Affairs
E
4. Mr. Mouldi Zouaoui, Secretary of State for Industry and
Commerce
Naziha
5. Mrs. Nazina Mahzoud, Vice President of the Chamber of
Deputies
6. Mr. Abdelaziz Hamzaoui, Ambassador to the U.S. E
7. Mr. Salah Baccari, Advisor to the President
8. Mr. Jamaledine Chichti, Advisor to the President
9. Dr. Mohamed Gueddiche, Private Physician to the President
10. Mr. Mohamed Berrehouma, Director of Presidential Protocol E
11. Mr. Abderrahmane Belhadj Ali, Director of Security for the
President
12. Mr. Abdelhafidh Harguem, Director of Information at the
Presidency
Ali Mabrouk
13. Mr. Afif Carbouj, Senior Staff Member to the President
14. Col. Brahim Boudabbous, Aide de Camp E
UNCLASSIFIED
THE STATE VISIT
TO
WASHINGTON, D.C.
OF
HIS EXCELLENCY
ZINE EL ABIDINE BEN ALI
PRESIDENT
OF
THE REPUBLIC OF TUNISIA
MAY 14 TO 17, 1990
SUMMARY SCHEDULE
MONDAY
MAY 14
4:00 pm-
Greeted by Chief of Protocol
4:05 pm
Reed and Welcoming Committee,
Andrews Air Force Base,
Washington, D.C.
4:05 pm-
United States Presidential
4:15 pm
Helicopters to Washington
Monument Grounds, Reflecting
Pool.
-5-
SUMMARY SCHEDULE
MONDAY
MAY 14
(Continued)
4:15 pm-
Greeted by Acting Secretary of
4:20 pm
State Eagleburger.
4:25 pm
Arrive Blair House.
Private Dinner, Blair House.
Overnight: Blair House.
-6-
SUMMARY SCHEDULE
TUESDAY
MAY 15
Private Breakfast, Blair House.
10:00 am-
Arrival Ceremony with The
10:25 am
President and Mrs. Bush,
South Lawn, The White House.
10:30 am-
Meeting with President Bush,
10:45 am
Oval Office, The White House.
10:45 am-
Expanded Meeting with President
11:30 am
Bush, Cabinet Room, The White
House.
Private Luncheon, Blair House.
3:00 pm-
Meeting with Secretary of
3:30 pm
Commerce Mosbacher, Blair House.
4:15 pm-
Meeting with Secretary of Defense
4:45 pm
Cheney, Blair House.
5:00 pm-
Meeting with Assistant Secretary
5:30 pm
of State Kelly, Blair House.
-7-
SUMMARY SCHEDULE
TUESDAY
MAY 15
(Continued)
7:15 pm-
Refreshments with The President
7:45 pm
and Mrs. Bush, Family Quarters,
The White House.
7:45 pm-
Reception, State Dinner, and
10:35 pm
After-Dinner Entertainment
offered by The President and
Mrs. Bush in honor of President
Ben Ali, East Room and State
Dining Room, The White House.
Overnight: Blair House.
-8-
SUMMARY SCHEDULE
WEDNESDAY
MAY 16
Private Breakfast, Blair House.
10:00 am-
Wreath-Laying Ceremony, Arlington
10:30 am
National Cemetery.
Private Luncheon, Blair House.
12:30 pm-
Reception offered by President
2:00 pm
Ben Ali in honor of Tunisian
Community of Washington,
Tunisian Ambassador's Residence.
3:00 pm-
Meeting with Agency for
3:30 pm
International Development
Administrator Roskens, Blair
House.
3:45 pm-
Meeting with Secretary of
4:15 pm
the Treasury Brady, Blair House.
5:00 pm-
Meeting with Senate Foreign
6:00 pm
Relations Committee, Room S-116,
United States Capitol.
-9-
SUMMARY SCHEDULE
WEDNESDAY
MAY 16
(Continued)
6:30 pm-
Reception offered by Ambassador
8:30 pm
and Mrs. Hamzaoui in honor of
President Ben Ali, Ballroom,
Willard Inter-Continental Hotel.
Private Dinner, Blair House.
Overnight: Blair House
-10-
SUMMARY SCHEDULE
THURSDAY
MAY 17
Private Breakfast, Blair House.
9:00 am-
Meeting with African and Arab
10:00 am
Diplomatic Corps, Crystal Room,
Willard Inter-Continental Hotel.
10:15 am-
Meeting with Tunisian
11:00 am
journalists, Blair House.
12:30 pm-
Luncheon offered by United States
2:00 pm
Chamber of Commerce and United
States-Tunisian Business Council
in honor of President Ben Ali,
Daniel Webster Room, United
States Chamber of Commerce.
2:15 pm-
Meeting with The Vice President,
2:45 pm
Blair House.
3:00 pm-
Meeting with International
3:30 pm
Monetary Fund Director
Camdessus, Blair House.
4:00 pm-
Meeting with World Bank President
4:30 pm
Conable, Blair House.
-11-
SUMMARY SCHEDULE
THURSDAY
MAY 17
(Continued)
5:30 pm-
Reception, Ballroom, Ritz-Carlton
6:30 pm
Hotel.
7:30 pm-
Farewell Ceremony with Acting
7:35 pm
Secretary Eagleburger, Assistant
Chief of Protocol Black, and
Farewell Committee, Washington
Monument Grounds, Reflecting
Pool.
7:35 pm-
United States Presidential
7:45 pm
Helicopters to Andrews Air Force
Base.
7:50 pm
Depart en route Tunis, Tunisia.
-12-
granddunghter
computer holby
playd soccer ? stars., great teams
hunter? ?
no fishing, terms
Kansas
apple computers
0
wined whole polace
13 'd
06-11-H
647-4681
NEXUS
W. POST
Nov,1987
int,
or one year later
Services of Mead Data Central
PAGE
2
15TH STORY of Level 1 printed in FULL format.
Copyright (c) 1987 The New York Times Company;
The New York Times
November 8, 1987, Sunday, Late City Final Edition
SECTION: Section 1; Part 1, Page 22, Column 5; Foreign Desk
LENGTH: 586 words
HEADLINE: Man in the News;
Strong Hand for Tunisia: Zine el-Abidine Ben Ali
BYLINE: By WILLIAM G. BLAIR
53/mow
BODY:
Zine el-Abidine Ben Ali, the 51-year-old army general who yesterday became
Tunisia's second President since it won independence from France in 1956,
started out to become an electronics engineer.
While his interest in electronics and computers remains with him today, he
turned away from engineering at an early stage and toward a military and
government career in which he advanced rapidly.
A spokesman at the Tunisian Embassy in Washington said that the new
President, like the old, was expected to maintain good relations with the United
States.
General Ben Ali's assumption of the presidency from President-for-Life
Habib Bourguiba capped a swift rise through two of the top Government positions
in slightly more than a year.
By April of 1986, he was Minister of the Interior and by October this year,
following his central role in the crackdown of Islamic fundamentalists accused
of plotting to overthrow the Government, he was Prime Minister.
An Enforcer of Law and Order
Enforcing law and order, in fact, have been keys to his success both in and
out of uniform since 1958, when he was appointed to his first security post as
director of military security.
From the late 1970's to now, he played an increasingly important role in
coordinating military and police actions during clashes between the government
and unions over unemployment, riots over increases in the price of bread,
deteriorating relations with neighboring Libya and growing Islamic
fundamentalism.
When General Ben Ali was named to succeed Rachid Sfar as Prime Minister by
Mr. Bourguiba on Oct. 2, Ali Bahaijoub, a London-based writer on North African
affairs, commented: Ben Ali will be sort of an autocrat. He won't have to
waffle about before he acts, whereas Sfar would always beat around the bush
first. Events have borne that out. General Ben Ali, who became a full
general in 1979, is described by Tunisian officials as an athletic. clean-shayen
man who believes in discipline and hard work and who is fluent in English,
French and Arabic.
LEXIS® NEXIS® R LEXIS® NEXIS
Services of Mead Data Central
PAGE
3
(c) 1987 The New York Times, November 8, 1987
He was born Sept. 3, 1936, near Sousse, in central Tunisia in the same
region as Mr. Bourguiba's birthplace, Monastir. Mr. Bourguiba, according to an
official in the Tunisian Embassy in Washington, will go to Monastir ''to retire
in his palace surrounded by his privileges and honors.'
Specialist in Intelligence
General Ben Ali began his military career in the 1950s after studying three
years for a diploma in electronic engineering. His military studies included
postings to security, intelligence and field artillery schools in the United
States and France, including the French military academy. General Ben Ali is
married and has three children.
Over the last 15 years, his career seemed to take at least two detours, both
diplomatic. The first was in 1974, when he served three years as the military
attache in the Tunisian Embassy in Rabat, Morocco; the second came in 1980 when
he became Tunisia's ambassador to Poland, a post he held three and a half
years.
General Ben Ali first exchanged his soldier's uniform for civilian dress
when, in December 1977, he was named director general of national security in
the Ministry of Interior, a post he retained until he was sent to Warsaw.
But by October 1984 he was back at the Interior Ministry in a still higher
capacity, as secretary of state for Internal Security. In October 1985 he was
promoted to minister of national security in the Interior Ministry. Six months
later he was Interior Minister.
GRAPHIC: Photo of Zine el-Abidine Ben Ali speaking yesterday at Parliament.
(Reuters)
SUBJECT:
COUPS D'ETAT AND ATTEMPTED COUPS 'ETAT
NAME:
BEN ALI, ZINE EL-ABIDINE (PRES); BEN ALI, ZINE EL-ABIDINE (BIOGRAPHICAL
SKETCH); BOURGUIBA, HABIB (PRES)
GEOGRAPHIC:
TUNISIA
TITLE:
MAN IN THE NEWS (TIMES COLUMN)
LEXIS® ® NEXIS® LEXIS® R NEXIS® ®
To Bob
Date 5/9/90
Time 6:45
WHILE YOU WERE OUT
M Linda Casey
Phone 67976
of Gov. Cassy Samum's
Area Code
Number
Extension
TELEPHONED
PLEASE CALL
/
CALLED TO SEE YOU
WILL CALL AGAIN
WANTS TO SEE YOU
URGENT
RETURNED YOUR CALL
Message Bush
Did Visit the
cematary
Operator
Mindy
AMPAD
EFFICIENCY@
23-021 CARBONLESS
North Africa American Cemetery
and Memorial
The American Battle Monuments Commission
1985
Meuse-Argonne American Cemetery, Romagne, France
THE AMERICAN
BATTLE MONUMENTS
COMMISSION
ESTABLISHED BY CONGRESS MARCH 1923
Membership
Francis J. Bagnell
Armistead J. Maupin
Deputy Chairman
Kitty D. Bradley
William E. Hickey
Joseph W. Canzeri
John C. McDonald
Aubrey O. Cookman
Freda J. Poundstone
Rexford C. Early
Edwin Bliss Wheeler
Andrew J. Goodpaster
A. J. Adams, Secretary
UNITED STATES OFFICE
MEDITERRANEAN OFFICE
HONOR TO THEM
Casimir Pulaski Building
Street Address:
20 Massachusetts Avenue, N.W.
American Embassy
THAT TROD THE PA
Washington, D.C. 20314-0300
Via Veneto 119a
OF HON
Telephone: (202) 272-0533
Rome, Italy
272-0534
Mailing Address:
APO New York 09794
Telephone: 4674, Ext. 156
475-0157
Telegrams: ABMC AMEMBASSY
EUROPEAN OFFICE
Rome, Italy
Street Address:
PHILIPPINE OFFICE
68, rue du 19 Janvier
92380 - Garches, France
Street Address
Mailing Address:
American Military Cemetery
APO New York 09777
Manila, R.P.
Telephone: 701-1976
Mailing Address:
Telegrams: ABMC
APO San Francisco 96528
AMEMBASSY
Telephone: Manila 88-02-12
Paris, France
Telegrams: AMBAMCOM,
Manila, R.P.
"Honor" at the Wall of the Missing
35
North Africa
.
CAMMARTH
American
LAMARSA
SIDI BOU SAID
LASOUCRA
NORTH AFRICA
Cemetery
AMERICAN/CEMETERY
AMILCAR STATION
CARTHAGE
ARIANA
+
and
N
Memorial
LA GOULETTE
TUNIS
LOCATION
thage, Amilcar and Gammarth. The
weather is likely to be quite hot dur-
HERE RESTS IN HONORED GLORY
North Africa American Cemetery
ing the summer months and cold on
A COMRADE IN ARMS
and Memorial is situated 10 miles
occasion during the winter.
KNOWN BUT TO GOD
northeast of the city of Tunis,
Tunisia, and 5 miles northeast of its
airport (El Aouina). It may be
HOURS
reached by taxicab from the city or
the airport. There is an electric com-
The cemetery is open daily to the
muter train from Tunis - the
public as shown below:
nearest stop is at Amilcar station,
SUMMER (15 May-15 September):
from which the cemetery is only two
8:00 a.m.-6:00 p.m.
or three hundred yards distant.
WINTER (16 September-14 May)
Hotels are available in Tunis, Car-
8:00 a.m.-5:00 p.m.
Decorated Gravesite of an "Unknown"
Cemetery Entrance
34
3
cemetery are available from Panama
Florence, Sicily-Rome and North Af-
City. There are 4,795 identified
rica cemeteries, where the Mediter-
"Known" Dead interred here. In
ranean office is responsible and
agreement with the Republic of
Manila cemetery, where the Philip-
Panama, care and maintenance of
pine office is responsible.
the cemetery in perpetuity was as-
Orders for flowers for all
sumed by the Commission on 1 Oc-
cemeteries may also be placed
tober 1979.
through any local florist who is a
FLORAL DECORATIONS
member of the "Florists Telegraph
Delivery Association." In such
In the oversea cemeteries, the deco-
cases, the name of the deceased, his
ration of graves or the Tablets of the
rank, service number, name of the
Missing with natural cut flowers
cemetery, country in which located
only is permitted. The Commission
and the location by plot, row and
is always ready to help arrange with
grave should be provided, if known.
local florists in foreign countries for
placement of such decorations. Re-
ADDITIONAL
quests should be mailed so as to ar-
INFORMATION
rive at the appropriate Commission
office at least thirty days before the
Further information regarding
date of decoration and should be ac-
cemeteries and memorials may be
companied by check or U. S. Postal
obtained at the Commission's offices
Money Order in dollars. Deposits
in Washington, Garches (near
may be made for a single decoration
Paris), Rome or Manila. Visitors
on a particular day-birthday,
passing through these cities are in-
Memorial Day, Christmas Day, for
vited to call. The Commission's
example-or for several decorations
representatives there may be of
Aerial View of Cemetery
on particular dates within a year or
assistance in verifying travel routes
over a period of years. Checks
and schedules and also in furnishing
should be made payable to "ABMC
information concerning overnight
HISTORY
in December 1941 and the enemy
Flower Fund," money orders to
accommodations. These offices are
Prior to entry into World War II,
had been forced backward by a
"The American Battle Monuments
not open on Saturdays, Sundays or
the United States adopted a strategic
strong Russian winter offensive, the
Commission." Requests should be
holidays, but essential information
policy regarding how it would con-
Germans again began advancing
addressed to the Commission's
may be obtained overseas through
duct combat operations, should it be
rapidly in 1942. The Crimea was
European office, except in the case of
our Embassy telephone operators.
forced into war against the Axis
overrun, Sevastopol was captured
powers (Germany and Italy) and
and German forces were moving
SERVICES TO THE PUBLIC
Japan at the same time. The policy
against Stalingrad on the Volga
AVAILABLE THROUGH
was to defeat the stronger enemy in
River. Even greater advances were
THE AMERICAN BATTLE MONUMENTS COMMISSION
Europe first, while simultaneously
being made in the Caucasus Moun-
tains to the southeast.
Name, location, and general information concerning the cemetery or
maintaining a vigorous defensive
memorial; plot, row, and grave number if appropriate; best routes and
posture against Japan. It was not
Matters also were going badly for
modes of travel in-country to the cemetery or memorial; general infor-
altered by the surprise Japanese
the British in the Mediterranean area
mation about the accommodations that may be available in the vicinity;
attack at Pearl Harbor on 7 December
along the coast of North Africa in
escort service within the cemetery memorial for relatives; letters au-
1941.
Libya and Egypt, the area known as
thorizing fee-free passports for members of the immediate family
The basic plan of action advocated
the Western Desert. There, where
traveling overseas to visit a grave or memorial site; black and white
by U.S. war planners was to concen-
the fighting had been seesawing
photographs of headstones and sections of the Tablets of the Missing
trate forces, supplies and materiel in
back and forth for nearly two years,
on which the servicemen's names are engraved; large color lithographs
the British Isles, and after a period of
the combined German-Italian force
of World War I and II cemeteries and memorials to which the appro-
training, to launch a powerful am-
known as the Afrika Korps had
priate headstone or section of the Tablets of the Missing photographs
phibious assault across the English
forced the British Eighth Army back
are affixed; and arrangements for floral decoration of grave and memo-
Channel in the summer of 1943.
further into Egypt, and was closer to
rial sites. Photographs of graves in the National Memorial Cemetery of
Although the German advance
Alexandria than ever before. Addi-
the Pacific (in Honolulu) are not available through the Commission.
against Moscow had been stopped
tional Axis advances in Egypt and
4
33
BERN
SWITZERLAND
AUSTRIA
GRAZ
HUNGARY
L
GENEVAL
LAGENFURT
BOLZANO
YON
Entrance Gate
FEET
GRENOBLE
0
100
200
300
MILAN
SERVICE AREA
TURIN,
VENICE
TRIESTE
VISITORS
MONTELIMAR
BUILDING
FRANCE
YUGOSLAVIA
GENOA
POOL
RHONE NICE
DRAGUIGNAN
I
B
F
C
MARSEILLE
PISA
RAPHAEL
TOULON
FLORENCE
FLAGSTAFF
EGHORN
SIENA
2
N
ELBA
WALL OF MISSING
S
H
E
CORSICA
I
T
A
Y
B
P
ROME
6
SICILY-ROME
NETTUNO
FOGGIA
G
D
A
CHAPEL
MEMORIAL
NAPLES
SALERNO
SARDINIA
Location of Cemetery Features
M
the Caucasus posed a threat to the
The invasion plan of northwest
entire Middle East.
PALERMO
MESSINA
Africa provided for three naval task
forces to land before dawn on 8
SICILY
The Allies sorely needed an offen-
WORLD WAR # CEMETERIES
sive operation that would lessen the
November 1942 in three widely
GIBRALTAR
NORTH AFRICA
WORLD WAR MONUMENTS
TUNIS
pressure on the British Eighth Army
separated areas. The U.S. Western
in Egypt. The only operation that
Naval Task Force, composed
ALGERIA
could be undertaken with a reason-
entirely of American ships sailing
TUNISIA
150
KILOMETERS
able chance of success was an assault
from the United States at the height
MALTA
in French Morocco and Algiers in
of the Battle of the Atlantic against
northwest Africa. It had the advan-
German submarines, arrived un-
tage of getting American forces into
suspected and undetected. Its land-
action in 1942, although it would
ings in French Morocco encountered
COROZAL AMERICAN
probably delay the cross-Channel
the strongest resistance of any of the
is at 31 Calzada Melchor Ocampo,
about 2 miles west of the cathedral
CEMETERY, COROZAL,
assault planned for 1943.
landing forces. In the center, the
U.S. 3d Infantry Division landing at
and about one mile north of the U.S.
REPUBLIC OF PANAMA
The Allies hoped that French
Fedala near Casablanca, found both
Embassy. This cemetery was estab-
forces defending northwest Africa,
army and naval forces opposing it.
lished in 1851 and contains a small
The Corozal American Cemetery is
which were operating under the
As it fought its way inland, fire from
monument over the grave of 750 of
located approximately three miles
control of the portion of France
U.S. naval forces neutralized the
our unidentified Dead of the War of
north of Panama City, just off Gail-
which had not been occupied by the
shore batteries and sank several
1847. In this one acre area there are
lard Highway between the Corozal
Germans after the armistice of 1940,
French warships. By 1500 hours,
813 remains of Americans and others
Railroad Station and Fort Clayton.
might welcome them or offer only
Fedala had fallen. The 3d Division
in wall crypts. Care of the cemetery
To reach the cemetery, follow Gail-
token resistance. Some of these
then closed on Casablanca where it
was transferred from the Depart-
lard Highway north from Panama
forces were loyal to Vichy, France;
met strong resistance, until the
ment of the Army to this Commis-
City, turn right on Rybicki Road, and
others were sympathetic to the
French surrendered on 11 Novem-
sion on 16 July 1947. This cemetery
proceed about one-half mile to the
Allied cause.
ber upon orders from Algiers.
was closed to burials in 1923.
cemetery. Taxi and bus service to the
32
5
Honolulu Memorial (WW II, Korea and Vietnam), National Memorial Cemetery of the Pacific,
Honolulu, Hawaii
canic islands of Saipan, Tinian and
French and English. It was officially
"Memory" at the Wall of the Missing
Guam during the period of 15 June
turned over to the American gov-
1944-11 August 1944.
ernment for operation and mainte-
Further to the south, the 47th
Korps westward toward Libya and
It is a twelve-foot rectangular
nance in perpetuity on 11 January
Regimental Combat Team of the
Tunisia, the enemy assumed falsely
obelisk of rose granite in a land-
1979.
U.S. 9th Infantry Division and Com-
that the task forces were en route to
scaped area of local flora. Inscribed
bat Command B of the U.S. 2d
block the retreat of the Afrika Korps.
upon the monument are these
UTAH BEACH MONUMENT
Armored Division established a
Although the war and troop ships
words: "THIS MEMORIAL HAS BEEN
The Utah Beach Monument is lo-
bridgehead at Safi, against heavy
of the British Central Naval Task
ERECTED BY THE UNITED STATES OF
ground and air resistance. When
Force were British, the assault troops
AMERICA IN HUMBLE TRIBUTE TO THE
cated at the termination of Highway
U.S. carrier planes joined the attack,
at Oran, as in French Morocco, were
SONS WHO PAID THE ULTIMATE SAC-
N-13D, approximately 3 kilometers
northeast of Sainte-Marie-du-Mont
Combat Command B drove north-
entirely American. Landing on both
RIFICE FOR LIBERATION OF THE
(Manche), France. This monument
ward toward Casablanca, halting
sides of the city, the U.S. 1st Infantry
MARIANAS 1941-1945."
commemorates the achievements of
only when it was informed that re-
Division, elements of the U.S. 1st
POINTE DU HOC MONUMENT
the American Forces of the VII Corps
sistance had ceased. To the north,
Armored Division and a battalion of
who fought in the liberation of the
the 60th Regimental Combat Team
Rangers met only sporadic resis-
Following World War II, the French
Cotentin Peninsula from 6 June to 1
of the 9th Division captured the Port
tance as they came ashore. Quickly,
erected a monument at Pointe du
July 1944. It consists of a red granite
Lyautey airfield late on 10
the infantry advanced toward the
Hoc overlooking the right flank of
obelisk surrounded by a small, de-
November, with the support of
city while the armored units seized
Omaha Beach, France honoring the
veloped park overlooking the his-
naval and armored units.
the airfields, where a U.S. parachute
elements of the 2nd Ranger Battalion
toric sand dunes of Utah Beach, one
When the British Center and East-
battalion had previously been
under the command of LTC James
of the two American landing
ern Naval Forces coming from the
dropped nearby. The French capitu-
Rudder who scaled the cliff, seized
lated at 1230 hours on 10 November.
the position, and defended it against
beaches during the Normandy Inva-
United Kingdom passed through the
sion of 6 June 1944.
Straits of Gibraltar, their presence
The landing at Algiers from the
German counter-attacks at a high
was immediately reported to the
ships of the British Eastern Naval
cost of lives. The monument consists
MEXICO CITY
enemy by spies. As the British
Task Force encountered the least re-
of a simple pylon on top of a concrete
NATIONAL CEMETERY
Eighth Army had won a great victory
sistance. Debarking on both sides of
bunker at the edge of the cliff and
at El Alamein just a few days before
the city, the force consisted of the
appropriate inscriptions at its base in
The Mexico City National Cemetery
and now was pursuing the Afrika
U.S. 34th Infantry Division, the 39th
6
31
In addition to the eight World War
Monuments Commission con-
I cemeteries, the 14 World War II
structed a memorial therein, incor-
Regimental Combat Team of the
whether or not it joined with the Al-
cemeteries, 11 World War I monu-
porating the features of the memo-
U.S. 9th Infantry Division, British
lies. Among the first to take this
ments and two tablets, the American
rials in its oversea cemeteries. The
Commandos and elements of the
action was the French army com-
Battle Monuments Commission
names of 18,094 Missing of World
British 78 Infantry Division. Opposi-
mander in Tunisia. Although his
program of commemoration in-
War II who gave their lives in the
tion ended that same day, as orders
forces were greatly outnumbered by
cludes the following:
Pacific areas (except the Southwest
from Algiers were issued to cease all
the enemy, he slowly withdrew
and the Palau Islands which are
hostilities in North Africa.
them into the mountains to establish
SURESNES
commemorated at the Manila Ceme-
Meanwhile the race for Tunisia
contact with Allied troops moving
tery Memorial) are recorded here as
had begun. Anticipating that the Al-
eastward. As the number of troops
At the Suresnes Cemetery Memo-
well as 8,195 Missing of the Korean
lies next would move into Tunisia to
on each side gradually strength-
rial, senior representatives of the
War and 2,489 Missing from the
seize the Tunis-Bizerte area, the
ened, both the Allies and the Axis
French and United States Govern-
Vietnam War.
enemy began moving troops as
launched a series of attacks on
ments pay homage to our military
rapidly as possible into northern
Tunisia with indifferent success. By
Dead on ceremonial occasions. Ac-
The AMERICAN EXPEDITIONARY
Tunisia by sea and air, even though
advent of the winter rains, it was
cordingly, 24 Unknown Dead of
FORCES MEMORIAL, located on
fighting was still in progress at Oran
clear that the British First Army and
World War II were buried in this
Penn. Ave. between 14th and 15th
and in French Morocco. The follow-
its attached French and American
World War I cemetery, and two log-
Streets, NW in Wash. DC, com-
ing day, the floating reserve of the
units were unable to oust the
gias were added to its chapel by the
memorates the two million Ameri-
Eastern Naval Task Force, a brigade
stronger Fifth Panzer Army from
Commission, thereby converting it
can military personnel and their
group of the British 78 Division, was
Tunisia. A major factor was the
into a shrine commemorating our
CinC, Gen. John J. Pershing, who
dispatched eastward to the port of
enemy's superiority of air power.
Dead of both wars.
made up the AEF of WWI.
Bougie, in the first step of the Allied
In January 1943, the U.S. II Corps
It consists of a stone plaza 52 ft. by
advance toward Tunisia. That eve-
began arriving in southern Tunisia
EAST COAST MEMORIAL
75 ft., an 8 ft. statue of Gen. Pershing
ning, German and Italian forces
with some additional troops. At that
on a stone pedestal, a stone bench
moved into southern France as Italy
time, the British First Army was or-
To commemorate those 4,596
facing the statue and two 10 ft. high
prepared to seize Corsica.
ganized from north to south into
Americans who, in or above the
waters off the east coast of North and
walls, one along the south side of the
At this stage of the war, it was
three corps; the British 5 Corps in the
South America, but outside the ter-
memorial area and one along the
clear to almost all Frenchmen that
north, the French XIX Corps in the
east. The south wall contains two
the future of France depended upon
center, the U.S. II Corps in the
ritorial limits of the United States,
gave their lives in the service of their
battle maps with appropriate in-
country, the Commission erected a
scriptions. Inscribed upon the re-
memorial in Battery Park, New York
verse face of the east wall is Gen.
City, upon which their names and
Pershing's tribute to the officers and
men of the AEF: "IN THEIR DEVOTION,
particulars are inscribed.
THEIR VALOR, AND IN THE LOYAL FUL-
FILLMENT OF THEIR OBLIGATIONS, THE
WEST COAST MEMORIAL
OFFICERS AND MEN OF THE AMERICAN
Similarly, the names and particulars
EXPEDITIONARY FORCES HAVE LEFT A
of those 412 Americans who gave
HERITAGE OF WHICH THOSE WHO FOL-
their lives in the service of their
LOW MAY EVER BE PROUD."
country off the west coast of the
Americas but outside the territorial
SAIPAN MONUMENT is situated
limits of the United States, are re-
near the beach overlooking Tanapag
corded at the memorial erected by
Harbor on the Island of Saipan,
the Commission at the Presidio of
Commonwealth of the Northern
San Francisco.
Mariana Islands. It is part of an
American memorial park com-
HONOLULU MEMORIAL
memorating the American and
Marianas Dead in the Marianas
Although the National Memorial
Campaign of World War II. The
Cemetery of the Pacific at Honolulu
monument honors specifically the
is administered by the Veterans
24,000 American marines and sol-
Administration, the American Battle
diers who died recapturing the vol-
Wall of the Missing with Statue of "Honor" in foreground
7
30
t
tt
+++++++++++++
++ +++++++++++
Rhone American Cemetery and Memorial, Draguignan, Var, France
Statue of "Recollection" at Wall of the Missing
8
29
south. Throughout the next month
22 February when combined Ameri-
and a half, the stronger enemy air
can and British armored and infantry
and ground forces hammered away
units and the U.S. 9th Division
at the Allies in central and southern
Artillery, which had been rushed to
Tunisia. To reduce the effects of
the scene from as far away as Oran,
these attacks, U.S. units were dis-
arrived in the nick of time to stem the
persed throughout their area as were
assault.
units of the French XIX Corps to the
Two more enemy attacks were re-
north.
pulsed, one in the north, the other
Meanwhile, by early February the
against the British Eighth Army, of
Afrika Korps had retreated across
which only a few of its units had
Libya and reached the Mareth Line,
arrived. From that point onward, the
a series of old French fortifications in
initiative passed to the Allies. As
southern Tunisia. There it began to
the reorganized U.S. II Corps
prepare a defense against the
threatened the Mareth Line from the
approaching British Eighth Army,
flank and rear, the Eighth Army at-
whose pursuit had been slowed by
tacked frontally. Success was
major logistical problems.
achieved when New Zealand and
Before the British Eighth Army ar-
British troops outflanked the Afrika
rived in strength, the Fifth Panzer
Korps' position and drove north-
Army and the Afrika Korps
ward. During this same March
launched a heavy armored assault
period, the Allies gained control of
against the widely dispersed U.S. II
the air. By mid-April, the enemy had
Corps. In a series of sharp actions,
been driven northward and was con-
Brittany American Cemetery and Memorial, St. James, Manche, France
the enemy forced a withdrawal,
fined to a small area in northeast
broke through the mountains near
Tunisia consisting of Bizerte, Tunis
may learn the grave locations (or in-
Tablets of the Missing (which also
the Kasserine Pass into the valley
and the Cape Bon Peninsula.
scriptions of the Missing) at any of
include the names of those whose
beyond and achieved spectacular
In preparation for the final Allied
the oversea cemeteries.
remains could not be identified and
success. They were not halted until
attacks, the U.S. II Corps was moved
Each grave in the oversea
those lost or buried at sea) give
cemeteries is marked by a headstone
name, rank, organization and state;
of white marble-a Star of David for
the circumstances under which
those of Jewish faith, a Latin cross
death occurred often precluded the
for all others. Each headstone bears
possibility of determining the exact
the deceased's name, rank, service,
date.
organization, date of death and state
These cemeteries are open every
or territory from which he entered
day of the year. Photography is
the military service.
permitted without special authoriza-
In the World War I cemeteries,
tion, except when it is to be used for
headstones of the Unknowns, i.e.,
commercial purposes-in such
those remains which could not be
cases, permission must be obtained
identified, bear the inscription:
from the Commission.
Unlike National cemeteries under
HERE RESTS IN HONORED GLORY AN AMERI-
jurisdiction of the Veterans Ad-
CAN SOLDIER KNOWN BUT TO GOD.
ministration, there can be no further
burials in the American military
In the World War II cemeteries, the
cemeteries overseas except of those
inscription reads:
remains which may, in the future, be
found on the battlefields. Essen-
HERE RESTS IN HONORED GLORY A COMRADE
tially, these graves with their memo-
IN ARMS KNOWN BUT TO GOD.
rials constitute inviolable shrines.
Entrance to the Memorial
9
28
north opposite Bizerte. The First
Corps drove down the Medjerda
Army's main effort was to be made
River to capture Tunis that same
in the center by the British 5 and 9
day. On 9 May, the enemy in the II
Corps, the latter corps having been
Corps area capitulated. By 13 May
organized when reinforcements
1943 over one quarter of a million
were transferred from the Eighth
Axis troops had been taken prisoner.
Army. On 19 April, the Eighth Army
began to attack in the south, but
THE SITE
made little gain at great cost. Three
days later the First Army's main
The cemetery site covers 27 acres
attack was launched and was met by
of the plateau lying between the
a vigorous defense. In the center,
Mediterranean and the Bay of Tunis,
very little progress was being made.
both of which are a mile or so dis-
However, the U.S. II Corps in the
tant. It is located near the site of the
north and the French XIX Corps
ancient Carthaginian city destroyed
further south were making sub-
by the Romans in 146 B.C. and lies
stantial gains.
over part of the site of Roman Car-
Two additional divisions at this
thage. Some 200 yards to the east are
time were transferred from the
remnants of Roman houses and
Eighth Army to strengthen the First
streets - the entire region there-
Army's British 5 and 9 Corps. Utiliz-
abouts contains vestiges of the
ing the reinforcements, the attack
Roman city as well as some remains
resumed on 4 May, preceded by a
of the Carthaginian era.
devastating air bombardment. Little
After the end of World War II a
could be done to counter the bom-
survey made jointly by representa-
bardment as the enemy had with-
tives of the Secretary of War and the
Cambridge American Cemetery and Memorial, Cambridge, England
drawn almost all its aircraft to Sicily.
American Battle Monuments Com-
The U.S. II Corps captured Bizerte
mission revealed that all of the sites
on 7 May and the British 5 and 9
ment to record by monuments the
of the temporary cemeteries estab-
Against Germany" and "The War
achievements of our Armed Ser-
Against Japan." Each set consists of
vices, since the erection of memo-
three maps, each covering about
rials by the troops (which in the past
one-third of the period of our par-
unfortunately had all too often been
ticipation in the war. By these key-
found to be poorly designed, poorly
maps any major battle may be re-
constructed and lacking provision
lated to the others in time and space.
for maintenance) was expressly for-
With each architect, an American
bidden by the military services. The
landscape architect, an American
permanent graphic record takes the
sculptor and an American muralist
form of military maps, usually large
or painter usually collaborated.
murals, amplified by descriptive
Their combined talents produced
texts in English as well as in the lan-
the beauty and dignity of the memo-
guage of the country in which the
rials, all of which are dedicated to the
cemetery is located. The historical
memory of the achievements of
data for these maps were prepared
those who served and of the sac-
by the American Battle Monuments
rifices of those who died. The con-
Commission. The maps themselves
struction of the cemeteries and
were rendered by experienced ar-
memorials and the execution of most
tists in tasteful presentation using
of the works of art, were performed
various media: layered marbles,
by local contractors and artists under
fresco, bronze relief, mosaic con-
the supervision of the Commission.
crete or ceramics. Another feature of
At each cemetery there is a vis-
interest at each memorial is the two
itors' building or room, with com-
sets of "key-maps": "The War
fortable furnishings. Here visitors
Cloister with Stone of Remembrance
10
27
Suresnes American Cemetery, Suresnes, Seine, France
Statue of "Honor"
lished in North Africa during the
GENERAL LAYOUT
war had major disadvantages. The
present site was established in 1948.
The main entrance from the
It lies in the sector of the British First
eucalyptus-bordered highway is at
Army which liberated the Tunis area
the southeast corner of the ceme-
in May 1943. Construction of the
tery. To the right of the entrance is
cemetery and memorial was com-
one of the superintendents' houses;
pleted in 1960.
beyond is the oval forecourt. Be-
Here rest 2,841 of our Military
neath the green plot in the center of
Dead, representing 39 percent of the
the forecourt is the reservoir which
burials which were originally made
stores the water for the cemetery
in North Africa and in Iran. A high
needs, as well as the pumps which
proportion of these gave their lives
operate the high pressure sprinkling
in the landings in, and occupation
system. All of the water comes from
of, Morocco and Algeria and in sub-
the municipal supply for which the
sequent fighting which culminated
storage area is located some miles to
in the liberation of Tunisia. Others
the south of the city of Tunis. Down
died as a result of accident or sick-
the hill and beyond the forecourt is
ness in these and other parts of
the utilities area.
North Africa, or while serving in the
In the forecourt are rows of
Persian Gulf Command in Iran.
eucalyptus and ornamental India
laurel fig (Ficus nitida) trees; the
ARCHITECTS
beds include Pittosporum tobira,
scarlet hibiscus, Lantana camara,
Architects for the cemetery and
English ivy, Cassia floribunda,
memorial were Moore and Hutchins
orangeberry pittosporum and other
of New York. The landscape archi-
shrubs and vines.
tect was Bryan J. Lynch also of New
Extending to the left (west) of the
York.
forecourt and parking area is the
11
East Coast Memorial, New York City, New York
4,596
Honolulu Memorial, Honolulu, Hawaii
18,094
West Coast Memorial, San Francisco, California
413
Totals
86,727
6,513
78,955
World War II cemeteries maintained by the National Cemetery System,
Veterans Administration
National Memorial Cemetery of the Pacific
(See
Honolulu, Hawaii
11,597
2,079
Honolulu
Memorial)
Puerto Rico
69
67
5
MEDITERRANCAN
Sitka, Alaska
AMERICAN AND ALLIED FORCES IN NORTH AFRICA
Other Missing in Action Commemorated by ABMC
Korean War, Honolulu Memorial,
Honolulu, Hawaii
8,195
Vietnam War, Honolulu Memorial,
Honolulu, Hawaii
2,489
In every case, use of the perma-
American Battle Monuments Com-
1942
nent cemetery sites on foreign soil
mission by Presidential Executive
was granted in perpetuity by the
Order. Thereupon the remaining
host government to the United
portions of the architects' designs
States free of cost, rent and taxation.
were carried out, step by step -
The temporary cemetery sites not
grading; installation of a system of
Map American and Allied Forces in North Africa
selected as permanent cemeteries
reinforced concrete beams on piles
reverted to the landowners.
to maintain the levels and align-
In 1947, an outstanding American
ments of the headstones; fabrication
architect was selected to design each
and installation of the headstones;
1942-1943
of the World War II cemeteries, con-
construction of water supply and
ceiving its grave plots, a chapel and a
distribution systems, utilities build-
museum as complementary ele-
ings, roads and paths; plantings;
ments of an integral memorial to the
and erection of the memorials, vis-
services and sacrifices of the Ameri-
itors' buildings and flagpoles.
MALACA
can Armed Services who fought in
For design of the various memo-
the particular region. Upon approval
rials, no specific limitations were
of their general schemes by the
imposed upon the architects other
Commission and by agreement with
than budgeted cost and a require-
SEVILLE
the Secretary of the Army, the ar-
ment that each was to embody these
chitects' plans of the grave plots
features:
were followed by the American
A small devotional chapel;
Graves Registration Service in mak-
inscription of the names and
ing the permanent burials of those
particulars of the Missing in the
remains which by decision of the
region;
next of kin were to be interred over-
a graphic record, in permanent
seas. The timely cooperation be-
form, of the services of our troops
tween these two agencies contrib-
(WW II only; however, Oise-
uted appreciably to the coherence of
Aisne, Meuse-Argonne and St.
the development of the cemetery de-
Mihiel WW I American Cemeter-
signs.
ies also have battle maps).
MARRAKECH
Beginning in the latter half of 1949,
These requirements have been in-
the permanent interments having
terpreted in a wide and interesting
been virtually completed, the World
variety of forms.
War II overseas cemeteries were
An important motive for the con-
progressively transferred for con-
struction of the memorials is the im-
struction and maintenance to the
plied undertaking by our Govern-
12
25
World War I
Burials
Missing
Known
Unknown
Commemorated
Aisne-Marne, Belleau, France
2,039
249
1,060
Brookwood, England
427
41
563
Flanders Field, Waregem, Belgium
347
21
43
Meuse-Argonne, Romagne, France
13,760
486
954
Oise-Aisne, Fere-en-Tardenois, France
5,415
597
241
St. Mihiel, Thiaucourt, France
4,036
117
284
Somme, Bony, France
1,707
137
333
Suresnes (See WW II also), France
1,535
6
974
Totals
29,266
1,654
4,452
CORPS
World War I monuments erected
cemeteries in Honolulu, Sitka and
by the Commission are located at or
Puerto Rico (which are now adminis-
near: Audenarde, Belgium; Bel-
tered by the National Cemetery Sys-
licourt, France; Brest, France; Can-
tem, Veterans Administration). As
tigny, France; Chateau-Thierry,
was the case after World War I, some
France; Gibraltar; Kemmel, Belgium;
remains were left in isolated graves
Montfaucon, France; Montsec,
outside of the cemeteries by request
France; Sommepy, France; and
of the families who then became re-
Tours, France. World War I tablets
sponsible for their maintenance.
are at Chaumont and Souilly,
Fourteen sites in foreign countries
SOUTHERN TUNISIA EKEB
France.
were selected as permanent
By the end of World War II several
cemeteries in 1947 by the Secretary
hundred temporary cemeteries had
of the Army and the American Battle
ARMY
been established by the American
Monuments Commission in concert.
Graves Registration Service of the
Their locations reflect the progress of
Map - Military Operations in Southern Tunisia
United States Army. During the
the military operations and were
years 1947 to 1954 that Service, com-
selected with consideration of their
mall. At the head of the steps leading
3,724 of the Missing:
plying with the expressed wishes of
accessibility, aspect, prospect,
to the mall, and at the right (north) is
United States Army and Army
the next of kin, and by authority of
drainage and other practical factors.
the Visitors' building, built of
Air Forces (3,095)*
law, repatriated the remains of some
The World War II cemeteries with
Roman travertine imported from
United States Navy (615)
172,000 recovered bodies. The re-
numbers of burials, including Un-
Italy; west of it is the flagpole.
United States Coast Guard (14)
mainder were given final interment
knowns, and the numbers of Miss-
On the south side of the mall is the
in the permanent military cemeteries
ing recorded at their memorials and
Wall of the Missing; at its far (west)
These men gave their lives in the
on foreign soil, in private cemeteries
at three separate memorials on
end is the memorial chapel. North of
service of their Country; but their
overseas and in the national
United States soil are:
the mall is the graves area which it
remains either were not identified or
overlooks. South of the highway is
they were lost or buried at sea in the
World War II
Burials
Missing
an additional area used for service
waters surrounding the African con-
Known
Unknown
Commemorated
purposes.
tinent. They include men from all of
Ardennes, Neupre (Neuville-en-Condroz) Belgium
4,536
791
462
the States, except Alaska and Hawaii,
Brittany, St. James, France
4,313
97
497
and from the District of Columbia.
Cambridge, England
3,787
24
5,126
THE WALL OF THE MISSING
At each end of the wall is this in-
Epinal, France
5,186
69
424
Florence, Italy
4,189
213
1,409
This wall, 364 feet long, is of local
scription:
Henri-Chapelle, Belgium
7,895
94
450
Nahli limestone, with local
HERE ARE RECORDED THE NAMES OF
Lorraine, St. Avold, France
10,338
151
444
Luxembourg, Luxembourg City, Luxembourg
4,975
101
370
Gathouna limestone copings. Built
AMERICANS WHO GAVE THEIR LIVES IN
Manila, Republic of the Philippines
13,462
3,744
36,280
into it are panels of Trani limestone
THE SERVICE OF THEIR COUNTRY AND
Netherlands, Margraten, Netherlands
8,195
106
1,722
imported from Italy on which are in-
WHO SLEEP IN UNKNOWN GRAVES
Normandy, St. Laurent-sur-Mer, France
9,079
307
1,557
scribed the names and particulars of
1941-45 * INTO THEY HANDS O LORD.
North Africa, Carthage, Tunisia
2,601
240
3,724
Rhone, Draguignan, France
799
62
293
Sicily-Rome, Nettuno, Italy
7,372
490
3,094
Suresnes (See WW I also), France
24
It will be recalled that during World War II the Air Forces still formed part of the United
States Army.
24
13
THE HAGUE
ARNHEM
Rhine
ROTTERDAM
WORLD WAR / CEMETERIES
Waal
NIJMEGEN
+
WORLD WAR II CEMETERIES
Maas
WORLD WAR / MONUMENTS
NETHERLANDS
WORLD WAR II MONUMENTS
ESSEN
KASSEL
DUISBURG
CHOUICUI
NSIR
ANTWERP
G
E
R
M
A
N
Y
ULT
NT
COLOGNE
MAASTRICHT
ARS FIELD
BRUSSELS
MARGRATEN
AACHEN
NETHERLANDS
SPECORPS
ENARDE
BONN
HENRI-CHAPELLI
L
G
I
U
M
LIEGE
DEPIENNE
EUPEN
VERVIERS
NEUPRE (NEUVILLE.EN.CONDROZ
KOBLENZ
ARDENNES
BOUARADI
CORTS
FRANKFURT-AM-MAIN
MAINZO
RAT 242
EICHTH
LUXEMBOURG
TRIER
LUXEMBOURG
TUNISIA
SEDAN
SBIKHA
MANNHEIM
1943
HEIDELBERG
Aisne
SAARLAUTERN
ROMAGNE
0
50
100 MILES
SAARBRÜCKEN
em
MEUSE-ARGONNE
BERN
Map - Military Operations in Northern Tunisia
SOMMEPY
0
LORRAINE
50
100 KILOMETERS
REIMS
MONTFAUCON
SWITZERLAND
VERDUN
METZ
ST AVOLD
E-AISNE
GENEVA
Near the foot of the steps leading
Planted in front of the Wall of the
SOUILLY
ST MIHIEL
8
THIAUCOURT
LYON
down from the forecourt is a pool
Missing are rows of India laurel fig
THIERRY
CHALONS-SUR
n°
MARNE
ST MIHIEL
MONTSEC
and figure of HONOR about to bestow
trees (Ficus nitida) in beds of English
a laurel branch upon those who gave
ivy. On the north side of the terrace
NANCY
GRENOBLE
STRASBOURG
ITALY
their lives. The figure's pedestal
are rows of holly oaks (Quercus ilex)
Marne
TURIN
bears this inscription:
and potted pink geraniums adjacent
MONTELIMAR
HONOR TO THEM THAT TROD THE PATH
to beds of ivy.
FRANCE
OF HONOR.
N
Along the wall are two other
COLMAR
THE MEMORIAL
EPINAL
CHAUMONT
RHONE
NICE
sculptured figures: MEMORY and
DRAGUIGNAN
RECOLLECTION, the latter holding a
The memorial consists of the court
MARSEILLE
TOULON
ST RAPHAEL
book with the inscription PRO
of honor and the chapel. The court of
PATRIA. Between these figures are
honor is in the form of a cloister.
MEDITERRANEAN SEA
oak leaf wreaths within which are
Within it is a large rectangular stone
engraved the names of battles on
of remembrance of black Diorite
land, sea and in the air, in which the
Anzola quarried in northwest
After World War I the American
Armed Forces. In 1934 the World
American forces participated: ORAN,
Italy; this inscription, adapted from
Battle Monuments Commission
War I oversea cemeteries were trans-
CASABLANCA, ALGIERS, KASSERINE, EL
Ecclesiasticus XLIV, is worked into
erected a memorial chapel in each of
ferred to the Commission by Execu-
GUETTAR, SIDI NSIR, BIZERTE, SICILY,
the design of the mosaic panel sur-
the eight military cemeteries over-
tive Order.
PLOESTI. All of this sculpture is of
rounding the base:
seas already established by the War
The names and locations of these
Bianco Caldo stone from near
SOME THERE BE WHICH HAVE NO
Department, as well as eleven
World War I cemetery memorials,
Foggia, Italy; it was designed by
SEPULCHRE. THEIR NAME LIVETH FOR
monuments and two bronze tablets
the number of burials and the
Henry Kreis of Essex, Connecticut,
EVERMORE.
on the battlefields and elsewhere, to
number of Missing recorded at their
and executed by Pietro Bibolotti,
The rectangular pylons of the
record the achievements of our
memorials are:
Pietrasanta, Italy.
cloister are of San Gottardo lime-
14
23
CAMBRIDGE
BEDFORD
OXFORD
LONDON
BROOKWOOD
OSTEND
DOVER
E
N
G
L
A
N
D
GH
AMERICAN
SUPPLY
SOUTHAMPTON
WAREGEM
CALAIS
FLAND
YPRES
AERIENNES
PORTSMOUTH
AUL
TRANSPORT DE
1
KEMMEL
EN UR
1941-1945
BOULOGNE
B
E
LILLE
AMERICANE
ENGLISH
CAMBRAI
BONY
SOMME
BELLICOURT
DIEPPE
AMIENS
QUENTIN
CLISABLE
CANTIGNY
CHERBOURG
MONTDIDIER
Oise
LAOI
LE HAVRE
F
R
A
N
STE MERE-EGLISE
UTAH BEACH
ROUEN
POINTE DU ПОС
SOISSONS
Map - Air Transport and Supplies to Russia
ST LAURENT
BAYEUX
NORMANDY
,
FERE-EN-TARDENOIS
CAEN
8
ST LO
Шо
BELLEAU
stone from the vicinity of Vicenza in
wall records the military operations
AISNE-MARNE
NORMANDY
CHATEA
Italy; the main part of the structure
of the American forces and those of
FALAISE
PARIS
of the memorial is faced with Roman
the Allies in Morocco, Algeria and
SURESNES
ARGENTAN
VERSAILLES
travertine. The pavement is of Sien-
Tunisia from the initial "Torch"
AVRANCHES
TOURS
¥
N
ite della Balma granite from north-
landings on 8 November 1942 to the
MT
ST MICHEL
ST
JAMES@
BRITTANY
west Italy. In the southwest corner is
Axis surrender on 13 May 1943. The
a Russian olive tree (Elaeagnus an-
descriptive text is in English, Arabic
FOUGERES
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
FONTAINEBLEAU
gustifolia). On the west wall of the
and French, of which this is the Eng-
MILES
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
cloister facing the mall is this inscrip-
lish version:
RENNES
KILOMETERS
tion, with translations in French and
ON 8 NOVEMBER 1942, IN A MAJOR
Arabic:
OPERATION COVERED BY NAVAL GUN-
1941-1945
FIRE AND AIRCRAFT, UNITED STATES
BREST
IN PROUD REMEMBRANCE OF THE
AND BRITISH TROOPS WERE LANDED
ACHIEVEMENTS OF HER SONS AND IN
SIMULTANEOUSLY IN THREE WIDELY
HUMBLE TRIBUTE TO THEIR SACRIFICES
SEPARATED AREAS ON THE SHORES OF
on foreign soil; and cooperating with
THIS MEMORIAL HAS BEEN ERECTED BY
NORTH AFRICA. THE AMERICAN WEST-
foreign countries and designing,
constructing and maintaining per-
American citizens, states, municipali-
THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.
ERN NAVAL TASK FORCE, SAILING
ties, or associations desiring to erect
At the south end of the cloister are
FROM THE UNITED STATES, LANDED
manent cemetery memorials at these
burial sites; controlling as to design
war memorials outside the continental
the maps. These are of ceramic, de-
AMERICAN TROOPS AT FEDALA,
and materials, providing regulations
limits of the United States. It is not
signed and fabricated by Paul D.
MEHDIA AND SAFI FOR THE ASSAULT
for and supervising erection of all
responsible for construction, main-
Holleman of Roxbury, Massachu-
ON CASABLANCA. OTHER AMERICAN
monuments, memorials, buildings
tenance or operation of cemeteries in
setts, from information supplied by
UNITS ESCORTED FROM THE UNITED
the continental United States or its ter-
the American Battle Monuments
KINGDOM BY THE BRITISH CENTER
and other structures in permanent
Commission.
NAVAL TASK FORCE WENT ASHORE
United States cemetery memorials
ritories and possessions.
The large map on the end (south)
NEAR ORAN AND IN TWO DAYS OC-
22
15
CUPIED THAT CITY. SHIPS OF THE
AND DROVE THE ENEMY NORTHWARD
BRITISH EASTERN NAVAL TASK FORCE,
TO ENFIDAVILLE. THE FRENCH XIX
COMING ALSO FROM THE BRITISH
CORPS HELD FAST IN ITS MOUNTAIN
ISLES, LANDED UNITED STATES AND
POSITIONS NEAR MAKTAR.
BRITISH TROOPS NEAR ALGIERS WHICH
BY MARCH 1943 THE ALLIES HAD
WAS OCCUPIED THAT DAY. FOLLOWING
GAINED CONTROL OF THE SKIES OVER
THE LANDINGS, THE ALLIED NAVAL
AFRICA. THE FINAL CAMPAIGN OPENED
FORCES KEPT THE SEA LANES OPEN FOR
IN NORTHWEST TUNISIA ON 22 APRIL
AN UNINTERRUPTED FLOW OF SUPPLIES
1943. THE UNITED STATES II CORPS, NOW
AND ALSO PROVIDED FIRE SUPPORT
ON THE ALLIED LEFT FLANK, PUSHED
TO THE TROOPS ASHORE. ON 11 NO-
EASTWARD, REDUCING SUCCESSIVE
VEMBER AN ARMISTICE PROCLAMA-
DEFENSIVE POSITIONS IN DIFFICULT
TION ENDED VICHY FRENCH RESIS-
HILLY TERRAIN, LIBERATING MATEUR,
TANCE THROUGHOUT ALGERIA AND
FERRYVILLE AND BIZERTE. MEANWHILE
MOROCCO.
THE BRITISH 5 AND 9 CORPS WERE EN-
THE ALLIED FORCES THEN TURNED
GAGED IN A DETERMINED ASSAULT
EASTWARD TOWARD TUNISIA INTO
DOWN THE MEDJERDA RIVER WHICH
WHICH AXIS TROOPS WERE STEADILY
CULMINATED IN FREEING THE CITY OF
STREAMING. MOVING RAPIDLY,
TUNIS. IN THE II CORPS AREA THE
AMERICAN AND BRITISH UNITS
ENEMY CAPITULATED ON 9 MAY. BY 13
ADVANCED ACROSS THE FRONTIER
MAY, DENIED ESCAPE BY ALLIED MAS-
TOWARD TUNIS. STRONG RESISTANCE,
TERY OF THE SEA AND AIR, ONE QUAR-
COUPLED WITH UNFAVORABLE
TER OF A MILLION AXIS TROOPS THEN
WEATHER AND DIFFICULT SUPPLY
REMAINING IN TUNISIA BECAME PRIS-
CONDITIONS, CHECKED THIS ADVANCE
ONERS OF WAR.
Aisne-Marne American Cemetery, Belleau, Aisne, France
JUST 16 MILES FROM ITS GOAL. DURING
THE FIRST WEEK OF DECEMBER A
On this wall also are the two series
COUNTEROFFENSIVE IN THE TE-
of key maps - The War Against
BOURBA-CHOUIGUI AREA PUSHED
Germany and The War Against
BACK THE ALLIED LINE BETWEEN JEFNA
Japan.
AND MEDJEZ EL BAB.
As indicated by the texts, the map
AMERICAN MEMORIALS
IMMEDIATELY AFTER THE LANDINGS,
on the east wall records in greater
ALLIED AIR UNITS HAD OCCUPIED
detail the operations in central and
EXISTING NORTH AFRICA BASES AND
southern Tunisia, while the one on
and
HAD AIDED THE EASTWARD ADVANCE,
the opposite (west) wall covers the
BUT LACK OF SUITABLE FORWARD AIR-
final stages in northern Tunisia.
FIELDS AND SHORTAGES OF PERSON-
The map on the west pylon por-
OVERSEAS MILITARY
NEL AND AIRCRAFT HAMPERED THEIR
trays most of Africa, the Mediterra-
OPERATIONS.
nean and the Middle East. It records
DURING DECEMBER AND JANUARY
the air ferry routes across Africa as
CEMETERIES
AXIS FORCES, WHICH HAD BEEN
well as the operations of the Persian
STRONGLY REINFORCED BY SEA AND
Gulf Command.
AIR, WERE AGGRESSIVE IN CENTRAL
The descriptive text for this map,
AND SOUTHERN TUNISIA. IN MID-
also in English, French and Arabic, is
FEBRUARY THEY LAUNCHED A PINCERS
on the face of the corresponding east
pylon. The English text follows:
The AMERICAN BATTLE MONUMENTS
regulations for the erection of
ATTACK AIMED AT EL KEF WHICH PENE-
TRATED UNITED STATES II CORPS POSI-
COMMISSION was created by act of
monuments, markers and memo-
THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Congress in March 1923 to erect and
rials in foreign countries by other
TIONS, PUSHED THROUGH A PASS
WHILE CONTRIBUTING ITS LAND, SEA,
maintain memorials in the United
NORTHWEST OF KASSERINE BUT WAS
United States citizens and organiza-
AND AIR FORCES TO THE PROSECUTION
HALTED ON 22 FEBRUARY BEFORE
States and foreign countries where
tions, public or private. It was later
OF WORLD WAR II, ALSO AIDED ITS
the United States Armed Forces
given responsibility for establishing
THALA. ONE MONTH LATER THE
MANY ALLIES BY FURNISHING MILITARY
BRITISH EIGHTH ARMY TURNED THE
have served since 6 April 1917, and
or taking over from the Armed
EQUIPMENT AND SUPPLIES. ITEMS OF
to control as to design and provide
Forces permanent burial grounds in
WESTERN FLANK OF THE MARETH LINE
ALL KINDS WERE CARRIED BY VAST
16
21
FLEETS OF STEAMSHIPS TO EVERY
THE CHAPEL
AVAILABLE PORT. IN THIS EFFORT ALSO
The bronze doors and the win-
AIRCRAFT WERE FERRIED FROM THE
dows of the chapel were fabricated
UNITED STATES ACROSS THE ATLANTIC
by the Morris Singer Company of
OCEAN AND CENTRAL AFRICA TO
London, England. At the far end of
CAIRO, KARACHI AND BASRA.
the chapel, which is lighted by the
THROUGH THE PERSIAN GULF COM-
tall window on the right and a row of
MAND AREA, THE UNITED STATES DE-
lower windows on the left is the altar
LIVERED, FROM 1942 TO 1945, NEARLY 4½
of white Carrara marble, with this
MILLION TONS OF SUPPLIES TO THE
inscription from St. John X, 28: I GIVE
U.S.S.R. THESE INCLUDED 4,874 AIR-
UNTO THEM ETERNAL LIFE AND THEY
CRAFT OF WHICH 995 WERE FLOWN IN;
SHALL NEVER PERISH. The wall
OVER 160,000 TANKS, ARMORED CARS
behind the altar is of polished Rosso
AND TRUCKS; 140,000 TONS OF GUNS,
Porfirico marble from near Udine in
AMMUNITION AND EXPLOSIVES; 550,000
northeastern Italy.
TONS OF PETROLEUM PRODUCTS;
Facing the door, on the wing wall
950,000 TONS OF FOOD; AND 1,000,000
projecting from the right, is the
TONS OF METAL AND METAL PROD-
sculpture SACRIFICE carved in Italian
UCTS. THE UNITED STATES ALSO FUR-
Bianco Caldo stone, designed by
NISHED TO THE U.S.S.R., THROUGH
Henry Kreis and executed by Pietro
OTHER PORTS, MORE THAN 13 MILLION
Bibolotti. Below and to its left is this
Interior of Visitors' Center
TONS OF ADDITIONAL SUPPLIES.
inscription from Shelly's ode
identified; a bronze tablet between
THEIR COMRADES WE OWE A DEBT TO BE
these graves records their names. In
PAID WITH GRATEFUL REMEMBRANCE
this cemetery also, in three in-
OF THEIR SACRIFICE AND WITH THE
stances, two brothers are buried side
HIGH RESOLVE THAT THE CAUSE FOR
by side.
WHICH THEY DIED SHALL LIVE.
In the burial area are four foun-
Within the Visitors' building is a
tains and pools of Roman travertine,
Roman mosaic discovered in the
which with their surrounding
region and donated in 1959 by Presi-
vegetation of rosemary, oleander,
dent Bourguiba of Tunisia to Am-
and pink geraniums form small and
bassador G. Lewis Jones, who in
welcome oases in this frequently hot
turn presented it to the Cemetery.
climate.
The paths are lined either by Ficus
PLANTINGS
nitida or California pepper trees
(Schinus molle). The border massifs
The grass in the cemetery is
contain a wide variety of trees and
kikuyu (Pennisetum clandestinum).
shrubs in which oleanders and
It can sustain the heat of this region
hibiscus are predominant.
with minimum water.
The entire graves and memorial
VISITORS' BUILDING
areas are surrounded beyond the
inner walls by massifs of trees and
On the west facade of the Visitors'
shrubbery in which these predomi-
building is this inscription taken
nate: pyramidal cypress (C. pyra-
from General Eisenhower's dedica-
midalis), aleppo pine (P. hale-
tion of the Golden Book now en-
pensis), eucalyptus (E. gomo-
shrined in St. Paul's Cathedral in
cephala), Casuarina tenuissima,
London:
Ficus macrophylla, Acacia pycnan-
HERE WE AND ALL WHO SHALL HERE-
tha, as well as weaver's broom
AFTER LIVE IN FREEDOM WILL BE RE-
(Spartium junceum) and some 3,000
MINDED THAT TO THESE MEN AND
oleanders.
Oasis with Cemetery and Memorial in Background
20
17
"Adonais": "HE HAS OUTSOARED THE
thorn tree (Parkinsonia aculeata).
SHADOW OF OUR NIGHT."
Beyond is the graves area.
To the left of the altar are the
United States national flag and
THE GRAVES AREA
Christian and Jewish chapel flags.
The 2,833 headstones in the rec-
Projecting from the east wall above
tangular graves area are divided into
the pews are the flags of combat
nine plots designated A to I. They
arms, viz.: Infantry, Field Artillery,
are arranged in rectangular lines
Navy Infantry Battalion, Air Corps
harmonizing with the rectangular
and Armor. Beneath the flags is this
composition of the cemetery and
prayer: ALMIGHTY GOD, RECEIVE
memorial. The 2,841 burials in the
THESE THY HEROIC SERVANTS INTO
cemetery, include 240 Unknowns.
THY KINGDOM.
These Dead who gave their lives in
The ceiling is of Moroccan cedar;
their Country's service came from all
the pews and prie-dieu are of wal-
of the States except Alaska and
nut. Three flower boxes of teak-
Hawaii and from the District of Co-
wood, with bronze appurtenances,
lumbia; a few came from foreign
are located under the west windows
countries. Among the headstones is
of the chapel.
one which marks the tomb of seven
North of the chapel, down a flight
Americans whose identity is
of steps from the cloister, is the
unknown; also two adjacent head-
memorial garden with its pool; the
stones mark the graves of four men
plants include latana, poinciana,
whose names are known but whose
pink geraniums and a Jerusalem
remains could not be separately
Chapel Interior
Roman Mosaic donated by President Bourguiba
18
19
SWITZERLAND
S
AUSTRIA
GRAZ
HUNGARY
A
EVAL
KLAGENFURT
BOLZANO
The American
AMERICAN MEMORIALS
Battle Monuments
AND
MILAN
Commission
OVERSEAS MILITARY
TURIN
VENICE
TRIESTE
ESTABLISHED BY CONGRESS MARCH 1923
CEMETERIES
GENOA
YUGOSLAVIA
CE
Membership
PISA
Arno
a
RAPHAEL
T
FLORENCE
EGHORN
Andrew J. Goodpaster
Armistead J. Maupin
SIENA
Chairman
Vice Chairman
Z
N
ELBA
Francis J. Bagnell
William E. Hickey
HERE RESTS IN HONORED GLORY
Kitty D. Bradley
Preston H. Long
A COMRADE IN ARMS
KNOWN BUT TO GOD
CORSICA
I
T
A
LZ
Y
vas
Joseph W. Canzeri
John C. McDonald
Aubrey O. Cookman
Freda J. Poundstone
ROME
S
Rexford C. Early
A. J. Adams, Secretary
SICILY-ROME
ANZIO
NETTUNO
FOGGIA
BARI
UNITED STATES OFFICE MEDITERRANEAN OFFICE
NAPLES
SALERNO
SARDINIA
Casimir Pulaski Building
Street Address:
20 Massachusetts Ave., N.W.
American Embassy
Washington, DC 20314-0300
Via Veneto 119a
Telephone: (202) 272-0533
Rome, Italy
272-0532
Mailing Address:
APO New York 09794-0007
o
Telephone: 4674, Ext. 2033
475-0157
EUROPEAN OFFICE
PHILIPPINE OFFICE
RRANEAN
Street Address:
Street Address:
o
PALERMO
MESSINA
68, rue du 19 Janvier
American Military Cemetery
92380 Garches, France
Manila, R. P.
SICILY
Mailing Address:
Mailing Address:
+
APO New York 09777
APO San Francisco 96528
THE AMERICAN
WORLD WAR II CEMETERIES
NORTH AFRICA
Telephone:
Telephone: Manila 88-02-12
BATTLE MONUMENTS COMMISSION
CARTHAGE
WORLD WAR I MONUMENTS
(Til Sept. 1989) - 4701-1976
TUNIS
(Eff. Sept. 1989) - 4795-4976
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20314-0300
0
50
100
150
200 MILES
1989
TUNISIA
0
50
100
150
200 KILMOETERS
American Battle
Henri-Chapelle Cemetery
15
Normandy Cemetery
14
Monuments Commission
2
Honolulu Memorial
20
North Africa Cemetery
18
Instructions to Visitors
3
Kemmel Monument
5
Oise-Aisne Cemetery
7
Services to the Public
3
Korean War Memorial
22
Pointe Du Hoc Ranger
AEF Memorial
10
Luxembourg Cemetery
16
Monument
14
Aisne-Marne Cemetery
6
Lorraine Cemetery
17
Rhone Cemetery
19
Ardennes Cemetery
16
Manila Cemetery
20
Saipan Monument
20
Audenarde Monument
5
Map of England
Sicily-Rome Cemetery
18
Bellicourt Monument
6
and Europe
11-12
Somme Cemetery
5
Brittany Cemetery
13
Map of Italy
23
Sommepy Monument
8
Brookwood Cemetery
4
Meuse-Argonne Cemetery
8
St. Mihiel Cemetery
9
Cambridge Cemetery
13
Mexico City National
Suresnes Cemetery
10
MEXICO CITY NATIONAL CEMETERY is at 31 Vir-
Cantigny Monument
6
Cemetery
22
Tours Monument
7
ginia Fabregas, Colonia San Rafael about 2 miles west of
Cemetery Hours
1
Montfaucon Monument
8
Utah Beach Monument-
14
the cathedral and about 1 mile north of the U.S. Embassy.
Château-Thierry Monument
7
Montsec Monument
9
West Coast Memorial
21
The cemetery was established in 1851 and contains a small
Corozal American Cemetery
21
Naval Monument at
East Coast Memorial
21
10
monument over the grave of 750 of our unidentified Dead
Brest, France
of the War of 1847. Inscribed on the monument is: "TO
Epinal Cemetery
17
Naval Monument at
Flanders Field Cemetery
4
Gibraltar
9
THE HONORED MEMORY OF 750 AMERICANS, KNOWN BUT
Florence Cemetery
19
Netherlands Cemetery
15
TO GOD, WHOSE BONES, COLLECTED BY THEIR COUNTRY'S
ORDER, ARE HERE BURIED." In this 1 acre area there are
also 813 remains of Americans and others in wall crypts.
CEMETERY HOURS
The cemetery is closed to burials.
WINTER SEASON - October 1-April 15
SUMMER SEASON - April 16-September 30
Marine Monument
Cemetery
Weekdays
Sat./Sun./Holidays*
Weekdays
Sat./Sun./Holidays*
Belleau Wood (Aisne), Fran
KOREAN WAR MEMORIAL
Aisne-Marne
9:00 am-5:00 pm
9:00 am-5:00 pm
9:00 am-6:00 pm
9:00 am-6:00 pm
Brookwood
9:00 am-5:00 pm
10:00 am-6:00 pm
9:00 am-6:00 pm
10:00 am-12:00 noon &
On October 28, 1986, President Reagan signed Public
3:00 pm-6:00 pm**
Law 99-572 authorizing the American Battle Monuments
Flanders Field
8:00 am-5:00 pm
9:00 am-5:00 pm
8:00 am-6:00 pm
9:00 am-6:00 pm
Commission to erect a national Korean War Memorial.
Meuse-Argonne
8:00 am-5:00 pm
9:00 am-5:00 pm
8:00 am-6:00 pm
9:00 am-6:00 pm
The memorial, to be located in Ash Woods near the
Oise-Aisne
9:00 am-5:00 pm
10:00 am-5:00 pm
9:00 am-6:00 pm
10:00 am-12:00 noon &
Lincoln Memorial on the mall in Washington, DC, will
3:00 pm-6:00 pm**
commemorate the sacrifices of the 5.7 million Americans
St. Mihiel
9:00 am-5:00 pm
10:00 am-5:00 pm
9:00 am-6:00 pm
10:00 am-12:00 noon &
3:00 pm-6:00 pm**
who served during the three-year period of the Korean
Somme
9:00 am-5:00 pm
10:00 am-5:00 pm
9:00 am-6:00 pm
10:00 am-6:00 pm
War. The war was one of the most hard fought in our
Suresnes
8:00 am-5:00 pm
10:00 am-5:00 pm
8:00 am-6:00 pm
10:00 am-6:00 pm
history. During its relatively short duration, June 1950 to
Ardennes
8:00 am-5:00 pm
9:00 am-5:00 pm
8:00 am-6:00 pm
9:00 am-6:00 pm
August 1953, 33,600 Americans were Killed in Action
Brittany
8:00 am-5:00 pm
8:00 am-5:00 pm
8:00 am-6:00 pm
8:00 am-6:00 pm
and an additional 21,400 died in non-battle causes; 8,200
Cambridge
8:00 am-5:00 pm
8:00 am-5:00 pm
8:00 am-6:00 pm
8:00 am-6:00 pm
of those Killed in Action were classified as Missing in
Epinal
8:00 am-5:00 pm
9:00 am-5:00 pm
8:00 am-6:00 pm
9:00 am-6:00 pm
Action and presumed dead. An additional 103,000
Henri-Chapelle
8:00 am-5:00 pm
8:00 am-5:00 pm
8:00 am-6:00 pm
8:00 am-6:00 pm
Americans were wounded during the conflict.
Lorraine
8:00 am-5:00 pm
8:00 am-5:00 pm
8:00 am-6:00 pm
8:00 am-6:00 pm
With the exception of $1,000,000 in funds provided by
Luxembourg
9:00 am-5:00 pm
9:00 am-5:00 pm
9:00 am-6:00 pm
9:00 am-6:00 pm
the U.S. government for initial costs, the $6,000,000
Netherlands
8:00 am-5:00 pm
8:00 am-5:00 pm
8:00 am-6:00 pm
8:00 am-6:00 pm
Normandy
8:00 am-5:00 pm
8:00 am-5:00 pm
8:00 am-6:00 pm
8:00 am-6:00 pm
memorial project is to be funded by private contributions.
Rhone
9:00 am-5:00 pm
9:00 am-5:00 pm
8:00 am-6:00 pm
8:00 am-6:00 pm
Consequently, it will be necessary to raise at least
Sicily-Rome
8:00 am-6:00 pm
8:00 am-6:00 pm
8:00 am-6:00 pm
8:00 am-6:00 pm
$5,000,000 from private individuals, corporations,
Florence
8:00 am-6:00 pm
8:00 am-6:00 pm
8:00 am-6:00 pm
8:00 am-6:00 pm
foundations and service groups.
North Africa
8:00 am-6:00 pm
8:00 am-6:00 pm
8:00 am-6:00 pm
8:00 am-6:00 pm
Contributions for the memorial may be sent to the
Manila
6:30 am-4:45 pm
6:30 am-4:45 pm
6:30 am-4:45 pm
6:30 am-4:45 pm
American Battle Monuments Commission, P.O. Box 2372,
Washington, DC 20013-2372. Checks should be anno-
Holidays include, both US and host country holidays.
**
Cemetery and chapel are open; Visitors' Center only closed between hours 12:00 noon-3:00 pm.
tated "Korean War Memorial Fund." If for any reason this
Commission does not erect the memorial, all contribu-
"The Mourning Woman"
tions will be returned upon request.
Netherlands American Ceme.
1
22
The AMERICAN BATTLE MONUMENTS COM-
tively. These laws entitled next of kin to select permanent
MISSION (ABMC) is a small independent agency of the
interment of a loved one's remains in an American mili-
Executive Branch of the United States federal govern-
tary cemetery on foreign soil designed, constructed and
ment. It is responsible for commemorating the services of
maintained specifically to honor in perpetuity the Dead of
American Armed Forces where they have served since 6
those wars or repatriation of the loved one's remains to
April 1917 (the date of U.S. entry into World War I)
U.S. soil for interment in a National or private cemetery.
through the erection of suitable memorial shrines; for
The programs for final disposition of remains were carried
designing, constructing, operating and maintaining per-
out by the War Department's American Graves Registra-
manent American military burial grounds in foreign coun-
tion Service under the Quartermaster General. From time
tries; for controlling the design and construction of U.S.
to time, requests are received from relatives asking that
military monuments and markers in foreign countries by
the instructions of the next of kin at the time of interment
other U.S. citizens and organizations both public and pri-
be disregarded. Those making such a request are informed
MERICAN CEMETERY is located
EAST COAST MEMORIAL is in Battery Park in New
vate; and for encouraging the maintenance of such monu-
that the decision of the next of kin of record at the time of
niles north of Panama City, Republic of
York City at the southern end of Manhattan Island. It is
ments and markers by their sponsors. In performing these
interment is final. Often, on seeing the great beauty and
Gaillard Highway between the Corozal
about 150 yards from the South Ferry subway station on
functions, ABMC administers, operates and maintains on
immaculate care of the Commission's cemetery memo-
id Fort Clayton. To reach the cemetery,
the IRT Lines and stands just south of historic Fort
foreign soil twenty-four permanent American military
rials, these same individuals tell us later that they are now
Highway north from Panama City, turn
Clinton, on a site furnished by the Department of Parks of
burial grounds, fifteen separate monuments and two
pleased that the remains of their loved ones have been
Road and proceed about one-half mile to
the City of New York.
tablets (one in Chaumont and one in Soilly, France mark-
permanently interred in these shrines.
xi and bus service to the cemetery are
This memorial commemorates those soldiers, sailors,
ing respectively the GHQ of the AEF in World War I and
marines, coast guardsmen and airmen who met their
ABMC's World War I commemorative program con-
'anama City. In agreement with the
the headquarters of the U.S. First Army in that war) and
deaths in the western waters of the Atlantic during World
sisted of erecting a nonsectarian chapel in each of the eight
ma, care and maintenance of the ceme-
four memorials in the United States. Presently 124,912
was assumed by this Commission on 1
War II. Its axis is oriented on the Statue of Liberty. On
permanent American military burial grounds on foreign
U.S. War Dead are interred in these cemeteries, 30,921 of
each side of this axis are four tall gray granite pylons upon
soil established by the War Department for the Dead of
World War I, 93,241 of World War II and 750 of the
which are engraved the name, rank, organization and State
that war, landscaping each of the cemeteries, erecting
y, 16 acres in extent, are interred 4,924
Mexican War. Additionally, 5,737 American veterans and
of each of the 4,596 Missing who gave their lives in the
eleven separate monuments and two tablets elsewhere in
IS and others. A small memorial feature
service of their Country.
others are interred in the Mexico City and Corozal Ameri-
Europe and an AEF Memorial in the U. S. In 1934, a
erlooking the graves area. It consists of a
can Cemeteries. Commemorated individually by name on
Presidential Executive Order transferred the eight World
a 12-foot rectangular granite obelisk
WEST COAST MEMORIAL is located on a high point
stone tablets at the World War I and II cemeteries and
War I cemeteries to ABMC and made the Commission
gpoles from which fly the United States
near the junction of Lincoln and Harrison Boulevards in
three memorials on U.S. soil are the 94,093 U.S. service-
responsible for the design, construction, operation and
lags. Floral tributes are laid at the obelisk
the Presidio of San Francisco, California and near the
men and women who were Missing in Action or lost or
maintenance of future permanent American military bu-
services. A paved walk leads from the
southern end of the Golden Gate Bridge.
buried at sea in their general regions during the World
rial grounds erected in foreign countries.
I at the foot of the knoll. Engraved upon
This memorial was erected in memory of those soldiers,
Wars and the Korean and Vietnam Wars.
sailors, marines, coast guardsmen and airmen who met
By the end of World War II, several hundred tempo-
following inscription:
their deaths in the American coastal waters of the Pacific
Recognizing the need for a federal agency to be respon-
rary burial grounds had been established by the U.S.
HAS BEEN ERECTED BY THE UNITED
during World War II. It consists of a curved gray granite
sible for honoring American Armed Forces where they
Army on battlefields around the world. In 1947, fourteen
.ICA IN HUMBLE TRIBUTE TO ALL IN-
wall decorated with sculpture; on this wall are engraved
had served and for controlling the construction of military
sites in foreign countries were selected to become perma-
HO SERVED IN ITS ARMED FORCES OR
the name, rank, organization and State of each 413 Miss-
monuments and markers on foreign soil by others, the
nent burial sites by the Secretary of the Army and the
THE CONSTRUCTION, OPERATION AND
ing whose remains were never recovered or identified.
Congress enacted legislation in 1923 creating the Ameri-
American Battle Monuments Commission in concert. The
PANAMA CANAL."
The terrace affords an impressive view of the neighboring
can Battle Monuments Commission. Because of his sta-
locations of these sites corresponded closely with the
shore and the exit from the Golden Gate to the Pacific
ture, military background and interest, President Harding
course of military operations. The permanent sites were
Ocean.
appointed General John J. Pershing to the newly-formed
turned over to ABMC after the interments had been made
Commission and he was elected chairman by the other
by the American Graves Registration Service in the con-
members. General Pershing served in that capacity from
figuration proposed by the cemetery architect and ap-
1923 until his death in 1948, at which time he was suc-
proved by the Commission. After the war, all temporary
ceeded by General George C. Marshall. Following Gen-
cemeteries were disestablished by the War Department
eral Marshall's death in 1959, General Jacob L. Devers
and the remains in them disposed of in accordance with
became chairman. He was succeeded by General Mark W.
the directions of the next of kin. In a few instances, next of
Clark in 1969. General Clark died in 1984. In 1985,
kin directed that isolated burials be left undisturbed.
General Andrew J. Goodpaster was elected chairman.
When doing so, the next of kin assumed complete respon-
Final disposition of World War I and II remains was
sibility for their care.
carried out under the provisions of Public Law 389, 66th
Like the World War I cemeteries, use of the World
Public
of charge or taxation. Except in the Philippines, burial in
dents of the cemeteries in Mexico City, Corozal and Ma-
LUNETA
PARK
looking Tanapag Harbor on the Islan
these cemeteries is limited by the agreements with the
nila report directly to the Washington Office. All superin-
monwealth of the Northern Mariana Is
host countries to members of the U.S. Armed Forces who
tendent personnel are specially selected for their adminis-
S. EMBASSY
an American memorial park commemo
died overseas during the war. U.S. civilian technicians,
trative ability; knowledge of horticulture; knowledge of
MANILA
BVD
can and Marianas Dead in the Mari
GATE
Red Cross workers and entertainers serving the military
vehicle, equipment and structures maintenance; knowl-
SOLNYS
MANILA
Pasig
World War II. The monument hono
were treated as members of the Armed Forces insofar as
edge of construction; and their ability to employ compas-
LOS
McKINLEY
FORT
24,000 American Marines and Soldier
burial entitlement was concerned. The agreement with
sion and tact in dealing with the public.
MANILA BAY
DE
ROAD
BONIFACIO
NICHOLS FIELD
TAGIG
turing the volcanic islands of Saipan,
the Philippine government permitted members of the
ROAD
BAY
during the period of 15 June 1944 -
Philippine Scouts and Philippine Army units that fought
0
1
MILES
DE
INTERNATIONAL
It is a twelve-foot rectangular obelisk
with U.S. Forces in the Philippines to be interred in the
0
1
KILOMETERS
AIRPORT
INSTRUCTION TO VISITORS
LAG
landscaped area of local flora. Inscribe
Manila American Cemetery. All of ABMC's World War I
ment are these words: "THIS MEM
and II cemeteries are closed to burials except for the
The locations of ABMC cemeteries, monuments and
MANILA CEMETERY is situated about 6 miles south-
ERECTED BY THE UNITED STATES OF AN
remains of American War Dead still found from time to
memorials in foreign countries are shown on the maps in
east of the city of Manila, Republic of the Philippines,
TRIBUTE TO THE SONS WHO PAID TH
time in World War I and II battle areas. This policy is
this pamphlet. Directions to them as well as other infor-
within the limits of Fort Bonifacio, the former U.S. Army
RIFICE FOR LIBERATION OF THE MARI/
dictated by the agreements with the host countries con-
mation of interest appear beneath the individual maps to
Fort William McKinley. It can be reached most easily from
cerned.
each site. Directional signs to the cemeteries are posted on
the city by taxicab.
The Commission's World War II commemorative pro-
the main roads in their vicinity. All of the cemeteries are
The cemetery, 152 acres in extent, is on a prominent
gram consists of the construction of fourteen permanent
open to the public daily. Staff members are on duty in the
plateau, visible at a distance from the east, south and west.
American military cemeteries and several monuments
Visitors' Room to provide information and assistance in
It contains the largest number of graves of our military
(some still in the planning stage) on foreign soil and three
locating grave and memorial sites except between the
Dead of World War II, a total of 17,206, most of whom
memorials in the United States. In addition to their
hours of noon and 3:00 p.m. on weekends and holidays.
gave their lives in the operations in New Guinea and the
landscaped graves area and nonsectarian chapels, the
Photography is permitted in ABMC cemeteries and
Philippines. The headstones are aligned in 11 plots form-
World War II cemeteries contain sculpture, a museum
memorials without special authorization, provided it is
ing a generally circular pattern, set among masses of a wide
area with battle maps and narratives depicting the course
not for commercial purposes. Permission to take photo-
variety of tropical trees and shrubbery.
of the war in the region and visitor reception facilities.
graphs of a commercial nature must be obtained from the
The chapel, a tall white masonry building enriched with
Each grave site in the permanent American World War
Washington, D.C. office, the address of which appears on
sculpture and mosaic, stands near the center of the
I and II cemeteries on foreign soil is marked by a headstone
the back of the pamphlet.
cemetery. In front of it on a wide terrace are two large
of pristine white marble. Headstones of those of the
hemicycles with rooms at each end. Twenty-five large
Jewish faith are tapered marble shafts surmounted by a
concrete mosaic maps in these rooms recall the achieve-
Star of David; stylized marble latin crosses mark all
ments of the American Armed Forces in the Pacific, in
others. Annotated on the headstones of the World War I
SERVICES TO THE PUBLIC
China, India and in Burma. On the rectangular piers of the
servicemen who could not be identified is: "HERE RESTS IN
The following information and services are provided
hemicycles are inscribed the names of 36,281 of the Miss-
HONORED GLORY AN AMERICAN SOLDIER KNOWN BUT
without cost to friends and relatives of those interred in or
ing who gave their lives in the service of their Country and
TO GOD." The words "AMERICAN SOLDIER" were replaced
memorialized at ABMC cemeteries and memorials: name,
who rest in unknown graves. Carved in the floors are the
with the words "COMRADE IN ARMS" on the headstones of
location and general information about the cemetery or
seals of the states and territories.
HONOLULU MEMORIAL is loc
World War II servicemen who could not be identified
memorial in which they are interested; plot, row and
From the memorial and from other points in the ceme-
National Memorial Cemetery of the P
because of the tri-service nature of that war.
grave number if appropriate; suggested routes and modes
tery there are impressive views over the lowlands to
volcano near the center of the city a
The policy-making body of the Commission consists of
of travel in-country to the cemetery or memorial; general
Laguna de Bay and toward the distant mountains.
Drive, 96813.
eleven members who are appointed by the President for an
information about accommodations available in the vicin-
In the eight Courts of the Missing
indefinite term and serve without pay. They meet with
ity of the cemeteries and memorials; letters authorizing
monumental staircase are recorded the 1
the professional staff of the Commission once or twice
fee-free passports for members of the immediate family
our Missing in the Pacific (other than
annually. ABMC is staffed by 387 full-time civilian em-
traveling overseas specifically to visit a grave or memo-
World War II and 8,197 of the Kore
ployees and six military officers who work for it on a
rialization site; black and white photographs of
additional half courts at the base of the
reimbursable basis by arrangement with the Department
headstones and sections of the Tablets of the Missing on
2,489 Missing of the Vietnam War.
of Defense. Fifty of the full-time civilian employees are
which the serviceman's name is engraved; large color
staircase is a chapel with flanking gallerie
U.S. citizens; all but twelve of them are cemetery superin-
lithographs of the cemeteries and memorials on which
and texts, recording the achievements
tendents or assistant superintendents. The remaining civi-
photographs of the appropriate headstones or Tablets of
Armed Forces in the Central and South
lian employees are foreign nationals from the countries
the Missing are mounted; and arrangements for floral
in Korea. Inquiries concerning graves
where ABMC installations are located. Two field offices
decoration of grave and memorial sites and provision to
should be addressed to the superint
oversee operations in Europe and the Mediterranean, one
the donor of a photograph of the decoration in place.
Veterans Administration.
2
20
MILES
GRASSE
AUTOSTRADA
AUTOS
BOLOGN
BRUGGE
KILOMETERS
CANNES
N
FLORENCE
INGELMUNSTER
LONDON
STAINES
RHONE
NO
St ELOOIS-VIJVE
KRUISHOUTEM
N
LE
MUY
Arno
AUTOSTRADA
WAREGEM
ST
EMPOLI
CAMBERLEY
FLANDERS FIELD
FLORENCE
EXIT: FIRENZE-CERTOSA
BROOKWOOD WOXING
A8
RAPHAEL
LEGHORN
IMPRUNETA
N
FREJUS
SEA
FARNBOROUGH
0
5
WESTERHAL
10 MILES
WORTEGEM
REIGATE
BASINGSTOKE
ALDERSHOT
DORKING
OUDENAARDE
REDHILL
10 MILES
TOULON
0
5
10
KILOMETERS
GUILDFORD
FARNHAM
KILOMETER
KORTRIJK
PMILFORD
TERY is in the city of Draguignan (Var),
FLORENCE CEMETERY is located on the west side of
west of Cannes and 16 miles inland. It can
BROOKWOOD CEMETERY is located southwest of the
FLANDERS FIELD CEMETERY lies on the southeast
Via Cassia, about 7½ miles south of Florence. The
n Paris-Marseille-St. Raphael-Nice by
town of Brookwood, Surrey, England, 6 miles north of
edge of the town of Waregem, Belgium, along the Lille-
Rome-Milan autoroute passes near the cemetery; its
7/A8 (toll highway) by taking the Le Muy
Guildford, and 9 miles northeast of Aldershot. It may be
Gent Autoroute E-17. It is located 175 miles north of
Certosa-Florence exit is 2 miles to the north. There is
y N-555 to Draguignan. From Cannes
reached by automobile from London, a distance of 28
Paris and 46 miles west of Brussels. The cemetery is within
excellent train service to Florence from the principal cities
ay be reached via Grasse on highway
miles, or by train from Waterloo station in less than an
30 miles of Brugges (Brugge) and Ghent (Gent), the two
of Italy; it is also served by some of the international trains.
2 or highway N-7 via Fréjus and Le Muy
hour. The American cemetery is about 300 yards from the
largest cities in Flanders. Waregem can be reached by train
The "SITA" bus station provides frequent bus service
aguignan. Trains from Cannes, Marseille
Brookwood railroad station. There are hotels and restau-
from Paris in about 5 hours and from Brussels in one hour.
along Via Cassia; there is a bus stop conveniently located
St. Raphaël where taxicab and bus ser-
rants at Woking, Guildford, Aldershot and other nearby
Hotel accommodations in Waregem are excellent.
just outside the cemetery gate.
e to the cemetery (20 miles); some trains
towns.
The cemetery occupies a 6-acre site. Masses of graceful
where bus and taxicab services are also
The site cover 70 acres, chiefly on the west side of the
This small cemetery of 41/2 acres lies within the large
trees and shrubbery enframe the burial area and screen it
). Hotel accommodations in Draguignan
Greve "torrente." The wooded hills which frame its west
civilian cemetery of the London Necropolis Co. and con-
from the passing traffic. At the ends of the paths leading to
there are many hotels in St. Raphaël,
limit rise several hundred feet. Between the two entrance
tains the graves of 468 of our military Dead. Close by are
three of the corners of the cemetery there are circular
r Riviera cities.
buildings, a bridge leads to the burial area where the
military cemeteries and monuments of the British Com-
retreats, with benches and urns. At this peaceful site rest
ry, 12 acres in extent, at the foot of a hill
headstones of 4,402 of our military Dead are arrayed in
monwealth and other Allied nations. Automobiles may
368 of our military Dead most of whom gave their lives in
aracteristic cypresses, olive trees, and
symmetrical curved rows upon the hillside.
drive through the necropolis to the American cemetery.
liberating the soil of Belgium in World War I. Their
thern France, rest 861 of our military
Within the American cemetery the headstones are
headstones are aligned in four symmetrical areas around
hom gave their lives in the liberation of
Above, on the topmost of three broad terraces, stands
arranged in four plots, grouped about the flagpole. The
the white stone chapel which stands in the center of the
in August, 1944. Their headstones are
the memorial marked by a tall pylon surmounted by a large
regular rows of white marble headstones on the smooth
cemetery.
ht lines, divided into four plots, grouped
sculptured figure. The memorial has two open atria, or
lawn are framed by masses of shrubs and evergreen trees
The altar inside the chapel is of black and white "Grand
>1. At each end of the cemetery is a small
courts, joined by the wall of the Missing upon which are
which form a perfect setting for the chapel, a classic white
Antique" marble having draped flags on each side; above it
inscribed the names of 1,409 who gave their lives in the
stone building on the northwest side of the cemetery. The
is a crusader's sword outlined in gold. The chapel furniture
overlooking the cemetery, is the chapel
service of their Country and who rest in unknown graves.
interior of the chapel is of tan-hued stone. Small stained-
is of carved oak, stained black with white veining to har-
decorative mosaic and large sculptured
glass windows light the altar and flags and the carved cross
monize with the altar. On the side walls are inscribed the
the chapel and the burial area the great
The atrium at the south end of the wall of the Missing
above them. On the walls within the chapel are inscribed
names of 43 of the Missing who gave their lives in the
P recalls the military operations in the
serves as forecourt to the chapel which is decorated with
the names of 563 of the Missing who gave their lives in the
service of their Country, but whose remains were never
:taining wall of the terrace are inscribed
marble and mosaic. The north atrium contains the marble
service of their Country and whose graves are in the sea.
recovered or identified.
of the Missing who gave their lives in the
operations maps recording the achievements of the
ountry and who rest in unknown graves.
American Armed Forces in this region.
LILLE-
NO
0
5
10
15
20
25
KILOMETERS
Quentin
0
1
2
3
4
5 KILOMETERS
NORTH AFRICA
Tiber
LA SOUKRA
GP
to
LE CATELET
SOMME BONY
BOHAIN
AUTOSTRADA
BELLICOURT
LIDO ROMA
ALBANO
N
HARGICOURT
ARIANA
VELLETRI
ROISEL
NO 148
AUTOSTRADA
BELLENGLISE
FROSINON
PERONNE
St
CISTERNA di LATINA
APRILIA
LA GOULETTE
AMIENS
N 29
VERMAND
SEA
ST QUENTIN
SICILY-ROME
JNIS
0
5 MILES
MONTELLO
N 29
VIA
NO
156
FAITI
0
2
4
6
KILOMETERS
SICILY-ROME CEMETERY lies at the north edge of the
NORTH AFRICA CEMETERY is locate
AUDENARDE MONUMENT is located in the town of
SOMME CEMETERY is situated ½ mile southwest of the
town of Nettuno, Italy, which is immediately east of
imity to the site of the ancient city of Ca
Audenarde (Oudenaarde), Belgium, 17 miles south of
village of Bony (Aisne), France, which is 11/4 miles west of
Ghent (Gent), 38 miles west of Brussels and 183 miles
highway N-44, 13 miles north of St. Quentin and 14 miles
Anzio, 38 miles south of Rome. The cemetery can be
destroyed by the Romans in 146B.C., an
north of Paris.
southwest of Cambrai. The road leading to Bony leaves
reached by automobile from Rome along the Via Appia
the site of Roman Carthage. It is near the
highway N-44, 10 miles north of St. Quentin, a short
Nuova for about 8 miles, thence following directional
the same name, 10 miles from the city
The monument, of golden-yellow limestone bearing the
distance north of the American monument near Belli-
signs past Aprilia to Anzio, Nettuno and the cemetery.
miles from its airport. The "La Marsa" ra
shield of the United States flanked by two stone eagles,
court. The cemetery, 98 miles northeast of Paris, can also
There is hourly train service from Rome to Nettuno
the center of Tunis to Amilcar station, a
stands at the end of a small park maintained by the Com-
be reached by automobile via the Paris-Brussels toll auto-
where taxicabs can be hired. There are numerous hotels in
from the cemetery; taxicabs are available
mission. It commemorates the services and sacrifices of
route (A-1) to Peronne, then via Vermand and Bell-
Anzio and Nettuno.
the airport. There are good hotel acco
40,000 American troops who, in October and November
englise, or Brussels-Reims toll autoroute (A-26) exit 9, via
Tunis as well as in the vicinity of the cer
1918, fought in the vicinity as units attached to the Group
highway N-44 south for 7½ miles to Bony. Hotel ac-
The cemetery site covers 77 acres, rising in a gentle
age, Amilcar and Gammarth.
of Armies commanded by the King of the Belgians. Some
commodations are available at Peronne, St. Quentin, and
slope from a broad pool with an island and cenotaph
are buried in Flanders Field American Cemetery at
Cambrai which may be reached by train from Paris (Gare
flanked by groups of Italian cypress trees. Beyond the pool
At this cemetery, 27 acres in extent, r
Waregem, 8 miles to the west.
du Nord).
is the immense field of headstones of 7,862 of our military
military Dead, their headstones set in str
This 14-acre cemetery, sited on a gentle slope typical of
Dead arranged in gentle arcs which sweep across the broad
divided into 9 rectangular plots by wi
the open, rolling Picardy countryside, contains the graves
KEMMEL MONUMENT is 4 miles south of Ypres
of 1,844 of our military Dead. Most lost their lives while
green lawns beneath rows of Roman pines. The majority
decorative pools at their intersections. A
(Ieper), Belgium, near Vierstraat, on the Mont Kemmel
serving in American units attached to British Armies, or in
of these men died in the operations preceding the libera-
east edge of the burial area is the long wa
(Kemmelberg) road, overlooking the bitterly contested
the operations near Cantigny. The headstones, set in regu-
tion of Rome.
with its sculptured figures, bordering th
race leading to the memorial. On this W
Ypres battlefield. Ypres is 30 miles south of Ostende
lar rows, are separated into four plots by paths which
At the head of the wide central mall stands the memo-
the names of 3,724 of the Missing. Mo
(Ostend), 74 miles west of Brussels and 165 miles north of
intersect at the flagpole near the top of the slope. The
rial, a building rich in works of art and architecture
Paris; it is accessible by train.
longer axis leads to the chapel at the eastern end of the
those who rest in the cemetery, gave the
expressing America's remembrance of the Dead. It con-
service of their Country in military activit
This small monument on a low platform consists of a
cemetery.
A massive bronze door, surmounted by an American
sists of a chapel to the south, a peristyle and a museum
North Africa to the Persian Gulf. The
rectangular white stone block, in front.of which is carved a
eagle, leads the way into the chapel whose outer walls
room to the north. On the white marble walls of the chapel
memorial court which contain large map
soldier's helmet upon a wreath. It commemorates the
contain sculptured pieces of military equipment. Once
are engraved the names of 3,095 of the Missing, whose
ceramic depicting the operations and sup
services and sacrifices of American troops who, in the late
inside, light from a cross-shaped crystal window above the
remains were never recovered or identified. The museum
American Armed Forces across Africa to t
summer of 1918, fought nearby in units attached to the
marble altar, bathes the subdued interior with luminous
room contains a bronze relief map and four fresco maps
were designed to harmonize with local a:
British Army; some are buried in Flanders Field American
radiance. The walls bear the names of 333 of our fallen
depicting the military operations in Sicily and Italy. At
chapel interior is decorated with polishe
Cemetery at Waregem, 34 miles to the east.
heroes, who were Missing in Action.
each end of the memorial are ornamental Italian gardens.
and sculpture.
10
STRASBOURG
EPAUX-BEZU
LORRAINE
THAON-LES-VOSGES
VITTEL
N
166
BELLEAU
D 164
D3
AISNE-MARNE
EP NAL
BELLEAU WOOD
HATEAU-
N
THIERRY
DINOZ
LUCY-LE-BOCAGE
SÄRREGUEMINES
EPINA
Moselle
CHIERRY
MONTREUIL AUX LIONS
PARIS
Marne
MILES
ST AVOLD STATION
MILES
0
0
10
MILES
N 369
REMIREMONT
KILOMETERS
5
10
KILOMETERS
KILOMETERS
METERY is situated 3/4 mile north of the
EPINAL CEMETERY is located 4 miles south of Epinal
BELLICOURT MONUMENT is 9 miles north of St.
AISNE-MARNE CEMETERY lies south of the village of
1 (Moselle), France, on highway N-33. St.
(Vosges), France, on the west bank of the Moselle River.
Quentin (Aisne), France, on the highway to Cambrai and
Belleau (Aisne), France, 61/2 miles northwest of
!8 miles east of Metz and 17 miles south-
Do not take Epinal bypass but take main highway N-57
1 mile north of the village of Bellicourt; it is 97 miles
Château-Thierry. It may be reached by automobile from
ken, can be reached by automobile from
(Nancy-Belfort) which passes the cemetery entrance. The
northeast of Paris and 3 miles from the Somme American
Paris via N-3, turning left opposite the entrance pylons of
via toll autoroute A-4 in about 4 hours.
cemetery, which is 231 miles east of Paris, can be reached
Cemetery. Erected above a canal tunnel built by Napoleon
the Château-Thierry Monument which are about 2 miles
is (Gare de l'Est) to St. Avold station,
by automobile via Void-Neufchâteau-Epinal. Rail service
I, it commemorates the achievements and sacrifices of the
west of the town of Château-Thierry;' the total distance is
from the town, takes about 3½ hours.
from Paris (Gare de l'Est) to Epinal via Nancy where, in
90,000 American troops who served in battle with the
58 miles. The cemetery may also be reached via toll auto-
lable at the station. There are hotels at St.
some cases, it is necessary to change trains, takes about 5
British Armies in France during 1917 and 1918.
route A-4 by taking the Montreuil-aux-Lions exit and
Saarbrücken and Metz.
hours. There are hotels at Epinal, Vittel (30 miles) and
The tunnel was one of the main defense features of the
following the cemetery signs to Lucy-le-Bocage and pro-
Plombières (22 miles); taxicab service is available from
Hindenburg Line which was broken by American troops
ceeding through Belleau Wood to the entrance of the
which covers 1131/2 acres, contains the
these cities.
in a brilliant offensive in September 1918. Engraved on
cemetery. There is rail service from Paris (Gare de l'Est) to
of graves of our military Dead of World
The cemetery, 48 acres in extent, is sited on a plateau
the rear facade of the memorial is a map illustrating the
Château-Thierry; the journey takes about 1 hour.
a total of 10,489. Most of these lost their
100 feet above the river, in the foothills of the Vosges
American operations; on the terrace is an orientation table.
This 421/2-acre cemetery, in a sweeping curve at the
ng in this region. Their headstones are
Mountains; it contains the graves of 5,255 of our military
foot of the hill where stands Belleau Wood, contains the
e plots in a generally elliptical design
Dead, most of whom gave their lives in the campaigns
CANTIGNY MONUMENT is in the village of Cantigny
graves of 2,289 of. our Dead, most of whom fought in the
the beautiful rolling terrain of eastern
across northeastern France to the Rhine and beyond into
(Somme), France, 4 miles northwest of Montdidier on
vicinity and in the Marne valley in the summer of 1918.
minating in a prominent overlook feature.
Germany.
route D- 26 from Montdidier to Ailly-sur-Noye. From
From the hillside rises the memorial chapel decorated with
The memorial, a rectangular structure with two large
Paris, it is 66 miles north via Chantilly or Senlis.
sculptured and stained-glass details of wartime personnel,
, which stands on a plateau to the west of
bas-relief panels, consists of a chapel, portico, and
This battlefield monument, commemorating the first
equipment and insignia. On its interior walls are the names
contains ceramic operations maps with
museum room with its mosaic operations map. On the
offensive operation in May 1918 by a large American unit
of 1,060 who were Missing in the region. The observation
rvice flags. High on its exterior front wall
walls of the Court of Honor, which surround the memo-
in World War I, stands in the center of the village which
platform in the chapel tower affords excellent views over
re of St. Nabor, the martyred Roman
rial, are inscribed the names of 424 of the Missing who
was captured in that attack and which was completely
the battlefield. During World War II, the chapel was dam-
rlooks the silent host. On each side of the
gave their lives in the service of their Country and who rest
destroyed by artillery fire. It consists of a white stone
aged slightly by an enemy shell.
arallel to its front, stretch the walls of the
in unknown graves.
shaft, on a platform, surrounded by an attractive park
Belleau Wood adjoins the cemetery; it contains many
h are inscribed the names of 444 Ameri-
Stretching northward is a wide tree-lined mall which
developed and maintained by the Commission. The quiet
vestiges of World War I. At the flagpole is a monument
heir lives in the service of their Country
separates the two large burial plots. At the northern end of
surroundings now give no hint of the bitter hand-to-hand
commemorating the valor of the U.S. Marines who cap-
ns were not recovered or identified. The
the mall the circular flagpole plaza forms an overlook
fighting which took place near the site of the monument.
tured much of this ground in 1918.
framed in woodland.
affording a view of a wide sweep of the Moselle valley.
OISE-AISNE
FERE-EN
TARDENOIS
0
MILES
OCOURT
T. MARTIN
02
4
KILOMETERS
XEMBOURG
LIEGE
VILLERS-AGRON
N 373
0
5
MILES
LUXEMBOURG
0
5
KILOMETERS
SERAING
-
HAMM
VERNEUIL
N
OUGREE
Marne
IVOZ
DORMANS
RR STATION
EPERNAY
N639
ITZIG
AU-THIERRY
ARDENNES
NEUPRE
CHATEAU-THIERRY MONUMENT, on a hill 2 miles
OISE-AISNE CEMETERY lies 11/2 miles east of Fère-
west of Château-Thierry, commands a wide view of the
en-Tardenois (Aisne), France, which is 14 miles northeast
ARDENNES CEMETERY is located near the southeast
LUXEMBOURG CEMETERY lies just W
valley of the Marne. It is 54 miles east of Paris, 4½ miles
of Château-Thierry. It may be reached by automobile
edge of Neupré (Neuville-en-Condroz), 12 miles south-
of Luxembourg City, 3 miles east of the
southeast of Aisne-Marne (Belleau) Cemetery and 17
from Paris by toll autoroute A-4 taking the Château-
west of Liège, Belgium. The main highway to Dinant
capital which can be reached by train from
miles southwest of the Oise-Aisne (Fère) Cemetery where
Thierry exit, then going north on D-1 to Rocourt St.
passes the entrance. Liège can be reached by express train
l'Est) in approximately 5 hours, from Liège
rest many of the American soldiers and marines who
Martin, or over N-3 to Château-Thierry, thence N-367
from Paris (Gare du Nord) in about 51/2 hours, from
from Frankfurt-am-Main, Germany. The ai
fought in this region in the summer of 1918. Two stone
to Fère-en-Tardenois, a total distance of 70 miles. Hotels
Brussels and from Germany via Aachen. Taxicabs and
northeast of the cemetery. Taxicabs as
pylons mark the entrance from the Paris-Château-
are available in Château-Thierry, Reims (27 miles) and
limited bus service to Neupré are available from Liège.
Luxembourg station and airport. There ar
Thierry highway (N-3).
Soissons (18 miles). There is rail service to each of these
There are several hotels in the city.
hotels in the city.
The monument consists of an impressive double col-
cities where taxicabs may be hired.
The approach drive leads to the memorial, a rectangular
The cemetery, 501/2 acres in extent,
onade rising above a long terrace; on its west façade are
At this cemetery site of 361/2 acres, beneath the broad
stone structure bearing on its façade a massive American
beautiful wooded area. Not far from the
heroic sculptured figures representing the United States
lawn surrounded by stately trees and shrubbery, rest
eagle and other symbolical sculpture. Within are the
the white stone chapel, set on a wide ci
and France. On the east façade is a map of American
chapel, three large wall maps composed of inlaid marbles,
surrounded by woods. It is embellished W
6,012 of our military Dead most of whom gave their lives
military operations in this region and also an orientation
while fighting in this vicinity during 1918. Their head-
marble panels depicting combat and supply activities and
bronze and stone, a stained-glass window
table.
stones, aligned in long rows, rise in a gentle slope from the
other ornamental features. Along the outside of the
unit insignia and a mosaic ceiling. Flanking
memorial, inscribed on granite slabs, are the names of 462
lower level are two large stone pylons u
TOURS MONUMENT is located in the city of Tours,
entrance to the memorial at the far end. The burial area is
of the Missing who gave their lives in the service of their
maps made of various inlaid granites, W
France, 146 miles southwest of Paris.
divided into four plots by wide paths lined by trees and
recalling the achievements of the Americar
beds of roses; at the intersection is a circular plaza and the
Country, but whose remains were never recovered or
The monument commemorates the efforts of the
in this region. On the same pylons are insci
flagpole.
identified. The façade on the far (north) end which over-
650,000 men who served during World War I in the
of 371 of the Missing who gave their lives
looks the burial area bears the insignia, in mosaic, of the
Services of Supply of the American Expeditionary Forces
The memorial is a curving colonnade, flanked at the
their Country, but whose remains were n
major United States units which operated in Northwest
and whose work behind the battle lines made possible the
ends by a chapel and a map-room. It is built of rose-
or identified.
Europe in World War II.
brilliant achievements of the American armies in the field.
colored sandstone with white trim bearing sculptured
Sloping gently downhill from the memc
It is situated just east of the southern end of the Pont
details of wartime equipment. The chapel contains an altar
The cemetery, 90 acres in extent, contains the graves of
area containing 5,076 of our military Dead
Wilson which crosses the Loire in prolongation of the
of carved stone. Engraved upon its walls are the names of
5,328 of our military Dead, many of whom died in the
gave their lives in the "Battle of the Bu
main street (Rue Nationale) of Tours, and consists of a
241 of the Missing, whose remains were never recovered
so-called "Battle of the Bulge." Their headstones are
advance to the Rhine. Their headstone
handsome fountain of white stone and bronze with appro-
or identified. The map-room contains an engraved and
aligned in straight rows which compose the form of a huge
graceful curves; trees, fountains and flc
priate sculpture. The surrounding area was developed by
colored wall map portraying the military operations in this
Greek cross on the lawns and are enframed by tree masses.
tribute to the dignity of the ensemble.
the Commission into a small park.
region during 1918.
7
5
MILES
SIVRY. S/MEUSE
0
5
KILOMETERS
5
10 MILE!
N
AUBEL
D 946
HEERLEN
ROMAGNE
HENRI-CHÁPELLE
GRAND PRE
MEUSE-ARCONNE
0
5
10
KILOMETERS
ALKENBURG
HENRI-CHAPELLI
CONSENVOYE
E
T
H
E
R
L
A
Z
D
S
WEL
KENRAEDT
E40
BATTICE
MONTFAUCON
MARGRATEN
E40
N3
AUTOROUTE
AACHEN.
LIEGE
VARENNES
CHEPPY
GULPEN
BRAS
038
HERLANDS
0
5 MILES
VERDUN
NEUVILLY
AACHEN
0
5
KILOMETERS
VERVIERS
VAALS
PAROIS
B
E
LAY
G
I
U
M
CLERMONT EN.ARGONNE
S CEMETERY, the only American mili-
HENRI-CHAPELLE CEMETERY lies 2 miles northwest
SOMMEPY MONUMENT stands on Blanc Mont ridge,
MEUSE-ARGONNE CEMETERY is located east of the
1 the Netherlands, lies in the village of
of the village of Henri-Chapelle which is on the main
3 miles northwest of Sommepy-Tahure (Marne), France.
village of Romagne-sous-Montfaucon (Meuse), France,
iles east of Maastricht. Maastricht can be
highway from Liège, Belgium (18 miles) to Aachen,
The site is 11 miles north of Suippes and 124 miles east of
which is 26 miles northwest of Verdun. It may be reached
from Paris (Gare du Nord) via Brussels,
Germany (10 miles). Henri-Chapelle is 4½ miles north-
Paris; it can be reached via Châlons-sur-Marne or Reims.
by automobile from Paris (152 miles) via toll autoroute
and or from Germany via Aachen. A bus
west of the Welkenraedt exit (7 miles from the German
The monument, surrounded by vestiges of World War I
A-4 or highway N-3, to Ste. Menehould, continuing on
m Maastricht railroad station. Maastricht
frontier) on the Aachen-Antwerp autoroute. Welken-
trenches, dugouts and gun emplacements, is essentially a
N-3 to Clermont-en-Argonne (19 miles south of the
cabs is 5 miles to the north; service should
raedt, the nearest station with taxicab service to the ceme-
tower of golden-yellow limestone; a platform at the top
cemetery) and continuing on via Varennes-en-Argonne; it
tery, may be reached by train from Paris (Gare du Nord),
affording a wide view over the former battlefields is open
may also be reached from Verdun (where hotels are avail-
Brussels and Aachen.
each day except Friday. Inside the entrance an inscription
able) via Consenvoye or Dun-sur-Meuse, distances of 26
rial tower can be seen before reaching the
At this cemetery, covering 57 acres, rest 7,989 of our
relates the American operations in this vicinity. The
or 29 miles. Rail service from Paris (Gare de l'Est) to
S 651/2 acres. From the cemetery entrance
military Dead, most of whom gave their lives during the
monument, whose site was captured by American troops,
Verdun, takes about 31/2 hours. Taxis are available from
d to the Court of Honor with its pool
advance of the U.S. Armed Forces into Germany. Their
commemorates the achievements of the 70,000 Ameri-
there to the cemetery.
ver. To the right and left, respectively, are
headstones are arranged in gentle arcs sweeping across a
cans who served in this region during the summer and fall
At this site, covering 1301/2 acres, rest the largest
Iding and the museum containing three
broad green lawn which slopes gently downhill.
of 1918.
number of our military Dead in Europe, a total of 14,246.
maps with texts depicting the military
e American Armed Forces.
A highway passes through the reservation. West of the
MONTFAUCON MONUMENT at Montfaucon
Most of those buried here gave their lives during the
highway an overlook affords an excellent view of the
d'Argonne (Meuse), France is 7 miles south of the
Meuse-Argonne offensive. The immense array of head-
ng the sides of the Court are the two walls
rolling Belgian countryside, once a battlefield.
Meuse-Argonne Cemetery and 20 miles northwest of
stones rises in long regular rows upward beyond a wide
n which are recorded the names of 1,722
To the east is the long colonnade which, with the
Verdun. Its massive granite Doric column is surmounted
central pool to the chapel which crowns the ridge. A
ives in the service of their Country, but
chapel and museum room, forms the memorial overlook-
by a statue symbolic of Liberty, which towers more than
beautiful bronze screen separates the chapel foyer from
own graves. Beyond the tower containing
ing the burial area. The chapel is simple but richly or-
200 feet above the ruins of the former village. It com-
the interior which is decorated with stained-glass windows
burial area, divided into 16 plots, where
namented. In the museum are two maps of military
memorates the Meuse-Argonne offensive in which, dur-
portraying American unit insignia; behind the altar are the
Ir military Dead, their headstones set in
operations, carved in black granite, with inscriptions
ing 47 days of fighting between 26 September and 11
flags of the principal Allied nations.
wide treelined mall leads to the flagstaff
recalling the achievements of our Forces.
November 1918, the U.S. First Army forced a general
On either side of the chapel are memorial loggias. One
le crest.
On the rectangular piers of the colonnade are inscribed
retreat on this front.
panel of the west loggia contains a map of the Meuse-
are in the chapel, and the altar candelabra
the names of 450 of the Missing who gave their lives in the
On the walls of the foyer are an engraved map of the
Argonne offensive. Inscribed on the remaining panels of
were presented by the Government of the
service of their Country. The seals of the states and ter-
operations with narrative and also a tribute to the troops
both loggias are the names of the 954 Missing whose
1 by the local Provincial administration.
ritories are also carved on these piers.
who served. The observation platform, reached by 234
remains were never recovered or identified, to include the
steps, affords magnificent views of the battlefield.
Missing of our expedition to northern Russia, 1918-1919.
WOEVRE
BEACH
ST LAURENT
NORMANDY
States and France.
COLLEVILLE
0514
COURSEULLES
CHAMBLEY
FORMIGNY
0
5
MILES
0 517
0
CARENTAN
KILOMETERS
D 952
ARNAVILLE
ISIGNY
BAYEUX
VIGNEULLES
ST BENOIT
ST MIHIEL
THIAUCOURT
CEMETERY
ESSEY
PONT-A-
10 MILES
MOUSSON
ST MIHIEL
N
MONTSEC
D 958
0
5
10
KILOMETERS
D 119
FLIREY
ST LO
APREMONT
ST. MIHIEL CEMETERY is situated at the west edge of
MONTSEC MONUMENT is situated on the isolated hill
NORMANDY CEMETERY is situated on a cliff over-
Thiaucourt (M. et M.), France. The cemetery can be
of Montsec (Thiaucourt), France, 12 miles southwest of
looking Omaha Beach and the English Channel, just east
reached by automobile from Paris (190 miles), via Verdun
the St. Mihiel Cemetery, 10 miles east of the town of St.
of St.. Laurent-sur-Mer and northwest of Bayeux in Colle-
POINTE DU HOC RANGER MONUM
and from Metz (23 miles), by toll autoroute A-4, exiting at
Mihiel. Entrance to its access road is immediately west of
ville-sur-Mer, 170 miles west of Paris. The cemetery may
on a cliff 8 miles west of the Normandy I
Fresnes-en-Woëvre, direction Nancy. At Fresnes-en-
the center of Montsec village.
be reached by automobile via highway A-13 to Caen, then
Woëvre, take D-904 to Beney-en-Woëvre, then D-67 to
This majestic monument, commemorating the
tery overlooking Omaha Beach. It was
highway N-13 to Bayeux and Formigny, continuing on
French to honor elements of the 2d F
the cemetery. There is direct rail service from Paris (Gare
achievements and sacrifices of American soldiers who
D-517 towards St. Laurent-sur-Mer and D-514 to Colle-
de l'Est) to Onville. At Metz, Nancy and Verdun, hotel
fought in this region in 1917 and 1918, dominates the
under the command of LTC James E. Rud
ville-sur-Mer, where directional signs mark the entrance
accommodations are available and taxicabs may be hired.
landscape for miles around. It consists of a classic circular
the 100-foot cliff, seized the objective
to the cemetery. There is regular rail service between Paris
successfully against determined German
The cemetery, 401/2 acres in extent, contains the graves
colonnade with a broad approach stairway; its central fea-
(Gare St. Lazare) and Bayeux, where taxicab service is
of 4,153 of our military Dead. The majority of these gave
ture is a large bronze relief map of the St. Mihiel salient,
high cost. The monument consists of a
available; travel by rail takes 3 hours. Hotels are available
illustrating the military operations which took place there.
pylon atop a concrete bunker with inscri
their lives in the great offensive which resulted in the
at Bayeux (11 miles).
The monument was slightly damaged during World War II
and English on tablets at its base. It was
reduction of the St. Mihiel salient. Their headstones are
but has been completely restored.
The cemetery site, at the north end of its 1/2-mile access
over to the American government on 11]
aligned in long rows, divided into four plots by avenues
road, covers 1721/2 acres and contains the graves of 9,386
with tree-bordered walks. At the center is a large sundial
NAVAL MONUMENT AT GIBRALTAR, the gateway
care and maintenance in perpetuity. Th
of our military Dead, most of whom gave their lives in the
to the Mediterranean, consists of a masonry archway bear-
area on the right flank of Omaha Beach 1
surmounted by an American eagle. To the right (west), is a
landings and ensuing operations. On the walls of the semi-
ing bronze seals of the United States and of the Navy
the Rangers left it on 8 June 1944.
small monument; at the eastern end is a semicircular over-
circular garden on the east side of the memorial are in-
look.
Department. This monument, constructed from stone
from the neighboring "Rock," commemorates the
scribed the names of 1,557 of our Missing who rest in
Beyond the burial area to the south is the white stone
achievements and sacrifices of the United States Navy in
unknown graves.
memorial consisting of a small chapel, a peristyle with a
nearby waters and its comradeship with the Royal Navy
The memorial consists of a semicircular colonnade with
large rose-granite urn in the center and a museum. The
during World War I.
a loggia at each end containing large maps and narratives of
chapel contains a beautiful mosaic portraying an angel
From this monument, located in the midst of historic
the military operations; at the center is the bronze "Spirit
sheathing the sword. On the end walls of the museum are
surroundings, a flight of steps connects the extensive
of American Youth." Two orientation tables, which over-
recorded the names of 284 of the Missing, whose remains
British naval establishments below with the picturesque
look the beach, depict the landings in Normandy and the
were never recovered or identified; on the wall opposite
town above.
artificial harbor established here. Facing west at the
the door is a large inlaid marble map of the St. Mihiel
Gibraltar is a port of call for many ships; a visit to the
memorial, one sees in the foreground the reflecting pool;
offensive.
monument from the pier requires about half an hour.
beyond is the burial area with the circular chapel and, at
UTAH BEACH MONUMENT is locate
tion of highway N- 13D, approximate
northeast of Sainte-Marie-du-Mont (M
This monument commemorates the ach
American Forces of the VII Corps wh
liberation of the Cotentin Peninsula from
1944. It consists of a red granite obelisk
small, developed park overlooking the hi:
of Utah Beach, one of the two American
during the Normandy Invasion of June
9
14
FOLLIGNY
ST NEOTS
CAMBRIDGE
AVRANCHES
NEWMARKET
A.45
MORTAIN
PONTAUBAULT
BEDFORD
D907
PLACE DE DEFENSE
DOMFRONT
428
ST HILAIRE-DU
HARCOUET
GERMAIN
030
ROYSTON
N
IPSWICH
AMES
FT
DU
AVE
PARIS
VALERIEN
LA GDE
ITTANY
BALDOCK
SURESNES
ARMEE
GARE LAZARE
0
5
10 MILES
SURESNES
0
5
10 MILES
STEVENAGE
AIRR STATION
PLACE DE ETOILE
D155
0
5
10
KILOMETERS
BISHOPS
STORTFORD
COLCHESTER
FOUGERES
WELWYN
WARE
0
3 MILES
PARIS
MAYENNE
HATFIELD
KILOMETERS
CHELMSFORD
ERNEE
EMETERY lies 11/2 miles southeast of the
CAMBRIDGE CEMETERY is situated 3 miles west of
SURESNES CEMETERY is in the suburb of Suresnes, 5
NAVAL MONUMENT AT BREST, FRANCE, stands
mes (Manche), France, 12 miles south of
the university city of Cambridge, England, on highway
miles west of the center of Paris. It can be reached by
on the ramparts of the city overlooking the harbor which
14 miles north of Fougères. It may be
A-1303 and 60 miles north of London. By automobile
automobile, taxicab or suburban trains; the latter depart
was a major base of operations for American naval vessels
mobile from Paris via toll highway A-11 to
from London it takes about 21/4 hours. Cambridge may
about every 20 minutes from the Gare St. Lazare. From
during World War I. The original monument, built on this
1 to Ernee, N-12 to Fougères, and finally
also be reached by railroad from Liverpool Street station.
the Suresnes station it is only a 10 minute walk to the
site to commemorate the achievements of the United
mes, a total distance of 220 miles (352 km)
Travel time is about 11/2 hours; train service is frequent.
cemetery. From the site, which is located high on the
States Navy during World War I, was destroyed by the
reach the cemetery by rail from Paris, take
Taxicab service is available at Cambridge station. There
slopes of Mount Valérien, a fine panorama of a large part
enemy on 4 July 1941, prior to our entry into World War
Fougères, leaving Gare Montparnasse,
are excellent hotels in the city.
of Paris can be viewed.
II. The present'structure is a replica of the original and was
E bus in Vitre. Train time from Paris is
The site, 301/2 acres in extent, was donated by the
At this cemetery, 7½ acres in extent, rest 1,541 who
completed in 1958.
four hours. Taxi service is available from
University of Cambridge. It lies on a north slope with wide
died in World War I, together with 24 of our Unknown
The monument is a rectangular rose-granite shaft, rising
: cemetery. There are hotels at St. James,
prospect; the west and south sides are framed by wood-
Dead of World War II. Bronze tablets on the walls of the
145 feet above the lower terrace and 100 feet above the
torson (10 miles) and Mont St. Michel (15
land. The cemetery contains the remains of 3,811 of our
chapel record the names of 974 Missing or buried or lost at
Cours Ajot. All four sides are ornamented by sculpture
military Dead; on the great wall of the Missing are
sea in 1917 and 1918.
of nautical interest. The surrounding area has been de-
etery, covering 28 acres of rolling farm
recorded the names of 5,126 who gave their lives in the
Originally a World War I cemetery, Suresnes now shel-
veloped by the Commission into an attractive park.
e eastern edge of Brittany, rest 4,410 of
service of their Country, but whose remains were never
ters the remains of our Dead of both wars. The World War
of whom gave their lives in the Normandy
recovered or identified. Most of these died in the Battle of
I memorial chapel was enlarged by the addition of two
mpaigns in 1944. Along the retaining wall
the Atlantic or in the strategic air bombardment of
loggias dedicated to the Dead of World War I and of
1 terrace are inscribed the names of 497 of
Northwest Europe.
World War II, respectively. In the rooms at the ends of the
ose resting place "is known only to God."
From the flagpole platform, near the main entrance, the
loggias are white marble figures in memory of those who
lite memorial, containing the chapel as well
great mall, with its reflecting pools, stretches eastward; it is
gave their lives in these two wars. Inscribed on the walls of
erations maps with narratives and flags of
from this mall that the wide, sweeping curve of the burial
the loggias is a summary of the loss of life in our Armed
vices, overlooks the burial area. Interesting
area across the green lawns is best appreciated. Along the
Forces in each war, together with the location of all the
d sculpture aid in embellishing the struc-
south side is the wall of the Missing; at the far end is the
overseas cemeteries where our Dead are buried. Senior
The AMERICAN EXPEDITIONARY FORCES
out platform of the tower, reached by 98
memorial with its chapel, its two huge military maps, its
representatives of the American and French Governments
MEMORIAL, located on Penn. Ave. between 14th and
view of the stately pattern of the head-
stained-glass windows bearing the State Seals and military
assemble on ceremonial occasions at Suresnes Cemetery
15th Streets, NW in Wash. DC, commemorates the two
S of the peaceful surrounding countryside
decorations and its mosaic ceiling memorial to the Dead of
to honor the memory of our military Dead.
million American military personnel and their CinC,
ward to the sea and Mont St. Michel.
our Air Forces.
Gen. John J. Pershing, who made up the AEF of WWI.
It consists of a stone plaza 52 ft. by 75 ft., an 8 ft. statue
of Gen. Pershing on a stone pedestal, a stone bench facing
the statue and two 10 ft. high walls, one along the south
side of the memorial area and one along the east. The
south wall contains two battle maps with appropriate
inscriptions. Inscribed upon the reverse face of the east
wall is Gen. Pershing's tribute to the officers and men of
the AEF: "IN THEIR DEVOTION, THEIR VALOR, AND IN
THE LOYAL FULFILLMENT OF THEIR OBLIGATIONS, THE
OFFICERS AND MEN OF THE AMERICAN EXPEDITIONARY
FORCES HAVE LEFT A HERITAGE OF WHICH THOSE WHO
BEDFORD
THE HAGUE
ARNHEM
Rhine
WORLD WA
ROTTERDAM
WORLD WA
Waal
NIJMEGEN
WORLD WA
OXFORD
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WORLD WA
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BONN
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CHANNEL
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POINTE DU HOC
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0
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MEUSE-ARGONNE
SOISSONS
V
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SOMMEPY
LORRAINE
BAYEUX
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Rhône
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MONTELIMAR
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BRITTANY
Seine
FRANCE
BRITTANY
FOUGERES
0
10
20
30
40
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60
70
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90
100
FONTAINEBLEAU
Rhine
MILES
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
COLMAR
RHONE
EPINAL
DRAGUIGNAN
CHAUMONT
RENNES
KILOMETERS
MARSEILLE
TOULON
BREST
MEDITEDD