Ask the Scholar
Document scope · 1 page
Scholar
Ask about this object, its catalog metadata, its source description, or the page inventory.
For page-specific OCR and visual context, open one of the page chats.
Scholar Source Context
Document identity
localId
323152995
label
Anti-Drug Rally 7/20/90 [OA 8314] [2]
core
doc
dtoType
document
citationUrl
pageCount
1
Source metadata
id
323152995
contentType
document
title
Anti-Drug Rally 7/20/90 [OA 8314] [2]
citationUrl
identifierLocal
13724-007
collections
Records of the White House Office of Speechwriting (George H. W. Bush Administration)
Speech Backup Chronological Files
imageCount
1
hasImages
yes
source
import
hasTranscription
no
Source extras
naId
323152995
levelOfDescription
fileUnit
recordType
description
ocrSource
nara-archive
Single page context
seq
1
pageIndex
0
type
document
mediaId
9a190469cff9eea1
ocrText
Originally Processed With FOIA(s):
FOIA Number:
S
S
FOIA
MARKER
This is not a textual record. This is used as an
administrative marker by the George Bush Presidential
Library Staff.
Record Group/Collection:
George H.W. Bush Presidential Records
Collection/Office of Origin:
Speechwriting, White House Office of
Series:
Speech File Backup Files
Subseries:
Chron File, 1989-1993
OA/ID Number:
13724
Folder ID Number:
13724-007
Folder Title:
Anti-Drug Rally 7/20/90 [OA 8314] [2]
Stack:
Row:
Section:
Shelf:
Position:
G
26
20
6
5
Ax6218
4125
MR. Danryl Bruno
Chief of Chem. BUREAU Dipody
Netwock: RADAR Network
(406) 444 - 4927
NANCY TUNNICI Dept Helina, Montana
(406) 444 2778
Robert AND
Hilina, Montana
(406) 444 - 2827
NEXUS Shows Nothing!
33
State Approvers Programs
- 24 Streetly Public FUNDED
Trantment Program IN Almost sung County (some Mo Multi- County,
Every Community Has A Comn. Prevention Conton
Annual "LARING For Kids Contenue
500 700 Altranges
RED Ribbon CAMPAIGN
GOOD Comm. INVELVEMENT
HEAD: DARLINE MEDDOCK . (406) 453 7665
- Including COVERNORS' office
761 - 6680
RIM ROCK FOUNDATION
DAVID CONNINGHAM (406) 248 3175
South Contral Montan Regional MENTAL Medth Centre Program
John Nesbo (406) 252 - 5658 JAN
Group Attaches to AbovE
(Hand-Core IV Absorts)
KIM Me NAMARA (406) 248-5656
- Intensius Out-patient
1st
- "Billings Indian Councel Youth Club"
-RECRENTION E Eduction Summon Moith
SUMMER
3 officer, Killos SINCE 1990 - NAtive IN Billings AMERICAN Students Mostly
/ Just Last Wssk
Billy the K.d
INDIAN Health SERVICES 657-6008 - outpetant Privation? Counse long
- 406 245 9372
-Eduanta & Prevenben
thorouchild Treatment Canter
GENERAL Custor
JUL 13 '90 16:37 RIMROCK FOUNDATION
P.1
RIMROCK FOUNDATION
Fax Transmittal
If you do not receive
all of the pages, please
To Fax#: 202-456-6218
notifiy us immediately.
Please deliver the following documents to:
Sent from Fax#
Company:
(406) 248-3821
Name: CHIP COLLINS
From:
Date/Time: 7-13-90 4:45 p.M
Voice Phone
No. of pages including this cover:
7
(406) 248-3175
Comments:
1-800-227-3953
Feel free to call with any
questions
1231 North 29th Street, Billings, MT 59101
(406) 248-3175
JUL 13 '90 16:37 RIMROCK FOUNDATION
P.2
RIMROCK
FOUNDATION
#
Leading Quality Addiction Treatment in the Northern Rockies
July 13, 1990
To:
Chip Collins
From: Mona L. Sumner, Associate Director
Rimrock Foundation is Montana's oldest Addiction
Treatment Center, founded in 1968 as a private not
for profit Montana corporation.
The Foundation provides treatment for drug addiction
which includes detoxification, residential services,
and outpatient services. You will note from the
1989 data, significant numbers of patients and families
are served through our comprehensive treatment, education
and prevention systems.
The commitment of our voluntary board of directors has
been and remains that of providing quality, affordable
care for this nation's leading health problem. Many
of our services are provided on a sliding fee scale.
Due to your need for this material via fax, I have
excerpted material from our brochures. If you wish
the entire copy, I will be glad to mail it.
Thankyou for contacting us.
1231 N. 29TH ST. P.O. BOX 30374 BILLINGS, MT 59107 (406)248-3175 U.S. WATS(800)227-3953
Accredited by Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations
P.3
Adult Chemical Dependency
There is a clear difference in the Rimrock
The most important difference, however, is in
Foundation chemical dependency treatment
what goes on during lecture, individual therapy,
program-one that makes all the difference
and group therapy. Rimrock Foundation is a
toward recovery rather than relapse. Our
total care facility for treating the whole person.
program treats patients with dignity and respect.
We directly address the physical and
we provide a competent staff, and family
psychological elements of chemical dependency.
members are an integral part of therapy.
and the defeating beliefs that accompany
addiction. We give our patients and family
members an unparalleled understanding about
themselves, their disease, their thinking patterns.
and alternative behaviors necessary for
abstinence from mood-altering chemicals. We
introduce patients to the healing principles of
Alcoholics Anonymous, and help them complete
the first five steps during residential treatment.
JUL 13 '90 16:37 RIMROCK FOUNDATION
We begin with a period of assessment and
diagnosis to determine if there is chemical
dependency, and whether there are any other
complicating issues that need to be addressed.
In a progressive, flexible program tailored to
each patient's needs, we focus on our patient's
relationships with mood-altering chemicals. Low
self-image. a sense of powerlessness. together
with a desire to control, delusion, a strong
defense system, and other psychological
complications are all part of the disease, and
are addressed in this state-of-the-art program.
Adolescent Chemical
Dependency Treatment Program
at Saint Vincent Hospital
'P.4
and Health Center
Use of mood-altering chemicals during
Providing chemical dependency treatment
adolescence can have a profound effect on
services for adolescents in a separate 18-bed unit,
normal development, inevitably intensifying
rather than in a program mixed with adult
problems of adolescence and delaying
patients. allows us to offer staff resources with
development of important coping skills. At
specialists in adolescent care, including a Ph.D.
Rimrock Foundation, our program is specially
Psychologist and a Child Psychiatrist. We tailor
designed to treat both chemical dependency and
treatment specifically for each individual patient
our young patients' interrupted growth and
based on a thorough assessment of the
maturational process simultaneously. This feature
youngster's medical, emotional, behavioral, and
sets us apart from nearly all other adolescent
developmental condition. We also have on our
treatment programs.
staff a certified teacher who works with each
patient privately and in groups to ensure the
youngster maintains his or her established level of
school performance.
The program is a minimum of 35 days long, and
JUL 13 '90 16:38 RIMROCK FOUNDATION
includes an aftercare program for up to one year,
depending on individual needs. We offer
complete services to families; Family Week and
Family Aftercare Programs. The Family Week
Program is an intensive week-long experience
designed to help family members understand the
nature of chemical dependency, to gain new
parenting skills, and to help them develop
healthier family relationships.
P.5
Clinical Services
Medical Detoxification
Intervention-Intervention is a carefully-planned
process in which our outpatient counseling staff
The Foundation provides a medical unit staffed
guides family members, friends, and/or
by specially trained nurses and physicians who
employers who are concerned about another
are in attendance or on-call 24 hours each day.
person's problem with alcohol or drugs,
gambling, or food.
Residential Services
Aftercare Program-a continuing support
system for patients to reinforce the knowledge,
Adult Residential Program-Recognized by
skills, and attitude changes they learned during
leaders in the field as offering one of the
residential treatment, and to assist their
nation's most helpful, well-designed, goal-
reintegration into their community.
oriented treatment systems.
Co-dependency Treatment Program-an eight-
Adolescent Residential Program-Together,
week outpatient group program designed
JUL 13 '90 16:38 RIMROCK FOUNDATION
Rimrock Foundation and Saint Vincent Hospital
specifically for co-dependent family members to
bring over a century of experience to offer the
learn how living with an addicted person has
region's families one of the finest treatment
affected them. and to help them develop
programs for chemically dependent youth
healthy emotional response systems.
available in the country today.
Day Treatment Addiction Program-an
intensive treatment option designed for patients
Outpatient Services
who do not require twenty-four hour supervision.
These patients join our residential patients every
Assessment and Diagnostic Services-We give
day for group and individual programming.
special emphasis to expert, comprehensive,
accurate diagnosis of addictions and related
problems.
P.6
Other Professional Services
Rimrock Publications-Publishes books and
Teachers In Residence Program-A week-long
brochures, and is a retail book dealer carrying
seminar offered twice each summer for
the region's largest selection of material on
educators wishing to enhance their understanding
addictions and related topics.
of addictions, treatment, and prevention.
Eastern Montana College awards two graduate
credits for successful completion of the course.
Professional Orientation Program-Sixty hours of
comprehensive exposure to addiction diagnosis
and treatment for professionals. Certification credit
is granted professionals for this week-long program.
Consultation and Education-For professionals.
community-based groups, educators and those con-
TELE-DIOWN
cerned with prevention and treatment of addictions.
JUL 13 '90 16:39 RIMROCK FOUNDATION
Training-Rimrock Foundation is an important
teaching center offering a formal year-long
certified training program for professionals
entering the field of addiction treatment.
Employee Assistance Program-Over twenty
years' experience goes into our training and
consultation for employers wishing to develop
and implement an employee assistance
Rimrock Foundation Library-The region's only
program.
public library specializing in addiction-related
information.
micheal Jackson
David Tell
x2800
defend application
of Law entere
Noreen
chuck
broader focus
673-2520
David 673-2824 weder
Burture of
$ Prevention
market -law
Tell Press office
enforcement
Judd
aline
2983
not everything
Old Coc
but alot
Spending
Stage
HOUZI
you
time +
Gue reachs
1n energy field
bance
decibed mipled +
local city, skite
7,000 people
RIA MUNZENEIDES
Next thirday Friday
Anti-Drog Spasch
1
-
News Accounts
x 6218
OTHER INFORMATION ON THE AREA ETC.
3
i Drug Groups INto
DRUGS AND CRIME
Drugs and crime are a growing problem in Montana and they
are very concerned about it. The state has growing numbers of
meth labs and international transport (Canada) of crack and other
drugs.
Some stories of policemen fallen in duty:
Public Affairs
(406)
Contacts: Doug Dreeszer 406-657-8462 Bilings PD
657,-
James Seykora 406-665-2393 Atty Gen's Office
610!
Doris Poppler 406-657-6102 MT Attorney Genera
maggle
Billings has had three officers killed in the line of duty very
recently -- this is all new to Eastern MT.
1. Alex Mavity was a Billings PD Detective. His wife Joyce has
3
led the community in setting up trauma help groups.
what
WAS
HER
Organization?
2. Orville Sharbono was the Chief of Police in Fairview. He was
shot while serving papers to someone.
3. Janet Rogers was killed by a bank robber during a shootout.
Her husband, George Evan Rogers, is also a cop and was
her backup -- he saw her killed and then he shot the
robber. Both Janet and George were deputy sheriffs in
Big Horn County.
There is a memorial statue to Sheriff James T. Webb -- Sheriff of
Yellowstone County in 1908. He "sealed authority with his life".
THE BIG SKY GAMES
The Big Sky Games will be opening on July 19, the day before
this event. The Games are a big sporting exhibition and
competition, much like the Goodwill Games in Seattle etc.
A TOUCH OF LOCAl COLOR
"Top of the World" is a scenic spot an hour from Bilings.
It's a lookout 11,000 feet up; drops into Yellowstone Park. You
drive on "Beartooth Highway" to get there. It's very popular and
well known throughout the state.
GOVERNORS - Stan Stephens - 406/449-3111
406/444-2511 - Capito
Victor Bjornborg IN Press study
the to bother him
JUL 13 '90 14:18 U.S. ATTY DIST. MT
PAGE. 01
U.S. Department of Justice
United States Attorney
District of Montana
ADDRESS REPLY TO
Post Office Box 1478
406/657-6101
UNITED STATES ATTORNEY
AND REFER TO
Billings, Montana 59103
FTS/585-6101
INITIALS AND NUMBER
FACSIMILE TRANSMISSION COVER SHEET
FROM:
James E. Seykora
U.S. Attorney's Office
316 N. 26th, Room 5043
P.O. Box 1478
Billings, Montana 59103
Telephone: COM (406) 657-6101 FTS 585-6101
Telefax:
COM (406) 657-6989
FTS 585-6989
TO:
Kristina Martin
Telefax No. 202-456-6218
DATE:
7/13/90
NO. OF PAGES
39
(including transmittal sheet)
CONTENTS:
Federal Prosecution Statistics
To Follow
NOTE: If you do not receive the total number of pages
indicated, please call the sending individual
listed above.
airborned expressed to you tonight
Complete infor mation packet will be
JUL 13 '90 14:19 U.S. ATTY DIST. MT
PAGE. 02
CRIME IN MONTANA
1989
ANNUAL REPORT
Compiled by the
CRIMINAL JUSTICE DATA CENTER
of the
MONTANA BOARD
OF
CRIME CONTROL
Dr. Gordon Browder, Chairman
Montana Board of Crime
Control
303 No. Roberts
JUL 13 '90 14:19
U.S. ATTY DIST. MT
PAGE 03
7
MOTOR VEHICLE THEFT
REPORTED MOTOR VEHICLE THEFTS
Motor vehicle theft is defined as the theft or attempted theft of R
vehicle which is self-propelled and runs on the surface and not on
IN MONTANA
rails. It includes automobiles, trucks, buses, vans, motorcycles,
NUMBER
and snowmobiles. It does not Include motorboats, construction
2600
equipment, airplanes, and farming equipment.
2000
In 1989, there was a total of 1,818 motor vehicles stolen In
the state. This represents an Increase of 7.8% over last
1800
year's total of 1687. Yet the state's rate for these types of of-
tenses is still less than half of the national rate.
1000
About three times as many automobiles are stolen as are
trucks. (60.2 % VS. 21.6%). Thirteen percent of the vehicles
600
stolen are motorcycles. The average worth of these vehicles
is estimated to be $4,079. (The national average in 1988
o
was $5,117.)
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1986
1988
1987
was
1989
YEAR
The total value of the vehicles stolen in 1989 in Montana
was $5,530,560. The value of recovered vehicles was esti-
mated at $4,354,943 for a recovery rate of 78.7% Although
70.6% of the vehicles are recovered, only 27.3% of the cas-
1988-1989
COMPARISON
es are cleared by arrest or by exception. (The national clear-
1988
1989
% Diff.
ance rate for 1988 is substantually less-15%.)
No. Offenses
1,687
1,818
+7.8%
State Rate
209.8
225.6
+7.5%
National Rate
582.9
DRUG ABUSE VIOLATIONS
REPORTED DRUG OFFENSES
Drug abuse involves the unlawful possession, sale, use, cultiva-
tion, and manufacturing of controlled substances and narcotic
IN MONTANA
drugs.
1980-1989
NUMBER
A total of 1,325 cases of drug abuse was reported in Monta-
2000
na in 1989, which is actually 2.5% less than the number which
was reported in 1988 (1,818)1360 corrected 7/11/90 Do,
1800
Like the nation as a whole, the decade of the 80's saw a dra-
Cmo
matic increase in the number and rate of drug abuse offenses
1000
reported in Montana. The number and rate of other major
crimes are dropping, but drug offenses have been Increasing
a steady 4.4% per year.
500
Forty-two percent of the drug offenses in Montana involve
possession or use; another 23% involve possession of drug
0
paraphenalia, and 22%, the sale or distribution of drugs. If one
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1986
1988
1957
1958
1980
YEAR
assumes drug paraphernalia is primarily associated with mari-
juana use, then 72.1% of the offenses involve marijuana. Co-
caine is the second most common drug, Involved in 6.6% of
1988-1989 COMPARISON
the cases, and amphetamines, in 5.1% of the cases.
Sixty-six percent of the drug offenses reported in Montana
1988
1989
% Diff
have resulted in an arrest in 1989.
No. Offenses
1,360
1,325
-2.6%
State Rate
169.2
154.1
-9.1%
National Rate
JUL 13 '90 14:20
U.S. ATTY DIST. MT
PAGE 04
25
DRUG ABUSE
RESISTANCE EDUCATION
(DARE)
In 1989, the Montana Board of Crime Control made a de-
Jefferson County, Glendive, Lewis and Clark County, the
cision to dedicate a substantial portion of the Drug Free
Blackfeet Indian Reservation, Billings/Yellowstone Coun-
Schools and Communities Funds to replicate the Drug
ty, Lincoln County, Sanders County, Cut Bank, Lake
Abuse Resistance Education (DARE) program throughout
County, Kalispell, and Butte/Silver Bow. The instructors
the state. This unique program uses well trained uni-
come from the ranks of police departments, sheriff offices,
formed law enforcement officers to teach a formal curricu-
tribal law enforcement agencies or a combination of
lum to students, targeting primarily fifth and sixth graders in
these.
elementary school The program emphasis of DARE is to
Approximately 7,500 children statewide received the
help students recognize and resist the many subtle pres-
core instruction for the first year. This number does not in-
sures that influence them to experiment with drugs and al-
clude the groups of younger children in Kindergarten
cohol.
through fourth grade who were introduced to the DARE
For the 1989-90 school year, $403,000 was granted to
program through a shortened curriculum designed espe-
thirteen jurisdictions for DARE implementation. The thir-
clally for that age group.
teen project areas include: Wheatland County, Livingston,
Geographic Areas Served
by DARE Programs
JUL 13 '90 14:20 U.S. ATTY DIST. MT
PAGE. 05
27
DRUG TASK FORCES
Overview
Manpower
With the implementation of the 1986 Anti-Drug Act, a
Using local funding, seven other local law enforcement
state drug task force and seven local and multi-
agencies have officers dedicated to drug control. By
jurisdictional drug teams were established across the
1989, there were 47 full-time equivalents (FTEs) officers
state.
engaged in drug control activities in 12 separate agencies.
All 56 counties in Montana are included in the jurisdic-
In addition to law enforcement officers, one state prosec-
tion of the Montana Department of Justice task force. This
utor is funded by Anti-Drug Abuse funds. He is responsi-
task force is based in Missoula, but will assist any law en-
bie for the prosecution of drug cases developed by the
forcement agency in the investigation of drug cases. The
State Law Enforcement Unit and the State Drug Task
seven local task forces include 17 counties in their re-
Force. He will also assist any other counties with the prose-
spective jurisdictions. These counties contain 46.8% of
cution of drug cases If requested. Another 1.75 FTE pro-
the state's population.
secutors are funded at the local level by Anti-Drug abuse
funds.
Local Drug Task Forces in Montana
Drug Task Forces in Montana:
1. Lincoln County Shariff-Special Drug Investigation Unit
2. Flathead County Sheriff-Multi-Agency Drug Investigation Team
3. Missoula County Sheriff-Operation Crackdown
4. Havre Police Department-Tri-Agency Drug Task Force
$. Valley County Sherill-NE Montana Drug Task Force
6. Glendive Police Department-Estem Montana Drug Trafficking
Intelligence Program
7. Yellowstone County Shariff-Operation Drugnet
o. r apr. of Justice's Criminal Board of Investigation Unit-Statewide
Jurisdiction (Not Shown)
JUL 13 '90 14:21
U.S. ATTY DIST. MT
PAGE. 06
The number of specialized narcotics officers has in-
creased about 26% in the last year. They now comprise
AVERAGE PRISON SENTENCE
about 2.8 % of all law enforcement manpower and 4.3% of
FOR DRUG ABUSE CASES 1989
all sworn manpower in the state.
AVERAGE NUMBER OF MONTHS
100
Arrest and Conviction Data
in 1989, state and local drug task forces made 373 arrests.
80
Most of the arrests involved cannabis or marijuana (58%).
The sale of drugs was the primary major criminal activity for
60
which a person was arrested (57%). possession of a con-
trolled substance was second (34%) .
40
A total of 314 convictions resulted from the arrests made
by the drug task force teams. Eighty-three persons were
20
sent to prison. Thirty-five received shorter jall sentences;
32, probation; 58 I suspended sentences, and 87, de-
o
HEROIN
CODAINS
CANNABIS
HALLUG
WITH 4
UNKNOWN
terred or other sentences. Nineteen persons were fined
AMPHETAMINES OTHER
and released.
TYPE OF DRUG
DRUG ARRESTS by FUNDED TASK FORCES
1989
Sate/Distribute
214 57%
Cocaine
73 20%
Cultivate
Cannabia
16 4%
216 58%
Other
Other
16 4%
29 8%
Meth/Amph
55 15%
Possess
127 34%
Major Drug Involved
Major Drug Crime
Total of 373 Task Force Arrests
Total of 373 Task Force Arrests
Other-Possession of Drug
Other-Herein, Mallucinogene,
Peraphernalia
Other/Unknown
A:ARRGIM
JUL 13 '90 14:21 U.S. ATTY DIST. MT
PAGE. 07
JULY 20 . 22
1
9
o
BILLINGS
MONTANA
BIG SKY STATE GAMES
1.00
Coke
X
R
First Banks
KOA
MONTANA'S
BIG SKY
North
West
SCHELL
STATE GAMES
new
East
*******
-
-
-
BALLET
*******
NEVELLI
CODE
Serious Fun
tax
-
thousand Montana amateur athletes, having some serious
required
hat's the goal for the 1990 Big Sky State Games July 20-22
South
ings. Regional Festivals to qualify for the finals will be held
IF areas; Bozeman, Great Falls, Miles City/Glendive and
rula. The statewide regionals will be held in June in Basket-
Volleyball, Bowling and Track (5 events in track).
I
Region: Great Falls-June 15th-17th
Major Sponsors
as well as athletes for whom State Games are a real career high-
Region: Missoula-June 15th-17th
For five consecutive years - since its inception in 1986 - the
light. Many State Games play prominent roles in education, drug
JUL 13 '90 14:22 U.S. ATTY DIST.
t Regian: Bozernan-June 29th-July 1st
Big Sky State Games has become a reality through the sponsor-
awareness programs, scholarship activities, sports medicine and)
Region: Miles City/Glendive-June 29th-July 1st
ship of Coca-Cola, First Banks and Kampgrounds of America.
coaching clinics. State Games are each state's sports melting pot,
Billings-June 9th (Bowling & Track only)
welcoming-athletes with a unique sense of state pride.
Montana Officials Association Clinic
Sports
The Montana High School Association will conduct a clinic for
Montana Senior Games
Games will feature two new sports this year with the addition
Basketball and Football officials just prior to the Big Sky State
Seniors, 55 and older, may qualify in the Big Sky State Games for
uestrian and Karate. The shooting competition will be
Games. John Clougherty, a Final Four Official, is the featured ban-
the United States National Senior Championships. For information
MT
ided to include the Sporting Clays event.
quet speaker and clinician for the MOA festivities.
contact: Don F. Tavolacci, P.O. Box 1457, Billings. MT 59103.
1 Highlights
Phone: 252-2795
e past four years of competition, 20,000 athletes from 235
Class B All-Star Football Game
THANKS
ana cities and towns have participated in the Big Sky State
The Second Annual Class "8" All Star Football Game will be held
S. It has become the largest multi-sport event in the history
in Billings, Saturday, July 21st at Daylis Stadium at 7:30 p.m.. The
Thanks to the efforts of thousands of athletes, volunteers and
ontana. A special highlight of the 1989 Centennial Games
game will be a featured weekend event of the Big Sky State
sponsors, the Big Sky State Games continues to showcase the
the lighting of the Torch by Abel R. Kiviat, age 97, America's
Games. Seventy-two Class B Football players from 41 different
Montana spirit of sportsmanship and participation. The success of
communities will participate in the game. The public is
the Games is directly the result of your support.
t Olympic medal winner. Another highpoint was the 60 meter
between two entries from Forsyth, 2 year old Tyler Weisch
encouraged to attend.
Entry Forms Available
100 year old Ella Beals.
State Games Dance
Pick up your entry form at First Banks, Universal Athletic Stores.
ete Check-In
Plan to attend the Big Sky State Games Dance Saturday. July
Wendy's or YMCA's statewide.
le Check-In will be held at Daylis Stadium July 20th just prior
21st, at the Billings Holiday Inn from 9 p.m. to Midnight.
rening Ceremonies.
licte Check-ta - 5:00 to 8:00 p.m.
National Congress of State Games Gains
PAGE.08
ening Ceremonies - 8:00 p.m.
USOC Membership
The United States Olympic Committee and the Big Sky State Games
In February of 1990 the United States Olympic Committee House
are nonprofit organizations supporting amateur athletics.
ning Ceremonies
of Delegates voted to admit the membership of the National Con-
I would like to make a contribution to:
ing Ceremonies Friday, July 20th, at Daylis Stadium, will be
gress of State Games (NCSG). The Big Sky State Games is a
Big Sky State Games
U.S. Olympic Committee
r-spangled experience, sponsored by the Billings Gazette.
member of the NCSG.
Both the Big Sky State Games & the U.S. Olympic Committee
i open at 5:00 p.m. meals and concessions will be available.
Games Nationwide
Name:
first event of the State Games is the 5K race which will finish
} Stadium during the Opening Celebration. Governor Stan
Four hundred thousand athletes participated in State Games in 40
Address:
lens will officially open the Ceremonies at 8:00 p.m.. fot-
states across the nation in 1989. State Games feature the sports
City:
Zip Code
I by the Parade of Athletes, fireworks, music, dancing,
of the Olympic and Pan-American Games as well as an occasional
Please clip and mail with donation to:
APR halloons ninenns and the traditional lighting of the Bio
local favorite. They attract athletes of a wide variety of ages, back-
Big Sky State Games, P.O. Box 2318, Billings, MT 59103
JUL 13 '90 14:23
U.S. ATTY DIST. MT
PAGE 09
Event Sponsors
Archery-MDU
Badminton-KBLG/KRKX Radio
Basketball-Montana Power Co.
-
Bowling-Brunswick
Cycling-The Billings Clinic
Equestrian-Montana Beef Council
Golf-Midland Roundtable
Handball-IBM
Karate-KYYA Y-93 Radio
Racquetball-KCTR Radio
Road Race-The Billings Gazette
Shooting-Continental Airlines
Soccer-Conoco
Softball-Horizon Air
Swimming-Gainan's Flowers
Table Tennis-Boys & Girls Club
Tennis-Hennessys
Track & Field-Domino's Pizza
Volleyball-Exxon
Windsurfing-Entre Computer Center
Wrestling-Wendy's
Regional Sponsors
Continental Airlines
Holiday Inn-Missoula-Parkside
Heritage Inn-Great Falls
Miles City Sport & Recreation Committee
Opening Ceremonies
Picnic Sponsor
Montana Beef Council
Opening Ceremonies July 20th, 8:00 p.m.
sponsored by
Billings Gazette
may
JUL 13 '90 14:23 U.S. ATTY DIST. MT
PAGE. 10
Major Sponsors
Coke
First Banks
KOA
Mandems Feel Birn Gram
Opening Ceremonies
Billings
AN
Gasette
The Source.
Medical Services
Deaconess
Medical
Center
Community Sponsors
Universal Athletic Stores
Artcraft Printers
US WEST Communications
CommNet 2000 (Cellular, Inc.)
Holiday Inn Billings Plaza
School District #2
Billings Sheraton Hotel
Selover Honda
For More Information Contact:
Big Sky State Games
P.O. Box 2318
Billings, Montana 59103
(406) 245-8106
JUL 13 '90 14:23
U.S. ATTY DIST. MT
PAGE. 11
Average Montana Funded Drug Task Force
Two (2) Year Average
A. The statistics for the Criminal Investigation Bureau, Multi Jurisdictional
Drug Enforcement Project, has not been included in the makeup of this
average task force report for obvious reasons.
B. Average Grant Awards: 1st Year
$51,990.00
Federal
13,109.00
Local match
Total
$65,099.00
2nd Year
$42,963.00
Federal
19,403.00
Local match
Total
$62,366.00
C. Average Number of Counties in Jurisdiction: 2.43
D. Jurisdiction Covered By All Seven
Big Horn County
(7) Task Forces:
Blaine County
Custer County
Dawson County
Fallon County
Flathead County
Hill County
Lincoln County
McCone County
Missoula County
Prairie County
Richland County
Sheridan County
Roosevelt County
Valley County
Wibaux County
Yellowstone County
E. Average Expenditures:
1st Year
$49,293.00
Federal
13,109.00
Local
$62,402.00
Total
2nd Year
$45,162.00
Federal
20,178.00
Local
$65,340.00
Total
F. Average Law Enforcement Personnel:
2.6
Full-Time Grant Funded Officer
1.71 Est. Overtime Funded Officers
Prosecution Personnel:
.59 Estimated Funded and Non Funded.
Support Staff:
.64 Funded
JUL 13 '90 14:24 U.S. ATTY DIST. MT
PAGE. 12
Page 2
Average Montana Drug Task Force
G. Average Purchase of Evidence and Information:
First Year
$3,583.00
Second Year $5,181.00
Total
$8,764.00
H. Equipment Purchased: Listed are the most common equipment purchased
by the seven (7) drug task forces during the
first two (2) years.
Equipment
Average
Surveillance Equipment
$5,540.00
communication Equipment
$2,260.00
Photo & TV Equipment
$1,577.00
Computer and accessories
$2,438.00
Other
$231.00
Total
$12,046.00
I. Average Arrests:
Manufacture
Sell
Possess
Other
Total
Cocaine
11
4
15
Marijuana
1
20
20
5
46
1
1
LSD
Meth/Amph
1
3
2
6
2
2
2
6
Other Drugs
Total
2
37
28
7
74
J. Average Arrest Profile:
Male
Female
< 18
18
>
1st Off
Repeat Off
Unk Off
Caucasian
48
16
4
60
38
16
12
Black
1
1
1
Hispanic
1
1
1
Indian
5
3
1
7
3
1
2
Totals
55
19
5
69
43
17
14
K. Average Convictions:
Manufacture
Sell
Possess
Other
Total
Cocaine
6
4
10
Marijuana
10
16
4
30
Meth/Amph
2
1
3
Other Drugs
1
1
1
2
5
Totals
1
19
22
6
48
JUL 13 '90 14:24 U.S. ATTY DIST. MT
PAGE. 13
Page 3
Average Montana Drug Task Force
L. Average Sentences:
Prison-Jail-Prob-Jailprob-susp-Other-Commserv-Fine-Total
Cocaine
3
1
2
1
2
9
Marijuana
2
2
3
8
10
4
29
Meth/Amph
1
1
2
Other Drugs
1
1
2
Totals
6
3
5
10
14
4
42
M. Average Drug Removal By Amounts:
*Measure
Seizure
Purchase
Cocaine
Grams
326.38
99.06
Hashish
Grams
13.47
Marijuana
ounces
213.52
16.50
Marijuana Plants
Number
364
Morphine
Grams
3.43
Grams
.06
Opium
other Narcotics
Grams
4.0
other Hallucinogens
Grams
4.14
.48
213.29
178.81
Meth/Amph
Grams
Other Drugs
Grams
.91
Meth/Amph
Dosage Units
1
30
LSD
Dosage Units
24
10
other Stimulants
Dosage Units
3
19
Barbiturates
Dosage Units
3
Other Depressants
Dosage
Units
21
12
Other Drugs
Dosage Units
540
Unknown Drugs
Dosage Units
86
* 28.35 grams - Ounce
N. Average Property Seizures:
Number
Value
Vehicles
9
$21,980.00
Currency
3
$14,830.00
Real Property
1
$8,786.00
Weapons
11
$2,627.00
other
16
$7,264.00
Totals
40
$55,487.00
O. Average Property Forfeitures:
Vehicles
5
$9,095.00
Currency
2
$10,310.00
Weapons
2
$543.00
other
1
$576.00
Totals
10
$20,524.00
JUL 13 '90 14:25 U.S. ATTY DIST. MT
PAGE. 14
STATE OF MONTANA
DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE
BOARD OF CRIME CONTROL
STATE
STATE
Mare Racicot
303 North Roberts
Attorney General
Scott Hart Building
Helena, MT 59620
June 27, 1990
Memo to: Jim Seykora
From: Cathy Kendall Cothy
Subject: Drug Free Schools and Communities
A short summary of the initiation of Project DARE is enclosed.
Initiated in 13 project areas for '89, it will be expanded to 18
or more in '90-91. This project has received the bulk of the
Governor's portion of Drug Free Schools money for the following
reasons: it offers a unique opportunity for law enforcement to get
involved with students in the school setting; it is a formalized
curriculum which offers a chance for quality control; it seems to
work.
The Adolescent Health Survey published in March 1990 is enclosed.
Some highlights:
Tobacco use -- use of smokeless tobacco is well above the
national average. This is not only a concern because of the obvious
health implications, but for some high-risk youth tobacco usage is
considered a precursor to other controlled substances.
Alcohol use -- for both male and females is reported higher
than the national average for same sex/age. ( A few pages from a
survey conducted by the Indian Health Service is also included.
Comparisons between the indian and non-indian show a remarkable
usage pattern for all drugs. Our reservations are hurting.)
Substance Abuse ---- Although details are not included in the Health
Survey published copy , individual responses to drug-related
questions indicate that experimentation and usage patterns parallel
the national averages. What this means to us :
* the "rural-ness" of this state does not give
us immunity from substance abuse. It does
create additional challenges to develop a
viable prevention/treatment service delivery
system. The problems are not unique; the
solutions may have to be.
A Billings area school survey was conducted in 1988. Parts are
attached which give good comparisons with national usage--
particularly the alcohol and marijuana data.
Tel. (406) 444-3604
Fax (406) 444-4722
JUL 13 '90 14:25
U.S. ATTY DIST. MT
PAGE. 15
DRUG ABUSE
RESISTANCE EDUCATION
(DARE)
In 1989, the Montana Board of Crime Control made a de-
Jefferson County, Glendive, Lewis and Clark County, the
cision to dedicate a substantial portion of the Drug Free
Blackfeet Indian Reservation, Billings/Yellowstone Coun-
Schools and Communities Funds to replicate the Drug
ty; Lincoln County, Sanders County, Cut Bank. Lake
Abuse Resistance Education (DARE) program throughout
County, Kalispell, and Butte/Sliver Bow. The instructors
the state. This unique program uses well trained unl-
come from the ranks of police departments, sheriff offices,
formed law enforcement officers to teach a formal curricu-
tribal law enforcement agencies or a combination of
lum to students, targeting primarily fifth and sixth graders in
these.
elementary school . The program emphasis of DARE is to
Approximately 7,500 children statewide received the
help students recognize and resist the many subtle pres-
core Instruction for the first year. This number does not In-
sures that influence them to experiment with drugs and al-
clude the groups of younger children in Kindergarten
cohol.
through fourth grade who were introduced to the DARE
For the 1989-90 school year, $403,000 was granted to
program through a shortened curriculum designed espe-
thirteen jurisdictions for DARE implementation. The thir-
cially for that age group.
teen project areas Include: Wheatland County, Livingston,
Geographic Areas Served
by DARE Programs
JUL 13 '90 14:26
U.S. ATTY DIST. MT
PAGE. 16
DRUG USE AMONG INDIAN STUDENTS ATTENDING
SCHOOLS SERVED BY THE BILLINGS AREA OFFICE
OF THE INDIAN HEALTH SERVICE
Spring, 1987
Technical Support From:
Western Behavioral Studies
Colorado State University
Fort Collins, Colorado
Grant Support from the
National Institute on Drug Abuse (#0A-03371)
JUL 13 '90 14:26
U.S. ATTY DIST. MT
PAGE. 17
21
Table 3
Lifetime Use of Drugs and Alcohol
Billings Area
Other
National Non-
Indian Youth 1987*
Indian 1985
Indian 1985
Alcohol
82%
78%
57%
Marijuana
57%
59%
24%
Cigarettes
79%
52%
45%
Inhalants
30%
25%
9%
(excluding cocaine)
Stimulants
29%
20%
6%
(speed, uppers)
Sedatives
9%
8%
4%
(downers, barbiturates
or methaqualone)
Tranquilizers
8%
5%
5%
(Librium, Valium, etc.)
Heroin
5%
4%
<.5%
Cocaine
9%
8%
5%
PCP
10%
6%
**
Hallucinogens
12%
7%
3%
(LSD, mushrooms, etc.)
*
2144 Indian adolescents were surveyed.
** Data not available.
JUL 13 '90 14:26
U.S. ATTY DIST. MT
PAGE. 18
11
TABLE 1
PERCENT OF 7TH-12TH GRADE INDIAN STUDENTS IN THE
BILLINGS AREA SCHOOLS WHO HAVE EVER USED DRUGS
AND WHO HAVE USED THEM IN THE PAST MONTH
Ever Used
Used In Last Month
Alcohol
82%*
44%
Marijuana
67%
29%
Cigarettes
79%
36%
Inhalants
30%
7%
(excluding cocaine)
Stimulants
29%
9%
(speed, uppers)
Sedatives
9%
3%
(downers, barbiturates,
or methaqualone)
Tranquilizers
8%
7%
(Librium, Valium, etc.)
Heroin
5%
2%
Cocaine
9%
2%
PCP
10%
2%
Hallucinogens
12%
3%
(LSD, mushrooms, etc.)
*
All percentages have been rounded to nearest whole number.
JUL 13 '90 14:27 U.S. ATTY DIST. MT
PAGE. 19
DRUG AND ALCOHOL USE AMONG YELLOWSTONE COUNTY
DRUG-FREE SCHOOLS CONSORTIUM STUDENTS
DETAILED REPORT
1988
Sponsored by:
Yellowstone County Drug-Free Schools Consortium
Billings, Montana
Report Prepared by:
RMBSI, Inc.
2190 West Drake Road, Suite 144
Fort Collins, CO 80526
(303)221-0602
The American Drug and Alcohol SurveyTM
Copyright 1988 by RMBSI, Inc.
JUL 13 '90 14:27 U.S. ATTY DIST. MT
PAGE. 20
PART I
AN OVERVIEW OF DRUG USE
Part I provides a brief, but complete, overview of the results of the survey, so
that someone who carefully studied the tables and graphs in this section should have an
accurate idea about how much the Yellowstone County Drug-Free Schools Consortium
students use drugs. The reader who wants to know more about the use of any
individual drug can look up that drug in Part III of this report.
HOW MANY YELLOWSTONE COUNTY DRUG-FREE SCHOOLS CONSORTIUM
STUDENTS HAVE TRIED DRUGS?
The first table presented here is the percent of students who have "ever tried"
alcohol or drugs. The "ever tried" statistic is a very general measure, since it includes
any amount of a drug ever taken. A student who may have had a small glass of wine at
a family celebration would be included as having "ever tried" alcohol - so would the
student who drinks enough to get drunk every week. This table would also not
distinguish between the student who tried marijuana once several years ago and one
who is now using it every day: both would be listed as having tried marijuana.
Despite its limitations, the "ever tried" statistic is useful. It shows the total
amount of exposure that a group has to a particular drug. It also shows how many
students were willing to experiment with a drug.
Furthermore, the "ever tried" measure is highly reliable, and because it is used
on most other surveys, it allows us to make comparisons between Yellowstone County
Drug-Free Schools Consortium 12th graders and other high school seniors across the
country. Table 1 has a column marked "National Seniors." The rates given in that
column were obtained from a national sample of over 16,000 seniors who were surveyed
in 1987. While the national data were collected somewhat earlier, the comparisons
between national rates and Yellowstone County Drug-Free Schools Consortium twelfth
grade rates are still informative because the national "ever tried" rates rarely change
more than one or two percent a year.
4
JUL 13 '90 14:28
U.S. ATTY DIST. MT
PAGE, 21
TABLE 1
Percent of Yellowstone County Drug-Free Schools Consortium Students
And 12th Graders Across The Country Who Have Ever Tried A Drug*
National**
6th
8th
12th
12th
Alcohol
61%
80%
96%
92%
Cigarettes
29%
51%
64%
67%
Marijuana
4%
14%
43%
50%
Cocaine
2%
4%
9%
15%
Stimulants
2%
6%
18%
22%
Legal Stimulants
4%
8%
27%
***
Inhalants
9%
18%
13%
17%
Nitrites
1%
6%
20%
5%
Downers
< 1%
2%
3%
7%
Quaaludes
< 1%
2%
3%
4%
Tranquilizers
< 1%
1%
2%
11%
Hallucinogens
2%
5%
11%
10%
PCP
2%
2%
2%
3%
Narcotics other than heroin
3%
4%
8%
9%
Information about crack, heroin, and smokeless tobacco is available in Part III.
* Throughout this report most figures are rounded to the nearest percent.
** The national data on drug use among high school seniors are from the annual national surveys
funded by the National Institute on Drug Abuse and conducted by the Institute for Social Research
at the University of Michigan.
Data not available.
5
JUL 13 '90 14:28
U.S. ATTY DIST. MT
PAGE 22
CURRENT DRUG USE AMONG
YELLOWSTONE COUNTY DRUG-FREE SCHOOLS CONSORTIUM STUDENTS
The "ever tried" figures that were presented in Table 1 showed how many
Yellowstone County Drug-Free Schools Consortium students have experimented with
drugs, but do not show how many are using drugs now. Many young people try a drug
for a while, but then stop using it. In national studies, for example, almost a fourth of
the high school seniors who had tried marijuana when they were younger did not use it
during their senior year. About half of those who had tried other drugs did not use
them recently.
Tables 2 and 3 provide an estimate of current drug use. Table 2 shows how
many students used each drug during the last 12 months. Table 3 shows how many used
drugs during the last 30 days prior to the survey. Tables 2 and 3 also include data on
seniors nationwide for comparison with the local twelfth graders.
TABLE 2
Percent of Yellowstone County Drug-Free Schools Consortium Students
And 12th Graders Across the Country Who Have Used Drugs in the Last 12 Months
National
6th
8th
12th
12th
Alcohol
41%
62%
89%
86%
Marijuana
2%
10%
32%
36%
Cocaine
<1%
2%
7%
10%
Stimulants
< 1%
3%
9%
12%
Legal Stimulants
2%
5%
20%
Inhalants
5%
10%
5%
7%
Nitrites
<1%
1%
7%
3%
Downers
< <1%
2%
2%
4%
Hallucinogens
<1%
3%
6%
6%
PCP
<1%
<1%
< <1%
1%
Narcotics other than heroin
<1%
<1%
2%
5%
Data not available.
6
JUL 13 '90 14:29
U.S. ATTY DIST. MT
PAGE 23
TABLE 3
Percent of Yellowstone County Drug-Free Schools Consortium Students
And 12th Graders Across the Country Who Have Used Drugs in the Last 30 Days
National
6th
8th
12th
12th
Alcohol
18%
35%
70%
66%
Marijuana
1%
5%
16%
21%
Cocaine
< 1%
1%
4%
4%
Stimulants
< 1%
2%
4%
5%
Inhalants
3%
5%
2%
3%
Nitrites
<1%
<1%
2%
1%
Downers
<1%
1%
<1%
1%
Hallucinogens
< <1%
1%
2%
3%
PCP
< 1%
< :1%
<1%
<1%
Narcotics other than heroin
& 1%
< 1%
< 1%
2%
7
JUL 13 '90 14:29 U.S. ATTY DIST. MT
PAGE 24
Detective Alexander F. Mavity (Deceased)
Billings Police Department
February 14, 1989
On Tuesday, February 14, 1989, Detective Alex F. Mavity, an
eight year veteran with the Billings, Montana, Police Department,
went to the residence of Ronald Ducksworth and arrested
Ducksworth who was wanted by the State of Mississippi for parole
violation stemming from an earlier burglary conviction.
Detective Mavity had talked with Ducksworth on a number of prior
occasions and therefore did not handcuff Ducksworth at the time
of the arrest. Ducksworth was transported to the Billings Police
Department and as he was exiting the police vehicle located
behind the police station, he attempted to run away from
Detective Mavity. He was followed by Detective Mavity in the
police vehicle and was again confronted by Detective Mavity in an
alley one block away as Dusksworth was trying to pull an
individual out of a vehicle in order to further his escape
attempt. Ducksworth again ran away from the Detective and
grabbed another individual who had just exited from the Norwest
Bank Building, located one block from the police station, and
used this person as a shield inasmuch as Detective Mavity, who
had drawn his service revolver, was ordering him to stop.
Detective Mavity ordered Ducksworth to release the person which
he did but at the same time grabbed Detective Mavity's service
revolver and pulled it toward him. The service revolver fired
and Ducksworth was shot in the chest. Ducksworth then turned the
pistol around in Detective Mavity's hand and it went off hitting
Detective Mavity in the arm. Ducksworth then took control of the
weapon and thereafter shot Detective Mavity two more times
causing his death.
Detective Mavity is survived by his wife, Joyce C. Mavity
and a daughter Alexis Catherine Mavity.
JUL 13 '90 14:29 U.S. ATTY DIST. MT
PAGE. 25
SUBJECT: JAMES FALLON ALLEN; ORVILLE EDWIN SHARBONO, CHIEF OF
POLICE, FAIRVIEW, MONTANA - VICTIM; POLICE KILLINGS, 00:SU.
FOR INFORMATION OF THE BUREAU, ON 3/17/90, ORVILLE
SHARBONO, AGE 60, CHIEF OF POLICE, FAIRVIEW, MONTANA, WAS
FELONIOUSLY SHOT AND KILLED IN THE CITY OF FAIRVIEW, MONTANA.
PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION BY RICHLAND COUNTY SHERIFF'S OFFICE,
SYDNEY, MONTANA, REFLECTS THAT CHIEF SHARBONO HAD GONE TO THE
RESIDENCE OF JAMES FALLON ALLEN, WHITE MALE, AGE 58, AT
APPROXIMATELY 5:00 P.M. TO SERVICE HIM WITH SOME CIVIL PAPERS.
A WITNESS STATES THAT AS SHARBONO WAS WALKING UP TO ALLEN'S
HOUSE, HE APPARENTLY DETECTED SOMETHING WRONG AND TOOK OFF
RUNNING AT WHICH TIME ALLEN STARTED SHOOTING AT HIM. IT APPEARS
THAT ALLEN HAD CONCEALED HIMSELF ALONG SIDE HIS RESIDENCE.
CRIME SCENE INVESTIGATION DISCLOSED THAT ALLEN HAD FIRED
APPROXIMATELY FOURTEEN ROUNDS WITH A 9MM SMITH AND WESSON, MODEL
59, SEMI-AUTOMATIC PISTOL. IT ALSO APPEARS THAT SHARBONO HAD
FIRED APPROXIMATELY 24 TO 25 ROUNDS FROM HIS 9MM SMITH AND
WESSON, MODEL 5906, SEMI-AUTOMATIC PISTOL. CHIEF SHARBONO WAS
STRUCK A TOTAL OF SIX TIMES. SHARBONO WAS WEARING A BULLET
PROOF VEST. IT IS NOTED THAT CHIEF SHARBONO WAS STRUCK IN THE
BACK, ONE BULLET PENETRATED BOTH SIDES OF HIS VEST, AND THE
OTHER BULLET PASSED THROUGH HIS BODY AND LODGED IN THE SHOCK
PLATE OF HIS VEST. A THIRD BULLET ENTERED THE RIGHT ARM AND
PASSED THROUGH HIS BACK, EXITING THE BODY. THE FOURTH ROUND
JUL 13 '90 14:30 U.S. ATTY DIST. MT
PAGE. 26
TRAVELED ALONG SIDE HIS VEST NEAR HIS NECK. A FIFTH BULLET
ENTERED THE SHOULDER STRAP OF HIS VEST AND LODGED NEAR HIS
SHOULDER BLADE. THE SIXTH ROUND ENTERED ABOVE THE LEFT EYE
CAUSING INSTANT DEATH. SUBJECT ALLEN WAS STRUCK ONE TIME IN THE
LOWER ABDOMEN. HE WAS LISTED IN SERIOUS CONDITION AT HOSPITAL
IN SYDNEY, MONTANA, BUT IS EXPECTED TO RECOVER.
RICHLAND COUNTY UNDERSHERIFF MARVIN JOHNSON, SYDNEY,
MONTANA, ADVISED THAT JAMES FALLON ALLEN, DATE OF BIRTH: MAY 13,
1932, WAS KNOWN TO HIS DEPARTMENT AS BEING A COMPLAINER AND
LETTER WRITER. HE WAS SUSPECTED AS BEING MENTALLY UNSTABLE,
HOWEVER HE HAS NO CRIMINAL RECORD IN RICHLAND COUNTY NOR COULD
ANY CRIMINAL RECORD BE LOCATED ELSEWHERE. AN UNCONFIRMED RUMOR
INDICATES THAT ALLEN HAS UNDERGONE MENTAL HEALTH TREATMENT IN
JAMES TOWN, NORTH DAKOTA. ALLEN IS A LONG TIME RESIDENCE OF
RICHLAND COUNTY WHO LIVED ALONE IN FAIRVIEW, MONTANA, AND OWNED
A SMALL FARM NEARBY. COUNTY ATTORNEY HAS ADVISED THAT LOCAL
CHARGES WILL BE FILED AGAINST ALLEN.
RICHLAND COUNTY AUTHORITIES HAVE NOT REQUESTED ANY FBI
ASSISTANCE.
ORVILLE EDWIN SHARBONO IS DESCRIBED AS A WHITE MALE, DATE
OF BIRTH: 12/16/29; HEIGHT: SIX FEET; WEIGHT: 178 POUNDS; SSAN:
517-30-3416. CHIEF SHARBONO HAD SERVED AS CHIEF OF POLICE FOR
THE TWO MAN DEPARTMENT IN FAIRVIEW, MONTANA, FOR THE PAST 22
YEARS. HE WAS WELL LIKED AND RESPECTED IN THE COMMUNITY AS
BEING A FAIR AND HONEST LAWMAN. THE CITY OF FAIRVIEW, MONTANA,
IS A COMMUNITY OF APPROXIMATELY 1000 PEOPLE. CHIEF SHARBONO IS
SURVIVED BY HIS WIFE OF 41 YEARS, PAULINE SHARBONO, P.O. BOX
241, FAIRVIEW, MONTANA, AND TWO SONS AND A DAUGHTER.
JUL 13 '90 14:30 U.S. ATTY DIST. MT
PAGE. 27
FD-350 (Rev. 5-8-81)
(Indicate page, name of
newspaper, city and state.)
BILLINGS GAZETTE
(Mount Clipping in Space Below)
Billings, Montana front page
Date:
6/20/90
Edition:
Title: 2½-mile procession honors
deputy
21/2-mile procession
Character:
OF
91A-SU-33242
Classification:
Submitting Office:
Salt Lake City (Billings, MT RA)
honors deputy
Indexing:
By RITA MUNZENRIDER
Of the Gazene Staff
HARDIN- Big Horn County
said goodbye Tuesday to slain
Deputy Janet Rogers, who was
gunned down by a bank robber last
week.
About 275 law officers from
three states made up a third of
those who packed into the Hardin
Middle School auditorium to pay
tribute to Rogers.
As many as 1,000 other people
lined the streets of Hardin to watch
the 21/2-mile honorary funeral
procession of Rogers' hearse and
almost 100 law enforcement patrol
cars with light bars flashing.
One spectator. Pat Ten Bear,
About 275 law enforcement personnel paid respects to
said she didn't know Rogers
Rogers at a funeral service in Hardin Tuesday afternoon.
personally, but the deputy always
Rogers was slain by a robbery suspect last week.
was friendly when she saw her on
Another spectator, Mary
15, Rogers. 39, was the mother of
the street. "I just feel bad. She
always had a wave or a smile for
Steinmetz, said the deputy's violent
three sons and the wife of George
you and I'm really going to miss
death upset the small community.
Rogers, a Big Horn County sheriffs
her." said Ten Bear as she watched
"It's sad," Steinmetz said. "It
detective. 91A-54-33242-3
the deputy's funeral procession pass
hurts to think this can happen in a
Rogers died of a single .357-
by on Center Avenue, Hardin's main
little town like this."
caliber Magnum gunshot wound to
street.
A senior deputy on the force of
the abdomen last Thursday while
Amo limit
JUN 2 1990
JUL 13 '90 14:31
U.S. ATTY DIST. MT
PAGE 28
trying to apprehend a Billings man
who had robbed First Interstate
Bank in downtown Hardin minutes
earlier.
The robber. Clinton L.
Thompson, 58, also was killed when
Rogers, her husband and a third
officer returned fire. Thompson
was shot eight times, but
investigators have not confirmed
from whose gun the bullets came.
On Tuesday, Yellowstone
County deputies Tom Taggart and
Ron Armstrong volunteered their
days off to help their lieutenant,
Dave Evans, answer emergency
law enforcement calls in Hardin so
all members of the Big Horn County
Sheriff's Department could attend
the 2 p.m. funeral service. Kathy
Gray, a dispatcher for the Billings
Communications Center. also
volunteered her time to dispatch
emergency calls in Big Horn
County during the service and the
reception that followed.
During the service, Rev. Bill
Tibbs of the First Congregational
(More on Funeral, Page 8A)
PAYING RESPECTS
Gazette photos by James Wooder
Alex LaForge Sr. of Lodge Grass watches law enforcement vehicles in a procession for slain Deputy Janet Rogers.
JUL 13 '90 14:33
U.S. ATTY DIST. MT
PAGE 29
91A-SU-33242
6/20/90
Funeral
I've ever had to do," Medicinehorse
told mourners.
"There was no prejudice on
J.R's part," the chief deputy said.
From Page One
"She treated everyone the same."
The service also included words
Church in Hardin told mourners that
from Barb Brown, Lola Russell and
Rogers loved -her job and always
Merna Kincade, the deputy's fellow
tried to do her best to serve the peo-
members of the Alpha Rebekah
Lodge.
ple of her county.
The funeral concluded with pall-
"She had respect for the racial
bearers - two officers each from the
and cultural differences of the people
Big Horn County Sheriff's Depart-
who make up this community," Tibbs
ment, the Montana Highway Patrol
said. "She treated all fairly, with dig-
22-13
and the Bureau of Indian Affairs,
nity and respect. In her untimely
passed the flag from Rogers' casket
death. she took a little bit of Hardin
to Sheriff Ed Whaley, who presented
with her."
it to the family.
Tibbs described her as a woman
Officers representing local, state
unafraid to meet challenges as a
Gazena photo by James Woodeock
and federal agencies from all over
wife, a mother and a deputy. He
A band covers a badge in
Montana; Wyoming and North Da-
asked mourners to think about the
kota then filed out of the auditorium
honor of Janet Rogers.
risks of being in law enforcement and
and past Rogers' open casket. Some
other service areas.
death, removed them at midnight
paused briefly to give the deputy a fi-
Larson Medicinehorse, chief
Tuesday.
nal salute.
deputy sheriff of Big Horn County
As a group, the officers stood at
Montana Attorney Gen. Marc
and a Crow Sun Dance chief, per-
attention outside the school and sa-
Racicot, U.S. Attorney Doris Poppler
formed a brief traditional Crow serv-
luted in unison as the casket was car-
and U.S. Marshal Leo Giacometto
ice for his friend and co-worker
ried to the hearse.
also attended the service. Officers
whom he called "J.R."
The officers wore black bands
came from as far away as Whitefish,
Joe and Alice Bear Cloud sang
across their shiny badges as a symbol
Hamilton, Thompson Falls and Mis-
an Indian version of a traditional
of mourning for the fallen officer. Big
soula. Fritz Behr, an assistant to Gov.
Crow song.
Horn County deputies, who donned
Stan Stephens, also conveyed the gov-
"This is one of the hardest things
the black bands shortly after Rogers'
ernor's condolences.
JUL 13 '90 14:33
U.S. ATTY DIST. MT
PAGE.30
FD-350 (Rev. 5-8-81)
(Indicate page, name of
newspaper, city and state.)
BILLINGS GAZETTE
(Mount Clipping in Space Below)
Billings, Montana
front page
Date: 6/16/90
Edition:
Title: Funeral is Tuesday; state
flags fly at half-staff
Character:
or
91A-SU-33242
Classification:
Submitting Office:
Salt Lake City (Billings, MT RA)
Indexing:
Funeral is Tuesday; state flags fly at half-staff
Funeral services for slain Big
Department, the Yellowstone
personal loss for her family, Big
Horn County Sheriff's Deputy
County Sheriff's Department and
Horn County and the state of
Janet Rogers will be held at 2 p.m.
the Montana Highway Patrol will
Montana."
Tuesday at the Hardin Middle
be among those represented.
Rogers will be inducted into
School auditorium.
On Friday. Gov. Stan Stephens
the Montana Law Enforcement
It is customary for law
ordered state flags lowered to half-
Museum's memorial in Deer Lodge
officers to travel from all over the
staff in honor of Rogers, 39. She
as the 90th officer killed in the line
region to attend funerals of fallen
was the first woman law officer
of duty in the state since 1864.
colleagues. Big Horn County
killed in the line of duty in Montana
A memorial scholarship fund
Sheriff Ed Whaley said he expects
history.
has been established through the
many officers from across the
Saying he was sad to receive
Hardin High School. Contributions
state to attend Rogers' funeral.
the news of the deputy's-death,
may be sent to First Interstate
The Billings Police
Stephens called her death "a great
Bank of Hardin.
91A-SU-33242-30
line time
Fr
JUL 13 '90 14:34
U.S. ATTY DIST. MT
PAGE. 31
-FD-350 (Rev 5.681)
(Indicate page, name of
newspaper, city and state.)
BILLINGS GAZETTE
(Mount Clipping in Space Below)
Billings, Montana front page
Date: 6/16/90
Edition:
Title:
Slain Suspect Mysterious
Slain
Character:
91A-SU-33242
or
Classification:
Submitting Office:
Salt Lake City (Billings, MT RA)
Indexing:
suspect
mysterious
By RITA MUNZENRIDER
knew few other details about him Fri-
Of the Gazette Staff
day as they continued to piece togeth-
er what occurred during the shootout
The man who fatally shot Big
on a Hardin residential street just be-
Horn County Deputy Janet Rogers
fore 2 p.m. Thursday.
Thursday after robbing a Hardin
Thompson was shot eight times,
bank had no known criminal record,
but authorities still aren't certain
law officers said.
from whose gun the bullets were
The suspect. who also was killed
when law officers returned fire, was
fired. Whaley said. The slain deputy
identified as Clinton Thompson, 58, of
emptied her .45-caliber semiautomat-
Billings, said Big Horn County Sheriff
ic handgun of seven bullets, while her
Ed Whaley. Thompson had just
husband and fellow deputy, George
robbed First Interstate Bank of Har-
Rogers. and a third officer also fired.
din of an undisclosed amount of mon-
Up to 20 rounds may have been dis-
ey and was being pursued by Rogers
charged. he said.
just before the gun battle.
Whaley said Janet Rogers, 39,
The sheriff said Thompson was
raised in Hardin. but investigators
(More on Shoot, Page 13A)
91A-54-33242-29
lime
Fr
JUL 13 '90 14:34
U.S. ATTY DIST. MT
PAGE. 32
91A-SU-33242
6/16/90
Shoot
shootings. the case is being investigated by
agents from the Billings office of the FBI,
Whaley said. All weap-
ons involved in the shoot-
From Page One
out. as well as slugs tak-
en from Thompson's and
was shot once in the abdomen with a .357-
Rogers' bodies during
Magnum revolver when she approached
autopsies Friday. will be
Thompson's car after a pursuit that took
sent to the FBI Crime
them about six blocks from the downtown
Lab in Washington D.C.,
bank. She died during surgery at St. Vincent
for ballistics tests, the
Hospital in Billings about 3½ hours after the
sheriff said.
shooting,
An inquest into the
Investigators also recovered the hand-
shooting is planned, but
gun and a loaded shotgun from Thompson's
no date has been sched-
brown Volkswagen Rabbit, Whaley said.
uled.
ROGERS
George Rogers also carries a .45-caliber
Rogers, who began
slain deputy
semiautomatic handgun, the sheriff said. He
as a Big Horn County jailer in 1980 and be-
declined to identify the third officer involved
came a deputy in September 1981. is the
in the shootout because he works undercover
mother of three boys. She worked the day
for the Big Horn County Sheriff's Depart-
shift in the patrol division and was one of the
ment.
senior deputies on the force of 15.
Because the bank robbery led to the
Her husband, a sheriff's detective, was
her backup on the call, as he was on many oc-
and "saw the whole thing from different
one block from the Sheriff's Department.
casions during the couple's tenure on the
angles." Whaley said.
On Friday, deputies were in different
department. Whaley said.
Thompson apparently went to a great
stages of grieving over their fallen colleague,
Because of the size of the department.
deal of trouble to disguise himself before the
the sheriff said.
"everybody backs everybody up," the sheriff
bank holdup, Chief Deputy Larson Medicine-
"We're all coping well with it," Whaley
said. "George happened to be there in the
horse said on Thursday.
said. "Some are too busy right now to think
office and he said 'I better go back her up.' "
Employees of First Interstate Bank
about it and others are coping with the grief.
Janet Rogers' pursuit of Thompson took
were suspicious of his appearance when he
We're helping one another."
them down an alley in a residential neighbor-
entered the bank and therefore activated the
The sheriff said the shooting has brought
hood. As they came out of the alley, the dep-
security cameras and the alarm system.
his already tight-knit force even closer to-
uty apparently sttempted to pull her car in
Investigators said Thompson wore a
gether.
front of Thompson's to cut him off. The cars'
fake beard, wig, makeup and sunglasses and
On Thursday night. three officers from
front bumpers collided in the middle of the
was dressed in a beige leisure suit. Money
the Billings Police Department who are
block on Second Street West, between North
from the robbery was found in a paper sack
members of that agency's critical incident
Crawford and Choteau avenues.
inside his coat.
team traveled to Hardin to counsel the
For whatever reason. Whaley said, "She
Wyoming license plates had been wired
surviving deputies. Whaley said they will be
got out of the car and approached the vehicle.
on Thompson's car, and law officers found
called back in to help if needed.
He shot her almost right away."
additional license plates inside the car.
"Right now, everything is running as
Rogers, like all Big Horn County dep-
The bank robber had ordered a teller to
good as or better than can be expected." he
uties, was wearing a bulletproof vest. Howev-
hand over the money in her drawer. Although
said. But Whaley is concerned that once the
er, the bullet entered her abdomen below the
the robber implied he had a gun, the teller
activity in the department settles down and
vest.
never saw one, officers said.
his deputies have a chance to think about
George Rogers and the undercover offi-
The robber left through the back door of
what happened, some could have problems
cer arrived on the scene about the same time
the bank, which opens onto a parking lot, just
coping with the Incident.
-2*-
JUL 13 '90 14:35
U.S. ATTY DIST. MT
PAGE.33
FD-350 (Rev. 5.8.81)
(Indicate page, name of
newspaper, city and state.)
BILLINGS GAZETTE
(Mount Clipping in Space Below)
Billings, Montana front page
Date: 6/15/90
Edition:
Title: 2 Left dead after shootout
in Hardin
Character:
or
91A-SU-33242
Classification:
Submitting Office:
Salt Lake City (Billings, MT RA)
Indexing:
Hardin
By RITA MUNZENRIDER
Of the Gazette Staff
Officers mourn/ 9A
HARDIN - Janet Rogers, a Big
letproof vest. However. a single bul-
Horn County sheriff's deputy and
let struck her in the abdomen below
mother of three, was fatally shot
the vest.
Thursday by a bank robbery suspect,
She was unconscious when an
who also was killed when lawmen re-
ambulance took her to Big Horn
turned fire.
County Memorial Hospital. She was
Rogers, 39, had responded to an
taken by airplane to St. Vincent Hos-
alarm at First Interstate Bank in
pital in Billings, where she died in
downtown Hardin just after 1:30 p.m.
surgery about 5:30 p.m.
and was in pursuit of the suspect as
Details of the shootout were
he left in a brown Volkswagen Rab-
vague Thursday night. but authorities
bit. The chase ended when the cars
believe that shots were fired by the
driven by the deputy and the suspect
suspect and by both Janet and
collided on a residential street about
George Rogers. Two other officers
six blocks from the bank. Rogers and
who arrived on the scene a short time
the suspect were both shot during a
later didn't see the shootings. said Big
gun battle that then took place.
Horn County Attorney Christine
George Rogers. the deputy's hus-
Cooke.
band and fellow officer, was his
The suspect's identity was not
wife's backup. He reportedly arrived
released Thursday night, but FBI
on the scene immediately after his
agents said they believe he was a Bi-
wife and saw her fall with a fatal gun-
llings man. Larson Medicinchorse.
shot wound.
chief deputy sheriff of Big Horn
Janet Rogers, like all Big Horn
91A-5U-33242-2 Invo limit
County deputies, was wearing a bul-
(More on Shooting, Page 9A)
JUL 13 '90 14:35
U.S. ATTY DIST. MT
PAGE 34
91A-SU-33242
6/15/90
Janet Rogers got out of her patrol
Shooting
car, but they weren't certain if she
approached the suspect's car or used
her own car as a shield.
From Page One
Witnesses said numerous shots
were fired.
County, said the suspect appeared to
Janet Rogers was found lying
be a white man in his 40s.
unconscious about 20 feet from her
car. The suspect was dead and re.
Cooke said a shotgun and at
mained slumped in the front seat of
least one handgun were recovered
his car while law officers from the
from the suspect's car. Janet and
Montana Highway Patrol. the Bureau
George Rogers each carried .45-cali-
of Indian Affairs and Big Horn Coun-
ber handguns. one deputy said.
ty assisted the FBI with the investi-
A coroner's inquest into the
gation.
shooting deaths will be held, Cooke
Doctors at the Hardin hospital
said. All weapons involved in the
treated Janel Rogers and prepared
shootings will be sent to the Montana
her for the transfer to Billings.
Crime Lab in Missoula for ballistics
Meanwhile, St. Vincent Hospital
tests, she said.
assembled a surgical team and called
Employees of First Interstate
in Dr. Fred Schneider, a vascular and
Bank were suspicious of the man's
thoracic surgeon in Billings.
appearance when he entered the
A HELP flight nurse and an
bank and they activated the security
emergency medical technician gave
cameras and alarm system, FBI
Rogers cardiopulmonary resusci-
agents said. The FBI was called in
tation throughout the 45-minute trip
from Billings to investigate the rob-
on the medical plane from Hardin to
bery and shooting.
Billings. according to Dr. James Bos-
Medicinehorse said the suspect
lough. emergency department physi-
wore a fake beard, wig, makeup and
cian at St. Vincent.
sunglasses. He was dressed in a beige
The deputy had no pulse. no
leisure suit. Money from the robbery
blood pressure and was not breathing
was later found in a pocket of the
on her own when she arrived at St.
suit, FBI agents said.
Vincent shortly before 5 p.m. She was
The suspect ordered a teller to
taken directly to an operating room.
hand over the money in her drawer.
where she died in surgery at 5:30 p.m.
Although the robber implied that he
Darby Hinz, deputy coroner of
had 8 gun. the teller never saw one,
Yellowstone County. said preiumi-
FBI agents said.
nary indications are that the bullet
The robber left through the back
struck a major blood vessel in Rog-
door of the bank, which opens onto
ers' abdomen. The preliminary cause
the parking lot, just one block from
of death was loss of blood.
the Sheriff's Department.
Big Horn County Coroner Terry
Medicinehorse said Janet Rog-
Bullis said autopsies are tentatively
ers was in the sheriff's office when
scheduled today in Billings.
the call came in and she and other
Witnesses in the neighborhood
deputies responded.
said the shooting happened very
Rogers pursued the vehicle
quickly.
through residential neighborhoods.
Charles W. Anderson said he was
Robert Wiley said he was driving
just sitting down to watch television
down Third Street and was almost hit
at his home a half-block away. He
when the deputy's patrol car and the
said he heard a series of shots and
suspect's car turned left in front of
ran outside and saw the deputy lying
him. Janet Rogers was immediately
on the ground.
behind the suspect and George Rog-
"It sounded like a drug war out
ers was behind her. Wiley said.
here." Anderson said. Other deputies
FBI agents said the pursuit took
arrived with their weapons drawn. he
the suspect and deputy through an
said.
alley. As they came out of the alley,
Wiley said he arrived at the
the agents said. Janet Rogers appar-
scene after a "hail of bullets had al-
ently tried to pull her patrol car in
ready been fired."
front of the suspect's car to cut him
Another witness, who asked not
off. The cars' front bumpers collided
to be identified, said he was working
in the middle of the block on Second
on a street construction crew a block
Street West. between North Craw-
and a half down Second Street West
ford and Choteau avenues.
when he heard the shots. He esti-
What happened next was
mated that as many as 20 shots may
night. Officials said
have been fired.
JUL 13 '90 14:36 U.S. ATTY DIST. MT
PAGE. 35
91A-SU-33242
6/15/90
Gazene photo
FBI Special Agent Blaise Mikulewicz of Billings photographs the scene of the shootout Thursday.
JUL 13 '90 14:37
U.S. ATTY DIST. MT
PAGE.36
FD-350.gav. 5-8-81)
(Indicate page, name of
newspaper, city and state.)
BILLINGS GAZETTE
(Mount Clipping in Space Below)
Billings, Montana page 9A
Date:
6/15/90
Edition:
Title: Slain deputy's fellow officers
mourn
Character:
or
91A-SU-33242
Slain deputy's fellow
Classification:
Submitting Office:
Salt Lake City (Billings, MT RA)
Indexing:
officers mourn
By RITA MUNZENRIDER
of his mother's death.
into the museum's Honor Row, a me-
Of the Gazette Staff
Jace said he was at work when
morial to the fallen officers.
he heard that a deputy had been shot
Deputy Bob Runge called Janet
HARDIN - Law enforcement
after a bank robbery. He said he
Rogers, his former partner. a "damn
officials Thursday night mourned the
knew it was his mother.
good officer."
death of Janet Rogers. the first wom-
His grandfather and father
Thursday's shooting made him
an law officer killed in the line of duty
drove to Billings to be with his moth-
"mad and hurt," Runge said. "It's
in Montana's history.
er and he awaited word from them.
senseless," he said, as he stood guard
"It's a real sad time in Big Horn
Jace expressed anger and sald
at the scene of the shooting in a Har-
County," said Christine Cooke, the
of the suspect, "I'm glad he's dead."
din neighborhood shortly before
county's chief prosecutor.
The teen said it has always
learning of Rogers' death.
"It's just nothing you'd expect in
scared him that both his parents
Runge described her as consei-
Hardin," Cooke said. "This just re-
were in law enforcement.
entious and cautious. "She's one of
inforces that these things are random
"It was inevitable," he said of the
the best backups I ever had."
and can happen any time. any place,
shooting. "It was bound to happen
Cooke echoed Runge's com-
and we are not immune to it."
sometime in this town."
ments. "She was a good. solid street
Colleagues described Rogers, 39,
Thursday's shooting was the
officer." the prosecutor said. "She
as a hard-working, dedicated law offi-
first time a Big Horn County deputy
had a tremendous amount of compas-
cer. A deputy for almost nine years,
has been killed in the line of duty, as
sion.
she was one of the senior members
far as officials know.
"She was caring. understanding
on the force of 15, said Big Horn
Janet Rogers was the 90th law
and excellent at what she did. She's
County Chief Deputy Larson Medici-
officer killed in the line of duty in
going to be a true loss, not only to law
nehorse. Her husband. George, a
Montana since 1864, according to re-
enforcement, but to the community."
sheriff's detective who has been on
cords kept by Terry Tyler, director of
Deputies were struggling Thurs-
the force about 10 years, was Janet's
the Montana Law Enforcement Mu-
day night to cope with the loss of
backup on the robbery call.
seum in Deer Lodge. Tyler said his
their fellow officer.
The couple has three sons. Their
organization knows of no other fe-
"It's a small department and we
oldest son, Jace, 17. watched officers
male officers who were killed doing
have close ties," said Runge.
investigate the shooting scene late
their jobs.
Members of the Billings Police
Thursday afternoon before learning
Janet Rogers will be inducted
Department's critical incident team,
law
lmm
JUL 13 '90 14:37
U.S. ATTY DIST. MT
PAGE 37
91A-SU-33242
6/15/90
a group of officers who provide peer
counseling for those involved in
shooting incidents, went. to Hardin
Thursday night to help their law en-
forcement colleagues. A psychologist
from the Montana Law Enforcement
Academy in Bozeman also was sent
to Hardin, said Medicinehorse,
Big Horn County deputies were
under a great deal of stress as they
went about their duties Thursday
afternoon and worried about Rogers'
condition, Medicinehorse said.
Janet Rogers was the second
law officer killed in the line of duty
this year. On March 17, Orville Shar-
bono, 60, the police chief of Fairview,
was fatally shot while serving civil
papers on Jim Allen, who also was
wounded. Allen is awaiting trial on
deliberate homicide charges.
Cooke said Big Horn County dep-
uties had a difficult time coping with
the death two years ago of an officer
from a nearby agency. Leroy A. Pine
Jr., a BIA officer at Crow Agency,
was killed July 23, 1988, when his
patrol car was struck broadside
while he was preparing to make a
traffic stop.
FD-350 (Rev. 5-8-81)
[Indicate page, name of
newspaper, city and state.)
(Mount Cloping in Space Below]
Date: 6/21/90
Edition
Billings Gazette
PAGE.38
Title: Clinton Lu Thompson;
First Interetate Be Hardin
Character: Hardin. The 6/14/90
or
91A-SU-33242
Classification:
Submitting Office:
Indexing:
MT
Deputy killer died close to boyhood home in Hardin
busines
disguise kimself for the June H holdep at
DIST.
By RITA MUNZENRIDER
"
Tb
goson was divorced and had been
the Hardin bank. His appearance
01 the Gazette Staff
unemple
since last year, friends said.
Immediately made bank employees
Cinton Lee Thompson, the man who
didn't think he could do anything like that.
He
resiously owned and managed at
susplctous, prompting them to activate the
Ruth Lewis
least
for
in Montana. Thompson
security cameras and alarm system.
latelly shot Big Hom County Shertff's
Deputy Janet Rogers last week, was quiet
neighbor
first DWI
the Hilltop Tavera west of
Law officers said Thompson were 9
Hardin
burned down shortly after be
wig. false facial hair, sunglasses and a
and kept to himself, acqualatances said,
Thompson, 58, who was shot eight
"
bought
then owned the Triangle Nite
polyester smit. Wyoming license plates were
Club in
from 1981 until the fall of 1984,
wired on his car, but be had other Meense
times when officers returned fire, died at
the sceno of last Thursday's shootost in the
Rogers was in pursuit of Thompson,
Magnam handgun, fired $ shot that struck
when
the
fullness west back to its original
plates in We back seat.
Hardin neighborhood where be was raised
who had just robbed First Interstate Bank in
Rogers in the abdomen. She died about 3½
owner,
Clson
Investigators also recovered a loaded
downtown Hardin. She followed his brown
hours later at a Billings hospital
The
pãon next owned a bar in Wibaux
shotgun in Thempson's car, as well as the
U.S.
For the past three years, Thempson
handgun be used to short Regers. Money
Ived alone in his home at 412 Store Lane in
two-door Volkswagen Rabbit as it wound
He died within 100 feet of the home he
and was
By a partner in a Fornyth club.
Billings Heights.
through streets and alleys to an area that
was raised in, said Big Ham County Coroner
The
was a licensed real estate
taken in the robbery was found in a paper
"ks far M we know, be wass nice
was familiar to him his old neighborhood.
Terry Bullia.
broker
1974 and had operated Best
sack in the pocket of Thempson's suit
person," said Rath Lewis who lives one
The two cars collided when Rogers
This week, friends and acquaintances
Realty
in
lings (not associated with Best
Private services for Thompson were
tried to cut him off la the middle of the block
were relactant to talk about Thompson,
Realty
I
Better Homes and Gardens),
held in Hardin Wednesday.
house away from where Thompson lived
"He was very quiet. Be never had much
on Second Street West, between North
Those who knew him were shocked by
according
the records of the Montana
An inquest probably will be beld in
Board of
ltors, His broker's Heense was
early July. Funeral services for Rogers
to say. I didn't think be could do anything
Crawford and Choteau invenues. Authorities
what happened
like that,' Lewissald
believe Rogers may have used her patrol
"He didn't ever bother anybody." said
current
the day he died. He first
were held Tuesday and cremation followed
Authorities, too, were purzled by what
car as a shield, but the patrol car wasn't in
Lewis, who described Thempson as a good
became
as a salesman with the
Her husband, George, is on leave from the
Thompson did, since he had no known
gear and rolled into a tree.
neighber who kept his home and yard
board in
Big Here County Sheriff's Department,
criminal record
Thompson, armed with a 357-caliber
looking nice. "He just minded his own
Tho
went to a lot of trouble to
officials said.
13
JUL
STARCHED
MIDEXED
STATEMED
lmo
FILLD
JUN 21 1990
FBI SALT ARKE CITY
91A-SU-33292-40
FRIDGE
Character:
or
91A-SU-33242
Classification:
Submitting Office:
Indexing:
JUL
13
ller died close to boyhood home in Hardin
06.
"
business."
disguise himself for the June 14 holdup at
Thompson was divorced and had been
the Hardin bank. His appearance
I didn't think he could do anything like that.
unemployed since last year, friends said.
immediately made bank employees
He previously owned and managed at
suspicious, prompting them to activate the
-Ruth Lewis
least four nightclubs in Montana. Thompson
security cameras and alarm system.
neighbor
first owned the Hilltop Tavern west of
Law officers said Thompson wore a
"
Hardin until it burned down shortly after he
wig, fake facial hair, sunglasses and a
bought it. He then owned the Triangle Nite
polyester suit. Wyoming license plates were
U.S.
Club in Sidney from 1981 until the fall of 1984,
wired on his car, but he had other license
Rogers was in pursuit of Thompson,
Magnum handgun, fired a shot that struck
when the business went back to its original
plates in his back seat.
who had just robbed First Interstate Bank in
Rogers in the abdomen. She died about 3½
owner, Barb Olson.
Investigators also recovered a loaded
owntown Hardin. She followed his brown
hours later at a Billings hospital.
Thompson next owned a bar in Wibaux
shotgun in Thompson's car, as well as the
ATTY
wo-door Volkswagen Rabbit as it wound
He died within 200 feet of the home be
and was briefly a partner in a Forsyth club.
handgun he used to shoot Rogers. Money
hrough streets and alleys to an area that
was raised in, said Big Horn County Coroner
Thompson was a licensed real estate
taken in the robbery was found in a paper
vas familiar to him - his old neighborhood.
Terry Bullis.
broker since 1974 and had operated Best
sack in the pocket of Thompson's suit.
The two cars collided when Rogers
This week, friends and acquaintances
Realty in Billings (not associated with Best
Private services for Thompson were
DIST.
ried to cut him off in the middle of the block
were reluctant to talk about Thompson
Realty Inc, Better Homes and Gardens),
held in Hardin Wednesday.
n Second Street West, between North
Those who knew him were shocked by
according to the records of the Montana
An inquest probably will be held in
MT
Crawford and Choteau avenues. Authorities
what happened.
Board of Realtors. His broker's license was
early July. Funeral services for Rogers
elleve Rogers may have used her patrol
"He didn't ever bother anybody," said
current until the day he died. He first
were held Tuesday and cremation followed.
ar as a shield, but the patrol car wasn't in
Lewis, who described Thompson as a good
became licensed as a salesman with the
Her husband, George, is on leave from the
;ear and rolled into a tree.
neighbor who kept his home and yard
board in 1971.
Big Horn County Sheriff's Department,
Thompson, armed with a 357-caliber
looking nice. "He just minded his own
Thompson went to a lot of trouble to
officials said.
3
lmv
FILLD
JUN 21 1990
FBI
SALT LAKE CITY
Mikulewicz 6PM
91A-SU-33242-40
FBI/DOJ
1
Deputy's kil
By RITA MUNZENRIDER
Of the Gazette Staff
Clinton Lee Thompson, the man who
fatally shot Big Horn County Sheriff's
Deputy Janet Rogers last week, was quiet
and kept to himself, acquaintances said.
Thompson, 58, who was shot eight
times when officers returned fire, died at
the scene of last Thursday's shootout in the
Hardin neighborhood where he was raised.
W
For the past three years, Thompson
d
lived alone in his home at 442 Sioux Lane in
tv
Billings Heights.
th
"As far as we know, he was a nice
W
person," said Ruth Lewis who lives one
house away from where Thompson lived.
tr
"He was very quiet. He never had much
01
to say. 1 didn't think he could do anything
C
like that," Lewis said.
b
Authorities, too, were puzzled by what
c
Thompson did, since he had no known
g
criminal record.
** TOTAL PAGE 39
Extended Page 39.
Mar. 2 / Administration of George Bush, 1990
Leo and Chuck, thank you for this oppor-
and others as well-Bob Dornan, Dana Roh-
tunity to address this exceptionally prestigi-
rabacher, Chris Cox, Dave Dreyer. And I
ous and influential group. And I am grateful
also have to salute one of America's best
to all of you. And thank you for all you're
teachers, my old hero-singled him out a
doing, and God bless you. And now I'll go
couple of years ago-Jaime Escalante.
over and try to represent you properly as I
Thank you, and Jim Everett, again, thank
meet the Prime Minister of Japan. Thank
you for that warm introduction. I heard
you very, very much.
that someone asked Jim if he was excited
about being with the President here today,
Note: The President spoke at 8:28 a.m. in
and he said, "No, not as excited as I'll be
the Los Angeles Ballroom of the Century
next year when we're invited to the White
Plaza Hotel. In his remarks, he referred to
House after the Rams win the Super Bowl."
Charles Fries, chairman of the Academy of
No matter what team you like, you've got
Television Arts and Sciences; Leo Chalou-
to admit that Georgia Frontiere has built
kian, president of the academy; Jerry Wein-
one of the toughest teams in pro football.
traub, chief executive officer of Weintraub
Who says there's no role for women in
Entertainment Group; Robert Iger, presi-
combat? I've got a confession. Although I
dent of ABC Entertainment; Arthur Hiller,
love pro football, my first love is pro base-
president of the Directors Guild of Amer-
ball. And if the Angels are looking for re-
ica; George Kirgo, president of the Writers
placement players, I hope they'll remember
Guild of America; and Sidney Sheinberg,
that I played first base. But I have a confes-
president and chief operating officer of
sion to all the Angels fans. My son is the
MCA, Inc.
managing owner or partner of the Texas
Rangers. And I asked him if I could come
try out for the club, and he said, "Sure,
Dad. You can come down and throw the
ball around. But don't give up your daytime
Remarks at an Antidrug Rally in Santa
work." [Laughter]
Ana, California
It's great to be back in Orange County.
March 2, 1990
Southern California is a place of both
beauty and bounty, blessed with some of
Thank you, Jim Everett. And let me say
the greatest wonders of nature and some of
how much I respect you and appreciate the
the most wondrous works of man. And it's
work you're doing to help the young people
home to many of America's oldest traditions
not just here but all across the country. You
and newest ideas-the computerized pirate
are an inspiration to all of us, and thank you
ships of Walt Disney, the real-life cowboys
very much for welcoming me. I'm also glad
of the Irvine Ranch. And Orange County is
to be with Governor Deukmejian, who has
a special place-a place that boasts produc-
done an outstanding job for the State of
tive lands, productive minds, and produc-
California-outstanding And I want to
tive people and one of the youngest and
thank Fred Travalena and my old friend
hardest working populations in the entire
and supporter, Chuck Norris, for being here
country. And standing here today in
with you all today. Great examples for the
Orange County, leading the way into a new
young people. And there are some people
decade and a new century, it's easy to see
up here with me that certainly deserve our
why many young people are looking to the
thanks for making this fantastic day possi-
future with a new sense of hope and seeing
ble-another friend of mine, a man I re-
a world of limitless possibilities.
spect, Sheriff Brad Gates, over here. And
Something is happening in the world-
Mike Hayde, the president of "Drug Use Is
something new, something powerful, some-
Life Abuse"-what a job he's doing. And
thing wonderful. Czechoslovakia's Vaclav
the board of directors of that great organi-
Havel, who began the year as a prisoner
zation, including Dr. Robert Schuller, Geor-
and ended it as President of Czechoslova-
gia Frontiere. Also up here is some of
kia, summed it up in his visit to Washington
Orange County's congressional delegation,
last month. Things are happening so fast, be
350
Daylis Stadium
Mar. 2 / Administr
Crea 5th grade
own Rosa Perez, W
for 6 years to rid he
DARE
ers.
But the battle isr
the streets. About {
came to Los Angel
critical moments in
Big Sky liames state
Presidential debate
Cardioat
They asked if there
America. I named
researcher, a freedo
10,000
a high school mat
East L.A., a teacher who helped his Hispan-
tration recently named the Los Angeles
ic students see beyond poverty and neglect
Orange County as one of the nation's five
to the real potential of their own minds.
"high intensity drug traffic areas," a desig-
Jaime Escalante, Investigator Henry Cousin,
nation that means increased Federal en-
Mrs. Rosa Perez-three heroes; two cities;
forcement manpower for the region. And
one dream. All three are here today. And
nationwide, Congress-and bless these Con-
all three deserve our heartfelt thanks. No,
gressmen here that are supporting our ef-
with your help, we've covered a lot of
forts-Congress has approved funding for
ground in the drug war. But tough chal-
the new agents, new prosecutors, and new
lenges remain. It's like when the Rams of-
prisons that we asked for to catch, convict,
fense crosses the 50-yard line: with every
yard you gain, your opponent digs in and
and contain America's most dangerous drug
progress gets that much harder, not easier.
offenders. But Congress also needs to act,
Make no mistake. Drug abuse in this
and act soon, on my new anticrime propos-
country is still far too widespread. There's
als. Congress needs to provide tough laws to
far too much suffering, far too many wasted
deal with a tough problem. Working togeth-
lives. But we're going to beat drugs the
er, we can-we will-defeat this scourge.
same way the Rams beat many of their op-
America has earned her victories through
ponents: relentless offense, a defense that
determination and desire. And we will win
refuses to give up a single yard to the oppo-
the war on drugs because we must. Just 2
sition-or a single child to these merchants
nights ago, right here in Orange County,
of death. And I might add that I was de-
two cars were pulled over, carrying nearly
lighted to be greeted earlier on by so many
900 pounds of cocaine. And thanks to your
law enforcement officers from this area.
courageous antinarcotics efforts, four mil-
God bless them, and God bless those line
lion doses, with a street value of $30 mil-
officers out there in the streets, helping
lion, will not poison our kids. And that is
every one of you kids up here in the stands.
desire and that is determination. And let no
Thank you all. Against drugs, a good de-
one doubt the commitment we have in
fense means reducing demand-and
Washington as well. The White House has
through efforts like the record funding my
declared war on the crack house. And the
administration has devoted for increased
only enemy response we'll accept is uncon-
drug education, treatment, and criminal jus-
ditional surrender.
tice. And a tough offense means an attack
on all fronts.
Thank you for your warm greeting. God
bless you all. Keep up the fight. And God
Last month's drug summit in Cartagena,
bless the United States of America. Thank
Colombia, marked a good day for the rule
of law and a very bad day for the cocaine
you all very much.
cartels. I was glad I went to Colombia to
Note: The President spoke at 12:35 p.m. in
support that courageous President of Co-
the Santa Ana Bowl. In his opening re-
lombia who was trying to keep the drug
marks, he referred to Jim Everett, quarter-
dealers where they belong-in jail. [Colom-
back for the Los Angeles Rams; entertainer
bian] President Barco's courageous crack-
Fred Travalena; and actor Chuck Norris.
352
Montena
Burea of Jush
Blook Grent
dug porphon
F4'89 BJA
$00,000
F4'90
$2.1 million
FY'91
2.3 million
If Congles,
mt Shaw
of fed
tripled.
Proposed Scenario
Option 1 - Town Meeting:
The President will arrive City Hall and proceed to the
Auditorium. Upon arrival in the Auditorium, the President will
begin participation in a Town Meeting. The town meeting will be
set up similar to an "Ask George Bush" format. The President
will make a brief statement and then take questions from the
audience. The audience will be divided into five groups,
representing the police force, the clergy, educators, the city -
"Mayor's Task Force on Alcoholism and Drug Abuse", and members of
Parents and Youth Against Drug Abuse. Upon conclusion of the
Town Meeting, the President will depart the Auditorium and
proceed to the Motorcade.
The Mayor's Office committed to provide money and the different
groups will provide people (approximately 200).
Option 2 - Roundtable Discussion:
Option three is a roundtable discussion with the five groups:
members from the police force, the clergy, educators, the city -
"Mayor's Task Force on Alcoholism and Drug Abuse", and members of
Parents and Youth Against Drug Abuse.
Background - Billings, Montana
KOLSTAD FOR U.S. SENATE FUNDRAISING BREAKFAST
Lt. Governor Allen Kolstad (R) is attempting to unseat two-term
incumbent Senator Max Baucus (D) in his bid for the U.S. Senate
in Montana. Kolstad, a 22 year veteran of the state legislature
is quietly gaining a reputation as a serious contender for an
upset victory against Baucus. In the latest poll matched against
Kolstad, Baucus received over 50% of the vote while Kolstad
received over 25% with approximately 25% undecided. This is
about where Conrad Burns was at this stage in his stage in his
upset victory over Senator John Melcher in 1988.
ANTI-DRUG/SUPPORT YOUR LAW ENFORCEMENT RALLY
In 1990, three law enforcement officers have been killed in the
line of duty in the Billings area, one as recent as last week.
Also, the Billings area has been plagued with increased
trafficking of illegal methamphetamines and the development
methamphetamine labs in the local area. Billings is also
as a major hub for the trafficking of these narcotics to Canada
and surrounding metropolitan areas.
serving officiers of killed
The President's participation in an anti-drug rally will
highlight an ongoing local law enforcement effort to combat the
drug problem in Billings. The President's attendance will signal
to law enforcement that they are not alone in their battle.
Proposed Scenario - Kolstad for U.S. Senate Fundraising Breakfast
Upon arrival at the Holiday Inn, the President proceeds to the
TBD Room and begins participation in the Staff Photo with Major
Donors (100 clicks) Upon conclusion of the Staff Photo, the
President proceeds to the Off-Stage Announcement Area. After a
brief hold, the President is announced onto Stage and proceeds to
his Seat. Lt. Governor Allen Kolstad will introduce the
President. The President gives Brief Remarks. Upon conclusion
of Brief Remarks, the President departs the Stage and proceeds to
the Motorcade.
The backdrop will be blue drape with a banner. The press
platform will be straight on with a 65 ft. throw. The ballroom
has 15 ft. ceilings and will seat 700.
If approved by scheduling, Political Affairs would like the
President to participate in a 1,500/person roundtable meeting
with 10-15 major donors of the Montana State Republican Party for
approximately 15 minutes prior to the Staff Photo.
Proposed Scenario - Anti-Drug Rally
The President will arrive behind the Old Chamber of Commerce
Building and proceeds to the Holding Room. After a brief hold,
the President will proceed to the Off-Stage Announcement Area.
The President will be announced onto Stage and proceed to the
Podium. The President Remarks. Upon conclusion of Remarks, the
President departs Stage and proceeds to the Motorcade.
The backdrop will be the old Chamber building with a banner. The
press platform is straight on with a 65 ft. throw. The crowd
will consist of local, city, state, and federal employees, who
work in office buildings in the vicinity of the rally site.
Also, the police department, the U.S. Attorney and the FBI Office
will undertake a major crowd raising effort for this event. The
event area will hold a maximum of 7,000 people.
Jan. 22 / Administration of George Bush, 1990
S
The American people understand there
In 1926, the respected historian, Carter
V
are no snap answers, that the only solutions
G. Woodson, initiated "Negro History
that succeed are ones consistent with these
Week" in order to increase public apprecia-
core values. And for all the noise and the
tion for the important role Black Americans
C
clatter of contemporary culture, that's cause
have played in shaping American history.
F
for optimism. The calendar offers each of us
This year, during Black History Month, we
convenient launch points for a fresh start.
once again pay tribute to those courageous
Sometimes it's a new day, a new year-
men and women who have triumphed over
now, a brand-new decade. And the begin-
the bitter legacy of slavery and discrimina-
ning of the nineties invites America to
tion and become full partners in America's
clearly put its signature on the 20th centu-
great experiment in self-government.
ry, to write the next chapter in a book of
Throughout our nation's history, Black
spectacular achievements in freedom, eco-
Americans have continued to demonstrate
nomics, human advancement, world leader-
the strength of their beliefs and the wealth
ship. I welcome the nineties with a genuine
of their abilities. The career of Dr. Daniel
sense of optimism. It's an ideal time to
Hale Williams, the first physician to per-
renew our vows and our values, time to
form successful open-heart surgery, and the
look beyond the next paycheck and the
beloved poetry of Langston Hughes and
next personal problem, time instead to look
Sterling Brown provide powerful examples
to the next generation.
of the honor Black Americans have earned
And so, I am optimistic about our future
in virtually every field of endeavor. This
for one compelling reason: To succeed, we
month, we also celebrate the lasting influ-
do not have to acquire any new qualities.
ence of courageous individuals like Rosa
The courage, ingenuity, and compassion
Parks and Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., who
that made us the leader of the free world is
led the way in the struggle against bigotry
still in every one of us. And we simply have
and segregation. Their efforts helped open
to remember that the American adventure
the doors of opportunity for millions of
isn't over: it's just begun.
their fellow Americans.
Thank you all very much. God bless you
Standing on the threshold of a new
and the Spectator, and God bless the
decade, we look to the future with high
United States of America. And thank you
hopes, confident that it will be marked by
for letting Barbara and me come by.
ever greater achievements among Black
Americans and by continued progress in
Note: The President spoke at 7:25 p.m. in
our efforts to promote equal opportunity
the ballroom at the Willard Hotel. In his
and racial harmony in the United States.
remarks, he referred to Lord Henry Plumb,
Today, I encourage all Americans to join
former President of the European Parlia-
me in saluting the tremendous achieve-
ment, and R. Emmett Tyrrell, Jr., editor of
ments of Black Americans. They strengthen
and enrich our entire nation.
the American Spectator, a monthly maga-
zine.
George Bush
Message on the Observance of National
Remarks to Members of the Law
Afro-American (Black) History Month,
Enforcement Community in Kansas
February 1990
City, Missouri
January 22, 1990
January 23, 1990
Each February, we observe National
Thank you, Mayor Berkley. Thank you
Black History Month in recognition of the
very, very much, all of you. Thank you very
remarkable achievements of Black Ameri-
much. But how did you know that our dog,
cans and the many contributions they have
Millie, was the most popular person in the
made to our nation's heritage.
Bush family? [Laughter] I'm delighted to be
84
Administration of George Bush, 1990 / Jan. 23
storian, Carter
introduced by my friend, Dick Berkley, and
that. Al Brooks-an outstanding leader for
legro History
thank you for that warm introduction. As
this community.
ublic apprecia-
he confessed, we go back a long, long time,
Then I had a list, not to read off, neces-
ack Americans
and I'm grateful to him for his friendship
sarily, but I would be remiss if I didn't say
erican history.
and his leadership. I also want to thank and
how pleased I was with the briefing I re-
ry Month, we
pay my respects to two that flew out here
ceived out here-the Ad Hoc Group. Inspir-
se courageous
with me on Air Force One: our distin-
ing presentations-and I won't mention
riumphed over
guished Attorney General, Dick Thorn-
them all, but Dr. Stacey Daniels, Dr. Mark
nd discrimina-
burgh; and our Drug Policy Czar-why we
Mitchell, one a Ph.D. psychologist, the
S in America's
use the word in the United States, I do not
other an M.D.; Cliff Sargeon, who just
'nment.
know-but our able Drug Policy Director,
hitchhiked a ride with us somewhere along
history, Black
Bill Bennett. Both here with me today, and
the line-I don't know where he is out
o demonstrate
both doing a superb job for our country.
there-And of course, Ron Finley and Vic,
nd the wealth
It's always good to see the Governors, and
Majeeda, Aasim-so many others that just
of Dr. Daniel
be with them, of these two great States,
made this whole program come alive.
sician to per-
both friends-John Ashcroft, from Missouri,
And now, before I get to my words, let
rgery, and the
and of course my friend, Mike Hayden,
me also salute the Army and thank the
Hughes and
from just across the line-I think it's just
band from Fort Riley for that wonderful
erful examples
across the line-but both of them, side by
music. Outstanding, as always.
S have earned
side with us, recognizing that the States
And I can tell you-and mean it-that it
indeavor. This
must have considerable influence, must
is great to be in the heartland, great to be
lasting influ-
take a lot of action, if we're going to solve
back in Kansas City. And you know, Kansas
ials like Rosa
the problems that I wanted to talk to you
City has so much of which to be proud.
King, Jr., who
about today.
You've heard the tally: grassier than Ire-
against bigotry
And of course, we also had some other
land; built on more hills than ancient Rome;
S helped open
travelers with me, friends of good standing
more water, more fountains than Paris. But
or millions of
flying out, your two able Missouri Senators,
you also know what really sets Kansas City
Jack Danforth and Kit Bond. Both-whoops,
apart. It is not your parks. It's your people.
Id of a new
they're here-here's one. Where's Kit?
They call it the Kansas City Spirit-restless,
are with high
Over here. And of course, Congressman Ike
idealistic, determined. It's the kind of spirit
be marked by
Skelton, my friend, and also Tom Coleman.
that pushed back frontiers and brought the
among Black
And let me just say about this group of
railroads west, rebuilt a burned-down con-
d progress in
Representatives, Senate and House: All of
vention hall in 90 days, and survived three
al opportunity
them, all four, are taking leadership roles in
floods this century. And, yes, it's a commu-
United States.
this fight against crime. And I know that
nity spirit, a spirit that emphasizes the
ericans to join
your Congressman from the district I just
value of collective well-being. Norman
dous achieve-
visited, Alan Wheat, wanted to be here. He
Rockwell captured in a painting called just
hey strengthen
is attending to duties in Washington. I hope
that, the "Kansas City Spirit." It pictures a
he's doing the right thing back there, as
brawny, sun-burned man, feet firmly plant-
George Bush
Congress just reconvened. And of course, so
ed on the ground, eyes on the distant hori-
many law enforcement and community
zon. And one hand clutches a blueprint,
leaders-the police chief has been at my
and the other's rolling up his sleeves.
side, and the respect with which he's held
And thank God, it's a spirit that is very
by people in the communities is very clear
much alive today, because in recent years,
e Law
and obvious-Commissioner Ray Price.
it's not the convention hall that's caught
in Kansas
And of course, I had a wonderful meeting
fire but the streets themselves, burning
with the Ad Hoc Group. I've known the
with a new form of pain called crack and
leader of the group because he is serving on
crackling with a burst of gunfire not heard
one of our most prestigious antinarcotics
in Kansas City since the outlaw days of the
y. Thank you
task forces in Washington, Presidentially ap-
Old West.
hank you very
pointed, working closely with Bill Bennett
But people in this town refused to surren-
that our dog,
and me. Al, we're just delighted that you
der to the drug plague. You took back
person in the
are willing to not only do what you are
what's yours: took back your kids, and took
delighted to be
doing here but take the time to be a part of
back your streets. It began like the spirit of
85
Jan. 23 / Administration of George Bush, 1990
Kansas City, when one man rolled up his
But demand-side solutions alone, impor-
Capt:
sleeves and stepped forward with a blue-
tant as they are, will never be enough.
old fi
print, a blueprint that's become a model for
There are people out there intent on doing
in it.
our cities, an inspiration to people every-
evil-cowardly, amoral. And when they
real-l
where. I had the pleasure of meeting with
spot someone vulnerable, the school kid
some
him, as I alluded to earlier, and with his
who has to cross a drug-infested corner to
each
group this morning; and I know that many
get home, they see their fellow man the
succi
more than I mentioned are here with us
way a pack of jackals sees a wounded fawn.
dom
this afternoon. They're a group of home-
A 4-year-old boy shot dead in a suspected
To
grown Kansas City heroes called the Ad
crack house; an 11-year-old kid. gunned
are
Hoc Group Against Crime, and the man's
down outside another drug den, allegedly at
reall
name, you know him, Alvin to some, Al to
the hands of a 14-year-old guard; in a down-
chan
me, Al Brooks.
town bar, a mother sells her baby for crack;
bars.
Ad Hoc recognized early on that the war
and a fire bombing leaves three generations
Talk
on drugs meant unconventional warfare, a
dead, including a grandmother and three
Chri
battle to be fought day by day, house by
little kids-the headlines are horrifying,
insic
house, family by family, child by child, be-
sickening, outrageous. And though they
outs
cause each kid saved is a victory won.
come from Kansas City, they are tragically
Working closely with police, Ad Hoc mem-
TI
familiar in cities across America.
bers gather in force, gather by the dozen,
our
using bullhorns, wooden coffins, street ral-
Strong families are an important element
days
lies to warn drug dealers to get off the
in a healthy, respectful society. Many of
Mas
street. They're not subtle. I just saw them
life's most important lessons are learned
Kan
in action out there. But they are deter-
within the walls of our own homes, and we
noto
mined, and they are united, and they are
must do everything we can do to strength-
our
clearly making a difference.
en our families and help them cultivate
troc
I spent a part of the morning here in the
character in our children. But let us also be
pro
downtown inner-city area. I -can't remem-
clear about the role of personal accountabil-
and
ber a more inspiring experience since I've
ity, of the responsibility of the criminal for
been President. Went to 33d and Park. Saw
his actions. The fact of the matter is, the
this
what they used to call the Drug Tree, an
criminal chooses his way of life, his compan-
doi
ancient, curb-side oak where the drug deal-
ions, the kind of crimes he commits. He's
we
ers put up a basketball board to lure young
not the victim; he is the victimizer.
children and cover up their own deadly op-
And you who have struggled, worked
erations. And it's still a rough area, still not
hard for safe streets know this. It's time we
free of crime. But a lot of crack houses are
protect the rights of our elderly, our kids,
gone, and a lot of pride's come back. And
and our crime victims everywhere. The
sio
block after block, house after house carries
law-abiding community that you represent
the sign of victory, Ad Hoc's six-word warn-
has a duty to punish wrongdoers. Punish-
ing to the cowards of the night: "This
ment is not, as some may see it, an unseem-
neighborhood fights back against drugs."
ly indulgence in revenge. Just punishment
Part of the solution to the drug menace
is a moral, civilized response to wrong. Pun-
lies in effective, community-based initia-
ishment is necessary not only as a deterrent
tives like the Ad Hoc Group here. Also,
to future crimes but for its own sake, which
cooperation between local and Federal law
is to say, for the sake of justice.
enforcement is essential, as we saw last
This tradition of justice speaks not of a
Friday when Kansas City police combined
society that disparages human life but,
with Federal agents to bust what may be
rather, one that treasures innocent human
the biggest crack ring in town. Another
life as precious, as unique. In Larry
part, an essential part, lies in the demand
McMurtry's-you remember it-classic
side: stopping drug use before it starts, and
Western novel, "Lonesome Dove," two
helping those who want to stop. And our
Rangers finally put an end to a brutal
National Drug Strategy calls for record
gang's deadly rampage, and one of the out-
levels of new funding for both education
laws turns out to be Jake Spoon, the Rang-
and treatment.
ers' old partner. "It's a bad situation," says
86
Administration of George Bush, 1990 / Jan. 23
Captain Call, moments before arresting his
death penalty, and the Justice Department
1.
old friend. "But there he is. He put himself
itself will only entrench and extend the
in it." McMurtry's saga, like the lives of the
legal loopholes and the redtape that disrupt
y
real-life pioneers who inspired it, reveals
honest law enforcement and have angered
id
some simple truths. Most Americans believe
the American people for far too long. It
to
each of us faces the innate temptation to
must be defeated. America needs a crime
ne
succumb to evil and yet always has the free-
bill with teeth, yes, but this is a sheep in
n.
dom instead to choose to do good.
wolf's clothing.
ed
Today too many law-abiding Americans
ed
are prisoners in their own homes, and we
We don't question anyone's motives. One
at
really have to change that. We have got to
of the things I don't like about politics,
vn-
change it. The wrong people are behind
maybe I should expect it, get into the
ck;
bars. Go to the community I came from.
arena, as Teddy Roosevelt called it. It seems
ons
Talk to the lady and her husband in a
to be a charge and countercharge. I pro-
ree
Christian home, a cross and the Bible
pose one agenda and somebody else an-
inside, locked in for fear of what's on the
other. We don't have to question the other
ng,
hey
outside.
person's motives or integrity in making the
proposal. But it is time to debate these dif-
ally
The first line of defense will always be
our local law enforcement. But as in the
ferences openly. We can't accept anything,
and I will not, that rolls back the clock on
ent
days of legendary U.S. Marshals like Bat
of
Masterson and Wild Bill Hickok, places like
our ability to fight crime and punish wrong-
ned
Kansas City again need the support of top-
doers. And good legislation shouldn't have
to wait until the final weeks of an election
I we
notch Federal lawmen. Congress deserves
our thanks for providing the new Federal
year, as happened in 1984, 1986, and 1988,
gth-
vate
troops that we asked for-new agents, new
just by coincidence. And America wants it
0 be
prosecutors, new prisons to catch, convict,
done right. And America wants it done re-
tabil-
and contain those who prey on our cities.
sponsibly. And America wants it done now.
il for
But it's time for Congress, reconvening
You in Kansas and Missouri, right here,
, the
this very day, to finish the job, because it
have set a personal example of courage in
ipan-
does no good to send the troops into battle
grappling with tough choices. In this city,
He's
wearing handcuffs. Shortly after taking
you fought back and you got involved and
office, I sent a comprehensive package to
you refused to look the other way. And you
orked
Congress to combat violent crime, to back
have my thanks and the gratitude of an
ne we
up our new lawmen with new laws-laws
admiring nation. In the Norman Rockwell
kids,
that are fair, fast and final. Fair-an exclu-
painting that I mentioned earlier, the man
The
sionary rule designed to protect the truth
with the blueprints is looking sharply to one
resent
and punish the guilty and not good cops
side. They say a young boy saw the picture
unish-
who have acted in faith. Fast-habeas
in a book, and asked his father, "Dad,
iseem-
corpus reforms to stop the frivolous appeals
Kansas City is in the center of America.
hment
that are choking our courts. And finally-
Which way is the man facing-west or
g. Pun-
fair, constitutionally sound death penalty
east?"
terrent
provisions-because for any drug dealer
The father's answer was pure Midwest:
which
who kills a cop, no penalty, in my view, is
"Well, son, it sort of depends on which way
too tough.
you hold the book." [Laughter]
ot of a
Major portions of our crime bill still await
e but,
congressional action. But today there's an-
Of course, the truth is, it doesn't matter
human
other bill, a Trojan Horse, standing at the
how you hold that picture. Because no
Larry
gates of Congress. It's called S. 1970. It
matter how you look at it, the Kansas City
-classic
looks like a real crime bill. It sounds like a
Spirit, the real "Kansas City Spirit," always
two
real crime bill. But look at it. Take a look at
faces the same way, forward to a brighter
brutal
it. Go to the library and get it. In actuality
tomorrow, forward to the future ahead.
the out-
it will be tougher on law enforcement than
Thank you for an inspiring day. Thank
e Rang-
on criminals. And its so-called reforms of
you for this warm greeting on this January
on," says
the exclusionary rule, habeas corpus, the
day. God bless you all as we begin a new
87
Jan. 23 / Administration of George Bush, 1990
year. God bless Kansas City, and especially,
Nomination of John Wesley Bartlett To
God bless the United States of America.
Be Director of the Office of Civilian
Thank you all very, very much.
Radioactive Waste Management
January 23, 1990
Note: The President spoke at 1:40 p.m. in
the Kansas City Municipal Auditorium
The President today announced his inten-
Music Hall. In his remarks, he referred to
tion to nominate John Wesley Bartlett to be
Larry Joiner, chief of police of Kansas City;
Director of the Office of Civilian Radioac-
Ray Price, president of the board of police
tive Waste Management at the Department
commissioners; and Stacey Daniels, Mark
of Energy in Washington, DC. He would
succeed Ben C. Rusche.
Mitchell, Cliff Sargeon, Ronald Finley,
Since 1978 Dr. Bartlett has served as
Victor Syng, Majeeda Baheyadeen, and
manager of Nuclear Technology at the Ana-
Aasim Baheyadeen, members of the Ad Hoc
lytic Sciences Corporation (TASC) in Read-
Group Against Crime Steering Committee.
ing, MA. Prior to this, he served as manager
of systems studies in nuclear waste for Bat-
telle Pacific Northwest Laboratories, 1968-
1978, and he was a Presidential exchange
executive, 1973-1974. In addition, Dr. Bart-
lett served as a Fulbright professor of nucle-
Nomination of Bradley Gordon To Be
ar engineering at Istanbul Technical Uni-
an Assistant Director of the United
versity, 1968, and as a faculty member at
States Arms Control and Disarmament
the University of Rochester, 1962-1968.
Agency
Dr. Bartlett graduated from the Universi-
January 23, 1990
ty of Rochester (B.S., 1957) and Rensselaer
Polytechnic Institute (M.C.H.E., 1959;
The President today announced his inten-
Ph.D., 1961). He was born October 18,
tion to nominate Bradley Gordon to be an
1935, in Camden, NJ. Dr. Bartlett is mar-
Assistant Director of the U.S. Arms Control
ried, has two children, and resides in Lynn-
field, MA.
and Disarmament Agency for the Bureau of
Nuclear Weapons and Control. He would
succeed Kathleen C. Bailey.
Since 1987 Dr. Gordon has served as a
The President's News Conference
legislative assistant for foreign policy, de-
fense, and intelligence for Senator Rudy
January 24, 1990
Boschwitz. Prior to this, he served as a pro-
fessional staff member on the Senate For-
New Administration Policies and Chinese
eign Relations Committee, 1985-1987; po-
Student Relief Legislation
litical analyst for the Central Intelligence
The President. Good morning, good
Office of Near Eastern and South Asian
morning. Well, as you know, I'll soon
Analysis, 1979-1985; research assistant for
present my budget to the Congress. And as
the Middle East Institute at Columbia Uni-
I prepare to do so, it strikes me that our
versity, 1975-1976; and research assistant
nation faces challenges on many fronts, so
for the Bureau of Applied Social Research
let's give each the attention it deserves. To-
at Columbia University, 1975.
morrow I'm going to announce the second
phase of our strategy to fight drugs in the
Dr. Gordon graduated from Brandeis
schools and the streets of America. The
University (B.A., 1971), the University of
future of this country depends on whether
Vermont (M.A., 1974), and Columbia Uni-
we can give our children a chance to grow
versity (Ph.D., 1979). He was born May 22,
up drug free.
1949, in Burlington, VT. Dr. Gordon is mar-
And secondly, I will soon present our
ried, has three children, and resides in
plan to restructure America's defenses in
Reston, VA.
the wake of the dramatic changes that are
88
Administration of George Bush, 1990 / Feb. 26
nmitment on a
achieve a peaceful reconciliation and trans-
tion 1, subsection (11) of Executive Order
just one thing
fer of power.
No. 11830, as amended, is revised to read
implest and yet
We also congratulate the international ob-
"Chairman of the President's Committee on
send a message
server delegations whose activities, which
Employment of People with Disabilities (Ex
nunity leaders,
took place at the request of the Sandinista
Officio)." A new section 2 shall be added to
These goals are
government, helped ensure an open and
Executive Order No. 11830, as amended,
'hey're not the
safe electoral process. There were many,
which shall read as follows: "Sec. 2. The
the Nation's
but I want to mention delegations led by
Interagency Committee on Handicapped
the status quo,
former President Jimmy Carter and former
Employees shall also be referred to as the
our faith in the
Governor Dan Evans, the United Nations
Interagency Committee on Employment of
day I hope the
delegation led by former Secretary Elliot
People with Disabilities."
will join me in
Richardson, and the OAS [Organization of
Sec. 2. Amendment to Executive Order
Americans to
American States] delegation led by Secre-
No. 12367, as amended, "President's Com-
/n and to take
tary General Baena Soares.
mittee on the Arts and the Humanities."
and to enlist
We hope that all sides in this hotly fought
Section 3(b) of Executive Order No. 12367,
1 innovation,
contest will extend the hand of reconcilia-
as amended, is revised to read as follows:
rt to achieve
tion and cooperate together in rebuilding
"Any administrative support or other ex-
prepare this
their country for the good of all Nicara-
penses of the Committee shall be paid, to
new century.
guans. There is space in a democratic Nica-
the extent permitted by law, from funds
nuch for your
ragua for the expression of all political
available to the National Endowment for
points of view. We also hope that the cease-
the Arts and the National Endowment for
fire will be reestablished immediately and
the Humanities, as determined by the
11:59 a.m. in
respected by all sides. Given the election's
agreement of those agencies."
'ouse. Prior to
clear mandate for peace and democracy,
Sec. 3. Amendment to Executive Order
t with mem-
there is no reason at all for further military
No. 12692, "Continuance of Certain Feder-
Blue Room.
activity from any quarter.
al Advisory Committees." Section 1(a) of
We are confident the international com-
Executive Order No. 12692, which contin-
munity will strongly support the results of
ues until September 30, 1991, the Advisory
yesterday's elections and will join in the
Committee on Small and Minority Business
effort to help all Nicaraguans to rebuild
Ownership, is hereby revoked. The remain-
f Violeta
their country.
ing sections 1(b) through 1(k) are relettered
caragua
sections 1(a) through 1(j).
George Bush
of political
The White House,
Executive Order 12704-Amendments
her victory
February 26, 1990.
at there has
to Executive Orders Nos. 11830, 12367,
and 12692
n Nicaragua
[Filed with the Office of the Federal Regis-
accepted by
February 26, 1990
ter, 4:45 p.m., February 26, 1990]
Chamorro
By the authority vested in me as Presi-
ory and to
dent by the Constitution and laws of the
him on the
United States of America, including the Re-
stated will-
habilitation Act of 1973, as amended (29
Remarks Announcing the Publication
The United
U.S.C. 701 et seq.), the Federal Advisory
of the Guidebook "Growing Up Drug
with Mrs.
Committee Act, as amended (5 U.S.C.
Free: A Parent's Guide to Prevention"
support of
App.), and the Small Business Act, as
February 26, 1990
conciliation
amended (15 U.S.C. 631 et seq.), and to re-
and with
flect developments in connection with Ex-
The President. Thank you, all of you. And
ecutive Orders Nos. 11830, 12367, and
welcome, all of you, and welcome to the
re a peace-
talked this
12692, it is hereby ordered as follows:
White House. We are here, as Secretary Ca-
Section 1. Amendments to Executive
ent Carlos
vazos, our outstanding Secretary of Educa-
Order No. 11830, as amended, "Enlarging
tion, said, to unveil this little book. And I
pletely on
the Membership of the Interagency Com-
must say I cheated; I saw it ahead of time.
caragua to
mittee on Handicapped Employees." Sec-
[Laughter] I saw it when we were walking
317
Feb. 26 / Administration of George Bush, 1990
over, and I think it's going to do a lot of
book and for the example that you all are
good. It's titled, "Growing Up Drug Free: A
setting for other kids all across the country.
Parent's Guide to Prevention," published
And I want to urge parents everywhere to
by the Secretary's Department. And it's
read-hold this for me, would you?-
written for parents who are concerned
[laughter]-to read "Growing Up Drug
about their kids and illustrated by a number
Free." With open minds and listening
of promising young artists who are with us
hearts, parents need to hear what their kids
today. And this guidebook is being released
have to say. So, show your kids how ready
because we all care about kids, about keep-
you are just to listen. And it's often surpris-
ing their futures bright with promise and
ing how much they want to do the right
keeping them free of the enslavement of
drugs.
thing.
And you, like all Americans, understand
And now I'd like to take this one, and one
that our children are our best and brightest
of the first copies of this parent's handbook
hope. But you don't get a pep course before
to Ann Lynch, the president of the National
becoming a parent, and kids don't come
PTA. Ann, it's good to see you. And that
with owner's manuals. They have minds
one is for you, you lucky duck.
and problems of their own. So, the best
Ms. Lynch. Thank you. I am so pleased.
thing parents can do is talk to them; just as
Thank you. On behalf of the parents, I
important, listen to them; and know the
thank you. Now I have to figure out what to
facts about drugs and the warning signs that
do with it.
a kid's in trouble. And above all, we parents
The President. Thank you all very much.
can make sure that our actions are as good
as our words. Where illegal drugs and alco-
Note: The President spoke at 3:05 p.m. in
hol abuse are concerned, for too long we
Room 450 of the Old Executive Office
have condoned what we should have con-
Building.
demned. And that's what this book is about:
knowing when and how to talk to your kids,
when to listen, where to draw the line, and
Statement by Press Secretary Fitzwater
when to get help.
on the Nicaraguan Presidential
This guidebook sets forth simple steps
Elections
that parents can take for their kids from
February 26, 1990
preschool to high school. It talks about how
to make your values and your high expecta-
President Bush called President-elect
tions known to your kids, how to remind
Chamorro of Nicaragua to congratulate her
the children that drugs kill dreams and de-
on her election victory. President Bush
stroy lives, how to make rules and then
noted that this is a great day for the people
stick with them. And it emphasizes the im-
of Nicaragua. President Bush said the elec-
portance of telling your kids when they're
tion reinforces the Nicaraguan people's
doing right, because every time you do,
commitment to the peace process and to-
every time you help to cultivate character,
wards building a free and open society.
you're providing another reason not to do
In addition, President Bush called Prime
drugs.
Schools, churches, synagogues, communi-
Minister Thatcher [of the United Kingdom],
ty groups, law enforcement-all can help us
President Mitterrand [of France], and Presi-
turn the tide on drug and alcohol abuse, but
dent Salinas [of Mexico] to thank them for
none can take a parent's place. Drug educa-
the support they had exhibited over the
tion must begin at home and in the neigh-
past months for the return to a democratic
borhood long before the classroom.
process in Nicaragua. Prime Minister Mul-
I want to thank the young people here
roney [of Canada] called President Bush to
today, those up here and some that I see
discuss the Nicaraguan election and to ex-
scattered out there, and thank those who
press his support on behalf of the transfer
did the art work that they've done for this
to democratic rule.
318
the
Soviets
to,
will not be the tantalizing promises or
Sheriff
talk seriously bout reducing conven-
the hopeful words or the ingratiatin
Simon
oners loose, weekend after weekend.
tional force in Europe. Moscow con-
smiles. It will be in tead the ability of
That has been criminal justice, Hamil-
tinues to want to talk only about
the Bush-Gorbach alks to change
ton County style.
nuclear
arms.
Secretar
Baller,
dis-
the
face
Eurose
and,
turbingly seemed will accept of or
Some hs
ell,
anty
officials
some innovative methods for
dealing with the problem - things like
Drugs
hom incarceration with electronic moni-
toring and work-relead programs. They
hav elped somewha
Bennett's Cincinnati visit
the eed for aditional jail space is
still pron unced. The county is about
ready
$5
million,
1,500
demonstrated his commitment
bed
minit
un
jan
the
site
of
the
old
hous
The
rliest
that
facility
three
Anti-drug chief William Bennett's
the police report that drug arrests had
years from w!
Cincinnati visit was more than sym-
increased to 148 from 50 in Cincin-
That's why one of the recommenda-
bolic. His leadership style demands
tions submitted by Jail Options Task
nati's five public-housing complexes
Force at the beginn of May called on
that he go where the problems are to
the first quarter of this year over the
the county with a private firm
know how best to address them.
same period of 1989. The increase
to provide a facilit mor 400
He let Cincinnatians know that he
may have been at least partly from
non-vio nt, minim soners.
cares deeply about what drugs are
added pressure on drug traffickers in
We urgent nee that pace now. We
doing to their city. And that's impor-
these neighborhoods. "This problem
may need it new minimum-
security jail is bu Camp Washington.
tant. All too often, federal programs
does react to pressure," Mr. Bennett
The immediat questions are is there
seem run by those who neither know
said. "When you jump on this stuff -
a company that does this kind of work
nor care what happens beyond the
jump on it fast - they will go."
Washington Beltway.
He witnessed in Laurel Homes a
Yet if Mr. Bennett's chats with
welcome determination by residents
Police Chief Lawrence Whalen; Shir-
to banish the drug traders who have
Dembcrac
ley Colbert, president of the Laurel
hounded their neighborhood SO long.
Homes Residents Council, and others
Mr. Bennett said that "we've got a
Is the Cold War over? Not if Mikhail
helped them understand the federal
fire on our hands. The first thing we
Gorbachev and his colleagues are having
anti-drug commitment better, he
have to do is get them (drug dealers)
second thoughts abd it withdrawing Sovi-
learned from them, as well. Mr. Ben-
off the street — because they are
et troops from Eurobe.
nett made clear, incidentally, his con-
killing our children."
Is the world becoming safer? Not if the
viction that while anti-drug education
That's what his Cincinnati mission
United States accepts constraints on ad-
vanced weapons while dangerous Soviet
is important, SO are the prisons hous-
was about - saving our children. The
intercontinental balistic weapons remain
ing drug dealers.
task passionately engages him, as it
unrestricted.
He was understandably struck by
should the city.
Has democracy triumphed? Not yet.
Not in the Soviet Union or China or
almost anywhere in Asia outside of Japan.
Not in the Middle Cast or Africa. While
Soviet Jewry
democracy spreads in Latin America.
fundamentalism spreads in Moslem na-
tions.
Reason has not vet replaced force in
America can offer more help
Kashmir or Lebanon Gaza, Iraq or Lithu-
ania.
by taking in more refugees
Families of victims
George Bush cannot write enough
The swelling tide of Soviet lewish
with Israel is one reason. Another is
notes to comfort all the families of all the
immigration could inundate and alr but
the United States' history as a nation
victims of violence in Nepal, Malaysia
bankrupt Israel. As many as 150,000
of immigrants sympathetic to those
Afghanistan, Jordan, Beirut and Naza
reth. James Baker cannot cut enough
Soviet Jews may arrive this year
fleeing persecution. But the most
deals to eliminate all the proliferating
alone, straining a tiny country that
compelling reason is the U.S. role in
weapons of mass destruction.
allocated only $500 million for an
loosening Soviet reins on emigration.
It is not true that the case for democ
expected 40,000.
Those reins were eased by super-
racy has vanquished al opposing philoso
The dilemma is one the United
phies, only that it has vanquished Europe
power summits and other develop-
an Marxism. We have not arrived at th
States and other Western countries
ments that improved U.S.-Soviet rela-
Heavenly City of 18th century philos
should face with Israel. The Bush
tions.
phers or the Crystal Palace of 19t
administration should reconsider its
The Soviet tourniquet on emigra-
century prophets.
own limits on Jewish emigration to the
The fact is that no one knows what wi
United States, for example, even
tion has been an agenda Item, presum-
happen next. The great movements
though its policy at least initially
ably, at every U.S.-Soviet summit.
the 20th century have come as a sur
pleased Israeli officials. Israel has al-
Congressional voices were are raised
prise. Communism, fascism, Nazism, Is
through the years for easier Soviet
lamic fundamentalism - each was a
ways favored more, not less, immigra-
tion, especially from the Soviet Union,
emigration. Changes were sough not
unexpected development. Each seeme
alone for Jews, but they were the
unlikely even as it fastened a fanatic
where anti-Semitism has been intense
grip on an unwary society. Lenin and h
and widespread.
main group at issue.
Bolsheviks were as implausible a band
Some Americans may ask why,
Now that those changes have oc-
conspirators as ever moved into a volati
rather than how, the United States
curred, Americans should clearly do
political situation. They ere as implaus
what they can to help Israel cope with
ble as Hitler and the fre kish freeboote
should help Israel cope with the new
who met with him in B varia and Berli
immigrant flood. The historic U.S. tie
the result.
as implausible as the Avatollah Khomei
Custer
Custer
: study of medicine
are in reality simple filters, and that substances
cadets, he was court-martialed and found guilty.
en, from which he
useful to the body are re-absorbed during the
At Washington, however, the proceedings were
est honors, taking
passage of the filtrate through the urinary tu-
pigeon-holed, and he was ordered to report for
:.M., and M.D. in
bules, the waste products being thus allowed to
duty.
t Aberdeen, J. T.
escape.
As a second lieutenant assigned to the 2nd
d his interest in the
Cushney stayed at Ann Arbor until 1905, when
Cavalry, he reached Bull Run on the morning of
s, and in order to
he accepted the chair of pharmacology at Uni-
the battle. Afterward he served in the defense
is field, he went to
versity College, London. There he remained un-
movements about Washington until October,
ding a year in the
til 1918 when he received a call from Edinburgh
when he was sent home on sick leave. Return-
edeberg at Strass-
to succeed Sir Thomas Fraser. To each of the
ing in February 1862, he was transferred to the
h Hugo Kronecker,
three chairs which he occupied he brought pres-
5th Cavalry. He came to the notice of McClellan
m whom he learned
tige and dignity. On his removal to Scotland
in the Peninsular campaign, and on June 5 was
technique. He re-
he secured an historic manor house near Edin-
appointed one of his aides, with the rank of cap-
hen, at the instiga-
burgh, the "Dumbiedykes" of the Heart of Mid-
tain of volunteers, but with McClellan's retire-
:cepted the chair of
lothian, where he was able to withdraw some-
ment his rank lapsed to that of first lieutenant of
:I had just resigned
what from public life and to entertain the many
the regular army, to which he had been promoted
gan. Though only
students and physicians which an international
on July 17. Pleasanton, head of Hooker's newly
he rapidly made a
reputation and a kindly disposition had brought
formed Cavalry Corps, saw in him the makings
an. In addition to
to him in increasing numbers. He was an ardent
of a cavalry leader, and for gallant conduct at
es as a teacher, he
horticulturist, and his pleasure in his garden
Aldie, June 16, 1863, recommended him for a
also found time in
grew with advancing years. He died suddenly of
brigadier-generalship and organized for him a
ik of Pharmacology
an apoplectic stroke at his home. In 1896 he
brigade of Michigan regiments. Appointed on
ten work which has
had married Sarah Firbank, an Englishwoman
June 29, Custer served with distinction through
lost without a rival
whom he had met abroad.
the Gettysburg and Virginia campaigns. Con-
mous edition (the
[H. H. Dale, in Proc. Royal Soc. of London (1926),
spicuous in figure and attire and noted for the
out in 1928.
100B, pp. xix-xxvii; The Times (London), Feb. 26,
energy and dash of his operations and their al-
pharmacology were
1926; Nature, 1926, pp. 117, 387; Lancet (London),
1926, I, 519-20; Brit. Med. Jour., 1926, I, 455-57;
most unvarying success, he became by the end of
with modern tech-
Glasgow Herald, Feb. 26, 1926; Edinburgh Weekly
the year one of the most celebrated commanders
analysis of the ac-
Scotsman, Mar. 6, 1926; private information.]
at the front. During the winter he returned to
ooded animals, and
J.F.F.
Monroe, where on Feb. 9, 1864, he married his
effects and to in-
CUSTER, GEORGE ARMSTRONG (Dec.
boyhood sweetheart, Elizabeth, the daughter of
apeutic uses of this
5, 1839-June 25, 1876), soldier, was born in New
Judge Daniel S. Bacon. He found favor with
er appeared in 1897
Rumley, Harrison County, Ohio, the son of
Sheridan on the opening of the campaigns of
Medicine), and his
Emmanuel H. and Maria (Ward) Custer. His
1864 and became in time his most trusted lieu-
narized in 1925 in a
paternal great-grandfather was a Hessian offi-
tenant. On May 8 he was made a captain in the
Uses in Medicine of
cer named Küster, who after surrendering with
regular service; the fight at Yellow Tavern, May
hny was the first to
Burgoyne settled in Pennsylvania, later moving
II, brought him the brevet of lieutenant-colonel,
een clinical and ex-
to Maryland. His father was a farmer and black-
and Winchester, Sept. I9, that of colonel. The
ion. His interest in
smith. Both parents are praised by Custer, in a
Shenandoah campaign added greatly to his lau-
tical isomers, which
letter written in after years, as noble, devoted,
rels. On Oct. 2 he was placed at the head of the
lso culminated in a
and self-sacrificing. The boy attended the local
3rd Division of the Cavalry Corps, and on Oct.
ished posthumously,
schools until he was about ten, and after that
I9 was brevetted major-general of volunteers.
Optically Isometric
until his seventeenth year divided his time be-
But it was in the pursuit of Lee's army from
k up the subject of
tween his parents' home and that of his married
Richmond in April 1865 that he won his greatest
cretion about 1900,
half-sister, Lydia Reed, at Monroe, Mich. His
glory. His division held the van, and day and
contributed to it a
ambition from early childhood was to be a sol-
night, with little pause for rest or food, it kept
ers published in the
dier. From New Rumley, in the summer of
relentlessly at its task, striking here and there,
1917 he advanced
1857, appointed by the local representative in
crumpling up the lines of defense and capturing
n theory" of kidney-
Congress, he went to West Point. Though a
prisoners, wagons, and guns until on the morn-
ograph, The Secre-
rapid reader, with a quick apprehension and
ing of Apr. 9 it threw itself across Gordon's front
n of which prepared
good memory, he was a negligent student;
and made further resistance useless. It was to
a few months after
he was, moreover, mischievous and given to
Custer that the Confederate flag of truce, a
ut aside the theories
pranks-a "big jolly boy," as Gen. Morris Schaff
crash towel, was brought, and it was to him that
S special vital activ-
characterized him-and he graduated (June 24,
it afterward came as a present from Sheridan,
11 terms, and added
1861) at the foot of a class of thirty-four. A few
along with the present to his wife of the small
idely accepted, that
days later, on the charge of failing, while officer
table on which Grant had written the terms of
dney, the glomeruli,
of the guard, to stop a fist-fight between two
surrender. "I know of no one," wrote Sheridan,
7
Custer
Custer
"whose efforts have contributed more to this
committee regarding frauds in the Indian ser-
happy result than those of Custer." Two more
vice. His testimony, unfavorable to Belknap,
honorary promotions were to come to Custer-
the former secretary of war, gave great offense
brevets of brigadier-general and of major-gen-
to President Grant, who not only deprived him
eral of the regular army, both dated back to Mar.
of his command, substituting Terry, the district
13. On Apr. I5 he was made a major-general of
commander, but ordered that he should not even
volunteers.
be permitted to accompany the expedition. A
After the Grand Review he was sent to the
storm of popular disapproval, joined with the
Southwest, where Sheridan had preceded him,
earnest plea of Terry, caused Grant to relent
and on Feb. I, 1866, he was mustered out of the
so far as to restore Custer to the command of
volunteer service. The disbandment of the vol-
his regiment. Leaving the Missouri on May 17,
unteer army stripped him of his honorary rank
the expedition under Terry reached the Powder
and left him a mere captain in the 5th Cavalry.
on June 7, and later moved on to the mouth of
He applied for a year's leave of absence and with
the Rosebud. At noon of June 22, Custer and
a strong recommendation from Grant offered his
his regiment, a total force of about 655 men, set
services to the Mexican Army of Liberation.
out directly for the Little Big Horn, while Terry,
President Johnson, however, refused the request
with Gibbon, who had joined him from the west,
for a leave and instead ordered him to accom-
started up the Yellowstone to reach the field by
pany the presidential party in its famous "swing
way of the Big Horn. Custer arrived in the
around the circle." On July 28 the organization
vicinity of the village on the 25th, intending to
of the 7th Cavalry was authorized, and Custer
attack early the following morning. Learning,
was assigned to it with the rank of lieutenant-
however, that his presence had been discovered,
colonel. Early in the following year he joined
he decided on an immediate attack. Shortly
his regiment at Fort Riley, Kan., and as its first
after noon he divided his force into three
colonel never joined it, and its second did not
battalions, sending Benteen to the left, Reno
assume command until after the battle of the
straight ahead across the river into the valley
Little Big Horn, he remained its active com-
and taking his own five troops on a detour to the
mander until his death. He took an active part
right in order to strike the village further down
in the muddled Indian campaign of 1867 under
stream. An overwhelming force, variously reck-
Hancock and for its failure was made a scapegoat.
oned at from 2,500 to 4,000 well-armed war-
On charges of deliberate absence from duty he
riors, was encountered. Reno was soon driven
was court-martialed and sentenced to a year's
in flight from the valley, taking refuge on the
suspension from the army. Sheridan, who suc-
bluffs on the north of the river, where shortly
ceeded Hancock, recalled Custer to his regiment
afterward he was joined by Benteen and where
in the fall of 1868, and on Nov. 27 he won a bril-
a valiant defense was maintained until the de-
liant victory over Black Kettle's band of Chey-
parture of the Indians on the afternoon of the
ennes, in the battle of the Washita. After two
26th. Custer, on reaching the slope of what has
years more of campaigning on the plains the
since been known as Custer Hill, was surround-
regiment was broken up and scattered at various
ed and with every one of his immediate command
garrison points, but early in 1873 was reunited
was killed. Lieut. Bradley, scouting in advance
at Fort Rice, in the present North Dakota. He
of Terry and Gibbon on the morning of the 27th,
took part in Stanley's Yellowstone expedition of
found the bodies, most of them stripped and
that year and on its return was assigned to the
scalped and many otherwise mutilated. The body
command of the newly established Fort Abra-
of Custer, pierced by a bullet in the left temple
ham Lincoln, across the river from Bismarck.
and in the left side, though stripped, was un-
In the following summer on orders from the War
mutilated.
Department, he led through the Black Hills an
The controversy that began immediately there-
exploring expedition of 1,200 men-an event
after has continued intermittently ever since,
which resulted in the discovery of gold and con-
with no signs that it will ever be ended. Custer
tributed in some measure to the Sioux War a
has been charged with disobedience of orders,
year and a half later.
with having made his attack before the time
He was to have commanded the expedition
agreed upon, with a reckless determination to
ordered to set out early in 1876 to cooperate with
risk the lives of his command in a vain effort to
the columns of Crook and Gibbon in rounding
regain the prestige alleged to have been lost
up the hostile Sioux and Cheyennes. In the mid-
through Grant's disfavor and with much else.
dle of March, however, he was summonsed to
His defenders have replied that the only orders
Washington to testify before a Congressional
known to exist gave him full discretion, that
8
:er
Custer
Custis
1ds in the Indian ser-
there is no evidence of an agreement as to the
closing net of adverse circumstances, while his
favorable to Belknap,
time of attack, that if his main motive were per-
every movement to extricate himself served only
ar, gave great offense
sonal glory he must have known that reckless-
to hasten the inevitable end.
not only deprived him
ness was the one thing sure to defeat his aim,
[See G. W. Cullum, Biog. Reg. (3rd ed., 1891)
:ing Terry, the district
and that had his subordinate, Reno, borne a more
Frederick Whittaker, A Complete Life of Gen. Geo.
A. Custer (1876) F. S. Dellenbaugh, Geo. Armstrong
hat he should not even
courageous part the result might have been dif-
Custer (1917) Elizabeth Bacon Custer, The Boy Gen-
ny the expedition. A
ferent. Sherman, in his official report for the
eral (1901), ed. by Mary E. Burt. The literature of
toval, joined with the
the Little Big Horn battle is voluminous. Especially
year, admitted that the "campaign had been
noteworthy contributions are: E. S. Godfrey, "Custer's
aused Grant to relent
planned on wrong premises" and that until Cus-
Last Battle," Century Mag., Jan. 1892; J. M. Hanson,
er to the command of
The Conquest of the Missouri (1909) Jas. McLaugh-
ter's death there was nothing to indicate that any
lin, My Friend the Indian (1910) W. A. Graham,
e Missouri on May I7,
detachment would encounter more than 500 or
The Story of the Little Big Horn (1926) C. F. Bates
y reached the Powder
800 Indians. The cause of Custer's defeat was
and Fairfax Downey, Fifty Years After the Little Big
ed on to the mouth of
Horn Battle (pamph., 1926) Edward J. McClernand,
the dispatch of a force inferior in armament and
"The Indian and the Buffalo in Montana." Cavalry
£ June 22, Custer and
vastly inferior in numbers to the force it encoun-
Jour., Jan. 1927; and the appendices to Cyrus Town-
: of about 655 men, set
send Brady, Indian Fights and Fighters (1904) and
tered.
Northwestern Fights and Fighters (1907). See also
3ig Horn, while Terry,
Custer was tall, slender, and lithe, with a
the impressionistic biography, Custer, the Last of the
ned him from the west,
strong physique and an exceptional capacity for
Cavaliers (1928), by Frazier Hunt.]
W.J.G.
e to reach the field by
endurance. He had blue eyes, and his hair
CUSTIS, GEORGE WASHINGTON
Custer arrived in the
(which he wore long until his last campaign)
PARKE (Apr. 30, 1781-Oct. IO, 1857), play-
the 25th, intending to
and mustache were of a golden tint. His dress
wright, inherited the traditions of a Southern
g morning. Learning,
in the early days of the Civil War had been
landholder through his father, John Parke Cus-
e had been discovered,
slouchy and unkempt; but on attaining the rank
tis, the stepson of George Washington, and also
:diate attack. Shortly
of general he donned a conspicuous costume of
through his mother Eleanor Calvert, a descen-
his force into three
olive-gray corduroy or velveteen, lavishly tin-
dant of Lord Baltimore. Owing to the early
en to the left, Reno
seled with gold braid and set off with a cavalier
death of his father, he grew up under the charge
river into the valley
hat and a long scarlet necktie. On the plains he
of Washington at Mount Vernon, Va., where he
pops on a detour to the
usually wore buckskin. His manner on the field
lived until the death of Mrs. Washington, when
e village further down
was brusque and aggressive and his voice sharp
he made his home at Arlington, Va. After a time
; force, variously reck-
and at times rasping; but in hours of relaxation
spent at Princeton College, he was commissioned
,000 well-armed war-
he was genial and companionable. Lawrence
in 1799 a cornet of horse in the United States
Reno was soon driven
Barrett, the actor, who knew him intimately,
army, and became aide-de-camp to Gen. Charles
taking refuge on the
says that his voice was "earnest, soft, tender
C. Pinckney, with the rank of colonel. He was
e river, where shortly
and appealing" and that his personality was one
not, however, called into active service at this
by Benteen and where
of rare charm. In personal habits he was ab-
time. In 1804 he married Mary Lee Fitzhugh,
intained until the de-
stemious; except in the peace-pipe ceremony
and went to live upon his large estate. His
1 the afternoon of the
with Indians he did not use tobacco, and there is
daughter, Mary Custis, married Robert E. Lee,
the slope of what has
no evidence, despite malicious stories to the con-
thus linking the two great generals in a family
er Hill, was surround-
trary, that save for a brief period during the
connection. In I803 he inaugurated an annual
is immediate command
Civil War he ever drank liquor. He became, in
convention for the promotion of agriculture and
y, scouting in advance
his later days, an avid student, particularly of
especially for the encouragement of the wool in-
le morning of the 27th,
military science and of belles-lettres, and he
dustry. During the War of 1812 he served as a
of them stripped and
spent much of his leisure time in writing. In
volunteer in the defense of the city of Washing-
se mutilated. The body
1874 he published in book form his fascinating
ton. When Lafayette visited the United States
illet in the left temple
narrative, My Life on the Plains (later re-titled
in 1824, Custis naturally took an active part in
igh stripped, was un-
Wild Life on the Plains), the text of which had
his welcome and was prompted to write his en-
appeared serially in the Galaxy. His "War
tertaining "Conversations with Lafayette," pub-
gan immediately there-
Memoirs-recollections of the Civil War to the
lished in the Alexandria Gazette. In 1826 he
mittently ever since,
time of the battle of Williamsburg-were pub-
began in the United States Gazette his recollec-
ever be ended. Custer
lished in the Galaxy in 1876, after his death. He
tions of Washington, which were continued in
isobedience of orders,
had a high sense of integrity, and he strove ear-
the National Intelligencer, and were published in
ttack before the time
nestly, with results disastrous to himself, to
1860. An incident in which Washington was the
:less determination to
check the then prevalent corruption in the In-
chief actor became the central motive of Custis's
and in a vain effort to
dian Bureau. His character was positive, and
first play, The Indian Prophecy, performed at the
ed to have been lost
though he won devoted friends he made vin-
Chestnut Street Theatre, Philadelphia, July 4,
and with much else.
dictive enemies, particularly in the army. He
1827, and published in 1828. His most successful
d that the only orders
may well be likened, in his last days, to the cen-
play, Pocahontas, or the Settlers of Virginia, pro-
1 full discretion, that
tral figure in a Greek tragedy, hemmed in by a
duced at the Walnut Street Theatre, Philadel-
9
DICTIONARY OF
American Biography
Edited by Allen Johnson & Dumas Malone
5
Cushman - Eberle
Charles Scribner's Sons
NEW YORK
354
TENcydardin AMMICANA]
CUSTARD APPLE-CUSTER
he was only 23 years old. His subsequent
burg, Cold Harbor, Yellow Tavern, Cedar Getty
record was a string of successful actions at comban
and Five Forks. His daring, almost reckless Creek
of personal leadership resulted in his promotion style
to major general, commanding a division
cavalry under Gen. Philip H. Sheridan.
Indian Expeditions. After the war Custer
assigned to duty under Sheridan
west. When Civil War officers lost
ranks in the Army reorganization,
pointed lieutenant colonel of the 7th U.S. Can
alry in the Regular Army on July 28, 1866,
the Indians in the West the next year.
commanded the regiment in expeditions againm
by a general court-martial on charges that
After one of the campaigns he was convicted
cluded unauthorized absence from his command
on
and mistreatment of captured deserters. He
suspended from rank and pay for a year, by
after 10 months he was restored to active duty
for a winter campaign against the Indians.
dawn on Nov. 27, 1868, Custer led the 7th At
Cavalry in the capture and burning of a large
village of southern Cheyenne Indians on the
h
Washita River in what is now western Oklahoma
BOB HARGREAVES
Early in 1873 he was sent with his regiment
d
Custard apple (Annona reticulata)
Dakota Territory on escort duty for the Northern
Pacific Railroad survey. The next year he led
exploration into the Black Hills of Dakota to look at
to
CUSTARD APPLE, a name loosely applied to sev-
for gold.
eral species of tropical American trees and shrubs
Custer was to have had a major command
in
of the genus Annona of the custard apple family
a campaign against Sitting Bull and other hostike
he
(Annonaceae) and to their fruits. All these
Sioux Indians in the spring of 1876. Before it be
sale
species produce aggregate fruits-that is, fruits
gan, however, he became involved in an investi-
formed by the fusion of numerous ripened ovaries
gation of the sale of post traderships at Western
ted
and the enlarged receptacle (floral base). In-
military establishments. Testifying in Washing
of
cluded under the designation "custard apple" are
ton, he presented hearsay evidence that imph-
nt
the cherimoya (Annona cherimolia), the soursop
cated relatives of President Ulysses S. Grant in
ako
(A. muricata), the sweetsop (A. squamosa),
the affair. Grant ordered his removal from com-
and the true custard apple, or bullock's heart
mand of the Dakota section of the Sioux expedi-
(A. reticulata). See CHERIMOYA; SOURSOP;
tion, but on the intercession of other military
the
SWEETSOP.
authorities he was allowed to take the field, com-
The true custard apple is now widely distrib-
manding only the 7th Cavalry.
uted in the American tropics and subtropics. It
Geo
is a small deciduous tree, reaching 25 to 30 feet
(7.5-9 meters) in height, with a spreading crown.
Gen. George Armstrong Custer
The name "bullock's heart" is derived from its
GAF HISTORICAL COLLECTION
heart-shaped fruit, which is 3 to 6 inches (7.5-15
cm) long, from 1 to 2 pounds (0.5-1 kg) in
weight, and reddish or brownish in color. The
fruit's surface is divided by shallow depressions
into many hexagonal sections (areoles). The soft,
creamy white pulp is of variable quality, often
being rather dry and sweet smelling but of in-
sipid flavor. Custard apples may be eaten fresh,
with a spoon, or used in custards. A tasty bev-
erage is also made from them. The custard apple
is grown on a small scale in southern Florida.
LAWRENCE ERBE
University of Southwestern Louisiana
CUSTER, George Armstrong (1839-1876), Amer-
ican Army officer, whose death in battle against
the Indians created a legend and stirred bitter
controversy. He was born at New Rumley, Ohio,
on Dec. 5, 1839. He was appointed in 1857 to
the U.S. Military Academy, where his academic
and disciplinary record was undistinguished, and
was graduated in 1861.
As a cavalry lieutenant, Custer displayed
courage, dash, and initiative in engagements
early in the Civil War. In June 1863 he was pro-
moted to brigadier general of volunteers, although
Montana 397
Montana
fought to protect the hunting grounds that provided the
n
necessities of life for their people. Sioux and Cheyenne
Although its name is derived from the Spanish montaña
W
won their last major victory in June 1876, at the Battle of
("mountainous region"), Montana has an average eleva-
re
the Little Bighorn, also known as the Custer Massacre. A
id
tion of only 3,400 feet, the lowest among the Rocky
band of Nez Percé under Chief Joseph won a battle in
Mountain states. The mountains sweep down from the
as
the Big Hole Basin the following year and fled toward
d-
Canadian province of British Columbia into the western
Canada, only to be met and defeated by United States
third of the state, into Idaho on Montana's western and
at
troops a few miles south of the "Medicine Line," the
southwestern border, and southward into Wyoming. The
id
international boundary. Montana entered the Union in
eastern two-thirds of the state, however, is a gently roll-
1889, with Joseph K. Toole as the first governor.
th
ing landscape with far horizons and a big sky, with mil-
Growth of the state. As gold mining declined in im-
tl-
lions of grazing cattle and sheep, and with only scattered
portance, world demand for copper increased, and the
evidences of human habitation. It forms a part of the
:r.
immense ore deposits at Butte, known as "the richest hill
northern Great Plains, shared with the provinces of Al-
id
on earth," attracted outside capital. From 1895 to 1905
berta and Saskatchewan to the north, North and South
ur
the so-called copper kings-William A. Clark, Marcus
Dakota to the east, and northeastern Wyoming.
Daly, and Frederick Augustus Heinze-fought for con-
Only three states-Alaska, Texas, and California-have
es
trol of the mines and of the state government, which
an area larger than Montana's 147,138 square miles
became notoriously corrupt.
(381,086 square kilometres), which is, in fact, larger
as
After 1909, homesteaders poured into the plains coun-
than that of Japan; and only three-Alaska, Wyoming,
w
try to claim farms of 320 acres. During the "county-
No
and Nevada-have a lower population density than Mon-
busting era," from 1910 to 1925, the number of counties
Id
tana's 4.8 persons per square mile. The 694,409 inhabi-
doubled from 28 to the present 56, most of the new ones
Economic
tants counted in the census of 1970 are relatively far from
lying in the grain-growing part of the state in the east and
booms and
the markets for their cattle, grain, lumber, metals, and
WS
north. The expected population growth did not material-
busts
Iis
petroleum, as well as from the nation's manufacturing and
ize, however, for, after a few years of bumper wheat
his
supply centres. Nature is omnipresent, and the state is
crops and high prices, a cycle of drought years brought
strongly oriented toward the out-of-doors, toward sum-
P
financial disaster. Hundreds of mortgages were foreclosed
he
mer and winter sports, toward hunting and fishing, and
and more than 200 banks closed permanently between
er
toward the long-distance trip for socializing and enter-
1920 and 1926. Thousands of settlers sought livelihoods
tainment or as a cure for the imaginary but chronic
elsewhere; since then, farming methods suitable for the
ry
prairie- or mountain-born restlessness, cabin fever.
In spite of its northern location, the Montana of the
semi-arid prairie land have been developed.
nd
he
1970s is very much a Western state, with high-heeled
Thus, Montana was already depressed when the nation-
cowboy boots more fashionable than shoes and cattle
wide depression began in 1929. Droughts continued,
rustling not merely a memory from the past. The main
many mines closed, and markets for forest products were
pt-
few. The federal government undertook several big irri-
cis
Influes
street of the capital, Helena, is Last Chance Gulch, the
gation and soil-conservation projects. Fort Peck Dam, a
city's original name and a reminder of the prospectors
ke-
on
who invaded the hills in the 1860s to pan for gold. By
multipurpose project on the Missouri River, was com-
ce- Anglo
pleted in 1940. During World War II both mining and
uis
Saxon
1889, when Montana became the 41st state of the Union,
the cattle drive was an institution, and the state had begun
agriculture returned to their boom levels of past years.
writen
Petroleum production, which had begun in a small way
his
to emerge as the copper-mining capital of the nation. (For
in 1915, was expanded in 1951 with major discoveries in
information on related topics, see the articles UNITED
de.
the Williston Basin in the northeast. A very rich field at
STATES; UNITED STATES, HISTORY OF THE; NORTH AMERICA;
ter
Bell Creek near Broadus was opened in 1967. In that year
GREAT PLAINS; and ROCKY MOUNTAINS.)
art
the state's longest and costliest strike took place against
THE HISTORY OF MONTANA
the Anaconda (Mining) Company, the state's largest pri-
Settlement. The first white men known to have set foot
vate employer, lasting 250 days and costing about
ne,
in Montana were the members of the Lewis and Clark
$34,000,000 in wages.
ed.
Expedition in 1805-06, though French fur traders were
THE NATURAL AND HUMAN LANDSCAPE
vre
in the area as early as the 1740s. Other trappers and trad-
vol.
ers followed, setting up forts to trade with the Indians.
The heavily forested western third of Montana includes
ion
The only early trading post to become a permanent town
the tumbled, rugged Rocky Mountains and the Continen-
&
was Fort Benton, which-was established in 1846 and be-
tal Divide, contrasting with the generally treeless, gently
vol.
came an important port on the Missouri River and head
rolling eastern portion, which is broken by buttes, tree-
rès
of navigation for steamboats from St. Louis. Jesuit mis-
bordered streams, and small, isolated mountain ranges.
Rivers and lakes. The state is unusual in that its waters
&
sionaries followed the fur traders. Father Pierre-Jean De-
no-
Smet, a Belgian, established St. Mary's Mission near
contribute to three major drainage systems. On the west
and
side cf the divide, streams flow into the Clark Fork and
present Stevensville in 1841, and Father Anthony Raval-
ays
li, an Italian, joined him in 1845.
Kootenai rivers and then, through the Columbia River,
aell
into the Pacific Ocean. East of the divide, the Madison,
Miners and adventurers flocked in after rich placer gold
wio
Jefferson, and Gallatin rivers meet at Three Forks to
ed.
deposits were discovered at Bannack in 1862 and Alder
form the mighty Missouri, which, with its major tribu-
tro-
Gold
Gulch in 1863. A secretly organized gang of holdup men
tary, the Yellowstone, finally joins the Mississippi. From
Richness
werers and
and murderers, known as road agents and led by Sheriff
parts of Glacier National Park, in the northwest, streams
of water
also
relantes
Henry Plummer, was identified late in 1863. The hastily
24-
drain northward into Hudson Bay by way of the Belly
resources
formed Committee of Vigilance destroyed the gang by
.M.
and St. Mary rivers. Cruise boats ply the upper Missouri,
hanging more than two dozen road agents in a few weeks
notably in the spectacular trip through the Gates of the
in 1864. Montana Territory, formerly part of Idaho Ter-
Mountains, above Helena.
ritory, was established in that year, with Bannack its first
Most of the natural lakes are in the Rockies, and some
AUL
cel-
capital and Virginia City, on Alder Gulch, its second.
of the most beautiful are in Glacier National Park. Flat-
La
Farmers settled in the Bitterroot, Deer Lodge, and Gal-
head Lake, with a surface area of 197 square miles, is the
latin valleys to raise grain and vegetables.
largest in the state. A new lake was formed in 1959 when
ed.
Large-scale cattle and sheep raising began with the first
an earthquake toppled a mountain into the Madison Riv-
(in
big herd of cattle being driven overland from Texas in
er northwest of West Yellowstone, the resulting body of
eing
1866. The vast grasslands of central Montana were ideal
water becoming known as Quake Lake or Earthquake
NTIN
for cattle, but in the severe winter of 1886-87, some
Lake. Some large man-made lakes are reservoirs backed
udy,
tion
owners lost 90 percent of their herds to freezing and
up behind multipurpose government dams. Major dams
33),
starvation. Since that time, stock growers have raised hay
are Fort Peck on the Missouri River near Glasgow; Can-
for winterfeed.
yon Ferry on the Missouri near Helena; Hungry Horse
(.F.)
As pressure from settlers increased, the native Indians
on the South Fork of the Flathead near Columbia Falls;
398
Montana
Yellowtail in the Bighorn River Canyon, creating Big-
THE PEOPLE OF MONTANA
horn Lake, which extends into Wyoming; and Libby Dam
In the early years of the 20th century, many families
on the Kootenai, producing Koocanusa Lake, part of
from northern Europe settled on homesteads to farm on
which lies in British Columbia.
the eastern prairie, and immigrants from across Europe
Climate. Montanans tend to be defensive about their
came to work in the mines. Their descendants have been
climate, and they do not react gratefully to expressions of
well assimilated. Place-names such as Belgrade, Glasgow,
sympathy from New Yorkers, New Englanders, or North
Havre, Harlem, and Malta do not indicate the national
Dakotans. The state was called "the icebox of the nation"
origin of the settlers but were bestowed by railroad
before Alaska achieved statehood. A temperature of
officials when the towns were established. If there is a
-70° F C) was registered at Rogers Pass on Jan-
social status in the state, it is conferred less by wealth
uary 20, 1954, but the cities of Duluth, Minneapolis, and
than by descent from pioneers.
St. Paul, in Minnesota, have lower average temperatures.
Ethnic minorities. Several Indian tribes, usually on the
In July, the warmest month, Montana's average is about
move in search of game, lived in Montana when the first
65° F (18° C); in January, the coldest, about 15° F
explorers arrived. Indians now constitute the state's only
(-9° C). Humidity is generally low, and the same
large racial minority group, with about 27,000 of the
aridity that requires dryland farmers to be ingenious
about 31,000 nonwhites in 1970. About three-quarters of
about conserving moisture makes both summer and win-
Montana's Indians live on seven reservations: Blackfeet,
Indian
X natural subrita- of
ter more comfortable than thermometer readings sug-
Crow, Northern Cheyenne, Rocky Boy's (Chippewa and
reser-
gest.
Cree Indians), Fort Peck (Sioux and Assiniboin), Flat-
vations
Average precipitation is low-about 18 inches in the
head (Flathead or Salish, Kutenai, and Pend d'Oreille),
west and 13 inches in the east-resulting from the posi-
and Fort Belknap (Assiniboin and Atsina or Gros
tion of the Rocky Mountains and the state's interior loca-
Ventre). Most of the reservations are poor in natural
tion on the continent. The Rockies sometimes warm part
resources except for grazing land, much of it leased to
of the east and north by creating a chinook wind, which
non-Indian stock growers. The reservations are partially
melts snow rapidly and gives quick relief from cold. De-
self-governing through tribal organizations, and the fed-
structive hailstorms sometimes occur in July and August,
eral Bureau of Indian Affairs is the principal agency
damaging unharvested grain.
overseeing Indian activities. Employment opportunities
Soils and vegetation. Montana's soils differ widely.
on the reservations are few, and most Indians find it
Eastern, prairie soils are mature, underlaid by lime de-
difficult to tear themselves away from traditionally strong
posits, and productive when enough moisture is available.
family ties to work among strangers. Life is even harder
Many mountain soils are immature and thin because ero-
for the landless Indians, who came to the state after the
sion has carried the richer decomposed materials into the
reservations were established and do not have a legal right
valleys. The grasslands east of the Rockies make Mon-
to live on them. About half of the nearly 2,000 Negroes
tana one of the great range states. Only Texas outranks it
live in the Great Falls area.
in the number of cattle raised on native grasses; Texas
Religion. About half the people in Montana are affil-
and Wyoming exceed it in range-raised sheep. About
iated with an organized religious group, with slightly
one-fourth of the state is classified as forest land, and
more than half of them Roman Catholics. Through vig-
about one-third of this is also suitable for grazing. In
orous missionary activity the Mormon Church, centred
general, where there are mountains, there are forests.
in nearby Salt Lake City, Utah, has been increasing its
Most of the trees, and all those cut for timber, are soft-
membership for several years.
wood conifers. There are no hardwood forests.
Demography. The population in 1970 represented an
Animal life. Large game animals abound, mainly in
increase of only about 3 percent in ten years. Since births
the mountains. They include moose, elk, mule and white-
outnumbered deaths by almost 78,000 in the decade, it is
tailed deer, grizzly and black bears, bighorn sheep, and
obvious that many thousands of persons left the state.
Prevalence
mountain goats. Herds of pronghorn antelope run free on
Only eight cities had more than 10,000 population in the
of wildlife
the prairie. A few bison, once abundant beyond counting,
census of 1970: Billings (61,581), Great Falls (60,091),
were saved from extinction, and a herd of between 300
Missoula (29,497), Butte (23,368), Helena (22,730),
and 400 is maintained on the National Bison Range, near
Bozeman (18,670), Havre (10,558), and Kalispell
Moiese. A herd belonging to the Crow Indians, which
(10,526).
had to be destroyed because of undulant fever, is being
During the 1960s, population moved not only out of the
rebuilt. There is some trapping of mink, beaver, and
state but from east to west within it, from farms and
muskrat for their fur. Predators include mountain lions,
ranches to the more industrialized areas. Of the 56 coun-
bobcats, and coyotes.
ties, 41 lost population, all but one of them rural. Only
Game birds are abundant, including grouse, ducks,
four eastern counties showed a gain, and the only signif-
pheasant, partridge, and geese. About 700 trumpeter
swans, once almost extinct, live in the area of Yellow-
icant increase there was 15 percent in Powder River
stone, Hebgen, and Red Rock lakes, forming the largest
County, due to oil-drilling activity at the Bell Creek field.
colony of these birds in the United States. Kokanee and
Twenty-one counties have less than 5,000 inhabitants, and
silver salmon, whitefish, and several kinds of trout pre-
two of these, Golden Valley and Petroleum, have less
dominate as attractions for recreational fishermen.
than 1,000. In the same decade the urban population in-
Human inroads. Air travellers can fly over Montana's
creased to 53.4 percent from 50.2 percent of the total.
prairie for miles without seeing a town, a road, or a
railroad track. This is grazing country for cattle and
THE STATE'S ECONOMY
sheep. In dryland-farming areas the fields are big; and
Montana's imbalance between dependent persons below
where wind blows the soil, green swaths of growing
19 and over 65 years of age and those of working age
grain alternate with brown swaths of fallow ground, on
tends to reduce per capita income and tax-paying capaci-
which last year's stubble catches and holds such rain and
ty in comparison with the entire nation. Between 1948
snow as fall. In the mountains, forests are dark on steep
and 1970, per capita personal income declined from more
slopes and in deep canyons, with occasional scars of log-
than 110 percent of the national average to only 86 per-
ging roads and patches of timber burned in forest fires.
cent. The state government has relatively little power to
The main urban settlements developed from mining
influence economic growth. Montana specializes in indus-
camps; from trading centres for farmers, stockmen, and
tries that, nationally, are growing slowly if at all. Some
forest workers; and from early railroad division points.
tax concessions are offered to new businesses. A 1972
With improved roads and plentiful automobiles, rural
popular vote to legalize gambling was not (1973) im-
communities have lost stores, banks, and other business-
plemented by the legislature. Tourism is an important
es. Billings, the largest city, boomed when it became the
if only seasonal source of employment in the state.
business centre for the state's oil industry. Hydroelectric
Trade unions are strongest and most active in commu-
power was responsible for the growth of Great Falls, the
nities where one or two major employers predominate:
second largest city.
in Butte, Anaconda, and Great Falls.
Montana
399
Agriculture. The state's largest single source of income
tion patterns are not predictable. Ticket splitting is com-
is agriculture, with livestock accounting for about two-
mon. The governor and the lieutenant governor, former-
thirds of cash income, and crops the remainder. Mon-
ly elected separately, now are elected on one ticket. The
tana's national rank in livestock at the beginning of the
state has an open primary; voters need not declare party
The
1970s was tenth in beef cows, third in sheep, and 28th
affiliation, and registration is permanent unless a voter
political
in hogs. The state ranked second in the nation in barley
misses a general election.
process
and seventh in wheat production, 10th in sugar beets,
The executive branch was reorganized so that in 1973
fifth in flaxseed, and 13th in oats. Following a nation-
some 160 state boards and agencies were consolidated
wide trend, the number of farms has been diminishing,
into 19 cabinet-style departments, with virtually all ap-
while the average size of individual farms has increased
pointments directly controlled by the governor. The vot-
for several decades.
ing age was lowered to 19 in 1969, and Montana was one
Mining. Copper is the leading metal, representing
of the first states to ratify the amendment to the United
nearly half of the state's metal production. Gold, the
States Constitution permitting 18-year-olds to vote.
basis of pioneer settlement in the 1860s, is now only a
The two-house legislature, which under the state's new
Exploita-
by-product of copper mining, along with silver and lead.
constitution meets every year, was composed, in early
of
Among other mineral resources are phosphates, used in
1973, of 50 senators and 100 representatives.
%
manufacturing fertilizers and elemental phosphorus; ver-
Judges are elected without party designation. The high-
Indian
natural
expres
miculite; bentonite; sand and gravel; and gypsum. Mon-
est court is the five-man Supreme Court. The state is
tana has enormous low-sulfur coal reserves, estimated at
divided into 18 judicial districts, in which 28 district
vations
more than 2,000,000,000 tons, that can be strip-mined at
judges serve. On the lowest level are justices of the peace,
low cost. Although visible coal deposits in southern Mon-
who serve organized townships, and police judges, whose
tana were noted by a military expedition in 1876, these
authority is limited to cases involving municipal ordi-
resources have scarcely been touched. Coal is now gain-
nances.
ing importance as a fuel to produce electrical power.
Income from taxation on personal property, the most
Legislation adopted in 1971 required mine operators to
important source of tax revenue, varies widely from
restore the surface of the mined land for other uses,
county to county because of differences in valuation by
such as grazing. Petroleum was discovered in commercial
county assessors. A major political issue in the legislature
quantities at Elk Basin in 1915. The Elk Basin, Kevin-
in the early 1970s revolved around the choice of increas-
Sunburst, and Cut Bank fields led in production for sever-
ing the personal income tax or imposing a sales tax. Per-
al years. The great Williston Basin was developed in
sonal income tax increased in 1971.
1951, but more recently the Bell Creek field in Powder
Local government. The county is the highest level of
River County has been the most productive.
local government. Its powers and duties are defined and
Forestry. Lumbering and forest-products manufacture
limited by state statutes. Three elected commissioners are
are vital to western Montana. Of the more than
the chief administrators, though a full-time manager may
17,000,000 acres of commercial forest land, more than
be employed instead. Government in low-population
three-quarters is owned by the federal and state govern-
counties is especially expensive and burdensome. Munici-
ments. More than 9,000 persons are employed in the for-
pal governments, like those of counties, have no inherent
estry industry, including the manufacture of plywood and
powers but derive all their authority from the state. They
of pulp and paper products. About half of Montana's
can, however, enact local ordinances, whereas counties
forest products are sold to states in the Middle West.
cannot.
Military presence. The beginning and the ending of
Law enforcement. Municipalities have police forces,
big military installations have had profound effects in
whereas organized townships have elected constables
Montana, Malmstrom Air Force Base, built in 1942, is of
whose major duty is to serve legal papers. Each county
continuing economic importance to Great Falls. The
has an elected sheriff, who appoints his deputies and has
economic shock produced in the early 1970s by the con-
jurisdiction outside towns and cities. Because cattle rus-
struction of an anti-ballistic-missile installation in north
tling is a continuing problem, some sheriffs and deputies
central Montana was followed by an opposite upheaval
act as brand inspectors to prevent the sale of stolen live-
when the project was later abandoned. Closing of the
stock.
Glasgow Air Force Base in 1968, after 11 years, jolted.
Health, education, and welfare. Montanans pay vari-
the economy of that area, and closing of an air force.
ous penalties for the wide-open spaces they enjoy. An
radar base in 1971 lost for Lewistown the benefits of a
increasing number of communities have no physician,
significant annual payroll.
dentist, or hospital. Although rural schools continue to
Transportation. Under Amtrak, administered by the
consolidate and introduce bus transportation, many chil-
quasi-governmental National Railroad Passenger Service
dren attend small and not always adequate one- or two-
Corporation, the Burlington Northern in 1971 continued
teacher country schools. Beaverhead County, larger than
passenger service across the northern part of the state but
the state of Connecticut but with only 8,000 inhabitants,
maintained it only provisionally to the six largest cities in
has only two high schools, one with fewer than 100 pu-
1
the state farther to the south. In-city bus lines operate
pils. School districts are corporate bodies headed by a
S
only in Butte, Anaconda, and Billings.
county superintendent of schools and governed by elected
In 1970 the state had more than 1,200 miles of interstate
school boards.
highways. There were almost 6,000 miles of primary
The state's system of higher education, chartered in
highways and the same amount of secondary roads. Sev-
1893, includes universities at Missoula and Bozeman and
eral major airlines and air-taxi lines serve the state, and
four-year colleges at Billings, Butte, Havre, and Dillon.
many small planes are privately owned.
There are church-affiliated private colleges in Great Falls,
Helena, and Billings; junior colleges in Miles City, Glen-
ADMINISTRATION AND SOCIAL CONDITIONS
dive, and Kalispell; and public postsecondary vocation-
8
Constitution. The only copy of Montana's first pro-
al-technical schools in Great Falls, Billings, Missoula,
posed state constitution was mislaid on the way to the
Helena, and Butte.
printer in St. Louis, Missouri, in 1866, and its contents
Montana's welfare program is state supervised and ad-
must remain a subject of historical curiosity. A second
ministered by county departments of public welfare. Be-
attempt to achieve statehood failed in 1884; but Pres.
cause of sparse population and few private social-service
e
Grover Cleveland signed an enabling act in 1889, and the
agencies, costs are relatively high. Welfare departments
'2
third constitutional convention produced a constitution
are caught between pressures from the public to tighten
of 21 articles. As the state grew and its people's needs
up the programs and from organized low-income groups
nt
changed, so many amendments were added that in 1970
to provide wider services. Special problems exist on Indi-
voters called for a constitutional convention. The new
an reservations, where winter allowances are provided to
constitution was adopted by the electorate in 1972.
help recipients of public assistance meet clothing and fuel
State government. Allegiance is so evenly divided be-
costs in the cold months. Tuberculosis, once endemic
tween the Republican and Democratic parties that elec-
among Indians, is now under control.
400 Montana
CULTURAL LIFE AND INSTITUTIONS
ARD B. ROEDER (eds.), The Montana Past: An Anthology
(1969); K. ROSS TOOLE, Montana: A-Twentieth Century Por-
The arts. Most artistic activity centres in the cities with
trait (in press).
colleges and universities, several of which sponsor visits
Economics: Montana Economic Study, pt. 1, "The Mon-
of lecturers and professional artists of various kinds in
tana Economy," Summary, Bureau of Business and Economic
addition to presenting the work of faculty members and
Research, University of Montana (October 1970); "Some
students. Six cities have symphony orchestras that include
Views from Indian Country," special issue of Montana Busi-
some professional musicians.
ness Quarterly, vol. 8, no. 4 (Autumn 1970).
The Montana Institute of the Arts, founded in 1948, is
(D.M.J.)
a grass-roots organization that ties together the scattered,
State
often isolated practitioners of various arts and crafts
Montesquieu
cultivation
through publications, an annual festival, and traveling
Remembered now mainly as a liberal political philoso-
of the
exhibits. The Montana Arts Council, a state agency
pher, Montesquieu was one of the outstanding French-
arts
affiliated with the National Endowment for the Arts,
men of the 18th century. His seminal L'Esprit des lois
funds dozens of local cultural organizations up to 50
was a major contribution to political theory, but he was
percent with federal money, primarily for music, drama,
as well-known in his own time as a prominent social
dance, literature, and the visual arts. Among other activi-
figure, an acute satirist, and a brilliant stylist.
ties, it provides short poet-in-residence programs for chil-
Early life and career. He was born Charles-Louis de
dren in the public schools of small communities. In addi-
Secondat in the 15th-century château of La Brède, near
tion to dramatic performances by students in various
Bordeaux, on January 18, 1689. His father, Jacques de
colleges, there are summer theatres in more than a half
Secondat, belonged to an old military family of modest
dozen communities; and the Montana Repertory Theater,
wealth that had been ennobled in the 16th century for
based in Missoula, tours both inside and outside the state.
services to the crown, while his mother, Marie-Françoise
Folk culture. Several Indian tribes hold traditional
de Pesnel, was a pious lady of partial English extraction.
dance ceremonies at which outsiders are welcome. Crow
She brought to her husband a great increase in wealth in
Indians and whites cooperate in an annual re-enactment
the valuable wine-producing property of La Brède. When
of the Battle of the Little Bighorn on the Crow Indian
she died in 1696, the barony of La Brède passed to
Reservation. Rodeos abound, as do games on horseback
Charles-Louis, who was her eldest child, then aged seven.
known as o-mok-sees and square-dance groups. In Red
Educated first at home and then in the village, Charles-
Lodge an annual nine-day Festival of Nations, originat-
Louis was sent away to school in 1700. The school select-
ed to ease tensions among several European ethnic
ed was the Collège de Juilly, close to Paris and in the
groups of coal miners, has become a proud tradition.
diocese of Meaux. It was then much patronized by the
Museums. The Montana Historical Society maintains
prominent families of Bordeaux, and the priests of the
a fine museum, art gallery, and specialized library in
Oratory, to whom it belonged, provided a sound educa-
Helena. The Trigg-Russell Memorial Gallery in Great
tion on enlightened and modern lines.
Falls, specializing in the works of the cowboy artist
Charles Marion Russell, is the property of the city. Bill-
By courtesy of the Academie Nationale
des Sciences, Belles Lettres et Arts de
ings has the Yellowstone County Fine Arts Center, oper-
Bordeaux, France; photograph, Studio Denis
ated in a former city jail, and the Yellowstone County
DIRECTEVR EN LANNEL
Museum. The excellent, small Museum of the Plains Indi-
ans is in Browning, the agency town for the Blackfeet
tribe. Many communities nurture art galleries and small
museums of local historical interest.
Communications and libraries. Montana has 14 daily
newspapers and 77 weeklies, 52 AM radio stations, ten
FM stations, and ten commercial television stations. Most
communities depend on community-antenna television or
on booster systems for reception from stations in Salt
Lake City, Utah; Spokane; Washington; Williston, North
Dakota; and Lethbridge, Alberta. Only about 40,000 of
Montana's scattered people do not have access to public-
library services. Larger cities and towns all have munici-
pal or county libraries, and nine bookmobiles operated
by multicounty federations serve other areas. The Mon-
tana State Library, in Helena, lends books to supplement
the holdings of local libraries.
Prospects. While admitting that a small population
and a scarcity of employment opportunities have some
drawbacks, Montanans take great pride in their wide-
open spaces. Many persons remain in the state, return to
Montesquieu, oil painting by an unknown artist,
1718. In the Académie Nationale des Sciences,
it, or move into it because of the lack of crowding and the
Belles Lettres et Arts de Bordeaux, France.
recreational advantages-although they might well earn
more money elsewhere. There are no traffic-choked
Charles-Louis left Juilly in 1705, continued his studies
streets or highways, and distances are usually described in
at the faculty of law at the University of Bordeaux, grad-
terms of hours of driving time rather than in miles. There
uated, and became an advocate in 1708; soon after he
is every likelihood that the population will continue to
appears to have moved to Paris in order to obtain practi-
grow at well below the national average. Montana is one
cal experience in law. He was called back to Bordeaux by
of the few states in the nation about which it may be said
the death of his father in 1713. Two years later he mar-
that little change appears likely, but this is a condition
ried Jeanne de Lartigue, a wealthy Protestant, who
that will continue to satisfy a large percentage of the
brought him a very respectable dowry of 100,000 livres
and in due course presented him with two daughters and
residents.
a son, Jean-Baptiste. Charles-Louis admired and ex-
BIBLIOGRAPHY. The Montana Almanac 1959-60 (latest
ploited his wife's business skill and readily left her in
edition) is the best source of general information, though
charge of the property on his visits to Paris. But he does
somewhat dated.
not appear to have been either faithful or greatly devoted
History: M.G. BURLINGAME and K. ROSS TOOLE, A History of
to her. In 1716 his uncle, Jean-Baptiste, baron de Montes-
Montana, 3 vol. (1957); N.P. LANGFORD, Vigilante Days and
Ways (1958); T.J. DIMSDALE, The Vigilantes of Montana (var-
quieu, died and left to his nephew his estates, with the
ious editions); C.B. GLASSCOCK, The War of the Copper Kings
barony of Montesquieu, near Agen, and the office of
(1954); JOSEPH KINSEY HOWARD, Montana: High, Wide and
deputy president in the Parlement of Bordeaux. The
Handsome, new ed. (1959); MICHAEL P. MALONE and RICH-
parlements were regional courts of law and at this time
Services of Mead Data Central
PAGE
2
1ST DOCUMENT of Level 1 printed in FULL format.
Public Papers of the Presidents
Digest of Other White House Announcements
The following list includes the President's public schedule
and other items of general interest announced by the Office
of the Press Secretary and not included elsewhere in this
issue.
25 Weekly Comp. Pres. Doc. 960
June 15, 1990
LENGTH: 1035 words
June 10
In the afternoon, the President returned to the White House from a weekend
stay in Camp David, MD, and attended the christening of his grandson Charles
Walker Bush in the Rose Garden at the White House.
In the evening, the President hosted a dinner for President Carlos Salinas de
Gortari of Mexico in the Residence at the White House.
June 11
The President met at the White House with:
-- the Vice President; John H. Sununu, Chief of Staff to the President; Brent
Scowcraft, Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs; and members
of the CIA briefing staff;
- administration officials, to discuss the budget;
- the National Collegiate Athletic Association women's championship lacrosse
teams from Harvard University and Ursinus College and the men's championship
lacrosse teams from Syracuse University and Hobart College;
---- John H. Sununu, Chief of Staff to the President.
The President announced his intention to nominate the following individuals
to be members of the Boards of Trustees of the Federal Old-Age and Survivors and
the Federal Disability Insurance Trust Fund, the Federal Hospital Insurance
Trust Fund, and the Federal Supplementary Medical Insurance Trust Fund for terms
of 4 years.
Stanford G. Ross, of the District of Columbia. He would succeed Suzanne
Jaffe. Currently Mr. Ross serves as a senior partner with the law firm of
Arnold and Porter in Washington, DC.
David M. Walker, of Virginia. He would succeed Mary Falvey Fuller.
Currently Mr. Walker serves as partner and national director of compensation and
benefits practice for Arthur Andersen and Co. in Washington, DC.
LEXIS® NEXIS® LEXIS® NEXIS®
Services of Mead Data Central
PAGE
3
25 Weekly Comp. Pres. Doc. 960
The President today announced his intention to appoint the following
individuals to be members of the Advisory Commission on Intergovernmental
Relations for terms of 2 years:
Gov. John Ashcraft, of Missouri. This is a reappointment.
Gov. Booth Gardner, of Washington. He would succeed Theodore Schwinden.
State Senator David Nething, of North Dakota. This is a reappointment.
Gov. Stan Stephens, of Montana. He would succeed John Henry Sununu.
The President announced his intention to nominate Benjamin F. Marsh to be a
member of the Foreign Claims Settlement Commission of the United States for the
term expiring September 30, 1992. He would succeed Robert J. Kabel. Currently
Mr. Marsh serves as a partner with the law firm of Marsh and McAdams in Maumee,
OH.
The President today approved and sent to the Congress the following fiscal
year 1991 budget amendments:
- Two requests totaling $300 million for the President's initiative to
provide special assistance for Eastern Europe. These amendments would make $230
million available for bilateral assistance and $70 million available for the
U.S. subscription to paid-in capital for the European Bank for Reconstruction
and Development.
- Technical appropriations language to provide a program limitation for the
Inter-American Development Bank.
-- An appropriations language amendment that would enable the Department of
Defense to pay National Guard and Reserve military personnel for support
activities performed for law enforcement agencies involved in antinarcotics
work.
June 12
The President met at the White House with:
--- the Vice President; John H. Sununu, Chief of Staff to the President; Brent
Scowcroft, Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs; and members
of the CIA briefing staff;
-- Republican congressional leaders;
-- President Amata Kabua of the Marshall Islands;
--- John H. Sununu, Chief of Staff to the President.
The President announced his intention to nominate the following individuals
to be members of the Board of Trustees of the Harry S. Truman Scholarship
Foundation for the terms indicated:
John Ashcroft, of Missouri, for a term expiring December 10, 1993. He would
succeed Terry Edward Branstad. Currently John Ashcroft serves as Governor of
LEXIS® NEXIS® ® LEXIS® ® NEXIS R
Services of Mead Data Central
PAGE
4
25 Weekly Comp. Pres. Doc. 960
Missouri.
Richard C. Hackett, of Tennessee, for a term expiring December 10, 1993. He
would succeed Robert Michael Isaac. Currently Richard Hackett serves as mayor
of Memphis.
The President announced his intention to appoint the following individuals to
be members of the Committee for Purchase from the Blind and Other Severely
Handicapped:
Nell Carney, of Virginia. She would succeed Susan S. Suter. Currently Ms.
Carney serves as Commissioner of the Rehabilitation Services Administration at
the Department of Education in Washington, DC.
Mervin J. Flander, of Nevada, for a term expiring December 21, 1994.
Currently Mr. Flander serves as chief of the bureau of services to the blind in
the rehabilitation division of the department of human resources for the State
of Nevada in Carson City, NV.
Richard P. Seiter, of the District of Columbia. He would succeed Gerald M.
Farkas. Currently, Dr. Seiter serves as Assistant Director of Federal Prison
Industries for the Federal Prison System at the Department of Justice in
Washington, DC.
June 13
The President met at the White House with:
-- the Vice President; John H. Sununu, Chief of Staff to the President; Brent
Scowcroft, Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs; and members
of the CIA briefing staff;
- Secretary of State James A. Baker III;
- former French President Valery Giscard D'Estaing;
- John H. Sununu, Chief of Staff to the President.
The White House announced that the President will travel to Yorba Linda, CA,
to attend the dedication and formal opening of the Richard Nixon Presidential
Library and Birthplace on July 19.
June 14
The President met at the White House with the Vice President; John H. Sununu,
Chief of Staff to the President; Brent Scowcroft, Assistant to the President for
National Security Affairs; and members of the CIA briefing staff.
June 15
The President met at the White House with the Vice President; John H. Sununu,
Chief of Staff to the President; Brend Scowcroft, Assistant to the President for
National Security Affairs; and members of the CIA briefing staff.
LEXIS® NEXIS LEXIS® NEXIS ®
Services of Mead Data Central
PAGE
5
25 Weekly Comp. Pres. Doc. 960
In the morning, the President went to Camp David, MD, where he hosted a
picnic for Cabinet senior staff.
LEXIS® NEXIS® LEXIS® ® NEXIS® ®
e
33A4
Dav .506 .2974 VINESW as
G baseod sil 919NW . ПМ , OIVEC 9767 of driow ingbia974 and EDITION strid of
.trate noinge not binoiq
Services of Mead Data Central
PAGE
6
5TH DOCUMENT of Level 1 printed in FULL format.
Public Papers of the Presidents
Proclamation 6063 - Montana Centennial Day, 1989
By the President of the United States of America
25 Weekly Comp. Pres. Doc. 1707
November 8, 1989
LENGTH: 275 words
A Proclamation
On November 8, 1889, Montana was admitted to the Union as the 41st State.
In the century that has followed, the people of Montana have built upon their
frontier heritage and made substantial contributions to our Nation's economic
and social well-being.
During their famous expedition early in the 19th century, Captains Meriwether
Lewis and William Clark introduced this "Big Sky Country" to the world. By
wagon train and later by railroad, a rush of homesteaders seized the opportunity
to cultivate this new land and enjoy its abundant natural resources. Our
Nation's fourth largest State is now home to a number of important industries --
such as farming, ranching, mining, and tourism --- that utilize its spectacular
wealth of forests, prairies, wildlife, minerals, and natural beauty. Montanans
are a proud, hardworking, and community-minded people who have added strength
and color to the character of America.
In recognition of these contributions, the Congress, by Senate Joint
Resolution 198 has designated November 8, 1989, as = Montana Centennial Day"
and has authorized and requested the President to issue a proclamation in
observance of this day.
Now, Therefore, I, George Bush, President of the United States of America,
do hereby proclaim November 8, 1989, as Montana Centennial Day.
In Witness Whereof, I have hereunto set my hand this eighth day of November,
in the year of our Lord nineteen hundred and eighty-nine, and of the
Independence of the United States of America the two hundred and fourteenth.
George Bush
[Filed with the Office of the Federal Register, 10:56 a.m., November 9, 1989]
LEXIS® ® NEXIS® ® LEXIS® ® NEXIS ®
and in a style marked
a of a and
oteric words. Images symboliz-
1, and affirmation of life free
ed from the sea. Montale be.
the "hermetic" school, and
39) the "occasion," or experi-
S a poem, is suppressed while
ery remains clear and charged
long his later works are Xenia
n memory of his wife, with
or adding to their personal
poignancy of the sense of loss
Montale said that his poetry
hope." tood not as a message but
môn-tá-län-bâr', Charles
(1810-1870), French liberal
olitician and historian. He
in April 15, 1810, the son was
de Montalembert, an emigré of
Revolution. Charles went to
was soon drawn to the Cath.
ent led by the Abbé de La.
le establishment of the July
Montalembert joined Lamen-
Lacordaire in publishing the
vhich supported separation of
Publication was discontinued
papacy indicated its displea
Histoire de Sainte Elisabeth
torical work, was published.
ntalembert, he entered the
DAVID MUENCH
Succeeding Lamennais
St. Mary Lake, Glacier National Park, lies below peaks of the Continental Divide in northwestern Montana.
beral Catholics, he fought for as
to run its own schools and
olics to accept the spirit of
MONTANA
CONTENTS
Section
Page
Section
Page
e of socialism after the rev.
1. The Land
392
5. Education and
was sympathetic with Louis
Physical Divisions
392
Culture
402
Climate
393
6. Recreation
403
hment of a dictatorship and
Environmental
7. History
404
Empire. He was soon, how.
Protection
394
THE
Exploration and
with Napoleon III's policies.
OF
2. The People
395
Early Settlement
404
freedom of religion was de-
STATE
3. The Economy
399
Era of Turbulent
4. Government and
Growth
404
ius IX. Montalembert died in
SEAL
Politics
400
The 20th Century
405
1870, having failed to redirect
state along more liberal lines.
täl'võ, Juan (1832-1889).
GREAT
OF MON
petroleum and natural-gas wells following de-
velopment in 1915. Interspersed in the livestock
He was born in Ambato on
rangeland is an equally large dryland wheat
ted with courage, conviction,
empire. The rapid opening of enormous deposits
rceful prose style, Montalvo
of coal by strip-mining processes is changing the
inst tyranny. He attacked the
THE
character of the entire area. The Fort Peck
Gabriel García Moreno in
Dam, the world's largest earthen structure, and
osmopolita and continued his
the 175-mile (282-km) lake behind it provide the
in Colombia. When Garcia
State seal of Montana
plains area with power and water. Within the
sinated in 1875, Montalve
region, Miles City is a center for coal develop-
him with my pen." Later,
ment. Billings, the largest city in the state, is
had seized the government,
MONTANA is the northernmost state in the Great
the refinery center for Montana's petroleum re-
1 him in savage essays pub-
Plains-Rocky Mountain region of the United
sources. Six of Montana's seven Indian reserva-
ilinarias (Catiline Pamphlets),
States and the nation's fourth-largest state. It is
tions are on the plains.
his last years in Paris. There
535 miles (861 km) from east to west and 275
The western two fifths of the state is cut
ed his Siete tratados (Seven
miles (443 km) from north to south. On the
through by the Rocky Mountains, and varies from
S on moral and literary sub-
north at the 49th parallel, Montana borders Can-
towering mountain ranges and dense forests to
idered with anecdotes, de-
ada. The name, of Latin origin, means "moun-
fertile, river-fed agricultural valleys.
ed allusions in the manner
tainous region." The nicknames "Treasure State"
Meriweather Lewis and William Clark, the
treatises include a celebrated
and "Big Sky Country" suggest Montana's re-
first white men to explore present-day Montana
nington and Bolívar. Capi-
sources, clear atmosphere, and vast distances.
( 1805, 1806), reported on the western region's
laron a Cervantes (Chapters
The eastern three fifths of the state consists
beauty and varied resources. The favorable
got), a clever imitation
of
of rolling short-grass plains cut by three long
transportation routes provided by the river sys-
published posthumously
in
rivers, each containing rich irrigated agricultural
lands. The vast stock ranges became dotted with
tems and low mountain passes led to further
I in Paris on Jan. 17, 1889
exploration and to early railroad building in
391
are
erod
mas
The
The city of Great Falls owes
mor
growth largely to the development
of hydroelectric power at the falls
on the Missouri River for which
rain
is named. The Missouri River
tem drains much of the state, and
the dams built on the river are
a source of electrical energy.
DAVID MUENCH
Montana and the entire Northwest. The early
Eastward from the main range, extending
rich placer-gold mining camps, such as Virginia
toward the center of the state, are the Big Belt
City, have become attractive ghost towns, in-
and Little Belt mountains; to the south and
viting a thriving tourist patronage. Glacier Na-
west of these are the Bridger, Gallatin, Madison
tional Park draws millions of tourists each year.
Tobacco Root, and Ruby ranges. Extending
Ski facilities on the mountain slopes make the
east along the southern boundary are the lofty
state a recreational mecca in winter as well as in
Absaroka Mountains and Beartooth Range, and
summer.
still farther east are the Pryor and Rosebud
In Butte, "the richest hill on earth," deep-
mountains.
vein copper mining is shifting to open-pit
Great Plains. About three fifths of Montana
operations. West of the Continental Divide,
lies within the Missouri Plateau section of the
where the somewhat milder climate has created
Great Plains province. A number of "mountains
large forested areas, lumbering is a major indus-
of the plains, distinctive in their isolation, char-
try. The giant Hungry Horse and Libby dams
acterize the center of the state. Among these
create water and power resources that are inte-
the Highwood, Bear Paw, and Crazy mountains
grated into Canadian and Columbia River sys-
tems. The deeply cut valleys of the Clark Fork
of the Columbia River and its tributaries, to-
gether with Flathead Lake, one of the largest
INFORMATION HIGHLIGHTS
natural freshwater lakes in the United States,
Location: Northernmost state in the Great Plains-
provide economic as well as scenic value.
Rocky Mountain region bordered on the north
by the Canadian provinces of British Columbia,
1. The Land
Alberta, and Saskatchewan; on the east by
North and South Dakota; on the south by
In The Big Sky, the novelist A. B. Guthrie,
Wyoming: and on the south and west by Idaho.
Elevation: Highest point-Granite Peak, 12,799 feet
a Montanan by adoption, captured the character
(3,901 meters); lowest point-on Kootenai River
of Montana's vast and kaleidoscopic, beautiful
at Idaho border, 1,820 feet (555 meters); ap-
but challenging, land of sweeping plains and
proximate mean elevation, 3,400 feet (1,035 me-
ters).
lofty mountains. The nickname "The Big Sky
Area: Land area, 145,388 square miles (376,555
Country" is familiar to Americans everywhere.
sq km); water area, 1,658 square miles (4,293 SQ
Physical Divisions. Montana falls within two of
km); total area, 147,046 square miles (380,848 sq
km); rank, 4th.
the main physiographic provinces of the United
Population: 1980 census, 786,690; rank, 44th. In-
States-the northern Rocky Mountain province
crease (1970-1980), 13.3%.
and the Great Plains province.
Climate: Dry and sunny, with wide variations in:
temperature; generally light precipitation.
Northern Rocky Mountains. Approximately two
Statehood: Nov. 8, 1889; order of admission, 41st.
fifths of the state, lying in the central and west-
Origin of Name: Latin term for "mountainous."
ern areas, is mountainous. The main ridge of the
Capital: Helena.
Largest City: Billings.
Rocky Mountains extends from Glacier National
Number of Counties: 57
Park in northern Montana to Yellowstone Na-
Principal Products: Farm products-cattle, wheat,
tional Park on the southern border. The Con-
barley, hay, pigs, sheep; Minerals-copper, pe-
troleum and natural gas, coal, zinc, phosphates:
tinental Divide runs generally southeast from
Manufactures-copper lumber products, beet
Glacier National Park through northwestern Mon-
sugar, fertilizer, meat products.
tana and then shifts westward and southward to
State Motto: Oro y Plata ("Gold and Silver").
State Nickname: Treasure State; Big Sky Country.
form part of the border with Idaho at the crest
State Bird: Western Meadowlark.
of the Bitterroot Range. Farther north, that part
State Fish: Blackspotted Cutthroat Trout.
of the Bitterroots lying west of the divide forms
State Flower: Bitterroot.
State Song: (unofficial) Montana.
more of the border with Idaho. Numerous small
State Tree: Ponderosa or Western Yellow Pine.
ranges, of which the Mission and the Swan are
State Flag: Dark blue banner containing circle with
among the most beautiful, break the area west of
drawing used in state seal. See also FLAG
Flags of the States.
the divide into fertile, well-watered valleys.
392
volcanic in origin. The Judith Mountains are
eroded are laccoliths created by the intrusion of a
mass of igneous rock between sedimentary beds.
The Little Rocky and Big Snowy mountains are
the eroded remnants of dome-shaped uplifts.
The portion of Montana that lies east of the
city of Great Falls owes
mountains and north of the Missouri River con-
wth largely to the development
sists largely of a broad, glaciated plain. South of
ydroelectric power at the falls
the Missouri and east of the mountains the ter-
the Missouri River for which
rain is characterized by sharply cut streambeds
amed. The Missouri River
and high, arid benchlands.
drains much of the state, and sys
Rivers and Lakes. Montana's numerous and ex-
dams built on the river are
tensive rivers rise in its mountains, which virtual-
ource of electrical energy.
ly form the apex of the continent. From Glacier
National Park, rivers flow north to the Sas-
batchewan, east to the Missouri, and west to the
Columbia. East of the mountains the Missouri
and its historic Three Forks tributaries of the
Jefferson, Madison, and Gallatin provided an easy
ingress for explorers. The Missouri's tributaries
include the Musselshell; the Milk, Montana's
major international river; and the Yellowstone,
which is distinctive in that all its major branches
enter from the south. The Clark Fork of the
Columbia system rises on the west slope of the
e main range, extending
mountains immediately adjacent to the head-
the state, are the Big Belt
waters of the Missouri. The Bitterroot River
ntains; to the south and
provides drainage from the south. To the north
Bridger, Gallatin, Madison
the Flathead River rises in British Columbia
Ruby ranges. Extending
near the Montana border and flows into Flathead
rn boundary are the lofty
Lake and out again, to join the Clark Fork near
and Beartooth Range, and
Paradise. The Kootenai (in Canada, Kootenay),
the Pryor and Rosebud
another international river, flows through the
extreme northwestern corner of the state.
it three fifths of Montan
Montana's numberless natural lakes range
uri Plateau section of the
from glacial potholes to Flathead Lake, the
DAVID MUENCH
A number of "mountains
largest natural freshwater lake west of- the
Cattle graze on their winter forage grounds below
tive in their isolation, char-
Mississippi. The state's many man-made storage
Absaroka Range in the Yellowstone River valley.
the state. Among these,
reservoirs include Fork Peck Lake, one of the
Paw, and Crazy mountains
world's largest reservoirs, behind Fort Peck Dam;
Hungry Horse Reservoir; Canyon Ferry Resevoir;
A shepherd and his flock. Competition among cattle
and Lake Koocanusa, behind Libby Dam, an
sheepmen, and mining interests for land can be int
international lake nearly half of which lies in
ARTHUR TWOMEY, PHOTO RESEARCHERS
ON HIGHLIGHTS
British Columbia.
it state in the Great Plains-
Climate. Great variations in topography pro-
gion bordered on the north
duce wide variations in climatic conditions. West
ovinces of British Columbia,
itchewan; on the east by
of the Continental Divide, relatively moderate
Dakota; on the south by
weather prevails throughout the year, and rain-
le south and west by Idaho.
it-Granite Peak, 12,799 feet
fall is somewhat higher than eastward. East of
st point-on Kootenai River
the divide, cold waves from Canada hit with full
820 feet (555 meters); ap-
force during the winter. Yet the northern plains
vation, 3,400 feet (1,035 me-
near the mountains are also favored with chi-
388 square miles (376,555
nooks, whose warm winds remove snow covers
1,658 square miles (4,293 sq
and improve grazing conditions for cattle. Lower
046 square miles (380,848s
rainfall in eastern Montana means less humidity,
us, 786,690; rank, 44th. In-
which reduces discomfort from temperature ex-
13.3%.
tremes. Growing seasons vary in length from 80
iny, with wide variations in
lly light precipitation.
frost-free days in the mountain valleys to 141
39; order of admission, 41st.
days in the eastern plains counties.
term for "mountainous."
Plant and Animal Life. The physical character-
istics of the state result in a natural division of its
i7
plant life. The subalpine group includes the
rm products-cattle, wheat,
small trees, shrubs, and flowers in the high
heep; Minerals-copper, pe-
gas, coal, zinc, phosphates;
mountains. The montane group contains conif-
er, lumber products, beet
erous trees, a large number of flowering plants,
at products.
and certain types of grasses. The plains group
ta ("Gold and Silver").
sure State; Big Sky Country.
includes an unusual number of luxuriant forage
leadowlark.
grasses, low-growing shrubs such as sagebrush,
ed Cutthroat Trout.
cacti, and an additional large number of flower-
ot.
ing plants. More than 2,000 species of wild
) Montana.
or Western Yellow Pine.
banner containing circle with
Montana. flowers and nonflowering plants are found in
tate seal. See also FLAG
Montana rangelands are often identified by
the dominant grasses of the area. These include
BLOCK-TOWNSEND. MONKMEYER
Wheat is the leading commercial grain crop in Montana. Various grains are harvested on millions of acres
of irrigated land, but the state's great distance from major areas of consumption is a problem.
blue grama, needle-and-thread, green needle-
Montana contains some of the nation's richest
grass, and western and bluebunch wheatgrass on
fossil beds. Several species of dinosaurs have
the plains, and bluegrasses in the mountains.
been unearthed, and Bear Gulch, which is south.
Improved practices since the drought of the
east of Lewistown, has yielded over 60 shark
1930's and the development of such new pasture
species.
grasses as crested wheatgrass and Russian wild
Early Indians hunted big game, which was
rye have resulted in marked improvement in for-
still plentiful when white men first explored
age resources.
Montana. Many species of mammals, birds, and
Forest lands cover almost one fourth of Mon-
fish suffered severe depletion, and some became
tana's area. Major commercial trees include
extinct. Under the supervision of state and fed.
Douglas fir, larch, ponderosa pine, western
eral agencies, however, some species have re-
white pine, and lodgepole pine.
covered. For example, about 400 bison are
protected in the National Bison Range south of
Ronan. Other large mammals of Montana in-
GROWTH OF POPULATION SINCE 1870
clude mule deer, elk, moose, antelope, white
Year
Population
Year
Population
tailed deer, bear, and mountain sheep. Small
fur-bearing animals include beaver, mink, and
1870
20,595
1950
591,024
1900
243,329
1960
674,767
muskrat. About 300 species of birds and more
1920
548,889
1970
694,409
than 70 species of fish are found in the state.
1930
537,606
1980
786,690
Minerals. Among nonmetallic minerals, vast
1940
559,456
deposits of coal, petroleum, and natural gas still
Gain, 1970-1980: 13.3% (U.S. gain, 11.4%). Density,
await exploitation. Metallic minerals, whose
1980: 5.4 persons per sq mi (U.S. density, 62.6).
presence in abundance has shaped the state's
history, include gold, silver, copper, lead, zinc,
URBAN-RURAL DISTRIBUTION
and manganese. Amateur rock collectors are at-
Year
Percent urban
Percent rural
tracted by abundant sapphires, garnets, agates,
and many other varieties of precious and semi-
1920
31.3 (U.S., 51.2)
68.7
precious stones.
1930
33.7 (U.S., 56.2)
66.3
Environmental Protection. Despite its vast size
1940
37.8 (U.S., 56.6)
62.2
1950
43.7 (U.S., 64.0)
56.3
and small population, Montana has not escaped
1960
50.2 (U.S., 69.9)
49.8
threats to the quality of its environment, and the
1970
53.4 (U.S., 73.5)
46.6
state has responded to the danger. The 1972
1980
52.9 (U.S., 73.7)
47.1
constitution contains a strong environmental arti-
cle, and the legislature subsequently passed
LARGEST CENTERS OF POPULATION
equally strong implementing legislation. Aclean-
(Incorporated places and metropolitan areas*)
air act established standards that exceeded mini-
mum federal standards. A strip-mine siting act
City or
requires permits, surety bonds, reclamation
metropolitan area
1980
1970
1960
plans, and application fees for strip mining.
Billings
66,824
61,581
52,851
Other legislation protects natural areas and im-
Metropolitan area
108,035
87,367
79,016
poses noise controls on such vehicles as motorcy.
Great Falls
56,725
60,091
55,244
cles and snowmobiles.
Metropolitan area
80,696
81,804
73,418
Butte-Silver Bow
37,205
23,368
27,877
Feelings have run high during environmental
Missoula
33,388
29,497
27,090
controversies. Ranchers have been among lead-
Helena
23,938
22,730
20,227
ing opponents of the strip mining of coal on land
Bozeman
21,645
18,670
13,361
otherwise available to livestock. In 1974, envi-
*Standard metropolitan statistical areas.
ronmentalists failed to prevent the opening of
394
MONTANA
COUNTIES
Andes 4
M3
Charlo 250
B3
Findon 18
F4
Huson 97
B3
Angela 50
K4
Chester 963
E2
Fishtail 46
G5
Hysham® 449
J4
Beaverhead 8, 186
C5
Antelope 83
M2
Chico 18
F5
Flaxville 142
L2
Ingomar 48
J4
Hom 11, 096
J5
Apgar 25
B2
Chinook 1,660
G2
Florence 700
B4
Intake 60
M3
Blaine 6. 999
G2
Arlee 200
B3
Choteau© 1,798
D3
Floweree 48
E3
Inverness 150
F2
Broadwater 3, 267
E4
Armington 75
F3
Christina 60
G3
Forestgrove 100
H3
Ismay 31
M4
Carbon 8, 099
G5
Arrow Creek 13
F3
CircleO 931
L3
Forsyth© 2,553
K4
Jackson 210
C5
Carter 1,799
M5
Ashland 600
K5
Clancy 550
E4
Fort Belknap 185
H2
Jardine 30
F5
Cascade 696
E3
Augusta 497
D3
Cleveland 22
G2
Fort Benton® 1,693
F3
Jeffers 70
E5
Chouteau 092
F3
Austin 6
D4
Clinton 250
C4
Fortine 250
A2
Jefferson City 162
E4
Custer 13,
L4
Avon 125
D4
Clyde Park 283
F5
Fort Peck 456
K2
Jefferson Island 25
E5
Daniels 2, 835
L2
Babb 150
C2
Coalridge 10
M2
Fort Shaw 200
E3
Joliet 580
G5
Dawson 805
M3
Bainville 245
M2
Coalwood 2
L5
Fort Smith 300
J5
Joplin 300
F2
Deer Lodge 12,518
C5
Baker ,354
M4
Coffee Creek 62
F3
Four Buttes 50
L2
Jordan© 485
J3
Falion 763
M4
Ballantine 380
J5
Cohagen 12
K3
Franklin 2
G4
Judith Gap 213
G4
Fergus 13,076
G3
Bannack 2
C5
Collins 8
E3
Frazer 200
K2
Kalispell© 10,648
B2
Rathead 966
B2
Barber 8
G4
Colstrip 1, 476
K5
Frenchtown 300
B3
Kevin 208
D2
Gallatin 42,865
E5
Basin 350
D4
Columbia Falls 3, 112
B2
Fresno 10
G2
Kila 350
B2
Garfield 656
J3
Bearcreek 61
G5
Columbus© 439
G5
Froid 323
M2
Kinsey 100
L4
Glacier 628
C2
Bearmouth 10
C4
Comanche 16
H4
Fromberg 469
H5
Kirby 30
J5
Golden Valley 1,026
G4
Becket 35
G4
Condon 300
C3
Galata 100
E2
Klein 250
H4
Granite 2, 700
C4
Belfry 300
H5
Conner 420
B5
Galen 210
D4
Knowiton 2
L4
Hill 985
F2
Belgrade 2. 336
E5
ConradO 3,074
D2
Gallatin Gateway 600
E5
Kolin 15
G3
Jefferson 7,029
D4
Belknap 10
A3
Cooke City 120
G5
Gardiner 600
F5
Kremlin 304
F2
Judith Basin 2, 646
F4
Belmont 5
G4
Coram 450
C2
Gameill 61
G4
Lake McDonald 10
B2
Lake 19,056
B3
Belt 825
E3
Corvallis 500
C4
Gamet 8
C4
Lakeside 663
B2
Lewis and Clark ,039
D3
Benchland 6
F3
Corwin Springs 17
F5
Garrison 300
D4
Lakeview 28
E6
Liberty 329
E2
Biddle 28
L5
Craig 100
D3
Garryowen 200
J5
Lambert 203
M3
Lincoln 752
A2
Big Arm 250
B3
Crane 163
M3
Geraldine 305
F3
Lame Deer 460
K5
Madison 448
D5
Bigfork 1. 080
C2
Creston 60
C2
Geyser 125
F3
Landusky 40
H3
McCone 2, 702
L3
Bighom 8
J4
Crow Agency 975
J5
Gildford 250
F2
Laredo 20
G2
Meagher 2. 154
F4
Big Sandy 835
G2
Culbertson 887
:K-TOWNSEND.
MONKMEYER
M2
Glasgow© ,455
K2
Larslan 9
K2
Mineral 3, 675
B3
Big Sky 50
E5
Custer 300
J4
Glen 140
D5
Laurel 481
H5
on millions of acres
Missoula
C3
Big TimberO 1,690
G5
Cut Bank® 3,688
D2
Glendive© 5,978
M3
Laurin 60
D5
problem.
Musselshell 4, 428
H4
Billings 842
H5
Dagmar 35
M2
Glengarry 4
G3
Lavina 164
H4
Park 869
F5
Billings
H5
Danvers 20
G3
Glentana 16
K2
Ledger 11
E2
Petroleum 655
H3
Bimey 100
K5
Darby 581
B4
Goldcreek 100
D4
Lennep 15
F4
Phillips 5, 367
J2
Black Eagle 1, 500
E3
Dayton 140
B3
Grant 25
C5
Lewistown© 104
G3
some of the nation's richest
Pondera 731
D2
Blackfoot 100
D2
De Borgia 300
A3
Grantsdale 500
B4
Libby© 2,748
A2
Powder River 2,520
L5
Bloomfield 28
M3
Decker 150
K5
Grass Range 139
H3
Lima 272
D6
species of dinosaurs have
Powell 958
D4
Bonner-West
Deer Lodge© 4,023
D4
Great FallsO 56, 725
E3
Limestone 12
F5
Bear Gulch, which is south
Prairie 1,836
L4
Riverside 1,742
C4
Dell 29
D6
Great Falls 696
E3
Lincoln 473
D4
Ravalli 493
B4
Boulder 441
E4
as yielded over 60 shark
Delpine 33
F4
Greenough 120
C4
Lindsay 50
L3
Richland 243
M3
Box Elder 300
F2
Denton 356
G3
Greycliff 37
G5
Livingston© 6,994
F5
Roosevelt 467
L2
Boyd 32
G5
Devon 15
E2
Hall 130
C4
Lloyd 2
G2
ited big game, which was
Rosebud 899
K4
Boyes 10
M5
DillonO 3,976
D5
Hamilton© 2, ,661
B4
Locate 55
L4
Sanders 8,675
A3
Bozeman© 21,645
E5
Divide 275
D5
Hammond 3
M5
Lodge Grass 771
J5
white men first explored
Sheridan 414
M2
Brady 450
E2
Dixon 550
B3
Hardin© 3,300
J5
Lodge Pole 292
H2
ies of mammals, birds, and
Silver Bow 38,092
D5
Bridger 724
H5
Dodson 158
H2
Hartem 1,023
H2
Logan 53
E5
Stillwater ,598
G5
Broadus 712
L5
Drummond 414
D4
Harlowton© 1, 181
F4
Lohman 25
G2
epletion, and some became
Sweet Grass 3,216
G5
Broadview 120
H4
Dupuyer 105
D2
Harrison 94
E5
Lolo 418
B4
apervision of state and fed
Teton 491
D3
Brockton 374
M2
Dutton 359
E3
Hathaway 55
K4
Lolo Hot Springs 25
B4
Toole 559
E2
Brockway 55
L3
East Glacier Park 475
C2
er, some species have re-
Haugan 90
A3
Loma 200
F3
Treasure 981
J4
Brooks 10
G3
East Helena 1,647
E4
Havre© 10,891
G2
Lonepine 50
B3
ple, about 400 bison are
Valley 10,250
K2
Browning 1,226
C2
Eden 3
E3
Hays 400
H2
Loring 15
J2
Wheatland 2. 359
G4
Brusett 2
onal Bison Range south of
J3
Edgar 220
H5
Heart Butte 300
C2
Lothair 29
E2
Wibaux 476
M4
Buffalo 9
G4
Ekalaka© 620
M5
Heath 2
G3
Lustre 25
K2
mammals of Montana in
Yellowstone 035
H4
Busby 700
J5
Elliston 250
D4
Hedgesville 5
G4
Luther 20
G5
moose, antelope, white
Yellowstone Nat'l
Butte-Silver Bow
Elmo 250
B3
Helena (cap 10 23,938
E4
Madoc 10
L2
3 mountain sheep. Small
Park 275
F6
County© ,205
D5
Emigrant 80
F5
Helmville 250
C4
Malta© 2,367
J2
Bynum 49
D3
Enid 4
M3
Heron 79
A2
Manhattan 988
E5
nclude beaver, mink, and
CITIES and TOWNS
Camas Prairie 160
B3
Ennis 660
E5
Highwood 150
F3
Marion 450
B2
Cameron 150
E5
Epsie 60
L5
species of birds and more
Hilger 38
G3
Marsh 2
M4
Absarokee 830
G5
Canyon Creek 100
D4
Essex 48
C2
Hingham 186
F2
Martinsdale 75
F4
1 are found in the state.
Acton 50
H5
Canyon Ferry 100
E4
Ethridge 19
D2
Hinsdale 260
K2
Marysville 76
D4
Alberton 368
B3
nonmetallic minerals, vast
Capitol 2
M5
Eureka 1, 119
B2
Hobson 261
G4
Maudlow 12
E4
Alder 120
D5
Cardwell 34
E5
Fairfield 650
D3
Hodges 50
M4
Maxville 44
C4
leum, and natural gas still
Alzada 52
M5
Carlyle 3
M4
Fairview 1,366
M3
Hogeland 35
H2
McAllister 55
E5
Metallic minerals, whose
Amsterdam 130
E5
Carter 70
E3
Fallon 225
L4
Homestead 50
M2
McCabe 22
M2
Anaconda-Deer Lodge
Cartersville 115
K4
Ferdig 8
E2
Hot Springs 601
B3
McLeod 150
G5
ce has shaped the state
County© 12,518
C4
Cascade 773
E3
Fergus 25
H3
Hungry Horse 700
C2
Medicine Lake 408
M2
silver, copper, lead, zinc,
Anceney 10
E5
Cat Creek 9
H3
Finch 20
K4
Huntley 250
H5
Melrose 350
D5
teur rock collectors are at
©County seat.
#Population of metropolitan area.
sapphires, garnets, agates,
ties of precious and semi
tion. Despite its vast size
Big Sky, a ski resort promoted by Chet Huntley,
The middle age group, 30 to 60, is higher than
Montana has not escaped
a native son and television newscaster. Critics
the national average, as is the percentage with
of its environment, and the
had charged that the rush of visitors to the
college degrees.
to the danger. The 1972
resort would jeopardize a fragile wilderness.
National Origins. In addition to the white
1 strong environmental arti-
Development of strip mining, coal-fired electrical
Americans, the early mining camps attracted a
ture subsequently passed
power plants, and recreation facilitiés is con-
number of energetic Chinese and blacks. Laws
glegislation. Aclean
tinuing, but under strict surveillance.
were promptly enacted restricting their activities,
ndards that exceeded mini
2. The People
causing them to leave in a decade or two. The
Is. A strip-mine siting act
copper mines of Butte attracted skilled workers of
irety bonds, reclamation
The people who settled Montana came chiefly
Irish, Welsh, or English Cornwall extraction.
on fees for strip mining
from the Middle West. Growth has been slow
Scottish and Italian workers came to the coal
ects natural areas and im
and steady, with a few exceptions. Early mining
mines, Scandinavians settled the northeastern
n such vehicles as motorcy
activities, for instance, increased the population
wheatlands and German craftsmen settled in the
by 265% in the 1880's. A homestead boom
cities. In 1980 one of every six Montanans was
high during environmental
(1910-1920) was followed by years of drought,
ers have been among lead
and a population decline of 2% in the 1920's.
foreign-born, with Canada, Germany, and Nor-
way each the source between 2% and 3% of
strip mining of coal on land
Montana was the only state to show a loss in that
decade. The density in 1980 was approximately
the total population of the state.
) livestock. In 1974, envi
5.4 persons per square mile (2.06 per sq km).
Indians. The native American population has
to prevent the opening
always been proportionately high, and in 1980,
395
116°
A
115'
B
114°
C
113'
D
112*
E
111°
109'
CONTINENTAL
Oldmon
River
Oldman
N
Kimberley
Kootenay
o
Fort MacLeod
Bow Island
C
Lethbridge
Taber
Blairmore
1
Cranbrook
O
River
Fernie
N
T
I
S
H
River
Stirling
o
Conrad
Pincher Creek
DIVIDE
Glenwoodville
Coulee
C
o
M
A
B
I
L
A
B
E
R
T
Pakowki
A
Lake
S
Cardston
49ª
WATERTON
Milk
Whisky
River
GLACIER
Gap
R
Milk
Coutts
Yaak
Rexform
o
Eureka
INTERNAT
GLACIER
Sweetgrass
PEACE
Babb
Lake
Whitlash
M
Fortine
A
I
E
R
Sunburst
Hogel
Koocanusa
Trego
Polebridge
Mary
Strykero
BLACKFEET INDIAN
Ferdig
NATIONALS
Kevin
RESERVATION
Creek
Santa
Willow
Oimont
LINC
Lake McDonald Mary
Rita
2
o
N
L
McDonald
Bank
LIBERTY
B
L
Troy
OOiney
Cut
Bank
TOOLE
Whitefish
Browning
OBlackfoot
Zurich
West
Joplin
Ethridge
Given
Shelby
Chester
is
Stimson
©
Libby
Coram
Galata
Lekman
River
Whitefish
Nyack
9
THE
1341
East
Glacier
Park
Devon
Lothair
/
Fort Belkn
Columbia Falls Hungry Horse
E Min.
Elwell
F
A
H L E
A&D
Valier
Kalispell
Heart Butteo
Essex
Frances
OLedger
Cleveland
Ashley L.
Little Bitterroot
Creston
Hungry Horse
P
0
N
D
E
O
A
Heron
30
oKila
Reservoir
Birch Cr.
Dupuyer
Conrad
Marion
rpaw
Mts
48°
1
Somers
Bigfork
Res.
Noxon
Mc
Gregor
Lakesided
Hurricane
Pendroyo
L
Swan Lake
Min.
Bynum
rady
Virgin
Tuscor
L. Mary Ronan Rollins
Trout Creek
MI.
Bynum
C
H
OSwan Lake
0
Collins
Niarada,
Proctor
Flathead
Lockhart
Lamin
Whitspine
Elmo
S
Big Armo
Lake
Choteau
Tetonoputton
River
N
D
E&R
$
L
A
TETO
N
AHoystock OBelknap
Cartero
Fort Benter
Lonepine
Pishkun Res
altower
Floweres
2
Thompson
Hot Springs
Polson
Gibson
Freezeout,
,
PabloO
LU
Benton
o
3
Wallace
Falls
Fork
FLATHEAD
INDIAN
S
Condon
ORonan
Willow Creek Res.
Fairfield
SEAL
Vaughn
Black
L.
River
Eagle
MALMSTROM
O
90 Saltese
Highwood
OWinifred
Plains
Sun
River
Haugan De Borgia
Paradise
Charlo
Res.
Augusta
Simms Fort Shaw
GREAT FALLS
Square
Buffolk
Flathead Molesco
55
Sand Coulee
G
Perma
RESERVATION:
St. Regis
ost. Ignatius
Railley Min.
LEWIS
Stocketto
Armington
Ochristina Ro
St. Joe
Word
Dixon
ORavalli
c
S
ADE
Superior
o
AND
Cascade
Eden
Ferg
Arice
Sealey Lake
11
15
Geyselo
OHilger
MINERA
Stark
CLARK
aynesford
OBrooks
M
47
berton
$
SOULA
Stanfard
Huson
Craig
Ovando
Monarch
town
Wolf Creek
Lewistown
Gr.
90
Blackfoot
River
Lincoln
North
Milltown
of
HolserL
River
Backet
Greenough
Neiharto
Clearwate
Bonner Potomac Helmville
JUDI
Dworshak
Missoura
Canyon
Garnet
e
Creek
BASI
Flatwis
Reservoir
Loto
Lolo
Clinton
ork
POWELL
Hot Springs
OMarysville
Helena
Bearmouth
Drummond
Hauser
Austin
Helena
Canyon
Lola Pass Florence
Ferry
MEAGHER
River
Hallo
Avono
Helena
GOLDEN
Goldcreek
White
Finden
Elliston
Canyon
Stevensville
Sulphur
DelpineD
Lochea
Maxvilleo
Garrison
Clancy
Ferry
Victor
OWinston
Springs
Martinadale
AND
VALLEY
GRANITEDeer Lodge HIST.
Lake
SITE
Corvailis
efferson
Woodside
Wickeso
City
BROADWATER
Lannee
OFranklin
Philipsburg
Barber
Hamilton
Basin
Townsend
Southern Crossy Galen,
ORingling
Ryegate
Grantsdale
Georgetown Warmsprings
Boulder
Radersburg
15
OSixteen
Middle
to
Belmont
Fork
R.
RAVALLI
Toston
EFFERSON
46°
Selway
Darby
7.
Cenferville
OMaudiow
McGloughlin
Ramsavo
Bow Park
Crazy
Conner
LODGE
Butte
Floral Park
Trident
(Witsall
Rapelje
Sula
SILVER
Whitehallo
Cardwell
90
Three Forks
BOW
BiscM
Manhattan
Clyde Par
L
South
Wise RiverO
Jefferson Cr.
Lost Trail
HOLE NAT'L
Olivide
Belgrade
STILLWATER
Island
BATTLEFIELD
OWaterloo
Amsterdam
Pass
Melrose
Sellerg
Dezeman
Park
with
.
Silver Star
Harrison Anceney
Wisdom
Pony
Livings
5
15
NorrisO
Calumbus
Gallatin Gateway
River
Twin Bridges
<MI
B
Glend
McAllister
Blackmore
PARK
Allerakes
[Jolie
Jackson
Sheridan
Ennis L
Prayo
Bo
Laurin
Ennis
Gollatina
Hyalite's
+
Polariso
Jeffers
Pk.
Of
Pk.
Robertso
Alde
Chances
Big
BEAVERHEAD
Virginia City Lone
OChico Mr.
SONES
Creek
Big
Salmon
MA
sio
Mtn.
.
,
"Emigrant
Big
CARB
C.
Ruby
Sphinx Mtn.
Bannack
Dillon
Sky)
Res.
Cameron
Miner
Corwin Springs
o
45'
Ojardine
PYellow
Salmon
Granto
Gardiner
Pine
Lemhi
PLemhi Pass
Clark Canyon
R
Electric Pk.
Res.
11,155 fr.
MEBGEN
DAM
Hebgen
(3400 m.)
Fort
Barthquake
YELLOWSTONE
Delivery
Lower
MONTANA
River
Rock
Lima
Red
Rock
Res.
R.
Upper
Lima
Red
Rock
of
NATIONAL
Lakeviewo
Blake's
6
SCALE
Henrys
0
20
40
80MI.
Moniday
1
Yellowstone
V
5
10
60
DIVIDE
PARK
Gilmore
Island Park
Yellowstone
Bill
0510 20
40
60
80KM.
Res
Shoshone
State Capitals
*
15,
Lake
Laked
County Seats
O
Lewis
Lake
CHANGE
Major Limited Access Hwys.
Dubois
oAshton
Copyright HAMMOND INCORPORATED, Maplewood, N.J.
A
115°
B
114'
o
113°
D
112°
E
111°
Greenwich
2°
E
111°
109'
H
108°
J
107*
K
106
L
105'
M
104°
Creek
River
N
o
Notukeu
River
Lake
OCardross
of the
Bow Island
Weyburn
Gouverneur
Rivers
er
Assiniboia
N
D
1
C
Montague
Willowbunch
,Conrad
Lake
Lake
Radville
Couler
Mankota
Wood
Twelvemile
O Bengough
Lake
Willowbunch
A
Naptune
N
C
E
W
R
T
Pakowki
A
K
A
T
H
S
Big Muddy
Lake
Fife
Lake
Val Marie
Lake
Lake Alma
River
Frenchman
Beaver
49°
Coutts
Sweetgrass
Whitstail
Outlook
o
Westbys
Glentans
Redatone
Raymond
Whitlash
Turner
O
Four Buttes
Madoc
Opheim
Plentywood
0
Hogeland 0
O
o
urit
Richland
Ferdign
Podriess
Scobey
Flaxville
Navajo
Willow
Coalridge
Loringo
N
Whitewater O
D
A
N
S
Ormont
L
SHERIDAN
OOLE
LIBERTY
BLAINE
or
Reserve
Zurich
Milk
Larsiano
-
g
Medicine Medicine Lake
O
2
Joplin
Given
Shelby
Chester
Galata
o
Lohman
River
oHarlem
Nelson Res.
VALLEY
Savoy
OHomestead
Devon
Lothair
Fort Belknap
Saco
Dodson
Bowdoing
Hinsdale
Lustre O
Frold
R
Elwell
O
FORT
Vandalia
River
R
S
E
VE
Wagner
Cleveland
Malta
oLedger
BELKNAP
Tampico
Cr
OMcCabe
A
o
Glasgow
as
Brockton
Culbertson
Bainville
L
INDIAN
HILLIP
S
Nashua
Wolf Point Poplar
FT. UNION TRADING
narpaw
Mts,
POST MAT'L
RES.
Beaver
Oswego
River
SITE
Lodge Poleo
Frazero
48
Andes
(rady
C
H
OHays
Ft.Peck
O
Collins
0
SPECK
Missouri
(
1
ORegina
Fairviewd
Loman
IU
oputton
River
Landusky Zortman
N
Cartero
Fort Bentas
Fort LIVENSE Peck
Lake
OVida
RICHLAND
Sidney
other
Floweree
2
MC CONE
Enid Lambert
Benton
River
O
Richey
a
o
Crane
I
&
Vaughn
Black
3
River
Eagle
MALMSTROM
Shenkle
Winlfred
Savage
Highwood
Sun
River
Bloomfield
ima
Fort
Shaw
GREAT FALLS
Square
Ulning
Buffolk
Sand Coulee
G
U
S
GARF
ELD
Creek
O
A
Circle
Dry
Stocketto Armington
Intake
OChristina Roy
Brusett
Big
c
S
A
D
E
610
Jordan
Brockway
DAWS
N
X
X
15
Cascade
Edeno
in
Fergus
Lindsay
Geyselo
aynesfort
OHilger
=
Chrocks
PETROLEUM
Glendiver
Stanfard
O
Cat Creek
Sand
Monarch
Pork *Lewistown Grass Range
Telgen
Springs
Cohagen
47°
OForestgrove
Little
Hodges
Marth°
River
Becket
Winnett
Mosby
Marsh
Neiharto
I
JUDI
PRAIRIE
Cr.
St.Phillips
Fallon
BAS
Rock Springs
4.
Flatwillow
Terry
Helena
Big
Carlyle
Angela
OMildred
A
Hauser
Canyon
na
Ferry
MEAGHER
MUSSELSHELL
East Helena
White
Findsn
GOLDEN
Maistonso
OSumatra
do
Kineeyo
P
4
Canyon
Sulphur
DelpineO
Musselshell
Ingomar
IsmayO
ncy
Ferry
OWinston
Springs
Martinadals
AND
OLocate
Lake
Vananda
Knowiton
Creek
Plevnao
Baker
VALLEY
Roundup
Miles City
©
fferson
OKlein
ICE
o
City
BROADWATER
S
Lennes
OFranklin
Sanders
ALLON
Barber
Lavinal
Finch
94
Townsend
Ringling
Myers
Nathaway
Ryegate
oWillard
der
Radersburg
OSixteen
fosebud
Toston
lo
Belmont
Bighorn
Forsyth
IN
Rosebud
CÚSTER
OMaudiow
Broadview
TREASURE
YELLOWSTONE
Ri
46'
Crazy M
Trident
awitsall
Rapelje
Comanche
Nibbel
Worden:
Pompays Pillar
well
Three Forks
Actono
Ballantine
I
Shepherd
Colstrip B
Creek
River
Ekalaka
Mill Irono
Manhattan
Clyde Pa
Bis-Molt
OVolberg
L
Huntley
Creek
Cr.
d
Belgrade
STILLWATER
&
- Coalwood Powderville
o
Amsterdam
Dezeman
BILLINGS
U
on Harrison Anceney
Park
Harding
DAKOTAL
Livings
Columbus
Laurel
Crow Agency
oLame Dear
POWDER
NorrisO.
NORTHERN
Ashland
Oolive
5
Gallatin Gateway
Silesia
CUSTER BATTLEFIEL
ges
2MI!
MAT'L MON.
Garryowen
CHEYENNE
Epsie O
CARTER
Allister
Blackmore
A
R
K
Busby
Althareke
Jolieto
St. Xavier
IND. RES.
Ennis L
PrayO
OSonnette
Broadus
Capitol
nnis
Hyolite's
Boyd
Gallatina
B
G
Smith
R
N
Emigrant
Fromberg
Pryor
Fort
TBoyes
Boxalder
Jeffers
Robertso
Offector
CROW
INDIANO
RESERVATION
RIVER
Virginia City Lone
OChico Md.
X
SIO
Mtn.
Emigrant
Bridger
Lodge Grass
Kirbyo
Birney
N
"Big
CARB
N
Otter
River
Hammond
Missouri
Sphinx Mtn.
R
Sky)
1
o
Cameron
Miner
Corwin Springs
o
BIGHORN CANTON
Bighorn
Wyola
Biddleo
Ojardine
Washos.k
Tongue
Belfry
Ridge
Alzada
NAT'L REC. AREA
River
45°
Gardiner
Lake
Decker
Res.
Electric Pk.
11,155 fr.
HEBGEN DAM
Hebgen
(3400 m.)
Fourche
Fork
Lovell
Earthquale
S
YELLOWSTON
Sheridan
wer
Lake Upper
River
NATIONAL
Creak
Belle
Rock
DEVILS TOWER
fewO
Lake's
Henrys
West
Yellowstone
W
Y
Bighorn
M
90
I
Powder
MAT'L MON.
N
G
PARK
Island Park
Yellowstone
Bill
Sundance
Cody
Res.
Keyhole Res. w
Shoshone
River
Lake
Gillette
Basin
90
Lewis
Cloud PKA
Butfalo
Lake
13,165 H.
=
Moorcroft
(4013 m.)
River
25
oAshton
S
E
111°
F
Greenwich
109'
H
108'
107
K
106°
105°
M
o
MONTANA
Melstone 238
H4
Richland 48
K2
Trident 50
E5
Bighom Canyon Nat'l Rec.
Lewis (range)
Melville 100
F4
Ridge 6
M5
Trout Creek 300
A3
Area
H5
C2
Lima (res.)
Mildred 22
M4
Ringling 102
F4
Troy 1,088
A2
Big Muddy (riv.)
M2
Little Bighom (riv.)
D6
Miles CityO 9,602
L4
Roberts 312
G5
Turner 150
H2
Big Porcupine (creek)
J4
Little Bitterroot (lake)
J5
Mill Iron 66
M5
Rock Springs 4
K4
Twin Bridges 437
D5
Birch (creek)
D2
Little Dry (creek)
82
K3
Milltown 300
C4
Rockvale 10
H5
Twodot 285
F4
Birch Creek (res.)
D2
Little Missouri (riv.)
Miner 20
E5
Rocky Boy 150
G2
Ulm 450
E3
Bitterroot (range)
B4
M5
Lockhart (mt.)
D3
Missoula© 33,388
C4
Rollins 200
B3
Utica 30
F4
Bitterroot (riv.
B4
Lodge (creek)
G1
Moccasin 57
F3
Ronan 530
C3
Valier 640
D2
Blackfeet Ind. Res.
D2
Lolo (pass)
B4
Moiese 4
B3
Roscoe 40
G5
Vananda 50
K4
Blackfoot (riv.)
C4
Lone (mt.)
E5
Molt 31
H5
Rosebud 259
K4
Vandalia 35
J2
Blackmore (mt.)
F5
Lost Trail (pass)
B5
Monarch 120
F3
Ross Fork 21
G3
Vaughn 270
E3
Bowdoin (lake)
J2
Lower Red Rock (lake)
E6
Monida 9
D6
Roundup© 2,119
H4
Victor 700
B4
Boxelder (creek)
H3
Lower Saint Mary (lake)
C2
Montague 9
F3
Roy 200
H3
Vida 50
L3
Boxelder (creek)
M5
Madison (riv.)
E5
Moore 229
G4
Rudyard 450
F2
Virgelle 28
F2
Bynum (res.)
D2
Malmstrom .B. 6,675
E3
Mosby 3
J4
Ryegate© 273
G4
Virginia City© 192
E5
Cabinet (mts.)
A2
Marias (riv.)
D2
Moulton 16
G3
Saco 252
J2
Volborg 125
L5
Canyon Ferry (lake)
E4
Martinsdale (res.)
F4
Musselshell 117
H4
Saint Ignatius 877
C3
Wagner 32
H2
Clark Canyon (res.)
D6
Mary Ronan (lake)
B3
Myers 120
J4
Saint Phillips 10
M4
Walkerville 887
D4
Clark Fork (riv.)
A3
McDonald (lake)
B2
Nashua 495
K2
Saint Regis 500
A3
Warmsprings 500
D4
Clarks Fork, Yellowstone
McGloughlin (peak)
C4
Navajo 7
M2
Saint Xavier 200
J5
Washoe 20
G5
(riv.)
G6
McGregor (lake)
B3
Neihart 91
F4
Saltese 90
A3
Waterloo 102
D5
Cottonwood (creek)
E2
Medicine (lake)
M2
Niarada 6
B3
Sand Coulee 600
E3
Westby 291
M2
Cow (creek)
G2
Milk (riv.)
J2
Nibbe 30
H4
Sanders 50
J4
West Glacier 150
C2
Crazy (peak)
F4
Mission (range)
C3
Norris 55
E5
Sand Springs 13
J3
West Yellowstone 735
E6
Crow Ind. Res.
H5
Missouri (riv.)
L3
North Havre 1,230
G2
Santa Rita 120
D2
Whitefish 3, 703
B2
Custer Battlefield Nat'l
Musselshell (riv.)
J3
Noxon 800
A3
Savage 300
M3
Whitehall 030
D5
Mon.
J5
Nelson (res.)
J2
Nyack 20
C2
Savoy 11
H2
White Sulphur
Cut Bank (creek)
D2
Ninepipe (res.)
C3
Nye 50
G5
Scobey© 1,382
L2
Springs© 1,302
E4
Douglas (mt.)
F5
Northern Cheyenne Indian
Oilmont 50
E2
Seeley Lake 900
C3
Whitetail 150
L2
Earthquake (lake)
E6
Reservation
K5
Olive 5
L5
Shawmut 66
G4
Whitewater 100
J2
Electric (peak)
F6
North Fork, Flathead
Oiney 200
B2
Sheffield 49
K4
Whitlash 50
E2
Elwell (lake)
E2
(riv.)
B2
Opheim 210
K2
Shelby© 3, 142
E2
Wibaux© 782
M3
Emigrant (peak)
F5
Fallon (creek)
L4
Oswego 75
L2
Shepherd 200
H5
Wickes 60
D4
Ennis (lake)
E5
Pishkun (res.)
D3
Otter 4
K5.
Sheridan 646
D5
Willard 25
M4
Flathead (lake)
C3
Poplar (riv.)
L2
Outlook 122
M2
Shonkin 1
F3
Willow Creek 150
E5
Flathead (riv.)
B2
Porcupine (creek)
K2
Ovando 300
C3
Sidney© 5, 726
M3
Wilsail 250
F5
Flathead, North Fork
Powder (riv.)
L4
Pablo 500
B3
Silesia 90
H5
Windham 63
F3
(riv.)
B2
Purcell (mts.)
A2
Paradise 400
B3
Silver Star 125
D5
Winifred 155
G3
Flathead, South Fork
Railley (mt.)
C3
Park City 800
H5
Simms 200
E3
WinnettO 207
H4
(riv.)
C3
Red Rock (lakes)
E6
Peerless 110
L2
Simpson 70
F2
Winston 120
E4
Flathead Ind. Res.
B3
Red Rock (riv.)
D6
Pendroy 100
D2
Sixteen 4
F4
Wisdom 140
C5
Flatwillow (creek)
H4
Redwater (riv.)
L3
Perma 50
B3
Somers 700
B2
Wise River 150
C5
Fort Belknap Ind. Res.
H2
Rock (creek)
C4
Philipsburg© 1,138
C4
Sonnette 42
L5
Wolf Creek 500
D3
Fort Peck (lake)
K3
Rocky (mts.)
D4
Plains 1, 116
B3
Southern Cross 10
C4
Wolf PointO 3,074
L2
Fort Union Trading Post
Rocky Boy Ind. Res.
G2
have
Plentywood© 2,476
M2
Springdale 45
F5
Woodside 75
B4
Nat Hist. Site
N2
Rosebud (creek)
K4
Plevna 191
M4
Square Butte 48
F3
Worden 600
H5
Frances (lake)
D2
Ruby (riv.)
capital
D5
Polaris 53
C5
Stanford 595
F3
Wyola 350
J5
Freezeout (lake)
D3
Ruby River (res.)
D5
smalle
Polebridge 10
B2
Stark 51
B3
Yaak 2
A2
Frenchman (riv.)
J1
Sage (creek)
F2
farmin
Polson 2,798
B3
Stevensville 1,207
C4
Zortman 50
H3
Fresno (res.)
F2
Saint Mary (lake)
C2
Pompeys Pillar 300
J5
Stockett 500
E3
Zurich 60
G2
Gallatin (peak)
E5
Saint Mary (riv.)
C1
manuf
Pony 130
E5
Straw 12
G4
Gallatin (riv.)
E5
Sandy (creek)
F2
state i
Poplar 995
L2
Stryker 96
B2
OTHER FEATURES
Georgetown (lake)
C4
Sheep (mt.)
C2
Potomac 80
C4
Suffolk 45
G3
Gibson (res.)
D3
Shields (riv.)
sided
F4
Powderville 2
L5
Sula 200
B5
Absaroka (range)
F5
Glacier Nat'l Park
C2
Siyeh (mt.)
C2
was c
Power 159
E3
Sumatra 7
J4
Allen (mt.)
C2
Granite (peak)
F5
Smith (riv.)
E3
tries i
Pray 40
F5
Sunburst 476
E2
Arrow (creek)
F3
Grant-Kohrs Ranch Nat'l
Sphinx (mt.)
E5
Proctor 150
83
Sun River 300
E3
Ashley (lake)
B2
Hist. Site
D4
Stillwater (riv.)
G5
easter
Pryor 146
H5
Superior 1,054
B3
Battle (creek)
G1
Hauser (lake)
E4
Stimson (mt.)
C2
ulation
Radersburg 104
E4
Swan Lake 100
C3
Bearhat (mt.)
C2
Haystack (peak)
A3
Sun (riv.)
D3
Ramsay 95
D4
Sweetgrass 250
E2
Bearpaw (mts.)
G2
Hebgen (lake)
E6
Swan (lake)
C3
manuf
Rapelje 50
G5
Tampico 25
K2
Beartooth (mts.)
G5
Helena (lake)
E4
Teton (riv.)
E3
larly t
Ravalli 150
B3
Tarkio 25
B4
Beaver (creek)
J2
Holter (lake)
D4
Tongue (riv.)
K5
Raymond 26
M2
Teigen 14
H3
Beaverhead (riv.)
D5
Hungry Horse (res.)
C2
Upper Red Rock (lake)
E6
3. Th
Raynesford 35
F3
Terry© 929
L4
Benton (lake)
E3
Hurricane (mt.)
D2
Ward (peak)
A3
Red Lodge© 1,896
G5
Thompson FallsO
Big (lake)
G5
Hyalite (peak)
E5
Waterton-Glacier Int' Peace
Ag
Redstone 40
M2
1,478
A3
Big Belt (mts.)
E4
Jackson (mt.)
C2
Park
C2
Reedpoint 160
G5
Three Forks 1,247
E5
Big Dry (creek)
K3
Jefferson (riv.)
D5
Whitefish (lake)
B2
port,
Regina 83
J3
Thurlow 84
K4
Big Hole Nat'l
Judith (riv.)
G3
Willow (creek)
E2
grain
Reserve 80
M2
Toston 70
E4
Battlefield
C5
Koocanusa (lake)
A2
Willow Creek (res.)
D3
Rexford 130
A2
Townsend 1,587
E4
Bighom (lake)
H5
Kootenai (riv.)
A2
Yellowstone (riv.)
M3
first I
Richey 417
L3
Trego 50
B2
Bighom (riv.)
J5
Lemhi (pass)
C6
Yellowstone Nat' Park
F6
secon
and t
County seat.
in the
As
Indians constituted about 4% of the state's popu-
varied resources have attracted a number of
major
lation. Some ten tribes are centered in seven
national socioeconomic groups. "Hollanders" set-
for b
groupings within the state: the Kootenai-Salish
tled in the fertile Gallatin Valley in 1890, and
availa
in the Flathead Lake area, the Piegan Blackfeet
have held closely together, influenced strongly by
indus
east of Glacier National Park, the Gros Ventre
the Dutch Reformed Church. A group of Finns
grew
and Assiniboine on the Fort Belknap Reservation,
have remained together in the lumbering com-
on th
the Sioux and other Assiniboine at Fork Peck, the
munity of Milltown. The Red Lodge coal-mining
and
northern Cheyenne at Lame Deer, the Crow
community contains enough national groups to
Coast
south of Hardin, and the Chippewa-Cree on the
host an annual weeklong All Nations Festival,
E
Rocky Boy's reserve northeast of Fort Benton.
featuring foods, music, and dances from a differ-
fourt
The Indians of Montana have more than
ent group each day. Hutterite communes formed
dryla
doubled in population since 1900. Several tribes
by a closely knit farm people with German
and
have profited from the forests, petroleum and
Anabaptist background have grown rapidly. The
lots
coal deposits, and luxuriant grazing areas on their
Hutterites number only about 2,000 but live in
stimu
lands. Land allotments to Indian families began
more than 20 prosperous colonies. Another trend
incre
in 1906, and the term "reservation" now has little
is the rapid growth of the adherents of the
secor
meaning. Tribal councils make policy decisions
Mormon Church, particularly in southwestem
inclu
concerning resources, and progressive economic
Montana. Blacks constitute less than 1% of the
seed,
and educational development is being planned by
population.
west
each tribal group.
Centers of Population. Montana has no large
(
Socioeconomic Groups. Montana's large size and
metropolitan areas. Only Billings and Great Falls
incre
398
Lewis (range)
AGRICULTURE AND RESOURCES
H5
Lima (res.)
M2
Little Bighom (riv.)
DE
J4
Little Bitterroot (lake)
15
02
Little Dry (creek)
B2
D2
Little Missouri (riv.)
K3
B4
Lockhart (mt.)
MS
B4
Lodge (creek)
Di
FOREST
GOLD
D2
Lolo (pass)
61
PRODUCTS
ASSESTOS
WHEAT
C4
Lone (mt.)
B4
WHEAT
WHEAT
OATS
WHEAT
F5
ES
Kalispell
GAS
FLAX
Lost Trail (pass)
J2
Lower Red Rock (lake)
85
FOREST
OIL
SUGAR
H3
Eg
PRODUCTS
Lower Saint Mary (lake)
BEETS
GOLD
M5
Madison (riv.)
WHEAT
D2
Malmstrom A.F B. 6,675
DAIRY
OIL
PRODUCTS
A2
Marias (riv.)
D2
issouri
SUGAR
R.
BEETS
E4
Martinsdale (res.)
Great Falls
D6
Mary Ronan (lake)
F4
SHEEP
McDonald (lake)
83
ZINC
WHEAT
A3
FOREST
82
PRODUCTS
CATTLE
McGloughlin (peak)
G6
McGregor (lake)
C4
Missoula
B3
SILVER
GRANITE
E2
Medicine (lake)
Milk (riv.)
M2
Helena
G2
DAIRY
J2
PRODUCTS
SUGAR
F4
Mission (range)
C3
IRON ORE
BEETS
CATTLE
CORN
H5
Missouri (riv.)
L3
LEAD
Musselshell (riv.)
PEAT
Anaconda
Yellowstor
OIL
J3
CATTLE
POTATOES
J5
Nelson (res.)
J2
COPPER
D2
Ninepipe (res.)
Butte
SILVER
GAS
C3
SHEEP
F5
Northern Cheyenne Indian
Bozeman
Billings
E6
Reservation
K5
SILVER
F6
North Fork, Flathead
CATTLE
SUGAR
SHEEP
BEETS
E2
(riv.)
82
SHEEP
SHEEP
F5
O'Fallon (creek)
CATTLE
OIL
L4
URANIUM
E5
Pishkun (res.)
D3
GOLD
C3
Poplar (riv.)
L2
B2
Porcupine (creek)
K2
Powder (riv.)
STONE
L4
B2
Purcell (mts.)
A2
Railley (mt.)
C3
C3
Red Rock (lakes)
E6
83
Red Rock (riv.)
D6
H4
Redwater (riv.)
L3
H2
Rock (creek)
C4
K3
Rocky (mts.)
04
Rocky Boy's Ind. Res.
have populations exceeding 50,000. Helena, the
farm population, major improvements in farm
G2
N2
Rosebud (creek)
K4
capital, has less than half that number. The
homes, and expansion in the mechanization of
D2
Ruby (riv.)
DS
Ruby River (res.)
smaller towns are typically supported by the
farm operations. The number of farms has
D3
DS
tended to decrease while the average size of
J1
Sage (creek)
F2
farming of fertile valleys, the output from small
F2
Saint Mary (lake)
C2
E5
Saint Mary (riv.)
C1
manufacturing companies, or the operation of
farms has increased. Montana has about 22,000
E5
Sandy (creek)
F2
state institutions. Until 1960 more people re-
farms averaging nearly 2,900 acres (1,174 hect-
C4
Sheep (mt.)
C2
sided on farms than in cities. The population
ares).
D3
Shields (riv.)
F4
C2
C2
was concentrated around metallurgical indus-
Forest Industries. Lumbering arose early from
Siyeh (mt.
F5
Smith (riv.)
E3
tries in western Montana until about 1900. In
demands by the mining industry for flume lumber
Sphinx (mt.)
E5
D4
Stillwater (riv.)
eastern Montana, a trend toward increasing pop-
and mine timbers. The major forests lie west of
G5
E4
Stimson (mt.)
ulation has been fostered by expanded irrigation,
the Continental Divide, with the larger mills at
C2
A3
Sun (riv.)
D3
manufacturing, petroleum refining, and particu-
Bonner and Libby The forests of the smaller
E6
Swan (lake)
C3
E4
Teton (riv.)
E3
larly the development of coal resources.
lodgepole pines on the east slope are used for
D4
Tongue (riv.)
K5
poles, plyboard, and laminated beams. Addi-
C2
Upper Red Rock (lake)
E6
3. The Economy
tional wood products include pulpwood, posts,
D2
Ward (peak)
A3
E5
Waterton-Glacier Int'l Peace
Agriculture is Montana's chief economic sup-
and mine and railroad timbers. Research con-
C2
Park
C2
D5
Whitefish (lake)
B2
port, based largely on range cattle and small-
tinues for the best methods of promoting growth
G3
Willow (creek)
E2
grain production. Placer-gold mining once held
and efficient harvesting, disease control, and the
A2
Willow Creek (res.)
D3
first place, and mining has continued to hold
use of forests as summer ranges for livestock. A
A2
Yellowstone (riv.)
M3
C6
Yellowstone Nat Park
F6
second place. Forestry products, manufacturing,
large Christmas tree harvest is an annual feature
and tourism and recreational activities rank high
of the forest industry.
in the economy.
Mining. Montana's early growth was stimu-
Agriculture. Cattle and wheat are Montana's
lated by the discovery in the 1860's of some of
: attracted a number of
major agricultural products. The early demand
the world's richest placer-gold mines, such as
groups. "Hollanders" set
for beef in the large gold-mining camps and the
latin Valley in 1890, and
availability of vast free grasslands caused the
ther, influenced strongly by
industry to thrive. The sheep and wool industry
PERSONAL INCOME IN MONTANA
Church. A group of Finns
grew up at the same time. Pigs, easily fattened
1960 1970 1980
on the abundant barley, are increasing in number
Source
(Millions of dollars)
er in the lumbering com-
he Red Lodge coal-mining
and value. The fattening of cattle for West
Farms
162
286
146
nough national groups to
Coast markets is an important trend.
Mining
47
63
243
ng All Nations Festival,'
Each year, Montana usually places third or
Construction
77
129
377
and dances from a differ-
fourth in the nation in wheat production. The
Manufacturing
121
200
492
Iutterite communes formed
dryland varieties of wheat are high in protein
Transportation, communications,
and public utilities
115
170
548
rm people with German
and valuable for milling. Shipment in trainload
Wholesale and retail trade
205
318
892
I have grown rapidly. The
lots to West Coast ports for Asian markets has
Finance, insurance, and
real estate
43
69
244
y about 2,000 but live in
stimulated production and price levels. Barley,
Services
125
239
794
us colonies. Another trend
increasingly used for the fattening of livestock, is
Other industries
3
8
23
second in quantity and value. Other products
Government
193
374
944
of the adherents of the
rticularly in southwestern
include hay, sugar beets, potatoes, flax, mustard
(Dollars)
stitute less than 1% of the
seed, and oats. Dairying is important in the
Per capita personal income
2,016 3,428 8,536
western mountain valleys.
Per capita income, U.S.
2,216 3,945 9,521
on. Montana has no large
Characteristic trends in agriculture include an
Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Survey of Current
nly Billings and Great Falls
increase in the size of farm units, a decline in
Business.
399
power plant was erected near Great Falls in
Rapid expansion in hydroelectric power followed 1890
the formation of the Montana Power Company
1912. Two coal-fired plants are in operation
Billings, and two
in Colstrip in 1975
ernment's huge multipurpose dams produce
large amounts of power at Fort Peck, Canyon
Ferry, Hungry Horse, Libby, and on the Maria
River. Electric power and natural gas are distrib.
uted by the Montana Power Company, Montana
Rural Electrification Administration.
Dakota Utilities, Pacific Power and Light, and the
Manufacturing. Manufacturing is allied
the state's major natural products. Forest prod. with
ucts account for about one third of manufacturing
enterprise, closely followed by metallurgical in
dustries related to copper, zinc, aluminum, and
lead. Nonmetallic manufacturing includes petro.
leum, phosphates, cement, gypsum, and benton
ite. Food processing extends over the entire
state in the form of flour and feed mills, beet
sugar plants, dairy production, meat-packing, and
vegetable canning.
Tourism. As early as 1850, wealthy European
sportsmen visited Montana. In the 1890's a num-
ber of spacious hotels were built near hot springs
creating fashionable "spas." Guest ranching has
been popular since the 1920's. Yellowstone and
Glacier national parks have increased tourist in
terest, especially since World War II. Ski facili
ties have brought thousands of winter visitors.
Transportation. Because Montanans must con-
tend with great distances, transportation has
JOERN GERDTS, PHOTO RESEARCHERS
always been important. Long, fertile, easy-grade
A smelter in operation near Butte, where thousands of
river valleys and low mountain passes brought
miles of excavations have yielded a fortune in copper.
three transcontinental railways following 1880:
the Northern Pacific and the Great Northern
(now combined as the Burlington Northern) and
those at Virginia City and Helena. Fabulously
the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul. The state
rich silver and copper mines that opened in
highway commission has promoted an excellent
Butte in 1881 led to continued economic growth.
system of intrastate highways. Montana relies
Lead, zinc, and manganese have also been im-
heavily on Northwest, Western, and Frontier air-
portant. Smelting is done in Anaconda, where
lines. Many private airfields serve the large num-
adequate water is available. Copper is refined in
ber of "flying farmers."
Great Falls, where electrical energy is plentiful,
and zinc is refined in East Helena. Since 1951,
4. Government and Politics
massive phosphate deposits in southwestern Mon-
The first constitution for Montana was formu
tana have been refined into elemental phosphorus
lated at a convention in 1889, the year the state
in Butte and into fertilizer in Anaconda. Cement,
entered the Union, and it remained in effect for
talc, gypsum, and tungsten are mined and refined
more than 80 years. A constitutional convention
in several parts of the state.
in 1972 drew up a new 12,000-word document,
Large deposits of chromite ore in Stillwater
which was narrowly ratified by the voters. After
and Carbon counties are considered important
legal challenges to its legitimacy were overcome,
national reserves. The largest vermiculite de-
the constitution went into effect on July 1, 1973.
posit in the United States is near Libby.
Structure of State Government. The government
Petroleum fields were discovered as early as
includes the usual division into three branches-
1892, but important production did not take
executive, legislative, and judicial. The chief
place until 1915. Major fields include Elk Basin,
executive officer is the governor. Under the 1972
Kevin-Sunburst, Cat Creek, Cut Bank, Williston
constitution a number of state agencies that had
Basin, and Bell Creek. Billings is the major
constitutional status were eliminated, and some
refining center in the state. Natural gas, available
100 agencies were combined in 19 departments,
in large quantities, is the chief source of fuel for
whose heads report directly to the governor.
the major cities and industry.
In 1974 the voters amended the new constitu-
Reserves of some 40 to 50 billion tons of coal
tion, establishing a 90-day biennial session of
available for open-pit strip mining led to an
increase in mining in the 1970's. Strict laws re-
quire the restoration of suitable surface condi-
tions, air and water purity, taxation based on the
GOVERNMENT HIGHLIGHTS
value of the coal, and an additional tax on funds
Electoral Vote-4. Representation in Congress
for the Resources Indemnity Trust to help de-
-U. S. senators, 2; U.S. representatives, 2. Leg-
velop future energy sources.
islature-Senate, 50 members, 4-year terms; House
Electrical Energy. Electric power was first gen-
of Representatives, 100 members, 2-year terms.
Governor-4-year term; may succeed himself.
erated in Butte in 1880, and the first dam and
400
near Great Falls in
GOVERNORS OF MONTANA
roelectric power followed
ntana Power Company
Territorial
lants are in operation
Sidney Edgerton
Republican
1964-1866
Green Clay Smith
1866-1869
negawatt plants opened
Ashley
1869-1870
1976. The federal
Potts
1870-1883
rpose dams also product gov.
1883-1884
1884-1885
r at Fort Peck, Canyong
ibby, and on the Maria
Samuel B. T. Hauser
Democrat
1885-1887
Preston H. Leslie
1887-1889
id natural gas are distrib
Benjamin F. White
Republican
1889
ower Company, Montan
State
Power and Light, and
Joseph K. Toole
Democrat
1889-1893
ministration.
John E. Rickards
Republican
1893-1897
ifacturing is allied
Robert B. Smith
Democrat
1897-1901
Joseph K. Toole
1901-1908
1 products. Forest prod
Edwin L. Norris
1908-1913
ne third of manufacturin
Sam V. Stewart
1913-1921
Republican
1921-1925
wed by metallurgical
Joseph M. Dixon
er, zinc, aluminum, and in
John E. Erickson
Democrat
1925-1933
Frank H. Cooney
1933-1935
ifacturing includes petro
W. Elmer Holt
1935-1937
Roy E. Ayres
1937-1941
nt, gypsum, and benton
Sam c. Ford
Republican
1941-1949
extends over the entire
John W. Bonner
Democrat
1949-1953
our and feed mills, beet
J. Hugo Aronson
Republican
1953-1961
Donald Nutter
1961-1962
uction, meat-packing, and
Tim M. Babcock
1962-1969
Forrest H. Anderson
Democrat
1969-1973
1850, wealthy European
Thomas L. Judge
1973-1981
na. In the 1890's a num
Ted Schwinden
1981-1989
Stan Stephens
Republican
1989-
ere built near hot springs
as." Guest ranching has
1920's. Yellowstone and
have increased tourist in
World War II. Ski facili.
ands of winter visitors.
ise Montanans must con.
the legislature in place of the previous annual 60-
nces, transportation has
day session. The legislature meets in odd-num-
DAVID MUENCH
Long, fertile, easy-grade
The State Capitol in Helena, where the major political
mountain passes brought
bered years. Members of the legislature are
railways following 1880
chosen from single-member districts.
parties have competed fairly equally for leadership.
and the Great Northern
The judicial system consists of a state su-
Burlington Northern) and
preme court, district courts, and numerous mu-
nicipal and justice of the peace courts. The su-
Public Finance. The chief fiscal state agency is
e & St. Paul. The state
preme court comprises a chief justice and four
the department of revenue, which collects and
as promoted an excellent
ighways. Montana relies
justices. Supreme court justices and district
disburses state funds. Its director is appointed
Vestern, and Frontier air-
judges are nominated by the governor from names
by the governor and approved by the Senate.
submitted by a panel. A justice or judge may run
This department has charge of laying and col-
ields serve the large num-
for reelection at the expiration of his term.
lecting property taxes in cooperation with coun-
The 1972 constitution mandated the formation
ty officers, and of license, corporation, inheritance,
litics
of government review commissions in all cities,
income, and other taxes. The governor is the
1 for Montana was formu.
towns, and counties. The commissions were to
chief budget officer, and these duties are admin-
1 1889, the year the state
propose alternative forms of government for each
istered by the office of program planning and
it remained in effect for
jurisdiction. In 1976, voters approved alterna-
budget in the department of revenue.
constitutional convention
tive forms of government in 30 local jurisdic-
A close legislative check is maintained by a
V 12,000-word document,
tions, including new consolidated city-county
legislative fiscal analyst who independently esti-
governments in Anaconda and Deer Lodge coun-
mates state income and expenditures, by a legis-
ified by the voters. After
ty and Butte and Silver Bow county.
lative auditor who checks agency expenditures,
egitimacy were overcome,
Full legal rights for 18-year-olds were ap-
and by a joint-legislative finance committee that
ito effect on July 1, 1973.
ernment. The government
proved in the 1972 constitution. In 1976 the
scans expenditures between legislative sessions.
voters approved a recall procedure for persons
The constitution requires that the budget always
sion into three branches-
and judicial. The chief
elected or appointed to public office. The presi-
be in balance.
dential primary, once abandoned, was restored
Social Services: Four of Montana's 19 major
governor. Under the 1972
by the 1972 constitution.
departments promote a strong program of health
of state agencies that had
Structure of Indian Government. On all seven
and social services. The department of health
ere eliminated, and some
Montana Indian reservations, elective councils
and environmental sciences administers stringent
bined in 19 departments,
direct political, economic, and social develop-
laws for clean air, pure water, and desirable work-
ectly to the governor.
ment subject to state and federal laws. They also
ing and living conditions, as well as programs of
mended the new constitu-
give general oversight to education, which is
general and preventive health services. The de-
)-day biennial session of
more directly managed by districts, with state
partment of social and rehabilitation services
supervision. Assistance from the state is given
works with family problems, those of children,
by representatives in the office of the governor.
the indigent, and the aging, and in special edu-
IT HIGHLIGHTS
Matters of common interest are explored in a
cation. The department of institutions maintains
Montana intertribal council. Increased power is
11 institutions, such as those for children, the
epresentation in Congress
S. representatives, 2. Leg-
being exercised by each tribal council in relation
aged, tubercular and mental patients, youth
mbers, 4-year terms; House
to law and order on the reservation, hunting and
training schools, and the prisons.
) members, 2-year terms.
fishing, and mineral, lumbering, and grazing
Politics. Major economic interests have domi-
may succeed himself.
practices.
nated Montana politics over the years. Spokes-
401
tween ages 6 and 21, and attendance is
between ages 8 and 16. These schools are require
FA
ated under a district system, with tax support oper.
coming mostly from the district. A program
Bozeman,
state aid, adopted in 1949, assures fairly uniform
Cooper, G
support for all districts.
Guthrie,
ning
Vocational-technical centers are situated
Nuntley,
Missoula, Butte, Helena, Great Falls, and Billing
Increased attention to Indian education
being given by state and reservation leaden
and
recor
The transition from native languages to English
Planty c
ly Indian schools are required to
is given more care, and teachers inferedomines
repre
of th
Indian culture. Careful advisory assistance
Rankin,
tive,
given to the rapidly increasing number of Indies
Mussell,
students in the vocational schools and colleges
ican
Higher Education. The 1972 constitution
Urey,
H
aton
vides for a commissioner of higher education pro-
Walsh, 1
pointed by the governor. A seven-member board ap
tiate
of regents, appointed by the governor, admin
Wheeler
kno
isters the university system, including the junior
or community, colleges.
The state university system of higher educa
tion comprises the following: Montana State Uni.
Post, or
versity, in Bozeman; University of Montana, in
1864, W
Missoula; Eastern Montana College, in Billings:
in the
TOM MCHUGH, PHOTO RESEARCHERS
Western Montana College, in Dillon; Northern
2 wee
Montana State University, Bozeman. The state system
Montana College, in Havre; and the College
dominates higher education.
Mineral Science and Technology, in Butte.
of
televisi
idents C
The Roman Catholic Church operates Carroll
main c
College in Helena and the College of Great Falls
1970's,
men for mining, agriculture, and lumbering have
in Great Falls. Rocky Mountain College in Bil.
the stat
figured prominently in state and national forums.
The far-distant federal government in Washington
lings is sponsored by three Protestant groups,
has been viewed with alternate suspicion and
the churches. Congregational, Methodist, and Presbyterian
6. Recr
Moi
hope. On the one hand, the U.S. government has
Libraries. The larger libraries in the state are
reation
exerted increasingly greater regulatory. control
all associated with governmental or educational
federal
over the economic forces operating in Montana,
institutions and have special interests. At the
Not
and the sheer size of the acreage under federal
University of Montana, the Northwest history and
some
control guarantees that Washington's presence is
law school collections are notable, while the
always felt. On the other hand, federal funds
have been available in times of economic stress
Montana State University collection is strong in
agriculture and science. The collections of the
This he
and have been essential to the construction of
Historical Society of Montana Library and the
dams and other public-works projects.
Montana State Law Library, both in Helena, are
The frontier spirit is also manifested in the
excellent. The Montana state library extension
kind of public servants chosen by the state's
commission has a large collection for loans to
voters. Many elected officials-especially includ-
local libraries. Billings, Great Falls, Helena, Mis-
ing some members of Congress-have reflected
soula, and Kalispell all have new library build-
a stubborn independence, occasionally tending
ings, and all have strong local history collections
toward radicalism. Partisan control within the
Billings has good art, Indian, and petroleum
state has swung back and forth between the
industry materials.
Democrats and the Republicans, with both par-
Museums and the Arts. Even while preserving
ties about even over the years.
the heritage of the Old West, Montanans evince
5. Education and Culture
a growing interest in contemporary arts. Out.
standing museums include Gallery '85, in Billings
Public education is predominant in Montana,
which features art of the pioneer West; the Mú-
both at the elementary and secondary levels and
seum of the Plains Indian, in Browning; and the
at the university level, which is dominated by
C.M. Russell Gallery in Great Falls, which
the state university system of higher education.
exhibits the work of Montana's cowboy artist.
Elementary and Secondary Education. As pro-
The Montana Historical Society in Helena also
vided by the 1972 constitution, a seven-member
contains a Russell gallery, and its museum de-
board of public education, appointed by the gov-
picts in historical sequence the story of Montana
ernor, controls elementary and secondary educa-
and the Northwest, as does the Museum of the
tion. The board of regents, which controls the
Rockies in Bozeman.
university system, combines with the board of
Summer theater flourishes in a number
of
public education to form the state board of edu-
communities, as do community orchestras. A
cation, which considers budgetary and other gen-
Festival of Nations is presented annually in Red
eral problems. The governor, the commissioner
Lodge. Statewide, the Montana Institute of the
of higher education, and the state superintendent
Arts fosters interest in the arts.
of public instruction are ex officio members of
Communications. The first post office in Mon-
the state board. The state superintendent, who is
tana was opened at Bannack in 1863, and the
elected, has supervisory duties for elementary and
telegraph reached Virginia City in 1866. Tele-
secondary schools.
phone service first began as a city system in Miles
Public schools are maintained for persons be-
City in 1881 and in Butte in 1882. The Montana
402
MONTANA: 5. Education and Culture-6. Recreation
403
d attendance is required
scenery, set among more than 50 glaciers and 200
These schools are oper
FAMOUS RESIDENTS OF MONTANA
lakes. In few other places are glaciers so acces-
stem, with tax support
gozemanican West (1835-1867), pathfinder in the
sible to visitors. The Going-to-the-Sun Road, af-
who founded Bozeman, Mont.
district. A program
fording incomparable vistas, crosses the Conti-
9, assures fairly uniform of
Cooper, Gary (1901-1961), motion-picture actor.
Guthrie, A. B., Jr. (1901- ), Pulitzer Prize-win-
nental Divide. Hundreds of miles of horseback
ning novelist of Western themes.
or foot trails lead into an interior filled with a
centers are situated
Huntley, Chet (1911-1974), NBC television news an-
variety of flora and fauna. Glacier National Park,
Great Falls, and Billings
chorman, ), motion-picture actress.
on the Canadian border, adjoins Waterton Lakes
to Indian education
(1903- ), U. S. representative
National Park in Alberta.
who was Senate majority leader a
nd reservation leaders
record number of 16 years.
Although only a small portion of Yellowstone
e languages to English
Plenty Coups (1848-1933), Crow Indian chief who
National Park lies in Montana, three of the five
eachers in predominant
represented all American Indians at dedication
highway access routes to Yellowstone are
of the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier.
uired to offer courses in
through Montana. Bighorn Canyon National
advisory assistance
Rankin, Jeannette (1880-1973), U. S. representa-
tive, suffrage leader, and peace advocate.
Recreation Area, below Yellowtail Dam, consists
easing number of Indian
Russell, Charles M. (1864-1926), artist of the Amer-
of a long lake bounded on both sides by moun-
al schools and colleges
ican West.
tain ranges.
Urey. Harold (1893-1981), pioneer scientist in
1972 constitution pro-
atomic energy field.
Two sites marking tragic encounters between
of higher education ap-
Walsh, Thomas (1859-1933), U.S. senator who ini-
Indians and whites have been preserved. Big
tiated the Teapot Dome investigation.
A seven-member board
Hole Battlefield National Monument preserves
Wheeler, Burton K. (1882-1975), U. S. senator
the governor, admin-
known for his liberal and isolationist views.
the scene of the clash in- 1877 between the U.S.
m, including the junior.
Army and fleeing Nez Percé Indians led by Chief
Joseph. The Nez Percé Indians won a costly
system of higher educa
victory that slowed their ultimately unsuccessful
ing: Montana State Uni.
Post, originally published in Virginia City in
attempt to escape to Canada. Custer Battlefield
iversity of Montana, in
1864, was the first stable newspaper in Montana.
National Monument preserves the area where Lt.
na College, in Billings
In the late 1970's, 11 daily, 7 Sunday, and about
Col. George Custer and more than 200 of his
ge, in Dillon; Northern
62 weekly papers were published. Radio and
men were killed in 1876 in a battle with Sioux
vre; and the College of
television have helped to bring together the res-
and Cheyenne Indians. A separate unit nearby
chnology, in Butte.
idents of a large state and connect them with the
marks the battleground where two of Custer's
Church operates Carroll
main currents of American life. In the late
subordinates and their troops averted annihila-
e College of Great Falls
1970's, 12 television stations were operating in
tion. The extensive terrain of the Custer battle-
[ountain College in Bil.
the state.
field provides an exceptional opportunity for a
hree Protestant groups
visitor to study frontier military tactics and relive
6. Recreation
nodist, and Presbyterian
an epic event.
Montana has an exceptional diversity of rec-
Grant-Kohrs Ranch National Historic Site,
libraries in the state are
reational and spectator activities, available under
near Deer Lodge, preserves what was once the
mmental or educational
federal, state, or local auspices.
headquarters of one of the largest and best-
ecial interests. At the
National Areas. Glacier National Park contains
known 19th century livestock ranches in the
le Northwest history and
some of the nation's most spectacular mountain
country.
are notable, while the
collection is strong in
The collections of the
This heavily weathered rock formation is typical of the Badlands, an area in the extreme eastern part of the state.
ontana Library and the
© WILLIAM FELGER/GRANT HEILMAN
ary, both in Helena, are
state library extension
collection for loans to
Great Falls, Helena, Mis-
have new library build-
local history collections.
Indian, and petroleum-
Even while preserving
West, Montanans evince
ontemporary arts. Out
e Gallery '85, in Billings,
pioneer West; the Mu-
n, in Browning; and the
in Great Falls, which
ontana's cowboy artist
Society in Helena also
y, and its museum de-
ce the story of Montana
oes the Museum of the
rishes in a number of
nmunity orchestras. A
esented annually in Red
Montana Institute of the
e arts.
first post office in Mon
anack in 1863, and the
nia City in 1866. Tele
as a city system in Miles
e in 1882. The Montana
404.
MONTANA: 6. Recreation-7. History
7. History
an eventful history of the type that might had
Montana, though small in population, has
expected in a state containing valuable nature
resources scattered across a vast
these resources has largely determined the
search, or more accurately the competition, for
of people who came to Montana, the economic type
activities in which they engaged, and their polit.
ical philosophies.
Exploration and Early Settlement. Access to Mon.
tana was hindered by the arid Great Plains to the
east and the mountains to the west, although the
great rivers provided travel routes. Probably the
first white men to leave a record of their visk
were the brothers François and Louis Joseph de
la Vérendrye, who appear to have crossed south-
eastern Montana in 1743. French and Spanish
traders and prospectors arrived before 1800.
Following the Louisiana Purchase of 1803, the
Lewis and Clark Expedition of 1804-1806 pro-
vided the first adequate record of the area. U.S.
rights to the region were recognized by Britain in
the Convention of 1818 and the Oregon Treaty of
1846.
Stabilized fur trading began at the post estab.
lished by Manuel Lisa at the mouth of the Big-
horn River in 1807 and at those built by the
British on the Kootenai River in 1808. The trad-
ers of the Missouri Fur Company (Lisa, John
Colter, Andrew Henry, and Pierre Menard) and
the Rocky Mountain Fur Company (William
Henry Ashley, Jim Bridger, Jedediah Smith, and
others) mapped the trails over the area. In 1829
DAVID MUENCH
the Western Department of the American Fur
the
Illustrations on this buffalo robe, now in the Plains Indian
Company established Fort Union near the mouth
Museum at Browning, are by Blackfoot Indians.
of the Yellowstone River. This company and its
successors, in which the Chouteau family of St.
Louis was prominent, dominated the upper Mis-
The ten national forests within Montana pro-
souri Valley until the middle of the century.
vide abundant opportunities for hunting, fishing,
Fort Benton on the Missouri River and Fort Sar-
camping, picnicking, hiking, snow-shoeing,
py on the Yellowstone River were important cen-
He
swimming, boating, photography, and nature
ters. Meanwhile, David Thompson led in the
study. A number of roadless areas have been
British fur trade. His North West Company,
added to the nation's roster of wilderness and
which established Salish House near Thompson
primitive areas.
Falls on the Clark Fork in 1809, was merged with
State Areas. The state of Montana has set
the Hudson's Bay Company in 1821. Great bri-
aside more than 50 areas as state parks, monu-
gades under such leaders as Alexander Ross, Pe-
ments, and recreation areas. The Lewis and
ter Skene Ogden, and John Work came up the
Clark Caverns State Park, containing delicate for-
Columbia to its headwaters, but British influence
mations of many colors, is one of the nation's
receded rapidly after 1846.
most beautiful caverns. The Makoshika State
Missionary efforts were contemporaneous
Recreation Area features colorful buttes, unusual
with the fur trade. Responding to interest by the
fossils, and beautiful moss agates. Madison Buf-
Flathead Indians, Father Pierre Jean De Smet
falo Jump State Monument marks the site where
established St. Mary's Mission in the Bitterroot
prehistoric men drove bison over a cliff.
Valley in 1841. It was closed in 1850, however,
Other Activities, Places, and Events. Big game
and sold to John Owen, who operated a trading
hunted in Montana include elk, white-tailed
post there for 30 years. St. Ignatius, built near
deer, mule deer, mountain sheep, black and
Flathead Lake in 1854, was more successful.
brown bears, antelope, and moose. With its
Era of Turbulent Growth. After the California
many rivers and lakes, Montana affords excellent
gold rush of 1849, four surveys were made by the
opportunities to fish for several kinds of trout,
national government for a transcontinental rail-
perch, whitefish, bass, and coho salmon.
road. One of these was led by Gen. Isaac I. Ste-
The boom-and-bust days of Montana's early
vens along the northern route in 1853. His
mining history are kept alive in Virginia City, a
favorable report did not then lead to a railroad;
restored ghost town. Dozens of other ghost
but Lt. John Mullan was instructed to build 2
towns and ghost camps can be found by more
wagon road from Fort Benton on the Missouri to
venturesome explorers. Many Montana towns
Fort Walla Walla on the Columbia (1859-1863),
schedule rodeos and fairs during the sum-
which became an important highway.
mer. Skiing has grown as a winter activity.
Discoveries of gold between 1862 and 1864
Certain scenic stretches of the Yellowstone and
produced a gold rush to Montana, and Bannack
Missouri rivers are of particular interest to
on Grasshopper Creek, Virginia City on Alder
floaters.
Gulch, and Helena on Last Chance Gulch soon
MONTANA: 7. History
405
became populous communities. Missoula, Deer
of the copper industry but state politics as well.
Lodge, and Bozeman, located in agricultural val-
The decade also saw a demand for the free coin-
;mall in population, has had
as depots for the mining com-
age of silver, which was supported both by min-
of the type that might
a time, bandits known as road
ers and debt-ridden farmers who were anxious
containing valuable natural
on traveling miners who had
for inflation.
cross a vast landscape. The
In December 1863, however, the
The 20th Century. Farming prospered after
rately the competition, for
themselves as vigilantes and
1900, but farmers complained that the mines es-
argely determined the type
road agents or frightened them
caped their fair share of taxation, thus imposing
to Montana, the economic
from the
an undue burden on agriculture. Eventually, in
ey engaged, and their polit
The gold rush and the resulting lawlessness
1924, their complaints led to a license tax on
made an organized government necessary, and in
mines. The decade after World War I was char-
Settlement. Access to Mon
1863, Idaho Territory, which included practical-
acterized by growing unrest among farmers and
the arid Great Plains to the
by all of present-day Montana, was established.
laborers.
as to the west, although the
Then, on May 26, 1864, Montana Territory was
Progress began slowly in 1920 when former
travel routes. Probably the
formed from eastern Idaho.
U. S. Sen. Joseph M. Dixon was elected governor
ave a record of their visit
The first territorial legislature met in Ban-
and secured a graduated tax on mining and other
ançois and Louis Joseph de
nack, but in 1865 the legislature changed the
progressive legislation. His defeat in 1924 led
pear to have crossed south
capital to Virginia City and created the first nine
the people to turn to the federal government for
1743. French and Spanish
counties. In 1875 the capital was moved to He-
help. U.S. Senators Thomas J. Walsh and Bur-
tors arrived before 1800
lena. In 1889 the U. S. Congress passed an
ton K. Wheeler both worked for federal assis-
iana Purchase of 1803, the
enabling act permitting Montana Territory to
tance in reclamation, lower freight rates, and
pedition of 1804-1806 pro-
form a constitution and state government. After
farm relief.
ite record of the area. U.S.
a constitution was ratified by the people of the
The Depression that began in 1929 hit Mon-
ere recognized by Britain in
territory, Montana was admitted to the Union on
tana heavily. Farmers received so little for their
18 and the Oregon Treaty of
Nov. 8, 1889.
produce that they had nothing left after paying
Indian uprisings against the settlers had be-
freight to market, and mass unemployment fol-
ing began at the post estab
gun in the late 1860's. The Sioux were most
lowed the closing of mines and the suspension of
sa at the mouth of the Big-
implacable, and their enmity culminated on June
lumbering. Beginning in 1933, however, the
and at those built by the
25. 1876, in the Battle of the Little Bighorn, in
federal government poured large sums into the
ai River in 1808. The trad.
which Lt. Col. George Custer and more than 200
state for relief projects, farm assistance, road
Fur Company (Lisa, John
men under his command were killed. Then the
building, and such reclamation and power pro-
ry, and Pierre Menard) and
Nez Percé of Idaho, seeking to escape confine-
jects as Fort Peck Dam, which was completed in
n Fur Company (William
ment on a reservation, made a dramatic march
1940.
ridger, Jedediah Smith, and
led by Chief Joseph across Montana until, on
Montana's economic and population growth
rails over the area. In 1829
Oct. 5, 1877, they were forced to surrender near
slowed noticeably after midcentury. During the
ment of the American Fur
the Bear Paw Mountains, only a short distance
1960's the population grew by less than 3%. At
I Fort Union near the mouth
from the safety of the Canadian border.
the end of that decade a study by the bureau of
iver. This company and its
Completion of the Northern Pacific Railway
business research at the University of Montana
the Chouteau family of St.
in 1883 gave impetus to farming and stock rais-
found the state to be economically stagnant. A
dominated the upper Mis-
ing. The 1890's were characterized by feuds
shortage of jobs had caused many young people
he middle of the century,
among the so-called copper kings William A.
to leave the state. Though vast in area and en-
Missouri River and Fort Sar-
Clark, Marcus Daly, and Frederick Augustus
dowed with natural wealth, Montana was situated
e River were important cen-
Heinze. These feuds involved not only control
far from the centers of manufacturing and con-
avid Thompson led in the
His North West Company
alish House near Thompson
Charles M. Russell, the state's renowned "cowboy artist," painted this self-portrait, CMR and His Friends.
rk in 1809, was merged with
MONTANA HISTORICAL SOCIETY, MACKAY COLLECTION
ompany in 1821. Great bri-
ders as Alexander Ross, Pe-
id John Work came up the
waters, but British influence
1846.
ts were contemporaneous
esponding to interest by the
ather Pierre Jean De Smet
's Mission in the Bitterroot
as closed in 1850, however,
en, who operated a trading
ars. St. Ignatius, built near
54, was more successful.
rowth. After the California
ir surveys were made by the
for a transcontinental rail-
vas led by Gen. Isaac I. Ste-
thern route in 1853. His
not then lead to a railroad,
1 was instructed to build
rt Benton on the Missouri to
the Columbia (1859-1863),
portant highway.
old between 1862 and 1864
h to Montana, and Bannack
eek, Virginia City on Alder
on Last Chance Gulch soon
406
MONTANA: 7. History-MONTAND
HISTORICAL HIGHLIGHTS
MONTANA, University of, a state-controlled
educational institution of higher learning at Mis.
MONT
1743 La Vérendrye brothers reached the "shin-
ing mountains" of southeastern Montana.
soula. Enrollment is about 8,500 students,
of
York
1803
Louisiana Purchase incorporated eastern
whom about 80% are state residents.
Island
Montana into the United States.
1805
Lewis and Clark Expedition entered Mon-
leading to bachelor's, master's, and doctoral
Undergraduate and graduate curriculums
barr
tana, and passed through area again on re-
grees, are offered in the schools de
entory
turn trip in 1806. Detailed report influ-
Atlant
enced future exploration.
administration, education, fine arts,
A
sto
1807
Manuel Lisa built fur trading post at mouth
nalism, and pharmacy, as well as in
of Bighorn River.
sletec
1841
Father De Smet established St. Mary's Mis-
program leading to the J. D. degree.
of Arts and Sciences. The school of law offers
high.
sion in the Bitterroot Valley.
&
5
1847
Fort Benton (known as Fort Lewis 1846-
1850) established by American Fur Com-
The university libraries house about 500,000
is
pany.
volumes, including a special Northwest history
tuna
1862
Gold discovered at Bannack, and at Vir-
ginia City (1863) and Helena (1864).
collection, and they are the regional
rest
for United States government
1863
Territory of Idaho, created on March 3, in-
cluded Montana.
The University of Montana was founded
MON
1864
Territory of Montana created on May 26.
1893 by the state legislature. The name
1739
1872 Yellowstone National Park established as
changed to the State University of Montana WM
troop
first national park.
1875
Capital moved to Helena from Virginia City.
1913 and to Montana State University in 1935.
dian
1876
Custer defeated at the Battle of the Little
and the original name was restored in 1965.
Mont
Bighorn on June 25.
1879
Utah Northern Railway reached Montana.
The university is governed by the Montana
Véra
1880 Northern Pacific Railway reached Montana.
State Board of Education, ex officio regents of the
near
1889
Montana became a state on November 8.
Montana University System. This board also
priva
1910
Glacier- National Park established.
1916 Jeannette Rankin became first woman
responsible for Montana State University, Mon- is
Fren
tana College of
beco
elected to the U.S. House of Representa-
tives.
Eastern
1733
1940
Fort Peck Dam completed.
1952
Hungry Horse Dam completed.
College, Western Montana College, Dawson
War
1972
Community College, Flathead Valley Community
would
New state constitution approved.
1975 Libby Dam completed.
College, and Miles Community College, which
War
form the Montana University System.
wou
]
MONTANA STATE UNIVERSITY is a state-con-
jor
sumption of finished products. The national
trolled, coeducational institution of higher learn.
troo]
energy crisis that materialized in the 1970's en-
ing at Bozeman. Enrollment is about 9,000
agai
hanced the value of Montana's coal deposits.
students, of whom 85% are state residents.
Fort
The state's leaders set about to make sure that
A land-grant institution, the university offers
and
the mining and use of coal should conform to the
bachelor's, master's, and doctoral degrees through
The
best environmental standards, and that all of the
its colleges of agriculture, education, engineering
hea
people should benefit from its extraction.
and letters and science, and through professional
riso
MERRILL G. BURLINGAME
schools of architecture, art, commerce, film and
of 1
Coauthor of "A History of Montana"
television, home economics, industrial arts, music,
whe
and nursing. The College of Graduate Studies
B
offers various programs for graduate degrees, in-
Jam
Bibliography
cluding aerospace and mechanical engineering,
lieu
Alwin, John A., Eastern Montana: A Portrait of the Land
and its People (Montana Magazine 1982).
veterinary science, and plant pathology.
give
Alwin, John A., Western Montana: A Portrait of the Land
The university, which was established in 1893
gov
and Its People (Montana Magazine 1983).
Burlingame, Merrill G., and Toole, K. Ross, A History of
as the Agricultural College of the State of Mon-
he
Montana, 3 vols. (Lewis Historical Pub. 1957).
tana, is governed by the Montana state board of
sior
Farr, William, and Toole, K. Ross, Montana: Images of the
education. It was named Montana State College
per
Past (1978; reprint, Pruett 1984).
Fritz, Harry W., Montana: Land of Contrast (Windsor
in 1935 and Montana State University in 1965.
Pub. 1984).
stn
Howard, Joseph K., Montana: High, Wide, and Handsome
MONTAND, môn-tänd', Yves (1921-
).
the
(1943; reprint, Univ. of Neb. Press 1983).
French singer and actor. He was born near
strc
Lopach, James, and others, We the People of Montana
Milan, Italy, on Oct. 13, 1921, and raised in
att
(Mountain Press 1983).
Malone, Michael P., and Roeder, Richard B., Montana: A
Marseille, France. He began his career as a
can
History of Two Centuries (Univ. of Wash. Press 1976).
music-hall entertainer and was given his first
per
Malone, Michael P., and Roeder, Richard B., The Montana
chance in films by Edith Piaf, who got him a part
cer
Past: An Anthology, rev. ed. (Univ. of Mont. Press
1973).
in her picture Étoile sans lumière (1946). He
Mc
Merriam, Harold G., ed., The Arts in Montana (Mountain
continued as a singer, however, and periodically
tac
Press 1977).
Miller, Don C., and Cohen, Stan B., Military and Trading
appeared in a one-man show in Paris and else-
W
Posts of Montana (Pictorial Hists. 1978).
where.
lan
Randolph, Edmund, Beef, Leather, and Grass (Univ. of
His first film to achieve international im-
13.
Okla. Press 1981).
portance was Wages of Fear (1953), a thriller.
of
Reese, Rick, Montana Mountain Ranges, rev. ed. (Mountain
Magazine 1985).
In the mid-1950's he and his wife, Simone Sig-
ter
Roberts, Peggy B., A Date with Montana History (Skyline
noret, played in Arthur Miller's The Crucible in
tro
West Press 1984).
Spence, Clark C., Montana: A History (Norton 1978).
Paris and filmed it, as The Witches of Salem,
Spence, Clark C., Territorial Politics and Government in
in 1956. They appeared in the Costa-Gavras film
die
Montana, 1864-1889 (Univ. of Ill. Press 1975).
The Sleeping Car Murders (1965), a "black"
Stuart, Granville, Pioneering in Montana: The Making of a
State, 1864-1887, ed. by Paul C. Phillips (Univ. of Neb.
mystery. Montand's later films include Z (1969),
MI
Press 1977).
another Costa-Gavras picture; On a Clear Day
0
Toole, K. Ross, The Rape of the Great Plains (Little 1976).
You Can See Forever (1970), with Barbra
(5
Toole, K. Ross, Twentieth Century Montana (1972; reprint,
Streisand; The Confession (1970) and State of
re
Univ. of Okla. Press 1983).
Siege (1973), both Costa-Gavras films; and
Be
Woodruff, Steve, and Schwennesen, Don, Montana Wilder-
ness: Discovering the Heritage (Lowell Press 1984).
Jean-Luc Godard's Tout Va Bien (1973).
in
Billings
Photo by David Scott Smith © 1988
Area: 20.3 square miles
The City in Brief
Elevation: 3,126 feet above sea level
Average Annual Temperature: 46.6° F
Average Annual Precipitation: 15.09 inches
Founded: 1882 (incorporated 1885)
Head Official: Mayor James Van Ardsdale (since 1988)
Major Economic Sectors: Agriculture, coal, oil, natural
gas, tourism
City Population
Unemployment Rate: 7.0% (1987)
1970: 61,581
Per Capita Income: $11,002 (1985 estimate)
1980: 66,798
1988 ACCRA Average House Price: Not available
1986 estimate: 80,310
1988 ACCRA Cost of Living Index: Not available (U.S.
Percent change, 1970-1980: 8.5%
average = 100.0)
U.S. rank in 1980: 294th
U.S. rank in 1986: 251st
Metropolitan Area Population
Crime Rate per 100,000 Population: 6,364.1 (1987)
1970: 87,367
1980: 108,035
Major Colleges and Universities: Eastern Montana
1985 estimate: 118,741
College, Rocky Mountain College
Average annual percent change, 1970-1980: 23.7%
U.S. rank in 1980: Not available
U.S. rank in 1985: 225th
Daily Newspaper: Billings Gazette
185
Alexander
Five Mile Dover
Rd
3
Dr.
Lake
87
Ditch
Elmo
Five Mile Rd
Coulson
Rd.
Dr.
Montana-Billings
Alkali
Wicks
Ln.
BILLINGS
Creak
Bitteroot
90
HEIGHTS
River
Coulson
8
Billings-Logan
International
Airport
St. W
Rd
Rimrock
Colle
Ditch
3rd Rocky
Eastern
Old Hardin Rd.
W
Poly
Mountain S
Dr.
Montana
Ditch
College
Grand 62nd
High
56th St.
Ditch
Beartooth
College
N 13th
Hospital
HILZ
Ave
5th St W
St.
St
Ave
Ave.
Cedar Canyon
186
St. W.
Big
St. W
St. W
St: W
16th St.
Division St
Montena
Hardin Rd
27th
Rd
Central
Ave.
St. W
BILLINGS
Riverside Rd.
Sugar
Ave.
Kettows one US
Coburn
BR
King
Ave. West
90
64th
56th
48th
40th
32nd
24th
Hesper
Rd.
Elysian Rd.
Canyon
BOWG
416
Rd.
212
Neibauer
Rd
Cities of the United States
Rd
Creek
Rd.
Blue
Wise Ln.
Stratton
Creek
Danford
Rd,
Jellison
90
Story Rd
10
Hillcrest Rd.
Rd.
First Edition
Cities of the United States
First Edition
Montana-Billings
Introduction
climbed Pompey's Pillar, a two hundred-foot-high natu-
ral rock formation, and named it after the son of one of
his guides. Although many Europeans explored the area,
Billings is the largest city in Montana and the commer-
fierce resistance from the Indians prevented any settle-
cial, cultural, and industrial center of a large region of
ment. This led to the so-called "Sioux War," one of the
the northern Rocky Mountains. Known as the "Magic
more intensive struggles between the U.S. Army and the
City," Billings has grown phenomenally since its found-
native people. The infamous Battle of the Little Big
ing in 1882, doubling in size every thirty years. The city
Horn, where a large group of Sioux and Cheyenne
is also the processing and distribution hub for a rich
warriors killed General George Custer and his entire
agricultural area. Many scenic attractions such as Yel-
army, took place sixty-five miles to the southeast of the
lowstone National Park are nearby, and the wide variety
future site of Billings.
of available recreation activities make the Billings area a
popular vacation spot.
Billings was founded in 1882 by the Northern Pacific
Railroad as a rail head for the company's western line
and named for the president of the railroad, Frederick
Billings. Over the next six months more than two
Geography and Climate
thousand people settled in the town, which was incorpo-
rated as a city in 1885. The wide open prairie lands were
ideal for cattle grazing, and a number of large ranches
Billings is located in southern Montana in the fertile
grew up around the town. During the early twentieth
Yellowstone River valley, with mountains on three sides.
century, families of settlers known as "homesteaders"
The Yellowstone River flows along the eastern boundary
arrived in the area, taking advantage of the offer of free
of the city. The mountains shelter the city from the most
land. Typically, a family and all its possessions would
severe winter weather, but blizzard conditions are not
arrive in one freight car and receive a forty-acre plot of
uncommon in the spring and fall. Moist air from the
land. Conditions were difficult, but many families strug-
Pacific Ocean, called "Chinook winds," often brings
gled through their first years and eventually developed
surprisingly warm weather in the winter and cooler
successful farms.
temperatures in the summer. Spring features the most
unpredictable weather, and summers are typically dry
Irrigation had been introduced in the Yellowstone Valley
with cool nights.
in 1879. Sugar beet growing was thus made possible, and
Area: 20.3 square miles
a sugar refinery was built in 1906. A succession of
laborers were brought in to work the fields-first
Elevation: 3,126 feet above sea level
Japanese, then Russian-German, and finally Mexican.
Average Temperatures: January, 20.9° F; August,
The Russian-German workers were unusually indus-
70.3° F; annual average, 46.6° F
trious; soon they bought their own land at the Huntley
Irrigation project outside Billings, where they constituted
Average Annual Precipitation: 15.09 inches
a third of the population by 1940.
Billings grew steadily during the 1900s, spurred on by the
development of vast natural resources such as minerals,
History
coal, natural gas, and oil. At one time Billings was the
largest inland wool shipping point in the United States.
In 1933 pulp-drying equipment was installed at the sugar
For thousands of years before the coming of European
refinery; a thriving livestock industry developed around
settlers, the site of present-day Billings was hunted by
animals fed on beet pulp. By 1938 more than six hundred
migratory peoples. Traces of their camps and elaborate
thousand acres of land around Billings was irrigated.
cave drawings have been discovered and preserved at
numerous sites in the region. By the time of America's
westward expansion, the predominant tribes in area
The city has become the commercial, health care, and
included the Crow, Sioux, and Cheyenne Indians.
cultural capital of the "Midland Empire," an area that
includes eastern Montana, the western Dakotas, and
The Lewis and Clark Expedition of 1806 passed within
Northern Wyoming. It is also an important refining and
thirty miles of the present site of Billings; William Clark
shipping center for agricultural and energy products.
187
Montana-Billings
Cities of the United States
First Edition
Population Profile
Money income (1979)
Per capita income: $7,947 (U.S. rank: Not available)
1985 estimate: $11,002
Median household income: $16,585 (U.S. rank:
Metropolitan Area Residents
458th)
1970: 87,367
Percent of households with income of.
1980: 108,035
less than $10,000: 29.8%
1986 estimate: 120,100
$10,000 to $19,000: 29.3%
Average annual percent change, 1970-1980: 2.1%
$20,000 to $29,000: 22.6%
U.S. rank in 1980: Not available
$30,000 to $39,000: 10.0%
U.S. rank in 1985: 225th
$40,000 to $49,000: 3.9%
$50,000 and over: 4.4%
Percent of families below poverty level: 7.3%
City Residents
(26.8% of which were headed by a female
1970: 61,581
householder with no husband present)
1980: 66,798
1986 estimate: 80,310
Crimes per 100,000 population: 6,364.1 (1987)
Percent change, 1970-1980: 8.5%
U.S. rank in 1980: 294th
U.S. rank in 1986: 251st
Municipal Government
Density: 3,291 people per square mile (1980)
Billings has a mayor-council form of government with
Racial and ethnic characteristics (1980)
ten council members, each elected to a four-year term,
White: 95.41%
and a city manager hired by the council. The mayor is
Black: 0.30% (U.S. rank: Not available)
elected to a two-year term. Billings is also the seat of
American Indian, Eskimo, Aleut: 2.38%
Yellowstone County.
Asian and Pacific Islander: 0.45%
Spanish origin (may be of any race): 3.23%
Head Official: Mayor James Van Arsdale (since January,
(U.S. rank: Not available)
1988; current term expires December, 1989)
Total Number of City Employees: 851 (1988)
Percent of residents born in state: 52.4% (1980)
Males per 100 females: 92.6 (1980)
Economy
Age characteristics (1980)
Major Industries and Commercial Activity
Percent of population under 5 years old: 7.3%
Percent 5-17 years old: 18.9%
Agriculture has been one of the leading economic forces
Percent 65 years and older: 10.8%
in Billings since its founding, and it continues to play a
Median age: 29.4 years
major role today. The Yellowstone Valley and the
northern Great Plains are some of the nation's most
fertile areas, due to extensive irrigation. The city is the
Births (1980)
transportation, processing, and packaging center for this
Total number: 1,213 (13.5% of which were to
large, productive area. The main agricultural products
mothers under 20 years old)
include sugar beets, grain, and livestock such as cattle
Rate per 1,000 population: 18.2
and sheep.
The energy industry is also an important part of the
Deaths (1979)
economic picture in Billings. The mountains around the
Total number: 529
city and throughout eastern Montana are a rich source of
Rate per 1,000 population: 7.9
coal, oil, and natural gas. A number of refineries and
188
Cities of the United States
First Edition
Montana-Billings
purification plants are located in the Billings area to
1987 ACCRA inter-city cost of living index: 99.6 (U.S.
process the raw materials into usable energy resources.
average = 100.0)
Billings is the retail and wholesale trade center for a vast
1987 ACCRA average house price: Not available
area of land in the northern Rocky Mountain states and a
State income tax rate: Ten tax rates, graduated from 2%
primary and secondary market population of almost half
on 0-$1400 up to 11% of income $48,100 and above;
a million people, reaching from Denver, Colorado, to
plus 10% surtax in effect calendar year 1988. State
Calgary, Alberta, and from Minneapolis, Minnesota, to
income tax is indexed yearly.
Seattle, Washington. The city is also the regional center
in the fields of medicine and education, along with other
State sales tax rate: None
service industries.
Local income tax rate: None
With two major national parks, Yellowstone and Glacier,
close to Billings, the city supports a thriving tourist
Local sales tax rate: None
industry; a combined total of four million people visit the
Property tax rate: 3.86% of true market value
two parks each year and add a sizable amount to the
local economy.
Labor Force and Employment Outlook
Education and Research
The Billings-area workforce is educated above the nation-
al average. Limited but steady growth is predicted in
most major economic categories with energy, services,
Elementary and Secondary Schools
and medical technology leading the way.
The Billings School District Number Two is the largest
district in the state. It is overseen by an eight-member
The following is a summary of data regarding the Billings
nonpartisan school board, which appoints the superinten-
metropolitan area labor force.
dent. A number of private and parochial schools also
serve the metropolitan area.
Size of labor force: 60,927 (1987)
The following is a summary of data regarding Billings
Number of workers employed in
public schools as of the 1987-88 school year.
mining: Not available
construction: Not available
Total enrollment: 15,290
manufacturing: Not available
transportation and public utilities: Not available
Number of facilities
wholesale and retail trade: Not available
elementary schools: 23
finance, insurance, and real estate: Not available
junior high schools: 4
services: Not available
senior high schools: 3
government: Not available
Student/teacher ratio: 22:1
Average hourly earnings of production workers in manu-
Teacher salaries
facturing: Not available
minimum: $17,322
maximum: $35,000
Unemployment rate: 7.0% (1987)
Largest Employers: Deaconess Medical Center, Bur-
Colleges and Universities
lington Northern, St. Vincent Hospital and Health
Center, City of Billings, Eastern Montana College,
There are two four-year institutions of higher education
Cenex, Mountain Bell, Billings Clinic, Yellowstone
in Billings. Eastern Montana College is a public, state-
County, Ryans, First Interstate Bank
supported school with an enrollment of approximately
four thousand. The college offers two-year associate and
Cost of Living
four-year bachelor's degrees in a variety of fields and a
master's degree in education. Rocky Mountain College is
The following is a summary of data regarding key cost of
affiliated with the United Church of Christ, the United
living factors for the Billings area.
Methodist Church, and the United Presbyterian Church.
189
Cities of the United States
First Edition
It offers undergraduate degrees in a variety of disciplines
Recreation
and has an enrollment of about 450 students.
Libraries and Research Centers
Sightseeing
Downtown Billings contains the Billings Historical Dis-
The Parmly Billings Library contains 277,466 volumes
trict, a renovated area that consists of most of the
with special collection in the areas of geneology and
original business district. The Castle Corner is a replica
Montana history. A number of private, special interest,
of the Potter Palmer Mansion in Chicago, an interesting
and research libraries are also located in the city.
structure modeled after English castles. The Black Otter
Research activities at Eastern Montana College in
Trail, beginning at the edge of the city, is a winding
Billings are supported by the Eastern Montana College
highway that follows the "rimrocks," natural sandstone
Foundation.
cliffs that border the city on the north and east. Boothill
Cemetery, burial ground for residents of the frontier
town of Colson, and the Range Rider of Yellowstone, a
life-sized bronze statue by artist Charles Christadora, are
both located along the Black Otter Trail.
Health Care
A number of national monuments, parks, and recreation
areas are located near Billings, most within a two-hour
drive. Custer Battlefield National Monument is sixty-five
miles- southeast of the city, and Pompey's Pillar, a
Billings provides the main medical services for a four-
spectacular natural rock formation, is twenty-eight miles
state area, with state of the art equipment and highly
east of Billings. Yellowstone National Park and Bighorn
skilled personnel. Most of the health care facilities are
Canyon National Recreation Area are both a few hours
concentrated in a 114-acre medical corridor that encom-
drive from the city.
passes both of the city's major hospitals and nearly two
dozen other health-related facilities.
Arts and Culture
The only major performing arts center in the region, the
Deaconess Medical Center is a 253-bed regional medical
Alberta Bair Theatre for the Performing Arts is the site
center with general care and specialized services that
of most of the cultural activity in Billings. The Fox
include a Heart Center, Cancer Services, an intensive
Committee for the Performing Arts and the Billings
care unit, the Kidney Center, a psychiatric center,
Community Concert Association are both responsible for
pulmonary services, and an Emergency and Trauma
bringing a wide range of cultural events to the city each
Center.
year, including jazz, opera, ballet, and popular music
concerts. The Billings Symphony Orchestra and Chorale
performs approximately ten concerts each season, includ-
A 280-bed facility, the St. Vincent Hospital and Health
Center provides general services and a number of
ing an annual free concert in the park. Theatre is
represented by the Billings Studio Theatre, Actor's
specialized services to the community. The hospital
Theatre Montana, and the Billings Children's Theatre.
contains a Regional Rehabilitation Center, a Helicopter
Emergency Lifesaving Program (H.E.L.P.), a Regional
The Western Heritage Center features changing exhibits
Trauma Center, extensive neuroscience facilities, nuclear
pertaining to the region's history, and the Yellowstone
medicine, and a Women's Pavillion that features birthing
County Museum contains historical relics and dioramas
rooms, neonatal intensive care, and mammography
depicting scenes from Billings' past. The Yellowstone Art
services.
Center displays changing exhibits of contemporary and
historic art. The center also sponsors lectures and
concerts.
Other medical facilities in Billings include the Billings
Clinic, with a staff of seventy-five physicians, and the
Festivals and Holidays
Billings Mental Health Center, Rivendell of Billings, and
Yellowstone Treatment Center, three psychiatric facili-
September is a month of celebration in Billings. On
ties. Almost three hundred doctors and 105 dentists
Labor Day weekend the Heritage of the Yellowstone
practice in over forty areas of specialization in the city.
Folklife Festival is held at Eastern Montana College.
190
Cities of the United States
First Edition
Montana-Billings
Western traditions are observed with Indian craft demon-
and a covered grandstand for outdoor events. Parking for
strations, cowboy cooking and games, calf roping, and a
three thousand cars is available.
concert featuring cowboy music and poetry. Ethnic roots
are preserved in the serving of foods of various nationali-
The Billings Plaza Trade Center downtown is the largest
ties, including Native American, Dutch, Norwegian,
facility in the state to be built in conjunction with a hotel;
Yugoslavian, Hispanic, Hutterite, Chinese, Scottish, Lao-
it contains three large multi-purpose meeting rooms that
tian, German, and Welsh. On the fourth weekend in
will accommodate two hundred people and 170 booths.
September the traditional German harvest festival,
Also located downtown is the Alberta Bair Theater, the
Herbstfest, is held in nearby Laurel. German foods,
largest fully equipped performing arts theatre between
dancing, and music are featured.
Spokane and Grand Forks. The theatre serves as the site
of business meetings and conventions, as well as perfor-
Sports for the Spectator
mances, with the lobby accommodating up to five
hundred people.
Billings supports two professional sports teams, the
Billings Mustangs, a baseball team, and the Montana
Conference and convention facilities for large and small
Magic, a professional hockey franchise. Thoroughbred
groups are available in several hotels, motels, and bed-
racing and pari-mutuel betting are offered at Yellowstone
and-breakfast establishments throughout the Billings
Exhibition, and the city features several rodeo events
metropolitan area.
each year.
Sports for the Participant
The mountains near Billings offer a complete range of
Transportation
year-round outdoor activity: skiing, hiking, hunting,
fishing, camping, and a wide variety of water recreation.
At a number of lakes and reservoirs swimming, boating,
Approaching the City
sailing, and water skiing can be enjoyed. The City of
Billings operates over forty parks that feature swimming
Billings Logan International Airport is only two miles
pools, tennis courts, athletic fields, jogging and biking
from the downtown district and serves most of eastern
paths, and other recreational facilities. There are two
Montana and northern Wyoming with approximately
public and four private golf courses in the city.
forty flights daily from five major airlines.
Shopping and Dining
Billings is at the junction of two interstate highways: I-
Downtown Billings has over two hundred stores and
90, connecting the city with the Pacific Northwest and
shops that offer a diverse range of goods and services;
the southern Rocky Mountain states; and I-94, providing
there are also more than a dozen other major shopping
a link with the Midwestern states. U.S. 87, 310, and 212
centers and malls in the area.
also meet in Billings.
Restaurants in Billings feature traditional Western fare as
Billings is served by regional and interstate bus lines.
well as exotic ethnic cuisine in settings ranging from
casual and inexpensive to elegant and intimate.
Traveling in the City
Billings Metropolitan Transit operates seventeen routes
within the city. Auto traffic on major throughfares is
light compared to most metropolitan areas. The down-
Convention Facilities
town area is laid out in a grid pattern with numbered
streets.
The primary meeting facility in Billings is Metrapark, a
Commercial Shipping
multi-purpose major event center located on the Rim-
rocks overlooking downtown. Metrapark features a
Via Billings Logan International Airport a number of
thirty-thousand-square-foot arena in addition to a twen-
carriers provide air freight and express mail service to the
ty-thousand-square-foot exhibition hall with ten break-
city. The Burlington Northern Railroad operates a major
out rooms. Total seating capacity is twelve thousand. The
switching yard in Billings, and the city is served by
complex also contains an art pavilion, other exhibit areas,
twenty-nine motor freight companies.
191
Montana-Billings
Cities of the United States
First Edition
Communications
is published monthly and Montana Land Magazine is
published quarterly in Billings.
Television and Radio
Newspapers and Magazines
Each of the three local television channels in Billings
Billings has one major daily newspaper, the Billings
represent one of the major commercial networks. Six
Gazette. A number of weekly papers focusing on busi-
other channels are available from Salt Lake City, Denver,
ness, agriculture, and general news are also published in
and Canada. A number of cable and satellite services are
the city. They include Agri-News, Montana Oil Journal,
also offered. Twelve radio stations provide programming
and Western Livestock Reporter. Farm and Ranch Forum
in the Billings area.
192
Services of Mead Data Central
PAGE
1
LEVEL 2 - 1 OF 1 STORY
The Associated Press
The materials in the AP file were compiled by The Associated Press. These
materials may not be republished without the express written consent of The
Associated Press.
March 31, 1990, Saturday, AM cycle
SECTION: Domestic News
LENGTH: 343 words
HEADLINE: Authorities Capture Two of Seven Jail Breakers, Including Ex-Death Row
Inmate
DATELINE: BILLINGS, Mont.
KEYWORD: Montana Jailbreak
BODY:
Two jail escapees, one of whom was taken off death row only last week, were
captured Saturday but four other escapees from the Yellowstone County jail were
still at large, police said.
Convicted murderer Bernard Fitzpatrick was among seven prisoners Friday night
who scaled the 10-foot brick wall of ml Yellowstone County jail's small
recreation yard and cut through the chain-link screen that covered it.
Fitzpatrick and federal prisoner Kevin Devereaux of Poplar were spotted by
Billings residents around 9 a.m. and surrendered to police without
resistance.
"No struggle, no shots fired, nobody hurt," said police Sgt. Rich St.
John.
Fitzpatrick, 47, spent almost 14 years on death row until federal courts
overturned his death sentence for kidnapping and murdering an 18-year-old
grocery store clerk during a robbery in Hardin in 1975.
Fitzpatrick pleaded guilty last week to the kidnapping and murder, but
continued to proclaim his innocence while accepting the plea bargain designed to
thwart the death sentence. Judge G. Todd Baugh set no sentencing date.
He had been brought to Billings from the state prison in Deer Lodge for the
plea hearing.
The other six Jail escapees were all awaiting trial.
Devereaux was in custody on federal charges of burglary and distribution of a
controlled substance.
Another escapee, Cecil Thornell, 40, was captured about 10:30 p.m. Friday,
less than an hour after the escape was discovered, St. John said. He had been
charged with robbing a gasoline station while on parole for armed robbery.
LEXIS® NEXIS® ® LEXIS® NEXIS
Services of Mead Data Central
PAGE
2
The Associated Press, March 31, 1990
The escapees still at large Saturday were Frank Belmarez, 22, of Billings,
charged with homicide and aggravated assault in the stabbing death of his
girlfriend outside a bar last October; Daniel Wilson, 27, of Laurel, charged
with suspicion of drug possession and criminal endangerment; Tony Howland, 24,
of Billings, charged with probation violation for felony theft and possession
of a weapon by 2 prisoner; and Elwood Hall, 24, of Brockton, scheduled for trial
on Monday on charges of aggravated sexual abuse.
LEXIS® NEXIS® LEXIS® NEXIS®
Billings
Billings
n, who had
; the gov-
years he was employed at the pistol factory of
modern machine-shop practise and the men who in-
fluenced it is English and American Tool Builders
Samuel Colt, serving as tool-maker and die-
(1916) by Joseph W. Roe. An interesting obituary
saw fit to
sinker and for three years as foreman of the die-
of Billings is to be found in the Trans. Am. Soc. Mech.
to remain
sinking department. While at Colt's he became
Engineers (1920), vol. XLII.]
P.B.M.
endeavor-
an expert in drop-forging-a process for forg-
BILLINGS, FREDERICK (Sept. 27, 1823-
nation. In
ing between dies by a drop-hammer. This proc-
Sept. 30, 1890), lawyer, railroad president, phi-
committee
ess, which was coming into popularity as a
lanthropist was born at Royalton, Vt., the
anan's Le-
means of manufacturing tools and machine
fourth child of Oel and Sophia (Wetherbe)
erritory of
parts, was a step in the replacing of hand work
Billings, both of whom were of New England
was active
acific rail-
by standardized quantity production. In 1862
descent (Dana, History of Woodstock, pp. 594-
he was engaged by E. Remington & Sons of
97). In 1835 young Frederick moved with his
of 1857.
Ilion, N. Y., and, despite the criticism of con-
parents to Woodstock, Vt., and a few years
protested
servative associates, he developed a process of
later entered the state university at Burlington,
Crittenden
treating drop-forgings that caused extraordi-
graduating in I844. He then read law, and for
committee
nary saving of labor in manufacturing pistols.
two years, 1846-48, held a minor appointive
His retire-
A single adaptation of drop-forging to the shap-
state office. In 1848 he caught the gold fever
e. He re-
ing of pistol frames by machinery saved this
from a seafaring relative, and early in 1849
red, made
company many thousands of dollars in labor.
went via the Isthmus to California. Here he
I most of
As these improvements in firearms came at the
had the good judgment to open a law office
ne of the
time of the Civil War, they were particularly
rather than to dig for gold, and reaped a rich
ana after
important. In 1865, at the close of the war,
harvest when the inevitable demand for legal
n's inter-
Billings returned to Hartford, and for three
talent set in. A partnership which he early
te consti-
years was superintendent of manufacturing for
formed with another lawyer grew rapidly into
active in
the Weed Sewing Machine Company, which
the leading law firm of San Francisco. Bill-
76. Most
had taken over the old Sharps rifle works built
ings soon acquired wealth, prominence, and polit-
ver were
by Robbins & Lawrence. While there he de-
ical influence. The latter he used in 1861 to
italist in
vised a method for making sewing-machine
prevent the loss of California to the Union. He
g and his
shuttles by drop-forging-a decided improve-
was for a time attorney-general of the state, and
erized as
ment over the old method of brazing the parts
could doubtless have had a political career. As
lestroyed
together. This was patented in 1867. In I868
attorney for Gen. Frémont in the matter of the
long la-
he became president and superintendent of the
Mariposa estate, Billings went to England in
Roper Sporting Arms Company at Amherst,
1861. Returning to the United States, he was
s of Pa.,
Mass., in association with C. M. Spencer. Dur-
married on" Mar. 31, I862 to Julia, daughter
Clearfield
'ress and
ing the next year the business was moved to
of Dr. Eleazer Parmly, of New York City, and
's letters
Hartford and reorganized as the Billings &
attempted to resume his law practise in San
\F.N.
Spencer Company. The sale of Roper sport-
Francisco. III health prevented and in I864
ing arms suffered a severe setback and in 1870
he went back to his old home in Woodstock,
Dec. 5,
the firm took up the manufacture of drop-forg-
where a few years later he purchased the fa-
-maker,
ings in general, including machinist's small
mous Marsh estate. This he enlarged and im-
Ethan
tools. The business prospered and grew, large-
proved until, according to the local historian,
gs. His
ly because of the inventive ability of Billings,
"his home on the hill has come to resemble one
settled
the president. Among the outstanding inven-
of the baronial estates of the old world."
le birth
tions was the Billings commutator-bar for elec-
Billings's interest in the Northern Pacific
Wind-
tric dynamos, made from drop-forged copper
railway was aroused by a trip to the Far North-
in the
and invented in 1886. Other inventions includ-
west in I866. He bought one of the original
he was
ed drills, chucks, pocket-knives, wrenches, etc.,
twelfth interests in the company, and for many
depart-
all made by machinery instead of by the old
years its affairs claimed his chief attention.
hop in
slow hand methods. Billings served as presi-
He organized its land department, and, know-
e tools
dent of the American Society of Mechanical
ing that the grant of lands received from Con-
n shop
Engineers in 1895, as alderman and city coun-
gress must be made to yield settlers rather than
listinc-
cilman at Hartford, as president for twelve
profits, kept the price of land low and inaugu-
ame a
years of the board of fire commissioners, as
rated an extensive campaign of advertising.
when
high dignitary in the masons, as a bank trus-
The results were highly gratifying, and the
funda-
tee, etc. He was twice married; first to Frances
Northwest boomed until the panic of 1873
se, he
M. Heywood on Jan. 5, 1857; second to Eva-
brought things to a standstill. Billings devised
later
lina Case Holt on Sept. 9, 1874.
a plan of reorganization by which the prostrate
or six
[An excellent source on the general development of
Northern Pacific might be set on its feet, per-
265
Billings
Billings
suaded the directors to accept his plan, secured
dowed at a cost of $250,000 a library building
court assent to it, and put it into effect. In May
for the same institution. His numerous other
1879 he became president of the reorganized
benefactions included generous gifts to Am-
company. With the hard times at an end, he
herst College and to Moody's School at North-
found money to begin construction westward
field, Mass. Billings's active business life did
from Bismarck, Dakota Territory, where the
not prevent him from cultivating a fine appre-
terminal had been since 1873, and eastward
ciation of art and literature. He was devoted
from the navigable waters of the Columbia
to the cause of public education, and was once
River. The earnings of the company grew, its
considered for the presidency of the Univer-
credit rose, and finally, in 1880, Billings per-
sity of California. He was a forceful public
suaded a syndicate of bankers to purchase $40,-
speaker. His success in business came from
000,000 of its first mortgage bonds, enough to
an admirable compound of ability to plan and of
secure the completion of the road. This was
ability to act. Commanding in appearance, gift-
regarded at the time as a financial triumph, and
ed with the social graces, he won friends for
the Northern Pacific was described by a high
himself and for his projects. For a long time
authority as "the most important enterprise be-
he conquered his own ill health as he conquered
fore the country, prosecuted by a single cor-
other obstacles, but in 1890 death overtook him.
poration, with a distinct purpose, and indepen-
[Obituaries in N. Y. Times and N. Y. Tribune, Oct.
dent of entangling alliances" (Commercial and
I, 1890, in Univ. of Vt. Obit. Record, No. I, 1895, and
Financial Chronicle, XXX, 650; XXXI, 560,
in Appleton's Ann. Cyc. for 1890, p. 634; longer
sketches are by H. A. Hazen, in the New Eng. Hist.
579, 589; XXXII, 335-36). "Entangling alli-
and Geneal. Reg., XLV, 259-65, and by J. W. Buck-
ances," however, were not easily avoided. Henry
ham, in Sunset, XVI, 487-91. H. S. Dana's Hist. of
Woodstock, Vt. (1889) contains some useful material.
Villard, president of the O. R. & N., which oper-
Billings's railway achievements are set forth in his
ated a road along the southern bank of the Co-
address The Northern Pacific R. R.: Its Hist. and
lumbia River, feared the competition of the ad-
Equitable Rights (1880), and in E. V. Smalley, Hist.
of the Northern Pacific R. R. (1883). The Memoirs of
vancing Northern Pacific, and sought an agree-
Henry Villard (1904), II, give a good account of the
ment with it. Finding Billings "lukewarm and
Billings-Villard controversy, and an article by J. B.
Hedges, "The Colonization Work of the Northern
hard to satisfy," Villard determined to secure
Pacific R. R.," in the Miss. Valley Hist. Rev., XIII,
for himself a voice in Northern Pacific affairs.
311-42, tells of the activities of the land department
under Billings.]
The result was his famous "blind pool," through
J.D.H.
which he was able to buy a large block of
BILLINGS, JOHN SHAW (Apr. 12, 1838-
Northern Pacific stock. Villard now expected
Mar. II, 1913), librarian, surgeon, was descend-
representation on a revised directorate, but this
ed from William Billings of Somersetshire who
Billings sought to forestall. A struggle en-
migrated to New England about the middle of
sued, Billings at last capitulated, and an agree-
the seventeenth century. In the course of six
ment was reached. In September 1881 the
generations the family removed through New
presidency was turned over to Villard, and Bill-
York State to Switzerland County in south-
ings, although continuing as a director, ceased
eastern Indiana, where John was born to James
to take an active part in the company's man-
Billings and his wife, Abby (Shaw) Billings,
agement. The road was completed under Vil-
the latter descended from one of the Mayflower
lard's leadership, but the credit for making its
Pilgrims.
completion possible belongs chiefly to Billings
As a boy John read voraciously, learned Latin
(Villard, Memoirs, II, 291-300; Commercial
with a little aid from a clergyman of the neigh-
and Financial Chronicle, XXXII, 313, 368,
borhood, and later made an agreement with his
421).
father to waive all claim to an inheritance in
In spite of Billings's ill health, his fortune,
favor of the other child, a sister, if the father
now materially increased, commanded his at-
would help him through college. He prepared
tention. He was one of the active promoters
himself, and at the age of fourteen entered the
of the Nicaraguan canal project. He devoted
sub-freshman class of Miami University at Ox-
himself to philanthrophy, finding an outlet for
ford, Ohio, some fifty miles from- his home.
his religious zeal in constructing a chapel for
Five years later he received the degree of B.A.
the Congregational Church of Woodstock, and
with honors and in the fall of the following
in rebuilding its church and parsonage. He
year began his professional studies at the Medi-
built a church, also, in Billings, Mont., a town
cal College of Ohio. In the spring of 1860 he
named for him. He purchased for the Univer-
obtained his M.D. and in the fall was appointed
sity of Vermont the valuable George P. Marsh
demonstrator of anatomy in the medical col-
collection of 12,000 volumes, and built and en-
lege at which he had studied. A year later he
266
¥DICTIONARY OF
American Biography
Edited by Allen Johnson
2
Barsotti - Brazer
Charles Scribner's Sons
NEW YORK
Billy the Kid
Bimeler
le bold ef-
Some of his tunes survived for a time, but were
to surrender. At Mesilla, in March, he was con-
discordant
gradually replaced by better ones.
victed of killing Sheriff Brady and was sentenced
probation,
[Frank J. Metcalf, Am. Writers and Compilers of
to be hanged at Lincoln on May 13. Conveyed
nd greater
Sacred Music (1925), pp. 51-64; Louis C. Elson, Hist.
to Lincoln, he was kept in confinement until Apr.
"fuguing"
of Am. Music (rev. ed., 1915), pp. 12, 26; Louis C. El-
son, Nat. Music of America (rev. ed., 1924), p. 67;
28, when, though shackled with handcuffs and
e power of
Frederic L. Ritter, Music in America (1883), p. 58;
leg irons, he contrived to kill the two deputies
hn for mas-
Grove's Dict. of Music and Musicians, Am. Supp.
who guarded him and escaped. Two months and
ninds sur-
(1920), p. 386 under "Tune-Books."]
F.L.G.C.
a half later he was trapped at the home of Pete
fluctuated,
BILLY THE KID (Nov. 23, 1859-July I5,
Maxwell, in Fort Sumner, and shot and killed
sometimes
1881), desperado, born in New York City, was
by Garrett.
ye sons of
William H. Bonney, the son of William H. and
Billy the Kid was the most famous outlaw of
The Sing-
Kathleen Bonney. In 1862 the family moved to
the Southwest. He had a score of twenty-one
cal Music,
Coffeyville, Kan., where the father died. The
killings and is said to have expressed a wish to
ntervening
mother, with her two children, moved to Colo-
add two more to the list. He was about five feet
This book,
rado, where she married a man named Antrim.
eight in height, slender and well proportioned.
first book,
About 1865 the family moved to Santa Fé and
His hair was light brown, and his eyes were
iew; some
in 1868 to Silver City, N. Mex. The boy had
gray. His face was long, and except for its thick
Watts and
some schooling, but by the time he was twelve
coat of tan, colorless. His front teeth were large
imself, al-
had become a frequenter of saloons and gam-
and slightly protrusive. He was left-handed.
as he did
bling places and an adept at cards. It was at this
His manner was quiet and unassuming, and he
improve-
age that he is said to have stabbed to death a man
had an unstudied grace of movement. On the
"Billings'
who had insulted his mother. At sixteen he and
range he dressed roughly, but he was something
779 and a
a partner, near Fort Bowie, Ariz., killed three
of a dandy in town. He danced well, was a fre-
Revolution
peaceful Indians for the furs they were trans-
quenter of balls and fandangoes and was a notable
ral of his
porting. After various spectacular adventures on
favorite among women. His mood was cheerful
he homes,
both sides of the border, with a supposed record
and carefree, even in the greatest stress of dan-
amp. His
of twelve killings, he appeared in the Pecos Val-
ger. He had many friends, most of whom found
e and was
ley in the fall of 1877 and became an employee of
excuses for his outlawry, and a certain glamour
ing is the
J. H. Tunstall, a cattleman. On Feb. 12, 1878,
invests his career. He was, nevertheless, a cold-
he witnessed from a distance the opening scene
blooded killer who as a rule shot down his vic-
in the Lincoln County cattle war, when his em-
tims without shadow of provocation and who
ns;
ployer was killed by a posse of the Murphy fac-
probably never felt a twinge of remorse.
tion. He became the fighting leader of the Mc-
[Pat F. Garrett, The Authentic Life of Billy the Kid
Sween faction, took part in several savage com-
(1882) ; G. B. Anderson, Hist. of New Mexico (1907)
C. A. Siringo, Hist. of "Billy the Kid" (1920) W.N.
Miniature
bats, was one of the party of six that on Apr. I
Burns, The Saga of Billy the Kid (1926).]
it (1781),
killed Sheriff James A. Brady and a deputy, and
W.J.G.
he Conti-
in July figured conspicuously in the battle at Lin-
BIMELER, JOSEPH MICHAEL (c. 1778-
e was not
coln. With the arrival in August of Gen. Lew
Aug. 27, 1853), founder of the Separatist Society
d its bor-
Wallace, whom Hayes appointed governor under
of Zoar in Ohio, was born in Germany, presum-
orty-eight
instructions to end the war, a tacit truce began.
ably in Wurttemberg, where for some ten years
irom this
Wallace issued a provisional amnesty to those not
he labored as a teacher among a persecuted sect
ization in
under indictment for crime, and in a conference
of Pietists, living meekly and changing his abode
rged into
with the Kid urged him to surrender, promising
from time to time in order to avoid the eye of the
is still in
him a pardon in case he were convicted. The Kid,
government. He was of lowly origin, had been a
ers of the
declaring that he should be murdered the moment
weaver, was lame in one leg, and was disfigured
e singers
he laid down his arms, refused the terms; and
by an enlarged, protruding eye, but he had edu-
er of Ma-
later, with a band of twelve companions, started
cated himself rather successfully, and his intelli-
d wife of
on a career of wholesale cattle stealing with inci-
gence, energy, and character were those of a su-
had been
dental killings. In 1880 a number of cattlemen,
perior man. In addition he had the spiritual
I Dec. I3,
headed by John S. Chisum [q.v.], a former friend
power of a genuine religious leader. In 1817 he
ch of his
of the Kid, induced Pat Garrett, also a former
joined a company of about 300 Separatists from
S well as
friend, to accept the nomination for sheriff. Gar-
Wurttemberg, Bavaria, and Baden, who sailed
aporarily
rett was elected, and at once began a campaign
from Hamburg to find a home in America. A
h to the
to break up the Kid's band. In a fight at Fort
woman mystic named Barbara Grubermann had
appreci-
Sumner, on Christmas Eve, 1880, one of the band
been their moving spirit, but she died before they
ght have
was killed. The others fled, but a few days later
left Germany. On the voyage Bimeler-or
eglected.
the Kid, with three companions, was compelled
Bäumler, to give him his original name-doc-
271
#DICTIONARY OF
American Biography
Edited by Allen Johnson
2
Barsotti - Brazer
Charles Scribner's Sons
NEW YORK
AMORICANT
BILLINGSGATE-BILNEY
749
BILLINGSGATE, bil'ingz-gat, is a fish market in
BILLY THE KID (1859-1881) was an American
(1746-1800), the
London, on the north bank of the Thames River
frontier outlaw. He was born William H. Bon-
mposer of music.
between London Bridge and the Tower of Lon-
ney in New York City on Nov 23, 1859. Brought
Dct. 7, 1746. He
don. It was named from the city gate that once
up in-Kansas, Colorado, and New Mexico, he is
a young man he
existed nearby. In the 17th century the porters
said to have committed his first murder at the
his full attention
of the fish market were notorious for their coarse,
age of 12 when he knifed a man for insulting
on music theory
abusive language; hence the word "billingsgate"
his mother. Four years later he was involved in
0 educate himself
for such language.
the robbery and murder of three Indians. By
nt, which he very
1877, when he became a cowhand in the Pecos
id chordal writing
BILLION, bil'yen, a thousand millions, or 1,000,-
Valley of New Mexico, 12 murders had been
most of the New
000,000, according to the system of numeration
charged to his account.
used in the United States. In Britain, France
The New England
When the Lincoln County (N. Mex.) cattle
(since 1948) and Germany, a billion is a million
six collections of
war erupted in February 1878, the Kid readily
millions, or 1,000,000,000,000, which is called a
election of tradi-
accepted the leadership of one of the warring
trillion in the United States. In the British-Ger-
F his own hymns
factions and took part in several bloody skir-
man-French system, 1,000,000,000 is called a
mishes. The climax came on April 1, when he
atter were crude
milliard.
liveliness and the
and five companions killed Sheriff James A.
them found favor
Brady and a deputy. In August the Kid spurned
BILLITON, b₂-lē'ton, is an island in Indonesia, in
an offer of amnesty and embarked on a series
ubsequently pub-
the Java Sea, off the southeast coast of Sumatra.
Assistant (1778),
of cattle rustlings at the head of a gang of 12,
The Indonesian name for it is Belitung. The
le Psalm Singer's
resulting in further killings.
island is about 43 miles (70 km) wide and 55
uffolk Harmony
In 1880 a former friend of Billy's, Patrick
miles (90 km) long and has an area of 1,866
F. Garrett, became sheriff and launched a cam-
larmony (1794).
square miles (4,834 sq km). The marshy land
ection containing
paign to wipe out the Kid's band. Billy eluded
reaches a height of some 1,670 feet (510 meters)
gs died at Boston
capture in a gunfight at Fort Sumner, N. Mex.,
on Mount Tanjem, and the coasts are covered
on Christmas Eve, but a few days later he was
with coral reefs. There are large deposits of tin
usic soon disap-
taken, along with three companions. Under sen-
on Billiton and the adjacent island of Singkep.
he 20th century,
tence of death for slaying Brady, he escaped
Tandjungpandan is the chief city and port. Pop-
enry Cowell and
jail in Lincoln on April 28, 1881, killing both
ulation: (1980) 163,815.
njoyed a modest
his guards. He was finally trapped in a private
home in Fort Sumner and shot to death by
BILLS, Legislative. See CONGRESS OF THE UNITED
Garrett on July 15, 1881.
STATES; LEGISLATION.
uthern Montana,
A total of 21 killings is traditionally as-
y. It is situated
cribed to Billy, but there is no reliable evidence
BILLY BUDD is a novelette by Herman Melville,
miles (360 km)
for this figure. Because of his youth and extraor-
written shortly before his death in 1891 but not
arketing, manu-
dinary bravado, a romantic legend grew up
published until 1924, when it helped to promote
1 a vast farming
around him, and he became the most celebrated
renewed interest in Melville. Its original title was
heat, vegetables,
outlaw of the old Southwest. The story of his
Billy Budd, Foretopman.
tries are oil re-
life was first written in 1882 by Garrett.
Billy Budd is a young English sailor whose
ng, flour milling,
sincerity and goodness endear him to his ship-
Bibliography
nt manufactures
mates. Aboard a British man-of-war he incurs the
Adams, Ramon F., Fitting Death for Billy the Kid (1960;
its, farm imple-
reprint, Univ. of Okla. Press 1981).
enmity of a jealous petty officer, Claggart. When
Cline, Donald, Alias Billy the Kid, the Man behind the Leg-
the latter accuses him falsely of a mutinous con-
end (Sunstone Press 1986).
7 Mountain Col-
spiracy, Billy, speechless in disbelief, strikes him
Garrett, Patrick Floyd, The Authentic Life of Billy the Kid
and Yellowstone
(1954; Univ. of Okla. Press 1986).
and mementos
a fatal blow. Captain Vere, although he believes
Kadlec, Robert F., ed., They Knew Billy the Kid (Ancient
in the youth's spiritual innocence, is required
City Press 1987).
Nearby is In-
by regulations to order a court-martial. Billy is
Tatum, Stephen, Inventing Billy the Kid (Univ. of N.M.
t Indian writing
Press 1982).
tried and found guilty. Billy is hanged, but he
lives on in the loving memory of the sailors who
of the city is
BILNEY, bil'nē, Thomas (c. 1495-1531), English
ed for the last
knew him. Some critics have called Billy Budd
theologian, who was one of the earliest Protestant
represented the
the most expert of Melville's stories, surpassing
martyrs. Born in Norfolk, he studied at Trinity
e dedication of
even Moby-Dick as a tragedy.
Hall, Cambridge, and was ordained a priest in
ier at Arlington
A one-act opera, Billy Budd, with a libretto
1519. A gentle man of deep spirituality and de-
Battlefield Na-
by Salvatore Quasimodo, based on Melville's
votion to the church, he, like Martin Luther,
km) southeast
story, was written by the Italian composer Gior-
could not reconcile the fundamentals of Cathol-
Gen. George A.
gio Ghedini. It had its premiere in September
icism with an "external" religion of ceremonies,
1 by the Sioux
1949 in Venice, thus preceding by two years the
rites, and veneration of saints. His preaching
tle of the Little
more celebrated version by British composer Ben-
aroused opposition, but he converted some of his
ut 33 miles (53
jamin Britten. Britten's Billy Budd is in four
colleagues to Reformism. Unlike Luther, Bilney
a natural rock
acts; its libretto, also based on Melville, is by
remained orthodox on essential Catholic dogma-
William Clark
E.M. Forster and Eric Crozier. This opera,
the power of the pope and the church, the doc-
on climbed this
which was first performed in 1951 at Covent
trine of transubstantiation, and the sacrifice of
d it for the son
Garden, London, tells basically the same story
the Mass. Nonetheless, he was arrested for
as Melville's novel, but Britten's score, with
ion.
heresy in 1527. Persuaded to recant, he escaped
fied with much
music that recalls traditional nautical tunes and
death but was confined in the Tower of London
hostile Indians
old sea chanteys, seems to make the sea an ad-
for more than a year.
the Sioux War
ditional character, its presence always felt.
After his release, he was unable to silence his
n 1882 during
Billy Budd, a three-act play, was adapted
convictions, which he believed were verified by
Pacific Railroad
from Melville's novel by Louis Coxe and Robert
the teaching of St. Paul, and he began again
dent, Frederick
Chapman. It focuses on the novel's allegory-the
to preach his views. Although these seem to have
has a mayor-
struggle between good as represented by Billy
differed little from Catholic pronouncements he
66,824.
and evil as represented by Claggart. The plav
was
07/13/90 11:10
406 252 4641
DON HARR, M.D.
001
MENTAL HEALTH CENTER
1245 North 29th Street
P.O. Box 219
FAX # - (406)252-4641
Billings, MT 59103-0219
TELEFAX COVER SHEET
DATE 7/13/90
TIME 1109
TO
MR. COLLINS
WASHINGTON, D.C.
FROM Jan Tershaw
Mental Health Center
PAGE 1 of 3 PAGES
If transmission is garbled or all pages are not received, please call
the Mental Health Center at (406)252-5658 as soon as possible.
07/13/90
11:11
406 252 4641
DON HARR, M. D.
002
CHEMICAL DEPENDENCY SERVICES
The chemical dependency services of the Mental Health Center are designed to help individuals,
families, and the general public understand and deal with the problems of alcohol and drug abuse.
These services cover:
Assessment Testing
Referrals to Appropriate
-
Diagnose dependency or co-dependency
Treatment Settings
- Short term counseling
Counseling
- Outpatient therapy
Individual
-
Residential therapy
Family
- Community support groups
Group
(A.A., Al-Anon, etc.)
Aftercare
-
Dysfunctional family
Education
- Adolescent
- Lectures
- Children
. Workshops
- Classes
Intervention
- Seminars
-
Guidance and support for family and
- D.U.I. Court School
friends to confront a chemically
dependent person
Financial assistance for payment of services is available for clients who qualify.
Hours: 8:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m., Monday through Friday
- Regular business hours
5:00 p.m. to 8:00 p.m., Monday through Thursday
- Evening group sessions
07/13/90
11:11
6406 252 4641
DON HARR, M.D.
003
North O: MT CENTER 58103-0219
THE MENTAL HEALTH CENTER PROVIDES A FULL RANGE OF COMPREHENSIVE
SERVICES THAT INCLUDE:
OUTPATIENT: Psychotherapy and counseling for people who are
experiencing depression, fears, loss, and difficulties in
managing life circumstances and stress. Individual and group
therapy is available. Psychological evaluations are also
performed.
EMERGENCY: Immediate professional help for people in crisis.
Available 24 hours a day by either phone or personal contacts.
INPATIENT: Local admission to Billings Deaconess Hospital for
patients who need 24-hour acute care in a therapeutic
environment. During a patient's stay, Center personnel visit
daily and work closely with hospital staff. Plans are made for
continued care after a patient is discharged.
CHILD/FAMILY: For children and adolescents, psychotherapy
emphasizes the family interaction. Other family members are
involved in the therapeutic process. Services are offered for a
variety of problems a child or family may experience as they grow
and develop.
OLDER ADULTS: Counseling and home visits with patients who are
at high risk for emotional illness because of the potential for
multiple losses (health, income, spouse, friends, roles, and even
status).
CHEMICAL DEPENDENCY: Due to the complexities of the disease, the
Mental Health Center offers several modes of treatment:
counseling with individuals, group therapy, and educational
groups for concerned friends and family. Also available through
the Chemical Dependency Division is evaluation and assessment,
consultation with other agencies, and community education.
PRE-CARE: screening and evaluation of people who may need
hospitalization.
Please see other side
Serving South Central Montana
Other Voices
Photo Copy Preservation
We Need a National Drug Strategy
By KERRY G. KIRSCHNER
now we'll still be fighting battles, and we will be no
closer than we are today to winning the war. What we
The president has made a declaration of war! We
need is an operational leader and a national strategy to
have invaded foreign borders to eradicate growth of
eradicate drugs.
cocaine in Columbia and Peru. On the streets of our
If this is a war, let's start treating it like one! We
cities we continue to make more arrests. Last year in
have two fronts - offshore against producing-grower
Los Angeles alone there were more then 60,000 felony
countries - and in the streets of every community in
arrests that were. drug related. As local communities
our country. We have the army in place - federal
hire more policemen, arrests continue to accelerate
agencies, state, local police and sheriff departments. In
proportionately. Jails fill to overflowing, yet like an
all Instances there is no one at the top who has devel-
insatiable Pac-Man, drugs are eating up our cities, and
oped a uniform strategy for our armies to implement.
move unchecked into the suburbs and small towns, and
If we are going to operate effectively, let's develop the
we ask, who is winning the drug war?
We lost the war in Vietnam, and Mayor Flynn of
operating leadership to tie all these agencies together
on a unified course of action, and then fund the strate-
Boston states, "We're fighting the war on drugs, be-
gy to get the job done. I know of no war that this
cause we lost the war on poverty years ago."
country has ever fought with a Cabinet officer sitting in
At the U.S. Conference of Mayors' Fourth Annual
Washington, granting small amounts of dollars to the
Conference on Crime and Drugs, attended by mayors
troops on the front lines.
and police chiefs from around the country, from which
Left in its current condition, all of our cities and
I just returned, there was a mood of frustration. For the
states will vie against each other to build their police
most part, cities have increased their budgets for law
forces larger than their neighbors' so they can push the
enforcement - in most cases by raising taxes. Many
drug enemy down the road to someone else. We have
cities have initiated youth education and recreation
never had more uniformed local and state law enforce-
programs to lure children from the streets, have taken
ment officers in this country fighting a mobile, chronic,
policemen out of cars and put them in high drug traf-
unrelenting enemy. We have not yet committed our-
ficking areas in order to get more aggressive against
selves on a national level to a sustained, methodical
drug dealing. They have supported drug rehabilitation
plan to win this war in the trenches.
programs and treatment centers, and yet no one is de-
It is time that we call on President Bush and Con-
claring victory. To the contrary, there is greater fear of
gress to provide national leadership, to unite police
drug pushers on our streets today than there is fear of
forces in a national strategy that is all encompassing in
r
Russia, Cuba, Kadhafi, or Norlega.
interdiction, education and treatment. To not do this
The mayors' fervent call to the White House and
now will leave our children and grandchildren to fight
it
Congress is for more funds to be sent directly to cities
the same battles years and years from now.
n
for each to carry out their own battles. Additional fund-
il
ing is important, but if we only do that, 10 years from
Kirschner is mayor of Sarasota.
in
on
à
ce
Remember Mon
ill-
en-
5.4
gesture
of
als
00.
ear-
ned
hu-
ed."
ning
nust
ery-
Unique stationery items
know
she's
For
special. White cotton lap desk features
Ap-
port-
Battenberg lace trim and removable,
dire
washable cover, $50.
Box of 12 handpainted note cards in an
assortment of watercolor
designs, $25. Waterman's
Unit-
coun-
purse-size fountain pen with
es, the
s' per-
facesa bordeaux mish and
slaves
:rs had
wer of
18K gold nib, $125.
-owner-
licles to
Handpainted wine
cal pro-
.lways a
glasses are a reflection of your good
ne Asso-
Lassal-
taste, and hers. Pink roses tied with blue
um era,
er 1905,
ribbons, each $9.
and 20th
its of La-
generally
Our jewelry chest shows just how
Andrew Milwid
The Elks (205) 825-4690 (205)
call back at Ilam
Hoopshoot program?
7-8 million young people
alternative to drugs / privately funded them endoumai
Billings Chmn. ( )
Old Montana Chmn. (406)232-1400 (w) (406)232-07556
Larry Kuchynca
[[Coochin-ick]]
will call back
Theresa Garnison
youth to youth
Columbus, OH (614)224-4506 will Fax!
Clique One - dug prev. for athletic teams
Mike Thompson (614)451-9767
Ropes Courses. - no info
YTY
talent courses, teambuilding thru physical activity
mini olympics
Matural Helpers
reservation
heard of?
Nat'l Federation of Parents Network fordwg prev. for Montana
(406) 761- 6680
4537665
Darlene Meddock, Community Connection
Rwan Scheffley Mall st. Jour.)
didd of oD
Boy SC speech
Sis from worked ag. drugs at NOVA
Vids Saving kids Paoli, PA
CaroR Wertman, Penasytvanians Aware
(215)6644-1889
Dr. Richard Sauer
Four H (301)961-2820
will call back this afternoon 7/17
willfax
To Carol
Date 7/18
Time 9:20
WHILE YOU WERE OUT
M Dick Saver
of
Nati. 4-H
Phone 961-2820
Area Code
Number
Extension
TELEPHONED
PLEASE CALL
CALLED TO SEE YOU
WILL CALL AGAIN
WANTS TO SEE YOU
URGENT
RETURNED YOUR CALL
Message
Operator
AMPAD
EFFICIENCY@
23-021
CARBONLESS
MADD / Billings?
DC, 529-6233
Nat'l HQ
(214) 744- MADD (6233)
Texas
Montana Chapters ? no!
Sally 8 Connor
MADD dashes
5&10 K nuns
Milwakee
community publicawareness event
Nat'l President
Micky Sadoff
(414) 352-3190 (h)
-6388 service (ans.)
will call back
1. MADO-dash:
2. Project prom Igrad time
basketball volleyball tourneys
To Carol Blymire
Date 7/17
Time
WHILE YOU WERE OUT
M Darlenc madduck
of
MT trip
Phone
406 453-7665
Area Code
Number
Extension
TELEPHONED
PLEASE CALL
CALLED TO SEE YOU
WILL CALL AGAIN
WANTS TO SEE YOU
URGENT
RETURNED YOUR CALL
Message
Nancy
Operator
AMPAD
EFFICIENCY®
23-023 CARBONLESS
Kids Saving kids Lancaster, PA 17601
Katie True (717)898-7710
will fax
2962 Kings Lane
Darlene Meddock- Montana
(406) 761-6680 Community Conxn
(406)453-7665 Montanna Red Ribbon Campaign
anecdotes, Natural Helpers (Indian reservations)
1245 Park Garden Rd.
GreatFalls, MT
59404
Clique One Mike Thompson 9767 Ohio
Time 9:30
+
was
To Carol
M Darlene meddock
URGENT sue back be
2:30-3
(4:30)
WHILE YOU WERE OUT
of Red Redeiblon Ribbon Campaign Montana
Extension
Phone 406 453 7665
PLEASE CALL
WILL CALL AGAIN
Number
Littl also
RETURNED YOUR CALL
she is
Area Code
TELEPHONED
CALLED TO SEE YOU
WANTS TO SEE YOU
Message call back
leave message
- -will be gone most
OF the day
/ 50% of state participated
in Red Rbbon Operator Campaign
last year verysuccessay
23-021 CARBONLESS
AMPAD
EFFICIENCY®
Date
Elks, Hospshoot (program)
Nat'l Italian Am, Fed. 638-0220
sports hallof fame
anti-dring
MADD SADD, etc
get presicits
outside
will
Chicago - George Randazzo
fax
437-3077
(708)
David Alonzo, PR Dir.
(708) 437-3078 fax
2625 Clearbrook Dr.
Arlingnteights, 60005 IL
Jul. 17 '90 15:33 0000 N.I.A.S.H.F.
312-437-3078
P.
1
NATIONAL ITALIAN AMERICAN SPORTS HALL OF FAME
National Building Foundation
"BUILDS FOR YOUTH"
Founded 1977
Chairman
David A. Alonzo
Tom Lasorda
Director of Public Relations
Co-Chairman
Edward J. DeBartolo, Jr.
Attn: Carol Blymire
From: David Alonzo
4 Pages
NIASHF . 2625 Clearbrook Drive Arlington Heights, IL 60005 Phone (708) 437-3077 FAX: (708) 437-3078
OFFICERS
George R. Randazzo, President and Chief Executive Officer . Anthony W. Liberati, Chairman of Board . Anthony J, Rizzo, Secretary
Ira Nathanson, Treasurer . Robert P. Pasquale, Assistant Secretary/Treasurar
EXECUTIVE ROARD OF DIRECTORS
Jul. 17 190 15:33 0000 N.I.A.S.H.F.
312-437-3078
P. 2
To: Carol Blymire
From: David Alonzo, Dir. of P. R. at the National Italian American
Sports Hall of Fame
At the National Italian American Sports Hall of Fame we have many
objectives, but they all have the same root-objective, to educate the
youth of America. Whether it be through scholarship funding,
seminaries or clinics, the N.I.A.S.H.F. is committed to building for
youth.
Since 1985, the National Italian American Sports Hall of Fame has
given more than $750,000 to worthy student athletes, regardless of
their race, color or creed. At the N.I.A.S.H.F. we try to help needy
students continue their education, because we know the future of our
great nation will soon, be in their hands.
In addition to the scholarship dollars, we hold seminaries and
clinics to educate the youth of America. With a highly qualified
advisory staff, we attempt to address such topics as Drug Abuse
Sportsmanship, Physical Fitness, Motivation and Athletic Per formance.
This staff consists of Tony LaRussa, Chairman of our Educational
Advisory Board and Manager of the Oakland Athletics; (Board members)
Tom Lasorda, Manager of L. A. Dodgers; Roland Hemond, Executive V. P.
Baltimore Orioles; Denny Doyle, Doyle Baseball School; Gordie
Gillespie, Athletic Dir. St. Francis College; Dr. Jim Vicory, Sports
Psychologist; Dr. Robert A. Weil, Sports Podiatrist: Giovanna Carnera,
Consultant, Drug Abuse Programs; Dr. Rueben Bermudes, Sports Medicine;
Fred Degerberg, Self Defense Expert. The Director of these programs is
Pete Caliendo. Caliendo handles the scheduling and organization of all
educational programs at the N.I.A.S.H.F.
Along with this fine Advisory Board and The Edward J. DeBartolo
Corporation. The National Italian American Sport Hall of Fame will
help educate the youth of Chicago as to the dangers of Drugs. The
DeBartolo Corporation has a robot called Punchy. Its objectives are to
Jul. 17 190 15:34 0000 N.I.A.S.H.F.
312-437-3078
P.3
prevent substance abuse, to help children set goals and to inspire
them to live up to their full potential.
Through Punchy, students discover that their bodies are
irreplaceable "Million Dollar Machines" which enable them to
accomplish their dreams. They also learn practical decision making and
refusal skills 50 they know how to say "No" to drugs, as well as why.
Punchy has already helped studentsall over the United States, and
thanks to the National Italian American Sports Hall of Fame and the
DeBartolo Corporation, Punchy will be in the Chicago area soon.
Here is a list of the Educational Programs run by the National
Italian American Sports Hall of Fame.
July 25th Golf Clinie
August- Drug & Alcohol Awareness
August- Self Defense
September- Sports Medicine
September- Casting Clinic
October- Punchy the Robot
October- Sports Psychology
November- Punchy the Robot returns
On display at the National Italian American Sports Hall of Fame is
former Light-Heavy Weight Willie Pastrano's Championship Belt.
Pastrano was' forced to pick the diamonds from his belt to support a
drug habit. We at the N.I.A.S.H.F. feel the belt is more valuable
without the diamonds, because it shows the level of defeat a person
can 'sink to once they start using drugs.
Pastrano now heads up a drug abuse program in New Orleans, LA.
His belt serves as a symbol against drug abuse in our Hall of Fame and
hopefully has already had some impact on the many thousands of
children who have passed his exhibit.
If we can be of any additional service to the President or his
staff, please feel free to call the National Italian American Sports
Jul. 17 '90 15:34 0000 N.I.A.S.H.F.
312-437-3078
P. 4
3
Drug Abuse.
Sincerely,
David Danalalalongo Alonzo
Director of Public Realtions
N. I. A. S. H. F.
To Carol Blynire
Date 7/17 Time H30a
WHILE YOU WERE OUT
of M Larr chpohi
Phone
33/-1933
Area Code
Number
Extension
TELEPHONED
PLEASE CALL
CALLED TO SEE YOU
WILL CALL AGAIN
WANTS TO SEE YOU
URGENT
RETURNED YOUR CALL
Message
nancy
Operator
AMPAD
EFFICIENCY®
23-023 CARBONLESS
Larry Chisholm
The Masons 331-1933
called 9:45am 7/17 left message
Vermont scholarships
will call by 1pm
To Carol
Date
Time 9:45
WHILE YOU WERE OUT
M L army cursin
of
wash. masonic Fndtion
Phone 331 - 1933
Area Code
Number
Extension
TELEPHONED
PLEASE CALL
CALLED TO SEE YOU
WILL CALL AGAIN
WANTS TO SEE YOU
URGENT
Ste kstnw 606
Message when Billings
w1DC2006
20006
RETURNED YOUR CALL
Speech?
1629
M
Operator
23-023
CARBONLESS
Mahn-yoo-el Zuneeguh
Mayor of Billings -
Richard Larsen
Billings Acknowledgements
Gordon James says
Gov. Sununu
«US AHY Doris Poppler( (hostess)
- -ramrod behindevent
chmn. of host comn
AG Marc Racicot
Ben Martenee Cus cong.)
us Sen- Conrad Burns
Gov. Stan stephens
Edwin Moses- us olym. star
Robert Helmick - pres-of
us Olym Comm.
Martin\Blymire
Billings
July 17, 1990
Draft Three
PRESIDENTIAL REMARKS:
ANTI-DRUG RALLY \ BILLINGS, MT
FRIDAY, JULY 19, 1990 \ 8:55 A.M.
Thank you for that warm welcome. I'm happy so many of you
could join us this morning in Daylis Stadium -- home of the "Big
Sky State Games". ((Cycling, golf, handball, shooting, swimming,
tennis, track and field
sounds like a typical weekend at
Camp David. What I can't figure out is why there's no horseshoe
pitching? )) I am very pleased to see sports play a prominent
role in education, drug awareness programs, and scholarship
activities. Best of luck to all of tomorrow's participants.
And I would like to thank -- ALL OTHER ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS --
for their hospitality. I am especially honored to be able to
congratulate the fifth and sixth grade graduates of the D.A.R.E.
program who are out there in the crowd. You are setting a
wonderful example, not only for your friends and classmates, but
for adults as well. You are proof that each of us -- no matter
how young or how old -- has a part to play in the war on drugs.
The drug problem facing America is the reason I'm here
today. For over 100 years now, the people of Montana have been
known as proud, hardworking, community-minded people. And that
is where the answer to this nation's drug problem lies -- in the
community. There is no problem so great, that all of us working
together cannot solve.
We are beginning to see signs that our efforts against drugs
are working. Last summer, a major nationwide survey found that
2
the number of current drug users in America had dropped by almost
40 percent in just 3 years. Then in mid-February, another survey
showed that the number of high school seniors using drugs
declined in 1989, a long-term trend that has brought seniors'
drug use to its lowest level in 15 years. But, the good news
isn't limited to national statistics. Last year, the state of
Montana reported a decrease in the number of drug violations. It
is news like this that deepens my faith that, together, we can
win this war.
But like all wars, we must be united in our efforts as a
country and as a community. Parents, teachers, children, law
enforcement officials must join as one. Business, labor, the
professions -- all must be a part of this crusade for a drug-
free America.
Each of you here today, by your presence, is sending the
dealers of death a strong Montana message: We will not surrender
our children. We will not surrender our community. Billings,
Montana is in this fight to win -- and win we will.///
I know you will win because this state, like so many others
across this great land, is taking the initiative -- fighting
back. Last year, the Montana Board of Crime Control began the
innovative Drug Abuse Resistance Education program throughout the
state. For those of you not familiar with DARE, it is a unique
program that targets primarily fifth and sixth graders by using
well-trained uniformed officers to teach kids about the dangers
of drug use. The program helps students recognize and resist the
3
subtle pressures that influence kids to experiment with drugs and
alcohol. Over 7,500 children statewide received instruction in
the program's first year and this number does not include the
kids in kindergarten through fourth grade who were taught about
drugs through another program designed especially for them.
Let's give a pat on the back to all the kids who've said "no to
drugs", and our thanks to the law enforcement officers who help
them say no. Keep up the good work. You're making America
proud. ///
Another example of community involvement with young people
is the anti-drug programs supported by the Freemasons of America
like the Center for Adolescent Development's Montana Teen
Institute. This innovative center takes at-risk teens who are
willing to swear off drugs and gives them the tools they need to
avoid drug use. Teens like Manual Zuniga. An alum of the Teen
Institute, Manual's new goal in life is to be a U.S. Marshal so
he can help others. Manual says "all kids need the help of
parents and all adults to fight the bad guys
I would
rather be a role model to my community and have made a stand to
live a drug-free life."
Often, kids, themselves, are some of our best troops on the
front lines against drugs. They understand the enormous power of
friendship in helping one another avoid drugs. One such program
gaining recognition not just around the country, but around the
world, is Youth to Youth -- a community drug prevention program
for middle school and high school age young people. Recognizing
4
the influential force of peer pressure, the Youth to Youth
program uses that pressure to encourage young people to live
alcohol and drug-free lives. Proof that kids talking to kids can
make a difference, is reflected in the words of a young man in
Landisville, PA who said, "All my friends are drug free so I've
learned that drug free is the way to be. " Wise words.
Parents will agree that there is nothing more heartwrenching
than to witness something as sinister as drugs and alcohol dim
the sparkle of our childrens' eyes, steal their exuberance, and
destroy their dreams. But, parents don't have to stand by and
hope their kids are spared from this devastation. Instead, each
and every one of us -- that means grandparents, aunts and uncles,
cousins, neighbors, friends, anyone -- can make a huge difference
by setting a good example, and by watching for the overt signs of
trouble.
But, one of the most effective ways to reach our kids is by
talking to them about drugs, and even more important -- listening
to them -- listening to their questions, their fears, their
curiosity, and their hopes. Then, through information, caring,
and, yes, discipline -- fight back. When a kid has someone who
cares enough to listen, he won't care about drugs.
But, kids, communities, families and friends have some
special allies in this battle. In towns as small as Laurel and
as big as Los Angeles, brave men and women who believe that this
country is worth fighting for face danger and death everyday.
They form the "thin blue line" between good and evil protecting
5
our children from drugs -- protecting all of us from the terrible
threat of crime.
Right here in Montana, you know all too well that sometimes
these modern day champions are called upon to pay the ultimate
price. You've lost one of the town of Hardin's finest in Janet
Rogers and our hearts go out to George Rogers and his three boys,
Jace, Logan, and Chad here today. Your wife, your mother was a
true American hero. ///
But heroes alone can't win wars, so in Washington, the
Administration is taking action to help support our law
enforcement officers across the country. As we meet today under
this beautiful Montana sky, we are still waiting for the House to
act on our Anti-crime Package. Earlier this year, we were
pleased that Congress passed our request for more agents, more
prosecutors, and more prisons to get criminals off the streets
and behind bars where they belong. But we must do more.
I urge the House to pass a major portion of the Violent
Crime Act. Legislation that will back up our new lawmen with new
laws -- laws that are fair, fast, and final. // Fair -- an
exclusionary rule designed to punish the guilty -- and not good
cops who have acted in good faith. Fast -- we need habeas corpus
reforms to stop the repetitive appeals that are choking our
courts. And final -- fair, constitutionally sound death penalty
provisions.
It's time for Congress to act. Our children, our
communities and our cops have waited long enough. ///
6
As I look out over the audience -- an ocean of red, white,
and blue, I see America at her best. This country's strength has
always been her people, people who for generations have always
helped, not only the neighbor next door, but the stranger in
trouble down the street. This was true over a hundred years ago,
when this great land -- Montana -- became a state. Back then at
the sight of smoke on the horizon, a sure sign of trouble,
farmers would drop their plows, mountainmen would leave their
traps, and shopkeepers would abandon their stores, to help a
neighbor in distress. Some of our first points of light. In
1990, this sense of community and caring still remains, as
Americans support one another in the battle against drugs.
Today, there is again smoke on the horizon, and all of you in
this stadium are here to help. You're a community bound together
not by geography, but by caring. And you should be very proud.
God bless you, and God bless America. Thank you very much.
#
#
#
THE WHITE HOUSE
wASHINGTON
July 19, 1990
5:30 p.m. our time
MEMORANDUM
TO:
STEPHANIE LAUDNER
CURT SMITH
FROM:
CAROL BLYMIRE
SUBJECT: ANTI-DRUG RALLY BILLINGS
Steph, I talked to Gordon (Advance) about the acknowledgements
for the anti-drug rally tomorrow morning, and here they are:
-- Acting U.S. Attorney, Doris Poppler (sort of the chairman
of the hostess committee), ramrod behind the event
-- Attorney General Marc Racicot
-- Ben Martenee, U.S. Congressman
-- U.S. Senator Conrad Burns
-- Governor Stan Stephens
-- Edwin Moses, Olympic star
-- Robert Helmick, President of the U.S. Olympic Committee
-- Richard Larsen, Mayor of Billings
If you have any questions, please call me at 456-7750 or at home
271-9683. Curt, great job on the Nixon Library speech we loved
it!