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Captive Nations Week 7/23/90 [OA 8314]
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Captive Nations Week 7/23/90 [OA 8314]
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Records of the White House Office of Speechwriting (George H. W. Bush Administration)
Speech Backup Chronological Files
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Originally Processed With FOIA(s):
FOIA Number:
S
S
FOIA
MARKER
This is not a textual record. This is used as an
administrative marker by the George Bush Presidential
Library Staff.
Record Group/Collection:
George H.W. Bush Presidential Records
Collection/Office of Origin:
Speechwriting, White House Office of
Series:
Speech File Backup Files
Subseries:
Chron File, 1989-1993
OA/ID Number:
13725
Folder ID Number:
13725-002
Folder Title:
Captive Nations Week 7/23/90 [OA 8314]
Stack:
Row:
Section:
Shelf:
Position:
G
26
20
6
6
Withdrawal/Redaction Sheet
(George Bush Library)
Doc. No. / Type
Subject/Title
Date
Restriction
Classification
01. Report
Re: Eastern Europe. (17 pp.)
04/90
(b)(1)
C
02. Report
Re: Eastern Europe. (25 pp.)
07/17/90
(b)(1)
S
Page 1 of 1
Collection:
Record Group:
Bush Presidential Records
Office:
Speechwriting, White House Office of
Series:
Speech File, Backup
Subseries:
WHORM Cat.:
File Location:
Captive Nations Week 7/23/90
Pinksheet Number:
RML1586
OA/ID Number:
13725-002
Date Closed:
10/20/2004
FOIA/Sys Case #:
S
Re-review Case #:
2004-2265-S
P-2/P-5 Review Case #:
Much Burns
FACT CHECKING
use
(Hinchliffe/Garmey)
July 23, 1990 8:00 p.m.
16849
NATIONS
PRESIDENTIAL REMARKS: CAPTIVE NATIONS DAY
Rose Garden
July 25, 1990
Welcome to every one of you able to be here for this extra-
ordinary event. II For the last 32 years, presidents from
gfene
Benko
NSC.
Eisenhower to Reagan have commemorated Captive Nations Day. It X3684
has been a ceremony to bear witness to the struggling and
suffering of millions. A ceremony to honor courage. A ceremony Charles Bacause
to tell everyone still in bondage that they were not forgotten.
These previous Captive Nations Days have not been moments of joy,
but of serious rededication sp? -- and of sadness that so many in our
world lived in the throes of tyranny. III
The Revolution of '89 was a stunning -- thrilling -- event.
At this ceremony last year, we told the world that we would keep
faith with those who were oppressed. And we did. Then, taking
their lives into their own hands, the very people who were in our
hearts crafted an unforgettable year of triumph. The triumph of
brave hearts over cruel stone. The triumph of people declaring
they would control their own destinies. 11
Last summer, while we were in Eastern Europe, Barbara and I
fathers
sensed excitement in the air. In meetings with leaders of Poland
and Hungary, I urged change -- as have American Presidents for
two generations. Like most Americans, we had watched in joy as
the Austrian-Hungarian border had come down. And we were deeply
moved as this historic vision swept across a continent that will
some day be a Europe whole and free.
For four long decades, America and her allies have remained
2
united and strong in our mission for peace and freedom. That
strength has at long last borne fruit. What an amazing year this
has been. A year of technicolor glory in lands that had been
defined by black watchtowers and walls, and the drab emptiness of
lost dreams.
But we are gathered here today not just to celebrate the
earlier
joyous change of this past year, but to celebrate it in a very
special way. With us today are children from Hungary Poland
Bacauss
Czechoslovakia and other countries which were a part of the Revo-
Puble
lution of '89. Their eager eyes and bright smiles tell us: "We
Ciason
believe in ourselves and in our homelands. We can now dare to
dream for the rainbows just beyond our bright new horizons. "\\
And so, to honor that shining faith in the future, on behalf
of the peoples of the free world, I dedicate this day to the new
Children of Freedom.
111
conny.
These little ones are the future generation of the newly
freed lands that were, only a year ago, still held in regimented
gray captivity. We celebrate that they are now free to paint the
futures of their countries in the broad, colorful strokes of
childhood's limitless imagination.
In America, if a child is afraid of the dark, he can be
comforted by a simple nightlight. But the Children of Captivity
lived in fear day and night. Now a bold and brilliant light has
been turned on, to chase away the nightmares of the unknown.
For some children, this light of freedom means actual
deliverance from death. Those like tiny Joshua Laine
washington past
For seven
months, this abandoned Romanian baby, like 40,000 others, had
7/18/90
up
to
3
lain in one of Ceausescu's unthinkable warehouse orphanages.
Sunk in a hole in his mattress, his physical world was as limited
and hopeless as his future. When change and reform came to
Romania, an American couple was allowed to adopt him. Now Joshua
has love
freedom
a. future.
For other children, this new freedom means a whole new world
in their own backyard. On that unforgettable morning when the
East German borders fell, parents scooped up their children and
brought them to the Brandenburg Gate, the final symbol of tyranny
wall
the
on
in Berlin. Still in their nightclothes, these children on their
first day of new freedom, were passed up from friendly hand to
friendly hand to have the thrill of sitting on top of the wall
-- looking across at the endless horizons of their new world. III
But while we celebrate for the children who are now free, we
must also still remember the children who are not. 11
I continue to be moved by what I see and hear throughout the
rest of the world, where unfinished revolutions continue one
individual story at a time. In the Americas, where a boy with
7
nothing but a board and a sail windsurfed to escape from the
politics of repression. In Asia, where iron tanks were met by
4/23/90
the iron will of a lone man. In Africa, where a proud leader
ended 10,000 days of prison and took the final steps on his walk
to freedom.
mcGromy
Alongside the success stories of nations, we also hear quiet
stories of individuals who, even in darkness, could see the
vision of liberty. Those who have risked everything in countries
not yet free. The countries we must still remember today. The
4
desperate people we must never forget.
Boys like Quang Trinh. A young Vietnamese teenager, he
Bett
almost died escaping from the shattered life of a country where
he had seen his mother killed, his father jailed, his brothers'
spirits broken. Quang fled the only life he had known
for
freedom. He jumped into shark-infested waters
for freedom.
He starved in delirium for freedom. After he was finally
rescued and told he could enter the U.S., he wept all night long.
When did something touch our lives so completely that we
cried for joy through the night? Quang calls America "freedom
country." How many of us have stopped to think of our homeland
in those terms? III
You know, on my desk in the Oval Office I have two mementos
with me at all times. One is a tiny American flag, given to me S
mall.
in an Army hospital by a soldier wounded fighting to free our
friends in Panama. It represents America's commitment to freedom
and to proud people, wherever they may be, who seek that freedom.
The other souvenir is a piece of the Berlin Wall --
one of
Steve
Banto
the very first chiseled from that horrifying affront to humanity.
I keep it always, as a reminder of the miracle which courage,
strength and unity can achieve. 11
Sitting in this peaceful Rose Garden today are children from
these nations of miracles -- our Children of Freedom. 11
But there are also some empty chairs out there. They, too,
are reminders. Reminders of countries where children are even
now growing up with only bleak tyranny in their futures.
Let us all work together so that next year those empty
5
chairs will be filled with children whose countries are finally
free. III
I'm a traditionalist. But this ceremony is one tradition
I'd like to break. Let us pray together that when we gather
again, the light of liberty will shine across our entire planet.
And that the next Captive Nations Day will be the last. III
God bless you, and all the children of our world.
LEGISLATIVE: APPAIRS:#:
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Rm. 055, QEOB
Please admit the following appointments on July 25
1990
for The President
of
NAME
DATE OF BIRTH
SOCIAL SEC. NO.
Senator Kasten
Senator Riegle
senator Spector
Senator Lieberman
Senator Wilson
Senator Dole (Tenative)
Beth 1 is up to
Congressman William Broomfield
Congressman Don Ritter
Congressinan Tenny Robinson
Congrassman John Portar
Congressman Garald Solomen
This ack.'s for
Congrassman Dana Rehrabacher
congressman Bob Dornan
Congressman Ban Gilman
Congressman Dennis Hertel
Congressman Mike Bilirakis (tentative)
dute CAPNATING is to Thage
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wonce real.
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Requested by Becky Anderson
Room No. Boxe Garden
Room NOWN 2nd yTel 2230
Time on Mtg. 1,30
Date of Request 7/34/90
Additions and/or changes made by telephone should be limited to five address of less.
WAVES Ctr. - 308-4044 or WHITE HOUSE a 456-6742
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DATE: JULY 19, 1990
CLIENT:
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R*MANIAN W/3 BABY AND ADOPT AND DATE IS 7/90
NUMBER OF STORIES FOUND WITH YOUR REQUEST THROUGH:
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1ST STORY of Level 1 printed in FULL format.
Copyright (c) 1990 The Washington Post
July 15, 1990, Sunday, Final Edition
SECTION: METRO; PAGE D1
LENGTH: 880 words
HEADLINE: Fairfax Woman Rescues Orphan From Romania;
Baby Among Last Allowed to Leave Country
SERIES: Occasional
BYLINE: Mary Jordan, Washington Post Staff Writer
BODY:
The baby was lying in a white iron crib when she found him, his brown eyes
vacant and his body limp.
Donna Laine, a Northern Virginia resident, was in an orphanage in the
Transylvanian city of Cluj recently when she spotted Joshua, one of the
thousands of abandoned babies in Romania that she had traveled 50 far to find.
"He was so quiet, he never made a sound. I thought he might not be able to
speak or hear," Laine recalled last week in an interview in her Fairfax County
home.
"Then I picked him up, and his legs went limp."
For seven months, since the day he had been taken to the orphanage in
northwestern Romania, Joshua had lain in a sunken mattress, flat on his back.
Stuck in the dip of the mattress, he barely moved. Not as thin as the tiny girl
who was fed nothing but tea before she was deserted, nor visibly ill like
others, Joshua wore a white cloth bracelet, his name stitched on it.
For Donna Laine and her husband Jeffrey, the tragedy of Romania's mass
orphanages fulfilled a dream: the chance to start a family.
Their six-week effort to adopt a child ended successfully June 27 when she
and her new son arrived at Dulles International Airport.
Worldwide interest has focused recently on Romania's sick and discarded
children, but despite growing interest in the United States in adopting them, a
new Romanian suspension on foreign adoptions has made Joshua one of the last
babies allowed to leave the country.
After the December execution of dictator Nicolae Ceausescu, international
relief organizations and foreign journalists glimpsed a hidden horror: up to
40, abandoned babies in state orphanages, many of them dying of AIDS.
"The crazy Ceausescu cut off subsidies to the hospitals," leaving them
ill-equipped to safely perform the blood transfusions that were performed on
premature and malnourished babies, said Cornel Dragomirescu, press officer at
the Romanian Embassy in Washington.
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(c) 1990 The Washington Post, July 15, 1990
Ceausescu had sought to increase Romania's population by forcing families to
produce babies. He outlawed abortion and contraceptive devices, prompting
thousands of women to abandon children they could not provide for or did not
want.
"There were too many children who needed love and attention and so few to
give it," Laine wrote in her journal after her day at the Cluj orphanage, where
Joshua lay.
Since Romania suspended foreign adoptions on June 11, apparently because the
parliament is considering new regulations governing them, the State Department
has advised Americans not to go to Romania to find a baby.
"They have closed off adoption," said Mary Beth Seader, vice president of the
National Committee For Adoption, a private, nonprofit group. "I keep hearing of
people going over there and spending thousands of dollars and coming home
empty-handed."
Laine, who met mothers from England, Austria and other countries hoping to
adopt when she was in Romania, had started her procedures before the cutoff
date.
With 2 million American couples seeking to adopt and only 25,000 children
available each year, foreign adoptions have become increasingly popular, Seader
said.
After news reports of the abandoned and ill Romanian babies, the State
Department received hundreds of inquiries about how to adopt them and is still
fielding calls, department spokesman Charles S. Smith said. He estimated that 30
American couples have successfully adopted Romanian babies this year.
Even though Laine was accompanied by her mother, who was born in Romania and
speaks the language fluently, she said it was one of the most difficult tasks of
her life. She visited one orphanage after another, in one gray, smoggy city
after another.
Most times, she said, she was denied entrance into the orphanages and told to
wait in small, detached buildings. And every time, after she initially asked if
there were any adoptable babies, she was told, "No."
Only after persistence was she shown into the rooms with the white, iron
cribs.
"I think they didn't even regard the kids who were handicapped or sick as
adoptable. They didn't think anybody would want them," Laine said, with Joshua,
smelling of baby powder, bouncing on her lap.
"You wouldn't believe the difference," the former respiratory therapist said,
turning her focus to her son. "He was lifeless when I saw him. He had no
stimulation. He didn't respond to anything; I didn't even know if he could
hear." As she said this, the 8-month-old shouted, "Oh," and flailed his arms and
smiled.
Laine, 39, said she and her husband had wanted a child for 10 years and had
been unsuccessful in exhaustive efforts to adopt a baby domestically.
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(c) 1990 The Washington Post, July 15, 1990
This spring they were again disappointed when a 17-year-old girl apparently
changed her mind about giving her child up for adoption.
"I didn't know I'd come home with any baby when I left," Laine said. "I just
felt I had to try. For 10 years we've been wanting children. I had to try. I
wouldn't have been at peace if I hadn't."
Jeffrey Laine, a civilian analyst at the Pentagon, said he knew that if
anyone could bring a child out of the bureaucratic chaos of Romania, it would be
his wife.
He added, "I can't help but look in [Joshua's] face and see what he can be
here, the chances he will have that he couldn't have had if she hadn't found
him."
TYPE:
VIRGINIA NEWS
SUBJECT:
FAIRFAX COUNTY; ADOPTION; ROMANIA; CHILDREN (AGE 0-12); BABIES (AGE 0-2)
NAMED-PERSONS:
JEFFREY LAINE; DONNA LAINE
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DATE: JULY 19, 1990
CLIENT:
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1ST STORY of Level 1 printed in FULL format.
Copyright (c) 1990 Time Inc. All Rights Reserved;
Sports Illustrated
April 23, 1990
SECTION: Pg. 68
LENGTH: 1640 words
HEADLINE: A NEW DAWN;
Lester Moreno Perez fled Cuba by boardsailing toward Florida under cover of
darkness
BYLINE: BY SAM MOSES
BODY:
N THE ANNALS OF GREAT ESCAPES, the flight by 17-year-old Lester Moreno Perez
from Cuba to the U.S. surely must rank as one of the most imaginative. At 8:30
on the night of Thursday, March 1, Lester crept along the beach in Varadero, a
resort town on the north coast of Cuba, and launched his sailboard into the
shark-haunted waters of the Straits of Florida. Guided first by the stars and
then by the hazy glow from concentrations of electric lights in towns beyond the
horizon, Lester sailed with 20-knot winds, heading for the Florida Keys, 90
miles away.
Two hours past daybreak on Friday, Lester was sighted by the Korean crew of
the Tina D, a Bahamian-registered freighter. The boom on his craft was broken,
and he was just barely making headway, 30 miles south of Key West. The
astonished crew pulled Lester aboard, fed him spicy chicken and white rice, and
then radioed the U.S. Coast Guard, which sent the patrol boat Fitkinak to take
him into custody. After five days in the Krome Detention Center in Miami while
paperwork was being processed, he was issued a visa by U.S. immigration
officials and released into the welcoming arms of his relatives.
Except for his rich imagination and broad streak of courage, Lester could be
any 17-year-old who decides to leave home. He was raised in the shoreside town
of Varadero, the second-oldest of five children in his family. "As soon as I
started thinking a little bit --- when I was seven or eight years old --- I wanted
to come to America," he says. Independent thinking ran in the family; his
grandfather, Urbino, had been imprisoned for attending a counterrevolutionary
meeting early in Fidel Castro's regime and spent nearly five years in jail.
Furthermore, Lester's sister Leslie, who had been on the national swim team and
had traveled to several foreign countries, had told intriguing tales of life
outside Cuba. Lester also did not like the idea of serving three years in the
Cuban army and then facing the possibility of having his career chosen for him
by the Communist Party. There was also trouble at home; he and his stepfather,
Roberto, were at odds, mostly over politics. So Lester decided he wanted to go
to America, not Angola.
When he was 10 years old, Lester taught himself to windsurf by hanging
around the European and Canadian tourists who rented boards on the beach at
Varadero. "If you made friends with them, they would sometimes let you use their
equipment," he says. AS he grew older and got better at the sport, he found he
liked the isolation and freedom of the sea. "Sometimes I would sail for eight
hours without stopping, and go very far out," he says. His windsurfing to
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(c) 1990 Time Inc., Sports Illustrated, April 23, 1990
freedom seemed destined.
Recently, Lester sat in a big easy-chair in the Hialeah, Fla., apartment of
Ana and Isidro Perez, the great-aunt and great-uncle who took him in. Lester is
50 skinny - 5 ft. 6 in., 130 pounds -- that it seems there is room for two or
three more of him in the chair. On his head he wears Walkman earphones, which he
politely removes when a visitor enters the room. He has been in America only a
few weeks, but he has already been interviewed several times and has been
chauffeured all over Miami in a limo on a radio station-sponsored shopping
spree. The tops of his feet are still covered with scabs, the result of the
hours he spent in the sailboard's footstraps; but his hands show no blisters,
only hard, white calluses.
As he waits for a translator to arrive, Lester rocks back and forth in the
chair like a hyperactive child. He clicks the television on with the remote
control, passes a Spanish-language station and stops at a morning show on which
a man is explaining, in English, how to prevent snoring by placing a Ping-Pong
ball between your shoulder blades, a move that forces one to sleep facedown.
When a visitor demonstrates this to Lester through gestures and snores, the
young man rolls his dark eyes, smiles and says in perfect English, "People are
all crazy here."
A few minutes later, the translator, who owns a windsurfing shop in Miami,
arrives, and Lester begins to tell his story through him.
"I had only been thinking of making the trip on a sailboard for about a
month," he says. "Before that, I'd been thinking of leaving the country by
marrying a Canadian girl every couple of months a few would come that were
pretty nice-looking. But I decided to sail because I was training hard and was
confident I would be able to make the trip easily. I had windsurfed in bad
weather, and even surfed during Hurricane Gilbert, 50 I was already out in
really rough conditions and wasn't worried about it.
"Right before I left, I was watching the wind patterns. A cold front had
passed by and it was pretty strong, so I waited until it subsided a little.
Usually after a cold front passes, the wind shifts to the east, and it's just a
straight reach to the U.S., so I waited for that. Then I told two of my friends,
who said they would help me. I wasn't hungry, but I ate a lot - three or four
fried eggs, some rice and half a liter of milk -- so I would be strong for the
journey.' His friends also persuaded him to take along some water, a can of
condensed milk and a knife.
At 7:00 on the evening of March 1, Lester, who had said nothing to his
family, slipped out of his house and went down to the Varadero beach, where he
worked at a windsurfing rental booth by day, while attending high school at
night. Earlier that day, he had carefully rigged the best mast and strongest
boom he could find with a big .0-square-meter sail. Then he had lashed the sail
rig in the sand with the rental boards. Under cover of darkness, he unlocked the
shed where the privately-owned boards were kept and removed his sleek and
durable Alpha model. It had been a gift to him from a man who sympathized with
his plight -- a generous East German whom Lester called Rambo for the camouflage
hat he always wore. Lester fastened the sail rig to the board and carried it to
the water. He waded into the ocean until he was knee-deep, glanced over his
shoulder to make sure he hadn't been seen, and stepped onto the board. His ride
on the wind to freedom had begun.
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(c) 1990 Time Inc., Sports Illustrated, April 23, 1990
"I wasn't nervous," he says. "I had to be very clear-minded once I decided to
go, otherwise they would catch me and I would be in a lot of trouble. It would
have meant three or four years in prison if I had been caught. No lie about what
I was doing was possible."
About one and a half blocks away from the beach was a tower usually manned by
guards with infrared binoculars. Lester, who was sailing without lights, also
had to keep an eye out for freighters and pleasure boats that would be cruising
in the busy Straits of Florida.
"At first I wasn't able to get my feet in the footstraps," he says, "because
there wasn't enough wind for my sail. But as I got farther out and was able to
get fully powered up, I began feeling more confident. The swells were very
steep, maybe four or five meters, and I was going so fast I had no choice but to
jump them."
AS he recalls the moment, Lester rises from his chair, plants his bare feet
on the tile floor and extends his thin arms, grasping an imaginary boom. He
begins in English, "Wind coming, coming, coming
out, out, out
is
very strong." He's hanging in his invisible harness now, arms stretched wide,
eyes lit up, flying over the waves. "Whoosh!" he cries. "Is good!"
For 10 hours he rode the wind, never once fearing failure, or drowning. He
thought of his family and how worried they would be when they discovered he was
missing. But he wasn't alone out there. "Ever since I left, I could see the
sharks coming out and in, coming up on the board. I was hoping and thinking they
were dolphins, but when the sun came up, I could see there was no way they were
dolphins."
Around daybreak, the aluminum boom broke, separating the connection to the
mast like pieces of a wishbone. He tried fixing the boom with his knife but
couldn't, 50 he sailed on, clutching the pieces of the broken wishbone. This
made control of the board extremely difficult, and he couldn't rest in the
harness he had rigged. "My arms and hands were getting really tired, but by then
I could already see the big kites of the fishermen, so I wasn't really worried.
When I saw the freighter, I tried to point [into the wind] as much as I could
and sail toward it."
A similar crossing was made in January 1984, by Arnaud de Rosnay, a Frenchman
who boardsailed from Key West to Cuba as a personal challenge and a publicity
stunt. De Rosnay, one of the best boardsailors in the world, had sailed in
daylight with a chase boat. His trip included two stops for repairs and two
stops to rest, and he completed the crossing in about seven hours. (In November
of the same year, de Rosnay vanished while trying to cross the Straits of
Formosa.) But only a month before Lester's odyssey, another young Cuban had
perished attempting to reach the Keys in a raft.
Not surprisingly, Hollywood has come knocking on Lester's door. "The story is
a natural,' says Paul Madden, the president of Madden Movies. "It's Rocky and
The Old Man and the Sea in one. If this picture is done right, by the end of it
the audience will be standing up in the theater and cheering." Madden might not
be one of those doing the cheering; he was outbid for the rights to Lester's
story by Ron Howard's Imagine Films.
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PAGE
9
(c) 1990 Time Inc., Sports Illustrated, April 23, 1990
Lester has handled the movie offers -- assumed to have reached six figures ---
and the media blitz with uncommon courtesy and self-assurance. A new
acquaintance has even invited him to spend the summer at Hood River, Ore., where
he will be able to jump the formidable swells of the Columbia River. This sounds
good to Lester. But right now, one of his teenage friends has invited him to go
sailing off Miami Beach. That sounds like the most fun of all.
GRAPHIC: Picture 1, Before he was free to sail Miami's waters, Lester spent five
days under detention. descColor: Lester Moreno Perez., RAUL DE MOLINA/SHOOTING
STAR; Picture 2, So far, Lester, who is 17, likes what he has tasted of life in
the U.S. descColor: Lester Moreno Perez., BRIAN SMITH; Picture 3, Lester -- with
his new surfboard - has been living at Great-aunt Ana's house in Hialeah.
descColor: Lester Moreno Perez, Ana Perez., BRIAN SMITH
LEXIS® NEXIS® LEXIS® NEXIS® ®
Captine Nations
U.P.
Secretary Derminski
Deputy Sec. Eaglebmger.
Bechy Anderson
ADA
is teleprompter
right?
REMARKS FOR CAPTIVE NATIONS WEEK: July 23-28, 1990
NSC Contact: Nick Burns, x6849
Steve Benko, x3684
Bob Hutchings
status: materials being sent
Presidential Remarks: Captive Nations Week
Report of July, 20, 1990
Nations
Beth,
captiproelomation
I. Enclosed are the following materials:
s
1. James Baker: Speech in Prague: February 8, 1990
2. Declaration of the NATO Summit in London: July 6,
1990-Talt sheet
3. Remarks by the President to the:
-Chamber of Commerce: April 30, 1990
-Oklahoma State Univ. Commencement: May 4, 1990
-Univ. of South Carolina Commencement: May 12, 1990
4. Speech by Vaclav Havel: October 15, 1989.
5. Unclassified State Department materials on the three Baltic
States, and eastern European nations.
6. Classified NSC materials on "Changes in Eastern Europe."
II. Steve Benko in NSC suggested that the "captive nations" be
organized in the following categories:
SUCCESS STORIES: Czechoslovakia (President Havel)
Hungary (President Goncz)
Poland (Prime Minister Mazoiecki)
SOME PROBLEMS:
East Germany (Prime Minister De Maziere)
Yugoslavia
BIG PROBLEMS:
Bulgaria
Romania
Steve had the following suggestion: Begin the speech with
praise for the success stories (this should be happy speech, he
says) and then towards the end say something like, "But the
struggle for Democracy is not over. We must continue. " and
then refer to the problem countries. Finally, he pointed out
that the President's piece of the Berlin Wall was given to him by
Havel.
FORMAT
(Hinchliffe/Garmey)
July 20, 1990 6:26 p.m.
NATIONS
PRESIDENTIAL REMARKS: CAPTIVE NATIONS DAY
?
Welcome to every one of you able to be here for this extra-
ordinary day. We're celebrating the miracle of the past year,
rejoicing at the dawn of new hope. Today is the first Captive
Nations Day in 32 years when the atmosphere is joyous. 11 And
it's special to be here in the Rose Garden where we can
no
rases
commemorate freedom with the pure beauty of the Peace Rose.
in
Today, above all, we honor the little ones: the future
R.G.
generation of the newly freed lands that were, only a year ago,
still held in regimented gray captivity. We celebrate that their
futures are now bright and limitless. On behalf of all of us in
the free world, I dedicate this day to the Children of Freedom. 11
With us today are some of these youngsters -- children of
Hungary and Poland and Czechoslovakia and other countries which
are still breathing deeply of the exhilarating air of emanci-
pation. These children's eager eyes and bright smiles tell us:
"We believe in ourselves and in our homelands. We can now dare
to dream for the rainbows just beyond our bright new horizons.
What an amazing year this has been. A year of technicolor
glory in lands that had been defined by black watchtowers, gray
sameness and the drab emptiness of lost dreams. Now children are
free to paint the futures of their countries in the broad, color-
ful strokes of childhood's limitless dreams and imaginations. III
One of my grandchildren is afraid of the dark, of what may
wait in the blackness. His fears can be allayed by a simple
2
nightlight. But when the little ones here were Children of
Captivity, they lived in fear thoughout the whole day -- because
blackness was all they knew. Now a bold and brilliant light has
been turned on, to chase away the nightmares of the unknown.
How powerful an image is light. The light of Lady Liberty
-- the beacon of freedom for an entire world. The light of hope
kept alive in captive hearts -- millions and millions of points
of light that even decades of repression could not dim. 111
The Revolution of '89 was a stunning -- thrilling -- event.
Even as we were at this ceremony last year -- telling the world
we were keeping faith with those who were oppressed -- the very
people who were in our hearts were taking their lives into their
own hands and crafting an unforgettable year of triumph. The
triumph of warm hearts over cold stone. The triumph of the
toppling of walls -- both visible and invisible. The triumph of
people declaring they would control their own destinies. 11
And what a legacy this has left for those who will be the
future of our world.
Those like tiny Joshua Laine. For seven months, this
Nexus/
abandoned Rumanian baby, like 40,000 others, had lain in one of
lexus
printont
your
Ceausescu's unthinkable warehouse orphanages. Sunk in a hole in
his mattress, his physical world was as limited and hopeless as
1st
15thame
his future. When liberation and humanity came, a couple was
allowed to adopt him. Now Joshua has love
freedom
a future.
Those like the children of East German Joachim Luchesi pron.)
Still in their nightclothes, they were passed up from friendly xerox.
hand to friendly hand to have the celebratory thrill of sitting 11/9/89
11
368
20
7.4
3
7300
on top of the Brandenburg Gate that unbelievable, miraculous dawn
when decades of borders and suspicion dissolved into dust. 11
When we were in Eastern Europe last year, Barbara and I
tasted some of the heady euphoria of this birth of freedom. We
were deeply moved as this historic vision swept across a
continent that will some day be a Europe whole and free. 11
And I continue to be moved by what I see and hear through-
out the rest of the world, where unfinished revolutions continue
2000
one individual story at a time. In the Americas, where a brave
who
man in a bloody shirt triumphed over the lead-pipe politics of
less
repression. In Asia, where iron tanks were met by the iron will
of a lone student. In Africa, where a proud man ended 10,000 days
hech
of prison and began the final steps on his walk to freedom. 111
A few weeks ago I met with other NATO leaders in London. We
Dan.
rejoiced at the recent events: the start of what we call The Age
of Freedom. But we also toiled long and hard to prepare for the
NATO.
future. Work has begun -- brilliantly, explosively -- but work
CS
must continue. For peace is more than just the absence of war.
Alongside the louder success stories of nations, we also
hear quiet stories of individuals who, even in darkness, could
see the vision of liberty. Those who have risked everything in
countries not yet free. The countries we must still remem ber
today. The desperate people we must still remember today.
We tell these tales of solitary heroism because we need to
celebrate the deeper successes: those made not of gold and silk,
but of better hearts and finer souls. 11
B.H.
Stories of boys like Quang Trinh. A young Vietnamese teen-
4
ager, he almost died escaping from the shattered life of a coun-
try where he had seen his mother killed, his father jailed, his
brothers' spirits broken. Quang fled the only life he had known
for freedom. He jumped into shark-infested waters
for free-
dom. He starved in delirium
for freedom. After he was finally
rescued and told he could enter the U.S., he wept all night long.
When did something touch our lives so completely that we
cried for joy throughout the night? We have grown used to our
freedom. We wear it casually. But Quang's sense of wonder holds
a mirror to us. He calls America "freedom country." How many of
us have stopped to think of our homeland in those terms. III
You know, on my desk in the Oval Office I have two mementos
with me at all times. One represents "old freedom": the legacy
of a country whose entire history has been brave and proud and
free. It's a tiny American flag, given to me in an Army hospital
by a soldier wounded fighting to free our friends in Panama.
The other souvenir represents the "new freedom." It's a piece
of the Berlin Wall, one of the very first chiseled from that
horrifying affront to humanity. I keep it in front of me always,
as a reminder of the miracle which unified hearts can achieve.
So as old and new come together into a single vision, we
celebrate for ourselves and for the Children of Freedom. But we
also remember the Children of Captivity. Here today sit children
who are joyous reminders of nations which have found freedom.
But there are also some empty chairs
reminders of countries
where childhood is still locked behind barriers of despair.
Let us all work together so that next year those empty
5
chairs will be filled with children whose countries are finally
free. Let us pray together that when we gather again, the pure
light of liberty will shine in an unbroken glow across our entire
planet. And that the next Captive Nations Day will be the last.
As inspiration, we recall the proud words of the Polish
National Anthem: "Poland has not perished, as long as we live." "
11 Together, let all the peoples of the world join hands and
pledge: "Freedom has not perished, as long as we live."
God bless you, and all the children of our world.
A me and
sure about
this
2
THE WHITE HOUSE
Office of the Press Secretary
London, England
For Immediate Release
July 0, 1530
FACT SHEET
Checklist of Key Initiatives in the
London Declaration
The London Declaration includes nineteen initiatives to set a new
course for the North Atlantic Alliance and help shape the new
Europe. They fall into four broad categories, as follows:
1. Reaching out to old adversaries
-- pledge "never in any circumstance" to be "the first to
use force."
-- propose a joint declaration of NATO and Warsaw Pact
member states making a commitment to non-aggression,
open to other CSCE states.
-- invite Gorbachev and other Eastern leaders to address
the North Atlantic Council.
-- invite Warsaw Pact member governments to establish
regular diplomatic liaison with NATO.
-- intensify military-to-military contacts, including
visits by NATO military commanders to Eastern capitals.
2. Change character of conventional defense
-- keep CFE in session until treaty is done.
-- pledge that follow-on talks will include measures to
limit military manpower in Europe and, with this goal
in mind, a commitment will be made at time of CFE
signing concerning the manpower levels of forces of a
united Germany.
-- look beyond CFE to a new conventional arms control
negotiations which will seek "further far-reaching
measures in the 1990s to limit the offensive capability
of conventional armed forces in Europe, so as to
prevent any nation from maintaining disproportionate
military power on the continent."
K
- 2 -
-- move away from 'forward defense' and field smaller and
restructured active forces that are more flexible,
scaling back readiness of active units, reducing number
of exercises and relying more heavily on the ability to
build up larger forces if and when they might be
needed.
-- rely increasingly on multinational corps made up of
national units.
3.
Adopt a new NATO nuclear strategy
--
Adopt a new nuclear strategy
-- propose to eliminate all NATO nuclear artillery shells
from Europe, once SNF negotiations begin, if the Soviet
Union will reciprocate.
-- modify 'flexible response' to reduce reliance on
nuclear weapons and adopt a new strategy making nuclear
forces truly weapons of last resort.
4.
Help build a Europe whole and free through strengthening the
CSCE
--
agree that CSCE Summit should endorse new standards for
free societies on free elections the rule of law,
economic cooperation, and environmental protection.
--
set up regular consultations at ministerial or head of
government level at least once each year.
--
schedule major review conferences at least once every
two years.
--
establish a secretariat to coordinate the meetings and
conferences.
--
set up a mechanism to monitor elections.
--
create a center for the prevention of conflict.
--
form a CSCE parliament, the Assembly of Europe.
K
UNCLASSIFIED
S
THE BALTIC STATES: LITHUANIA, LATVIA, AND ESTONIA
I. U.S. NONRECOGNITION POLICY
The U.S. remains firmly committed to the nonrecognition
of the forcible incorporation of the Baltic States into
the Soviet Union.
We regard the status of the Baltic States' inclusion
into the USSR as significantly different from other
Soviet republics.
II. U.S. POSITION ON INDEPENDENCE
President Bush said on April 24 that the hallmark of our
policy is that the American people feel that the
independence and self-determination of Lithuania is
fundamentally right.
We continue to encourage the concerned parties to start
a meaningful dialogue. We wish to discourage hardening
of positions or actions leading to further violence.
In addition our position must address our interests in a
freer and less militarily threatening Soviet Union.
III.
CSCE PARTICIPATION
The U.S. would welcome the participation of the Baltic
States in the CSCE process at an appropriate time and
supports their efforts to have a hearing at this session.
IV.
PRESENT SITUATION
With some nuances, all three Baltic States have now
declared their commitment to the process leading to
independence. Gorbachev has reacted strongly against
all three states, although only Lithuania so far has
been blockaded economically.
The Lithuanians have agreed to a "moratorium" in
exchange for negotiations with Moscow. This does not
mean acceptance of Soviet sovereignty. Talks may start
in September, according to Lithuanian reports.
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
BULGARIA
The Bulgarian elections resulted in a slim majority for
the Bulgarian Socialist (formerly Communist) Party
(BSP). Although the election period was marred by
serious inequities in the allocation of resources and
widespread intimidation by local officials, all the
parties have agreed to accept the election results.
--
The BSP holds 211 of the 400 seats in the National
Assembly; the Union of Democratic Forces (UDF),
144; the Rights and Freedoms Movement (which
represents primarily the Muslim minority), 23; and
the Agrarian Party (BANU), 16.
The BSP has said it does not want to form a one-party
government. The UDF and the Rights and Freedoms
Movement have stated they will not form a coalition with
the BSP. BANU has said it will not form a coalition
with the BSP alone.
|
Both the UDF and the BSP have floated the idea of a
"non-partisan government of experts" to tackle the
challenge of economic and political reform. The
UDF has now rejected that idea, at least for the
present, and VOWS to remain a "constructive
opposition." Their ambitious legislative program
includes plans to submit draft laws on economic
reform, local elections, the militia and access to
media. After these laws are passed, and after the
local elections, they would again consider the
concept of "a government of experts."
Although there were initial protests in Sofia and other
major cities (where the opposition party had done much
better than it did in the countryside) after the
elections, the situation now is calm and orderly. A
number of peaceful demonstrations continue around the
country.
President Mladenov resigned on July 6 in response to
public protest over a remark he make in December,
suggesting that tanks be brought in to quell a large
anti-government demonstration. A new president will be
chosen by a two-thirds vote of the National Assembly.
UNCLASSIFIED
Czechoslovakia Update
The Civic Forum/Public Against Violence coalition, led by
President Vaclav Havel, won a resounding victory in this
month's parliamentary election.
--
The parliament will name a new government later this
month. We expect that this government will continue
the positive trends of democratic pluralism and
economic restructuring.
--
Constitutional and legal changes enshrining
democratic, liberal ideals will continue to be enacted.
The new government is also expected to introduce
further reform measures intended to strengthen market
mechanisms and accelerate Czechoslovakia's economic
integration into the West.
The democratic leadership of Czechoslovakia still faces
significant challenges.
The Czechoslovak environment was badly damaged under
40 years of Communist rule. The cleanup process will
be slow and expensive.
The Czechoslovak economy, while not overburdened with
debt or suffering serious consumer shortages, still
suffers from structural distortions that must be
addressed by reform legislation.
Czechs and Slovaks will use the process of
constitutional reform to address local and ethnic
desires for flexible governing and power sharing.
The Czechoslovak leadership has told the West that the
Czechoslovaks do not need outright aid, but rather,
integration into Western trade nd financial systems.
U.S. policy toward Czechoslovakia seeks to build an
economic partnership through liberalized trade relations;
to strengthen cultural and academic ties through
establishment of new cultural centers and a new consulate
in Bratislava; and to work with Czechoslovakia's new
leaders to ensure that the country serves as a model for
reform in East-Central Europe.
6/90
1312
ECONOMIC FACT SHEET - CZECHOSLOVAKIA
1986 1987 1988
1989*
Socioeconomic Indicators
Population (million at midyear)
15.5
15.6
15.6
15.6
Economic Indicators
Estimated Real GNP (B. 1988 USD)
154.5
156.0
158.2
159.7
Real GNP Growth (%)
2.1
1.0
1.4
1.0
Real GNP Per Capita Growth (%)
1.3
0.3
0.7
0.5
Consumer Price Index** (1980=100)
109
110
111
112
International Transactions
(in Millions of US $)
Total Exports
21,391
24,536
26,507
NA
Exports to USSR
9,414
10,912
11,794
NA
Total Imports
22,066
24,407
26,144
NA
Imports from USSR
10,098
10,706
10,731
NA
Hard Currency Exports
4,585
4,761
5,336
NA
Hard Currency Imports
4,287
4,904
5,458
NA
Hard Currency Balance of Trade***
297
-144
-120
210
External Finance
Gross External Debt (Billion US$)
4.5
5.8
6.1*
6.7
Gross Debt/GNP (%)
2.9
3.7
3.9*
3.8
Debt-Service Ratio (%)
16
15
16
16
Average Foreign Exchange Rate (C/$)
5.95
5.48
5.22
13.84****
*preliminary estimates
**the official index of personal consumption in current prices was
deflated by a calculated index of personal consumption in constant prices.
***Data derived from PlanEcon. Non-socialist trade presumed to be hard
currency trade.
****January 8, 1990 Czechoslovakia devalued its currency to match the
black market rate of 38 crowns/dollar for tourists and 17 crowns/dollar
for business transactions with Western companies.
Source: CIA unclassified documents except where indicated.
-2- (a)
1986
1987
1988
1989*
Growth in Gross Investment
1.4
4.4
3.1
3.0
Growth in GNP
2.1
1.0
1.4
0.5
Average Annual Growth of
Gross Insustrial Output:
(percent)
All Industry
3.2
2.5
2.1
1.1
Electricity Generation
4.9
2.5
1.6
2.5
Chemicals & Oil Refining
4.0
3.2
2.1
0.1
Machine Building
4.9
4.0
2.9
0.6
Glass & China
1.8
1.7
6.1
5.9
Textiles
2.5
1.6
2.4
1.7
Apparel
1.9
1.6
2.3
5.6
Investment in Fixed Capital
(percent shares)
Industry (total)
38.51
40.81
42.12
43.92
Machine Building
6.28
7.82
7.67
7.69
Electrical engineering,
electronics, metal products
3.20
3.48
3.60
3.66
Agriculture
14.66
13.79
13.33
13.00
Construction & related activity
5.24
5.02
4.68
4.41
Transport (total)
10.57
9.78
9.35
9.05
(Billion, current crowns)
Disposable Income
367.8
379.7
396.3
405.0
Total Personal Consumption
349.5
379.7
396.3
405.0
Total Savings
18.3
19.4
17.3
14.0
Change in Income
11.6
11.9
16.6
8.7
Change in Consumption
8.3
10.8
18.7
12.0
Change in Savings
3.3
1.1
-2.1
-3.3
(a) All data on page 2 derived from PlanEcon sources.
* Preliminary Estimate
GERMAN DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC
The GDR has undergone dramatic political and economic
reform since Autumn 1989, culminating in its first democratic
elections on March 18. GDR supporters of FRG Chancellor Kohl's
plan for speedy unification, the Alliance for Germany (GDR
Christian Democratic Party, Democratic Awakening and German
Social Union), won a surprising victory with 47% of the vote.
The GDR Social Democratic Party received 23% and the Party of
Democratic Socialism (former Communists) won 17%. All other
parties won 5% or less of the vote. The Alliance, the SPD and
the Liberal parties have joined in a grand governing coalition
led by Prime Minister Lothar de Maiziere, a Christian Democrat.
Local elections for thousands of local officials were held
on May 6, and the Alliance retained a strong, although reduced,
plurality. It is anticipated that the GDR will reconstitute
the Laender (states) later this summmer, with subsequent
elections for Laender officials on October 14.
Unification of the two Germanys has proceeded at a rapid
pace. On July 1, the GDR and FRG entered into a monetary and
social union, in which the GDR adopted the FRG economic
system. A second state treaty on unification is currently
under discussion.
The decisive element which pushed the GDR to reform was the
massive emigration from the GDR to the FRG. Some 350,000 East
Germans left the GDR in 1989, and approximately 150,000 more
came to the FRG in the first half of 1990. Emigration declined
substantially in the wake of the election and the prospects of
speedy unification.
The Two-plus-Four (FRG, GDR, US, UK, France, USSR) have
begun discussions on the termination of Four Power rights and
responsibilities with regard to Germany. The first ministerial
meeting was held in Bonn on May 5, the second ministerial took
place in Berlin on June 27, and the third was held in Paris on
July 17. The four agenda items agreed upon are: 1) borders, 2)
Berlin, 3) political-military issues, and 4) preparation of a
final settlement and termination of Four Power rights and
responsibilities. Poland was a participant in the
Two-plus-Four talks when its borders were discussed by the
Two-plus-Four Foreign Ministers in Paris in July. Krzystof
Skubiszewski, the Polish Foreign Minister, declared that Poland
was satisfied with the outcome of that meeting. The Ministers
will meet again in Moscow on September 12.
The U.S. goal in the Two-plus-Four talks is to terminate
and transfer all Four Power rights to a fully sovereign
Germany. As Secretary Baker said at the May 5 Two-plus-Four
meeting, "the primary purpose of this Two-plus-Four process is
to facilitate the unity of the two Germanys as the German
people decide their future on the basis of free and democratic
self-determination."
-2-
The United States opposes any efforts to single out Germany
through imposition of limitations on German sovereignty. We
also view Two-plus-Four as a "steering group," directing to
appropriate fora those external issues related to German
unification that can best be decided elsewhere, such as CFE,
CSBM or CSCE.
Security issues concerning a unified Germany are of major
importance. The U.S. position, supported by the FRG, the other
Allies, neutrals, and some members of the Warsaw Pact, is that
a unified Germany must be a member of NATO. On July 16, the
Soviet Union declared that the united Germany will have the
right to choose to belong to whichever military alliance it
wishes. The new GDR government also supports a united
Germany's membership in NATO.
Four-Power rights will be terminated some time in the fall,
all-German elections are scheduled for December 2, and the new
government of a united Germany is expected to take office after
the first of the year. The new, united and sovereign Germany
is expected to conclude a border treaty with Poland shortly
after unification.
Drafted: EUR/CE: PKIto. SWalsh
SECE 1610 7/19/90 x73020
Cleared: EUR/CE: CBSkinner Pofor
EUR/CE: PShostal
HUNGARY: POLITICAL FACT SHEET
Hungary became a western-style parliamentary democracy
after successfully holding two rounds of parliamentary
elections March 25 and April 8.
The Hungarian Democratic Forum (MDF) won a plurality
in both rounds, gaining the largest number of seats
(165) in the 394-member Parliament.
Prime Minister Jozsef Antall of the MDF formed a governing
coalition on May 23 with the Independent Smallholders
and
the Christian Democratic People's Party.
The coalition controls 60 percent of the seats in
Parliament.
Parliament elected opposition Free Democrat Arpad Goncz as
Acting President on May 2.
A referendum on July 29 will determine whether the
President should be elected by direct popular vote or
by Parliament.
The Free Democrats (92 seats) and the Hungarian Socialist
(reform Communist) Party (33 seats) form part of the
opposition. The hard line communist party (Hungarian
Socialist Workers Party) failed to reach the 4 percent
threshold for inclusion in Parliament.
--
Chairmanships in Parliament's 15 committees are
distributed according to party representation.
Local elections, which will further cement Hungary's
transition to democracy, will be held September 30.
Hungary is transforming its foreign policy to a more
western orientation.
Hungary is spearheading efforts to restructure the
Warsaw Treaty Organization (WTO). It will no longer
participate in WTO military maneuvers and seeks the
earliest possible negotiated withdrawal from the
organization.
Hungary has applied for membership in the Council of
Europe and has a trade and cooperation agreement with
the European Community, in which it also seeks full
membership.
FACT SHEET: HUNGARIAN ECONOMIC REFORM
Hungary began its economic reform process in 1968 with "the
New Economic Mechanism", which began the process of
economic decentralization and introduced changes in the
agrarian sector.
Since 1987, the GOH has made great progress in reforming
the tax and banking systems and in reducing price and
import controls. Currently, less than 23% of prices are
government controlled.
-- In 1989, Hungary became the first East European nation
to re-open its stock exchange.
The Hungarian economy deteriorated in 1989 partly due to a
lack of fiscal control. The economy is plagued by a
massive foreign debt burden ($20.7 billion), the highest
per capita in Eastern Europe.
-- The Antall Government has rejected debt rescheduling
in favor of servicing current debt and has maintained
Hungary's IMF stand-by arrangement
Prior to 1990, successive IMF stand-by arrangements had not
succeeded in getting the Hungarians to address several of
their fundamental economic problems: subsidies, exchange
rate policy, etc.
The GOH and IMF have agreed on a new policy which aims
directly at these issues. Prime Minister Antall has stated
publicly that his government will abide by the previous
government's agreement with the IMF.
-- The GOH will launch bankruptcy proceedings against 34
companies which will be privatized or liquidated.
|
In late December, Parliament passed a crisis budget to
slash the budget deficit from about $800 million to
$160 million by cutting consumer and producer
subsidies, trimming defense costs, raising rents and
taxing liquor, cigarettes, and fuels. The Government
has recently proposed new measures to hold down the
budget deficit.
- 2 -
O
Hungary has permitted extensive private and cooperative
sectors and has attracted significant amounts of foreign
direct investment. General Electric and General Motors
have recently agreed to significant investments in Hungary.
-- Among other USG assistance programs, America is
seeking to promote Hungary's private sector with a $60
million authorization for the Enterprise Fund, of
which $5 million was appropriated for this year.
-- Nevertheless, the Hungarian privatization program ran
into rising public sentiment against selling the
national patrimony at bargain basement prices.
o
The economy continues to be plagued by excessive
subsidization, protection of inefficient enterprises, and
inefficient firms protected by CEMA trading patterns.
Foreign Minister Rabar announced in late June that the
forint should become publicly convertible by 1991.
FACT SHEET: U.S. ECONOMIC ASSISTANCE
U.S. earmarked assistance to Hungary under the SEED Act is
modest ($60 million over three years). Hungary can benefit
from a share of an additional $69 million under the SEED
Act which is not earmarked for either country.
--
The Hungarians are particularly interested in
assistance to develop small and medium-sized
enterprises.
Status of U.S. Assistance Initiatives
Under the SEED Act of 1989, approximately $10 million of
economic assistance is planned for Hungary in 1990,
including:
|
The Enterprise Fund: The major assistance project in
Hungary is the enterprise fund, which is authorized at
$60 million over three years. The Enterprise fund was
well received in Hungary. John Whitehead is the
chairman of the fund while Alex Tomlinson has been
appointed its director.
|
Democratic Initiatives: A.I.D. has already provided
$255,000 for democratic initiatives in FY 1989 through
the National Endowment for Democracy. Both the
National Republican and National Democratic Institutes
sent people to Hungary for election training. Another
$1 million went towards pre-election support for
opposition parties in the 1990 parliamentary elections
and continues to assist in building democratic
institutions.
Regional Environment Center: $5 million has been
authorized for the establishment in Budapest of an
environmental clearinghouse for all of Eastern
Europe. Draft by-laws have already been written, and
the center should be operational by September.
Other programs for technical training, scholarships,
education and cultural exchanges, and labor reforms.
The U.S. also plans to contribute $1 million to the
OECD Center for Transitional Economies to be based in
Paris.
- 2 -
U.S. ECONOMIC ASSISTANCE (Cont.)
FY 1991 Assistance
O
The administration has sent a request to Congress for a
$300 million appropriation for Eastern Europe for FY 1991.
To allow the administration maximum flexibility in
allocating the funds, no country-specific earmarks were
requested. Therefore, we do not know how much money
Hungary will receive in FY 91.
Other Assistance
--
We signed a bilateral tourism agreement to encourage
and facilitate travel between our nations;
We have undertaken an energy cooperation initiative
to exchange information and views on energy trade and
technology issues;
--
We have lifted many restrictions on Hungarian
diplomatic and journalist activity in our country;
--
We have normalized our trade relations by granting
Hungary permanent most-favored nation (MFN) trading
status; and
|
We supported Hungary's efforts to join the Western
economic community through both advice on economic
restructuring and consultations with our West European
allies.
|
We determined last fall that Hungary could benefit
from the U.S. Generalized System of Preferences, which
significantly lowers tariff rates on certain products.
We have informed the EC that we do not plan to
participate in the EC's $1 billion structural
adjustment loan for Hungary.
Structural Adjustment Loan
O
The Department of Treasury approved a $100 million SAL to
Hungary. This was part of a larger BIS bridge loan package
which the Antall Government requested.
OLD TEXT: ((The Antall Government has requested U.S.
support for a BIS bridge loan. Treasury is now considering
joining with BIS on the loan. A/S Dallara should be ready to
answer on questions on the U.S. position on the loan.))
POLAND
POLITICAL FACT SHEET
O
Local Elections
Although the voter turnout of 42 percent was
disappointing, the May 27 local elections results
represented a major triumph for Mazowiecki and the
Citizens Committees.
The elections clear the way for political reforms in
local areas where entrenched bureaucracies have
impeded the economic and political change. With the
enormous personnel changeover, there will be a great
need for training of new local officials in such areas
as tax collection and city management.
Walesa Bid for Presidency
--
Beginning in May, Lech Walesa launched a campaign to
unseat Jaruzelski as president and began vigorous
attacks on the Mazowiecki government.
Mazowiecki and the leadership of the parliamentary
Solidarity caucus (OKP) oppose any near-term change in
the presidency, insisting that Poland needs continued
political stability during the implementation phase of
the economic program. Mazowiecki and the OKP favor a
new constitution by spring 1991 which would include
parliamentary elections and election of a president.
|
The public reacted coolly to Walesa's ambitions. In
recent days, he has stopped criticizing Mazowiecki,
and has indicated he will put aside his plans for the
time being.
o
Labor Unrest
In May, a widespread railway strike broke out in the
city of Slupsk and soon spread throughout the
northwestern part of Poland including the major ports
of Gdansk and Gdynia.
-- The strikers failed to attract public sympathy. On
May 28, after intervention by Lech Walesa, they agreed
to suspend the strike for two weeks and return to work.
International Issues
I
Polish concerns about their border with Germany have
significantly diminished in recent weeks although
procedural differences with the Germans on resolving
the issue remain. The Poles are pleased to have been
invited to the July Two-plus-Four ministerial.
- 2 -
--
The Poles continue to press for strengthening of CSCE
as a major foreign policy goal.
--
Relations with the Soviets have been smooth despite
Poland's independent foreign policy which has included
support for German NATO membership. Mazowiecki favors
substantial reductions in Soviet troops in Poland.
POLAND
Economic Fact Sheet
Economic Program
On January 1, the Mazowiecki Government undertook
economic "shock therapy" aimed at stabilizing and
restructuring the economy.
-- The program included tight fiscal and monetary
policies, wage growth controls, and "internal"
convertibility of the zloty.
After five months the stabilization program has worked
fairly well. Inflation is down from a peak of 78% for
the month of January to under 5% per month.
Nevertheless, on an annual basis, inflation is still
very high. Poland's economic program calls for
getting inflation down to 1% per month by the last
quarter of the year.
-- The zloty-dollar exchange rate has held firm at
9500 zlotys to the dollar. Poland hard currency
reserves increased by $1.5 billion during the first
quarter.
-- The recent railway workers strike threatened to
disrupt the stabilization program. For this reason,
the government refused to approve wage increases for
the railway workers.
-- Poland's IMF standby-arrangement was approved in
early February. To date, the World Bank has approved
two project loans. A structural adjustment loan and
additional project and sectoral loans are pending
World Bank approval.
Economic stabilization has occurred at a price.
Production and incomes were down about 30% during the
first quarter. Unemployment at the end of May was
443,000 people (the IMF estimated that about 180,00 of
this total were not job losers).
The restructuring program has proceeded relatively
slowly. The Mazowiecki Government's privatization
bill, covering large state-owned enterprises, is still
tied up in the parliament.
-- Some small scale restructuring has taken place.
For example, direct sales from the back of trucks is
competing with state outlets for consumer sales.
-2-
Foreign Trade
o
Poland's foreign trade performance to date has been
much better than expected. The hard currency trade
surplus after four months is about $1.2 million. Hard
currency exports are up 7% while hard currency imports
are down about 20%.
ROMANIA: POLITICAL SITUATION
Popular Revolt: A popular uprising, supported by the army,
overthrew the 24-year-old Ceausescu regime on December 22, 1989,
and brought to power a coalition called the National Salvation
Front (NSF), which pledged to build a pluralistic democracy and
liberalize the economy.
The NSF, which contains many former communist officials,
continued to dominate the interim government, even after
the establishment in early February of a multiparty
quasi-parliament, the Provisional Council of National Unity.
o
Political Reforms: The Communist Party's leading role in
society has been abandoned; the party organization has
apparently collapsed. All political prisoners have been
amnestied. Freedom of expression, religion and travel have been
expanded considerably. Full rights and equality for Romania's
ethnic minorities have been promised, although a mid-March
outbreak of violence between ethnic Hungarians and Romanians in
the Transylvanian town of Tirgu Mures demonstrated the continued
volatility of minority issues.
o
Elections: With over 400 international observers present,
interim President Ion Iliescu and the NSF won a landslide
victory in elections held on May 20, the first multiparty
elections in a half century.
The electoral process was marred by intimidation of
opposition candidates and supporters, the NSF's
unrestricted, overwhelming access to government resources
and the broadcast media, and impediments to free
distribution of independent newspapers and opposition
campaign literature. Concerns over secret police
manipulation of the political process were also voiced.
Other parties represented in the new parliament include the
Hungarian Democratic Union, the National Liberal and
Peasants parties, and the Romanian Ecological Movement.
o
National Issues: The new parliament is charged with writing a
democratic constitution and preparing for the next elections
within two years. The elected government will have to build
democratic structures, establish a working dialogue with the
political opposition, reform the economy, reassure the Romanian
people that the secret police have been truly dismantled, and
work to resolve the country's deep ethnic divisions.
o
Relations with U.S.: The U.S. has stated that consideration of
long-term trade and assistance programs with Romania, including
MFN restoration, will depend on that country's continued
movement toward democracy and economic liberalization. This
will be especially true in view of our concerns arising out of
the May elections.
UNCLASSIFIED
ROMANIA: ECONOMIC FACT SHEET
Economic Trends
O
GNP fell an estimated 1.5% in 1989. The downward trend
continues with the economy still reeling from the effects
of the December revolution. First quarter industrial
production dropped 20% compared to first quarter 1989, and
there are no signs of recovery.
Inflation, not yet a problem, could soar if price controls
are lifted because of the enormous monetary overhang.
Unemployment is estimated at 5-7% and rising.
Hard Currency Trade and Debt
Ceauescu's draconian policies resulted in the near
elimination of foreign debt by the end of 1989.
To bolster domestic supplies after the revolution, hard
currency exports were cut 40% this year through March
compared to first quarter 1989, while imports rose 75%.
Gross debt now is some $500 million and growing, as imports
of needed medicine, consumer goods, and capital goods rise.
Trade with the USSR
Soviet trade has become more important to Romania with the
rise in Soviet energy deliveries, which now make up half of
Soviet exports to Romania compared with 28% in 1980.
Romania imports 25% of its energy, 10% from the USSR.
Data is unavailable, but the USSR's share of Romanian trade
probably has risen since 1985, when it was 22%.
Status of Economic Reform
The newly elected government of former Ceausescu officials
has yet to prepare a comprehensive economic reform program.
There are no plans for currency convertibility.
The government envisions 70% of the economy in private
hands in three years, but has not yet adopted a
privatization plan. Only small retail and service
businesses have emerged so far-in the private sector.
The government's brutal crackdown on dissent after the June
election suggests that the political environment necessary
for market-oriented reforms to take root and flourish is
still a long way off.
UNCLASSIFIED
YUGOSLAVIA
Two of Yugoslavia's six constituent republics -- Slovenia
and Croatia -- held free and fair elections this spring,
electing noncommunist governments.
Elections at the federal level and in the remaining
republics should take place before the end of the year,
although the Serbian republic government has not yet agreed.
The new governments in Croatia and Slovenia are seeking a
looser, confederal system for Yugoslavia; discussions among
the republic leaderships and federal authorities on the
future shape of Yugoslavia have begun.
While it is for the Yugoslavs alone to decide under what
constitutional arrangements they wish to live, the U.S.
Government supports the unity and territorial integrity of
Yugoslavia.
The situation in Serbia's Autonomous Province of Kosovo,
however, could undermine efforts to work out a new formula
peacefully.
--
Serbian pressure has driven Kosovo's Albanian majority
almost to the point of declaring a separate republic.
--
This would trigger a violent Serbian reaction;
Slovenia and Croatia would oppose Serbian efforts to
use force to reestablish control over Kosovo.
On the economic front, Prime Minister Markovic's
tight-money policies and creation of a stable, convertible
currency have stopped Yugoslavia's hyperinflation.
Privatization and modernization are now key priorities for
the Markovic government. To make more money available, it
sought a Paris Club rescheduling, but the USG cannot
support a rescheduling at this time, given Yugoslavia's
strong foreign exchange position ($8.5 billion surplus).
Markovic has taken this hard.
Our effort to support the Markovic reforms with US
technical expertise in areas of management and finance is
moving ahead.
--
Yugoslavia will be eligible for monies under SEED II
and AID will make available about $200,000 from
current fiscal year funds.
YUGOSLAVIA: ECONOMIC SITUATION
Economic Shock Therapy
On January 1, the government of Prime Minister Ante
Markovic put into effect an economic "shock therapy"
program to rein in Yugoslavia's galloping inflation rate
(2,700% in 1989) and stabilize the economy. The highlights
of the program are:
--
The Dinar was made convertible, effective January 1,
and its value tied to the Deutsche Mark at a seven to
one ratio.
--
The convertible Dinar is being issued at the rate of
one per ten thousand old Dinars.
:
The National Bank of Yugoslavia (the central bank) is
trying to dampen inflation by restraining money supply
growth.
Results So Far
o
The Markovic stabilization program is showing some positive
results:
--
Official statistics indicate that the inflation rate
fell from 59 percent in the period November 20 to
December 20 to 41.5 percent during the following 30
days. Using a different index, inflation for January
proper registered only 17 percent and the figure for
February was 8.4%.
:
-
Although this is still well above the GOY's probably
hopelessly optimistic target of only 5 percent for
January, it was good enough for the IMF Board to
approve a standby agreement for Yugoslavia on March 16.
:
The new Dinar not only has held its own against
foreign currencies, but actually has appreciated
somewhat.
Yugoslavia's hard-currency foreign exchange position has
improved considerably in the last two years:
:
The hard currency surplus now amounts to over $7
billion.
-2-
:
Yugoslavia's improved foreign exchange position
suggests, however, that the Paris Club will look very
skeptically at Belgrade's expected request to further
reschedule its official debt. (Yugoslavia's total
hard-currency debt is about $18 billion.)
What Remains to be Done
Getting Yugoslavia's hyper-inflation under control is
Markovic's most pressing problem, but he still must solve
the root causes of Yugoslavia's economic malaise:
--
The easy credit that is used to keep Yugoslavia's many
insolvent enterprises alive is the ultimate source of
the country's inflationary spiral. Liquidating
chronic loss makers will be politically difficult
because of the resulting unemployment.
--
Proposed constitutional amendments to reform the tax
system and centralize economic authority at the
federal level are opposed by Slovenia, which fears
that such authority could be used against its
interests in the future.
11 of-the ranking member-he
na, the State troopers, the Boy and Girl
hairman; we lost control of the
Scouts, whole church congregations, and too
the truth. That's how vital our liberty is to
us; of course, to my dear friend, your Gov.
it all-|laughter|-but Senator
many volunteer groups to possibly name.
the oppressed. That's why America truly is
ernor, Carroll Campbell, who's a tremen-
mond, to provide money for
Everyone lost something to Hugo, and
a point of light for the world.
dous partner in our national crusade for ex-
space, more Federal law en-
some lost everything. But no one had
And no star in this American constellation
cellence in education. I also want to say
officers. But the Democratic
time-and I saw this, because Strom and I
burns brighter than the State of South Caro-
how pleased I am to be on this stage with
11 Congress has just left too
and Carroll went down there together just
lina. After all, historic changes are occur-
Archbishop Iakovos, one of the great
undone on our violent crime
for a little bird's-eye view-no one had time
ring around the world because of American
church leaders of today.
di I call on Congress to recog-
he kingpins who are dealing
for self-pity or worry as long as one neigh-
leadership, leaders like your great Senator
lealing death-judge them for
bor remained stranded or needed a helping
that stands for something, Strom Thur-
I know, looking around, that tickets were
hand. In those terrible days of wind and
mond. When America needed to be pro-
hard to come by today. It wasn't simply
"-they are murderers, and we
rain, and during the long months of clean-
tected during the Cold War years, Strom,
parking. Barbara's here. [Laughter] Thank
th on those people.
rock-solid, standing for freedom-we'll
goodness she's getting an honorary degree
ere's one other issue above all
up, that ghastly cleanup that followed,
never forget it. This country owes him a
there because it was the only way I could
that's the state of American
South Carolina became a point of light,
giving all of America a shining example of
great vote of gratitude. We need his hard-
get her a seat in this big place. [Laughter]
might say parenthetically-
the very best within us.
won wisdom and leadership, really, as never
But thank you for honoring her.
wrong, but I think we all owe
before.
And she's in great company, as am I, with
atitude to Barbara for her cru-
And that's the way for the greatest coun-
is in literacy and fighting to
try on Earth; that's the American way. You
Today it's been my special honor to
today's other recipients of honorary de-
know, this same spirit of openness and
appear on and try to help honor someone
grees. I don't know how many of you have
icty more literate.
who embodies South Carolina's determina-
heard me speak before, but being on stage
he government side, Carroll
giving found right here in South Carolina
tion, courage, and just plain old common
with Andrew Lloyd Webber is about as
IOWS the priority for education.
makes America a beacon of hope for the
working to make this State
world. Isn't it an exciting time-to see the
sense. And of course, I'm talking again
close as I'll ever get to a dramatic presenta-
changes for democracy and for freedom
about Carroll Campbell. He's been a great
tion. [Laughter] Congratulations to you, sir:
one in educational excellence.
Governor, and with your support, he can
And to Michael Eisner: The success that
ou are striving to do for South
that are taking place all around the world,
bring an even greater future for South
he's achieved at Disney is the envy of
im determined to do for all of
that have taken place just in the last 12
Carolina.
CEO's worldwide. His secret's simple: Just
merican students must be-
months. I can think of no more exciting
Thank you for this magnificent turnout,
surround yourself with the best and the
lese national goals now-must
time in history to be President of the
this fantastic support for a great Governor.
ath and science. Every Ameri-
United States than during this last year of
brightest-Dopey, Dumbo, Goofy. [Laugh-
God bless the United States of America.
ter] But what you may not know, and you
must be a literate citizen and
dynamic change for democracy and free-
Thank you very, very much.
should, is I salute him, too, for his commit-
every school in America must
dom around the world.
ment to this concept of Points of Light, the
plined environment and, most
I hear a lot of marvelous stories. I wish
Note: The President spoke at 7:12 p.m. at
best impulse of America-and Michael
e drug-free. You see, education
you could have seen the look on the Presi-
the Governor's Mansion. In his opening re-
Eisner exemplifies it-one American willing
everything we are and can
dent of Czechoslovakia's face, Vaclav Havel,
marks, he referred to Governor Campbell's
to pitch in and help another. He's a great
1 that's why Governor Camp-
the playwright. Bar and I thought it would
wife, Iris, and sons, Carroll and Mike; Les
American.
I a leader and worked so close-
be nice for him to see the Lincoln Bedroom
Tindal, South Carolina Commissioner of
at our education summit-the
in the White House, the bedroom in which
Now to you all. I've saluted-hope
Agriculture; Dick Greer, chairman of the
in summit with all the Gover-
Lincoln actually signed the Emancipation
have-your faculty. I should; they're out-
Re-Elect Governor Campbell Committee;
here in Charlottesville, Virgin-
Proclamation. And the look on his face, as a
standing-the trustees and those who
and Lee Atwater, chairman of the Republi-
comes to education, we've got
man who was in jail and dying, or living-----
can National Committee.
govern this great institution, and to the
uccess not by dollars spent but
whatever-for freedom, stood out there,
class who I'm here to help these others
achieved.
hoping against hope for freedom. It just was
honor. You've gone to school for 4 years
let me say one thing more
so moving to see this marvelous symbol of
the last thing you want to hear is a.long
I and this State, something that
our identity there.
lecture. But I wanted to use this great uni-
olitics. South Carolina had-
But I recently heard of a man living in
Remarks at the University of South
versity as a forum for some serious foreign
ed to this-had a very unwel-
Romania who braved arrest by possessing
Carolina Commencement Ceremony in
policy observations. I've chosen to make
last year, a vandal by the name
what the previous regime considered to be
Columbia, South Carolina
each of several commencement speeches
1 Hugo. You also had a Gover-
a dangerous and subversive weapon: a
May 12, 1990
this spring a reflection on democratic
who moved decisively to bring
single American newspaper. This coura-
change. Last week, at Oklahoma State, I
d, to save countless lives.
geous man was so enthralled that he not
Thank you, President Holderman, distin-
focused on the new role of our Atlantic alli-
tough days, he was up to his
only kept this paper, he read it every day
guished officials of this wonderful universi-
ance. Yesterday, down in Texas, at Texas
Also helping with relief efforts
for 3 years. He memorized it, and he sa-
ty. My special respects to two great United
A&I, I spoke about technology and the vast
ers of Congress, State legisla-
vored the uncensored news and the free-
States Senators, Senators Strom Thurmond,
frontier of space. This morning, I want to
fors, and also, God bless them,
wheeling editorials and even the advertise-
Fritz Hollings, over here-I'm proud to be
talk about a frontier of a different sort,
n and women of South Caroli-
ments. That's how hungry the world is for
with them today-and to Representatives
about the new world of freedom opening
Floyd Spence and Elizabeth Patterson, with
up in Eastern Europe.
755
pretty serious business, but
up charge: walking on flower beds. We will
can visitor. And she said, "What we need is
credits and loan guarantees for purchasing
ask you to bear with me, but
never know how many dissidents were pun-
more of these."
machinery, technology, and services from
do remember a graduation at
ished as common criminals and how many
And there on the streets of Timisoara-in
American suppliers.
the graduation speaker got
millions of others were frozen by fear into
a country where food is in short supply,
And second, the United States will work
mater-Y is for youth. That
silence and submission.
where homes are without heat and streets
to help ensure free and fair elections in
utes. A is for altruism; young
That's the legacy, the landscape of moral
dark at night-there a woman pins her
Eastern Europe. And next week, we'll send
ruistic. Another 32 minutes. L
destruction. The tragic consequence of four
hopes on our Constitution. What that Roma-
a Presidential delegation to observe the
rushed that one off in about 18
decades of Communist rule: a breakdown of
nian woman wanted, what all the nations of
elections in Romania and another team to
obviously for excellence. An-
trust. From ancient times, the great minds
Eastern Europe aspire to, is democratic life
next month's elections in Bulgaria.
nutes. When he left, one stu-
have recognized the link between the law
based on justice and the rule of law.
Third, America will work to broaden the
aying. And the speaker walked
and trust. As Aristotle wrote: "Law is a
Poland, Czechoslovakia, and Hungary
mandate of the CSCE, the Conference on
-you're giving thanks- to the
pledge that the citizens of a state will do
stand now, in the spring of 1990, as Amer-
ica stood in the summer of 1787. Who will
Security and Cooperation in Europe. Less
id, "Yes, sir, I am. I'm giving
justice to one another"-th bond that
than a month from now, as one of the 35
did not go to the University of
makes the collection of individuals into a
be their Franklins, their Washingtons, their
nations of the CSCE, the United States will
a." [Laughter]
Hamiltons, their Madisons, their men and
community, into a nation.
women of towering genius, the nation
take part in a conference on human rights,
ith me, because we are living
times. In the past year, one
Fortunately, the moral destruction in
builders who will set in place the firm foun-
including free elections, political pluralism,
another has pulled itself out
Eastern Europe, as you all know, was not
and the rule of law. And I've instructed
dations of self-government? Some of them
ommunism, onto the threshold
complete. Individuals somehow managed to
we know by name, the heroes of the Revo-
Ambassador Max Kampelman, head of our
Each has endured great suf-
maintain an inner strength, their moral
lution of '89. But for Eastern Europe's con-
delegation, to seek a new consensus on
rendous economic damage.
compass; to sustain the will to break
stitution builders, the work has only now
these cornerstones of freedoms, rights, and
n the images of long lines and
through the regime's wall of lies. They did
begun because the fate of freedom depends
democracy. As I said last week at Oklahoma
'S. But what we can't see so
so, as Vaclav Havel [President of Czechoslo-
not just on the character of the people who
State University, we must work within the
beneath the surface but no
vakia] put it, by the simple act of "living in
govern but whether they themselves are
CSCE to bring Eastern Europe's new de-
the moral damage, the deep
truth." They created "flying universities,"
governed by the rule of law.
mocracies into this commonwealth of free
spirit left by four decades of
where lecturers taught in private homes.
And just as the framers of our own Con-
nations.
ule.
They formed underground publishing
stitution looked to the lessons of history,
Fourth and finally, we will work to
these regimes, the human
houses and groups to monitor human rights,
Eastern Europe's new democracies will look
strengthen the foundations of free society in
jeet to systematic assault. Reli-
an authentic civil society beyond the reach
to their own parliamentary past, to Eu-
Eastern Europe. And I am pleased to an-
right and wrong-any chal-
of the ruling establishment. And today the
rope's example and, of course, to our own
nounce today the creation of a Citizens De-
rule of the state became the
builders of those civil societies no longer
American Constitution. And that's why we
mocracy Corps. Its first mission: to establish
state. Believers were perse-
live underground. They are the new leaders
must export our experience, our two cen-
a center and a clearinghouse for American
as and cemeteries razed. Citi-
of Eastern Europe. And they've begun to
turies of accumulated wisdom on the work-
private sector assistance and volunteer ac-
ned one against the other, en-
build, on the ruins of Communist rule,
ings of free government.
tivities in Eastern Europe. We know the
ranks of the regime's inform-
democratic systems based on trust.
Already we're actively engaged with
real strength of our democracy is its citi-
stood outside the reach of the
Today I want to focus on how America
Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union with
zens, the collective strength of individual
ven the past. History-well, it
can help these nations secure their free-
an ongoing series of exchanges bringing ju-
Americans. We're going to focus that
n to suit the needs of the
doms, become a part of a Europe whole
rists and parliamentarians, political leaders
energy where it can do the most good.
erday's heroes airbrushed
and free. Early this year, in the State of the
here to the United States to meet their
America has much to contribute, much
es of history. Milan Kundera,
Union, I talked about America's role as a
American counterparts. And today I'm
can do to help these nations move forward
thor, called it organized for-
shining example, about the importance of
pleased to announce four new initiatives,
on the path to democracy. We can help
America not as a nation but as an idea alive
four steps that the United States will take to
them build political systems based on
these nations had laws. They
in the minds of men and women every-
support democratic development in Eastern
spect for individual freedoms; for the right
They had constitutions. All in
where. And that idea was, without doubt, a
Europe.
to speak our mind, to live as we wish, and
state. They had, in name at
guiding force in the Revolution of 1989.
First, America will continue to act to ad-
to worship as our conscience tells us we
and freedoms; in reality, the
Let me share a story with you about a
vance economic freedom. In the past year,
must; systems based on respect for property
if liberty-not the rule of law
recent American visitor to Romania who
we've committed more than $1 billion in
and the sanctity of contract; laws that are
rsion of law: rules made not to
asked the people she met what they needed
direct economic assistance to Eastern
necessary not to amass fortunes, not to
I of the people but the whim
now, what was most important to them.
Europe. We've extended loans and credits,
build towers of gold and greed, but to pro-
That's how in Romania the law
This simple question produced some unex-
opened our markets through most-favored-
vide for ourselves, for our families; systems
.1 for three or more people to
pected answers. In Timisoara, one woman
nation status, and promoted American in-
that allow free associations-trade unions,
reation in the street. That's
pulled from her purse a worn copy of TV
vestment. And today I'm pleased to an-
professional groups, political parties-the
ior country a man whose so-
Guide, an issue from July 1987, containing a
nounce yet another economic initiative:
building blocks of a free society. We've got
vas teaching others about reli-
bicentennial copy of the United States Con-
The Export-Import Bank will provide
to help the emerging democracies build
I for 6 months. The trumped-
stitution. And she held it out to the Ameri-
Poland a new line of medium-term export
legal systems that secure the procedural
757
a preserve freedom and, above all,
streets of Pizen, to the sounds of "The Star-
that supports a strict equality of
The Citizens Democracy Corps will serve
Spangled Banner," to a hero's welcome.
friend John Warner and Mayor Bryan and
e that guarantees that all men and
as an information clearinghouse for U.S. pri-
members of the board of trustees and the
Those GI's, my generation, were your age
whatever their race or ancestry,
vate volunteer assistance programs for cen-
in 1945. And now it falls upon you, the
faculty, administrators, parents, and gradu-
al before the law.
tral and eastern Europe. It will establish an
graduating class of this great university, to
ates, thank you for that welcome and intro-
information base of technical services and
century, we've learned a painful
uphold our American ideals not in times of
duction and for this most generous recep
at the monumental evil that can
equipment available from the United States
war, thank God, but in a time of tremen-
tion. I was privileged to address the stu
in the name of humanity. We've
on a private, volunteer basis. The Democra-
dous excitement, helping these nations
dents and faculty of this wonderful universi-
low a vision of Utopia can become
cy Corps will also be a recipient of requests
secure the freedom that your fathers and
ty before. And now, as then, it's good to
1 Earth for millions of men and
from central and eastern Europe for assist-
grandfathers fought for, the freedom mil-
know that if it takes divine intervention to
We've learned, through hard expe-
ance in such areas as constitutional law and
lions only dreamed of until today.
save my remarks, help is close at hand
at the only alternative to tyranny
parliamentary procedures; English-language
Once again, it's been my honor to share
[Laughter]
the rule of law. That's the essence
training; journalism, broadcasting, and pub-
this special day with you, your families, and
I couldn't help but notice the honorees
sion for Europe: a Europe where
lishing; public health and medical support;
your friends. Thank you, and may God bless
and I would like to say that I am proud tc
are the dictators dethroned but
market economics, banking, and financial
this great university and the class of 1990.
be numbered among them-Reverend Hen-
e rule of law, reflecting the will of
services; business law, commercial practices,
Thank you all very, very much. Thank you.
derson, Reverend Theis, Reverend Cox
le, ensures the freedoms millions
and agriculture; and environmental protec-
tion.
Reverend Irvin and, of course, Mr. Wil-
:ht so hard to gain.
Note: The President spoke at 11:25 a.m. at
liams, who's been such a benefactor to this
is still work to be done. In the
The Citizens Democracy Corps will be
ites, where people struggle for the
Carolina Coliseum on the campus of the
the point of contact for U.S. businesses, vol-
wonderful university and to many other
determine their own future, we
university. In his remarks, he referred to
great causes. And let me say how it's not all
untary organizations, and educational insti-
S, so free to chart our own course,
James B. Holderman, president of the uni-
tutions that want to find out what is now
just religion around here, because I recog-
with their hopes and aspirations.
versity; Archbishop Demetrios A. lakovos of
being done and where further efforts are
nize Eric Green over here. How many
see, we're committed to self-deter-
the Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of North
needed. The Democracy Corps could also
small colleges have a first-round draft
for Lithuania and Latvia and Esto-
and South America; composer Andrew
launch new volunteer initiatives to meet
choice for the National Football League?
Lloyd Webber; and Michael D. Eisner,
ultimately, the Soviet Union itself,
the changing requirements of the region.
Eric, stand up there. [Applause] And I
unitted to openness and reform,
chairman and chief executive officer of the
The President will ask prominent citizens
think we all can recognize that Eric didn't
Walt Disney Co.
fit from a Europe that's whole and
representing a cross section of the Ameri-
do it alone. Sam Rutigliano is a pretty good
influence on these kids around here.
nocracy and freedom threaten ab-
can private sector to form a commission to
direct the program and stimulate volunteer
This afternoon, I'm honored to be back
0 one.
groups. The commission and the volunteers
here and to join my fellow graduates. Of
netimes hear today that with free-
mobilized to provide assistance will be
course, I also want you to enjoy today.
at triumph-and, oh, what excit-
White House Fact Sheet on the
we're living in-that America's
Citizens Democracy Corps
called the Citizens Democracy Corps.
Therefore, I'll renew my promise: I will be
done. Nothing could be further
While the U.S. Government will help pro-
brief. After all, you've worked and studied
May 12, 1990
vide initial funding, the Democracy Corps
for 4 long years, and now comes the hard
truth. I want to close today with a
The President announced today the cre-
will create its own financial base so that it
part: listening to a commencement address.
out the enduring power of the
idea and the unfinished business
ation of a Citizens Democracy Corps. The
can become, in the full sense of the term,
[Laughter]
Is the generation that you proudly
objective of this major new program is to
"citizens democracy."
Looking around campus as we flew in,
marveled at the changes since I was here
support democratic change and market-ori-
at a town called Plzen in Czecho-
last: new name, certainly a beautiful new,
ented economic reform in Eastern Europe
I town that just last week celebrat-
stadium, three times as many students And
by mobilizing and coordinating American
y, 45 years ago, when it was liber-
it got me to thinking how college itself has
private sector initiatives.
Remarks at the Liberty University
unerican troops. Of course, within
changed since my days as a undergraduate.
Since the President's historic visits to
Commencement Ceremony in
rt years, Plzen's dream of freedom
The students are so much younger-[augh-
Poland and Hungary and the revolutions of
Lynchburg, Virginia
behind the Iron Curtain, and with
ter]-1 can't understand it-and SO much
1989, private Americans and voluntary or-
.th about that day back in 1945. A
May 12, 1990
smarter-that I can understand. Nowadays,
ganizations have stepped forward with ex-
n grew up being taught that Plzen
with computers, bringing an apple to the
traordinary generosity with offers to assist
Thank you so much. And to all of you
freed not by your fathers and
teacher has a whole new meaning. [Laugh-
the process of democratic change in East-
who are done medium well or medium
ter]
in the United States Army but by
ern Europe. To make best use of the enor-
Idiers dressed in American uni-
well-done up here in the stands, I'll try not
This spring, I've spoken in each of my
mous energy and creativity of the American
to keep you too long. [Laughter] But I am
I the people of Plzen knew better.
commencement addresses about another
private sector, the President supports the
delighted to be here. And to Dr. and Mrs.
or forgot. And today, finally free
kind of change: the democratic change that
creation of a new center to promote these
Falwell, thank you for your hospitality.
in 1989 and '90 has stirred and amazed the
the truth, the town invited their
volunteer initiatives and match them with
Jerry, I'm glad to have been introduced by
world. Last week, at Oklahoma State Uni-
ators back. After 45 long years,
requests for assistance from Eastern
a loyal friend. Thank you very much, sir.
American soldiers returned to the
versity, I discussed how this change will
Europe.
And to President Guillermin and my dear
affect our Atlantic alliance. Yesterday in
759
3B
Proclamations
11 Heritage Month,
Asian/Pacific American Heritage Month-732
ceremony-730
Mother's Day-741
President Paz-734
National Digestive Disease Awareness Month-
740
Week Ending Friday, May 11, 1990
illence, dinner in Tulsa-
Small Business Week-737
nmencement ceremony
Statements by the President
Remarks at the State University
era of conflict-but a contest of a different
of the Year Award,
Commencement Ceremony in
kind, a cold and abstract war of words and
Schuman Day-738
ny-736
Stillwater, Oklahoma
walls. Now Europe and the world have en-
May 4, 1990
tered a new era: the Age of Freedom.
Statements Other Than Presidential
I hope you'll forgive me if I use this great
ecognition program-741
Budget negotiations-738
Thank you so much for that warm wel-
forum at your great university to handle a
Frank Herbert Reed, meeting with Mrs. Bush
inations
come. And thank you, Governor Bellmon,
subject of a very serious nature. It may be a
-727
Peruvian archeological treasures, importation
my long-time friend; President Campbell,
little longer than you want to hear. I re-
nt, Assistant Secretary
you, sir, for your wonderful hospitality. And
and Environment)-734
restrictions-732
member the graduation at Yale University,
nt, National Oceanic and
Senator Don Nickles, my collaborator and
my school. The man giving the graduation
istration, Chief
Supplementary Materials
colleague up in Washington, DC; Congress-
speech got up and said, "Y is for youth."
man Wes Watkins, another graduate of this
And he talked about 25 minutes. "A is for
ission, Deputy
Acts approved by the President-746
great institution-Bellmon, '42; Nickles, '71;
Checklist of White House press releases-746
altruism." Another 32 minutes. "L is loyal-
bassadors
Digest of other White House announcements-
Watkins, '60. I am delighted to be with
ty." Brushed that one off in 20 minutes. "E
33
743
these three distinguished public servants. I
is for excellence." And when he finished,
Nominations submitted to the Senate-744
want to congratulate Chief Wilma Mankiller
there was one kid out here in the audi-
and Mr. Donnelly, the recipients of the cov-
ence-everyone else had fled. He looked
eted Bennett Awards, and say how proud I
like he was praying. And the speaker said to
am of them. And salute the regents; the
him, "Well, I'm glad you're saying a prayer.
administrators; the faculty; the parents; Liz
What are you praying for, son?" He said,
Taylor, right here; and most of all, O.S.U.'s
"I'm praying to God and giving thanks that
centennial graduating class. Congratulations
you didn't go to Oklahoma State Universi-
to each and every single one of you. I'm
ty." [Laughter]
sorry Barbara couldn't be with me here.
But I want you to bear with me because
Editor's Note: The President traveled to Kingsville,
She did tell me to get a beer and some
I'll be reflecting on the power and potential
TX, and Columbia, SC, on Friday, May 11, the
cheese fries over at Eskimo Joe's. Hoping at
of democratic changes in several of these
closing date of this issue. Releases and announce-
the same time they have enough T-shirts
ments issued during the trip but not received by
commencement addresses that I make this
for all the grandchildren.
the Office of the Federal Register in time for
year. I begin today-my very first, at your
inclusion in this issue will be printed next week.
You know, when graduates of my vintage
great university-with a few words on the
were sitting through ceremonies like this,
changes and America's place in the new
right after the Second World War, we faced
Europe. A few of you may be wondering
a world of changes, full of potential and
what a continent 4,000 miles away has to do
new possibilities. Barbara and I got into a
with your class and you. Throughout our
red two-door Studebaker-you still drive
history, great upheavals in Europe have
those, don't you, around here? [Laughter]
forced the American people to respond, to
But nevertheless, we drove from Connecti-
make deep judgments about the part we
cut down to west Texas. I've often won-
should play in European affairs. This has
dered how far I'd gone if I'd made it on up
been true from the time of the French Rev-
ON OF
tions prescribed by the Administrative Committee of the Federal
to Oklahoma.
Register, approved by the President (37 FR 23607; 1 CFR Part
olution and the wars which followed it, to
10).
DOCUMENTS
Postwar America was ready back then in
World War I and the flawed peace which
Distribution is made only by the Superintendent of Docu-
1948 for peace and prosperity. But while
ended it, on to the Second World War and
ments, Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402. The
the Office of the Federal Register,
Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents will be furnished
the free world was recovering, the nations
the creation of the postwar order. I believe
Administration, Washington, DC
by mail to domestic subscribers for $55.00 per year ($96.00 for
of Eastern Europe were being "consolidat-
that now we are poised at another such
" of Presidential Documents con-
mailing first class) and to foreign subscribers for $68.75 per year,
payable to the Superintendent of Documents, Government Print-
ed" behind an Iron Curtain. So began four
moment-a critical time in our strategic re-
a other Presidential materials re-
ng the preceding week.
ing Office, Washington, DC 20402. The charge for a single copy is
decades of division in Europe-40 long
lationship with our neighbors across the At-
/ Presidential Documents is pub-
$2.00 ($2.50 for foreign mailing).
years of suspicion between two superpow-
lantic.
contained in the Federal Register
There are no restrictions on the republication of material ap-
ers, the Soviet Union and the United States.
44 U.S.C. Ch. 15), under regula-
pearing in the Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents.
Many of the graduates of America's Class
And today you also graduate at an end of an
of 1916 have wondered why the faraway
723
headlines in their newspapers
clock ahead to know for sure what kind of
should be ready now to face new chal-
mything to do with them. They
country the Soviet Union will be in years to
the alliance should plan its conventional de-
lenges. The time is right for the alliance to
agreed with President Wilson,
come. And for the sake of the future we
fenses. While we need to recognize that it
act. The fundamental purpose of this
.1" said, "We are not interested"
share with Europe, our policies and pres-
will take some time before the Soviet mili-
summit should be to launch a wide-ranging
'S of the war, in "the obscure
ence must be appropriate for this period of
NATO strategy review for the transformed
tary presence is gone from Eastern
rom which its stupendous flood
transition, with a constancy and reliability
Europe of the 1990's. And to my NATO
Europe-before those Soviet troops are
th." But a year later those class-
that will reassure our friends, both old and
colleagues, I suggest that our summit direct
taken out of Eastern Europe and before the
neir country were swept up in
new.
this review by addressing four critical
major reductions contemplated by both
carrying them to the horror of
My European colleagues want the United
points: One, the political role that NATO
sides can be implemented-we need to de-
in France. Yet after the war,
States to be a part of Europe's future. And I
can play in Europe. Two, the conventional
velop our strategy for that world now. Ob-
ned away from active involve-
believe they're right. The United States
forces the alliance will need in the time
viously, as I look at the equation, Soviet
opean affairs. Instead, we spon-
should remain a European power in the
ahead and NATO's goal for conventional
actions-what the Russians do-will be criti-
ty to outlaw war and then, as
broadest sense: politically, militarily, eco-
arms control. Three, the role of nuclear
cal. Yet even after all the planned reduc-
gained strength, the United
nomically. And as part of our global respon-
weapons based in Europe and Western ob-
tions in its forces are complete, even if our
I new neutrality laws. Another
sibilities the foundation for America's
jectives in new nuclear arms control negoti-
current arms control proposals are agreed
of Americans sat in the bright
peaceful engagement in Europe has been
ations between the United States and the
and implemented, the Soviet military will
nencement ceremonies at col-
SS our country, thinking war in
and will continue to be NATO. Recognizing
Soviet Union. And four, strengthening the
still field forces dwarfing those of any other
in peace what we'd learned from war, we
Conference on Security and Cooperation in
single European State-armed with thou-
Id somehow pass them by. But
joined with the free nations of Europe to
Europe, CSCE, to reinforce NATO and help
sands of nuclear weapons. Militarily signifi-
me, they paid an awful price, a
e for America's isolation. Then
form an Atlantic community, an enduring
protect democratic values in a Europe that
cant U.S. forces must remain on the other
ir ended, those students who-
political compact. Our engagement in
is whole and free.
side of the Atlantic for as long as our allies
Europe has meant that Europeans accept
Now, the first task the NATO summit
want and need them. And these forces
estioned our role in the future
America as part of their continent's future,
should consider is the future political mis-
They no longer asked what
demonstrate, as no words can, the enduring
taking our interests into account across the
sion of the alliance. As military threats fade,
political compact that binds America's fate
to do with them because they
board. Our commitment is not just in de-
the political dimension of NATO's work-
with Europe's democracies.
swer-everything.
ar ago in Germany, I defined
fense; it must be a well-balanced mix of
always there but seldom noticed-becomes
If the Soviet withdrawal continues and
Europe our country is commit-
involvement in all dimensions of European
prominent. And so, at the NATO summit
our arms control efforts are successful, we
we should look for ways to help our
iceful, stable Europe, a Europe
affairs. Because of our political commitment
must plan for a different kind of military
chole and free. Today that goal
to peace in Europe, there hasn't been a war
German friends sustain freedom and
presence focused less on the danger of an
on the continent in 45 years. Think of your
chieve German unity, something which we
reach. We're entering a new
)
immediate outbreak of war. And we must
dom in a time of uncertainty,
history books-not a war on the continent
hd our allies have supported for over 40
years. And we should reaffirm the impor-
promote long-term stability and prevent
pe. Emerging democracies in
in 45 years. This long peace should be
tance of keeping a united Germany as a full
crises from escalating by relying on reduced
ope are going through social,
viewed through the long lens of history
member of NATO. The alliance needs to
forces that show our capability and our
id economic transformations
then. Europe has now experienced the
find ways to work more closely with a vig-
readiness to respond to whatever may arise.
stagnant, centralized bureauc-
longest uninterrupted period of internation-
have smothered initiative for
al peace in the recorded history of that con-
orous European Community that is rightly
The Conventional Forces in Europe Treaty
asserting its own distinct views. And in
which we have proposed would be the most
In this time of transition,
tinent. The alliance is now ready to build
on that historic achievement and define its
Eastern Europe, governments once our ad-
ambitious conventional arms control agree-
iy from the postwar era and
objectives for the next century. So, the alli-
versaries are now our partners in building a
ment ever concluded. And we must finish
ainment, we cannot know what
new continent. And so, we must also talk
the work on this treaty soon and plan to
people of Eastern Europe will
ance must join together to craft a new
about how to encourage further peaceful
sign it at the CSCE summit this fall. But at
heir future. The process of
Western strategy for new and changing
democratic change in Eastern Europe and
the NATO summit we need to look further
10 Soviet Union is also still un-
times.
inside the Soviet Union.
ahead, preparing follow-on negotiations
vill be crucial to see, for exam-
Having consulted intensively with Prime
But even as NATO gives more emphasis
after the conclusion of a CFE treaty. The
i Moscow chooses coercion or
Minister Thatcher recently there in Bermu-
to its political mission, its guarantee of Eu-
NATO summit should develop the alliance's
log in responding to the aspira-
da, and President Mitterrand in Key Largo
ropean security must remain firm. You see,
objectives for these talks.
Lithuanian people and nation-
in Florida, and Chancellor Helmut Kohl up
our enemy today-if you think about it,
Third, the NATO summit should also
.1 the Soviet Union. The only
in Camp David, and then by telephone or
what's the enemy today-our enemy today
assess the future of U.S. nuclear forces in
r lies in a dialog that results in
cable with NATO Secretary General
is uncertainty and instability. And so, the
Europe. As democracy blooms in Eastern
ed self-determination for Lith-
Woerner and all of my other allied col-
alliance will need to maintain a sound, col-
Europe and as Soviet troops return home
leagues, I am now calling for an early
lective military structure, with forces in the
and tanks are destroyed, dismantled, there
Gorbachev has made profound
summit of all NATO leaders. Margaret
field backed by larger forces that can be
is less need for nuclear systems of the short-
his country-reforms so funda-
Thatcher, one of freedom's greatest cham-
called upon in some crisis.
est range. The NATO summit should accel-
the clock cannot be turned
pions of the last decade, told me that while
And which brings me then to the second
erate ongoing work within the alliance to
et neither can we turn the
NATO has been fantastically successful, we
task for the NATO summit: a review of how
determine the minimum number and types
725
ons that will be needed to deter
elections, adopting measures to strengthen
dibly and effectively.
the rule of law, and pointing the way in the
for freedom a single voice makes a world of
colm Grow Hospital at Andrews Air Forc
it of these new political conditions,
needed but painful transition from central-
difference."
Base. The White House will release i
limited range and flexibility of
ized, command economies to the free mar-
America's mission in Europe, like millions
Washington a photograph of this meeting
hort-range nuclear missile forces
kets. The CSCE can also provide a forum
of individual decisions made for freedom,
soon as possible.
Europe, I've reviewed our plan to
for political dialog in a more united Europe.
can make a voice-can make a world of
and deploy newer, more modern,
I agree with those who have called for reg-
difference. The cry for freedom-in Eastern
Note: Frank Herbert Reed, director of th
age nuclear missiles to replace the
ular consultations among senior representa-
Europe, in South Africa, right here in our
Lebanon International School, was kic
ystem that's now in Europe. And
precious hemisphere to our south-was
tives of the CSCE countries. We should con-
naped by members of the Organization (
Imost finished the R&D, research
heard around the world in the Revolution
sider whether new CSCE mechanisms can
the Islamic Dawn in Beirut on September
elopment work, for these new mis-
of 1989. Today, in this new Age of Free-
1986.
it I've decided, after consultation
help mediate and settle disputes in Europe.
dom, add your voices to the thundering
allies, to terminate the follow-on to
I believe my allied colleagues and I should
chorus.
rogram. I've also decided to cancel
agree to take up these new ideas at a CSCE
It's a great honor for me to have been at
her modernization of U.S. nuclear
summit later this year, in conjunction with
this university. Thank you very much. God
shells deployed in Europe. There
the signing of the treaty I talked to you
bless you. And God bless the United States
Remarks at the Foundation for
short-range U.S.-and many more
about-that conventional force treaty, the
of America. Thank you all. Thank you so
Excellence Dinner in Tulsa, Oklahoma
nuclear missile systems deployed in
CFE treaty.
much.
May 4, 1990
And we're prepared to negotiate
In Eastern Europe, in this hemisphere,
action of these forces as well as a
the triumph of democracy has cast its warm
Note: The President spoke at 2:35 p.m. in
Thank you all very much. And thank yo
of arms control talks. And at the
light on the face of the world like a miracu-
Lewis Stadium at Oklahoma State Universi-
especially, Senator Nickles, for that warr
ummit, I will urge my colleagues to
lous dawn. But the outcome of this struggle
ty. In his opening remarks, he referred to
introduction. To Governor Henry Bellmor
n the broad objectives for these
for freedom is not ordained, and it's not
John R. Campbell, president of the universi-
early supporter and friend of longstanding
J.S.-Soviet negotiations and begin
going to be the work of miracles. All of you
ty; Wilma Mankiller, chief of the Cherokee
Senator Boren, to whom I give enormot
ions within the alliance for these
who graduate here today are part of a his-
Nation of Oklahoma; H.F. Donnelly, re-
credit for this wonderful evening; and a
vould also like to suggest that these
toric decision for America's engagement in
search associate of the OSU Center for Com-
the principals that led to this evening an
S.-Soviet arms control talks begin
the future of Europe. I am convinced that
munity Education; and Liz Taylor, the
will lead to so much more for academi
fter the CFE treaty on convention-
our work to protect freedom, to build free
oldest living graduate of OSU.
excellence. And to other distinguishe
has been signed.
societies will safeguard our own peace and
Members of the Congress that might b
ing these steps, the United States is
prosperity. The security of Europe and the
here-especially I want to pay my respect
g to allow Europe to become "safe
world has become very complex in this cent
to [former Speaker of the House Car
entional war." There are few les-
tury. But America's commitment to stability
Albert and Mrs. Albert, who's here; an
clear in history as this: Only the
Statement by Press Secretary Fitzwater
and peace is profoundly clear. Its motiva-
members of the foundation, honored guest
tion of conventional forces and nu-
on Mrs. Bush's Meeting With
tion really derives from the strength of our
and ladies and gentlemen. I like the Sa
ces have ensured this long peace in
Frank Reed
forefathers-from the blood of those who
pulpa Band, too. I thought they did an out
But every aspect of America's en-
May 4, 1990
standing job over there.
have died for freedom and for the sake of
it in Europe-military, political,
You'll be pleased, this will becaushor
e-must be complementary. And
all who live in peace. And as you leave this
Mr. Frank Reed, a recently released hos-
speech. I will leave before the proccol
e where they all come together is
great university every voice, every heart's
tage from Lebanon, arrived at Andrews Air
[Laughter] Did you see the kid over ther
Conference on Security and Coop-
commitment to freedom is important.
Force Base earlier this afternoon. At about
while I was speaking at Oklahoma Stat
in Europe, an organization of 35
There's a story about a man trying to con-
the same time, Mrs. Bush was preparing to
University holding up a sign: "George, ea
Europe and North America. The
vince his son that in the struggle for free-
depart Andrews Air Force Base for a com-
your broccoli." I don't need advice fron
already a beacon for human rights
dom every voice counts. They stood in a
mencement address at the Southeast Com-
little kids about what I'm going to eat
vidual freedoms. Now, it must take
valley, watching the snow fall on a distant
munity College in Cumberland, KY. Follow-
[Laughter]
ader role.
mountain. It might have been a day like
ing a press conference by Mr. Reed at An-
But earlier today I gave that speech-
o, the fourth task for this NATO
today. [Laughter] But they stood there.
drews at about 2:45 p.m., Mr. Reed and
first, just let me say I appreciate this recep
I'm calling for is to reach common
"Tell me the weight of a snowflake," the
Mrs. Bush briefly met on the tarmac near
tion very much and am delighted to be il
jectives for the future of CSCE
man said. "Almost nothing," answered the
her aircraft. Mr. Reed said he was thrilled
this State of open hearts and open skies. Bu
can help the victorious forces of
boy. As the snow swirled around them, up
to meet Mrs. Bush and "glad to be home."
let me say a word about Oklahoma State.
ey in Eastern Europe secure their
on the mountain they saw an avalanche
Mr. Reed introduced his family to Mrs.
gave that speech over there at Oklahom:
ins and-as they join the common-
whose thunder shook the Earth. "Do you
Bush. Mrs. Bush said, "We're so glad you're
State University, and I was delighted to b
I free nations-be assured a voice
know which snowflake caused that?" the
home. I know the President wishes he was
there, at Stillwater. They'll never forgive
V Europe. The CSCE should offer
old man asked. "I don't," answered the boy.
here to meet you."
me in Norman. After all, the musical "Okla
lelines for building free societies—
"Maybe," said the man, "like the last snow-
Both parties then proceeded on to their
homa" says "the farmer and the cowman
( setting standards for truly free
flake that moves a mountain, in the struggle
planned destinations. Mr. Reed will under-
should be friends." It doesn't say a thing
go further medical examination at the Mal-
about the Sooners and Cowboys. [Laughter
727
3A
Remarks
Executive Orders-Continued
it Against All Odds Awards,
Scouting activities for military dependents
on ceremony-710
overseas, support-714
eting with Prime Minister
708
Fact Sheets
Veterans Memorial Commission,
ig dinner-692
Export controls for strategic technologies and
ociation of Women Business
goods-696
Week Ending Friday, May 4, 1990
priefing-686
Interviews With the News Media
vsical Fitness and Sports Month,
tion signing ceremony-685
News conference, May 3 (No. 46)-699
Remarks to Participants in the Rally for
all Business United, briefing-686
White House press corps-682
Life
God bless you, and God bless life. Thank
eting with President Endara-677
you very, very much.
Committee on Employment of
Letters and Messages
April 28, 1990
ith Disabilities, meeting-694
Note: The President spoke at 2:20 p.m. by
Youth Leadership Forum,
Cinco de Mayo, message-717
Well, thank you, Henry Hyde. Thank you
telephone to the rally site from the Oval
695
Proclamations
for the introduction, and thank you, as well,
Office at the White House. Participants had
fe-673
ill, meeting-682
Be Kind to Animals and National Pet Week-
for your commitment to life. Incidentally,
gathered on The Mall to affirm their com-
er of Commerce, meeting-673
698
this magnificent rally looks very, very good
mitment to outlaw abortion and their sup-
Jewish Heritage Week-715
port of last year's Supreme Court decision
its
Law Day, U.S.A.-689
on television. How do I know? Because I've
opening the way for States to restrict abor-
National Drinking Water Week-712
seen some of it.
ght daily recognition program-718
tions. In his remarks, the President referred
National Physical Fitness and Sports Month-
and Nominations
686
I want to pay my respects to our able
to Representative Henry Hyde; John C.
National Tourism Week-716
Vice President, Dan Quayle-thank him for
Willke, president of the National Right to
ational Red Cross, Board of
Statements by the President
his commitment-to other Members of
Life Committee; James Dobson, president of
S, Governor-718
Congress that are there, to Dr. Willke, to
Focus on the Family; James Cardinal Hickey,
ergency Management Agency,
Death of Henry Gregory-692
-718
Frank Reed's release-684
Dr. Dobson, and a special greeting to my
Roman Catholic Archbishop of Washington;
al Commission, Administrator-
friend-Your Eminences Cardinal O'Con-
and John Cardinal O'Connor, Roman Catho-
Statements Other Than Presidential
nor and Cardinal Hickey and others that
lic Archbishop of New York.
tment, Open Skies Negotiator, rank
ador-716
Export controls for strategic technologies and
might be in attendance.
fairs Department, Inspector
goods-696
717
Federal Pay Reform Act of 1990-692
I am very pleased to have this opportuni-
Frank Reed, telephone conversation-684
ty to express to you my deeply held views
Remarks at the Annual Meeting of the
ns to Congress
Jerusalem, meeting with Mayor Kollek-712
about abortion on demand. In January of
United States Chamber of Commerce
Lithuania, meeting with Prime Minister
olumbia budget and supplemental
this year, I addressed the March for Life on
Prunskiene-712
Presidential emergency board to investigate
this very issue, and I said then and reaffirm
April 30, 1990
tions request, message-691
I.S. national emergency, economic
railroad labor disputes, establishment-714
now that your presence on The Mall today
letter-690
Thank you very, very much, John. And
Robert Polhill, meeting-684
Government assets, transfer,
reminds all of us in government that Ameri-
UniSoft Group Ltd., foreign acquisition-698
what do you think about that Marine Corps
679
cans from all walks of life are committed to
Band, led by Colonel Bourgeois? Aren't
Supplementary Materials
lers
preserving the sanctity and dignity of
they first class? Thank you, ladies and gen-
Acts approved by the President-721
human life. Like you, I realize that the
tlemen, very much. And it's always a pleas-
products, report on Canada-U.S.
Checklist of White House press releases-721
widespread prevalence of abortion in Amer-
ure to meet with this high-powered group. I
'gation of authority-694
Digest of other White House announcements-
emergency board to investigate
719
ica is a tragedy not only in terms of lives
want to pay my respects once again to Dick
bor disputes, establishment-713
Nominations submitted to the Senate-720
destroyed but because it so fundamentally
Lesher, the president of the chamber; to
contradicts the values that we as a nation
salute your outgoing chairman, John Clen-
hold dear. When I look at adopted children,
denin, for the leadership that he's shown
I give thanks that their parents chose life.
and the sacrifice that he's given over the
Today, as a nation of faith and compas-
past year; and then to salute your incoming
MPILATION OF
tions prescribed by the Administrative Committee of the Federal
Register, approved by the President (37 FR 23607; I CFR Part
sion, our mission must be to help more and
chairman, James Baker. Not a Cabinet
TIAL DOCUMENTS
more Americans make the right choice-
shakeup-[laughter}-I'm talking about
10).
Distribution is made only by the Superintendent of Docu-
the choice for life. One day your lifesaving
James K. Baker, who will carry the cham-
ments, Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402. The
ber's fine tradition forward into this new
Monday by the Office of the Federal Register,
Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents will be furnished
message will have reached and influenced
decade.
nd Records Administration, Washington, DC
by mail to domestic subscribers for $55.00 per year ($96.00 for
every American. Until then, continue to
Compilation of Presidential Documents con-
mailing first class) and to foreign subscribers for $68.75 per year,
work for the day when respect for human
And finally, let me welcome our special
essages, and other Presidential materials re-
payable to the Superintendent of Documents, Government Print
House during the preceding week.
ing Office, Washington, DC 20402. The charge for a single copy is
life is sacrosanct and beyond question. I
guests: all these Washington-area schoolchil-
npilation of Presidential Documents is pub-
$2.00 ($2.50 for foreign mailing).
know from your devotion and selflessness
dren, right here in front. I know that you
he authority contained in the Federal Register
There are no restrictions on the republication of material ap-
that this day cannot be far away.
all have been looking forward to today for a
amended; 44 U.S.C. Ch. 15), under regula-
pearing in the Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents
long time. And after all, it's not every day
673
get out of math and spelling.
as a sign to the emerging democracies in
economies, reclaiming rights and freedoms
r] And I know it won't be easy to
Eastern Europe and in this hemisphere that
freedoms it enshrines can never be a gift of
long denied. Everywhere from Prague to
nd all the things we're talking
government.
free trade is the way of the future.
Panama City, the time has come to make a
is morning, but there's one thing
Second, let me just say a word about
start in the difficult work of democracy
Earlier this year, in the State of the
sure you can understand: You're
Japan. All of you know that I did not name
building.
Union, I talked about the cornerstones of
cause you're important, because
Japan a priority country under the Super
free society, the building blocks of democra-
It's that challenge that I want to talk to
I grow up you might just run your
301 provisions of the 1988 Trade Act. That
cy, all these elements that make America
liness, like the people here. Or
you about today, and it's a challenge that
does not mean that all of our problems with
what it is: competition, opportunity, stew-
ou'll even run for President of the
can engage every single one of you because
Japan have disappeared. We know that we
ardship, private investment. Those building
tates. It may be hard to believe,
you and the institutions you represent are
could sell more American products if
blocks are what make America work. More
once a second-grader just like you
proof of the power of the private sector.
Japan's market were truly open. But we've
Democracy prospers when it rests on the
than that, they're what makes democracy
[Laughter] So, today I want to
been working hard on that, and I think
firm foundation of the free market. Think
work. They'r what the newly emerging de--
all of you to keep working hard
with impressive results. Over the past few
about that. What it means is that one of the
mocracies of this hemisphere and in East-
Do your very best, and don't be
months, we've made more progress on
chief aims of our public policy must be to
ern Europe need to grow and prosper.
reach for your dreams.
trade issues with Japan than at any other
involve the private sector, in all its diversi-
Think back to what Lech Walesa said last
want to challenge the Chamber of
time I can recall. And part of the reason for
we as well-that's all the rest of you
ty, in the business of building democracy.
November when he spoke to the AFL-CIO
this success, if you will, is that the Prime
That's not to say that there's no work for
[American Federation of Labor and Con-
past the second grade out there.
i] All of you know that the Gover-
Minister, Prime Minister Kaifu of Japan,
government to do. Government-to-govern-
gress of Industrial Organizations]. Picture it:
I have agreed on a set of national
shares our commitment to ensuring that
ment aid is essential, especially in the first
Solidarity labor leader speaking before our
1 goals, goals we must meet by the
trade strengthens rather than undermines
days of democracy when the institutions of
great AFL-CIO about the needs of the new
0, the year these second-graders
the friendship between our nations. Now,
free government are most fragile.
Poland. Here is the quote: "Such is the fate
luate. And I'm delighted at all the
we are going to continue to press for
That's why we put together aid packages
of a Polish trade unionist," he said, "that he
of Commerce is doing to advance
progress. And keep in mind, section 301
for Poland and Hungary, and that's why I
has to launch a publicity campaign for pri-
and other trade law authorities remain
continue to urge Congress to move our
vate entrepreneurship."
HH
cause of excellence in education,
I challenge you to get involved in
available to the President, and we will use
Nicaragua and Panama emergency aid legis-
Lech Walesa told the Congress that he
1001 and community across Amer-
all the tools at our disposal to open markets
lation to final passage as soon as possible. It
hadn't come to ask for charity-as we know
us make that classroom a place
and ensure fair treatment for American
is embarrassing. Today I meet with Presi-
that we can't create democracy by writing
racles happen.
products, services, American investments
dent Endara of Panama. I've asked the
a check. We build democracy in other na-
:fore I go any further, I want to
and ideas. I'm confident in Carla Hills, our
Senate and the House to move on that leg-
tions not by taking responsibility for their
e chamber for its support on an
very able and tenacious Trade Representa-
islation over a month ago, and they haven't
needs but by helping them take responsibil-
ential to our nation's economic
tive. I'm confident in her ability, and I'm
done it. I call on them again today to take
ity for themselves. We build democracy
.ist week I sent to the Congress a
confident we will achieve lasting results.
action in the Senate so we can help those
whenever we help individuals take their
nt plan for budget reform: one,
John Clendenin mentioned in his speech
fledgling democracies in Panama and Nica-
destiny into their own hands. Democracy
g the Legislative Line-Item Veto
the whirlwind of the changes we've seen
ragua.
puts the focus not on government but on
proposing an amendment to the
this past year. And last year I spoke to you
It is frustrating to see the Congress delay-
the freedom of the individual, not on the
ion to provide a Presidential line-
on May 1, May Day, by tradition one of the
ing its work. Here's the facts. On this legis-
state but on society, the private sector. De-
0; and three, a balanced budget
great days of celebration in the Socialist
lation, I called for aid on March 13th, to be
mocracy thrives in direct proportion to the
ent. The chamber, together with
world. I said then that even the Socialist
exact, and asked that it be passed by April
flowering of individual freedom and free
ganizations in the Coalition for
world was coming to see that socialism
5th. In the House, $800 million in domestic
enterprise.
sponsibility, has been out there on
wasn't just another economic system: it was
discretionary spending was added. The
Our administration is doing all it can to
lines of the battle for budget
the death of economics. And that much was
Senate added another half a billion dollars
promote private sector development. The
nd I ask you now to push hard for
clear. What none of us could have seen on
and, in committee, tacked on a contentious
Commerce Department, under Bob Mos-
point plan. The time has come to
the eve of May Day 1989 was how close we
abortion provision. No wonder the Ameri-
bacher's able leadership, has opened its
scal house in order.
had come to the wholesale collapse of com-
can people get so frustrated with the way
Eastern Europe Business Information
I me say a few words about my
munism.
the Congress operates. Nicaragua and
Center and, with the chamber, has hosted a
ation's trade strategy. First, suc-
First in Poland, then across Eastern
Panama quite simply need this aid. We've
conference on doing business in Eastern
e Uruguay round trade talks is my
Europe-one nation after another broke the
got to deliver, and we've got to show that
Europe. Carla Hills, our able Ambassador,
priority. The GATT [General
stranglehold of the state and embraced de-
when democracy is at stake America always
and her USTR team have been negotiating
it on Tariffs and Trade] needs
mocracy. And here in our own hemisphere,
extends a helping hand.
with the emerging democracies to open the
ning. It doesn't cover services, in-
in Panama and Nicaragua, the day of the
But as I've said many times, government
way for expanded trade. At Labor, we've
or intellectual property rights. Its
dictator gave way to the decade of democ-
aid alone is simply not the answer. It's more
got a great Secretary of Labor-Elizabeth
gricultural trade are far too weak,
racy. These transforming events brought
than a matter of finding enough funds: it's a
Dole. She's directing programs assisting
counterproductive pressures to
freedom to tens of millions of people, and
matter of principle, of what we mean when
Poland on key issues such as job training
farm exports. And we've got to
with that freedom, new challenges digging
we talk about building democracy. The
and unemployment insurance. At Agricul-
a GATT as a matter of principle:
out from under the wreckage of ruined
simple truth is this: Democracy and the
ture, most of you know Secretary Clayton
675
S doing a fine job. He's led this
to market. For Servrite, this is a good busi-
a significant source of new capital for prom-
effort, to provide food aid and
the people of Panama remain steadfast, for
ness opportunity, but for the Panamanians
ising economic ventures.
expertise to spearhead agricul-
theirs is a rare privilege: to be present and
involved, it's more than just a paycheck: it's
I know the chamber is already involved
serve in the rebirth of a great nation.
a chance to build a future.
in expanding free market forces. I've heard
ant to turn the spotlight on one
Two hundred and one years ago today,
We're looking then to create the same
about your newly created Eastern Europe-
kept secrets in town-an agency
George Washington was sworn in on the
kind of opportunity for investment in Nica-
an Trade and Technical Assistance Center
:, the Overseas Private Invest-
steps of Federal Hall as the President of a
ragua and, of course, beyond our own hemi-
and about the new American Chamber of
oration. OPIC's programs have
newly created nation, an office he didn't
sphere, in Eastern Europe. As we speak,
di since the days of the Marshall
Commerce in Budapest. You are helping
seek but felt compelled to serve. He was
OPIC's President, my good friend Fred
millions of people realize their dream of
ling loans and risk insurance to
called into the service of his country "on
Zeder, a successful businessman in his own
democracy.
ompanies expanding into mar-
the eve," he said, "of an arduous struggle
the developing world. Here's a-
right, is leading a mission to Hungary and
It will be a tremendous struggle, meas-
for its liberties." While Washington was ac-
V this crowd in particular will
Poland, playing matchmaker to 43 Ameri-
ured not in days or months but years. But
tually aware of the responsibilities of his
OPIC is one government
can corporations and a far larger number of
what I've seen on my visits to Poland and
office and the power that attended it, he
actually turns a profit. Today
Eastern Europe's aspiring entrepreneurs.
Hungary and what I've learned in my con-
once said that "The most enviable of all
PIC is an important tool in our
Most of you know about the $150-million
versations with the new leaders of Nicara-
titles is the character of an honest man."
oach to help the world's emerg-
deal between G.E., General Electric, and
gua and Panama is that all the years of
President Endara, freely elected and
cies sustain themselves.
Hungary's largest electric enterprise,
despotic rule have not crushed the human
called forth on the eve of his nation's strug-
got to be realistic. Economic
Tungsram. What you may not know is
spirit. These people are determined, full of
gle for liberty, is renowned for that charac-
n't come overnight. Eastern
OPIC's leading role in making that invest-
hope and dreams, and now they're free.
ter. His intelligence; his grace; his ability as
nined four decades of economic
ment possible. That's just a fraction of the
And if our American example teaches any-
a leader, as conciliator, as consensus builder
here in our own hemisphere,
interest generated so far. Already OPIC has
thing, it teaches that freedom is the world's
have won the confidence of Panamanians
tatorship in Nicaragua drove its
received requests representing more than
most powerful force.
ght into the ground, destroyed
$2 billion worth of American investment in
It's been a great privilege to speak to all
and all Americans. But the struggle is not
commercial infrastructure that
of you today. Thank you, and may God
over in Panama. While democracy has been
Hungary and Poland alone, for the potential
th possible. But with the emer-
bless these little kids, and may God bless
restored and the peace is now preserved,
for growth and the dividend for democracy
the United States of America. Thank you all
we must see that prosperity returns to the
lemocracy, these nations are
are both great.
very, very much.
people of Panama, and that's been the prin-
ound the clock to jump-start
You may have heard about some of
cipal focus of President Endara's visit and
economies, to make the funda-
Japan's new joint ventures in Eastern
our discussions.
ages needed to create a func-
Note: The President spoke at 10:12 a.m. at
Europe-Suzuki's plan to build cars in Hun-
market. For democracy's sake,
DAR Constitution Hall. He was introduced
And now that Panama enjoys freely elect-
gary or Daihatsu's deal to do the same in
by John Clendenin, the 1989-1990 chair-
ed, legitimate leadership in a democracy.
10 do all we can to help this
Poland. There's nothing unfair about these
ke place.
man of the U.S. Chamber of Commerce.
based on equality of opportunity, the
ventures, just proof that one of our key
United States is working to lay a foundation
II you what OPIC then is doing
competitors is engaged in a hardnosed hunt
for cooperative relations that will serve
n the free market foundations
for good opportunities in a new market.
both nations well into the coming century.
y in Panama. Just 60 days after
And I've said it before, and I'll say it now:
And in that light, I'd like to emphasize our
ust Cause, OPIC led an invest-
American business can outthink, outwork,
Remarks Following Discussions With
commitment to the Panama Canal Treaties
in of 27 American businesspeo-
outperform any nation in the world. But we
President Guillermo Endara of Panama
as a framework for the smooth and orderly
t with their counterparts in
can't beat the competition if we don't get
April 30, 1990
transfer of canal management responsibil-
IC investment agreements that
that 7-day mission should lead
in the ball game. And if American business
ities to a sovereign Panama. And I'm happy
1 investment of more than $70
wants to keep ahead of the competition, the
President Bush. Mr. President-President
to announce today the nomination of the
time to act is now.
Endara-and distinguished members of the
Panamanian Administrator of the Canal:
mama and 400 new jobs.
Government must act, too, to help ener-
Panamanian delegation, friends, and col-
Gilberto Guardia. I want to say that both
is the story of one company
gize the private sector, and today I'm an-
leagues. It's been a pleasure and, indeed, an
countries are eager to look beyond the
rt in that OPIC mission-Serv-
honor to welcome President Endara to
nouncing a new initiative under OPIC's
1990's to begin to consider together the
tional, a small dairy company
auspices to establish an Eastern European
Washington. His struggle, the struggle for
future of that vitally important path be-
W Haven, Connecticut. Servrite
prosperity and democracy in Panama, has
tween the seas, the Panama Canal.
invest in Panama, plans that it
growth fund, a magnet for the kind of in-
special meaning for all Americans through-
vestment capital that can create self-sustain-
We're committed to cooperation with
because of the old regime. Now,
out this hemisphere. It both inspires and
Panama across the entire range of our rela-
turn of democracy, Servrite is
ing growth and responsible development.
reminds us that the cause of freedom is as
tions-diplomatic, cultural, economic. And
vard, building a modern milk
This fund will be privately managed, under-
hard as it is just. And many struggle for it;
we're already beginning to see signs of a
alant in the rural province of
written in part by OPIC, and backed by its
some pray for it, fast for it, are beaten, shed
Panamanian renaissance, as ransacked
10 project will create 50 new
political risk insurance within existing
blood for it. Guillermo Endara and his
stores are restocked and reopened, deposi-
vide technical assistance to help
budget authorities. And when fully capital-
people have done all of that and more. But
tors and lenders are returning, and a new
an dairy farmers get their milk
ized at $200 million, this fund will provide
while the challenges they face are daunting,
economic confidence is now emerging.
677
07/20/90
09:38
202 647 1579
US STATE DEPT
002
Secretary Baker
Current
Policy
From Revolution to Democracy:
No. 1248
Central and Eastern Europe
in the New Europe
United States Department of State
Bureau of Public Affairs
Washington, D.C.
Following is Secretary Baker's pre-
"government clothed with proper author-
protect Europe's democratic revolutions.
pared address at Charles University,
ity." And he insisted that Czechs and
Never again should you-or any other
Prague, Czechoslovakia, February 7,
Slovaks, not an emperor in Vienna, should
people-have totalitarianism steal away
1990.
be the judges of their own destiny.
your freedom. Never again should you be
But the wisdom of Masaryk and
just the objects of history, unable to ef-
On an autumn day in Washington, D.C.,
Wilson, the rationality of democracy and
fect, much less shape, your own destiny,
72 years ago, a messenger brought an en-
self-determination, did not last.
unable to do anything but cry out: "o nas,
velope to the White House. A clerk
The days of reason of 1918 yielded to
bez nas, proti nam"-about us, without
stamped the enclosed letter, "Received,
the unreasoning darkness of 1938 and
us, against us.
October 18, 1918." The letter was sent by
1948. Czechoslovakia witnessed-and
an elderly former professor from Prague
endured-frightening totalitarian power
From Revolution to Lasting Democracy
to his friend, a former professor from
and the breakdown of the European
Princeton. The letter was timely, for on
order. The United States returned to
In December in Berlin, I discussed four
that very day-October 18-the Prince-
Europe, and America's young men died,
key features of the new European archi-
ton professor, Woodrow Wilson, Presi-
resisting Nazi and Fascist aggression.
tecture: NATO, the European Commu-
dent of the United States, was consider-
Then America stayed in Europe to con-
nity (EC), the Conference on Security and
ing a recent proposal from the Austro-
tain Stalinist expansionism.
Cooperation in Europe (CSCE), and a
Hungarian Empire. That letter to the
Now the revolutions of 1989 have re-
continuing American role in Europe.
White House was the Declaration of Inde-
vived an age of reason for Czechoslovakia
Here in Prague, I want to resume that
pendence of the Czechoslovak nation.
and Eastern and central Europe.
discussion. I want to share my thoughts
Thomas Masaryk had sent it.
That is what brings us together in this
on how Czechoslovakia and its neighbors
As our 28th President read the docu-
special place. Twenty-two years ago, stu-
in central and Eastern Europe can move
ment from the man who would be your
dents just like you-students like Jan
from revolutions to lasting democracies
first President, he must have been stirred
Palach-joined during a fateful Prague
that draw strength from the new archi-
by the words that recalled our own decla-
spring to restore the vibrant democratic
tecture.
ration of independence from an empire.
society that once stood at the heart of
The historic, democratic movements
He must have been moved by the closing
Europe-only to be crushed by the
that we are witnessing across Europe---
passage:
twisted normality of "normalization," by
here in Prague and in Bratislava, in
the unreason of the era of stagnation.
Warsaw and Budapest, in Berlin, Sofia,
The forces of darkness have served the
Now you-the students of this great uni-
victory of light-the longed-for age of human-
Relgrade, and Bucharest-hold great
ity j₈ dawning. We believe in democracy, we
versity-have taken part, heroically and
promise for all of us. They hold the prom-
believe in liberty-and liberty ever more.
responsibly, in your velvet revolution.
ise that Europe can achieve what Presi-
So it is especially fitting for me to
dent Havel has called "the era of
That same day, October 18, Woodrow
come here, to Czechoslovakia, to Prague,
freedom;" what President Bush has called
Wilson sent his reply to the Austro-
to this university, to talk with you about
a "Europe whole and free."
Hungarian Empire. He recognized the
how we might promote, perpetuate, and
Czecho-Slovak National Council as a
07/20/90
09:39
202 647 1579
US STATE DEPT
003
We must work to fulfill that promise
intrigues, secret agreements, and prag-
ensure that the people-power elections of
and to protect it. Indeed, we all know
matic maneuvering but that it also can be
1990 genuinely represent the will of the
the art of the impossible, that is the art of
people.
that initial impulses for democracy may
not be enough. If 1989 was the year of
making both ourselves and the world
No proposal could be more timely.
sweeping away, 1990 must become the
better."
Last month Romania said it would invite
UN observers to its elections. Now I
year of building anew.
Free Elections: The First Challenge
hope Romania will give our CSCE
Four challenges confront the newly
observer proposal greater impetus by
emerging democracies of this region.
Two months ago in Berlin, I emphasized
being the first nation to invite CSCE
First, the spirit of revolution needa to
that governments based on the consent of
observers. Nineteen eighty-nine was the
move from the streets into the govern-
the governed are the first requirement
year the people took to the streets; 1990
ment. Transitional regimes need to give
for an enduring peace in Europe. Ameri-
should be the year the people move into
away to fair and free elections that estab-
cans value self-determination because we
their parliaments.
lish open parliaments with a place for
value the dignity and freedom of the indi-
I would like to add one cautionary
opposition. The new democratic political
vidual. We value it, too, because the prin-
note. We are troubled by indications that
systems need to respect the rule of law
ciple of self-determination is the only
some of the governments in the region
and fundamental individual rights and lib-
basis upon which legitimate governments
have engaged in practices that will ob-
erties-including freedom of speech,
can stand.
struct truly free and fair elections. Let
assembly, religion, and the press. Major-
The steps you take are not just your
me be clear: The peaceful transition to
ity rule must respect minority rights.
own; they are also steps forward for all
democracy now underway in central and
Second, the spirit of the new Europe
states that have a stake in a legitimate
Eastern Europe will not tolerate rear
needs to be reflected in security arrange-
European order, including the United
guard maneuvers from any quarter. As
ments that remove the threat of military
States and the Soviet Union. Only
we have seen in the German Democratic
aggression or intimidation and promote
through the legitimacy of democracy will
Republic (G.D.R.) and Romania, such
the peaceful settlement of disputes. Elec-
we achieve a resilient and lasting
actions will only undercut the legitimacy
tions and new security treaties will be
stability.
of this vital process. And any steps that
mutually reinforcing, for only freely
Governments accountable to their
undercut the creation of legitimate gov-
elected governments can legitimize the
peoples-and more concerned with the
ernments will increase, not decrease, in-
security arrangements the treaties will
livelihood of their citizens than with their
stability. That is in no one's interest.
codify.
apparats, armies, or secret police-will
We will proceed on the basis of a new
Third, the spirit of economic reform
secure a Europe whole and free in & way
democratic differentiation: Any backslid-
needs to move forward to allow free men
armies of tanks never could. Democratic
ing in the movement to create legitimate
and women to enjoy economic liberty-
governments are far more likely to pro-
governments will isolate a nation from the
including the rights to private ownership
mote the well-being of their citizens than
support we can provide.
and to work alone or collectively in mar-
to pursue expansionist, aggressive aims.
kets where prices are set by individual
President Gorbachev also appears to
Consolidating Changes in Europe's
choices, not centralized diktat. The im-
have understood this opportunity. By
Security: The Second Challenge
proved performance and freedom of mar-
word and deed, this new Soviet leader-
ket economics will be necessary to help
ship seems to agree that legitimacy, not
The democratic imperative is the first and
sustain popular support for the new
force, is the only way to ensure European
most basic challenge. But the second
democracies.
stability. As Foreign Minister Shevard-
challenge is no less important. I want to
"Following from these three chal-
nadze said just last month: "We are
state our objective as clearly as possible:
lenges, I suggest there may also be a
emerging from a difficult past. We are
We must leave behind not only the cold
fourth: Some of the new democracies of
emerging from it, having learned well its
war but also the conflicts that preceded it.
the region may determine that they can
main lesson: Only an advanced democ-
After 1918 you built a strong democ-
better support and sustain their common
racy can give guarantees against the
racy and a vibrant economy, but 1938 and
effort if they do so in concert, perhaps
abuse of power and can secure a nation
1948 proved the necessity for enduring,
through some form of regional coopera-
against repression and violence."
effective security.
tion.
Since self-determination through a
The lesson is clear: Military changes
,In each of these efforts, the evolving
free and fair election is the right that
must keep pace with political ones. And
institutions of a new Europe-NATO, the
secures all others, President Bush has
the conventional armed forces in Europe
EC, CSCE-will play important roles. So
called for adding free elections to CSCE
(CFE) talks are a critical step toward an
will America. For as you make progress
nations' human rights obligations. This
agreed and codified security system.
toward democratic ideals, so do we, for
proposal would commit all 35 CSCE par-
Last week President Bush made a new
that is the essence of America. Both
ticipating states to hold periodic and
proposal that should bring an effective
Wilson and Masaryk understood that.
genuine elections, permit free party
CFE treaty to a rapid conclusion.
None of us should underestimate the
activity, and require that elections be
The United States is confident that
difficulty of the work ahead. But neither
open to foreign observers. Between now
such an agreement will promote a stable
should we underestimate the great oppor-
and the Copenhagen CSCE conference
strategic relationship in Europe. That re-
tunity presented all of us by your
[on the human dimension in Junel, the
lationship should minimize and deter the
courage.
United States will propose new provi-
threat of any army of invasion and end
As President Havel said on New
sions to support, monitor, and carry out a
the unjust presence of any army of
Year's Day: "Let us teach both ourselves
free elections regime within the CSCE
occupation.
and others that politics does not have to
process.
We also believe that enduring secu-
be the art of the possible, especially if this
Indeed, I propose that all CSCE
rity necessitates a continued U.S. military
means the art of speculating, calculating,
member states join with the United
States in sending observer delegations to
2
07/20/90
09:40
202 647 1579
US STATE DEPT
004
role on the continent-for as long as our
toward the danger of Eastern offensive
pean animosities and fears-outside and
allies desire it-to reassure the nations of
action against the West. We also need to
inside NATO. As 3 security alliance
Europe, large and small, that we will
develop measures that would impede an
among 16 like-minded democracies,
stand by them to resist invasion, intimida-
assertion of military might by any Euro-
NATO should consider how it might
tion, or coercion.
pean nation against any other.
facilitate collective action against non-
We can make the European strategic
So today I propose that we start ex-
traditional threats- such as proliferation
situation more predictable and perhaps
ploring the expansion of the confidence-
and regional conflicts. As a political and a
less threatening by encouraging greater
and security-building measures agenda.
security alliance, NATO can assist in
openness and transparency in military
For example, we should consider new
the verification of arms control and
affairs. Next week, for example, Canada
proposals to promote greater military
security agreements to the benefit of all
will host the "open skies" conference in
transparency among neighboring states,
Europeans.
Ottawa, where we hope to begin negotia-
especially along border areas, and to open
tions toward implementing President
the military budgets of all 35 CSCE
Economic Requirements for the New
Bush's proposal to overcome the suspi-
nations to public serutiny.
Democracies: The Third Challenge
cions of secrecy through a system of over-
NATO will continue to play an impor-
flights on short notice.
tant role in ensuring strategic stability
Free elections and treaties on conven-
The negotiations on confidence- and
and predictability in Europe-West and
tional forces and confidence-building
security-building measures within CSCE
East-but NATO must also evolve to
measures will help advance and consoli-
offer a vehicle for ongoing efforts to
assume new missions. As a political alli-
date your people-power revolutions. But
reduce tensions on the continent. Yet our
ance, NATO offers a cohesive structure
if steps are not taken to promote CCO-
present proposals are oriented primarily
that can help address old and new Euro-
nomic vitality, then the stability of Eu-
Czechoslovakia-A Profile
groups: Czech (64%), Slovak (31%), Hungarian,
a white band on the upper half of the remaining
Polish, Ukrainian, German. Religions: Roman
space, and a red band on the lower half.
Catholic, Protestant, Orthodox, Jewish.
SOVEI
Languages: Czech, Slovak, Hungarian.
DEMOCRATIC
POLAND
Education: Literacy-99% Health: Life
Economy
expectancy-males-67.5 yrs; females-75 yrs.
GNP (1987): $107 billion- Annual growth rate
Prague
Work force (7.8 million): Agriculture-14%.
(1987 est.): 2.6%. Per capita income (1987):
Industry, construction, and commerce-64%
$6,900.
CZECHOSLOVAKIA
Services and government-22%.
Natural resources: Coal, coke, timber,
GERMANY
lignite, uranium, magnesite.
AUSTRIA
HUNSABY
Government
Agriculture (7% of GNP): Products-wheat,
rye, oats, corn, barley, potatoes. sugar beets,
Type: Socialist republic Independence:
hogs, cattle, horses.
Czechoslovak state established 1918.
Industry (60% of GNP): Types- iron and
Constitution: July 11. 1960 (being redrafted
steel, machinery and equipment, cement, sheet
during 1990).
glass, motor vehicles, armaments, chemicals,
Branches: Executive-president (chief of
ceramics, wood, paper products.
state), prime minister (head of government),
Trade (1987): Exports-S8.4 billion:
Geography
cabinet. Legislative-bicameral Federal
machinery, iron and steel, chemicals, raw
Area: 127,896 sq. km. (49,381 sq. mi.); about
Assembly. Judicial-Supreme Court (1960),
materials, consumer goods. Imports-S8.4
the size of New York. Cities: Capital: Prague
Constitutional Court (1968).
billion: machinery, equipment, raw materials,
(pop. 1.2 million). Other cities-Bratislava
Political parties: With free parliamentary
consumer goods. Partners-Austria, Bulgaria,
(413,000), Brno (385,000), Ostrava (327,000),
elections set for 1990, many new partics are
East Germany, West Germany, Hungary,
Kosice (220,000), Plzen (Pilsen-175,000).
emerging to challenge the Czechoslovak
Romania, Soviet Union, Yugoslavia.
Terrain: Rolling area in wet, low mountains to
Communist Party for power. Suffrage:
Exchange rates (Jan. 1990): 38
the north and south, hills in the center, rugged
Universal over 18.
crowns-U.S. $1.
mountains in the east Climate: Temperate.
Administrative subdivisions: Two
semiautonomous "republics"-Czech Socialist
Republic (Bohemia, Moravia), Slovak Socialist
Membership In
People
Republic (Slovakia); 10 administrative districts
International Organizations
and 2 city administrations.
Nationality: Noun and adjective-
Defense: 7% of 1987 state budget.
UN and its specialized agencies, Council for
Czechoslovak(s). Population (1988): 15.6
Flag: A blue triangle extending the length
Mutual Economic Assistance (CEMA), Warsaw
million. Annual growth rate: 0.25%. Ethnic
Pact
of the staff side, with its apex toward the center,
3
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09:41
202 647 1579
US STATE DEPT
005
rope may be threatened again. This is
last week, President Bush asked Con-
for the United States and others that
one of the painful lessons of the interwar
gress for $300 million for assistance to
want to ensure that the revolutions of
years. The newly emancipated peoples of
Eastern Europe. While some of our
1989 become the democracies of the
this region now face the long and trying
assistance will be available to all, the
1990s. Together they can help build gov-
labor of regenerating societies devastated
progress a government makes in meeting
by half a century of totalitarian rule.
ernments that answer to only one power:
the challenges I have outlined will influ-
the people.
A major part of this effort must clean
ence the availability of the full range of
This agenda draws from and builds on
up your rivers, lakes, forests, soil, and
aid.
the CSCE framework. It should be the
air-damaged just as badly by central
Third, we must integrate the new
agenda of a CSCE summit. Therefore,
planning as were your economies them-
market democracies into the international
selves.
the United States stands ready to partici-
economic system. You need access to the
pate in a 35-nation CSCE summit this
Because the circumstances of each
International Monetary Fund (IMF) and
year if the summit addresses three points.
nation differ considerably, it would be a
World Bank resources. You need barri-
mistake to apply a mechanistic assistance
ers to trade removed bilaterally and
One, we need to make substantial
formula. I believe, however, we can iden-
through the General Agreement on
progress on the U.S. and U.K. proposal to
tify stages of economic reform to which
Tariffs and Trade (GATT) so potential in-
establish a CSCE commitment to hold
the United States, the EC, and the other
vestors will know they can export to
periodic and genuine elections. Free elec-
nations of the Group of 24 should tailor
other markets. You need access to high
tions should be a human right and are the
support.
technology. To meet this need, the
baseline requirement for establishing a
First, some nations will need short-
United States is considering with its allies
new, legitimate European political order.
term emergency aid to cope with severe
adjustments in the Coordinating Commit-
Two, we must complete the CFE
shortages of necessities-for example,
tee for Multilateral Export Controls
treaty-so it can be signed at the sum-
food, medicine, and disaster relief. We
(COCOM) system that could enable you to
mit-establishing new, legitimate secu-
have access to technology, provided you
rity arrangements.
will be there to break the fall. But we will
will protect it and forego industrial
Three, we should clearly define the
seek to do so in a way that does not
undercut the revitalization of homegrown
espionage.
summit agenda based on substantive
progress and possible proposals in other
solutions-especially in agriculture.
We have been pleased the European
The private sector can play a key role
areas as well, including economies. This
Community has assumed a major role in
here. For instance, the American organi-
way it can prepare for, not replace, the
coordinating economic assistance, because
zation, AmeriCares, has sent over $80
1992 Helsinki review meeting and demon-
the availability of the EC market for the
million in medical supplies since 1982 to
strate CSCE's potential for advancing re-
nations of central and Eastern Europe is
aid the people of this region. And their
form in a new Europe. For example, we
vital. We recognize, as well, that others—
supplies are donated primarily from
might consider how CSCE can gradually
including the United States, Japan, and
American pharmaceutical companies-
develop institutions to support its work in
the European Free Trade Association
over 800 of them.
the three baskets, as the Federal Repub-
(EFTA) nations-should also play signifi-
Second, all the new democracies will
lic of Germany (F.R.G.) has suggested.
cant roles so the new market democracies
need help in the transition from broken
can assume their proper independent
down Stalinist command economies to
place within the whole of Europe and the
U.S. Bilateral Programs for
market systems driven by the engine of
larger international system.
Czechoslovakia
private enterprise. Your new Finance
Czechoslovakia and other nations of
Minister, Vaclav Klaus, recently made a
Let me say a word about our bilateral as-
Eastern Europe warrant special recogni-
succinct statement at an international
sistance program for Czechoslovakia.
tion at this historic time. Therefore, 1 am
meeting that went to the heart of the
Under the sure guidance of the Civic
pleased to announce that we will support
problem: We don't need the old types of
Forum and the Public Against Violence,
the offer of the Government of Czechoslo-
cooperation, he reminded an old thinking
Czechs and Slovaks together have shown
vakia to locate the new European Bank
Eastern colleague, we need business!
that no change is too rapid when it is
for Reconstruction and Development
Businesses need market prices and an
peaceful, consolidates democratic gains,
(EBRD) here in Prague, in the center and
opportunity to compete. It is up to you to
and leads to a legitimate government.
heart of Europe.
provide a conducive legal environment, to
Our assistance can help you continue your
I also look forward to the Bonn CSCE
revolution.
turn over or sell factories to private own-
economic conference as an opportunity to
ers, and to lift the heavy hand of exces-
In recognition of your country's dra-
establish European-wide adherence to
sive government intervention. It is up to
matically changed human rights situation,
market principles. If CSCE is to fulfill its
us to help draw foreign investors, offering
I am pleased to announce that the Presi-
potential, it needs a better developed eco-
incentives where appropriate, and even at
dent will notify the Congress that he is
nomic component that will aid the transi-
times to supply seed money for local pri-
waiving the Jackson-Vanik amendment.
tion to market economies and promote
vate ventures. It is up to all of us to lend
This waiver will open the way for most-
ongoing respect for economic liberty and
a hand-especially through multilateral
favored-nation (MFN) status for Czecho-
open markets.
financial support-to democratic econo-
slovakia after we negotiate a trade agree-
mics struggling to manage such difficult
ment. And when Czechoslovakia's parlia-
transition problems as debt payments,
CSCE Summit
ment passes new, liberal legislation on
stabilization of currency values, and cur-
free emigration, the United States will
Free elections. CFE and security.
rency convertibility.
declare Czechoslovakia in full compliance
Dynamic market economies.
That is exactly what we are doing for
with Jackson-Vanik, as we have done
Poland and Hungary, where the United
Standing alone, each of these is impor-
with Hungary, 80 that Czechoslovakia can
States alone has offered about $1 billion in
tant. But together they are mutually re-
enjoy MFN status without the require-
inforcing. Together they offer an agenda
various assistance measures. And just
ment of an annual waiver.
4
07/20/90
09:42
202 647 1579
US STATE DEPT
006
The President will also request au-
could provide seed money for startup
your position and fashion a special rela-
thority for the U.S. Overseas Private In-
costs as well as technical assistance. It
tionship with the EC, the nations of
vestment Corporation (OPIC) to operate
would also provide training in the United
EFTA, or the United States.
in Czechoslovakia to encourage and offer
States and other Western countries in the
If you do work together, we will re-
financial support to private U.S. inves-
use of equipment and development of pro-
spect your decision by providing our as-
tors. And we will support your recent re-
fessional broadcast and print standards.
sistance in a way that supports your asso-
quest to rejoin the IMF.
ciations. The choice of whether to associ-
The United States will also:
ate and in what form is, of course, entirely
New Associations In the Region and
yours to make.
Support you economically by mak-
Europe: The Fourth Challenge
ing Czechoslovakia eligible for the export-
credit guarantees of our Export-Import
In a region that has suffered 80 greatly
A Commonwealth of Free Nations
from the distortion of national interest
Bank and Commodity Credit Corporation;
and from international isolation, I am en-
Today in Prague and 2 months ago in
by seeking legislation to promote techni-
cal assistance; by negotiating a bilateral
couraged by the first signs of coordination
Berlin, I have elaborated upon the Presi-
investment treaty; and by coordinating
and possible new association among
dent's vision of a Europe whole and free.
newly democratic states. President
I have described America's vital role in
this assistance with the multilateral
building that new Europe together with
efforts of the Group of 24;
Havel and others have opened the discus-
Support you ecologically by propos-
sion. We recognize that the growth of le-
you. By respecting the principles of self-
ing & joint U.S.-Czechoslovak study to
gitimate multilateral organizations that
determination and democratic choice, we
determine the most cost-effective way to
reflect the economic, political, and secu-
believe that the old divisions of Europe
rity interests of this region will develop
can be overcome. The legacy of 1938 and
deal with your serious air pollution prob-
lems; by encouraging you to participate in
as they are needed, but permit me, if you
1948 can be left behind, and the hopes of
the Budapest Regional Environment Cen-
will, to think out loud for a few moments.
1918 and 1968 can be fulfilled.
ter announced by President Bush last
The United States has supported vol-
Before I came to speak to you this
untary associations of independent na-
morning, I visited the place where, 21
July; and by intensifying our dialogue on
tions in every other region in the world.
years ago, Jan Palach set himself on fire
all transnational issues, including the en-
vironment, drug trafficking, and terror-
As in Western Europe after World
to protest fear and terror. There is little
War II, we believe that the process of po-
that an American official can tell this au-
ism; and
Support closer ties between our
litical and economic reconstruction may
dience about his sacrifice. But I know
peoples by increasing cultural and educa-
be strengthened by new forms of coopera-
that among the students of his old univer-
tional exchange programs; by beginning a
tion.
sity gathered here today, the student
Peace Corps English-language program
We believe voluntary associations
Palach would not be a lonely man.
follow naturally from democracy and are,
For in affirming your dignity as indi-
here; by establishing U.S. Information
Agency (USIA) cultural centers in Brati-
in a sense, a natural way for democracies
viduals, you have reclaimed more than
to build international civil society and
the future of your generation. In recover-
slava and in Prague; and, above all, by
reopening our consulate in Bratislava.
overcome old animosities. Indeed, asso-
ing your independence as Czechs and Slo-
ciations may also give you additional
vaks, you have begun more than your
These steps will go far toward reestab-
strength to build democratic institutions
country's historic return to Europe. You
lishing our historical ties with both the
Slovak and Czech peoples.
at home, because the lessons and success
have shown that, in the words of your
of one may assist another.
President, freedom is indivisible.
I also have one more U.S. initiative to
We welcome, for example, the recent
:
When the "freedom trains" bearing
announce today-an idea specially suited
discussions of mutually beneficial cco-
East German citizens pulled out of
to safeguarding your democracy and
nomic cooperation in the region by offi-
Prague last year, hundreds of your coun-
those of your neighbors. It starts from
cials of the Governments of Hungary, Po-
trymen stood and checred. But the free-
the assumption that just as you have won
land, and Czechoslovakia, including a pos-
dom train of 1989 did not stop at the East
your own freedom, 80 too will well-
sible free trade agreement, free flow of
German border or the Czechoslovak bor-
informed citizens protect freedom by set-
capital and labor, harmonized financial
der or the Hungarian border, just as it did
ting wrong to right. As Thomas Jefferson
systems, and a convertible accounting
not stop at the border of Poland or Bul-
wrote almost 200 years ago, "Where the
unit. Economic integration can enhance
garia or Romania or Yugoslavia.
press is free, and every man able to read,
efficiency and growth. Common infra-
It is the great promise of our histori-
all is safe." These were and are wise
structure projects can assure compatible
cal moment that the return to freedom
words.
communications, transport, and energy
and the return to a whole Europe are
The United States proposes, there-
networks.
bound together-and can only succeed
fore, the establishment of a fund for inde-
The purpose of such closer ties should
together. And I believe the day will come
pendent broadcasting and a free press.
not be to isolate the countries in associa-
when any European can stand in any
Our goal is to support cooperative devel-
tion from others. Indeed, your nations
European city-in Prague or Paris, in
opment of commercial and nonprofit radio
have every interest in overcoming the en-
Berlin or Budapest-and see only coun-
and television broadcasting and free press
forced associations of the past that actu-
tries of free individuals, a continent of
in Czechoslovakia and the rest of central
ally discouraged your entry into the Eu-
free parliaments, 8 commonwealth of free
and Eastern Europe. The fund would
ropean and global economies. No longer
nations. For as more and more people to-
solicit participation and contributions
should the circumstances of this continent
day understand in more and more places,
from Western private corporations and
subject you to characterization as "the
freedom's journey is one that should
institutions. This fund's principal purpose
lands between." You can, instead, estab-
never end.
would be to assist groups in the region
lish a region of recognition and respect.
President Havel was right. Politics
that wish to start independent radio, tele-
Working together, you might strengthen
can be the art. of the impossible.
vision, and print enterprises. The fund
5
THE WHITE HOUSE
Office of the Press Secretary
(Anaheim, California)
For Immediate Release
July 19, 1990
CAPTIVE NATIONS WEEK, 1990
BY THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
A PROCLAMATION
The end of communist domination in Eastern Europe and
progress toward democratization and greater openness in the
Soviet Union are signs of a new era. Ideals we Americans have
long cherished and defended -- ideals of individual liberty and
self-government -- are triumphing in nations that once bore the
heavy yoke of totalitarianism. Human rights that were once
brutally suppressed are gaining increasing respect, and
political pluralism is replacing the tired dogmas of one-party
rule -- dogmas that have been thoroughly discredited time and
again.
With vigilance and unfailing moral resolve, we have made
great strides in our efforts to promote freedom and human rights
around the world. Tragically, however, there remain countries
where repressive ruling regimes continue to cling to ideologies
that are inimical to the ideals of national sovereignty and
individual liberty. In violation of international human rights
agreements and fundamental standards of morality, these regimes
continue to deny innocent men and women their inalienable
rights, including freedom of speech, freedom of movement and
assembly, freedom of the press, and the right to practice their
religious beliefs without fear of persecution.
Each July, as we celebrate our Nation's Independence and
give thanks for the blessings of liberty and self-government, we
also recall our obligation to speak out for captive peoples
around the world. During Captive Nations Week, we reaffirm our
support for peaceful efforts to secure their right to liberty
and self-determination.
As more and more government leaders around the world now
acknowledge, the God-given rights of individuals must be
recognized in law and respected in practice. Protecting the
rights and freedom to which all men are heirs is not only the
duty of any legitimate government, but also the key to real and
lasting peace among nations. That is one reason why, during
this Captive Nations Week, we do well to recall the timeless
words written by Thomas Jefferson shortly before his death in
1826 on the 50th anniversary of our Nation's Independence:
All eyes are opened, or opening, to the
rights of man. The general spread of the
light of science has already laid open to
every view the palpable truth, that the mass
of mankind has not been born with saddles on
their backs, nor a favored few booted and
spurred, ready to ride them legitimately, by
the grace of God. These are grounds of hope
for others. For ourselves, let the annual
return of this day forever refresh our
recollections of these rights, and an
undiminished devotion to them
more
(OVER)
2
The Congress, by Joint Resolution approved July 17, 1959
(73 Stat. 212), has authorized and requested the President to
year as "Captive Nations Week." "
issue a proclamation designating the third week in July of each
NOW, THEREFORE, I, GEORGE BUSH, President of the
United States of America, do hereby proclaim the week beginning
July 15, 1990, as Captive Nations Week. I call upon the people
of the United States to observe this week with appropriate
ceremonies and activities, and I urge them to reaffirm their
and self-determination.
devotion to the aspirations of all peoples for liberty, justice,
IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand this
eighteenth day of July, in the year of our Lord nineteen hundred
and ninety, and of the Independence of the United States of
America the two hundred and fifteenth.
GEORGE BUSH
# # #
Review
or
Words on Words YORK
BOOKS,
1-18-90
Václav Havel
Václav Havel received Friedenpreis
words to change history-and rightly so,
-not on some private printing press but
of government, where words can prove
des Deutschen Buchandels, the Peace
in a sense.
with a squeaky, antediluvian duplicator.
mightier than ten military divisions,
Prize of the German Booksellers Asso-
Why "rightly so"?
Not long before, my friend Ivan Jirous
where Solzhenitsyn's words of truth
ciation, on October 15, 1989. He wrote
Is the human word truly powerful
was sentenced to sixteen months' im-
were regarded as something so danger-
the following as his acceptance speech.
enough to change the world and influ-
prisonment for berating, on a type-
ous that it was necessary to
ence history? And even if there were
writer, something that is common
bundle their author into an airplane
The prize which it is my honor to re-
epochs when it did exert such a power,
knowledge: that our country has seen
and transport him. Yet, in the part of
ceive today is called a peace prize and
does it still do so today?
many judicial murders and that even
the world I inhabit the word Solidarity
has been awarded to me by booksellers,
Y ou live in a country with consider-
now it is possible for a person unjustly
was capable of shaking an entire power
in other words, people whose business is
convicted to die from ill-treatment in
bloc.
the dissemination of words. It is there-
able freedom of speech. All citizens
prison. My friend Petr Cibulka is in
All that is true. Reams have been
fore appropriate, perhaps, that I should
written about it and my distinguished
reflect here today on the mysterious link
predecessor in this place. Lev Kopelev,*
between words and peace, and in gen-
spoke about it also.
eral on the mysterious power of words
But it is a slightly different matter
in human history.
that concerns me here. It is not my in-
In the beginning was the Word; so it
tention solely to speak about the incred-
states on the first page of one of the
ible importance that unfettered words
most important books known to us.
assume in totalitarian conditions. Nor
What is meant in that book is that the
do I wish to demonstrate the mysterious
Word of God is the source of all cre-
power of words by pointing exclusively
ation. But surely the same could be said,
to those countries where a few words
figuratively speaking, of every human
can count for more than a whole train of
action? And indeed, words can be said
dynamite somewhere else.
to be the very source of our being, and
in fact the very substance of the cosmic
I
want to talk in more general terms
life-form we call Man. Spirit, the human
and consider the wider and more con-
soul, our self-awareness, our ability to
troversial aspects of my topic.
generalize and think in concepts, to per-
We live in a world in which it is possi-
ceive the world as the world (and not
ble for a citizen of Great Britain to find
just as our locality), and lastly, our ca-
himself the target of a lethal arrow'
pacity for knowing that we will die
aimed-publicly and unashamedly-by
-and living in spite of that knowledge:
a powerful individual in another country
surely all these are mediated or actually
merely because he had written a partic-
created by words?
ular book. That powerful man appar-
ently did it in the name of millions of his
If the Word of God is the source of
fellow believers. And moreover, it is
God's entire creation then that part of
possible in this world that some portion
God's creation which is the human race
of those millions-one hopes only a
exists as such only thanks to another of
small portion-will identify with the
God's miracles-the miracle of human
death sentence pronounced.
speech. And if this miracle is the key to
What's going on? What does it mean?
the history of mankind, then it is also
Is it no more than an icy blast of fanati-
the key to the history of society. Indeed
cism, oddly finding a new lease on life in
it might well be the former just because
the era of the various Helsinki agree-
it is the latter. For the fact is that if they
ments. and oddly resuscitated by the
were not a means of communication be-
rather crippling results of the rather
tween two or more human "I"s, then
crippling Europeanization of worlds
words would probably not exist at all.
which initially had no interest in the im-
All these things have been known to
port of foreign civilization. and on ac-
us-or people have at least suspected
count of that ambivalent commodity
them-since time immemorial. There
ended up saddled with astronomical
has never been a time when a sense of
debts they can never repay?
the importance of words was not pre-
It certainly is all that.
sent in human consciousness.
But it is something else as well. It is a
But that is not all: thanks to the mira-
symbol.
cle of speech, we know probably better
It is a symbol of the mysteriously am-
than the other animals that we actually
biguous power of words.
know very little, in other words we are
conscious of the existence of mystery.
without exception can avail themselves
prison for distributing samizdat texts
In truth. the power of words is neither
Confronted by mystery-and at the
of that freedom for whatever purpose.
and recordings of nonconformist singers
unambiguous nor clear-cut. It is not
same time aware of the virtually consti-
and no one is obliged to pay the least at-
and bands.
merely the liberating power of Walesa's
tutive power of words for us-we have
tention, let alone worry their heads over
Yes. all that is true. I do live in a
words or the alarm-raising power of
tried incessantly to address that which is
it. You might, therefore, easily get the
country where a writers' congress or
Sakharov's. It is not just the power
concealed by mystery. and influence it
impression that I overrate the impor-
some speech at it is capable of shaking
of Rushdie's-clearly misconstrued-
with our words. As believers, we pray to
tance of words quite simply because I
book.
the system. Could you conceive of
God, as magicians we summon up or
live in a country where words can still
something of the kind in the Federal
The point is that alongside Rushdie's
ward off spirits, using words to inter-
land people in prison.
Republic of Germany? Yes. I live, in a
words we have Khomeini's. Words that
vene in natural or human events.
Yes, I do live in a country where the
country which, twenty-one years ago,
electrify society with their freedom and
truthfulness are matched by words that
As subjects of modern civilization-
authority and radioactive effect of
was shaken by a text from the pen of my
whether believers or not-we use words
words are demonstrated every day by
friend Ludvík Vaculík. And as if to con-
mesmerize, deceive, inflame. madden,
to construct scientific theories and polit-
the sanctions which free speech attracts.
firm my conclusions about the power of
beguile, words that are harmful-lethal.
ical ideologies with which to tackle or
Just recently, the entire world commem-
words. he entitled his statement: "Two
even. The word as arrow.
redirect the mysterious course of his-
orated the bicentenary of the great
Thousand Words." Among other things,
I don't think I need to go to any
tory-successfully or otherwise.
French Revolution. Inevitably we re-
that manifesto served as one of the pre-
lengths to explain to you of all people the
In other words, whether we are aware
called the famous Declaration of the
texts for the invasion of our country one
diabolic power of certain words: you
of it or not, and however we explain it,
Rights of Man and of Citizens, which
night by five foreign armies. And it is by
have fairly recent first-hand experience
one thing would seem to be obvious: we
states that every citizen has the right to
no means fortuitous that as I write these
of what indescribable historical horrors
have always believed in the power of
own a printing press. During the same
words. the present regime in my country
can flow. in certain political and social
period, i.e., exactly two hundred years
is being shaken by a single page of: text
constellations. from the hypnotically
after that Declaration. my friend
entitled-again as if to illustrate what I
spellbinding. though totally demented,
Copyright © 1989 by Boersenverein des
Frantisek Stárek was sent to prison for
Deutschen Buchandels e.V.
am saying-"A few words." Yes. I really
*Lev Kopelev received the Peace Prize
two-and-a-half years for producing the
do inhabit a system in which words are
of the German Booksellers Association
Translation copyright © 1989 by A.G. Brain
independent cultural journal Vokno
capable of shaking the entire structure
in 1981.
January 18, 1990
5
words of a single, average, petit bour-
"antisocialist forces." It's a fact: in my
selfsame word can, at one moment, radi-
We all believe that it harbors hopes for
geois. Admittedly I fail to understand
country, for ages now, that word has
ate great hopes, at another, it can emit
Europe and the whole world.
what-it-was that transfixed a large num-
been no more than an incantation that
lethal rays. The selfsame word can be
I am bound to admit, though, that I
ber of your fathers and mothers, but at
should be avoided if one does not wish
true at one moment and false the next,
sometimes shudder at the thought that
the same time I realize that it must have
to appear suspect. I was recently at an
at one moment illuminating, at another,
this word might become just one more
been something extremely compelling as
entirely spontaneous demonstration,
deceptive. On one occasion it can open
incantation, and in the end turn into
well as extremely insidious if it was cap-
not dissident-organized, protesting the
up glorious horizons, on another, it can
yet another truncheon for someone to
able of beguiling, albeit only briefly, even
sell-off of one of the most beautiful
lay down the tracks to an entire
beat, us with. It is not my own country I
that great genius who lent such modern
parts of Prague to some Australian mil-
archipelago of concentration camps.
am thinking of: when our rulers utter
and penetrating meaning to the words:
lionaires. When one of the speakers
The selfsame word can at one time be
that word it means about the same as
"Sein," "Da-Sein," and "Existenz."
there, loudly decrying the project,
the cornerstone of peace, while at an-
the word "our monarch" when uttered
The point I am trying to make is that
sought to bolster his appeal to the gov-
other, machine-gun fire resounds in its
by the Good Soldier Svejk. No, what 1
words are a mysterious, ambiguous, am-
ernment by declaring that he was fight-
every syllable.
have in mind is the fact that even the
bivalent, and perfidious phenomenon.
ing for his home in the name of social-
Gorbachev wants to save socialism
intrepid man who now sits in the
They are capable of being rays of light in
ism, the crowd started to laugh. Not
through the market economy and free
Kremlin occasionally, and possibly only
a realm of darkness, as Belinsky once
because they had anything against a just
speech, while Li Peng protects social-
from despair, accuses striking workers,
described Ostrovsky's Storm. They are
social order, but quite simply because
ism by massacring students, and
rebellious nations or national minori-
equally capable of being lethal arrows.
they heard a word which has been
Ceausescu by bulldozing his people.
ties, or holders of rather too unusual
Worst of all, at times they can be the one
minority or national minorities, or
and the other. And even both at once!
holders of rather too unusual minority
The words of Lenin-what were
opinions, of "jeopardizing pere-
they? Liberating or, on the contrary, de-
stroika." I can understand his feelings.
ceptive, dangerous, and ultimately en-
It is terribly difficult to fulfill the enor-
slaving? This is still a bone of conten-
mous task he has undertaken. It all
tion among aficionados of the history of
Photograph © Jim Newsphotos
hangs by the finest of threads and al-
communism and the controversy is
most anything could break that thread.
likely to go on raging for a good while
Then we would all fall into the abyss.
yet. My own impression of these words
But even so I cannot help wondering
is that they were invariably frenzied.
whether all this "new thinking" does
And what about Marx's words? Did
not contain some disturbing relics of
they serve to illuminate an entire hidden
the old. Does it not contain some
plane of social mechanisms, or, were
echoes of former stereotyped thinking
they just the inconspicuous germ of all
and the ancien régime's verbal rituals?
the subsequent appalling gulags. I don't
Isn't the word perestroika starting to
know: most likely they are both at once.
resemble the word socialism, particu-
And what about Freud's words? Did
larly on the odd occasion when it is dis-
they disclose the secret cosmos of the
creetly hurled at the very people who,
human soul, or were they no more than
for so long, were unjustly lambasted
the fountainhead of the illusion now be-
with the word socialism?
numbing half of America that it is possi-
ble to shed one's torments and guilt by
Y our country made an enormous con-
having them interpreted away by some
tribution to modern European history. I
well-paid specialist?
refer to the first wave of détente: the
But I'd go further and ask an even
celebrated "Ostpolitik."
But even that word managed at times
more provocative question: What was
to be well and truly ambivalent. It signi-
the true nature of Christ's words? Were
fied, of course, the first glimmer of
they the beginning of an era of salva-
hope of a Europe without cold wars or
tion and among the most powerful cul-
iron curtains. At the same time-un-
tural impulses in the history of the
happily-there were also occasions
world-or were they the spiritual
when it signified the abandonment of
source of the crusades, inquisitions, the
freedom: the basic precondition-fo all
cultural extermination of the Americas,
real peace. I'still vividly recall how. at
and, later, the entire expansion of the
the beginning of the Seventies, a num-
white race that was fraught with so
ber of my West German colleagues and
many contradictions and had so many
friends avoided me for fear that contact
tragic consequences. including the fact
with me-someone out of favor with
that most of the human world has been
the government here-might needlessly
consigned to that wretched category
provoke that government and thereby
known as the "Third World"? I still
jeopardize the fragile foundations of
tend to think that His words belonged
nascent détente. Naturally I am not
to the former category, but at the same
mentioning it on account of myself
time I cannot ignore the umpteen
personally. let alone out of any sort of
books that demonstrate that, even in its
self-pity. After all, even in those days it
purest and earliest form, there was
Václav Havel waves to a crowd of hundreds of thousands of Czechs on December 10, moments
was rather I who pitied them, since it
something unconsciously encoded in
before announcing the new government
was not I but they who were voluntarily
Christianity which, when combined
incanted for years and years in every
What does that word actually mean on
renouncing their freedom. I mention it
with a thousand and one other circum-
possible and impossible context by a
the lips of the one and the lips of the
only in order to demonstrate yet again
stances. including the relative perma-
regime that only knows how to manipu-
other two? What is this mysterious
from another angle how easy it is for a
nence of human nature, could in some
late and humiliate people.
thing that is being rescued in such dis-
well-intentioned cause to be trans-
way pave the way spiritually, even for
What a weird fate can befall certain
parate ways?
formed into the betrayal of its own
the sort of horrors I mentioned.
words! At one moment in history, cou-
Words can have histories too.
I
good intentions-and yet again because
rageous, liberal-minded people can be
referred to the French Revolution
of a word whose meaning does not
There was a time, for instance, when,
thrown into prison because a particular
and that splendid declaration that ac-
seem to have been kept under ade-
for whole generations of the downtrod-
word means something to them, and at
companied it. That declaration was
quate observation. Something like that
den and oppressed, the word socialism
another moment, people of the selfsame
signed by a gentleman who was later
can happen so easily that it almost
was a mesmerizing synonym for a just
variety can be thrown into prison be-
among the first to be executed in the
takes you unawares: it happens incon-
world, a time when, for the ideal ex-
cause that word has ceased to mean any-
name of that superbly humane text. And
spicuously. quietly. by stealth-and
pressed in that word, people were capa-
thing to them, because it has changed
hundreds and possibly thousands fol-
when at last you realize it, there is only
ble of sacrificing years and years of
from a symbol of a better world into the
lowed him. Liberté, Egalité, Fraternité
one option left to you: belated
their lives, and their very lives even. I
mumbo jumbo of a doltish dictator.
-what superb words! And how terrify-
astonishment.
don't know about your country, but in
No word-at least not in the rather
ing their meaning can be. Freedom: the
However. that is precisely the fiend-
mine, that particular word-"social-
metaphorical sense I am employing the
shirt unbuttoned before execution.
ish way that words are capable of be-
ism"-was transformed long ago into
word "word" here-comprises only the
Equality: the constant speed of the
traying us-unless we are constantly cir-
just an ordinary truncheon used by cer-
meaning assigned to it by an etymologi-
guillotine's fall on different necks.
cumspect about their use. And fre-
tain cynical, parvenu bureaucrats to
cal dictionary. The meaning of every
Fraternity: some dubious paradise ruled
quently -alas-even a fairly minor and
bludgeon their liberal-minded fellow
word also reflects the person who utters
by a Supreme Being!
momentary lapse in this respect can
citizens from morning untill night, la-
it. the situation in which it is uttered,
The world now reechoes to the won-
have tragic and irreparable conse-
beling them "enemies of socialism" and
and the reason for its utterance. The
derfully promising word "perestroika."
quences, consequences far transcending
6
The New York Review
the nonmaterial world of mere words
watchful of them, to forewarn of their
arrogant one, whereas it is a very diffi-
and penetrating deep into a world that
danger, and to proclaim their dire impli-
cult and protracted process to transform
is all too material.
Harvard
cations or the evil they might invoke.
an arrogant word into one that is hum-
I'm finally getting around to that
T
ble. I tried to demonstrate this by refer-
beautiful word "peace."
here is something that should not es-
ring to the fate of the word "peace" in
Film
cape our attention and it concerns the
For forty years now I have read it on
my country.
fact that for centuries we-the
As we approach the end of the second
the front of every building and in every
Germans and the Czechs-had all sorts
millennium, the world, and particularly
Studies
shop window in my country. For forty
of problems with living together in
Europe, finds itself at a peculiar cross-
years, an allergy to that beautiful word
Central Europe. I cannot speak for you,
roads. It is a long time since there were
has been engendered in me as in every
but I think I can rightly say that as far
so many grounds for hoping that every-
one of my fellow citizens because I
as we Czechs are concerned, the age-
thing will turn out well. At the same
know what the word has meant here for
old animosities, prejudices and pas-
time, there have never been so many rea-
the past forty years: ever mightier
sions, constantly fuelled and fanned in
sons for us to fear that if everything went
armies ostensibly to defend peace.
numerous ways over the centuries, have
wrong the catastrophe would be final.
From Hitler to
In spite of that lengthy process of sys-
evaporated in the course of recent
Heimat
tematically divesting the word "peace"
decades. And it is by no means coinci-
It is not hard to demonstrate that all
The Return of History
of all meaning-worse than that, invest-
dental that this has happened at a time
the main threats confronting the world
as Film
ing it instead with quite the opposite
when we have been saddled with a to-
today, from atomic war and ecological
Anton Kaes
meaning to that given in the diction-
talitarian regime. Thanks to this regime
disaster to social and civilizational
Anton Kaes argues that a major shift in
ary-a number of Don Quixotes in
we have developed a profound distrust
catastrophe-by which I mean the
German attitudes loward the Third
Charter 77 and several of their younger
of all generalizations, ideological plati-
widening gulf between rich and poor in-
Reich and its aftermath occurred in the
colleagues in the Independent Peace
tudes, clichés, slogans, intellectual
dividuals and nations-have hidden
mid-1970s-a shift best illustrated in
Association have managed to rehabili-
stereotypes, and insidious appeals to
within them just one root cause: the im-
films of the New German Cinema. He
tate the word and restore its original
various levels of our emotions, from the
perceptible transformation of what was
examines five celebrated films: Hans
meaning. Naturally, though, they had
baser to the loftier. As a result. we are
Jürgen Syberberg's Hitler, A Film from
originally a humble message into an ar-
Germany, Rainer Werner Fassbinder's
to pay a price for their "semantic pere-
now largely immune to all hypnotic en-
rogant one.
The Marriage of Maria Broun, Helma
stroika"-i.e., standing the word
ticements, even of the traditionally per-
Arrogantly, Man started to believe
Sanders-Brahm's Germany, Pale
"peace" back on its feet again: almost
suasive national or nationalistic variety.
that, as the pinnacle and lord of crea-
Mother, Alexander Kluge's The Patriot,
all the youngsters who fronted the
The stifling pall of hollow words that
tion. he had a total understanding of na-
and Edgar Reitz's Heimat.
Independent Peace Association were
have smothered us for so, long has culti-
ture and could do what he liked with it.
"[An] excellent book."
-lan Buruma,
obliged to spend a few months inside for
vated in us such a deep mistrust of the
Arrogantly, he started to think that as
New York Review of Books
their pains. It was worth it, though. One
world of deceptive words that we are
the possessor of reason he was capable
$25.00 cloth
important word has been rescued from
now better equipped than ever before
of understanding totally his own history
total debasement. And it is not just a
to see the human world as it really is: a
and therefore of planning a life of hap-
Cahiers
question of saving a word.. as I have
complex community of thousands of
piness for all. This even gave him the
been trying to explain throughout my
millions of unique, individual human
right, in the name of an ostensibly bet-
du Cinéma,
speech. Something far more important
beings in whom hundreds of beautiful
ter future for all-to which he had
1969-1972
is saved.
characteristics are matched by hun-
found the one and only key-to sweep
The Politics of Representation
The point is that all important events
dreds of faults and negative tendencies.
from his path all those who did not fall
Edited by Nick Browne
in the real world-whether admirable or
They must never be lumped together
for his plan.
Cohiers du Cinéma, one of the most
monstrous-are always spearheaded in
into homogeneous masses beneath a
Arrogantly he started to think that
influential film journals ever published,
the realm of words.
welter of hollow clichés and sterile
since he was capable of splitting the
has been a pioneer in the formation
As I've already stated, my intention
words and then en bloc-as "classes,"
atom he was now so perfect that there
and transformation of contemporary
here today is not to convey to you the
"nations," or "political forces"-ex-
was no longer any danger of nuclear
film theory. This new volume presents
experience of one who has learned that
tolled or denounced, loved or. hated,
arms rivalry, let alone nuclear war.
the major writings published in Cahiers
words still count for something when
from 1969 to 1972, the period of its
maligned or glorified.
In all those cases he was fatally mis-
intensive elaboration of a materialist
you can still go to prison for them. My
This is just one small example of the
taken. That is bad. But in each case he is
account of the history, theory, and
intention was to share with you another
good that can come from treating words
already beginning to realize his mistake.
criticism of cinema.
lesson that we in this corner of the
with caution. I have chosen the example
And that is good.
$30.00 cloth
world have learned about the impor-
especially for the occasion, i.e., for the
Having learned all those lessons. we
tance of words. I am convinced it is a
moment when a Czech has the honor to
should all fight together against arro-
Making Meaning
lesson which has universal application:
address an audience that is overwhelm-
gant words and keep. a weather eye out
Inference and Rhetoric in the
namely, that it always pays to be suspi-
ingly German.
for any insidious germs of arrogance in
Interpretation of Cinema
cious of words and to be wary of them,
In the beginning of everything is the
words that are seemingly humble.
David Bordwell
and that we can never be too careful in
word.
Obviously this is not just a linguistic
Bordwell's new book is at once a
this respect.
It is a miracle to which we owe the
task. Responsibility for and toward words
history of film criticism, an analysis of
There can be no doubt that distrust of
fact that we are human.
is a task which is intrinsically ethical.
how critics interpret film, and a
words is less harmful than unwarranted
But at the same time it is a pitfall and
As such. however, it is situated be-
proposal for an alternative program for
trust in them.
a test, a snare and a trial.
yond the horizon of the visible world. in
film studies. It is on anatomy of film
Besides, to distrust words, and indict
More so, perhaps, than it appears to
that realm wherein dwells the Word
criticism meant to reset the agenda for
film scholarship. As such, Making
them for the horrors that might slumber
you who have enormous freedom of
that was in the beginning and is not the
Meaning will be a landmark book, a
unobtrusively within them-isn't this,
speech, and might therefore assume that
word of Man.
focus for debate from which future film
after all, the true vocation of the intel-
words are not so important.
I won't explain why this is so. It has
study will evolve.
lectual? I recall that André
They are.
been explained far better than I ever
$29.50 cloth
Glucksmann, the dear colleague who
They are important everywhere.
could by your great forebear Immanuel
preceded me here today, once spoke in
The selfsame word can be humble at
Kant.
Prague about the need for intellectuals
one moment and arrogant the next.
Child of Paradise
to emulate Cassandra: to listen carefully
And a humble word can be transformed
Marcel Carné and the Golden
to the words of the powerful, to be
quite easily and imperceptibly into an
-Hrádecek. July 25. 1989
Age of French Cinema
Edward Baron Turk
"Mr. Turk does a marvelous job inte-
grating the personal, political and
esthetic aspects of Mr. Carné's films to
If there's a pain in your
present a comprehensive picture of this
Emergency
important director's work."
chest, be a pain in the neck.
-Peter Biskind,
New York Times Book Review
$37.50 cloth/117 halftones
Complain to a doctor.
Chest pain could be a sign of heart disease. The sooner
you see your doctor, the better your chances for life.
Harvard
University
Press
American Heart Association
Cambridge, MA 02138
(617) 495-2480
8
Withdrawal/Redaction Sheet
(George Bush Library)
Document No.
Subject/Title of Document
Date
Restriction
Class.
and Type
01. Report
Re: Eastern Europe. (17 pp.)
04/90
(b)(1)
C
Collection:
Record Group:
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Withdrawal/Redaction Sheet
(George Bush Library)
Document No.
Subject/Title of Document
Date
Restriction
Class.
and Type
02. Report
Re: Eastern Europe. (25 pp.)
07/17/90
(b)(1)
S
Collection:
Record Group:
Bush Presidential Records
Office:
Speechwriting, White House Office of
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Speech File, Backup
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Captive Nations Week 7/23/90
Date Closed:
10/20/2004
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13725-002
FOIA/SYS Case #:
S
Appeal Case #:
Re-review Case #:
2004-2265-S
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Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) - [5 U.S.C. 552(b)]
Deed of Gift Restrictions
(b)(1) National security classified information
C(1) Closed by Executive Order 13526, governing access to national
(b)(2) Release would disclose internal personnel rules and practices of an
security information
agency
C(2) Closed by statute or by the agency which originated the information
(b)(3) Release would violate a Federal statute
C(3) Closed in accordance with restrictions contained in donor's deed of
(b)(4) Release would disclose trade secrets or confidential or financial
gift [formerly listed as only C]
information
PRM. Removed as a personal record misfile
(b)(6) Release would constitute a clearly unwarranted invasion
of personal privacy
(b)(7) Release would disclose information compiled for law enforcement
Presidential Records Act - 144 U.S.C. 2204(a)]
purposes
(b)(8) Release would disclose information concerning the regulation of
P-2 Relating to the appointment to Federal office [(a)(2) of the PRA]
financial institutions
P-5 Release would disclose confidential advice between the President and
(b)(9) Release would disclose geological or geophysical information
his advisors, or between such advisors [(a)(5) of the PRA]
concerning wells
07/20/90
15:05
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<POLEMB.WASH.DC>
002
NATIONAL ANTHEM
there was no song which would function as an
anthem, while under the Jagiellonian dynasty
The Pollsh national anthem is popularly
such role was partly played by Bogurodzica
known as Debrowski's Mazurka. It was com-
(Mother of God) which was sung in the Battle
posed in 1797 by Józef Wyblcki in Reggio (Ita-
of Grunwald in 1410, and the Battle of Varna in
ly) in 1797, for the Polish Legions established
1444. So it was part a religious hymn and part
by gen. Henryk Dabrowski with consent from
a combat song. in the 16th century it stopped
gen. Bonaparte. But shortly It gained a popula-
being a combat song and was performed only
city and was generally sung by people living in
during state ceremonies. Most probably it be-
all three parts of partitioned Poland. Il was
came the dynastic hymn of the Jagiellonians.
sung both during national uprisings and va-
After the death of the last of the dynasty il was
nous patriotic demonstrations. Soldiers of
sung only in churches.
World War I also sang it and in 1918 it became
In the years of the Partitions and after the re-
an unofficial national anthem.
gaining of independence in 1918, Dabrowski's
The lyrics of the hymn, called Mazurka after
Mazurka. whose opening lines are Poland has
a folk dance, were repeatedly changed, their fl-
not yet perished, as long as we live was sung
nal version being officially approved in 1926
as a national anthem. It was officially pro-
when it was officially proclaimed Poland's na-
claimed in 1926.
tional anthem.
In 1978 a Museum of National Anthem open-
Dabrowski's Mazurka had had no predeces-
ed in Będomin near Koscierzyna. the birth-
sors. During the reign of the Plast dynasty
place of J. Wybicki.
POLISH NATIONAL ANTHEM
1. Poland will not be lost
untill we live.
We will fight for everything that our enemies
had taken from US.
my.
dem.
March, march Dabrowski,
Po- iskil
#1
from Italy to Poland1
Under your command
we will unite.
2. We will cross the Vistula and Warta Rivers,
we will be Poles,
Bonaparte showed US how to win.
March, march Dqbrowski
3. Like Czamiecki to Poznań
after Swedish annexation
Je-szcze Po-iska nie zgline - a I hie - dy my ty- my.
we will come back across the sea
to save our motherland.
*** Marorks (J-110)
Co nam bca prze-moc weig - sra-bla o-dbie
Marsz, Da - wski, I mi wio-shiej do
de
Za two-im prze- wo- dem tte-cxym się L zna- dem.
March, march Dabrowski
marsz,
4. Father says to his wife Basia in tears:
mf
"listen only, apparently our people ave
beating the ketlle - drums".
March, march Dqbrowski
2
THE WHITE HOUSE
Office of the Press Secretary
London, England
For Immediate Release
July 0, 1550
FACT SHEET
Checklist of Key Initiatives in the
London Declaration
The London Declaration includes nineteen initiatives to set a new
course for the North Atlantic Alliance and help shape the new
Europe. They fall into four broad categories, as follows:
1.
Reaching out to old adversaries
-- pledge "never in any circumstance" to be "the first to
use force."
-- propose a joint declaration of NATO and Warsaw Pact
member states making a commitment to non-aggression,
open to other CSCE states.
-- invite Gorbachev and other Eastern leaders to address
the North Atlantic Council.
-- invite Warsaw Pact member governments to establish
regular diplomatic liaison with NATO.
:
intensify military-to-military contacts, including
visits by NATO military commanders to Eastern capitals.
2.
Change character of conventional defense
:
keep CFE in session until treaty is done.
:
pledge that follow-on talks will include measures to
limit military manpower in Europe and, with this goal
in mind, a commitment will be made at time of CFE
signing concerning the manpower levels of forces of a
united Germany.
:
look beyond CFE to a new conventional arms control
negotiations which will seek "further far-reaching
measures in the 1990s to limit the offensive capability
of conventional armed forces in Europe, so as to
prevent any nation from maintaining disproportionate
4
military power on the continent."
3
- 2 -
-- move away from 'forward defense' and field smaller and
restructured active forces that are more flexible,
scaling back readiness of active units, reducing number
of exercises and relying more heavily on the ability to
build up larger forces if and when they might be
needed.
-- rely increasingly on multinational corps made up of
national units.
3. Adopt a new NATO nuclear strategy
-- Adopt a new nuclear strategy
-- propose to eliminate all NATO nuclear artillery shells
from Europe, once SNF negotiations begin, if the Soviet
Union will reciprocate.
-- modify 'flexible response' to reduce reliance on
nuclear weapons and adopt a new strategy making nuclear
forces truly weapons of last resort.
4. Help build a Europe whole and free through strengthening the
CSCE
-- agree that CSCE Summit should endorse new standards for
free societies on free elections, the rule of law,
economic cooperation, and environmental protection.
-- set up regular consultations at ministerial or head of
government level at least once each year.
-- schedule major review conferences at least once every
two years.
-- establish a secretariat to coordinate the meetings and
conferences.
-- set up a mechanism to monitor elections.
-- create a center for the prevention of conflict.
-- form a CSCE parliament, the Assembly of Europe.
K