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Ecuador Departure 7/23/90 [OA 8314]
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Ecuador Departure 7/23/90 [OA 8314]
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Speech Backup Chronological Files
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MARKER
This is not a textual record. This is used as an
administrative marker by the George Bush Presidential
Library Staff.
Record Group/Collection:
George H.W. Bush Presidential Records
Collection/Office of Origin:
Speechwriting, White House Office of
Series:
Speech File Backup Files
Subseries:
Chron File, 1989-1993
OA/ID Number:
13725
Folder ID Number:
13725-003
Folder Title:
Ecuador Departure 7/23/90 [OA 8314]
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26
20
6
6
BUREAU OF INTER-AMERICAN AFFAIRS
DEPARTMENT OF STATE
-
WASHINGTON, D.C.
FAX NO. (202) 647-4551
DATE:
7/17/90
FROM: ARA/AND
Elisabeth Schuler
TO:
Don Johnson
NSC
395-6926
NUMBER OF PAGES: 2
(including cover sheet)
REMARKS:
United States Department of State
Washington, D.C. 20520
TO:
NSC - Don Johnson
FROM:
ARA/AND - Charles Shapiro
SUBJECT: More Points for Borja Visit Departure Statement
Per our conversation on Friday, here are some additional
points that could be worked into President Bush's departure
statement.
-- President Borja's visit came at an opportune time to
discuss my Enterprise for the Americas Initiative. I have
asked President Borja to meet and share his views with his
fellow Andean presidents.
-- We were able to exchange ideas and to consult on the future
shape of the Enterprise for the Americas. His incisive
comments have helped to crystallize my own thoughts.
-- In a way, to quote Dean Acheson, President Borja has been
"present at the creation" of this important new proposal.
He has helped to fill in the pieces and provided valuable
input at an important time.
Drafted ARA/AND:ESchuler
647-3360
SEARAAND #884
United States Department of State
Washington, D.C. 20520
TO:
NSC - Don Johnson
FROM:
ARA/AND - Charles Shapiro
SUBJECT: More Points for Borja Visit Departure Statement
Per our conversation on Friday, here are some additional
points that could be worked into President Bush's departure
statement.
-- President Borja's visit came at an opportune time to
discuss my Enterprise for the Americas Initiative. I have
asked President Borja to meet and share his views with his
fellow Andean presidents.
-- We were able to exchange ideas and to consult on the future
shape of the Enterprise for the Americas. His incisive
comments have helped to crystallize my own thoughts.
--
In a way, to quote Dean Acheson, President Borja has been
"present at the creation" of this important new proposal.
He has helped to fill in the pieces and provided valuable
input at an important time.
Drafted ARA/AND:ESchuler
647-3360
SEARAAND #884
RCV BY:THE WHITE HOUSE
; 7-16-90 ; 2:18PM ;
2026474551-
2024566218:# 1
BUREAU OF INTER-AMERICAN AFFAIRS
DEPARTMENT OF STATE
1
WASHINGTON, D.C.
FAX NO. (202) 647-4551
DATE: 7/16/90
FROM: Elisabeth Schuler
ARA/AND
TO: Bob Simon
white House Speechwnters
FAX: 456-6218
NUMBER OF PAGES:
(including cover sheet)
4 plus this cover
REMARKS:
As requested. Borja
departure statement
RCV BY:THE WHITE HOUSE
; 7-16-90 ; 2:19PM ;
2026474551-
2024566218:# 2
IT HAS BEEN A SPECIAL PLEASURE FOR ME TO TALK ACAIN WITH
MY ECUADORIAN COLLEAGUE RODRIGO BORJA. AFTER WE MET IN COSTA
RICA EARLIER THIS YEAR, WHERE WE HAD A NUMBER OF
CONVERSATIONS AND WORKED IN SOME TENNIS, WE DECIDED TO SEE
WHAT WE COULD DO AGAIN ON BOTH FRONTS. I HAVE THOROUGHLY
ENJOYED BOTH REMATCHES.
ECUADOR WAS ONE OF THE FIRST COUNTRIES, A LITTLE OVER A
DECADE AGO, TO REESTABLISH DEMOCRACY IN LATIN AMERICA. IT
WAS A WELCOME SIGN, AND THE HEMISPHERE WAS WATCHING. YOUR
COUNTRY, MR. PRESIDENT, HAS BECOME A MODEL OF OUR HOPES FOR A
FULLY DEMOCRATIC HEMISPHERE. TODAY, ECUADORIANS CAN BE PROUD
OF THEIR FREE PRESS AND THEIR COUNTRY'S EXEMPLARY HUMAN
RIGHTS RECORD. PRESIDENT BORJA, YOUR GOVERNMENT IS
DISTINGUISHED BY ITS CONCERN FOR HUMAN WELL-BEING AND THE
POLITICAL TOLERANCE WHICH IS A HALLMARK OF DEMOCRATIC
CULTURES.
PRESIDENT BORJA FACED AN EXTREMELY DIFFICULT ECONOMIC
SITUATION AT THE OUTSET OF HIS ADMINISTRATION. INFLATION WAS
RACING TOWARDS 100 PERCENT. DEBT WAS A STAGGERING 110
PERCENT OF GNP, AND THE COUNTRY HAD SUSPENDED ALL PAYMENTS.
THE ECUADORIAN ECONOMY FACED TREMENDOUS CHALLENGES REQUIRING
DIFFICULT CHANGES. UNDAUNTED, PRESIDENT BORJA, UNDER GREAT
POLITICAL PRESSURE, HAS BEGUN TAKING NEEDED STEPS THAT
DEMONSTRATE EXCEPTIONAL COURAGE AND COMMITMENT. HE HAS MADE
IMPORTANT ECONOMIC REFORMS, INCLUDING IMPROVEMENTS OF THE TAX
RCV BY:THE WHITE HOUSE
7-16-90 2:19PM :
2026474551->
2024566218;# 3
-2-
AND TARIFF SYSTEMS. THERE ALSO HAS BEEN MOVEMENT TOWARD
MARKET MECHANISMS AND SUPPORTIVE REFORMS OF GOVERNMENT
PROGRAMS, INCLUDING STEPS TOWARD THE ELIMINATION OF PRICE
CONTROLS THAT HAVE CREATED SERIOUS DISTORTIONS IN THE PAST.
FOR ITS PART, MR. PRESIDENT, MY COUNTRY CONTINUES TO
OFFER A READY AND WILLING MARKET FOR ECUADORIAN EXPORTS. AS
YOU KNOW, U.S. COMPANIES HAVE WORKED CONSTRUCTIVELY IN
ECUADOR, AIDING IN ECUADORIAN DEVELOPMENT. WE DISCUSSED THE
NEED FOR AN OPEN AND PREDICTABLE ENVIRONMENT TO ATTRACT
PRIVATE INVESTMENT. AND, WE AGREE THAT ATTRACTING NEW
FOREIGN INVESTMENT IS ESSENTIAL FOR ECONOMIC GROWTH. WITH
INTEREST I LISTENED AS PRESIDENT BORJA DESCRIBED THE NEW
MINING LEGISLATION IN THE WORKS AND SIMILAR FORWARD-LOOKING
INVESTMENT PROPOSALS.
BUT ALL THIS HAS NOT BEEN ENOUGH. THE ENTERPRISE FOR
THE AMERICAS INITIATIVE IS MEANT TO REINFORCE THE EFFORTS OF
COUNTRIES LIKE ECUADOR WHICH ARE WORKING HARD TO SPUR
ECONOMIC GROWTH. I HOPE AND WE FULLY ANTICIPATE THAT ECUADOR
WILL CONTINUE THE PROGRESS MADE TO DATE UNDER PRESIDENT BORJA
so THAT IT CAN BECOME AN EARLY BENEFICIARY OF THE ENTERPRISE
FOR THE AMERICAS INITIATIVE. MY DISCUSSIONS WITH PRESIDENT
BORJA HAVE BEEN USEFUL IN THIS REGARD. (Tentative: AS A
FIRST STEP, OUR GOVERNMENTS HAVE SIGNED AN AGREEMENT
ESTABLISHING A TRADE AND INVESTMENT COUNCIL TO INCREASE THE
FLOW OF GOODS AND SERVICES BETWEEN OUR COUNTRIES).
RCV BY:THE WHITE HOUSE
; 7-16-90 ; 2:20PM ;
2026474551->
2024566218:# 4
-3-
ECUADOR HAS MOVED AHEAD IN THE ENVIRONMENTAL AREA,
BECOMING ONE OF THE FIRST COUNTRIES TO ENGAGE IN A DEBT FOR
NATURE SWAP PROGRAM. WHEN I VISITED ECUADOR, I SAW A
BEAUTIFUL COUNTRY -- AN EXTRAORDINARY MIX OF ANIMAL AND PLANT
LIFE, THE TOWERING ANDES, THE SWEEPING VISTA OF THE PACIFIC.
AND BEYOND THE CONTINENTAL SHORES, THE GALAPAGOS ISLANDS:
RENOWNED FOR THEIR UNIQUE ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS. WE ARE
COMMITTED TO ASSIST ECUADORIAN EFFORTS TO PRESERVE THEIR
UNIQUE BEAUTY.
PRESIDENT BORJA HAS EXPLAINED TO ME HIS TOUGH
ANTI-NARCOTICS POLICY. ECUADOR HAS COLLABORATED CLOSELY WITH
THE U.S. IN OUR GLOBAL EFFORT TO DEAL WITH THIS SERIOUS
MENACE. ECUADOR IS A LEADER IN ROLLING BACK COCA CULTIVATION
IN THIS HEMISPHERE. IN FACT, SEVERAL YEARS AGO ECUADOR
ERADICATED ALL COCA PLANTINGS, AND PRESIDENT BORJA HAS KEPT
THE DREADED COCA CULTURE FROM TAKING ROOT IN ECUADOR.
PRESIDENT BORJA, LET ME NOTE THAT THE ANTI-DRUG LEGISLATION
YOU HAVE SPONSORED NOT ONLY HELPS FIGHT THE NARCOTICS SCOURGE
IN YOUR COUNTRY, IT ALSO AIDS US IN STAUNCHING THE DRUG FLOW
TO OUR OWN COUNTRY.
RCV BY:THE WHITE HOUSE
; 7-16-90 ; 2:21PM ;
2026474551-
20245662181# 5
-4-
WE HERE IN THE UNITED STATES HAVE COMMITTED ENORMOUS
FINANCIAL AND MANPOWER RESOURCES TO FIGHT THE DEMAND FOR
DRUGS. WE ARE MAKING HEADWAY. AS YOU KNOW, MR. PRESIDENT,
NONE OF US STANDS ALONE IN THIS STRUGGLE. WE NEED HELP FROM
OUR FRIENDS ABROAD TO FIGHT THIS DEADLY ENEMY. (Tentative:
TODAY OUR GOVERNMENTS SIGNED AGREEMENTS DESIGNED TO HELP STOP
THE FLOW OF CHEMICALS USED IN MAKING COCAINE.)
PRESIDENT BORJA, I LOOK FORWARD TO CONTINUED AND CLOSE
COLLABORATION WITH YOU ACROSS THE FULL RANGE OF OUR COMMON
CONCERNS, FROM STRENGTHENING DEMOCRACY THROUGHOUT OUR
HEMISPHERE, TO WORKING FOR EXPANDED TRADE AND INVESTMENT
OPPORTUNITIES, TO THE FIGHT AGAINST NARCO-TRAFFICKING. OUR
TALKS HAVE CONFIRMED TO ME THE GREAT VALUE OF OUR PARTNERSHIP.
THE WHITE HOUSE
WASHINGTON
July 19, 1990
INFORMATION
MEMORANDUM FOR THE PRESIDENT
THROUGH:
CHRISS WINSTON cw
FROM:
MARK LANGE mt
EDWARD E. McNALLY
SUBJECT:
DEPARTURE STATEMENT FOR PRESIDENT BORJA OF ECUADOR
I. SUMMARY
Attached is a departure statement following your
meeting on Monday, July 23 with President Rodrigo Borja of
Ecuador.
II. DISCUSSION
On Monday, July 23, at 1:15 p.m., you will give a
statement to the media with President Borja.
This draft (6 minutes, on cards) cites the economic
reforms initiated by President Borja, Ecuador's commitment to
environmental protection, and praises their strong action against
coca cultivation.
The bracketed language on page 2 is tentative pending
approval of these new policies.
Lange/McNally/Simon
July 18, 1990
Draft Three (B:ECUADOR)
PRESIDENTIAL REMARKS: DEPARTURE STATEMENT FOR PRESIDENT BORJA
SOUTH LAWN, THE WHITE HOUSE
MONDAY, JULY 23, 1990, 1:15 P.M.
It has been a great pleasure to talk once again with my
colleague President Rodrigo Borja [BOR-ha]. When we met in Costa
late last
Rica earlier this year, we enjoyed a number of conversations, and
also found time to work in some tennis. Today, we had
stimulating substantive talks and yersterday a little tennis. I
can say unequivocably that we thoroughly enjoyed rematches on
both fronts. III
Tomorrow marks the birthdate of Simon Bolivar, who helped
start an entire continent on the road to independence. And it
brings to mind his description of Ecuador's magnificent Mount
Chimborazo, then thought to be the highest mountain on Earth.
Bolivar called it, "the watchtower of the universe."
And indeed, for many years, the whole world has been
watching the progress of this courageous Pacific nation. A
little over a decade ago, Ecuador became one of the first to set
sail on the rising tide of democracy in Latin America. Like so
many of its neighbors, it has raised our hopes for a fully
democratic hemisphere. And today, the people of Ecuador can be
proud of their free press and their exemplary human rights record
-- hallmarks of both true democracy, and true leadership.
When he first came to office, President Borja faced
difficult economic challenges. Inflation racing towards 100
percent. Debt a staggering 110 percent of G.N.P. All payments
2
suspended. But, undaunted by the great political pressures he
faced, President Borja began taking the kind of courageous steps
that characterize the new generation of democratic leaders in
this Hemisphere. He made important economic reforms, such as
improving the tax and tariff systems. There also has been
movement toward reforming market mechanisms and government
programs, including steps toward the elimination of price
controls that have created serious distortions in the past.
[As a followup to the Cartagena Summit, and because of my
special concern for the needs of the Andean countries, I am today
announcing the following measures:
-- First, I will ask the Congress to extend CBI-like
treatment to Ecuador, Bolivia, Peru, and Colombia, to give these
countries a special boost in fighting drugs and promoting their
transition to a free trade zone for the Americas.
-- Second, I am proposing that the Department of Agriculture
and other concerned agencies begin a new and intensified program
of cooperation with the countries of the entire Latin American
and Caribbean region to enhance the region's immense potential
for agricultural trade.
-- Third, in fulfillment of my commitment last year to
consider additional GSP access for Andean products, I have signed
this missing
a proclamation granting GSP treatment to 62 new products.
When I met President Borja this morning, I briefed him on
these measures, and asked him to pass along the content of our
3
conversation to his Andean colleagues at their next meeting. He
has graciously agreed, and I am grateful.]
But we need to do more. Our "Enterprise for the Americas"
initiative is meant to reinforce the efforts of countries like
Ecuador -- countries that are working hard to spur economic
opportunity. We hope, and we fully anticipate, that Ecuador will
continue the progress made to date under President Borja, so that
we can work together to remove barriers to trade and development
in the hemisphere. [And, as envisioned by the "Enterprise for
the Americas" iniative, our governments will be signing an
agreement establishing a joint council to help our efforts to
expand trade and investment between our countries.]
Ecuador has also led the way in environmental reforms,
becoming one the first countries to engage in a "debt-for-nature"
swap program. When we visited Ecuador in 1984, I saw a beautiful
country -- an extraordinary mix of animal and plant life, the
towering Andes, the sweeping vista of the Pacific coast and the
Galapagos beyond. And we are committed to assist Ecuadorian
efforts to preserve their unique environmental heritage.
Ecuador has collaborated closely with the U.S. in our global
effort to deal with the scourge of cocaine. Ecuador is a leader
in rolling back coca cultivation. In fact, several years ago
Ecuador eradicated all coca plantings. And the anti-drug
legislation you have sponsored not only has kept the destructive
cocaine-culture from taking root in Ecuador, it also aids us in
stanching the drug flow here.
4
President Borja, I look forward to continued close
collaboration with you across the full range of our common
concerns, from strengthening democracy throughout our hemisphere,
to working for expanded trade and investment opportunities, to
the fight against cocaine trafficking. Our talks have served to
re-confirm the great value of our partnership. Thank you, and
Godspeed you in your journey ahead.
# # #
Lange/McNally/Simon
July 18, 1990
Draft Three (B:ECUADOR)
PRESIDENTIAL REMARKS: DEPARTURE STATEMENT FOR PRESIDENT BORJA
SOUTH LAWN, THE WHITE HOUSE
MONDAY, JULY 23, 1990, 1:15 P.M.
It has been a great pleasure to talk once again with my
colleague President Rodrigo Borja [BOR-ha]. When we met in Costa
Rica earlier this year, we enjoyed a number of conversations, and
also found time to work in some tennis. And today, we have
X4592
thoroughly enjoyed rematches on both fronts.
Tomonow
This month marks the birthdate of Simon Bolivar, who helped
start an entire continent on the road to independence. And it
TVat'l.
brings to mind his description of Ecuador's magnificent Mount
beo.
Chimborazo, then thought to be the highest mountain on Earth.
Feb. 1968
Bolivar called it, "the watchtower of the universe."
And indeed, for many years, the whole world has been
watching the progress of this courageous Pacific nation. A
little over a decade ago, Ecuador became one of the first to set
sail on the rising tide of democracy in Latin America. It has
become a model of our hopes for a fully democratic hemisphere.
State.
And today, the people of Ecuador can be proud of their free press
Dept. and their exemplary human rights record -- hallmarks of both true
draft democracy, and true leadership.
When he first came to office, President Borja faced an
economic nightmare. Inflation racing towards 100 percent. Debt
a staggering 110 percent of G.N.P. All payments suspended. But,
undaunted by the great political pressures he faced, President
Borja began taking the kind of necessary steps that demonstrate
exceptional courage and commitment. He made important economic
reforms, such as improving the tax and tariff systems. There
also has been movement toward reforming market mechanisms and
government programs, including steps toward the elimination of
price controls that have created serious distortions in the past.
For its part, Mr. President, my country continues to offer a
ready and willing market for Ecuadorian exports. U.S. companies
have worked constructively to aid in Ecuadorian development. We
state
discussed the need for an open and predictable business
Dept.
environment to attract the private investment needed to fuel
draft
economic growth. And we will watch with interest the new mining
legislation that you described, along with similar, forward-
looking investment proposals.
But we need to do more. Our "Enterprise for the Americas"
initiative is meant to reinforce the efforts of countries like
Ecuador -- countries that are working hard to spur economic
opportunity. We hope, and we fully anticipate, that Ecuador will
continue the progress made to date under President Borja, so that
it can become an early beneficiary of Enterprise for the
Americas. [And, as a first step, our governments have signed an
agreement establishing a trade and investment council to increase
the flow of goods and services between our countries.]
Ecuador has also led the way in environmental reforms,
becoming one the first countries to engage in a "debt-for-nature"
8/10/84
swap program. When we visited Ecuador in 1984, I saw a beautiful
VP schedule
AP +
country -- an extraordinary mix of animal and plant life, the
towering Andes, the sweeping vista of the Pacific coast and the
Galapagos beyond. And we are committed to assist Ecuadorian
efforts to preserve their unique environmental heritage.
Ecuador has also collaborated closely with the U.S. in our
global effort to deal with the scourge of cocaine. Ecuador is a
leader in rolling back coca cultivation. In fact, several years
ago Ecuador eradicated all coca plantings. And the anti-drug
legislation you have sponsored not only has kept the destructive
cocaine-culture from taking root in Ecuador, it also aids us in
stanching the drug flow here.
We in the United States have committed enormous financial
and human resources to fight the demand for drugs. We are making
headway. But none of us stands alone. We need help from our
IDEC
friends abroad to fight this deadly enemy. [Last year in Miami,
speech
I pledged to help create a world without refuge, to "pursue these
4/27/84
outlaws to the ends of the Earth. And I pledged that the United
States would lead the fight against illicit shipments of the
precursor chemicals used in making cocaine. And today our
governments signed new agreements designed to do just that.]
President Borja, I look forward to continued close
collaboration with you across the full range of our common
concerns, from strengthening democracy throughout our hemisphere,
to working for expanded trade and investment opportunities, to
the fight against cocaine trafficking. Our talks have served to
re-confirm the great value of our partnership. Thank you, and
Godspeed you in your journey ahead.
# # #
McNally/Simon
July 16, 1990
Draft Two (B:ECUADOR)
PRESIDENTIAL REMARKS: DEPARTURE STATEMENT FOR PRESIDENT BORJA
SOUTH LAWN, THE WHITE HOUSE
MONDAY, JULY 23, 1990, 1:15 P.M.
It has been a great pleasure to talk once again with my
colleague President Rodrigo Borja [BOR-ha]. When we met in Costa
Rica earlier this year, we enjoyed a number of conversations, and
also found time to work in some tennis. And today, we have
thoroughly enjoyed rematches on both fronts. III
This month marks the birthdate of Simon Bolivar, who helped
start an entire continent on the road to independence. And it
brings to mind his description of Ecuador's magnificent Mount
Chimborazo, then thought to be the highest mountain on Earth.
Bolivar called it, "the watchtower of the universe."
And indeed, for many years, the whole world has been
watching the progress of this courageous Pacific nation. A
little over a decade ago, Ecuador became one of the first to set
sail on the rising tide of democracy in Latin America. It has
become a model of our hopes for a fully democratic hemisphere.
And today, the people of Ecuador can be proud of their free press
and their exemplary human rights record -- hallmarks of both true
democracy, and true leadership.
When he first came to office, President Borja faced an
economic nightmare. Inflation racing towards 100 percent. Debt
a staggering 110 percent of G.N.P. All payments suspended. But,
undaunted by the great political pressures he faced, President
Borja began taking the kind of necessary steps that demonstrate
exceptional courage and commitment. He made important economic
reforms, such as improving the tax and tariff systems. There
also has been movement toward reforming market mechanisms and
government programs, including steps toward the elimination of
price controls that have created serious distortions in the past.
For its part, Mr. President, my country continues to offer a
ready and willing market for Ecuadorian exports. U.S. companies
have worked constructively to aid in Ecuadorian development. We
discussed the need for an open and predictable environment to
attract the private investment needed to fuel economic growth.
And we will watch with interest the new mining legislation that
you described, along with similar, forward-looking investment
proposals.
But all this has not been enough. Our "Enterprise for the
Americas" initiative is meant to reinforce the efforts of
countries like Ecuador -- countries that are working hard to spur
economic growth. We hope, and we fully anticipate, that Ecuador
will continue the progress made to date under President Borja, so
that it can become an early beneficiary of Enterprise for the
Americas. [And, as a first step, our governments have signed an
agreement establishing a trade and investment council to increase
the flow of goods and services between our countries.]
Ecuador has also led the way in environmental reforms,
becoming one the first countries to engage in a "debt-for-nature"
swap program. When we visited Ecuador in 1984, I saw a beautiful
country -- an extraordinary mix of animal and plant life, the
towering Andes, the sweeping vista of the Pacific coast and the
Galapagos beyond. And we are committed to assist Ecuadorian
efforts to preserve their unique environmental heritage.
Ecuador has also collaborated closely with the U.S. in our
global effort to deal with the scourge of cocaine. Ecuador is a
leader in rolling back coca cultivation. In fact, several years
ago Ecuador eradicated all coca plantings. And the anti-drug
legislation you have sponsored not only has kept the destructive
cocaine-culture from taking root in Ecuador, it also aids us in
stanching the drug flow here.
We in the United States have committed enormous financial
and human resources to fight the demand for drugs. We are making
headway. But none of us stands alone. We need help from our
friends abroad to fight this deadly enemy. [Last year in Miami,
I pledged to help create a world without refuge, to "pursue these
outlaws to the ends of the Earth." And I pledged that the United
States would lead the fight against illicit shipments of the
precursor chemicals used in making cocaine. And today our
governments signed new agreements designed to do just that. ]
President Borja, I look forward to continued and close
collaboration with you across the full range of our common
concerns, from strengthening democracy throughout our hemisphere,
to working for expanded trade and investment opportunities, to
the fight against cocaine trafficking. Our talks have served to
re-confirm the great value of our partnership. Thank you, and
Godspeed you in your journey ahead.
# # #
Administration of George Bush, 1990 / June 27
portant
Nomination of George F. Murphy, Jr.,
querque to ensure the protection of serious-
NHCR.
To Be Inspector General of the United
ly threatened ancient Pueblo Indian and
issioner
States Information Agency
Spanish rock art. Cost sharing will be an
ietnam-
June 27, 1990
important component of the success of this
e of po-
joint effort, and I look forward to a success-
n the
The President today announced his inten-
ful partnership.
ed the
tion to nominate George F. Murphy, Jr., to
S. 286 also will expand the existing 365-
lum in
be Inspector General of the U.S. Informa-
acre Pecos National Monument into the
y repa-
tion Agency. He would succeed Anthony J.
5,865-acre Pecos National Historical Park.
condi-
Gabriel.
This will allow for expanded protection and
United
Since 1988 Mr. Murphy has served as
recreation programs in an area rich in cul-
h with
Deputy Director for the U.S. Arms Control
tural resources.
of pre-
and Disarmament Agency in Washington,
I wholeheartedly support the measures
DC. Prior to this, he served as a consultant
contained in S. 286 because they will
to the nuclear industry, 1986-1987; director
ensure the protection of rich natural and
of the Senate National Security Office,
cultural resources within the State of New
1977-1986; executive director of the Joint
Mexico that are now seriously threatened.
Committee on Atomic Energy, 1975-1977;
becue
deputy director of the Joint Committee on
George Bush
Atomic Energy, 1968-1975; and a profes-
The White House,
sional staff member on the Joint Committee
June 27, 1990.
Thank
on Atomic Energy, 1958-1968. In addition,
d it on
Mr. Murphy worked for the Central Intelli-
Note: S. 286, approved June 27, was as-
gence Agency, 1950-1958.
Mr. Murphy graduated from Harvard
signed Public Law No. 101-313.
y how
College (A.B., 1949). He was born May 1,
u-we
1924, in Boston, MA. Mr. Murphy served in
4 gold
of the
the U.S. Army Air Corps, 1942-1946. He is
married, has two children, and resides in
and a
Remarks Announcing the Enterprise for
Bethesda, MD.
the Americas Initiative
we are
ou for
June 27, 1990
Thank you all very much for coming to
lcome,
Statement on Signing a Bill Protecting
the White House, and it is my pleasure to
Natural and Cultural Resources in
welcome so many distinguished guests with
nderful
New Mexico
such strong interests in the vital Latin
ve you
June 27, 1990
American and Caribbean region. Let me
bers of
recognize the many members of the diplo-
lelight-
I take great pleasure in signing into law
matic corps that are here and extend to you
od, re-
S. 286, an Act to establish the Petroglyph
a warm welcome-from Latin America,
at the
National Monument and the Pecos National
particularly, and the Caribbean, Europe,
work
Historical Park in New Mexico, and to re-
Japan. Members of our Cabinet-Nick
we're
solve various New Mexico land issues.
Brady and Secretary Baker, Carla Hills, Sec-
ylvania
West of Albuquerque, New Mexico, the
retary Mosbacher-delighted you're here.
ed you
major landscape feature is the West Mesa,
Chairman of the Council of Economic Ad-
home,
marked by a 17-mile long basalt escarpment
visers, Mike Boskin, is here. Bill Webster,
npbell.
and five volcanic cones. Within the area are
welcome. And of course, we're delighted to
an estimated 15,000 to 17,000 petroglyphs,
see Alan Greenspan, Chairman of the Fed-
which are designs carved or pecked into
eral Reserve Board, here and then an old
sident.
the rock. Establishment of the Petroglyph
friend, Barber Conable, of the World Bank,
National Monument will provide an excel-
and Richard Erb, from the IMF. And Ricky
lent opportunity to form a strong partner-
Iglesias, an old friend of the Bushes, and we
on the
ship among the Federal Government, the
welcome him, of the IDB, and so many
State of New Mexico, and the City of Albu-
leading lights in the business and financial
1009
June 27 / Administration of George Bush, 1990
communities. To all of you, then, a wel-
ing convinced that the U.S. must review it
come.
approach not only to that region but to
In the past 12 months, every one of us,
Latin America and the Caribbean as a
from the man in the White House to the
whole. And I asked Treasury Secretary
man on the street, has been fascinated by
Brady to lead a review of U.S. economic
the tremendous changes, the positive
policy towards this vital region, to make a
changes, taking place around the world.
fresh assessment, if you will, of the prob-
Freedom has made great gains not just in
lems and opportunities we'll encounter in
Eastern Europe but right here in the Amer-
the decade ahead. And that review is now
icas; and we've seen a resurgence of demo-
complete, and the results are in, and the
cratic rule, a rising tide of democracy,
need for new economic initiatives is clear
never before witnessed in the history of this
and compelling.
beloved hemisphere. And with one excep-
All signs point to the fact that we must
tion, Cuba, the transition to democracy is
shift the focus of our economic interaction
moving towards completion, and we can all
towards a new economic partnership be-
sense the excitement that the day is not far
cause prosperity in our hemisphere de-
off when Cuba joins the ranks of world de-
pends on trade, not aid. And I've asked you
mocracies and makes the Americas fully
here today to share with you some of the
free.
ideas, some of the ways we can build a
With one exception, that's the case. But
the political transformation sweeping the
broad-based partnership for the nineties-to
rest of Latin America and the Caribbean
announce the new Enterprise for the Amer-
icas Initiative that creates incentives to re-
has its parallel in the economic sphere.
Throughout the region, nations are turning
inforce Latin America's growing recogni-
away from the statist economic policies that
tion that free-market reform is the key to
stifle growth and are now looking to the
sustained growth and political stability.
power of the free market to help this hemi-
The three pillars of our new initiative are
sphere realize its untapped potential for
trade, investment, and debt. To expand
progress. A new leadership has emerged,
trade, I propose that we begin the process
backed by the strength of the people's man-
of creating a hemispherewide free trade
date, leadership that understands that the
zone; to increase investment, that we adopt
future of Latin America lies with free gov-
measures to create a new flow of capital
ernment and free markets. In the words of
into the region; and to further ease the
Colombia's courageous leader, Virgilio
burden of debt, a new approach to debt in
Barco-President Barco: "The long-running
the region with important benefits for our
match between Karl Marx and Adam Smith
environment.
is finally coming to an end" with the "rec-
Let's begin with trade. In the 1980's,
ognition that open economies with access to
trade within our hemisphere trailed the
markets can lead to social progress."
overall pace of growth in world trade. One
For the United States, these are welcome
principal reason for that: overrestrictive
developments, developments that we're
trade barriers that wall off the economies of
eager to support. But we recognize that
our region from each other and from the
each nation in the region must make its
United States at great cost to us all. These
own choices. There is no blueprint, no one-
barriers are the legacy of the misguided
size-fits-all approach, to reform. The pri-
notion that a nation's economy needs pro-
mary responsibility for achieving economic
tection in order to thrive. The great eco-
growth lies with each individual country.
nomic lesson of this century is that protec-
Our challenge in this country is to respond
tionism still stifles progress and free mar-
in ways that support the positive changes
kets breed prosperity. To this end, we've
now taking place in the hemisphere. We
formulated a three-point trade plan to en
must forge a genuine partnership for free-
courage the emerging trend toward free
market reform.
market reform that are now gathering
Back in February, I met in Cartagena
forces in the Americas.
[Colombia] with heads of the three Andean
First, as we enter the final months of the
nations, and I came away from that meet-
current Uruguay round of the world trade
1010
Administration of George Bush, 1990 / June 27
talks, I pledge close cooperation with the
growth and a higher standard of living in
nations of this hemisphere. The successful
Latin America and, right here at home,
completion of the Uruguay round remains
new markets for American products and
the most effective way of promoting long-
more jobs for American workers.
term trade growth in Latin America and
Promoting free trade is just one of three
the increased integration of Latin nations
key elements in our new Enterprise for the
into the overall global trading system. Our
Americas Initiative. And our second pillar is
aim in the Uruguay round is free and fair
increased investment.
trade, and through these talks we are seek-
The competition for capital today is
ing to strengthen existing trade rules and to
fierce, and the key to increased investment
expand them to areas that do not now have
is to be competitive, to turn around the
agreed rules of fairplay. And to show our
conditions that have discouraged both for-
commitment to our neighbors in Latin
eign and domestic investment-reduce the
America and the Caribbean, we will seek
regulatory burden, clear away the thicket of
deeper tariff reductions in this round on
bureaucratic barriers that choke off Latin
products of special interest to them.
America's aspiring entrepreneurs.
Second, we must build on the trend we
In one large Latin city, for instance, it
see toward free markets and make our ulti-
takes almost 300 days to cut through the
mate aim a free trade system that links all
redtape to open a small garment shop. In
of the Americas: North, Central, and South.
another country, the average overseas caller
And we look forward to the day when not
has to make five phone calls to get through,
only are the Americas the first fully free,
and the wait for a new telephone line can
democratic hemisphere but when all are
be as long as 5 years. And that's got to
equal partners in a free trade zone stretch-
ing from the port of Anchorage to the
change.
Investment reform is essential to make it
Tierra del Fuego.
I'm announcing today that the U.S. stands
easier to start new business ventures and
ready to enter into free trade agreements
make it possible for international investors
with other markets in Latin America and
to participate and profit in Latin American
the Caribbean, particularly with groups of
markets. In order to create incentives for
countries that have associated for purposes
investment reform, the United States is pre-
of trade liberalization. And the first step in
pared to take the following steps:
this process is the now-announced free
First, the United States will work with
trade agreement with Mexico. We must all
the Inter-American Development Bank to
recognize that we won't bring down bar-
create a new lending program for nations
riers to free trade overnight; changes so far-
that take significant steps to remove im-
reaching may take years of preparation and
pediments to international investment. The
tough negotiations. But the payoff in terms
World Bank could also contribute to this
of prosperity is worth every effort, and now
effort.
is the time to make a comprehensive free
And second, we propose the creation of a
trade zone for the Americas our long-term
new investment fund for the Americas. This
goal.
fund, administered by the IDB, could pro-
And third, I understand that some coun-
vide up to $300 million a year in grants in
tries aren't yet ready to take that dramatic
response to market-oriented investment re-
step to a full free trade agreement. And
forms in progress in privatization. The U.S.
that's why we're prepared to negotiate with
intends to contribute $100 million to the
any interested nation in the region bilateral
fund, and we will seek matching contribu-
framework agreements to open markets
tions from Europe and Japan.
and develop closer trade ties. Such agree-
But in order to create an attractive cli-
ments already exist with Mexico and Boliv-
mate for new investment, we must build on
Ma. Framework agreements will enable us to
our successful efforts to ease the debt
move forward on a step-by-step basis to
burden. That's the third pillar of this new
eliminate counterproductive barriers to
Enterprise for the Americas Initiative.
trade and towards our ultimate goal of free
Many nations have already undertaken
trade. And that's a prescription for greater
painful economic reforms for the sake of
1011
June 27 / Administration of George Bush, 1990
future growth, but the investment climate
nature swaps in countries that have set up
remains clouded, weighted down by the
such programs. These actions will be taken
heavy debt burden. Under the Brady plan,
on a case-by-case basis.
we are making significant progress. The
One measure of prosperity and the most
agreements reached with Mexico and Costa
important long-term investment any nation
Rica and Venezuela are already having a
can make is environmental well-being. As
positive impact on investment in those
part of our Enterprise for the Americas Ini-
countries. Mexico, to take just one example,
has already seen a reversal of the destruc-
tiative, we will take action to strengthen
environmental policies in this hemisphere.
tive capital flight that drained so many
Debt-for-nature swaps are one example,
Latin American nations of precious invest-
patterned after the innovative agreements
ment resources. That's critical. If we restore
reached by some Latin American nations
confidence, capital will follow.
and their commercial creditors. We will also
As one means of expanding our debt
call for the creation of environmental trusts,
strategy, we propose that the IDB add its
where interest payments owed on restruc-
efforts and resources to those of the Inter-
tured U.S. debt will be paid in local curren-
national Monetary Fund and the World
cy and set aside to fund environmental
Bank to support commercial bank debt re-
projects in the debtor countries.
duction in Latin America and the Caribbe-
These innovative agreements offer a pow-
an, and as in the case of World Bank and
erful new tool for preserving the natural
IMF, IDB funds should be directly linked to
wonders of this hemisphere that we share.
economic reform.
From the vistas of the unspoiled Arctic to
While the Brady plan has helped nations
the beauties of the barrier reef off Belize to
reduce commercial bank debt, for nations
the rich rain forests of the Amazon, we
with high levels of official debt-debt owed
must protect this living legacy that we hold
to governments rather than private finan-
in trust. For an increasing number of our
cial institutions-the burden remains heavy.
neighbors, the need for free-market reform
And today, across Latin America, official
is clear. These nations need economic
debt owed to the U.S. Government amounts
breathing room to enact bold reforms, and
to nearly $12 billion, with $7 billion of that
this official debt initiative is one answer, a
amount in concessional loans. And in many
way out from under the crushing burden of
cases, the heaviest official debt burdens fall
debt that slows the process of reform.
on some of the region's smallest nations,
I know there is some concern that the
countries like Honduras and El Salvador
revolutionary changes we've witnessed this
and Jamaica.
past year in Eastern Europe will shift our
That's a problem we must address today.
attention away from Latin America; but I
As the key component in addressing the
want to assure all of you here today, as I've
region's debt problem, I am proposing a
assured many democratic leaders in Central
major new initiative to reduce Latin Amer-
and South America and the Caribbean and
ica and the Caribbean's official debt to the
Mexico, the United States will not lose sight
United States for countries that adopt
of the tremendous challenges and opportu-
strong economic and investment reform
nities right here in our own hemisphere.
programs with the support of international
And indeed, as we talk with the leaders of
institutions.
the G-24 about the emerging democracies
Our debt reduction program will deal
in Europe-I've been talking to them also
separately with concessional and commer-
about their supporting democracy and eco-
cial types of loans. On the concessional
nomic freedom in Central America. Our
debt, loans made from AID or Food for
aim is a closer partnership between the
Peace accounts, we will propose substantial
Americas and our friends in Europe and in
debt reductions for the most heavily bur-
Asia.
dened countries. And we will also sell a
Two years from now, our hemisphere will
portion of outstanding commercial loans to
celebrate the 500th anniversary of an epic
facilitate these debt-for-equity and debt-for-
event: Columbus' discovery of America, our
1012
Administration of George Bush, 1990 / June 28
New World. And we trace our origins, our
of the proposed rescissions are contained in
shared history, to the time of Columbus'
the attached report.
voyage and the courageous quest for the
advancement of man. Today the bonds of
George Bush
our common heritage are strengthened by
the love of freedom and a common commit-
The White House,
ment to democracy. Our challenge, the
June 28, 1990.
challenge in this new era of the Americas, is
to secure this shared dream and all its fruits
Note: The attachment detailing the pro-
for all the people of the Americas-North,
posed rescissions was printed in the "Feder-
Central, and South.
al Register" of July 6.
The comprehensive plan that I've just
outlined is proof positive the United States
is serious about forging a new partnership
with our Latin American and Caribbean
Statement on the Japan- United States
neighbors. We're ready to play a construc-
Trade Negotiations
tive role at this critical time to make ours
June 28, 1990
the first fully free hemisphere in all of histo-
ry. Thank you all for coming and God bless
Last year the United States and Japan
the peoples of the Americas. Thank you
launched a new cooperative endeavor in
very; very much, indeed.
economic policy called the Structural Im-
pediments Initiative. This initiative is de-
signed to address underlying structural
Note: The President spoke at 2:48 p.m. in
problems in both of our economies with the
the East Room at the White House. In his
goal of contributing to more open and com-
opening. remarks, he referred to Secretary of
petitive markets and to the reduction of
the Treasury Nicholas F. Brady; U.S. Trade
payments imbalances. A joint working
Representative Carla A. Hills; Secretary of
group was formed to identify and solve
Commerce Robert A. Mosbacher; William
these problems. Over the past year, these
H. Webster, Director of Central Intelligence;
discussions have demonstrated the construc-
Barber... B. Conable, Jr., President of the
tive and cooperative spirit which character-
World Bank, which is also known as the
izes the relationship between our two coun-
International Bank for Reconstruction and
tries.
Development; and Richard D. Erb, Deputy
Managing Director of the International
The joint report of the SII working group
Monetary Fund. The President also referred
has just been issued in Tokyo, following up
to the Group of 24, the industrialized de-
an interim report issued in April. I welcome
mocracies that have pledged support for eco-
and endorse this joint report. Both coun-
tries have identified structural impedi-
nomic and political reform in Poland and
ments, taken initial corrective actions, and
Hungary.
made commitments to take further steps to
resolve a wide range of structural problems.
We expect that the structural policy actions
to be taken will have a positive effect on
Message to the Congress Reporting
our economies, encouraging open and com-
Budget Rescissions
petitive markets, promoting sustained world
June 28, 1990
economic growth, contributing to a reduc-
tion in global payments imbalances, and en-
To the Congress of the United States:
hancing the quality of life in both Japan and
In accordance with the Impoundment
the United States. Although our efforts on
Control Act of 1974, I herewith report
SII are bilateral, the effects will be benefi-
eight proposed rescissions totalling
cial for the entire world.
$327,375,000.
I particularly welcome the clear commit-
The proposed rescissions affect programs
ment by Japan to reduce further its current
of the Department of Defense. The details
account surplus and view the SII process as
1013
il defeat in 1959 renewed
e leadership and the left.
infant's red blood cells. The treatment con-
0 wean the party away from Gait
of eliminating galactose and lactose from
diet. If a substitute diet is started early
was rebuffed, and his defense
the symptoms may be minimized. As
ted only after a long struggle
child matures his diet may be liberalized.
mately reunited the party on
ALEXANDER B. GUTMAN, M. D.
and his success in changing
victory contributed
appeal the
Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York
don on 1963.
CALAGO, also called bush baby, a small tree-
dwelling African primate of the genus Galago or
A. J. BEATTIE
e London School of Economics
Exoticus. See BUSH BABY.
CAIUS, SAINT.
CALAHAD, gal'e-had, Sir, a knight of the Round
Table in later Arthurian romances. In some
versions of those romances, Sir Galahad, because
S spelled Caius, Roman jurist,
his purity, is the only knight who succeeds in
stitutes. See ROMAN LAW.
recends the the Grail knight, or hero of purity, is
quest for the Holy Grail. In earlier Arthurian
(1809-1872), Croatian political
r. He was born in Krapina,
a The opera.
Darthur
8, 1809, and studied in Graz
1485), Galahad is the son of Elaine and
enna. Gaj is important chiefly
Lancelot. Lancelot's sin (his love for Queen
the Illyrian movement, a pre-
Guinevere), keeps him from finding the Grail,
r Yugoslav movement that led
but his son Galahad is sinless and therefore
of Yugoslavia. Gaj sought to
worthy to achieve the quest. Galahad and the
ate all South Slav peoples-
Crail theme also appear in Tennyson's Idylls of
Serbs, and even Bulgars. He
the King (1859-1885) and the works of more
it the historic name "Illyria" to
recent writers.
e national aspirations of any
GALÁPAGOS ISLANDS, ge-lä'pe-ges, are a group
practical achievements were in
of generally rough volcanic islands in the Pacific
suaded his fellow Croatians to
Ocean some 600 miles (950 km) off the west
wski dialect of Zagreb in favor
coast of South America. They are administered
ch was common to both Serbs
by Ecuador as a territory, officially called the
literary language. In 1835 he
Archipiélago de Colón. The islands are famous
apers in the štokavski dialect,
for their unusual plant and animal life, which,
indation for present-day literary
though descended from mainland forms, evolved
for countless millennia in virtual isolation from
de Gaj had converted his liter-
evolutionary currents on the continent. The study
MIGUEL CASTRO, FROM PHOTO RESEARCHERS
ic endeavor into a vigorous
of these life forms by Charles Darwin, who
BARE ROCKS of the Galápagos Islands, which rose
ent directed chiefly against
visited the archipelago in 1835, had much to do
from the sea as volcanoes, are a perch for boobies.
ation of Croatia. Although he
with his development of the theory of the origin
Serbian and Slovenian leaders,
of species by natural selection
hthusiastically to his program.
The archipelago consists of some 16 islands
In 1970 the population of all of the islands
basic aims were realized by
and numerous islets scattered over an area of
was estimated at less than 6,000, including
dence in 1918. Gaj died in
some 36,000 square miles (95,000 sq km) at or
temporarily resident government employees and
20, 1872.
near the equator. The total land area of all of
their families. The administrative center is
LAVICH and CHARLES JELAVICH
the islands, islets, and rocks probably does not
Baquerizo Moreno, on San Cristóbal. A limited
Indiana University
exceed 3,000 square miles (8,000 sq km).
tourist industry, utilizing an old air force landing
Most of the individual islands were first given
strip and a cruise ship, offers the general public
ER. See GALAXY.
English names-often more than one-by British
limited access to the islands.
buccaneers and whalers and later given Spanish
History. The earliest recorded discovery of
ge-lak-tõ-sê'mē-a, is a rela-
names by the Ecuadorians. In decreasing order
these islands, which were then uninhabited by
r of carbohydrate metabolism,
of size, the largest islands (with their earlier
man, occurred on March 10, 1535, when a sailing
tosomal (not sex-linked) reces-
English names) are Isabela (Albemarle), Santa
ship carrying the Spaniard Fray Tomás de Ber-
haracterized by a lack of the
Cruz (Indefatigable), Fernandina (Narborough),
langa, Bishop of Panamá, came within sight of
1-phosphate uridyl transferase.
San Cristóbal (Chatham), San Salvador (James),
the archipelago after having drifted for six days
eeded to convert galactose-1-
and Santa María (Charles). Isla Isabela, the
becalmed in the Peru Current. Later in the
se-l-phosphate, a precursor of
largest of the islands, covers about 1,700 square
century, the mapmaker Abraham Ortelius plotted
this conversion cannot occur,
miles (4,400 sq km), or more than half of the
the "Isolas de Galápagos,' or "Islands of the
actose-1-phosphate accumulate
total land area of the archipelago, and has five
Tortoises," relying probably on Fray Tomás' de-
S, and urine, while the amount
major volcanic peaks ranging up to 5,540 feet
scription of the islands and of the giant tortoises
blood diminishes.
(1,690 meters) in height. Several of the vol-
he saw there. In the 17th century the Galápagos
s, symptoms usually begin in
canoes on this and other islands have been active
served as hideaways for various British bucca-
clude vomiting, diarrhea, de-
in the 20th century.
neers engaged in pirating Spanish ships and in
dosis. Accumulations of galac-
The climate varies, not only from season to
looting and burning Spanish settlements on the
-1-phosphate in the liver and
season but also from year to year, and consider-
mainland of South and Central America.
organs to enlarge, and cirrhosis
able differences in temperature occur between the
During most of the 1700's the islands re-
develop. Cataracts are likely
coastal areas and the higher elevations of the
mained deserted, but near the end of the century
and mental retardation due to
volcanic slopes. In general, due to the effect of
whalers and sealers began to visit the area. In
irs. Kidney damage causes the
the Peru (or Humboldt) Current, the climate is
1793-1794, Capt. James Colnett of the British
IS and amino acids in the urine.
mild and dry, with the temperature seldom rising
Royal Navy extensively explored the islands as
of galactosemia is based on
above 80° F (27° C) despite the islands' equa-
part of an effort to set up a British whaling
absence of the transferase in
torial location.
and sealing industry in the Pacific Ocean. Amer-
227
Some of the vegetation remains, its
depending to a degree on elevation above
level and the recentness of volcanic
Though many areas consist of little more
bare lava, others are covered with forests
giant cacti that rise as high as 20 feet (6
ters). Higher on some of the volcanic cones
forests of woody trees that are over 30
(9 meters) in height. Tree ferns and small
plants and grasses also occur. All are
ants of mainland plants whose seeds were
birds. ried to the islands by winds, currents, or
Land animals native to the Galápagos incl
snails, lizards (notably the land iguana), snake
a number of insects and other arthropods, land
a land tortoise, one kind of bat, two genera
rodents, and several birds. Many of these show
no fear of humans. The birds and bats probabh
flew to the islands, borne by storms, while
MIGUEL CASTRO, FROM PHOTO RESEARCHERS
restrial forms were probably carried on rafts
GALÁPAGOS TORTOISE is one of the world's largest
debris that floated from the mainland. Marine
tortoises. It may weigh 500 pounds (215 kg).
animals include sea lions and marine iguanas.
As time passed, many of the plants, animals
ican whalers also began to put in there. On
and even shore fish changed so much in form and
structure as to bear no close resemblance
the shore of a bay of Charles Island (now the
their mainland ancestors. One of the most spec-
Isla Santa María) the whalers set up a barrel on
tacular of these forms is the giant land tortoise
a post where letters from outgoing ships were
whose flesh was one of the chief attractions
deposited, to be picked up later by inbound
the islands to the sailors who put in there. Un.
ships. This "post office," established before 1800,
counted thousands of these animals were carried
still existed in 1932. Throughout much of the
away alive to supply fresh meat on the sailing
19th century, the Galápagos were used by
ships, SO that their numbers were reduced
whaling ships as a rendezvous and as a source of
the point of near extinction.
fresh water and turtle meat.
As ships sailed from the archipelago, memen-
Herman Melville, during his sojourn as a
tos of their visits were left behind-goats, pigs,
sailor on American whaling ships in 1840-1844,
rats, mice, weed seeds, and, upon occasion,
visited the Galápagos and later wrote of them as
sailors. The introduction of the goats-left to
"Las Islas Encantadas" the enchanted, or be-
multiply and serve as a source of fresh meat on
witched, islands. This name had been mentioned
later visits-succeeded too well, for they even-
as early as 1684, when the British privateer
tually destroyed much of the native vegetation
Edward Davies reported that certain of his
on many of the islands.
Spanish prisoners had claimed that the Galápagos
The uniqueness of the animals and plants on
were "enchanted islands and that they were
the Galápagos has continuously fascinated biol-
but shadows and no real islands."
ogists, most notably Charles Darwin, who, as
Ecuador annexed the Galápagos on Feb. 12,
the naturalist aboard the survey ship H. M.
1832, and 60 years later renamed them the
Beagle, studied these forms from Sept. 15 to
Archipiélago de Colón, in honor of Christopher
Oct. 20, 1835. Having earlier made extensive
Columbus. During that century a few hardy
observations on the South American mainland, he
settlers established small farms at higher eleva-
speculated about the relationship of the islands
tions on Santa Cruz, growing all of their own
species to those on the continent and noted their
food and supplying some fresh vegetables to
apparent adaption to the many dissimilar habi-
whaling ships.
tats that existed in the various islands of the
During World War II the United States, with
group. Thus, according to his own account, be-
permission of the Ecuadorian government, oper-
ated an air base on Baltra, a small island off the
north shore of Santa Cruz, from which the waters
adjacent to the Panama Canal could be patrolled.
An airstrip, weather station, Quonset huts, a
machine shop, and a plant for distilling sea
PACIFIC
water made up the station. The base was subse-
COLOMBIA
quently used by a small detachment of the Ecua-
Galápagos
dorian air force. Ecuador had also maintained
penal colonies in the Galápagos, but the most
Salvador
notorious, on Isabela, was shut down in 1958.
Equator
Fernandina
Santa
Cruz
Ecology of the Galápagos. The islands of the
Isabela
San Cristóbal
archipelago all rose from the ocean floor as the
ECUADOR
Santa María
tops of volcanoes, perhaps as long as 10 million
Islands
years ago, and have never been connected by
land to the mainland. Therefore the plants and
OCEAN
animals must all have been introduced from else-
where. When Europeans first visited the area,
0
PERU
250
500 Mi.
most of the islands were covered with lush vege-
tation, and several kinds of animals were present.
0 '
500
1000 Km.
228
GALASHIELS-GALATIANS, EPISTLE TO THE
229
etation remains, its
train of thought that led to his formu-
GALATI, gä-läts', is a city in eastern Rumania,
ee on elevation above
the
of Origin of Species in 1859. See DARWIN,
the evolutionary theories described in
near the Soviet border. It lies on the left bank
ntness of volcanic
of the Danube River between the Siret and Prut
consist of little more
ROBERT.
rivers. Galati (or Galatz) is the capital of
e covered with forests
1960's saw the launching of the
Galati region.
as high as 20 feet (6
Scientific Project, the
Galati is a major port both for imports from
e of the volcanic cones
attempt to study
abroad and for lumber and grain exports. It is
es that are over 30
ecology of the archipelago. The Charles Dar-
also a center for textile manufacture and food
t. Tree ferns and small
so occur. All are descere
Foundation, and staffed a laboratory building
one of several cosponsoring or-
processing and has the largest shipbuilding in-
dustry in Rumania. A major iron-and-steel com-
nts whose seeds were
winds, currents, or
Santa Cruz.
plex was put in operation in the early 1970's.
All of the islands are now administered by
Founded in the 3d century B. C., the city was
Ecuadorian National Park Service. To save
an important port in Roman and medieval times.
ve to the Galápagos inclu
archipelago's wildlife-particularly the large
In the 16th century it was occupied by the
and other arthropods,
has, by presidential decree,
Turks, who garrisoned the city until 1829. Dur-
y the land iguana), snake
game preserves of most of the islands and
ing this period it was the principal export point
kind of bat, two genera
listed a large number of birds, mammals, and
for Rumanian products shipped to Constanti-
birds. Many of these
imptiles as being strictly protected.
nople. From 1837 it was a free port, and after
he birds and bats probabl
E. LENDELL COCKRUM
1856 it was the seat of the International Danube
orne by storms, while
The University of Arizona
Commission. Galati has suffered much damage
robably carried on rafts
in wars and in six catastrophic fires. As a result
om the mainland. Mariza
LASHIELS, gal-a-shēlz', a burgh in southern
of rebuilding, it has a modern appearance. Pop-
ions and marine iguanas.
Scotland, in Selkirk county, is 27 miles (43 km)
ulation: (1965 est.) 112,794.
any of the plants, anima
southeast of Edinburgh. It stretches about 2
BARBARA JELAVICH and CHARLES JELAVICH
anged so much in form
(3 km) along the narrow valley of the
Indiana University
no close resemblance
Water. Galashiels' principal product is
ors. One of the most spece
quality tweed. Its Technical College,
GALATIA, ge-lã'she, was an ancient district in
S is the giant land tortois
hunded in 1882, became in 1923 the Scottish
central Anatolia, between the Halys (now Kızıl-
of the chief attractions
ollen Technical College. It is the central
ırmak) and Sangarius (Sakarya) rivers. It was
lors who put in there.
titution of the Scottish woolen industry, en-
named after the Galatae, three Celtic tribes.
these animals were carried
in research into techniques and design.
In 278 B. C. some of the Celts who had moved
fresh meat on the sailing
Mashiels also has some light industries and
into Thrace were invited into Bithynia by King
numbers were reduced
banking, insurance, and retail center.
Nicomedes I to fight his brother Zipoetes. Grad-
nction.
Large earthworks in the area date from
ually forced into central Anatolia, they clung
m the archipelago, memen-
Soman and Pictish times. Galashiels began as
to their language and customs and did not de-
re left behind-goats, pigs,
hamlet near Melrose Abbey and Ettrick Forest.
velop urban life. They hired out as mercenaries
eds, and, upon occasion
developed into a village and small industrial
and fought for Antiochus III of Syria against the
ction of the goats-left
kwn.
Scotland's first modern woolen textile
Romans at Magnesia (190 B.C.), after which the
a source of fresh meat
chinery was installed there in the late 18th
victorious Romans sent a punitive force against
I too well, for they even-
century. Assisted by the coming of the railway
them. From then on the Galatians were usually
h of the native vegetation
1849, the burgh became the focus of the
loyal to Pergamum and, after 133, to Rome.
ds.
Scottish tweed industry.
Pompey reorganized Galatia as a client kingdom
the animals and plants
Sir Walter Scott's famous Gothic house, Ab-
of Rome in 63 B. C.; but in 25 B. C., Augustus
ontinuously fascinated biol-
botsford, is 2 miles (3 km) to the southeast.
made it part of the new Roman province of
Charles Darwin, who,
Population: (1961) 12,374.
Galatia, with Pisidia and Lycaonia.
the survey ship H. M.
C.J. BARTLETT
D.J. BLACKMAN, University of Bristol
forms from Sept. 15
University of Dundee
ing earlier made extensive
GALATIANS, Epistle to the, ge-lä'shenz, a letter
outh American mainland, he
GALATA, a section of Istanbul, Turkey. See
written by St. Paul the Apostle to the "Churches
relationship of the islands
ISTANBUL.
of Galatia."
e continent and noted their
Authorship, Destination, and Date. That the
the many dissimilar habi-
GALATEA, gal-a-tē-a, in Greek mythology, was
Apostle Paul was the author of this Epistle has
the various islands of the
Nereid, or sea nymph, noted for her beauty,
never been seriously questioned. The Epistle
ng to his own account, be-
particularly her milk-white skin. Her loveliness
claims Paul as its author, and nothing within
attracted the unwanted attentions of the Cyclops
the Epistle would give reason to doubt this.
Polyphemus. Galatea, happily in love with a
The problem of determining to whom this
handsome demigod named Acis, who returned
letter was addressed is complicated by an am-
her affections, was constantly pestered by the
biguity in the term "Galatia." It may refer to
boorish giant. One day he spied the lovers to-
the northern region of the province of Galatia, in
IFIC
gether in the hollow of a rock and in a rage
Asia Minor, or to the whole province. If Paul
COLOMBIA
mashed his rival with a huge boulder. The
uses the term in its wider sense, he would be
blood that flowed from Acis' shattered body was
addressing the churches he founded on his first
transformed into a river. Galatea, inconsolable,
missionary journey and visited on his second
never married.
journey (Antioch, Lystra, Derbe, and others).
Equator
Another Galatea appears in the legend of
It seems more likely, however, that Paul referred
stóbal
Pygmalion, the sculptor who created a statue of
to the northern region of the province, which he
ECUADOR
woman so beautiful and lifelike that he fell
visited on his second and third journeys.
love with it. Pygmalion prayed to Aphrodite
During his third missionary journey, while
EAN
a bride like it, and she responded by bring-
he was staying at Ephesus in 55 A. D., Paul re-
the statue to life. In ancient versions of
ceived disturbing news of the churches he had
the
story, the incarnated statue has no name. In
founded in Galatia and wrote this letter to them.
PERU
500 Mi.
modern retellings she has been called Galatea.
Purpose and Content. Soon after Paul had
LIONEL CASSON
established the churches in Galatia, they were in
1000 Km.
New York University
danger of falling away from the Gospel that Paul
The Host Country
Area, Geography,
and Climate
Ecuador straddles the Equator, its
namesake, on the west coast of
South America, almost 3,000 miles
due south of Washington, D.C. It is
roughly the size of Colorado. Two
north-south ranges of the Andes
Mountains divide the country into
three distinct sections: the Costa, a
belt of tropical lowlands 10-100
miles wide along the Pacific coast
where Guayaquil, the major city, is
located; the Sierra, a highland
plateau 3,000-10,000 feet high
where Quito is located; and the
Oriente, jungle lowlands east of the
Andes that make up about half the
country's area. In addition, the
Galapagos Islands (Archipelago de
Colon) lie 640 miles off the coast.
The nine main islands are inhabited
by some 8,000 people and the amaz-
ing variety of wildlife that has fas-
cinated scientists ever since Charles
Darwin visited there in 1836.
Ecuador claims an additional
100,000 square miles of territory in
the Oriente, an area that includes
High in the Andes, Quito is ringed by snowcapped volcanoes.
navigable tributaries of the Amazon
River. This territory was lost to
Peru under the 1942 Rio Protocol of
Peace, Friendship, and Boundaries,
These peaks include Chimborazo
Humboldt Current and range of
which the Ecuadorean people and
(20,561 feet) and Cotopaxi, which is
65°F to 90°F. Temperatures in the
Government have never fully ac
the highest active volcano in the
Sierra are generally cool, ranging
cepted. The national motto pro-
world (19,347 feet). The spectacular
from 35°F to 75°F. Because of the
claims, "Ecuador was, is, and will be
array of snowcapped volcanoes
altitude and rarified air, temper-
an Amazonian nation." Revising
stretching north and south of Quito
atures in direct sunlight can reach
the treaty is one of the govern-
has been called the "Avenue of
85°F at midday; in the evenings it
ment's foremost foreign policy ob-
Volcanos," and on a clear day the
can range from pleasantly cool to
jectives. Efforts to settle the dispute
view from an airplane is breath-
very chilly. The tallest mountains
have been unsuccessful because of
taking. On the Pacific slope the
are always snowcapped, but it never
strong nationalistic feelings in both
principal rivers are the Esmeraldas
snows in the inhabited altitudes,
countries. In 1981 the armed forces
and the Guayas. Eastern Ecuador
although it hails occasionally. Dur-
of Peru and Ecuador clashed briefly
is part of the Amazon watershed.
ing the Sierra dry season, from June
along the disputed southern border.
Its principal rivers are the Napo
through September, gusty winds are
Most of Ecuador is covered by
and Pastaza Rivers. None of the
common.
equatorial forests. The rest consists
Amazon tributaries in Ecuador is
In Quito the temperature pat-
of cultivated agricultural areas,
navigable by oceangoing vessels.
tern rarely changes from day to day
some arid scrubland near the coast,
Because of variations in alti-
or month to month. Mornings are
and barren mountain ranges with
tude, Ecuador has a variety of cli-
cool and crisp, and midday is agree-
22 peaks over 14,000 feet high.
mates. The lowlands are generally
hot and humid. Temperatures on
the coast are moderated by the
1
ably warm unless skies are over-
Primary
ID
cast. Fog and mist may occur in the
sory, and an estimated 85% of the
royalty of New Granada after 1718.
mornings or evenings as low-lying
population is literate. Both Catho-
Exploration, colonization, and
clouds spill over the sides of the val-
lic and Protestant missionaries
religious conversion of the Indians
ley. Since Quito is such a short
have worked with indigenous peo-
continued for almost three centuries
distance from the Equator, sunrise
ples of the Oriente, in conjunction
until independence in 1822. The
and sunset vary only slightly from 6
with the Ministry of Education.
first schools were established by the
am and 6 pm. Average annual
Public university education is free,
religious orders of the Catholic
rainfall in Quito is 50 inches, with
and an open admissions policy pre-
Church. So many monasteries and
43 inches falling from October
vails. Public and private university
sumptuous churches were built in
through May, and 7 inches from
enrollment is large, although many
Quito that it became known as "The
June through September. Relative
students do not complete their
Cloister of America." The combina-
humidity averages 75%.
studies. An extensive adult literacy
tion of Spanish art and Indian
Occasional tremors are regis-
program is underway.
handicraft led to a unique pro-
tered in the area. These may or
History. Perhaps 50 independ-
duction of sculpture and painting in
may not be perceptible to residents.
ent pre-Columbian cultures flour-
what is known as the Quiteno school
Earthquakes and volcanic eruptions
ished along the coast, in the Sierra,
of colonial art, with many
are infrequent but do remain a
and in the Rio Napo region before
extraordinary native artists such as
possibility.
the Incas conquered what is now
Caspicara, Goribar, and Miguel de
Ecuador. Ceramics found in Val-
Santiago.
divia date from 3200 B.C. and are
Land that had been taken from
Population
among the oldest found in South
the Indians was granted to the
America. Archeologists have dis-
religious communities and to the
Ecuador's projected 1985 population
covered rich gold works, ceramics,
Spaniards who had served their
is 9,378,000. Of that number, about
weavings, and mummies at several
king. During the 17th and 18th
40% are mestizo, 40% Indian, 10%
important sites. Around the year
centuries, Negro slave labor was
white, 5% black, and 5% oriental
A.D. 1200, two important nations
brought from the Caribbean to work
and others. About half of the popu-
emerged: the Caras on the coast and
the new plantations, and agricul-
lation lives in the Costa, where the
the Quitus in the Andes. These
ture flourished. The colonial econo-
principal group is mestizo. The
merged to form the Shyris nation,
my rested on three institutions: the
average annual population growth
which was conquered by the Incas
"encomienda" (a system of serfdom),
rate is currently 2.9%.
in the middle of the 15th century.
the "mita" (forced Indian labor in
The term "mestizo" has cultural
The Inca sovereign Huayna
mines and public works), and the
significance in the Sierra. It is not
Capac consolidated his rule over the
"obraje" (forced labor in textile
simply a mixture of blood. An
area in the early 1500s, just a few
factories). While the land legally
Indian who leaves his or her
years before the first Spaniards
belonged to the Spanish crown, the
community, abandoning traditional
landed on the shores of Ecuador.
encomienda was the cession of land
dress, tribal ties, and native
After seizing the treasures at Ata-
and people to the privileged. The
language, loses his or her Indian
cames on his first expedition along
Indians were supposed to receive the
identity and is called a "mestizo."
the coast from his base in Panama,
care of the patron and be instructed
Spanish is the official language,
Francisco Pizarro returned in 1532
in the Catholic faith in exchange for
but Quichua, the language of the
to conquer the Inca kingdom, by
personal services. The native
Incas, is still spoken by Indians who
then weakened by civil war. The
population suffered greatly under
constitute about one-third of the
last Inca king, Atahualpa, was held
this system.
population. In the Oriente, several
prisoner for ransom and then killed
A number of European scien-
indigenous languages and dialects
by Pizarro.
tists visited Ecuador in the 18th
survive. Some have no identifiable
A long period of warfare against
century. Charles de La Condamine
link with any recognized language
the native population followed, and
of France headed a geodetic mission
families.
the Spanish conquest destroyed all
to confirm measurements of the
Internal migrations occur from
but a few of the Inca fortresses and
Equator. Alexander von Humboldt
the highlands to the coastal area
temples. Quito was not subdued
made significant discoveries in na-
and from the countryside to the
until Sebastian de Benalcazar took
tural science. Intellectual societies
cities. Today the population is
possession of the area, establishing
flourished in the capital and became
divided about equally between the
San Franciso de Quito on December
centers of liberal political thought.
mountainous central highland re-
6, 1534, on the site of the ancient
Eugenio Espejo preached inde-
gion and the coastal lowlands.
Quitu capital. Guayaquil was
pendence and influenced many
Most of the population is Roman
founded a year later. Gonzalo
wealthy merchants and nobles who
Catholic, though Protestant mis-
Pizarro was named governor of the
resented Spanish oppression, taxa-
sionaries have been active in the
colony in 1540. He organized an
tion, and trade restrictions. In 1809
country since the turn of the cen-
expedition in Quito that resulted in
a group of citizens overthrew the
tury. Religious freedom is observed.
the discovery of the Amazon River
by Francisco Orellana. In 1563
Quito was made a Royal Audiencia,
first as part of Lima's Viceroyalty of
2
Ecuador 285
S
cause in most cases projected multiple uses conflict with
Puná, in the Gulf of Guayaquil, is the major coastal is-
one another.
land.
e
The general failure of land-use planning and zoning, as
The western and central ranges of the Andes bordering
n
presently carried out, appears to result from, first, a
the sierra region constitute the country's highest and
V
failure to recognize conflicts between different uses that
most continuous mountain chains. Many peaks are vol-
i.
can not be resolved by continual compromise and, sec-
canic or snow covered; these include Cayambe, 18,996
ond, a failure of the economic system to place a monetary
feet (5,790 metres); Antisana, 18,717 feet (5,705 metres);
value on that part of the environment that functions as
Cotopaxi-the world's highest active volcano-19,360
S
the life-support apparatus.
feet (5,897 metres); Carihuairazo, 16,752 feet (5,106 me-
BIBLIOGRAPHY. EUGENE P. ODUM, Fundamentals of Ecol-
tres); Chimborazo, 20,556 feet (6,267 metres); Tungura-
e
ogy, 3rd ed. (1971), is a comprehensive college textbook and
hua, 16,420 feet (5,005 metres); Altar, 17,277 feet (5,266
1
reference, designed also for the citizen, educator, and politi-
metres); and Sangay, 17,158 feet (5,230 metres). The two
cal leader; see also the same author's "The Strategy of Eco-
ranges are connected at intervals by transversal moun-
1
system Development," Science, 164:262-270 (1969). Three
tain chains of volcanic origin, much as individual stairs
paperbacks that emphasize the ecosystem approach to ecol-
connect a staircase. Between the transverse mountains
ogy are: EUGENE P. ODUM, Ecology (1963); EDWARD J. KOR-
MONDY, Concepts of Ecology (1969); and ROBERT H. WHIT-
are large, isolated valleys or basins, called hoyas, that
TAKER, Communities and Ecosystems (1970). HOWARD T.
are named for the main river running through them.
ODUM, Environment, Power, and Society (1971), is a semi-
The eastern region begins with the eastern spur of the
popular introduction to systems ecology, with emphasis on
central range, which extends to the border with Peru.
Recycle
technological, political, and economic solutions to man's en-
This region is crossed by the eastern, and least important,
vironmental problems. Ecosystem Structure and Function
cordillera of the Andes, which is also comprised of three
(1971), contains the proceedings of the 31st Biology Col-
sections-the Cordillera de Galeras, which includes the
r
loquium, in which five authors deal with ecosystem concepts.
northern mountains; the Sierra de Cutucú, which borders
ALDO LEOPOLD, A Sand County Almanac, and Sketches Here
S
and There (1949), is an environmental classic, with near
the Upano Valley and includes the central peaks; and
1
poetic essays on "The Land Ethic," "Wilderness," and "Con-
the Cordillera del Cóndor to the south, which borders the
t
servation Esthetic," all imbued with the place of man in eco-
Zamora Valley. Beyond this eastern cordillera, again to
systems.
the east, is the Amazon River Basin.
(E.P.O.)
Drainage. As the annual thawing of snow occurs in
the mountains, numerous rivers arise, pass through the
Ecuador
hoyas of the Sierra, and flow either west to the Pacific
S
Ecuador, a republic situated in northwestern South
coast or east to the Amazon River.
America, is, after Uruguay and Guyana, the smallest
The coastal region is primarily drained by the Río
The river
state in South America. It is crossed by the Equator,
Guayas Basin. Formed by the juncture of the Daule and
system
S
from which it derives its name. Its possession of the Ar-
Babahoyo rivers and their affluents, the Río Guayas is
e
chipiélago de Colón, or the Galápagos Islands, which
navigable for the greater part of its course. The rivers
1
have an area of 3,075 square miles (7,964 square kilo-
that also flow to the ocean include the Santiago and Ca-
metres), brings its total land area to 109,483 square miles
yapas and their tributaries; the Esmeraldas; the Jubones;
y
(283,561 square kilometres), of which continental Ecua-
and the Santa Rosa.
dor amounts to 101,429 square miles (275,597 square
In the sierra region the rivers, torrential in their upper
kilometres). The population, early in the 1970s, was
courses, become calmer in the plains areas but remain,
about 6,000,000.
nonetheless, unnavigable.
Ecuador is bounded by Colombia to the north, Peru to
The majority of Ecuador's rivers, found in the eastern
1
the south and east, and the Pacific Ocean to the west.
region, carry the greatest volume of water and are the
The border with Peru, established by the Rio de Janeiro
most navigable of the nation's waterways. The most im-
Protocol of 1942, has never been accepted by Ecuador,
portant is the Napo River, which receives the Coca and
S
which claims a larger portion of the Amazon Basin. The
Aguarico rivers as well as other large tributaries as it
country is traversed from north to south by the Andes
takes its course towards Peru, where it joins the Amazon
d
mountains. The capital city is Quito.
River (q.v.).
y
Although Ecuador is rich in natural resources, rapid
Climate. Despite the fact that Ecuador lies on the
e
and sustained economic growth has not yet begun. The
Equator, the climate is modified by the Andes Mountains
a
subsoil, especially in the east, is virtually unexplored.
and by a branch of the cold Peru or Humboldt Current
S
The economy is basically agricultural, with bananas and
that flows along the coast.
1
coffee constituting the two most important products. The
The coastal region is warm; temperatures rise slightly
exploitation of petroleum deposits has begun in the
away from the sea and average between 73° and 77° F
S
northeast, and copper is produced from mines in Azuay
(23° and 25° C). Rain falls from January to May. Af-
Province. It is hoped that these mineral resources will
fected by the Peru Current, annual precipitation varies
help to stimulate the economic development of the coun-
between 16 inches and 78 inches.
a
try.
In the sierra region, the climate varies with altitude and
a
(For associated physical features, see ANDES MOUNTAIN
is modified by winds. Climatic conditions run the gamut
RANGES; GALAPAGOS ISLANDS; for historical aspects, see
from glacial cold at the perpetual snow line to tropical
e
ECUADOR, HISTORY OF.)
temperatures in certain hoyas. Among inhabitants of
n
Vilcabamba in Loja Province, famous for its exceptional-
Young
THE LANDSCAPE
e
ly healthy climate in which the temperature varies be-
versus
Physiography. Relief. Three parallel chains, or cordil-
tween 63° and 68° F (17° and 20° C), it is not unusual
y
ecosystet
leras, of the Andes Mountains, the eastern, central, and
to find individuals of 120 years or more. Using 79° F
western-all running approximately north to south-
(26° C) as a median temperature at sea level, it may be
e
divide the country into three main regions: the coastal
said that the temperature decreases by 1.8° F (1° C) with
e
region; the sierra, or mountain, region; and the east.
every 660-foot increase in the altitude.
The three
The coastal region is composed of lowlands extending
The east is the warmest and most humid region of Ec-
regions
e
from the Pacific Ocean to the western edge of the moun-
uador. Median temperatures range between 73° and
1
tains and rising from sea level to an altitude of 1,650
81° F (23° and 27° C), rainfall can reach 236 inches an-
d
feet. In the centre of these lowlands-the location of the
nually, while humidity as high as 90 percent may be
Guayas and Manabí provinces-a small mountain range
sustained for several months.
a
of volcanic origin rises to 2,600 feet. It is variously known
Vegetation and animal life. The wet lowlands of the
Tropical
e
as the Colonche, Chongón, Paján, or Puca Mountains.
east and the northern and southern corners of the coastal
rain forest
e
The range is surrounded by a slightly undulating plain
region are covered with tropical rain forest, containing
areas
that stretches northward to the Colombian border. In the
various trees, lianas (climbing vines rooted in the
south, the lowlands were primarily formed by the silt de-
ground), and many epiphytes (plants that grow nonpara-
posits of the rivers that empty into the Gulf of Guayaquil.
sitically on other plants, deriving their nutrients from
ristory
or
291
Ecuador, History of
Rivalry between Flores and Rocafuerte (1830-45).
Ambitious generals and politicians have played on this
In 1551, when Francisco Pizarro's lieutenant Sebastián
Quito-Guayaquil rivalry since the foundation of the re-
de Belalcázar conquered what is now called Ecuador, he
public in 1830. During the period 1830-45, two generals
found an area that had been part of the Inca empire for
from the wars of independence-Juan José Flores and
about half a century. The last Inca emperor, the tragic
Vicente Rocafuerte-struggled for power; Flores found
Atahuallpa, was born near Quito.
much of his support in Quito, Rocafuerte in Guayaquil.
In the mountainous Andean area of central Ecuador
Hostility was not constant, and for a few years the rivals
(the sierra), the Spaniards established a colony of large
agreed to alternate in the presidency. They were not sim-
estates worked by Indian peons. People lived in semi-au-
ply personalist dictators; Rocafuerte in particular had a
tonomous Indian villages or in Spanish and mestizo ad-
coherent ideology of government and did much to im-
ministrative and religious centres such as Quito, Ambato,
prove the educational institutions of the main cities. Both,
and Cuenca. The making of rough textiles in primitive
however, were capable of obnoxious conduct in their ef-
sweatshops was the only industry. Life was rural, hierar-
forts to retain or regain power, inviting foreign armies to
chical, and slow to change.
enter the country and assassinating opponents and hostile
On the Pacific coastal plain (the tropical costa), there
journalists; Flores, on one occasion, even invited the
were fewer Indians to do the work, and the area was ex-
Spaniards to return.
tremely unhealthy until the advent of modern medicine.
Breakdown of national government (1845-60). The
As a result, the coast was neglected during the colonial
rivalry between Flores and Rocafuerte was a struggle be-
period, although there was some shipbuilding and export-
tween two strong leaders. Between 1845 and 1860, how-
ing of cacao from the port of Guayaquil. The small coast-
ever, the nation went through a period of chaos in which
al population of mixed races, with plenty of vacant land
a series of squabbling, weak leaders (usually self-pro-
and little coercion of labour, developed a very different
claimed liberals) fought for the presidency with little re-
culture from that of the sierra (see further LATIN AMERICA
gard for the nation's integrity or development. This peri-
AND THE CARIBBEAN, COLONIAL).
od reinforced the already close ties between the military
On the eastern slopes between the Andes and the head-
and the national government.
waters of the Amazon (the oriente), recalcitrant Indians
The regime of García Moreno (1860-75). The next
and the equatorial climate prevented settlement, and the
years (1860-75) saw one of Latin America's most extra-
only Spaniards who attempted to live there in any num-
ordinary experiments in autocracy, during the presidency
bers were missionaries. Later, this demographic vacuum
of Gabriel García Moreno. As a young man García Mo-
was to cause Ecuador many problems.
reno, a religious intellectual and conservative, had wit-
The country's fourth major subdivision, the Galápagos
nessed the chaos in Ecuador and the selfish struggles of
Islands (in the Pacific Ocean about 580 miles [933 kilo-
the various cliques. He had also seen the European revo-
metres] west of the mainland), were little more than pi-
lutions of 1848 and had developed an abhorrence of lib-
rate nests during the colonial period; but they were to
eralism and of uncontrolled violence. A careful analysis
achieve world fame in the 19th century because Charles
of Ecuadorian society led him to conclude that the young
ona
Darwin made there a major portion of his observations
nation lacked unifying factors; it had no great tradition,
that led to his theories on evolution and the Origin of
suffered from regional resentments, and was sharply di-
Species.
vided by class and between whites and Indians who did
The people of Quito, the Ecuadorian capital, claim that
not even share a common language. García Moreno con-
it was the scene of the first Ecuadorian patriot uprising
cluded that the only social "cement" was religion-the
against Spanish rule (1809). Invading from Colombia in
general adherence of the population to the Roman Cath-
1822, the armies of Simón Bolívar and Antonio José de
olic Church. He felt that in time, nationalism could be
Sucre came to the aid of Ecuadorian rebels, and on May
created and that more social cohesion would emerge as a
24 Sucre won the decisive Battle of Pichincha on a moun-
result, but that meanwhile Ecuador needed a period of
tain slope near Quito, thus assuring Ecuadorian indepen-
peace and strong government. When he became presi-
dence.
dent, therefore, he based his regime on two factors—
Early national history (1830-c. 1925). Ecuador's early
strong authoritarian personal rule and the Roman Cath-
history as a nation was a tormented one. For some eight
olic Church. All education and welfare, and the direction
years it formed, together with Colombia and Venezuela,
of much government policy, were turned over to clerics.
the confederation of Gran Colombia. But in 1830, after a
Other religions were harshly discouraged. All opposition
period of protracted regional rivalries, Ecuador seceded
was ruthlessly suppressed, and some leading liberals
and became a separate, independent republic.
spent many years in exile.
Liberal-Conservative hostilities. An increasing rivalry
Although many aspects of García Moreno's regime were
and ideological difference between the sierra and the
negative, it did mark the first period of genuine progress
costa usually focussed on the two leading cities-Quito,
for Ecuador. Roads, schools, and hospitals were built. A
the capital, in the sierra, and Guayaquil, the country's
start was made on a Quito-Guayaquil railroad, to tie to-
principal port. Quito was the home of a landed aristocra-
gether the costa and the sierra. García Moreno encour-
cy, whose positions of power during this early period
aged the planting of eucalyptus trees from Australia to
were based on large, semifeudal estates worked by servile
combat erosion in the sierra, where the original ground
Indian labour; it was (and to some extent has remained) a
cover had been cut down for fuel by the impoverished
conservative, clerical city, resistant to changes in the sta-
Develop-
Indians. Other agricultural reforms slowly raised produc-
tus quo. Guayaquil, on the other hand, by the 19th cen-
ment of
tion. By the end of his regime a strong feeling of na-
Guayaquil
tury had become a bustling, cosmopolitan port, controlled
tionalism had been created among the urban classes.
by a few wealthy merchants; these men and those around
In the 19th century, however, this authoritarian, clerical
them were influenced by 19th-century liberalism; inter-
government seemed an anachronism, and liberal opposi-
ested in trade, they favoured free enterprise and expand-
tion grew both at home and abroad. When García
ing markets; some were anticlerical. Their bourgeois at-
Moreno was assassinated on the steps of the government
titudes conflicted sharply with the more aristocratic be-
palace in 1875, a liberal intellectual and pamphleteer
liefs of the sierra elites. These early rivalries tended to be
Juan Montalvo proclaimed from exile, "My pen has
exacerbated by the nature of the two cities. The people of
killed him."
Guayaquil, the nation's breadwinner and the home of
Shift to liberalism (1875-97). García Moreno's death,
Ecuador's industry and trade, felt that a disproportionate
as he himself might have forecast, brought a period of
part of the state's tax income was spent in Quito by gov-
near anarchy. Conservatives and Liberals struggled for
ernment bureaucrats. Those in Quito complained that
power. But Ecuador had become part of the world mar-
their exports had to pass through the monopolistic bottle-
ket; the importance of the coast slowly increased, and the
neck of Guayaquil, which acted as a traditional middle-
Liberals of that area more and more dominated the
man and, by adding to the price of sierra products, re-
economy.
duced their competitiveness in the world market.
A new Liberal hero emerged from the lower classes as
292 Ecuador, History of
the leader of the coastal reaction to sierra conservatism
sided with the Allies and allowed the United States to
and clericalism. A man of great personal magnetism, Gen.
build military bases on its territory, but it played little
Eloy Alfaro, led a march against the sierra in 1895 and
direct part in the war. Under Pres. Carlos Arroyo del
after a year became constitutional president, serving two
Río, Ecuador drew some benefit from the higher prices
The
terms (1897-1901 and 1906-11). Much of the administra-
for raw materials caused by the war. Nazi infiltration of
leadership
tive structure of the García Moreno era was dismantled.
Ecuador never reached the proportions it did in other
of Eloy
The anticlerical Liberals gradually removed the church
parts of South America, and the early years of the war
Alfaro
from state education: they instituted civil marriage and
were years of relative prosperity and tranquillity.
burial, proclaimed freedom of religion, permitted divorce,
World War II had a serious secondary effect on the
and eased controls on the press. The church's tithe was
nation, however. Because of lack of capital and people,
abolished, and many of its large estates were confiscated
Ecuador by 1940 had not effectively settled its vast
by the state, some estates passing into the hands of
Amazonian territories. In July 1941, after long diplomatic
Liberal leaders.
bickering and a series of border incidents, the Peruvian
War
In many ways, however, in spite of political manifestos
army invaded, seized much of the disputed Amazonian
Peru
to the contrary, the Liberals of this era shared the basic
area, and devastated El Oro province (Ecuador had lost
ideas of the previous period. They advanced García
territory to each of its more powerful neighbours during
Moreno's road- and railroad-building programs; the
its troubled history). The Ecuadorian forces, poorly
Quito-Guayaquil railroad was completed in 1908 during
trained and equipped, were easily defeated, and the dis-
Alfaro's second term. Moreover, central government did
grace caused the overthrow of Arroyo del Río. The
not lose its authoritarian caste; Alfaro, the Liberal strong
United States and the other major powers were too
man (caudillo), was as arbitrary and ruthless as his Con-
preoccupied with the world war to allow such small
servative predecessor. In the sierra and on the coast,
conflicts to destroy Allied unity or to disrupt the produc-
power remained in the same hands. The problem of the
tion of vital raw materials. A peace conference was hastily
great haciendas was not touched, and the change to
called in Rio de Janeiro in 1942, and Ecuador was forced
liberalism meant little to the great masses of impoverished
to relinquish title to much of the Amazonian region to
Indians and peasants.
which it had claims. Subsequently, Ecuador repeatedly
Alfaro's overthrow, like that of García Moreno, was
attempted to reopen the question, claiming that the
brought about by his stubborn attempts to perpetuate
"Protocol of Rio" was imposed by force and that the new
himself in office. A coalition of Conservatives and dissi-
borders were therefore invalid. This constant Ecuadorian
dent Liberals forced him and his clique from the presiden-
irredentism, although having a strong legal and moral
cy in August 1911, but when the next president died in
base, nevertheless caused the country much harm, be-
office shortly thereafter, the aging and increasingly un-
cause it was used repeatedly by demagogues and ultrana-
popular Alfaro returned from exile and tried to recapture
tionalists to distract attention and effort from urgent
his following. The leaders of the Liberals rejected him,
internal problems.
and after some fighting he was arrested in Guayaquil. He
Domination of Velasco Ibarra (post-World War II). Poli-
and his lieutenants were sent to a model prison in Quito,
tics and government after World War II presented some
built years before by García Moreno. There, on January
contradictions. Ecuador enjoyed a long period of constitu-
28, 1912, a lynch mob broke in, dragged the prisoners
tional government and relatively free elections following
through the streets, and burned the bodies.
the presidency of the Liberal leader Galo Plaza (1948-52).
Problems of the early 20th century. The Liberals re-
There were also two long interludes of military govern-
mained in office, although the several factions quarrelled
ment (1963-66; 1972-79). But the period was dominated
constantly. The real power continued to rest in the hands
by one of Latin America's great caudillos, José María
of the wealthy merchants and bankers of Guayaquil.
Velasco Ibarra.
During World War I and the short boom that followed
Velasco, who died in 1979, was president of Ecuador five
it, this clique further extended its influence and diversified
times but completed only one of these terms. He seemed
Vel:
its capital with a view to owning the agriculture of the
able to win any election, such was his popularity with the
influ
coastal plain. Cacao was the dominant export crop, as in
masses, but his terms of office were marked by sudden
the colonial period, but sugar and rice became increasing-
reversals in policy, contradictory economic programs, wild
ly important.
personal outbursts, temporary suspensions of civil liber-
A depression followed in the early 1920s. The price of
ties, military interventions, and public strife. Some critics
food increased and exports in general declined. The sucre
claimed that Velasco drew clandestine support from Com-
-the national unit of currency-fell rapidly in value. At
munist groups; others saw him as little more than the
the same time, the nation's cacao plantations became
puppet of powerful business groups in Guayaquil; but
infected with a fungus known as witches'-broom, and
neither these nor other groups were able to control the
production sagged. These crises brought urban discontent,
erratic Velasco for long.
the formation of trade unions in Guayaquil, riots, and
His political presence may have inhibited the develop-
massacres by the army. Hundreds died during riots and
ment of coherent political parties and programs for
shootings in November 1922.
changing the nation's antiquated social and economic
In 1925 the army entered into this turbulent situation,
structure. His personal appeal cut across parties and
Army rule
claiming that it wished to restore national unity and
ideologies. The traditional parties-the Liberals and the
blaming many of the country's problems on the merchant
Conservatives-were thrown into disarray by Velasco's
bankers of Guayaquil. Like most Latin-American revolu-
incursions, and the growth of newer parties such as the
tions, that of 1925 brought little change in social and
Socialists and the Social Christians was retarded. Oppo-
economic structures; it merely replaced one governing
nents alleged that Velasco made economic progress im-
clique with another.
possible because constructive measures undertaken by the
Recent history (since c. 1925). The period between 1925
governments of such presidents as Plaza and Camilo
and 1948 was one of greater turbulence than Ecuador had
Ponce Enríquez (1956-60) were halted or even reversed by
ever known. Increasing involvement in the world market
the chaotic Velasco interludes.
and in international politics meant that the nation could
Ecuador in the 1970s. After Velasco's last fall from
no longer escape entanglements and the consequences of
power in 1972, military officers ruled for some seven years
world ideological conflicts. Yet during this crucial period,
before handing over the government to a constitutionally
when the tempo of events was accelerating, Ecuador's
elected (July 16, 1979) civilian president. The civilian and
internal disunity prevented the modernization of its social
military governments of the 1970s had not developed any
structure, land tenure system, education, and communica-
firm policy for dealing with the oil boom that occurred in
tions. Thus, the country was badly equipped to face the
that decade. The boom increased the size and wealth of
demands of the age.
the middle class, led to the building of roads, quays,
Economic development and loss of territory in the 1940s.
pipelines, and other infrastructural features, and caused
Ecuador was still suffering from the effects of the Great
severe inflation. No basic structural reforms took place,
Depression when it became involved in World War II. It
and the poor, especially those in the rapidly expanding
Ecumenism 293
to
cities, suffered the effects of inflation but reaped few of
NATURE AND SIGNIFICANCE
the benefits of the oil boom.
The quest for unity. The nature and the significance of
Velasco's death and the withdrawal of the military offi-
the ecumenical movement in the 20th century lie in the
cers from government allowed the nation to return to
longing of Christians for a greater and more effective role
democratic civilian government via the presidential and
in the affairs of the modern world. Granted that unity
legislative elections of 1979 and a new constitution. Jaime
and mission belong to the essence or nature of the church
Roldós Aguilera, a young and charismatic social demo-
-as Christians for centuries have proclaimed-modern
Pretion
Roldós
crat, was elected president on a reformist platform. He
Christians in increasing numbers assert that they can no
promised greater social equality and a more equitable
longer justify the duality of what they consider to be a
distribution of the profits of the oil industry. Unfortunate-
beautiful faith on the one hand and an ugly and contra-
ly for Roldós, he was unable to manage the legislature,
dictory life-i.e., a divided church-on the other. Church
C
and soon quarrelled with the powerful leader of his own
unity-or the quest for it-is considered by modern
War
party, the Guayaquil politician Assad Bucaram. Roldós
ecumenists to be the echo of the spirit calling for the
n
Peru
and his opponents made several unsuccessful efforts at
reacceptance by Christians of the One Church. Partici-
conciliation in 1980, and the military forces, always wait-
pants involved in modern theological and ecumenical
ing in the wings in Ecuador, warned that they were
deliberations often speak out for the need to chart a
becoming impatient with the impasse.
converging course, which, through mergers and regroup-
The main Ecuadorian problem of the 1970s was thus
ings of churches and denominations, they hope might lead
how to achieve rapid and just economic development.
ultimately to unity.
Most of the population was still rural, although the cities
The urge for unity is believed in part to be the result of
were growing rapidly. One of the highest birth rates in the
the frustrations of Christians who view what they take to
world ate into per capita gains in productivity and in-
be the impotence and the failure of the church to exert an
come. Illiteracy, malnutrition, and infant mortality re-
influence on social ethics and to recapture the heart and
mained huge problems. Many of the people, especially in
mind of the unbelieving person. Ecumenism may then be
the sierra, clung to the remnants of their pre-Columbian
seen as the attempt of the church to re-engage modern
cultures and played no real part in the national economy
believers in a search for that which constitutes the soul,
either as consumers or as producers; and because they
or essence, of Christianity. Participants place their hope in
exerted little political pressure, their incorporation into
the revival of the ecumenical Christian community, which
the nation, though talked about constantly, was never
they believe once stood and ideally would stand again as
achieved. The gap between rich and poor remained vast.
the fulfillment of the promised Kingdom of God, and in
Large haciendas still dominated the land tenure pattern in
which a conscientious belief in God would be attendant
the Andean countryside. These estates-undercapitalized
with peace and good will.
and largely unmechanized-were owned by Spanish-
The church as the ecumenical community. The definition
speaking white or mestizo city dwellers, while much of the
of the church by St. Paul in his 1st-century-AD letters as
work was performed by Indian sharecroppers or hired
to sõma Christou ("the Body of Christ") dominates mod-
labour. Large land reform projects remained unimple-
ern ecumenical thinking. His premise that the diversity of
mented.
spiritual gifts or of ministries does not permit a schism in
Diversity
Internationally, Ecuador's trade position remained
the body seems to force denominational doctrinal posi-
in the
precarious. The banana industry, while able to hold its
tions, and theologies based on statements of belief, into a
church
own, faced growing competition from other producing
reappraisal of the theology held by the early, undivided
areas. Ecuador's relatively high priced heavy crude oil at
church. The ecumenical movement may be credited with
times met sales resistance on the world market in spite of
encouraging the churches toward an ecumenical theology
increasing world demand and rising prices. Intermittent
even in respect to a recommended study of the doctrinal
disagreements between the Ecuadorian government and
views of the various churches. The ecumenical movement,
Velasco)
private oil companies operating in Ecuador, over taxes,
thus, can be viewed as being of parallel significance with
influence
prices, and ownership, increased local and international
modern theological studies and movements. The healing
doubts about the industry's future.
of the deep wounds of schism inflicted during ancient and
medieval times may be realized, according to ecumenists,
BIBLIOGRAPHY. G.I. BLANKSTEN, Ecuador: Constitutions and
Caudillos (1951), a good discussion of Ecuadorian politics in
through a revitalized ecumenical theology or through a
the 1940s and an analysis of the role of Velasco Ibarra;
re-examination-in the light of what is believed to be
PABLO CUVI, Velasco Ibarra (1977), essays on the great cau-
historical truth-of the true nature and significance of
dillo and his times; L. LINKE, Ecuador: Country of Contrasts,
ancient theological and ecclesiological precepts.
3rd ed. (1960), the best survey to date; M.C. NEEDLER, Anatomy
Schisms and heresies that led to the independence of
of a Coup d' Etat: Ecuador 1963 (1964), an account of the role
particular segments of ancient Christianity are seen as
of the military forces in Ecuadorian politics and of the break-
disruptive of the unity rather than of the theology of the
down of constitutional government in 1963; A. PAREJA DIEZ-
church. Ecumenists believe that the unity of the church
CANSECO, Historia del Ecuador, 2nd ed., 2 vol. (1958), a good
will be restored by an ecumenical theology, that church
standard history; J.J. PARSONS, "Bananas in Ecuador: A New
Chapter in the History of Tropical Agriculture," Economic
unity can be supported only by direct and undisputed
Geography, 33:201-216 (1957); J.V.D. SAUNDERS, The People of
theological affirmation.
Ecuador: A Demographic Analysis (1961); N.E. WHITTEN, JR.,
History records many ecumenical and provincial councils
Class, Kinship and Power in an Ecuadorian Town: The Negroes of
called at intervals to deal with schismatic or heretical
San Lorenzo (1965), analysis of the social structure in a town
actions or with illegal or uncustomary assumptions of
near the Colombian border.
ecclesiastical offices. Modern chroniclers, however, would
(M.J.MacL.)
find it difficult to count even one collective or partly
collective effort of the church to confront any divisive
Ecumenism
action or situation in the life of modern Christianity.
Ecumenism, a term of relatively recent origin, was first
Thus, the ecumenical movement is believed by its advo-
given wide currency in connection with the Roman Catho-
cates to be the only agency by which a truly representa-
lic council known as the second Vatican Council (1962-
tive council of the church universal may be convened.
65). It denotes in an admittedly vague manner the awak-
Such a council will accomplish the recomposition and the
ened conscience of the Christian Church toward its uni-
resurrection of the One Church; it will also claim all
versal aspects as well as toward its rekindled sense of
Christians, irrespective of national, racial, or cultural ori-
mission and service. Being etymologically a derivative of
gins and backgrounds, though respecting fully their local
the Greek words oikos ("household") or oikoumenē ("in-
disciplines and liturgical traditions.
habited earth") and historically of the ecumenical councils
of the distant past and of the ecumenical movement of
HISTORY
modern times, ecumenism represents a movement toward
Ecumenism's early origins. Christian ecumenism can be
church unity that its advocates claim deserves to be
traced to various roots: to the command of Christ to his
studied, heeded, and encouraged.
Apostles (i.e., to preach the gospel to all nations and
Services of Mead Data Central
PAGE
2
8TH STORY of Level 1 printed in FULL format.
The Associated Press
The materials in the AP file were compiled by The Associated Press. These
materials may not be republished without the express written consent of The
Associated Press.
August 11, 1984, Saturday, AM cycle
SECTION: International News
LENGTH: 700 words
BYLINE: By FENTON WHEELER, Associated Press Writer
DATELINE: QUITO, Ecuador
KEYWORD:
Ecuador
BODY:
President Leon Febres Cordero said in his inaugural address Friday that
Ecuador is "convulsed" by economic problems, but a free market and more
foreign investment can help solve them.
The conservative businessman, who won a runoff election in May, spoke to a
joint session of Congress also attended by Vice President George Bush:
Presidents Raul Alfonsin of Argentina, Jaime Lusinchi of Venezuela, Belisario
Betancur of Colombia, and Hernan Siles Suazo of Bolivia, and about 70 foreign
dignitaries.
Police said that members of a left-wing group named Alfaro Lives sought to
take over radio stations in Quito, Guayaquil and Puerto Viejo, but they did not
succeed in forcing the stations to broadcast a political statement.
They said that in one incident, two men and a woman abducted Eduardo Zurita,
former director of the state-owned National Radio of Quito, but freed him six
hours later 19 miles southeast of the capital.
The Alfaro Lives group took its name from a general who opposed the ruling
conservatives after Ecuador was established as an independent republic in
1830.
Bush held private talks with the four visiting presidents and will meet with
Febres Cordero on Saturday, U.S. officials said. Bush also had a luncheon
meeting Friday with Ecuador's outgoing President Osvaldo Hurtado.
It was the first time in 24 years that power was transferred constitutionally
from one elected government to another in this South American nation, which had
been ruled by a series of military-dominated regimes.
Febres Cordero, who was a staunch critic of Hurtado's center-left government,
used the economic crisis as the keynote of his speech and said, "We are going to
win this battle."
LEXIS® NEXIS® LEXIS® NEXIS
Services of Mead Data Central
PAGE
3
The Associated Press, August 11, 1984
"We are going to resolve the problems without taking easy courses and without
state intervention," he said, adding that "private enterprise should understand
the hardest task is going to fall on it."
He did not repeat his campaign slogan of bread, jobs and housing, but said
"Ecuadoreans voted for a new policy" in electing him to lead the nation of 8.5
million people for the next four years.
Inflation will be fought by productivity and "spending ordered and justified
on the road of a market economy," he said.
He added that his administration "will open the doors to foreign capital"
previously closed and will continue to renegotiate the country's foreign debt.
He is expected to discuss the debt negotiations when he meets with the
visiting Latin American presidents.
Febres Cordero told a news conference before his inauguration that his
government would be one"of austerity and morality."
The new president inherits a government now using the proceeds from 77
percent of its exports to service a $6.9 billion foreign debt. Also facing him
are an unemployment and underemployment rate of 38 percent and a critical
housing shortage.
In a farewell address before the inaugural crowd, Hurtado defended his three
years in office during Ecuador's worst economic crisis of the century.
"I deliver power today in a democratic system with an economy in full
recovery," Hurtado said.
Hurtado had been vice president and succeeded President Jaime Roldos who was
killed in a 1981 plane crash.
Hurtdao appeared to take a swipe at his successor's business connections.
"I have governed with independence from economic interests that traditionally
influence the conduct of public policies," he said.
Hurtado said his administration had reduced the inflation rate in the past
year from 53 to 25 percent, cut illiteracy from 22 to 8.6 percent and raised the
government's annual oil production from 78 to 93 million barrels.
Febres Cordero won a May 6 presidential runoff over Social Democrat Rodrigo
Borja. His victory margin came from his hometown of Guayaquil, Ecuador's
biggest city, where the 53-year-old businessman is head of the country's only
salt company and has widespread banking and business interests.
Febres Cordero met Bush in June when the Ecuadoran visited President Reagan
in Washington.
The vice president is to return to Washington on Sunday, U.S. officials said.
Bush was accompanied here by Langhorne A. Motley, assistant secretary of
state for Latin American affairs.
LEXIS® NEXIS® LEXIS® NEXIS
Harry S. Truman, 1951
June 20 [130]
you as President of the United States. We
vidual freedom and human welfare.
limits of funds
share with you a common devotion to the
We are honored by your visit and most
e by the Board
democratic way of life. Your visit is a sym-
heartily extend our best wishes to you per-
nize and direct
bol of the longstanding friendship that has
sonally for the prosperity and well-being of
ut his responsi-
always existed between our two countries.
the people of your great country.
determine the
It is a source of gratification that Ecuador
Mr. President, you are most welcome.
ons of the staff,
and the United States are working together
NOTE: The President spoke at 3:10 p.m. His Ex-
duals employed
with the other free nations to assure the
cellency Galo Plaza, President of Ecuador, was
art-time experts,
security and peace of the world. Our coun-
received with a 21-gun salute and full military
honors.
from the par-
tries are inspired by a high regard for indi-
agencies for as-
or on an ad hoc
detailed for as-
I30 Toasts of the President and the President of Ecuador.
e terms of this
June 20, 1951
: control of the
essary personnel
My friends:
ing for in Ecuador, just the same as we are
spective depart-
We are exceedingly lucky tonight in hav-
working for the same thing here in the
ing a guest who is the President of one of
United States.
nents and agen-
our great friends in South America, the
Just recently, one of the most remarkable
tor and the staff
President of the Republic of Ecuador.
adventures happened since Leif Ericson
) information as
This is a situation which I don't think will
came to Vinland in the year 900, and it
I by the Director
happen again in a generation: The Presi-
started at Guayaquil, with the complete co-
1 duties.
dent of Ecuador was born in New York City.
operation of the Government of Ecuador,
nents and agen-
He was educated in Maryland, and at the
and landed in the Pacific islands after a
ne into present
University of California, and the George-
4,000 mile trip in a raft made of balsa logs
departments and
town School of Foreign Service. He speaks
from Ecuador. I hope that all of you will
rection and coor-
much better American English than I do.
take time to read that book called "Kon-
perations with a
He tells me that he studied English because
Tiki." It is almost out of this world-almost
r strengthening
English has no grammar and you can say
unbelievable; but with the help of the Gov-
out the purposes
what you please and anybody can under-
ernment of the Republic of Ecuador, these
stand what you are saying. I agree with
six boys built this raft and made the trip.
s, the board shall
him on that.
Now, Ecuador was one of our greatest
tent the facilities
He comes from a most remarkable coun-
friends in World War II. The President
cipating depart-
try, one in which I have always been inter-
assures me that Ecuador will continue to be
ested, and one which I hope to see before I
our friend. And we appreciate that most
Y S. TRUMAN
have to pass out of this world of tears. It
highly, for we want every Republic south of
has a historical background that is most re-
us to be friends to us.
markable. You read of the great empire
We have neighbors on the north, and we
at the
that was in Ecuador, in Peru, and Bolivia,
have neighbors on the south. Those neigh-
when Pizarro landed on the west coast of
bors are not afraid of us. They are friendly
South America-a kindly, lovable people,
to us. They know that we have no designs
nong us pleasant
who had a government that was in the in-
on their sovereignty or on their resources.
terest of the people.
I fear very much that that is not the case
this welcome to
And that is what this President is work-
with Romania or Bulgaria or Hungary or
DA balsa logs used 343 to birld
raft were cut down in
Ecuador
[130] June 20
Public Papers of the Presidents
Czechoslovakia or Poland. The free coun-
So you can see that, being a Latin-a 100 percent
tries of Western Europe do not feel towards
Latin-but on the other hand, having grown up in
the United States, having learned to love your way
their powerful neighbor as our neighbors
of life, to admire it and want it for my own people,
feel towards us-and that is one of the hap-
I can maybe explain things, say things, understand
piest things in the history of the world.
things, and be a messenger for my people before you,
and on the other hand, explain to my people in
The President of Ecuador also tells me
Latin America what the United States means, and
that he spells protocol with a k, and that he
what the United States wants.
doesn't give a damn about it. That is an-
Indeed, maybe it is the first time in history that a
great nation, being the leaders of the world, has no
other thing on which we completely agree.
intention of conquering land or subjugating people.
Mr. President, it certainly is a pleasure to
It has never happened before.
have you here as our guest. I hope you will
You have only one great ideal, you want for the
rest of the world what your people already have.
enjoy your visit. You need no introduction
And this is my mission in Latin America, under-
to America. You know it as well as I do.
standing you as I do, loving the United States as I
You speak our language better than I do.
do, convincing my people of what the United States
is, and why we should be with you.
My friends, to His Excellency, the Presi-
I consider this the prime objective of my visit
dent of Ecuador.
here, thanks to the very kind invitation of the Presi-
dent of the United States.
NOTE: The President proposed the toast at a State
On the other hand, he has mentioned certain
Dinner held at the Carlton Hotel in Washington.
secrets. I have told him about spelling protocol
President Galo Plaza's response follows:
with a k, and not knowing too much grammar, and
Mr. President, Mr. Barkley, ladies and gentlemen:
therefore considering English just the language that
Indeed, it is a very great honor for the President
I could learn because you can say things in so
of a small country to be received by the head of
many ways, take a shortcut and still make sense,
the State that leads the free world today. And it is
while Spanish is a very grammatical language. I
particularly interesting from my own point of view,
have been allergic to grammar all my life, so English
because I am not only the representative of my
was right down my alley.
country, but I am also the spokesman for all of Latin
On the other hand, there is still another detail
America. And maybe I am in a very particular
that the President did not mention. We haven't
position to be an exceptional spokesman: the fact
been in each other's way because we are both left-
that I was born in the United States, the fact that
handed, we have been eating here with the left hand
I went to school here, and on the other hand, I am
all the time, which is also very significant.
Latin American for many, many generations back.
Mr. President, it is a great honor for me to be
On my mother's side were founders of the city of
here. I want to toast you, sir: to your great coun-
Quito 400 years ago. My father came from a family
try, and to your devoted wife and talented daugh-
that was expelled from Colombia because they
ter-we miss them here tonight.
fought for liberty.
I3I
Letter to the Speaker Proposing an Accelerated Civil Defense
Program. June 21, 1951
Sir:
Soviet Union has atomic bombs and that they
I have the honor to transmit herewith for
have the planes that can drop those bombs
the consideration of the Congress the Budget
on our cities. Our Air Force experts tell us
for the fiscal year 1952 in the amount of
that in any determined air attack enemy
$535,000,000 for the Federal Civil Defense
planes could drop bombs on our cities, no
Administration.
matter how good our defenses may be.
For the first time in our history, this coun-
There is no complete protection against
try faces the threat of a sudden devastating
an atomic air attack, but there is a great deal
attack at any time on our major cities.
that can be done to reduce the number of
We must act on the assumption that the
deaths and injuries that might result. The
344
Quirites
360
assisted in relief work in Russia under the fa-
outlined against the circle of volcanoes
mous Arctic explorer and humanitarian Fridt-
rounding the Quito Basin, and with peace
jof Nansen and later for the League of Na-
squares, fountains, balconied houses,
doorways, appears with the epithet Quirinus,
tions. In the absence of diplomatic relations
narrow streets, iron grilled doorways, and
but the relationship between the two is a mat-
between Britain and Soviet Russia, he repre-
cluded gardens.
ter of conjecture.
sented British interests at the Norwegian lega-
In 1535 the Franciscans established in
Roman cultic worship 15:1063b
tion in Moscow (1927-29). As minister of de-
an art school, the first of its kind in
fense in an agrarian government (1931-33), he
America. This marked the foundation
Quirites, in Roman law a name by which the
gained notoriety for repressing a strike by hy-
religious art movement that flourish of
Romans called themselves in a civil capacity,
droelectrical workers. He resigned from the
in contrast to the name Romani, used in refer-
throughout the Spanish colonial period,
ence to their political and military capacity.
government in 1933 to form the fascist Nas-
ing a wealth of
The jus Quiritium in Roman law denoted the
jonal Samling (National Union) Party, which
and paintings
stood for suppression of Communism and
Many of cloisters, and
full body of rights for Roman citizenship. An
unionism, but he never gained a seat in the
early term, it was associated by ancient schol-
mansions are veritable museums. Among
ars with the Sabine element in Rome, the Sa-
Storting (parliament).
most admired of Quiteño churches and
bine deity Quirinus, and the Quirina tribe. The
At a meeting with Adolf Hitler in December
vents are La Compañía (Jesuit), with Baroque
term referred to citizens exclusively as civil-
1939, Quisling urged a German occupation of
columns, ceilings, and massive altars covered
Norway; after the German invasion of April
with gold leaf; San Francisco, with its
ians; it is said that Julius Caesar quelled a
1940, he proclaimed himself head of the gov-
nificent cloister; Carmen Alto, home of
military mutiny by addressing the soldiers as
ernment. Although his regime came under
"Quirites."
native Sta. Mariana de Jesús; San Agustin,
widespread bitter attack and collapsed within
mous for carved ceilings; Santo Domin
Quiroga, Horacio (b. Dec. 31, 1878, Salto,
a week, he continued to serve in the occupa-
noted for a handsome façade; the Sagrario
Uruguay-d. Feb. 19, 1937, Buenos Aires),
tion government and was named "minister
where Ecuadorian independence was declared
short-story writer whose imaginative portray-
president" in February 1942 under Reich
in 1809; and the 17th-century cathedral, burj.
al of the struggle of man and animal to sur-
commissioner Josef Terboven.
al place of the hero of independence, Antonio
vive in the tropical jungle earned him recogni-
Quisling's attempts to convert the church,
José de Sucre.
tion as a master of the cuento (tale) in Span-
schools, and youth to National Socialism
Long an isolated highland centre, Quito
ish.
aroused fervent Norwegian opposition. He
linked to the coast by the Guayaquil-Quito
After travels in Europe during his youth,
was held responsible for sending nearly 1,000
railway (1908). The city has an international
Quiroga spent most of his life in Argentina,
Jews to die in concentration camps. After the
airport. The Central University (government-
living in Buenos Aires and taking frequent
liberation of Norway in May 1945, he was ar-
sponsored) dates from 1787 and the Pontifical
trips to San Ignacio in the jungle province of
rested, found guilty of treason and other
Catholic University of Ecuador from 1946
Misiones. The jungle environment and his
crimes, and executed.
(raised to pontifical status in 1963).
own experiences there provided the material
collaboration during World War II 16:334b
One of Ecuador's two major industrial cen-
for most of his stories. Such early works as
Fascist movement in Norway 7:187d
tres (the other being Guayaquil), it produces
prob
the collection of prose and verse Los arrecifes
de coral (1901; "The Coral Reefs") show
Quisquis, also known as KIZKIZ, 16th-cen-
textiles, light consumer goods, and objets
d'art of leather, wood, gold, and silver.
Quiroga's imitation of then-fashionable liter-
tury Inca general.
The weekly outdoor Indian markets, or fairs,
ary devices. Soon, however, he found his own
civil war manoeuvres 1:851b
are among the characteristic sights of Quito.
direction in the short story, influenced at first
Quita Sueño Bank, U.S. territory in the
Equally typical are many diminutive shops
by the macabre visions of the 19th-century
Caribbean Sea.
where native crafts are produced and sold.
American short-story writer Edgar Allan Poe
14°20' N, 81°09' W
Pop. (1972 est.) 575,116.
and the jungle settings of the 19th-century En-
U.S. and other territorial claims 18:1003d
0°13' S, 78°30' W
glish short stories of Rudyard Kipling.
passim to 1003g
Exploring his view of life as an endless strug-
Quivira, mythical city sought by Coronado,
gle for survival, Quiroga depicted the primi-
Quito, official name VILLA DE SAN FRANCISCO
supposedly located in the area near Great
tive and the savage with exotic imagery in
DE QUITO, capital of Ecuador and of Pichincha
Bend, Kansas.
such collections as Cuentos de la selva (1918;
province; it lies on the lower slopes of the Pi-
Nebraska social commemoration 12:925c
Stories of the Jungle, 1922). The work gener-
chincha, a volcano that last erupted in 1666,
quiz show, also called GAME SHOW or QUIZ-
ally recognized as his masterpiece, Anaconda
in a narrow Andean valley at an altitude of
ZIE, broadcast show designed to test the mem-
(1921), portrays on several levels-realistic,
9,350 ft (2,850 m), just south of the Equator.
ory, knowledge, agility, or luck of persons se-
philosophical, and symbolic-the battles of
lected from studio or broadcast audience or to
the snakes in the tropical jungle, the non-
contrive a competition among these people
poisonous anaconda and the poisonous viper.
for merchandise or cash awards. The quiz
Quiroga suffered in his later years from ill-
show first gained popularity on American Γa-
ness and chronic depression; his later writings
dio in the 1930s as an audience-participation
reflect the overwhelming sense of futility that
program. One of its first successes featured
eventually led to his suicide in a charity hospi-
formidable Doctor I.Q. who hurled questions
tal. His earlier stories, however, are still con-
at individuals in a studio audience and re-
sidered among the finest in the Spanish lan-
warded them for correct answers with silver
guage.
dollars. A later development was the quiz
regional literature of Latin America 10:1242a
show style of Information, Please, which in-
Quisling, Vidkun (Abraham Lauritz
volved a panel answering questions on diverse
subjects mailed in by listeners. This show was
Jonsson) (b. July 18, 1887, Fyresdal, Nor.-
such a success that it had several imitators,
d. Oct. 24, 1945, Akershus Fortress, Oslo),
the most popular of which was The Quiz Kids,
Norwegian army officer whose collaboration
with the Germans in their occupation of Nor-
Cathedral of Quito (1562-72) on the Plaza
which used precocious children on the studio
way during World War II established his
Independencia
panel.
name as a synonym for "traitor."
Carl Frank-Photo Researchers
American television adopted the quiz show
in the early 1950s and further increased its
Quisling entered the army in 1911 and served
It was anciently the seat of the Kingdom of
popularity. In place of the merchandise
as military attaché in Petrograd (now Lenin-
Quitu, the largest unit of an Indian tribal
awards that outstanding radio contestants re-
grad; 1918-19) and in Helsinki (1919-21). He
confederation that left no recorded history.
ceived, television used large cash awards. An
Between the 11th century and 1487, when it
indication of the quantum increase was the es-
was united to the Inca Empire, it was ruled by
calation of one radio program's highest prize,
the Shyris, sovereigns of the Cara Indians,
the $64 Question, to a $64,000 Question on
who are said to have come "by way of the
television. The era of television's big-money
sea." Sebastián de Belalcázar, a lieutenant of
quiz shows began in 1955.
the conquistador Francisco Pizarro, occupied
Attempting to manipulate the outcome of
the city on Dec. 6, 1534, and declared a
the show so that dull and uninteresting con-
municipal government (cabildo). Quito re-
testants lost and the amiable underdog (or the
mained the focal point of national affairs-
contestant favoured most by the audience)
political, social, and economic-until the ear-
won, quiz show producers began secretly
ly 20th century, when economic dominance
briefing the contestants chosen to win and
shifted to Guayaquil. A distinct rivalry be-
thereby increased the shows' popularity. In
tween the two cities still exists, with Quito re-
1958 a defeated contestant accused the pro-
maining the nation's political and cultural
ducers of Twenty-One of unfair practices. The
centre.
accusation led to investigations by a New
The oldest of all South American capitals,
York grand jury and by a congressional sub-
Quisling
Quito preserves much of its colonial atmo-
committee on legislative oversight, which
By courtesy of the Norwegian News Agency, Oslo
sphere, with the towers of many churches
proved the charges to be true. The scandal led
Administration of Ronald Reagan, 1983 / Apr. 8
beginning May
Remarks of President Reagan and President Osvaldo Hurtado
: Week, and I
Inited States to
Larrea of Ecuador Following Their Meetings
ances to affirm
April 8, 1983
ernational trade
timulating eco-
President Reagan. Well, our very cordial
In Latin America, and specifically in my
y, as well as for
and productive talks today covered a broad
country, in Ecuador, we have assumed the
orld over.
range of issues. As two countries strongly
responsibility for reestablishing the balance
ve hereunto set
committed to democratic government, we
that is necessary to maintain economic and
1, in the year of
are heartened by the obviously favorable
political equilibrium.
ed and eighty-
trend toward democracy in Latin America.
ndence of the
However, the efforts that my government
And I would be remiss if I did not express
e two hundred
and our people can carry out will not be
here my personal admiration for President
sufficient if we do not find the understand-
Hurtado's courageous leadership in this area
ing and the aid of the industrialized coun-
ALD REAGAN
and his firm resolve to hold free national
tries of the North, as well as the collabora-
elections next year.
tion of multinational finance institutions
Federal Regis-
The President and I also spoke today
and international, private banking groups.
about the serious economic difficulties
Without this cooperation, all of the national
facing many countries in this hemisphere
mation was re-
efforts undertaken by ourselves and our
and the importance of working closely to-
Press Secretary
people will not give the necessary results
gether to overcome these problems. Such
that we are all attempting to find.
cooperation is vital to our mutual interest in
In the conversations that we have held
peaceful and democratic change. We're
during these past few days with the repre-
confident that the economic measures
sentatives of all these organizations, and es-
President Hurtado is taking in Ecuador will
pecially in the conversations maintained
ederal
succeed.
with President Reagan today, we have
Our two governments have worked close-
ly to resolve differences that may arise be-
found a very high degree of understanding
with reference to the problems that afflict
tween us. We were pleased to reach an
Latin America and that these will lead us to
accord last month on restrictions for certain
finding solutions.
ecutive Order
Ecuadorean fish exports to the United
The conversations that we have main-
leleting "April
States and welcomed Ecuador's willingness
ts place "Sep-
to discuss practical solutions to the fisheries
tained during these days have had always as
issues.
a common horizon the will of the two coun-
ive Order No.
Our discussions today were carried on in
tries in maintaining the ideals that are
a spirit of openness and mutual respect as
shared by both countries-ideals of liberty
g "within two
befits two countries with many shared
and of deep respect for human rights.
lace "by Sep-
values, including our commitment to de-
A social progress democracy is what Latin
mocracy, freedom, and human rights. I
America requires, and perhaps out of this
LD REAGAN
have very much appreciated the opportuni-
crisis we can find the necessary means to
ty to have President Hurtado as my guest,
look for these solutions.
to benefit from his perceptive views, and to
Thank you.
reaffirm the warm and abiding friendship
that the peoples of our two countries have
Note: President Reagan spoke at 1:28 p.m.
Federal Regis-
long enjoyed.
to reporters assembled at the South Portico
President Hurtado. Thank you very much,
of the White House. President Hurtado
Mr. President.
spoke in Spanish, and his remarks were
It has been a great pleasure and a satis-
translated by an interpreter.
faction to speak to Mr. Reagan, to President
Earlier, the two Presidents met in the
Reagan, regarding the problems of Latin
Oval Office and then held a working
America and the possible social and eco-
luncheon, together with Ecuadorean and
nomic consequences.
U.S. officials, in the Residence.
517
430-511 O - 84 - 34 : QL 3
Jan. 14 / Administration of Ronald Reagan, 1986
sending H.R. 1404 to the House of Repre-
and State agencies, educational institutions,
sentatives with my objections, consistent
and private organizations and individuals.
with the Court of Appeals decision in
In this time of fiscal constraint, the Fed-
Barnes V. Kline, 759 F.2d 21, (D.C. Cir.
eral government must limit its expenditures
1985), cert. pending sub. nom. Burke V.
to matters of significant national concern.
Barnes, No. 85-781.
The provisions of H.R. 1404 requiring estab-
I have no objection to statutory recogni-
lishment of a training facility do not meet
tion of the refuge at Cape Charles. This is a
this test. The Service has fully adequate
significant resting and wintering area for
training facilities already in place, including
migratory birds along the Atlantic Flyway
a facility at Leetown, West Virginia, as well
and an important habitat for the bald eagle
as the use of various private sector facilities.
and peregrine falcon, two endangered spe-
In addition, the Service is actively support-
cies. I am pleased to note that, in recogni-
ing the effort to clean up the Chesapeake
tion of the area's importance, the U.S. Fish
Bay by designating an existing Service field
and Wildlife Service has already administra-
station in Annapolis, Maryland, as its pri-
tively acquired land at this site and estab-
mary center for work on this important pro-
lished the Eastern Shore of Virginia Nation-
gram. I believe that it would be more ap-
propriate for State or private entities to
al Wildlife Refuge. The Service will contin-
fund and develop a training center if they
ue to operate and maintain the existing
consider it essential.
refuge and intends to expand it as fiscal
conditions permit.
For these reasons, I must return H.R.
Unfortunately, H.R. 1404 does not simply
1404 without my approval.
provide protection for this valuable habitat.
RONALD REAGAN
It would also require the Secretary of the
Interior to develop a training center at the
The White House,
refuge for use by the Service, other Federal
January 14, 1986.
Toasts at the State Dinner for President León Febres-Cordero
Ribadeneyra of Ecuador
January 14, 1986
President Reagan. President Febres-Cor-
Here in this historic setting, which was
dero, Mrs. Cordero, distinguished ladies and
once the home of Thomas Jefferson, it's fit-
gentlemen, it's an honor tonight to wel-
ting to recall, President Febres-Cordero,
come to the White House a national leader
the words of your last State of the Nation
who is clearly devoted to the political and
message to the Ecuadorian people. In it you
economic freedom of his people.
said, "Democracy is the highest and most
President Febres-Cordero, when you
noble political system that mankind has cre-
were elected, you were well known to the
ated throughout its history." Well, Jefferson
Ecuadorian people as a man who would not
would be proud of an expression such as
waver in pursuit of the welfare of his coun-
that. Today we see a resurgence of democ-
try, even in the face of enormous pressure.
racy throughout the hemisphere, a resur-
You promised leadership and reform, and
gence which started, as did the cause of
you have not let your people down. When
national independence, during the last cen-
we met, I could see in you the strength of
tury in Ecuador.
character and love of liberty which the Ec-
Democracy, as you have so eloquently
uadorian voters saw. It's been a genuine
stated on many occasions, Mr. President, is
pleasure for me to get to know you better
the way not only to freedom but also to
after our first meeting a year and a half ago.
peace and to economic progress. In Central
48
Administration of Ronald Reagan, 1986 / Jan. 14
America, we both know this is especially
Westerns. [Laughter] But now I view Presi-
true. I want to take this opportunity to
dent Reagan as the actor of a more tran-
thank you for your strong support of de-
scendental and historical role. Of course,
mocracy in that troubled region. Those who
Mr. President, this doesn't mean at all that
would repress their own people and export
there is a significant distance between our
subversion to their neighbors should not un-
respective ages. We belong to the same
derestimate the depth of our commitment
generation, a generation that, fortunately,
and steadfastness. They should note your
always believed in the everlasting values of
words. You said, "So long as the people are
dignity; a generation that was and is willing
not given the full right to self-determina-
to face up to obstacles and to overcome the
tion, there will not be peace in Central
rigors imposed by nature and by men.
America." Well, those of us who enjoy free-
You and I, Mr. President, have in us
dom cannot take it for granted. We cannot
something like a cowboy spirit, and with
turn our backs on those struggling for free-
that spirit we are trying to improve the lot
dom against oppressive regimes. We must
of our countrymen. Our peoples and all
provide assistance.
mankind, Mr. President, are going through
And, Mr. President, in that same State of
a period of strains and unprecedented prob-
the Nation Address, you reminded your
lems. You, as I in my own country, are re-
people that Quito was once termed the
"light of the Americas." And you chal-
sponsible for taking the reins of the state
with the conviction that in so doing we are
lenged, "All Ecuadorians must see to it that
that light remain lit here and throughout
effectively serving our peoples. But we
the continent." Well, in this task, holding
cannot complain; we have asked for it.
high the light of liberty and freedom, the
[Laughter] We have no one to whom to
people of our two countries can and should
complain for the burdens that our duties
and will stand together. So, let us drink a
impose upon us. You are performing your
toast to that and to you, President and Mrs.
task with courage, with vigor, and keen
Febres-Cordero.
sight that will be recorded, definitely, by
President Febres-Cordero. Mr. President,
history. I hope, too, that my efforts will like-
Mrs. Reagan, distinguished guests, as Presi-
wise be fruitful and that Ecuadorians may
dent Reagan mentioned in his very kind
soon be able to lead a better life and that
words of offering, the talks that he and I
my country, Ecuador, may reaffirm some of
have had have been what talks between old
those transcendental values that have been
friends are like. The President's affability
lately threatened.
and unpretentiousness, as well as the coinci-
Let me, in thanking you for your toast,
dences on many of our points of view over
express my best wishes for your permanent
the destinies of our countries and of the
well-being and that of your distinguished
whole hemisphere, have allowed us to leave
wife and ratify, at the same time, my confi-
formalities aside and enable us to have clear
dence in your nation's leadership within the
and frank exchange of views.
important affairs of the world. Thank you.
When in my youth I studied in this great
Ladies and gentlemen, allow me now to
country, I could not have imagined then
raise the glass for the health and well-being
that a moment like this could ever take
of the President, Mrs. Reagan, and all her
place. At that time, I frequently watched
distinguished family.
Western movies-[laughter}-some of them
featuring an extremely likable star-{augh-
Note: President Reagan spoke at 9:47 p.m.
ter]-called Ronald Reagan. [Laughter] I
in the State Dining Room at the White
must confess that I'm still an addict to
House.
49
Jan. 14 / Administration of Ronald Reagan, 1986
renewed resolve; our thanks and joyful
particular day set aside each year as a Na-
praise; and most especially our love-all
tional Day of Prayer has become a cher-
turned toward God. The Talmud aptly calls
ished national tradition. Since that time,
prayer the "service of the heart," and
every President has proclaimed an annual
Christ enjoins us to "pray without ceasing."
National Day of Prayer, resuming the tradi-
Accordingly, like the Presidents who have
tion begun by the Continental Congress.
come before me, I invite my fellow citizens
Now, Therefore, I, Ronald Reagan, Presi-
to join me in earnest prayer that the God
dent of the United States of America, do
Who has led and protected us through so
hereby proclaim Thursday, May 1, 1986, as
many trials and favored us with such abun-
National Day of Prayer. I call upon all
dant blessings may continue to watch over
Americans to join me in prayer that day. I
our land. Let us never forget the wise coun-
ask them to gather in their homes and
sel of Theodore Roosevelt that "all our ex-
places of worship with their ministers and
traordinary material development
will
teachers of religion and heads of families, to
go for nothing unless with that growth goes
give thanks for every good thing God has
hand in hand the moral, the spiritual
done for us and to seek His guidance and
growth that will enable us to use aright the
strength in the conduct of our lives.
other as an instrument."
In Witness Whereof, I have hereunto set
In prayer, let us ask that God's light may
my hand this thirteenth day of January, in
illuminate the minds and hearts of our
the year of our Lord nineteen hundred and
people and our leaders, so that we may
eighty-six, and of the Independence of the
meet the challenges that lie before us with
United States of America the two hundred
courage and wisdom and justice. In prayer
and tenth.
let us recall with confidence the promise of
RONALD REAGAN
old that if we humble ourselves before God
and pray and seek His face, He will surely
hear and forgive and heal and bless our
[Filed with the Office of the Federal Regis-
ter, 4:31 p.m., January 14, 1986]
land.
By joint resolution of the Congress ap-
Note: The proclamation was released by the
proved April 17, 1952, the recognition of a
Office of the Press Secretary on January 14.
Remarks at the Welcoming Ceremony for President León Febres-
Cordero Ribadeneyra of Ecuador
January 14, 1986
President Reagan. President and Mrs.
that are close to the hearts of the American
Febres-Cordero, other distinguished guests,
people. All those who love liberty are im-
it gives me great pleasure to welcome you
pressed with your courage and responsibil-
as friends of the United States and as
ity in attacking not just the symptoms but
friends of human freedom.
the underlying causes of misery, poverty,
Ecuador's return to elected government
and unemployment. Mr. President, by pro-
in 1979 was one of the first waves of a
tecting your country's good name and cred-
rising tide of liberty witnessed throughout
itworthiness, by avoiding simplistic solutions
the hemisphere. President Febres-Cordero,
and quick fixes, by unleashing the economy,
we have watched with admiration as you
building forces of the marketplace, you are
and your government have strived to come
leading your country to a better tomorrow.
to grips with the serious threats to Ecua-
Your uncompromising faith in political
dor's economic, political, and social well-
freedom is consistent with your support of
being. You are an articulate champion of
economic freedom. We applaud your efforts
free enterprise and those democratic ideals
to bolster the democratic institutions of
44
Administration of Ronald Reagan, 1986 / Jan. 14
your country. We also applaud your moves
are all Americans.
to encourage private sector growth and in-
And today we are proud to welcome you,
vigorate your economy. The United States
President Febres-Cordero, as the leader of
stands by your side, and we will continue to
free people, as a man with a deep and abid-
do all we can to help. When I say the
ing conviction, and as a statesman we re-
United States stands with you, that is espe-
spect and admire. President Febres-Cor-
cially true when it comes to your determi-
dero, welcome.
nation to defeat the twin menace of inter-
President Febres-Cordero. President
national terrorism and narcotics trafficking.
Reagan, Mrs. Reagan, distinguished guests,
You've put yourself on the line against
ladies and gentlemen, for my wife and me,
these vile and insidious forces. Your courage
it is a great satisfaction to be received on
and integrity and that of your people have
this state visit by you, Mr. President, and by
not gone unnoticed here. Drug traffickers
your wife. It is always a pleasure for a Presi-
and terrorists are the enemies of all decent
dent of Ecuador to visit the United States.
people, and the United States is proud to be
The long tradition of friendship between
your ally in this brave struggle.
our peoples and the identification with the
In a speech to your countrymen, Mr.
same democratic principles makes the
President, you advised your citizens to
return of an Ecuadorian chief of state to
"stand up when it is a matter of defending
honor and freedom." Well, that is exactly
this great country not only enjoyable but
what Ecuador under your leadership has
also stimulating.
been doing. Few countries in the hemi-
The fact that the United States of Amer-
ica and the rest of our continent share the
sphere have made the tough public stand
against dictatorship, left and right, as has
same historic goals is not a recent phenome-
Ecuador. As you have pointed out on sever-
non. It began with simultaneous battles to
al occasions, democracy and the protection
obtain political independence, and it con-
of human rights is the surest way to peace
tinues today with the present defense of
as well as freedom. It is no mere coinci-
democracy, of liberty, and of individual
dence that those few nations controlled by
rights-a defense which has meant a long
oppressive Communist regimes can be tied
series of shared efforts. During moments of
to so much of the turmoil and bloodshed
particular anguish in international relations,
that is plaguing this hemisphere. It should
from that era of a struggle to claim the
surprise no one that the rifles used to take
value and use of the American wealth from
over a court building and murder judges in
commercial monopolies until the tremen-
a democratic nation can be traced to a
dous confrontation of the Second World
country controlled by those who don't be-
War, our peoples have been united, and our
lieve in freedom, human rights, or democ-
governments have enjoyed very strong co-
racy. Democracies can no longer afford to
operation. This historical path becomes es-
ignore this unfortunate fact of life.
pecially important when a government in
Your voice, Mr. President, is doing much
the United States headed by you, Mr. Presi-
to alert the freedom-loving people of this
dent, coincides with an Ecuadorian govern-
hemisphere to this continuing danger. The
ment headed by me, both working toward
path of democracy, peace, and free enter-
common goals: to vigorously restore to our
prise is often difficult; but with courage,
peoples the pride of belonging to their re-
moderation, and wholehearted commit-
spective countries; to revitalize economies
ment, you're leading your people down that
that have suffered setbacks; to return to the
path. In doing so, you are not only building
individual and groups the right to carry out
a stronger Ecuador, but you're contributing
initiatives without the need for bureaucratic
to a more peaceful and secure hemisphere.
interference, with the understanding that
The dream of freedom and opportunity is
the state exists to serve the individual, not
the property of no one country. It is the
to be served by the individual.
birthright of every American, and that
The cooperation between our peoples
means every person from the North Slope
and governments, and international coop-
of Alaska to the tip of Tierra del Fuego. We
eration in general, are indispensable to con-
45
Jan. 14 / Administration of Ronald Reagan, 1986
front the problems the world is experienc-
to go unpunished for their crimes.
where Presid
ing. The goal of that remarkable man of our
Mr. President, Ecuador has met its inter-
ed a formal
times, His Holiness John Paul II, of making
national obligations in an effort which has
1986 the year of peace requires us to adopt
been widely recognized by the internation-
important attitudes. Peace must come from
al press and the world financial community.
the fact that between human beings there
We have successfully rescheduled our for-
Executive
exists the willingness to cooperate and that
eign debt. We have regained our prestige as
hope grows within every human being.
a serious country, which we have gained
January 14
Peace must be based on the concept of jus-
after many years of fruitful and responsible
tice, law, and harmony.
economic relationships with all countries of
By the au
Peace, unfortunately, nowadays has great
the world. We have been able to recover
dent by the
enemies: the savagery of terrorism, which
our economy, as all indicators clearly show.
United State
in its evil neither respects nor distinguishes
We have achieved this through a reasonable
109 of the 1
among people, places, or circumstances; its
application of sound economic policies: let-
Administrati
ally, drug trafficking, which corrupts and
ting the market play its fair role and allow-
(Public Law
destroys physical and moral integrity. Gov-
ing for free initiative to flourish. We have
the time wi
ernments, which consider that man is at the
center of creation and that man is the main
promoted harmony between labor and cap-
mission on {
ital within the observance of law and order.
recommend
act of history, should cooperate to combat
these crimes against humanity. Peace has
We have not at any time neglected-and it
Section 2(b)
also another enemy: the agents of war, the
keeps being our main concern-these social
ideological motivators of aggression, which
policies. Those are the final objectives of
contribute to the unjustifiable arms buildup.
our action. It is undoubtedly the well-being
It will only be possible to have true and
of our people what we are looking for with
Message (
enduring peace in our world when, through
all our energies. Social welfare, within the
Jenuary 14
the willingness of all men, a disarmament
framework of justice it is the most appropri-
process may start in the world.
ate soil for peace to flourish. Without peace
My country, Mr. President, is a country
and the well-being of all our peoples, the
I am plea:
to all those
with a pacific tradition. Neither violence
stability of this whole hemisphere is in
nor the abuses of power that affect certain
danger.
servance of
parts of the world have ever taken root in
In order to achieve social well-being, we
a Federal hc
our land. We practice a democratic system
require the solidarity and cooperation from
Dr. King
those who are capable of working together
of his religi
which we seek to expand and to perfect,
founders. I
since we believe that it allows for the best
with us, from those who have the capacity
social organization. It is only by prevalence
to assist us. We have to demonstrate to the
world wher
of democratic regimes that stem from the
world that there is no need of despotism,
human righ
that there is no need of collectivism, to
equal befoi
sovereign will of our people that our conti-
mitigate our people's sufferings. Yes, Mr.
sought the
nent and the whole world will be able to
set forth in
enjoy a true and enduring peace. We are
President, we wish to prove that with liber-
ence.
careful of service of the standards of human
ty and free initiatives, it is indeed possible
rights generated by national and interna-
to reach standards of living which are ade-
tional laws. There is no conflict, we believe,
quate to the human being.
between respecting those rights and exer-
I am sure, Mr. President, that this visit,
cising a serene but determined authority.
which originated from your generous hospi-
Message
To use power to guarantee to the 9 million
tality and that of the people of your coun-
Approval
Ecuadorians who have the right to work, to
try, will bring our two nations closer in
Virginia
be educated, to live fully is an imperative
strengthening their common ideals, and at
which coincides perfectly with the fight
the same time it gives my wife and me the
January 1
against lawlessness; above all, that lawless-
opportunity to reaffirm our sincere friend-
ness, which in its cruelest form, terrorism,
ship for you and your esteemed wife. Thank
To the Hous
undermines society with the greatest sav-
you.
Since the
agery and cruelty. In no way does it deny
has prever.
criminals the protection provided to them
Note: President Reagan spoke at 10:11 a.m.
within the
by the law, but neither does it allow them
at the South Portico of the White House,
clause 2 of
46
FROM NAT'L GEOGRAPHIC 2/68
- Ecuador - only place on earth where latitude and
temperature both reach zero (where the equator
crosses a glacier on a foot volcano) where the
parallel attains its highest point 16000 a
- the country is named for the equator
- Quito - Ecuador's capital and oneofthe oldest
continuously inhabited cities in the Western Hemisphere
- has 4 seasons - spring in the morning, summer
in the afternoon, autumn in the evening, winter enigh
- Ecuador has very few immigrants, but Indians owe a
special debt to Hungarian - born Olga Fisch ,a folklorist
who has opened P world markets to native handicrafts
- at olgas villa, Indian artisans fashion ponchos +
skirts, and rugs so handsome they are more often
hung than walked upon
- "Quito is no archeological ruin," Olga emphasized. "Itsa
colonial treasurchouse that some writers have called
the Florence of the Andes! when Quito had a population of
only 3000, it could claim a cathedral, seven parish
churches, eight monasteries, and three convents, one
with 200 nuns. No wonder the city grew slowly ,with
So many celibates."
— an Ecuadorian U.S. staff monitors orbiting spacecraft
1968? from a NASA Satellite tracking station and its erormous
disc antenna (35 miles south of Quito)
- Chimborazo - Simon Bolivar called "the watch tower
of the universe"- in his day it was thought to be the
highest mountain in the world
- "Treasure seekers have overrun Ewador's highlands
and eastern jungle for centuries," said young Lautaro
(Tay) Aspiazu, a Guayaquil banana export executive.
"yet real wealth has always been right here -our rich
soil."
DEPARTURE PRESIDENT BORJA / SOUTH LAWN
MONDAY, JULY 23, 1990 / 1:15 P.M.
IT HAS BEEN A GREAT PLEASURE TO TALK ONCE AGAIN
WITH MY COLLEAGUE PRESIDENT RODRIGO BORJA [BOR-HA].
WHEN WE MET IN COSTA RICA LATE LAST YEAR, WE ENJOYED A
NUMBER OF CONVERSATIONS, AND ALSO_ FOUND TIME TO WORK IN
SOME TENNIS. TODAY, WE HAD STIMULATING SUBSTANTIVE
TALKS AND YERSTERDAY A LITTLE TENNIS. I CAN SAY
UNEQUIVOCABLY THAT WE THOROUGHLY ENJOYED REMATCHES ON
BOTH FRONTS. III
- 2 -
FOR MANY YEARS, THE WHOLE WORLD HAS BEEN WATCHING
THE PROGRESS OF THIS COURAGEOUS PACIFIC NATION. A
LITTLE OVER A DECADE AGO, ECUADOR BECAME ONE OF THE
FIRST TO SET SAIL ON THE RISING TIDE OF DEMOCRACY IN
LATIN AMERICA. LIKE so MANY OF ITS NEIGHBORS, IT HAS
RAISED OUR HOPES FOR A FULLY DEMOCRATIC HEMISPHERE.
AND TODAY, THE PEOPLE OF ECUADOR CAN BE PROUD OF THEIR
FREE PRESS AND THEIR EXEMPLARY HUMAN RIGHTS RECORD --
HALLMARKS OF BOTH TRUE DEMOCRACY, AND TRUE LEADERSHIP.
- 3 -
WHEN HE FIRST CAME TO OFFICE, PRESIDENT BORJA FACED
DIFFICULT ECONOMIC CHALLENGES. INFLATION RACING
TOWARDS 100 PERCENT. DEBT A STAGGERING 110 PERCENT OF
G.N.P. ALL PAYMENTS SUSPENDED. BUT, UNDAUNTED BY THE
GREAT POLITICAL PRESSURES HE FACED, PRESIDENT BORJA
BEGAN TAKING THE KIND OF COURAGEOUS STEPS THAT
CHARACTERIZE THE NEW GENERATION OF DEMOCRATIC LEADERS
IN THIS HEMISPHERE. HE MADE IMPORTANT ECONOMIC
REFORMS, SUCH AS IMPROVING THE TAX AND TARIFF SYSTEMS.
- 4 -
THERE ALSO HAS BEEN MOVEMENT TOWARD REFORMING MARKET
MECHANISMS AND GOVERNMENT PROGRAMS, INCLUDING STEPS
TOWARD THE ELIMINATION OF PRICE CONTROLS THAT HAVE
CREATED SERIOUS DISTORTIONS IN THE PAST.
As A FOLLOWUP TO THE CARTAGENA SUMMIT, AND BECAUSE
OF MY SPECIAL CONCERN FOR THE NEEDS OF THE ANDEAN
COUNTRIES, I AM TODAY ANNOUNCING A PACKAGE OF NEW
MEASURES FOR THE ANDEAN REGION.
- 5 -
THESE MEASURES WILL BUILD ON MY "ENTERPRISE FOR THE
AMERICAS" INITIATIVE AND WILL BE STEPS ENROUTE TO
ACHIEVING OUR ULTIMATE OBJECTIVES OF TRADE AND
INVESTMENT LIBERALIZATION AND ECONOMIC REFORM IN THE
REGION.
- 6 -
-- FIRST, I WILL ASK THE CONGRESS FOR LEGISLATIVE
AUTHORITY To ENTER INTO A ONE-WAY TARIFF PREFERENCE
ARRANGEMENT FOR DUTY-FREE ENTRY FOR SELECTED IMPORTS
FROM ECUADOR, BOLIVIA, PERU, AND COLOMBIA, To GIVE
THESE COUNTRIES A SPECIAL BOOST IN FIGHTING DRUGS AND
PROMOTING THEIR TRANSITION INTO A COMPREHENSIVE FREE
TRADE ZONE FOR THE AMERICAS.
- 7 -
-- SECOND, I AM PROPOSING THAT WE EXPAND U.S.
COOPERATION IN TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE WITH THE COUNTRIES
OF THE ENTIRE LATIN AMERICAN AND CARIBBEAN REGION, AND
PARTICULARLY WITH ANDEAN COUNTRIES, To ENHANCE THE
IMMENSE POTENTIAL FOR AGRICULTURAL TRADE.
- 8 -
-- THIRD, IN FULFILLMENT OF MY COMMITMENT LAST YEAR
TO CONSIDER ADDITIONAL GSP ACCESS FOR ANDEAN PRODUCTS,
THIS MORNING I SIGNED A PROCLAMATION GRANTING GSP
TREATMENT TO 67 NEW PRODUCTS.
-- FOURTH, CONCURRENT WITH THIS TRANSITIONAL
PREFERENTIAL TARIFF REGIME WE PROPOSE TO NEGOTIATE WITH
THE ANDEAN COUNTRIES COMPREHENSIVE LONG TERM
UNDERTAKINGS ON TRADE AND INVESTMENT LIBERALIZATION.
BILATERAL FRAMEWORK AGREEMENTS ARE APPROPRIATE VEHICLES
FOR ACHIEVING THESE GOALS.
- 9 -
TODAY, OUR GOVERNMENTS WILL BE SIGNING SUCH AN
AGREEMENT ESTABLISHING A JOINT COUNCIL TO HELP OUR
EFFORTS TO EXPAND TRADE AND INVESTMENT BETWEEN OUR
COUNTRIES.
ECUADOR HAS ALSO LED THE WAY IN ENVIRONMENTAL
REFORMS, BECOMING ONE THE FIRST COUNTRIES TO ENGAGE IN
A "DEBT-FOR-NATURE" SWAP PROGRAM.
- 10 -
WHEN WE VISITED ECUADOR IN 1984, I SAW A BEAUTIFUL
COUNTRY -- AN EXTRAORDINARY MIX OF ANIMAL AND PLANT
LIFE, THE TOWERING ANDES, THE SWEEPING VISTA OF THE
PACIFIC COAST AND THE GALAPAGOS BEYOND. AND WE ARE
COMMITTED TO ASSIST ECUADORIAN EFFORTS TO PRESERVE
THEIR UNIQUE ENVIRONMENTAL HERITAGE.
ECUADOR HAS COLLABORATED CLOSELY WITH THE U.S. IN
OUR GLOBAL EFFORT TO DEAL WITH THE SCOURGE OF COCAINE.
ECUADOR IS A LEADER IN ROLLING BACK COCA CULTIVATION.
- 11 -
IN FACT, SEVERAL YEARS AGO ECUADOR ERADICATED ALL COCA
PLANTINGS. AND THE ANTI-DRUG LEGISLATION YOU HAVE
SPONSORED NOT ONLY HAS KEPT THE DESTRUCTIVE COCAINE-
CULTURE FROM TAKING ROOT IN ECUADOR, IT ALSO AIDS US IN
STANCHING THE DRUG FLOW HERE.
- 12 -
PRESIDENT BORJA, I LOOK FORWARD TO CONTINUED CLOSE
COLLABORATION WITH YOU ACROSS THE FULL RANGE OF OUR
COMMON CONCERNS, FROM STRENGTHENING DEMOCRACY
THROUGHOUT OUR HEMISPHERE, TO WORKING FOR EXPANDED
TRADE AND INVESTMENT OPPORTUNITIES, TO THE FIGHT
AGAINST COCAINE TRAFFICKING. OUR TALKS HAVE SERVED TO
RE-CONFIRM THE GREAT VALUE OF OUR PARTNERSHIP. THANK
YOU, AND GODSPEED YOU IN YOUR JOURNEY AHEAD.
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