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Originally Processed With FOIA(s): FOIA Number: S; 2001-1166-F S FOIA MARKER This is not a textual record. This is used as an administrative marker by the George Bush Presidential Library Staff. Record Group/Collection: George H.W. Bush Presidential Records Collection/Office of Origin: Speechwriting, White House Office of Series: Speech File Backup Files Subseries: Chron File, 1989-1993 OA/ID Number: 13729 Folder ID Number: 13729-006 Folder Title: German Reunification Message 9/24/90 [OA 8315] Stack: Row: Section: Shelf: Position: G 26 20 7 3 09/24/90 11:49 202 223 9658 ADENAUER FDN. 001 Konrad -Adenauer- Washington Research Office Stiftung 1330 New Hampshire Avenue N.W. Washington, D.C. 20036 Tel : (202) 296-9137 Tix 248880 Fax.: (202) 223-9658 TELEFAX MESSAGE This document (including coversheet) comprises 5 pages. DATE: 24 September 1990 TO: Ms. Peggy Dooley FROM: Mona Overturf REMARKS: I am sorry they are all in English. Adenauer takes a while to be translated. Hopefully they will help you anyway! In case of an incomplete message, please call 202/296-9137 09/24/90 11:49 5202 223 9658 ADENAUER FDN. 002 John-3463 Sammis 1 Konrad Adenauer Helga Leis Äuserungen zur Einheit Asst. to Dir. deutschen "Wenn ich vom Frieden in der Welt und in Europa spreche, dann muß ich auf die Teilung Deutschlands zurückkommen. Die Teilung Deutschlands wird eines Tages das 1st unsere feste Überzeugung wieder verschwinden Diese Teilung Deutschlands ist durch Spannungen herbeigeführt worden, die zwischen den Siegermächten entstanden sind. Auch diese Spannungen werden vorübergehen. Wir hoffen. daß dann der Wiedervereinigung mit unseren Brüdern und Schwestern in der Ostzone und in Berlin nichts mehr im Wege steht." (Regierungserklärung 20. September 1949) "Es ist notwendig, daß das deutsche Volk weiß, daß es mit diesem Weltgeschehen noch eine Aufgabe zu erfüllen hat. In unserer Zeit wird es sich entscheiden, ob Freiheit, Menschenwürde, christlich- abendländisches Denken der Menschheit erhalten bleiben oder ob der Geist der Finsternis und der Sklaverei für eine lange Zeit seine Geißel über die hilflos am Boden liegende Menschheit schwingen wird. Deutschlands Aufgabe ist es, einen Frieden in Freiheit zu sichern." (Rede 20. Oktober 1950) ***** "Aber worauf es ankommt, und was wir vor dem gesamten Volk und der Nachwelt vertreten können, das ist das, daß wir mit unserer ganzen Arbeit Deutschland die Freiheit und die Sicherheit wiedergeben, das wir den Frieden sichern und das wir don oinzig möglichon Weg gehen, um zur Wiedervereinigung Deutschlands in Frieden und Freiheit zu kommen". (Ansprache 14. Juni 1952) "Wenn der sowjetunion durch die Erkenntnis, daß sie im Wege des kalten Krieges nichts mehr erreicht, dann wird ihr auch die sinsicht dafür kommen, das diese slärksle Bevorzugung der Kriegswirtschaft in der Produktion vor der Produktion der Konsumgüter nicht mehr lohnend ist. Dann wird sie aus eigenem Interesse zu einer Umstellung ihrer Politik bereit sein. Wir, das 003 09/24/90 11:50 202 223 9658 ADENAUER FDN. 3 Staaten, mit allen freien Völkern der Welt, gibt uns erst ein Recnt, mit Sicherheit zu erwarten, daß eines Tages auch die Wiedervereinigung in Freiheit erfolgen wird." (Ansprache 15. Oktober 1963) "Wir dürfen den Mut nicht sinken lassen und müssen das Vertrauen in die Zukunft bewahren. Wir bleiben dabei, daß Deutschland im Frieden wiedervereinigt werden muß. Was in Afrika jedem Volk bewilligt wird - das Recht der freien Selbstbestimmung -, muß auch uns Deutschen gegeben werden. Ich gebe die Hoffnung nicht auf: Eines Tages wird auch Sowjetrußland einschen, daß diese Trennung Deutschlands und damit die Trennung Europas nicht zu seinem Vorteil ist. Wir müssen aufpassen, ob der Augenblick kommt. Aber wenn ein Augenblick naht oder sich zu nahen scheint, der eine günstige Gelegenheit bringt, dann dürfen wir ihn nicht ungenutzt lassen." (Rede 21. März 1966) 09/24/90 11:51 "202 223 9658 ADENAUER FDN. 004 2 ist die westliche Welt, einschließlich der Bundesrepublik, müssen unsere Politik darauf richten, dieses Ziel zu erreichen, Sowjetrußland zu dieser Einsicht zu bringen. Nun kommen vernünftige und aussichtsvolle Verhandlungen, und dann wird auch die wiedervereinigung Deutschlands in Frieden und in Freineit kommen." (Rede 18. Oktober 1952) "Das ganze deutsche Volk hinter dem Eisernen Vorhang ruft uns zu, seiner nicht zu vergessen, und wir schwören ihm in dieser feierlichen Stunde: Wir werden seiner nicht vergessen. wir werden nicht ruhen und wir werden nicht rasten diesen Schwur lege ich ab für das gesamte deutsche Volk -, bis auch sie wieder Freiheit haben, bis ganz Deutschland wieder vereint ist in Frieden und Freiheit." (Ansprache 23. Juni 1953) "Wir Deutschen in der Bundesrepublik, wir fühlen zutiefst mit den Deutschen in Ost-Berlin und in der Sowjetzone, und wir bitten sie von ganzem Herzen, auszuhalten und die Hoffnung nicht dranzugeben Diese Betonpfeiler und dieser Stacheldraht machen schließlich nicht Weltgeschichte. Das Selbstbestimmungsrecht der Volker hat in Laufe von wenigen Jahren einen Siegeszug über die ganze Welt angetreten, und ich bin der festen Überzeugung, daß das, was man jeder Kolonie in Afrika gewährt - das Selbstbestimmungsrecht -, den Deutschen im Herzen Europas nicht auf die Dauer verwehrt werden kann. Und dann ... ist der Tag gekommen, der Tag der Wiedervereinigung in Frelhelt, an den ich glaube mii aller Kraft und in vollster Überzeugung. Denn gegen das Recht und gegen die Prinzipien, wie das Prinzip der Freiheit und der Selbstbestimmung der Volker, kann auf die Dauer auch kein kommunistischer Staat an." (Rede 18. August 1961) ***** "Eine Lösung der deutschen Frage ist nicht möglich allein zwischen uns und dem Gegner, der uns bedrückt; eine Lösung dieser Frage ist nur möglich mit Hilfe unserer Freunde. Und wir danken Gott, daß wir wieder Freunde in der Welt gefunden haben ... Gerade diese Freundschaft in Europa, außerhalb Europas, mit den Vereinigten 09/24/90 11:52 5202 223 9658 ADENAUER FDN. 005 ist, lst - ein Europa. Aber Europe greenation und a wind dean von selber in sich ausammenwachsen. Ich denke oft an jene Atmosphäre, wie sie kurze Zeit nach dem Kriege war, wie da in den sechs EWG-Michten, die eigentlich per Zufall in eine nähere Verbindung kamen, alles dafür war, eine europäische politische Union zu schaffen. Denn die EWG allein hilft uns nichts; wir Europäer müssen gemeinsame Außenpolitik machen, nur sie kann uns helfen. (Beifall) Und wenn men dann sieht, wie jetzt durch diese Streitigkeiten und Streitereien um die Pfennige der Geist entschwinder, dann kann man sehr traurig sein. Daher nochmals, Herr Bundeskanzler, meine sehr herzliche Bitte: Nehmen Sie dieses Problem, das Problem der Schaffung Europas, in die Hand. Wenn wir es fertigbekommen, dieses Problem zu lösen, dann hat unsere Partei etwas geleister für Deutschland, für Europa und für die ganze Welt -, was uns die Weltgeschichte einmal schr hoch anrechnen wird. (Beifall) Meine Freunde, lassen Sie mich ein Wort zur NATO-Krise sagen. Sie werden es wahr- scheinlich von mir erwarten, weil ich unlängst in Paris war; aber versprechen Sie sich nicht zuviel. (Heiterkeit) Ich möchte nur ganz allgemein sagen Krisen wird man niemals mit Noten lösen, Krisen löst man durch Sprechen. Man muß miteinander sprechen! Herr de Gaulle mus sagen, was er will, (Zustimmung) und die anderen müssen sagen, wenn sie etwas dagegen einzuwenden haben, was sie dagegen einzuwenden haben. Aber, meine verehrten Damen und Herren, so Noten, alle paar Stunden eine Note, (Heiterkeit) das ist nicht gut. Vielmehr muß man sprechen miteinander. Das möchte ich zur NATO-Krise sagen, und ich hoffe, daB diese Worte such in Paris und in Washington gehört werden. (Beifall) Etwas, meine Freunde, ist uns in all den Jahren nicht gelungen, und das ist sehr schmerz- lich Wir haben die Wiedervereinigung mit den von uns getrennten Brüdern nicht weiter- gebracht. Das ist sehr traurig. Aber wir dürfen den Mur nicht sinken lassen und müssen das Vertrauen in die Zukunft bewahren. Wir bleiben dabei, daß Deutschland im Frieden wiedervereinigt werden muß. Was in Afrika jedem Volk bewilligt wird das Recht der freien Selbstbestimmung -, muß auch uns Deutschen gegeben werden. (Lebhafter Beifall) Ich gebe die Hoffnung nicht auf: Eines Tages wird auch Sowjetrußland einsehen, daß diese Trennung Deutsch- lands und damit die Trennung Europas nicht zu seinem Vorteil ist. Wir müssen aufpassen, ob der Augenblick kommt. Aber wenn ein Augenblick nsht oder sich zu nahen scheint, der eine günstige Gelegenheit bringt, dann dürfen wir ihn nicht ungenutzt lassen.] ich bin such der Auffassung vielleicht teilt nicht jeder von Ihnen diese Auffassung -, laB wir uns Sowjetrußland gegenüber wie gegenüber einem Volk verhalten müssen, las uns sehr weh getan hat, dem wir vorher aber auch großes Leid zugefügt haben. 481 E.Berlin 5 11 What's where Playhouse (1818-1821, Schin- Chaussees Brandenburg Gate (1788-1791, kel), now concert-hall; in front, C. G. Langhans) Schiller memorial (1861-1871, Wilhelm Old Charité (from 1727) Begas), 1952-1986 in the Liet- 10 New Charité Hospital zenseepark in Charlottenburg Oranienburger Academy of Arts French Church/French Cathe- To 9 Museum of Natural Science dral (Dome: 1780-1785, Gon- Deutsches Theater and tard) and Huguenot Museum 3 Kammerspiele (theatres) St Hedwig's Cathedral (1747- Oranienburger Straße 49 51 Marienstrasse (restored subur- 1773, Boumann) ban street) Church of Friedrichswerder 6 Friedrichstraße 12 2 Straße in 50 Scheunenviertel Theatre am Schiffbauerdamm (1824-1830, Schinkel) (Brecht-Bühne) Foreign Ministry 48 Marx-Engels Permanent Representation of State Council Building Matern- Straße Platz 8 the Federal Republic of Palace of the Republic 47 Germany to the GDR German (formerly Prussian) Cemeteries: Dorotheenstadt State Library (1903-1914, Ihne) 7 Marienstraße 54 (1762) and French (1780) Humboldt University Liebknr riedrichstraße Bertolt-Brecht House (1748-1766, Boumann); in Friedrichstadtpalast (variety front, equestrian statue of 13 theatre) Frederick // 37 53 63 52 Admiralspalast with Metropol Altes Palais (1834-1837, C.F. Theatre Langhans) adjoining on Bebel- International Trade Centre platz (formerly Opernplatz) 15 Interhotel Metropol the Alte Bibliothek (library, 40 Embassy of the USSR "Commode") 17 Embassy district German State Opera 36 39 33 Comic Opera 32 35 8 ull (1741-1743, Knobelsdorff) Platz Unter den Linden 34 3 67 Grand Hotel Neue Wache (guard-house, House of Soviet Science and 1816-1818, Schinkel), since - 30 65 Culture 1960 memorial for the victims 27 29 Friedrichstrasse of Fascism and militarism 19 0110 68 Postal museum Maxim Gorki Theatre 18 28 69 21 Straße "Johannes R. Becher", Club for (formerly Zelter Sing Academy) Französische 26 Operncafé (formerly Princess' 0000000000 Markt 72 the culturally creative Platz der Akademie Werderscher German (New) Church/ Palace); adjacent, Palais Unter 25 (ehem. den Linden (state guest house, Strage Gendarmenmarkt) German Cathedral (Dome: 23 20 Hausvogtei 73 1780-1785, Gontard) formerly Crown Prince's 24 platz Palace) Berlin from the Museum for German History, Brandenburg Gate Stadtmitte formerly Arsenal (1695-1706, Otto- to Grotewohl- 71 Grünberg/Schlüter) Straße 70 Alexanderplatz Spittelmarkt S-Bahn (City Railway) 22 Leipziger Straße U-Bahn (Underground) 87 State 88 Prenzlauer Allee Volkspark Bridge Marx-Engels-Brücke Police headquarters Ribbeckhaus/Berlin City Friedrichshain Rosa (formerly Schlossbrücke, House of travel/GDR Travel Library and Archives [Luxemburg- 1822-1824, Schinkel) Office Platz Central Committee of the SED with figures of his school House of the teacher/ Spittelkolonnaden (1776, Berlin Cathedral (1894-1905, uxemburg- Congress hall Gontard) and milestone on 55 Rosa- Hans. Beimler. Straße Barnimstraße Raschdorff) Interhotel "Stadt Berlin" and Leipziger Strasse Lustgarten Centrum store Spittelmarkt with fountain of Altes Museum (Old Museum, World clock Spindler State 1823-1829, Schinkel) TV tower Canal Friedrichsgracht bet- AO National Gallery (1866-1876, Berlin Information and ween bridges Jungfernbrücke 56 Strack) exhibition centre and Gertraudenbrücke ", Neues Museum (New St Mary's Church (ca. 1270), Fischerinsel Museum, 1843-1857, Stüler), Neptune fountain (1891, Märkisches Ufer with Ermeler- 85 being rebuilt Begas) Haus and Otto-Nagel-Haus Pergamon Museum 57 Red Town Hall (1861-1869, (museum) 00 (1912-1930, Hoffmann), Waesermann) Märkisches Museum (Berlin Museum of Anthropology Old Town district with St history) with bear-pit and 61 58 82 Bode Museum (1898-1904, Nicholas' Church (from 1230), Lapidarium Ihne) handicrafts museum, Crossing-point Prinzenstr./ Monbijou Park Knoblauch-Haus with inn Heinrich-Heine-Str. 83 Synagogue (1859-1866, Knob- "Historische Weinstuben", House of the Council of Schilling lauch/Stüler) to be rebuilt Lessinghaus, restaurants, court Ministers, formerly New Town straße Memorial to the old Jewish arcade (Gerichtslaube), House (1902-1911, Hoffmann) Alexanderstraße cemetery and old people's Ephraim-Palais (1762-1767, Church Parochialkirche (1695- home, Grosse Hamburger Diterichs) 1703, Grünberg), old city wall 86 Strasse Marx-Engels-Forum with and historical restaurant 64 79 81 Strausberger Church Sophienkirche (1712; memorials (Engelhardt, Midell, "Zur letzten Instanz" spire 1732-1734, Grael) Stötzer) : 77 House of young talents Palasthotel Neuer Marstall (Royal Stables, Ruins of the Franciscan Abbey 78 Klosterstraße State Bookshop Das Internationale 1896-1901, Ihne), exhibition Church (1250-1265) Stralauer Straße Buch rooms of the Academy of Arts Berlin City Court Former Chapel of the Holy Hotel "Berolina"/Cinema Jannowitz-Brücke Ghost "International" Theatre Volksbühne Karl-Marx-Allee Brückenstraße (1913-1915, Kaufmann) Lenin monument To the sports and recreation 75 centre OF Strausberger Platz Checkpoint Charlie Märk. Museum 88 Husemannstrasse Straße Bookshops Galleries Restaurants Degen- Stratanstalt, hof Becken Zukunft Gute Hoffnung Heide- Vollzuge enstalt Frauen Paul Juliusrup schlößchen Becken Heimal Gemütlich Loewe keit Becken Frischer Wind Kanal A Beusselstr. Platz Wickelshol Charlottenbar MINE E Wermaryerk, Stichkanal- Boussel Mulde kanal D chkanal Am Dahmshof BI. (nheide Main Schle Charlottenburg Platz Gass W. Schleusenland BVG wiesen Jungferniteide Spree Tiefer Gerickes GrundH Schwar Hof Tiefer GauBstr Grund Pretoria Fürstenbrung Gärtne SchloB Sp.-PI. 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Eisenache S IS Kleiston 1212 Str 613 00 Südstern Südstern Langen iktoria Monumenten B/ Kreuzberg Chamisso-Pt. Warlburo Kolonnen Str park Drei Kinder- Johannes Basilika Zentr BSR Luisen: Heide Kolo, & Brui T.Golgatha Standort-F.H. Tiergehege Shm Str Stadt ! Sch Str Lilienthalste Schöne Platz uftbrücke Bund- Zoff- Kraftfahrzeug Kartell- Zul. Str Duden Hixdorfer Volkspark Sch ROB Schene- Columbia Pl. Flug- Becken Höhe 11.00m hafen berg ident Hasenheide lizer Direktion there Moham med. Feld Kita Garnison H. H. Geb. 8 Torgauer 9 Papestr. Schöngberg Columbia Bad Block Wusthoff Paradoctr ey had bus nana is the Gone for good get. And the ut, all over It tears the heart to leave onic things home, as East Berliners Hans tely gone! I and Andrea Zacher and their re." four children discover, even if man border home has been dispiriting and iver, where drab. Hans (left, at right) says Eisenhower good-bye to his best friend and [inth Army, packs the car for the journey, Berlin from joining an emigration of nearly 350,000 East Germans as its own. in 1989. At their new home ay village- near Bremen, West Germany, 3öckwitz in Andrea strolls with baby Paula placed into and their sponsor, Claudia them, with Möllenkamp. Immigrants from separable." the GDR receive automatic itzmann of citizenship. From overloaded the newly Berlin, arrivals are now sent "We were to other parts of West Germany, where they will neighbors. challenge the nation's econ- m." omy and test the resilience vement was of its people. atives from ten permis- or tea. Fam- or funerals. ntier zone, When pho- lked across me the first rld War II. community ing her 60th inapps with ooperative. aids, swine lushed and prehension have guests eir warmth. ws," said a on the other we were all ppened-so another, "I er. I had to For 40 years e. Ijust had Guhl. The ere songs to ALL BY DAVID ALAN HARVEY , April 1990 Rail workers in the GDR, they have applied last Saturday," he told me. "They had bus to work for the West German railroad, which service into Ratzeburg. The banana is the has offered them a flat if hired. Prospects are most important fruit they cannot get. And the good, and their two weeks in the West have Sony Walkman? They are sold out, all over been a revelation. "For most of our lives," Germany. All the stereo/electronic things said Steffan, "we've been more workers than under a hundred marks-completely gone! I human beings. Now we have to learn to be hu- faxed to Hong Kong asking for more." man beings again. I ate my way through Ham- At Boizenburg the German-German border burg in three days. I was fascinated by all this turns southeast along the Elbe River, where food. I couldn't help myself. The first snack Allied Commander Dwight D. Eisenhower bar the second." stopped the advance of the U.S. Ninth Army, Inspired, we left the trailer for a steak din- allowing the U.S.S.R. to liberate Berlin from 'ner at a restaurant. But even as the conversa- the East, and thus to stake Prussia as its own. tion warmed, they would not tell me their last Near here the border splits a tiny village- names. Old fears haunted them. "I don't want called Zicherie in the West and Böckwitz in any more black points," said Steffan by reflex. the East. But a boulder had been placed into "Whenever things are published, as soon as the soil by the wall that separates them, with people have names, our families perhaps the inscription: "Germany Is Inseparable." they can't travel. I'm the class enemy now; Fifty-seven-year-old Heinz Ritzmann of I'm the capitalist, and my parents are 'the Zicherie had come to stand by the newly society.' I don't think the state will give up this opened gate to watch history pass. "We were distinction so easily." not even allowed to wave to our neighbors. We ate dessert. "I wonder," said Steffan, There were harsh penalties for them." "what the waitress would say if told her I was In border areas of the GDR, movement was eating chocolate ice cream for the first time? In severely restricted; even close relatives from the GDR we have brown ice cream, but there neighboring villages needed written permis- is no chocolate in it." sion from the police just to come for tea. Fam- "I had a dream when I was a child," mused ily from the West could come only for funerals. Christian, "to see the most important streets For the residents of this frontier zone, in the world-the Kurfürstendamm, the change came like a thunderbolt. When pho- Champs-Élysées, the Reeperbahn, Broad- tographer Dave Harvey and I walked across way-even if I had to go by foot." A fire the border from Zicherie, we became the first burned in his eyes, at comic odds with his thin Americans in Böckwitz since World War II. leather tie and droopy blond mustache. That afternoon, in a dimly lit community "I will live to be 101!" he blurted suddenly. center, Elfriede Guhl was celebrating her 60th "The hope is so strong right now. Every day is birthday with cake, coffee, and schnapps with wonderful! I'm not a kaputnik!" her colleagues in the farm cooperative. "A kaputnik?" Around a long table sat 40 milkmaids, swine "Oh, that's from the Russian-someone tenders, and beet pickers. who's a pessimist, who shoots himself in the "You are welcome," said a flushed and head and his legs fall off." beaming Frau Guhl, as years of apprehension melted in her eyes. "We can have guests N THE PLAINS of northern Germany, again." And they folded us into their warmth. O where the ranks of trees slant like sail- "Within 15 minutes of the news," said a ors in the headwind off the Baltic, woman across the table, "we were on the other the border slices south from Lübeck side. Our friends were there. But we were all through a chain of lakes where children when the separation happened-so middle-class Hamburgers holiday. we hardly recognized each other." On November 12 an entrepreneur named "One day last week," burst in another, "I Michael Kühn set up a stand in an empty field took my bike and just went over. I had to outside the town of Ratzeburg and sold one ton stop and laugh! I felt so strange. For 40 years of bananas in two hours to the lines of East we couldn't do something so simple. I just had Germans spewing from the recently opened to stop and laugh." gate near the village of Mustin. "Enough of that," said Frau Guhl. The "More than 3,000 Trabis were in this field toasts were starting, and there were songs to 130 National Geographic, April 1990 FGA ANTHONY SUAU A modern Stonehenge forms near Potsdamer Platz as slabs of the Wall are carted away. But these monuments will not be timeless: East Berlin, newly attuned to the marketplace, has sold such slabs to Western merchants to be broken into Cold War mementos. So be it. Free enterprise may heal more wounds than politics as Germany celebrates its hard-won family reunion. sing. So we linked arms around the table and that it was all right now," explained 12-year- sang, Dave and I and 40 East German farm old Kai Sieber. women on parole, swaying back and forth to The wounds have begun to heal. But I can't the tune "Es gibt kein Bier auf Hawaii-There forget Gertrud Scholze, a grandmother who is no beer in Hawaii, there's no beer. There is came with her husband, Johannes, through no beer in Hawaii, so we'll stay here!" the gap at Potsdamer Platz on November 11. A few of them even walked us back to the As retired people they could visit West Berlin once dreaded border down the street. They often, but they savored this symbolic moment. joked with the guards and hugged two Ameri- Frau Scholze gave a rose to my interpreter, cans good-night-scenes from a dream for Uli, and told us this story: them, so astonishing and giddy that surely "A few weeks ago our guards arrested me morning would come to spoil it all. because I had 30 West German marks in my purse when I tried to cross the border. They Y THE TIME I got back to East Berlin, put me into a room and questioned me. I was B representatives of Volkswagen were crying. I only wanted to get some fresh fruit, already in the GDR cutting a deal to because my husband was in the hospital. After make cars with Trabant, idle West an hour I fainted, and they let me out. But German physicians were considering other people have had bigger problems." East German posts, and three street urchins in She pulled herself erect, eyes shining, and the district of Pankow had painted the first said, "Remember, a heart that has never suf- graffiti on the eastern side of the Wall. One fered is a heart that will never sing." was in English: "Gorbi we like you." All over Eastern Europe there are more "Our youth newspaper, Junge Welt, said songs to come and verses to be written. 132 National Geographic, April 1990 8 BM Friedrichstr Lüneburge damm S U Bartning Belle 6 7 PI. d. 9a Str. Republ 9 Zetkin Clara 10 Dulles John Allee Linden Unter Tierea 11 Juni 12 Kleiner Stern Behren 15 16 17 Maue Fran ZOS Str. des Stern o Grotewohl U.S. Kemper Stadtmitte VoB Krone M Str. Tiergarten 24 teipzige 25 ausenstr. Zoolog Garten Rauch 29 Matthäi- !00k Garten Str kirchpl. swi Reiehplet 38 31 32 33 Überg. 55 str. Koch Prinzen- 41 Kurfürsten Ursten J M Bernbar, 63 A str. Lutzow 42 Genthiner DEPARTMENT Anhalter Kochsir Keith Derffl.Str choneba S Anhalter Bf. Wittenberg 48 Körner Hallesehe 50 Kurfürstenstr Str. Str. Nollendortpi 65 Mehringpl. 52 Fuggerstra 54 Bulow Rewite Gleisdreieck 64 Uuitsch.St Ste Potsdame 53 Spichernstr Obentraut Regensburge Nachodstr Pallasstr Möckern 56 ensaux &Wartenbo street Blücherst Mehring Mohenstaufen damma + 8 60 61 62 Maßstab 1 ; : 25000 0 250 500 750 1000m I u. Nacht geöffnet)/ 41 Kaiser-Withelm-Gedächtniskirche/Europa-Center/ 56 Amerika-Gedenkbibliothek-Berliner Zentralbibliothek nftstelle u. Hotelnachweis Spielbank/Verkehrsamt Berlin mit Auskunftsstelle 57 Avus-Wannsee/SchloB Klein-Glienicke, Pfaueninsel, e Galerie u. Hotelnachweis, Budapester Straße Campingplatz, Jugendgästehaus lenkstätte 42 Jugendgästehaus, Kluckstraße 3 Übergänge: Glienicker Brücke/Dreilinden 43 Ku'damm-Eck, Panoptikum 58 Jagdschloß Grunewald/Brücke-Museum/Frele hen Bundesbahn/ 44. Ku'dorf, Vergnügungszentrum, Joachimstaler Straße 15 Universität (FU), Museen Dahlem er/Informationszentrum 45 Deutschlandhalle, Elssporthalle 59 ADAC-Haus/Insulaner u. Wilhelm-Foerster-Sternwarte, 46 Ku'damm-Karree/Komödie/Theater am Planetarium/Forum Steglitz/Botanlscher Garten U. Kurfürstendamm Botanisches Museum/SchioBpark-Theater 47 Sperlingsgasse 60. Rathaus Schöneberg-Sitz d. Abgeordnetenhauses 48 Uranishaus, Post- u. Fernmeldemuseum, Landesarchiv u. d. Senats y. Berlin-/Studentenhotel, inrich-Heine-Str. 49 Schaubühne am Lehniner Platz Meininger Straße 10 n) Funkturm u. Deutsches 50 Berlin-Museum 61 Flughafen Tempelhof/Luftbrückendenkmal 51 Freie Volksbühne/Städt. Konservatorium f. Musik 62 Trabrennbahn Mariendorf 52 Bundeshaus-Bevollmächtigter der Bundesregierung 63 Deutschlandhaus, Martin-Gropius-Bau in Berlin 64 Museum f. Verkehr u. Technik, Bibliothek, arium/Staatl. Kunsthalle, 53 Türkischer Basar Sonderausstellungen Filmmessezentrum 54 Berliner Flohmarkt, U-Bf. Nollendorfplatz 65 Hebbeltheater 55 Bauhaus-Archiv (Museum f. Gestaltung) lin) zu Berlin Stamford, CT WHEN: October 4th, reception and dinner. POTUS arrives at 6:00 p.m. for reception, remarks at approximately 6:30. WHERE: The Stamford Marriott in (you guessed it) Stamford. The room in which remarks are to be delivered is nothing remarkable. The hotel is near Long Island Sound (sailing, etc.) and Jai Alai. WHAT: This will be a two-tiered event: first a closed press reception with photos for big donors, then an open press dinner. The gubenatorial candidate, John Rowland, will intro POTUS. The modest estimate of atendees: 600. A Rowland campaign video, which has proved successful in the past, will possibly be adapted for use prior to the President's remarks to generate excitement. OTHER: 1) Teleprompter: YES 2) Political Affairs contact: Bruce Stebbins x6510 3) *** POTUS will be operating out of Kennebunkport for entire series of New England speechs. This circumstance can be used to stress his ties to the region and perhaps provide "I was just in Kennebunk- port" anecdotes. 4) Connecticut is famous for nutmegs--bet you can get a lot of mileage out of that one. 5) Business attire 6) Jack Goldbero handles press for Rowland, Mark Brennan is Deputy Campaign Mgr., and John Mastropietro is Campaign Mgr. Their phone number: (203) 753-1990. 7) Rowland has been a congressman since '84, represented on the House Armed Services Committee, the Veteran's Affairs Committee, the let's PD-get Select Committee on Intelligence, and the House Republican Task Force. Was awarded the Distinguished Service Award from the VFW, the Taxpayer Protection Award from the Watchdogs of the Treasury, inFo or bill Inc., and the Clean Air Champion" from the National Sierra Club. Rowland is a lifelong resident of Connecticut, and is married to to Deborah Nabhan. Has three children: Kirsten, Robert John, and Julianne. w 8) conference Rowland's big issues: Will veto a state income tax (the only candidate to pledge this) ; will wage a real war on drugs by enacting the death penalty for drug kingpins; will introduce a comprehensive plan to reduce state spending; will fight to return traditional family values to Connecticut. TALKING POINTS: 1) Campaign slogan: "Leading the Connecticut Comeback" 2) CT has no state income tax. Rowland is only candidate to pledge to veto any attempt to impose one. 3) Rowland is the only conservative in the race. Lowell Weicker and Bruce Morrison are liberals. 4) Rowland is tough on crime, advocating the death penalty for drug kingpins. (see campaign material). 5) Rowland has been the most specific on issues, beginning on Jan. 4 and releasing issues positions periodically: WE KNOW WHERE HE STANDS 6) Rowland is the only native of CT and is a 5th generation state resident. His grandfather rooted out corruption in Waterbury in the 1930's and sent the mayor and other city officials to jail. 7) Rowland has NEVER voted for a tax increase. more Also there will be : Brian Gaffney - Rowland campaign chair of was CT's Bush chairmen Betsy Heminway - good Bush buddy of one of CT's GOP chairs Garry Franks - Congressional candidate seat for Rowland's old - He's currently a Waterbury, CT top RNC target city councilman, Bush's furt fup to CT ? 09/24/1990 11:43 FROM EMB. FED. REP. OF GERMANY TO 4566218 P.01 TELEFAX EMBASSY of the Federal Republic of Germany Washington, D.C. - Office of the Ambassador - 4645 Reservoir Rd., N.W. Washington, D.C. 20007-1998 Tel. (202) 298-4000 FAX (202) 298-4249 (202) 333-8506 No. 5636 Date: 9/24/90 To: FAX: 456 6218 while House Speech writing Dept. att. Ms. Peggy Dooly pages: 3 (without cover) Signature: Gisela Kenler Ref: J hope that will help you. 09/24/1990 11:43 FROM EMB. FED. REP. OF GERMANY TO 4566218 P.02 FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY NATIONAL ANTHEM The text of the song was written in 1841 by the German poet August Heinrich Hoffmann von Fallersleben (1798-1874). At that time Germany was still split up in more than 30 small states which were loosely united since 1815 in the Deutscher Bund (German Federation). Hoffmann von Fallersleben who was a poet, linguist and historian of literature wrote also a number of other well-known songs. In 1922 the first President of the German Republic, the Social Democrat Friedrich Ebert, officially introduced the Deutschland-Lied as the National Anthem. In May 1952 the third stanza of the Deutschland-Lied was proclaimed the official anthem of the Federal Republic of Germany by President Theodor Heuss. The melody of the Deutschland-Lied was composed by Joseph Haydn (1732-1809), the famous composer of many symphonies, operas and oratories. The melody is that of the old Austrian Kaiserhymn (Imperial Anthem) which was played for the first time on February 12, 1797. The German text and the English translation follow below: Einigkeit und Recht und Freiheit Fuer das deutsche Vaterland- Danach lasst uns alle streben, Bruederlich mit Herz und Hand. Einigkeit und Recht und Freiheit Sind des Glueckes Unterpfand- Blueh' im Glanze dieses Glueckes, Bluehe, deutsches Vaterland. Unity and right and freedom For the German Fatherland, For this let us all fraternally Strive each with heart and hand. Unity and right and freedom Are the pledge of happiness. Bloom in the splendor of this happiness, Germany, our Fatherland. Maestoso Sp Joseph Hayd Violine I Heimstch Hoteman YOR Fallcreichen 1841 Joseph Haydn 1797 Maestoso cress. % fo Klavier Maesloso Sn Joseph Hayd 5 Violine Il MV erese. 09/24/1990 11:43 FROM EMB. FED. REP. OF GERMANY TO Maesioso #n Joseph Hayd Viola MT crese. cress. Joseph Hayd Well Maestose Violancello cress. 4566218 P.03 03 09/24/1990 11:44 FROM EMB. FED. REP. OF GERMANY TO 4566218 P.04 THE FLAG Black. red. and gold in three equal horizontal stripes are the colors of the flag of the Federal Republic of Germany. The colors date to the emperors of the Middle Ages. They reappeared in the war against Napoleon when a corps of army volunteers drawn from all the German principalities, adopted black uniforms with red braid and gold buttons. Subsequently student organizations. dedicated to the unification of Germany, used the colors on their banners. In the first attempt to create a democratic and unified Germany. leaders of the 1848 Revolution adopted the tricolor flag in the National Assembly or Frankfurt Parliament. The flag was not actually used until 1918 when the German National Assembly of the democratic Weimar Republic adopted it officially. When Hitler came to power in 1933 he abolished the tricolor flag. In 1950. the flag was reintroduced by the German Parliament as the official symbol for the Federal Republic of Germany. THE COAT OF ARMS A black eagle with red beak and talons on a gold Field is the coat of arms of the Federal Republic of Germany. The eagle appeared in antiquity adorning the staff of the first Roman Emperor. Augustus. Thereafter. it became the symbol of dominion of all Roman Emperors. After the decline of Rome. the eagle reappeared on shields of the kings who dominated Europe in the Middle Ages. Charlemagne. the first Frankish king to gather the German peoples along with other Europeans into his vast empire, had the statue of an eagle placed on top of his palace in Aachen. Subsequently, after the empire was divided into France and the Holy Roman Empire-which included all the German peoples- a black. double-headed eagle on a gold escutcheon remained the seal of the German or Holy Roman Emperors. In 1848. this double-headed eagle was revived as the symbol of German unity. When Germany was finally unified in 1871. the eagle reappeared on the coat of arms. but this time with a single head. In 1919. the eagle became the seal of the Weimar Republic and in 1950. it was restored by the Federal Republic of Germany as a symbol of German history and tradition. Services of Mead Data Central PAGE 2 17TH STORY of Level 2 printed in FULL format. The Associated Press The materials in the AP file were compiled by The Associated Press. These materials may not be republished without the express written consent of The Associated Press. July 19, 1985, Friday, PM cycle SECTION: International News LENGTH: 726 words HEADLINE: President Urges Germans to Face Nazi Past BYLINE: An AP Extra, By SUSAN J. SMITH, Associated Press Writer DATELINE: BONN, West Germany KEYWORD: Weizsaecker-Nazis BODY: Although he holds a largely ceremonial post, West Germany's president has gained international attention by calling on his countrymen to face up to the Nazi past. President Richard von Weizsaecker, who was the son of a leading Nazi diplomat and fought in Adolf Hitler's army, is gaining world praise for urging Germans to face their past and keep its memory alive. "When the unspeakable truth of the Holocaust became known at the end of the war, all too many of us claimed that they had not known anything about it or even suspected anything," he said in a speech May 8 that marked the 40th anniversary of the German surrender. "All of us, whether guilty or not, whether old or young, must accept the past. Anyone who closes his eyes to the past is blind to the present." Weizsaecker's brother was killed on the Polish front on the second day of the war. His father was convicted of war crimes at Nuremberg and Weizsaecker, who had been an adjutant in the 9th Potsdam Regiment, helped defend him. Israeli Ambassador Yitzhak Ben-Ari, said his remarks about the past were a "moment of glory" for West Germany. The president's words have particular importance at a time when some West Germans feel that 40 years is long enough to remember, and it is time to leave the Nazi nightmare behind. His office said the response has been overwhelming. A spokeswoman said Wednesday that 40,000 letters have come from all over the world, 98 percent of them in praise of the president. Jews wrote from the United States and the Netherlands that they were impressed, she said, and a German who now lives in the United States sent 40 LEXIS® NEXIS® LEXIS® NEXIS® Services of Mead Data Central PAGE 3 The Associated Press, July 19, 1985 white roses. The government has distributed 900,000 copies of the anniversary speech. Two companies plan to release recordings of it and one of West Germany's best-selling writers, Johannes Mario Simmel, says he will weave passages from it into a play. Large crowds cheered Weizsagcker last month in the Netherlands, where memories of the harsh Nazi occupation remain vivid. Weizsaecker, a Christian Democrat, served as mayor of West Berlin and began a five-year term in the largely ceremonial presidency on July 1, 1984. He kept a relatively low profile until the May 8 address to Parliament. As the lawmakers listened quietly, he went through the long list of Nazi victims Jews, Communists, Christians, trade unionists, gypsies, homosexuals, resistance fighters, the mentally ill. "There was the attempt by too many people not to take note of what was happening," he said. "Whoever opened his eyes and ears and sought information could not fail to notice that Jews were being deported. "There is no such thing as the guilt or innocence of an entire nation. Guilt is personal. Everyone who directly experienced that era should today quietly ask himself about his involvement then." Weizsaecker, 65, said most of today's West Germans are too young to have been involved in Nazi crimes and cannot be expected to wear a "penitential robe" just because of their nationality. He added, however, that "the young and old generations must and can help each other to understand why it is vital to keep alive the memories." Germans themselves were to blame for the misery and division they faced at the end of World War II because they started it, the president told Parliament. Weizsaecker is a baron, born in Stuttgart. His father, Ernst von Weizsaecker, was one of Hitler's top diplomats and spent 18 months in prison after his conviction at Nuremberg. Nearly 40 years after helping defend his father, Richard von Weizsaecker appears to have become West Germany's most-liked politician. On July 7, the Emnid Polling Institute said he was the choice of 40 percent of 1,000 people surveyed at random. His Parliament speech earned compliments even among the opposition Social Democrats and Greens. "We know why we elected this man," Social Democrat Karsten Voigt said. "He has served the entire nation with his address." Weizsaecker says he likes his job, and brushes aside comments that he would make a good successor to Helmut Kohl, the fellow Christian Democrat who is West Germany's chancellor. LEXIS® NEXIS® LEXIS® NEXIS R Services of Mead Data Central PAGE 4 The Associated Press, July 19, 1985 "I see it as my duty, within the framework of my office, to speak to us Germans and to the world about our responsibilities and our view of ourselves," he told the Hamburg newspaper Welt am Sonntag on June 30. LEXIS® ® NEXIS ® LEXIS® ® NEXIS ® Services of Mead Data Central PAGE 5 38TH STORY of Level 2 printed in FULL format. Copyright (c) 1985 Reuters Ltd. May 8, 1985, Wednesday, AM cycle SECTION: International News LENGTH: 593 words BYLINE: By Richard Williams DATELINE: BONN KEYWORD: DAY-HITLER BODY: West German President Richard von Weizsaecker said today the country's division after World War Two should be blamed on Hitler rather than the victorious Allies and he called the 40th anniversary of Nazi Germany's capitulation a day of liberation. In a major address to the West German parliament, von Weizsaecker said the origins of the expulsion of Germans from Eastern Europe after the war did not lie in the end of World War Two. "They lie in the beginning of the regime, which led to war. We cannot separate May 8, 1945 from January 30, 1933 (the date Hitler came to power). "The division of Europe was confirmed by postwar developments It would not have happened but for the war that Hitler began." Von Weizsaeker, himself a war veteran, called May 8, 1945, a day of liberation. "May 8 was a day of liberation. It freed us from National Socialism's reign of terror, with its utter contempt for human life." Von Weizsaecker, 65, said that May 8 was not a day for celebration but rather one of remembrance for all who had died in the war and the Holocaust. "We remember especially the six million Jews, who were murdered in German concentration camps. We remember all peoples who perished in the war, above all the countless number of Russians and Poles who lost their lives The Sinti and Romanies, the homosexuals, the mentally ill, those who died for their religious or political convictions," he said. Political commentators said it was unusual for a West German politician to refer in such a forthright manner to those Russians zho died in World War Two. "The genocide of the Jews is without parallel in history," he said. Von Weizsacker said that while a few had carried out the actual extermination of the Jews, many Germans were conscious of the sufferings of their fellow citizens. LEXIS® ® NEXIS® LEXIS® NEXIS® ® Services of Mead Data Central PAGE 6 (c) 1985 Reuters Ltd., May 8, 1985 "Whoever opened eyes and ears, who wanted to find out what was going on, could not but see the trains full of deportees," he said. "Human imagination could not grasp the scale and the manner of this extermination. But in reality, not only the perpetrators but all of us -- even my generation which was too young to be involved in the planning and execution of this crime ------ tried not to recognize what was happening." The President also reminded his audience of those Germans who had resisted Hitler and in a rare reference commemorated German Communists who had opposed Hitler. Von Weizsaecker told the assembled deputies that there was neither collective guilt, nor innocence for the crimes of the Nazi regime. Addressing the younger generation, the President said: "No sensible human being expects the Germans to wear hairshirts, merely because they are Germans. "But those who preceeded them have left them a heavy legacy. We all, whether guilty or not, whether young or old, must accept our past." Von Weiszaecker said that 40 years after the capitulation, Gemans still formed one nation and one people even though they now lived in two states. "We feel that we belong together, because we have lived through the same history. On May 8, 1945 we suffered the fate of our people together," he told the assembled deputies. "We are confident that May 8, 1945 will not be the last day in our history that had a common meaning for all Germans." Von Weizsaecker's speech was the only major official commemoration of the capitulation of Nazi Germany, although Chancellor Helmut Kohl will attend an ecumenical service later today in Cologne cathedral, the only major building left standing in that city at the end of the war. LEXIS® NEXIS® ® LEXIS® NEXIS THE WHITE HOUSE WASHINGTON Ulrich Nitschke Adenauer 11 am emit 298-4230 - Ceremony of von Unity you Weisacker area TUO UOY JIHW Amb. Runfus 2 hrs. Chair Bundestug Ger Reception Mayor Berlin enong notenetx3 redmun ebo0 sen/A CAN озиончат 298-4000/ Oct 4 JAD JIW UOY 338 DT CALLUB 10 am тизани RUO Reichstag 338,OT BTHAW 1st joint plenary session Konrad Adenauer Foundation- Kohl E.Ger? Was 296-9137 Mr. Pordzik Oct 2-3 Volks Fest Mona Overturf 296-9137 ISO-ES Berlin ФУЗИЗЮРАЗ GA9MA midnight fireworks bells, flass Klans Brandes Asst to Amb. Rubfus 24 Sep. '90 13:10 8531 USCOB PAO Berlin TEL 332 7608 B.1 111.5 PUBLIC AFFAIRS OFFICE UNITED STATES COMMAND, BERLIN TELEFAX # ETS - 332 - 7608 APO 09742 170 Clayallee, 1000 Berlin 33 CIVILIAN -49-030- 819 - 7608 Telephone 819-6815/6838 Telex 183898 TO: White House Speech Writing Staff FROM: USCOB PUBLIC AFFAIRS ATTENTION: Ms. Peggy Dooley NO. OF PAGES: (WITHOUT COVER SHEET) 0 NOTES: Ms. Dooley, I have researched the question you called about on Friday about the ringing of bells at midnight on 2 October. This became an issue in this weekend's press with the local churches saying that their church bells should be rung only in the event of peace and not because of German unification. The political section of the U.S. Mission recommends against any reference to bells tolling at midnight on 2 October. If we can be of further assistance, please feel free to call--LTC Norton Ref m1627 R43 1985 NATIONAL ANTHEMS WH of the WORLD Sixth Edition Edited by W.L. REED and M.J. BRISTOW 11 BLANDFORD PRESS POOLE NEW YORK SYDNEY 185 GERMANY Federal Republic Words by Music by AUGUST HEINRICH HOFFMAN von FALLERSLEBEN FRANZ JOSEPH HAYDN (1798-1874) (1732-1809) Maestoso Ein - ig - heit und Recht und Frei - heit für das deut - sche Va - ter - land ! Da - nach lasst uns al - le mf stre - ben brü - der - lich mit Herz und Hand ! Ein - ig - mf Authorised as National Anthem on 11 August, 1922 when the first verse of von Fallersleben's poem was sung. In 1950 the Federal Republic adopted the third verse instead as the official words. 186 cresc. W G - keit und Recht und Frei-heit sind des Glück es Un - ter cresc. - -pfand Blüh im Glan - ze die ses ff Glück es blü - he deut - sches Vₐ - ter - land ! Free Translation Unity and right and freedom For the German fatherland; Let us all pursue the purpose Brotherly, with heart and hands. Unity and right and freedom Are the pawns of happiness. Bis } Flourish in this blessing's glory, Flourish, German fatherland! THE WHITE HOUSE WASHINGTON September 21, 1990 MEMORANDUM FOR THE PRESIDENT THROUGH: CHRISS WINSTON FROM: DAN MCGROARTY mor SUBJECT: VIDEO MESSAGE ON GERMAN UNIFICATION I. SUMMARY A video message from you to the German people -- celebrating the unification of their nation -- will be broadcast on German television on either October 2 or 3. A taping session is tentatively scheduled for 2:30 p.m. on Monday, September 24. II. DISCUSSION The remarks (5 minutes) emphasize what a joyful occasion this is for the German people, and for the new world that German unification symbolizes. ### McGroarty/Dooley September 21, 1990 6:00 pm [GERMANY] PRESIDENTIAL REMARKS: VIDEO REMARKS ON GERMAN UNIFICATION THE WHITE HOUSE SEPTEMBER 24, 1990 2:30 PM It is with great pleasure that I address at this historic moment // the people of a united Germany. 11 In Berlin and Bonn -- from Leipzig in the east to the western towns along the Rhine -- people are celebrating the day that all of Germany has been waiting for -- for 45 long years. // For the world, those 45 years were a time of tension and turmoil. For your nation, fate was particularly cruel. For 45 years, at the heart of a divided continent stood a divided Germany. On the fault line of the East-West conflict -- one people split between two worlds. No more. / Today begins a new chapter in the history of your nation. 45 years of conflict and confrontation between East and West are now behind us. // At long last, the day has come: Germany is united, /// Germany is fully free. // The United States is proud to have built with you the foundations of freedom -- proud to have been a steady partner in the quest for one Germany, whole and free. // America is proud to count itself among the friends and allies of free Germany -- now, and in the future. 11 2 Our peoples are united by the common bonds of culture -- by a shared heritage and history. Never before have these common bonds been more evident than in this past year, as we worked in common cause toward the goal of German unity. Today, together, we share the fruits of our friendship. // In this past year, we've witnessed a world of change: for the United States, 11 for the united Germany -- for the Atlantic alliance of which we are a part. Even as Germany celebrates this new beginning, there is no doubt that the future holds new challenges -- new responsibilities. I am certain that our two nations will meet these challenges as we have in the past -- united by a common love of freedom. Together, building on the values we share, we will be partners in leadership. /// This day, so full of meaning for Germany -- is full of meaning for the world. 11 Meters away from the walls of the Reichstag -- scene of the first session of the newly-united German parliament -- stood the Berlin Wall: the stark and searing symbol of conflict and Cold War. // For years free men and women everywhere dreamed of the day the Berlin Wall would cease to exist -- when a world without the Wall would mean a Germany made whole once more. When Germany, united and sovereign, would contribute in full measure as a force for peace and stability in world affairs. / Today, the Wall lies in ruins -- and our eyes open on a new world of hope. // 3 Now Germany is once more united -- now the Wall no longer divides a nation and a world in two. // The last remnants of the Wall remain -- there at the heart of a free Berlin. A ragged monument in brick and barbed wire: Proof that no Wall is ever strong enough to strangle the human spirit -- that no Wall can ever crush a nation's soul. /// Today, the German nation enters a new era -- an era, in the words of your national anthem, of "unity and justice and freedom." // At this moment of celebration -- as we look forward with you to a future of hope and promise -- let me say, on behalf of all Americans: may God bless the people of Germany. # # # einigkeit, recht und freiheit 20 Sep. '90 17:09 8531 USCOB PAO Berlin TEL 332 7608 B. 1 BERON PUBLIC AFFAIRS OFFICE UNITED STATES COMMAND, BERLIN TELEFAX # ETS - 332 - 7608 APO 09742 170 Clayallee, 1000 Berlin 33 CIVILIAN 49-030-819-7608 Telephone 819-6815/6838 Telex 183898 TO: THE WHITE HOUSE FROM: USCOB PUBLIC AFFAIRS ATTENTION: PEGGY Dooley NO. OF PAGES: (WITHOUT CQVER SHEET) W NOTES: /. list of official a ctinities 4 Hendant to unification 2. tafo on Bulin wall 3. will 0 ther presidents a Hend Impication festivities? 20 Sep. '90 17:18 8531 USCOB PAO Berlin TEL 332 7608 B. 1 È UNITED STATES COMMAND, BERLIN PUBLIC AFFAIRS OFFICE APO 09742 170 Clayalise, 1000 Berlin 33 Telephone 8198158/6238 Telex 183598 20 SEP 90 Please pass to Peggy Dooley In answer to your request/questions: 1. The list of official activities attendant to German unification is pp. 3, 4 of this fax. 2. There are sections of the Berlin Wall still standing here and there; there is a plan to build a monument, but it is still being debated. An answer is NOT LIKELY before unification. There are one or two more pressing issues. 3. Will other presidents attend? According to State, No. They here. all regreted once President Bush announced he would not be If you need more information, be sure to call. Our fax no. is 49-30-819-7608. Russ Anderson, USCOB deputy PAO sends. B. 2 TEL 332 7608 20 Sep. '90 17:19 8531 USCOB PAO Berlin 3 Sep 27 1330 Closure Ceremony of Checkpoint Alpha and Bravo Sep 28 1800 Reception by the President of the Berlin Chamber of Industry and Commerce in honor of the three Allied Commandants 1100 Sep 29 1030 Hand over of Checkpoint Charlie to the German Historical Museum at the Reichstag 1100 Oct 1 8900 USCOB's Ceremony (in-activation) Oct 2 0930 The final Allied Kommandatura Meeting. (participants in this meeting are the three Allied Commandants, the three Allied Ministers and the Governing Mayor) 1100 Meeting of the three Allied Commandants with the President of the House of Representatives at the City Hall 1115 Meeting of three Allied Commandants with the Governing Mayor of Berlin at the City Hall 1130 Welcome-address by the President of the House of Representatives and the Governing Mayor of Berlin at the City Hall 1150 Speech by Major General Corbett on behalf of the three Allied Commandants 1200 Ringing of the Freedom Bell 1205 Golden Book Ceremony for the three Allied Commandants hosted by the Governing Mayor of Berlin and the President of the House of Representatives 1210 Speech by Major General Haddock 1300 Reception at the City Hall 1315 Lunch in honor of the Allied Commandants hosted by the Progident of the House of Representatives and the Governing Mayor of Berlin 1500 Ceremony at the Philharmonie in honor of the three Allied Commandants hosted by the President of the House of Representatives (600 Allied soldiers will be present) Ceremony will be followed by a reception 1630 at the end of the Ceremony plaquetts and certificates will be handed over (no details fixed at the moment) Extended Page 2.1 3 20 Sep. '90 17:20 8531 USCOB PAO Berlin TEL 332 7608 B. 3 4 Oct 2 (cont'd) Reception on the occasion of the Closure of the Permanent Representation of the FRG to the GDR hosted by the Head of the Permanent Representation of the FRG to the GDR Oct 3 The first united meeting of the "Bundestag" at the Reichstag Extended Page 3.1 4 To THE WHITE HOUSE Date Time Koniod WASHINGTON WHILE YOU WERE OUT M Meredith Nancy Davis Adenauer afreedom unitytright for of Phone Rich Myers Area Code Number Extension TELEPHONED PLEASE CALL Erhard (Ludwig the fatheiland CALLED TO SEE YOU WILL CALL AGAIN WANTS TO SEE YOU URGENT [Brandt ?] RETURNED YOUR CALL Message turned cleveland around 79-89 70s - Clevelandlost jobs 895 cleveland gained new hist. W.Ger Honest New leadership 39 455 collective experience honesty, integrity Operator David Gress AMPAD EFFICIENCY® 23-023 CARBONLESS Einig Kiet Und Recht Freihiet Für das Deutches GV as mayor created Cleveland area. 1000s of new jobs in Vaterland as leaving office - total emp in Cleveland area All had reached an all-time high Berkenhof CPD - 344-4500 Mr. Carlson - natl. editor PD: Also -- for possible use on Cap Gains in Voinovich -- We used competitiveness argument in 1989 Chamber of Commerce speech, May 1: how U.S. cap gains compares to Japan, Germany, etc. 1) I'd like a copy of that speech, as delivered. 2) Can we check Pres. Docs. to see whether we've cited those comparative cap gains rates recently???? thanks, dan Jenny Kamper DOD Adjutant General's Office - Columbus (Worthington) Natt. Guard 614/ Rickenbacker A.F.B - Pub. Afrs (hith care) -state govt. (hith care) Columbus 614/492-3400 pducs Wright - Patterson A.F.B. 513/257-HT0 - Dayton env jobstecons 4248 Don Swan Steve George 614/297-2354 Dewine victime Oct. Crimes Sue Rader - Andy Futey (Columbus) Fu-tay most our major trading competitors have cap ga t.r. are 0 in Karea, Hang Kung, Tawan Sergapare - some of faslist growing economics in Pac Rim Jap 0 during moot of rhistorie rise even today - cptr only /or 2% W Her - O cgtr on corporate stock JX1428 G3A5 1935 United States Department of State 11 Documents on Germany 1944-1985 PROPERTY OF LIBRARY EXECUTIVE OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENT 494 DOCUMENTS ON GERMANY, 1944-1985 1957 will also contribute to a solution of the problem of restoring If conditions are created w] German national unity. of the German problem possil Moscow, October 22, 1956. form an all-German council C sentatives of both German S should be elected in both pa Basic Agreement Between France and the Federal Republic of Ger- their valid election procedure many Respecting the Status of the Saar, Signed at Luxembourg, an instrument for the reunif October 27, 1956 many on the lines of a confede formed of the two German St lic and the German Federal [Extracts of the more significant provisions are printed in Ameri- would carry out the functions can Foreign Policy: Current Documents, 1956, pp. 435-446.] federation and prepare meas form administration in Germa union, a coordination committ Address by First Secretary Ulbricht Proposing Confederation as a ized industry, a national bank Step Toward German Reunification, February 3, 1957 1 transport and communications tions between equal partners [Extracts] work out measures for free a Assembly. If a new situation is created in Western Germany by the defeat of the Adenauer-CDU 2 and the strengthening of the fighting spirit Communiqué Issued at the Co of the working class, an agreement between both German Govern- of State Dulles and Foreign ments, solemnly renouncing all use of force against each other, may become possible. A permanent committee could be formed of March 5, 1957 1 representatives of both German States to discuss measures for less- ening tensions within Germany and promoting cooperation. The Foreign Minister Heinrich 1 representatives of such a permanent committee could be elected by of Germany and Secretary of both parliaments or by a common, free, direct, and secret vote in cial talks which they have he accordance with the valid election procedure in the two States. rent visit to Washington. As a mountain of obstacles against reunification has been piled These talks covered a broad up by decisions passed by the Bonn Bundestag and NATO, the first mutual concern to both gover concern must be to remove these obstacles, that is, to create realis- for a full and frank exchange tic conditions for reunification. These include the withdrawal of voted to an assessment of the the West German Federal Republic from NATO and other military of recent developments in Ea alliances. It would be expedient if, as the next step in preparing The talks have served to emp reunification, a plebiscite could be held in Western Germany on of interest and the harmony this question. governments with regard to th The Foreign Minister and t. the reunification of Germany objective of the policies of the We support those sections of the Western German population ment that recent developmen which advocate the neutralization of Germany. We point out, how- emphasize the urgent necessi ever, that Germany's neutrality can only be assured by eliminating German reunification in the a the imperialist and militarist forces which advocate a policy of re- manent settlement in Europ venge and war. pressed the hope that the Sov it is in its own interest that lem. They noted that a study tion and its relationship to Et in Washington by experts o) 1 Siegler, The Reunification and Security of Germany, pp. 99-100. Mr. Ulbricht France and the Federal Rep had earlier made a similar proposal in an article published December 31, 1956; text ibid., pp. 98-99. 2 Elections for the West German Bundestag were scheduled for September 15. 1 Department of State press release White House News Summary Wednesday, September 19, 1990 -- 1 1:00 P.M. EDT/10:00 A.M. PDT NEWS UPDATE ECONOMY/GREENSPAN (UPI) -- Fed Chairman Greenspan said Wednesday the jump in oil prices after Iraq's invasion of Kuwait threatens to push the U.S. economy into recession, but he stopped short of saying an economic downturn has begun. In prepared testimony before the Joint Economic Committee of Congress, Greenspan also did not indicate whether the Fed is inclined to fight the ongoing economic slowdown by lowering interest rates. Whether the Fed "would seek higher, lower, or unchanged interest rates will depend on the specifics of the situation, which are shifting day by day," Greenspan said. One aspect of the interest-rate question is whether a budget deficit-reduction pact can be reached, he said If Congress and President Bush succeed in enacting a five-year plan to cut the budget deficit by $500 billion, Greenspan said, the Fed could be expected to reduce short-term interest rates. In turn, if the budget agreement is credible, long-term and enforceable, "I would expect long-term interest rates to decline," he said. (AP) -- Fed Chairman Greenspan issued a gloomy assessment of the U.S. economy today, saying the turmoil in the Persian Gulf had introduced "new and substantial risks" for the prospects of continued growth. With all of the economic uncertainty, Greenspan said the Bush administration and Congress should intensify their efforts to get a credible package to reduce the budget deficit "Just the enormous uncertainty about how and when the tensions in the Persian Gulf will be resolved undoubtedly is affecting the economy in a negative way,' Greenspan said. (Reuter) -- Fed Chairman Greenspan said Wednesday that while the Persian Gulf crisis is adding uncertainty and substantial risks to the U.S. economy, he does not foresee a recession as yet. But the central bank chief also said the trend in inflation has not improved and higher oil prices following Iraq's invasion of Kuwait reduce chances the inflation rate will drop soon "Judging from both hard data and more anecdotal reports, we are not -- least not yet -- witnessing a cumulative unwinding of economic activity," Greenspan said. CALIF. GOVERNORS RACE/ENVIRONMENT (Sacramento/UPI) -- The Sierra Club endorsed Dianne Feinstein Tuesday, revealing a split among environmental lobbyists over the race for governor. Sen. Wilson won the backing of two other influential conservation groups Friday [Friends of the River & California Trout PAC, both important players in California water controversies] The Sierra Club's announcement that it has endorsed Feinstein said it is based on her support of Proposition 128, the far-reaching environmental initiative on the November ballot, [called "Big Green" by its supporters] Spokesmen for the wilson campaign charged that the Sierra Club has abandoned its stance as a purely environmental lobby for a broader agenda that includes partisan issues. "People believe that the Sierra Club now has a partisan position, said Bill Livingstone, press secretary for Wilson "When you're really non-partisan your endorsement means one thing, said John Amodeo, an environmental adviser to Wilson. "When you're partisan, you lose credibility." -more- White House News Summary Wednesday, September 19, 1990 -- 2 CALIF. GOP/FEINSTEIN FINANCES (Los Angeles/UPI) -- The California Republican Party announced Tuesday that it intended to try to speed up its lawsuit against Dianne Feinstein and her husband, businessman Richard Blum. GOP spokesman Dan Schnur said party lawyers would be in a Los Angeles Superior Court Wednesday to force Feinstein to turn over documents relating to a $3 million loan to her campaign. The GOP contends the loan, which was based upon Feinstein's and her husband's assets, was bankrolled entirely by Blum in violation of state campaign financing laws. AIR EMBARGO/SECURITY COUNCIL (U.N./Reuter) -- The big five powers on the Security Council have agreed in principle on a resolution banning all air traffic to or from Iraq and occupied Kuwait unless the aircraft first landed outside those countries to permit inspection, diplomats said Wednesday. The draft resolution also calls on states to detain any ships of Iraqi registry which enters their ports and have been used in contravention of the stringent trade embargo imposed by the Security Council August 6. It also threatens to consider taking measures against states who are still trading with Iraq in violation of the embargo. IRAQ/INTELLIGENCE/KGB (Moscow/AP) -- The chairman of the KGB today offered to give the CIA intelligence about Iraq, where the Soviet government still has about 5,000 specialists. Vladimir Kryuchkov, in a rare interview with the AP board of directors and executives, said his agency had offered to cooperate in the past with the CIA but had always been rebuffed. "We haven't exchanged information with the CIA on that issue, but I am convinced that we could really tell each other something valuable,' he said, referring to Iraq. If the CIA was willing to cooperate, he said: "You can be sure that our reaction would be positive." GULF/SOVIET TRANSPORT (Moscow/Reuter) -- The Soviet Foreign Ministry denied Wednesday that Moscow had agreed to lend the U.S. a large ship to transport military equipment to the gulf. "It is not the case. Such a question was not discussed," spokesman Gerasimov told a news briefing Gerasimov also denied a Soviet television report that the Soviet Union had agreed to airlift Syrian troops to Saudi Arabia. "We did not have such a request," he said. GULF/NATO (Brussels/Nicholas Doughty, Reuter) -- NATO should keep an open mind about military involvement outside its area following the Persian Gulf crisis, the U.S. ambassador to the Western alliance said Wednesday. William Taft also said that recent measures taken by allies to support the U.S. military buildup in the Gulf would dampen criticism in Washington that they had not done enough Asked about the possibility of NATO military involvement in "out of area" crises like the one in the Gulf, he said: "I want to do all of the things that the alliance can do constructively. I don't, in theory, place any great limitations." -more- White House News Summary Wednesday, September 19, 1990 -- 3 ISRAEL/U.S. WEAPONS (Jerusalem/AP) -- The U.S. has agreed to supply Israel with advanced F-15 jet fighters and Patriot missile batteries and to increase American emergency stockpiles in the Jewish state, Israel TV has reported. The U.S. also was considering new Israeli requests for a special grant of $1 billion in military aid to cope with the cost of a protracted army alert during the gulf crisis, the television and state radio said Tuesday. IRAQ/KUWAITIS, PALESTINIANS (Brussels/Matthew Pearce, Reuter) -- Iraq is expelling Kuwaiti citizens from Kuwait and may be settling Palestinians in their places, according to reports received by the Belgian government. "We have learned that in Kuwait itself the Iraqis are doing everything possible to make Kuwaitis leave and that one of Saddam Hussein's ideas may be to bring Palestinians to Kuwait and settle them there," Foreign Minister Mark Eyskens told a news conference Wednesday. GULF/SOLDIER HURT (Dhahran, Saudi Arabia/Reuter) -- A soldier from the U.S. 82nd Airborne Division was slightly wounded when an artillery shell exploded during a live fire exercise in the Saudi desert, U.S. military officials said Wednesday The soldier was treated on the spot and was not expected to miss any training. GULF/TROOPS' MORALE/ENTERTAINMENT (Camp Lejeune/AP) -- Marine Corps Commandant Gen. Gray says it is "ludicrous" to send entertainers to visit American forces in Saudi Arabia and the Persian Gulf. The entertainment, organized by the USO, is inappropriate because it "detracts from the mission at hand," Gray told reporters Tuesday "We shouldn't be having any shows over there," Gray said. "Common sense will tell you" that such entertainment [comedians Steve Martin & Jay Leno] is inappropriate, he said. CHEMICAL WEAPONS/W. GERMANY (Bonn/UPI) -- The last of seven rail convoys of U.S. chemical munitions arrived Wednesday in the West German port of Nordenham, clearing the way for the final removal this week of all chemical weapons from West Germany, officials said. The entire U.S. military stocks of 400 tons of chemical weapons is to be shipped by Thursday morning from Nordenham to be incinerated on the Johnston Atoll in the Pacific Islands. DRUG WAR/MAYORS (W. Dale Nelson, AP) -- Money intended to help cities fight drugs is bogged down in state and federal bureaucracies and many local officials think they are losing the drug battle, the National Conference of Mayors said today. "The system, as currently designed, is not capable of doing what it was intended to do, " Mayor Robert Isaac of Colorado Springs, president of the mayors' group, told a news conference. "It is not capable of getting the federal anti-drug funds through the states to the cities where the drug war is the hottest." ### Berlin City govt throw party for Allied soldiers Allied Commandatura - last mtg 1 Oct. / 3(4) Mil. Commandants- de activated a Oct. / ? U.S. Mission of decide Walle Berlindurg, to leave ? Gate still Berlin parts, govt standing Anderson Affrs. 819-6816/ partstan Russ Dep pub. World all), the East German Ambassador to der. The organization serves both to an- ly some form of associate membership. Washington, Gerhard Herder, replied chor Bonn to the West and to subsume its The West's most immediate goal when asked if he saw a unified Germany, potential military might into a coopera- should be to encourage East Germany to "In my dreams, yes, but being a politician tive framework. In addition, the contin- follow the path of Hungary and Poland and standing with both my feet on the ued existence of NATO and the Warsaw toward a freer economy and a more open earth, I don't see a possibility in the fore- Pact provides a rationale for preserving political process. The outcome of such an seeable future." two separate German states even as they evolution need not be reunification. For Significant moves toward unification converge. Chancellor Helmut Kohl's offi- the time being, the comfort and security would be difficult without the concur- cial policy calls for solving "the German of all concerned could be served by having rence of the rest of Europe and, more for- Question" within the context of NATO and two German states exist side by side, mally, the consent of the former "occupy- European economic integration. The working in harmony the way West Ger- ing powers" (the U.S., Britain, France and Warsaw Pact and NATO also serve the mans now do with Austrians or, for that the Soviet Union), which technically still purpose of defusing the nationalist rival- matter, Canadians with Americans. must approve changes in the structure of ries that Europe has historically Eventually, the web of economic and cul- the two Germanys. Their support for the harbored. tural ties could justify a form of confeder- goal of a greater Germany will remain As the revolutionary changes in the ation in which people and goods could more rhetorical than real. Warsaw Pact continue, NATO's role will move freely between two states that retain Neither neighbor nor ally is sovereignty. As the concept of eager to see Germans achieve DENMARK national autonomy becomes through an outbreak of peace the blurred in a more unified Europe, dominance they were spectacu- NORTH SEA BALTIC SEA the question becomes more se- larly unable to win through two mantic than real. Secretary of world wars. There was some- State James Baker has begun thing moving about the unusual speaking of German "reconcilia- and spontaneous singing of the tion" rather than reunification. national anthem-the third POLAND Ultimately, the future of Ger- Berlin verse: "Unity and justice and many can be determined only by freedom/ For the German Fa- NETH. Germans themselves. Washing- therland the West Ger- EAST ton and Moscow will have a dif- man Bundestag when the an- GERMANY ferent opportunity as confronta- nouncement was made that the tion turns to cooperation between Wall was being opened. But it Eastern and Western Europe. BELG. Bonn was also a bit chilling to those for The superpowers will want to ne- whom the famous chords of the WEST CZECHOSLOVAKIA gotiate the speed and terms of former Deutschland über Alles their withdrawal in a manner are not so inspiring and for whom the dream of a united Ger- GERMANY that enhances the stability that is in everyone's common interest. man fatherland more closely re- FRANCE Bush and Gorbachev will sembles a nightmare begin to address these questions For some in the Atlantic Al- 0 100 at the Saltwater Summit. What liance, West Germany's urge to miles can two men in a boat do when unify eastward raises the specter AUSTRIA they put up their feet? Primari- of neutralism, a concern height- SWITZ. ly, they will have the chance to ened by the Gorbasms that oc- TIME Maps by Paul J. Pugliese assure each other that they both curred when the Soviet leader After World War II, Germany was split into four zones overseen by are eager to avoid crackdowns visited Bonn in June. For its part- the Allies. In 1949 the Federal Republic (West) and the in East bloc states. The Club ners in the twelve-member Euro- Democratic Republic (East) were created. Berlin, though deep Med casualness will provide the pean Community, especially inside East Germany, retained a major Western presence. perfect atmosphere to discuss France, the economic threat of a the beneficial roles that NATO united Germany is less worrisome than inevitably become less military and more and the Warsaw Pact could play during the possibility that Bonn will become pre- political. Far fewer troops will be needed, a time of exciting but potentially dan- occupied with pursuing its goals in Cen- and significant mutual demobilizations in gerous transition. tral Europe at the expense of strengthen- Europe will be possible if both sides agree. When Gorbachev began waxing elo- ing unity within the E.C. Already NATO's historic mission has quent about a "common European Eastern Europe also has cause for dis- changed: the threat of an invasion from home," he almost certainly did not an- comfort. West German leaders like to the east involves sputtering Trabants ticipate the scenario that would unfold speak of their nation's historic ties to the rather than Soviet tanks. as the renovators plunged into the task. region; to many Poles and Czechs and The European Community is also a But unlike his predecessors, he may un- Hungarians, that is as perverse as it is stabilizing influence because it is inte- derstand that the Soviet Union will be true. A side benefit of the cold war was grating Bonn's economy with that of its more secure with neighbors who tolerate that it alleviated, at least for a generation West European partners. "The events in free minds, free ideas, free speech, free or two, the fears that have existed ever Eastern Europe demand, that there be an markets and free movement. If handled since the Teutonic Knights roamed East- acceleration in the construction of the properly, the revolution unfolding in one ern Europe in the 13th century, taking on E.C.," says Jacques Delors, the former country after another opens up opportu- the Balts and the Slavs. French Finance Minister who now heads nities, unimaginable just a year ago, to The U.S. and its NATO allies can play the European Commission. The E.C. can create not just a new Europe but a an important role in encouraging closer help anchor the changes in Eastern new and far less menacing world ties between the two Germanys while Europe by granting economic assist- order. -Reported by James O. Jackson/Bonn avoiding the instability this could engen- ance, trade concessions and eventual- and Christopher Ogden/Washington TIME, NOVEMBER 20, 1989 41 Peter Wyden, Wall, Ridgefield, CT Norman Gelb, The Berlin Wall ERIC BOUVET-GAMMA LIAISON After East German equipment cracks open a new hole, a souvenir seeker grabs some relics thousands who had gathered on both added, along with Poland and Hungary, to sides of the Wall let out a roar and started the list of East European states that are try- going through it, as well as up and over. ing to abandon orthodox Communism for West Berliners pulled East Berliners to some as-yet-nebulous form of social democ- the top of the barrier along which in years racy. The next to be engulfed by the tides of past many an East German had been shot change appears to be Bulgaria; Todor Zhiv- while trying to escape; at times the Wall kov, 78, its longtime, hard-line boss, unex- almost disappeared beneath waves of hu- pectedly resigned at week's end. Outlining manity. They tooted trumpets the urgent need for "restructur- and danced on the top. They ing," his successor, Petar Mla- brought out hammers and chi- We have less denov, said, "This implies com- sels and whacked away at the plex and far from foreseeable hated symbol of imprison- reason than ever processes. But there is no alter- ment, knocking loose chunks to be resigned to native." In all of what used to STEPHEN FERRY-GAMMA LIAISON of concrete and waving them the long-term be called the Soviet bloc, Zhiv- triumphantly before televi- division of kov's departure leaves in power sion cameras. They spilled out Germany into only Nicolae Ceausescu in Ru- Act of spontaneous, creative destruction: near the into the streets of West Berlin two states. mania and Milos Jakes in for a champagne-spraying, -West German Czechoslovakia, both old-style close to spinning out of control. Consid- horn-honking bash that con- Chancellor Communist dictators. Their cred a hard-liner, Krenz succeeded the tinued well past dawn, into Helmut Kohl fate? Who knows? Only a few dour Erich Honecker as party chief only the following day and then weeks ago, East Germany three weeks ago, and eleven days after a another dawn. As the daily seemed one of the most stolidly state visit by Mikhail Gorbachev. Ever BZ would headline: BERLIN IS Stalinist of all Moscow's allies since, Krenz has had to scramble to find BERLIN AGAIN. and the one least likely to undergo swift, concessions that might quiet public tur- Nor was the Wall the only thing to come dramatic change. moil and enable him to hang on to at least tumbling down. Many who served the re- The collapse of the old regimes and a remnant of power. He has been spurred gime that had built the barrier dropped the astonishing changes under way in the by a series of mass protests-one demon- from power last week. Both East Germany's Soviet Union open prospects for a Europe stration in Leipzig drew some 500,000 Cabinet and the Communist Party Politbu- of cooperation in which the Iron Curtain East Germans-demanding democracy ro resigned en masse, to be replaced by bod- disappears, people and goods move freely and freedoms small and large, and by a ies in which reformers mingled with hard- across frontiers, NATO and the Warsaw fresh wave of flight to the West by many liners. And that, supposedly, was only the Pact evolve from military powerhouses of East Germany's most productive citi- start. On the same day that East Germany into merely formal alliances, and the zens. So far this year, some 225,000 East threw open its borders, Egon Krenz, 52, threat of war steadily fades. They also Germans out of a population of 16 million President and party leader, promised "free, raise the question of German reunifica- have voted with their feet, pouring into general, democratic and secret elections," tion, an issue for which politicians in the West Germany through Hungary and though there was no official word as to West or, for that matter, Moscow have yet Czechoslovakia at rates that last week when. Could the Socialist Unity Party, as to formulate strategies. Finally, should reached 300 an hour. Most are between the Communists call themselves in East protest get out of hand, there is the risk of the ages of 20 and 40, and their departure Germany, lose in such balloting? "Theoreti- dissolution into chaos, sooner or later ne- has left behind a worsening labor short- cally," replied Günter Schabowski, the East cessitating a crackdown and, possibly, a age. Last week East German soldiers had Berlin party boss and a Politburo member. painful turn back to authoritarianism. to be pressed into civilian duty to keep Thus East Germany probably can be In East Germany the situation came trams, trains and buses running. 26 TIME, NOVEMBER 20, 1989 414 415 West Berlin Quedlinburgers Spread Alexander Marx Engels Schlos Depark? Riter was 12 DE 11 RY Wagner- THE (ypt) - OHO Suhr 5 Unter END den Linden Bach 3 Grosser Str. des Juni HAW Stralauerstr Stern 4 Str des 17 Juni PI der Kaiser Friedrichstr Ernst Tiergarten Akademie Kaiserdamm Bismarckstr Reuter liergarten Lordamer 2 BERLIN WALL 7 Kantstr antst Budapes T 1 XT Lutzowstr -Ritterst Kurfürstendamm Olivaer 14 Kurfurstendamm in Bulowstr Gitschinerst Düsseldo Nachodst Hohenstautens Mockernstr Urban / prckstr Bundesallee Sneisenaust erwaldstr. Uhlandstr Grunewal reuzbergstr Monumentenstr Berliner Berlinerstr Victoria: adenschestr Park Volkspark Kolonnenstr Dudenstr VE Columbiadamm Hasenheide, Volkspark 13 Bundesc BUS Ägyptisches Kaiser Wilhelm Museum, 11 Gedächtniskirche, 1 Brandenburger Tor, 6 Kreuzberg, 8 Checkpoint Charlie, 7 Rathaus Englischer Garten, 3 Schöneberg, 9 Gemädegalerie, 13 Schloss Charlottenburg, 10 Gipsformerei, 12 Siegessäule (Victory Grunewald, 14 Column), 4 Soviet Victory, 5 Zoologischer Garten, 2 AE5 E5 1982 WH The New Encyclopædia Britannica in 30 Volumes MACROP/EDIA Volume 2 Knowledge in Depth FOUNDED 1768 15 TH EDITION Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. William Benton, Publisher, 1943-1973 Helen Hemingway Benton, Publisher, 1973-1974 - Chicago/Geneva/London/Manila/Paris/Rome Seoul/Sydney/Tokyo/Toronto 1 West Berlin. Sub- couples in their family planning paid close attention to d by World War II schooling, housing, and job opportunities. The high pro- systems in Europe, portion of elderly persons contributed to such social net stretching 46.6 problems, aggravated by loneliness, as suicide and drunk- between East and creased the total to enness. Housing. Emphasis on new construction in both parts 4.9 miles. of Berlin has been in housing and office buildings. Each nt role from 1945, side has built clusters of new high-rise apartment districts, eased in importance with the Gropiusstadt of the West the most ambitious. f provides a midcity Named after its designer, Berlin-born architect Walter : site of early rocket Gropius (1883-1969); it houses 50,000 people in 17,000 xiliary field for large apartments, the tallest building rising 31 floors. A sub- accommodates the way line and Autobahn have been so planned to permit extension beyond the nearby wall boundary to East Ber- Great Britain, and lin's Schönefeld airfield lying in view beyond. City plan- lors to the West. The ners in East and West continue to consider eventual re- chönefeld mostly for union so that new streets will fit and new buildings will S, however, each half mesh within a single concept. air traffic program Architectural features. An effort to blend the new with n's natural east-west the traditional is evident. In West Berlin, the 1957 ross Europe in every Congress Hall (Kongress Halle; called "the pregnant oyster" by Berliners, because of its shape) and the re- stored Reichstag building, rebuilt at a cost of 100,000,000 Lenin-Allee, two main avenues in East Berlin. Alexander Platz, meeting point of Karl-Marx-Allee and pressway) in Berlin is Deutsche Marks, are examples of this trend; also signifi- Siegfried Sammer-Bavaria Verlag vay net developed be- ermany. West Berlin cant are the 1963 Philharmonic Concert Hall (Philhar- monie) and a new National Gallery of modern art (Na- roads refashioned of Alexander Platz. This square, once 1 northern and south- ast Berlin's main traf- tionalgalerie), the last creation of the architect Ludwig a postwar it housing project where the revolt of 1953 Greater Berlin, leads to the 1952 Stalin-Allee, a cross- liner Ring, a circle of Mies van der Rohe (1886-1969), who first worked in Berlin before World War I. This western complex also The gan; was renamed Karl-Marx-Allee after Stalin's be- the city, putting Berlin includes the Victory Column (Siegessäule) from the wars Berlin's 40-floor City of Berlin Hotel on Alexander Platz death. is cities virtually equal of 1864-70, Schloss Bellevue (castle), new hotels, and a division into four OC- 20-story glass and steel Europa Centre near the new Unter den Linden also combines old and tallest business or residential building. buildings of the Kaiser Wilhelm-Gedächtniskirche (Me- ing modern hotels and shops along with the new, featur- opolitan districts the stern ones, while the morial Church), whose original blackened main tower sity, Old Library, Kaiser Wilhelm Palace and State Opera, Palace, Prinzessinnenpalais (Princess Palace), Crown Prince Zeughaus (Armoury), Neue Wache (New Watch), restored ir, and the French two has been left as a war memorial. ne Greater Berlin uni- East Berlin also has its own new symbol and church in Building the inistration in 1920, an war memorial. Berlin's oldest building, the Nikolai- es (878 square kilome- Kirche, dating from around 1200, was gutted by bomb- abreast Gate regained its sculptured chariot with four Branden- burg renamed after its founder, Humboldt. The Univer- ing, and its red brick walls were left standing as a re- At the in 1959, re-created after a model in West horses West Berlin comprises netres) and East Berlin minder. The central East Berlin area, however, is domi- nated by the Communist regime's first great postwar not been the Berlin Cathedral (Berliner Dom), which blackened mass of head of the boulevard lies the great Berlin. metres), a total of 341 prestige project, a 1,170-foot (357-metre) television s). island the Marienkirche, and also the so-called remaining church, rebuilt. Nearby stands Berlin's oldest has 1970 was over 2,000,- tower. It commands the Berlin landscape and has a re- volving restaurant at the 800-foot level. Because it had National with the Old (Altes) and New (Neues) museum 1,000,000. Some 800,- d close relatives in the to be erected on Berlin's sandy soil, the tower represents mon, the containing, among other treasures from Mu- seum, Gallery (National-Galerie) and Pergamon museums, increase from 2,800,- an engineering feat and is seen by East Germans as a once altar of Zeus. In the area where the royal Perga- of World War II still symbol of their capital. from more than 4,300,- The tower, completed in 1969, stands adjacent to a dern buildings and the Berlin Funk-Ullstein lic St. Hedwig's Cathedral, Berlin's first Roman the re- built ministry, State Council Building, and city hall, a foreign stood are grouped the traditional red brick palace S made Greater Berlin, Unter church to be put up after the Reformation. Catho- ch half, retain its posi- nywhere. It also retains centres Square, once one of the finest architectural renamed Academy den Linden is the old Gendarme Market, South of n in Berlin, where restoration has begun ri population centre, once 20 largest cities in the cathedrals and the of the twin S as the centre of Ger- seat of Prussian and State Reich Theatre. th ine, and industrial enter- gone. On one side lies the govern- W tation. Potsdamer Platz: or by a grassy mound, wall, Hitler's ta ter Berlin is illustrated ministry of Joseph Goebbels still stands, propaganda on the other, the Nazi and the empty pr cr tion. As the city moved Chancellery use. The marble from Hitler's taken over for D century, one-fifth of its was used by the Russians for nearby their Reich war en old. Although the fore- the ned fixed at about 40,000 lov indicated a drop of from a THE extent, traditional services. Eco- social Be 78. If so, West Berlin's These have been revived throughout Greater economic activ- Ju 2,000,000 by 1980. In gra d from a low rate of 8.6 1 the high of 55.5 deaths centre, A cars, in both East and West, production china, and is steelworks, breweries, a principal Berlin. and rail in- We tior 1945. At the beginning of pra compared with a death Berlin registered 3.1 less a STATE a vital developed war. West and Berlin each has is a fashion tion Berlin have formed Berlin have formed a a substantial industry. Bicycles from the 1, while West Berlin had He out its death losses with through by and and chief from market farther for east. wheat, Berlin This rye, continues and cereals element to be from a of central near- war is av Ger est German workers per lin, 1 ad a backlog of workers Each side began employ- East hinterland. Berlin, since West trade Berlin is channelled is isolated largely from as a Berli gure in West Berlin rising and West, more than two The new memorial church built next to the ruined Kaiser cheaper Berlin basic authorities elements in try the to cost maintain of living, morale particularly through trodi Wilhelm Memorial Church, West Berlin. Ber ily unusual, since young educ: 348 East Berlin 349 East Berlin Walk north on Unter den Linden, the elegant central thorough- 5 fare of old Berlin, to the State Opera, the great opera house of Berlin, now with an entirely new interior. Next door is the for- mer crown prince's palace, the Palais Unter den Linden, now restored and used to house official government visitors. Look back down toward the western sector and you'll see, just 6 inside the wall, the monumental Brandenburger Tor (Branden- Invaliden Str burg Gate), its chariot-and-horses sculpture now turned to face the east. Cross Unter den Linden and look into the courtyard of 7 Friedrichstr. Humboldt University: It was built as a palace for the brother of SII Friedrich II of Prussia but became a university in 1810, and to- Pieck' day is the largest in East Germany. Marx and Engels were its Linien.Sire Gips Str R: Luxemburg two most famous students. Next door, housed in a one-time ar- 8 senal (1695-1705) is the Museum für Deutsche Geschichte August (Museum of German History), which traces events from 1789 to Matern Str ranienburger* the present-with a pronounced Marxist bias. Unter den Lin- den 2. Open Mon.-Thurs. 9-7, weekends 10-5. Reinh Monbijou 17 Turning left along the Spree canal will bring you to East Ber- Friedrichst 12 damm Alexanderpl lin's museum complex, at the northern end of what is known as Station 11 Museumsinsel (Museum Island). The first of the Big Four that Moltkestr. 10 Schiffbauer 15 16 9 you'll encounter is the Altes Museum (entrance on Lustgarten), der 9 13 an austere neoclassical building just to the north of Marx- Republik Zetkin Mittel'Str. 14 Engels-Platz. The collections here include postwar art from 18 8 Marx 7 some of East Germany's most prominent artists, and numerous Engels Unter den Linden 5 19 etchings and drawings from the Old Masters. Next comes the Str des 6 Babelp 10 Nationalgalerie, on Bodestrasse, which features 19th and 20th- 75Juni Behrenst 11 4 century painting and sculpture. The Pergamon Museum on Am Französischer Str River 3 Spree Kupfergraben, is one of Europe's greatest. Its name derives from the museum's principal exhibit and the city's number-one Ebert Str Joh:-Dieckmann 20 Mohrenstr attraction, the Pergamon Altar, a monumental Greek temple 2 dating from 180 BC that occupies an entire city block. Almost as Leipziger Str. impressive is the Babylonian Processional Way. The Pergamon Leipziger Str Krausen Str Museum also houses vast Egyptian, early-Christian, and Byz- antine collections, plus a fine array of sculpture from the 12th 12 to the 18th centuries. To the north is the Bodemuseum (also on 1 Am Kupfergraben, but with its entrance on Monbijoubrücke), BERLIN WALL Koch Str with an outstanding collection of early-Christian-Byzantine Kothener Str and Egyptian art, as well as special exhibits of Italian Old Mas- Anhalier Str ters. Museum complex open Wed., Thurs., weekends 9-6, Fri. 10-6; closed Mon. and Tues. (except Pergamon Museum, whose Pergamon Altar and architectural rooms remain open 9-6). km From the museum complex, follow the Spree canal south to 13 Unter den Linden and the vast and impressive Berlin cathedral. The hideous modern building across the way is the Palast der Altes Museum, 9 Humboldt Pergamon Museum, 11 Republik (Palace of the Republic), a postwar monument to so- Berlin Cathedral, 13 7 Rathaus, 18 cialist progress, also housing restaurants, a theater, and a Bodemuseum, 12 Marienkirche, 15 Schauspielhaus, 2 dance hall. Brandenburger Tor, 6 Märkisches St. Hedwigs Museum, 20 Centrum department Kathedrale, 4 Museum für Deutsche Time Out The cafeteria-style Quick restaurant in the Palast Hotel, al- store, 17 State Opera, 5 Geschichte, 8 though mobbed at noon, is a good spot for lunch or a snack Checkpoint Charlie, 1 TV Tower, 16 Nationalgalerie, 10 (entrance on Karl-Liebknecht-Strasse). Huguenot Museum, 3 Nikolaikirche, 19 Palast der Cross the street for a closer look at the 13th-century Republik, 14 15 Marienkirche (Church of St. Mary), especially noting its late- Gothic Dance of Death fresco. You are now at the lower end of Alexanderplatz, easy to find from any part of the city: Just 16 head in the direction of the massive TV tower, an East Berlin 17 landmark. A focal point for shopping is the Centrum depart- East Germany 350 East Berlin 351 ment store, alongside the Hotel Stadt Berlin, at the very top of piano music in the evening. Schiffbauerdamm 5, tel. 02/282- the plaza. 9540. Reservations essential. No credit cards. Closed Mon. lunch. 18 The area adjacent to the Rathaus (City Hall)-itself somewhat of a marvel for its red-brick design and the frieze depicting Expensive Schwalbennest. This is a fairly new restaurant on the edge of scenes from the city's history-has been handsomely rebuilt. the Nikolai quarter, overlooking the Marx-Engels-Forum. 19 Nikolaikirche (on Spandauerstrasse), dating from about 1200, Both food and service are outstanding; the choice is wide for is Berlin's oldest building. It was heavily damaged in the war, both main dishes and wines. The grilled meats are wonderful, but has been beautifully restored. The quarter surrounding but note that no additional price is indicated on the menu for the church is filled with delightful shops, cafés, and restau- the flambéed dishes-ask about this, or you could be in for a rants. Wander back down Muhlendamm into the area around surprise when the bill arrives! Am Marstall, Rathausstr. at the Breite Strasse-there are some lovely old buildings here- Marx-Engels-Forum, tel. 02/212-4569. Reservations essen- and on over to the Fischerinsel area. The throbbing heart of Old tial, even for lunch. AE, DC, MC, V. Berlin of 750 years ago, Fischerinsel retains a tangible med- Moderate Moskau. Some may mutter that Moskau is overpriced for what ieval flavor. it offers-superb Soviet dishes like chicken Kiev, and real Rus- Time Out The Alt-Cöllner Schankstuben, overlooking the Spree canal sian vodka-but it has nevertheless been voted top choice (Friedrichsgracht 50), is as charming and friendly a café as among Berliners for several years running. However, it is less you'll find in East Berlin. On a sunny day, enjoy a glass of beer centrally located and offers considerably less in the way of at- mosphere than many other city eateries. Karl-Marx-Allee 34, at an outdoor table. tel. 02/279-4052. Reservations advised. No credit cards. 20 Nearby is the Märkisches Museum (Museum of Cultural Histo- Ratskeller. This is actually two restaurants in one-a wine and a beer cellar, both vast, atmospheric, and extremely popular. ry), which has an amusing section devoted to automaphones- Menus are limited, but offer good, solid Berlin fare. The beer "self-playing" musical instruments. Am Kollnischen Park 5. cellar is guaranteed to be packed at main dining hours, and at- Open Wed. and Sun. 9-6, Thurs. and Sat. 9-5, Fri. 9-4. tempts at reservations may be ignored (locals simply line up and wait). Rathausstr. 14, in basement of the City Hall, tel. 02/ Shopping 212-4464. Reservations advisable, though not always possible. No credit cards. Shopping Districts Good shops in Berlin are found along the Friedrichstrasse, Unter den Linden, and around Alexanderplatz. Shops run by Wernesgrüner Bierstube. Wernesgrüner beer is considered one of the city's best, and this cozy, pine-paneled beer cellar serves other socialist countries along the north side of Alexanderplatz may have some interesting offerings. The Palast and Grand ho- plenty of it alongside heaping portions of Eisbein (knuckle of pork) and Schlachteplatte (a variety of grilled meats). Lunch- tels both contain small shopping malls. time brings a ban on smoking in the right-hand room. Karl- Department Stores For basic local goods, including souvenirs, try the Centrum de- Liebknecht-Str. 4, tel. 02/282-4268. Reservations advisable, partment store at the north end of Alexanderplatz. The especially at lunch. No credit cards. subsidized prices for some items make them very cheap, Inexpensive Alt-Côllner Schankstuben. A charming and genuine old Berlin though style is not a strong point. house is the setting for this conglomerate of no less than four tiny restaurants, all of which provide exceptionally friendly Dining service. Friedrichsgracht 50, 02/212-5972. No reservations. No credit cards. Most menus are translated into English. In general, the small- Zur letzten Instanz. Established in 1525, this place combines er the establishment, the more limited the choice. Unfor- the charming atmosphere of Old-World Berlin with a limited tunately, the custom of posting a menu outside seems to be dis- (but tasty) choice of dishes. Napoleon is said to have sat along- appearing, but no one will mind if you ask to see a menu before side the tiled stove in the front room. The emphasis here is on being seated-even if you then decide to go elsewhere. For de- beer, both in the recipes and in the mug. Service can be erratic, tails and price category definitions, see Dining in Staying in though engagingly friendly. Waisenstr. 14-16 tel. 02/212- East Germany. 5528. Reservations essential for both lunch and dinner. No Very Expensive Ermeler Haus. The wine restaurant in a series of upstairs credit cards. rooms reflects the elegance of this restored patrician house, which dates from 1567 (it was moved to its present location in Lodging 1969, however). The atmosphere is subdued, the wines are im- ported, and the service matches the excellent German All of the newer hotels in Berlin are in the Very Expensive cate- specialties. There's dancing on Saturday evening. Märkisches gory; if you prefer more modest and less expensive Ufer 10-12, tel. 02/279-4036. Reservations advisable. AE, DC, accommodations, you will have to argue for it. Travel officials MC, V. will encourage bookings in the fancier Interhotels and often tell Ganymed. Velvet draperies, oil paintings, and brass chande- you that the less expensive hotels are fully booked. If you name liers adorn this particularly attractive restaurant, whose a particular establishment and are patient, you may win out. choice of dishes ranges from cold plates to cordon bleu, with You cannot get into East Germany-other than on a 24-hour even a few Indonesian specialties thrown in. The front room has pass from West Berlin-without a hotel reservation, but East Germany 352 Dresden 353 should you find yourself needing a hotel room, check with the public rooms are not always restful. Albrechtstr. 8, tel. 02/282- Reisebüro der DDR at Alexanderplatz 5, tel. 02/212-4328, and 5396. 110 rooms, some with bath. Facilities: restaurant. No ask for the "Zimmervermittlung." credit cards. For details and price category definitions, see Lodging in Stay- Hospiz Auguststrasse. Another church-run hostel, this one with ing East Germany. comfortable rooms and a particularly friendly staff. It's about a Very Expensive Grand Hotel (Interhotel). Berlin's newest is also its most ex- 10-minute streetcar ride to the downtown sights. Only break- pensive. There's nothing of Eastern Europe here: Facilities fast is served. Auguststr. 82, tel. 02/282-5321. 70 rooms, some with bath. No credit cards. range from the plush atrium lobby, four restaurants, winter garden, beer stube, bars, and a concert café to a swimming The Arts pool, sauna, and squash courts. Friedrichstr. 158-164, corner Behrenstr., tel. 02/20920. 350 rooms with bath. Facilities: shop- ping arcade, hairdresser, theater ticket office, car and yacht The quality of opera and classical concerts in Berlin is impres- rental. AE, DC, MC, V. sively high. Tickets are available at the separate box offices, either in advance or an hour before the performance. Tickets Metropol (Interhotel). This is the businessperson's choice, not are also sold at the central tourist office of the Reisebüro der least for its excellent location opposite the Friedrichstrasse train station and the International Trade Center. The staff is DDR (Alexanderplatz 5), at the ticket offices in the Palast and particularly helpful and friendly. Best rooms are those in front, Grand hotels, or from your hotel service desk. Check the with a view toward the north. While none of the three restau- monthly publication Wohin in Berlin? rants is especially notable (except for price), the nightclub is Concerts Schauspielhaus, Platz der Akadamie, tel. 02/227-2156; Palast excellent. Friedrichstr. 150-153, tel. 02/22040. 320 rooms with der Republik, Marx-Engels-Platz, tel. 02/238-2354. bath. Facilities: pool, sauna, health club, shops; car, horse- drawn carriage, and yacht rental. AE, DC, MC, V. Opera and Ballet Deutsche Staatsoper, Unter den Linden 7, tel. 02/20540; Palast (Interhotel). This is another of Berlin's mega-facility ho- Komische Oper, Behrenstr. 55-57, tel. 02/220-2761; Metropol tels. Ask for a room overlooking the Spree river; those on Theater, Friedrichstr. 101, tel. 02/200-0651. Alexanderplatz can be noisy if you like your windows open. The shopping arcade includes an antiques gallery and the main cen- Entertainment and Nightlife tral theater ticket office. Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 5, tel. 02/2410. 600 rooms with bath. Facilities: 6 restaurants, 4 bars, beer The nightlife here is more modest than in West Berlin-but the stube, nightclub, pool, sauna, health club, bowling, car and prices are less extravagant, too. An evening of dancing, enter- yacht rental. AE, DC, MC, V. tainment, and wine at the Stadt Berlin hotel can cost as little as DM25 (payable in hard currency or with a credit card). Other Expensive Stadt Berlin (Interhotel). With its 40 stories (it's the city's larg- Interhotels offer dinner-dancing as well, but are more expen- est hotel), the Stadt Berlin, at the top end of Alexanderplatz, sive. Music in the hotels is generally live; clubs have discos with competes with the nearby TV tower for the title of City Land- DJs. For nightclubs with music and atmosphere, try one of the mark. The roof dining room, Panorama, features not only good following: Club Metropol in the Metropol Hotel; Panorama Bar food and service but stunning views as well; reservations are atop the Hotel Stadt Berlin; Hafenbar, Chauseestr. 20; essential. Alexanderplatz, tel. 02/2190. 975 rooms with bath. Haifishbar, Unter den Linden 5, in the Opern Café complex; Facilities: 4 restaurants, beer garden, 3 bars, sauna, shops. Sinusbar in the Palast Hotel. AE, DC, MC, V. Unter den Linden (Interhotel). The class may be missing, but the location couldn't be better. The restaurant is known for the Dresden best food on what was once Berlin's most elegant boulevard. Unter den Linden 14, corner Friedrichstr., tel. 02/220-0311. Arriving and Departing 307 rooms with bath. Facilities: souvenir shop. AE, DC, MC, V. By Plane Dresden Airport (tel. 051/589141) lies about 10 kilometers (6 Moderate Adria (H-O). This hotel tends to be fully booked well in ad- miles) north of the city. Buses are available into the downtown vance, attesting to its less expensive prices rather than to any area, leaving 45 minutes to an hour after each flight arrives; travel time is half an hour. Taxis are available as well. particular charm. Rooms in back are quieter, if you have any choice. Friedrichstr. 134, tel. 02/282-5451. 70 rooms with bath. By Train Dresden is easily reached by direct train connections with East Facilities: restaurant. No credit cards. Berlin; travel time is anywhere from 2½ to 3 hours. Newa (H-O). The Newa-an older hotel just a 10-minute street- car ride from downtown-is popular, but, as with the Adria, By Car Dresden is about 160 kilometers (100 miles) south of Berlin. Leave Berlin on the E22. Exit at Lübbenau for the E15, which this is mainly due to the price. Rooms in front can be noisy. Invalidenstr. 115, tel. 02/282-5461. 57 rooms, some with bath. leads directly to Dresden. No credit cards. Getting Around Inexpensive Hospiz am Bahnhof Friedrichstrasse. For reasons of both price and convenience, this Evangelical church-run hostel tends to Local public transport in the form of buses and streetcars is be heavily booked months in advance. It appeals to families, S0 both cheap and efficient. Taxis, too, are inexpensive, but the West Germany 410 West Berlin 411 straight back to your hotel. Three of the leading clubs on the lines alone have 116 stations. An all-night bus service (the Grosse Freiheit are the Colibri (No. 34, tel. 040/313233), the buses are marked by the letter N next to their number) is also Safari (no. 24, tel. 040/315400), and the Salambo (no. 11, tel. in operation. A ticket (DM 2.30 adults, DM 1.50 children) cov- 040/315622). ers travel on the entire system. A multiple ticket, valid for five A few tips for visiting the Reeperbahn: Avoid going alone; de- trips, costs DM 10.50 (DM 6.50 children), but the best deal for mand a price list whenever you drink, keep firm hold of it, and visitors is the 24-hour inner-city ticket, costing DM 8 (DM 5 pay as soon as you're served; if you have trouble, threaten to children). A two-day ticket costs DM 16 (DM 9.50 children) and call the cops. If that doesn't work-call the cops. a four-day ticket costs DM 32 (DM 19 children). A 24-hour tick- et covering the entire area of West Berlin (including lake West Berlin travel) costs DM 14.50 (DM 7.30 children). Information can be obtained from the office of the city transport authority, the Berliner Verkehrsbetriebe (BVG) at Hardenbergplatz, in front Arriving and Departing of the Bahnhof Zoo, or by calling 030/216-5088. By Taxi Taxi meters start at DM 3.40 and the fare is DM 1.58 per kilo- By Plane Because of West Berlin's unique position in the heart of the for- meter (DM 1.69 after midnight). Taxi drivers charge 50 pf for eign territory of the German Democratic Republic, the easiest each piece of heavy luggage carried. A drive along the way to arrive is by plane. Tegel Airport is centrally located, Kurfürstendamm will cost about DM 10. Taxis can be ordered only seven kilometers (four miles) from downtown. by telephone: Call 030/6902, 030/216-060, 030/261-026, or 030/ 240-202. Between the An airport bus, city line no. 9, runs at 10-minute intervals be- Airport and tween the airport and central Kurfürstendamm and Buda- Downtown pesterstrasse. The fare for the 40-minute trip is DM 2.20. The Important Addresses and Numbers taxi fare runs between DM 15 and DM 20. If you've rented a car at the airport, take the "Stadtautobahn" highway, which runs Tourist The main tourist office is at the Europa Center, Budapest- directly from the airport to the center. Information erstrasse, tel. 030/262-6031. It's open daily 7:30 AM-10:30 PM. There are other offices at the main hall of Tegel airport, tel. 030/ By Train A transit visa is required for train travel to West Berlin; this is 41012306, open daily 8 AM-11 PM; the Bahnhof Zoo, the main train obtained on the train. The train service is run by the East station, tel. 030/313-9063, open daily 8 AM-11 PM; and at the bor- German railways, called the Deutsche Reichsbahn, although der crossing point Dreilinden, tel. 030/803-9057, open daily 8 AM- half the rolling stock is West German. There are five rail cross- 11 PM. Accommodations can be reserved at all offices, which also ing points from West Germany into East Germany, and the issue a free English-language information brochure, Berlin West Berlin terminus for all lines is the Bahnhof Zoologischer Turns On. Pretravel information on Berlin can be obtained by Garten (the Bahnhof Zoo), the main train station. The Bahnhof writing to the Verkehrsamt Berlin, Europa Center, D-1000 Zoo connects directly with the U-Bahn (subway) and S-Bahn Berlin 30. (metropolitan railway) networks and the city bus system. For information or bookings in West Berlin, call the Deutsche Consulates U.S.: Clayallee 170, tel. 030/832-4087. Canada: Europa- Reichsbahn (030/313-3055 or 030/300-433). Center, tel. 030/261-1161. U.K.: Uhlandstrasse 7/8, tel. 030/ 309-5292. By Bus Long-distance bus services connect West Berlin with all West German cities and, through the Europabus network, with the Emergencies Police: tel. 030/110. Ambulance and emergency medical atten- rest of Europe. A transit visa is issued at the border; have your tion: tel. 030/310-031. Dentist: tel. 030/1141. Pharmacies: for passport ready. The city's bus station is at the corner of emergency pharmaceutical assistance, tel. 030/1141. Masurenallee and Messedamm. For information, call 030/ English Bookstores Marga Schoeller, Knesebeckstrasse 33, tel. 030/881-1112; 30882. Buchhandlung Kiepert, Hardenbergstrasse 4-5, tel. 030/311- By Car The officially designated transit roads between West Germany 0090. and West Berlin must be strictly followed by drivers, and stops Guided Tours can be made only at clearly marked parking areas and service stations. There are four road-crossing points, and the neces- sary transit visa is obtained at the border before the driver By Bus Bus tours of West and East Berlin are offered by a number of from the west is allowed through. Western motorists must also West Berlin operators, the chief of which are Severin & Kühn, produce a passport, driver's license, and car registration pa- Kurfürstendamm 216, Charlottenburg, tel. 030/883-1015; pers. Berliner Bären Stadtrundfahrt, Rankestrasse 35 (corner of Kurfürstendamm), tel. 030/213-4077; Reisebüro Berolina, Getting Around Kurfürstendamm 220, tel. 030/883-3131; and Bus Verkehr Ber- lin (BVB), Kurfürstendamm 225, tel. 030/882-2063 or 030/882- By Public West Berlin is surprisingly large, and only the center can com- 6847). A two-hour tour of West Berlin costs about DM 20 and a Transportation fortably be explored on foot. Fortunately, the city is blessed combined tour of West and East Berlin about DM 50 (plus a fee with excellent public transportation, a combination of U-Bahn of about DM 15 levied by the East Germans). There are also (subway) and S-Bahn (metropolitan train) lines, bus services, half-day tours to Potsdam and the SansSoucis palace, favorite and even a ferry across the Wannsee lake. The eight U-Bahn residence of Frederick the Great, now in East German territo- West Germany 412 West Berlin 413 ry. Lunch is included in the DM 99 cost of the tour. Passports Schloss, a small palace built for Frederick the Great's brother: and early booking are essential for tours to East Berlin and It is now the official West Berlin residence of the West German Potsdam. president. By Boat West Berlin is a city of waterways, and boat trips can be made The column in the center of a large traffic circle in the on the Spree and Havel rivers and on the city's canals. For de- 4 Tiergarten is the Siegessäule victory column, erected in 1873 to tails, contact the city tourist office at the Europa Center, commemorate four Prussian military campaigns against the Budapesterstrasse, tel. 030/262-6031. French. The granite and sandstone monument originally stood in front of the Reichstag (parliament), which was burned by Exploring West Berlin Hitler's men in 1933. Climb the 285 steps to its 65-meter (210- foot) summit and you'll be rewarded with a fine view of West Visiting West Berlin is a bittersweet experience, as SO many Berlin and, across the wall, East Berlin. Admission: 50 pf of the triumphs and tragedies of the past are tied up with the adults, 10 pf children. Open Tues.-Sun. 9-6, Mon. 1-6. bustling present. The result can be either dispiriting or exhilarating. And by European standards, Berlin isn't that old: The Berlin Wall, ugly as it is, exerts a magnetic pull on any visi- Cologne was more than 1,000 years old when Berlin was born tor to Berlin, so at the base of the Siegessäule, go east down the from the fusion of two tiny settlements on islands in the river wide Strasse des 17 Juni, named in memory of the day, in 1953, Spree. Although already a royal residence in the 15th century, when 50,000 East Germans staged an uprising that was put 5 Berlin really came into its own three centuries later, under the down by force. On the left, you'll pass the Soviet Victory monu- rule of King Friedrich II-Frederick the Great-whose liber- ment, a semicircular colonnade topped with a statue of a al reforms and artistic patronage led the way as the city Russian soldier and flanked by what are said to be the first So- developed into a major cultural capital. viet tanks to have fought their way into Berlin in 1945. This monument is an important Soviet toehold in West Berlin: Red The events of the 20th century would have crushed the spirit of Army troops are permitted to guard it and the guard is changed most other cities. Hitler destroyed the city's reputation for tol- every hour. (You can watch the goose-stepping ceremony from erance and plunged Berlin headlong into the war that led to a discreet distance.) wholesale destruction of monuments and houses. And after 0 World War II, Berlin was still to face the bitter division of the Ahead of you is Brandenburger Tor (Brandenburg Gate), built city and the construction of the infamous wall. in 1788 as a victory arch for triumphant Prussian armies. The horse-drawn chariot atop the arch was reerected after the war, Despite all this, West Berliners can revel and party as if there still facing west, although the great monument is now some were no tomorrow-or perhaps as if there had been no yester- way into East German territory. The wall is at its thickest day. The city has recovered much of the artistic energy and here, more than 1 meter (three feet) of tank-proof concrete. social whirl of better times. In its crowded bars, cafés, and Viewing platforms allow you to peer over the ugly mass into nightclubs and in the lake-studded parks and woodland, you East Berlin. can recall that this was once the capital of a free Europe. , The most famous crossing point, Checkpoint Charlie, is a half- Numbers in the margin correspond with points of interest on hour walk south then east along the wall. It's much easier to the West Berlin Map. save time and effort and go by taxi from Brandenburg Gate. At Bustling Kurfürstendamm, or Ku'damm as the Berliners call it, Checkpoint Charlie, there's a museum that tells the history of is one of Europe's greatest thoroughfares, throbbing with ac- the wall and describes (with exhibits and models) the ingenious 1 tivity day and night. At its eastern end is the Kaiser Wilhelm escapes that have been made since it was built in 1961. Check- Gedächtniskirche (Kaiser Wilhelm Memorial Church Tower). point Charlie Museum, Friedrichstr. 44, tel. 030/251-4569. This landmark has come to symbolize not only West Berlin, but Admission: free. Open daily 9-8. the futile destructiveness of war. The shell of the tower is all Find the nearby Kochstrasse U-Bahn station and go two that remains of the church that was built at the end of the 19th stops south on the U-6 line to Mehringdamm. Head for century and dedicated to the memory of Kaiser Wilhelm. Inside Kreuzbergstrasse. Just on the left is the 62-meter (200-foot) is a historical exhibition of the devastation of World War II. Ad- 8 Kreuzberg, West Berlin's highest natural hill. (There are high- mission: free. Open Tues.-Sat. 10-6, Sun. 11-6. er hills made of the rubble gathered from the bombed-out ruins 2 Cross Budapesterstrasse to enter the Zoologischer Garten, of the city when reconstruction began in 1945.) On the shel- Berlin's zoo. It has the world's largest variety of individual tered southern slopes of the Kreuzberg is a vineyard that types of fauna along with a fascinating aquarium. Admission: produces some of Germany's rarest wines: They are served only at official Berlin functions. DM 9 adults, DM 5 children. Open daily from 9 to dusk or 7 PM (whichever is later). Bordering Kreuzberg to the west is the Schöneberg district, The Z00 is set in the 255-hectare (630-acre) Tiergarten Park, where you'll find the seat of the city and state government of 9 which has at last recovered from the war, when it was not only West Berlin, the Rathaus Schöneberg (City Hall). In the belfry ripped apart by bombs and artillery, but was stripped of its of the Rathaus is a replica of the Liberty Bell, donated to wood by desperate, freezing Berliners in the bitter cold of Berliners in 1950 by the United States and rung every day 1945-46. In the northern section of the park is the Englischer at noon. In a room at the base of the tower are stored 17 3 Garten (English Garden), which borders the riverside Bellevue million American signatures expressing solidarity with West West Germany 416 West Berlin 417 Berlin, some, no doubt, inspired by President Kennedy's ski run and even a ski jump operate on the modest slopes of famous "Ich bin ein Berliner" speech, which he made here in the Teufelsberg hill. 1963. Dining Time Out While at the Rathaus, go downstairs to the Ratskeller Schöneberg, an inexpensive place to get a good, filling set-price For details and price category definitions, see Dining in Staying lunch. The atmosphere is busy and friendly. in West Germany. Take the U-Bahn north one stop from Rathaus Schöneberg sta- Expensive Alt-Luxembourg. There are only nine tables at this popular res- tion and change to the U-7 line for eight stops, to Richard- taurant in the Charlottenburg district, and you'll receive Wagner-Platz station. From the station, walk left for about 465 attentive service. Chef Kurt Wannebacher uses only fresh in- 10 meters (500 yards) to the handsome Schloss Charlottenburg gredients and announces his daily specials on the blackboard. (Charlottenburg Palace). Built at the end of the 17th century If lobster lasagna is chalked up, look no further. Pestalozzistr. by King Frederick I for his wife, Queen Sophie Charlotte, the 70, tel. 030/323-8730. Reservations required. No credit cards. palace was progressively enlarged for later royal residents. Closed Sun., Mon., two weeks in Jan., three weeks in July. Frederick the Great's suite of rooms can be visited; in one glass Bamberger Reiter. Considered by Berliners to be the city's best cupboard, you'll see the coronation crown he inherited from his restaurant, Bamberger Reiter is the pride of its chef, Franz father-stripped of jewels by the ascetic son, who gave the Raneburger. He relies heavily on fresh market produce for his most valuable diamonds and pearls to his wife. Schloss neue deutsche Küche (new German cuisine), so the menu Charlottenburg, Luisenplatz, Charlottenburg. Admission: changes from day to day. Fresh flowers, too, abound in his at- DM 4.50 adults, DM 2 children. Open Tues.-Sun. 10-5. tractive, oak-beamed restaurant. Regensburgerstr. 7, tel. 030/ 244282. Reservations required. No credit cards. Dinner only. 11 Opposite the palace is the Agyptisches Museum (Egyptian Mu- Closed Sun., Mon., Aug. 1-20. seum), home of perhaps the world's best-known portrait Frühsammer's Restaurant an der Rehwiese. From your table, sculpture, the beautiful Nefertiti. The 3,300-year-old Egyp- you can watch chef Peter Frühsammer at work in his open tian queen is the centerpiece of a fascinating collection of kitchen. He's ready with advice on the daily menu: Salmon is Egyptology that includes one of the finest preserved mummies always a treat here. The restaurant is located in the annex of a outside Cairo. Agyptisches Museum, Schlossstr. 70, Charlot- turn-of-the-century villa in the southern district of Zehlendorf tenburg. Admission: free. Open Sat.-Thurs. 9-5. (U-Bahn to Krumme Lanke and then bus no. 53 to Rehwiese). If you like, you can take Nefertiti home with you. Behind Matterhornstr. 101, tel. 030/803-2720. Reservations required. 12 Schloss Charlottenburg is the Gipsformerei (State Museum AE, DC, MC, V. Closed Dinner only. Sun., Mon. Plaster Foundry), which will turn out a copy of any of a dozen Moderate Alt-Nürnberg. Step into the tavernlike interior and you could be masterpieces in stock. They're not cheap (portrait busts cost in Bavaria: The waitresses even wear dirndls. The Bavarian between DM 700 and DM 900), but how can you put a price on colors of blue and white are everywhere, and such Bavarian cu- having Nefertiti on the mantelpiece? Gipsformerei, Sophie- linary delights as Schweinshaxe (knuckle of pork) are well Charlotten-Str. 17/18, Charlottenburg. Open weekdays 9-4. represented on the menu. If you prefer to eat in the Prussian Take U-Bahn line U-7 back toward Schöneberg until Fehr- style, the calves' liver Berliner Art is recommended. Europa belliner Pl., where you change to line U-2 southwest for Center, tel. 030/261-4397. No reservations. AE, DC, MC, V. five stops to Dahlem-Dorf station. This is the stop for West- Blockhaus Nikolskoe. Prussian King Wilhelm III built this 13 Berlin's leading art museum, the Gemädegalerie, in the district Russian-style wooden lodge for his daughter Charlotte, wife of of Dahlem. The collection includes many works by the great Russia's Czar Nicholas I. It's located in the south of the city, on European masters, with 26 Rembrandts and 14 by Rubens. Or the eastern edge of Glienicker Park. In summer, you can eat on is it 25 Rembrandts? The Man in the Golden Hat, until recently the open terrace overlooking the Havel River. In character attributed to Rembrandt, has now been ascribed to one of the with its history and appearance, the Blockhaus features game great Dutch master's pupils. Does it really matter? Maybe not dishes. Nikolskoer Weg, tel. 030/805-2914. No reservations. to the public, which still sees it as a masterpiece, but it could AE, DC, MC, V. affect the value of the painting by a million or two. Gemäld- Forsthaus Paulsborn. Game is the specialty in this former egalerie, Arnimallee 23/27, Dahlem. Admission: free. Open woodsman's home deep in the Grunewald Forest. You dine here Tues.-Sun. 9-5. as the forester did-from an oak table in a great dining room and under the baleful eye of hunting trophies on the wall. Apart No visit to West Berlin is complete without an outing to the from game, the menu extends to various German and interna- 14 city's outdoor playground, the Grunewald park. Bordering the tional dishes. Am Grunewaldsee, tel. 030/813-8010. Dahlem district to the west, the park is a vast green space, Reservations advised on weekends. AE, DC, MC, V. Closed with meadows, woodlands, and lakes. ald park. Bordering the Mon., dinner in winter (Oct.-Mar.). Dahlem district to the west, the park is a vast green space, Hecker's Deele. You could find yourself seated in one of the an- with meadows, woodlands, and lakes. The city's total water- tique church pews that complete the oak-beamed interior of front of 208 kilometers (130 miles) is longer than West this restaurant that features Westphalian dishes. The West- Germany's Baltic Coast. There's even space for nudist beaches fälische Schlachtplatte (a variety of meats) will set you up for a on the banks of the Wannsee lake, while in winter a downhill whole day's sightseeing-the Ku'damm is right outside. West Germany 418 West Berlin 419 Grolmannstr. 35, tel. 030/88901. No reservations. AE, DC, Hardenbergerstr. 14, tel. 030/31991. 320 rooms with bath. Fa- MC, V. cilities: garden terrace, winter garden. AE, DC, MC, V. Mundart Restaurant. Too many cooks don't spoil the broth (and Palace. The rooms here are comfortable and adequately fur- certainly not the excellent fish soup) at this popular restaurant nished, but can't quite match the scale of the palatial lobby. in the Kreuzberg district. Five chefs are at work in the spacious Ask for a room on the Budapesterstrasse: The view is memora- kitchen. Fortunately, they all agree on the day's specials, and ble. Or even take a suite with a whirlpool bath. The Palace is you can follow their advice with impunity. Muskauerstr. 33/34, part of Berlin's Europa Center, and guests have free use of the tel. 030/612-2061. No reservations. No credit cards. Dinner center's pool and sauna. The Palace is popular with Americans. only. Closed Mon., Tues. Europa Center, tel. 030/269111. 160 rooms with bath. AE, DC, Inexpensive Alt-Berliner Weissbierstube. A visit to the Berlin Museum (a MC, V. permanent historical exhibition on Berlin) must include a stop Schweizerhof Berlin. There's a rustic, Swiss look about most of at this pub-style restaurant in the museum building. There's a the rooms in this centrally located hotel, but they have a high buffet packed with Berlin specialties, and a jazz band plays on standard of comfort and facilities. Ask to be placed in the west Sunday morning. Berlin Museum, Lindenstr. 14, tel. 030/251- wing, where rooms are larger. Children stay for free if they are 0121. No reservations. No credit cards. Closed Mon. in their parents' room. The indoor pool is the largest of any Ber- Thürnagel. Also located in the Kreuzberg district, Thürnagel is lin hotel, and the hotel is opposite Tiergarten Park. a vegetarian restaurant where it's not only healthy to eat, but Budapesterstr. 21-31, tel. 030/26960. 430 rooms with bath. Fa- fun. The seitan in sherry sauce or the tempeh curry are good cilities: sauna, solarium, fitness room, hairdresser, beauty enough to convert a seasoned carnivore. Gneisenaustr. 57, tel. salon. AE, DC, MC, V. 030/691-4800. No reservations. No credit cards. Dinner only. Moderate Casino Hotel. The owner of the Casino is Bavarian, SO his res- taurant serves south German specialties. The hotel itself is a Lodging former Prussian military barracks but bears little evidence of its former role: Rooms are large and comfortable and well For details and price category definitions, see Lodging in Stay- equipped. The hotel is located in the Charlottenburg district. ing in West Germany. Königin-Elisabeth-Str. 47a, tel. 030/303090. 24 rooms with Very Expensive Bristol Hotel Kempinski. Located in the heart of the city, this bath. AE, DC, MC, V. grand hotel has the best of Berlin's shopping on its doorstep. Ravenna. This small, friendly hotel is located in the Steglitz English-style furnishings give the "Kempi" an added touch of district, close to the Botanical Garden and the Dahlen Museum. class. All the rooms and suites are luxuriously decorated and All the rooms are well equipped, but suite 111B is a bargain: It equipped, with marble bathrooms, air-conditioning, and cable includes a large living room and kitchen for the rate of only DM TV. Children under 12 stay for free if they share their parents' 200. Grunewaldstr. 8-9, tel. 030/792-8031. 45 rooms with bath room. Kurfürstendamm 27, tel. 030/884340. 325 rooms with or shower. AE, DC, MC, V. bath. Facilities: 2 restaurants, indoor pool, sauna, solarium, Riehmers Hofgarten. Located in the interesting Kreuzberg dis- masseur, hairdresser, limousine service. AE, DC, MC, V. trict, this hotel in a late-19th-century building is a short walk CC-City Castle Apartment Hotel. The CC (short for "Congress from the Kreuzberg hill and has fast connections to the center Center," which is nearby) is a fine fin-de-siècle Berlin mansion, of town. The high-ceilinged rooms are elegantly furnished. commanding a corner on the Ku'damm (ask for one of the many Yorckstr. 83, tel. 030/781011. 21 rooms with bath or shower. quiet rooms at the back). Kurfüstendamm 160, tel. 030/ AE, DC, MC, V. 8918005. 36 rooms with bath. Facilities: bar, restaurant. AE, Inexpensive Econtel. Families are well cared for at this hotel that's situated DC, MC, V. within walking distance of Charlottenburg Palace. Lone trav- Intercontinental Berlin. The "Diplomaten Suite" is expensive, elers also appreciate the touches in the single rooms, which but it is in a class of its own: It's as large as a suburban house come with a trouser press and hair dryer. Sommeringstr. 24, and furnished in the Oriental style. The other rooms and suites tel. 030/344001. 205 rooms with bath or shower. Facilities: are not SO exotically furnished but still show individuality and snack bar. MC. exquisite taste. The lobby is worth a visit even if you're not tempted to stay overnight: It's a quarter the size of a football The Arts field, opulently furnished, and just the place for afternoon tea and pastries. Budapesterstr. 2, tel. 030/26020. 600 rooms with Today's Berlin has a tough task in trying to live up to the repu- bath. Facilities: 3 restaurants (including a rooftop garden), in- tation it gained from the film Cabaret, but if nightlife is a little door pool, sauna, 24-hour room service, boutiques, Pan-Am toned down since the '20s, the arts still flourish. Apart from the check-in service. AE, DC, MC, V. many hotels that book seats, there are three main ticket agen- Expensive Berlin Excelsior Hotel. Fixed rates that don't fluctuate with cies: Theaterkasse, Kurfürstendamm 24; Theaterkasse im the seasons are offered by this modern, well-run establishment Europa-Center; and Theaterkasse Centrum, Mienekestrasse 25. only five minutes from the Ku'damm. That means, however, The Berlin Philharmonic, one of the world's leading orchestras, that there are no special weekend offers (a usual feature of top performs in the Philharmonie, Matthaikirchstrasse 1, tel. 030/ German hotels). The comfortable rooms are furnished in dark 254880. It plays a leading role in the annual festival months of teak, and the helpful front-office staff will arrange sightseeing August, September, and October. The Deutsche Oper (Opera tours and try to obtain hard-to-get theater and concert tickets. House), by the U-Bahn stop of the same name, is the home of West Germany 420 The Rhine 421 the opera and ballet companies. Tickets are hard to obtain, but Getting Around call 030/341-4449 for information. West Berlin is still Germany's drag-show capital, as you'll see if By Train One of the best ways to visit the Rhineland in very limited time you go to Chez Nous, Marburgerstrasse 14. Next door (no. 15) is to take the scenic train journey from Mainz to Bonn along the the girls are for real at the Scotch Club 13. western banks of the river. The views are spectacular, and the entire trip takes less than two hours. You can get on and off the Nightlife train along the route. Most of the Rhine towns are also con- nected by bus services originating in Frankfurt and other Dschungel at Nürnbergerstrasse 53, is the number-one disco, major cities. For information about both train and bus services, and is funky and fun. For an escape from the usual disco sounds, contact German National Railways in Frankfurt, Reisedienst try the Blue Note (Courbierestr. 13), which mixes jazz, bebop, Friedrich-Ebert-Anlage 35, tel. 069/2651. and Latin American rhythms. By Boat Passenger ships traveling up and down the Rhine and its tribu- One of the best ways to feel the pulse of this exciting city is to taries offer a pleasant and relaxing way to see the region. Köln- visit one of the Kneippen, bars with a relaxed feel where you Düsseldorfer Steamship Company (KD) operates a fleet of ships might hear some music or just sit outside with a beer or coffee. that travel between Düsseldorf and Mainz, daily from Easter to late October, and along the Moselle and Main rivers. They also The Rhine offer cruises along the entire length of the Rhine. Passengers have a choice of buying an excursion ticket or a ticket to a single None of Europe's many rivers is so redolent of history and leg- destination. For information about services, tel. 0221/20880. end as the Rhine, known in German as the Rhein. For the From March through November, Hebel-Line (tel. 06742/2420) Romans, who established forts and colonies along its western offers a scenic cruise of the Loreley Valley; night cruises fea- banks, the Rhine was the frontier between civilization and the ture music and dancing. For information about Neckar River barbaric German tribes. Roman artifacts can be seen in muse- excursions, contact Neckar Personen Schiffahrt in Stuttgart, ums throughout the region. The Romans also introduced tel. 0711/541073 or 0711/541074. viticulture-a legacy that survives in the countless vineyards along the riverbanks-and later, Christianity. Throughout the By Car If you prefer to drive, the Rhineland offers a comprehensive Middle Ages, the river's importance as a trade artery made it highway network that takes in some of the region's most spec- the focus of sharp, often violent, conflict between princes, no- tacular scenery. Roads crisseross the entire province, from the blemen, and archbishops. Many of the picturesque castles that historic vineyards of the Mosel Valley to the beautiful castle crown its banks were the homes of robber barons who held up and wine-growing country of the Rhine's west bank. For infor- passing ships and barges and exacted heavy tolls to finance mation about routes available, contact the German Automobile even grander fortifications. Club, Lyonerstr. 16, Frankfurt-am-Main 71, tel. 069/66061. For poets and composers, the Rhine-or "Vater (Father) By Bicycle Another enjoyable and inexpensive way to see the country is Rhine," as the Germans call it-has been an endless source of by bicycle. Tourist offices in all the larger towns will provide inspiration. As legend has it, the Loreley, a treacherous, crag- information and route maps. German Railways also provides gy rocks, was home to a beautiful and bewitching maiden who bicycle rental facilities on some of its routes. For information, lured sailors to a watery grave. Wagner based four of his epic tel. 069/2651. You can also take advantage of the myriad operas on the lives of the medieval Nibelungs, said to have in- Wanderwegen (walking paths) running throughout the region. habited the rocky banks. To travel the Rhine by boat, These are marked with signs depicting red or green grapes. especially in autumn, when the rising mists enshroud the cas- Contact local tourist offices for information. tles high above, is to understand the place the river occupies in the German imagination. Tourist Information The Rhine does not belong to Germany alone. Its 1,312-kilome- ter (820-mile) journey takes it from deep within the Alps Bacharach. Fremdenverkehrsamt, Oberstrasse 1, tel. 06743/ 2968. through Switzerland and Germany, into The Netherlands, and out into the North Sea. But it is in Germany-especially the Bonn. 2 Munsterstrasse 20, tel. 0228/773466 and LVV Rhein- stretch between Mainz and Bonn known as the Middle Rhine- land, Rheinallee 69, Bad Godesberg, Bonn, tel. 0228/362921. that the riverside scenery is most spectacular. This is the "typi- Boppard. Verkehrsamt, Karmeliterstrasse 2, tel. 06742/10319. cal" Rhine: a land of steep and thickly wooded hills, terraced Koblenz. Fremden Verkehrsamt, Verkehrspavillon, tel. 0261/ vineyards, tiny villages hugging the shore, and a succession of 31304 and Fremdenverkehrsverband Rheinland-Pfalz, Post- brooding castles. fach 1420, tel. 0261/31079. Königswinter. Verkehrsamt, Drachenfelsstrasse 7, tel. 02223/ A nine-hour steamer trip between Mainz and Bonn will give you 21048. a taste of this fabled region. But in order to really experience Mainz. Verkehrsverein, Bahnhofstrasse 15, tel. 06131/233741. it, you will need to spend several days in the area. A town such Rüdesheim. Verkehrsamt, Rheinstrasse 16, tel. 06722/2962. as Koblenz provides a convenient base for excursions up and down the river and into the lovely Moselle Valley. East Germany 344 East Berlin 345 stores and other large shops are open on Saturday, and then Merkur in Leipzig, and Bellevue in Dresden measure up to the highest international standards, including prices. Tourists mornings only. seeking more moderate accommodations may try the H-O chain National Holidays January 1 (New Year's Day); April 13 (Good Friday); May 1 or the hostels run by the Evangelical church. The few private (Labor Day); June 4 (Pentecost Monday); October 7 (Republic); hotels are real bargains but are almost impossible for a Western December 25, 26 (Christmas). visitor to book. East German travel officials will try to steer Dining Dining possibilities range from the street stands offering you to one of the best hotels; if you want more moderate accom- frankfurters and various types of very tasty sausages; the modations, be prepared to argue your point at some length. "quick lunch" stops (mainly stand-up snack bars), called Ratings Prices indicated here are for double rooms, with full bath in the Imbiss-stube, which specialize in local favorites such as knuckle top two categories. A single room with bath will cost about M5 of pork; cafés, most of which have at least a limited lunch menu; -M10 more than half the double rate shown. Breakfast is in- Bierkeller, which offer hearty local fare and tankards of beer; cluded in room rates. Best bets are indicated by a star At and restaurants, which can be divided between SB (Selbstbe press time, there were 1.86 East German marks to the dollar. dienung, or self-service cafeterias) and the more traditional es, tablishments in all price ranges. If not eaten in a hotel, breakfast is a café affair; restaurants generally do not open un- Category City and Country til about 10 AM. The country's Eastern Bloc ties are reflected in Very Expensive over M250 restaurants featuring the national cuisines of other socialist states, although such exotica as Japanese, Chinese, Indonesian, Expensive M170-M250 and French dishes are now appearing. Moderate M130-M170 Specialties National favorites include, Eisbein mit Sauerkraut (knuckle of Inexpensive under M130 pork with pickled cabbage), Rouladen (rolled stuffed beef), Berliner Schüsselsülze (potted meat in aspic), and Kartoffel puffer (fried potato cakes). Regional specialties are finding Credit Cards The following credit card abbreviations are used: AE, Ameri- wider acceptance. Typical dishes are Thüringer Sauerbraten can Express; DC, Diners Club; MC, MasterCard; V, Visa. mit Klössen (roast corned beef with dumplings), Bären Tipping The official line on tipping is nein, but tips are generally ac- schinken (cured ham), and Harzer Köhlerteller mit Röst- cepted, indeed expected, in major hotels and better kartoffeln (charcoal-grilled meat with roast potatoes). restaurants. Tip in West German deutschmarks if possible, Mealtimes The main meal of the day is traditionally taken at noon. Restau- otherwise in U.S. currency. When paying by credit card, leave rants are crowded then and reservations are necessary. the tip in cash. Tip porters and doormen DM1, $1, or, as a last Evening dining usually begins at 7 or 7:30. resort, M1 if you don't have any deutschmarks left. Taxi drivers do not expect a tip, but round up the fare to the nearest mark or Dress People tend to dress formally for dinner in East German cities. to the next M.50. In the upper price categories, jacket and tie is expected. Other wise, casual but neat dress is appropriate. East Berlin Ratings Prices are per person. In the lower-priced establishments, they include a main course and a small beer or possibly a glass of wine. In the top two categories, meals will be at least three Arriving and Departing courses. Prices include tax and tip, but it is customary to leave a small extra tip of M1-M3. In Very Expensive establishments, By Plane All flights arrive at Schönefeld airport, about 24 kilometers (15 double this tip. Best bets are indicated by a star At press miles) outside the downtown area. For information on arrival time, there were 1.86 East German marks to the dollar. and departure times, tel. 02/672-4031. Between the A shuttle bus (fare 20 pfennigs) leaves every 10-15 minutes for Category City Country Airport and the nearby S-Bahn train station. S-Bahn trains (fare 30 pfen- Downtown nigs) leave every 20 minutes for the Friedrichstrasse station. Very Expensive over M40 over M30 The trip takes about 30 minutes, and you can get off at whatev- Expensive M30-M40 M25-M30 er stop is nearest your hotel. Taxis are usually available at the stops from Ostbahnhof onward. You can also take a taxi from Moderate M20-M30 M15-M25 the airport; fare to your hotel will be about M30-M35, and the Inexpensive under M20 under M15 trip will take about 40 minutes. By car, follow the signs for "Stadtzentrum Berlin." Credit Cards The following credit card abbreviations are used: AE, Ameri- By Train International trains arrive at Friedrichstrasse or the can Express; DC, Diners Club; MC, MasterCard; V, Visa. Ostbahnhof. For train information, tel. 02/49541 for interna- tional trains, 02/49531 for domestic services. Trains coming Lodging Western visitors to East Germany are effectively obliged to from or via West Berlin arrive at the Friedrichstrasse station. stay in the hotels of the state-run Interhotel chain; these in- clude the major hotels in all cities and other tourist centera. By Bus Berlin has no scheduled intercity or international bus service. Interhotels such as the Grand, Palast, and Metropol in Berlin, By Car Expressways lead to Berlin via Magdeburg, Leipzig, Rostock, East Germany 346 East Berlin 347 Dresden, and Frankfurt-Oder. Road crossings also go to and fails, the British Embassy will help, provided the people know from West Berlin. The downtown is marked "Stadtzentrum." that you have made an effort to contact the other two. Getting Around Emergencies Police: tel. 110; Ambulance: tel. 115; Doctor, Dentist: tel. 1259, or call the U.S. or U.K. Embassy for assistance; Pharmacies: tel. 160; Motorist's assistance: tel. 02/524-3565, 6 AM-10PM. Most tourist goals are easily reached on foot, and walking is recommended as the best way to see the city. But public trans- Guided Tours portation is good and wonderfully cheap. By Bus and Buses and streetcars are often crowded, and route maps, Eleven different guided city tours, lasting from one hour to Streetcar posted at each stop (marked H or HH), are not particularly nearly four hours, can be booked through your hotel or the clear to the uninitiated. Fares on buses and streetcars are a uni- Reisebüro der DDR; fares range from M3 to M12. Taxi sight- form 20 pfennigs within the main city area, allowing transfer seeing tours of the city cover six fixed routes, starting and from one line or from one form of transport to another. Get a ending at Alexanderplatz. Tours last from 40 minutes to two ticket by dropping coins into the dispenser on the bus or tram; and a half hours and cost M16.50-M55, depending on the route, you'll have to pull the lever several times until the machine pro- for up to four persons; tel. 02/246-2255 for details. duces your ticket. If you transfer, put the first ticket into the dispenser and get yourself a new one for the next leg. A one-day Exploring East Berlin tourist ticket (Touristenfahrkarte) is available for M2; it's good on all transportation, including the trip to Schönefeld airport. The infamous wall seems ever-present, but bear in mind it sur- You can get several in advance and have them dated for any day rounds West, not East, Berlin, much as you may have a slightly you want. claustrophobic feeling when you're in the eastern sector of the city. Stark contrasts exist between West and East. In the lat- By U-Bahn All city guides and maps show the subway (U-Bahn) and city ter, discipline, orderliness, and the lack of traffic are and S-Bahn train (S-Bahn) routes and stops. The system is simple to under- immediate impressions, as is the overall subdued tone. The stand. The U-Bahn ticket system is the same as for the trams stately buildings of the city's past are not as overwhelmed by and buses (see above). The elevated electric line (S-Bahn) is new high-rise construction as in West Berlin, but East Berlin's fast and frequent. Tickets are issued from a dispenser (exact postwar architectural blunders are just as monumental in their change!) for 20 pfennigs, good for most destinations (fares are own way. These will be obvious-along with the sad shabbi- posted). The ticket is validated by poking it into a stamping de- ness of years of neglect-as you explore the side streets vice at the end of each platform: Take your cue from other together with the main thoroughfares. passengers. The M2 full-day Touristenfahrkarte avoids all the hassle. Historic East Numbers in the margin correspond with points of interest on Berlin the East Berlin map. By Taxi Finding a taxi in Berlin can be an adventure, but try the ranks at such busy points as the Friedrichstrasse and Alexanderplatz - As you head up the Friedrichstrasse from Checkpoint Charlie, stations. Taxis can be flagged on the street and are nearly al- your initial impression will be that the differences between ways available around major hotels. If the "Taxi" light is on, East and West Berlin are minimal: Both sides of the street are the cab is available. Order a cab by phoning 02/3646 for immedi- lined with attractive new shops and trendy restaurants. Turn ate or same-day reservations, 02/365-4176 for service during right onto Johann-Dieckmann-Strasse and you'll arrive at the the coming week. Taxi fares are low, with a typical downtown Platz der Akadamie, with its beautifully reconstructed fare costing M2-M4. 2 Schauspielhaus-built in 1818, and now the city's main concert hall-and the rebuilt German and French cathedrals. In the lat- By Car Arrangements can be made through any of the Interhotels. 3 ter, you'll find the Huguenot Museum, which has some Rental headquarters is at the Metropol Hotel (tel. 02/220- interesting collections of the history and art of the French 4695); cars can be rented at Schönefeld airport as well (tel. 02/ Protestant Huguenots who took refuge in Germany after being 672-2418). expelled from Catholic France in 1685. Platz der Akadamie. Important Addresses and Numbers Open weekdays 10-5. Time Out The Arkade Café on the northwest corner of the plaza Tourist Reisebüro der DDR: Alexanderplatz 5, tel. 02/215-4328; special (Französischer Str. 25) is perfect for a light snack, some excel- Information service office for foreign visitors on second floor (tel. 02/215- lent pastry, and a beer, coffee, or tea. 4402); Schönefeld airport, tel. 02/678-8248. Embassies U.S.: Neustädtische Kirchstr. 4-5, tel. 02/220-2741. U.K.: Continue east along the Französischer Strasse to Babelplatz. Unter den Linden 32-34, tel. 02/220-2431. Canadian: There is 4 The peculiar round shape of St. Hedwigs Kathedrale (St. no Canadian Embassy in East Berlin at present. If circum- Hedwig's Cathedral) calls to mind Rome's Pantheon. The tiny stances demand, call the Canadian Embassy in Warsaw (from street named Hinter der Katholische Kirche (Behind the Cath- East Berlin, phone 064822/029-8051; address: Ulica Matejika olic Church) is a reminder that though Berlin was very much a 1-5, PL-00481 Warsaw, Poland). Alternatively, try the Canadi- Protestant city, St. Hedwig's was built (about 1747) for Catho- an Military Mission in West Berlin (tel. 849/261-1161). If that lics. Ref. ISSN-0889-2741 G103 G25 1987 THIRD EDITION v.3 WH CITIES OF A world handbook ries as well as data on from Departments of THE WORLD :limates of the world ternational Volume. A Compilation of Current Information industrial cities, with on Cultural, Geographical, and formation sources of Political Conditions in the Countries and Cities of Six Continents, Based on he World Factbook. the Department of State's 1 objective reports on "Post Reports" phasizing up-to-date and, water, people, In Four Volumes rsion tables are also Volume 3: Directory. Individual Europe and the ic information for the for the international Mediterranean Middle East using, transportation, : materials are offered Margaret Walsh Young and Susan L. Stetler, Editors GALE RESEARCH COMPANY BOOK TOWER DETROIT, MICHIGAN 48226 he World 3rd Edition Cities of the World 3rd Edition Germany, Fed. Rep. of Berlin's art museums have outstanding nightclubs are available. Two restau- permanent collections and, in addition, rants, catering to the French and English sponsor special exhibitions from time communities, offer first-class food at re- to time. The state museums are in the asonable prices. Most German restau- Eastern sector of the city, and many of rants with German, international, or var- the art treasures once housed in these ious national cuisines charge moderate buildings are now in various museums to expensive prices. throughout Germany. The Botanical Gardens and the extensive Grunewald Close working relationships maintained and Tegel Forests have excellent facili- among the American, French, and Brit- ties for family outings. Sections of the ish representatives in Berlin, and with Grunewald and the Wannsee area are Berlin city officials, are reflected in so- designated nature preserves; the best cial activities. known of these is Peacock Island, a bird sanctuary in the Wannsee. The German-American Women's Club of Berlin provides an opportunity to For the concert- and theater-goer, West meet and share common interests. The Berlin presents a host of cultural attrac- club's 12 interest groups each have both tions. The season is long, and the selec- American and German chairpersons. tion of programs rich and varied, offer- isa German Airlines) ing an extensive classical and modern The Berlin Steuben-Schurz Society repertory. In addition to several modern chapter brings Americans together with concert halls (including the exciting new prominent Berliners for lectures by dis- Philharmonic Hall and the Radio Sym- tinguished speakers. Through the Berlin phony Orchestra Hall), there are 14 le- American Chamber of Commerce, eco- gitimate theaters, plus one theater for nomic and commercial personnel can musicals and operettas, and one opera pursue their Berliner business contacts. company stage. Among the highlights By membership in the Society of Parents of the fall season is the Berlin Cultural and Friends of the John F. Kennedy Festival, which features a number of in- School, American parents can work to- ternationally famous ensembles and so- gether with Berliners who are also inter- loists. In addition, there are numerous ested in developing and improving the local movie theaters. During the annual city's bilingual school. Berlin Film Festival in June, many for- eign-language films are shown. DÜSSELDORF (frequently seen writ- ten as Duesseldorf) is the capital of Probably the best-known shopping and North-Rhine Westphalia (NRW), the nightlife area in all of Germany is the most populous region (17 million) in the Kufürstendamm (more popularly called Federal Republic and one of the largest the Ku-damm), with its hundreds of industrial concentrations in Europe. The shops, bars, theaters, galleries, and district's political importance reflects its movie houses. It stretches out for two economics and demographics-almost miles from the Gedächtniskirche (the one-third (147 of 496) of the delegates church built in memory of Kaiser Wil- to the German Bundestag (lower house rtment of State Post Report) helm) and the entrance to the beautiful of parliament) are from NRW. Tiergarten park. More than 20 major newspapers are A large number of fair to excellent lo- published in the district, several of cal restaurants, hotels, cabarets, and them with a national readership. West- 257 VOLUME 3 B to Birling THE ENCYCLOPEDIA AMERICANA INTERNATIONAL EDITION COMPLETE IN THIRTY VOLUMES FIRST PUBLISHED IN 1829 GROLIER INCORPORATED International Headquarters: Danbury, Connecticut 06816 HANSA QUARTER, built for BRANDE the International Building in 1791, Exhibition of 1957, is an now the area of completely new con- Berlin. struction designed by famous Berlin V architects from thirteen coun- front of tries. The curved apartment the fore house in the foreground is reads: a Walter Gropius design. now leo GERMAN INFORMATION CENTER with the greatest traffic density in continental typically consisting of 5-story apartment houses. doubte Europe. Today it is dead and weed-grown, The outer edge of this belt is marked approxi- the fine crossed by the blank face of the Berlin Wall. As mately by the S-Bahn ring railroad and in West tian art an act of faith in the ultiimate reunification of Berlin by the new ring highway. Even before Noi the city, West Berlin is developing the area near 1939, department stores were spreading westward the inn the Potsdamer Platz as a new cultural center, from central Berlin toward the Zoo (in the west- Kreuzb with a concert hall, a national library, and a ern end of the Tiergarten) and the Kaiser Wil- ing cla group of museums in which pictures, sculpture, helm Memorial Church, and the same district emen ( and objects of art that have been dispersed had emerged as the main entertainment center. that no throughout West Berlin will be progressively These trends have been accentuated by the divi- of the gathered together. sion of Berlin. The ruined tower of the other- courts The Tiergarten. Unter den Linden, the major wise rebuilt Memorial Church now serves to sized f east-west axis of central Berlin, is barred by the remind passersby of wartime destruction. Around tronics wall at the Brandenburg Gate. Its western con- it cluster shops, restraurants, and movie houses, the or tinuation through the Tiergarten is now known topped by soaring office towers; the district is a provis as the Street of June 17, in memory of those who blaze of colored lights at night. Leading west- dreds fell in the 1953 East German rebellion; on its ward, the Kurfürstendamm, lined with sidewalk substa axis, a mile (1½ km) west of the Gate, is the cafés, is now Berlin's main shopping street. The Siegessäule (Victory Column), commemorating The middle-class inner suburbs southwest of railros the Prussian military campaigns of 1864, 1866, the center of the city have taken over West Ber- ment lin's administrative functions, which were dis- dustri and 1870-1871. The Tiergarten, once a swampy area along the course of the Spree, was later suc- persed from the historic Town Hall in the eastem and cessively a hunting ground and a royal park. sector. The seat of the mayor, senate, and assem- along Such trees as survived World War II mostly dis- bly is at the Town Hall on John-F.-Kennedy runni appeared into the stoves of freezing Berliners in Platz in the Schöneberg district. In its tower the S the winter of 1945-1946, but the Tiergarten is hangs the "Freiheitsglocke," a copy of the Lib- work erty Bell, paid for by the subscriptions of 17 19 now again a peaceful island of wood and water million citizens of the United States and pre- mode in the midst of the city. sented to the city in 1950. Other sections of the from Isolated by the Tiergarten from the main cen- ters of West Berlin is the Reichstag (Parliament) city administration and the important Berlin dis- building, burned in mysterious circumstances at offices of the federal government are in the the 1936 the time of the Nazi seizure of power in 1933. trict of Wilmersdorf. Nearby is the similarly isolated Kongresshalle After crossing the Tiergarten, the main east (Congress Hall), a gift of the United States to west axis of Berlin (here called the Bismarck- of the 1957 Berlin International Building Exhibition. strasse) bisects the greatly expanded facilities A further product of the exhibition is the rebuilt the Technical University and enters the enormous Hansa district, north of the Tiergarten, which contains buildings by such internationally famous another group of new office towers. A memorial expanse of the Ernst-Reuter-Platz, surrounded part architects as Alvar Aalto, Walter Gropius, and in the form of a 26-foot (8-meter) bronze sculp the Oscar Niemeyer. The southern fringe of the ture of a flame commemorates Ernst Reuter, Tiergarten was the favored district for embassies mayor who led and West Berlin and legations before the war; these have not the difficult postwar years. been replaced because of Berlin's loss of its func- the restored Charlottenburg tions as a capital city. In part this area is be- monument in Berlin to the building activities 1695 and 1790, is perhaps the finest coming a specialized quarter for hotels, which range from a Hilton to student hostels. other group of the Berlin museums, with imper the Prussian royal house. Today it The Inner Suburban Ring. Except for the Tiergarten, the central area of the city is sur- tant sections devoted to objects of art and is rounded by 3 helt of dense urban development, prehistory. The most popular exhibit 592 VOLUME 23 Pumps to Russell THE ENCYCLOPEDIA AMERICANA INTERNATIONAL EDITION COMPLETE IN THIRTY VOLUMES FIRST PUBLISHED IN 1829 GROLIER INCORPORATED International Headquarters: Danbury, Connecticut 06816 REGULATORS-REICHSTAG REICHSTE TORS, in U.S. history, a name adopted by groups who resorted to extralegal means The Israelites had endured forced labor The deputies were elected every four years lish order, oppose corrupt public offi- crushing taxation under Solomon's reign, their elders demanded relief from such burd system of proportional representation. Every years the Reichstag elected a president, hinder the carrying out of policies with hey disagreed. to be conciliatory, but he was unyielding. Solomon's remaining advisers urged Rehobox nominated the chancellor. No chancellor or government could hold office most important of the Regulators were The ten northern tribes revolted under from the western frontier of North Caro- leadership of Jeroboam, who became king of without the confidence of a majority of the The system of proportional representa- ) in 1764 organized to resist the practices pt public officials. They led demonstra- rael; the two southern tribes remained loyal deputies. led to a multiplicity of parties, none of Rehoboam, now the king of Judah only. d on several occasions resorted to vio- mittent warfare between north and south which could gain a clear majority. Thus it was to base the government upon a series Gov. William Tryon paid little attention lowed. In 917, five years after Rehoboam necessary unstable coalitions. It was under these cir- rievances of the Regulators and tried to assumed the throne, Judah was invaded by the Nazi party was able to S them. He summoned a militia of more Egyptians under Sheshonk I (Shishak), the German state. Under Hitler, 00 men and on May 16, 1771, attacked looted the Temple in Jerusalem and exacted Reichstag was deprived of its power. 000 Regulators in the Battle of Alamance heavy tribute. Rehoboam died about 915 HAJO HOLBORN The Regulators were defeated. his son by Maacah. and was succeeded as king of Judah by Abijah Author of "A History of Modern Germany" her group of Regulators was organized in rior counties of South Carolina in 1767 to EICHSTEIN, rikH'shtin, Tadeus (1897- ), th bands of horse thieves who had been REICH, rikH, Wilhelm (1897-1957), Austrian chemist, who was awarded a share of the ng frontier settlements. They accom- choanalyst, who helped elucidate charact 1950 Swiss Nobel Prize in medicine and physiology for their aim in two years, by which time cir- structure and developed modern therapy lating and determining the chemical structure rts had been set up in the area. niques. Born in Dobrzynia, Galicia, Austria, hormones produced by the adrenal cortex. the Civil War many disgruntled South- March 24, 1897, he received an M.D. from chstein was born in Włocławek, Poland, on ormed groups of Regulators to oppose the University of Vienna in 1922, and then joine 20, 1897. In 1905 his family moved to en's Bureau and to terrorize blacks. Freud's psychoanalytic group. By the switzerland, where they became citizens in 1914. actics of night-riding, torture, and even 1920's, however, Reich's Marxist views and In 1933, Reichstein synthesized ascorbic acid anticipated those of the Ku Klux Klan. troversial theory that sexual repression underlies con- vitamin C), the first laboratory preparation of Deep South they were also called Jay- all psychological and many social problen vitamin, and developed a method of producing and the Black-Horse Cavalry. alienated him from the group. From 1930 commercially. Between 1934 and 1946 he 1939 he practiced in Germany and Scandinavia studied the chemical nature of the constituents IS, reg'ū-les, the brightest star in Leo, a advocating sexual liberation. Reich introduce (hormones) of the adrenal cortex and isolated constellation in the Northern Hemi- the concept of "character armor" as a type some 29 crystalline compounds, including 11- With an apparent magnitude of 1.36, defense mechanism. He emphasized the need deoxycorticosterone, corticosterone, and hydro- ranks 20th in brightness among all stars. to deal with character-type defenses at the out- cortisone, from extracts of this tissue. He was set of therapy so as to ensure a good patient- able to clarify the chemical structure of the JIST, en'kwist, William Hubbs (1924- therapist relationship. adrenal-cortical hormones. 6th chief justice of the U.S. Supreme Reich settled in the United States in 1939. In 1939, Reichstein synthesized the body's He was an associate justice from 1972 to There he claimed to have discovered a type of salt-regulating hormone, 11-deoxycorticosterone, Rehnquist was born in Milwaukee, Wis., physical-biological energy that he called which made this compound available for the 1, 1924. He served in the Army Air gone," and he built and sold "orgone boxes,' in treatment of Addison's disease. In 1953 he iso- 1 World War II, graduated from Stanford which patients sat to absorb "life-enhancing" lated aldosterone from adrenal extracts and es- ity in 1948, took a master's degree in rays. In 1954 the U.S. government enjoined him tablished its chemical structure. science at Harvard in 1950, and earned a from selling the boxes, and in 1956 he was con- ree at Stanford in 1952. victed of violating the injunction and sentenced REID, rèd, Thomas (1710-1796), Scottish phi- a year as law clerk to Supreme Court to a term in Lewisburg (Pa.) Penitentiary, where losopher, who founded the Scottish school of Robert H. Jackson, he entered private he died on Nov. 3, 1957. commonsense philosophy. He was born in in Phoenix, Ariz., and became active in Strachan on April 26, 1710. In 1764 he suc- can politics. In 1969 he joined the Nix- REICHSTAG, rikhs'täk, the lower house of the ceeded the economist Adam Smith as professor inistration as an assistant attorney gener- German parliament as it existed during the North of moral philosophy at the University of Glas- ing the Department of Justice's Office of German Confederation and the German Empire gow. He died in Glasgow on Oct. 7, 1796. Counsel. (1867-1918), the Weimar Republic (1918-1933), Reid's philosophy was essentially a reaction 971, Rehnquist was nominated by Presi- and the Third Reich (1933-1945). A Reichstag against the teaching of David Hume. Hume had xon for the U.S. Supreme Court seat va- had also existed under the Holy Roman Empire accepted the doctrine of Locke and Berkeley / the retirement of Associate Justice John from the time of the Peace of Westphalia (1648). that we never perceive independent physical 1 Harlan. Despite contentions that It was established at that time to represent the things but only ideas induced in our minds by ist had actively supported right-wing German estates (Stände) of the nobility, the cler- something acting on us from without. Hume and had opposed civil rights measures, gy, and the free cities. All the princes and cities argued that because of this we can never know ate confirmed his appointment, and he of the Holy Roman Empire that did not recog- what the external agency is and hence are com- seat on the court in January 1972. In his nize any superior other than the emperor were mitted to skepticism. To Reid this conclusion as associate justice, Rehnquist was usu- represented in this Reichstag. was inevitable if Hume's premises were true, but most conservative. By the constitution of 1867, which formed the it also seemed intolerable, since it flouted both nquist was nominated by President Rea- North German Confederation, the Reichstag was philosophy and science. Accordingly, he set ucceed Chief Justice Warren E. Burger, established as the lower house of the German himself to find some error in Hume's premises. 1 announced his retirement in June 1986. parliament. The Reichstag shared its legislative This he thought he found in the premise that an h he was again criticized as insensitive and budgetary powers with the upper house, the object of perception consists of impressions in es of civil rights and women's rights, his Bundesrat (Federal Council), in which were rep- our minds. He insisted that common sense shows tion was confirmed by the Senate, and he resented the states that made up the North Ger that we directly perceive physical objects. d his post on Sept. 26, 1986. man Confederation and, later, the German Em- Reid did not carry through his thought with pire. The powers of the Reichstag were largely enough rigor and consistency to place him among )AM, rē-õ-bõ'em, in the Old Testament, a illusory because the federal chancellor was ap- the great philosophers. But he represents an im- King Solomon and Naamah, an Ammonite pointed by the emperor and the government was portant strand in philosophy that has appeared in S. On his father's death in 922 B.C., Reho- not responsible to the Reichstag. many revivals of realism, notably in G. E. Moore. as proclaimed king, the last ruler of the In the Weimar Republic, the Reichstag be BRAND BLANSHARD kingdom of Israel and Judah. came the chief sovereign organ of the German Author of "Reason and Analysis"

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German Reunification Message 9/24/90 [OA 8315]

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collections	Records of the White House Office of Speechwriting (George H. W. Bush Administration) Speech Backup Chronological Files
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