Back to [George] Voinovich for Governor 11/2/90 [OA 8318] [1]

Ask the Scholar

Document scope · 1 page

doc

Scholar

Ask about this object, its catalog metadata, its source description, or the page inventory. For page-specific OCR and visual context, open one of the page chats.

Scholar Source Context

Document identity

localId

323153104

label

[George] Voinovich for Governor 11/2/90 [OA 8318] [1]

core

doc

dtoType

document

citationUrl

https://catalog.archives.gov/id/323153104

pageCount

Source metadata

323153104

sourceUrl

https://catalog.archives.gov/id/323153104

contentType

document

title

[George] Voinovich for Governor 11/2/90 [OA 8318] [1]

citationUrl

https://catalog.archives.gov/id/323153104

identifierLocal

13736-005

collections

Records of the White House Office of Speechwriting (George H. W. Bush Administration)

Speech Backup Chronological Files

iiifBase

https://s3.amazonaws.com/NARAprodstorage/lz/presidential-libraries/bush/gb-spe/speechwriting_backup_chron_579003/41-bpr-speech-backup-chron-13736-005_323153104.pdf

thumbnailUrl

https://s3.amazonaws.com/NARAprodstorage/lz/presidential-libraries/bush/gb-spe/speechwriting_backup_chron_579003/41-bpr-speech-backup-chron-13736-005_323153104.pdf

largeImageUrl

https://s3.amazonaws.com/NARAprodstorage/lz/presidential-libraries/bush/gb-spe/speechwriting_backup_chron_579003/41-bpr-speech-backup-chron-13736-005_323153104.pdf

imageCount

hasImages

yes

source

import

hasTranscription

Source extras

url

https://catalog.archives.gov/id/323153104

naId

323153104

levelOfDescription

fileUnit

recordType

description

ocrSource

nara-archive

Single page context

seq

pageIndex

type

document

url

https://s3.amazonaws.com/NARAprodstorage/lz/presidential-libraries/bush/gb-spe/speechwriting_backup_chron_579003/41-bpr-speech-backup-chron-13736-005_323153104.pdf

mediaId

defbceca39fab5d0

ocrText

Originally Processed With FOIA(s): FOIA Number: S S FOIA MARKER This is not a textual record. This is used as an administrative marker by the George Bush Presidential Library Staff. Record Group/Collection: George H.W. Bush Presidential Records Collection/Office of Origin: Speechwriting, White House Office of Series: Speech File Backup Files Subseries: Chron File, 1989-1993 OA/ID Number: 13736 Folder ID Number: 13736-005 Folder Title: [George] Voinovich for Governor 11/2/90 [OA 8318] [1] Stack: Row: Section: Shelf: Position: G 26 21 1 3 WAM Salla > PRESIDENTIAL REMARKS: TUESDAY AFTERNOON RALLY October 30, 1990 2 p.m. Hyatt Regency, Washington WOULD COULD BE BEITER Thank you -- I didn't think I'd ever say it, but after that terrific reception -- it's great to be back in Washington! ((Or was that warm welcome because you're excited to see the front man for a bestselling author? Since none of my children or grandchildren are writers I'd figured I was safe -- who'd have 'thought my own dog would have written a "lick and tell" book?)) A wonderful turnout -- and a contagious spirit. One week Positive r TOUGH "HAD OUT OF OFTHEM TO THEM DEAL tis from today is Election Day. Opportunity Day. A day when America's voters will have the opportunity to do something great: their to vote for change. To vent all the frustration, and anger, and betrayal they've felt at the hands of an unresponsive and irresponsible Congress -- the Democratic Congress -- that crowd, right up there [point to Capitol Hill]. America has the sending opportunity to send that crowd a message by electing more Republicans to Congress. On November 6, millions of Americans will go into the voting booths to proudly exercise their precious right to vote. And with American senda message their votes. they can say to every Democratic Congressman or who mortgaged the future of our children Senator who hasn't heard, "We're We mad as hell and we re not going programming Gg spending to take it anymorel" /// TO every member who tuid to raise taxes on working Aneuca. To every member who's And we shouldn't have to take it anymore. This is our part Democratic of this country - your country. It belongs to those who work in the spending American U1. the can Sa fields and factories of America -- who run the small businesses wehe - to not let I - who teach our children -- who protect this land -- each one is you yet gu arth, 2 every bit as much a part of the American Dream as the privileged few who roam the Congressional corridors of power. You wouldn't know that to watch the Democrats. They're too busy -- busy taking care of their special interests and their re-election interests. They may have forgotten their most basic, sacred trust is the common interest. Well, Republicans haven't forgotten. will And Americans should remember that OFF election day. It's the Republicans who are looking out for the working men and women of this country. III Who would have thought that the finest instincts and ideals of Jefferson and Adams would have come down to this: an arrogant majority that uses its power to protect its own prerogatives; its own perks; its own privileges; and its own pet projects. It's time the American people said enough is enough. 11 IS city That beautiful building on the Hill should inspire great visions and great deeds. Instead it's become a place where dealmakers peddle promises in the shadows. 11 ((You know, they say there are two things you should never watch being made: sausage and laws. Well, when it comes to the Democrats in Congress, I'd say this year we've been taken on a 1st-class tour of the hot dog factory. )) ?nthe? I was disheartened appointed -- but not surprised to hear a Democra- tic Leader say the Democrats will continue to demand higher taxes appointed next year. Disheartened to hear the distortion of Republican motives, goals and accomplishments. Disheartened appointed to hear the clumsy explanation of the Democrats' attempt to raise $40 billion Phip Dam AMB always a we 3 Xx in new income taxes on working Americans and call it 'soaking the rich'. Well, Republicans didn't let them get away with it last week, and we're not going to let them get away with it next year. Americans have had to endure six months of endless budget negotiations. We finally got a budget. And we fought for the what good features in this of the package: the spending cuts, entitlement and the tough reform, enforcement provisions. But for six months the Democràts Dame tried OMB stalled. For six months risked this Democratic Congress stalled the they pulled back the thoode budget agreement and stalled the economy, all in the name of this on politics and higher taxes. And the American people can hold the economy Democrats responsible, and-I'll lead the parade. get away with because we're not song to let them in All in all, this budget agreement is unprecedented, long- overdue, absolutely necessary. We got nearly $350 billion in "Phil spending cuts and almost $500 billion in total deficit reduction. Dave OMB That ranson was taxes. But to get an agreement we had to pay a ransom. After all, the Democrats chant has always been "tax and spend and damn the I will not deficit". Well I'll be damned 11 I'm going to leave America's children an avalanche of unpaid bills But the issue is larger than one budget agreement, or one session of Congress, or one election. It may sound corny, but it is about the American Dream. It's about the differences between the parties, and who can best build a better America. It's about America's families, and America's values, and who best represents them. You know the answer -- Republicans do. you know the difference activien Republicans and Democrats. We're the ones fighting for choice -- in education, in child care, in housing. And we're going to keep on fighting. We're 4 the ones determined to bring hope and opportunity to the millions forgotten by the Democrats. And we won't give up on them. We're the ones with more sympathy for the victims of crime than the criminals. And we're going to keep supporting our police officers. We're the ones who understand that the world remains a dangerous place and that American leadership can meet the challenges of an uncertain world. And America will continue to lead because Republicans won't undermine America's strength. MIC You know, I just returned from California, and Oklahoma. America in There, as all around the country, there's a growing momentum for well, the beggest, most entremented special interest 00 right here. limiting terms of legislators. - an idea whose time has come, Tem limitation is and I think it's time it come Sto Capitol Hill. 111 You know, when you get out in the country, you see the ideas that work. And what works is the line item veto that 43 requirement for a governors already have. And what works is the ^ balanced budget wilcox 49 that XX states already have. I like those ideas because I like inters what works. 11 And that may be my problem with the Democrat Congress. Now, I won't go quite so far as Mark Twain, who said, "It could probably be shown by facts and figures that there is no distinctly native American criminal class except Congress." I will, however, say that as I've traveled listening to the heartbeat of our people, I would agree wholeheartedly with Will Rogers, who said, "This country has come to feel the same when Petirs Congress is in session as when the baby gets hold of a hammer.' Will Rogers' words were never more true than today. It's 5 time government for special interests is replaced by government for the people. We need a government of more Republicans from the breadth of this great nation -- who owe their allegiance to the communities of our 50 states -- not to the Democratic tax- and-spend dogma of Capitol Hill. Led by men and women with a sense of history. A genuine vision. A willingness to make The kind of difficult choices on behalf of the national interest. And a vision that sense of the potential of this country and of every American. enabled this And there is hope: because across this land still pulse the generosity and optimism of the true American spirit. The spirit to which Republicans are responding. We will reform this city. 2019 Capitol? Revive this institution. Renew this nation. Together, we can keep this country strong and compassionate and idealistic. 11 We will do it by bringing this country what it deserves: A Better Deal. And I'm going to be carrying that message to the American people. Today I'm here in Washington, within sight of the Capitol Dome, but I will go to the vineyards of California and the farms of Ohio; to the beaches of Cape Cod and the oil fields of Texas. And every time I talk to the American people I'm going to tell them this: more Republicans in Congress means more men and women fighting against raising taxes and against the big spenders. More Republicans mean a Better Deal for America. And it starts with your vote -- your voice -- next week. God bless all of you, and this great country we share. # # # 5 This liberal Democrat Congress has become America's biggest, most entrenched special interest. The House intended to be closest to the people has become the House of Lords. Even in the middle of our negotiations, the big-spenders were looking for pork-barrel bonanzas. While we fought to curtail spending -- thanks to the quick eye of Sil Conte -- Congress was caught spending half a million dollars to create a Lawrence Welk tourist attraction. Talk about the pork-barrel polka! III $375, Bob They voted more than half a million dollars for a facelift Bacher of the House beauty parlor, and a study for new T.V. lights in the OMB Senate. But it's going to take more than a beauty parlor face- lift and a change in lighting to hide the ugly truth from the American voters. America needs a change. America needs a better deal. America needs a Republican Congress now. III And one more reason for change: America is fed up with crime. And this year, America put out a 911 emergency call -- a call to Congress to report a crime in progress. But all they got from Congress was a busy signal. And the real crime in progress was taking place in the Congress itself, where liberal Democrats mugged our tough anti-crime bill. Run down by a mob of desperate Democrats fleeing home to campaign, it was a true hit and run. Gone are habeas corpus reforms aimed at stopping convicted criminals from endlessly abusing the appeals process. Gone are reforms of the exclusionary rule -- a judge-made law that lets Bo" the guilty go free. Most outrageous of all -- they cut our table proposal for a real federal death penalty -- striking out even Ref. JK1061 Clule Wit CONGRESS A TO Z CQ's Ready Reference Encyclopedia Congressional Quarterly Inc. " 1414 22nd St. N.W. Washington D.C. 20037 496 Party Affiliations in Congress and the Presidency 1789-1988 (Key to abbreviations: AD-Administration; AM-Anti-Masonic; C-Coalition; D-Democratic; DR- Democratic-Republican; F-Federalist; J-Jacksonian; NR-National Republican; Op-Opposition; R- Year Republican; U-Unionist; W-Whig. Figures are for the beginning of the first session of each Congress.) 1901-19 House Senate 1899-19 Principal Principal 1897-18 Majority minority Majority minority 1895-18 Year Congress party party party party President 1893-18 1987-1989 100th D-258 R-177 D-55 R-45 R (Reagan) 1891-18 1985-1987 99th D-252 R-182 R-53 D-47 R (Reagan) 1889-18 1983-1985 98th D-269 R-165 R-54 D-46 R (Reagan) 1887-18 1981-1983 97th D-243 R-192 R-53 D-46 R (Reagan) 1885-18 1979-1981 96th D-276 R-157 D-58 R-41 D (Carter) 1883-18 1977-1979 95th D-292 R-143 D-61 R-38 D (Carter) 1881-18 1975-1977 94th D-291 R-144 D-60 R-37 R (Ford) 1973-1975 93rd D-239 R-192 D-56 R-42 R (Nixon-Ford) 1879-18 1971-1973 92nd D-254 R-180 D-54 R-44 R (Nixon) 1877-18 1969-1971 91st D-243 R-192 D-57 R-43 R (Nixon) 1875-18 1967-1969 90th D-247 R-187 D-64 R-36 D (L. Johnson) 1873-18 1965-1967 89th D-295 R-140 D-68 R-32 D (L. Johnson) 1871-18 1963-1965 88th D-258 R-177 D-67 R-33 D (L. Johnson) 1869-18 D (Kennedy) 1867-18 1961-1963 87th D-263 R-174 D-65 R-35 D (Kennedy) 1865-18 1959-1961 86th D-283 R-153 D-64 R-34 R (Eisenhower) 55yrs. 1957-1959 85th D-233 R-200 D-49 R-47 R (Eisenhower) 1863-18 1955-1957 84th D-232 R-203 D-48 R-47 R (Eisenhower) 1861-18 1953-1955 83rd R-221 D-211 R-48 D-47 R (Eisenhower) 1859-18 1951-1953 82nd D-234 R-199 D-49 R-47 D (Truman) 1857-18 1949-1951 81st D-263 R-171 D-54 R-42 D (Truman) 1855-18 1947-1949 80th R-245 D-188 R-51 D-45 D (Truman) 1853-18 1945-1947 79th D-242 R-190 D-56 R-38 D (Truman) 1851-18 1943-1945 78th D-218 R-208 D-58 R-37 D (F. Roosevelt) 1849-18 1941-1943 77th D-268 R-162 D-66 R-28 D (F. Roosevelt) 1939-1941 76th D-261 R-164 D-69 R-23 D (F. Roosevelt) 1847-18 1937-1939 75th D-331 R-89 D-76 R-16 D (F. Roosevelt) 1845-18 1935-1937 74th D-319 R-103 D-69 R-25 D (F. Roosevelt) 1843-18 1933-1935 73rd D-310 R-117 D-60 R-35 D (F. Roosevelt) 1841-18 1931-1933 72nd D-220 R-214 R-48 D-47 R (Hoover) 1929-1931 71st R-267 D-167 R-56 D-39 R (Hoover) 1839-18 1927-1929 70th R-237 D-195 R-49 D-46 R (Coolidge) 1837-18 1925-1927 69th R-247 D-183 R-56 D-39 R (Coolidge) 1835-18 1923-1925 68th R-225 D-205 R-51 D-43 R (Coolidge) 1833-18 1921-1923 67th R-301 D-131 R-59 D-37 R (Harding) 1831-18 1919-1921 66th R-240 D-190 R-49 D-47 D (Wilson) 1829-18 1917-1919 65th D-216 R-210 D-53 R-42 D (Wilson) 1827-18 1915-1917 64th D-230 R-196 D-56 R-40 D (Wilson) 1825-18 1913-1915 63rd D-291 R-127 D-51 R-44 D (Wilson) 1823-18 1911-1913 62nd D-228 R-161 R-51 D-41 R (Taft) 1821-18 1909-1911 61st R-219 D-172 R-61 D-32 R (Taft) 1819-18 1907-1909 60th R-222 D-164 R-61 D-31 R (T. Roosevelt) 1817-18 1905-1907 59th R-250 D-136 R-57 D-33 R (T. Roosevelt) 1815-18 1903-1905 58th R-208 D-178 R-57 D-33 R (T. Roosevelt) 1813-18 APPENDIX 497 House Senate Principal Principal Majority minority Majority minority Year Congress party party party party President 1901-1903 57th R-197 D-151 R-55 D-31 R (T. Roosevelt) R (McKinley) 1899-1901 56th R-185 D-163 R-53 D-26 R (McKinley) 1897-1899 55th R-204 D-113 R-47 D-34 R (McKinley) 1895-1897 54th R-244 D-105 R-43 D-39 D (Cleveland) 1893-1895 53rd D-218 R-127 D-44 R-38 D (Cleveland) 1891-1893 52nd D-235 R-88 R-47 D-39 R (B. Harrison) 1889-1891 51st R-166 D-159 R-39 D-37 R (B. Harrison) 1887-1889 50th D-169 R-152 R-39 D-37 D (Cleveland) 1885-1887 49th D-183 R-140 R-43 D-34 D (Cleveland) 1883-1885 48th D-197 R-118 R-38 D-36 R (Arthur) 1881-1883 47th R-147 D-135 R-37 D-37 R (Arthur) R (Garfield) 1879-1881 46th D-149 R-130 D-42 R-33 R (Hayes) 1877-1879 45th D-153 R-140 R-39 D-36 R (Hayes) 1875-1877 44th D-169 R-109 R-45 D-29 R (Grant) 1873-1875 43rd R-194 D-92 R-49 D-19 R (Grant) 1871-1873 42nd R-134 D-104. R-52 D-17 R (Grant) 1869-1871 41st R-149 D-63 R-56 -D-11 R (Grant) 1867-1869 40th R-143 D-49 R-42 D-11 R (A. Johnson) 1865-1867 39th U-149 D-42 U-42 D-10 R (A. Johnson) - R (Lincoln) 1863-1865 38th R-102 D-75 R-36 D-9 R (Lincoln) 1861-1863 37th R-105 D-43 R-31 D-8 R (Lincoln) 1859-1861 36th R-114 D-92 D-36 R-26 D (Buchanan) 1857-1859 35th D-118 R-92 D-36 R-20 D (Buchanan) 1855-1857 34th R-108 D-83 D-40 R-15 D (Pierce) 1853-1855 33rd D-159 W-71 D-38 W-22 D (Pierce) 1851-1853 32nd D-140 W-88 D-35 W-24 W (Fillmore) 1849-1851 31st D-112 W-109 D-35 W-25 W (Fillmore) W (Taylor) 1847-1849 30th W-115 D-108 D-36 W-21 D (Polk) 1845-1847 29th D-143 W-77 D-31 W-25 D (Polk) 1843-1845 28th D-142 W-79 W-28 D-25 W (Tyler) 1841-1843 27th W-133 D-102 W-28 D-22 W (Tyler) W (W. Harrison) 1839-1841 26th D-124 W-118 D-28 W-22 D (Van Buren) 1837-1839 25th D-108 W-107 D-30 W-18 D (Van Buren) 1835-1837 24th D-145 W-98 D-27 W-25 D (Jackson) 1833-1835 23rd D-147 AM-53 D-20 NR-20 D (Jackson) 1831-1833 22nd D-141 NR-58 D-25 NR-21 D (Jackson) 1829-1831 21st D-139 NR-74 D-26 NR-22 D (Jackson) 1827-1829 20th J-119 Ad-94 J-28 Ad-20 C (John Q. Adams) 1825-1827 19th Ad-105 J-97 Ad-26 J-20 C (John Q. Adams) 1823-1825 18th DR-187 F-26 DR-44 F-4 DR (Monroe) 1821-1823 17th DR-158 F-25 DR-44 F-4 DR (Monroe) 1819-1821 16th DR-156 F-27 DR-35 F-7 DR (Monroe) 1817-1819 15th DR-141 F-42 DR-34 F-10 DR (Monroe) 1815-1817 14th DR-117 F-65 DR-25 F-11 DR (Madison) 1813-1815 13th DR-112 F-68 DR-27 F-9 DR (Madison) 498 APPENDIX House Senate Principal Principal Majority minority Majority minority Year Congress party party party party President George V 1811-1813 12th DR-108 F-36 DR-30 F-6 Washingt DR (Madison) 1809-1811 11th DR-94 F-48 John Ada DR-28 F-6 DR (Madison) 1807-1809 10th DR-118 Thomas F-24 DR-28 F-6 e DR (Jefferson) 1805-1807 9th DR-116 F-25 Jefferson DR-27 F-7 DR (Jefferson) 1803-1805 8th DR-102 F-39 DR-25 F-9 DR (Jefferson) James Ma 1801-1803 7th DR-69 F-36 DR-18 F-13 DR (Jefferson) Madison 1799-1801 6th F-64 DR-42 F-19 DR-13 F (John Adams) James Mo 1797-1799 5th F-58 DR-48 F-20 DR-12 F (John Adams) Monroe 1795-1797 4th F-54 DR-52 F-19 DR-13 F (Washington) John Q. A 1793-1795 3rd DR-57 F-48 F-17 DR-13 F (Washington) Andrew Ja 1791-1793 2nd F-37 DR-33 F-16 DR-13 F (Washington) Jackson 1789-1791 1st Ad-38 Op-26 Ad-17 Op-9 F (Washington) Martin Va W.H. Har Source: Congressional Quarterly. American Leaders, 1789-1987. 1987. John Tyle James K. Zachary T Millard Fil Franklin P James Buc Abraham I Lincoln Andrew Jo. Ulysses S. Grant Rutherford James A. G Chester A. Grover Clev Benjamin I Grover Clev William Mc McKinley Theodore R Roosevelt William H. Woodrow W Wilson Warren G. I Calvin Cooli Coolidge Herbert Hoc Franklin D. Roosevelt Roosevelt Roosevelt Harry S Tru Truman Dwight D. Ei Eisenhower VOINOVICH, TAFT QUOTES, (cont. :) 4) ***"CINCINNATI IS A BEAUTIFUL CITY; CHEERFUL, THRIVING, AND ANIMATED. Il HAVE NOT OFTEN SEEN A PLACE THAT COMMENDS ITSELF SO FAVORABLY AND PLEASAI -NTLY TO A STRANGER AT THE FIRST GLANCE AS THIS DOES: WITH ITS CLEAN HOUSES OF RED AND WHITE, ITS WELL-PAVED ROADS, AND FOOTWAYS OF BRIGHT TILE." --Charles Dickens, American Notes, 1842 NOVEMBER 2, 1990 DAY IN HISTORY 1) IN 1734, DANIEL BOONE WAS BORN. 2) IN 1878, THE CLEVELAND PENNY PRESS NEWSPAPER BEGAN PUBLICATION. 3) IN 1962, THE DISMANTLING OF THE CUBAN MISSLE SITES BEGAN. 4) THIS DAY IS ALL SOULS' DAY, A DAY WHICH IS CELEBRATED ON NOVEMBER 2, IT IS PRIMARILY A FEAST OF THE ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH TO COMMMEMORATE THE FAITHFUL DEPARTED-- THOSE WHO DIED MEMBERS OF THE FAITH- ESPECIALLY THOSE BELIEVED TO BE STILL SUFFERING IN PURGATORY. VOINOVICH, TAFT QUOTES 1) "OUR POSITION IS PECULIARLY FELICITOUS AS TO SOIL, CLIMATE, AND PRODUCTIONS, AND IT WILL BE OUR OWN FAULT IF WE ARE NOT THE HAPPIEST PEOPLE IN THE UNION." --Caleb Atwater, A History of Ohio, 1838 2) "THERE IS NO FLASHINESS, NOTHING FLEETING, IN OHIO'S APPROACH TO LIFE. TRAVELING ACROSS ITS FERTILE ACRES, ONE FEELS IN THE VERY ATMOSPHERE A COMBINATION OF STABLILITY AND PROGRESS." -Pearl S. Buck, America, 1971 3) "THE TIME HAS COME, THE FIGHT IS ON, WE'VE PICKED THE MAN TO RUN. FOR PRESIDENT (COULD BE CHANGED TO STATE SECRETARY), OHIO SENT HER NOBLE WORTHY SON. THE MAN WE NEED, THE MAN TO LEAD OUR STRONG AND MIGHTY CRAFT, THROUGH STORM AND SEA TO VICTORY, IS (COULD BE CHANGED TO GREAT GRAND- SON'S NAME) WILLIAM HOWARD TAFT." --Abe Holzman and Harry D. Kerr, "Get on the Raft with Taft," 1912 10/16/90 17:39 614 228 8638 VOINOVICH DEWINE 1 001 Voinovich & DeWine FACSIMILE COVER SHEET FAX #: (614)-228-8638 OFFICE #: (614) -228-1990 Deliver To: JENNIFER GROSSMAN Fax Number: From: JENNY CAMPER Re: Date: 10-16-90 Time: : 49 Number of Pages (including cover sheet) : 12 90 OCT 16 10/16/90 17:39 614 228 8638 VOINOVICH DEWINE 002 THE PLAIN DEALER SUNDAY. OCTOBER 14, TS30 THOMAS VAIL President and Chairman ALEX MACHASKEE THE PLAIN DEALER Publisher Our 149th Year THOMAS H. GREER Editor STANLEY H. ROSENBERG Business Manager MARY ANNE SHARKEY Director of the Eduorial Page The Plain Dealer endorses Voinovich for governor G corge V. Voinovich, the Republican mayor cases of rape, incest or saving the life of the who brought Cleveland back from the preci- mother. had a less rigid-attitude toward a wom- pice of financial collapse, should be the next gov- an's right to choose. But Voinovich has held to error of Ohio. Voinovich has established himself his beliefs throughout his career, regardless of in both the Statehouse and City Hall as a man of their potential political cost When Célebrezze unquestioned integrity and demonstrated lead- reversed himself on such 2. signal issue, he cast ership skills. He is ready for Ohio's most de- doubt about the depths of his beliefs. manding job. Ohioans will expect much of their next gover- nor particularly in these two critical categories: And Ohio is ready for the caliber of honest, no- education and jobs. In both categories, Voinovich frills management that the 54-year-old Voinovich holds a decided edge offers. For eight years. honesty Voinovich and his running-mate, and integrity have been. in Rep. Michael: DeWine. have markedly short supply in the pledged to put education at the top governor's office. of his agenda As mayor, Voinovich The Celeste administration, said the Cleveland school system which swept into the was his most ineffectual area due Statehouse with such potential. to. the autonomy of the school was either unwilling or tmable board. If Voinovich follows the po- to keep its friends at arm's sitions outlined in his campaign, length when it came time to be will live up to his self-pro- pass out contracts. From the claimed appellation. as "the edu- scandal in the mental retarda- cation governor." He has espoused tion department to the criminal decentralized decision-making investigations and ousters of greater teacher autonomy and a Cabinet members. top aides concommitant increase in teacher and campaign workers to the standards He calls for Head Start squandering of unemployment programs for all eligible children funds, the Celestials proved to by 1995 and an educational equity be anything but dedicated to fund for poor school districts. producing the best possible gov- These and many other good Voino- ernight at the least possible vich ideas cannot help but improve cost to the taxpayers. the education of Ohio's future gen- Eight years of failed leadership is enough erations. Campaign ads and promises aside, there is no Improved education is a paramount need in the greater measure of 2 politician than past perfor- struggle to entire industry to some of Ohio's mance. Voinovich is the candidate who can boast seemingly forgotten pockets of economic desper- be has successfully run a large city, administered ation. While Ohio's major cities have fared well a government treasury and brokered with a legis- in recent years with newly diversified economies, lative body. many small towns and rural counties have contin- Voters are fortunate this year to have such an ued to slide toward hopelessness Ohioans histor- excellent - albeit mexciting - choice between ically have taken pride in their communities and the two major party candidates: Anthony I Cele- their meaningful jobs. Without those jobs, the brezze Jr_ 49. the Democratic candidate, has communities have suffered. It will be the next served Landably estattorney general and his run- governor's most verations task, but somehow, he ning-mate; State Sex Engene Branstool, is highly must enable those workers to revan their dignity regarded in the legislature. But in a year and a by encouraging growth from -Comeaut to half of campaigning for governor. Celebrezze has Cincinnati. from Eden to Duffy. from Cleveland's failed- to demonstrate that his considerable harbor to the wharves along the Ohio River. knowledge of state government operations would translate into inspired leadership. That's a gargantuan task Not many can tackle it. But The Plain Dealer believes George Voino- Further, Celebrezze did himself considerable vich is the candidate who can bring executive harm by his last-moment conversion from an skills, developed during a decade as mayor of absolutist, "abortion-is-murder" stance to a pro- Cleveland. to a position that demands experience choice position (even to the extreme of accepting in managing a large public-sector bureaucracy. abortion for sex selection) just days before he The governor's job is the-top management posi- officially announced as a candidate for governor. tion in Ohio. Voters should elect Voinovich for This newspaper. is pro-choice. We wish his integrity, ability and proven skills as an ad- Voinovich. who supports abortion only in the ministrator. 10/16/90 17:40 614 228 8638 VOINOVICH DEWINE 003 The Columbus Dispatch An Independent Newspaper Serving Ohio Since July 1, 1871. JOHN F. WOLFE, Publisher, President and CEO ROBERT B. SMITH, Editor Sunday, October 14, 1990 EDITORIALS George V. Voinovich Would bring Ohio vigorous leadership The Dispatch endorses George V. Voino- sensible proposals during this campaign. vich for governor of Ohio. Voinovich would Voinovich's plan for education promises to bring the same kind of skilled management, the make Ohio a leader without raising taxes. He ability to deal with others and scrupulous honesty would increase the number of units needed to to the state's top job that he has demonstrated in graduate from high school, raise the starting other public offices. salary for teachers, institute a-no-start-no-play As much as anything else, top government policy for student athletes and give a state in Ohio needs someone who will income tax deduction to parents infuse it with a new sense of whose children attend private ethical conduct. The past eight schools. years have seen a dreary succes- Because of the ever-rising sion of lapses by key administra- costs of the health care system, tion officials. individuals and families alike are Voinovich can and will bring finding it difficult to afford care. about needed changes. He has a To help some of the 1.4 million long and honorable record, hav- Ohioans who have no health COV- ing served as a state represent- erage, Vomovich would allow in- ative, Cuyahoga County auditor surance companies to offer basic and commissioner, lieutenant health-care packages to small governor and for 10 years mayor businesses free of some manda- of Cleveland tory benefits. While Voinovich was mayor, His environmental initiatives Cleveland underwent 2 turnar- would rely heavily on recycling. ound. The city was in default, was The centerpiece of Voino- rife with factional disputes and had lost its spirit vich's ethics proposals would attack the revolv- and confidence. To some it had become a ing-door lobby and prohibit former state officials national joke. and employees from lobbying agencies where Voinovich engineered a remarkable renais- they worked for two years after leaving the sance, largely through his managerial skills and government his ability to work with all kinds of people and - On the Voinovich ticket as lieutenant gov- equally important - to get them to work togeth- emor is Mike DeWine, serving his fourth term in er. the U.S. House of Representatives from Ohio's With Voinovich in City Hall, Cleveland was 7th District. The energetic and harrd-working named an All-America City an unprecedented DeWine is someone who shares Republican three times in five years. Voinovich's political philosophy and would be an As governor of Ohio, of course, Voinovich active member of a new Statehouse team. would be the captain of a ship that has already Democrat Anthony J. Celebrezze Jr. is an weathered a storm in the early 1980s and enjoyed able public servant who has served with distine- in the latter part of the decade the fruits of the tion, first as a state senator and for the past eight Reagan-era prosperity. The next governor's task years as attorney general. will be to solidify and extend that economic But when Celebrezze reversed a lifelong vitality and to deal with the concerns that position on the abortion issue, he called into Ohioans will face in the 1990s and beyond. question his credibility on that and other issues To that end, Voinovich has laid out a The timing and justification of the change were detailed blueprint for Ohio to meet the chal- greeted with understandable skepticism. lenges of this decade in ways that show fresh The Dispatch believes that George V. Voin- thinking and a compassionate concern for all the ovich, an outstanding leader, offers the kind of state's people. change in state government that most Ohioans In the areas of education, health, the envi- want The Dispatch strongly urges his election as ronment and ethics, Voinovich has put forth governor. An editorial 10/16/90 The Enquirer endorses 17:41 George Voinovich for Governor G corge Voinovich, Republican of Cleveland, He has articulated a common-sense program to 3'814 228 8638 is ready for Ohio. And Ohio is ready for the build educational opportunity for young Ohioans at all forward-looking program he has been levels. He has a blueprint for helping Ohio grow expounding as a candidate for governor. He deserves economically and to produce the rewarding jobs a new to win. generation of Ohioans deserve. He will fight drugs, he Voinovich is very nearly a household name in Ohio will combat waste, he will demand adherence to the because George Voinovich has been a mover on the highest ethical standards among all those who work political scene for a generation. for the people of Ohio. As Я member of the Ohio House of Representatives, as auditor and then county commissioner in Ohio's For lieutenant governor largest county, as lieutonant governor of Ohio and Running with Mr. Volnovich as the Republican then, for a decade, as mayor of Cleveland, Mr. nominee for lieutenant governor is Michael DeWine Voinovich has been building his credentials as a public of Springfield. A former member of the Ohio Senate official with a clear vision of Ohio's future and the and a member of Congress since 1983, Representative DEMINE HOIAONIOA know-how to translate IL into reality. DeWine knows his way around government. He is No mayor of Cleveland inherited a sorrier burden equipped to be an effective partner in attaining the than the one he found upon his election in 1979. But goals of Voinovich administration will set. none ever accomplished more. The National Municipal The state ballot on Nov. 6 carries four other League named Cieveland an All-America City three constitutional offices. times in five years during the Voinovich tenure; City and State magazine named him one of the three top mayors In America, and the National Journal designated him as one of five local and state officials who made a difference in Washington. George Voinovich was the right man for Cleveland in 1979, He is the right man for Ohio today. 004 The Repository 10/16/90 Canion, Ohio, Sunday, Oct. 14, 1000 17:41 Editorials George Voinovich: Volnovich - with the able assistance of another quiet producor, his runningmate Michael DeWine - hns pledg- "Tring shall he INS guide. the publick good INK aim ed to restore integrity in state government by ending the well-tuformed men. of all parties. are instied to make Get-it-done leader practice of shaking down employees for political contri- # (I Repository if their senthments." butlons, ending abuse of the no-bid process and stopping shamoful political cronylsm. John Sexton, founder from Vol. 1. No, 1 I II a little more than three weeks, the voters or Ohio will While state government's otherse house is being put in be choosing It lender who will chart the courso of the ordor, Voluovich and DeWine will roll up their sloeves March 30, 1015 state Into the next century. Il Is a critical choice. Unless and got to work on Ohio's problems. 3'614 8638 proper leadership la In place, Ohio could fallor. Thoy will start by Initiating management mudits to find The noxt governor must have " vision for Ohio, but a out what Is working and what isn't. who is efficient and dream alone is not enough. To be offective, a governor who isn't, what should be kept and what should go in the has to be able to pull together public and private re- interest of productive, cost-efficient government. sources, focus their offorts and achieve results that serve Both Volnovleh and Colobrezze have done their home- all the people of the state. work. They have responded to every major problem George Volnovich could be that kind of governor. He facing Ohio with thoughtful analyses of what they believe was that kind of mayor when be guided Cloveland from 115 needs to be done. Voters are fortunate to have two deffeit and dispirited dopths to robirth and respect. candidates with solid programs from which to choose, Volnovich pulled together public and private sectors, We believe, however, that Volnovleh has proven that be got people and politicians Involved and headed toward knows how to put first things first. No knows how to look the Roal of II Cleveland comoback. The effort to rebuild on at the muts and botts of government and to renrrange the foundation of the city's potential was unquestionably them, If necessary, to create 21 mechanism that is respon- successful although it did not solve every one of Cleve- sive to all segments of the population. land's problems, Voluovich believes that good management bonefits Cloveland's ellanb out of Its hole was a community everyone, and We agree, Efficient, gond-oriented state victory, Volnovich cldel not do IL alone - but he Was the government can help the worker as much as the business catalyst, the heart of the renalssance. owner, Il can assist the olderly ns much FLS the student, If Today, Ohio needs leadership that will build on its can benefit the Law-abiding eftizon as well as redirecting potential a tomorrow that la marked by stability, values the law-broaker. and an Improved quality of life for all its citizons. Volnovich has proven that he can bring disparate Education, economic development, the environment, elements of EL community together and keep them work- health care, crime and housing - all need attention. ing toward goals that will benefit all. We believe he can do And if that weren't enough, the scandal-riddon, demor- the same for Ohlo, alizing yours of the Celeste administration have added George Volnovieh is admirably qualified - and engor new layers of (arnish to the political process. - to be Ohio's next governor. The gubornatorial campaigns of both Republican Voin- ovich and Domocrat Attorney General Anthony Ce- lebrezze reflect the need for major repair work, a new level of energy and strong leadership. THE DAILY RECORD 10/16/90 WEDNESDAY October 10, 1990 Wooster, Ohio Copyright© 1000, The Daily Record 17:42 Opinion We Support George Voinovich just gone into bankruptcy because It could not pay its debt obligations. The downtown and the neighbor- hoods were decaying, 1614 228 8638 THE DAILY RECORD endorses former Cleve- land Mayor George Volnovich for governor of the Voinovich ran against Mayor Dennis Kucinich, State of Ohio, was elected and led one of the most remarkable Ohio Is a good state with an enviable location, but turnarounds for any city in the country. The $111 11 is a state with many problems, problems we think million deficit was crased, the budget Was balanced stem from a look of leadership and integrity in and the road to recevery began. government. Problems with cabinet-level appointees During his 10 years as mayor, the National In the current administration have become a major Municipal Lengue named Cleveland an All America issue. City three times In a five-year period, the National Urban Coalition named him one of the four most Volnovich has shown that he understands Ohio's George Volnovich is what Ohio needs. distinguished urban mayora In the U.S., and City and problems and Is well equipped to transfer his leader- He has been a practic- State magazine named him one of the three top ship qualities to the Statehouse. He is developing Ing altorney, assistant at- mayors In the U.S. innovative programs on education (which he calls his torney general for Ohio, a number one priority), crime prevention, concerns for state respresentative, In a heavily Democratic city, Republican Voinov- Cuyahoga County auditor, ich was able to bring people of both partles and all the olderly, housing and child care. In Data campaign Cuyahoga County com- walks of life together. A downtown renaissance be- he has publicized these proposals. VOINOVICH DEWINE missioner and Houtenant gan. The Flats, the North Coast Harbor area, Tower He is forthright, Intelligent and honest. governor. City Plaza, a more attractive downtown, and plans for His biggest accom- new convention hotels followed as people regained VOINOVICII'S opponent, Anthony Celebrezze, plishments, however, confidence In the city on Lake Erie. also seems to be a man of Integrity, but he to a person were as mayor of Cleve- Through private/government partnerships nelgh- of Indecision. On the abortion Issue, he changed his borhood redevelopment began. Affordable housing position a few days before filling for the election. land. A coalition of many became available to more people. Employment rose. While he was attorney general, he often sidestepped people convinced him in some of the issues his office should have faced. His 1070 that he should leave the lieutenant governor MANY OF Cleveland's black ministers and mi- administrative skills are clearly Inferior to those of position and return to his nority businesspersons are supporting Voinovieh in George Voinovich. native Cleveland to run this election, a tribute to his ability to be a leader for We think that Ohio can be a model In leadership for mayor. Cleveland had all people. during the 1000s with George Voinovich at the helm. 900 News Heralo 10/16/90 INSIDE Tuesday Oct. 9, 1990 17:43 Editorial: Volnovich the better choice to lead Ohio/Pages Voinovich the best choice for governor The News-Herald The voters are fortunate when they confront two JOSEPH A. COCOZZO, Publisher reasonable choices for political office. That means they RICHARD T, STENGER, General Manager JAMES K. COLLINS, Editor Now II is time for the pendulum to swing in the 3614 228 8638 are In a win-win situation. Of course, it also makes their job more difficult. KENNETH H. COGBURN, Executive Editor other direction. It is time to look closely, one by one, at all of the Democrate who have held office in Colum- Choosing between 1wo decent people for office Is much' *Search for the quily is the nobloat occupation of men; Me publication is a daty' bus and decide that in a great many instances, change harder than choosing between a good candidate and a Is in order. bad one, (Although It must be said that in the latter 6-Tuesday, Oct. 9, 1990 Volnovich, like Celebrezze, has served in the legis- Instance, all-too-often they make the wrong choice). lature. And he was elected to serve RS Heutenant gover- In this year's race for governor, nor. But he saw problems In Cleveland, came home Ohioans will choose between two and ran for mayor to help straighten them out. men who are decent, good, hon- His record was one of success. He helped create EL orable men, Supporters of both sense of excitement that did not exist before he moved George V. Volnovich and An- Celebrezze has served in the Legislature, and though Into City Hall. That Is not to say that all of Cleveland's thony 3. Celebrezze Jr. can rightly he headed up divisions of government ns Ohio's secre- ills have been cured. It still has many of the problems claim they Are backing a good tary of state and attorney general, that is not the same that beset America's Inrge cities. office, candidate for the state's highest as being the top person in the executive branch. A But while some of those cities have proven them- criticlsm of Celebrezze, in fact, is that he could have selves to be virtually ungovernable, Volnovich has But as most elections do, this been a lot tougher as attorney general in pursuing the VOINOVICH DEWINE shown that the right person can make 1 big difference, one comes down to making a myrlad scandals in the Celeste administration. From Tower City to the near West Side to the Flats choice. The choice The News- The second consideration is that what we need in and many other parts of town, exciting things are hap- Herald recommends is Volnov- Columbus more than anything is a total change in pening. They did not happen spontancously, without ich. administration and attitude. Richard Celeste and his leadership, because leadership is an indispensable qual- Basically, there are two reasons Democratic cronics have presided over many more ity In such change. Others may take credit, but the for choosing Voinovich, First, he George Volnovich failures than they have successes in the past eight 10-year mayor must be given much of it. has precious experience Celebrezze does not have as a years. Celeste's record as governor has been anything but highly successful head of government. HIs 10 years as The same thing happened to the Republicans in the glittering. In many areas it has been downright dismal, mayor of Cleveland - a period of time which saw him early 1970s. They were there (00 long. They got state. It's time for a change - to a different party, a differ- turn around completely EL city with a defeatist attitude And maybe worse. The voters saw through them, ent management style and to someone who has demon- - is precisely the training needed to be a successful tossed them out and replaced them with Democrats, as strated competency in leadership. George Voinovich is governor, they should have done. that man. 200 10/16/90 17:43 614 228 8638 VOINOVICH DEWINE 008 Stark EDITORIAL George Voinovich - a clear choice SEDVANI or George V. Voinovieh has had an Hustrious career in government since be first took public office 27 years ago. From his days as an Ohio assistant attorney general (1963- 1964) through his tenure as mayor of Cleveland (1979-1989), Vomovich has proved to be a dynamic, innovative leader. During that 27-year period he also served as In Ohio state representative (1967-1971), Cuyahoga County anditor (1971-1976), Coya- hoga County commissioner (1977-1978) and lieutenant governor of Ohio (1979). thereby building a turique background in state, county and local governments. In each post he's been elected to, be's rackled the tough jobs and big problems successfully - tasks that have foiled lesser politicians. Through iL all, he has kept his integrity and avoided wishy-washy stands on controversial issues, which has kept him on comse through difficult times and out of the murky waters that tend to engulf other politicians who change their stance on key issues at the blink of an eye. That broad governmental experience and his ability to successfully deal with major problems are just two of the many reasons Voinovich should be elected governor of Ohio in November. Forthright, intelligent and honest, Vamovich faced his most difficult strubling block of his political career when he was elected mayor of Cleveland II years ago. The city was in the throes of default and in the midst of an identity crisis It was a battered and dying city, in desperate need of strong leadership. George Voinovich stepped in and proved that good management can then even the worst of cities around He Ied Cleveland OUT of its depths, created a stable atmosphere and helped Spir an economic revival that ultimately benefited not only the city but all of Cuyahoga County. During his administration, the National Municipal League named Cleveland an All-American city three times E a five- year period, the National Urban Coslition named Voinovich George and Janet Volnovich on the campaign trail. one of the four most distinguished mhan mayors in the country. City and State Magazine named him as one of the top three Celebrezze, has dazzled the voters with his suft shoe On the mayors in the U.S. and placed him On the All-Pro City abortion controversy. He's tried to make it the top issue in the Management Team and the National Journal picked him as campaign. L isn't, and shouldn't be, of course But because one of the five local and state officials who made a difference Celebrazze has ffip-flopped his stance on the issue, and in Washington. apparently because he has Tittle eise to talk about, he and his That, alone, is an impressive record. committee have steered their campsign in that direction. But there's more. It doesn't wash While Celebraze has been jumping from As a county commissioner, Voinovich established three offices side to side CHI one issue in an effort to get votes, Voinovich to help run Cityahoga County more efficiently. As county auditor has retained his integrity and remained clear Cm that and other be conducted the first management sudit of a Cuyaboga County issues including jobs, his plan to bring more business and industry office and won the Outstanding Public Service Award for inis to Ohio, the environment, education, health care and crime efforts in computer-assisted appraisal of residential and throughout the campaign commercial properties. As an Ohio representative, Vainovich Those issues are what this campaign is all about. And George sponsored or co-sponsored 85 bills that became law, served Voinovich's record shows that he Cm effectively deal with them on the Finance and Appropriations Committee and was a leader We should all have had our fill of the nmmoil and scandal in protecting the state environment that has gone on at the state level during the last eight years. Vomovien's list of accomplishments goes on and on. Now is the time to bring some stability back to Ohio government And in the 1990 race for governor, that impressive record George Voinovich wants to do for Ohio what he did for is very important. The State of Ohio needs to be run effec- Cleveland. He'll help create jobs, he'll deal with the major issues, tively and efficiently during the next four years. For the last hell help improve our environment, heT surround himself with four years, it's had more than it's share of turmoil, controversy people who won't create one scandal after another and he'll and deception. IIIII the State effectively, II needs a stable hand at the wheel George Vamovich is George V. Vomovich is the clear choice when voters go to the man for that job. the polls in November and should be elected the next governor During the campaigu, Voinovich's opponent, Anthony I of Ohio 10/16/90 17:44 '614 228 8638 VOINOVICH DEWINE 009 OPINION CAST. YOUR VOTE FOR Our Sun endorsements begin with important state races, Page A4 REMEMBERING BOB DANALS Recalling kind, friendly, generous mayor who loved and boosted Wadsworth, Page A4 Sun Newspapers OPINION THURSDAY OCTOBER 4, 1990 A vote for Voinovich Two nice, decent men from Gleveland - the former mayor and the current state attorney general - are waging anything Ohio. but a nice, decent campaign to become the next governor of Of course, one will emerge from all the charges and coun- tercharges to direct Ohio toward the 21st century. While Anthony Celebrezze has been the model of integrity as attorney general, campaign blunders which have taken him from early favorite to decided underdog may be indicative of the same leadership void that has hampered the administration of Gov. Richard Celeste. Surely, we don't need another four years of business as choice. usual, and clearly that makes George Voinovich the better As the former mayor of a big city, Voinovich possesses what he likes to call "special eyes," which he'll use to bring a unique vision to the governor's chair. He says he'll manage the state like a large corporation and correct significant problems in eco- nomic development and education. Because Sun Newspapers believes that Voinovich can turn around Ohio the same way he turned around Cleveland, we enthusiastically support his election on Nov. 6. The Herald/Wednesday, September 5, 1990 VOINOVICH UNIQUE OPPORTUNITY! withe Herald Newspapers announces their endorse of George # Voinovich for Governor of Ohio. The Herald Newspapers is taking this bold step early in the campaign for governor because we feel George Voinovich will give Lucas County, and all of Ohio unparalleled pub- lic leadership. His lead- ership credentials provide a unique opportunity in a time of economic crisis for Ohio and other "Great Lakes States Lucas County has been at the bottom of the "list" in- Columbus for far too many-years. We must put arman in the Governor's toffice who will assure us will receive strong state support the economic Industrial educationals technological agm cultural-and od accorams SO inherent to our area. Vomevinen ands the needs of Northern Ohio! George omovickisamiliar with the problems fac mgs County and as Mayor of Cleveland did an unbelievably excellent job of bringing that city back from the brink of:disaster. Veinovicheis committed to quality education for the state of Ohio If elected: Voinoyich has stated that dur inglas first thirty da vs:m office? he will appoint at Gov- Education Management Council which he will UNIT creview the management structure of education afth and local levels a solid agenda for controlling health assures it Ohioans will receive quality health by the year 2000 with his Binincare Bill of Rights Plan. Newst irers-turge the voters of Lucas Countyto supportand elect.George V. Vomovich Gover not of Ohios 10/16/90 17:45 614 228 8638 VOINOVICH DEWINE 011 LANCASTER - FAIRFIELD MIDWEEK IDWEEK VoL 1 No. 29 Sept. 5 - 11, 1990 LARGEST CIRCULATED NEWSPAPER IN FAIRFIELD COUNTY BY DIRECT MAIL 222 S. Broad St., Lanenster Your Only Locally Owned Newspaper Phone: 654-7283 <= EDITORIAL Midweek endorses Voinovich, DeWine Best choice for Ohio on Nov. 6 The Lancaster-Fairfield Mid- Voinovich and De Wine have also week endorses George Voinovich for proposed intitiatives to limit other governor and Michael DeWine for states from dumping their trash in lieutenant governor, Ohio, and at the same time, encour- age Ohioans to recycle at home. In the 1990's, Ohioans will need honest, strong leadership that will In addition, DeWine's experi- provide a new direction for the fu- ence and contacts in Washington will provide the governor's office ture. These qualities are hallmarks with a valuable dimension that their of both Voinovich and De Wine, and we believe that they have repeat- opponents simply cannot match. edly demonstrated them during This asset will be extremely valu- their distinguished careers as pub- able, if Ohio is to get its fair share of lic servants. attention from the federal govern- ment. Already, Voinovich and De- Wine have proposed major programs Ohio has been adrift for eight to deal with the biggest problems years. A lack of direction, ethics problems and bureaucratic mis- confronting Ohioans. management have made this state In the area of education, they less competitive at a time when a have outlined measures to raise decisive edge is needed. educational standards, lower the George Voinovich and Mike drop out rate, and eliminate drugs DeWine can give Ohio this edge. from the schools. They are the best choice on Nov. 6. 10/16/90 17:46 614 228 8638 VOINOVICH DEWINE 012 Viewpoint:- Voinovich / DeWine Ticket Endorsed Page 4 Vandalia DRUMMER NEWS Vol. 26, No. 49 Tuesday. August 28, 1990 Vandalia Ohio 30 Pages 35 Cents VIEWPOINT IN OUR OPINION Voinovich-DeWine will give Ohio honest, capable leadership In approximately ten weeks, herited a city that was $111 million-i Ohioans will go to the polls to select debt. Through his management style a new goverage This choice will pro- and diligence, the local economy bably be the most important deci- was revitalized, and the once- sion we will make on November 5, defanited city was given new life. for it will set the course that Ohio Voinovich demonstrated his- will take in the next century. statewide management ability by For this reason, this newspaper selecting DeWine as his running gives its early and strong endorse- mate. DeWine has an excellent= ment to George V. Voinovich for reputation as 2 congressman, governor and Michael DeWine for former state senator, and former lieutenant governor. We are im- county prosecuting attorney. If pressed with the integrity and ex- elected, Voinovich has pledged that perience the Voinovich-DeWine DeWine will coordinate the ad- team cantake to the statehouse. ministration's war against drugs, thus turning the lieutenant gover- Ohio needs a governor who knows nor's office into a focal point for how to make tough choices and is not much needed action. afraid to undertake difficult To remain competitive, Ohio challenges. Voinovich fits this needs new leadership, new manage- description. ment and a new vision Voinovich When he became mayor of and DeWine can provide this. We Cleveland in 1979, Voinovich in- urge their election November 6. 10/16/90 17:46 614 228 8638 VOINOVICH DEWINE 013 THE BLADE: TOLEDO, OHIO THURSDAY. OCTOBER 11. 1990 Voinovich pledges regional approach to Ohio job growth BY CHASE CLEMENTS competitive with Indiana." STAFF WRITER Workers' compensation, unem- Speaking at a news conference at ployment insurance, energy and health-care costs, and Ohio's intan- Toledo Express Airport, George Voinovich repeated a message he's gible personal property tax on busi- given before: Toledo and northwest ness assets, he said, all make it difficult for the state to retain busi- Ohio are forgotten parts of the state when it comes to economic develop- pess, whether it is Toledo and Day- ment ton companies moving west to Indi- ana or Cincinnati firms moving Yesterday, however, Mr. Voino- south to Kentucky. vich, the Republican candidate for As for Toledo, be would like to see governor, fit that statement into an overall economic development the city be revived as a corporate headquarters site, become a trans- strategy for the state. portation and distribution center for He wants job-development activi- a three-state region, grow in tour- ties split into 8 to 10 regions of Ohio, ism, and get more state assistance each to choose its own economic in developing international trade, goals and each to get specific help especially with Canada. from the state. For example, he said As be looked across. the rain- the Dayton area has never profited swept airport, he noted that he had fully from Wright-Patterson Air made immerous contacts with the Force Base, nor has the Cleveland Bush administration this year to win area benefited fully from the NASA federal support for the Burlington Lewis Research Center. Air Express cargo hub, which is He also wants to professionalize under construction the Ohio Department of Develop- "The FAA said it was 'go' and the ment by transferring out programs EPA said it was 'no go,' and I just such as housing, low-income energy wanted to get everybody on the assistance, and jail construction and same page because this project is having it concentrate OR retaining important to Toledo," he said jobs and attracting new ones - "to put some hustle and sizzle back into "The people of Ohio recognize that a good job is at the heart of the development," he said. American dream," he said, "and the He proposes using the Public Util- bottom line is that if Ohio is to work, ities Commission of Ohio to develop state government bas got to work" a statewide plan for dealing with That has not happened under Gov- the costs. of complying with acid- ernor Celeste, Mr. Voinovich said, rain legislation. He also seeks an calling him the best economic devel- overhanl of the management of the opment-director Kentucky has ever Ohio Workers' Compensation Sys- had. tem. Inclement weather forced Mr. "The Toledo area is impacted by Voinovich to cancel a campaign stop the noncompetitive business envi- in Dayton. U.S. Rep. Mike DeWine, ronment in Ohio," he said. "The the GOP candidate for lieutenant incentives Ohio can offer are not governor, filled in for him. 014 Daylon Daily News Thurs., Oct. 11, 1990 DeWine announces GOP's plan for jobs Ideas tailored tude, A change of direction, an un- that." nows conference because bad compensation program by install- derstanding of where our re- DoWine said Voluovleh has 10 weather prevented his plane from ing strong, bost-offective manage- sources are and tapping those years' experience ns mayor of tanding In Dayton. Volnovieh ment policies. to Ohio regions resources that are alrendy there," Oleveland. scheduled similar nows confer- Direct the Public Utilities DeWine said at a Wright State Unl- "Ho's run an economic develop- ences for later In the day In Colum- Commission of Ohio to begin do- versity research building. ment department," DeWine sald, bus and Tolodo, VOINOVICH DEWINE veloping a state energy strategy ASCOCIATEDPRESS The GOP plan Involves regional- "WIth all due respect to our oppo. Under the plan, a public-private that deals with the effect of acid lzing development efforts by creat nont, he has not run an oconomic forum called Workforce Ohio rain logislation and rising fuel Republican Neutonant governor ing Individual strategies for eight development department." would be oreated to focus state costs, candidate Michael DoWine an- to 10 different areas of the state, In Celebrezze spokeswoman Melin- government services on the most nounced Wednesday Date Nekot's Support a change in state law addition, the Oblo Department of de Swan sold 78,000 jobs were lost promising occupations and Indus- that would provide that school dis- aconomic development plan, say- Development would be restrue- In Oleveland under Volnovieh and tries, Goals would include Increas- tricts be consulted before any do- Ing R George Volnovion adminis- tured, with Its housing, criminal- that city officials have inherited a Ing business Involvement in the clalon to abate property taxes, tration would not the proper bust- justice and low-income energy n.s. $20 million budget deficit. schools and exploring now tax In- DeWho also sold the Volnovich nesstono for Ohio. sistance programs moved to other "George was a great downt own centives to oncourage companies. administration plans to help Volnovish, former mayor of agencies. mayor for the big fat eats of Cleve- to invest In education. Cleveland, is running for governor transfer technological information "Our goal is to completely revl- land, but when it came to true Job Volnovioli also proposes to: against Democrat Anthony J. Cel- developed at nearby Wright-Pat- tallxe,' energize the coonomic do- development for the clissens of Place greater empliasis on ex- terson Air Force Dase to the prt- obronze Jr., the state's attorney velopment department In the Oloveland, he foll Rat," said Ms. porting Ohio products by botter vate sector, and work to make general. state of Ohio - to make Its No.1 Swan. focusing and communicating with "What we are talking about In Ohio a "major player" In support- goal, its only goal, Jobs, jobs, jobs," DeWine said Volnovish WAS m- the state's world trade offices, this proposal la a change of ntti- ing the United States Air and DeWine said. "Wo have not seon able to attend the Beaverereek Reform the state workers' Trade Showin Dayton, 2614 228 8638 17:47 10/16/90 10/17/90 17:37 2280390 5 001/023 Ohio Republican Party 90 OCT 17 P5: 38 Robert T. Bennett Chairman Martha C. Moore Vice-Chairman TELECOPY TRANSMITTAL PLEASE DELIVER THE FOLLOWING PAGES: TO: Jenni-Fer FROM: Randy Bob Taft Camp. DATE: Oct 17 SUBJECT: Breif TOTAL NUMBER OF PAGES (INCLUDING THIS PAGE) BEING SENT: 25 PLEASE CALL TO CONFIRM RECEIPT OF TELECOPY. YES NO URGENT. PLEASE HAND DELIVER. IF YOU DO NOT RECEIVE ALL PAGES, PLEASE CALL: (614) 228-2481. TELECOPY NUMBER: (614) 228-1093 172 E. State Street, Suite 400, Columbus, Ohio 43215-4387 (614) 228-2481 FAX (614) 228-1093 10/17/90 17:37 2280390 002/023 BOB TAFT 120 East Fourth Street, Suite 960 Cincinnati, Ohio 45202 (513) 723-0900 FAX 723-1415 8 East Broad Street, 10th Floor For Columbus, Ohio 43215 (614) 341-1990 FAX 228-0843 Ohio BOB TAFT FOR SEC'Y OF STATE Bob Taft was born to carry on his family's commitment to public service. His father and grandfather served as U.S. Senators from Ohio. His great-grand father, William Howard Taft, served as our nation's 27th President and as Chief Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court. Bob Taft's commitment to people and public service began early. After graduating from Yale University in 1963, he volunteered for the Peace Corps where he served as a school teacher in Tanzania, East Africa from 1963-1965. Bob returned to the United States and obtained a Master's Degree in Government from Princeton University in 1967. Bob Taft served in Vietnam from 1967-1969 with the State Department during the war years. When he returned to the United States, he served as the Budget Officer and Assistant Director of the Bureau of the Budget in the State of Illinois until 1973. Bob received his J.D. from the University of Cincinnati Law School in 1976. Bob was elected to the Ohio House of Representatives in 1976 where he served on the Ways and Means, Finance, Education Review and Health and Retirement Committees until 1980. Since 1981, Bob Taft has been a Hamilton County Commissioner and in 1986 was a candidate for Lieutenant Governor of Ohio. In addition to his public duties, Bob Taft maintained a private legal practice for a number of years. Bob, his wife Hope and their daughter Anna live in Cincinnati and are very active in their community. The Taft family attends Hyde Park United Methodist Church. Bob was the Ohio co-chairman of the Reagan/Bush '84 campaign and Ohio co-chairman of the George Bush for President campaign in 1988. Paid for by the Taff for Secretary of State Committee Eric C. Okerson, Treasurer, 120 East Fourth Street, Suite 960, Cincinnati, Ohio 45202 25 10/17/90 17:38 2280390 5 003/023 BOB TAFT Record of Public Service HAMILTON COUNTY BOARD OF COMMISSIONERS, 1981-Present As a county commissioner of Ohio's third largest county, Bob Taft has distinguished himself as a strong administrator, citizen's advocate and problem-solver. He played a leadership role in the following achievements: FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT - AAA Bond Rating Throughout Bob Taft's tenure on the board of county commissioners, Hamilton County has maintained a AAA bond rating. Hamilton County is the only county in Ohio with this coveted financial rating which translates into a significant saving of taxpayer dollars. Responsible Budgeting - In each year of Bob Taft's service on the Board, Hamilton County has had a balanced budget without an increase in either the sales tax or general fund property tax. Since 1981, over half of all counties in Ohio have raised the sales tax to generate additional revenues. ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT Hamilton County Development Company Bob Taft was instrumental in the formation of this successful public-private partnership, creating an active role for the county in economic development. Since 1983, the small business loan program operated by the Development Company has preserved 2200 existing jobs and created 1100 new jobs in Hamilton County. Enterprise Zones The county has utilized the "Urban Jobs Enterprise Zone" program to attract over $400 million in private investment, generating approximately 4,000 jobs. Examples include the $250 million investment of the Ford Sharonville Transmission Plant and the decision by the Henkel Corporation to construct a $130 million plant in the city of St. Bernard. 1 10/17/90 17:38 2280390 004/023 Expansion of the Cincinnati Convention Center The county's financial participation in the expansion of th convention center has translated into an influx of millions o dollars into Hamilton County. Since completion of the expansion the convention industry has continued to grow and play an ever mor important role in the local economy. The economic impact o conventions which have been booked due to the convention cente expansion now totals over $275 million. CITIZEN'S ADVOCATE Children's Services Bob Taft has been a crusader for innovative and strengthene services to abused and neglected children. Between 1981-89, local spending for children's services has increased by over 70% Advancements in children's services programming and operations have accompanied this growth, including the establishment of a sexua. abuse investigative unit, Family Preservation Program, and comprehensive reorganization of the delivery of services to bette: serve children. In addition, the county commissioners initiate sweeping changes and reform following allegations of abuse at Alle House, the county-run shelter for abused and neglected children. Day Care In 1982, Hamilton County established a public/private partnership with the Community Chest and the City of Cincinnati to expand the availability of day care. The Coordinated Day Care System receive an achievement award in 1989 from the National Association of Counties in recognition of its innovative programming towari continued support of day care when funding sources fluctuate. Ir 1989, there were 2,240 referrals for day care through this program: an increase of 22% over 1988. Senior Citizens Since 1981, Bob Taft has voted to approve the allocation of over $3 million for senior citizen activities through the Community Development Block Grant program. Seniors in 24 local communities are being served by senior centers made possible by this funding Further, Bob has been an ardent supporter of People Workin Cooperatively, a non-profit organization which receives funding from the county's Block Grant allocation to perform repair service which help enable seniors to continue living in their homes. Workfare With the support of the county commissioners, Hamilton County was the first urban county to participate in Ohio's workfare progra and has pioneered initiatives to remove people from the welfan rolls and place them in meaningful jobs. 10/17/90 17:39 2280390 005/023 Public Safety Bob Taft actively lobbied at the state level to remove obstacles to passage of state legislation enabling the development of a 9-1- 1 emergency phone system. Environment Bob Taft successfully led a coalition of local government, park and health officials to save Sharon Woods Lake from destruction and protect the Lake from pollution. Coupled with this effort, Taft fought on behalf of a low-income community, plagued by health and sanitation problems, to bring about necessary financing assistance for construction of a sanitary sewer system. PROBLEM-SOLVER Sound Management in Difficult Times Bob Taft took office on the board of commissioners in the midst of a recession which was crippling many local governments. Through a series of belt-tightening moves, including a 6.5% across-the- board cutback in budget, the county commissioners were able to avert a tax increase and restore fiscal stability to the county. Drake Hospital When confronted by the Harvey tragedy at Drake Hospital, the county commissioners provided leadership that dealt swiftly and firmly with the crisis. Drake is now fully accredited and functioning under a joint operating agreement between the county and UC Medical Center which was initiated by the county commissioners. Passage of a 5-year levy in May of 1989 marked the beginning of a new era for Drake and endorsed the sweeping reforms taken to save the hospital. Corrections The 1980's have been a period of jail crisis on a nation-wide scale. In Ohio, a combination of factors including mandatory sentencing, court-ordered mandates, state standards, and drug- related arrests have left local governments grappling with overcrowded jails and explosive increases in corrections costs. with the support and involvement of the county commissioners, Hamilton County has been a leader in the state in providing alternatives to incarceration. Examples include the Turning Point program for multiple DUI offenders, Guardian Interlock, a device which deters DUI probationers from driving while intoxicated, and a home incarceration program allowing misdemeanant offenders to be supervised at home. Further, jail capacity has been increased 50% since 1981, during which time a new 850-bed Justice Center was opened. Plans are proceeding for a new minimum security facility to house 1500 inmates. 10/17/90 17:40 2280390 5 006/023 Ohio House of Representatives, 1976-80 -Named "State Representative of the Year" in 1978 by the Hamilton County Association of Township Trustees and Clerks. -Served on the Small Business, Finance, Education Review Health and Retirement Committees, and was Ranking Member of the Ways and Means Committee. -Sponsored legislation to strengthen local governments, expan the authority of townships, improve retirement programs, an maintain high ethical standards for public officials. Budget Officer/Assistant Director Illinois Bureau of the Budget, 1969-73 -Responsible for budgeting and management improvement effort for major state programs including health, corrections, la enforcement and public welfare. -Began as a Budget Officer and within three years had advance to Assistant Director. -Received formal recognition from the Governor of Illinois for outstanding service. Service in Vietnam with the state Department, 1967-69 -Served as Assistant Budget Officer for the U.S. Sta Department in Saigon, South Vietnam. Peace Corps Volunteer, 1963-65 -Taught school in Tanzania, East Africa. 10/17/90 17:40 2280390 1 007/023 Sun Newspapers THURSDAY CLEVELAND SUBURBS OCTOBER 4, 1990 CIRC. 215,000 Pick Taft over Brown Normally the secretary of state's job is not a high profile position, but that's not the case this year. Why? Because whoever holds the seat will have a voice in de- termining the complexion of the next state legislature. The sec- retary of state is one member of the apportionment board which will decide how to divvy up state legislative districts next year. Democratic incumbent Sherrod C. Brown is running hard, but our choice is Republican challenger Bob Taft. We simply feel Taft can bring a fresh perspective to and re- store public confidence in the office, which has been rattled with stories of drug dealing and corruption. Taft is the product of a formidable political family and is ca- pable of handling the challenges of the position. He has served well as a Hamilton County commissioner for nine years and spent four years as a state legislator. Brown hasn't paid as much attention to the business in his office as he should have in the past eight years, and it shows. With closer supervision, he could have avoided the woes plagu- ing his office and his re-election bid. Based on his track record and his plan to modernize the sec- retary of state's office and procedures, Taft is worthy to be the state's chief elections official and deserves election to the post. 10/17/90 17:41 2280390 1 008/023 Sunday, October 14, 1990 The Columbus Dispatch An Independent Newspaper Serving Ohio Since July 1, 1871. JOHN F. WOLFE, Publisher, President and CEO ROBERT B. SMITH, Editor EDITORIALS Robert Taft II Would restore confidence in state office Robert Taft II, an experienced administra- He has made a pledge to reach out to where tor of unflinching integrity, would make an the people are and to improve access to the excellent secretary of state for the people of system. Ohio. As secretary of state, Taft would exercise The Dispatch endorses him over the incum- aggressive leadership, working with lawmakers. bent, Sherrod Brown. to make this significant state office the most As a former state legislator modem and efficient of its kind in (for five years). Taft has a thor- the country. ough understanding of state gov- Taft would press for a strong, ernment. independent Ohio Elections As a Hamilton County com- Commission; making it a watch- missioner (for nine years), Taft dog with teeth. has established a record of consci- The secretary of state's of- entious and fair-minded leader- fice, under Brown, has been taint- ship. ed by allegations of drug dealing The secretary of state is far and cover-up. Events have called more than a keeper of official into question the incumbent's records, though that is an impor- credibility and leadership quali- tant function that demands a ties. commitment to-service. Taft, whose family has been The secretary of state sits as in public service for generations, a member of the State Apportion- is following in the footsteps of his ment Board. which draws Ohio father, grandfather and great- General Assembly districts after each federal grandfather, President William Howard Taft. census. Today's Taft merits the confidence of the As Ohio's chief elections officer, Taft would people of this state. make a sustained effort, we believe, to increase His election to be secretary of state will citizen interest in registering to vote. serve the public interest well. 10/17/90 17:41 2280390 009/023 THE CINCINNATI ENQUIRER Sunday, October 14, 1990 An editorial The Enquirer endorses For secretary of state The Enquirer's strong preference for secretary of state is Robert A. Taft II, Republican of Cincinnati. A former Ohio state representative and an incumbent Hamilton County commissioner, Mr. Taft has earned his spurs as a successful practicing lawyer and a competent public official. As secretary of state, Mr. Taft will be the state's principal elections officer and perform other duties related to the registration of corporations. 10/17/90 17:41 2280390 010/023 Taft striving to return integrity to state office By Dennis Bush the drug investigations in his oppo- Lantern staff writer nent's office was not the fact that no one was prosecuted, but the fact that Republican candidate for secretary no one was disciplined. of state Robert A. Taft II, said the Negative advertising is a problem first task of a secretary of state is to in other races, Taft said, but he protect the integrity of & state's elec- doesn't consider naming his oppo- tion laws. nent in his campaign ads to be nega- The secretary of state's office is not THE OHIO STATE LANTERN, Wednesday, October 10, 1990 tive advertising. currently protecting these laws by It is important to inform the voter properly auditing the finance reports of what, Taft feels, the current secret- or investigating violations of the cam- ary of state has failed to do. He also paign finance laws, Taft said. said personal attacks on a candidate's "If elected, this is the task I would file photo give the highest priority," he said. private life, in campaign ads, is unac- Robert A. Taft = ceptable. Taft also said he would computer- "Personal ads mislead voters and I known." he said. ize campaign finance reports because it would increase the amount of re- believe they also turn voters off," he Taft said he would propose legisla- said. ports the secretary of state's office tion which would encourage more Taft wants to correct the lack of re- could audit. free-air time offered by the networks gistered voters in Ohio. If elected, he and would force anyone who took ad- Even though he has been accusing his opponent, incumbent Secretary will initiate a program that will open vantage of the free coverage to abide by the spending limitations. of State Sherrod Brown, of being soft voter registration booths in malls, on drugs, Taft said, "there is no cor- libraries, supermarkets, and govern- Taft said he is ready to become sec- ment offices. he said. retary of state, and it is natural for at relation," between the drug problem that occurred in Brown's office and Taft voted against legislation for person to seek higher office, if he's voter registration once. The legisla- done a good job in the office he al- the fact Taft's employeeing a man who has been prosecuted for drug ab- tion would have allowed voters to re- ready occupies. use. gister to vote on election day, which While Commissioner of Hamilton If he was elected to office, Taft may have resulted in voting fraud County, Taft led legislation to install would work to make the secretary of and abuses, he said. at state-wide 911 program, and for the state's office drug free. He said he Also, the majority of the voters last 10 years, Hamilton County has could eliminate drug sales in the de- were opposed to the legislation, he been the only county in Ohio with a partment, but he could not control said. triple "A" rating. This rating means if a county bor- what his employees do on their own Taft called his opponent's legisla- time. rows money for capital improvement tion on campaign limitations "a form the tax payers pay lower interest The man accused of abusing drugs of incumbent protection." rates. is still in Taft's employment because The bill sets spending limitations Taft said he has had 15 years of ex- his work was not negatively affected at such low levels that if a candidate perience as an elected official, and be- by his other activities, be said. was an unknown he would have an cause of his background he has the What bothered Taft the most about "almost impoliable time becoming experience to do the job. 10/17/90 17:42 2280390 011/023 BOB TAFT 120 East Fourth Street, Suite 960 Cincinnati, Ohio 45202 (513) 723-0900 FAX 723-1415 8 East Broad Street, 10th Floor For Columbus, Ohio 43215 (614) 341-1990 FAX 228-0843 Ohio FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE: OCTOBER 5, 1990 CONTACT: GENE WISE (614) 341-1990 TAFT CALLS ON SECRETARY OF STATE TO LEARN THE DUTIES OF OFFICE: "CALL FOR NEW LEGISLATION IS NOT NECESSARY, H SAYS TAFT COLUMBUS -- Bob Taft, candidate for secretary of state, today called on Sherrod Brown to stop looking for excuses by seeking new law. legislation and to do the job he is already charged with by "Brown's call for new legislation on the filing of campaign finance reports shows that he is unaware of the duties of the secretary of state and incapable of doing the job he is obligated to do by law,' Taft said. "Ohio law mandates the secretary of state to compel the counties to review campaign finance reports; obviously he is not doing his job. A new law seeking to place authority under the secretary of state's direct supervision is not needed because he already has that authority." Bob Taft referred to the Ohio Revised Code which outlines the duties of the secretary of state and notes that, "the secretary of state shall compel the observance by election officers in the several counties of the requirements of election laws," [3501.05 (M) 1. Taft also noted that the issuance of election certificates by the secretary of state should be used as a means of insuring compliance with the law, [3517.11 (D)]. "It is up to the secretary of state to make sure the counties have done their job before a certificate is issued," Taft said. "Brown should already be aware of any inadequacies which may occur in the counties because copies of the reports are sent to his office," Taft added. "That clearly gives the secretary of state the authority to police campaign finance reports." - MORE - Paid for by the Thaft for Secretary of State Committee, Erle c. Okarson, Theasurer, 120 East Fourth Street, Suise SSC. Cincinnati, Ohio 45202 25 10/17/90 17:43 2280390 012/023 Taft concluded, "Sherrod Brown is not doing his job now and new legislation will not change that. The 'pay-to-play' scam has been going on in Columbus too long and by not properly policing campaign finance reports, Brown has allowed it to continue. I find it interesting that with less than five weeks to go in this campaign, Brown has finally decided to address what I have said is a key issue from the beginning. Why did it take eight years in office for Sherrod Brown to focus on campaign finance reports? It's time for new leadership, not new laws, to make the secretary of state's office efficient again." - 30 - 10/17/90 17:43 2280390 013/023 BOB TAFT 120 East Fourth Street, Suite 960 Cincinnati, Ohio 45202 (513) 723-0900 FAX 723-1415 8 East Broad Street, 10th Floor For Columbus, Ohio 43215 (614) 341-1990 FAX 228-0843 Ohio FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE: CONTACT: GENE WISE SEPTEMBER 24, 1990 (614) 341-1990 TAFT CHARGES BROWN WITH BEING 'ABSENT WITHOUT LEAVE'; CITES NEW CAMPAIGN LAW VIOLATIONS COLUMBUS -- Responding to new revelations in the Akron Beacon Journal (9-23-90) that legislators from both political parties had used campaign contributions for items that are considered to be for personal use, Republican candidate for Secretary of State Bob Taft charged Sherrod Brown with being "absent without leave" in enforcing Ohio's election laws. "Once again, Sherrod Brown has to read in the newspaper what he should have already known if he had reviewed the campaign reports," said Taft. "It was Sherrod Brown's job to look into election law abuses, but he failed to do that job. Brown is absent without leave from complying with the duties of the office to which he was elected." Taft noted that Brown has a statutory obligation to investigate campaign reports, but has failed to do so. "Sherrod Brown and the boards of elections he supervises, must review campaign reports for compliance {3517.11 (B) compel the observance by election officers in the several counties of the requirements of election laws (3501.05 (M) ), investigate and report violations to the attorney general and/or prosecuting attorney (3501.05 (N) and 3501.11 (J) Did Sherrod Brown's office look into the receipts from elected officials noted in the Beacon Journal report? He is required by law to review those receipts and make certain campaign funds were not used for personal purposes. It is obvious that Sherrod Brown hasn't done his job," Taft stated. "The integrity of Ohio's elections system is directly undermined when our chief elections officer does not investigate campaign reports,' said Taft. "It was Brown's job to look into these abuses, but he ignored the problem. If Ohio's chief elections officer won't look into these matters, who will?" - MORE - Paid for by the Talt for Secretary of State Committee, Eric C. Okerson, Treasurer, 120 East Fourth Street, Suite 960, Cincinnati, Ohio 45202 25 10/17/90 17:43 2280390 014/023 "Unfortunately, Sherrod Brown has more bark than bite when it comes to acting as a watchdog over those seeking to influence, abuse, or skirt Ohio's election laws," said Taft. "Ohio needs a secretary of state who will be aggressive in rooting out any impropriety. I will get the job done, " said Taft. Taft re-affirmed his commitment to audit campaign reports and issued a notice to state elected officials and candidates that he would investigate violations and report them to the attorney general and/or the prosecuting attorney, or Elections Commission. "I am putting all candidates on notice that Bob Taft will audit campaign reports and refer them to the appropriate enforcement authority regardless of party affiliation, " said Taft. "I pledge to restore the integrity of Ohio's elections system and will vigorously enforce our campaign laws, " Taft concluded. 1 30 - 015/023 1- TROY DAILY NEWS, Tuesday, September 11, 1990 1 Challenger Taft outlines 10-point plan COLUMBUS (UPI) - The Repu- blican challenger for Ohio secretary of state, saying drug use has been "fairly rampant" in the office of Democratic incumbent Sherrod to fight drugs Brown, announced a 10-prong plan Monday to combat drugs. "Ohio has had it with drugs," employees of the secretary of state's to sign statements saying they will employee as saying drug use had been Hamilton County Commissioner Bob office," said Taft. "My plan seeks to remain drug free. "fairly rampant" in the office. Taft said at a news conference in the send a clear message of zero tolerance The Franklin County prosecutor "It's time to get tough," said Taft. lobby of the State Office Tower. "A is toward drugs in the office." recently looked into a five-year-old "It's time to send a message of zero, time for our elected officials to do Among other things, under the Taft case of alleged drug sales in Brown's tolerance." something." plan: office and found no basis for prosecu- Taft added, however, he would not Any employee who manufac- tion, but Taft said the prosecutor nev- advocate pre-employment or spot Taft said his proposal includes tures, distributes or sells drugs would er received information on at least one drug testing of workers if elected. lough measures to help make the sec- be subject to immediate dismissal. retary of state's office drug free. alleged sale. On another matter, Taft said he is "As many of you know, drugs Any employee found to posssess "Should an investigation of illegal "extremely encouraged" by results] were being sold in this very lobby b. or use drugs would be subject to drug activity take place by law enfor- of a Columbus Dispatch poll pub- immediate suspension. cement officials," said Taft, "il shall lished Monday showing him running No one would be hired who has be the policy of the secretary of state only 1 percentage point behind, been convicted of possessing, distri- to personally make certain the proper "Running neck-and-neck with at buting or manufacturing drugs, even prosecutorial agencies are informed two-term incumbent shows tremend-: if they had served their sentences and and steps taken to adjudicate any ous progress," he said. "It's desên-: been rehabilitated. illegal activity." tially consistent with every poll I'ver All employees would be required Taft quoted an unnamed Brown seen recently." 10/17/90 17:44 2280390 News Journal, Mansfield, 0. Tuesday, September 18, 1990 10/17/90 Taft: Brown's system outdated 17:44 Challenger promises more aggressive auditing of political funding News Journal and wire reports Date Butland, campaign spokesman for Brown, COLUMBUS - Republican Robert Taft II on Monday accused Democratic Secretary of State "Thanks to the computerization denied Taft's allegations. He said computerization of the elections section of the office already was 2803 Sherrod Brown of running the office with an out- that he's done, every single under way and would be completed by mid-1991. dated system and of failing to audit campaign- finance report filed with the sec- financé reports. "Thanks to the computerization that he's done, Taft, who faces Brown in the November elec- retary's office is now audited. In every single finance report filed with the secre- tion, displayed an old-fashioned typewriter to fact, Secretary Brown's office tary's office is now audited. In fact, Secretary illustrate what he called Brown's "quill and pen Brown's office has now audited over 2,600 finance mentality." He also showed a computer, pledging has now audited over 2,600 reports and has referred over 500 cases to the that if elected Nov. 6 he would computerize cam- finance reports and has referred Ohio Elections Commission for prosecution. And paign expenditure reports within one year. Sherrod has referred more Democratic candidates over 500 cases for prosecu- "Since 1983 than Republican candidates," Butland said in an Sherrod Brown's budget has tion. " interview. increased by over $7 million, or 203 percent. His staff has increased by 67 persons, or 56 percent. - Date Butland, Separate bills pending in the House and Senate Clearly he's had the staff and the budget to inves- spokesman for Brown would require such reports to be computerized. tigate violations of our campaign-finance report- Local candidates, including Sawyer, file reports ing laws. He simply has not. got the job done," Taft Sawyer's opponent, Republican Steve Young of with county boards of election, not Brown's office. told a news conference. "And by failing to de so, I believe he sends a Mansfield, challenged Sawyer to document $5,265 Taft pledged to computerize election reports dangerous signal to all candidates, to all political he spent on a credit card, cellular telephone and within one year after taking office, to reorganize action committees, inviting abuse of our cam- floral arrangements. the office staff so more people were assigned to palgn-finance laws, which are designed to protect Young asked the Richland County Board of auditing finance reports from campaign and polit- 1 the integrity of our political process," he said. Elections to order Sawyer to prove it was not per- ical action committees, and to publish regular : sonal spending, but the board deferred action audits and analyses of campaign-finance reports: Taft cited a series of alleged violations of cam- ! paign-finance law that he said Brown failed to when Sawyer asked the Ohio Elections Commis- [ investigate, including charges that state Rep. sion for an advisory opinion. The GOP contends Butland said the computerization of the elec- tions section would be completed by mid-1991, = Frank Sawyer, D-Mansfield, failed to document the commission has no authority to issue the opin- "which is six months sooner than Bob Taft has campaign spending. ion Sawyer sought. promised to computerize it by." 016/023 Jupt Taft says Brown uses outdated 06/21/01 COLUMBUS (AP) - Robert A. Tall If, the THE PLAIN DEALER, TUESDAY, SEPTEMBER 18, 1990 Republican candidate for secretary of state, 17:45 yesterday accused his opponent, Demo- cratic incumbent Sherrod Brown, of run- ning the office with an outdated system and system of failing to audit campaign finance re- ports. Taft displayed an old-fashioned type- writer to Illustrate what he called Brown's Taft cited a series of alleged compaign fi- and has referred over 500 cases to the Ohio 28 "quill-and-pen mentality." He also showed nance law violations that he said Brown Elections Commission for prosecution. And a computer. pledging that if elected Nov. 6 failed to investigate. Sherrod has referred more Democratic can- he would computerize campaign expendi- Dale Butland, campaign spokesman for didates than Republican candidates." ture reports within a year. Brown, denied Taft's allegations. He said Separate bills pending in the House and the elections section of the office already Senate would require such reports to be was being computerized, with the work computerized. "Since 1983 ... Sherrod Brown's budget expected to be completed by mid-1991. "I'd like to see the legislature at least has increased by over $7 million, or 203%," "Thanks to the computerization that he's pass that," Taft said. "We're going to do it if Taft said at a news conference. "His staff done, every single finance report filed with elected, but I don't have the confidence has increased by 67 persons. or 56%. the secretary's office is now audited," But- that my opponent is going to do it, frankly, Clearly he's had the staff and the budget to land said. "In fact, Secretary Brown's office because he hasn't done it in eight years." investigate violations of our campaign fi- has now audited over 2,600 finance reports Taft also said he would reorganize the nance reporting laws. He simply has not got the job done. "And by failing to do so, I believe he sends a dangerous signal to all candidates, office staff SO more people were assigned to to all political action committees, inviting auditing campaign and political action abuse of our campaign finance laws which committee finance reports. He promised to are designed to protect the integrity of our publish regular audits and analyses of cam- political process." paign contributions. He said 27 other states' campaign reports already were fully or partially computer- ized. "It's time for Ohio to start leading the na- tion rather than following, and computeri- zation is a vital check in making certain that Ohio checks the abuses of the pay-to- play mentality that has prevailed in Columbus," Taft said. 017/023 10/17/90 17:45 2280390 018/023 THE CINCINNATI ENQUIRER Friday. May 18. 1990 Increased voter registration among latest Taft proposals BY ROBERT E. MILLER bution of mail-in forms by state government process has reached The Associated Press contractors and banks that hold the critical stage and that the cur- COLUMBUS, Ohio Ohioans state money. rent secretary of state is doing could register to vote up to 15 days Democratic Secretary of State lictle about it. before an election, instead of the Sherrod Brown responded through He criticized Brown. who is present 30 days. under a proposal are aide. Steven Fought. that there offered Thursday by GOP secre- was little new in Taft's proposals. seeking re-election. for saying he tary of state candidate Robert A. Fought also said they indicate the has registered 1 million voters Taft II. Republicans' interest in voter reg- since 1983. Taft said when expira- He also would put forms in in- istration is overdue. tions are figured. the net gain has come tax booklets. expand library "They walked onto our home been only 88,000. registrations. strengthen sign-up field on this one." Fought said. Under Ohio law, voters who do efforts by state and local govern- Taft said in a news conference not cast a ballot at least once in ment agencies. and require distri- that the lack of participation in the four years are taken from the rolls. 019/023 Monday. October 8, 1990 The Columbus Dispatric Secretary of state race Secretary of State/Auditor may go right down to wire By Mike Curtin each result. That means that Taft's 46-45 lead Dispotch Public Affairs Editor could actually be as large as 49-42, or that Brown could have a lead of as much as 48-43. The race for Ohio secretary of state contin- Brown, 37, of Columbus is seeking a third ues to be nock-and-neck. term as Ohio's chief elections officer. He As they were one month ago. Democral formerly served as a state representative from Sherrod Brown and Republican Bob Taft are Mansfield. Taft, 48, is a Hamilton County essentially tied in the latest Dispatch Poll. commissioner and a former state representative Brown Taff Meanwhile, State Auditor Thomas E. Fer- from Cincinnati. In the poll, Taft's slight edge came from Secretary of State guson held a comfortable 18-point lead over Republican challenger James M. Petro. That doing better than Brown among voters from the 45% represented a 4-point gain for Ferguson since opposite party and from a 3-point lead among September 44% last month's poll. independents. Brown was dominant in Cleve- 11% The mail poll of 1,597 Ohio registered land and was slightly ahead among voters in 45% voters was conducted Sept. 28 through Thurs- suburban Cuyahoga County. October 46% day. It was the fourth Dispatch Poll of 1990. Brown also led among voters in a grouping The races for secretary of state and auditor of nine metropolilan counties, while Taft had are considered crucial this year because, along big leads in Franklin County, Hamilton County Brown Tan Don't know with the office of governor, they have effective and the state's rural counties. If the race continues to be as tight during State Auditor control of the State Apportionment Board. The board redraws state legislative districts the next four weeks, the poll results would 2280390 after each federal census. determining which indicate it may be decided by which party is 50% September 36% party gets an advantage in contests for control more successful in getting its voters to the polls. 14% of the General Assembly. in the auditor's race, Ferguson led Petro in 53% Last week's poll gave Taft a 1-point advan- most groupings of voters. Ferguson, 61, seeks a October 35% lage over Brown. A month ago, a Dispatch Poll fifth term. Petro, 41, is a state representative 12% gave Brown a 1-point lead. Poll leads that slim from Rocky River. are statistically insignificant. Fergubors Petro Don't know The Dispotch considers the poil accurate How the pall was conducted / 5C 10/17/90 17:46 Source: Dispatch poll Doug Miller/ Dispatch within plus or minus 3 percentage points on 10/17/90 17:46 2280390 020/023 Secretary of State race is dead heat OHIO 10a By Robert White Post Ohio Bureau Secretary of State COLUMBUS - Hamilton County Commissioner Robert Taft is running dead even with incumbent Secretary of State Sherrod Brown, according to the Attorney General latest Ohio Poll. The Cincinnati Post, Tuesday, October 2, 1990 In what is quickly shaping up as the most excit- ing of statewide contests this year, Taft and Brown each had the support of 39 percent of the 548 likely voters surveyed Sept. 17-25. State Auditor Another 17.3 percent were undecided, and 4 per- cent said they don't like either candidate or prefer someone else. "Based on our poll. they're in a virtual dead State heat," said Al Tuchfarber, director of the University of Cincinnati's Institute for Policy Research, which conducted the survey on behalf of UC, The Post and the Dayton Daily News. SOURCE: Chio Poll The Cincinnal Post ing Republican George Another fluid race is the one Voinovich leading in the gover- for attorney general. nor's race, GOP strategists see Tuchfarber attributed an opportunity in Taft to win Pfeifer's edge to his superior control of apportionment. name recognition. Like Fisher In other races, the poll found: Even though Brown has held he is a member of the state Sen- Incumbent State Auditor the office since 1983 and has one ate, but gained exposure when Thomas Ferguson holds a 31- of the most popular last names he ran for the U.S. Senatein 1982 point lead over Republican chal- in Ohio politics, the poll found and sought the GOP nomination lenger James Petro, with 21 per- that his name recognition, 68 for governor in 1986. His name cent undecided. percent, is slightly lower than ID is 58 percent, versus 30 per- Taft's, which is 81 percent. How- cent for Fisher. Incumbent Treasurer Mary Ellen Withrow has a 19-point ever, about 40 percent of those The poll also suggests that edge over Republican Judith questioned also said they know Pfeifer engenders stronge loyal. Brachman, with 37 percent un- little about either candidate: ty among Republicans than Fish- decided. Taft enjoys his strongest sup- er does among Democrats. In the attorney-general con- port in southwestern Ohio, Nearly 63 percent of Repiblicans where he was favored by 50 per- said they support Pfeifer about test, where neither candidate is an incumbent, Republican Paul cent against 33 percent for 47 percent of Democras said Pfeifer has a 10-point edge over Brown and 13 percent unde- they prefer Fisher. Democrat Lee Fisher with 36 cided. Brown held a 14-point In the auditor's race, Fergu- lead over Taft in northeastern son's name ID is a comnanding percent undecided. Ohio with 23 percent undecided, 85 percent. Ferguson's approval The Taft-Brown battle for sec- and showed a surprising 44-40 rating is about 30 percint, his retary of state is drawing atten- edge in northwestern Ohio. In unfavorable about 8 perent - tion because of its potential the Columbus area, Taft leads by virtually identical to Taffs. impact on control of redistrict- about 7 points. Tuchfarber said thereis little ing for state legislative seats. evidence the negative publicity Among independent voters The apportionment board is about Ferguson's allege sexual Taft enjoys a 39-29 lead, with comprised of the governor. audi- relationship with a forner em- nearly 27 percent undecided. tor, secretary of state and one ployee is having an effed. Tuchfarber said the numbers representative of each party The poll is based or phone from the legislature. Next year it could change quickly. interviews with registere voters will redraw the maps for the "We could see change in ei- selected at random. Themargin Ohio House and Senate, based ther direction. based on the qual- of error is 4.2 percent. on 1990 census data. ity of advertising the candidates With every recent poll show. do by election day," he said. 10/17/90 17:47 2280390 021/023 The Buchtelite Tuesday, October 9, 1990 Taft charges Brown with job neglect Brown's friend, Anthony by Jennifer Lindsey Celebrezze, said Taft. He accused Buchtelite Staff Writer Brown of failing to perform his job as secretary of state. Robert A. Taft 11, Republican Brown could not be reached for nominee for secretary of state, comment, but has said throughout charged his opponent Sherrod his campaign that he has an excep- Brown with failing to investigate tional record as secretary of state. irregularities in campaign Although the election polls contributions. report an even race between Taft "In March his (Brown's) office and Brown, Taft feels confident said the investigation would be the voters will choose him. completed by the November elec- If elected, Taft said he plans to tions. Today, here we are seven modernize the office with com- months later. Yet we still have no puters within the first year of his word from the secretary of state term. He said he intends to place about his investigation, "Taft said limits on individual campaign con- Thursday in Chestnut B on tributions. To limit campaign campus. spending, he proposed that broad- The contributions were given to casters allow two minutes of free air time to candidates to promote their campaign. Taft also wants "to take an ac- tive role in schools." He stressed the importance of making students aware of their role in elections. "A lot of college and universi- ty students could make a dif- ference by either registering or by getting the absentee ballot," Taft said. Taft said the rise of college tui- tion "is out of line.' He supports George Voinovich's piedge to reduce the percentage of the total cost of tuition. "I feel I can make a real con- Taft tribution as setretary of state." The Cohumbus Dismark Thursday, October 4, 1990 022/023 Stakes are rising in Ohio secretary of state race By Mike Curtin Dispatch Public Affairs Editor A firm judgment on the governor's race will be made "about the third week of October," Riffe The race for Ohio secretary of state is about to said. "If you look at the polls when it gets down to challenge the governor's race in the competition deadline time and it looks like one of them can't for October campaign dollars and voters' atten- make it and one's in better shape, then you go with tion. the better one," he said. For some top Democrats, such as Ohio House However, Riffe clearly is trying to push cam- Speaker Vernal G. Riffe Jr., the secretary of state's paign money toward Brown's race, just as the Ohio race may already have become the most important Republican Party is trying to up the ante for Taft. contest of 1990. Yesterday, Riffe began urging Ohio Republican Chairman Robert T. Ben- Statehouse lobbyists to pour their contributions netl has delivered on a February promise to into that contest. Brown Taft provide Taft with $300,000 in campaign money if And for both political parties, the battle for utions to the re-election campaign of Secretary of he dropped out of the governor's race and ran for secretary of slate has become the pivot point in the State Sherrod Brown, the Democrat. Additional secretary of state. struggle for control of the Ohio General Assembly. meetings are being scheduled with other lobbyists. The Ohio Republican Party supplied $200,000 For reasons often not understood by the On the Republican side, similar efforts are of it, and the Republican National Committee sent average voler, a race for secretary of state or state over $100,000. underway to steer as much campaign money as auditor in Ohio can be as crucial to the two parties possible to Brown's opponent, Hamilton County Ohio Senate President Stanley J. Aronoff has and top legislative leaders as the race for governor. Commissioner Bob Taft. contributed Senate campaign money to Taft's That's because those three offices have effec- campaign, and is expected to follow Riffe's lead in In recent polls, Brown and Taft have been tive control of the State Apportionment Board, urging others to funnel contributions to the race. essentially deadlocked. which redraws all of Ohio's 132 legislative districts Brian J. Berry, state GOP executive director, One lobbyist who attended yesterday's lunch- after each federal census. said Brown and Taft may spend a combined $3 eon with Riffe at the Capital Club said the speaker With Republican George V. Voinovich enjoy- million to $4 million. "It's no great secret we have a told them the secretary of state's race is important ing comfortable poll leads over Democrat Anthony to him, and therefore important to them. major interest in winning this race," Berry said. J. Celebrezze Jr. in the governor's race, and Ohio Democratic Chairman James M. Ruvolo Another lobbyist said Riffe is scheduling indi- Democrat State Auditor Thomas E. Ferguson well said Berry's estimate may be conservative. "In a vidual meetings with lobbyists to seek financial ahead of Republican James M. Petro, the race for race where nobody has ever spent a million, there's support for Brown. Both lobbyists said they will secretary of state is seen by Riffe and others as the urge their clients to contribute to Brown and Taft. likely to be $5 million spent," he said. "That's why showdown for control of Ohio's legislative branch campaign finance reform is going to be the issue of Riffe also recently called a meeting of House of government. the '90s. Nobody can come out of this and not Democrats and urged them to help Brown's candi- For Riffe, a Republican takeover of the Ap- scream for something to be done." dacy. 280390390 portionment Board likely would be the beginning The issue for the parties is which of them will Riffe confirmed the talks. "I intend to do of the end of his record tenure as House speaker, a control the legislature, but Brown and Taft recog- everything I can because that's a seat on the position he has held since 1975. Democrats control nize that isn't an issue most voters care about. Apportionment Board," he said of Brown's race. the House, 59-40. Brown, seeking a third term, will attempt to "From the polls I've seen, that race today is about a Republicans control the Ohio Senate, 19-14, show he has a good record in office, especially with tossup race. [']] be doing everything [ can to help." even though Democrats drew existing district lines. voter registration. Riffe said he is not writing off Celebrezze's Yesterday, Riffe met with about 15 State- Taft will contend that Brown has been part of 17:48 candidacy for governor. "T'm not giving up on Tony house lobbyists, representing various trade groups an abuse-of-power problem at the Statehouse, by yel," Riffe said. That race could be tightening in and associations, and urged them to make contrib- not aggressively scrutinizing alleged campaign fi- the final five weeks of the campaign, he said. nance improprieties. 10/17/90 023/023 10/17/90 17:48 2280390 The Uindicator THURSDAY, SEPTEMBER 6, 1990 HIO Associated Press These Pledge time: Republican candidates for Ohio office hold a declaration for a two-term limit on statewide elective offices. From left are James Petro, auditor candidate; Peul Pfeiter, attorney general sume candidate: Robert Taft II, secretary of state candidate; and Judith Brachman, treasurer candidate. the live Candidates push limit on offices wed menting COLUMBUS (AP) - A constitutional limit barring third consecutive term because of the constitutional governors from more than two consecutive terms prohibition but could run again after a four-year break, to would be expanded to other non-judicial statewide as did his predecessor, Republican James A. Rhodes. elective offices under a proposal by four Republican A voter-approved constitutional amendment would candidates. be needed before any such limits could be applied to "It is time for Ohio to limit the terms of statewide the other officeholders. elected officials so that voters can regain the trust they Petro filed a ballot resolution with the House clerk once had. The stakes are great. Ohioans are ready that proposed submitting the amendment to voters in for a change." Robert Taft П, the GOP candidate for November 1992. His resolution also specifically in- secretary of state, said Wednesday. cludes lieutenant governors, who run in tandem with "Limiting the terms of politicians is a good idea. This governor candidates. reform measure should be adopted and the Democrats Democratic Secretary of State Sherrod Brown en- should support it too," he said. dorsed the concept of a limit, while Democratic guber- Taft was joined by three GOP colleagues at a news natorial candidate Anthony J. Celebrezze Jr. said he conference proposing adoption of a constitutional was opposed. amendment that would limit officeholders to two suc- "I think we should consider a limit [but] I think it cessive terms. needs to be a longer period of time because people, James Petro, Paul Pfeifer and Judith Brachman, the once they're in an office for six or eight years, have a GOP candidates seeking election Nov. 6 as auditor, real expertise in that office," Brown said. attorney general and treasurer, respectively, joined Celebrezze said voters were best able to decide how Taft in signing a pledge to abide by such a limit if they many terms an officeholder should be granted. defeat their Democratic opponents. "I point out that the Republicans for about 60 years With the exception of governor, there currently is no had a lock on state government in the state of Ohio. limit on the number of consecutive terms a statewide Now all of a sudden because they're afraid they might officeholder can serve. not be able to get Republicans elected to office they Gov. Richard Celeste is not seeking re-election to a want to subvert the process," be said. E174 D6 1978 WH The American Book of Days THIRD EDITION Compiled and Edited by JANE M. HATCH THE H.W. WILSON COMPANY NEW YORK 1978 NOVEMBER 2 ern Louisiana. The country around St. Martin- He [Judas Maccabaeus] sent twelve thousand tacked the obs ville, west of New Orleans, is inhabited by de- drachmas of silver to Jerusalem for sacrifice to be of- number of doc scendants of Acadian families driven from east- fered for the sins of the dead, thinking well and revolved arour ern Canada in the mid-18th century. These Ca- religiously concerning the resurrection. For if he had not hoped that they that were slain should rise again, they rejected. ] juns, as they are popularly termed, are still French-speaking and, with few exceptions, Ro- it would have seemed superfluous and vain to pray soliciting mone for the dead. man Catholic. In the traditional French manner, It is therefore a holy and whole- 2 to pray souls some thought to pray for the dead, that they may be to a scandalous they place colorful wreaths and bouquets in loosed from sins. was therefore, even the most remote and unpretentious ceme- abolished amo teries of the region. As the evening of November The deceased were prayed for from the the day is slow 1 falls, hundreds of candles illuminate the grave- earliest days of Christianity; their names were notably in Ang yards as the faithful turn their thoughts to the entered in the tablets, known as diptychs, con- who observe it Feast of All Souls' Day. taining the lists of the departed, by both the have a more g Eastern and Western churches. Starting in the day to pray for sixth century, the Benedictine monasteries held casion to comm NOVEMBER2 an annual remembrance of deceased members general. of the order at Pentecost. For Roman All Souls' Day The institution of a special feast of general in- Souls' Day is tercession was probably the work of Odilo, an church service All Souls' Day which is celebrated on Novem- 11th century abbot of Cluny, France. Renowned the "black ves] ber 2, is primarily a feast of the Roman Cath- for great spirituality (he is venerated as a saint), rope, since the olic Church to commemorate the faithful de- Odilo displayed equally great administrative worshipers wea parted those who died members of the faith - talents. He is said to have been the first to pre- funereal mood. especially those believed to be still suffering in scribe - some time about 998 - that a common Souls' Day, the purgatory. The observance is based on the Cath- commemoration of the dead should be made in have already tu olic doctrine that "the souls which on departing his religious community, and in other Cluniac decorated with from the body are not perfectly cleansed from monasteries, on November 2, the day following are lighted in venial sins, or have not fully atoned for past the Feast of All Saints (see November 1). The gather to hold transgressions are debarred from the Beatific Feast of All Saints had been moved from May to their dead kin. Vision" until they have purged themselves of November in the 8th century, most likely to dis- There are ma sins in purgatory. The faithful on earth - known place the pagan celebration of Samhain on Oc- Day that have : as the Church Militant - are believed to be able tober 31 (see October 31, Halloween); its formal pagan beliefs a to help these souls - the Church Expectant - observance as All Saints' Day had been required to area. In nort to become members of the Church Triumphant of all Christians in the 9th century. Odilo un- ample, it is a p in heaven, through prayers, alms, good deeds, doubtedly chose November 2 in a deliberate at- revisit their ho and the sacrifice of the Mass. tempt to continue the process of neutralizing the the food of the The Office of the Dead is recited, and the lingering pagan rites practiced at this time of and offerings of mass is a requiem requiem is a form of the the year. Even after Odilo's death on January currants - are Latin word requies, meaning "rest," and is 1, 1048, his observance continued to spread such as Brittan used in the introductory prayer, "Grant unto throughout Western Europe, through the efforts after dark to kr them eternal rest All Souls' Day is not a of the Cluniac monks. and pour libati holy day of obligation, but many Catholics at- A well-known center of religious revival and In the Britis tend mass on this day and receive special in- reform, Cluny, founded as a Benedictine abbey, was once wide dulgences applicable to the souls in purgatory. grew to become the nucleus of a great order, ers" went from Aside from Christmas, All Souls' Day is the only embracing by the mid-12th century hundreds for the dead ar day of the church year on which priests are given of monasteries in all sections of Europe and even cakes while si permission to celebrate three masses, a privilege in the Holy Land. Moreover, its influence in have mercy or granted by Pope Benedict XV in 1915. spiritual matters, including its advocacy of All cake!" Accordir Numerous ancient civilizations practiced the Souls' Day, extended far beyond the actual or- more cakes you custom of setting aside a day or a longer period der, and additional monasteries, such as the you can save fr every year for the purpose of praying for all the renowned Benedictine houses of Subiaco and In Italy the dead. General prayers were also said to intercede Monte Cassino in Italy, adopted its customs. The morti, "beans ( for particular groups of the departed - for ex- feast of All Souls had become practically uni- bean-shaped call ample, a slain regiment. A passage from the versal in Western Europe by the end of the 13th ian children wl apocryphal Second Book of the Maccabees (12: century and was adopted by Rome in the 14th. ceive toys and 43-46) records the single Jewish precedent for The 16th century Protestants, although gen- morti or souls o offering prayers for the dead: erally respecting All Saints' Day, sharply at- In Mexico a 980 NOVEMBER 2 tacked the observance of All Souls' Day for a celebrates All Saints' and All Souls' days from number of doctrinal reasons, especially since it October 30 through November 2. November 1 revolved around a belief in purgatory, which is also given over to mourning for dead children. they rejected. They also held that the practice of November 2 is the Día de los Muertos, the Day soliciting money for votive masses on November of the Dead, when families pray for souls of the 2 to pray souls out of purgatory had been abused dead and visit cemeteries with flowers and eat to a scandalous extreme. The Feast of All Souls picnic lunches at the graves. Even the grimmer was therefore, with few exceptions, generally attributes of death are turned into motifs for abolished among Protestants. Now, however, toys and foodstuffs. Children delight in sugar- the day is slowly being revived in some circles, coated loaves of bread with gruesome decora- notably in Anglo-Catholic churches. Among all tions and candles shaped like skulls, caskets, who observe it, it has come in modern times to bones, and skeletons. One of the most moving have a more general meaning, not as a special rites to mark the Day of the Dead is the night- day to pray for souls in purgatory, but as an oc- long vigil on the island of Janitzio in Lake casion to commemorate the faithful departed in Pátzcuaro west of Mexico City. After midnight, general. religious Tarascan Indians scatter marigold pet- For Roman Catholics in Western Europe, All als on family graves; set up candles and fruits Souls' Day is a time of great solemnity; the and pastry for dead relatives; and either remain church service on that day is often referred to as in meditation or recite prayers throughout the the "black vespers," especially in southern Eu- night. rope, since the churches are draped in black, and Several of the customs peculiar to All Souls' worshipers wear black clothing, heightening the eve and All Souls' Day elsewhere in the world funereal mood. On November 1, the eve of All have survived in those parts of the western Souls' Day, the thoughts of European Catholics United States in which an intermingling of In- have already turned to the dead. Graveyards are dian religious customs and Spanish Catholic decorated with offerings of flowers and candles ritual has taken place. On November 2, for ex- are lighted in memory of the dead. Relatives ample, the impressive Night of the Candle cere- gather to hold family reunions, remembering mony is celebrated on the Indian reservations of their dead kin. Pala and Rincon east of Oceanside, California. There are many customs peculiar to All Souls' During the day the inhabitants decorate the Day that have survived from popular folklore or graves, place candles on them, and sing Spanish pagan beliefs and that vary slightly from area hymns while the priest blesses each individual to area. In northern and central Europe, for ex- grave. As dusk falls candles are lighted, illumi- ample, it is a popular folk belief that the dead nating the cemetery. revisit their homes on All Souls' night and eat Spanish customs are also evident in New Mex- the food of the living. Candles are left burning ico, where the All Souls' Day feast is marked and offerings of "soulcakes" - square buns with with old traditions in Santa Fe, Spanish-Ameri- currants - are placed on tables. In some areas, can villages, and especially in many of the Indian such as Brittany, people crowd the cemeteries pueblos. Although in nearby Mexico All Saints' after dark to kneel bareheaded at family tombs and All Souls' Days are generally combined as a and pour libations on the graves. single celebration for the dead, Pueblo Indians In the British Isles, the custom of "souling" generally observe All Souls' Day on November was once widespread. On All Souls' eve, "soul- 2. Only Isleta, south of Santa Fe, observes All ers" went from house to house to utter prayers Saints' Day, while the Day of the Dead is com- for the dead and beg alms in the form of soul- memorated in pueblos throughout northern and cakes while singing "A soulcake, a soulcake, central New Mexico, such as Jemez, San Felipe, have mercy on all Christian souls for a soul- Taos, Cochití, and San Juan - the Hopi pueblos cake!" According to an age-old superstition, "the alone excepted. One of the most elaborate ob- more cakes you eat on this night, the more souls servances takes place at Cochití, the northern- you can save from purgatory." most of the Keresan-speaking pueblos along the In Italy the traditional food is the fave dei Rio Grande west of Santa Fe. Late in the 17th morti, "beans of the dead," the name given to century, the Indians here were converted to Ro- bean-shaped cakes eaten on the occasion. Sicil- man Catholicism by Spanish missionaries and ian children who pray for deceased relatives re- Mission San Buenaventura de Cochití, built in ceive toys and sweets, supposedly from the 1694, is still preserved amidst the one-story morti or souls of the family dead. adobe houses around the plaza. The few hun- In Mexico a combined three-day observance dred inhabitants still maintain their ceremonial 981 NOVEMBER 2 organization, ancient Indian rites, and traditional his family to Marion, Ohio. He taught school and won him dances. studied law for a year. dency at The Cochití Pueblo Indians refer to November Having learned the printer's trade by working mentor, I 2 as Their Grandfathers Arrive from the West, at the Caledonia Advertiser, Harding was hired was chos or the Dead, feast. Each family fasts and de- by the Democratic Mirror in Marion in 1884. Ir- ful of pa posits in the church a large quantity of food for ritated by the Democratic bias of the paper, that ther the returning dead - wheat, corn, beans, peas, however, he quit his job. With a partner he pur- from acc watermelons, tortillas, wheat-root bread, or chased the bankrupt Marion Star for $300. The se boiled meat; bowls of food for the ghosts of the Harding soon bought out his partner's share and scorn or dead are set out in the corner of each house as set out to make his enterprise a commercial suc- the actua well. The door of the house is left open for them. cess. Florence Kling De Wolfe, a widow who straddled In order that the visiting spirits may be satisfied became Harding's wife on July 8, 1891, assisted troversial that their kin are prosperous, the material wealth him on the Star. Together they made the paper Democra of the household, in blankets, shawls, clothing, grow as the town grew. (It was appraised at D. Roose or jewelry, is displayed on the walls, and horses about $500,000 after Harding's death.) campaig and other livestock are locked up in the corrals, Harding's interest in politics steadily in- tion, and where they can easily be seen. Candles are creased. Winning a seat in the Ohio senate in ported t] placed in both the church and the houses, lest 1898, he served two terms there. In 1903 he was and the p the dead burn the fingertips of those who fail to successful in his bid for election as lieutenant much of light their way. The women stay at home, but governor of Ohio. When his term ended two less, bori the men congregate in the ceremonial chamber years later, Harding went back to his newspaper. large ele known as a kiva, where they sing all night and He ran for governor in 1910 but was defeated Hardi cut food into small pieces to throw outside for by the Democratic candidate. Having earned a man wh the dead. Members of societies assemble sepa- reputation as a forceful speaker and regular malcy" b rately. The All Souls' Night Kachina Society party man, he was chosen by President William shattered members, for example, move from house to Howard Taft to make the Republican National Harding house, staying a few minutes in each to enter- Convention nominating speech in 1912. levels of tain the ghosts of the dead with their dances. Elected to the US Senate in 1914, Harding of excelle Similar ceremonies are also held at other began to draw some notice, especially among of his top New Mexico pueblos. At Taos Pueblo food and fellow politicians. He thus earned the temporary (see Apr water are taken to graves in the churchyard, chairmanship of the Republican National Con- Mellon a where candles are burned and the church bell vention of 1916, at which he gave the keynote Hoover a rings all night. At Santo Domingo, the "grand- speech. reproach fathers" who are expected to come from the As a senator, Harding was unexceptional. In based or west are "fed" at noon on November 2. Every foreign affairs he attacked Wilson's policy of rather th person digs a hole beyond the town limits, bury- restraint when American business interests in atory "fr ing in it a bundle of food and feathers and ex- Mexico were threatened during the upheavals meaning claiming: "Here eat, Grandfathers! After you caused by the Huerta-Carranza conflict and re- ical cror eat, bring us crops!" On All Souls' night, the lated events in that country. He approved the known a men sit around a bonfire and sing, despite the American declaration of war against Germany in advantag accompaniment of church bells, which peal 1917 and also favored various supporting mea- Though until dawn. At the Zuñi Pueblo in west central sures, including provisions for a military draft greed no New Mexico, Grandmothers' Day is the equiva- and the repressive Espionage Act of 1917. After the admi lent of All Souls' Day and is celebrated toward the war he followed the isolationist views of eventual the end of October or beginning of November, Senator Henry Cabot Lodge on foreign policy, humous after the crops have been harvested. Men and including disapproval of President Woodrow Most boys go from home to home singing and receive Wilson's proposal to include the Covenant of the Albert B food, and both men and women make food of- League of Nations in the Treaty of Versailles, tion of I ferings to the dead. which officially concluded World War I. legally t In domestic policy, Harding was a defender cluding Warren G. Harding's Birthday of big business. He supported protective tariffs - to Inte and voted against high taxes on excess war prof- the land Warren Gamaliel Harding, the 29th President its. He voted in favor of the 18th (prohibition) tial rewa of the United States, was born on November 2, amendment but never felt constrained to stop brought 1865, in Blooming Grove, Morrow County, Ohio. his own heavy drinking. Throughout his career magnate He was the eldest of eight children of Phoebe Harding enjoyed a gregarious, clubroom atmo- torney Elizabeth Dickerson Harding and George Tryon sphere; poker games, drinking, and other forms longtime Harding, a farmer and later a physician. The of night life remained part of his social style busy. A : young Harding studied at Ohio Central College until his death. of misco for three years, leaving in 1882 and moving with His loyalty to the Ohio Republican machine permits 982 NOVEMBER 2 won him a dark-horse nomination for the presi- statutes. (He narrowly escaped incarceration dency at the 1920 convention. As his political when a jury could not reach agreement.) mentor, Harry M. Daugherty, had predicted, he Daugherty's crony Jesse Smith, an eventual sui- was chosen in a "smoke-filled room" by a hand- cide, had a desk but no official duties in the De- ful of party bosses, after being asked to swear partment of Justice. He has been variously de- that there was nothing in his past to keep him scribed as dispenser of graft and as prime "fixer" from accepting the nomination. of the administration. Gaston B. Means, who The selection of Harding was greeted with also held office in Daugherty's Department of scorn or indifference by the press. However, in Justice, eventually served time in prison for sell- the actual election campaign he fared better. He ing liquor permits. Means afterward reported straddled, and as far as possible ignored, the con- that he had collected and passed on to Jesse troversial League of Nations issue, while his Smith some $7 million in bribes from boot- Democratic opponents, James Cox and Franklin leggers. Harding's choice to administer the Vet- D. Roosevelt, crusaded for the league. Harding erans' Bureau, a chance acquaintance known as campaigned for high tariffs, curbs on immigra- "Colonel" Charles R. Forbes, went to Leaven- tion, and a deflationary economy. Having sup- worth after bilking the nation of at least half the ported the 19th (woman suffrage) amendment bureau's congressionally appropriated funds and and the prohibition amendment, Harding reaped amassing huge sums from kickbacks, rebates, much of the new female vote. Thus after a color- and other graft. less, boring campaign, he won the election by Holders of lesser posts were also guilty of cor- large electoral and popular majorities. ruption. Dishonesty and incompetence at al! Harding was, by all accounts, an ordinary levels defrauded the government of millions of man who people thought would bring "nor- dollars, as bootlegging, blackmail, and influence- malcy" back to a country disillusioned with the peddling burgeoned during Harding's term of shattered idealism of World War I. However, office. Harding brought incompetence to the highest The growing scandals of Harding's adminis- levels of government. His cabinet was a mixture tration were not counterbalanced by a notable of excellence, corruption, and mediocrity. Three record of legislative or executive action. Prob- of his top appointments - Charles Evans Hughes ably the outstanding accomplishment of his (see April 11) as secretary of state, Andrew W. presidency was the 1921 Washington Confer- Mellon as secretary of the treasury, and Herbert ence called at the behest of Secretary Hughes to Hoover as secretary of commerce - were above discuss future limitation of the size of their reproach. Other appointments, however, were navies by the major world powers. The meeting based on personal friendship or political debt resulted in the signing of 9 treaties concerning rather than on qualification for office. The pred- armaments and territory. Another achievement atory "friends" who surrounded the genial, well- was the establishment of a federal Bureau of the meaning, and far from vigilant President - polit- Budget to coordinate the piecemeal procedure ical cronies and hangers-on who came to be whereby each federal department applied in- known as the Ohio Gang - were quick to take dependently to Congress for the funds it thought advantage of their posts for personal gain. it needed. A kind man, Harding is also remem- Though neither the enormity of their individual bered for his presidential pardon of several per- greed nor the pervasiveness of corruption within sons, including the Socialist Eugene V. Debs. the administration came to light until later, they They were among many who had been im- eventually cast a cloud over Harding's post- prisoned under provisions of the stringent Es- humous reputation. pionage and Sedition acts during World War I, Most notorious was Secretary of the Interior when a wave of intolerance, zealous patriotism Albert B. Fall, who, with the passive coopera- and fear of leftists had swept the country. For tion of US Navy Secretary Edwin M. Denby, il- the most part, "normalcy" meant isolationism legally transferred naval oil reserve lands - in- and laissez-faire. Though he was one of the most cluding the Teapot Dome preserve in Wyoming inept Presidents, Harding was not himself dis- - to Interior Department control and then leased honest. His tragedy was that of an ordinary man the land to private oil companies with a substan- submerged by extraordinary burdens and be- tial reward for himself. In time, their conspiracy trayed by people he thought were his friends. brought prison sentences for both Fall and oil Word of his administration's rampant corrup- magnate Harry Sinclair. The administration's at- tion apparently reached the gullible President torney general, Harry Daugherty, Harding's early in 1923. Aware that the scandals would longtime political backer, meanwhile was also surely soon break - as had reports of his illegiti- busy. A Senate committee later found him guilty mate daughter, born to Nan Britton in 1919 - of misconduct, including the illegal sale of liquor the distraught Harding left Washington on an permits and pardons to violators of prohibition official visit to Alaska in June 1923 with his wife 983 NOVEMBER 2 and a few friends. During his return trip he was northwestern section of the country. Other During the stricken by what was diagnosed as ptomaine tribes, including the Assiniboin, Crow, and Da- the fort, the poisoning. He stopped in San Francisco to rest kota (known also as the Santee Sioux), for whom dians provide but developed bronchopneumonia and then died the territory and state were named, were no- their journey on August 2 of an embolism. madic. They hunted bison, whose meat pro- value was the Not long afterward, the Teapot Dome scandal vided food and whose skin they used for cloth- as the presen and news of other Harding administration cor- ing and tepees. The Cheyenne and Cree tribes, had been cap ruption became public. At the time of his death, also in the region, were seminomadic. sold her to To however, most of the corruption had yet to reach After La Vérendrye, the next Europeans to trapper, who the light, and Harding, a genial and likable visit the area (in 1742) were two of his sons, neau and Sa man, was mourned throughout the nation. Louis Joseph and François. They renewed his Lewis and Cl After a state funeral in Washington, Harding attempt to establish a trade route from Mani- tribution to th was buried at Marion, Ohio, on August 10, 1923. toba, Canada, to the Pacific coast. However, ability to guic A memorial association was almost immediately they turned back after traveling as far as the Big and procure organized to provide a monument over his grave. Horn Mountains in what is now Wyoming. No Shoshones. (A With contributions from schoolchildren and further penetration of the North Dakota region on the gound others a fund of more than $800,000 was raised. was made by Europeans until the latter part of Scottish im This, through interest and other accretions, the 18th century, when fur trappers discovered Hudson's Bay reached about $1 million before the monument the abundance of wild game - including elk, earl of Selkirl was dedicated. It is an open structure 102 feet antelope, and deer - and hastened to take ad- to attempt to in diameter, surrounded by columns of Georgia vantage of such a vast source of wealth. manent settle marble. The bodies of the President and his The central and southwestern area of what is the rivalry be wife, who died on November 21, 1924, are now North Dakota formed part of the territory panies, howe buried in a vault beneath the floor. The 10-acre of Louisiana, which passed from French to Span- driven from Harding Memorial, at US Route 23 and McKin- ish control by the secret Treaty of Fontainebleau North West F ley Park Boulevard, was dedicated on June 16, in 1762; Britain controlled the rest of the area. be establishec 1931, with an address by President Herbert The North West Fur Company, a privately park at the sit Hoover. Calvin Coolidge, who had become owned British fur-trading company, built the Historical M1 President upon the death of Harding, officiated. first trading post in 1797 at the confluence of the lating to the e Also at Marion is the restored house Harding Pembina River and the Red River of the North, Meanwhile built for his wife at 380 Mt. Vernon Avenue, in the extreme northeastern corner of North Da- ognize Ameri now known as the Warren G. Harding Home kota. Numerous fur-trading posts were subse- ing the territo and Museum, which is open to visitors. quently established in the British region by vari- War of 1812 ous companies, including the Hudson's Bay and formally gave North Dakota Admitted to the Union North West Fur companies. British fur traders when an agre operated not only in the British-dominated val- fixed the 49th As a result of political feuding between the ley of the Red River, but also along the Missouri the United S northern and southern parts of the Dakota Ter- River, where Spain permitted them to do a cer- from the Lak ritory, North Dakota and South Dakota were tain amount of trading with the Indians. Span- Mountains - admitted to the Union as separate states on No- ish fur traders were also active. serves today vember 2, 1889. The two areas had been unable Even after the secret Treaty of San Ildefonso, Dakota. to agree on a capital city, and the argument had which returned the whole vast Louisiana region From the ti grown increasingly more heated during the to France in 1800, Louisiana temporarily re- tion, the Miss 1870s and 1880s. Thus North Dakota, with its mained under Spanish administration. When the of transportat capital at Bismarck, became the 39th state of United States acquired the huge Louisiana area three decades the United States, and South Dakota (see No- through the Louisiana Purchase in 1803, what in 1832, they vember 2, South Dakota Becomes a State), with had been the Spanish-held part of North Dako- the first steam its capital at Pierre, became the 40th. ta was transferred to US sovereignity. Meri- North Dakota At the time of the first recorded visit by a wether Lewis and William Clark were promptly Fort Union, white man to the region now constituting North dispatched by President Thomas Jefferson to ex- the American Dakota, that of the French-Canadian explorer plore the newly acquired territory, which had John Jacob 1 Pierre Gaultier de Varennes, Sieur de La Véren- doubled the size of the United States. By the fall that owned th drye, in 1738, approximately 10 tribes of In- of 1804 they reached the point on the eastern Fort Unior dians inhabited the area. Some, such as the bank of the Missouri River - about 14 miles border of Nor Mandan, Arikara, and Hidatsa, lived in villages west of what is now Washburn, North Dakota Yellowstone and were farmers. Their willingness to share where they build Fort Mandan. Today a his- ades it was th their agricultural knowledge with Europeans to torical marker designates the site of the fort, and ing post in the whom maize and other indigenous crops were a replica of it has been constructed by the served as the unknown, proved a boon to the economy of the McLean County Historical Society. artists, scienti 984 NOVEMBER 2 During the winter Lewis and Clark spent at is now noted by the 380-acre Fort Union Trad- the fort, the friendly Hidatsa and Mandan In- ing Post, a national historic site.) The romance dians provided supplies for the continuation of and adventure of the newly important area drew their journey to the Pacific coast. Also of great such men as John James Audubon, the ornithol- value was the information they provided, as well ogist and painter of birds, and George Catlin, as the presence of Sacagawea, a Shoshone who the American artist and author who painted hun- had been captured by the Hidatsa. The Hidatsa dreds of Indian portraits and scenes from life. sold her to Toussaint Charbonneau, a Canadian Their various works, including journals, provide trapper, who then married her. Both Charbon- valuable historical material on the North Dakota neau and Sacagawea acted as interpreters for area. Lewis and Clark, but Sacagawea's greatest con- Settlement of the region was slow, the fur tribution to the success of the expedition was her traders had it virtually to themselves for a long ability to guide the party through her home area time. The Dakotas, more warlike than other and procure needed horses from her fellow tribes, particularly resented the incursion of the Shoshones. (A statue honoring Sacagawea stands whites and resisted their attempts to wrest the on the gounds of the state capitol in Bismarck.) land from them and place them on reservations. Scottish immigrants led by a member of the Because of the hostility between the whites and Hudson's Bay Company, Thomas Douglas, the the Indians, a number of military posts were es- earl of Selkirk, came by way of Canada in 1812 tablished. The first was Fort Abercrombie, built to attempt to establish at Pembina the first per- in 1857 on the Red River at the eastern border manent settlement in the region. So bitter was of the state. The original guardhouse can be seen the rivalry between the various fur-trading com- today, along with reconstructed blockhouses panies, however, that the settlers were twice and a stockade, within the Fort Abercrombie driven from their homes by members of the State Park. Several of the original buildings of North West Fur Company before Pembina could Fort Totten (established in 1867) still stand; the be established as a permanent settlement. A state fort is one of the few of the period to remain in park at the site now contains the Pembina State such good condition. The Fort Totten Historic Historical Museum, which houses exhibits re- Park, in the northeastern part of the state, 14 lating to the early history of North Dakota. miles south of Devils Lake, also numbers among Meanwhile, Great Britain had refused to rec- its attractions a pioneer museum and musical ognize American sovereignty in the area, claim- presentations. Whitestone Battlefield State His- ing the territory for itself. The US victory in the toric Site commemorates a major battle with In- War of 1812 was a severe blow to Britain, and it dians fought in 1863. Relics of the engagement formally gave up the claim to the region in 1818, are preserved in a museum at the site, which is when an agreement between the two countries located about 28 miles northwest of Ellendale, fixed the 49th Parallel as the boundary between in southeastern North Dakota. the United States and British North America Sitting Bull, after the encounter at Little Big from the Lake of the Woods west to the Rocky Horn in 1876 (see June 25), sought refuge in Mountains - establishing in the process what Canada. In 1881 he decided to accept a promise serves today as the northern boundary of North of amnesty from the United States government, Dakota. and he and his remaining followers returned to From the time of the Lewis and Clark expedi- the United States. They surrendered in present tion, the Missouri River had been a main avenue North Dakota, at Fort Buford, a military post of transportation for the fur traders. For almost that had replaced Fort Union after 1866. Two of three decades small boats plied its waters. Then, the fort's original buildings remain at the Fort in 1832, they were joined by the Yellowstone, Buford State Historic Site. the first steamboat to navigate within the area of As the number of military posts grew and the North Dakota. The steamboat traveled as far as Indians were subdued or pushed farther west, Fort Union, which had been built in 1828 by the flow of settlers into the Dakota region in- the American Fur Company of the financier creased. The homestead laws passed by Con- John Jacob Astor, the same trading company gress beginning in 1862, which permitted set- that owned the Yellowstone. tlers to claim up to 160 acres of land without Fort Union was located close to the western paying, were a powerful incentive to settlement border of North Dakota, at the confluence of the of the frontier areas. Completion of the Northern Yellowstone and Missouri rivers. For four dec- Pacific Railway as far west as the North Dakota- ades it was the largest and most important trad- Montana border in 1881 provided another strong ing post in the upper Missouri region, and it also impetus. Farming in the eastern part of the state served as the gathering place for Indian tribes, and ranching in the western part were both artists, scientists, and missionaries. (Its location large-scale operations for some time, but gradu- 985 NOVEMBER 2 ally many of the large holdings were broken up. studies. Upon graduation in 1818 he won his of Speaker of t] Among early settlers was Theodore Roosevelt. school's honors in mathematics and classics. with the anti-Ja He was attracted in 1883 by the opportunity to Polk returned to Tennessee and began to study against Jackson hunt bison and other big game in the Badlands law at Nashville in the office of Felix Grundy - ship. However, ] of southwestern North Dakota, and while there one of the members of Congress known as War lowing year and he developed an interest in ranching. He bought Hawks, whose bellicose attitude helped cause 1835 to 1839, two ranches, the Maltese Cross and the Elkhorn, the War of 1812 with England. Young Polk whipping boy f and made his home there from 1884 to 1886. worked hard and was admitted to the bar in Whigs and Null The Theodore Roosevelt National Memorial 1820. Returning home to Maury County, he es- legislative home Park has been established in recognition of his tablished a law practice in the town of Columbia. versaries, howev concern for the conservation of natural resources. His intelligence and diligence quickly brought tion to his aloof: In the 70,436-acre park, through which bison him success. to envious rage. and other game still roam, are a museum, the After three years of law practice, he entered Bowing to his cabin Roosevelt used on the Maltese Cross the state legislature in 1823. In politics a loyal oppose the Whi Ranch, and the Elkhorn Ranch Site. Democrat, Polk applied his talents with effect. nessee. He won In whole or in large part, the region of North He quickly established a reputation as a well- Dakota was successively included in the Mis- petent governor informed, persuasive speaker. His political prin- sequent campai souri, Michigan, Wisconsin, Iowa, Minnesota, ciples were modeled after those of Thomas Jef- 1843. Nebraska, and Dakota territories. In 1868 Da- ferson. Polk rapidly entered the orbit of Andrew In 1840 the И kota Territory, which originally included Mon- Jackson. They grew to be friends and main- the panic of 18 tana and Wyoming, was reduced in size to in- tained a close political relationship until Jack- Jacksonian spect clude only North Dakota and South Dakota, an son's death. Jackson was an extrovert and popu- Henry Harrison area inhabited at that time by about 300,000 lar; Polk was reclusive, meticulous, and a faith- month to the da: persons. ful lieutenant. Whig Vice Presi Controversy had erupted over the location of On January 1, 1824, James Polk married Sarah dent. Senator ] the territorial capital following the formation of Childress, of Murfreesboro, Tennessee. She was leader of the W Dakota Territory in 1861. Yankton, in the south, a cultured woman who was to smooth her hus- nated as their pr was the first capital, but a number of other band's public relationships throughout their Former Presic towns were eager to displace it. The controversy marriage. destined to representation evolved into a north-south dispute, which was In 1825 Polk advanced to the US House of early in 1844 be intensified by the selection of Bismarck, in the Representatives. Consistently reelected, by 1832 public statement north, as the new territorial capital in 1883. As he was leader of the Democratic forces in Con- forthcoming ele a result of the conflict between the two sections, gress. nexation of Texa the north and south were admitted to the Union In that year, Jackson began a war against the southern bounda as separate states. The admission of North Da- Bank of the United States. Being a partisan of had belonged to kota (with its capital at Bismarck) and South the South and the emerging West, Jackson dis- an independent Dakota was proclaimed by President Benjamin trusted the bankers of the Northeast. In partic- tled by America Harrison on November 2, 1889. ular he did not like their policy of holding a tight couragement, To rein on bank loans in an effort to discourage the United State James K. Polk's Birthday rampant speculation. Polk emerged as Jackson's The elderly AI congressional spokesman on the bank issue. As ocratic party, ar James Knox Polk, the 11th President of the a member of the powerful House Ways and not countenance United States, was the eldest son of Samuel and Means Committee, Polk entered a bill to sell out the annexation Jane Knox Polk. Samuel Polk was a farmer and government stock in the national bank. How- warded Polk's de surveyor by trade. His Scotch-Irish ancestors ever, the committee as a whole decided that icies, which now were named Pollock, which was shortened to there was no proper cause for governmental at- porting him over Polk for convenience. James Polk was born No- tacks on the bank. Jackson subsequently fol- National Conve vember 2, 1795, in Mecklenburg County, North lowed Polk's suggestion to withdraw govern- cordingly was pa Carolina. His mother was a devout and intelli- ment deposits from the bank. the nation's first gent woman, formal in her relations with other Polk, as chairman of the House Ways and date. people. Means Committee since December 1833, con- In spite of hi: James Polk grew in his mother's mold. Frail tinued to defend Jackson's course ably and faith- asked derisively, from early youth, he channeled his energies into fully. Jackson won his skirmish with the bank, on a Democrati study. In 1806 the family moved to the valley of but lost the overall battle, inasmuch as the net annexation" of T the Duck River in Tennessee's Maury County. effect of destroying the Philadelphia-based bank gon. His Whig 0 After preparation at subscription academies, was to move the banking center of the United at best merely a Polk entered the University of North Carolina in States farther north to New York, which was not publicans, new 1815 as a sophomore. At school he was serious, at all what he had intended. else who had opp meticulous, and tireless in his devotion to his In 1834 Polk opposed John Bell for the office refused to vote 1 986 NOVEMBER 2 of Speaker of the House. Bell won by joining candidate because of his evasiveness on the issue with the anti-Jackson forces. Polk refused to go of the expansion of slavery. against Jackson and lost his fight for the speaker- Polk entered the White House in 1845 with a ship. However, he stood for the position the fol- very clear conception of what he wished to ac- lowing year and won. He served as speaker from complish: "one, a reduction of the tariff; another, 1835 to 1839, during which time he was the the independent treasury; a third, the settlement whipping boy for a collection of anti-Jackson of the Oregon boundary question; and lastly, Whigs and Nullifiers. Polk customarily did his the acquisition of California." legislative homework better than any of his ad- Polk wanted simply to buy California, and he versaries, however, and his excellence, in addi- was willing to bully Mexico into selling. How- tion to his aloofness, provoked some opponents ever, the annexation of Texas - which had been to envious rage. effected under President Tyler days before Polk's Bowing to his party's needs, Polk agreed to inauguration - stood as a roadblock between oppose the Whigs for the governorship of Ten- Polk and California, and it was the Texas ques- nessee. He won the election, serving as a com- tion that brought on war with Mexico in 1846 petent governor from 1839 to 1841, but lost sub- (see May 13). Although Mexico remained in a sequent campaigns for reelection in 1841 and constant state of internal confusion during those 1843. years, the Mexican War was to last through In 1840 the Whigs, making political capital of much of Polk's term and sap the energy of the the panic of 1837, which had been rooted in hardworking, dedicated President. Jacksonian speculative banking, elected William More than a decade of talk about the annexa- Henry Harrison as President. Harrison died a tion of Texas had taken place before the step month to the day after his inauguration, and his actually came. The foremost domestic reason for Whig Vice President, John Tyler, became Presi- the long inaction was the issue of slavery. Senti- dent. Senator Henry Clay was the national ment had grown in the North that blacks and the leader of the Whigs, however, and was nomi- institution of slavery should be excluded from nated as their presidential candidate in 1844. new territories. Simultaneously the opinion had Former President Martin Van Buren seemed grown in the South that the industrializing destined to represent the Democrats. However, North was living off the South by imposing high early in 1844 both Clay and Van Buren made tariffs that prevented the agricultural South public statements designed to remove from the from buying manufactured items cheaply from forthcoming election the touchy issue of the an- Britain. Thus the North and South each nexation of Texas. That ill-defined region, whose watched events jealously to guarantee that the southern boundary was still a matter of dispute, other did not gain in political power. The emerg- had belonged to Mexico before it declared itself ing West held the balance of power and was an independent republic in 1836. Largely set- courted and fought over by both North and tled by Americans, at first with Mexican en- South. In 1820 the Missouri Compromise had couragement, Texas now sought annexation by been worked out to establish the northern boun- the United States. dary of slavery in new territories at 36° 30' lati- The elderly Andrew Jackson still ran the Dem- tude. ocratic party, and as an expansionist he would However, the issue of slavery, then thought not countenance Van Buren's heresy in opposing settled, was raised again by Texas. Mexico had the annexation of Texas. Instead Jackson re- outlawed slavery in 1831. Southerners were wor- warded Polk's devotion to Democratic party pol- ried that Texas would become a free state. Al- icies, which now included expansionism, by sup- though there were then 13 free states and 13 porting him over Van Buren. At the Democratic slave states, fonly Florida was sure to enter on the National Convention in 1844, Van Buren ac- slave roster, while Wisconsin, Minnesota, and cordingly was passed over for Polk, who became Iowa would eventually enter as free states. the nation's first dark-horse presidential candi- Just before leaving the White House in March date. 1845, President Tyler had persuaded Congress In spite of his 14 years in Congress, people to offer annexation to Texas. Mexico, under- asked derisively, "Who is James Polk?" Polk ran standably, had been angry when its rebellious on a Democratic platform advocating the "re- northern province earlier declared itself inde- annexation" of Texas and "reoccupation" of Ore- pendent. Now, when the United States offered gon. His Whig opponents were a divided party, annexation to Texas, Mexico's minister left at best merely a collection of old National Re- Washington in a fury. publicans, new antislavery forces, and anyone In November 1845 President Polk sent John else who had opposed Jackson. Many Whigs also Slidell, a politician and diplomat, to Mexico to refused to vote for Henry Clay as their party's try to establish the Texas boundary at the Rio 987 NOVEMBER 2 Grande and to buy California and New Mexico. modore John D. Sloat and his successor, Com- nessee, home - Pc The Mexican government was in turmoil and modore Robert F. Stockton, who arrived via the buried, with his refused to receive Slidell. In January 1846 Polk Pacific - in seizing control of California. Tennessee state ca ordered General Zachary Taylor to occupy the But once again the specter of slavery arose. The Polk Memo land between the Nueces River and the Rio On August 8, 1846, Polk had asked Congress for childhood home of Grande. In the eyes of Mexico, this was a provo- a secret appropriation of $2 million to defray and has preserved cation since Mexico had always considered the "any extraordinary expenses which may be in- opened on Nover more northerly Nueces as the southern boundary curred in the intercourse of the United States posited historical of Texas - a position conflicting with the Texan and foreign nations." Rumor held that the money birthday is still ob view, which held that Texas extended all the was earmarked as a bribe to persuade the Mex- a luncheon or coff way to the Rio Grande. Taylor's army moved, ican general Santa Anna to sell California. The there is a joint me expecting the Mexicans to attack. "persuasion" was unsuccessful, but while the Memorial Associa With this background, President Polk decided matter was before Congress, the Pennsylvania Memorial Auxilia to ask Congress to declare war on Mexico. The legislator David Wilmot tried to add a proviso Polk's parents in evening after informing his cabinet of his deci- to the appropriation bill that would prohibit door, where his 1 sion, Polk received news that Mexican forces slavery in any former Mexican territory acquired mentos and docur had attacked a party of Taylor's men. Thus bol- by treaty or purchased with the money. Polk in- The home, built stered in his position, the President presented stead proposed that the Missouri Compromise brick with French his request for a declaration of war to Congress line simply be extended to the Pacific - a com- dens link this h on May 11, 1846. Congress declared war two promise that offended abolitionists and slave- Samuel Polk for days later. holders alike. Congress ultimately avoided the 301 West 7 Stre Public support for the venture was not wide- issue, and the Wilmot Proviso was defeated; but Polk Memorial A spread. Though the South and Southwest were the Pandora's box of slavery had been opened public. In Raleig eager in their backing, Northerners felt that the once again. acre landscaped ( war, as a resolution of the Massachusetts legisla- Yet the problem was put aside for the moment trian statue honor ture put it, was "wanton, unjust and unconstitu- when the Mexican War was concluded by the tional." A junior representative from Illinois, Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, signed near Mex- South Dakot Abraham Lincoln, put forth a cogent critique of ico City in 1848 (see February 2, Mexican War what was becoming known as Polk's War. Ends) and ratified by the Senate on March 10 of Along with North There was talk that Britain might come to the same year. By the terms of the treaty, the the Union on No Mexico's aid. The origin of this was the smolder- United States won Texas with a southern boun- tion issued by ing dispute between Britain and the United dary at the Rio Grande. The treaty also gave made South Dak States over their joint occupation of the Oregon the United States the right to purchase, for $15 kota was officiall territory. Both countries adamantly and unreal- million, California and New Mexico. In addition North Dakota Bc istically claimed the entire area. With one war the United States agreed to assume all Mexican prising the two already on his hands, Polk avoided another war debts to Texas citizens. Dakota Territory by using firm diplomacy. A treaty signed with Throughout these events Polk was vilified for protracted and b Britain in June 1846 established a compromise political intrigue, apparently with little justifica- of a capital city it boundary at the 49th Parallel (see June 15, Ore- tion. However, his excessive secrecy and per- to the Union as a gon Treaty Ratified). sonal attention to minute details of government Ancestors of t] California was an exotic gem that Americans gave the impression of a manipulative schemer. habiting the Soi desired, even though they knew very little about Polk, in fact, worked hard at his task as President explorers are kno the area. Polk, too, wanted to annex California. and expended no effort solely to improve his at least in the pa Through a member of his cabinet in Washington public image. Before leaving the White House, River, prior to and by way of the American consul in California, he pushed through the enactment of lower tariff known as Mound the suggestion was allowed to reach the West schedules known as the Walker Tariff of 1846. building mounds Coast that Californians might like to follow the In the same year he also saw through Congress dead. The Arikar example of Texas. Not long afterwards, Captain the Independent Treasury Bill, which reestab- and farming nea John C. Frémont, the explorer, reached Califor- lished a national financial system that was not first Europeans nia, ostensibly to make a topographical survey, supplanted until the establishment of the Fed- Joseph and Frai but actually with secret instructions for action in eral Reserve System in 1913. through South I the event of war between the United States and The systematic Polk had thus achieved all four ing out from Ma Mexico. Ulimately Frémont joined forces with of his presidential objectives. But in the process, of the French-Ca the American settlers who had carried off the he literally worked himself to death. Succeeded de Varennes, S Bear Flag Revolt (probably with his encourage- in the presidency by the victorious general of searching - unsi ment) in the Sacramento Valley. When news the Mexican War, Zachary Taylor, Polk left the Pacific Ocean. ] arrived that war had broken out with Mexico, he White House a shadow of his former self. Three plate buried in joined other Americans - Colonel Stephen W. months later, on June 15, 1849, he died at the Missouri River, Kearny, advancing from New Mexico, and Com- age of 54. He was buried at his Nashville, Ten- Pierre, by the La 988 NOVEMBER 2 iccessor, Com- nessee, home - Polk Place. In 1893 he was re- a French claim to the region. (A small monument arrived via the buried, with his wife, on the grounds of the now marks the spot where the plate was dis- ifornia. Tennessee state capitol. covered.) slavery arose. The Polk Memorial Association acquired the After 1750 the Dakota (or Santee Sioux) In- d Congress for childhood home of Polk in Columbia, Tennessee, dians, for whom the state is named, became nu- lion to defray and has preserved it as a shrine. It was formally merous in South Dakota as the increasing num- ch may be in- opened on November 23, 1929. In it are de- ber of whites in Minnesota forced them west- United States posited historical and personal relics. Polk's ward. The movement of whites into the South hat the money birthday is still observed by the association with Dakota area was very slow, however. Fur trap- rade the Mex- a luncheon or coffee in Nashville, at which time pers began to filter in during the latter part of alifornia. The there is a joint meeting of members of the Polk the century, when the region was under Spanish out while the Memorial Association of Nashville and the Polk rule. In 1803 the United States acquired title to Pennsylvania Memorial Auxiliary of Columbia. The home of the land as part of the Louisiana Purchase. For add a proviso Polk's parents in Columbia and the house next the first time in more than half a century, ex- ould prohibit door, where his two sisters lived, contain me- plorers penetrated the region. At President tory acquired mentos and documents of the presidential years. Thomas Jefferson's behest, Meriwether Lewis oney. Polk in- The home, built by Samuel Polk in 1816, is of and William Clark led an expedition that ex- Compromise brick with French windows and balconies. Gar- plored the vast unknown territory acquired in cific - a com- dens link this house with the one built by the Louisiana Purchase. During the westward ts and slave- Samuel Polk for his daughters. The houses, at journey from St. Louis to the coast of Oregon, avoided the 301 West 7 Street, have been restored by the the Lewis and Clark expedition crossed South defeated; but Polk Memorial Association and are open to the Dakota in 1804; it again traversed the area on been opened public. In Raleigh, North Carolina, on the six- its return trip in 1806. acre landscaped Capitol Square, stands an eques- The success of the expedition prompted more the moment trian statue honoring Polk. trappers to seek their fortunes in new territory. uded by the Trading posts sprang up all over South Dakota, ed near Mex- South Dakota Admitted to the Union particularly on the banks of the Missouri River. Mexican War One of the leading posts, Fort Pierre, was es- March 10 of Along with North Dakota, South Dakota joined tablished in 1817. By coincidence, it was erected e treaty, the the Union on November 2, 1889. The proclama- on the site where the La Vérendrye brothers had ithern boun- tion issued by President Benjamin Harrison planted their lead plate 70 years earlier. Fort ty also gave made South Dakota the 40th state (North Da- Pierre was rebuilt by a subsidiary of the Ameri- hase, for $15 kota was officially the 39th - see November 2, can Fur Company in 1832, a year after the same In addition North Dakota Becomes a State). The region com- company had inaugurated steamboat travel on all Mexican prising the two states had been united as the this section of the Missouri River. The fur trade Dakota Territory, and had it not been for the boomed during the next two decades, but no S vilified for protracted and bitter wrangling over the choice settlements were established. In 1856 an at- ttle justifica- of a capital city it might well have been admitted tempt was made by land speculators to create a by and per- to the Union as a single state. settlement in southeastern South Dakota, at the government Ancestors of the Indians who were found in- falls of the Big Sioux River. The uprising of the ve schemer. habiting the South Dakota area by the early Sioux in neighboring Minnesota in 1862 forced as President explorers are known to have lived in that area, the settlers to flee. mprove his at least in the part that lies east of the Missouri Gradually the Indians relinquished title to hite House, River, prior to A.D. 1200. These people are various parts of their lands; the whites tried to lower tariff known as Mound Builders, from their custom of persuade or force them onto government reser- iff of 1846. building mounds of earth in which to bury their vations. Most notable of the Indian leaders who :h Congress dead. The Arikara Indians were living in villages resisted giving up their freedem or land was the ch reestab- and farming near the Missouri River when the powerful Sioux chief Sitting Bull. However, in at was not first Europeans of whom there is record, Louis 1881 he decided he could no longer hold out, of the Fed- Joseph and François de La Vérendrye, passed and he surrendered to US authorities. Settled on through South Dakota in 1742 and 1743. Start- the Standing Rock Reservation, he was arrested ved all four ing out from Manitoba, Canada, these two sons by Indian guards on December 15, 1890, as a he process, of the French-Canadian explorer Pierre Gaultier precaution against mounting Sioux unrest - and Succeeded de Varennes, Sieur de La Vérendrye, were shot and killed in the ensuing fighting. His burial general of searching - unsuccessfully - for a route to the place is three miles west of Mobridge, in the olk left the Pacific Ocean. In 1913 children found a lead north-central part of the state, near the spot self. Three plate buried in 1743 on a hill overlooking the where he was killed. died at the Missouri River, opposite what is now the city of Yankton had been established as a permanent ville, Ten- Pierre, by the La Vérendrye brothers to establish settlement in 1859, as was Vermillion later the 989 NOVEMBER 2 same year. Despite passage a few years later of and a western rodeo is held. The Adams Memo- held only a slim m the federal homestead laws, which permitted a rial Museum in Deadwood has exhibits relating see that majority i citizen to take possession of 160 acres of land to the early mining days.) orously opposed g without payment, fewer than 12,000 settlers mi- South Dakota. Th Even more valuable gold deposits were found grated to South Dakota during the 1860s. The after the elections in the vicinity of Deadwood and of Lead, where continuing Indian-white conflict was a restrain- in 1876 the Homestake Lode was discovered. In publicans firm con ing influence at that time. During the following operation for a century, the Homestake Mine is the presidency. th decade a number of factors combined to in- South Dakotans. the largest in the Western Hemisphere and one crease the settlement rate. Much of the Indian of the largest in the world. (Tours through the Legislation perr resistance collapsed. Access to the area was surface workings are conducted through much kota Territory was eased tremendously by construction of a railroad of the year.) revised state const line from Sioux City, Iowa, which reached Yank- What has been called the last major military demands was ado] ton in 1872, was continued northward through and on November encounter in the United States between govern- the eastern part of the state, and reached Water- ment forces and Indians took place on December kota were separat town in 1878. Rain alleviated the drought con- was named the ca 29, 1890, at a spot that is now the site of the ditions that had prevailed previously. Numerous has remained so e' tiny town of Wounded Knee on the Pine Ridge northern European immigrants made their ways Indian Reservation in southwestern South Da- 1904 its status was across the country to settle in the area east of the kota, a few miles above the border with Ne- six other cities. Missouri River. braska. A band of 350 hungry and ill-clothed In addition, reports of gold lured many to the Oglala Sioux, including 230 women and chil- Black Hills of western South Dakota. Members dren, had left their reservation, in defiance of NO of an expedition led by General George A. Custer government orders, for a peaceful meeting with discovered the precious metal there in July 1874 another group of Indians. They were intercepted Gener and thereby set in motion a gold rush. Because by a US cavalry unit, to which they surrendered the Black Hills were within the great Sioux Res- without resistance. This is a mocable ervation established by treaty between the US Camp was made for the night at Wounded government and the Sioux in 1868, the govern- Knee. While soldiers were confiscating the In- Voting is both a ] ment tried to prevent whites from entering the dians' weapons the next morning, a shot rang gation of US citize area while it sought to persuade the Indians to out. Immediately wholesale shooting began. The ple to choose tho cede the territory. When the Sioux refused and fairs is one of the Sioux were virtually unarmed; about 250 men, a geological expedition in 1875 reported that the women, and children were killed. Twenty-five safeguards of dem gold deposits were valuable, the government or more soldiers died, mainly from their own nize this responsil ceased its attempts to keep miners from the crossfire. At Wounded Knee there are markers for local, state, 01 Black Hills. The following two years saw the election. telling of the massacre, and in the graveyard a peak of the rush. The date reser memorial erected by relatives of Indians who This invasion of their lands was deeply re- state to state duri were killed. An Indian museum and a trading sented by the Sioux, and hostilities flared. Custer post are located there. tion, but in 1845 himself was killed, as were all of the men in his The area now forming South Dakota, North portant- step towa command, in the engagement known as the federal contests b Dakota, Montana, Wyoming, and part of Idaho battle of Little Big Horn fought in Montana in became in 1861 the newly created Dakota Ter- the first Monday 1876. In other battles, though, the Sioux were ritory. The capital was at Yankton, in what is day, every four y defeated, and in 1877 they were forced to cede now South Dakota. (Yankton has a historical dential and vice ] the Black Hills region to the US government. federal statute set museum devoted to exhibits concerning the ter- In December 1874 the first miners had reached election of membe ritorial period.) the vicinity of what is now the town of Custer. In 1868 the Dakota Territory was reduced in tives, and since (Custer is now headquarters for the Black Hills Amendment in 19 size to include only South Dakota and North Da- National Forest, which encompasses 1,527,000 kota. Controversy raged over the location of the popularly elected acres of South Dakota and Wyoming. Each year The US Constit capital, both between the northern and southern during the last week of July the anniversary of parts of the territory and among various cities. to establish voting the discovery of gold is celebrated in Custer By 1883 the southern part had already drawn tors, and at vario with a historical pageant depicting important up and approved a constitution and was eager chised only those events in the Black Hills region. Original mining for separate statehood. The more populous erty ownership, a equipment may be seen in the town in the Black northern part wanted admission of the entire quirements. How Hills Museum of Mining and Minerals.) amendments to t territory as one state. Another old mining town is Deadwood, in 1870 has conside Through electing state officers and a state which all but the main street is built on the slopes legislature, in anticipation of gaining separate states may set. Th of a canyon. (Deadwood is the site, during the statehood, the citizens of the southern area indi- 30) enfranchised t first weekend of August, of the annual Days of cated their preference for the Republican party. denied voting rig. '76, during which gold-rush scenes are recreated In the US Congress, at the time, the Republicans previous conditio 990 NOVEMBER 3 held only a slim majority of seats. Being loath to August 26), enfranchised women; the 23rd (see Adams Memo- see that majority increased, the Democrats vig- March 29) extended the vote for President and exhibits relating orously opposed granting separate statehood to Vice President to residents of the District of Co- South Dakota. The issue was not resolved until lumbia; and the 24th (see February 10) pro- sits were found after the elections of 1888, which gave the Re- hibited payment of a poll tax as a requirement of Lead, where $ discovered. In publicans firm control of Congress as well as of for voting in national elections. In addition the nestake Mine is the presidency, thus guaranteeing victory to the Voting Rights Act of 1965 (see August 6) out- South Dakotans. lawed literacy tests and similar devices that had sphere and one Legislation permitting the division of the Da- been used to deny the ballot to qualified voters irs through the kota Territory was passed in February 1889. A and enabled the US attorney general to send through much revised state constitution that met congressional federal registrars into states and counties in demands was adopted in May of the same year, which less than one-half of the voting-age popu- major military and on November 2 South Dakota and North Da- lation was registered. This legislation was due to etween govern- kota were separately granted statehood. Pierre expire in 1970, but in that year Congress not e on December only extended its life for another five years but the site of the was named the capital of South Dakota, and it has remained so even though between 1890 and added a provision granting the right to vote to the Pine Ridge tern South Da- 1904 its status was challenged by no fewer than 18-year-olds. Later in 1970 the Supreme Court six other cities. upheld the right of Congress to enfranchise order with Ne- those between 18 and 21 in federal elections, and ill-clothed but ruled that states could set the voting-age re- men and chil- in defiance of NOVEMBER 3 quirement for state and local contests. In 1971 the 26th Amendment enfranchised 18-year-olds il meeting with ere intercepted General Election Day in all elections (see June 30). Despite efforts to extend the franchise, large ey surrendered This is a mocable event. See note on page xxvi. numbers of American citizens each year do not vote. To encourage their residents to vote, many it at Wounded Voting is both a right and, many feel, an obli- states have made Election Day a legal holiday or scating the In- gation of US citizenship. The power of the peo- a half holiday, and even where the day is not a g, a shot rang ple to choose those who guide their public af- legal holiday numerous businesses give their em- ing began. The fairs is one of the chief blessings and ultimate ployees the day off. Organizations such as the bout 250 men, safeguards of democracy. Americans who recog- League of Women Voters conduct massive cam- d. Twenty-five nize this responsibility to vote cast their ballots paigns each year to educate Americans on the rom their own for local, state, or national candidates in every necessity of registering and the importance of re are markers election. voting. Distinguished public figures urge eligible he graveyard a The date reserved for elections varied from if Indians who voters to go to the polls, and most schools hold state to state during the early years of the na- special programs designed to acquaint future and a trading tion, but in 1845 the US Congress took an im- voters with their rights and responsibilities. portant- step toward establishing uniformity in Dakota, North In the 20th century, population growth, federal contests by decreeing the Tuesday after 1 part of Idaho educational campaigns, and the easing of re- the first Monday of November to be the legal ed Dakota Ter- strictions on voting qualifications have vastly in- day, every four years, for the selection of presi- creased the size of the electorate, but the ad- :on, in what is dential and vice presidential electors. An 1872 as a historical vances of technology have radically reduced the federal statute set the same day for the biennial cerning the ter- time required to tabulate the vote. In years past, election of members of the House of Representa- the counting of handwritten election ballots was tives, and since the ratification of the 17th was reduced in a tedious task requiring days, or even months. Amendment in 1913, US senators have also been and North Da- Today, voting machines have replaced written location of the popularly elected on that day. ballots in most places; and these, together with n and southern The US Constitution gives each state the right advanced tabulating systems, provide results to establish voting qualifications for federal elec- various cities. with great speed. Television and radio stations tors, and at various times states have enfran- already drawn generally preempt their regular programming chised only those persons who could meet prop- and was eager schedules on the night of Election Day, and they erty ownership, age, sex, residence, or other re- broadcast the results of national contests - as hore populous of the entire quirements. However, the adoption of several well as those of any state and local elections. amendments to the Constitution in and since 1870 has considerably limited the restrictions :s and a state Edward Douglass White's Birthday states may set. The 15th Amendment (see March lining separate hern area indi- 30) enfranchised those who had previously been Edward Douglass White, the ninth chief justice publican party. denied voting rights because of "race, color, or of the United States, was the son of Edward D. previous condition of servitude"; the 19th (see ne Republicans and Catherine Ringgold White. He was born in 991 WHEN YOU ABSOLUTELY E174 534 WH THE ALMANAC OF AMERICAN HISTORY General Editor: ARTHUR M. SCHLESINGER, JR. Executive Editor: JOHN S. BOWMAN Consultants: Marcus Cunliffe Robert H. Ferrell S.L. Mayer Richard C. Wade Gordon S. Wood A Bison Book G.P. PUTNAM'S SONS NEW YORK FOUNDING A NATION 986-1787 2 NOVEMBER 1777 He is of inestimable assistance in the training Revolution: Naval Captain John Paul Jones sets sail drilling of Washington's soldiers. on the Ranger across the Atlantic. He plans to harry English port towns and shipping traffic. 16 MARCH 1778 Revolution: Politics The British Parliament creates 15 NOVEMBER 1777 a British Peace Commission which has wide powers Revolution: Politics The Continental Congress en- to negotiate with the American revolutionaries. dorses the Articles of Confederation. The Articles will now be presented to the individual colonies for 23 APRIL 1778 ratification. Revolution: Naval After taking two British prizes, Captain John Paul Jones completes a raid on the for 16-20 NOVEMBER 1777 at Whitehaven, England, and burns a ship in the Revolution: North British forces capture Fort bor. Mifflin and Fort Mercer, thus establishing their power over the Delaware River region. 24 APRIL 1778 Revolution: Naval In a naval battle off the coast NOVEMBER 1777 northern Ireland, John Paul Jones accepts the Settling San Jose, the first non-religious community render of the British sloop Drake, which he then takes in California, is established on the Guadalupe River. with him to Brest, France. 17 DECEMBER 1777 8 MAY 1778 Revolution: North The Continental Army led by Revolution: North General Henry Clinton is named George Washington enters winter quarters at Valley to replace General Howe as commander of all Forge, Pennsylvania. British forces in the American colonies. Clinton for Revolution: Politics France officially recognizes the mulates a plan to withdraw British forces from Phile independence of the American colonies. This move is delphia, as he fears a blockade by French ships. The Battle of Monmouth. prompted by the impressive American victory at Monmouth, Washington's men and the British Saratoga. 15 MAY 1778 of by General Clinton, fight to a standoff. W Revolution: South Beginning a campaign to securit be is furious with American General Charles I 23 DECEMBER 1777 colonial authority over the western frontier territories, ordering a retreat. Lee is to be dismissed fr Revolution: Politics The Conway Cabal, a pur- George Rogers Clark captures Cahokia on any in 1780, after he is found guilty of disob ported plot of army officers and a few members of Mississippi River with the aid of 150 Virginia volue A court martial. After disengaging his army Congress to replace George Washington with General teers. continues his retreat to New York City. Horatio Gates, is revealed. Public opinion supports Washington and Major Thomas Conway is forced to 30 MAY 1778 JUNE 1778 Revolution: North The settlement of Cobleski resign. Revolution: Politics The Secret Service, i New York, is burned by some 300 Iroquois Indians known as the "Headquarters Secret Service," DECEMBER 1777 This action initiates a campaign of terror by Loyalism emized and placed under the command of Revolution: North Inventor of the one-man sub- and Indians against frontier settlements, instigated marine Turtle in 1775, David Bushnell lays a the British. minefield of gunpowder kegs to harass British naval JULY 1778 operations. 6 JUNE 1778 Revolution: Politics The British Peace Commission Revoltuion: Politics Congress returns to 6 FEBRUARY 1778 arrives in Philadelphia with offers that will be rejectal del Revolution: Politics In Paris, France and colonial by the Continental Congress who, encouraged by recent French alliance, now insist on continued JULY 1778 agents negotiate and sign two treaties-one of alliance and one of amity and commerce. According to the pendence. Revolution: North In a continuing campaign terms of the treaties, the Americans are given leave to force of Loyalists and Indians massacres conquer Canada and Bermuda, while France is per- 18 JUNE 1778 the Wyoming Valley of northern Pennsylvar mitted to conquer the British possessions in the West Revolution: North General Henry Clinton order Indies. Congress ratifies the pacts on May 4, and in draws British forces from Philadelphia in City the British leave the city, the Americans reenter march them across New Jersey to New York ULY 1778 July French ambassador Conrad Alexandre Gerard ar- rives in America to present his credentials. British at Kaskaskia, at the junct South George Rogers Clark ca Mississippi and Kaskaskia rivers. 17 FEBRUARY 1778 Revolution: North Breaking his winter camp Charles 19 JUNE 1778 Revolution: Politics In response to the Franco- ley Forge, Washington dispatches General Clinton beader TEX 1778 American treaties, Lord North presents a plan of con- ciliation with the colonies to the British Parliament. to intercept the British forces under wedquarters Involution: North George Washington estal toward New York City. for the Continental Army at West 23 FEBRUARY 1778 Revolution: North Prussian Baron von Steuben ar- 27-28 Revolution: JUNE North 1778 In the New Jersey Bande MAY 1778 rives to join the Continental Army at Valley Forge. Amolution: tion: Politics The Articles of Confed 128 FOUNDING A NATION 986-1787 delphia, Congress relocates to Princeton, New Jersey, 31 DECEMBER 1783 7 MAY 1784 where it sits until November 3. Slavery By this time, the importation of black Afri- International Finally about to return to can slaves has been banned by all of the northern from Europe, John Jay is designated as 2 JULY 1783 states. American secretary for foreign affairs, fillin British Polity An English order in council closes tion vacated by Robert R. Livingston in the British West Indies to trade with the United OTHER EVENTS OF 1783 1783. States. Education Noah Webster issues the first part of his "Blue-Backed Speller," A Grammatical Institute of 28 MAY 1784 8 JULY 1783 the English Language. The remaining two volumes Finance Congress officially creates a Slavery The Massachusetts Supreme Court pro- will come out by 1785. One of the best-selling Amer- Board, which replaces the office of superin claims the abolition of slavery in the commonwealth, ican books of all time, Webster's "Speller" proves in- finances, at the request of Robert Morris. as mandated by the Massachusetts Declaration of fluential in standardizing pronunciation and spelling. ury Board is to be governed by a panel of Rights of 1780. in distinguishing American English from British Eng- missioners. Samuel Osgood and Walter lish, and in uniting the disparate segments of Ameri- have already been named in January, and 3 SEPTEMBER 1783 can society through the powerful medium of a will be added in July. Revolution: Politics The Treaty of Paris is signed common language. by Great Britain and the United States in Paris, thus 2 JUNE 1784 formally ending the Revolutionary War. On the same 14 JANUARY 1784 Westward Movement The North Carolina day, England signs a peace pact with France and Revolution: Politics Congress ratifies the Treaty of cedes her western lands to the United St Spain at Versailles. By the terms of this treaty, Britain Paris, officially ending the Revolutionary War and ini- motion will be repealed on November 20, cedes Florida to Spain. tiating peace with Great Britain. state of Franklin in this area seeks independ 7 OCTOBER 1783 20 FEBRUARY 1784 26 JUNE 1784 Slavery The Virginia House of Burgesses enacts Westward Movement The Tennessee Company is Transportation Spain officially closes legislation granting freedom to those black slaves who organized by the state of Georgia, with authority to Mississippi River to American navigation. served in the Continental Army during the Revolution- make land grants to settlers in the Tennessee Valley ary War. region. 31 JULY 1784 Commerce Thomas Jefferson arrives in Pa 2 NOVEMBER 1783 22 FEBRUARY 1784 together with John Adams and Benjamin Fr Revolution: Politics In Rocky Hill, New Jersey, Commerce Captain John Greene sails the ship Em- will serve as a commissioner authorized to George Washington issues his "Farewell Address to press of China out of New York harbor, bound for the commercial treaties with European nations. the Army," and the following day all troops not yet orient. The embarkation of this vessel marks the furloughed are formally discharged from the army. search by American merchants for new markets for 23 AUGUST 1784 United States exports, now that the English have Westward Movement Fearing the lack of 25 NOVEMBER 1783 closed the British West Indies to American trade. ment for the western lands of North Caro Revolution: Politics The last of the British troops cession is formally completed, the settlers leave Manhattan, as George Washington and Governor 1 MARCH 1784 gion, led by John Sevier, gather in Jonesbo George Clinton enter the city. By December 4, all Westward Movement Congress accepts an amended the creation of the independent state of Fran British soldiers on Staten Island and Long Island are version of Virginia's cession of her western lands. On 1789, Franklin tries but fails to gain admiss boarding ships for England. the same date, a congressional committee led by Union. The territory is then reabsorbed i Thomas Jefferson presents a plan that proposes a tem- Carolina. In 1790 the area will be organiz 26 NOVEMBER 1783 porary government in the western territories, to be Southwest Territory and in 1796 it is admit National Congress meets in Annapolis, Maryland, followed by a division of the region into states that Union as the state of Tennessee. under a plan mandating alternate sessions in An- will enter the confederation as states equal with the napolis and Trenton, New Jersey, for the interim. original 13. Jefferson's proposal to ban slavery every- 30 AUGUST 1784 where in the United States after 1800 is narrowly de- Commerce Commanded by Captain John 4 DECEMBER 1783 feated. An amended version of this territorial the Empress of China reaches the Chines Revolution: Politics As the last of the British troops ordinance is adopted on April 23, though it is never Canton after a voyage by way of Cape Horn board ships for home, George Washington takes leave enforced. cargo of tea and silks that she transports ba of his officers at Fraunces' Tavern in New York City. 1785 will convince American merchants to 8 APRIL 1784 China trade in large numbers. 23 DECEMBER 1783 British Policy British Lord Sydney notifies Cana Revolution: Politics After a triumphant journey to dian Governor-General Haldimand that British troops Lakes I SEPTEMBER 1784 Annapolis, Maryland, George Washington comes be- will not withdraw from garrisons on the Great of Westward Movement George Washingto fore Congress to resign officially his commission as until the United States complies with the conditions commander in chief of the Continental Army. the Treaty of Paris, specifically those dealing with debts. ubilities for land development. tour of the western territories to su treatment of Loyalists and the repayment of 26 DECEMBER 1783 British Policy A British order in council permits the SEPTEMBER 1784 1784 30 Commerce APRIL 1784 In order to stabilize American trade and and The Pennsylvania ( importation of American manufactured goods to Eng- land on terms as favorable as those of prerevolution- commerce, Congress requests the right to vania's Connecticut settlers to their lands pass i restoring forces the state assembly to ary days. gation act. Most of the states resist such a Wyoming Valley, after violence resu 138 APRIL 2, 1811 gion between New Orleans and the Pearl River to be first regular orchestra in the United States. The or- the Republic of West Florida, seeking annexation to chestra will play its last performance in 1824 at the United States. Boston's Pantheon. In 1799, Graupner had marked an- other American first when during the Boston perform- 1 OCTOBER 1810 ance of the play Oroonoko he made up in blackface, Agriculture In Pittsfield, Massachusetts, the Berk- thus presenting one of the earliest known perform- shire Cattle Show, organized by Elkanah Watson, opens. ances of black minstrelsy. From this will develop the first permanent agricultural association in the United States and the American tra- 15 JANUARY 1811 dition of country fairs. International In a secret session, Congress adopts a resolution authorizing the United States to extend its 27 OCTOBER 1810 sovereignty over Spanish East Florida if the inhabi- International President Madison announces the tants agree to the annexation, or if a foreign power United States annexation and military occupation of tries to occupy the territory. the western region of Spanish West Florida. The an- nexed area, between the Mississippi River and the 2 FEBRUARY 1811 Perdido River, is declared part of the Territory of Or- Settling In the California region, a group of Russian leans, which will become the state of Louisiana in settlers lands at Bodega Bay, north of San Francisco, 1812. in order to establish Fort Ross which will become the center of an agricultural colony and a trading post for 2 NOVEMBER 1810 sea otter furs. In 1841, John Augustus Sutter will pur- International Believing that the Berlin and Milan chase Fort Ross. Decrees, which legalize French interference with neu- tral shipping, have actually been rescinded by 20 FEBRUARY 1811 Napoleon Bonaparte as stated in the Cadone letter of Finance Congress votes against renewing the charter August 5, President Madison releases a proclamation of the first Bank of the United States, due to expire reinstating American trade with France and forbidding on March 4. Secretary of the Treasury Albert Gallatin American trade with Great Britain, effective February has strongly endorsed renewal of the charter, but he 2, 1811, if the British do not withdraw their orders in faces strong foes in the "Old Republicans" faction council within three months. But Madison has been who regard the bank as an unconstitutional Federalist misled by the French, and the French continue to imposition; in those who find the fact that two-thirds harass American shipping. The Americans will remain of the bank stock is owned by British citizens a dan- unaware of this deception until September 1811, and gerous situation; and in those who advocate the devel- meanwhile this American move results in an inten- opment of state-chartered banks. The intense con- sification of hostilities between the United States and gressional debate over this issue ends in a tie vote in Great Britain. the Senate, and the vote of Vice-President Clinton against the charter settles the matter. The failure to OTHER EVENTS OF 1810 renew the bank charter will prove an unwise move, as Population In the third national census, the United the War of 1812 will require the kind of financing fa- States population is recorded at 7,239,881, marking a cilitated by the Bank of the United States. gain of nearly 2 million inhabitants, or 36.4 percent since 1800. Of this total, 1,378,110 Americans are 2 MARCH 1811 blacks and all but 186,746 of those are slaves. With International Congress supports the reinstatement the 1803 admission of Ohio, the number of states in of the non-intercourse policy against Great Britain, as the Union has reached 17. spelled out in the Non-Intercourse Act of March 1, Transportation New Yorker Cornelius Vanderbilt 1809. The Madison administration makes this move begins his career as a shipping magnate with the ini- based on deceptive communications from the French tiation of regular ferry service between Staten Island relaying the information that Napoleon has rescinded and Manhattan. Vanderbilt will go on to control ferry his Berlin and Milan Decrees, which in fact he has lines between New York and New Jersey., across Long not done. Over a year will pass before Great Britain Island Sound, and on the Hudson River. By mid-cen- rescinds her orders in council relating to neutral ship- tury he will establish a bimonthly shipping route be- ping. Meanwhile, the reinstatement of the American tween New York and San Francisco by way of a non-intercourse provokes the British to renew their connecting land route across Nicaragua, and a regular blockade of New York and to follow an even harsher passenger and freight service between America and Europe. At the same time, he will build his railroad policy of impressing American seamen. holdings into an empire. 4 MARCH 1811 Also in 1810, aeronauts A.R. Hawley and Augustus Finance The Bank of the United States is dissolved. Post will complete an 1173-mile balloon flight from Louis Arture St. Canada. 2 APRIL 1811 In Boston, Johann Christian Gottlieb National James Monroe is named Secretary of Graupner founds the Boston Philharmonic Society, the State. 191 TESTING A UNION 1788-1865 HARRIET BEECHER STOWE, 1811-1896 their national convention at Pittsburgh. They John P. Hale of New Hampshire for preside Stowe's novel, Uncle Tom's Cabin, stirred the Ameri- George W. Julian of Indiana for vice-presides can conscience over the slavery issue and thereby changed history. Born to the remarkable Beecher family platform soundly condemns both slavery in Connecticut, Stowe's father was a minister of strong Compromise of 1850, claiming, "Slavery Calvinist views; her mother died when the girl was only against God and a crime against man." They to four. The family had black servants, and their washerwo- support free homesteads for settlers and easy man, Candace, was one of the young girl's special influ- this country for immigrants. ences. She early came to question her father's strict 24 AUGUST 1852 religion and was extremely close to her brother Henry, a man of broad interests. In 1832, the father took his family Arts/Culture A popular stage play is made to Cincinnati where he was to head a new theological Harriet Beecher Stowe's novel, Uncle Tom seminary, and in 1836 Harriet married Calvin Stowe, a The sentimental story, inspired by the Fugitive professor of Biblical literature at this school. She had Act of 1850, now reaches even more people tried a little writing and her husband encouraged her to message of the brutality and injustice of slaves continue, but she devoted the next 14 years to raising six children. The seminary was a center of the antislavery 24 OCTOBER 1852 movement in that area; once, too, Stowe visited a planta- tion in nearby Kentucky and caught a glimpse of slave National Daniel Webster, who has resigned X life. In 1850 she went with her husband to Maine where retary of State, dies in Marshfield, Massac Scott and his wife. he took on a position at Bowdoin College, and now she Much of Massachusetts mourns Webster, whom gave in to the urgings of her family to write something call their "greatest statesman." by rail with the completion of the Pe about the slavery issue that was so bothering many of her Railroad, but Pennsylvania deliberately ad circle. 26 OCTOBER 1852 gauge than that used by railroads in The result was Uncle Tom's Cabin, or Life Among the Civil War: Approach The new antislavery at 10 prevent New York's Erie Railroad fro Lowly, which began to appear as a serial in the National from Massachusetts, Charles Sumner, submits & through Pennsylvania to Ohio. Era, an abolitionist periodical, on June 5, 1851. By the lution against the Fugitive Slave Act, and the Execution Massachusetts, the state that has le time the last installment had appeared on April 1, 1852, a Boston publisher had brought the completed novel out in tacks the law over and over again in a for party In establishing and improving public SC speech. the first compulsory school attendance 1 two volumes; within a week, 10,000 copies were sold, and within a year, 300,000. Soon 1,500,000 copies were H country Many of those who oppose child la sold in England. Adapted for the stage, it became one of 2 NOVEMBER 1852 Entile ME mills and in other factories have sup: the most popular plays of all time, yet Stowe did not National Democrat Franklin Pierce defeats profit from dramatic versions or from "pirated" editions. Winfield Scott for the presidency. Pierce reach MY Literary critics pointed out that the book lacked the liter- electoral votes to Scott's 42. The Free Soil CBP SEBRUARY 1853 ary values of important works, and the South condemned Hale, wins only about 156,000 popular votes, Congress passes the Coinage Act of it for what it insisted were distortions, but Stowe had cation of the decline of his party. Whigs keep smaller coins in circulation, it establis written the first American novel to portray blacks as se- and less power because the Southerners who may silver system which reduces the amot rious protagonists. She was treated as a celebrity in the North and throughout Europe. Her second antislavery to support the Union have now joined the Date: to all coins smaller than the dollar. It also this the minting of $3 gold pieces. novel, Dred, A Tale of the Great Dismal Swamp (1856), was widely read. After the war, she continued to publish, NOVEMBER-DECEMBER 1852 but she never matched the success of Uncle Tom's Cabin. National As both the Free Soil and the Whig MARCH 1853 Then again, few books could have matched that work's decline, the American, or Nativist party Congress adopts an act to set of impact on history. tract more supporters. Originally founded as society, it soon becomes known as the Territory Territory from the northern part o Nothing" Party because members claim to know MARCH vention in Baltimore. Their party is growing even 1853 ing about its workings. Its members oppose more divided than the Democrats and they require 53 and foreigners; the party will be at its strong importation Congress passes the Army A ballots to nominate General Winfield Scott of New next few years. Act which provides $150,000 for an exte Jersey for president and William A. Graham of North on possible transcontinental railroad rc Carolina for vice-president. Their platform also ac- OTHER EVENTS OF 1852 to Department will conduct the survey to cepts the Compromise of 1850. They reaffirm states' Civil War: Approach Leaders of the most practical route. rights and support internal improvements for rivers movement publish The Pro-Slavery Arg is Franklin Pierce of New Hampshire is and harbors. A strong Whig leader, Henry Clay, who lection of essays. the the 14th President and the fourth Dem originally organized the party, dies in Washington on Life/Customs The first American June 29. rowing match is held between. Yale and ID Lake Winnipesaukee in New Hampshire import address from memory, and he proi office. He is the first president to giv concern over alcohol consumption results to the Compromise of 1850. He 3 JULY 1852 Finance The activity and growth in California re- hibition laws in Massachusetts, Vermora R gain new territories by peaceful m office King becomes vice-president and take quire that Congress act to establish a branch of the siana. ensex: in Cuba, a country President P United States mint in San Francisco. Labor A convention of journeymen the Cincinnati results in the founding of of Among Pierce's Cabinet member 11 AUGUST 1852 Secretary of Transportation Pittsburgh and Philadelf Typographical Union. of War Jeffe National Members of the Free Soil party meet in the Interior Robert Mc 262 ABSOLUTELY POSITIVELY NOVEMBER 17, 1880 hibition Party nominates Neal Dow of Maine for pres- of free men are being lost just when a promised better ident and A.M. Thompson of Ohio for vice-president. world seems within grasp. Now, when the nation could have profited from vigorous public debate, Con- 24 JUNE 1880 gress is dominated by rascally, small-minded men. National The Democratic National convention picks General Winfield S. Hancock of Pennsylvania for 3 JULY 1880 president and William H. English of Indiana for vice- International In a move to support national inde- president. There is little to choose between the Re- pendence movements in Morocco, major European publican platform and the Democratic one, now that nations and the United States meet in Madrid and black Reconstruction is out of the way. Both weakly agree to prevent Moroccan territory from being "pro- advocate civil service reform, both are in favor of ex- tected" by outside powers. clusion of Chinese immigration. Both advocate high protective tariffs. In the 15 years since the end of the 2 NOVEMBER 1880 Civil War, a fundamental shift from an agrarian to an National James A. Garfield wins the presidency by industrial/technological society has taken place. Fi- 214 to 155 electoral votes. Chester A. Arthur becomes nance capital has found its way and industry has vice-president. It has been an ugly, personal campaign blossomed. But social forms and judicial restraints lag and the passions inflamed by the very men who far behind. Solutions worked out for small businesses should set the standards for rational debate will have or feudal societies no longer apply to impersonal cor- serious repercussions before the year is out. porations of continental size. Laborer, farmer, city dweller, politician flounder in paradoxes presented to 17 NOVEMBER 1880 them by new needs. Cherished values and protections International The Chinese Exclusion Treaty is publican National Convention, Chicago, 1880. 343 FEBRUARY 10, 1915 ing strategy by the German victory at Masurian. skillful use of their sinister U-boats. However, still has hoping to induce America to come in on the side of the 26 SEPTEMBER 1914 National The Federal Trade Commission is set up to the Kaiser, Germany will attack only warships during oversee regulation of corporations engaged in inter- this first year of conflict. ro- state commerce. The five-man commission proposes 23 NOVEMBER 1914 to oversee industrial corporations in a manner similar International The United States starts to disentangle to that of the Interstate Commerce Commission over itself from the Mexican morass by evacuating troops railroads. from Vera Cruz, Mexico. During the war, the Ger- in mans will play heavily on Mexican anti-American de 15 OCTOBER 1914 sentiment, funneling millions of dollars into the coun- les National America comes of industrial age as the try trying to foment revolution there, and later, in the milestone Clayton Anti-trust Act is passed by Con- - Zimmerman telegram debacle, even attempting to ma- gress. Samuel Gompers will call this "labor's charter nipulate an outright declaration of war against the of freedom.' It provides organized labor with the nec- do United States. As essary legislation to balance its bargaining power vis- a-vis corporations. Most importantly it exempts 26 JANUARY 1915 unions from anti-trust laws: unions cannot be declared ite combinations in restraint of trade; the injunction will Conversation Pursuing Roosevelt's policies, Con- rst no longer be permitted to be used against unions; gress establishes Rocky Mountain National Park. Roo- go sevelt is never quite as magnanimous after his ly strikes, picketing and boycotting are made legal. Elsewhere in the Act, interlocking directorates are presidency as before and during, and never gives Taft nor Wilson credit for their labor and conservation ini- made illegal for corporations as is discrimination in tiatives. setting prices which would effect a monopoly. 22 OCTOBER 1914 28 JANUARY 1915 National The Revenue Act passes Congress. It im- National Wilson vetoes a bill which would require at poses the first income tax on incomes over $3000 to immigrants to pass a literacy test. to offset loss of tariff money brought about through en- The same day Congress passes legislation author- actment of the Underwood-Simmons Act of 1913. izing the United States Coast Guard. It will be charged with preventing contraband trade, will assist 2 NOVEMBER 1914 persons and vessels in distress and generally be useful America's Approach to War Great Britain re- to all maritime shipping. o sponds to German naval tactics by declaring the entire America's Approach to War The William P. Frye North Sea a military area. Neutral ships bound for with its cargo of wheat for Britain is torpedoed in the neutral ports will pass at their own risk, subject to South Atlantic by the German Navy. search and seizure. Keeping the sea lanes open for commerce is an indispensable aspect of British strat- 30 JANUARY 1915 S egy. The United States has begun to profit from Euro- America's Approach to War The good friend of pean war needs and is sending cargoes to all Wilson, Colonel Edward M. House, sails to Europe belligerents including Germany which is getting its on the Lusitania to try to mediate a peace settlement. goods funneled through neutral countries. To stop Both sides still feel that they can get what they want e this, on August 20, Britain, in its Order of Council, and are in no mood to settle the conflict so quickly. enlarges the list of goods it unilaterally considers con- Germany, for one, wants Poland and Belgium, and traband and therefore subject to search and seizure. makes no bones about wishing to have the rest of Eu- Britain immediately begins to confiscate the contra- rope under its mailed fist. Its is becoming slowly but band cargoes, although willingly paying for each increasingly apparent that the Allies represent the civi- shipload, and in the process causes no loss of life. lized values dear to American hearts. British procedures will stand it in good stead with American businessmen who are making a good deal 4 FEBRUARY 1915 of money out of the war, and appreciate not being America's Approach to War In retaliation for the drawn into it further. Included in the list is cotton, blockade of its ports, Germany proclaims a war zone now used in making munitions. On September 26, around the British Isles to offset their advantage of Bryan protests the Order in Council, but American supply by neutral vessels. leaders are beginning to appreciate the value of lightly leaning on the Allied side and by October 22 formally 10 FEBRUARY 1915 withdraw the United States' demand that Britain keep America's Approach to War Wilson warns Ger- to the letter of the Declaration of London. Thereafter, many that the United States will hold it "to a strict Britain manages to contain the German fleet in harbor accountability" for "property endangered or lives and dries to a trickle the flow of goods to the Central lost." German submarine warfare is taking a serious Powers. Smarting under the impact of the blockade, toll of neutral shipping, including American. German the Germans step up their submarine warfare with U-boat captains are in a predicament because they 427 TO KNOW ASK A 945 OTHER EVENTS OF 1920 on Cases, the Supreme Court will declare City and nominates Eugene V. Debs for president and Harding of Ohio for president and Calvin Coolidge Seymour Stedman of Ohio for vice-president. Debs for vice-president. Harding is an old "pol" friend of S invalid. will run his campaign from jail. the machine bosses. He will be thrust on the conven- 1920 tion by the party leaders from what Harry M. As part of the Red scare that is sweeping 4 JUNE 1920 Daugherty calls a "smoke-filled room." Explains n, five members of the New York Legislature National Congress passes the Army Reorganization Daugherty: "The convention will be deadlocked Act which will establish a peacetime army of some some 12 or 15 men, worn out and bleary-eyed for lack led for being members of the Socialist Party. Il be legitimately re-elected, but once again 300,000 men. of sleep, will sit down about two o'clock in the morn- be refused permission to sit in session. ing around a table in a smoke-filled room in some 5 JUNE 1920 hotel and decide the nomination. When that time 1920 National Only slightly dismantling the machinery of comes, Harding will be selected." And so it happens. In one of the least edifying examples of war, Congress passes the Merchant Marine Act which When the "pols" try to choke another of the same ilk on's Red hysteria, Nicola Sacco and Bar- continues the wartime Shipping Board whose duties down the convention throat as nominee for vice-presi- Vanzetti are arrested on charges of robbery now will be to sell the fleet to private owners but then dent, delegates insist on a man of higher caliber. For der of the paymaster at a shoe factory in to operate all vessels not sold. this reason, the taciturn and colorless Coolidge, who Massachusetts. On extremely tenuous evi- has nevertheless shown his firmness in Boston's po- : two men will be convicted in 1921 and held 10 JUNE 1920 liceman's strike, is chosen. ntil August 23, 1927 when they will be ex- National Congress enacts the Water Power Act and Their case, built on an unfortunately weak creates the Federal Power Commission to regulate 5 JULY 1920 n. polarized the nation in a highly charged power plants. With numerous boards to oversee that National The Democratic Party holds its National ntially meaningless manner. necessary functions operate smoothly, the Federal Convention in San Francisco and nominates the little- Government has run the war in a fairly efficient man- known James M. Cox. Governor of Ohio. for presi- 1920 ner. The country is now less of a federation and more dent, and Franklin Delano Roosevelt for vice-presi- The Socialist Labor Party meets for its Na- of a unit than in past history. dent. onvention in New York City and nominates ox for president and August Gilhaus of 12 JUNE 1920 16 JULY 1920 for vice-president. National The Republican Party holds its National National The Farmer Labor Party holds its national Convention in Chicago and nominates Warren G. convention in Chicago and nominates Parley P. Chris- 1920 tensen of Utah for president. and Max S. Hayes of The Socialist Party convenes in New York MARCUS GARVEY, 1887-1940 Ohio for vice-president. The Farmer Labor Party has been formed the month before in Chicago. It will later SACCO AND VANZETTI The career of Marcus Garvey was one of the more col- orful and ambiguous episodes in the struggle of join with La Follette's Progressive Party. Also formed America's black citizens for equality in this century. He this year is the American Farm Bureau Federation. World War I was over. the nation recoiled into Foreigners. meaning people who had not yet ar- was born in Jamaica on August 17, 1887. After working as a newspaper editor in Jamaica he went to London in 22 JULY 1920 n American shores or who had only recently ar- vere looked upon with increasing suspicion. Social 1912: there he came under the influence of a half-black National The National Convention of the Prohibi- ns were changing with extreme speed and Egyptian nationalist named Duse Mohammed Ali and de- tion Party is held in Lincoin. Nebraska. to nominate ats to blame for their unsettling results were cided to promote a worldwide black movement with him- Aaron S. Watkins of Ohio for president. (William J. ound: the Reds. In this atmosphere on April 15, self as leader. To that end he formed in 1914 the NO men, taking the $15,000 payroll for their shoe Universal Negro Improvement Organization in Jamaica, Bryan finally has declined a nomination for the presi- and from there took his cause to New York City in 1916. dency.) from Boston to Braintree. Massachusetts, were set y five men in an automobile and shot dead. The Garvey attracted many followers in Harlem: within a 26 AUGUST 1920 was stolen. Helpful witnesses claimed that two of few years he had established a newspaper, started a National The 19th Amendment to the Constitution gsters looked very Italian. Three weeks later, on steamship line. promoted black businesses and fostered msy description. Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo branch organizations around the country. By 1920, when which gives women suffrage is enacted. To educate - were arrested for murder. Both had alibis, he presided over an international convention in New women in the ways of politics. the National League furnished by the Italian Consulate in Boston. but York, he had millions of followers, most of them from of Women Voters is organized this same year. vail. Both were known locally to have anarchistic among poorer blacks who responded to his gradiose ora- i. Sacco and Vanzetti were particularly swarthy tory, outlandish uniforms, and militant black chauvinism. 2 NOVEMBER 1920 Italian-born men, "dagos" and "sons of But his movement faltered in the 20s after inept man- National Harding wins by electoral votes to the the less than fair-minded Judge Thayer was re- agement led to the failure of many of the UNIA's busi- Democrats ignominious 127 Harding wins a popular o have called them after the case came before him ness ventures: this helped fuel rising criticism of Garvey vote of 16.152.200: the Democrats win 9.147,353; 31, 1921. The case polarized the nation. Many from the black upper classes. He was finally convicted on mail fraud charges in 1923; but before beginning his sen- From jail, Debs polls a substantial 919.799 votes. anding leaders of American thought deplored the y atmosphere." Finally, more martyrs than men, tence he announced plans for a "Back to Africa" move- Industry The first regular broadcasting service is prisoners were sentenced to death. For six years ment which proposed mass emigration of American initiated by station KDKA in East Pittsburgh, Penn- nained in prison while people fought for their re- blacks to Liberia. The plan was never implemented. In sylvania. However. on August 22, 1927 they were both ex- 1927 Garvey was pardoned by President Coolidge and de- their guilt or innocence not satisfactorily proved ported to Jamaica, where he continued his efforts with OTHER EVENTS OF 1920 indifferent success until his death in 1940. Though his of faulty investigation techniques based on pre- Life/Customs The Nobel Peace Prize is given to n of their guilt. Ballistic tests since then suggest movement accomplished few of its goals and had its na- Woodrow Wilson. Wilson ends his final speech to :co had a pistol that was used in the killings, but ive aspects, Garvey is remembered as a powerful voice of Congress quoting Lincoin: "Let us have faith that le remains as one of the archetypal cases of possi- black pride and a disturbing and prophetic figure on the right makes might. and in that faith let us dare to do stice due to prejudice. American scene. our duty as we understand 439 VER 1946- JANUARY 19, 1949 WHITTAKER CHAMBERS, 1901-1961 President Truman receives the nomination, with Alben committee, points out that "we are in the midst of & Barkley of Kentucky as his running mate. The addi- cold war which is getting warmer." :W lives better typify the shifting sands of radical tion of a civil rights plank to the party platform rican political ideology than that of Whittaker Cham- provokes some Southern delegates to walk out. 2 NOVEMBER 1948 Raised on Long Island, New York, Whittaker National The Presidential elections result in a sur- nbers flirted briefly with academia, attending Colum- University before immersing himself in the activities 17 JULY 1948 prise victory for incumbent Harry S. Truman, who de- e American Communist Party. With the zeal of the National Southern Democrats who walked out of feats New York Governor Thomas E. Dewey by 2.2 y converted, Chambers served the party both as a the party convention two days earlier, over a dispute million popular votes and 114 electoral votes. This it agent and by writing for various Communist jour- concerning civil rights, form the States' Rights Party victory is due, in part, to the 10,000 miles of cam- and publications. His personal instability caused him (Dixiecrats) which nominates Strom Thurmond of paigning logged on his "Whistle Stop" tour of the ecome disillusioned with Communism and he left South Carolina for president. The Dixiecrats propose United States. The Dixiecrat candidate, Strom Thur- party in 1938, at once becoming a fervent anti- a platform of racial segregation. mond, receives 39 electoral votes and a little over one munist. As if to further atone for his former Commu- party affiliation, Chambers joined the staff of Time million popular votes, Henry Wallace, Progressive 22 JULY 1948 izine in 1939. Party candidate, receives no electoral college votes National In Philadelphia dissident Democrats form a ambers, anxious to prove himself a loyal citizen, at- but garners some one million popular votes. d national prominence in the summer of 1948 as a third party. Adopting the name "Progressive" they er of names" in the Federal Government's search nominate Henry Wallace, a former vice-president. 6 DECEMBER 1948 ast Communist connections of government employ- National In connection with the Alger Hiss case. Chambers implicated State Department official Alger 26 JULY 1948 Richard M. Nixon of the House Un-American Activi- before the House Un-American Activities Committee National An executive order bars segregation in the ties Committee charges that the Truman administration AC), and repeated those charges of Hiss's past Com- United States armed forces and calls for an end to St espionage on the National Broadcasting Com- racial discrimination in Federal employment. In a spe- has invested in the concealment of "embarrassing Meet the Press television show. Sued for slander facts" rather than "finding out who stole the docu- cial session of Congress called by President Truman, ments." liss in December 1948, Chambers produced (from there is an unsuccessful attempt to pass measures to hiding place in a pumpkin) microfilms of secret doc- control inflation, enact civil rights legislation and re- its alledgedly typed by Hiss, and thus became the OTHER EVENTS OF 1948 witness against Hiss in two perjury trials in 1948. peal the Taft-Hartley Act. Arts/Culture The Nobel Prize for Literature goes to aving Time in 1948, Chambers wrote Witness, his the Anglo-American writer T.S. Eliot. The Pulitzer iography, and completed his journey from political 31 JULY 1948 o Right by writing for the conservative National Re- Regional President Truman dedicates New York Prize for Fiction goes to James Michener for Tales of Attempting to free himself from the notoriety and City's Idlewild International Airport, later known as the musical). South Pacific (the basis for the later Broadway oversy with which his past activities had surrounded John F. Kennedy International Airport. Chambers enrolled as an undergraduate at Western Life/Customs The long-playing (LP) phonograph land College. But the man who had spent the bulk 3 AUGUST 1948 record is introduced by Columbia Records. ; adult life in pursuit of a cause was destined to be National Fear increases of Communism in govern- er identified with the bitterly divisive issues rife dur- 3 JANUARY 1949 ment and elsewhere in the United States. Former ne government witch-hunts of the post-war years. Communist Whittaker Chambers names Alger Hiss as National The United States Supreme Court rules years after his matriculation at Western Maryland a former Party member. Hiss subsequently sues that states have the ngot to ban the closed shop. This ge, Chambers died of a heart attack in Westminister, land. Chambers for slander, an action that leads to his con- order is based on the controversial Taft-Hartley Act viction for perjury. which President Truman had attempted unsuccessfully to veto in the spring of 1947. As the 81st Congress E 1948 14 AUGUST 1948 begins its second term. the United States House of al The Vandenberg Resolution passes the Sports After having been cancelled in 1940 and Representatives elects 3am Rayburn of Texas as House Speaker. allowing the United States to enter collective 1944 because of the world war, the Olympic Games pacts with non-Western Hemisphere nations. have been held in London, England. As they come to 7 JANUARY 1949 a close on this day, the United States is the unofficial E 1948 team champion with 547.5 points. National Secretary of State Marshall resigns effec- al President Truman signs a Selective Service tive January 20. the cay Truman is to be inaugurated. register all males between the ages of 18 and 15 AUGUST 1948 12 JANUARY 1949 service in the armed forces. At the GOP Na- International Seoul, South Korea, is the site of a Convention, Republicans nominate New York proclamation establishing the Republic of South Korean War ecretary of State-designate or Thomas E. Dewey to be their presidential Korea. Syngman Rhee is the president of the new re- Dean Acheson reaffirms the United Nations' respon- te, with California Governor Earl Warren as public. sibility to provide military security to Pacific area na- esidential nominee. tions. He does not consider Korea as within the U.S. defense perimeter. 9 SEPTEMBER 1948 E 1948 International In North Korea, as a response to de- 14 JANUARY 1949 tional American European Command aircraft velopments in the South, a People's Republic is estab- ered to respond to Berlin's need for food and lished. This government claims jurisdiction over the National The Department of Justice files an anti- nied them by the two-day Soviet blockade of entire country in conflict with Rhee's United States- trust suit against American Telephone and Telegraph, Western Sectors. backed administration in Seoul. intended to divide AT&T from the manufacturing component of the company, Western Electric. Y 1948 24 OCTOBER 1948 19 JANUARY 1949 il At the Democratic National Convention, National Bernard Baruch, speaking before a Senate National Congress ase the salary for Presidents to 519 DII .M54 WHRC THE ALMANAC OF DATES EVENTS OF THE PAST FOR ALMANAC OF DATES EVERY DAY OF THE YEAR THE Events of the Past for Every Day LINDA MILLGATE of the Year HELL Harcourt Brace Jovanovich New York and London November 2nd Feast of St. Sil Feast of St. Win All Souls' Day Panama Independe 1328 AD James the Butler named Irish Earl of Ormonde 361 AD Flavius Julius C 1470 King Edward IV of England born die 1697 Transit of Mercury 1002 English, led by 1734 Daniel Boone, frontiersman, born mas 1795 James K. Polk, 11th U.S. President, born 1148 St. Malachy died 1800 Pope Pius VII left Rome to crown Napoleon 1493 Columbus discove Emperor 1591 City of Guanare, 1833 Horace H. Furness, Shakesperean scholar, born 1616 Charles I, futur 1865 Warren G. Harding, U.S. President, born mad 1866 First encampment of the Grand Army of the 1639 St. Martin de Pc Republic held at Indianapolis wor 1867 Harper's Bazaar magazine founded 1640 England's Long F 1878 Cleveland Penny Press newspaper began by publication 1749 Daniel Rutherfor 1887 Jenny Lind, singer, died bor 1889 North and South Dakota became states 1760 Battle of Torgot 1901 Pan American Exposition, Buffalo, New York 1782 Britain recogniz closed 1783 Continental Army 1909 William Powell Firth, English artist, died 1794 William Cullen E 1913 Burt Lancaster, actor, born 1801 Vincenzo Bellini 1917 Balfour Declaration favored the establishment 1811 First steamboat of a Jewish state in Palestine 1814 Napoleon's trial (England) ope Modern Norwegian army founded 1839 Beginning of the 1918 Malbone Street subway tunnel wrecked (Brooklyn, an New York) 1844 Mohammed V, Suli 1920 First commercial radio station established 1852 Meiji Tenno, Emp 1930 Haile Selassie crowned Emperor of Ethiopia 1859 San Francisco V: 1936 BBC began regular television broadcasts in First business England (Pc 1938 Partition of Czechoslovakia completed by the 1865 Harvard Club of Vienna Council Mescalero Apach 1945 Costa Rica and Liberia joined the United se Nations 1879 Vilhjalmur Stef 1949 Indonesia granted its independence by the 1883 Women's Christi Netherlands American Indian 1961 James Thurber, author-artist, died de: 1962 Dismantling of the Cuban missile sites began 1900 First U.S. auto 1965 Proton II satellite launched by Russia 1901 King Leopold II 1969 Veteran Autos Run held, London to Brighton, 1903 Republic of Pan England pr 1970 Richard, Cardinal Cushing, of Boston died 1914 British bombard 1916 Connemara and R Se November 3rd 1917 First U.S. sold 1918 Bob Feller, bas Feast of St. Hubert, patron of hunters, forest- 1928 Latin alphabet ers, furriers, smelterers, makers 1935 Greece voted to of precision instruments; involked 1940 Laurentic torpe against rabies and for the protec- 1942 U.S.-Alaskan hi tion of dogs AMERICA THE QUOTABLE Mike Edelhart and James Tinen Facts On File Publications 460 Park Avenue South New York, N.Y. 10016 OHIO as well off today as rritorial officials over OHIO THE STATE an war. The Yarltons "Have you a city that smells worse than Akron, that t organize the Terri- is a worse junk-heap of ugliness than Youngstown, ve officials and then, that is more smugly self-satisfied than Cleveland, or y desire an influx of that has missed as unbelievably great an opportunity ethod so sure and so + to be one of the lovely cities of the world as has the ult as to stir up an city of Cincinnati? I'll warrant you have not." ise the price of town Sherwood Anderson These United States an during the 1800s 1924 ward Roberts Lamar Capital: Columbus *** ferritory, 1861-1889 Entered the union (with rank): March 1, 1803 (17) "Our position in the nation is peculiarly felicitous as 1956 State motto: With God, all things are possible to soil, climate, and productions, and it will be our State flower: Scarlet carnation own fault if we are not the happiest people in the State bird: Cardinal Union." State song: "Beautiful Ohio" Caleb Atwater NS State tree: Buckeye A History of Ohio Nickname: Buckeye State 1838 Origin of state name: From the Iroquois for "great *** river" "Ohio, mother of second-rate presidents, hung up er all the time, even about its own identity (East to Westerners, West to arck has a conversa- The most urban state in the nation, Ohio has also Easterners), the personification of the middle-class George A. Custer." been one of the most pivotal in American develop- society, is the least distinctive of the great industrial Philip Hamburger ment. For instance, Ohio's Revolutionary War bat- states of the U.S.A. New York has its stimulating American Notebook tles between British-supplied Indians and American world city, Pennsylvania its Quaker and 'Keystone' 1965 frontiersmen resulted in American land claims on all traditions, Illinois has brawny Chicago and colorful the territories once held by Virgina, a swatch of 'clout' politics, Michigan the auto empires and ad- country running all the way to the Mississippi River. vanced unionism, Texas its own unique world, Cali- This vast "Northwest Territory" became America's fornia a nation in itself. But Ohio? What is a 'Buck- first frontier and established the pattern of westward eye?' It's a tree, of course, but historian Walter ch gave the town migration that has dominated American history. Havighurst relates that when the authors of the Ohio e a day, came as a Modern Ohio is a state filled with cities from Guide of the Federal Writers Project in 1940 tried to There were no Cleveland in the north, past Akron and Dayton, to decide on a cover design, the buckeye was discarded ) relieving interrup- Columbus and Cincinnati in the south. As an urban because few Ohioans would recognize the tree. The lling on and a short state, Ohio has always, relied heavily on manufactur- final design, neatly symbolizing a split character, ing for its livelihood. Ohio towns have become half industrial, half rural, was a sheaf of wheat over a Ernest Haycox identified with what they make: Akron, the tire tire." es In the Afternoon town; Youngstown, the steel city. Neal R. Peirce and John Keefe 1944 Because of this dependence Ohio has suffered The Great Lakes States of America more from current economic troubles than most other 1980 bulous places of the states. Old-line factories have been closed, depriving whole communities of their decades-old support and ote spots mentioned 1 Mandeville. From focus for life. But Ohio is gamely fighting back; old day, Fargo was Cleveland is a successfully revitalized city that once PEOPLE had been written off as a testament to urban failure. nt. If heat was the ers listed Fargo as Cincinnati is considered by many experts a textbook "Believe me, my friends, that men, not very much vetter or drier, or example of a modern American city that works, and inferior to Shakespeare, are this day being born on Columbus is well on its way to becoming a leading the banks of the Ohio." John Steinbeck high technology center. Herman Melville There is no typical Ohio character. The people of Hawthorne and His Mosses avels with Charley the state reflect what they do and the places in 1850 1962 Europe they came from. true mosaic 371 OHIO OHIO "Almost on crossing the Ohio line [from the east] it suspicion and hostility. The state's most successful environmental control-Ohio remained near the bot- money rules along Paces Ferry Road, Procter & seemed to me that people were more open and more politicians are those able to move most skillfully tom of the 50-state rankings and in the absolute Gamble is the eminence grise of Cincinnati." outgoing." among the state's power blocks, wheeling and deal- bottom among the great industrial states (Texas ex- Stephen Birmingham John Steinbeck ing for favors and concessions while deftly creating a cepted) throughout the 1970s. And there was little The Golden Dream Travels with Charley public image of rectitude and incorruptibility. color, verve, or great culture to relieve the monotony. 1978 1962 Such men accommodate themselves to the interests Ohio just plowed through history, turning out im- of big business, since great power resides in the mense amounts of manufactured goods, shortchang- "Cincinnati does not sprawl. It sits, sedately and directorates of Ohio's giant mills, banks and insur- ing many of its own people, practicing a politics of complacently, in the basin that seems to have been ance WAY OF LIFE companies. All of this, along with the rising indifference." carved out for it at the riverport, surrounded by green conservatism of Ohio's trade and industrial union- Neal R. Peirce and John Keefe hills. Cincinnati, furthermore, does not like to think ists, produces a milieu in which human progressiv- The Great Lakes States of America of itself as Middle Western. 'I might call Omaha "For, as I figure it out, things are going just splen- ism can hardly flourish. Materialism, social indiffer- 1980 Middle Western,' says one resident, 'but after all, we didly over in Ohio now. Why, nearly every town is a ence, racial intolerance and economic discrim- border on Pennsylvania. Would you call Pennsylva- factory town now and some of them have got streets ination, are traits shared by both the working and the CITIES, TOWNS nia part of the Middle West?' in them that would make New York or London or managerial classes." Stephen Birmingham Chicago sit up and take notice. What I mean is, David Hess AND REGIONS The Golden Dream almost as many people to every square foot of ground The Nation 1978 and just as jammed-up and dirty and smoky. To be April 13, 1970 Cincinnati sure, the job isn't all done yet. There are lots of "The founders of Cincinnati brought with them noth- places where you can still see the green hills and "The time has come, the fight is on, we've picked "Take for example a city like Cincinnati. There it ing but sharp-sighted, wakeful, untiring industry, the every once in a while a citizen of a city like Cleve- the man to run. sits on its hills, the lovely southern Ohio and north- only patrimony which they inherited from their New land, for example, gets a kind of accidental glimpse For President, Ohio sent her noble, worthy son. ern Kentucky hills, and a poet coming there might England fathers, and the other inhabitants have scru- at the lake, but even in a big town like Chicago, The man we need, the man to lead our strong and have gone into the neighboring hills and looked down pulously followed their example and adopted their where they have a lot of money and a large police mighty craft, on the site of the great city; well, what I say is that habits. They seem to have chosen Franklin for their force, a thing like that will happen now and again. Through storm and sea to victory, is William Ho- such a poet might have dreamed of a white and patron-saint, and to have adopted Poor Richard's You can't do everything at once." ward Taft." golden city nestling there with the beautiful Ohio at maxims as a fifth gospel." Sherwood Anderson Abe Holzman and Harry D. Kerr its feet We Ohioans tackled the job and we put Michael Chevalier These United States "Get on the Raft with Taft" the kibosh on that poet tribe for keeps. If you don't Society, Manners and Politics in the United States 1924 1912 believe it, go down and look at our city of Cincinnati 1839 now." "There is no flashiness, nothing fleeting, in Ohio's "A few towns even started subscription libraries. Sherwood Anderson These United States "Cincinnati has been made famous by Mrs. Trol- approach to life. Traveling across its fertile acres, The most famous of these was the Coonskin library one feels in the very atmosphere a combination of in Athens County, Ohio, so named because its books 1924 lope, whose aristocratic feelings were offended by the pork-trade, which is here carried on on a great stability and progress. were purchased with the proceeds of pelts the people scale. From her accounts many persons have thought Pearl S Buck had trapped." "First we had to lick the poet out of our own hearts that everybody in Cincinnati was a pork merchant, America Richard Lingeman and then we had to lick nature herself, but we did it. and the city a mere slaughter-house. The fact is that 1971 Small Town America Today our river front in Cincinnati is as mean- Cincinnati is a large and beautiful town, charmingly 1980 looking a place as the lake front in Chicago or situated in one of those bends the Ohio makes, as if "In Ohio the [highway] signs are more benign. They Cleveland, and you please bear in mind that down unwilling to leave the spot." offer friendly advice, and are more like sugges- "The actions of the Marietta pioneers-drawing up a there in Cincinnati we had less money to work with Michael Chevalier tions." criminal code and posting it on a tree and holding a than they did up in Chicago or even in Cleveland." Society, Manners and Politics in the United States John Steinbeck parade, mobilizing all the pomp and circumstance a Sherwood Anderson 1839 Travels with Charley pioneer colony could muster, to celebrate the first, These United States 1962 symbolic session of court-demonstrated that the 1924 "Cincinnati is a beautiful city; cheerful, thriving, civil law was to be the foundation of society in the and animated. I have not often seen a place that West-the unifying core. The religious ideals of "And certainly Procter & Gamble fits Cincinnati-a commends itself so favorably and pleasantly to a HISTORY AND POLITICS community embodied in the covenant gave way to smooth, conservative, understated corporation which stranger at the first glance as this does: with its clean the norms of secular law, and the power of religion is run as efficiently and anonymously as the entire houses of red and white, its well-paved roads, and "For the past 75 years, starting with the long reign of always remained secondary." nation of Switzerland." footways of bright tile. kingmaker Mark Hanna, the state's politics have Richard Lingeman Stephen Birmingham Charles Dickens reeked of intrigue and manipulation. Voters have Small Town America The Golden Dream American Notes come to expect a certain dissembling, sometimes 1980 1978 1842 even mild corruption, from their political leaders. Candor and intellectual integrity are seldom re- "By dollar measures of what a state does for its "Cincinnati, meanwhile, like Atlanta, is in many "Cincinnati, meanwhile, is so Germanic that it is warded; more often than not, they are greeted with people-in education, health, welfare, mental care, ways a one-company town. And just as Coca-Cola beyond imagination that some fan would become so 372 373 undisciplined that he might throw a beer cup in the houses. You never see anyone go in or out. There's 'Cleveland has a better orchestra.' outfield. Cincinnati is so straight that you used to In Cincinnati, everyone knows that a four-way is never a sign of life from any of them.' Local joke when Cleveland faced have to cross the river into Kentucky to have a good chili on spaghetti with cheese and onions added. I Stephen Birmingham bankruptcy in 1978 time." never saw any numbers on menus in Cincinnati, but The Golden Dream Quoted by Neal R. Peirce and John Keefe Joel Garreau it is accepted that a customer can walk into any chili 1978 The Great Lake States of America The Nine Nations of North America parlor-an Empress or a Skyline or any of the inde- 1980 1981 pendent neighborhood parlors-and say 'One three- "From as far west as Omaha, the call "Heading for way' and be assured of getting chili on spaghetti with the Dirty city, good buddy,' heard over the airwaves "Cleveland is the ethnic family trapped in a flat "Cleveland has about as much charm as an automo- cheese. Cincinnati eaters take it for granted that the means only one thing to CB-ers: Heading for and going to the dogs. It is neighborhood after bile cemetery or the inside of a dynamo: Cincinnati basic way to serve chili is on spaghetti, just as they Cleveland-the city where rivers have been known to neighborhood. It is more suburbia than a bulldozer is packed with charm. Like all the river cities take it for granted that the other ways to serve it go up catch fire and burn. Poor Cleveland." could love. Cleveland is industry: huge complexes partly German in origin (Louisville, St. Louis, Mil- to a five-way (chili, spaghetti, onions, cheese, and Stephen Birmingham that create steel and a Central Avenue that shouts. waukee), it has a certain stately and also sleepy beans) and that the people who do the serving are The Golden Dream Cleveland is young, old, middle-aged, and every- quality, a flavor of detachment, soundness, and je Greeks. When the Kiradjieff family, which intro- 1978 thing else. Cleveland is Lake Erie and those who, m en fiche-ism." duced authentic Cincinnati chili at the Empress in from one year to the next, never see the lake at all. John Gunther 1922. was sued several years ago by a manager who "With 65,000 people in 1865, Cleveland had Yet somewhere in this-between the Cleveland Inside USA alleged that he had been fired unfairly, one of his schooners and steamers crowding the river mouth, Tower and the melancholy neighborhoods and the 1947 claims amounted to the contention that anyone fired elevators, mills and furnaces spreading in the smoky pleasing suburbs decked out in early American For- under suspicious circumstances from a chili parlor flats, a big new Union Station at the foot of Water mica and the factories and all the people these items "As we walked home through the busy streets, with Empress' prestige was all through in the Greek Street, carriages rolling past the mansions on Euclid feed upon-exists the dream, the beauty, and the where there was neither the apathy of the South, nor community." Avenue." anger that is Cleveland. Because Cleveland is much the disorder consequent on the presence of a pauper Calvin Trillin Walter Havighurst more than an empty terminal lobby, where on days class, I felt strongly tempted to jump to some hasty American Fried Ohio the wind blows cold, old men assemble, waiting to conclusions about the happiness of citizenship in 1979 1976 die. Cleveland is not waiting to die." Cincinnati. I made a virtuous determination to sus- Dick Perry pend every kind of judgment: but I found each day as "It seems hardly fair to quarrel with a place because "A New York reporter wrote that Euclid Avenue was Ohio: A Personal Portrait of the 17th State exhilarating as the first, and when I left the city, my its staple commodity is not pretty, but I am sure I impressions were much like what they were after an should have liked Cincinnati much better if the peo- the finest in the West. Its opulence and ostentation 1969 ple had not dealt so largely in hogs." dazzled everyone but Cleveland's tramp journalist observation of 24 hours." Harriet Marineau Frances Trollope Artemus Ward who reported that visitors, after care- Domestic Manners of the Americans fully wiping their feet, were allowed to roam the Retrospect of Western Travel 1832 elegant highway free of charge. 'All the owners of 1834 Euclid Street homes,' he explained, 'employ hired Other Cities, Towns and Rivers girls and are patrons of the arts. A musical was held "When I asked some friends what were the outstand- "During nearly two years that I resided in Cincin- Chillicothe: at one of these palatial homes the other day with ing things about Cincinnati, they said, 'Music, tories nati. or its neighborhood, I neither saw a beggar, nor singing The tenor had as fine a tenor voice as and soap. a man of sufficient fortune to permit his ceasing his ever brought a bucket of water from a second-story "With whiskey so cheap, everybody in Chillicothe, Emie Pyle efforts to increase it; thus every bee in the hive is window.' Money bathed Euclid Avenue with a including children, consumed it in large amounts. Home Country actively employed in search of that honey of Hybla, golden light, but in the river flats miles of narrow Many of the settlers were veterans, or camp fol- 1947 vulgarly called money; neither art, science, learning, streets and alleys lay under a pall of smoke and lowers, of Wayne's army. They were a lawless nor pleasure can seduce them from its pursuit." cinders." breed, and Henry Howe observed that 'it for a time "Let's run down there again to see what Cox has Frances Trollope Walter Havighurst became a town of drunkards and a sink of corrup- done since 1898 to make Cincinnati the model Ohio Domestic Manners of the Americans tion.' Ohio city. He has "Russianized it.' His voting subjects are 1832 1976 Richard Lingeman Small Town America all down on a card catalogue, they and their children 1980 and all their business, and he lets them know it. " "Possessing all the virtues, all the prerequisites for Lincoln Steffens Cleveland life, growth, blossoming, it remains nevertheless a McClure's thoroughly dead place-a deadly, dull, dead place." Columbus: July, 1905 "But. like Grosse Pointe, the Cleveland suburbs Henry Miller have managed to shrug off the city that spawned The Air-Conditioned Nightmare "I suppose the high-water mark of my youth in [Cincinnati under Mayor George Cox]: "The city is them. to blink at Cleveland's squalor, and to concen- 1945 Columbus, Ohio, was the night the bed fell on my all one great graft." trate. instead, on their own immaculateness. The father." Lincoln Steffens great mansions still line the length of Shaker Heights 'What is the difference between Cleveland and the James Thurber McClure's Boulevard with an air of self-satisfaction so complete Titanic?' The Thurber Carnival July. 1905 that the local joke is: 'Nobody really lives in those 'I give up.' 1957 374 375 The Cuyahoga River: The Mahonigh River: State song: "Oklahoma" THE LANDSCAPE State tree: Redbud "Until the mid-19th century the Cuyahoga was a "This Mahonigh River which looks as if the poison- Nickname: Sooner State "[Oklahoma soil is] rich and black and soft, and clear stream winding through marsh grass and ous bile of all humanity had been poured into it." Origin of state name: From two Choctaw Indian looks like chocolate where the plow has turned the wildflowers, but in 1880 it was lined with sawmills, Henry Miller words meaning "red people" sod." coal docks, blast furnaces, and overhung with The Air-Conditioned Nightmare Richard Harding Davis smoke." 1945 What immediately comes to mind when someone The West Through a Car-Window Walter Havighurst mentions Oklahoma is oil. But, in reality, oil is just 1892 Ohio Marietta: one small part of the state's makeup. In the northeast- 1976 ern corner, Oklahoma is an extension of the Ozark "The old soldiers on the flatboat Mayflower drifting Plateau, and the land is densely treed and hilly. A "Tall tales come out of Oklahoma just as out of Texas; one favorite describes the 'crowbar hole.' down the Ohio River, beneath silent buffs, to found southward bulge of the Kansas plain covers much of "The Cuyahoga River at Cleveland, once the host to their fort-town of Marietta with its streets named central Oklahoma. The southern rim of the state This is a hole through the wall that many houses the ebullient sturgeon, actually caught fire one day. It have, designed to check the weather. You shove a from a Latin text." looks southward at Texas and shares some of that burned fiercely and threatened to destroy that city." crowbar through the hole; if it bends, the wind Richard Lingeman state's dust and truck farming. The west slopes up Franklyn Russell velocity outside is normal; if the bar breaks off, 'it is Small Town America toward the Rocky Mountains, and that is where most American Heritage better to stay in the house.' of the oil is found. 1980 John Gunther April, 1971 Until April 12, 1889, Oklahoma was basically an Inside USA The Maumee River: empty place on the road between other places. It 1947 didn't offer much in the way of good plowable land Dayton: or the abundant water that settlers wanted. But on "The Maumee is more a soggy, weed-encrusted drainage ditch than a river." that day the federal government threw the entire "I'm not ashamed of the state I come from. Okla- Oklahoma Territory open to homesteaders. In one "The Almanac of American Politics tells us that Douglas Waitley homa, and Oklahoma's real soul is not ashamed to stampede 50,000 people galloped across the land to Dayton is the home of Richard Nixon's vision of the Portrait of the Midwest have me come from sandy hills and stickery weeds." stake their claims to free property. The state's nick- typical United States voter: a housewife whose hus- 1963 Woody Guthrie name comes from the derisive term "sooner" ap- band works in a factory and whose brother-in-law is a "Born to Win" plied to those who tried to beat the noon starting gun. cop." Toledo: 1965 Modern Oklahoma mixes its oil business with meat Joel Garreau *** packing, food processing and equipment manufactur- The Nine Nations of North America "Toledo was very beautiful, and the way that the city I first remember the scrub oak sand hills ing. The combination of all this industry with Okla- 1981 towers rise out of the dead level northwestern plains Back down across Oklahoma homa's cattle and farming yields makes it one of the was marvelous most prosperous states in the nation. Tulsa, where And all of the sticker weeds and grasses " "Dayton is bad and glad of it; 'we hope to be as Gertrude Stein the oil business is centered, has one of the highest per Woody Guthrie "good" as Cincinnati some day,' one of its rulers Everybody's Autobiography "Born to Win" capita incomes in the world. told me." 1937 1965 Oklahoma is a tough, sinewy state where getting Lincoln Steffens work done and plain fundamental values are the McClure's July, 1905 OKLAHOMA hallmarks of life. "[Oklahoma] is the biggest theater in the world some of the girls who have been in Oklahoma al- ready, say that there are almost no limits to it." Franz Kafka THE STATE Amerika Hudson: 1927 "Anything can have happened in Oklahoma. Practi- "Perhaps when a town such as Hudson becomes so cally everything has." "There is no better country in the west than this, you enisled, so encapsulated, so inverted, so smugly Edna Ferber can picture any kind of land and location for homes proud of its architecture and unusual history, it loses Cimarron and find it here. Rich loamy prairie or timbered all sight of reality. While maintaining its dreamlike 1930 bottoms and black limestone valleys and uplands 'character,' it begins to live the dream. Is it possi- Capital: Oklahoma City well watered and timbered." ble that living in a community that is too perfect, too Became a territory: May 2, 1890 "We spoiled the best Territory in the world to make a Anonymous letter, c. 1880, to Chief controlled, can inflict a kind of paranoia on its Entered the union (with rank): Nov. 16, 1907 (46) state." Bushyhead of the Cherokees citizens?" State motto: Labor omnia vincit (Labor conquers all Will Rogers Quoted by Richard T. Ketchum Stephen Birmingham things) Quoted by Richard T. Ketchum Will Rogers, His Life and Times The Golden Dream State flower: Mistletoe Will Rogers, His Life and Times 1973 1978 State bird: Scissortailed flycatcher 1973 376 377 '90-09-17 12:46 DOUG GAMBLE P.1 DOUG GAMBLE 424 - 36th Place Manhattan Beach, CA 90266 Sept. 17/90 (213) 546-6409 TO: STEPHANIE LAUDNER GEORGE VOINOVICH FUNDRAISER - AKRON, OHIO (Mark Davis) I'VE BEEN LOOKING FORWARD TO THE OPPORTUNITY TO SAY A FEW WORDS ABOUT A MAN WHO HAS REVITALIZED THE CITY OF CLEVELAND, TAKING IT FROM THE DARK DAYS OF RIDICULE AND DESPAIR AND BRINGING IT INTO THE BRIGHT LIGHT OF ACHIEVEMENT AND RESPECT. BUT ENOUGH ABOUT BERNIE KOSAR BUT I DIDN'T COME HER E TODAY TOTALK ABOUT BERNIE (6 KOSAR. (Browns' quarterback) I'VE GIVEN A LOT Ref OF SPEECHES THIS CAMPAIGN YEAR, BUT JUST BECAUSE I'M IN AKRON DOESN'T MEAN YOU'LL BE HEARING A RE-TREAD. I'M GOING TO: TRY TO DO MY BEST TODAY, DESPITE NEWS I JUST RECEIVED OF A DISAPPOINTING SETBACK. APPARENTLY MY TELEVISION SPEECH TO THE PEOPLE OF IRAQ ISN'T GOING TO BE NOMINATED FOR AN IRAQ1 EMMY. YOU MAY HAVE SEEN THAT ARTICLE IN THE WALL STREET JOURNAL SAYING I'M AMONG THOSE WHO EXUDES AN AMINO CALLED "L-SERINE" WHICH REPELS FISH. BARBARA SAID "THAT EXPLAINS YOUR PROBLEMS WITH FISHING, BUT WHAT'S YOUR EXCUSE FOR THE FACT THAT YOUR GOLF BALLS KEEP BEING REPELLED AWAY FROM THE CUP."

nara / coll_gb-spe / doc

[George] Voinovich for Governor 11/2/90 [OA 8318] [1]

ID: 323153104
Type: document

Citation Image

Metadata

id	323153104
sourceUrl	https://catalog.archives.gov/id/323153104
contentType	document
identifierLocal	13736-005
collections	Records of the White House Office of Speechwriting (George H. W. Bush Administration) Speech Backup Chronological Files
iiifBase	https://s3.amazonaws.com/NARAprodstorage/lz/presidential-libraries/bush/gb-spe/speechwriting_backup_chron_579003/41-bpr-speech-backup-chron-13736-005_323153104.pdf
thumbnailUrl	https://s3.amazonaws.com/NARAprodstorage/lz/presidential-libraries/bush/gb-spe/speechwriting_backup_chron_579003/41-bpr-speech-backup-chron-13736-005_323153104.pdf
largeImageUrl	https://s3.amazonaws.com/NARAprodstorage/lz/presidential-libraries/bush/gb-spe/speechwriting_backup_chron_579003/41-bpr-speech-backup-chron-13736-005_323153104.pdf
imageCount	1
hasImages	yes
source	import

Additional Source Fields

url	https://catalog.archives.gov/id/323153104
naId	323153104
levelOfDescription	fileUnit
recordType	description
ocrSource	nara-archive

Pages

Page 1 OCR

Survos folio item chat

Ask the Scholar

Scholar Source Context