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Speech Backup Chronological Files
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Originally Processed With FOIA(s):
FOIA Number:
S; 2004-0734-F; 2009-1186-F
S
FOIA
MARKER
This is not a textual record. This is used as an
administrative marker by the George Bush Presidential
Library Staff.
Record Group/Collection:
George H.W. Bush Presidential Records
Collection/Office of Origin:
Speechwriting, White House Office of
Series:
Speech File Backup Files
Subseries:
Chron File, 1989-1993
OA/ID Number:
13741
Folder ID Number:
13741-006
Folder Title:
Brazil / Color 12/3/90 [OA 8320]
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26
21
2
1
COLLOR GOVT.
- his inaugartion
when?
get remarks
- -childhood
stories; aspirations
The New York Times BIOGRAPHICAL SERVICE
March 1990
Brasília Journal
Brazil Gets the Picture: A Dynamo Is Taking Over
By JAMES BROOKE
a motorcyle, riding a motorized
skateboard, and bucking motorboat
Special to The New York Times
waves on a jet ski. Or sometimes jog-
BRASILIA, March 14 - In Japan,
ging with a "Collor" or a "Save the
he limbered up with karate kicks. In
Amazon Rain Forest" T-shirt.
Italy, he bounced a soccer ball on his
"Brazilian presidents are usually
forehead. And here in Brazil's capital
older people with absolutely no ath-
he donned a T-shirt and set out for a
letic ability," said Herbert de Souza,
well-documented jog.
a sociologist who supported Mr. da
On Thursday morning, cameras
Silva. "To see Collor in a kayak is
will be clicking here again as Fer-
news. He is systematically working
nando Collor de Mello, Brazil's first
the media and the polls."
freely elected President since 1960, is
Mr. Collor also impressed Brazil-
sworn into office.
ians with a world tour that for three
As Brazil's youngest President in
lor
weeks in January and February
history, the 40-year-old Mr. Collor in-
produced a daily diet of photos of the
herits challenges the size of this giant
President-elect meeting world lead-
land: 80 percent monthly inflation,
ers, including George Bush and Mi-
billions of dollars of arrears on the
khail S. Gorbachev. After having Mr.
foreign debt, glaring income inequal-
Collor and his 25-year-old wife, Ro-
ities and an entrenched state sector.
sane, over to the White House for din-
Holding up a vision of Brasil Novo
ner, President Bush wrote an approv-
- New Brazil - the energetic Presi-
ing note to a friend, describing
dent-elect is determined to turn his
Brazil's President-elect as Indiana
country around during his five-year
Jones.
term with wide-ranging free market
Delegations from about 100 nations
changes: selling state companies,
are to attend the inauguration on
slashing the federal payroll, encour-
Thursday, an unusually high number
aging foreign investment and crack-
for a South American swearing-in
ing down on tax cheats.
ceremony. "The foreign trip mobi-
Awaiting the Word
lized a large mass of public trust,"
A three-day national banking holi-
Mr. Jaguaribe said. Indeed, interna-
day started today to quiet markets in
tional approval helped to confer le-
anticipation of far-reaching meas-
gitimacy on a man who won a bitter,
ures to be announced Friday to this
sharply polarized campaign.
nation of 145 million people.
Long political negotiations, coupled
Over the last year, Brazil's old-
with table-hopping by the President-
school politicians consistently under-
elect at political dinners, has appar-
rated Mr. Collor. His springboard to
ently culminated in a coveted con-
Brasília was the governorship of Ala-
gressional majority.
goas, Brazil's second smallest state.
His party, the National Reconstruc-
Parties Rally to Him
tion Party, controls only 5 percent of
Today, a half-dozen center-right
Brazil's powerful Congress.
parties have closed ranks behind Mr.
But in recent weeks, Mr. Collor has
Collor. "Coming from a party that
steadily gained popular and political
practically doesn't exist, he has suc-
strength, largely through a fresh
ceeded in getting a very reasonable
Some Dissenting Voices
style, an astute use of the news indus-
base in Congress," Mr. Jaguaribe
try and careful political footwork.
said.
Not all Brazilians have been se-
"Collor is assuming the govern-
Always seeking to occupy the front
duced by Mr. Collor.
ment with more support than when he
page, Mr. Collor recently doled out
"In my 40 years of public life, I
was elected," Hélio Jaguaribe, an in-
Cabinet appointments, spacing them
have never seen such a weak, inex-
dependent political scientist, said in
once every two or three days.
pressive and unrepresentative Cabi-
net," said Leonel Brizola, a Rio de
an interview on Tuesday.
One day he named as Secretary of
A poll made public today showed
Janeiro Socialist who placed third in
Sports Zico, one of Brazil's most
that Mr. Collor had won the "confi-
the November round of last year's
popular soccer players, whose formal
presidential elections.
dence" of 62 percent of respondents
name is Arthur Antunes Coimbra.
"How can someone from the elite
in Rio de Janeiro, an opposition
Last week, he named Brazil's "super-
criticize the elite?" asked Mr. da
stronghold that last December gave
cop," Romeu Tuma, to head Brazil's
64 percent of its vote to Luís Inácio da
Silva, the Workers Party candidate,
equivalent of the Internal Revenue
Silva, a Socialist candidate. In this
who won 47 percent of the vote in the
Service. As director of Brazil's Fed-
runoff.
two-man runoff, Mr. Collor won 53
eral Police, Mr. Tuma won interna-
percent of the vote nationwide.
On Thursday morning, Mr. Brizola
tional fame in 1985 when he an-
and Mr. da Silva will be absent from
The Photo Opportunity
nounced the discovery in São Paulo of
the crowd of notables at inauguration
the skeleton of Josef Mengele, the
A former journalist, Mr. Collor has
ceremonies here. Instead, they will be
Nazi death-camp doctor.
shaken up Brazil's old-style politi-
advancing plans to forge a leftist op-
cians with his relentless pursuit of the
In other unexpected choices, Mr.
position bloc.
photo opportunity.
Collor named a 36-year-old econo-
Under Brazil's electoral rules, the
In the last month, Mr. Collor, a one-
mist, Zélia Cardoso de Mello, as
two are to get free air time this month
time karate champion, has transmit-
Economy Minister, and the former
on national network television. If the
ted a dynamic image by being photo-
president of the Supreme Electoral
past is a guide, each will endeavor to
graphed swimming, kayaking, riding
Tribunal, Francisco Rezek, as For-
snap the media spell that Mr. Collor
eign Minister.
has woven over his compatriots.
March 15, 1990
Copyright © 1990 by the New York Times Company
269
CIA
BOLIVIA, REPUBLIC OF (Cont.)
Min. of Natl. Defense
Ormachea Penaranda, Hector
Min. of Planning & Coordination
García Rodríguez, Enríque
Min. of Social Services & Public Health
Paz Zamora, Mário, Dr.
Min. of Transport & Communications
Vargas Vacaflor, Willy
Min. Sec. Gen. of the Presidency
Fernandez Saavedra, Gustavo
President, Central Bank
Boada, Raul
BOTSWANA, REPUBLIC OF
President
Masire, Quett K.J., Dr.
Vice President
Mmusi, Peter
Min. of Agriculture
Kwelagobe, Daniel K.
Min. of Commerce & Industry
Kedikilwe, Ponatshego
Min. of Education
Molomo, Raymond
Min. of External Affairs
Chiepe, Gaositwe K. T.
Min. of Finance & Development Planning
Mogae, Festus
Min. of Health
Morake, Kebatlamang P.
Min. of Labor & Home Affairs
Balopi, Patrick
Min. of Local Government & Lands
Mmusi, Peter
Min. of Mineral Resources & Water Affairs
Mogwe, Archibald M.
Min. of Presidential Affairs & Public Administration
Merafhe, Mompati S.
Min. of Works, Transport & Communications
Butale, Chapson
Attorney General
Mokama, M. D.
Governor, Central Bank
Hermans, Quill
BRAZIL, FEDERATIVE REPUBLIC OF
President
Collor de Mello, Fernando
Vice President
Franco, Itamar
Min. of Aeronautics
Socrates da Costa, Monteiro, Gen.
Min. of Agriculture
Cabreira Filho, Antonio
Min. of Army
Tinoco Ribeiro Gomes, Carlos, Gen.
Min. of Economy
Cardoso de Mello, Zelia
Min. of Education
Chiarelli, Carlos
Min. of Foreign Affairs
Rezek, José Francisco, Gen.
Min. of Health
Guerra, Alceni, Dr.
Min. of Intrastructure
Silva, Ozires
Min. of Justice
Cabral, Bernardo
Min. of Labor & Social Welfare
Magri, Antonio Rogerio
Min. of Navy
Flores, Mario Cesar, Adm.
Min. of Social Action
Procopio, Margarida Maia
Chief, Civilian Household of the Presidency
Coimbra, Marcos Antonio de Salvo
Chief, Military Household of the Presidency
Homem de Carvalho, Aqenor Francisco, Gen.
President, Central Bank
Eris, Ibrahim
BRUNEI (NEGARA BRUNEI DARUSSALAM)
(The highlighted names below are the names by which these officials are to be addressed.)
Sultan
HASSANAL Bolkiah, Sir.
Prime Minister
HASSANAL Bolkiah, Sir.
Min. of Communication
ZAKARIA bin Sulaiman
Min. of Culture, Youth & Sports
HUSSEIN bin Mohamed Yusof
Min. of Defense
HASSANAL Bolkiah, Sir.
Min. of Development
ISMAIL bin Damit, Dr.
Min. of Education
Abdul AZIZ bin Umar
10
Services of Mead Data Central
PAGE
5
4TH STORY of Level 1 printed in FULL format.
Proprietary to the United Press International 1990
February 28, 1990, Wednesday, BC cycle
SECTION: International
LENGTH: 341 words
HEADLINE: 164 dead in most peaceful Carnival in decade
BYLINE: By HUGO COYA
DATELINE: RIO DE JANEIRO, Brazil
KEYWORD: CARNIVAL
joker
BODY:
At least 164 people died in Rio de Janiero --- 72 of them homicides - during
the five nights of Carnival, which ended at noon Wednesday, but police called
this year's pre-Lent festival the most peaceful in a decade.
Nearly 84,000 dancers from 16 different samba schools took to the streets
during Carnival, seeming to forget for a few hours the inflation that is
expected to soar over 70 percent in February.
In Rio de Janeiro the samba schools competed before a capacity crowd in the
80,000-seat Sambadrome stadium, with some dances lasting 90 minutes.
The coveted first prize of the samba school parade went to Mocidade
Independiente de Padre Miguel, whose elaborate theme chronicled the history of
the samba troupes that each year cast thousands in the Carnival festivities.
The Beija Flor samba school came in second with its theme on the origins of
mankind. Winners were selected by a jury of artists and intellectuals.
Police said at least 164 people died in the parks and streets of the city in
assaults, traffic accidents and drunken brawls during revelry marking the final
days of permissiveness before Christians begin the 40-day season of Lent.
Seventy-two of the deaths were called homicides.
Despite the high numbers, police attributed the deaths to ''isolated
incidents' and said this year's carnival was the least violent in 10 years.
Many Brazilians practice for months in the samba schools dance troupes to
learn elaborately choreographed routines involving thousands of dancers.
Almost all the parade organizations respected this year's ban on total
nudity and brightly colored elaborate floats accompanying the dancers tended to
center around the transfer of power that Brazil faces March 15, when
president - -elect Fernando Collor de Mello will take office.
In the only serious accident related to the Rio de Janeiro parade, two
people were electrocuted and a third suffered serious burns when the float they
were pushing, a 28-foot-high depiction of a waterfall, hit a high tension wire.
LEXIS® NEXIS® LEXIS® NEXIS ®
AS911
N6533
w/t
The Who's Who
of Nobel
Extra
Prize Winner
No together perchase to
Edited by Bernard S. Schlessinger
and June H. Schlessinger
Rashelle S. Karp,
Louise Sherby,
and Parvin Kujoory,
Associate Editors
5466767
Perez Esquival
mistral
PROPERT
LIB
O
EXECUTIVE
ПООДОР
ORYX PRESS
THE PRODUCER
1986
60 The Who's Who of Nobel Prize Winners
ing and death, evil, and loss of faith, all reflecting his
History of the Last Offshoot of an Old Family Tree. Tr.
own early religious upbringing and subsequent aban-
by Alexander Matson. New York: The Macmillan Co.,
donment of his religion. (S.C.)
1933). Ihmiset Suviyossa, eepillinen sarja. Helsinki:
Otava, 1934 (People in a Summer Night: An Epic
1938
Suite. Tr. by Alexander Matson. Madison, WI: U. of
Wisconsin Press, 1966). Manniskor i Sommarnatten (A
Man's Way). Stockholm: Holger Schildt, 1935.
Buck, Pearl Comfort Sydenstricker
161
Miehentie Ahrolan Talon Oloista Paavon Isännyyden
PRIZE: Literature, 1938. BORN: June 26, 1892; Hills-
Vakiintuessa. Helsinki: Otava, 1948.
boro, WV. DIED: March 6, 1973; Danby, VT. PARENTS:
For More Information See: Encyclopedia of World
Father, Absalom Andrew Sydenstricker; Mother, Caro-
Literature in the Twentieth Century. New York: Fred-
line Stulting Sydenstricker. NATIONALITY: American.
erick Publishing, 1975 (Volume 3), 273-74. Twentieth
RELIGION: Presbyterian. EDUCATION: Randolph-Macon
Century Authors. New York: H.W. Wilson, 1942,
College, VA, A.B., 1914; Cornell Univ., NY, M.A.,
1286-88.
1926. SPOUSE: John Lossing Buck, married 1917, di-
vorced 1935; Richard John Walsh, married 1935. CHIL-
Commentary: Frans Sillanpää received the Nobel
DREN: Carol, daughter; legally adopted children include
"for his deep comprehension and exquisite art in
Janice, daughter; Richard, son; John, son; Edgar, son;
painting the nature of his country and the life of its
Jean, daughter; Henrietta, daughter; Theresa, daughter;
peasants in their mutual relations." The Finnish novel-
Chieko, daughter; Johanna, daughter. CAREER: Univ. of
ist and short-story writer wrote around elemental
Nanking, China, Intermittent Instructor, 1921-31. OTH-
themes about the life and struggles of his people, and
ER AWARDS: Laura Messenger Prize, Cornell U., 1926;
was a favorite both in Finland and Sweden before
Pulitzer Prize, 1931; Howells Medal, American Acad-
receiving world-wide acclaim. (J.H.S.)
emy of Arts and Letters, 1935.
Selected Publications: East Wind, West Wind. New
1944
York: John Day, 1930. The Good Earth. New York:
John Day, 1931. Sons. New York: John Day, 1932.
Jensen, Johannes Vilhelm (Lykke, Ivar)
163
The Mother. New York: John Day, 1934. A House
Divided. New York: John Day, 1935. The Exile. New
PRIZE: Literature, 1944. BORN: January 20, 1873; Farso,
York: John Day, 1936. Fighting Angel. New York:
Denmark. DIED: November 25, 1950; Copenhagen,
John Day, 1936. The Patriot. New York: John Day,
Denmark. PARENTS: Father, Hans Jensen; Mother, Ma-
rie Kirstine Jensen. NATIONALITY: Danish. RELIGION:
1939. Dragon Seed. New York: John Day, 1941. A
Bridge for Passing. New York: John Day, 1962.
Freethinker; from Lutheran background. EDUCATION:
For More Information See: Current Biography Year-
Univ. of Copenhagen, Denmark, M.D., 1896. SPOUSE:
Else Marie Ulrik, married 1904. CHILDREN: 3 sons.
book. New York: H.W. Wilson, 1956, 82-84. Doyl,
CAREER: Writer.
Paul A. Pearl S. Buck. New York: Twayne, 1965.
Selected Publications: Himmerlandshistorier
Harris, Theodore. Pearl S. Buck: A Biography. 2 vol-
(Himmerland Stories). Copenhagen: Gyldendal, 1898-
umes. New York: John Day, 1969-71.
1910. Madame d'Ora. Copenhagen: Gyldendal, 1904.
Commentary: Pearl Buck won the Nobel Prize "for
Hjulet (The Wheel). Copenhagen: Gyldendal, 1905.
her rich and genuine epic pictures of Chinese life, and
Den Lange Rejse. Copenhagen: Gyldendal, 1908-22
for her masterly biographies." She saw herself as an
(The Long Journey. Tr. by Arthur Chater. London:
interpreter of the nature of China and its people,
Gyldendal, 1922).
among whom she lived, and brought into focus in her
For More Information See: Columbia Dictionary of
novels the conflict between the old and the new and
Modern European Literature. New York: Columbia U.
the problems faced by Chinese women in both the old
Press, 1947, 544-45. Rossel, Sven H. Johannes V. Jen-
and new world. (V.V.M.)
sen. Boston: Twayne, 1984. Twentieth Century Au-
thors. New York: H.W. Wilson, 1942, 723-24.
1939
Commentary: Johannes Jensen received the Nobel
Prize "for the rare strength and fertility of his poetic
Sillanpää, Frans Eemil (Taata)
162
imagination, with which is combined an intellectual
PRIZE: Literature, 1939. BORN: September 16, 1888;
curiosity of wide scope and a bold, freshly creative
Hämeen Kyro, Finland. DIED: June 3, 1964; Helsinki,
style." Jensen was notable for his epic historical and
Finland. PARENTS: Father, Frans Henrik Sillanpää;
imaginative prose, particularly the multivolume Him-
Mother, Louisa Vilhelmüna Isaksdottor Sillanpää. NA-
merlandshistorier and Den Lange Rejse. He was also
TIONALITY: Finnish. RELIGION: Most probably
recognized as an accomplished poet, translator, essay-
Christian/Protestant. EDUCATION: No college degrees.
ist, and a lucid advocate of Darwin's theories. (P.K.)
SPOUSE: Sigrid Maria Salomäki, married September 11,
1916, died April 1939; Anna Armia von Hertzen, mar-
1945
ried November 1939. CHILDREN: 8 children. CAREER:
Writer. OTHER AWARDS: Finnish State Pension, 1919;
Aleksis Kivi Prize, 1937; Kordelin Foundation Prize,
Mistral, Gabriela (Godoy y Alcayaga, Lucila) 164
1938; Frenckell Foundation Prize, 1938.
PRIZE: Literature, 1945. BORN: April 7, 1889; Vicuna,
Selected Publications: Hiltu ja Ragner (Hiltu and
Chile. DIED: January 10, 1957; New York, NY. PAR-
Ranger). Porvoo, Finland: Soderström, 1923. Hurskhas
ENTS: Father, Jeronimo Godoy Villanueva; Mother,
Kurjuus. Helsinki: Otava, 1930 (Meek Heritage. Tr. by
Petronila Alcayaga de Molina. NATIONALITY: Chilean.
Alex Matson. London: Putnam, 1938). Nuorena Nuk-
RELIGION: Catholic. EDUCATION: Pedagogical College,
kunut. Helsinki: Otava, 1931 (The Maid Silja: The
Chile, teacher's training, 1909. SPOUSE: None. CHIL-
Literature 61
DREN: Juan Miguel Godoy, son (adopted). CAREER:
News from Another Star and Other Tales. Tr. by Den-
Liceo de Antofagasta, Chile, Teacher and Administra-
ver Lindley. New York: Farrar, Straus, 1971). Demian.
tor, 1911-12; Liceo de los Andes, Chile, Teacher and
Berlin: S. Fischer, 1919 (Tr. by Michael Roloff and
Administrator, 1912-18; Liceo de Punte Arenas, Chile,
Michael Lebeck. New York: Harper, 1965). Klingsors
Teacher and Administrator, 1918-20; Liceo de
Letzter Sommer. Berlin: S. Fischer, 1920 (Klingsor's
Temuco, Chile, Teacher and Administrator, 1920-21;
Last Summer. Tr. by Richard Winston and Clara Win-
Ministry of Education, Mexico, Adviser, 1922-24;
Writer, Lecturer, and Diplomat thereafter. OTHER
ston. New York: Farrar, Straus, 1970). Wanderung,
AWARDS: Laurel Wreath and Gold Crown, Writer's
Aufzeichnungen. Berlin: S. Fischer, 1920 (Wandering:
Society, Santiago, Chile, 1914.
Notes and Sketches. Tr. by James Wright. New York:
Selected Publications: Desolaçion (Despair). New
Farrar, Straus, 1972). Siddhartha. Berlin: S. Fischer,
York: Spanish Institute, 1922. Ternura (Tenderness).
1922 (Tr. by Hilda Rosner. New York: New Direc-
Madrid: Satunio Calleja, 1924. Tala (Ravage). Buenos
tions, 1951). Der Steppenwolf. Berlin: S. Fischer, 1927
Aires: SUR, 1938. Lagar (The Wine Press). Santiago:
(Steppenwolf. Tr. by Basil Creighton. New York: Holt,
Editorial del Pacifico, 1954.
1970). Narziss und Goldmund. Berlin: S. Fischer, 1930
For More Information See: Current Biography Year-
(Narcissus and Goldmund. Tr. by Ursula Molinaro.
book. New York: H.W. Wilson, 1946, 397-400. De
New York: Farrar, Straus, 1968). Die Morgenlandfahrt:
Vazquez, Margot Arce. Gabriela Mistral: The Past and
Eine Erzaehlung. Berlin: S. Fischer, 1932 (The Journey
Her Work. Tr. by Helene Masslo Anderson. New
to the East. Tr. by Hilda Rosner. New York: Farrar,
York: New York U. Press, 1964. Gazarian-Gautier,
Straus, 1968). Das Glasperlenspiel: Versuch einer
Marie-Lise. Gabriela Mistral: The Teacher from the
Lebensbeschreibung des Magister Ludi Josef Knecht
Valley of Elqui. Chicago: Franciscan Herald Press,
samt Knechts hintelassenen Schriften. Zurich: Fretz &
1975.
Wasmuth, 1943 (Magister Ludi: The Glass Bead
Commentary: The Nobel Academy cited Gabriela
Game. Tr. by Richard Winston and Clara Winston.
Mistral "for her lyric poetry which, inspired by pow-
New York: Holt, 1969). Krieg und Frieden: Betrachtun-
erful emotions, has made her name a symbol of the
gen zu Krieg und Politik seit dem Jahre 1914. Zurich:
idealistic aspirations of the entire Latin American
Fretz & Wasmuth, 1949 (If the War Goes on: Reflec-
world." Her despair on the loss of her lover through
tions on War and Politics. Tr. by Ralph Manheim.
suicide led to her first powerful poetry, Desolaçion, her
New York: Farrar, Straus, 1971). My Belief: Essays on
love for children to Ternura and Tala. In addition,
Life and Art. Ed. by Theodore Ziolkowski, Tr. by
Mistral was a guiding force in education in Chile and
Denver Lindley and Ralph Manheim. New York: Far-
Mexico and a gifted Chilean diplomat in several coun-
rar, Straus, 1974. Hours in the Garden and Other
tries and in international activities. (D.K.)
Poems(Tr. by Rika Lesser. New York: Farrar, Straus,
1979).
For More Information See: Contemporary Authors
1946
Permanent Series. Detroit, MI: Gale Research, 1978
(Volume 2), 252-60. Cyclopedia of World Authors. New
Hesse, Herman (Lauscher, Hermann; Sinclair,
York: Harper, 1958, 849-50. Freedman, Ralph. Her-
Emil)
165
mann Hesse, Pilgrim of Crisis. New York: Pantheon,
PRIZE: Literature, 1946. BORN: July 2, 1877; Calw,
1978. Mileck, Joseph. Hermann Hesse, Life and Art.
Germany. DIED: August 9, 1962; Montagnola, Switzer-
Berkeley, CA: U. of California Press, 1978. Twentieth
land. PARENTS: Father, Johannes Hesse; Mother, Marie
Century Authors. New York: H.W. Wilson, 1942, 645-
Gundert Hesse. NATIONALITY: German; later Swiss citi-
46.
zen. RELIGION: Lutheran. EDUCATION: No college de-
Commentary: Herman Hesse's award was "for his
grees. SPOUSE: Marie Bernoulli, married 1904, divorced
inspired writings which, while growing in boldness and
1923; Ruth Wenger, married January 1924, divorced
penetration, exemplify the classical humanitarian
1927; Ninon Auslaender Dobrin, married November
ideals and high qualities of style." His work, which
1931. CHILDREN: Bruno, son; Heiner, son; Martin, son.
examined the theme of man's search for his essential,
CAREER: Clock Factory, Calw, Germany, Apprentice,
true self as it conflicts with the world, and mirrored
1894; Tubingen, Germany, Bookseller, 1895-99. OTHER
the stages of his own life, was nominated for the
AWARDS: Bauernfeld Prize, Vienna, 1904; Fontane
award by Thomas Mann. (M.K.)
Prize, 1920 (refused); Keller Prize, Zurich, 1936; Goe-
the Prize, Frankfurt, 1946; Raabe Prize, Brunswick,
Germany, 1950; German Book Trade Peace Prize,
1947
1955; Knight of the Order Pour le Merite, Germany,
1955.
Gide, André Paul Guillaume
166
Selected Publications: Peter Camenzind. Berlin: S.
PRIZE: Literature, 1947. BORN: November 22, 1869;
Fischer, 1904 (Tr. by Michael Roloff. New York: Far-
Paris, France. DIED: February 19, 1951; Paris, France.
rar, Straus, 1968). Unterm Rad. Berlin: S. Fischer,
PARENTS: Father, Paul Gide; Mother, Juliette Ron-
1906 (Beneath the Wheel. Tr. by Michael Roloff. New
deaux. NATIONALITY: French. RELIGION: Protestant;
York: Farrar, Straus, 1968). Gertrude. Munich: A. Lan-
from Huguenot background. EDUCATION: École Al-
gen, 1910 (Tr. by Ralph Manheim. New York: Farrar,
sacienne, France, baccalaureate, 1889. SPOUSE: Mad-
Straus, 1970). Rosshalde. Berlin: S. Fischer, 1914 (Tr.
eleine Rondeaux, married 1895. CHILDREN: None. CA-
by Ralph Manheim. New York: Farrar, Straus, 1970).
REER: La Nouvelle Revue Française, Founder and Edi-
Knulp: Drei Geschichten aus dem Leben Knulps. Berlin:
tor, 1908-41.
S. Fischer, 1915 (Three Tales from the Life of Knulp.
Selected Publications: L'Immoraliste. Paris: Mer-
Tr. by Ralph Manheim. New York: Farrar, Straus,
ceure de France, 1902 (The Immoralist. Tr. by Doro-
1971). Maerchen. Berlin: S. Fischer, 1918 (Strange
thy Bussy. New York: A.A. Knopf, 1930). La Porte
76 The Who's Who of Nobel Prize Winners
Litteraire, 1953 (The Captive Mind. Tr. by Jane
1974). Die Ohrenzeuge: 50 Charaktere. Munich: Han-
Zielonko. New York: Knopf, 1953). Dolina Issy. Paris:
ser, 1974 (Earwitness: Fifty Characters. Tr. by Joachim
Institut Litteraire, 1955 (The Issa Valley. Tr. by Louis
Neugroschel. New York: Seabury, 1979). Das Gewissen
Iribarne. New York: Farrar, Straus, Giroux, 1981).
der Worte. Munich: Hanser, 1975 (The Conscience of
Swiatlo Dzienne (Daylight). Paris: Institut Litteraire,
Words. Tr. by Joachim Neugroschel. New York: Con-
1955. Traktat Poetycki (Poetic Treatise). Paris: Institut
tinuum, 1979). The Plays of Elias Canetti. Tr. by
Litteraire, 1957. Rodzinna Europa. Paris: Institut Lit-
Getta Honegger. New York: Farrar, Straus and
teraire, 1958 (Native Realm: A Search for Self-Defini-
Giroux, 1984.
tion. Tr. by Catherine S. Leach. Garden City, NY:
For More Information See: Current Biography Year-
Doubleday, 1968). Widzenia Nad Zatoka. Paris: In-
book. New York: H.W. Wilson, 1983, 48-51. Sontag,
stitut Litteraire, 1969 (Visions from San Francisco
Susan. Under the Sign of Saturn. New York: Farrar,
Bay. Tr. by Riczard Lourie. New York: Farrar, Straus,
1980, 181-204. Die Gerettete Zunge. Geschichte einer
Giroux, 1982). Prywatne Obowiazki (Private Obliga-
Jugend. Munich: Hanser, 1977 (The Tongue Set Free.
tions). Paris: Institut Litteraire, 1972. Emperor of the
Tr. by Joachim Neugroschel. New York: Seabury,
Earth: Modes of Eccentric Vision. Berkeley, CA: U. of
1979). Die Fackel im Ohr. Munich: Hanser, 1980 (The
California Press, 1977. Ziemia Ulro (The Land of
Torch in My Ear. Tr. by Joachim Neugroschel. Lon-
Ulro). Paris: Institut Litteraire, 1977. Bells in Winter.
don: Farrar, 1982). World Authors. New York: H.W.
New York: Ecco Press, 1978.
Wilson, 1975, 270-72.
For More Information See: Current Biography Year-
Commentary: The Nobel Prize was awarded to Elias
book. New York: H.W. Wilson, 1981, 305-08. Modern
Canetti for "writings marked by a broad outlook, a
Slavic Literatures: A Library of Literary Criticism. New
wealth of ideas and artistic power." The modest and
York: Frederick Ungar Publishing Co., 1976 (Volume
humble Canetti paradoxically spent a lifetime studying
2), 340-46. Native Realm: A Search for Self-Definition.
and writing about power. The Bulgarian-born writer's
Tr. by Catherine S. Leach. Berkeley, CA: U. of Cali-
first languages were Spanish and Ladino; his education
fornia Press, 1981.
was in the sciences (a doctorate in Chemistry) in
Commentary: Czeslaw Milosz's award was for voic-
Britain, Germany, Switzerland, and Austria; and he
ing "with uncompromising clearsightedness man's ex-
identified himself as a "Viennese" writer, following the
posed condition in a world of severe conflicts." Milosz
traditions of Goethe and the circle of writers he knew
is an exiled writer, "a stranger for whom physical exile
and admired (Brecht, Broch, Kafka, and Kraus). This
is really a reflection of a. spiritual exile applying to
author was relatively unknown to the English-speaking
humanity in general." His works as a poet, novelist,
world until the Nobel Prize was granted in 1981. His
essayist, translator, critic, and literary scholar are of
most cited works are the nightmarish Auto-da-Fé, writ-
great historical, sociological, political, and spiritual val-
ten in the Kafka tradition of horror and comedy im-
ue. Having experienced the devastation of Hitler's Na-
bedded in a story simply told, and his "life work,"
ziism and the repression of Russian communism, he
Crowds and Power, with its paranoic ruler, which has
depicts in his writing the meanness and cruelty of the
been referred to as "the nearest thing to a book of
world; but his writing, of itself, is an expression of
wisdom we are likely to get in the twentieth century."
hope. (S.R.)
(J.H.S.)
1981
1982
?
Canetti, Elias
202
Garcia Márquez, Gabriel José
203
PRIZE: Literature, 1981. BORN: July 25, 1905; Ruschuk,
PRIZE: Literature, 1982. BORN: March 6, 1928; Ar-
Bulgaria. PARENTS: Father, Jacques Canetti; Mother,
acataca, Colombia. PARENTS: Father, Gabriel Eligio
Mathilde Arditti. NATIONALITY: Bulgarian; later Aus-
Garcia; Mother, Luisa Santiaga Márquez Iquaràn. NA-
trian and British resident. RELIGION: Jewish. EDUCA-
TIONALITY: Colombian. RELIGION: No organized reli-
TION: Univ. of Vienna, Austria, D.Sc., 1929. SPOUSE:
gion; from Catholic background. EDUCATION: No col-
Benetia Taubner-Calerón, married 1934, died 1963;
lege degrees. SPOUSE: Mercedes Barcha, married 1958.
Hera (no last name found), married 1967. CHILDREN:
CHILDREN: Rodrigo, son; Gonzalo, son. CAREER: El
Johanna, daughter. CAREER: France, Writer and Free-
Heraldo, Barranquilla, Colombia, Journalist, 1950-54;
lance Journalist. OTHER AWARDS: Prix International,
El Espectador, Bogota, Colombia, Rome, Italy, and
Paris, 1949; Author's Prize, Vienna, 1966; Austrian
Paris, France, Journalist, 1954-55; Europe, Free-lance
Prize for Literature, 1968; Georg Buchner Prize, Mu-
Journalist, 1956-57; Momento, Caracas, Venezuela,
nich, 1972; Franz Nabe Prize, Graz, 1975; Nelly Sachs
Journalist, 1957-59; Presna Latina, Bogota, Colombia
Prize, Dartmund, 1976; Kafka Prize, Austria, 1981.
and Havana, Cuba, Journalist, 1959-61; Mexico City,
Selected Publications: Die Komödie der Eitelkeit.
Free-lance Editor, Screenwriter, Copywriter, 1961-65;
München: W. Weismann, 1934 (Comedy of Vanity and
Mexico City and Barcelona, Spain, Writer, 1965-. OTH-
Life-Terms. Tr. by Getta Honegger. New York: Per-
ER AWARDS: Colombian Association of Writers and
forming Arts, 1983). Die Blendung. Vienna: H. Reich-
Artists Award, 1954; Premio Literario Esso, Colombia,
ner, 1935 (Auto-da-Fé. Tr. by C.V. Wedgwood. Lon-
1961; Premio Chianciano, Italy, 1969; Prix du Meil-
don: J. Cape, 1946). Masse und Macht. Dusseldorf,
leur Livre Etranger, France, 1969; Romulo Gallegos
West Germany: Claasen, 1962 (Crowds and Power. Tr.
Prize, Venezuela, 1972; Books Abro ad, Neustadt In-
by Carol Stewart. New York: Viking, 1962). Die An-
ternational Prize for Literature, 1972
dere Prozess: Kafka's Briefe an Felice. Munich: Hanser,
Selected Publications: La Hojarasca. Bogotac
1969 (Kafka's Other Trial: The Letters of Felice. Tr. by
Ediciones S.L.B., 1955 (Leaf Storm, and Other Stories.
Christopher Middleton. New York: Schocken Books,
Tr. by Gregory Rabassa. New York: Harper & Row,
1978). El Coronel No Tiene Quien Le Escriba. Medel-
Literature 77
lin: Aqirre, 1961 (No One Writes to the Colonel, and
Commentary: The body of William Golding's works,
Other Stories. Tr. by J.S. Bernstein. New York: Harper
which "illustrate the human condition in the world
& Row, 1979). La Mala Hora. Madrid: 1962 (The Evil
today" and demonstrate that "evil springs from the
Hour. Tr. by Gregory Rabassa. New York: Harper &
depth of man himself," won him the Nobel Prize.
Row, 1979). Cien Anos de Soledad. Buenos Aires: Edi-
Lord of the Flies, the novel that brought literary rec-
torial Sudamericana, 1967 (One Hundred Years of Soli-
ognition, shows a group of English schoolboys on a
tude. Tr. by Gregory Rabassa. New York: Harper &
deserted island reverting to primal savagery; in his
Row, 1970).
other novels, Golding, who has been called an al-
For More Information See: Current Biography Year-
legorist and fabulist, develops the theme of humans'
book. New York: H.W. Wilson, 1973, 146-48. Ken-
tendency toward evil. (J.A.)
nedy, William. "The Yellow Trolley Car in Barcelona:
A Profile of Gabriel Garcia Márquez." The Atlantic
231 (January 1973): 50-59. McMurray, Robert R. Ga-
1984
briel Garcia Márquez. New York: Ungar, 1984. Wil-
liams, Raymond L. Gabriel Garcia Márquez. Boston:
Seifert, Jaroslav
205
G.K. Hall, 1984.
PRIZE: Literature, 1984. BORN: September 23, 1901;
Commentary: Gabriel Garcia Márquez was awarded
Prague, Czechoslovakia. DIED: January 10, 1986;
the Nobel Prize "for his novels and short stories, in
Prague, Czechoslovakia. PARENTS: No record found.
which the fantastic and the realistic are combined in a
NATIONALITY: Czechoslovakian. RELIGION: Catholic.
richly composed world of imagination, reflecting a
EDUCATION: No college degrees. SPOUSE: Marie UI-
continent's life and conflicts." The fictional world cre-
richova, married 1928. CHILDREN: Jana, daughter;
ated by Garcia Márquez centers around the jungle
Jaroslav, son. CAREER: Prague, Czechoslovakia, Writer/
town of Macondo, which reappears in many novels
Journalist, 1921; Sréatec, Editor, 1922-25; KSC Reflek-
and stories, including his outstanding achievement
tor, Editor, 1927-29; Nová scéna, Editor, 1929-31;
One Hundred Years of Solitude. The central themes of
Pestré květy, Editor, 1931-33; Ranni noviny, Editor,
solitude, time, and death are portrayed through com-
1933-39; Národní práce, Editor, 1939-45; Práce, Edi-
edy, surrealism, and mythical allegory. Garcia Már-
tor, 1945-49. OTHER AWARDS: Czechoslovak State
quez is committed politically to the side of the poor
Prize, 1936, 1955, 1968; Union of Czechoslovak Writ-
ers Publishing House Prize, 1966; Czechoslovak Na-
and, in addition to his literary works, has been very
tional Artist, 1967.
active as a journalist writing on politics and the arts.
Selected Publications: Jablko z Klína (An Apple from
(K.G.)
the Lap). Prague: Melantrich, 1933. Ruce Venušing
(The Hands of Venus). Toronto: Sixty-Eight Publishers,
1983
1934. (Also Prague: Melantrich, 1936). Zhasněti Světla
(Put Out the Lights). Prague: Fr. Borovy, 1940. Svet-
Golding, William Gerald
204
lem Oděná (Dressed in Light). Prague: Nákl. Fr.
PRIZE: Literature, 1983. BORN: September 19, 1911; St.
Borovéha, 1940. Ruka a Plamen (The Hand and the
Columb, Cornwall, England. PARENTS: Father, Alec A.
Flame). Praze: F. Borovy, 1943. Kammený Most (The
Golding; Mother, Mildred A. Golding. NATIONALITY:
Stone Bridge). Prague: Fr. Borovy, 1944. Prilba Hlíny
British. RELIGION: Belongs to no organized church;
(The Helmut of Clay). Praze: Práce, 1945. Mozart v
from Christian background. EDUCATION: Oxford Univ.,
Praze. Praze, Jarsoslav Pica, 1948. (Mozart in Prague
England, B.A., 1935; Oxford Univ., England, M.A.,
(no record found), 1970). Pisěn 0 Viktorce. Praze:
1960. SPOUSE: Ann Brookfield, married 1939. CHIL-
Ceskoslovensky spisovatel, 1950. Maminka (Mother).
DREN: David, son; Judith, daughter. CAREER: Bishop
Prague: Ceskoslovensky Spisovatel, 1955. Odlévání
Wordsworth's School, England, Teacher, 1939-40; Brit-
Zvonú. Praze: Ceskoslovensky spis, 1967 (The Cast-
ish Navy, 1940-45; Bishop Wordsworth's School, Eng-
ing of the Bells. Tr. by Tom O'Grady and Paul
land, Teacher, 1945-61; Hollins College, VA, Writer-
Jagasich. Iowa City, IA: The Spirit That Moves Us
In-Residence, 1961-62. OTHER AWARDS: Commander,
Press, 1983). Koncert no Ostrově (Concert on the Is-
Order of the British Empire, 1965; Booker Prize, 1979;
land). Prague: Ceskoslovensky spisovatel, 1967.
Black Memorial Award, 1980; Booker McConnell
Morov Sloup. Cologne: Index, 1977 (The Plague
Prize, 1981.
Monument. Tr. by Lyn Coffin. New York: Czechoslo-
Selected Publications: Lord of the Flies. London:
vak Society of Arts and Sciences, 1980). Destník z
Faber and Faber, 1954. The Inheritors. London: Faber
Picadilly. Prague: Cs. spis, 1979 (Umbrella from
and Faber, 1955. Pincher Martin. London: Faber and
Picadilly. Tr. by Ewald Osers. San Francisco, CA: Par-
Faber, 1956. Free Fall. London: Faber and Faber,
sons Books, 1984).
1959. The Spire. London: Faber and Faber, 1964.
For More Information See: "Czech Poet Wins Nobel
Darkness Visible. London: Faber and Faber, 1979.
Prize for Literature." Publisher's Weekly (October 26,
Rites of Passage. London: Faber and Faber, 1980.
1984): 26-27. French, Alfred. The Poets of Prague.
For More Information See: Contemporary Authors
London: Oxford U. Press, 1969, 20-35. Skvorecky,
New Revision Series. Detroit, MI: Gale Research, 1984
Josef. "Czech Mate." The New Republic (February 18,
(Volume 13), 219-26. Current Biography Yearbook.
1985): 27-32.
New York: H.W. Wilson, 1964, 152-154. Hynes, Sam-
Commentary: The Nobel announcement cited
uel. William Golding. New York: Columbia U. Press,
Jaroslav Seifert's work, which "endowed with fresh-
1964. Kinkead-Weekes, Mark, and Gregor, Dan. Wil-
ness, sensuality and rich inventiveness, provides a lib-
liam Golding: A Critical Study. London: Faber and
erating image of the indomitable spirit and versatility
Faber, 1983.
of man." Seifert's defense of and call for greater free-
dom is also noted in that "he conjures up another
136 The Who's Who of Nobel Prize Winners
Hamilton, 1932. Peace with the Dictators? London:
cess, of a strong British working class party; today he
Hamish Hamilton, 1938. The Steep Places. London:
is remembered as a founding father of the Labour
Hamish Hamilton, 1947.
Party. (E.G.)
For More Information See: After All: The Autobiog-
raphy of Norman Angell. New York: Farrar, Straus and
1935
Young, 1952. Marrin, Albert. Sir Norman Angell. Bos-
ton: Twayne, 1979.
Commentary: Journalist, author, and activist Nor-
Ossietzky, Carl von
382
man Angell was awarded the Nobel Prize for his writ-
PRIZE: Peace, 1935. BORN: October 3, 1889; Hamburg,
ings on peace. In 1909, he published a pamphlet which
Germany. DIED: May 4, 1938; Berlin, Germany. PAR-
was expanded to become his most famous work, The
ENTS: Carl Ignatius von Ossietzky; Mother, Rosalie
Great Illusion. The book preached what was to be his
Marie Pratska von Ossietzky. NATIONALITY: German.
continuing theme, the futility of wars of conquest as a
RELIGION: Christian. EDUCATION: No college degrees.
means to achieve economic benefits and human happi-
SPOUSE: Maud Woods, married May 22, 1914. CHIL-
ness. Denounced by many during World War I as an
DREN: Rosalinde, daughter. CAREER: Germany, Journal-
ist, 1918-38.
unpatriotic pacifist, he worked steadfastly during and
after the war for international cooperation through
Selected Publications: Schriften (Writings). 2 vol-
umes. Berlin: Aufbau, 1966.
collective security. In 1932, he published The Unseen
For More Information See: Frei, Bruno. Carl F.
Assassins, a masterful and timely analysis of the issues
of war and peace. Opposed to war, Angell did, how-
Ossietzky: Ritter ohne Furcht und Tadel. Berlin: Auf-
bau, 1966. Grossman, Kurt R. Ossietzky: Ein Deut-
ever, believe that the fascist dictators should be re-
scher Patriot. Munich: Kindler, 1963. Ossietzky, Maud
sisted in defense of freedom. He worked against the
von. Maud V. Ossietzky Erzahlt: Ein Lebensbild. Ber-
policy of appeasement and supported the war effort
during World War II. After the war, he promoted a
lin: Buchverlag der Morgen, 1966.
Commentary: The Academy cited Carl von Ossiet-
union of the Western democracies and the interna-
zky for "his valuable contribution to the cause of
tional control of atomic energy. (F.L.T.)
peace" but noted his value as "a symbol of the struggle
for peace rather than its champion." An accomplished
1934
journalist dedicated to liberalism, Ossietzky became a
confirmed fighter for peace after his sad experiences as
Henderson, Arthur
381
a soldier in World War I. He was a leader of the
PRIZE: Peace, 1934. BORN: September 13, 1863; Glas-
German Peace Society for many years, but his major
gow, Scotland. DIED: October 20, 1935; London, Eng-
contributions took the form of brilliant essays in a
land. PARENTS: Father, David Henderson; Mother, no
number of journals. It was as a symbol, however, that
record found. NATIONALITY: British. RELIGION: Meth-
he became an international force. Beginning in 1926,
odist. EDUCATION: No college degrees. SPOUSE: Eleanor
he fearlessly exposed German military activities, which
Percy Watson, married 1888. CHILDREN: David, son;
led to his imprisonment several times. His attacks on
William Watson, son; Arthur, Jr., son; Eleanor, daugh-
Hitlerism and Nazi policies, beginning in 1933, led to
ter. CAREER: Foundry Worker and Union Officer, Eng-
his banishment to concentration camp life until his
land, 1875-1903; Darlington, England, Mayor, 1903;
death. Ossietzky's receipt of the Prize, which he was
British Parliament, Member, 1903-35. OTHER AWARDS:
prevented from accepting, resulted in Hitler's decree
Wateler Peace Prize, Carnegie Foundation, 1933.
that no German in the future could accept any Nobel
Selected Publications: British Finance and Prussian
Prize. (B.S.S.)
Militarism. New York: Hodder and Stoughton, 1917.
The Aims of Labor. London: Headley, 1919. Report of
the Labour Commission to Ireland. London: The Lab-
1936
our Party, 1921. Consolidating World Peace. Oxford:
383
Clarendon Press, 1931.
Saavedra Lamas, Carlos
For More Information See: The Dictionary of Na-
PRIZE: Peace, 1936. BORN: November 1, 1878; Buenos
tional Biography, 1931-1940. London: Oxford U. Press,
Aires, Argentina. DIED: May 5, 1959; Buenos Aires,
1949, 417-20. Hamilton, Mary. Arthur Henderson.
Argentina. PARENTS: Father, Mariano Saavedra
London: W. Heinemann, 1938.
Zavaleta; Mother, Luisa Lamas.
tinian. RELIGION: Christian. EDUCATION: National
Commentary: Arthur Henderson was awarded the
Nobel prize in recognition of the role he played as
Univ., Argentina, Doctorate of Laws, 1903. SPOUSE
president of the League of Nation's World Disarma-
Rosa Saenz Pena, married 1903. CHILDREN: Carlos of
ment Conference. During his years as president, his
Roque, son. CAREER: Univ. of La Plata and Univ.
Buenos Aires, Professor and Administrator
tireless efforts, bolstered by his firm conviction in a
world commonwealth, were responsible for holding to-
gether this conference long after it had become appar-
ber of political posts. OTHER
(to President), 1903-46; THE WINE
ent that it was doomed to failure by the rapid growth
German Red Cross, 1936; Grand Cross of the Legion
Medal, Pan-American Society, NY,
of nationalism that preceded World War II. Although
of Honor, France.
Henderson's dedication to the cause of world peace
Selected Publications: Traites Internationaux
was to have little influence, his other achievements
Type Social: Les Conventions sur L'Emigration
were to have far-reaching effects. The greater part of
Travail Perspective Qu'elles Offrent aux Pays
Sudi
his life was dedicated to the establishment, and suc-
Americains et Specialement a la Republique Argentime
Paris: Pedone,
Trabajo. Buenos
Peace 137
1927. La Crise de la Codification et de la Doctrine
Argentine de Droit International. Paris: Pedone, 1931.
1945
Codigo Nacional del Trabajo. 3 volumes. Buenos Aires:
Roldan, 1933.
Hull, Cordell
385
For More Information See: Encyclopedia of World
PRIZE: Peace, 1945. BORN: October 2, 1871; Overton
Biography. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1973 (Volume 9),
County, TN. DIED: July 23, 1955; Bethesda, MD. PAR-
346-47. Oro Maini, Atilio dell. Carlos Saavedra
ENTS: Father, William Hull; Mother, Elizabeth Riley
Lamas. Buenos Aires: Anales de la Academia Nacional
Hull. NATIONALITY: American. RELIGION: Protestant.
de Derecho y Ciencias Sociales, 1960.
EDUCATION: Cumberland Univ., TN, law degree, 1891.
Commentary: In a dual career as a distinguished
SPOUSE: Rose Frances Witz Whitney, married 1917.
professor of law and political leader, Carlos Saavedra
CHILDREN: None. CAREER: Tennessee, House of Repre-
Lamas earned the Nobel Prize through his espousal of
sentatives, Member, 1893-97; Tennessee, Infantry Cap-
an Antiwar Pact born in Latin America and submitted
tain, 1898-99; Attorney, 1899-1903; Tennessee, Judge,
to the League of Nations, as well as for his work in the
1903-07; United States, House of Representatives,
League of Nations. Saavedra Lamas had served Ar-
Member, 1907-31; United States, Senator, 1931-33;
United States, Secretary of State, 1933-44. OTHER
gentina in a number of important posts from 1906-32,
AWARDS: Woodrow Wilson Medal, 1937; Theodore
sponsoring legislation that clarified policies on water
Roosevelt Distinguished Service Medal, 1945.
rights, agriculture, immigration, and finances. His in-
Selected Publications: Economic Barriers to Peace.
ternational prominence began in 1932 when, as foreign
New York: Woodrow Wilson Foundation, 1937.
minister, he succeeded in ending the Chaco War be-
For More Information See: Hinton, Harold B. Cor-
tween Paraguay and Bolivia; he also developed the
dell Hull: A Biography. Garden City, NY: Doubleday,
foundation for and presented the South American An-
Doran and Company, 1942. The Memoirs of Cordell
tiwar Pact first to the American nations and later to
Hull. 2 volumes. New York: The Macmillan Company,
the League of Nations. He was President of the League
1948. Pratt, Julius. Cordell Hull, 1933-44. 2 volumes.
in 1936. (R.A.)
New York: Cooper Square Publishers, 1964.
Commentary: The award to Cordell Hull was "for
1937
his long and indefatigable work for understanding be-
tween nations." Hull was cited for his prominent role
Cecil, Edgar Algernon Robert Gascoyne, Sir 384
in laying the groundwork for the United Nations as an
PRIZE: Peace, 1937. BORN: September 14, 1864; Lon-
organization dedicated to the maintenance of peace
don, England. DIED: November 24, 1958; Turnbridge
following World War II. The Nobel Committee also
Wells, England. PARENTS: Father, Robert Arthur Talbot
recognized Hull's lifelong efforts at lowering trade bar-
Cecil; Mother, Georgiana Alderson Cecil. NATIONAL-
riers as a means to improve international relations and
ITY: British. RELIGION: Episcopalian. EDUCATION: Ox-
remove one of the causes of war; and his promotion of
ford Univ., England, baccalaureate, 1881; Oxford
peace among the nations of the American continents
Univ., England;, law degree, 1884. SPOUSE: Eleanor
through the implementation of Franklin D. Roosevelt's
Lambton, married 1889. CHILDREN: None. CAREER:
"good neighbor policy." (G.S.)
Private Secretary, 1886-88; Attorney, 1888-1906; Brit-
ish Parliament and other political positions, 1906-27.
1946
OTHER AWARDS: Knighthood, 1923.
Selected Publications: Our National Church. Lon-
Balch, Emily Greene
386
don: F. Warne & Co., 1913 (with H. J. Clayton). The
Moral Basis of the League of Nations. London: Lindsey
PRIZE: Peace, 1946. BORN: January 8, 1867; Boston,
Press, 1923. The Co-operation of Nations. London: U.
MA. DIED: January 7, 1961; Cambridge, MA. PARENTS:
of London Press, 1928. The Way of Peace. London: P.
Father, Francis Vergnies Balch; Mother, Ellen Noyes
Balch. NATIONALITY: American. RELIGION: Unitarian.
Allan & Co., 1928. All the Way. London: Hodder &
Stoughton, 1949.
EDUCATION: Bryn Mawr College, PA, A.B., 1889.
SPOUSE: None. CHILDREN: None. CAREER: Children's
For More Information See: A Great Experiment: An
Aid Society, Boston, MA, Social Worker, 1891; Deni-
Autobiography. New York: Oxford U. Press, 1941.
son House Settlement, Boston, MA, Headworker,
Jackson, Jere Langdon. "Apostle of the League: Lord
1892-93; Wellesley College, MA, Professor, 1896-1918;
Robert Cecil and the Fight for the League of Nations,
The Nation, NY, Editor, 1918-19.
1916-1924." (Ph.D. dissertation, U. of North Carolina
Selected Publications: Public Assistance of the Poor
at Chapel Hill, 1974).
in France. Baltimore, MD: American Economic Asso-
Commentary: Edgar Cecil was awarded the Nobel
ciation, 1893. Our Slavic Fellow Citizens. New York:
Prize for his work as one of the architects of the
Charities Publication Committee, 1910. Approaches to
League of Nations and as its faithful defender. The
the Great Settlement. New York: B.W. Huebsch, 1918.
League occupied much of his life, while at the same
The Miracle of Living. New York: Island Press, 1941.
time he served his country in a variety of important
For More Information See: Current Biography Year-
government posts. Cecil had the distinction of being
book. New York: H.W. Wilson, 1948, 32-34. Randall,
an important figure in the founding of the League, in
Mercedes M. Improper Bostonian: Emily Greene Balch.
its history throughout its existence, and in the final
New York: Twayne Publishers, 1964.
meetings in Geneva in 1946, when he said "The
Commentary: The Nobel Award to Emily Greene
League is dead; long live the United Nations." (B.L.)
Balch recognized her important contributions as a
leader of the international women's movement for
peace. Her activism began in 1915 when she served as
a delegate to the International Congress of Women,
146 The Who's Who of Nobel Prize Winners
1979
For More Information See: Current Biography Year-
book. New York: H.W. Wilson, 1981, 321-24. New
Teresa, Mother (Bojaxhiu, Agnes Gonxha) 411
York Times Biographical Service (October 14, 1980):
1455-56. 1980 Vela de Armas. Mexico City: Las
PRIZE: Peace, 1979. BORN: August 27, 1910; Skopje,
Ediciones del Tiempo, 1980, 315-16, 473.
Yugoslavia. PARENTS: Father, Nikola Bojaxhiu; Moth-
Commentary: Adolfo Perez Esquivel was honored as
er, Dranofile Bernai Bojaxhiu. NATIONALITY:
"a spokesman of a revival of respect of human
Yugoslavian; later Indian citizen. RELIGION: Catholic.
EDUCATION: No formal college degrees; educated for
rights having shone a light through the darkness" of
teaching in the novitiate in Darjeeling, India. SPOUSE:
Argentina's military rule. Perez Esquivel left a distin-
None. CHILDREN: None. CAREER: Sisters of Loretto,
guished career as a sculptor to become a human rights
Teacher and Principal, 1928-48; Missionary, 1948-.
activist and Catholic church lay leader coordinating
OTHER AWARDS: Padma Shri Lotus Order, 1962; Mag-
human rights efforts in Argentina and in all of Latin
saysay Prize, 1963; Good Samaritan Prize, 1970; Jo-
America. He was mistreated and jailed by the Ar-
seph Kennedy Jr. Foundation Award, 1971; Pope John
gentinian military government for 14 months early in
XXIII Peace Prize, 1971; Jawaharlal Nehru Award of
his career without charge or trial but has persisted in
India, 1972; Templeton Prize for Progress in Religion,
his efforts through the Service for Justice and Peace,
1973; Saint Louise de Marillac Award, 1973; Albert
which he founded, and through a women's group, Las
Schweitzer Award, 1975; Balzan Award, Italy, 1979;
Locas de Mayo. (R.A.)
Bharat Ratna Award, 1980.
For More Information See: Current Biography Year-
1982
book. New York: H.W. Wilson, 1973, 403-06. Egan,
Eileen. Such a Vision of the Street. New York:
Doubleday, 1985. Muggeridge, Malcolm. Something
Garcia Robles, Alfonso
413
Beautiful for God. New York: Walker, 1984. Rae,
PRIZE: Peace, 1982. BORN: March 20, 1911; Zamora,
Daphne. Love Until It Hurts: The Work of Mother
Michoacan, Mexico. PARENTS: Father, Quirino Garcia;
Teresa and Her Missionaries of Charity. New York:
Mother, Teresa Robles. NATIONALITY: Mexican. RELL-
Harper and Row, 1981. Spink, Kathryn. The Miracle
GION: Catholic. EDUCATION: Univ. of Mexico, law de-
of Love: Mother Teresa of Calcutta, Her Missionaries
gree, 1938(?); Univ. of Paris, France, law degree,
of Charity and Her Co-Workers. New York: Harper
1938(?); Academy of International Law, Netherlands,
law degree, 1938(?). SPOUSE: Juana Maria de Szyslo,
and Row, 1982.
married 1950. CHILDREN: Alfonso, son; Fernando, son.
Commentary: In announcing Mother Teresa of Cal-
CAREER: Mexican Government, various posts in Em-
cutta as the winner of the 1979 Nobel Peace Prize, the
bassies, United Nations, and in Mexico, 1939-.
Committee said, "This year, the world has turned its
Selected Publications: La Anchura del Mar Territo-
attention to the plight of children and refugees, and
rial. Mexico: Collegio de Mexico, 1966. Se Anos de la
these are precisely the categories for whom Mother
Política Exterior de Mexico (Six Years of Mexican
Teresa has for many years worked so selflessly." As a
Foreign Policy). Tlateloco, Mexico: Secretaria de Re-
Sister of Loretto, she taught and was principal of St.
laciones Exteriores, 1976. La Conferencia de Revision
Mary's High School in Calcutta for 20 years before
del Tratado Sobre la No Proliferation de las Armas
being inspired to leave the cloister to work among the
Nucleares (The Review Conference on the Non-Prolif-
destitute, the dying, and the orphaned children in the
eration Treaty). Mexico City: Editorial de El Colegio
slums of Calcutta. Since founding her order, the Soci-
Nacional, 1977. 338 Dias de Tlateloco (338 Days of
ety of the Missionaries of Charity, in 1950, Mother
Tlateloco). Mexico: Fondo de Cultura Economica,
Teresa's work among the poorest of the poor has
1977.
spread to 50 Indian cities and more than 25 countries.
For More Information See: Christian Century
The order operates schools, hospitals, youth centers,
(November 3, 1982): 1097. New York Times Bio-
and orphanages, and 53,000 lepers are among the pa-
graphical Service (October 14, 1982): 1305.
tients treated at medical centers in Africa and Asia.
Commentary: The Nobel Prize awarded to Alfonso
(P.E.J.)
Garcia Robles was "not only a reward for almost
twenty years of work on disarmament, but also vin-
1980
dication of the virtues of patient and methodical nego-
tiation." Garcia Robles's major contribution was the
Perez Esquivel, Adolfo
412
Treaty of Tlateloco, written to ban nuclear weapons
PRIZE: Peace, 1980. BORN: November 26, 1931; Buenos
from Latin America in the 60s, and signed by 22
Aires, Argentina. PARENTS: No record found. NATION-
nations. Although dedicated to disarmament, he has
ALITY: Argentinian. RELIGION: Catholic. EDUCATION:
also been a national and international spokesperson
National School of Fine Arts, Argentina, graduate,
for Mexico in a number of important government and
1956. SPOUSE: Amanda Perez, married 1956. CHIL-
United Nations posts that date back to 1939. His
DREN: Leopoldo, son; 2 other sons. CAREER: Manuel
documents on Mexico's position on the Law of the Sea
Belgrano Escuela Nacional de Bellas Artes, Buenos
in the late 50s are notable as well. (R.A.)
Aires, Argentina, Professor, 1956-73; Service for Jus-
414
tice and Peace in Latin America, Founder and Sec-
Myrdal, Alva Reimer
retary General, 1973-. OTHER AWARDS: Premio La Nac-
PRIZE: Peace, 1982. BORN: January 31, 1902; Uppsals,
ion de Escultura; Memorial Juan XXIII, Instituto de
Sweden. DIED: February 1, 1986; Stockholm, Sweden.
Polelogia Victor Seix, Barcelona, Spain, 1977.
PARENTS: Father, Albert Reimer; Mother, Lova Larsson
Selected Publications: Paz y Justicia, Founder and
Reimer. NATIONALITY: Swedish. RELIGION: Lutheran.
Editor, 1973-.
EDUCATION: Univ. of Stockholm, Sweden, B.A., 1924;