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2
3
THE WHITE HOUSE
Office of the Press Secretary
For Immediate Release
December 10, 1990
REMARKS BY THE PRESIDENT
AT SIGNING CEREMONY FOR
HUMAN RIGHTS DAY PROCLAMATION
Room 450
Old Executive Office Building
1:31 P.M. EST
THE PRESIDENT: Welcome to all of you. First, let me
salute the former Chief Justice Warren Burger, and thank him for all
he's done commemorating our Constitution and Bill of Rights over the
last few years, and still actively engaged.
I want to salute Bruce Gelb, who I understand is here,
Director of USIA; Ambassador Schifter; VOA Director Carlson;
Ambassador Jewel LaFontant-Mankarious and the members of the
diplomatic corps that are with us today.
It's an honor to mark this important occasion with so
many of the men and women who make it their calling to advance the
cause of freedom and human rights around the world. It's a special
pleasure to meet with you as we look back on a year in which the
cause of freedom has made such gains. A year in which the collapse
of the communist idea, the end of four long decades of Cold War and
conflict enabled the world to look with new hope toward and era of
peace, an era of freedom.
With freedom's advance come new challenges. This is
especially true in Europe, the continent that for so long stood at
the heart of the East-West conflict. There, the Revolution of '89
has given way to the Renaissance of 1990, to the difficult business
of democracy-building.
begun. America can take pride in the role that we've played in this
The hard work of consolidating these great gains has just
our work is now over.
revolution, but we must -- but not make the mistake of thinking that
Today, as so many of the newly-emerging democracies
struggle to put in place the foundation stones of freedom, the
American example can light the way forward. Former Chief Justice
Burger, as I mentioned, is a special guest in a sense, to mark with
anniversary of the American Bill of Rights.
us the fact that the new year we soon begin, 1991, is the 200th
member institutions of of free government, I brought with me copies for
Czechoslovakia, a country which is now engaged in establishing the
Last month when I addressed the Federal Assembly in
people. friendship, as a symbol of the common principles that bind spirit all free of
our Constitution and our Bill of Rights, in the every
did their work not simply for one nation or one era, but for the
The authors of our Constitution and our Bill of Rights
intellectual, can help our friends in Eastern Europe build and
ages. Our assistance -- not just material, but moral
democracy that endures. As we work to further the a
rights, is the rule we must of law. remember: The only alternative to the cause tyranny of human of men
continent alone. I have just come back from two days -- got to one back two
This advance in human rights is not confined
MORE
- 2 -
days ago from a trip to South America. I visited five countries,
each one now back on the democratic path. One of them, Argentina,
turned back an antidemocratic challenge just two days before I got
there. When we arrived, when we arrived in Buenos Aires, you could
see and feel the depth of Argentina's dedication to democracy and its
ideals. As I said there, the day of the dictator is over. The war
of ideas has been won by democracy.
Human rights and respect for all it entails -- freedom of
religion, freedom of speech, and other individual liberties,
including property rights, free elections, multiparty systems --
these fundamental rights are gaining ground the whole world over --
in Latin America and in Asia, where free-market principles now power
some of the world's fastest growing economies. I want to see our
hemisphere -- this hemisphere -- be the first totally democratic
hemisphere.
There is one outstanding example where it is not totally
free and where human rights are not respected; a that's Cuba, and I
hope someday soon that that will join the family of democratic
nations here.
Across the continent of Africa, too often neglected
during the years of East-West conflict, the issue of human rights is
now of key importance. These new challenges and the great gains
we've all witnessed, cannot obscure the fact that this day and every
day, millions of men, women, children around the world continue to be
denied the freedom to live, work and worship as they wish. So, here
too, then, is work to be done.
This nation and its people cannot be true to what is best
in us if we fail to speak out for those whose voices are silent. In
a world where human rights are routinely denied in too many lands,
Kuwait. nowhere is that situation more tragic and more urgent today than in
You know, we must speak out and stand up for the Kuwaiti
people -- a people whose very nation is now in the grasp of a tyrant
unmoved by human decency. The reports, these eyewitness accounts
that I've heard from Kuwaiti citizens, are a catalog of human misery.
Looting, torture, rape, summary execution -- acts of unspeakable
cruelty. What has happened to Kuwait is more than an invasion; it is
a systematic assault on the soul of a nation. As long as such
our work is not done.
assaults occur, as long as inhumane regimes deny basic human rights,
just as our own Constitution, our own Bill of Rights, our own
And so today I sign these documents. Words on paper,
Declaration of Independence are nothing more than words. And yet,
nothing less than the sum of human hope. As I sign these, I call on
every American to see that the ideals enshrined in these words shine
for. forth in our deeds, as the very essence of all that America stands
May God bless all of you for your work in the cause of freedom.
Once again, thank each and every one of you for coming.
15th the Bill of Rights Day, and marking today, December 10th, as
And now I will sign the proclamation designating December
Human Rights Day.
Mr. Chief Justice, will you join me, please, here, sir?
(The proclamation is signed.) (Applause.)
END
1:40 P.M. EST
THE WHITE HOUSE
WASHINGTON
MEETING WITH REFUGEES FROM KUWAIT
DATE:
November 30, 1990
TIME: 3:00 p.m.
LOCATION:
Oval Office
THROUGH:
DAVID DEMAREST
IND
ASSISTANT TO THE PRESIDENT FOR
COMMUNICATIONS
FROM:
SICHAN SIVARCHAM
DEPUTY ASSISTANT TO THE PRESIDENT
FOR PUBLIC LIAISON
I.
PURPOSE:
To allow you an opportunity to hear first-hand accounts of
the situation in Kuwait.
II.
BACKGROUND:
These refugees, except for Dr. Hassan Al-Ebraheem, have
testified before the U.N. Security Council on the 27th of
November, during which time they outlined the human rights
violations by Iraqi occupation forces, and the overall
situation in occupied Kuwait.
The primary spokesperson for the group is Ms. Fatima
Mutawa, but all of the refugees have their own account of
Iraqi brutality. A brief biographical sketch of each
refugee is attached for your information. Also attached
are three video tapes which highlight the U.N. Security
Council testimony, the network news coverage of the
testimony, and the Iraqi atrocities.
III. PARTICIPANTS:
The President
Ms. Fatima Mutawa
spohespecson
Dr. Ibraheem Behbehani
Dr. Shatish Sharma
Mr. Amory Mukarji Aminda
Mr. Abdulla Abdul-Rahman Al-Muhailan
Ms. Iman Jaffer
Mr. Abdulla Al-Otaibi
Dr. Hassan Al-Ebraheem
III.
PARTICIPANTS:
(Continued) The vice President
Governor Sununu
Sichan Siv, Office of Public Liaison
Richard Haass, National Security Council
IV.
PRESS PLAN:
Amb. Starys Grehm
Press pool.
V.
SEQUENCE OF EVENTS:
The President welcomes the guests into the Oval Office
The President invites the refugees to provide their
accounts
The President thanks the guests for coming
The guests depart the Oval Office
Talking points are provided.
REFUGEES FROM KUWAIT
Mrs. Fatima Mutawa
A housewife, mother and grandmother who fled Kuwait six weeks
ago. She is also a graduate of Cairo University with a degree in
journalism. At the time of the invasion, she was Director of
Kuwaiti Television and Radio, a division of the Ministry of
Information.
Mr. Abdullah Abdul-Rahman Al-Muhailan
Holds a Ph.D. and was Director of the Institute of Apllied
Science and Technology in Kuwait.
Ms. Iman Jaffer
A nutrition specialist who worked in a Kuwaiti hospital until
last week.
Mr. Abdulla Al-Otaibi
A civil servant and volunteer. He was shot and later tortured by
the Iraqi military while delivering milk and bread.
Dr. Ibraheem Behbehani (Male)
A noted physician and oral surgeon who continued to work in a
hospital in Kuwait for three months after the August 2, 1990
invasion.
Dr. Shatish Sharma (Indian citizen - Male)
A general surgeon in a Kuwaiti government run hospital for eight
years.
Mr. Armory Mukarji Aminda (Indian citizen)
A businessman in the telecommunications industry, who had lived
in Kuwait for 20 years, and depends on hemodialysis (being
connected to a machine which artificially cleanses impurities
from his blood) to survive.
Dr. Hassan Al-Ebraheem
President of Citizens for a Free Kuwait.
HUMAN RIGHTS DAY SIGNING CEREMONY \ ROOM 450
MONDAY, DECEMBER 10, 1990 \ 1:30 PM
WELCOME ALL OF YOU. FORMER CHIEF JUSTICE WARREN
BURGER, USIA DIRECTOR BRUCE GELB, AMBASSADOR RICHARD
SCHIFTER, VOA DIRECTOR DICK CARLSON, AMBASSADOR JEWEL
LAFONTANT-MANKARIOUS [LAW-FONE-TAWN MAHN-KAW-REE-00S],
AND MEMBERS OF THE DIPLOMATIC CORPS. IT IS AN HONOR To
MARK THIS IMPORTANT OCCASION WITH so MANY OF THE MEN
AND WOMEN WHO MAKE IT THEIR CALLING TO ADVANCE THE
CAUSE OF FREEDOM AND HUMAN RIGHTS AROUND THE WORLD. //
- 2 -
AND IT IS A SPECIAL PLEASURE To MEET WITH YOU AS WE
LOOK BACK ON A YEAR IN WHICH THE CAUSE OF FREEDOM HAS
MADE SUCH GREAT GAINS. A YEAR IN WHICH THE COLLAPSE OF
THE COMMUNIST IDEA -- THE END OF FOUR LONG DECADES OF
COLD WAR AND CONFLICT -- ENABLED THE WORLD To LOOK WITH
NEW HOPE TOWARDS AN ERA OF PEACE AND FREEDOM.
WITH FREEDOM'S ADVANCE COME NEW CHALLENGES. THIS
IS ESPECIALLY TRUE IN EUROPE -- THE CONTINENT THAT FOR
so LONG STOOD AT THE HEART OF EAST-WEST CONFLICT.
- 3 -
THERE, THE REVOLUTION OF 89 HAS GIVEN WAY TO THE
RENAISSANCE OF 1990 -- To THE DIFFICULT BUSINESS OF
DEMOCRACY-BUILDING. THE HARD WORK OF CONSOLIDATING
THESE GREAT GAINS HAS JUST BEGUN. // AMERICA CAN TAKE
PRIDE IN THE ROLE WE'VE PLAYED IN THIS REVOLUTION --
BUT WE MUST NOT MAKE THE MISTAKE OF THINKING THAT OUR
WORK IS NOW OVER. //
- 4 -
TODAY, AS so MANY OF THE NEWLY EMERGING DEMOCRACIES
STRUGGLE TO PUT IN PLACE THE FOUNDATION STONES OF
FREEDOM, THE AMERICAN EXAMPLE CAN LIGHT THE WAY
FORWARD. // FORMER CHIEF JUSTICE BURGER IS A SPECIAL
GUEST TODAY -- TO MARK WITH US THE FACT THAT THE NEW
YEAR WE SOON BEGIN, 1991, IS THE 200TH ANNIVERSARY OF
THE AMERICAN BILL OF RIGHTS. //
- 5 -
LAST MONTH, WHEN I ADDRESSED THE FEDERAL ASSEMBLY IN
CZECHOSLOVAKIA -- A COUNTRY WHICH IS NOW ENGAGED IN
ESTABLISHING THE INSTITUTIONS OF FREE GOVERNMENT -- I
BROUGHT WITH ME COPIES, FOR EVERY MEMBER, OF OUR
CONSTITUTION AND OUR BILL OF RIGHTS -- IN THE SPIRIT OF
FRIENDSHIP, AS A SYMBOL OF THE COMMON PRINCIPLES THAT
BIND ALL FREE PEOPLE. //
THE AUTHORS OF OUR CONSTITUTION AND THE BILL OF
RIGHTS DID THEIR WORK NOT SIMPLY FOR ONE NATION OR ONE
ERA -- BUT FOR THE AGES. //
- 6 -
OUR ASSISTANCE -- NOT JUST MATERIAL, BUT MORAL AND
INTELLECTUAL -- CAN HELP OUR FRIENDS IN EASTERN EUROPE
BUILD A DEMOCRACY THAT ENDURES. //
As WE WORK TO FURTHER THE CAUSE OF HUMAN RIGHTS, WE
MUST REMEMBER: THE ONLY ALTERNATIVE TO THE TYRANNY OF
MEN IS THE RULE OF LAW. //
THIS ADVANCE IN HUMAN RIGHTS IS NOT CONFINED TO ONE
CONTINENT ALONE. I RETURNED JUST TWO DAYS AGO FROM
SOUTH AMERICA. I VISITED FIVE COUNTRIES, EACH ONE NOW
BACK ON THE DEMOCRATIC PATH.
- 7 -
ONE OF THEM -- ARGENTINA -- TURNED BACK AN ANTI-
DEMOCRATIC CHALLENGE JUST DAYS BEFORE I CAME. WHEN WE
ARRIVED, YOU COULD SEE AND FEEL THE DEPTH OF
ARGENTINA'S DEDICATION TO DEMOCRACY AND ITS IDEALS. //
As I SAID IN BUENOS AIRES, THE DAY OF THE DICTATOR
IS OVER. THE WAR OF IDEAS HAS BEEN WON -- BY
DEMOCRACY. //
- 8 -
HUMAN RIGHTS, AND RESPECT FOR ALL IT ENTAILS -- FREEDOM
OF RELIGION, FREEDOM OF SPEECH, AND OTHER INDIVIDUAL
LIBERTIES INCLUDING PROPERTY RIGHTS, FREE ELECTIONS,
MULTI-PARTY SYSTEMS -- THESE FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS ARE
GAINING GROUND THE WORLD OVER. // IN LATIN AMERICA
AND IN ASIA, WHERE FREE MARKET PRINCIPLES NOW POWER
SOME OF THE WORLD'S FASTEST GROWING ECONOMIES. //
- 9 -
ACROSS THE CONTINENT OF AFRICA -- TOO OFTEN NEGLECTED
DURING THE YEARS OF EAST-WEST CONFLICT, THE ISSUE OF
HUMAN RIGHTS IS NOW OF KEY IMPORTANCE. //
THESE NEW CHALLENGES AND THE GREAT GAINS WE'VE ALL
WITNESSED CANNOT OBSCURE THE FACT THAT -- THIS DAY AND
EVERY DAY -- MILLIONS OF MEN, WOMEN AND CHILDREN AROUND
THE WORLD CONTINUE To BE DENIED THE FREEDOM To LIVE,
WORK AND WORSHIP AS THEY WISH. // HERE, Too, IS WORK
TO BE DONE.
- 10 -
THIS NATION AND ITS PEOPLE CANNOT BE TRUE TO WHAT IS
BEST IN US IF WE FAIL TO SPEAK OUT FOR THOSE WHOSE
VOICES ARE SILENT. //
IN A WORLD WHERE HUMAN RIGHTS ARE ROUTINELY DENIED
IN TOO MANY LANDS, NOWHERE IS THE SITUATION MORE TRAGIC
-- MORE URGENT -- THAN IN KUWAIT. // WE MUST SPEAK
OUT AND STAND UP FOR THE KUWAITI PEOPLE -- A PEOPLE
WHOSE VERY NATION IS NOW IN THE GRIP OF A TYRANT
UNMOVED BY HUMAN DECENCY. //
- 11 -
THE REPORTS -- EYE-WITNESS ACCOUNTS -- THAT I HAVE
HEARD FROM KUWAITI CITIZENS ARE A CATALOGUE OF HUMAN
MISERY. LOOTING, TORTURE, RAPE, SUMMARY EXECUTION --
ACTS OF UNSPEAKABLE CRUELTY: WHAT HAS HAPPENED TO
KUWAIT IS MORE THAN AN INVASION -- IT IS A SYSTEMATIC
ASSAULT ON THE SOUL OF A NATION. //
As LONG AS SUCH ASSAULTS OCCUR -- AS LONG AS
INHUMAN REGIMES DENY BASIC HUMAN RIGHTS -- OUR WORK IS
NOT DONE. //
- 12 -
TODAY, I SIGN THESE DOCUMENTS. WORDS ON PAPER --
JUST AS OUR OWN CONSTITUTION, OUR OWN BILL OF RIGHTS,
OUR OWN DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE ARE NOTHING MORE
THAN WORDS -- AND YET NOTHING LESS THAN THE SUM OF
HUMAN HOPE. // As I SIGN THESE DOCUMENTS, I CALL ON
EVERY AMERICAN TO SEE THAT THE IDEALS ENSHRINED IN
THESE WORDS SHINE FORTH IN OUR DEEDS -- AS THE VERY
ESSENCE OF THE ALL THAT AMERICA STANDS FOR. //
- 13 -
ONCE MORE, MAY GOD BLESS ALL OF YOU FOR YOUR WORK
IN THE CAUSE OF FREEDOM. //
I WILL NOW SIGN THE PROCLAMATION, DESIGNATING
DECEMBER 15 BILL OF RIGHTS DAY -- AND MARKING TODAY,
DECEMBER 10, AS HUMAN RIGHTS DAY.
# # #
THE WHITE HOUSE
WASHINGTON
December 3, 1990
MEMORANDUM FOR:
C. BOYDEN GRAY
EDE HOLIDAY
FREDERICK D. McCLURE
ROGER B. PORTER
DAVID DEMAREST
SIG ROGICH
GREGG PETERSMEYER
JOSEPH W. HAGIN II (FYI)
BRENT SCOWCROFT
FROM:
Susan Griffith for
SHIRLEY GREEN
93 OEOB
SUBJECT:
(Draft Proclamation)
Human Rights Day, Bill of Rights
Day, and Human Rights Week, 1990
Attached for your review is the above-mentioned proclamation
designating December 10, 1990, as "Human Rights Day," December 15,
1990, as "Bill of Rights Day," and the week beginning December 10,
1990, as "Human Rights Week.
It was submitted by the Department of State and edited/revised by
this office.
IMMEDIATE ATTENTION REQUIRED. Written or oral response required
by no later than NOON, WEDNESDAY, December 5, 1990.
For questions, discussion or routine clearance, contact
Susan Griffith, via phone or interoffice mail, in room 93/
extension 2276. Thank you.
cc: Ron Geisler
EXECUTIVE OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENT
VECTIVE UNITED
OFFICE OF MANAGEMENT AND BUDGET
WASHINGTON, DC. 20503
NOV : 1290
MEMORANDUM FOR THE PRESIDENT
FROM:
Bernard H. Martin
Beard M.
Meetin
Assistant Director for
Legislative Reference
SUBJECT: Human Rights Day, Bill of Rights Day, and Human Rights
Week, 1990
Attached is a proclamation which would designate:
(1) December 10, 1990, as "Human Rights Day," (2) December 15,
1990, as "Bill of Rights Day," and (3) the week beginning
December 10, 1990, as "Human Rights Week." This proclamation is
not 1958. required by statute, but it has been issued annually since
The proposed proclamation was submitted by the Department of
State, and editorial and format changes were made in this Office.
Attachment
HUMAN RIGHTS DAY, BILL OF RIGHTS DAY,
AND HUMAN RIGHTS WEEK, 1990
BY THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
A PROCLAMATION
The first ten amendments to our Constitution, collectively
known as the Bill of Rights, are derived from the conviction
"that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their
Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are
Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness." As we enter the
bicentennial year of our Bill of Rights, we celebrate more than
the great freedom and security this document symbolizes for the
American people -- we also celebrate its seminal role in the
[
advancement of respect for human dignity and individual liberty
around the world.
In its Universal Declaration of Human Rights, adopted on
December 10, 1948, the United Nations General Assembly affirmed
to all mankind the noble ideals enshrined in our Bill of Rights.
Noting that "recognition of the inherent dignity and of the
equal and unalienable rights of all members of the human family
is the foundation of freedom, justice, and peace in the world,"
signatories to the Declaration agreed to respect freedom of
thought, freedom of association, as well as freedom of religion
and belief. They also recognized an individual's right to own
property, either alone or in association with others, and
declared that "everyone has the right to participate in his
government, directly or through freely chosen representatives."
Stating that "human rights should be protected by the rule of
law, " signatories to the Declaration proclaimed this historic
document "a common standard of achievement for all peoples and
all nations."
That standard was reaffirmed and strengthened in 1975, when
the United States, Canada, and 33 European states joined in
2
adopting the Helsinki Final Act of the Conference on Security
and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE). Noting that respect for
individual liberty and human rights is vital to economic
progress and the attainment of genuine peace and security,
participating states agreed once again to "act in conformity
with the purposes and principles of the Charter of the United
Nations and with the Universal Declaration of Human Rights."
They solemnly pledged to "respect human rights and fundamental
freedoms, including the freedom of thought, conscience,
religion, or belief, for all without distinction as to race,
sex, language, or religion." " They also recognized the right of
self-determination and agreed to grant ethnic minorities
equality before the law.
Recent events testify to the CSCE's effectiveness in
advancing our goal of universal compliance with the human rights
and humanitarian provisions of the Helsinki Final Act. The
elimination of physical and ideological barriers that once
divided postwar Europe dramatically illustrates the progress
that has been made in promoting respect for human rights,
building mutual confidence, reducing the risk of conflict, and
encouraging the development of democracy. Last month, the
signing of the Charter of Paris -- which added to CSCE
principles new and sweeping commitments to political pluralism,
free elections, free enterprise, and the rule of law --
underscored our determination to consolidate and to build upon
recent gains. Indeed, with the Charter of Paris we welcomed the
emergence of a new transatlantic partnership of nations, nations
whose collective security and cooperation are based on a mutual
commitment to certain principles -- the first and foremost among
them being respect for human rights and the rule of law.
However, while we celebrate the remarkable developments
reflected in the recent Charter of Paris, we must resist the
notion that our work is now virtually finished. In many ways,
3
it has only just begun. Tragically, in some countries,
persecution of ethnic minorities, religious oppression, and
restrictions on freedom of speech, information, and travel
violate both fundamental standards of morality and the letter
and spirit of international human rights agreements. Thus, the
United States will continue to denounce policies and practices
that contravene the Universal Declaration of Human Rights,
pressing for constructive change wherever such human rights
violations occur. We will also continue, on both a multi-
lateral and country-to-country basis, to assist the world's
emerging democracies, not only in Europe, but also in Asia,
Africa, and Latin America.
In and of themselves, the documents we celebrate this
week -- the Bill of Rights, the Universal Declaration of Human
Rights, and the more recent Helsinki accords -- are nothing more
than words on paper. What gives them value and promise are the
timeless, immutable truths they contain and our solemn
commitment to upholding them. As we reflect on the historic
significance of these documents, let us VOW to ensure that they
always remain meaningful guarantees of individual dignity and
human rights.
NOW, THEREFORE, I, GEORGE BUSH, President of the
United States of America, by virtue of the authority vested in
me by the Constitution and laws of the United States, do hereby
proclaim December 10, 1990, as Human Rights Day and December 15,
1990, as Bill of Rights Day and call upon all Americans to
observe the week beginning December 10, 1990, as Human Rights
Week.
IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand this
day of
, in the year of our
Lord nineteen hundred and ninety, and of the Independence of the
United States of America the two hundred and fifteenth.
ta
HUMAN RIGHTS DAY, BILL OF RIGHTS DAY
AND HUMAN RIGHTS WEEK, 1990
BY THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
A PROCLAMATION
The first ten amendments to our Constitution, collectively
known as the Bill of Rights, are derived from the conviction
"that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their
Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are
Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness." As we enter the
bicentennial year of our Bill of Rights, we celebrate more than
the great freedom and security this document symbolizes for the
American people -- we also celebrate its seminal role in the
advancement of respect for human dignity and individual liberty
around the world.
In its Universal Declaration of Human Rights, adopted on
December 10, 1948, the United Nations General Assembly affirmed
to all mankind the noble ideals enshrined in our Bill of Rights.
Noting that "recognition of the inherent dignity and of the equal
and unalienable rights of all members of the human family is the
foundation of freedom, justice, and peace in the world,"
signatories to the Declaration agreed to respect freedom of
thought, freedom of association, as well as freedom of religion
and belief. They also recognized an individual's right to own
property, either alone or in association with others, and
declared that "everyone has the to participate in his government,
directly or through freely chosen representatives." Stating that
"human rights should be protected by the rule of law,
signatories to the Declaration proclaimed this historic document
"a common standard of achievement for all peoples and all
nations.' "
That standard was reaffirmed and strengthened in 1975, when
the United States, Canada, and 33 European states joined in
adopting the Helsinki Final Act of the Conference on Security and
Cooperation in Europe (CSCE). Noting that respect for individual
liberty and human rights is vital to economic progress and the
attainment of geniune peace and security, participating states
agreed once again to "act in conformity with the purposes and
principles of the Charter of the United Nations and with the
Universal Declaration of Human Rights." They solemnly pledged to
"respect human rights and fundamental freedoms, including the
freedom of thought, conscience, religion, or belief, for all
without distinction as to race, sex, language, or religion."
They also recognized the right of self-determination and agreed
to grant ethnic minorities equality before the law.
Recent events testify to the CSCE's effectiveness in
advancing our goal of universal compliance with the human rights
and humanitarian provisions of the Helsinki Final Act. The
elimination of physical and ideological barriers that once
divided post-war Europe dramatically illustrates the progress
that has been made in promoting respect for human rights,
building mutual confidence, reducing the risk of conflict, and
encouraging the development of democracy. Last month, the
signing of the Charter of Paris -- which added to CSCE principles
new and sweeping commitments to political pluralism, free
elections, free enterprise, and the rule of law -- underscored
our determination to consolidate and to build upon recent gains.
Indeed, with the Charter of Paris we welcomed the emergence of a
new transatlantic partnership of nations, nations whose
collective security and cooperation are based on a mutual
commitment to certain principles -- the first and foremost among
them being respect for human rights and the rule of law.
However, while we celebrate the remarkable developments
reflected in the recent Charter of Paris, we must resist the
notion that our work is now virtually finished. In many ways, it
has only just begun. Tragically, in some countries, persecution
of ethnic minorities, religious oppression, and restrictions on
freedom of speech, information, and travel violate both
fundamental standards of morality and the letter and spirit of
international human rights agreements. Thus, the United States
will continue to denounce policies and practices that contravene
the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, pressing for
constructive change wherever such human rights violations occur.
We will also continue, on both a multi-lateral and country-to-
country basis, to assist the world's emerging democracies, not
only in Europe, but also in Asia, Africa, and Latin America.
In and of themselves, the documents we celebrate this
week -- the Bill of Rights, the Universal Declaration of Human
Rights, and the more recent Helsinki accords -- are nothing more
than words on paper. What gives them value and promise are the
timeless, immutable truths they contain and our solemn commitment
to upholding them. As we reflect on the historic significance
of these documents, let us VOW to ensure that they always remain
meaningful guarantees of individual dignity and human rights.
NOW, THEREFORE, I, GEORGE BUSH, President of the United
States of America, by virtue of the authority vested in me by the
Constitution and laws of the United States, do hereby proclaim
December 10, 1990, as Human Rights Day, and December 15, 1990, as
Bill of Rights Day and call upon all Americans to observe the
week beginning December 10, 1990, as Human Rights Week.
IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand this
day of
, in the year of our Lord nineteen hundred
and ninety, and of the Independence of the United States of
America the two hundred and fifteenth.
THE WHITE HOUSE
McGroarty/Dooley
WASHINGTON
December 7, 1990
5:30 pm
[RIGHTS]
PRESIDENTIAL REMARKS: HUMAN RIGHTS DAY SIGNING CEREMONY
THE WHITE HOUSE
DECEMBER 10, 1990
1:30 PM
Welcome all of you. [Introductory acknowledgements.] It is
an honor to mark this important occasion with so many of the men
and women who make it their calling to advance the cause of
freedom and human rights around the world. //
And it is a special pleasure to meet with you as we look
back on a year in which the cause of freedom has made such great
gains. A year in which the collapse of the communist idea -- the
end of four long decades of Cold War and conflict -- enabled the
world to look with new hope towards an era of peace and freedom.
With freedom's advance come new challenges. This is
especially true in Europe -- the continent that for so long stood
at the heart of East-West conflict. There, the Revolution of 89
has given way to the renaissance of 1990 -- to the difficult
business of democracy-building. The hard work of consolidating
these great gains has just begun. // America can take pride in
the role we've played in this revolution -- but we must not make
the mistake of thinking that our work is now over. //
Today, as so many of the newly emerging democracies struggle
to put in place the foundation stones of freedom, the American
example can light the way forward. // Former Chief Justice
THE WHITE HOUSE
WASHINGTON
Burger is a special guest today -- to mark with us the fact that
the new year we soon begin, 1991, is the 200th anniversary of the
American Bill of Rights. 11 Last month, when I addressed the
Federal Assembly in Czechoslovakia --- a country which is now
engaged in establishing the institutions of free government -- I
brought with me copies, for every member, of our Constitution and
our Bill of Rights -- in the spirit of friendship, as a symbol of
the common principles that bind all free people. //
The authors of our Constitution and the Bill of Rights did
their work not simply for one nation or one era -- but for the
ages. // Our assistance -- not just material, but moral and
intellectual -- can help our friends in Eastern Europe build a
democracy that endures. //
As we work to further the cause of human rights, we must
remember: The only alternative to the tyranny of men is the rule
of law. //
This advance in human rights is not confined to one
continent alone. I returned just two days ago from South
America. I visited five countries, each one now back on the
democratic path. One of them -- Argentina -- turned back an
anti-democratic challenge just days before I came. When we
arrived, you could see and feel the depth of Argentina's
dedication to democracy and its ideals. //
As I said in Buenos Aires, the day of the dictator is over.
The war of ideas has been won -- by democracy. // Human rights,
and respect for all it entails -- freedom of religion, freedom of
THE WHITE HOUSE
WASHINGTON
speech, and other individual liberties including property rights,
free elections, multi-party systems -- these fundamental rights
are gaining ground the world over. // In Latin America and in
Asia, where free market principles now power some of the world's
fastest growing economies. // Across the continent of Africa -
- too often neglected during the years of East-West conflict, the
issue of human rights is now of key importance. //
These new challenges and the great gains we've all witnessed
cannot obscure the fact that -- this day and every day --
millions of men, women and children around the world continue to
be denied the freedom to live, work and worship as they wish. //
Here, too, is work to be done. This nation and its people cannot
be true to what is best in us if we fail to speak out for those
whose voices are silent. //
In a world where human rights are routinely denied in too
many lands, nowhere is the situation more tragic -- more urgent -
- than in Kuwait. // We must speak out and stand up for the
Kuwaiti people -- a people whose very nation is now in the grip
of a tyrant unmoved by human decency. // The reports -- eye-
witness accounts -- that I have heard from Kuwaiti citizens are a
catalogue of human misery. Looting, torture, rape, summary
execution -- acts of unspeakable cruelty: what has happened to
Kuwait is more than an invasion -- it is a systematic assault on
the soul of a nation. //
As long as such assaults occur -- as long as inhuman regimes
deny basic human rights -- our work is not done. //
THE WHITE HOUSE
WASHINGTON
Today, I sign these documents. Words on paper -- just as
our own Constitution, our own Bill of Rights, our own Declaration
of Independence are nothing more than words -- and yet nothing
less than the sum of human hope. // As I sign these documents,
I call on every American to see that the ideals enshrined in
these words shine forth in our deeds -- as the very essence of
the all that America stands for. //
Once more, may God bless, all of you for your work in the
cause of freedom. //
I will now sign the proclamation, designating December 15
Bill of Rights Day -- and marking today, December 10, as Human
Rights Day.
# # #
McGroarty/Dooley
December 7, 1990
10:45 am
[RIGHTS]
PRESIDENTIAL REMARKS: HUMAN RIGHTS DAY SIGNING CEREMONY
THE WHITE HOUSE ROOM 450
DECEMBER 10, 1990
1:30 PM
Welcome all of you. [Introductory acknowledgements.] It is
an honor to mark this important occasion with so many of the men
and women who make it their calling to advance the cause of
freedom and human rights around the world. //
And it is a special pleasure to meet with you as we look
back on a year in which the cause of freedom has made such great
gains. A year in which the collapse of communism -- the end of
four long decades of Cold War and conflict -- closed one of the
darkest chapters of this or any century, and the world looked
with new hope to an era of peace and freedom. //
With freedom's advance come new challenges. This is
especially true in Europe -- the continent that for so long stood
at the heart of East-West conflict. There, the Revolution of 89
has given way to the renaissance of 1990 -- to the difficult
business of democracy-building The hard work of consolidating
these great gains has just begun. // America can take pride in
the role we've played in this revolution -- but we must not make
the mistake of thinking that our work is now over. //
Today, as so many of the newly emerging democracies struggle
to put in place the foundation stones of freedom, the American
2
who's who '88-89
example can light the way forward. // Former Chief Justice
Burger is a special guest today -- to mark with us the fact that
the new year we soon begin, 1991, is the 200th anniversary of the
$ 105
American Bill of Rights. // Last month, when I addressed the
Federal Assembly in Czechoslovakia -- a country which is now
engaged in establishing the institutions of free government -- I
Butchings
brought with me copies, for every member, of our Constitution and
NSL N x5732 nl
our Bill of Rights -- in the spirit of friendship, as proof of
the common principles that bind all free people. //
The authors of our Bill of Rights did their work not simply
for one nation or one era -- but for the ages. // Our
assistance -- not just material, but moral -- can help our
friends in Eastern Europe build a democracy that endures. //
As we work to further the cause of human rights, we must
remember: There is no greater guarantee against the tyranny of
men than the rule of law. //
This advance in human rights is not confined to one
continent alone. I returned just two days ago from South
America. I visited five countries, each one now back on the
democratic path. One of them -- Argentina -- turned back an
anti-democratic challenge just days before I came. When we
arrived, you could see and feel the depth of Argentina's
dedication to democracy and its ideals. //
News Summary
is
As I said in Buenos Aires, the day of the dictator is over.
The war of ideas has been won -- by democracy. // Human rights,
and respect for all it entails -- free elections, multi-party
3
systems, property rights and individual liberties -- is gaining
ground the world over. // In Latin America and in Asia, where
free market principles now power some of the world's fastest
growing economies. // Across the continent of Africa -- too
often neglected during the years of East-West conflict, the issue
of human rights is now of key importance. //
These new challenges and the great gains we've all witnessed
cannot obscure the fact that -- this day and every day --
millions of men, women and children around the world continue to
be denied the freedom to live, work and worship as they wish. //
Here, too, is work to be done. This nation and its people cannot
be true to what is best in us if we fail to speak out for those
whose voices are silent. //
Here in our own hemisphere, for the people of Cuba --
Castro's island prison, increasingly isolated and out of step
with the flourishing of freedom across the rest of the Americas.
// In Africa, where millions endure the indignity and injustice
of apartheid -- and millions more live in poverty and oppression.
encyclopedia
// In China: for the students now on trial for taking part in
Vol.
peaceful protest -- and a full one fifth of all humanity, denied
the rights and freedoms we hold dear.
//
And of course, we must speak out and stand up for the people
of Kuwait -- a people whose very nation is now in the grip of a
tyrant unmoved by human decency. // The reports -- eye-witness
accounts -- that I have heard from Kuwaiti citizens are a
catalogue of human misery. Looting, torture, rape, summary
4
execution -- acts of unspeakable cruelty: what has happened to
Kuwait is more than an invasion -- it is a systematic assault on
the soul of a nation. //
As long as such assaults occur -- as long as inhuman regimes
deny basic human rights -- our work is not done. //
Today, I sign these documents. Words on paper -- just as
our own Constitution, our own Bill of Rights, our own Declaration
of Independence are nothing more than words -- and yet nothing
less than the sum of human hope. // As I sign these documents,
I call on every American to see that the ideals enshrined in
these words shine forth in our deeds -- as the very essence of
the all that America stands for. //
Once more, may God bless all of you for your work in the
cause of freedom. //
I will now sign the proclamation, designating December 15
Bill of Rights Day -- and marking today, December 10, as Human
Rights Day.
# # #
Who'sWho
in America® ®
45th edition
1988-1989
Volume 1
MARQUIS
Who'sWho
Macmillan Directory Division
3002 Glenview Road
Wilmette, Illinois 60091 U.S.A.
1959-62;
of
Christ
Scientist,
Walla
Walla,
1958-62;
asst.
prof.
D.
Ferriday,
June
music organist Colo., 1962-64, assoc. prof., 1964-68, prof., 1968-75; chmn. piano
dept.
Eastman
Sch.
Stanley. Ann Conway, B.C.S., Ga., 1954. Vice pres. mktg. Celotex Corp., 1973-74, Tampa, Fla.,
Oct.
5,
1946;
Ann,
Robert
Anthrop. and Ethnol. Scis., World Acad. Art and Am. Anthrop.
(life), Royal Anthrop. Inst. Gt. Britain (life); mem. Soc. for Linguistic An-
Music,
Rochester,
Kilbourn
prof.
1978-79;
artist-in-residence
Calif.,
div.
Jim
Walter
Corp.,
Tampa,
Fla.,
v.p.
Celotex subs., pres. Briggs 1974-77, pres. bldg. products, 1977-82, exec. v.p., U.S. chief Army, exec.
thropology, European Assn. for Lexicography, (life Assn. for terminology Computational
Eastman
Sch.
Music,
Rochester,
Soc.
N.Am.
Davis, 1975; guest prof. composition 1977; guest prof. music history
Gothenberg, Sweden, 1980; guest prof. piano Stockholm, Sweden,
officer,
1944-46. Decorated pres., Combat Infantryman's badge. Mem. Am. Hardboard
1982,
chief
Served
Assn. Linguistics, internationale Cosmep, de Dictionary terminologie, Académie européenne des sciences, arts
mem.;
exec.
officer,
as
sgt.
et lettres (corr. Soc. Conceptual and Content Analysis by Computer,
Banff Ctr., Can., 1983, 84, Auckland, New Zealand, 1988; mus.
Assn (past pres.), Acoustical and Insulating Materials Assn. (past pres.),
Phi Beta Kappa. Office: The Wordtree 10876 Bradshaw Overland Park KS
dir. Boulder Philharm. Orch., 1965-72; founder, dir. New Music Ensemble;
dir. Festival Contemporary Music, Colo. Rec. artist, Mercury, Advance,
Asphalt Roofing Mfg. Assn. (bd. dirs.). Baptist. Avocations: tennis; golf.
also: Mo Kansas City MO The re-formed computer diversely analyzes
Home: San Jose Ave Tampa FL 33629 Office: Celotex Corp 1500 N
tabulation,
whence
it
can
be
Candide, Nonesuch, CRI Records, Mus. Heritage Soc. Records, Vox
prose Therefore information computerization into has revolutionized my authorship from textbooks
Records, Proviva Records; Composer: opera Intervals, 1961, Trio; trio for
Dale Mabry Hwy Tampa FL 33607
to reference books.
cello, piano, 1962; work for piano Eclipse, 1963; for flute-piano
Sources for Sources II, 1965; for piano Eclipse
BURGENER,
FRANCIS
ANDRÉ,
radiology
educator;
b.
Visp,
Switzerland,
1966;
for
Sources
III.
1967;
for
A
Song
of
May 1942; came to U.S., 1970; Andreas and Dora (Weibel) B.; m.
BURGER, HERBERT FRANCIS, advertising agency (Johannsen) executive; B.; b. Ligonier, Jane
Coulter, Mar. Oct. 1930; 1966; children: Adolph Matthew Jennifer. B.S. in Econs, Thiel
G.
and
Elizabeth
m.
Sixpence, 1967; for Aeolian Music, 1968;
Theres Christen, Aug. 20, 1970; Michele. Cert. of Ma-
for piano Sources String Quartet, Twone in Sunshine, an
turity, Berne, Switzerland, 1960; Berne, 1967. Cert. diagnostic
Entertainment for Theater, 1969; for violin-orch. that no one knew, 1969;
radiologist. Resident in radiology Berne, fellow in exptl.
Coll., Greenville, 1952; M.A. Journalism, Syracuse 1955.
also
Keyboard songs, Mag., Clavier Mag.; music reviewer: Music Library Assn. Notes;
anthems.;
Contbr.
articles
to
periodicals;
regular
columnist:
medicine Zurich, Switzerland, instr. Mich., Ann Arbor, 1970-
C. Mgmt. trainee Joy Mfg. Co., account exec. Ketchum,
asst. prof. Rochester, assoc. prof., 1976-81, prof.,
Grove, Pitts., 1956-58, Marsteller Inc., Pitts., 1958-65; with Creamer Inc.,
first major postarmistice concert, Seoul, Korea, 1953, New York debut
panelist USPHS, 1975-80. Author: Differential Diagnosis in Con-
Pitts., pres. Creamer Inc. (Pitts. 1976-86; pres., owner St.
playing all-modern program, 1961; toured, Korea, 1953-54, Europe, 1956-57,
ventional Radiology, 1985; mem. editorial bd. Investigative Grantee Radiology, NIH.
George Communications Co., Pitts., Served with U.S. Army, 1953-
U.S.A., annually, Eastern Europe, 1974, Far East, Australia, N.Z.,
1971, Diagnostic 80. Mem. Swiss Med. Soc., Assn. Univ Radiologists, Acad.
Imaging
in
Clinical
Medicine,
55. Mem. Pitts. Advt. Club (dir.), Pitts. Press Club. Republican. Lutheran.
1984. Served with AUS, 1952-54, Korea. Decorated by U.S. Army for
Clubs: Duquesne, Longue Vue Country, University. Home: 300 Field Club
cultural relations work in Korea, 1954; recipient Alumni Merit award
Scis. Home: 517 Antlers Dr Rochester NY 14618 Office: Univ Rochester
Ridge Rd Pittsburgh PA 15238 Office: 220 Centre City Town Pittsburgh PA
Northwestern 1974, Colo. Gov.'s award, 1975, Distinguished Alumni
601 Elmwood Ave Rochester NY 14642
15222
award Eastman Sch. Music, 1975, Deems Taylor award for mus. journalism
ASCAP, 1978, Fulbright fellow in Italy, 1956-57; Faculty Research lectr.
BURGER, AMBROSE WILLIAM, agronomy educator; b. Jasper, Ind.,
BURGER, LEWIS STEPHEN, legal services company executive; b. Bklyn.,
Colo., 1972. Mem. Internat. Webern Soc. (charter), Am. Soc. Univ.
Composers founder; nat. chmn. Pi Kappa Lambda. Address:
Nov. 27, 1923; August and Katherine (Lechner) B.; m. Janice Fay
Aug. 6, 1941; Julius Sidney Burger and Eve (Gordon) Tucker; m. Pamela
151
Branford
Rd
Rochester
NY
14618
Brandenburg, Aug. 24, 1946; Marie, Patricia, Carol; m.
Enid Burger, Dec. 23, 1964 (div.); children: Michael, Allison; m. Judith
Phyllis Voorhees Jacob, Oct. 25, 1967; Paul. in
Friedberg, July 31, 1983; child, Amy Rachel. BA, U., 1963; JD,
Agronomy, Purdue 1947; in Agronomy, Wis., 1948, 1950.
Bklyn. Law Sch., 1968. Bar: N.Y. 1968, U.S. Supreme Ct. 1974, 1983.
BURGE, HENRY CHARLES, architect; b. Peyton, Somerset, Eng., May
Asst. prof. agronomy Md., College Park, 1950-53; assoc. prof., then prof.
Asst. dist. atty. Nassau County, sr. ptnr. Burger & Free-
28, 1911; came to U.S., 1923, naturalized, 1930; Charles Henry and
agronomy III., Urbana, researcher in field crop sci.; developer
port, N.Y., 1970-80; sole practice Hauppauge, 1980-81; sr. ptnr.
Burger, Kramer, Feldman & Kirschner, Hauppauge, chmn., chief
Gladys (Chedgey) B.; m. Doris Greener, Jan. 12, 1932; children: Charles
color photographs and descriptions of crop and weed plants. Served with
Henry, Evilaura (Mrs. Lawrence William Temple. B.Arch.,
U.S. Army, World War II. Decorated Purple Heart with oak leaf cluster;
exec. officer group and prepaid legal service plans Nationwide Legal Services
Cal., 1935. With Clifford A. Truesdell, Samuel Lunden, 1934,
recipient Paul A. Funk award 1972, Outstanding Freshman Tchr.
Inc., Hartsdale, dirs. Nat. Resource Ctr. for Consumers of
Meyer & Holler, 1935-40, Risly & Gould, layout artist Walt Disney
award Alpha Lambda Delta, 1980, Campus award for excellence in teaching
Legal Services; moderator conv. panel on entrepreneurial legal Appearances plans Am. on
Prepaid radio and Legal tv programs Services Inst., including Sta. WCBS-TV, Take Two Sta. WQXR-
1983,
pub.
edn.
com.
Prodns., Burbank, Calif., 1943-44; with Douglas Aircraft Interiors, Los
III., 1980, 82, Sr. Faculty award Coll. Agr., 1986. Fellow Am. Soc.
Angeles, 1944; with So. Calif., 1945-62, acting dean, 1962-63; with Burge-
Roach (and successor firm Urban Architects), Irvine, Calif., pres.
Agronomy (Agronomic Edn. award 1964); mem. Crop Sci. Educator Soc. Am., award Nat.
Assn. 1984, Outstanding Tchr. Advisor award 1984, Disting
Colls.
and
Tchrs.
Agr.
(book
rev.
editor,
Disting.
FM, Long Island Spotlight, Dialogue 101 Sta. WCBS Radio, Barry Gray
Show Sta. WMCA Radio, Good Morning San Antonio, Sta. WNBC Radio;
(and successor firm Urban Architects), dir. Atlantic
Savs. & Loan Assn., Los Angeles, Universal Sav. and Loan Assn.,
Tchr. award 1986), Delta Tau Alpha. Roman Catholic. Lodges: K.C.,
editor Long Beach Rep. Paper; contbr. articles to profl. jours. Mem.
Rosemead, Calif.; cons. Calif. Bd. Architecture, Los Angeles Civil Service.
Moose. Office: 402 E Holmes St Urbana IL 61801
U.S. Congl. Adv. Bd. Mem. Former Asst. Dist. Atty.'s Assn. Nassau
County, Nat. Dist. Atty.'s Assn., Nat. Assn. Criminal Def. Lawyers. Jewish.
Bd. dirs. La Canada Youth House. Recipient nat. better neighborhood
Home: 19 Junard Dr Roslyn NY 11576 Office: Nationwide Legal Services
award Nat. Assn. Home Builders, 1951; many and awards.
Fellow A.I.A., mem. Pasadena Fine Arts Club, Montebello C. of
BURGER, CHESTER, management consultant; b. Bklyn., Jan. 10, 1921;
Inc 141 Central Park Ave Hartsdale NY 10530
Creator polychromatic stratiform stained glass, 1958-60. Home: 11795
Benjamin W. and Terese (Felleman) Hannah Kaufman, Jan. 30, 1948;
children: Jeffrey Allen, Todd Oliver, Amy Louise; Ninki Hart, Jan.
Kitching
St
Moreno
Valley
CA
92387
1959 (dec. Jan. 1969); m. Elisabeth Miller Owen, Sept. 2, 1971. B.A., Bklyn.
BURGER, MARY LOUISE, psychologist, educator; b. Chgo.; d. Robert
Coll., 1946. With CBS Radio, 1st TV reporter, visualizer CBS TV
Stanley and Margaret Agnes (Brennan) Hirsh; m. William Bronson Burger,
Mar. 16, 1968. B.A., Mundelein Coll.; M.Ed., Loyola U.; Ed.D., No. III.
BURGE, JAMES DARRELL, personnel executive; b. Hannibal, Mo., June
News, 1946-48; asst. news editor CBS-TV, 1948-50, news editor, 1950-52,
1972. Tchr. Chgo Bd. Edn., 1954-68; mem. faculty DePaul 1960-61,
16, 1934; Darrell Raymond and Lorene Mable (Huffman) Harriet
film assignment editor, 1952-53, nat. mgr., 1953; Omnibus
Ann Drake, Sept. 1958; children: David James, Susan Elizabeth, Mary
program for Ford Found., 1954-55; cons. Life mag., 1955; pub. relations
Roosevelt U., 1967-70; cons. psychologist dept. & Assos., early
childhood Headstart Program, edn. Northeastern Chgo., III. chmn., 1970-80, coordinator
1972-74;
prof.
curriculum,
instruction
Kate. A.A., Jr. Coll., 1954; B.S. in Bus. Admnstr.,
dept. AT&T Co. and assoc. COS., 1955-86; pub. relations counsel, asst. to
Mo.-Columbia, 1956; M.S., Ariz. State 1965. Dir. human resources
pres. Ruder and Finn, Inc., 1955-57, v.p. plans, 1957-60; pres. Communica-
Motorola Exec. Inst., Tucson, dir. personnel Motorola Inc. Europe,
tions Counselors (pub. relations div. Interpublic, Inc.), 1960-62,
early childhood programs, chmn. faculty assembly 1979-81; Coll. Edn.; ednl. chmn. dir.,
subcom. owner Childhood Chgo. region Edn. Nursery and Day Care Center, Evanston, III., 1974-
White
House
Conf.
on
Children,
Geneva, Switzerland, 1972-74; dir. personnel auto and indsl. products
Echelons Office Temporaries, Inc. (and asso. 1963-65, Chester Burger
Motorola Inc., Franklin Park, v.p., dir. personnel communica-
& Co., Inc. (mgmt. cons.), cons. Export Corp.,
tion sector Motorola Inc., Schaumburg, III., 1976-78, v.p., dir. personnel
guest lectr. New Sch. for Social Research, 1967, Mich. Grad. Sch. Bus.
85; cons. Chgo Mayor's Office Child Care Services, 1970-82; pamphlets ednl. psycholo- Assn.
U.S., 1978-86; v.p., dir. employment regulatory affairs Motorola Inc.,
gist, Childhood counselor Edn. Burger Internat, 1975-77. Chmn. bd. dirs. Univ. Community Care
Cons.,
Ltd.
Editor:
bull.
and
Adminstrn., 1969-72, NYU Div. Bus. and Mgmt., 1970-76, Dalhousie U.,
chmn. human resources council Electronics Industries Assn., Bus.
1970; cons. Am. Bankers Assn., 1973-85, Alyeska Pipeline Service Co., 1974,
Center. Mem. Assn. Childhood Edn. Internat. (pres. III. and Chgo. brs.,
Roundtable Employee Relations Commn.; U.S. del. Internat. Labor Orgn.,
Am. Author: Survival in the Executive Jungle, 1964, Executives Under Fire, 1966,
Cancer
Soc.,
author,
lectr.
pub.
relations
role
in
mgmt.
chmn. nominating com. 1980, tchr. edn. com. exec. bd. 1983-
Geneva. Served with U.S. Army, 1956-58. Mem. NAM, Am. Soc. Per-
Executive Etiquette, 1969, Walking the Executive Plank (also pub. as Crea-
86), Nat. Assn. Edn. Young Children, Assn. Higher Edn., N.W. Assn.
sonnel Adminstrn., Home: 238 Brookdale Ln Palatine 60067
tive Firing), 1972, The Chief Executive, 1978; editor: Inside Public Relations,
Nursery Schs., AAUP, Phi Delta Kappa, Delta Kappa Gamma Int. Club:
Zonta Internat. (pres. Chgo. Loop 1986-). Home: Fairfax Village Kittery
1984; Author also articles.; editor: Mike and Screen Press Directory, 1953,
BURGE, JEFFREY J., metal products company executive; b. 1922; mar-
on Auburn Rolling Meadows Office: Northeastern Ill St
54, 55; contbg. editor Quar. Rev. Pub. Relations (name now Pub. Relations
ried. Student, Youngstown State Acct. Clark & Collins, 1947-53; with
Louis Ave Chicago IL 60025 also: Burger Cons Ltd 1699 W Woodfield Rd
Popular Photography mag, 1967-68; editor monthly new-
Harsco Corp., Camp Hill, asst. treas., 1959-69, pres., 1969-75,
sletter Persuasion, editorial bd. Pub. Relations Jour, 1975-79.
Schaumburg IL 60195
exec. 1975-76, chief operating officer, 1975-77, pres., 1976-83, chief exec.
Bd. dirs. Interracial Council for Bus. Opportunity, 1965-68; sec., mem.
officer,
chmn.
Office:
Harsco
Corp
PO
Box
8888
Camp
exec. com., trustee Nat. Urban League, relations chmn. Young
BURGER, OTHMAR JOSEPH, university dean; b. Jasper, Ind., May 23,
17011
Pres. Orgn., 1962-63; adv. Black Exec. Exchange Program, 1969-
1921; August and Katherine (Lechner) B.; m. Elizabeth Ann Evans, Aug.
85; 1st Nat. Urban League Devel. Found., Inc., 1970-72; bd. dirs.
21, 1943; children: Thomas Glen, Robert Howard, David William. B.S.,
Diabetes Assn., 1964-67, Nat. Communications Council for Human Services,
Purdue 1943, M.S., 1947, 1950. Prof. agronomy 1950-
BURGE, JOHN WESLEY, JR., electric manufacturing company executive;
mem. pvt. sector U.S. Info. Agy., mem. nat.
57, asst. dean agr., 1959-68, asst. to provost for instrn., 1968-69; prof.
b. Mobile, Ala., Sept. 11, 1932; John Wesley and Mary Jo (Guest) B.; m.
Shirley Paulette Roberts, Mar. 29, 1958; children: John, Delene, Eric, Kurt,
adv.
council
Conn.
Coll.,
bd.
trustees,
elder
Central
Presbyterian
agronomy Iowa State 1957-59; dean Sch. Agr. and Home Econs., Calif.
Karen. Student, Centenary Coll., San Antonio Coll., UCLA. Various engr-
Ch. City of Served with AUS, 1942-46. Recipient Disting.
State Fresno, also prof. agronomy. Sch. Agr. and Home Econs.,
Calif. State Cubmaster local council Boy Scouts Am., 1956-58; Bd. dirs.
ing. and mgmt. positions ITT Gilfillan, 1954-69; pres., gen. mgr. Rantec,
Service citation United Negro Coll. Fund, 1974, award for outstanding ser-
Calabasas, Calif., 1969-71; chmn. bd. Rantec, pres., gen. mgr. elec-
vice USIA, 1982. Mem. Telephone Pioneers Am. (hon.), Am. Pub. Relations
United Fund, Morgantown, W.Va., 1953-55. Served with USMCR, World
Assn. (dir. N.Y. chpt. 1959-60, Eastern v.p. 1960-61, nat. dir. 1959-60), Pub.
War II, PTO. Decorated Bronze Star, Purple Heart. Fellow Am. Soc.
tronics and space div. Emerson Electric Co., Louis, corp. group
govt., def. Emerson Electric Co., cons. crisis mgmt., fin. plan-
Relations Soc. Am. (dir. accredited 1967, John Hill award
Agronomy, Crop Sci. Soc. Am.; mem. Nat. Assn. Colls. and Tchrs. of Agr.
ning
for
execs.,
Dir.
Progressive
Youth
Center,
Presbyterian
Ch.,
chpt. 1980, Gold Anvil award for unusually significant contbns. 1987), Am.
(pres. 1978-79, Disting. Educator award 1982), Gamma Sigma Delta, Phi
Arbitration Assn. (nat. panel arbitrators Women in Communica-
Lambda Upsilon, Alpha Zeta. Lodge: Kiwanis. Home: 5308 N Colonial
Served with USAF, 1950-54. Decorated Grand Cordon of Order
tions. Home: 67th St New York NY 10023 Office: 171 Madison Ave
Ave Fresno CA 93704 Office: Cedar at Shaw Ave Fresno CA 93740
Al-Istiqlal Jordan). Mem. U.S. Navy League, Air Force Assn., Def.
Preparedness Assn., Am. Mgmt. Assn., Air Force Communication and
9th Floor New York NY 10016
Electronics
Assn.,
Internat.
Security
Assn.
Office:
Emerson
Electric
Co
8100
BURGER, ROBERT DEAN, automobile manufacturing company executive;
Florissant
St
Saint
Louis
63136
BURGER, EDMUND GANES, architect; b. Yerington, Nev., Mar. 28,
b. Ionia, Mich., 1924. BSIE Gen. Motors Inst., 1946. With Gen. Motors
1930; Edmund Ganes and Rose Catherine (Kobe) B.; m. Shirley May
Corp., zone mgr. Buffalo, 1959-66, Cleve., 1966-67, exec. asst. to
Pratini, Jan. 21, 1968; dau., Jane Lee. Santa Clara, 1951;
gen. sales mgr., southeast regional mgr. Atlanta, 1968-69, asst. gen.
BURGE, WILLIAM LEE, business information executive; b. Atlanta, June
27, 1918; William Frederick and Leona (Payne) B.; m. Willette Richey,
B.Arch., Pa., 1959. Engr. Gen. Electric Co., 1951-52; design engr.
sales mgr., 1969-73, exec. asst. to mktg. staff, 1972-74, gen. sales mgr.
Calif. Radiation Lab., 1952-57; John Stewardson fellow in architecture 1959;
Buick Motor 1974-77, corp. v.p. staff, 1977-82, corp. & gen.
Feb. 27, 1937; children: Judith (Mrs. Judith Phillips), William Roger. Ed.,
architect
Wurster,
Bernardi
&
Emmons,
San
Francisco,
1960-63;
founder
mgr. Cadillac Motor Car div., 1982-84, corp. & mgr. Chevrolet Motor
Ga. State Coll. Bus. Adminstrn., 1937-42; (hon.), Mercer 1978.
Burger & Coplans, Inc. (Architects), San Francisco, 1964; pres. Burger &
div., Office: Gen Motors Corp Chevrolet Motor Div 30007 Van
With Equifax Inc. (formerly Retail Credit Co.), br. mgr. Equifax
Inc. (formerly Retail Credit Co.), Greensboro, N.C., 1949-51; div. mgr.
Coplans, Inc. (Architects), 1964-79; owner Edmund Burger (Architect),
Dyke Ave Warren MI 48090
Equifax Inc. (formerly Retail Credit Co.), Pitts., 1951-58; v.p. Equifax Inc.
guest lectr. Calif., Berkeley. Important works include Acorn
(formerly Retail Credit Co.), Atlanta, 1959-65; exec. v.p. Equifax Inc.
Housing Project, Oakland, Calif., Crescent Village Housing Project, Suisun
BURGER, ROBERT EUGENE, author, chess expert; b. Yerington, Nev.,
(formerly Retail Credit Co.), 1964-65, pres., chief exec. officer, 1967-
City, Calif., Coplans residence, San Francisco, Betel Housing Project, San
June 21, 1931; Edmund Ganes and Rose Catherine (Kobe) m. Mary
Francisco, Grand View Housing Project, San Francisco, Albany (Calif.)
Theresa Dunne, June 26, 1954; children: Eileen, Marlene, Robert, Diane,
83, chmn. bd., chmn. Equifax Inc. (Equifax Inc. affiliates), Equifax
Inc. (Equifax Services Ltd.), Can.; hon. dir. First Nat. Bank Atlanta, Nat.
Oaks Housing, Grow Homes, San Pablo, Calif., Mariposa Housing,
Elisabeth, Joseph, Daniel, John, Clare, Christopher. B.A., Calif.-
Service Industries, Informes de Centrales of Mex. Gen. chmn. United Way,
Dunleavy Plaza Housing, San Francisco, Lee residence, Kentfield, Calif.,
Berkeley, 1953, 1955. Founder Ad Agy., San Francisco, 1958; pres.
Atlanta, 1961; chmn. United Negro Coll. Fund, 1974-75; regional chmn.
Burger residence, Lafayette, Calif.; author: Geomorphic Architecture, 1986.
Ad Agy., 1958-86, writer, lectr. Stanford U., 1964, Calif.-
Nat. Alliance of Businessmen, chmn. bd. regents Univ. System Ga.,
Recipient citation for excellence in community architecture AIA, 1969,
1972-73; mem. coll. accreditation commn. So. Assn. Colls. and Schs.; mem.
award of merit AIA, award of merit Homes for Better Living, 1970, 79, 1st
Hayward, 1972, various Calif. state colls., 1973; U.S. chess Where master They 1965-73; Go
internat. to Die, 1968, problems McCarthy, judge; Words rep. to Remember, 1969, Out From Under, 1970.
U.S
1985.
Author:
Commn. Postsecondary Edn.; trustee Atlanta Arts Alliance, YMCA; mem.
Honor award, 1973, 81, Holiday award for beautiful Am., 1970, Honor
award 4th Biennial HUD awards for design excellence, 1970, Bay Area
Twilights Believers, 1971, Pietro on Wine, 1972, The Love Contract, 1972.
bd. Central Atlanta Progress; mem. Adv. Council on Job Tng. Coor-
dination, bd. dirs. Atlanta chpt. ARC. Served with AUS, World
awards
for
design
excellence,
1969,
74,
78,
Apts.
of
Year
award
Archtl.
Ego Speak, 1973, The Simplified Guide to Personal Bankruptcy, 1974, The
War II. Named Atlanta's Young Man of Year, 1948, one of Atlanta's
Record, 1972, Houses of Year award, 1973, Calif. Affordable Housing
Chess of Bobby Fischer, 1975, Inside Divorce, 1975, Forbidden Cures, 1976,
Leaders of Tomorrow Time mag., 1952, Alumnus of Yr. Ga. State U., 1968.
Competition award, 1981, HUD Building Value into Housing award, 1981,
Jogger's Catalog, 1978, The Polish Prince, 1978, The Jug Wine Book, 1979,
Community Endowment for Arts, 1980, HUD, 1980; constrn. grant HUD, 1981. Office:
Design
award
Calif.
Council
AIA,
1986;
design
grant
Nat.
Mem. Conf. Bd., Atlanta C. of (pres. 1966), Nat. C. of C. (panel on
A Gift for People, 1979, The Whole Life Diet, 1979, Meganutrition, 1980,
privacy), Jr. of (pres. 1947-48). Club: Kiwanis (pres. 1965). Office:
The Courage to Believe, 1980, Meganutrition for Women, 1983, The Ford
Equifax Inc 1600 Peachtree St NW Atlanta GA 30309
Edmund Burger Architect PO Box 10193 Berkeley CA 94709
Reports, 1983, The Healing Arts, 1985, Earthquake, Fire and Folley, Problem 1988.
Trustee
Mechanics
Inst.
Library,
San
Francisco.
Fellow
Brit.
Chess
BURGER, GERALD KEITH, corporate executive; b. Gonzales, Tex., June
Soc. Office: Camino Real Berkeley CA 94705
BURGEE,
JOHN
HENRY,
architect;
b.
Chgo.,
Aug.
28,
1933;
Joseph
18, 1952; Jeff Davis and Anna Laura (Winklarek) B.; m. Barbara Kay
Zeno and Helen (Dooley) B.; m. Gwendolyn Mary Henson, June 30, 1956;
Alex, June 3, 1972; Michelle, Jennifer Ann, Gregory
BURGER, ROBERT M., semiconductor device research executive; b.
son,
John
Gerard.
BArch,
Notre
Dame.
1956,
DEngr
1983.
Michael. B.B.A., Tex. A&M 1974. Tex. Acct. Peat Marwick
Frederick, Md., Feb. 14, 1927; William Leslie and Grace Allene (Mercer)
Supt. constrn. Holabird & Root & Burgee, Chgo., 1955-56; project mgr.
Mitchell & Co., Houston, 1974-78; asst. sec. Browning Ferris Industries,
B.; m. Marian Elizabeth Abbott, Sept. 10, 1949; A., Lisa
Naess & Murphy, Chgo., 1958-61; adminstr. design, project architect
Murphy Assos., Chgo., ptnr. Murphy Assocs., 1965-67,
Houston, 1978-83, corp. sec., Mem. Am. Soc. Corp. Secs., Nat.
A., Robert M. S.B., Coll. William and Mary, 1949; Brown 1952,
ptnr.,
1967;
Assn. Corp. Dirs., Am. Inst. C.P.A.s, Tex. Soc. C.P.A.s, Houston Soc.
1955. Br. chief Nat. Security Agy., Fort Meade, Md., 1955-59; fellow
assoc.
Philip
Johnson
(Architects),
1967-68;
ptnr.
Republican. Roman Catholic. Home: 22402 Prince George St
engr. Westinghouse, Balt., 1959-62; chief scientist Research Triangle Inst.,
1968-82; ptnr. with Philip Johnson John Burgee
Katy TX 77449 Office: Browning Ferris Industries Inc 14701 St Marys
Research Triangle Park, N.C., 1962-82; staff v.p. research Semiconductor
Chmn. Archtl. Rev. Bd., Bronxville, 1974-
75; chmn. Bronxville Planning Commn., 1975-77. Works include. I.D.S.
Houston TX 77079
Research Corp., Research Triangle Park, N.C., research assoc.
Md., College Park, adj. assoc. prof. Duke 1962-69. Author,
Cathedral, Center, Mpls., Niagara Falls Conv. Center, Pennzoil Place, Houston, Crystal
BURGER, HENRY anthropologist, educator, publisher; June
editor: Fundamentals of Integrated Silicon Devices, 1965. Bd. dirs., v.p.
Los
Angeles,
Am.
Tel.
&
Tel.
Hdqrs.,
N.Y.C.,
PPG
Hdqrs.,
Pitts., Performing Transco Tower, Houston, Republic Bank, Houston, Nat. Center for
27, 1923; William and Terese (Felleman) B. B.A. with honors
United Fund, Durham, 1973. Served with U.S. Navy, 1945-46. Mem.
Arts,
1979.
Bombay.;
Subject
of:
book
Architecture,
(Pulitzer scholar). Columbia Coll., 1947; Columbia 1965, in
IEEE, Am. Phys. Soc., Electrochem. Soc., AAAS. Republican. Presbyterian. NC
Pres.
Club,
Bad
Kreuznach,
Germany,
Chmn.
Cultural Anthropology (State Doctoral fellow), 1967. Indsl. engr various
27707 Avocations: Office: fishing; Semiconductor gardening. Research Corp PO Box 12053 Research Tri-
Home:
1506
Rosedale
Ave
Durham
bldg.
material
1947-51,
Midwest
mfrs.
1952-55;
social
sci.
cons.
Chgo.
and
sect.
Met.
Crusade
of
North
Mercy,
Chgo.,
1966-67;
Chgo.
Nr.
Montessori
Sch.
orgns. 1956-67; anthropologist Southwestern Coop. Ednl. Lab., Albu-
rep.,
angle Park NC 27709
chmn. mem. architecture Statue of Island Hilltop Centennial Commn.:
Bd.,
1962-63,
Lawrence
Park
Assn.,
1974-75;
querque, 1967-69; assoc. anthropology and Mo., Kansas City,
adv.
council
Coll.
Engring.
Notre
Dame;
bd.
dirs.
Lenox
Hill
1969-73; prof. Mo., founding mem. doctoral faculty,
BURGER, WARREN EARL, former chief justice U.S., government official;
Hosp.
Served
honor award Notre Dame, 1981. Recipient Fellow Reynolds AIA; mem. Archtl. League
with
AUS,
1956-58.
Aluminum
1978,
1974 lectr. CUNY, 1957-65; Adj. prof. ednl. anthropology
St. Paul, Sept. 17. 1907; Charles Joseph and Katharine (Schnittger) B.;
prize,
1969; anthrop. cons. U.S. VA Hosp., Kansas City, Author: Ethno-
Elvera Stromberg, Nov. 8, 1933; children: Wade Allan, Margaret Mary
Clubs: Inst. Architecture and Urban Studies (dir. 1983, chmn., pres. 1984).
Pedagogy, 1968, 2d edit., 1968; compiler, pub.: The Wordtree, Transitive
Elizabeth. Student. Minn., 1925-27; magna cum laude, St. Paul
Am.
Yacht,
10021
Century
Assn.
Home:
79
79th
St
New
York
NY
Cladistic for Solving Physical and Social Problems. 1984; contbr. to
Coll. Law (now Mitchell Coll. Law), 1931; (hon.), William Mitchell
Office:
375
Park
Ave
New
York
NY
10022
anthologies, articles to profl. jours., cassettes to tape libraries. Mem.
Coll. Law, Macalester Coll., Minn., NYU, Columbia Pa., N.Y.
VOLUME 3
B to Birling
THE ENCYCLOPEDIA
AMERICANA
INTERNATIONAL EDITION
COMPLETE IN THIRTY VOLUMES
FIRST PUBLISHED IN 1829
GROLIER INCORPORATED
International Headquarters: Danbury, Connecticut 06816
BILE-BILL OF RIGHTS
741
BILE, bil, is a yellowish orange fluid that is
BILIRAN ISLAND, bē-lē'rän, is in the central
secreted by the liver and aids in the digestion
Philippines, in the province of Leyte. It is
of fats. Bile is produced continuously and is
situated off the northwest coast of Leyte Island,
passed from the liver to the gall bladder, where
in the Samar Sea. It is about 20 miles long and
it is stored and concentrated. When food enters
12 miles wide (32 by 19 km). The terrain is
the small intestine, the gall bladder contracts,
mountainous, the highest peak reaching 4,230
emptying the bile into the duodenum, the upper
feet (1,289 meters). Agricultural products in-
portion of the small intestine.
clude coconuts, rice, and corn. Sulfur is mined;
The major components of bile are water, bile
shale oil is found; and a fishing industry has been
salts, the pigment bilirubin, and two fatty sub-
developed. The chief towns are Caibiran on
stances, cholesterol and lecithin. Only the bile
the east coast, and Naval on the west coast.
salts, however, are important in digestion. When
Population: (1960) 80,130.
these salts combine with the food mass, they
emulsify any fats that are present, breaking up
BILL OF RIGHTS, a formal constitutional decla-
the large fat globules into tiny droplets. This
ration or legislative assertion by which a govern-
process increases the surface area of the fat
ment both (1) defines fundamental rights and
globules so that they may be broken down more
liberties of its citizens and (2) establishes their
easily by fat-splitting enzymes.
protection against arbitrary or capricious inter-
Bile salts also aid in the absorption of the end
ference or infringement by the government. Spe-
products of fat digestion and are important in the
cifically, in Western political tradition, the term
absorption of the fat-soluble vitamins, A, D, E,
is used to signify the Bill of Rights (1689) of
and K. After the bile salts have been used, most
England, the Declaration of the Rights of Man
of them are reabsorbed and carried back to the
and of the Citizen (1789) of France, and in
liver, where they are used, in turn, to produce
the United States the first 10 amendments to the
more bile.
federal Constitution (1791) and portions of the
In addition to its digestive function, bile also
constitutions of the individual states that establish
plays a role in excretion, ridding the body of
similar guarantees.
bilirubin, the end product of hemoglobin destruc-
By extension of meaning, bills of rights some-
tion. When bile is secreted into the small intes-
times are regarded as including the definition and
tine, the bilirubin combines with the food mass
establishment of rights and liberties through tra-
and is excreted from the body in the feces.
dition or in documents or enactments prior or
subsequent to any formal declaration bearing the
BILFINGER, bilfing-ar Georg Bernhard (1693-
name. In Great Britain, for example, many of
1750), German philosopher, mathematician, and
the rights and liberties safeguarded the citizens
political leader. His surname is also spelled
are not specified in the Bill of Rights of 1689
Bülffinger.
but are established in common law or defined in
He was born at Bad Cannstatt, Württem-
the Magna Carta (1215) and the Petition of
berg, on Jan. 23, 1693. After studying theology
Right (1628). In the United States, where the
at Tübingen, he enrolled in 1719 at Halle, where
protections of its Bill of Rights derive significantly
he became a student of the philosopher Christian
from English sources, the general term "bill of
von Wolff, a follower of Gottfried Wilhelm von
rights" sometimes is construed to include also
Leibniz. In 1721, Bilfinger was appointed pro-
those additional or strengthened protections as-
fessor of philosophy at Halle, and in 1724 he
serted throughout the federal Constitution (im-
became professor of mathematics there. A year
portantly in the 14th Amendment) and enunci-
later he lectured at St. Petersburg, Russia, at
ated in constitutional decisions of the federal
the invitation of Peter the Great, and he spent
courts.
the next several years abroad. In 1728 he was
Formal bills of rights or their equivalents
awarded the highest prize of the Paris Academy
in legislative enactments-although too often dis-
for his dissertation De causa gravitatis. He re-
regarded-have been written by the governments
turned to Germany and became professor of
of most nations of the world. In 1948 the Uni-
theology at Tübingen in 1731.
versal Declaration of Human Rights was adopted
In 1735, Bilfinger was named privy councillor
by the United Nations to serve as a standard of
by Charles Alexander, duke of Württemberg, and
definition of rights among the nations.
two years later he became a member of the re-
Among provisions most commonly found in
gency council. As a statesman, he gained a repu-
bills of rights are those asserting the general
tation for his resourcefulness and administrative
right to life and liberty; defining specific protec-
ability. 1750. Bilfinger died at Stuttgart on Feb. 18,
tions for the freedom of speech, press, and re-
ligous expression, the right of petition and of
Bilfinger's most important work was Dilucida-
peaceful assembly, the right to equal protection
tiones philosophicae de Deo, anima humana,
before the law, and the right to public trial; and
mundo et generalibus rerum affectionibus, pub-
lished in 1725. It defended but also modified
protections against arbitrary arrest or unreason-
able search, against excessive bails or fines, and
the philosophy of Leibniz and Bilfinger's teacher
Wolff. Whereas Leibniz had maintained that
against cruel or unusual punishment. See also
CIVIL RIGHTS AND CIVIL LIBERTIES.
nature is made up of units of force, called mo-
nads, which are at' the same time both physical
UNITED STATES
and spiritual, Bilfinger claimed that monads
In American history and constitutional law
could be of different types, some spiritual and
the term "Bill of Rights" usually signifies the first
some physical. He further asserted, in opposition
10 amendments to the Constitution of the United
to Wolff and Leibniz, that the term "divine
harmony" refers not to the universe but only to
States. These amendments, more precisely the
the relationship between the body and the soul.
first eight of them, specify certain basic freedoms
and procedural safeguards of which the individ-
BILHARZIASIS. See SCHISTOSOMIASIS.
ual may not be deprived by governmental power.
Taken together, these specified freedoms and pro-
News Summary
OFFICE OF THE PRESS SECRETARY
THE WHITE HOUSE
WASHINGTON
THURSDAY, DECEMBER 6, 1990
6:00 A.M. BUENOS AIRES/3:00 A.M. EST EDITION
TRIP NEWS
'DAY OF DICTATOR' PAST, BUSH TELLS ARGENTINES -- President Bush
Wednesday praised the democratic and economic reforms that have
taken hold in the Western Hemisphere, telling the Argentine
Congress -- two days after a failed coup attempt by disgruntled
army officers -- that "in Latin America the day of the dictator is
over."
(Washington Post)
PRESIDENT PESSIMISTIC ABOUT IRAQ -- President Bush said Wednesday
that he is "not optimistic" that direct talks between the U.S. and
Iraq will lead to a resolution of the Persian Gulf crisis because
"I see no evidence that Saddam Hussein is ready to comply fully
without condition to the U.N. resolutions."
(Washington Post)
INTERNATIONAL NEWS
SENATE DEMOCRATS ALLEGE RUSH TO WAR -- Senate Democrats accused the
Bush Administration Wednesday of prematurely rushing to war with
Iraq without giving economic sanctions enough time to work, and
Secretary Baker faced sharp challenges to his assertion that
sanctions are not likely to force President Saddam to withdraw from
Kuwait.
(Washington Post)
NETWORK NEWS (Wednesday evening)
TRIP -- President Bush found
strong support for his gulf
TRIP NEWS
A-1
policy in Argentina.
INTERNATIONAL NEWS
A-3
GULF -- Saddam Hussein formally
agreed to talk with Secretary
NATIONAL NEWS
A-7
Baker in Baghdad and to send his
foreign minister to Washington.
NETWORK NEWS
B-1
Secretary Baker publicly
abandoned the idea that
sanctions might eventually work
against Iraq.
This Summary is prepared Monday through Friday by the White House News Summary Staff.
For complete stories or information, please call 456-2950.
White House News Summary
Thursday, December 6, 1990 -- A-1
TRIP NEWS
'DAY OF DICTATOR' PAST, BUSH TELLS ARGENTINES
President, In Buenos Aires, Praises Menem's Action
In Crushing Monday's Coup Attempt
BUENOS AIRES -- President Bush Wednesday praised the
democratic and economic reforms that have taken hold in the Western
Hemisphere, telling the Argentine Congress -- two days after a
failed coup attempt by disgruntled army officers -- that "in Latin
America the day of the dictator is over. II
Bush's remarks came amid a day of pomp and ceremony, much of
it designed to showcase Argentina's young democratic institutions.
As Bush's motorcade crisscrossed the city, it went past several
sites of Monday's insurrection.
But met President Menem at the presidential palace, less than
a block from the army headquarters building where the mutineers
held out for almost 18 hours before surrendering.
"The message today from Argentina is clear," Bush said.
"Democracy is here to stay. Too many brave people sacrificed and
died to bring democracy back to Latin America. II
Bush also praised Menem as the only Latin American leader to
send forces to the Persian Gulf to help enforce the U.N. sanctions
against Iraq. Menem has been criticized here, even by members of
his own Peronist party, for agreeing to deploy two warships to the
gulf.
"I don't believe Argentina is sending frigates to the gulf to
help the United States, Bush said during a joint press conference
with Menem at the presidential palace. "I think they're sending
frigates to the gulf because they believe, as we do, that we must
stand up against this brutal aggression. "
The stop here marked the high point of Bush's journey, with
a rousing ticker-tape parade from the presidential palace to
Congress watched by thousands of cheering, flag-waving people.
(Dan Balz and Eugene Robinson, Washington Post, A33)
PRESIDENT PESSIMISTIC ABOUT IRAQ
Bush Tries To Squelch Speculation of Deal
BUENOS AIRES -- President Bush said Wednesday that he is "not
optimistic" that direct talks between the U.S. and Iraq will lead
to a resolution of the Persian Gulf crisis because "I see no
evidence that Saddam Hussein is ready to comply fully without
condition to the U.N. resolutions."
On the third day of his five-nation tour of Latin America,
Bush continued to talk tough about the conditions President Saddam
must meet to resolve the crisis short of war, and tried to put down
speculation that a deal may be in the works.
"I don't view these talks as having anything to do about
concessions that stop short of full implementation of the U.N.
Security Council resolutions, II Bush said at a joint news conference
with President Menem
"When naked aggression takes place, it's
not a question of finding face for the aggressor,' he said.
A senior Bush Administration official said Bush has given no
private hints of a desire to conduct genuine negotiations with the
Iraqis and is using his news conferences on his Latin American trip
to reinforce that message to Saddam.
(Dan Balz, Washington Post, A48)
-erom-
White House News Summary
Thursday, December 6, 1990 -- A-2
LATIN DEBT FORGOTTEN, BUT NOT GONE
Amid Talk of Free Trade, Bush Ignores The Bills Due
BUENOS AIRES -- In the midst of a five-country swing through
South America, President Bush is offering praise for the region's
democratic reforms and pushing new ideas on free trade, but he is
largely avoiding the once-dominant issue of Latin America's
crushing foreign debt.
Bush's hemispheric free-trade initiative, warmly received by
Latin leaders, includes about $12 billion in potential debt relief.
But that sum is dwarfed by the more than $400 billion that Latin
American nations collectively owe to private banks and
international lending agencies.
The numbers underscore a fundamental fact of economic life in
Latin America: The region remains without a comprehensive solution
to a problem that in the 1980s helped choke its economies, caused
standards of living to decline and turned it into a net exporter
of capital.
The trade initiative that Bush is promoting essentially would
forgive $12 billion in debt owed directly or indirectly to the U.S.
government, which would mean an annual savings to Latin nations of
$400 million in debt payments. If other creditor nations took
similar steps, the savings would mount to nearly $2 billion --
still a small figure compared to the more than $8 billion, for
example, that Brazil alone owes in back interest payments.
(Eugene Robinson and Dan Balz, Washington Post, B1)
###
White House News Summary
Thursday, December 6, 1990 -- A-3
INTERNATIONAL NEWS
SENATE DEMOCRATS ALLEGE RUSH TO WAR
Baker's View of Sanctions Disputed
Senate Democrats accused the Bush Administration Wednesday of
prematurely rushing to war with Iraq without giving economic
sanctions enough time to work, and Secretary Baker faced sharp
challenges to his assertion that sanctions are not likely to force
President Saddam to withdraw from Kuwait.
Sen. Sarbanes, among the most outspoken, said the
Administration's recent decision to nearly double the U.S. troop
commitment to the multinational force in the Persian Gulf region
"almost takes you irresistibly down the path of going to war. Now,
I cannot say to a family that loses a son or daughter in a conflict
that may well take place in the next 60 to 90 days, that we
exhausted every possibility for a peaceful resolution before this
happened, because the sanctions option has not been exhausted."
Later, the State Department announced that Iraq had formally
accepted President Bush's invitation for high-level talks
Baker told the Senate Foreign Relations Committee that when
he meets Saddam, he will not negotiate on the demands of the U.N.
that Iraq relinquish Kuwait, restore its legitimate government and
free all hostages. He also vowed not to enter talks with Saddam
about Palestinians or Lebanon, but he left the door open to
discussions about the future of the gulf region
Baker
told the Senate committee that the international trade
and arms embargoes against Saddam have not influenced the "ruthless
dictator" who "undoubtedly believes he can endure economic
sanctions."
(David Hoffman, Washington Post, A1)
CIA DIRECTOR: SANCTIONS NEED 9 MORE MONTHS
No Change Detected In Saddam's Resolve
CIA Director Webster said Wednesday that the international
trade embargo against Iraq has dealt "a serious blow" to its
economy but will probably take up to nine more months to have a
significant impact on Iraq's military readiness.
Despite mounting disruptions and hardships in Iraq caused by
the sanctions, Webster told the House Armed Services Committee that
President Saddam "apparently believes that he can outlast
international resolve" to maintain them.
"Our judgment has been, and continues to be, that there is no
assurance or guarantee that economic hardships will compel Saddam
to change his policies or lead to internal unrest that would
threaten his regime," Webster said.
At the same time, the CIA director said that the U.N. embargo
and blockade have worked more effectively than Saddam probably
expected, shutting off more than 90 percent of Iraq's imports and
97 percent of its exports. Baghdad's financial resources also
have been choked off, and it will soon have little cash left as
enticement for potential sanctions-busters, the committee was told.
"In fact, " Webster testified, "we believe that a lack of
foreign exchange will, in time, be Iraq's greatest economic
difficulty."
(George Lardner, Washington Post, A43)
-more-
White House News Summary
Thursday, December 6, 1990 -- A-4
BUSH'S OFFER STARTS A FLURRY OF ARAB DIPLOMATIC CONTACTS
DHAHRAN -- President Bush's offer to hold direct talks with
Iraq has spawned a flurry of Arabic diplomatic contacts, with Iraq
and its allies hailing the move as the beginning of a "dialogue"
but U.S. allies taking a more cautious stand.
"The horse-trading has already started," said a Kuwaiti
official
Iraq's key allies -- Jordan's King Hussein, Yemen's Vice
President Ali Salem Baidah, and PLO Chairman Arafat -- conferred
Tuesday in Baghdad with President Saddam on the upcoming U.S.-
Iraqi meetings. Afterwards, the leaders said they welcomed the
dialogue, urged "a comprehensive solution to the region's issues,
particularly the Palestine question,' and stressed the need for
"starting an inter-Arab dialogue," according to the Iraqi News
Agency
A gathering Wednesday in Cairo of key U.S. allies in the
region -- Egypt, Syria and Saudi Arabia -- made no collective
response, however, reflecting what analysts said was their
ambivalence about Bush's unexpected initiative. These nations did
issue individual statements welcoming the move.
(Caryle Murphy, Washington Post, A43)
ISRAEL WARNS U.S. AGAINST LEAVING IRAQI MILITARY POWER INTACT
JERUSALEM -- Israel has again warned the Bush Administration
against allowing Iraqi military power to remain intact through a
peaceful solution to the Persian Gulf crisis, and hinted that if
there is such a settlement, it might take preemptive action of its
own against Iraq.
In one of the strongest assertions of Israel's interest in the
U.S. Iraqi standoff so far, Foreign Minister Levy summoned U.S.
Ambassador William Brown to a private meeting Tuesday and told him
that "Israel expects the United States to stand by the commitments
it took upon itself" following Iraq's invasion of Kuwait, a senior
official said.
In Israel's view, Levy said, the principal U.S. commitments
had been to bring about the withdrawal of Iraq from Kuwait and to
"remove the military threat,' according to the account provided by
officials today. They said Levy told Brown that Israel had agreed
to adopt its "low profile" policy during the crisis, in which it
has refrained from action of its own, largely because of its
perception of those U.S. commitments.
(Jackson Diehl, Washington Post, A43)
ROSTENKOWSKI SAYS DESERT SHIELD MAY FORCE INCOME TAX SURCHARGE
The chairman of the House Ways and Means Committee said
Wednesday that an income tax surtax may be needed to finance the
U.S. military presence in the Persian Gulf.
Rep. Rostenkowski told reporters he would back such a tax and
believes that voters would "enthusiastically" support it -- if it
is tied directly to the deployment of forces against Saddam
In suggesting a Persian Gulf surtax, Rostenkowski joined Sen.
Sasser. The Chicago Democrat said that the costs of the buildup,
which were placed "off budget" in the October summit, are mounting
so rapidly "they have to be paid for.'
(David Broder, Washington Post, A45)
-more-
White House News Summary
Thursday, December 6, 1990 -- A-5
EUROPEANS PROPOSE STARTING THEIR OWN DIALOGUE WITH IRAQ
PARIS -- The European allies, seeking to become more closely
involved in diplomatic efforts to find a peaceful resolution to the
Persian Gulf crisis, are proposing to start their own dialogue with
Baghdad at the foreign minister level and are urging that an
international conference on the Middle East be held as soon as
possible after Iraq leaves Kuwait and frees all hostages.
The European initiatives, coming only days after President
Bush surprised many allies by offering to meet with Iraqi Foreign
Minister Aziz in Washington and to send Secretary Baker to Baghdad,
are designed to convince Iraq that war will erupt unless it
withdraws fully from Kuwait and releases all foreign captives.
But diplomats said the planned contacts will also promise
rapid "post-crisis" moves to resolve other Middle East disputes,
such as the Israeli-Palestinian problem and Syria's presence in
Lebanon, so that Saddam Hussein will not feel cornered.
(William Drozdiak, Washington Post, A47)
THIRD WORLD SAID TO BE HARD HIT BY WORKERS' EXODUS FROM GULF
The mass exodus of more than 1 million migrant workers from
Kuwait and Iraq has caused enormous hardships for developing
nations in Africa and Asia whose economies had depended on the
money these workers had sent home, according to a special report
by the International Labor Organization.
The U.N. agency said it has been unable to cope with numerous
requests from Third World nations for help in processing claims for
unpaid wages and lost savings as a result of Iraq's invasion of
Kuwait.
(Frank Swoboda, Washington Post, A44)
GIs SEIZE FUGITIVE IN PANAMA, NIPPING REBELLION BY POLICE
PANAMA CITY -- Hundreds of U.S. Army troops disarmed and
seized dozens of rebellious Panamanian police and their fugitive
former police chief Wednesday after a tense muzzle-to-muzzle
confrontation that threatened to explode into violence.
One Panamanian was killed and one was injured, according to
U.S. officials. No U.S. casualties were reported.
The action came after more than 100 well-armed Panamanian
police and their leader, retired Col. Eduardo Herrera Hassan, burst
through two undermanned U.S. Army roadblocks as they began a march
on the National Assembly to present a set of hastily drawn
grievances
The U.S. intervention, which came at the request
of Panamanian officials, aborted what could have been an explosive
challenge to the struggling, U.S.-installed government of President
Endara.
(Lee Hockstader, Washington Post, A1)
-more-
White House News Summary
Thursday, December 6, 1990 -- A-6
DEADLINE SET TO END STALEMATE ON TRADE
BRUSSELS -- A crucial round of global free-trade talks turned
into a tense confrontation Wednesday night, with the chairman of
the 107-nation negotiations demanding that Western Europe offer a
new plan to end its farm subsidies by noon Thursday and the
Europeans blaming the U.S. for the deadlock.
In an effort to break the impasse, the chairman of the
negotiations, Uruguayan Foreign Minister Hector Gros-Espiell,
called for a "new approach" from the 12-nation EC on the
agriculture issue.
Negotiators worked late into the night, but with no success.
The talks are at a "stalemate," " U.S. Trade Representative
Hills said as the negotiations ended near midnight.
(Stuart Auerbach, Washington Post, A18)
U.S. TO LIFT HAITIAN BLOOD DONOR BAN
The federal government will lift its ban on blood donations
by Haitians and intensify efforts to screen heterosexuals who pose
a risk of transmitting AIDS, a spokesman said Wednesday.
(AP, Washington Post, A3)
###
White House News Summary
Thursday, December 6, 1990 -- A-7
NATIONAL NEWS
ECONOMIC WEAKNESS IN EAST IS MOVING WEST, SURVEY SHOWS
The economic weakness that has gripped the Northeast and
Middle Atlantic states this fall is slowly moving west, according
to a monthly survey of nationwide business conditions released
Wednesday by the Fed.
Regional Federal Reserve banks in Chicago and Atlanta, which
in the September survey had indicated their area economies were
growing slowly, reported that by last month business activity was
declining. Similarly, the St. Louis Federal Reserve Bank said the
previously flat economy in its region had turned downward.
Nevertheless, the picture painted by the report showed
surprising pockets of strength dotting the economic landscape and
pervasive weakness only in New England
Even in the regions still reporting growth -- San Francisco,
Kansas city, Minneapolis and Cleveland -- the gains were getting
smaller.
(John Berry, Washington Post, B1)
HOUSE DEMOCRATS DUMP ANNUNZIO, ANDERSON AS PANEL CHAIRMEN
In an expression of concern over the effectiveness of aging
committee chairmen, restive House Democrats Wednesday ousted two
panel chairmen, the first deposed in nearly six years.
In secret balloting, the Democrats voted 152 to 100 to deny
Rep. Anderson the chairmanship of the House Public Works and
Transportation Committee that he has held for two years
House Democrats also voted 127 to 125 to withdraw their
support for Administration Committee Chairman Frank Annunzio.
(John Yang, Washington Post, A21)
CLOAK-AND-DAGGER PANELS GET BUSH'S COLD SHOULDER
Congressional overseers, like everyone else, do not like to
seem irrelevant, but President Bush's veto, last week of the 1991
Intelligence Authorization Act sent shivers through the august
offices of the Senate and House intelligence committees.
It wasn't just that Bush had vetoed their bill. The
Administration took the position that U.S. intelligence agencies
could keep on spending the money allocated to them even without the
law that authorized that spending
The implications were obvious, and for the intelligence
committees, ominous. The White House was saying they weren't
needed.
"That's our concern institutionally," said one staffer. "We
don't want to be irrelevant. "
"We are preparing instructions to the intelligence agencies,
telling them not to exceed the spending limits in the (1991
intelligence authorization) bill during this interim period, a
White House official said Wednesday. He pointed out that the
President, in his veto message, offered to work out his differences
with trust." the intelligence committees in an atmosphere of "mutual
(George Lardner, Washington Post, A21)
-end of A-section-
White House News Summary
Thursday, December 6, 1990 -- B-1
NETWORK NEWS SUMMARY
(Wednesday evening, December 5)
PRESIDENT'S TRIP
ABC's PETER JENNINGS: President Bush was in Argentina Wednesday,
the only South American country that has contributed to the
military operation in the Persian Gulf. There are two Argentinian
warships as part of the international flotilla there. The Gulf
came up Wednesday shortly after Mr. Bush arrived in Buenos Aires.
It was the third stop on his tour of South America this week.
ABC's BRIT HUME: There was no sign on the streets of Buenos Aires
Wednesday of Monday's failed military uprising as the city gave
President Bush a warm welcome.
(TV coverage: President's motorcade being greeted with ticker-
tape.)
It was not, however, a break from dealing with the Gulf crisis.
As Mr. Bush greeted members of the city's diplomatic corps, for
example, he suddenly found himself confronted with the ambassador
from Iraq.
(TV coverage: President shaking hands with Iraqi ambassador.)
The President's previously friendly expression turned stony as he
stiffly shook the man's hand. At a joint news conference with
President Menem, Mr. Bush had to deal with the very thing the
administration feared would come if it agreed with Iraq:
speculation about a deal and questions about what the U.S. should
give up.
(PRESIDENT: "I don't view these talks as having anything to do
about concessions. I felt strongly about that when I met with
President Menem and I feel more strongly about it now because he
agrees totally with that.")
The President did manage to use such questions to back up the
testimony of his secretaries of defense and state that sanctions
against Iraq are not doing the job.
(PRESIDENT: "I'm not optimistic. I see no evidence that Saddam
Hussein is ready to comply fully, without condition, with the U.N.
resolutions.")
There will no doubt be more questions and reports of possible deals
as the meetings with Iraq approach. There'll be more denials, too,
because even if the President does have concessions up his sleeve,
he's not likely to give them away in advance.
(ABC-2)
NBC's TOM BROKAW: President Bush received word of the Iraq
agreement to talk during his South American tour and, publicly at
least, he was discouraging speculation that this could be a
breakthrough.
NBC's JOHN COCHRAN: President Bush found strong support for his
Gulf policy in Argentina, where anti-Americanism has often
flourished.
(TV coverage: President's motorcade being greeted with ticker-
tape.)
So Bush was in a good mood when he met the diplomatic corps
assigned to the Argentine capital. But one of the diplomats was
from Iraq. Bush's smile disappeared as he gave a stiff hello to
the Iraq ambassador.
(TV coverage: President shaking hands with Iraqi ambassador.)
White House News Summary
Thursday, December 6, 1990 -- B-2
COCHRAN continues: Bush remained serious when asked about reports
that Saddam Hussein is looking for a way to escape destruction.
(PRESIDENT: "I'm not optimistic. I see no evidence that Saddam
Hussein is ready to comply fully, without condition, with the U.N.
resolutions."
Late Wednesday, leftist political groups organized an anti-
American demonstration, including protests against U.S. involvement
in the Gulf, but the demonstration was mild in tone and weak in
numbers. When Bush appeared before the Argentine Congress, a
communist legislator tried to protest but was ejected. Argentina
itself has sent two warships to the Gulf to show its opposition to
Saddam, and Argentine journalists asked Bush what the U.S. will do
for Argentina in return.
(PRESIDENT: "I don't believe Argentina is sending frigates to the
Gulf to help the United States. I think they're sending frigates
to the Gulf because they believe, as we do, that we must stand up
against this brutal aggression.")
Argentina's President Menem said his country has too much dignity
to accept a bribe for standing up to Iraq aggression. President
Bush said he offers no bribes, but he did promise considerable help
to this country, which is experimenting with democracy and a free-
market economy as well as supporting George Bush in the Gulf.
(NBC-2)
GULF
JENNINGS: In Baghdad Thursday when the Iraqi leader Saddam Hussein
formally agreed to hold talks with the U.S. on avoiding war in the
Persian Gulf, he said that the Secretary of State should come to
Baghdad as a negotiator, not as a policeman. If Secretary Baker
comes as a policeman, Hussein said, it will mean the visit is
merely a cover so as to persuade Congress that the Bush
administration has tried its best before going to war. In
Washington Wednesday, Mr. Baker told members of Congress his
mission was not to negotiate.
ABC's JOHN McWETHY reports from the State Department Secretary
Baker defended Bush administration policy on the Hill for three and
a half hours. He said again and again that he and the President
know that the stakes are now extremely high. Economic sanctions,
Baker said, may be having an impact on Iraq's economy but have
produced no apparent changes in Saddam's policy toward Kuwait.
(SECRETARY BAKER: "He shows no signs of complying with any of the
Security Council resolutions. Instead, he appears to be doubling
his bets. Waiting not only gives him time to break the sanctions,
but waiting, Mr. Chairman, imposes costs on us.")
Waiting, he said, gives Saddam more time to fortify Kuwait, to
build chemical and biological weapons and to try to split the
coalition that now opposes him. Baker said he will go to Baghdad
to tell Saddam that unless he withdraws from Kuwait, he will face
disaster -- there will be no negotiations. Sen. Dodd wondered why
Baker rules out negotiations.
(SECRETARY BAKER: "But senator, surely you are not suggesting that
we go over there and negotiate something short of the U.N.
resolutions?"
SEN. DODD: "Well, I wasn't suggesting that, but I'm also not
suggesting that there may be something here --
SECRETARY BAKER: "What is it?"
-more-
White House News Summary
Thursday, December 6, 1990 -- B-3
McWETHY continues:
SEN. DODD: "Well, I don't know. That's what I presume diplomacy
is about."
SECRETARY BAKER: "This is not a show and tell. It is a serious
effort to try and find a peaceful resolution.")
Baker said no decision has yet been made on whether to use military
force, but he gave a chilling description of how that option would
be employed.
(SECRETARY BAKER: "Our aim is to ensure that if force must be
used, it will be used suddenly, massively and decisively.")
Baker said he needs the support of Congress when he goes to
Baghdad; it will be, he said, a last best chance to peacefully
resolve the crisis.
(SEN. SARBANES: "I disagree with you. The last best chance for
a peaceful solution, the going the last mile, it to sustain the
sanctions policy for a period of time sufficiently long to give it
a chance to work. When by a decision which you have undertaken,
it seems to me you have placed us on a course for war."
SECRETARY BAKER: "Right out my window at the State Department I
look every day at Arlington National Cemetery, and I understand
very, very well what's at stake here and I think the President of
the United States understands.")
Some Republicans criticized the committee for holding hearings that
reveal to Saddam how deeply divided Congress is about what should
happen next. Others argue that in this case the issue is far too
important to the nation not to debate it fully.
(ABC-Lead)
JENNINGS reports Jordan's King Hussein flew to Baghdad Wednesday
to meet with Saddam; they were joined by PLO Chairman Yassir Arafat
and the vice president of Yemen.
ABC's KAREN BURNS reports from Baghdad on private Americans
arriving in Iraq to try to win the release of relatives. Eighteen
Americans and 24 Britons arrived Wednesday.
(HOSTAGE'S WIFE: "The U.S. government doesn't have a husband
here.")
Ironically, just as hopeful family members arrived in Baghdad,
diplomatic sources say a group of Americans and Britons in from
Kuwait were taken to undisclosed locations, presumably to become
human shields.
JENNINGS reports a 57-year old British hostage died in Iraq after
suffering a heart attack.
(ABC-3)
BROKAW: Saddam Hussein Wednesday formally agreed to talk with
Secretary Baker in Baghdad and to send his foreign minister to the
White House, but President Bush and Secretary Baker immediately
tried to cool off any great expectations for these discussions.
NBC's JOHN DANCY reports from the State Department on Secretary
Baker's testimony on Capitol Hill.
(SECRETARY BAKER: "Put simply, my mission to Baghdad will be an
attempt to explain to Saddam the choice he faces: comply with the
objectives of the Security Council or risk disaster for Iraq.")
Baker ran into a torrent of criticism from senators who say the
administration hasn't given sanctions a chance to work.
-more-
White House News Summary
Thursday, December 6, 1990 -- B-4
DANCY continues:
(SEN. BIDEN: "I find not one single solitary shred of evidence to
sustain that claim; not one shred of evidence from any source to
sustain the claim that the American people do not have the patience
to wait out an embargo.")
But Baker said the sanctions aren't forcing Saddam to pull out of
Kuwait.
(SECRETARY BAKER: "Nobody can ever tell you that sanctions alone
will force Saddam Hussein out of Kuwait, and senator, I have to
tell you I am personally very pessimistic that they will.")
Baker is highly regarded on Capitol Hill and usually receives kid
glove treatment; not Wednesday. Sen. Sarbanes noted that Baker had
called the hearing room a theater.
(SEN. SARBANES: "This is not a theater. This isn't a theater,
this is serious business."
SECRETARY BAKER: "Right out my window at the State Department I
look every day at Arlington National Cemetery, and I understand
very, very well what's at stake here and I think the President of
the United States understands very, very well.")
Baker also said he would not negotiate with Iraq on the Palestinian
issue, but the Iraqi ambassador to Washington said that must be
central to any talks.
(AMBASSADOR AL-MASHAT: "Palestinian problem constitutes the
backbone of our policy.")
The fact that Iraq is still insisting on that long after the U.S.
has rejected it is one of the reasons for the deep pessimism here.
On the one hand, the Democrats have serious concerns. On the other
hand, at another level, they realize they've been given a golden
issue and they're busy beating the Bush administration with it.
You could see it in the committee room Wednesday: The Republicans
were lined up on one side throwing Baker softballs, on the other
side were the Democrats throwing spitballs as fast as they could.
(NBC-Lead)
NBC's GEORGE LEWIS reports on Kuwaiti college students in Southern
California who have organized a weekly cable TV show to keep the
plight of their nation alive.
JENNINGS reports the U.S. Army turned down an offer to send copies
of the magazine "Boxing Illustrated" to American troops in Saudi
Arabia, deciding that men in shorts would be considered
pornographic in that country.
(NBC-3)
NBC's JOHN CHANCELLOR comments on the decision to increase American
forces in the Gulf, which will almost double American strength.
The move is a fundamental change in strategy. The original
strategy was to defend Saudi Arabia while this new plan calls for
enough force to defeat the Iraqi army. Many of us thought that the
decision came from the White House; now we learn that it came from
the Pentagon, from the Joint Chiefs of Staff. So the White House
isn't in total charge of the strategy in the Gulf; the armed forces
are calling at least part of the tune. Generals and admirals are
the most peace-loving people in Washington. They know war and they
hate fighting. As long as war is not popular with the public, the
American military establishment will be reluctant to start
fighting, and that's something to keep in mind as the White House
steps up the effort to reach a diplomatic solution to this crisis.
(NBC-8)
-more-
White House News Summary
Thursday, December 6, 1990 -- B-5
RATHER: Iraq officially accepted President Bush's offer of high-
level talks Wednesday. This came as Secretary Baker told Congress
in the toughest terms yet that all-out war may be the only way to
get Saddam Hussein out of Kuwait. This, in turn, raised new
concern in Congress and elsewhere around the country Wednesday
about President Bush's Gulf policy or, as some see it, lack of a
coherent, thought-out Gulf policy.
CBS's BILL PLANTE reports from the State Department on Secretary
Baker's harder line on Capitol Hill. Despite congressional pleas
for patience, Baker publicly abandoned the idea that sanctions
might eventually work.
(SECRETARY BAKER: "We haven't abandoned the economic leg of this
policy. Nobody can ever tell you that sanctions alone will force
Saddam Hussein out of Kuwait, and senator, I have to tell you I am
personally very pessimistic that they will.")
Democrats disagreed and they gave Baker the roughest reception he
has ever had on Capitol Hill.
(SEN. SARBANES: "I disagree with you. The last best chance for
a peaceful solution, the going the last mile, it to sustain the
sanctions policy for a period of time sufficiently long to give it
a chance to work. It seems to me you have placed us on a course
for war.")
Baker, uncharacteristically emotional, shot back that the
administration has considered the cost of war.
(SECRETARY BAKER: "Right out my window at the State Department I
look every day at Arlington National Cemetery, and I understand
very, very well what's at stake here and I think the President of
the United States understands very, very well.")
Still, there was skepticism about the administration's motives in
sending Baker to Baghdad.
(SEN. SIMON: "I think it is important that it not be viewed simply
as a kind of a futile gesture, a bone tossed to those who want a
peaceful resolution.")
Baker insisted that he is not going to Baghdad to deal with Saddam,
only to deliver a message.
(SECRETARY BAKER: "He has it within his power to affect a peaceful
solution. It is what we want, and the alternative is rather
stark.")
But Iraq clearly sees opportunity in the talks.
(AMBASSADOR AL-MASHAT: "As far as we are concerned, we consider
it negotiations. We would like to because we have asked for
negotiation all along.")
Baker may say he's not going to Baghdad to deal, but no one in the
Middle East believes it, certainly not the Iraqis.
CBS's BOB SCHIEFFER reports that CIA Director Webster addressed a
committee on the other side of the Capitol, but he echoed what
Baker said -- that there is no guarantee that economic sanctions
will cause Saddam to change his ways.
(DIRECTOR WEBSTER: "Our judgement has been and continues to be
that there is no assurance or guarantee that economic hardships
will compel Saddam to change his policies or lead to internal
unrest that would threaten his regime.")
What is odd about that is that after saying that, Webster went on
to lay out a laundry list of things that are a result of the
sanctions and would seem to be devastating the country. He said
90 percent of the imports and 97 percent of the exports have been
cut off.
-more-
White House News Summary
Thursday, December 6, 1990 -- B-6
SCHIEFFER continues: Sugar in Iraq has gone from $32 sack to $580
a sack. Food is being rationed; by spring they'll have no poultry
to eat. There are already bread lines. Foreign exchange currency
will be exhausted in a few months and repair to military aircraft
will in a few months will be all but impossible. When you try to
judge whether the sanctions are working, it depends on who the
judge is. The administration has not sold Congress on the idea
that military action may be necessary. There have been a parade
of witnesses who have advised just the opposite: caution. So far,
that is the view that prevails in Congress.
RATHER: The administration now is emphasizing very heavily they
don't want the word negotiate used in any way, shape or form, but
if Saddam indicates he's willing to get out of Kuwait, is the
administration prepared to soften its position?
PLANTE says the administration claims it doesn't want to deal. It
has to say that, I think, because that's been the U.S. policy all
along. But in fact, Baker is going to have to suggest to Saddam
what might happen if he does get out of Iraq. So it's possible
that there could be a deal made, but you won't find the word deal
being used around the State Department.
SCHIEFFER reports that Congress will continue to try to push for
diplomatic action and for a continuance of the embargo and will
still have grave reservations about launching a military attack,
at least in the next few days.
CBS's ALLAN PIZZEY reports on the arrival in Baghdad of the
families of hostages. The families said they were aware the Iraqis
could use their arrival as propaganda.
(BARBARA SMILEY, California: "If what it takes is my coming here
with a peaceful attitude to get my husband home, that's what I'll
do.")
Diplomats suggest that the Iraqis have decided that slow but steady
releases will disarm the hostage issue as an excuse for war. A
meeting between Saddam and some of Iraq's few remaining friends is
reported to have produced a plan which they hope will bring
together the Saudi and Iraqi leaders and cut the Americans out.
(CBS-Lead)
PANAMA
ABC's BETH NISSEN reports from Panama City a former chief of
police, Col. Herrera, escaped from prison and took over national
police headquarters Wednesday morning. He insisted he was not
trying to overthrow the government but rather simply leading a
protest to demand more respect and greater job security for
Panama's police force. The Panamanian government responded quickly
-- by calling on the U.S. military for help. American soldiers
promptly took control of the area around the police barracks. Many
Panamanians wondered why Panamanian forces were not at the
forefront. U.S. troops took Herrera into custody and disarmed his
supporters. American soldiers reportedly killed two of Herrera's
supporters and injured a third as they tried to escape after their
arrest. Panama is still counting on the U.S. to repair invasion
damage, hoping the U.S. will rebuild the national economy and, it
seems, depending on the U.S. to guarantee national security.
(ABC-9)
White House News Summary
Thursday, December 6, 1990 -- B-7
RATHER reports Herrera was once an officer in Noriega's defense
force and was later picked by the CIA to lead a revolt against
Noriega.
CBS's JUAN VASQUEZ reports there is widespread discontent in Panama
with the U.S.-supported government of President Endara. Some 2,000
Panamanians who lost their homes in the invasion are still living
in an old airplane hanger. Panamanians are still waiting for the
prosperity they were promised once Noriega was gone. As the
impression grows that Endara and the U.S. failed to deliver on
their promises, Noriega's old allies in the legislature are
thriving with the slogan, "We told you so."
(MARIO RAGNONI, Noriega ally: "The government
oversold
expectations. They oversold the idea that the Americans would come
with a lot of money to solve all the social problems.")
Most Panamanians blame the American-supported government for their
problems and are once again looking for a U.S. rescue in the form
of money. The U.S. has approved nearly $500,000,000 in aid, but
most of that money hasn't arrived yet. The U.S. ambassador scoffed
at the idea that the U.S. hasn't done enough.
(AMBASSADOR DEANE HINTON, U.S. ambassador to Panama: "Panamanians
got a lot of assistance from Uncle Sam. We've given them an
opportunity to make democracy work and it's up them, and they
better get even harder to work.")
The U.S. is finding out that getting into Panama was easier than
getting out.
(CBS-2)
WORLD TRADE
JENNINGS reports the talks aimed at reforming the world trade
system are apparently near collapse. The chairman has given the
EC until noon Thursday to change its position on subsidizing
agriculture. The Europeans want to continue huge subsidies to
their farmers while the U.S. and other food exporting nations want
open markets and no subsidies. The deadlock could lead to a world-
wide trade war over hundreds of products.
(ABC-10)
POVERTY
ABC's REBECCA CHASE reports two old adversaries in the war on
poverty are now becoming unlikely allies.
(SECRETARY KEMP: "There is an opportunity now to take the intent
of the 1960s and 1970s and bring reality to this war on poverty.")
(SEN. MOYNIHAN: "We have in place the ideas and the energies and
the legislation to pull America back from the brink.")
Liberals no longer talk about expanding the welfare state and
conservatives no longer want to eliminate it altogether. A
dramatic new consensus is emerging. Both sides agree that
strengthening the family is critical, a focus too often lost in
past social policy. Liberals no longer ignore the problem and
conservatives no longer condemn the single parent.
(SECRETARY KEMP: "I don't think I can preach values unless I am
more active -- we are more active in giving people an opportunity
to have a chance for family values to succeed. Both sides also
agree that government programs must demand responsibility.
(SEN. MOYNIHAN: "It's no longer a one way, we-give-you-take,
that's the end of it, because that just stuck to people, that ruins
them.")
-more-
White House News Summary
Thursday, December 6, 1990 -- B-8
CHASE continues: From the right comes a new recognition of
government's responsibility.
(SECRETARY KEMP: "The government has an obligation through its
welfare system to make sure that there is a net under which people
should not be allowed to fall.")
Both sides also agree that work has to be more rewarding than
welfare, and that government must find a way to ensure that if you
work, you will not be poor.
(SECRETARY KEMP: "We should not drastically reduce welfare when
someone takes a job, and we should dramatically lower the tax on
the first four rungs of the ladder so that the job pays off better
than welfare.")
(SEN. MOYNIHAN: "The society has a responsibility to support
efforts to be self-reliant.")
The new budget provides significant increases in funding for
programs to help the poor: health care, early childhood education
and tax credits. And recently the President named Jack Kemp to
head a new anti-poverty effort. For the poor in America, there is
reason for optimism. There will still be fights over money and
strategy, but the goals are no longer in dispute.
(ABC-13)
JOB SKILLS PROGRAM
CBS's BOB FAW reports from Milwaukee on a jobs training program
which is serving as a model for the rest of the country. Esperanza
Unidas is a community organization which produces skilled jobs and
hope for inner-city, previously unemployable people. Trainees
learn skills like auto repair. The money made from repair work
goes to hire other trainees. The shops profits have also been
plowed into a cabinet-making shop, an auto body shop which rebuilds
and sells donated junk-heaps, and a training program which teaches
neighborhood mothers how to set up and run day-care centers.
(CBS-8)
DOMESTIC VIOLENCE
NBC's LISA MYERS reports on the increase in violent homicides
throughout the nation. One reason for the violence is the
availability of guns. In some neighborhoods carrying a gun, using
a gun -- even being shot -- has become almost a badge of honor.
Another factor is the anger and sense of hopelessness among those
whom society has left behind.
(NBC-4)
SMOKING
RATHER reports an EPA review panel Wednesday night endorsed key
sections of studies linking second-hand cigarette smoke to cancer
in some non-smokers.
(CBS-5)
S&L BAILOUT
JENNINGS says a new report for the House Banking Committee shows
that buyers who want to take over real estate and other assets
seized from failed savings and loans now find themselves snarled
in red tape. The delays are costing the federal government
millions of additional dollars.
(ABC-4)
-more-
White House News Summary
Thursday, December 6, 1990 -- B-9
KEATING 5
CBS's LINDA TAIRA reports that federal S&L regulator William Black
graphically described a 1987 meeting in which Charles Keating
enlisted the Keating 5. In Black's view, the five U.S. senators
acted in concert in the meeting, with Sen. DeConcini leading the
charge.
(BLACK: "And I felt that Charles Keating had clearly set up the
meetings to be intimidating.")
A memo released Wednesday demonstrates that Keating saw regulator
Black as an obstacle he wanted fired. Keating wrote to his chief
lobbyist: Highest priority -- get Black. Good grief, if you can't
get then-House Speaker Jim Wright and Congress to get Black -- kill
him dead -- you ought to retire. There's no evidence that any of
the Keating 5 took part in that effort, but their lawyers accused
ethics committee lawyers and Black of joining in a smear campaign.
(CBS-3)
SHUTTLE COLUMBIA
RATHER reports more technical trouble hit the telescope pointing
system on the shuttle Columbia.
(CBS-4)
NASA
RATHER reports NASA is apparently the victim of computer hackers.
The Houston Chronicle reported that hundreds of hackers used
computer and credit card fraud for two years to get about $12
million in illegal phone calls through the Johnson Space Center.
(CBS-7)
-End of B-Section-
1
VOLUME 6
Cathedrals to Civil War
THE ENCYCLOPEDIA
AMERICANA
INTERNATIONAL EDITION
COMPLETE IN THIRTY VOLUMES
FIRST PUBLISHED IN 1829
GROLIER INCORPORATED
International Headquarters: Danbury, Connecticut 06816
3. Population
On July 1, 1982, the People's Republic of
China (PRC) carried out its third national census.
Two previous head counts, in 1953 and 1964, had
been tabulated by hand and only partial results
disclosed. Tabulations of the 1982 returns were
greatly accelerated by computer technology that
China received under a financial and technical
aid agreement with the United Nations Fund for
Population Activities. Preparations for the enu-
meration started in 1980. The extraordinary
speed of its completion owed much to China's
permanent household register system introduced
in 1955. Each head of household is required to
register all the members in residence and to
amend the list to reflect births, deaths, mar-
riages, divorces, arrivals, and departures among
the members.
China's Demographic Surge. The establishment
of the People's Republic in 1949 had ushered in
a period of unprecedented population growth.
Restoration of peace, extension of health and
medical services (especially in urban areas), and
rural land reform combined to reduce mortality
sharply and speedily. The 1953 census showed
a total population of 583 million, and the 1964
census recorded 695 million. From 1964 to 1970
© JEFF HACKER
"baby boom" of unprecedented magnitude oc-
A morning exercise group in a Shanghai park practices
curred, causing the rate of natural increase to
slow, stylized movements of taijiquan (f'ai-chi-ch'üan).
average more than 2.6% a year, compared with
2.3% between 1953 and 1964. Behind this was
the persistence of the birthrate at the traditional-
proportionately. Implementation of this policy
ly high levels of about 35 to more than 40 per
proceeded under the slogan Wan, xi, shao (later
1,000 population while the death rate was halved
marriage, longer birth intervals, few children).
by the mid-1960's to less than 10 per 1,000. The
Women and men were exhorted and, through
report of the boom told of an explosive swelling
administrative measures, directed to postpone
of population to almost 826 million estimated in
marriage until their mid to late twenties. Four
1970. The 1982 census count of 1,008,175,288
years were deemed an ideal interval between
made lionaire. China the world's first demographic bil-
births. Shao was first proclaimed in the quanti-
tatively flexible admonition of "one is not too
Between 1970 and 1982 the net increase in
few, two are good, and three are too many." Lat-
population totaled 182.8 million (15.2 million per
er revised as "one is best," it has been promoted
year). The annual gain averaged not quite
since 1979 under the banner of "one child per
1.9%-a substantial dip from the 2.6% reported
for the "baby boom" years. This decline came
about because of the vigorous population plan-
Family sizes are decreasing in overpopulated China be-
ning programs initiated by the government in the
cause of the government's one-child-per-couple policy.
early 1970's. Its extent has been particularly
JEFF HACKER
spectacular in the socioeconomically better-off
cities and provinces. Increased education and
employment opportunities for women, along
with rising costs of childbearing and childrearing
in these places, have created an environment
tion planning programs have not been as success-
more favorable for fertility limitation. Popula-
and ful, albeit still highly impressive, in the villages
2-25
neulture and related pursuits still encourage
poorer provinces, where labor-intensive ag-
high fertility.
the
Control of Population Growth. With some 22% of
world's population, China possesses only 7%
1949 the world's arable land. Moreover, between
decreased from about 0.5 acre (0.2 hectare) to
and 1979 cultivated land per person in Chi-
1960's little over 0.25 acre (0.1 hectare). In the late
the the deepening problems of coping with
consequences of the population explosion,
ment pled with demand for still greater improve-
in living standards, defined the framework
fill
intensified population planning programs in
1970's.
population policy has ise wation polralicy has been that human procre-
The China's intensified
material production must be balanced
22% > 15 = 2090
499
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PAGE
2
4TH DOCUMENT of Level 1 printed in FULL format.
Public Papers of the Presidents
Proclamation 6082 -- Human Rights Day, Bill of Rights Day,
and Human Rights Week, 1989
By the President of the United States of America
25 Weekly Comp. Pres. Doc. 1926
December 10, 1989
LENGTH: 850 words
A Proclamation
"We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal,
that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that
among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness." With these words,
our Nation's Founding Fathers declared America's independence from Great Britain
more than 200 years ago. In 50 doing, they asserted the principles that form
the fundamental moral vision of the United States. That vision --- which
recognizes protection of the God-given rights of individuals as the only
legitimate end of just government -- has inspired the United States's efforts to
promote and defend the cause of freedom around the world. We Americans are
firmly committed to the advancement of freedom and human rights because we
also recognize the inherent relationship between respect for the worth and
dignity of each person and the attainment of genuine peace and security.
In 1789, our Nation's Founding Fathers enumerated the rights of individuals
in the first ten amendments proposed to our Constitution, known as the Bill of
Rights. James Madison once noted that the idea of a Bill of Rights was valuable
because "political truths declared in that solemn manner acquire by degrees the
character of fundamental maxims of free government." Two hundred years later,
the principles enshrined in our Bill of Rights have proved to be not only
guiding tenets of American government, but also a model for the world.
The Bill of Rights guarantees freedom of speech and of the press, as well as
freedom of religion shall be deprived of life, liberty, or property without due
process of law; and it prohibits unreasonable search and seizure of a person's
home, papers, or possessions. The Bill of Rights also guarantees anyone accused
of a crime the right to a jury trial and defense counsel; the right to be
informed of the charges against him; and protection against cruel or unusual
punishment.
Two hundred years after the Bill of Rights was proposed to the States by the
Congress, we can behold the remarkable influence and prescience of our Nation's
Founding Fathers. In the Universal Declaration of Human Rights adopted on
December 10, 1948, the United Nations General Assembly provided a resounding
affirmation of the ideals enshrined in our Bill of Rights. This Declaration
established a common standard of conduct for all peoples and all governments.
Its signatories agreed to respect freedom of thought, freedom of conscience, as
well as freedom of religion and belief. They also recognized an individual's
right to freedom of movement and assembly, as well as his right to participate
in the government of his country and to own property, either alone or in
association with others. Noting that respect for the "inalienable rights of
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3
25 Weekly Comp. Pres. Doc. 1926
all members of the human family is the foundation of freedom, justice, and peace
in the world," the Declaration reaffirmed our conviction that human rights
violations are the concern of all mankind, and not simply the internal affair of
any given nation.
In some areas of the world, we are witnessing historic changes and
significant improvements in human rights. We applaud the changes and at the
same time will remain vigilant to help ensure that progress continues. We will
continue to encourage institutionalization of reforms already introduced.
Tragically, however, in contempt for the Universal Declaration of Human
Rights and for fundamental standards of morality, the rights of individuals
are still being denied in many countries around the world. We will continue to
condemn such human rights violations and to call upon the leaders of all
countries to honor both the letter and spirit of international human rights
and agreements.
Safeguarding individual liberty and fundamental human rights is not only
the duty of any legitimate government, but also the key to economic prosperity
and lasting peace among nations. The United States thus has both a moral
obligation and a proper interest in defending human rights and denouncing
abuses of them wherever and whenever they occur. Our commitment to this
obligation is unflagging. So, this week, as we give thanks for the freedom we
enjoy as Americans, let us also renew our determination to value and protect the
rights of others.
Now, Therefore, I, George Bush, President of the United States of America, by
virtue of the authority vested in me by the Constitution and laws of the United
States, do hereby proclaim December 10, 1989, as Human Rights Day and December
15, 1989, as Bill of Rights Day, and I call upon all Americans to observe the
week beginning December 10, 1989, as Human Rights Week.
In Witness Whereof, I have hereunto set my hand this tenth day of December,
in the year of our Lord nineteen hundred and eighty-nine, and of the
Independence of the United States of America the two hundred and fourteenth.
George Bush
[Filed with the Office of the Federal Register, 4:46 p.m., December 11, 1989]
Note: The proclamation was released by the Office of the Press Secretary on
December 11.
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PAGE 4
DATE: DECEMBER 6, 1990
CLIENT:
LIBRARY: GOVNWS
FILE: PRESDC
YOUR SEARCH REQUEST IS:
HUMAN RIGHTS AND DATE IS 12/88
NUMBER OF DOCUMENTS FOUND WITH YOUR REQUEST THROUGH:
LEVEL 1
8
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PAGE
5
3RD DOCUMENT of Level 1 printed in FULL format.
Public Papers of the Presidents
Remarks on Signing the Human Rights Day, Bill of Rights
Day, and Human Rights Week Proclamation
24 Weekly Comp. Pres. Doc. 1597
December 8, 1988
LENGTH: 1366 words
It's a pleasure to welcome you all here as we mark Human Rights Week. Forty
years ago this week, the United Nations General Assembly adopted the Universal
Declaration of Human Rights. For people of good will around the world, that
document is more than just words: It's a global testament of humanity, a
standard by which any humble person on Earth can stand in judgment of any
government on Earth.
Yes, we're here to recognize a set of ideals, our fundamental belief in the
unalienable rights of man. But were it not for the people who work to uphold
these ideals, then our words would be hollow and our vision without effect. So,
let us record that today we're also honoring a community of people, the heroes
who have dedicated their lives to these values, who work to keep the world
informed, who lend their voices to those denied the right to speak for
themselves, and who at times have lost their own freedom and even their lives
because of their courage in speaking out for the freedom of others.
This community includes such heroic figures at Natan Scharanskiy, Lech
Walesa, and Armando Valladares. It includes Nicaragua's Permanent Commission on
Human Rights and Romania's Democratic Action. It includes peaceful groups
that are working for multiracial democracy in South Africa, religious leaders in
Vietnam, and activists working for Soviet Jewry, and also groups based in our
own country working for democracy and human rights, such as Freedom House,
Institute for Religion and Democracy, the Puebla Institute, the Cuban-American
National Foundation, and the AFL-CIO's Institutes for Free Labor Development.
In addition, the cause of human rights has become an important factor in
United States foreign policy. We have not brought these issues to the fore
internationally because our own history is without blemish or sin, for it is
not. Nor is our right to speak on these issues based on any claim to current
perfection, because we do not make that claim. Instead, what we have said is
this: that the critical moral distinction of our time is the clear difference
between a philosophy of government that acknowledges wrongdoing and injustice
and one that refuses to admit to such injustices and even justifies its own
assaults on individual liberty in the name of a chimeric utopian vision. The
moral foundation of our human rights policy requires that we maintain a single
standard of justice and, above all, that our policy must be an effective
instrument for improving the lives of people, not an instrument for
self-righteous self-satisfaction.
Over these last 8 years, and before, we've seen that representative
democracy, for all its shortcomings and as imperfectly realized as it so often
is, is still the best guarantor of human rights. So, our concern for human
rights must be used also to encourage the success of democratic institutions.
The world has not failed to notice the great improvement in human rights
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PAGE
6
24 Weekly Comp. Pres. Doc. 1597
that is possible when countries make the transition from authoritarianism to
democracy. But we've also seen the capacity for bad situations to become far,
far worse: for autocratic governments to be replaced by totalitarian dungeons
like Cuba, Iran, and Nicaragua. Let us as Americans set forth a simple humane
principle, and any policy carried out in the name of human rights must not
bring harm to those whom it was supposed to help. It should not yield slavery
when what it promised was freedom.
In addition, we've seen that no totalitarian nation has ever made a peaceful
transition to democracy. So, this type of transition, which has improved the
level of human rights for more people in more countries than any other factor,
has not brought its benevolent fruits to the Communist world. But reforms are
possible and have, indeed, been occurring in Marxist-Leninist States.
At my meeting yesterday with Mr. Gorbachev, as at each previous meeting,
human rights was one of the four key topics discussed. Certainly, we're not
yet satisfied, but there has been real progress, which we must note and
encourage. Many political and religious prisoners have been released, and many
specific cases of family reunification and the like have been resolved.
Emigration, though still below the levels of 10 years ago, has increased.
But still much remains to be done to translate words into deeds, to bring the
peoples of the Soviet Union the full rights to which their government has
committed itself under international agreements, including freedom of assembly,
freedom of worship, national expression, and the right to leave one's country
and return. Specifically, we want to see the release of all political
prisoners. Dozens remain imprisoned, including two Helsinki monitors, Ley
Lukyanenko and Mykola and Matusevych. Well, we await permission for all
long-term refuseniks to leave. For all long-term refuseniks we look forward
also to the repeal of unjust laws used to jail dissenters. And I believe we
learned yesterday that there is some improvement coming immediately in that
regard in the one country I mentioned. We are, however, concerned by two new
laws, cited by Andrei Sakharov on his recent visit. They seem to step backward,
creating additional barriers to peaceful demonstrations and that would increase
the suppression of independent publications.
one of the most important emerging forces to change is the information
challenges to totalitarism. Greater openness provides not just greater
opportunities to exercise basic human rights but also greater protection
against a state that would infringe on those rights. And in this regard,
Moscow's decision to stop jamming Radio Liberty and other Western broadcasts to
welcome news.
Economic freedom is also an important corollary of human rights. The time
has come to recognize that the basic economic rights to own, use, and exchange
property, to create and produce, free of state control, are a fundamental part
of human freedom and essential components to a decent and humane world for all
peoples.
Finally, human rights is inextricably linked to the issues of war and
peace. Countries that violate the rights of their own citizens pose a threat to
international peace. Moreover, in regarding nations that violate human
rights, we should be particularly concerned about those that are expansionist
and would expand the reach of tyranny and reduce the sum of freedom in the
world.
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PAGE
7
24 Weekly Comp. Pres. Doc. 1597
We should always remember that to be silent on the violation of human
rights does not advance the cause of peace; it does not improve relations or
promote international stability. It does just the opposite. Silence in the
face of evil is a display of weakness that invites aggression. For the free
world to morally disarm itself would be the most vile form of appeasement. Our
duty is to speak out, and not just 1 day a year but to make sure that every day
is Human Rights Day. We owe this to the people of the world, but also we owe
it to America, to the Founding Fathers whose vision of liberty we've seen so
immeasurably blessed by.
What defined America, what gave our nation its purpose and mission, was, as
Abraham Lincoln put it, "something in that Declaration of Independence giving
liberty, not alone to the people of this country, but hope to the world. It was
that which gave promise that in due time the weights would be lifted from the
shoulders of all men."
Well, I thank you, and God bless you for all that you're doing. And now I
shall sign the proclamation.
I'm not doing an encore, but just something that I think I'll share with you.
I've shared with many others. If I've told it to you, pretent I haven't.
[Laughter] But it's a letter I received from a man who called something to my
attention that I'd never thought of. He said you can go to live in other
countries. You can go to live in France, but you cannot become a Frenchman.
You can go to live in Germany or Turkey or Japan, but you cannot become a
German, a Turk, or a Japanese. But anyone, from any corner of the world, can
come to live in America and become an American.
Note: The President spoke at 2:05 p.m. in Room 450 of the Old Executive
Office Building.
LEXIS® ® NEXIS® LEXIS® ® NEXIS ®
Services of Mead Data Central
PAGE
8
3RD DOCUMENT of Level 1 printed in FULL format.
Public Papers of the Presidents
Remarks on Signing the Human Rights Day, Bill of Rights
Day, and Human Rights Week Proclamation
24 Weekly Comp. Pres. Doc. 1597
December 8, 1988
LENGTH: 1366 words
It's a pleasure to welcome you all here as we mark Human Rights Week. Forty
years ago this week, the United Nations General Assembly adopted the Universal
Declaration of Human Rights. For people of good will around the world, that
document is more than just words: It's a global testament of humanity, a
standard by which any humble person on Earth can stand in judgment of any
government on Earth.
Yes, we're here to recognize a set of ideals, our fundamental belief in the
unalienable rights of man. But were it not for the people who work to uphold
these ideals, then our words would be hollow and our vision without effect. So,
let us record that today we're also honoring a community of people, the heroes
who have dedicated their lives to these values, who work to keep the world
informed, who lend their voices to those denied the right to speak for
themselves, and who at times have lost their own freedom and even their lives
because of their courage in speaking out for the freedom of others.
This community includes such heroic figures at Natan Scharanskiy, Lech
Walesa, and Armando Valladares. It includes Nicaragua's Permanent Commission on
Human Rights and Romania's Democratic Action. It includes peaceful groups
that are working for multiracial democracy in South Africa, religious leaders in
Vietnam, and activists working for Soviet Jewry, and also groups based in our
own country working for democracy and human rights, such as Freedom House,
Institute for Religion and Democracy, the Puebla Institute, the Cuban-American
National Foundation, and the AFL-CIO's Institutes for Free Labor Development.
In addition, the cause of human rights has become an important factor in
United States foreign policy. We have not brought these issues to the fore
internationally because our own history is without blemish or sin, for it is
not. Nor is our right to speak on these issues based on any claim to current
perfection, because we do not make that claim. Instead, what we have said is
this: that the critical moral distinction of our time is the clear difference
between a philosophy of government that acknowledges wrongdoing and injustice
and one that refuses to admit to such injustices and even justifies its own
assaults on individual liberty in the name of a chimeric utopian vision. The
moral foundation of our human rights policy requires that we maintain a single
standard of justice and, above all, that our policy must be an effective
instrument for improving the lives of people, not an instrument for
self-righteous self-satisfaction.
Over these last 8 years, and before, we've seen that representative
democracy, for all its shortcomings and as imperfectly realized as it so often
is, is still the best guarantor of human rights. So, our concern for human
rights must be used also to encourage the success of democratic institutions.
The world has not failed to notice the great improvement in human rights
LEXIS® ® NEXIS® LEXIS® NEXIS
Services of Mead Data Central
PAGE
9
24 Weekly Comp. Pres. Doc. 1597
that is possible when countries make the transition from authoritarianism to
democracy. But we've also seen the capacity for bad situations to become far,
far worse: for autocratic governments to be replaced by totalitarian dungeons
like Cuba, Iran, and Nicaragua. Let us as Americans set forth a simple humane
principle, and any policy carried out in the name of human rights must not
bring harm to those whom it was supposed to help. It should not yield slavery
when what it promised was freedom.
In addition, we've seen that no totalitarian nation has ever made a peaceful
transition to democracy. So, this type of transition, which has improved the
level of human rights for more people in more countries than any other factor,
has not brought its benevolent fruits to the Communist world. But reforms are
possible and have, indeed, been occurring in Marxist-Leninist States.
At my meeting yesterday with Mr. Gorbachev, as at each previous meeting,
human rights was one of the four key topics discussed. Certainly, we're not
yet satisfied, but there has been real progress, which we must note and
encourage. Many political and religious prisoners have been released, and many
specific cases of family reunification and the like have been resolved.
Emigration, though still below the levels of 10 years ago, has increased.
But still much remains to be done to translate words into deeds, to bring the
peoples of the Soviet Union the full rights to which their government has
committed itself under international agreements, including freedom of assembly,
freedom of worship, national expression, and the right to leave one's country
and return. Specifically, we want to see the release of all political
prisoners. Dozens remain imprisoned, including two Helsinki monitors, Ley
Lukyanenko and Mykola and Matusevych. Well, we await permission for all
long-term refuseniks to leave. For all long-term refuseniks we look forward
also to the repeal of unjust laws used to jail dissenters. And I believe we
learned yesterday that there is some improvement coming immediately in that
regard in the one country I mentioned. We are, however, concerned by two new
laws, cited by Andrei Sakharov on his recent visit. They seem to step backward,
creating additional barriers to peaceful demonstrations and that would increase
the suppression of independent publications.
one of the most important emerging forces to change is the information
challenges to totalitarism. Greater openness provides not just greater
opportunities to exercise basic human rights but also greater protection
against a state that would infringe on those rights. And in this regard,
Moscow's decision to stop jamming Radio Liberty and other Western broadcasts to
welcome news.
Economic freedom is also an important corollary of human rights. The time
has come to recognize that the basic economic rights to own, use, and exchange
property, to create and produce, free of state control, are a fundamental part
of human freedom and essential components to a decent and humane world for all
peoples.
Finally, human rights is inextricably linked to the issues of war and
peace. Countries that violate the rights of their own citizens pose a threat to
international peace. Moreover, in regarding nations that violate human
rights, we should be particularly concerned about those that are expansionist
and would expand the reach of tyranny and reduce the sum of freedom in the
world.
LEXIS® NEXIS® LEXIS® NEXIS®
Services of Mead Data Central
PAGE
10
24 Weekly Comp. Pres. Doc. 1597
We should always remember that to be silent on the violation of human
rights does not advance the cause of peace; it does not improve relations or
promote international stability. It does just the opposite. Silence in the
face of evil is a display of weakness that invites aggression. For the free
world to morally disarm itself would be the most vile form of appeasement. Our
duty is to speak out, and not just 1 day a year but to make sure that every day
is Human Rights Day. We owe this to the people of the world, but also we owe
it to America, to the Founding Fathers whose vision of liberty we've seen so
immeasurably blessed by.
What defined America, what gave our nation its purpose and mission, was, as
Abraham Lincoln put it, "something in that Declaration of Independence giving
liberty, not alone to the people of this country, but hope to the world. It was
that which gave promise that in due time the weights would be lifted from the
shoulders of all men."
Well, I thank you, and God bless you for all that you're doing. And now I
shall sign the proclamation.
I'm not doing an encore, but just something that I think I'll share with you.
I've shared with many others. If I've told it to you, pretent I haven't.
[Laughter] But it's a letter I received from a man who called something to my
attention that I'd never thought of. He said you can go to live in other
countries. You can go to live in France, but you cannot become a Frenchman.
You can go to live in Germany or Turkey or Japan, but you cannot become a
German, a Turk, or a Japanese. But anyone, from any corner of the world, can
come to live in America and become an American.
Note: The President spoke at 2:05 p.m. in Room 450 of the Old Executive
Office Building.
LEXIS® ® NEXIS® LEXIS® NEXIS
Services of Mead Data Central
PAGE
11
4TH DOCUMENT of Level 1 printed in FULL format.
Public Papers of the Presidents
Proclamation 5921 -- Human Rights Day, Bill of Rights Day,
and Human Rights Week, 1988
By the President of the United States of America
24 Weekly Comp. Pres. Doc. 1599
December 8, 1988
LENGTH: 738 words
A Proclamation
The second week in December commemorates two important dates. December 10
marks the 40th anniversary of the signing of the Universal Declaration of Human
Fights, and December 15 marks the date almost 200 years ago when, in 1791, the
first 10 amendments to the United States Constitution -- our Bill of Rights -
were ratified.
The human rights we regard today as inherent and unalienable were by no
means universally accepted 2 centuries ago. Such rights as freedom of worship,
speech, assembly, and the press were just beginning to be asserted by popular
movements that would sweep Europe and elsewhere in the next century. The United
States thus foreshadowed and fostered a powerful drive to improve the lot of
mankind everywhere. During the drafting of our Constitution, Thomas Jefferson
wrote that "a Bill of Rights is what people are entitled to against every
government on earth."
Now, 200 years later, the Universal Declaration, enshrining many of the
principles of our Founders, has become that worldwide Bill of Rights.
Elaborating such a list of basic rights was one of the first tasks undertaken by
the new United Nations Organization; the Chair of the drafting committee was
Eleanor Roosevelt, who was later nominated for a Nobel Peace Prize for this
work. Urging adoption of the Universal Declaration, then-Secretary of State
George C. Marshall told the United Nations that "denials of basic human rights
lie at the root of most of our troubles
Governments which
systemetically disregard the rights of their own people," he said, "are not
likely to respect the rights of other nations and other people." He called for
adoption of the Universal Declaration as "a standard of conduct for us all."
The Universal Declaration, like our own Bill of Rights, starts from the
premises that civil liberties and political freedom are the birthright of all
mankind and that all of us are equal in the eyes of the law. Like our own
Declaration of Independence, it also makes the inescapable connection between
freedom, human rights, and government by the consent of the governed.
We are proud that the truths expressed by our Founding Fathers -- America's
source of strength, stability, and authority for more than 2 centuries -- have
also provided a standard for liberty and the rule of law emulated in dozens of
other countries as well.
Nevertheless, many individuals and nations do not enjoy the rights enumerated
in our Constitution and in the Universal Declaration. Some governments voice
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24 Weekly Comp. Pres. Doc. 1599
ringing guarantees but fall far short in practice. Some, such as Communist
regimes, wrongly subordinate fundamental rights to other goals. These goals are
often defined by political groups or parties that claim to know what is best for
the individual and for peoples subject to their control. Fundamental goals -
free elections and due process -- are concepts not welcomed by dictators of any
ideological or political stripe.
Despite this entrenched resistance of tyrannts to practical guarantees of
liberty, the Universal Declaration has gone much to promote observance of
human rights around the world. Over the past decade in particular we have
seen great strides.
As we move toward the final decade of this century, we can truly say that the
heroism, prayers, and sacrifices of countless heroes and heroines who have
braved threats and persecution in the long struggle for human rights have
produced noteworthy results. But we still have far to go. We must and will
dedicate ourselves as a Nation to continue this effort, and to stand in
solidarity with those who resist, until the blessings of democracy, freedom, and
respect for human dignity are assured throughout the world.
Now, Therefore, I, Ronald Reagan, President of the United States of America,
by virtue of the authority vested in my by the Constitution and laws of the
United States, do hereby proclaim December 10, 1988 as Human Rights Day, and
December 15, 1988, as Bill of Rights Day, and I call upon all Americans to
observe the week beginning December 10, 1988, as Human Rights Week.
In Witness Whereof, I have hereunto set my hand this 8th day of December, in
the year of our Lord nineteen hundred and eighty-eight, and of the Independence
of the United States of America the two hundred and thirteenth.
Ronald Reagan
[Filed with the Office of the Federal Register, 2:54 p.m., December 9, 1988]
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