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26
21
2
3
11/27/1990
16:05
LIBRARY OF CONGRESS
202 707 5844
P.02
MUSEO SOCIAL ARGENTINO
AMERICAN IDEALS
SPEECHES
of the
President of the "Museo Social Argantino"
Dr. EMILIO FRERS
"
and of
Col. THEODORE ROOSEVELT
at the Banquet
given in the Colón Theatre
Buenos Aires
November 12. 1918
REPRODUCED FROM THE COLLECTIONS OF THE MANUSCRIPT DIVISION, LIBRARY OF CONGRESS
BUENOS AIRES
1914
P.03
Mr. Frers and you my hosts, once again I must
thank you for allowing me to speak in English
and I must thank you for the generous hos-
pitality with which you have treated me during
202 707 5844
my stay here. Mr. Frers! You have spoken
with characteristic frankness, in connection
with the international policy, especially with
the Monroe Doctrine, which I replied to in con-
nection with another speech. I maintain the
Monroe Doctrine is, in its essence, merely the
statement that the soil of the New World is not
to be the scene of territorial aggrandisement by
any nation of the Old World. It is a doctrine
LIBRARY OF CONGRESS
which every self-respecting nation of the two
Americas should treat as of cardinal importance,
both as a matter of self-interest and also from
the standpoint of the common interest of all the
nations of the western hemisphere. It is not a
matter of international law, it is a matter of
16:05
American policy, a policy which should be partly
I I 21
11/27/1990
based upon the self interest of every American
potential strength to enforce it and the will to use
nation, and partly upon the common interest, the
that strength, should the need arise.
desinterested sense of community of ideals and
Ninety years ago, when the doctrine was first
purposes among all American nations. It is not
proclaimed, the only American nation that had
P.04
worth the paper on which it is printed unless
sufficient strength to gain a scanty and dis-
back of it there is potential force. I have always
courteous hearing from the Old World was the
championed every practical measure to bring
United States of América. At that time the only
nearer the day when we shall be able to
hearing even the United States received was both
substitute other methods than those of war
scanty and discourteous; nevertheless, it could at
for the settlement of international disputes. I
times make itself heard and heeded; and therefore
202 707 5844
have always sought in every way to further
the guardianship of the doetrine had to rest with
the cause of the peace and righteousness
the United States. But times have changed.
throughout the world. But as yet, friends, it
Certain of the Latin American nations have grown
would be an act of criminal folly for the great
with astonishing speed to a position of assured
free nations not to remember that we must make
and orderly political development, material pros-
might the servant of right instead of divorcing
perity, readiness to do justice to others and po-
might from right. As yet no movement for peace
tential strength to enforce justice from the others.
possess in addition to the love of justice, the power
good
These nations are able to enforce order at home
amounts to anything unless the peoples behind it
and respect abroad. These nations have SO de-
veloped their institutions that they themselves do
11/27/1990 16:06 LIBRARY CONGRESS
and the determination in time of need to use the
OF
gulf
not wrong others, and that they are able to repel
potential force that is theirs. As yet the procla-
mation of such a policy as the Monroe Doctrine
goly
wrong from others Every such nation, when
once it has achieved such a position, should be-
is not worth the paper on which the words are
come itself a sponsor and guarantor of the doe-
inseribed, unless back of the words lie the power
of action. unless back of the proelamation lies the
trine; and its relations with the other sponsors
and guarantors should be those of equality.
- 22 -
- 23 -
THE
WHA
Prominent among these nations is your own, the
other Latin American nations that have achieved
Argentine Republic. You are not only one of the
a similar position, all of the Latin American
great free nations of the future, you are already
peoples will finally reach such a level of orderly
P.05
a great nation of the present. In size, in political
self-government, of material prosperity, of po-
stability, in virile energy, in orderly development,
tential strength and of political and social conduct
in patriotic self-respect, and in the right to the
as to make the Monroe Doctrine, in the sense of
respect of others, you rank on a footing of entire
being a merely unilateral doctrine, a thing of the
equality with the other free nations of mankind.
past, and to substitute for it a common agreement
As far as you are concerned, my feeling is that
among all the free Republies of the New World.
202 707 5844
the Monroe Doctrine in the sense of special
This time has come as regards you. It has not
guardianship thereof by the United States of the
come as regards any ration in which there is still
North, no longer applies. You need no protection.
chronic revolutionary disturbance, in which the
You are fit to be the champion of your own
bonds of social order and justice are SO relaxed
Monroe Doctrine.
that the nation is impotent to do justice to others
In other words, friends, you have so developed
or to enforce justice from others.
that you have the right to expect that in all inter-
The history of the United States shows with
national relations between Argentina and the
extraordinary clearness the point I wish to make.
United States the treatment shall be on both sides
When our Civil War broke out, when revolution-
16:07 LIBRARY OF CONGRESS
absolutely and without qualification that of an
ary disturbance reduced us to impotence abroad,
equal to an equal based on an exact mutuality of
all our power to enforce respect for the Monroe
respect and obligation. There are other Latin
Doctrine or for any other policy we championed,
American Powers which have achieved this posi-
vanished like smoke into thin air. Old World
tion, and as regards them also what I have said
powers at once began again to treat this continent
should apply. I most earnestly hope that-under
as subject to conquest and exploitation. A Euro-
the stimulus of the example of you, and of those
pean empire was established immediately south
- 24
--- 25 -
11/27/1990
of us. When the period of revolutionary disturb-
all of us, of you of the Argentine and of us of
ance came to an end, when the Union was restor-
the United States, to cultivate close and friendly
ed and the United States again became 8 great
relations with the peoples of Europe. We are of
P.06
nation, this empire crumbled at once into dust,
their culture. We are knit to them by many close
and once more we were able to re-assert the right
ties of sympathy and interest. Like them we are
of the peoples of this country to independence.
part of that great commonwealth of the spirit,
In short, friends, the history of my own country
which when we use the term in its best and high-
shows that it is useless to claim a right or a
est significance, we speak of as civilization. We
privilege unless the country claiming it ackno-
should try to extend the area of that great inter-
202 707 5844
wledges the obligation and duty that go with the
national commonwealth, not by conquest but by
privilege. We cannot claim the privileges of
goodwill, by friendliness, by just treatment. Let
freedom unless we exercise the duties of freedom.
us hope that in the end every right-thinking,
You of the Argentine and we of the United
right-acting people in any part of either the Old
States, both of us, I am happy to say, have
World or the New shall be admitted to full brot-
reached the stage where we can truthfully say
herhood with all other peoples who are striving
that we have performed and are performing our
for justice, for generous goodwill and fair dealing
duties with at least measurable success and there-
among the nations of mankind.
fore that we are entitled to the privileges and to
Nevertheless, close though the ties are that knit
the rights that should accompany the performance
our several nations to the nations of the Old
11/27/1990 16:08 LIBRARY CONGRESS
OF
of duty. One of these rights is absolutely self-
World, let us not forget that we are ourselves se-
respecting mutuality of regard and equality of
parate and individual nations, each with its own
treatment between us.
distinguishing characteristics. We have our own
I need hardly say that the championship of the
interests, needs, special characteristics and special
Monroe doetrine in no way implies any course of
fields of work. We are not colonies, we are na-
action toward any European power save one of
tions, we have reached the status of manhood.
the kindliest goodwill. It should be the object of
- 26
- 27 -
We must not lay our emphasis on supposed racial
terms which often indicate a linguistie rather than
not alone my own country, but all the countries
of the New World as well. I served the cause of
a racial affinity. The blood of many European
P.07
stocks runs in the veins of all of DS. Each is akin
mankind by what I did, and any other action
would have been eulpable weakness and folly. I
to various European peoples, each is separate
from every European people. Each Argentine
especially ask you to consider what we did in
citizen should learn Argentina first and foremost;
reference to Cuba under my administration, and
don't let him dwell abroad or be a mere copy of
what we did in reference to San Domingo. We in-
something from abroad. Let him stand on his OWN
tervened to save Cuba from the effects of a deso-
202 707 5844
feet. This is the same advice I have always given
lating struggle under which her population had
to my own people.
diminished in numbers by more than a million,
You have alluded in your speech to the suc-
the loss falling far more heavily upon women and
cessful effort made under my administration, and
children than upon men. When at last we inter-
by my direction, to secure admission to the Hague
vened, we said that as a result of our interference
Conference for the nations of the New World, on
Cuba should be independent.
& footing of entire equality, each with the others
I doubt if there was a chancellory in Europe
and with the several nations of the Old World. I
which believed that this promise was more than
CONGRESS
would have felt myself derelict in my duty if I
an empty form. During my administration I made
had not striven for this end. Will you permit me
it an actual fact. We started Cuba on the path of
OF
also to say that my deeds as President made good
stable and prosperous self-government, and then
LIBRARY
every word I have ever spoken in reference to
we left the island and left her a sovereign and
the duty of the United States toward the other
independent nation. Later, when there was 8 re-
nations of this continent. In Panama I acted not
volutionary disturbance, we intervened, but we
only with serupulous good faith but in the only
intervened only to make-peace, to secure an honest
16:09
way that was consistent with my duty towards,
election, and once more to start the island on a
path of stable self-government. Again we left
28
11/27/1990
29
was
Cuba. She is now absolutely independent. I have
in a bank of the highest standing. Forty-five per
every hope and belief that her stability and
cent were paid to the Goverment, and fifty-five
growth are firmly assured, and that from hence-
per cent, under the orders of an Imperial com-
P.08
forth on she will continue as an absolutely inde-
mission, to the creditors. As 8 result, San Do-
pendent and prosperous nation.
mingo got more money for the use of the Govern-
With San Domingo, our course was a little dif-
ment out of the forty-five per cent of the revenue
ferent, but it exactly met the requirements sug-
which were thus collected under our direction
gested by you, Mr. Frers, in your statement that
than ever she had obtained in the old disturbed
202 707 5844
poor and disorderly peoples should not be exploi-
times when she was supposed to get all the reve-
ted in their own interest by more powerful and
nues. Moreover, the just claims of her creditors
less unstable nations. San Domingo underwent
were satisfied, while the unjust ones were dis-
such repeated and complicated revolutionary dis-
allowed. All excuse for foreign interference with
turbances, and was in such hopeless bankruptey,
her autonomy was removed, and notice was served
that finally I was faced by the fact that three Eu-
that no foreign terri rial aggrandizement at her
ropean nations were about to act by taking pos-
expense would be permited. I submit, Mr. Frers,
session of cities and ports in San Domingo to
that no nation in the world ever by its actions
administer the custom-houses S0 as to secure debts
gave such entire proof of disinterested purpose
LIBRARY OF CONGRESS
which it was asserted were owed to their citizens.
to treat other nations with the broadest goodwill
Such possession would in the end have doubtless
and in the most generous spirit of justice as the
been permanent. At the earnest request of San
United States gave during the entire period co-
Domingo itself, I interfered. I made arrangements
vered by my administration - for the examples
which guaranteed the honest and peaceable col-
which I have quoted to you were but two among
lection of the revenues and the freedom of the
many others. Moreover, I believe that in the acting
16:10
custom-houses from all revolutionary or other vio-
as I did I was expressing the deep convictions
lence. The revenues thus collected were deposited
and purpose of the American people, in their
- 30
- 31 -
11/27/1990
desire themselves to enjoy, and to help others to
P.09
enjoy, the peace of righteousness, the peace of
justice, and to live with all other nations, and
especially with their brother nations of the New
World, in a spirit of the broadest and most ge-
nuine goodwill and brotherhood.
202 707 5844
11/27/1990 16:11 LIBRARY OF CONGRESS
32
1004/005
A SARMIENTO ANTHOLOGY
POLITICAL THOUGHT
main in the thought stage and never be translated into the
effective is to be found in the many throats cut and the
attempts and action that we need.
groans wrung from humanity, endlessly and futilely during
The spirit of the present century is analytical and dis-
the thirty years of revolution. From these we see many
sective. Abandoning theories to the speculative domain, it
tragedies, and, worst of all, a despair of improvement on the
seeks causes and facts, and demands good results before it
part of the present generation.
will accept them, and poor results before rejecting them.
That is what those strong governments amount to; they
Let us analyze what are called strong governments and
are like a hurricane that devastates an entire region, fol-
reach an understanding of what they really are, SO that they
lowed by the silence of destruction; like the conflagration
will neither deceive us, nor oppress us in the name of pub-
that reduces combustible material to ashes, which a gentle
lic welfare or tranquility or of that order, no less invoked
breeze scatters; or like the strong-bodied man who abuses
by reactionaries and pseudo-patriots, than are the words
his strength by excesses and ends in exhaustion. We well
liberty, progress, and civilization by the pseudo-liberals.
know that the cruelest of tyrannics are strong in that way.
The governments of the Roman emperors were vigorous.
but we see no governments of any kind whose elementary
So, later in Europe, were those of Cromwell, Louis XIV,
institutions and most sacred duties are, if not to progress,
and Napoleon, but none were as strong as those of Philip II
at least to avoid ruin, by granting concessions little by
and Ferdinand VII in Spain. We could cite many others in
little, and more than anything else by knowing the times
LC/HISP
America, stronger in their fury and cruelty, if the duty im-
in which they rule.
posed by a writer's status to enlighten and not to stir up
The whole secret lies in this last thought-that they
party [celing, however remote, permitted me, in this case,
should know their century and its requirements, and the
to report facts or to recall current happenings to mind.
present state of civilization in their respective countries.
Let the friends of those strong governments tell us can-
Then there will be only welfare or at least fewer obstacles
didly what good they have accomplished, what evils they
because of the less resistance which the majorities will in-
have avoided, and whither they have led nations, SO that,
terpose. But they do not care to adjust themselves to that,
being supporters of everything that is positive, we may in-
nor to submit to the popular will. They wish to invent
cline to their side and change our allegiance. We see only
strong, energetic governments carrying destruction in their
C202 707 2005
misfortunes. Even if it were to be alleged that they have
system, increasing resistance from day to day, heightening
kept order, we would deny it because the calm now is only
public irritation, which also increases its fever, producing
apparent, an empty shadow which will sooner or later van-
weakness and consumption. They spawn the monster of
ish, and at last what was to happen will take place, but with
anarchy that leads to a thousand other despotisms. And
far greater uproar and violence, the more reaction is pro-
they do not heed the deep abyss into which whole nations
voked.
are being plunged, society and morality destroyed, educa-
What happened to Rome and to the other nations which
tion halted, and industry, commerce, and property, and,
we have mentioned? And what has happened to the coun-
finally, the basis of the representative system itself, attacked.
tries in South America whose statesmen, if such they can be
True strength, the robust vigor of governments, depends
11/26/90 15:24
called, have professed that doctrine of strong government
on the system which the legislator devises, applies, and exe-
in order to suppress revolutions and impose silence upon
cutes, according to the needs of the people and their differ-
demands for justice, by persecution, gibbets, and blood?
ing situations, taking into consideration what is given the
The conclusive proof that such a charitable measure is in-
people who receive it and their capacities to use or abuse it.
306
307
THEODORE ROOSEVELT
CYCLOPEDIA
EDITED BY
ALBERT BUSHNELL HART
Professor Emeritus, Harvard University
AND
HERBERT RONALD FERLEGER
Roosevelt Memorial Association
FOREWORD BY
WILLIAM ALLEN WHITE
ROOSEVELT MEMORIAL ASSOCIATION
ROOSEVELT HOUSE
NEW YORK CITY
love inth Tine
-Nat Natsaying saying
of Cholena anth
SOUTH
SOUTH AMERICA
SOUTH
permanent change, and it marks one more step
of such interest and value in our several lands;
AINING OF.
toward what I believe will some day come
but the case against civilized man in this mat-
f [our educa-
about-the complete reunion of the two sec-
ter is gruesomely heavy anyhow, when the
le ought to be
tions. (To Sir George Otto Trevelyan, Novem-
plain truth is told, and it is harmed by exag-
1 the crippled
ber 8, 1905.) Mem. Ed. XXIV, 181; Bishop
geration. (1914.) Mem. Ed. VI, 68; Nat. Ed.
may become,
II, I55.
V, 58.
upporting citi-
1918.) Mem.
SOUTH, THE. See also CIVIL WAR; CON-
SOUTH AMERICA - EXPLORATION
8.
FEDERATES; COPPERHEADS; LEE, R. E.;
OF. There yet remains plenty of exploring
NEGRO; NORTH; NULLIFICATION; RECON-
work to be done in South America, as hard,
DRAFT; MILL
STRUCTION; SECTIONALISM; SLAVERY; TUSKE-
as dangerous, and almost as important as any
ANS; VOLUN.
GEE INSTITUTE; WASHINGTON, BOOKER T.
that has already been done.
The
collecting
naturalists who go into the wilds and do first-
SOUTH AMERICA. Portions of South Amer-
class work encounter every kind of risk and
in and appre-
ica are now entering on a career of great social
undergo every kind of hardship and exertion.
South, but its
and industrial development. Much remains to
Explorers and naturalists of the right type have
saw the right;
be known, so far as the outside world is con-
open to them in South America a field of ex-
ound-that is,
cerned, of the social and industrial condition
traordinary attraction and difficulty. But to ex-
n the question
in the long-settled interior regions. More re-
cavate ruins that have already long been known,
tate rights-it
mains to be done, in the way of pioneer ex-
to visit out-of-the-way towns that date from
unted to mad-
ploring and of scientific work, in the great
colonial days, to traverse old, even if uncom-
amounted to
stretches of virgin wilderness. The only two
fortable, routes of travel, or to ascend or de-
odes, Novem-
other continents where such work, of like vol-
scend highway rivers like the Amazon, the
402; Bishop
ume and value, remains to be done are Africa
Paraguay, and the lower Orinoco-all of these
and Asia; and neither Africa nor Asia offers a
exploits are well worth performing, but they
more inviting field for the best kind of field-
in no sense represent exploration or adventure,
the need of
worker in geographical exploration and in
and they do not entitle the performer, no mat-
or the soldierly
zoological, geological, and paleontological in-
ter how well he writes and no matter how much
the four years
vestigation. (1914.) Mem. Ed. VI, 328; Nat.
of real value he contributes to human knowl-
raise is due to
Ed. V, 280.
edge, to compare himself in any way with
complished in
the real wilderness wanderer, or to criticise the
followed. For
When the white man reached
latter. (1914.) Mem. Ed. VI, 166; Nat. Ed. V,
not merely a
South America he found the same weak and
142-143.
ate struggle, as
impoverished mammalian fauna that exists prac-
material well-
tically unchanged to-day. Elsewhere civilized
SOUTH AMERICA-TRADE WITH We
aordinary, and
man has been even more destructive than his
wish to open the countries of South America
try should feel
very destructive uncivilized brothers of the
to our business, we wish to create a market for
eat deed done
magnificent mammalian life of the wilderness;
the products of our business men, the farmers,
one group of
for ages he has been rooting out the higher
and wage-workers in South America. This can-
redit upon all
forms of beast life in Europe, Asia, and North
not be done at all unless it is to the advantage
le could have
Africa; and in our own day he has repeated
of the various peoples of South America to
onditions with
the feat, on a very large scale, in the rest of
have such products. It cannot be made a strik-
found them-
Africa and in North America. But in South
ing success unless the South Americans find
the Civil Wat.
America, although he is in places responsible
that it is very much to their advantage to deal
1905.) Mem.
for the wanton slaughter of the most interest-
with us, and unless they so thrive and prosper
3-34.
ing and the largest, or the most beautiful,
that it will be greatly to our advantage to ex-
birds, his advent has meant a positive enrich-
tend our dealings with them. In private life a
inished a fort-
ment of the wild mammalian fauna. None of
man's only customers who are worth anything
tates, where I
enthusiasm. As
the native grass-eating mammals, the gramini-
are those who can pay for what they get, and
vores, approach in size and beauty the herds of
his best customers are those whose prosperity in-
om one of my
wild or half-wild cattle and horses, or so add
creases so that they can get a great deal; in
st to show the
[ was earnestly
to the interest of the landscape. There is every
other words it is self-evidently to the advan-
: for them, but
reason why the good people of South America
tage of every business man to have a prosper-
should waken, as we of North America, very
ous community with which to do business.
y and admira-
late in the day, are beginning to waken, and
In just the same way it is to the advantage
me half-way.
as the peoples of northern Europe-not south-
of us as a nation to see the nations with which
1 change at all
ern Europe-have already partially wakened,
we do business thrive, prosper, and enormously
t a slight per-
of the South-
to the duty of preserving from impoverishment
to increase their material well-being, and there-
ean this slight
and extinction the wild life which is an asset
fore their wish and their ability to enter into
American Enviro
[573]
SOUTH AMERICA
SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR
SPANISH-AMI
business relations with us. (At New York City,
SPAIN-DECAY OF. The expulsion of
Henry F. Pring
October 3, 1913.) Mem. Ed. XVIII, 394; Nat.
Moor and heretic, the loss of the anarchistic
court, Brace &
Ed. XVI, 294-295.
and much misused individual liberties of the
provincial towns, the economic and social
changes wrought by the inflow of American
but the war thre
SOUTH AMERICA. See also BRAZIL; Co-
LOMBIA; GERMANY; INTERVENTION; LATIN
gold-all of them put together do not explain
left us not mer
AMERICA; MONROE DOCTRINE; PANAMA
the military decadence of the Spaniard; do not
land and sea, b
explain why he grew so rigid that, at first on
tage, the knowle
CANAL; VENEZUELA.
sea and then on land, he could not adapt him-
highest motives,
self to new tactics, and above all, what subtle
as for our own
SOUTH AMERICAN WARS OF INDE-
transformation it was that came over the fight.
are thankful tha
PENDENCE. The Revolutionary War itself
ing edge of the soldiers themselves. For nearly
the fact that the
had certain points of similarity with the strug-
a century and a half following the beginning of
serious danger (
gles of which men like Bolivar were the heroes;
Gonsalvo's campaigns, the Spanish infantry
as Governor, A
where the parallel totally fails is in what fol-
showed itself superior in sheer fighting ability
Ed. XVII, 5-6;
lowed. There were features in which the cam-
to any other infantry in Europe. Toward the
paigns of the Mexicans and South American
end of the sixteenth century, neither the Hol
SPANISH-AM
insurgent leaders resembled at least the partisan
landers, fighting with despair for their own
AGEMENT Il
warfare so often waged by American Revolu-
firesides, nor the Scotch and English volun.
transportation,
tionary generals; but with the deeds of the
teers, actuated by love of fighting and zeal for
beyond belief.
great constructive statesmen of the United
their faith, were able on anything like equal
sodden blankets
States there is nothing in the career of any
terms to hold their own against the Spanish
eight hours with
Spanish-American community to compare. It
armies, who walked at will to and fro through
hospital. The :
was the power to build a solid and permanent
the Netherlands, save where strong city walls
above all, they
Union, the power to construct a mighty nation
or burst dikes held them at bay. Yet the Hol.
but little medici
out of the wreck of a crumbling confederacy,
lander, the Englishman, and the Scotchman
own pocket ric
which drew a sharp line between the Ameri-
were trained soldiers, and they were spurred
milk for my sic
cans of the North and the Spanish-speaking
by every hope and feeling which we ordinarily
and sugar for t]
races of the South
accept as making men formidable in fight. A
were still able t
The men who brought into being and pre-
century passed; and these same Spaniards had
wonder that of
served the Union have had no compeers in
become contemptible creatures in war compared
landed, today o
Southern America. The North American col-
with the Dutch and Scotch, the English and
from wounds a
onies wrested their independence from Great
French, whom they had once surpassed. Many
pacity and the
Britain as the colonies of South America
partial explanations can be given for the
the utter lack
wrested theirs from Spain; but whereas the
change, but none that wholly or mainly explain
both at Washir
United States grew with giant strides into a
it. (To A. J. Balfour, March 5, 1908.) Mem
for it all. Not
strong and orderly nation, Spanish America
Ed. XXIV, 122-123; Bishop II, 105-106.
capacity and us
has remained split into a dozen turbulent states,
regular army (
SPAIN. See also FRENCH REVOLUTION.
of the voluntee
and has become a by-word for anarchy and
carried us throu
weakness. (1894.) Mem. Ed. XI, 318-319;
Nat. Ed. IX, 95.
SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR. I would
The suffering
gard a war with Spain from two viewpoints:
half of it was
SOVEREIGNS. See KINGS; ROYALTY.
First, the advisability on the ground both of hu
been practically
manity and self-interest of interfering on be
hardtack, bacon
high fever such
SOVEREIGNTY. There are few evils greater
half of the Cubans, and of taking one, more
than an irresponsible sovereignty, where the
step toward the complete freeing of America
Roosevelt Cowl
final power is exercised by men who cannot be
done to our people by giving them something
from European domination; second, the benefit
ters, 218-219.
held accountable for its exercise. Outlook, No-
to think of which isn't material gain, and "
SPANISH-AM
vember I5, 1913, P. 592.
pecially the benefit done our military forces actual
OF. Our own
by trying both the Army and Navy in KS
cause of the Ct
SOVEREIGNTY. See also POWER.
practise. I should be very sorry not to and
pecially because
us make the experiment of
lected Isthmian
therefore to feed and clothe,
interests from
SOVEREIGNTY, POPULAR. See CONSTI-
force, if only for the sake of force
Cuba was at ou
TUTION; DEMOCRACY; GOVERNMENT; POPU-
blunders. I should hope that the be
thing for us to
LAR RULE; SELF-GOVERNMENT.
would our have some fighting to do. It would it.
agony. It was
a lesson, and we would profit much by
standpoint of
SOVEREIGNTY, STATE. See STATES'
RIGHTS.
(To great W. W. Kimball, November 19, 1897.)
standpoint of n
[574]
ARGENTINA QUOTES:
A: NATIONAL ANTHEM:
-Your national anthem speaks of the "sacred cry" of freedom,
asking that such laurels be made eternal.
B: BUENOS AIRES:
-After just a few hours here in this city that many refer to
as the "intellectual capital of the continent," I understand what
Jorge Luis Borges meant when he described the city's unique
personality as a "silent magic that captures newcomers almost
titally."
C: We marvel at the natural splendor of this vast Argentine
Republic, from the mighgty Andes, to the channels of Tierra del
Fuego, where, as one writer put it, "rainbows and sea fade away
among the flight of eagles and albatross;" from the silent
whiteness of the Antarctic Circle, to the Pampas (sea of grass),
and the Rio de la Plata ("lion colored river") surrounding Buenos
Aires; from the dark jungles of Misiones, to the snow-covered
hills of the Altiplano, the vineyards of Cuyo, the smooth hills
of Cordoba, and the paradisiac valleys of Patagonia.
D: And how appropriate are, even today, the words of Theodore
Roosevelt who, when he visited Argentina in 1913, spoke of the
similarities between our two nations. of course each nation has
its own peculiar characteristics, he said, but "our likenesses
are more important than our differences
both young, both vast
of physical area, both growing by leaps and bounds.
E: Think of those likenesses: both our countries won their
independence from European powers, and each of founding fathers
acted upon similar desires for liberty and justice. (The
drafters of the Declaration of Independence proclaimed that "all
men are created equal, endowed by their creator with certain
inalienable rights, among them life, liberty, and the pursuit of
happiness. In Argentina, Esteban Echeverria said "Equality and
liberty are the two poles of Democracy." Abraham Licoln
described democratic government as "of the people, by the people,
and for the people. In Argentina, Juan Alberdi declared "Public
freedom is no more than the sum of the freedoms of all.' " And
while our Constitution made clear the need to separate the
legislative, executive, and judicial branches of government, the
great Argentine liberator Jose de San Martin stated that
"Displaying the most excellent principles matters not at all,
when he makes the law, he who carries it out, is also he who
judges it.")
F: President Eisenhower, when he visited Argentina, spoke of
feeling that spirit of friendship among the people, a spirit
captured in your language by the phrase "en su casa." Well I too
feel that spirit.
What me want:
1
Personal (Tennis m. Mennem) ate.
Z
Quates
3
length
A
Major Da min.
IS
B
funinal 4-6min
J
Dept : 3- 4min.
Д
Short toat
3
Embansy greeting -TPS
F
Other -6-8mun.
4
Photo Copy Preservation
Argenting
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/
Trup - big deal.
2
Bush- personal relationship
/m. Countries - Ceadess.
what he says is "thlan"
3
Enterprises for the Americas"
(pee trude
payular with 5. A's- -
eagn to see POTUS Confinuation
4
Difficult period of Leonomic
restructuring
(Chile- - success story)
5
Dispel fears of mestern
diversion with Eastern
Europe "Reengaging" with
later hentose."
7
"Would's just completely
democratic hemisphere"
+ free frade.
(2)
Papulist tone to economic
reform (free enterpred-don't
between to these people
"Opportacuty ", 'we' rather
then "I - shared unsion)
9
vegative growth - speak
to ceality.
L'we one all facing difficult "
economic choices
but there hope.
10
/ Uraguay Round'
"
Handle Enmiranment - but
mith sensitienty
Crewember couspiracy pard
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Environment - wast sensiterie
12 Houston - fund for
Trapical farest didn't
go over well.
13
Eny hinge - "we Listen"
Lmil get filled for
'uncle Sam lecturing
(14) These are west the lug drug
Countries, lent there is ling
conceun about drings lands
moving in.
L (Partnership)
prevention.
Photo Copy Preservation
111. Augenting
Contacts for
staries ?
C
Laak at lunangenal alcherses.
Z
Transition to democracy
C+Chule, Unaguey, Brayill
These fang countries show
round. our interests in Uragoay
3
Real people terms
4
Bell Atlantic in Argentive
Photo Copy Preservation
incl Buenar Aires.
+ Spain
S
Papulum, / station
6
Mennen - (educing stay of
state -selling off state
Owned interests to
4 Felephon
ExAirlines. - thene
3
Oil Lines
4
Gas + electic
5
Rarlway
6
Road Concessions
- Camency free - exchage
rate by market faces
- IMF agreement
(same apposition
-
Lbut opportion party
publicly sup park
+ wext party as
will
- -Privatication.
- hut: durindling unddle class
-wages tariffs vat help "my up with
Photo Copy Preservation
- national treatment to
- - ligh unemplogment.
fereign companies
-seeluy economic alignment.
-try to remove submidies
- -GATT submely code.
problems. - expents limited.
(stapped missles all activity in
nuclear, energy problems.
-Deek Derencet technology
[ # Co -operation
-great Deventific Cegacy.
- Mennem-Bush- 'wount
lasy! Player tennis +
last to Bush (Ther they won
in doubles
- spents nut is Mennen. together)
Photo Copy Preservation
Oper Cott? - Maradona has VILAS Falklands?
unfe left
Mula?
(wanted mont te hast
his political evenies.
- Called + wrate POTUS
Photo Copy Preservation
re. Enterprise Inmitiative.
- just declared reserves. large parent
- -Amurican Investment
-OPER active - removed bearecray
Roward COURAGE - talery OL
special interests t own party
-mch agriculture t minerals
Lrich resources.
- give and take.
expart oriented economy.
mulay
People Stress: have to do it
we con on onler help.
US-Cinbal economi>>
CASTRO
Light, gureh treatment
HUMOUR: WE'RE
BUDIES
REMEMBER
TRANSCATION
Photo Copy Preservation
L LQUS/NEXUS
Jim Plummer
Connect 16.3 W for names
Photo Copy Preservation
-KOM book : ARGENTINA: ACOUNTRY STODY 1985
Capital: Buenos Aires.
497 per capita. Growth of economy linked closely to produc
tion and export of cereals and oilseeds.
Flag: Three vertical bands-two light blue, one white.
Agriculture: Production alone accounted for over 15 percen
Geography
of GDP. Associated agroindustrial activities in processing
transport, sales, and other services raised total share of agricul
ture-based output in GDP to about 30 percent.
Size: 2,771,300 square kilometers-second largest nation
(after Brazil) in Latin America.
Manufacturing: Contributed 24.1 percent of GDP in 1983
Major industries comprised metal products, machinery an
Topography: Wide variety of topographical features. Andes
equipment, food and beverages, and chemicals.
mountains and foothills lie in west along Chilean border. Sub-
tropical jungles in north, fertile prairie lands in center, and
subantarctic territories in south.
Exports: US$7.8 billion in 1983. Agricultural goods accoun
ed for 79 percent of total export value. Most important agricu
tural exports-cercals, oilseeds, and their byproducts-a
Climate: Great variations owing to considerable north-south
counted for 56 percent of total export value. Other importar
extension. Andean regions vary from cool in north to cold in
exports included minerals and fuels, metals, plastics, resin
south. Northern lowlands tropical; central prairie lands moder-
and rubber.
ate.
Imports: US$4.5 billion in 1983. Main imports included ma
Society
chinery and equipment, chemicals, fuels and lubricants, as
metals.
Population: Mid-1985 estimated population 30.7 million. An-
Major trade partners: In 1983 major export markets include
nual rate of growth 1.5 percent.
Soviet Union, United States, Netherlands, China, Iran, and J,
pan. Major sources of imports included United States, Braz
Education and Literacy: Partially decentralized system. Pri-
Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany), Bolivia, Japa
mary education compulsory. In 1980 official literacy rate 94.2
and Italy.
percent.
Currency: Austral, divided into 100 centavos, is unit of cu
Health and Welfare: One of highest health standards in Latin
rency.
America. In 1985, life expectancy 70 years. Infant mortality
rate 35.3 per 1,000 live births. Leading causes of death heart
disease, cancer, accidents, and problems relating to childbirth.
Government and Politics
Language: Spanish, official language, spoken by virtually all.
Government: 1853 Constitution in force in 1985. Feder
system with 22 provinces, the Federal District, and one natio
Religion: 91.6 percent of population professes Roman Ca-
al territory formally autonomous in matters not specifica
tholicism. Protestantism, with 2.5 percent, ranks second.
delegated to national government. Local autonomy limited
national government power to intervene in provinces in ord
Economy
to "guarantee the republican form of government." National
government power concentrated in indirectly elected prest
dent. Bicameral legisle ture (Congress consisting of 46-member
Gross Domestic Product (GDP): In 1983 equivalent to US$2,
Senate and 254-member Chamber of Deputies) relatively
XX
weak. Most senators elected indirectly; deputies elected di-
four army corps. Argentine Navy divided among four naval
rectly. National judiciary headed by Supreme Court. Provin-
zones corresponding to coastal and riverine territory. Air force
cial governments headed by elected governors. Means of elec-
divided among nine air brigades. Number of army brigades-
tion vary, with some elected directly and some indirectly. Most
largest ground troop formations-being cut from 10 to six in
provincial legislatures unicameral; some bicameral. Most local
mid-1980s. Major naval vessels in 1985 included four subma-
governments headed by mayors appointed by governors.
rines, one aircraft carrier, and 10 destroyers. Major air force
formations included four ground-attack/interceptor squadrons,
Politics: Liberal-democratic system reestablished in Decem-
three ground-attack squadrons, one bomber squadron, two
ber 1983 after eight years of military rule. In 1985 governing
counterinsurgency squadrons, and one attack helicopter
party, Radical Civic Union (Unión Cívica Radical-UCR), con-
squadron.
trolled presidency and Chamber of Deputies. Major opposition
party was Justicialist Party, with strong ties to organized labor.
Internal Security: Civilian-directe 1 Ministry of Interior prin-
Large number of smaller parties to both right and left of these
cipal government body responsible for internal security in
two. Organized labor and armed forces important political
1985. Size of Federal Police, major law enforcement agency,
forces, together with large number of interest groups.
estimated at slightly over 20,000. Other law enforcement bod-
ies included provincial, city, and municipal police forces.
Foreign Relations: Formally of United States but maintains
Right-wing terrorism identified by government as primary in-
independent posture on many issues. Relations seriously dam-
ternal security problem in 1985. By mid-1985 elite antiter-
aged as result of 1982 South Atlantic War with Britain. Grow-
rorist police corps formed.
ing trade relationship with Soviet Union. Major issues include
status of South Atlantic islands and questions concerning pay-
ments on country's foreign debt.
International Agreements and Memberships: Party to Inter-
American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance (Rio Treaty). Mem-
bership in international organizations includes Organization of
American States and its specialized agencies, United Nations
and its specialized agencies, Latin American Integration Asso-
ciation, and Nonaligned Movement.
National Security
Armed Forces: Controlled by civilian-directed Ministry of
Defense. Total strength of professional troops in 1985 approxi-
mately 110,000: Argentine Army, 65,000; Argentine Navy,
28,000; Argentine Air Force, 17,000. Total number of con-
scripted personnel about 47,000. Paramilitary forces, respon-
sible to Ministry of Defense, divided between National Gen-
darmerie and Argentine Naval Prefecture and totaled 20,000
personnel. Reserve troops, including National Guard and Ter-
ritorial Guard, also available for military service.
Military Units: Personnel in Argentine Army divided among
Secretaría de Turismo
de la Nación
Naturalmente
THE WHITE HOUSE
Office of the Press Secretary
(Buenos Aires, Argentina)
EMBARGOED FOR RELEASE
UNTIL 4:15 P.M. LOCAL
1:15 P.M. EST
WEDNESDAY, DECEMBER 5, 1990
TEXT OF REMARKS BY THE PRESIDENT
IN ADDRESS TO THE ARGENTINIAN CONGRESS
Palacio del Congreso
Buenos Aires, Argentina
December 5, 1990
I am honored to be with you today in this beautiful Hall of
Democracy, with so many members of your Congress. And I am
privileged to be with you at this time in history, both your own
history, and the history we share as members of the same
hemisphere. For we live in an era of dramatic change.
Some may have thought that the events of Monday would make me
change my plans. To the contrary, they strengthened my resolve
to come to Argentina, to stand shoulder-to-shoulder with
President Menem and the Argentine people, who love democracy and
refuse to see it subverted.
The message today from Argentina is clear. Democracy is here to
stay. Too many brave people sacrificed and died to bring
democracy back to Latin America. Let those who would attack
constitutional democracy understand: In Latin America the day of
the Dictator is over.
Violent assaults upon the Rule of Law represent the old way of
thinking and acting that history has left behind. It is time to
think anew.
No longer should we think in terms of "the old World," where our
roots lie. or of "the First World," or "the Third World." No,
we must move beyond the labels that once separated us, to grasp
the common future that unites us. Argentina, the United States,
and the other nations in this continent share the promise of a
new dawn in a new world.
so, I have come to Argentina to speak about change, the kind of
positive, hopeful change symbolized by the sun of the Spirit of
May in your dramatic seal behind me.
But above all, we share a devotion and commitment to our
respective nations that would have pleased General San Martin,
who wrote: "Love for one's native land fuels noble souls."
All of this is part of the unique bond between our countries.
But it's also recent history that unites us. Your return of
democracy has brought our peoples closer than ever before. Your
and 06/5/21 compt
sacrifice during past decades caused us deep anguish and concern.
But your people did not lose faith in the democratic ideal, and
the United States did not lose faith in you.
file under
- more -
- 2 -
As we prepare, with optimism and anticipation, for the challenges
facing this hemisphere and the rest of the world, some things are
clear. We all know that we want to live in a new world that is a
model of security and stability. This means regional arms
control, as well as nuclear, missile, and chemical non-
proliferation, and the collective determination to face down
aggression.
As I said in Brasilia, the United States applauds the decision
announced November 28 by the leaders of Argentina and Brazil, to
move forward on nuclear safeguards, and to bring the Treaty of
Tlatelolco into force. We hope you will move quickly to realize
both of these commitments, as they have a direct, measurable
impact on regional and world security. Such action will also
allow the U.S. and other countries to expand significantly the
range of our nuclear and other technical cooperation.
In the current crisis in the Gulf, you have also shown strength
and vision by helping to lead international efforts to stop
Saddam's brutal aggression. Your contribution to the
multinational force in the Gulf is a statement of your commitment
to peace and the Rule of Law, and a clear sign that you are
assuming your rightful place as a leader among freedom-loving
nations.
Argentina and President Menem have not limited their efforts to
promoting international security. Here in Argentina, you have
embarked on another courageous action, the restoration of your
economic dynamism. Your President, Carlos Menem, has defined the
challenge we face today. He said: "To take advantage of
democratic experiences to propel economic growth and progress, is
the principal crossroads and challenge for our peoples and
governments."
It is a difficult challenge as well. I believe few Presidents
have ever taken office under more testing circumstances than did
President Menem. Yet he and his colleagues in this Congress
didn't shrink from the task at hand. Instead, you set into
motion a forward-looking structural, economic and social
transformation of this country.
We know of the painful, short-term sacrifices you are being
called upon to make, in what your own President has called
"Surgery without anesthesia." For this tremendous undertaking to
succeed, it will not take miracles. It will take work. But know
that the U.S. is prepared to work with you every step of the way.
Just yesterday, we signed two new agreements, a Mutual Legal
Assistance Treaty, and a Mutual Customs Cooperation Agreement.
And last June, to help this movement in your nation and the
others of this continent, we proposed the Enterprise for the
Americas Initiative, which calls for a major hemispheric effort
to expand trade and investment and reduce debt. To unleash
energy. To encourage initiative. And to let the incentive of
reward inspire people to better themselves, their families, and
their futures.
We are absolutely committed to this initiative as a major
priority. It will give impetus to the essential economic
restructuring which is already underway. And it will sustain and
deepen this process in tangible ways.
- more -
- 3 -
The Initiative is our hemisphere's new declaration of
interdependence. For economic revolution is the equal of
political revolution. And economic cooperation must be embraced
not as a threat to privilege for a few, but as the key to
prosperity for all. We know that prosperity in our hemisphere
depends on trade, not aid. And it is within our power to make
our region the largest trading center of sovereign nations in the
world. Already, the Southern Cone common market is moving us
closer to our ultimate objective, a free trade system that links
all of the Americas. We support you in this and look forward to
completing a framework agreement on trade and investment between
the United States and the Southern Cone.
But to promote long-term growth, we need the successful
conclusion of the Uruguay Round. The negotiators must succeed in
their efforts to reduce or eliminate tariffs, subsidies and other
barriers to agricultural products. This will mean new market
opportunities for the farmer in Buenos Aires Province; the
agricultural workers in Jujuy; and the engineer in Rosario.
No act could be more significant for your nation than the move
toward a market-oriented economy, a move crucial to attracting
foreign investment. It lays the groundwork for your future,
building a road that leads to a modern, growing Argentina. A
free enterprise economy will encourage capital investment,
greater individual initiative, and real prosperity for this and
future generations. With the help of the Inter-American
Development Bank, we want to encourage the reform and opening of
investment regimes. The spirit of enterprise will unleash your
great potential and assure this nation of its position as one of
the most vigorous nations in the world.
The reforms that you are carrying out in your economy, including
your bold program of privatization, are not only the key to
economic growth and expanded opportunity, they are also the first
crucial steps under the Brady Plan to achieve debt reduction with
your commercial creditors. I understand the burden of debt that
weighs on Argentina. But I believe that today, like Mexico,
Venezuela, Uruguay, and Costa Rica, Argentina is on the right
road to reduce that burden under the Brady Plan.
The way we deal with our common economic realities can be a
steppingstone to a permanent partnership among all the nations of
the Americas. I believe we are on the brink of something
unprecedented in world history: The first wholly democratic
hemisphere. The first hemisphere devoted to freedom. To free
speech. Free elections. Free enterprise. Free trade. Free
markets.
That's why I've come to your country. To celebrate what we
share. To recommit my nation to the movement toward democracy
and prosperity in the Americas. To stress the vital importance
of mutual cooperation and understanding among traditional
friends. For we read in Martin Fierro: "Brothers should stand
by each other, because this is the first law: Keep a true bond
between you at each and every time."
Argentina is a great nation with enormous resources, but none
more impressive than the Argentinian people themselves. When
this century began, Argentina was among the most prosperous and
productive nations in the entire world. I am confident that
Argentina will be such an economic leader again.
Together, yet from our own beloved lands, we will watch freedom,
democracy, and prosperity grow. We will watch it from the
vantage point of two countries strong in liberty and expanding in
economy. And we can look forward, with shared optimism, to the
21st century, to the brilliant new dawn of a splendid new world.
#
#
#
ARGENTINA
47
46
SOUTH AMERICA
Life as lived by the Argentines requires stamina. They work regular of-
don't find. Fabled Patagonia is a bleak Nevada with millions of pengum
for hours (9 A.M.-7 P.M.) and put in full evenings, too. Often downtown
perched on burrows like prairie dogs. Lake Nahuel Huapí at the mou
odewalks are more crowded at 11 P.M. than during the day. They enjoy
resort of Bariloche in central Argentina is as blue as Lake Tahoe; but
univirs, operas, ballet, symphony, Gestalt therapy groups, university semi-
on the lake's Isla Victoria can you see the surrealistic cinnamon form
talking over dinner, talking over coffee (not cocktails), talking, talk-
of Walt Disney's Bambi.
mg.
Life has a patina of drama. People live on the edge, elated by a happy
Pine plantations march Georgia-like along red soil, then the runn
is of events, despairing over desastres (dis-AS-trays)-disasters. Life is
another Jesuit commune appear suddenly-carved red sandstone testime
ruller coaster, and visitors climb aboard for the ride. It's impossible to
nials to a vast empire that lasted approximately from the time the Pilgrin
quire, for Argentines have a warmth and curiosity that embraces strang-
landed to the U.S. Declaration of Independence, then faded when the
its were expelled by Charles III of Spain. And more. Wild West
cross trestles at a breathless 12,000 feet. Mendoza, like Carmel-by-the
Spanish Colonization
in California, has tucked itself into a beautiful forest. But Mendoza,
of 1.2 million, sits on a dry, treeless plain at the foot of the Andes.
Gold that surpassed the dreams of Midas lay waiting to be plundered
dreds upon hundreds of trees had to be planted by hand, and every
the Inca Empire, an advanced civilization centered in Peru. Docile Indi-
is irrigated through a canal system first dug by the Incas.
who used the same word for "duty to the state" as "happiness" were
The natural spectacles are often bold. A network of concrete catw
alimady working in fields and mines. For them, the Spanish Conquest
takes you right into the spray at Iguazú Falls, twice as big as Niagus
meat merely switching from one master to another. When the conquista-
When you perch on the cliffs at Lago Argentino, the ground underne
an rode south from the capital of Cuzco, they wanted more gold and
quakes as Perito Moreno Glacier creaks and groans toward you, moven
more slaves whose souls they could save, only to discover they already
five yards a day and shattering curtains of icebergs in its path.
tot the best of the booty. The history of the Spanish in Argentina is really
A journey to Argentina grants the pleasures of surprise, of chic be
Mary of Peru and the pauper.
tiques and unsurpassed steaks, of exploring the tail end of the New Warth
For most peoples, the Andes would have been a harsh barrier, but the
all worthy reasons to visit. Yet there is a bonus of common roots
locas were a highland nation, used to living in mountain basins whose ele-
in the Old World-Europe, the Middle East, or the Orient. When upons
enties rival the peaks of the Rockies. When the Incas expanded from cen-
ed North Americans meet uprooted Argentines, they stare into a minu
and Peru, they reached farther and farther through the cordillera. Irriga-
Both peoples are educated, most own their houses or condominiums.
time systems were developed, crops planted, mines dug, and roads built
increasing number seek the help of psychiatrists in attempting to
distribute the goods.
control of their lives. One mix from the melting pot was accultures
The Spanish rode down the Inca highways, protected by the mountains
under Protestant-English guidelines, the other under Catholic-Sp
both sides, as the Incas had been. Finally, the road branched. The richer
And now, generations later, most of them would not trade places, notal
followed the abrupt western slope into the Atacama. There, in the
the Spanish-speaking Welsh with Latin swaggers nor English-speak
desert on earth, the Incas had mined copper. The Spanish took over.
Italians whose hands are mute.
by
following oases, the Incas had conquered various Indian tribes midway
Who are the Argentines, and what are they like? When the question
are
the lush Central Valley of Chile, where they had been halted by the
was put to a Jewish-Argentine psychoanalyst (who has a cousin in
Araucanians. Likewise, the Spanish were stopped too.
Hills), he jokingly repeated a stereotype: The typical Argentine is an be
Other conquistadors followed the eastern road into Argentina and
ian who speaks Spanish and thinks he's British. That was said before
marched to its termination, an Inca fortress at present day Tucumán. Here
Falklands/Malvinas War against England in 1982, which doesn't
Argentina the protective eastern mountains ended. The irrigated oasis
it any less true today-just not as commonly repeated. (Latin American
Facumán was under constant threat from the Abipones, nomadic plains
have called the South Atlantic islands "Malvinas" since 1698 when
Indians
who became more dangerous once they mounted stolen Spanish
were named by French sailors.) Beyond that shallow peek is an iscues
lines.
culture that developed on its own, borrowing and adapting until its
With neither gold, silver, gemstones, nor sedentary Indians to labor for
into the deep topsoil of the pampas and grew.
Argentina held little appeal for the Spanish. It was a hostile back-
Some Argentines would argue that they are a hybrid in search
that was easily ignored. The preoccupation of the Spanish Crown
identity, and others would argue the contrary. With great drama and
how to bring the wealth of the New World home, for no sooner had
viction, with passion and facts, they argue for hours over a cup of espenia
the treasure ships arrived than pirates, commissioned by France, stole
philosophizing about who they are. Philosophizing is the favorite
A
next shipment. Spain responded with a rigid system of protection that
of the Argentines; second is flirting; then comes soccer. That ranking
Argentina in thrall for almost 300 years.
is debatable, especially when discussed at a busy sidewalk cafe where
Lima, a capital for Spanish America, was established on the Peruvian
least two of the three sports can be practiced.
far enough inland to be secure from marauders. All minerals and
The Argentine dedication to flirtation can be devastatingly attraction
produced along the Andes had to be carried by mule to
Argentine men flirt intelligently, usually harmlessly, with a locked
by
armed
convoy
and a silent, regretted farewell. Nothing
bal
ack? -Pren of Senate + BACO of Chamber of Deputing
&Eduando Menan
Alberto Pierri
(Hinchliffe/Grossman/Garmey)
(mes bro)
November 28, 1990 2 p.m.
ARGENT
PRESIDENTIAL REMARKS: ADDRESS TO ARGENTINE CONGRESS
SizE who upc of 6
Buenos Aires Palacio de Congreso
Wednesday, December 5, 1990
Thank you. I am honored to be with you today in this
beautiful hall of democracy, with so many members of your
Congress. And I am privileged to be with you at this time in
the
this
history -- both your own history and the history we share as
Sun
of
members of the same hemisphere. For an era of change is here
spin
Change that will not be easy: but which will be tremendously
the
rewarding. Change that is heralded by the Sun of May in your
Mey-indep
from
spain
dramatic seal behind me and in the ceiling overhead. For
Argentina, the United States, and our sister nations in this
continent are beginning to stir in the new dawn of a New World.
No longer can we think in terms of the "Old World, " where
our roots lie. Or of "the First World, or "the Third World."
G.D. x ask R. Bethwhere this be
dwann her it might
No, we have moved beyond the labels that separate us; and into a
new phase where we look to what unites us.
insulting
There is so much that we can accomplish together SAID because
HAS
BEEN
16.D+
there is so much that does unite us. There S an old saying that
when North Americans meet Argentines, they stare into a mirror.
this signtity
Ink
friel
I've felt that. Much here feels familiar. The cattle. The oil
this
rigs. The seas of grass. The tradition of liberty. The shared
insults
belief in the dignity of the individual. Our common European
roots and shared colonial past. The 500 years since Columbus
as
discovered our lands. The warm energy and spirit of the people.
Even our interest in soccer -- we look forward to welcoming your
Am Emb Buenos Aires
Political
* -acampaning his
Jim walsh
is "V.P. Eduardo Duhlaldo"
1
DOOWALL DAY
u Political
Counselor"
- Pres 3th Senate
JVP₈ nation
Mr. Pres of Sa, Mr. UP of Net
OF
2
Preo Pro Tem Atn Senate
PRES PRO
Sen Eduardo Menem
TEM
3
(like on speak)
Pres 8th House of Deputing
PRES OF
CHAM BER
Dn. Alberto to Pi erri (PEE EH RA,
cornall
- distinguished legislation,
gov officials,
ladies + gettlement
Chief Justice of signature
2003
2
To
team to the U.S. in 1994 for our first hosting of the World Cup.
All of this is part of the unique bond between our countries.
noment
But there's more. More even than the fact that we've had diploma-
1820
tic relations for nearly 170 years. It's what Teddy Roosevelt
said. "We have such problems in common, such beliefs and ideals,
and methods of government and ways of life and habits of thought,
Both wherest did
that we inevitably are closer together, and will in the end have
a closer and more understanding relationship with one another.
this
And it's also recent history that joins us. Your embrace of
democracy has brought our peoples and governments closer than
ever before. Our mutual cooperation in science and technology
Draft
has led to new advances. And in the current crisis in the Gulf
you have been a tremendous ally -- the only country outside
State
staff see
Europe and the Middle East itself to provide troops and ships for
the peace-keeping force. Under President Menem, you are assuming
its up truit) to
your rightful place as a leader among freedom-loving nations.
Your contribution to the multinational force in the Gulf -- this
marvelous gesture from a nation so far from the conflict -- is a
statement of your commitment to peace and the rule of law.
And under President Menem, you are launching another
courageous rebirth -- the restoration of your economic stability.
You know, so many leaders feel friendship and admiration for this
man whose courage inspires people not just in his country, but
also in his region and indeed, around the world. [[ And, may I
State
add, when we were tennis partners in San Jose, we won. I hope
Draft
that will be a lesson of the success the U.S. and Argentina
3
experience when they team up together. ]] I was struck by some-
thing your President said -- and his words do not apply just to
Argentina. He said: "to take advantage of democratic experiences
to propel economic growth and progress, is the principal
crossroads and challenge for our peoples and governments."
A
And a difficult challenge as well. I believe few presidents
have ever taken office under more testing circum-stances than did
President Menem. Yet he didn't shrink from the task at hand.
Instead, he set into motion his complex structural, economic and
social transformation of this country. It is with broad,
brilliant strokes that he is leading one of the most remarkable
economic restructuring programs the world has seen.
We know the excruciating short-term sacrifices you are being
st Braft
called upon to make, in what your own President has called "surg-
ery without anesthesia." Because for this tremendous undertaking
out
to succeed, it will not take miracles. It will take work. But
know that the U.S. is here to work with you. To that end, we ve
Hegel
signed with your government the Bilateral Investment Treaty, to
encourage US investors to join Argentines in an extraordinary
cooperative partnership -- resulting in greater productivity.
More exports. More jobs. And greater optimism about the future.
In addition, we have signed, or are negotiating a variety of
other agreements with Argentina, including: the Tourism Treaty;
the Customs Cooperation Agreement; the Framework Trade Agreement;
Bop?
Subsidies Agreement; the Joint Satellite Project; and others.
But for this exciting new chapter to begin, and to promote long-
Subs
3
4
térm growth, we need the successful conclusion of the Uruguay
Round. This will mean new market opportunities for farmers in San
Juan; shipworkers in Santa Cruz; office workers in Buenos Aires.
We want to be a part of your work because we recognize that
do
we
to
no act could be more significant for a nation-in-need than your call
it
that
move toward a market-oriented economy. That's because it lays
"medy
the groundwork for your future by envisioning a road that leads
to a modern, growing Argentina. A country which will encourage
greater individual initiative, guaranteeing prosperity for this
and future generations. And an open and democratic economy will
unleash your great potential and restore this nation to its
position as one of the most vigorous nations in the world.
To do what we can to help this embryonic movement in your
nation and the others of this continent, we introduced the Enter-
prise for the Americas Initiative, calling for a major hemispher-
ic effort to expand free and fair trade. For that is the way to
unleash the million sparks of energy and enterprise. To encourage
individual initiative. And to let the incentive of reward inspire
people to better themselves, their families, and their futures.
We are absolutely committed to this Initiative as a major
priority. It will give impetus to the painful, yet essential,
economic restructuring which has already begun here. And it will
sustain and deepen this process in tangible ways.
The Initiative is our hemisphere's new Declaration of Inter-
dependence. For economic revolution is the equal of political
revolution. And economic cooperation must be embraced not as a
5
threat to privilege, but as the key to prosperity. After all,
prosperity in our hemisphere depends on trade, not aid. And it
thograft
is within our power to make our region the largest trading center
the
of sovereign nations in the world. Already, the Southern Cone
Common Market is a major step toward the world's first
Hosel
Hemispheric Free Trade Zone. But our ultimate aim must be a free
trade system that links all of the Americas. III :SWITCHING GEARS*
The way we deal with our common economic realities can teach
us a powerful lesson. We can realize that for all our shared
concerns -- for the challenges that know no borders -- we should
envision a / permanent partnership among all the nations of the
But
Americas. And as we enter this era, perhaps we could turn to La
ask
they
Difunta Correa, your unofficial patron saint of new beginnings.
Mast
For we in the Americas are on the brink of something
unprecedented in world history: the first wholly democratic
hemisphere. Think of it. The first hemisphere devoted to
freedom. To free speech. Free elections. Free enterprise.
Free trade. Free markets.
That's why I've come to your country. To celebrate what we
share. To commit my nation to this movement toward democracy in
the Americas. To stress the vital importance of mutual coopera-
tion and understanding among traditional friends. For we read in
Martin Fierro: "Brothers should stand by each other because this
is the first law: keep a true bond between you at each and every
time." And it is together, only together, that we can make our
vision become a real partnership of equals in a New World.
6
xnoxy
You in Argentina -- following your anthem's cry of "freedom,
gate
freedom, freedom" -- led the move away from military governments
to democracies in the 1980s. So you can now herald the 1990s as
the Decade of Democracy. And we are beginning this decade
this new era of the New World -- together. As representatives
of our countries, we have two duties. First, we must reaffirm
our allegiance to each other. Then, with the bonds of our common
heritage strengthened by our devotion to freedom, we must secure
the fruits of this liberty for all the peoples of the Americas.
And so we begin by reinforcing together the special friend-
ship between Argentina and the United States. And we do it with a
passion and commitment that would have pleased Gen. San Martin,
to
who wrote: "Love for one's native land fuels noble souls
fax
sic?
Together, yet from our own beloved lands, we can watch this
Decade of Democracy grow. We can watch it from the vantage point
of two countries strong in liberty and expanding in economy. And
we can look forward -- together -- with shared and sound optimism
to the 21st century -- to the brilliant new dawn of a splendid
New World.
#####
To
JG
Date
11/27
Time 12'30
WHILE YOU WERE OUT
M
Fred Bauman
of
Lib of long-manu,
Phone
707-5387
Area Code
Number
Extension
TELEPHONED
PLEASE CALL
CALLED TO SEE YOU
WILL CALL AGAIN
WANTS TO SEE YOU
URGENT
RETURNED YOUR CALL
Message (Speech in Cologna theated
American Ideals
Nov. 12 19
Decreatic Ideals
-one in Baenos Aeros NOV 7
= - Nov 7 Charter Operator of Demonag
-reading Jcopy
AMPAD
EFFICIENCY@
23-023 CARBONLESS
Ref
m1627
R43
985
NATIONAL ANTHEMS
WH
of the
WORLD
Sixth Edition
Edited by
W.L. REED and M.J. BRISTOW
11
BLANDFORD PRESS
POOLE NEW YORK SYDNEY
us $34 05
32
- re
-
mos
con
glo
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-
rir.
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f
1.A
2. E
- re - mos con glo - ria To - rir.
V
V
V
V
we
ArgentiNA
toil
Free Translation
Hear, oh mortals! the sacred cry:
Anthem
Freedom, freedom, freedom!
Hear the noise of broken chains;
See the throne of Equality the noble.
The United Provinces of the South
Their throne full of dignity opened!
And the free of the world reply:
A salutation to the great Argentine people!
wealth
CHORUS Let those laurels be eternal
wealth
Which we knew how to win:
Let us live crowned by glory
Or swear with glory to die.
Adopted as the
11/26/90 14:18 202 707 2005
LC/HISP
001/006
THE LIBRARY
OF CONGRESS
Date:
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Name:
Jennifer Grossman
Location:
white House. Research Dept
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FROM
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Location:
Library of Congress
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FAX Number: Equipment X ) 707-2005
IF THERE ARE PROBLEMS IN TRANSMISSION:
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004/006
STRONG COVERNMENTS
(From El Mercurio, November 17, 1841)
WE HAVE previously written about the so-called liberals
who, invoking principles that they do not understand or
launching maxims that they do not practice, work only for
their own personal advantage, later to become fierce ty.
rants, dictating laws against the conquered-conquerors
who wreak their vengeance without regard to justice or
form. The world is full of such liberals. South America is
plagued with them, not only because of its special transi-
tional situation but also because of its lack of wide distribu-
tion of property, and its ignorance, easily imposed upon by
the pompous and flattering offers of prosperity with which
seducers deceive nations, in order to dominate and despoil
them.
LC/HISP
IE these false liberals have been the scourge of nations,
the false ministerial men have been not far behind them in
the race to do terrible mischief by using, in their turn,
words and a vocabulary working in a sense diametrically
opposed to the explanation which they give of them. "En-
crgy," they say. "Strength," they shout And they proclaim
the necessity for strong governments. We would unhesi-
tatingly agree to that if by strong governments were meant
institutions, laws, and customs-in :1 word, political cont-
202 707 2005
binations or il machine, with strong springs and a solid
movement.
Unfor tunately, that is not the case. Quite to the contrary.
Despotism or tyranny is practiced, not strong government.
Instead of having tranquilizing effects, it produces anarchy,
and instead of promoting social betterment it retards it, de.
stroying the germ of welfare by any immorality that breeds
14:19
corruption.
Leaving aside theoretical systems, generally seductively
beautiful to liberals as well as to reactionaries and con-
servatives, let 115 stick to practice, without whose operation
11/26/90
politics, like everything clse that happens today, would re-
305
Photo Copy Preservation
005/006
A SARMIENTO ANTHOLOGY
POLITICAL THOUGHT
main in the thought stage and never be translated into the
effective is to be found in the many throats cut and the
attempts and action that we need.
The spirit of the present century is analytical and dis-
groans wrung from lumanity, endlessly and futilely during
the thirty years of revolution. From these we see many
sective. Abandoning theories to the speculative domain, it
tragedies, and, worst of all. a despair of improvement on the
seeks causes and facts, and demands good results before it
part of the present generation.
will accept them, and poor results before rejecting them.
That is what those strong governments amount to; they
Let us analyze what are called strong governments and
are like a hurricane that devastates an entire region, fol-
reach an understanding of what they really are, so that they
lowed by the silence of destruction; like the conflagration
will neither deceive us, nor oppress 115 in the name of pub.
that reduces combustible material to ashes, which a gentle
lic welfare or tranquility or of that order, no less invoked
breeze scatters; or like the strong-bodied man who abuses
by reactionaries and pseudo-patriots, than are the words
his strength by excesses and ends in exhaustion. We well
liberty, progress, and civilization by the pseudo-liberals.
know that the cruelest of syramics 310 strong in that way,
The governments of the Roman emperors were vigorous.
but we see no governments of any kind whose elementary
So, later in Europe, were those of Cromwell, Louis XIV,
institutions and most sall red duties are, if not to progress.
and Napoleon, but none were as strong as those of Philip 11
at least to avoid ruan, by granting concessions little by
and Ferdinand VII in Spain. We could cite many others in
little. and more than anything else by knowing the times
LC/HISP
America. stronger in their funy and cruelty, if the duty int-
in which they rule.
posed by a writer's status to enlighten and not to stir "p
The whole sccret her in this 1191 thought-that they
party feeling, however remote, permitted me, in this case,
should know their century and its requirements, and the
to report facts or to recall current happenings to mind.
present state of civilization in their respective countries.
Let the friends of those strong governments tell us can-
Then there will be only welfare or at least fewer obstacles
didly what good they have accomplished, what evils they
because of the less resistance which the imjorities will in-
have avoided, and whither they have led nations, so that,
terpose. But they do not care to adjust themselves to that,
being supporters of verything that is positive, we may in.
nor to submit to the popular will They wish to invent
cline to their side and change our allegiance. We see only
strong, energetic governments carrying destruction in their
C202 707 2005
misfortunes. Even if it were to be alleged that they have
system, increasing resistance from day to day, heightening
kept order, we would deny it because the calm now is only
public initation, which also increases its fever, producing
apparent, all empty shallow which will sooner or later vall-
weakness and consumption. They spawn the monster of
ish, and at last what was to happen will take place, but with
anarchy that leads to a thousand other despotisms. And
far greater uproar and violence, the more reaction is pro-
they do not heed the deep abyss into which whole nations
voked.
are being planged, society and morality destroyed, educa-
What happened to Rome and to the other nations which
tion halted, and industry, commerce, and property, and,
we have mentioned? And what has happened to the coun-
14:20
finally, the basis of the esentative system itself. attacked.
tries in South America whose statesmen, if such they can he
True strength, the robust vigor of governments, depends
called, have professed that doctrine of strong government
on the system which the legislator devises, applies, and exe-
in order to suppress revolutions and impose silence upon
cutes, according to the needs of the people and their differ-
demands for justice, by persecution, gibbets, and blood?
11/26/90
ing situations, taking into consideration what is given the
The conclusive proof that such a charitable measure is in-
people who receive it and their capacities to use or abuse it.
306
307
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006/006
A SARMIENTO ANTIOLOGY
POLITICAL THOUGHT
But this must be legal, whatever else it is, because arbitrary
As a means of preserving tranquility, this business of
action is license-the antichesis of system, method, and gov.
throat-cutting, P ribing, imprisoning, and confiscating
ement.
is mercly showing weakness and is an unworthy and crim-
The strength of a government, moreover, lies in the abil-
inal laxness, which serve only to keep onc's job and its
ity of its prominent men and its best minds to act within the
emoluments and, worst of all, to perish inevitably in the
legal framework of the system, once it has been adopted. or
long involving whole nations in the catastrophe when
if desirable to alter it. but always by legal means.
it inevitably arrives, today, tomotrow, or later.
It will not be amiss to realize that one of the solidest elc-
ments of strength in a government is the energy and cour-
age of its governor to face the storm, without abandoning
TIE CONDITION OF THE SOUTH AMERICAN
the helm or altering his course, or at least always with the
REPUBLICS IN THE MIDDLE OF THE
intention of returning to it. It is likewise essential to re-
CENTURY
alize that great strength lies in toleration for all opinions,
(4 Report to the Historical Institute of France, 1852)
whatever they may be, in order to moderate partisan excess
and prevent it from conspiring secretly-out of despair.
ANOTHER external influence
acts on it part of Cen-
Finally, there is indestructible strength in justice for all, in
tral and South America. which is destined to operate with
LC/HISP
governmental morality, in the patriotism of public men,
constantly growing effer tivene and strength. In our opin-
and in the honest administration of national interests.
ion, moreover, it is esole incom overtible, definitive, and
This is immovable strength and vigor. The contrary is
effective influence. We might say farther, it is the only one
weakness and annihilation, like the weakness of a pilot who
which will end the undernainty and vacillation of policy of
loses his head in time of danger, and, his courage failing
those states. 1 an speaking of the influence of the institu-
him, drives his ship onto the rocks.
tions of the United Scares, and 1 assist make plain the rea-
Wishing those who aspire to rule nations with a noble
sons on which 1 base my views.
ambition for glory to know these great truths, we submit
The influences which the movements of worl civiliza-
them to the public judgment, to candid examination, and
tion exercise on the trasses do not, unfortunately, wait for
202 707 2005
withe practice of sincere and loyal patriotism. Let them be
nations to be prepared to receive their impulsion. The
tried sometime, since others have so often put arbitrary
Spanish colonies were not prepared for independence.
ineasures into practice in the name of strong government,
Nevertheless in 1810 the colonial spirit was imbued with
abaudoning the basis agreed upon among us, and the re.
revolutionary feeling and purpose from Mexico to Chile.
quirements of South America that laws keep pace with
The coincidence and simultaneonsness of the insurrections
customs.
prove it-revolutionary movements having even broken out
1. these customs, we repeat, be examined. Let institu-
on the same day at different places on the continent. The
tions be made for them. Let transition be assisted. improve-
14:21
North American colonies leaving essfully rebelled, all
ments forwarded, the nation educated and given moral in.
the other colonies followed their impetus. North American
struction. and Ict. sources of wealth be opened, but let there
liberties are likewise destined to exercise the more active
be independent landowners and citizens in almundance, and
influence upon South America as European influences be-
11/26/90
not idlers calli themselves patriots. Then governments
will have fulfilled their mission.
come suspect because of the absolutist direction which they
have taken. The former, moreover, are supported by the
308
309
Photo Copy Preservation
26 November 1990
MEMORANDUM FOR BETH HINCHLIFFE
FROM:
JENNIFER GROSSMAN
SUBJECT:
T. R. QUOTES FOR ARGENTINA REMARKS
1)
ON THE MARK PROPHECY ABOUT THE MOMENTOUS CHANGES AROUND THE
WORLD, AND GOOD ON U.S.-SOUTH AMERICAN INTERDEPENDENCE:
"This twentieth century is big with the fate of the
nations of mankind, because the fate of each is now
interwoven with the gate of all to a degree never even
approached in any previous stage of history."
2)
INTERNATIONAL PEACE AND RESPECT FOR THE INTEGRITY OF OTHER
NATIONS:
"We all look forward to the day when there shall be a
nearer approximation than there has ever yet been to the
brotherhood of man and the peace of the world. More and
more we are learning that to love one's country above all
others is in no way incompatible with respecting and wishing
well to others, and that, as between man and man, so between
nation and nation, there should live the great law of
right. "
3)
T.R.'s MESSAGE TO "OUR BROTHERS OF THE SOUTH":
" we wish you well; we wish you all prosperity; and we
say to you that we earnestly hope for your well-being, not
only for your own sakes, but also for our own, for it is a
benefit to each of us to have the others do well."
4)
INDEPENDENCE OF U.S.-SOUTH AMERICAN BILATERAL RELATIONS:
"We of the two Americas must be left to work out our own
salvation along our own lines we shall all strive upward
in honest and manly brotherhood, shoulder to shoulder."
5)
TRADE:
"
it is true that the prosperity of any of us can best be
attained by measures that will promote the prosperity of
all. "
"Modern industrial competition is very keen between nation
and nation, and now that our country is striding forward
with the pace of a giant to take the leading position in the
international industrial world, we should beware how we
fetter our limbs, how we cramp our Titan strength."
E300
55
R64b
1970
WH
THE
STRENUOUS LIFE
ESSAYS AND
ADDRESSES
BY
THEODORE ROOSEVELT
"
Copyraght
NEW YORK
THE CENTURY CO.
:
1902
Republished, 1970
Scholarly Press, 22929 Industrial Drive East
St. Clair Shores, Michigan 48080
THE TWO AMERICAS
SPEECH AT THE FORMAL OPENING OF THE PAN-AMERICAN
EXPOSITION, BUFFALO, MAY 20, 1901
THE TWO AMERICAS
To-Day Tion we formally open this great
by the shores of the mighty
inland seas of the North, where all the peo-
ples of the western hemisphere have joined
to show what they have done in art, science,
and industrial invention, what they have
been able to accomplish with their mani-
fold resources and their infinitely varied
individual and national qualities. Such an
exposition, held at the opening of this new
century, inevitably suggests two trains of
thought. It should make us think seriously
and solemnly of our several duties to one
another as citizens of the different nations
of this western hemisphere, and also of our
duties each to the nation to which he per-
sonally belongs.
The century upon which we have just en-
tered must inevitably be one of tremendous
triumph or of tremendous failure for the
whole human race, because, to an infinitely
greater extent than ever before, humanity
is knit together in all its parts, for weal or
229
230
THE TWO AMERICAS
THE TWO AMERICAS
231
woe. All about us there are innumerable
to-day by so many free nations was not
tendencies that tell for good, and innumera-
even mapped, and very much of it was
ble tendencies that tell for evil. It is, of
unknown to the hardiest explorer. The
course, a mere truism to say that our own
influence of America upon Old World affairs
acts must determine which set of tendencies
was imponderable. World politics still
shall overcome the other. In order to act
meant European politics.
wisely we must first see clearly. There is
All that is now changed, not merely by
no place among us for the mere pessimist;
what has happened here in America, but
no man who looks at life with a vision that
by what has happened elsewhere. It is not
sees all things black or gray can do aught
necessary for us here to consider the giant
healthful in molding the destiny of a mighty
changes which have come elsewhere in the
and vigorous people. But there is just
globe; to treat of the rise in the South Seas
as little use for the foolish optimist who
of the great free commonwealths of Aus-
refuses to face the many and real evils that
tralia and New Zealand; of the way in
exist, and who fails to see that the only
which Japan has been rejuvenated and has
way to insure the triumph of righteous-
advanced by leaps and bounds to a position
ness in the future is to war against all that
among the leading civilized powers; of the
is base, weak, and unlovely in the present.
problems, affecting the major portion of man-
There are certain things so obvious as
kind, which call imperiously for solution in
to seem commonplace, which, nevertheless,
parts of the Old World which, a century ago,
must be kept constantly before us if we are
were barely known to Europe, even by rumor.
to preserve our just sense of proportion.
Our present concern is not with the Old
This twentieth century is big with the fate
World, but with our own western hemi-
of the nations of mankind, because the fate
sphere, America. We meet to-day, repre-
good ophery
of each is now interwoven with the fate of
senting the people of this continent, from
all to a degree never even approached in
the Dominion of Canada in the north, to
any previous stage of history. No better
Chile and the Argentine in the south; rep-
proof could be given than by this very
resenting peoples who have traveled far and
exposition. A century ago no such exposi-
fast in the last century, because in them has
tion could have even been thought of. The
been practically shown that it is the spirit
larger part of the territory represented here
of adventure which is the maker of com-
232
THE TWO AMERICAS
THE TWO AMERICAS
233
monwealths; peoples who are learning and
Let us strive to have our public men treat
striving to put in practice the vital truth
as axiomatic the truth that it is for the
that freedom is the necessary first step,
interest of every commonwealth in the
but only the first step, in successful free
western hemisphere to see every other com-
government.
monwealth grow in riches and in happiness,
During the last century we have on the
in material wealth and in the sober, strong,
whole made long strides in the right direc-
self-respecting manliness, without which
tion, but we have very much yet to learn.
material wealth avails so little.
We all look forward to the day when there
To-day on behalf of the United Statos I
shall be a nearer approximation than there
welcome you here-you, our brothers of the
has ever yet been to the brotherhood of
North, and you, our brothers of the South;
man and the peace of the world. More
we wish you well; we wish you all pros-
and more we are learning that to love one's
perity; and we say to you that we earnestly
country above all others is in no way in-
hope for your well-being, not only for your
compatible with respecting and wishing
own sakes, but also for our own, for it is a
well to all others, and that, as between man
benefit to each of us to have the others do
and man, so between nation and nation,
well. The relations between us now are
there should live the great law of right.
those of cordial friendship, and it is to the
These are the goals toward which we
interest of all alike that this friendship
strive; and let us at least earnestly en-
should ever remain unbroken. Nor is there
deavor to realize them here on this con-
the least chance of its being broken, pro-
tinent. From Hudson Bay to the Straits
vided only that all of us alike act with full
of Magellan, we, the men of the two Amer-
recognition of the vital need that each
icas, have been conquering the wilderness,
should realize that his own interests can
carving it into state and province, and
best be served by serving the interests of
seeking to build up in state and province
others.
governments which shall combine indus-
You, men of Canada, are doing substan-
trial prosperity and moral well-being. Let
tially the same work that we of this repub-
us ever most vividly remember the falsity
lic are doing, and face substantially the
of the belief that any one of us is to be per-
same problems that we also face. Yours is
manently benefited by the hurt of another.
the world of the merchant, the manufac-
234
THE TWO AMERICAS
THE TWO AMERICAS
235
turer and mechanic, the farmer, the ranch-
this continent by any Old World power,
man, and the miner; you are subduing the
and that, on the other hand, among our-
prairie and the forest, tilling farm-land,
selves each nation must scrupulously regard
building cities, striving to raise ever higher
the rights and interests of the others, so
the standard of right, to bring ever nearer
that, instead of any one of us committing
the day when true justice shall obtain be-
the criminal folly of trying to rise at the ex-
tween man and man; and we wish god-
pense of our neighbors, we shall all strive
speed to you and yours, and may the kind-
upward in honest and manly brotherhood,
liest ties of good will always exist between
shoulder to shoulder.
us.
A word now especially to my own fellow-
To you of the republics south of us, I wish
countrymen. I think that we have all of us
to say a special word. I believe with all my
reason to be satisfied with the showing made
heart in the Monroe Doctrine. This doc-
in this exposition, as in the great expositions
trine is not to be invoked for the aggran-
of the past, of the results of the enterprise,
dizement of any one of us here on this con-
the shrewd daring, the business energy and
tinent at the expense of any one else on this
capacity, and the artistic and, above all, the
continent. It should be regarded simply as
wonderful mechanical skill and inventive-
a great international Pan-American policy,
ness of our people. In all of this we have
vital to the interests of all of us. The
legitimate cause to feel a noble pride, and a
United States has, and ought to have, and
still nobler pride in the showing made of
must ever have, only the desire to see her sis-
what we have done in such matters as our
ter commonwealths in the western hemi-
system of wide-spread popular education and
sphere continue to Hourish, and the determin-
in the field of philanthropy, especially in
ation that no Old World power shall acquire
that best kind of philanthropy which teaches
new territory here on this western continent.
each man to help lift both himself and his
We of the two Americas must be left to
neighbor by joining with that neighbor hand
work out our own salvation along our own
in hand in a common effort for the common
lines; and if we are wise we will make it
good.
understood as a cardinal feature of our joint
But we should err greatly, we should err
foreign policy that, on the one hand, we will
in the most fatal of ways, by wilful blind-
not submit to territorial aggrandizement on
ness to whatever is not pleasant, if, while
THE TWO AMERICAS
THE TWO AMERICAS
236
237
justly proud of our achievements, we failed
in theory; but if we do not live up to them
to realize that we have plenty of shortcom-
in practice, then there is no health in us.
ings to remedy, that there are terrible prob-
Take the two together always. In our eager,
lems before us, which we must work out
restless life of effort, but little can be done
right, under the gravest national penalties
by that cloistered virtue of which Milton
if we fail. It cannot be too often repeated
spoke with such fine contempt. We need
that there is no patent device for securing
the rough, strong qualities that make a man
good government; that after all is said and
fit to play his part well among men. Yet
done, after we have given full credit to every
we need to remember even more that no
scheme for increasing our material prosper-
ability, no strength and force, no power of
ity, to every effort of the lawmaker to pro-
intellect or power of wealth, shall avail us,
vide a system under which each man shall
if we have not the root of right living in us;
be best secured in his own rights, it yet re-
if we do not pay more than a mere lip-
mains true that the great factor in working
loyalty to the old, old commonplace virtues,
out the success of this giant republic of the
which stand at the foundation of all social
western continent must be the possession of
and political well-being.
those qualities of essential virtue and essen-
It is easy to say what we ought to do, but
tial manliness which have built up every
it is hard to do it; and yet no scheme can
great and mighty people of the past, and
be devised which will save us from the need
the lack of which always has brought, and
of doing just this hard work. Not merely
always will bring, the proudest of nations
must each of us strive to do his duty; in
crashing down to ruin. Here in this exposi-
addition it is imperatively necessary also to
tion, on the Stadium and on the pylons of
establish a strong and intelligent public
the bridge, you have written certain sen-
opinion which will require each to do his
tences to which we all must subscribe, and
duty. If any man here falls short he should
to which we must live up if we are in any way
not only feel ashamed of himself, but in
or measure to do our duty: 'Who shuns the
some way he ought also to be made con-
dust and sweat of the contest, on his brow
scious of the condemnation of his fellows,
falls not the cool shade of the olive," and
and this no matter what form his short-
"A free state exists only in the virtue of
coming takes. Doing our duty is, of course,
the citizen." We all accept these statements
incumbent on every one of us alike; yet the
THE TWO AMERICAS
239
238
THE TWO AMERICAS
heaviest blame for dereliction should fall on
an immense growth of the body of wage-
workers, together with an accumulation of
the man who sins against the light, the man
enormous fortunes which more and more
to whom much has been given, and from
tend to express their power through great
whom, therefore, we have a right to expect
much in return. We should hold to a pecu-
corporations that are themselves guided
liarly rigid accountability those men who in
by some master mind of the business world.
As a result, we are confronted by a for-
public life, or as editors of great papers, or
midable series of perplexing problems, with
as owners of vast fortunes, or as leaders and
which it is absolutely necessary to deal, and
molders of opinion in the pulpit, or on the
yet with which it is not merely useless, but
platform, or at the bar, are guilty of wrong-
in the highest degree unwise and dangerous
doing, no matter what form that wrong-doing
to deal, save with wisdom, insight, and self-
may take.
restraint.
In addition, however, to the problems
There are certain truths which are so
which, under Protean shapes, are yet fun-
damentally the same for all nations and for
commonplace as to be axiomatic; and yet so
all times, there are others which especially
important that we cannot keep them too
need our attention, because they are the
vividly before our minds. The true welfare
of the nation is indissolubly bound up with
especial productions of our present indus-
the welfare of the farmer and the wage-
trial civilization. The tremendous indus-
worker-of the man who tills the soil, and
trial development of the nineteenth century
of the mechanic, the handieraftsman, the
has not only conferred great benefits upon
laborer. If we can insure the prosperity of
us of the twentieth, but it has also exposed
these two classes we need not trouble our-
us to gravendangers. This highly com-
selves about the prosperity of the rest, for
plex movement has had many sides, some
that will follow as a matter of course.
good and some bad, and has produced an
On the other hand, it is equally true that
absolutely novel set of phenomena. To
the prosperity of any of us can best be at-
/nade?
secure from them the best results will tax
tained by measures that will promote the
to the utmost the resources of the states-
prosperity of all. The poorest motto upon
man, the economist, and the social reformer.
which an American can act is the motto
There has been an immense relative growth
of some men down," and the safest to fol-
of urban population, and, in consequence,
THE TWO AMERICAS
THE TWO AMERICAS
241
240
low is that of "all men up." A good deal
rise by committing that worst of crimes
can and ought to be done by law. For in-
against our people-the crime of inflam-
stance, the State and, if necessary, the na-
ing brother against brother, one American
tion should by law assume ample power of
against his fellow-Americans.
supervising and regulating the acts of any
My fellow-countrymen, bad laws are evil
corporation (which can be but its creature),
things, good laws are necessary; and a clean,
and generally of those immense business
fearless, common-sense administration of the
enterprises which exist only because of the
laws is even more necessary; but what we
safety and protection to property guaran-
need most of all is to look to our own selves
teed by our system of government. Yet it
to see that our consciences as individuals,
is equally true that, while this power should
that our collective national conscience, may
exist, it should be used sparingly and with
respond instantly to every appeal for high
self-restraint. Modern industrial competi-
action, for lofty and generous endeavor.
tion is very keen between nation and nation,
There must and shall be no falling off in
and now that our country is striding for-
the national traits of hardihood and manli-
trade
ward with the pace of a giant to take the
ness; and we must keep ever bright the
leading position in the international indus-
love of justice, the spirit of strong brotherly
trial world, we should beware how we fetter
friendship for one's fellows, which we hope
our limbs, how we cramp our Titan strength.
and believe will hereafter stand as typical
While striving to prevent industrial injus-
of the men who make up this, the mightiest
tice at home, we must not bring upon our-
republic upon which the sun has ever shone.
selves industrial weakness abroad. This is
a task for which we need the finest abilities
of the statesman, the student, the patriot,
and the far-seeing lover of mankind. It is
a task in which we shall fail with absolute
certainty if we approach it after having
surrendered ourselves to the guidance of
the demagogue, or the doctrinaire, of the
well-meaning man who thinks feebly, or of
the cunning self-seeker who endeavors to
ARGENTINA
Naturalmente
ARGENTINA
Iguazú
Secretaría de Turismo de la Nación
IGUAZU
The majestic spectacle of the Falls
in the tropical jungle.
The province of Misiones offers the opportunity
of meeting Nature in all its dimension, of participating
guazú
in a great adventure, of visiting the Iguazú Falls in their
landscape, feeling and touching the water with your
hands. Farther away, the wonders of an indian
1.45
construction, full of mistery and suggestion, where the
Buenos Aires
Jesuitical imagination created what is known today as the
San Ignacio Ruins. And the Iberá swamps, flora and
adventure, fauna and the wild music of millions of birds
and of incredible animals.
A strong Nature, a synonym with life and the images
of the times.
DP
THE NORTH
A symphony of multicoloured
mountains.
In Humahuaca, the seven colours of Nature are discovered:
Tucumán
they come from the mineral bowels of the earth and get
threaded with the deep blue of the sky of the ravine.
x
From Salta, full of history and music which derive from
1.50 hs.
it, the "Train to the Clouds" climbs up to the sky.
Buenos Aires
Purmamarca: stillness and small streets that get into the
past of the old races. In a passionate archaeology, millenial
ages live again. And, at night, the guitars of the serenades
draw the stars of the clean sky closer to us.
DP
****
La Pampa
LA PAMPA
The vast agricultural and cattle-raising
plain, the wide beaches on the Coast.
The Argentine pampa: an extensive plain with an
extraordinary richness in cattle and splendid crops harvest.
The gaucho, formidable horseman, keeps alive his old
customs. The old "estancias", which were built by the man,
show the passionate contrast between tradition and the
Buenos Aires
modern development of work. Thousands of small
50 min.
streams go across the plains and form lagoons with
Mar del Plata
a marvellous fauna. Its vast maritime littoral offers
a succession of beaches with cities such as Mar del Plata,
Villa Gesell, Pinamar, Necochea and Miramar, full of life and
gaiety.
"
PENINSULA VALDES
The Patagonia of the sea and the plair
The school of the whales.
Península Valdés: a unique place in the world where the
whales are at hand and where one can see the marvellous
moment of their reproduction. In the coast, the nice
penguins and the big sea elephants enjoy the peace of the
place and a wide variety of birds take part in this peculiar
AUSTAJE
performance of a natural, exclusive and moving theatre.
Buenos A
PININOIV
1.50 hs.
ME1001
+
Trelew
DP
AQUATOURS
Península Valdés
PATAGONIA
The Patagonia of the Andes Ranges.
The Paradise of the National Parks.
The Southern Lakes are the symbol of the intangible
purity of our National Parks: they are beautiful mirrors
of crystalline water, surrounded by virgin mountains.
Cold forests, the incomparable sensation of skiing,
ncredible places for fishing and the colour of life
Buenos Aires
everywhere.
Bariloche, San Martín de los Andes, Villa La Angostura,
2.05 hs.
sla Victoria, El Bolsón, Esquel: names difficult to be
Bariloche
forgotten!
DG
BUENOS AIRES
The Fascinating capital of tango
on the River Plate.
Buenos Aires, a daydream and the tango nostalgia.
One of the ten most important cities in the world.
Facing it, a river so wide that, from one coast, one cannot
see the other. With all the cultures, the races and the
comfort.
Buenos Aires
Its gastronomy is versatile, full of imagination and its
famous roasted meats let discover unforgettable wines.
Its good airs are not only in the name: a pure climate in a
clean, healthy and not contamined city. In its green places,
the sun fills the dynamic and suggestive Capital of the
River Plate, with life and natural gaiety.
DP
Buenos Aires
ACONCAGUA
America's highest peaks.
Among the highest peaks of America, one can see the
kiing tracks. Skiing: the king of the winter sports with its
ast and brilliant men and women, dressed with
multicoloured clothes. Rivers of big volumes for bold
Mendoza
ports. In the Andean Ranges, a sun and snow show.
Buenos Aires
Down-mountain, vast fields with vineyards which will give
145 hs.
ife to suggestive wines. And the different, gay and lively
city. An ideal climate where the generosity of the
andscape and the hospitable people shake hands. In the
high peaks, the adventure in the mountains is waiting
DP
V
H100
TIERRA DEL FUEGO
To the south of Planet Earth,
a natural shelter
In the world of eternal ice, never-seen landscapes and
a fauna which found there its shelter from the world.
The adventure of an unusual exploration which, at the
same time, makes man smaller before the contrast of the
quietness and the noisy breaking of the Perito Moreno
Glacier, declared "UNIVERSAL HERITAGE" by the UNESCO.
Buenos Aires
The view of this magnificent spectacle is like a
3.00 hs
transcendental instant of Creation. To the south, Ushuaia,
the southernmost city of the world, the gateway to
+
Antarctica, a continent which is just beginning
"
Rio Gallegos
AEROLINEAS
ARGENTINAS
El Sur