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Reserve Officers Assoc. 1/23/91 [OA 8321] [2]
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Reserve Officers Assoc. 1/23/91 [OA 8321] [2]
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George H.W. Bush Presidential Records
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Reserve Officers Assoc. 1/23/91 [OA 8321] [2]
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26
21
2
4
703 697 9080
SECDEF CABLES
003
ASSISTANT SECRETARY OF DEFENSE
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20301
ERVE AFFAIRS
MEMORANDUM FOR MS. KATHIE EMBODY, EXECUTIVE ASSISTANT TO THE
SECRETARY OF DEFENSE
SUBJECT: Invitation to the President from the Reserve Officers
Association
Kattie-
After reflection, I recommend that the President accept the
invitation from ROA. I see no policy or political risk for the
President in appearing before this particular organization and I
can think of several reasons why an acceptance would be
desirable. I have listed these reasons below:
1. The symbolic effect of a personal appearance before a
large Reserve Organization at this time would be very important,
since we are engaged in the first involuntary call-up of
Reservists in 20 years. Moreover, the scale of the call-up is
very large. As of November 18, some 6,408 volunteer Reservists
were serving in connection with Operation DESERT SHIELD. Several
thousand others had already served. Secretary Cheney has
authorized an involuntary call-up of 126,250 Reservists and
44,847 of those had been activated. Since that time, several
thousand more have been activated.
2. The employers and families of Reservists who have been
called up can be expected to become increasingly restive the
longer their employee/spouse-Reservists are absent from the
workplace and home. An explanation by the President of the
importance of Reserve forces to the attainment of our objectives
in DESERT SHIELD would do more than dampen potential complaints.
It would be an effective way to build and to solidify support for
our efforts in the Persian Gulf.
3. This invitation offers an enthusiastic and very
supportive forum in which the President could address any issues
which he deems important. More than 2,000 people were in the
audience in January 1988 when President Reagan made a very
successful address to the ROA Mid-Winter Conference. Important
speeches to the ROA are printed and given wide publicity.
4. As Major General Hultman notes in his letter to the
President, the ROA is a somewhat unique Reserve organization.
There are many National Guard and Reserve Organizations (e.g.,
the National Guard Association of the United States, the Naval
Reserve Association, the Marine Corps Reserve Officers
Association, Enlisted Association of the National Guard of
703 697 9080
SECDEF CABLES
004
United States, Adjutants General Association of the United
ates), but the ROA did receive an official charter from
ongress when it was incorporated by an Act of Congress in
1950.
5. The Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff and I
addressed the ROA last January in the middle of Operation JUST
CAUSE. Volunteer Reservists were performing important missions
during that operation and we learned that all of the Reserve
components (Army Reserve, Army National Guard, Naval Reserve,
Marine Corps Reserve, Air Force National Guard, Air Force
Reserve, and Coast Guard Reserve) were terribly interested to
learn how Reservists were being used, and how the Total Force
Policy was being applied in that operation. I have no doubt
that there is even greater interest in the use of Reservists
in DESERT SHIELD.
If you would like to discuss this invitation further,
please let me know.
Sture
Stephen M. Duncan
ROA INSERT from Bob Simon
INSERT BEFORE FIRST FULL PARAGRAPH ON PAGE 5
Some 70 years ago, at the very first meeting of the ROA,
Gen. John J. Pershing's words still speak to us today. He said,
"Where would America be today, but for the patriotism of our
fathers and sons, and their willingness to stand up for
principle?
What becomes of nations that are not ready to
yield up life and treasure against the aggressor? No nation
wants war. We do not seek it. But as long as human greed and
hatred exist in the hearts of nations, individual wars are
possible."
Gen. John Pershing is considered a founder of ROA.
Except of his speed, to the
1ST RDA convention
10/3/22
General Pershing's address at that opening convention session was
reported in the New York Times of October 3, 1922. The Times was
published by Adolph Ochs who strongly believed in Pershing's message,
and whose family for several generations strongly supported the plan
created by Pershing. Pershing's words come from the files of that paper:
"This convention, assembled to perfect an association of Reserve Of-
ficers, is of especial importance as a stimulus in the organization of Reserve
units throughout the nation.
"Before the war there was no conception of even the possibility of such a
society.
"The number of Reserve officers was practically negligible.
"There was no incentive to form a society of this character.
"There was, throughout the country, an almost total lack of appreciation
of the value of a reserve force of any sort.
"But the war brought home to us in a very striking manner the advisabil-
ity of reasonable precaution-completely vindicated the advocates of
military training and preliminary organization, and demonstrated beyond
question the fallacy of pacifist theories.
"These results were forced upon us to be sure at the unnecessary cost of
valuable life and the lesson has sunk deep in the breasts of all save those
who having eyes see not, and having ears hear not. The experience so far has
awakened the country to a realization of our pre-war situation that a resolve
has gone forth, embodied in the law of 1920, that never again shall our un-
trained boys be compelled to serve their country on the battlefield under the
leadership of new officers with practically no conception of their duties and
responsibilities
7
"I am not one of those who would have our people forget the bitter ex-
Off
perience of war-nor eliminate from our histories all reference to war, but
oth
instead would have every child become familiar with the sacrifices of their
ancestors in the cause of right. Where would America be today but for the
nat
I
patriotism of our fathers and our sons and their willingness to stand up for
mil
principle? Are we to minimize the importance to humanity of their part in
in
the war of the Revolution, or the World War? What becomes of nations or
the
people that are not ready to yield up life and treasure against the aggressor?
I
"NO NATION WANTS WAR. WE DO NOT SEEK IT, BUT AS LONG
tril
AS HUMAN GREED AND HATRED EXIST IN THE HEARTS OF NA-
TIONS AND INDIVIDUALS WARS ARE POSSIBLE."
Source: "The ROA Story" by
John T. carlton
4
John F. Slinkman
BOB - -
"TAKE BACK THE GULF!"
-E.
McNally/Simon
Jan. 16, 1991
Draft One (B:RESERVE)
PRESIDENTIAL REMARKS: U.S. RESERVE OFFICERS ASSOCIATION
WASHINGTON HILTON
WEDNESDAY, JAN. 23, 1991, 7:30 P.M.
( (At ease!) ) III Thank you, "Curly" [[Gen. Evan Hultman]].
And thank you, each of you -- not for standing up to greet me --
but for standing up for the fighting men and women defending
freedom tonight in the Persian Gulf! III
I'm proud to be back here with the Reserve Officers
Association once again, and honored to be named the R.O.A.
"Minute Man of the Year." I was born in Massachusetts -- home of
the original Minute Man. But when we moved to Texas, I remember
one guy bragging to me about the heroes of the Alamo. He said:
"I bet you never had anybody so brave around Massachusetts."
So I asked him: "Ever hear of Paul Revere?"
And he said: "Paul Revere? Isn't that the guy who ran for
help?!" \\\\
Of course, Paul Revere didn't really run for help -- he rode
for freedom. And this month, far from home, America's best and
bravest once again took to the freedom trail.
This month marks a critical moment in history -- a moment of
truth -- for this generation, for this nation, for this world.
We were patient. We were cautious. We were slow to anger.
But when the moment of truth came, America did the right thing.
The Coalition did the right thing. And our troops did it well.
We've come a long way -- as a Nation, and as a people --
since the days when despots could afford to take Americans
2
hostage, smug in the knowledge that nothing would be done.
But this time it was different.
We said that if allied troops were forced to liberate
Kuwait, we would do the job quickly, massively and decisively.
We said that if one American soldier had to go into battle,
he would have enough force behind him to win.
We said that the occupation of Kuwait would not stand.
And today in the Gulf, America is keeping her word. 111
Today in the Gulf, the liberation of Kuwait has begun. 111
Today in the Gulf: It's hammer time. III
Exactly one week ago, the battle was joined. Having refused
to face the cold hard facts, Saddam now faces cold hard steel.
It is a conflict we did not seek and did not begin. But ladies
and gentlemen -- it's one we do intend to finish. III
Yes, the liberation of Kuwait has begun. It has marked a
proud day for every American -- and my proudest moment as
Commander-in-Chief -- of the best-trained, best-equipped, and
best-educated fighting force ever assembled! 111
I know our fighting men and women are heartened by the
tremendous outpouring of support from the American people and the
Congress. Because when I said last week that this will not be
another Vietnam, I meant two things:
First -- that never again will our fighting men and women be
sent in to do a job with one hand tied behind their back. III
And second, just as important, never again will they be sent
in to do a job without the full backing of the folks back home.
3
Over the past week, the outpouring of compassion, the
outpouring of love and faith and support for our troops from
Americans of all walks of life has been overwhelming. Maybe you
saw the comments from some of the folks in Abilene, Kansas --
hometown of Dwight D. Eisenhower. Kevin Mickey told a reporter
he has no doubt that the U.S. action was necessary and will end
in victory. He said: "We're the kind of people who win wars
We're not sophisticated. But we know right from wrong." And
Esther Foltz, who has a grandson in the Gulf, said that: "We're
going to win this thing. And the world's going to be better."
Esther's right. Building a better world is an important
part of what the Coalition is all about. Last fall at the United
Nations, I described my vision of what this new partnership of
nations might look like. I called it a "partnership based on
consultation, co-operation, and collective action -- especially
through interna-tional organizations. A partnership united by
principle and the rule of law, and supported by an equitable
sharing of both cost and commitment. A partnership whose goals
are to increase demo-cracy, increase prosperity, increase the
peace and reduce arms."
Looking back, that sounds like a pretty fair description of
the unprecedented partnership that's today standing up to the
aggression in the Gulf. Gone are the days when America was the
lone cop on the beat. Today the Coalition in the Gulf is not so
much a global policeman as it is a neighborhood fire department
-- a volunteer fire department that's no longer willing to
4
stand idly by and watch the world's flash points catch fire.
Today, the fire brigade in the Gulf is a cooperative and
committed force freely supported by the world community for the
mutual protection of the neighborhood. The volunteers come from
28 nations spanning five continents. Of an estimated $ billion
in operating costs, an estimated $ billion, or 80 percent, is
being paid by countries other than the United States.
But even a volunteer fire department needs a leader. And
whether today or in the years to come, that leader must be --
that leader can only be --- the United States of America. III
The United States has always borne a disproportionate share
-- not only of costs -- but also of leadership. And that's how
it should be. History is moving decisively in America's favor
-- thanks, in large part, to our own perserverance. The hall-
marks of the modern world -- which the emerging democracies are
now striving for -- are free markets, free movement, free speech,
and free elections. America's had all these things for over 200
years. They have given us both our power and our purpose. And I
can assure you -- America, and the world -- that we have not come
through 214 years of history, fighting for freedom, only to back
down now.
The United States is unique. Only the United States can
bear this responsibility. Not Europe, not the new Germany, not
the Soviet Union, not Japan. We come from every nation on Earth
-- citizens of the world -- tracing our roots to Italy and
Mexico, Germany and China, Western Africa and Southeast Asia. We
5
are the one nation on this Earth that can stand against the
forces of aggression, and for the forces of peace. Among the
nations of the world, only the United States has both this moral
standing and the means to back it up.
Tonight, the world is united by shared commitments, shared
interests, shared hopes. Tonight, our efforts will determine the
kind of legacy we bequeath our children, the kind of world they
will live in. And so tonight, let us re-dedicate ourselves to
the ideals in which our troops so fiercely believe. Because our
goals will not be fully achieved until we live in a world where
every country is shaking hands -- and none are shaking fists. III
And when this crisis is over, the opportunities ahead will
be truly historic. Iraq can be welcomed back into the community
of nations. And at the confluence of the Tigris and Euphrates
-- where civilization began -- civilization can begin anew. 111
Tonight's dinner has special drama, not the least of which
is the fact that some of the members of the R.O.A. who usually
attend are an active duty with Desert Storm. From the moment
they were called up on August 22nd, our Reservists have
demonstrated the unique skills of the "citizen-soldier" -- and
reminded us of the key role our Reserve Forces play in our
Nation's defense strategy. Reserve volunteers were vital to the
success of the early stages of Desert Shield, especially in
communications, airlift and medical support. Today, more than
50,000 Reservists stand with the forces of the Coalition in the
Gulf. And as we've seen this week in Desert Storm -- our
6
Reservists and National Guardsmen rank among the finest fighter,
attack and transport pilots on Earth!
The Reserves are doing their part. But I know that, at
times like this, every American wants to lend a hand, and asks:
"What can I do?"
Well, one possibility was suggested in a letter I received
from Ann Macker, a Navy nurse serving in the Persian Gulf tonight
aboard the USNS Comfort. She wrote:
"There is something [every American] can do
Please stand
outside in the cold night air and search for that star. When you
find it -- and it will be there -- please pray for [us] and ask
the Good Lord to bring us home safely. "
And so, as you go to home tonight, look up at the night sky
and send a prayer eastward towards the morning sun -- across the
ocean and halfway across the world -- to the brave men and women
who carry with them our hopes, our dreams, and our love.
And let me say again to our troops what I said in my holiday
address: The sacrifices you make will never be forgotten.
America is behind you. The world is behind you. And history is
behind you. And when you come home -- and we hope and pray it's
soon -- you will be welcomed as what you are -- all-American
heroes.
The world is watching. And the world is with you.
Thank you. Goodnight. And God bless the United States of
America.
#
#
#
OF
DEFENSE
DEFENSE ISSUES
Vol. 5 No. 24
The Total Force: Pillar
Of U.S. Military Strategy
Statement by Stephen M. Duncan,
assistant secretary of defense
(Reserve affairs), to the Defense
Subcommittee, Senate
Appropriations Committee, April 24,
1990.
The Reserve forces of the
today with a brief description of
ber of rounds fired was the psy-
United States enter the 1990s
the actual performance of four
chological effect on members of
after a decade of growth and
of the seven Reserve compo-
the Panamanian Defense Forces
improvement which have
nents in the operation in Panama
of the combat aircraft buzzing
assured their status as the best
which commenced on Dec. 20,
isolated PDF installations. The
Reserve forces in the world. I
1989.
visible presence of the aircraft
have no doubt that the improve-
was credited as a major factor in
ment in their capabilities has
Operation Just Cause
the widespread surrender of PDF
contributed directly to what the
Statistical data and words
forces without a fight. Three
secretary of defense described in
often have limited utility in con-
days after the operation began,
his own recent testimony to
veying the true quality and
the Air Guard personnel from
Congress as a "historic transfor-
readiness condition of military
the 180th were replaced by
mation of the global security
units and personnel. Intangibles,
crews from the 114th TFG in
environment." As we engage in
such as morale, the quality of
Sioux Falls, S.D., who were
the continuing task of de-
leadership, unit cohesiveness,
flown to Panama on C-141 air-
veloping specific policies to
etc., can make a unit much bet-
craft piloted by the Air National
implement our national security
ter than objective data would
Guard in Mississippi.
strategy, I'm honored to once
suggest. The converse is also
During the very early stages of
again have the opportunity to
true. The best measurement of
the operation, other Air National
appear before the committee to
quality and readiness is actual
Guard crews flew missions, with
report on the condition of the
performance.
C-130 aircraft airlifting 553 tons
Reserve forces and to discuss
In the recent and highly visible
of cargo and 3,107 people,
the important responsibilities
test of performance in Panama,
including the very first aero-
which our Reserve forces have
National Guardsmen and reserv-
medical evacuation flight to the
been asked, and reasonably can
ists with a wide range of skills,
U.S. The 172nd Military Air
be asked, to assume in the
including many unique skills,
Group of the Air National Guard
future.
performed brilliantly.
flew C-141 missions from its
For almost two decades, the
The Army chief of staff has
home station in Jackson, Miss.,
Total Force Policy has been a
described Operation Just Cause
transporting 1,733 people and
basic pillar of our military strat-
as one of the most complex con-
437 tons of cargo to Panama. The
egy. The express purpose and
tingency deployments and
105th MAG of the Air National
the recent effect of that policy
employments that U.S. forces
Guard (New York) flew 49 C-5
has, of course, been to place a
have undertaken since World
Galaxy missions, airlifting 637
substantial portion of our total
War II. When the operation
personnel and more than 1,000
military power in a high quality,
began on Dec. 20, 1989, person-
tons of cargo. Hundreds of addi-
volunteer, well-trained, well-
nel from the 180th Tactical
tional missions were flown in the
equipped and early mobilizable
Fighter Group of the Air National
later stages of the conflict. Other
Reserve force. In recent years, I
Guard from Toledo, Ohio, were
Air National Guard personnel
have discussed the quality of our
engaged in regularly scheduled
provided various kinds of sup-
Reserve forces with various com-
training at Howard (Air Base)
port to active Air Force person-
mittees of the Congress. Since
Panama, with five of their A-7
nel who were engaged in the
the quality of the Reserve com-
aircraft. The 180th flew 76 close
operation.
ponents is directly relevant to
air-support sorties and expended
Similar missions were flown by
any consideration of the efficacy
in excess of 2,700 rounds of
Air Force Reserve personnel.
of the Total Force Policy, permit
ammunition.
Two AC-130 gunships from the
me to introduce my testimony
More significant than the num-
919th Special Operations Group
1
"The best measurement of quality and
Cause was the work of the Army
Reserve civil affairs personnel
readiness is actual performance. In the
who very ably demonstrated the
recent and highly visible test of
often unique skills of the "cit-
izen-soldier." Soon after the
performance in Panama, National
operation began, warning orders
were issued to specific Army
Guardsmen and reservists with a wide range
Reserve civil affairs units. Army
of skills, including many unique skills,
Reservists by the hundreds
immediately began calling to vol-
performed brilliantly."
unteer to go to Panama.
Shortly after the operation
commenced, SOUTHCOM re-
quested that reservists with
specific skills be deployed to
of the Air Force Reserve were a
despite these conditions and the
Panama to conduct joint civil-
major contributor to the success
confusion that inevitably sur-
military operations and spe-
of the operation, flying 38 com-
rounds combat operations is
cifically to assist the new
bat sorties, hitting key facilities
vivid testimony to the profes-
government of Panama in the
and providing cover for Army
sionalism of the active Air Force,
restoration of essential gov-
troops held hostage in the Mar-
Air National Guard and Air Force
ernmental services, in the
riott Hotel in Panama City.
Reserve crews which were
assessment of the longer-term
Associate KC-10 tanker units flew
involved.
needs of the country and in the
13 missions to refuel aircraft and
Other National Guardsmen
care of thousands of displaced
offload 1,169,000 pounds of fuel.
and reservists were also actively
Panamanian citizens.
Six separate C-5 and C-141 asso-
involved in the early stages of
The first contingent of Army
ciate airlift units from five states
the conflict. When the attack
Reserve civil affairs specialists
flew 71 missions (852 flying
began, the 1138th Military Police
arrived in Panama the day after
hours), airlifting 3,927 personnel
Company of the Army National
Christmas, six days after the con-
and 1,921 tons of cargo as part
Guard (Missouri) was also con-
flict began. By Jan. 1, a total of
of their participation in the initial
ducting annual training in
222 Army Reserve civil affairs
assault air drop and during fol-
Panama. That unit was the only
personnel had arrived. Special-
low-on air-land missions.
military police unit in Panama
ists immediately began advising
In addition to the airlift and
specially trained to process
the ministers of the new govern-
gunship crew support, Air Force
POWs and civilian detainees. At
ment on the rebuilding of the
Reservists provided significant
1600 hours (4 p.m.) of the first
day, the unit had constructed a
governmental infrastructure.
support in aerial refueling, aero-
medical evacuation, aerial port,
holding facility and was receiving
Immediate steps were taken to
prisoners. Although the unit was
assist the new government in its
intelligence and base operating
efforts to build the new Public
support. Reserve crews flew 10
scheduled to complete its train-
Forces of Panama from the ashes
aeromedical evacuation mis-
ing and return home on Dec. 21,
of the Panamanian Defense
over one-half of its members
sions. Air Force Reserve
volunteered to remain in Panama
Forces and to change the entire
aeromed units volunteered 1,000
culture and attitude of the for-
mandays of effort, and some 208
over the holiday period for an
additional two weeks.
mer members of the PDF so that
nurses and technicians sup-
The augmentation of the active
the FPP will become a police
ported 225 litter patients and 42
force staffs during the crisis was
force dedicated to the protection
ambulatory patients. They staffed
another task that National
of the citizens of Panama, rather
medical facilities at Kelly Air
Guardsmen and reservists per-
than a military force which intim-
Force Base, Texas, and the
formed well. At the request of
idates and abuses.
nearby Wilford Hall U.S. Air
the U.S. Southern Command,
Army Reservists who serve as
Force Medical Center (Lackland
some 61 USAR (U.S. Army Re-
judges, prosecutors and precinct
AFB, Texas).
serve) individual mobilization
policemen in their private lives
When I visited our Reserve
augmentees volunteered to
quickly designed a course of
forces in Panama in January, I
provide staff and related support
instruction forall members of the
was informed that at certain
to both SOUTHCOM and several
new FPP. The course included
times during the intense early
of its subordinate commands
such subjects as "Police Ethics"
hours of the assault, aircraft
during the around-the-clock
and "Human Rights," as well as
were landing at Howard
intense operations. The 366th
such standard subjects as chain-
every 15 seconds, on a very
Army Reserve Public Affairs
of-custody procedures for evi-
crowded airfield, in blackout
Detachment provided in-depth
dence, arrest techniques, etc.
conditions (because of the dan-
media coverage for approx-
The prison next to the Comman-
ger of mortar rounds from
imately 13 days.
dancia, the former headquarters
nearby hills). The fact that not a
One of the more remarkable
building of Gen. Manuel Noriega
single accident took place
stories about Operation Just
and the PDF, which had been
2
emptied and ransacked after the
"During the intense early hours of the
attack began, was soon function-
ing again as a result of the
assault, aircraft were landing at Howard Air
advice and active assistance of a
Spanish-speaking Army Reserve
Base every 15 seconds, on a very crowded
captain who serves in private life
airfield, in blackout conditions. The fact that
as a U.S. marshal.
not a single accident took place
is vivid
A wide variety of other nation-
building tasks were also per-
testimony to the professionalism of the
formed by Army Reservists. A
clean, organized refugee camp
active Air Force, Air National Guard and Air
for almost 3,000 homeless and
Force Reserve crews."
displaced persons was imme-
diately established. Agriculture
and medical specialists promptly
commenced highly visible efforts
were performing. He replied:
the armed forces are sound.
to rebuild the distribution sys-
"The skills that the Reserves
tems for food and medical
Unfortunately, much of the
supplies-by Jan. 20, 1990, a civil
bring (to SOUTHCOM) are a
recent public discussion about
affairs unit in Colon had already
godsend."
the Total Force Policy has been
The role which National
uninformed or at least insuffi-
delivered 60 tons of emergency
food supplies to outlying dis-
Guardsmen and reservists played
ciently focused.
tricts cut off by the fighting.
in Operation Just Cause should
Part of the confusion is gener-
not be overstated, but their
ated by the use of the term
Housing, real estate and con-
many contributions were clearly
"Reserves." While a basic tenet
struction specialists began
important to the success of the
of the Total Force Policy has
detailed assessments of the
operation. The prompt integra-
always been that National Guard
short- and long-term housing
tion of active, National Guard
and Reserve units constitute the
needs of the citizens of Panama
and Reserve forces into such a
primary augmentation of the
City, Colon and other areas. Air-
formidable fighting force is elo-
active component in military
port management specialists
quent testimony to the
conflicts, many Guard and
assisted civil airport authorities
capabilities of our Reserve forces
Reserve units (with a mix of part-
in the return to normal civil avia-
generally, to the often unique
time and full-time personnel) are
tion operations. Educational
skills and experience they bring
fully ready and capable of
specialists worked to reopen the
to the Total Force and to the
responding rapidly to a mobiliza-
schools of Panama and to evalu-
progress which has been made
tion or other orders to active
ate the long-term educational
in recent years in implementing
duty. In this sense, they are not
needs of the country.
the DoD Total Force Policy.
forces to be held in "reserve,"
Public works specialists
but rather early deploying or
repaired vehicles and equipment
"mobilizable" units more typ-
so that the public transportation
Understanding the Policy
ically found in the traditional
system could operate. Engineers
In recent months, the Total
Continental European conscrip-
cleared the streets and attacked
Force Policy has become the
tion-based reserve system. Other
sanitation problems. In Colon, a
subject of great public attention
American Guard and Reserve
sergeant in an Army Reserve civil
and of a major study by the
units are more characteristic of
affairs unit (who works as a civil
Department of Defense. On Feb.
traditional (later-deploying)
engineer in his civilian job)
2, 1990, the secretary of defense
Reserve units.
designed a screening device for
and the chairman of the Joint
The Total Force Policy was
the intake valves of that city's
Chiefs of Staff addressed the
never intended to make active,
drainage system, which had
first meeting of the Total Force
career soldiers and Reserve sol-
been inoperative for several
Policy Study Group, a group on
diers fungible items or mirror
months due to clogged intake
which I am privileged to serve as
images of each other. Given the
valves and fouled turbines. His
vice chairman.
limited training time of part-time
device worked superbly and will
I can assure you that the study
citizen-soldiers, sailors, airmen
probably save the city from
group recognizes fully the great
and Marines, as well as the con-
serious flooding during the next
importance of the Total Force
strained budgetary environment
rainy season. It has already
Policy Study, especially at a time
in which the Department of
stopped the flow of raw sewage
of dramatic geopolitical change
Defense will operate in the early
into the surrounding river
and when we are reducing force
1990s, it is unrealistic to attempt
system.
structure. A thorough examina-
to make every Reserve unit the
During my visit to Panama, I
tion of the policy is welcome.
absolute equal in terms of readi-
asked Gen. Max Thurman, the
Indeed, it is essential if we are
ness and capability of the best
commander in chief of SOUTH-
to ensure that fundamental deci-
active units. Rather, the ob-
COM, how our Reserve forces
sions concerning how we man
jective is to integrate the
3
"One of the more remarkable stories about
duct amphibious landings on
cold Norwegian beaches, cut
Operation Just Cause was the work of the
roads through the mountains of
Army Reserve civil affairs personnel who
Honduras and set up field hospi-
tals in exercises on the plains of
very ably demonstrated the often-unique
Germany. I have been amazed at
skills of the 'citizen-soldier.' Soon after the
their dedication and their profes-
sionalism as I talked with them
operation began
Army Reservists by the
on the decks of aircraft carriers,
in the desert hills of the National
hundreds immediately began calling to
Training Center, near the DMZ
in Korea and in armories and
volunteer to go to Panama."
Reserve centers all over the
nation.
By any reasonable standard,
the Reserve forces are in the
capabilities and strengths of
peacetime, are unsuitable. Yet
highest state of readiness that
active and Reserve units in the
others can be reasonably as-
has been attained since the Total
most cost-effective manner, i.e.,
signed to either active or
Force Policy was adopted. Readi-
one that provides the most total
Reserve units, depending upon
ness challenges remain, how-
military capability and flexibility
how soon the missions must be
ever, in specific areas.
possible within the limitations of
performed after a crisis or con-
Deficiencies in the military
the budget.
flict develops, the demographic
In order to discuss the Total
profile of particular geographical
occupational specialty of certain
reservists-i.e., in their individ-
Force Policy in a meaningful
areas, the particular characteris-
ual skill qualification and
way, it is important that broad
tics of individual units and many
other factors.
training-have replaced equip-
generalities be avoided. Too
many military analysts argue for
Some National Guard or
ment shortages as the most
serious readiness deficiency. Last
large changes in the force mix
Reserve units can assume even
year, I informed you of the per-
balance for budgetary reasons
greater wartime missions and
sistent readiness challenges in
alone that are unrelated to any
peacetime operational respon-
the Army's combat-support and
apparent manning philosophy or
sibilities than they have now.
combat-service-support forces.
threat evaluation. Others assert
Others clearly cannot. Certain
Those problems are Army prob-
that the Total Force idea has
missions which have previously
lems, not Reserve problems, but
already been carried too far.
been assigned to active forces
because approximately 70 per-
I am skeptical about sugges-
could be transferred to Reserve
cent of the Army's non-divisional
tions of large broad shifts in
units, especially if it can be dem-
CS/CSS forces are in the Army
force mix across all of the
onstrated that significant cost
Reserve, I have given them a
Reserve components as an end
savings are available with no loss
great deal of personal attention.
in itself. I am equally skeptical,
or for a comparatively small loss
I have been particularly con-
however, about
simplistic
in capability. Other missions
cerned about the readiness of
and incorrect approaches to
should remain with the active
certain early deploying CS/CSS
force mix that imply that all
forces.
units.
Reserve units can never be "as
It is important to remember
good" as active units merely
Making Reservists Ready
that in seeking to maintain
because the former train less
The readiness of the Reserve
required standards of readiness,
and
similar approaches to
components to perform their
National Guard and Reserve
reductions in force structure
wartime missions continues to
units face problems that are the
which result in "equal" reduc-
improve. Readiness levels are, of
result of factors which are
tions to active and Reserve
course, directly related to train-
unique to guardsmen and
components with no apparent
ing. During FY 1989, National
reservists-i.e., limited training
relationship to strategy or to the
Guard and Reserve officers
time, the geographic dispersion
need for a specific military
trained for their wartime mis-
of individual reservists and the
capability.
sions an average of 61 days.
fact that Americans generally,
A balanced analysis of the
Reserve enlisted personnel
including reservists, are mobile
Total Force Policy must start with
trained an average of 42 days.
and tend to move from place to
a focus on particular missions.
One must see our citizen-sol-
place.
Some missions, which require a
diers in training to fully appre-
These and many other kinds of
high surge of activity in wartime,
ciate their capabilities. I have
readiness challenges, however,
but comparatively low activity in
admired their skills while flying
are not related to budgetary con-
peacetime, are obviously ideal
with them in the F-15, the
straints. They can be corrected
for reservists. Others, such as
TAV-8B and other aircraft. I have
by innovative thinking, good
those which require long peri-
felt their enthusiasm and their
leadership and management,
ods of forward deployment in
energy as I watched them con-
and by a frank recognition of the
4
fact that the high quality of our
modern Reserve forces permits
"Many Guard and Reserve units are fully
the introduction of training
ready and capable of responding rapidly to
techniques and
the achieve-
ment of readiness levels that
a mobilization or other orders to active
were generally not possible only
a few years ago. Several encour-
duty. In this sense, they are not forces to be
aging developments are taking
held in 'reserve,' but rather early deploying
place.
Some of the most encouraging
units more typically found in the
work is the result of the Army's
Reserve Component Training
traditional Continental European
Action Plan. The RC TDAP was
conscription-based reserve system."
prepared subsequent to the
completion of an intensive study
by the Army of the unique train-
ing challenges faced by the Army
tary mission (e.g., aviation and
those units the resources that
Reserve. The RC TDAP consists
police work), it is possible and
will permit successful
of 38 separate initiatives that are
desirable to hold most part-time
performance.
being taken by the Army to rem-
reservists to the same standard
Under the Total Force Policy,
edy these challenges. Emphasis
of performance as full-time
the secretary of each military
is being placed on educating
active soldiers only if the reserv-
department is responsible for
Reserve leaders (officers, warrant
ists are trained on fewer total
providing the necessary pro-
officers and non-commissioned
tasks requiring fewer skills. I
grams and budgetary actions that
officers). Resident courses at the
have discussed this problem
support the equipping which is
Army's Training and Doctrine
with the senior leadership of the
necessary to ensure that units
Command are being recon-
Army on a regular basis, and I
meet readiness standards and
figured to meet the training-time
am happy to report that it is the
deployment schedules. Since
limitations of reservists. A spe-
focus of considerable manage-
there are insufficient resources
cial Skill Qualification Test for
ment attention. The Forces
to fully fund all programs, clear
the Reserve soldier is being
Command, for instance, is work-
priorities must be established.
developed, and expanded use is
ing to minimize the number of
Prudence and common sense
being made of interactive video
changes to the deployment
suggest that resources can and
techniques and regional training
schedules.
should be given first to those
centers.
In considering the readiness of
units, whether they are active or
Other encouraging develop-
Reserve forces, it is important to
Reserve units, that will be
ments include the recent efforts
recognize that the readiness of
deployed first to a conflict. Since
of the Army to eliminate or at
certain Reserve units may need
1982, the DoD policy of "first to
least to reduce the turbulence in
to be kept higher than that
fight, first to equip" has guided
the CAPSTONE alignment proc-
which can be justified solely on
the equipment distribution plan-
ess, i.e., the process by which
the basis of strategy or threat
ning of the military departments.
Reserve units are assigned war-
evaluation. This need is based
The policy requires that all units,
time missions and deployment
on intangible elements such as
regardless of component, be
schedules. For a variety of rea-
morale and sense of accomplish-
resourced for equipment, ac-
sons, these missions and
ment which are directly related
cording to the sequence in
schedules have been changed
to decisions by reservists to
which they are required to be in
far too often in recent years. The
leave or remain in the Reserve
place to perform their wartime
resulting turbulence has re-
forces. The training which is
mission. It is important to
quired the Reserve units
required to maintain certain
ensure that when called to active
involved to engage in con-
minimum levels of readiness
duty, all critical Reserve units are
tinuous retraining with an
usually provides those necessary
instantly ready to fight. It will
attendant waste of training time,
intangibles.
not matter at all that the amount
inefficient use of resources and
The readiness of Reserve units
of warning time for future con-
loss of esprit de corps.
does, of course, depend to a
flicts goes up by a factor of five,
The importance of stability in
great extent upon the availability
if we take or permit develop-
mission assignments is obvious.
of modern equipment. One
ments which increase the
New unit missions require indi-
thing is certain: When Reserve
preparation time in which those
vidual reservists to obtain new
units are assigned significant
Reserve units are ready to fight
military skills during their limited
missions and responsibilities,
by a factor of 10!
training time. While some
they must be given the tools to
As we go about the business
reservists are engaged in civilian
do the job. It is morally inde-
of reducing force structure, the
occupations that require the
fensible to assign missions to
implications for the readiness
same range of skills that are
Reserve units in order to achieve
condition of all remaining units,
required to perform their mili-
cost savings and then fail to give
active and Reserve, must be kept
5
"Given the limited training time of part-time
shore rotations and to retain the
skilled petty officers necessary to
citizen-soldiers, sailors, airmen and Marines,
man the fleet. SIMAs would aug-
ment destroyer tenders and
as well as the constrained budgetary
repair ships for forward battle
environment
the objective is to integrate
damage repair. Selected reserv-
ists are trained to backfill the
the capabilities and strengths of active and
SIMAs upon mobilization.
Progress also continues on an
Reserve units in the most cost-effective
initiative which started in FY
manner."
1986-the Army's Regional Train-
ing Sites-Maintenance. These
sites provide needed training for
Reserve component non-divisio-
in mind. In this regard, we
tion of Reserve heavy equipment
nal maintenance units. Of the
should guard against the trap of
maintenance companies to the
planned 21 sites, 12 have been
assuming that any reduction in
Equipment Maintenance Center
activated and are proving valu-
military capability or readiness is
in Kaiserslautern, Germany, to
able in overcoming transition
unacceptable. Certain types of
solve theater maintenance back-
and sustainment maintenance
forces must, of course, be kept
logs during annual training
training shortfalls.
at the highest state of readiness.
periods has been highly success-
The regional training site con-
Others need not be.
ful. I was updated on this
cept is also being extended for
In many cases, a shift of force
program during a recent trip to
medical personnel. Two of seven
structure from the active to the
Germany. During the test phase
medical training sites have been
Reserve components would
in FY 89, six heavy equipment
completed, Camp Shelby, Miss.,
involve no reduction in capa-
Reserve maintenance companies
and Fort Indiantown Gap, Pa.
bility at all. Even when such a
contributed 38,888 productive
The Air Force Reserve and Air
reduction would result, it may
man-hours toward the repair of
National Guard are developing
be acceptable in view of a
3,100 items of equipment. This
similar regional training centers,
resulted in theater labor cost
changed evaluation of threat, the
which will provide state-of-the-
nature of the specific mission
avoidance of $787,000. During FY
art simulator training for air-
involved and the significant cost
90, 12 heavy equipment mainte-
crews. Crews will travel to the
savings that would result.
nance companies are scheduled
appropriate center to accom-
for three-week deployment train-
plish requirements in courses
ing periods at the EMC.
tailored to Air Reserve compo-
Other Initiatives
The National Guard's Aviation
nent crew member availability
A program that has proven to
Classification Repair Activity
and experience.
be of extreme value to the readi-
Depot in Brussels, Belgium, is
We are also giving consider-
ness and training of all of the
also a successful and imaginative
able attention to the modulariza-
Reserve components is the
use of our Reserve forces in
tion of formal school courses so
Overseas Deployment Training
Europe. The AVCRAD provides
that they will be better suited to
Program. In 1989, some 3,139
our active European forces with
the availability of reservists.
separate Reserve units, or cells,
a forward-deployed, pre-mobiliz-
Many of the services' school
including 88,500 Reserve person-
ation, depot-level aircraft
requirements for initial skill
nel, trained overseas in 96
maintenance capability in peace-
qualification, retraining or skill
different countries.
time manned by Guardsmen
enhancement are longer than
This program provides realistic
engaged in annual training on a
the training time available to
mobilization and employment
two- to three-week rotation
reservists. Each service has
training, an opportunity to train
basis. I am very impressed with
initiated programs to reconfigure
under the operational chain of
this modern facility, including
these courses into modules that
command and familiarity with
the quality of people who have
can be taken in a combination of
possible areas of wartime
been assigned there and the
weekend and annual training
employment. It offers an excel-
sophisticated equipment which
periods to accommodate
lent opportunity to improve ties
is in place. It has proven to be
reservists.
between Reserve component
very cost-effective.
One of my deputies chairs an
units and their affiliated active
The Naval Reserve has devel-
OSD (Office of the Secretary of
component counterparts, and it
oped the Shore Intermediate
Defense) training and training
is a terrific morale builder. It
Maintenance Activity program,
technology subcommittee, with
also provides an opportunity for
which provides maintenance
membership from each service,
Reserve personnel to fulfill
support for Naval Reserve Force
the JCS, each Reserve compo-
peacetime mission requirements
ships. The SIMAs perform
nent and selected OSD staff
for theater CinCs (commanders
intermediate- as well as organi-
agencies. This subcommittee
in chief) while conducting
zational-level maintenance while
searches for innovative ways to
training.
providing meaningful assign-
apply technology to unique
For example, the Army's rota-
ments ashore to support sea/
Reserve component training
6
challenges. During the pat year,
the subcommittee initiated an
"Too many military analysts argue for large
effort to find ways to contract
changes in the force mix balance for
for the training of reservists at
their home stations.
budgetary reasons alone that are unrelated
We are about to finalize a new
DoD directive entitled "Con-
to any apparent manning philosophy or
tracted Civilian Acquired
threat evaluation. Others assert that the
Training for Reserve Compo-
nents." The purpose of CCAT is
Total Force idea has already been carried
to increase the number of mis-
too far."
sion-qualified individuals in
Reserve component units. CCAT
is an alternative to formal mili-
tary school training and must be
"reinforcing" and "sustaining"
the nation. A combination in
directly related to specific indi-
role. According to this view,
recent years of modern equip-
vidual military job requirements
National Guard and Reserve
ment, the assumption of major
and billet assignments. A pilot
units would serve only to sup-
wartime missions and peacetime
program is under way with the
plement active forces during
operational responsibilities, chal-
Florida Army National Guard,
protracted contingencies or a
lenging/realistic training and
with management data being
general mobilization and subse-
other factors has produced a
gathered by the Training Per-
quent to some initial period of
largely unanticipated synergistic
formance and Data Center in
conflict. Presumably, this con-
effect-the attraction into the
Orlando, Fla. I believe this effort
cept would require Reserve units
Reserve forces of highly moti-
has considerable potential for
to be assigned late-deployment
vated, highly skilled people who
providing quality training at the
responsibilities. It assumes the
are anxious to perform early
home station, rather than requir-
need to place all rapidly deploy-
deploying missions that would
ing individual reservists to leave
able "contingency" forces in the
have been unthinkable for
their families and employers for
active component. Like other
Reserve forces only a few years
long periods of schooling.
policy proposals, it is neither as
ago.
Research efforts are also being
simple nor as attractive as it may
The nation has invested a
focused on information systems
seem at first blush.
great deal in the creation of this
that provide a capability to
First of all, it is contrary to the
Reserve force. It should not be
analyze and correct training defi-
current policy of the Department
unthinkingly dismembered or
ciencies. These systems are
of Defense, which is to maintain
relegated to a secondary role
being developed by the Defense
as small an active peacetime
that will be unattractive to volun-
Training and Performance Cen-
force as national security policy,
teer reservists who have no
ter. One such effort is a
military strategy and overseas
obligation to serve at all. It
microcomputer-based system
commitments permit. This policy
should never be forgotten that
that permits us to analyze train-
was not accidentally or randomly
with an all-volunteer force, it is
ing requirements from a geo-
adopted. It was adopted as a
much easier to rebuild active
graphic prospective, an impor-
cost-effective way to meet
units with full-time personnel
tant factor in view of the geo-
increasing worldwide contin-
than Reserve units with part-time
graphical dispersion of reserv-
gencies. It has been the
personnel.
ists. Another recent initiative of
consistent policy of the DoD to
Finally, the "reinforcing role"
my office which has received the
place maximum reliance on
concept incorrectly assumes that
support of the chiefs of the
National Guard and Reserve
force packages designed for
Reserve components is the
units and manpower. We use
"contingency" missions cannot
Reserve Component Nested
active units and manpower to
include reservists because such
Model. This is essentially an
support scheduled overseas
inclusion would inevitably result
expansion of the microcomputer
deployments or sea duty, train-
in unacceptable delays for
system concept to a mainframe
ing requirements and to support
retraining or "mobilization."
system that permits the assess-
the rotation base. Above that
Unless a particular conflict is
ment of training needs and
level, we plan to support military
considerably larger than what
options at all levels of command,
contingencies with Guard and
can fairly be characterized as a
from the Reserve unit to the
Reserve units and manpower
"contingency," it will not
service chief.
when they can be available and
require "mobilization" in the
ready within planned deploy-
sense of a massive recall of
Reserves As Reinforcements
ment schedules on a cost-
reservists.
As the armed forces adjust to
effective basis.
The law (Title 10, U.S. Code,
current geopolitical and bud-
Second, the "reinforcing role"
Section 673b) currently permits
getary realities, a view has
concept ignores the obvious
the president to make a limited,
gained currency in some quar-
opportunities for the use of the
fast, selected recall to active
ters that Reserve forces should
most highly qualified Reserve
duty of Selected Reserve units or
be refocused and limited to a
force in the peacetime history of
individual mobilization aug-
7
"I am skeptical about
simplistic and
ple, is given a mission or
equipment not found in the
incorrect approaches to force mix that imply
active component, there may be
that Reserve units can never be 'as good' as
no pipeline from which the
Reserve component may receive
active units
(and) 'equal' reductions to
personnel trained to perform or
spare parts for the equipment
active and Reserve components with no
needed for the mission.
apparent relationship to strategy or to the
Certain missions, however,
may call for uniqueness. The
need for a specific military capability."
Army Reserve civil affairs person-
nel who have served in Panama
since the commencement of
Operation Just Cause, for exam-
ple, have brought to their
mentees. Thus, the president
On the assumptions that the
nation-building task an array of
may order to active duty
purpose of maintaining military
civilian skills that simply cannot
anywhere between one and
forces is to deter war and that
be found or maintained in active
200,000 members of the Selected
combat units have greater deter-
units.
Reserve-without mobilization-
rence than support units, some
whenever he determines that it
military leaders are of the opin-
Cuts: Sound Reasons
is necessary to "augment the
ion that when resources are
As we reduce force structure,
active forces for any operational
limited, combat units should
it is important that budget cuts
mission." The reservists involved
receive available resources at the
proposed by the services not
can be retained on active duty
expense of support units. Other
have disproportionate and
for as long as 180 days. Since
leaders argue that a more cred-
adverse impacts on National
Selected Reservists are highly
ible deterrence is achieved when
Guard or Reserve units unless
trained volunteers to begin with,
potential adversaries recognize
there are sound reasons for such
any assumption that they are not
that the United States is capable
impacts. Indeed, even equal cuts
available for rapid deployment is
of engaging in conventional
of active and Reserve forces are
probably suspect.
combat operations over a period
not per se and inevitably wise.
of time-i.e., that we have a
Too many analysts are of the
Force Mix Decisions
strong balance between purely
view that since active and
In making choices about
combat forces and the support
Reserve forces grew together
whether to assign certain war-
forces that are necessary to sus-
during the decade of the 1980s,
time missions or peacetime
tain them.
they must now suffer force
operating responsibilities to
Logically, of course, there
structure reductions at the same
active or to Reserve units, it is
should be no difference be-
rate. Approximately equal force
easy to overlook certain limiting
tween the types of forces
structure reductions of active
factors-e.g., the fact that the
needed to deter conflicts and
and Guard/Reserve forces may
amount of training time required
the forces needed to win them.
be justifiable in certain instances
to perform some missions
A potential adversary's percep-
on the ground that when a par-
creates unacceptable pressures
tion of his chances of succeed-
ticular combat unit is reduced,
in their civilian work places for
ing in a conflict is usually related
its support units should receive
participating reservists. En-
directly to his ardor to begin it.
a similar cut, but equal cuts
hancing factors can also be
Moreover, a reasonable question
should not be automatic. Such a
insufficiently taken into account.
can be asked as to whether we
philosophy suggests an approach
Because of experience gained
can afford two types of forces,
to cutting force structure that
during their previous full-time
one devoted to deterring war
bears no apparent relationship
service on active duty, for exam-
and one to winning it.
to a sound strategy or plan and
ple, many National Guardsmen
I have long been of the view
no recognition of the relative
and reservists have capabilities
that as a general proposition,
cost of active and Reserve units.
that equal or exceed those of
active and Reserve forces should
It may also exacerbate any exist-
active soldiers who are currently
be balanced-i.e., that each
ing structure imbalance between
serving on active duty. It is
should contain an appropriate
combat and support units. In the
widely recognized, for example,
mix of combat and support ele-
Dec. 7, 1989, edition of The
that many reservists and National
ments. A corollary of this
Washington Post, former Chair-
Guardsmen are among the best
approach is that neither active
man of the Joint Chiefs of Staff
fighter, attack and transport
nor Reserve forces should be
Adm. Bill Crowe made the point
pilots in the world. Many plan-
unique in the absence of a spe-
that:
ners also forget or have never
effic military need that can or
"The usual device for keeping
fully understood just how much
must be met by uniqueness.
political pressure manageable
the quality of the Reserve com-
The costs of such uniqueness
has been to cut all organizations
ponents has improved in recent
can be unacceptably high. If a
and weapons procurements
years.
Reserve component, for exam-
equally, while eliminating none
8
of them.
Forces and services
"Certain missions which have previously
that are cut must be related to
more than just budgets. As the
been assigned to active forces could be
size of our active forces goes
down, increasing attention
transferred to Reserve units, especially if it
should be given to our Reserve
can be demonstrated that significant cost
units and the mobilization
system."
savings are available with no loss or for a
Much of the ongoing debate
about whether Reserve forces
comparatively small loss in capability. Other
should constitute a relatively
missions should remain with the active
higher percentage of the Total
Force in the future relates to the
forces."
relative cost of assigning a par-
ticular mission to a National
Guard or Reserve unit rather
than to an active unit. Since
able levels of military capability
based on a military rationale
Reserve units are not fungible
must also be rejected. Force mix
other than "equal" cuts of active
decisions must be made on a
and Reserve forces for the sake
items, costs vary. In some cases,
the costs incurred by a Reserve
mission-by-mission, unit-by-unit,
of equality.
unit in training for and perform-
case-by-case basis.
The rationale relied upon
As we reduce force structure
ing a particular mission are as
by the services in each case and
great or almost as great as those
and develop the appropriate mix
for each mission should be cred-
incurred by active units which
of active and Reserve forces, it is
ible and easily understood in
perform the same type of mis-
important that we preserve as
order to receive as wide accept-
sion. In other cases, National
much of our human capital as is
ance as possible.
Guard or Reserve units are much
possible. Innovative approaches
less expensive.
will be necessary to ensure that
Force mix proposals should
Whether a particular Reserve
as highly trained individuals,
be regularly made and analyzed
unit is one-third or two-thirds as
especially leaders, leave the
on a mission-by-mission, unit-by-
active forces, they are encour-
unit (capability) basis which is
costly as an active unit, the fact
aged to continue their service in
clearly related to the war plans.
remains that Reserve forces are
Reserve units. New ideas such as
If significant cost savings
usually less costly over a period
of time than active forces. In
the "double roundout" concept
can be achieved by a transfer of
addition to the fact that they
(in which an active division of
force structure to a Reserve
train an average of only 39 to 50
ground troops would have two
component (for the performance
National Guard/Reserve brigades
of a particular mission), a work-
days per year, citizen-soldiers
sleep and eat at home, and the
and one active brigade, instead
ing presumption should be
of the other way around) will
established that the transfer
infrastructure which is required
for them is less.
also need to be energetically
should be made. The presump-
explored.
tion can then be rebutted by the
Consequently, I believe that
for cost reasons alone, a rebutt-
Despite unreasonably high
demonstration of a sound mili-
able presumption should exist
expectations to the contrary in
tary reason why the transfer
that missions should be consid-
some quarters, the Total Force
should not be made-e.g., the
Policy Study Group will not be
mission requires a forward-
ered for assignment to the
Reserve forces unless there are
able to answer all force struc-
deployed unit over a period of
ture/force mix questions which
time.
sound and apparent military rea-
sons for assigning the missions
merit attention. The world
A similar rebuttable pre-
to the active forces. If the
geopolitical situation is simply
sumption should be made that
presumption can't be easily
too fluid and dynamic for that.
when an active or a Reserve unit
rebutted, then a particular mis-
is withdrawn from the force
sion would seem to be a prime
Summary Principles
structure, a certain part of the
candidate for assignment to the
I am very hopeful, however,
cost savings will be dedicated to
Reserve forces.
that the study group will be able
the strengthening of the remain-
We should avoid wholesale
to develop certain "neutral"
ing force structure before the
shifts of force structure to the
principles that may eventually
savings are applied to other
Reserve components merely
take the form of policy guidance
needs.
because they are generally less
by the secretary of defense to
All units, active or Reserve,
expensive. Any force structure/
the services. Those principles
should be resourced (for equip-
force mix decision that is driven
might include ideas similar to
ment, training and other pur-
solely by budget imperatives
the following and/or other ideas:
poses) according to the
should be closely examined.
Like the active forces,
sequence in which they would
However, the converse is also
Reserve forces are not immune
be required to perform their
true. Broad conclusions that
from structure cuts, but service
wartime or other operational
Reserve forces provide unaccept-
force mix proposals should be
missions.
9
"By any reasonable standard, the Reserve
Reserve components under the
Total Force Policy require that
forces are in the highest state of readiness
units of the Selected Reserve,
that has been attained since the Total Force
especially early deploying units,
be manned at combat-ready
Policy was adopted. Readiness challenges
levels.
End-strength reductions in the
remain, however, in specific areas."
Army Reserve (10,044) and the
Army National Guard (9,660)
since FY 1989 are offset by the
combined increase of 4,700
authorizations for the other four
A rebuttable presumption
end strength will decline to
Reserve components. The Army
should be established against
2,038,800, some 91,400 less than
Reserve decrease is based on fis-
force mix decisions that result in
the FY 1989 level and roughly
cal constraints, while the Army
placing a particular mission
equal to 1980 end strength. The
National Guard decrease was
exclusively in a Reserve compo-
decrease in the end strength of
required to pay for the needed
nent. The presumption can be
the overall Selected Reserve rep-
additional full-time personnel.
rebutted by the demonstration
resents the first decrease in over
In FY 1991, general purpose
of a sound military reason why
a decade and is in marked con-
forces will thus include 30 divi-
the principle should not apply in
trast to the nearly 35 percent
sions. The Army will decline to
a particular case.
growth of the Selected Reserve
16 active divisions (about half
between FY 1980 and FY 1989.
with Reserve roundout brigades)
During that period, Selected
and 10 Reserve divisions; the
Selected Reserve Manpower
Reserve manpower increased by
Marine Corps will have three
It is clear that we must con-
more than 300,000-from 868,617
active divisions/wings and one
tinue to anchor our global
to 1,170,560.
Reserve wing. Naval aviation will
military strategy to the funda-
The Selected Reserve strength
include 13 active and two
mentally sound doctrines of
reductions included in the FY
Reserve carrier air wings.
deterrence, flexible response,
1991 budget for the Reserve
Strength adjustments after FY
forward defense, security
components of the Army were
1991 will be dependent in impor-
alliances and prudent arms
based primarily on fiscal con-
tant part on principles being
reductions. The challenging
siderations-i.e., to achieve
developed by the Total Force
issue is the question of what
compliance with the 1990 bud-
Policy Study Group and the
kind of forces are needed to
get resolution and the partial
allocation of missions among all
carry out the strategy.
sequestration-and were not
of the uniformed components of
In addressing that issue during
premised on force structure
the Total Force
the preparation of our FY 1991
reductions or realignments.
budget request, we established
Within the overall reduction in
Conclusion
certain budgetary priorities,
Selected Reserve strengths, how-
including the retention of
The world is rapidly changing.
ever, the Army National Guard,
versatile, ready, deployable and
The changes present major chal-
in an effort to improve readi-
sustainable conventional forces;
ness, has increased its full-time
lenges to the planning of the
and
substantial Reserve
force structure and (active/
Active Guard and Reserve
Reserve) force mix which are
forces-including essential logis-
strengths. The Selected Reserve
tics, infrastructure and planning
necessary for the implementa-
strength request for the Naval
bases.
tion of our national military
Reserve in FY 1991 provides for
The end-year strength for the
an increase associated with addi-
strategy, including the prepara-
tion for future conflicts which
Selected Reserve which has been
tional ships being transferred to
requested in the president's
the Reserve and an increase in
are increasingly difficult to pre-
dict. I continue to believe,
budget for FY 1991 is 1,151,600, a
the Reserve medical program,
modest reduction of 3,400 from
however, that these challenges
offset by manpower economies
FY 1990. The strength at the end
can be met successfully if we
in areas that are now considered
address them with candor and
of FY 1990 will be 15,600 below
excess to need. There are only
FY 1989. The lower strength is
energy, as well as an informed
minor changes in strength levels
and focused discussion of how
due to a FY 1990 reduction of
in the Marine Corps Reserve and
9,700 by the Army National
we can yet improve a Total Force
the Reserve components of the
Guard and a 10,000 reduction in
Policy that has already proven to
Air Force.
the Army Reserve. An additional
be a major success.
Despite the FY 1990 and FY
decrease of 3,700 in the FY 1991
1991 reductions, the Selected
program is almost entirely
Reserve will continue to con-
Published for internal information use by the
attributable to the reduction in
stitute 1.2 million of the 3.2
American Forces Information Service, a field
the Naval Reserve.
million-member Total Force. The
activity of the Office of the Assistant Secretary
By comparison, by the end
expanded scope, size and nature
of Defense (Public Affairs), Washington, D.C.
This material is in the public domain and may
of FY 1991, the active force
of the missions assigned to the
be reprinted without permission.
10
1-004634A017 01/17/91
ICS IPMRYNF RNO
00691 RENO NV 01-17 0826A PST RYNE
/ JAN 17 All : 30
ICS IPMWHDS
1-004611A017 01/17/91
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00440 4-0233315016 5164998111 FRB TDRN COMMACK NY 01-16
PMS PRESIDENT GEORGE BUSH RPT DLY MGM
THE WHITE HOUSE
WASHINGTON DC 20500
MR PRESIDENT
WE SUPPORT ANY DECISION YOU MAKE TO STOP THIS MANIAC
IT'S HAMMER TIME.
GOD BLESS YOU
THE KEEFE'S
79 HAYRICK LN
COMMACK NY 11725
1128 EST
1131 EST
4-0225838017 01/17/91
ICS IPMBNGZ CSP
JUJAN17
4074791091 POM TDBN BOCA RATON FL 23 01-17 0849P EST
P8:48
PMS PRESIDENT GEORGE BUSH
WHITE HOUSE DC 20500
DON'T ALLOW ANOTHER MAD MAN TO LET LOOSE A HOLOCAUST ON THE INNOCENT
CHILDREN OF THE REMNANTS OF A PEOPLE. GIVE IRAQ HELL.
MR AND MRS BERNARD SHAPIRO
8113 AVENUE L
BROOKLYN NY 11236
2050 EST
4-021947S017 01/17/91
ICS IPMBNGZ CSP
2128615112 POM TDBN NEW YORK NY 23 01-17 0808P EST
P8:
09
PMS PRESIDENT GEORGE BUSH
WHITE HOUSE DC 20500
WE WERE OPPOSED TO THE WAR BEFORE THE UNTHINKABLE : UNSPEAKABLE
CHEMICAL WARFARE ATTACK UPON ISREAL. PLEASE BOMB THE HELL OUT OF
IRAQ.
ARNOLD AND CLAR SOLLAR
150 E 69TH ST
NEW YORK NY 10021
2009 EST
4-022620S017 01/17/91
ICS IPMBNGZ CSP
9194733776 POM TDBN MANTEO NC 21 01-17 0851P EST
:1 JAN17 P8:51
PMS PRESIDENT GEORGE BUSH
WHITE HOUSE DC 20500
MAKE SADDAM EAT YOUR BROCOLLI. KEEP HITTING THEM HARD. YOU'RE DOING
GREAT JOB. WE SUPPORT YOU AND ISRAELIS 110 PER CENT.
JOSH & DIANE WOODIN
RR1 BOX 754
MANTEO NC 27954
2052 EST
4-0005875018 01/18/91
ICS IPMBNGZ CSP
7172838298 POM TDBN FORTY FORT PA 11 01-18 0747A ESTOAN 18 A8:22
PMS PRESIDENT GEORGE BUSH RPT DLY MGM
WHITE HOUSE DC 20500
FORMER VIETNAM PROTESTER. OUTRAGED AT ATTACKS ON ISRAEL. BLOW HUSSEIN
AWAY.
DAVID BESWICK
72 YEAGER
FORTY FORT PA 18704
0747 EST
1-005814A017 01/17/91
ICS IPMRYNJ RNO
01741 RENO NV 01-17 1018A PST RYNI
JAN 17 P 1 : 20
ICS IPMWHDS
1-005779A017 01/17/91
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00470 WASHINGTON DC 01-17 0116P EDT
PMS WHITE HOUSE DC 20500
4-011484S016 01-16 6198866059 FRS TDRN EL CAJON CA 01-16
PRESIDENT GEORGE BUSH
WHITE HOUSE
WASHINGTON DC
WORKING CLASS AMERICA SUPPOARTS YOU. MY USMC UNIFORMS STILL FIT.
LETS KICK SOME BUTT. GOD BLESS AND SEMPER FI
JIM CUNNINGHAM
100 FLETCHER PKWY
EL CAJON CA 92020
1318 EST
1321 EST
1-006737A017 01/17/91
ICS IPMRYNB RNO
:1 JAN 17 P2: 28
01551 RENO NV 01-17 1125A PST RYNA
ICS IPMWHDS
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00431 01-17 0211P EDT
PMS WHITE HOUSE DC 20500
4-0083695017 01/17/91
ICS IPMRNCZ CSP
4098837404 FRS TDRN ORANGE-OA TX 26 01-17 1143A CST
PMS PRESIDENT GEORGE BUSH, DLR
WHITE HOUSE
WASHINGTON DC 20000
MR PRESIDENT,
GOOD JOB. WE SUPPORT YOU. TED WILLIAMS WAS OUR LAST 400 HITTER.
YOU'RE BATTING 999. GOD BLESS YOU AND THE USA.
PROCELLE BROTHERS
ORANGE TX 77630
1251 EST
1416 EST
1430 EST
4-0261665016 01/17/91
ICS IPMBNGZ CSP
6029795687 POM TDBN UG GLENDALE AZ 30 01-16 093107 EST 42:
07
PMS PRESIDENT GEORGE BUSH RPT DLY MGM
WHITE HOUSE DC 20500
WE SUPPORT YOUR ACTIONS AGAINST IRAQ 100 PER CENT. YOU HAVE DONE THE
RIGHT THING. KEEP IT UP. MAKE SURE WE WIN AND WIN BIG. BRING OUR
TROOPS HOME QUICKLY.
PHILLIP AND DEBORAH MCKEOWN
6102 W TROLLA
GLENDALE AZ 85304
0206 EST
pro operation storm IS. third
4-026169S016 01/17/91
ICS IPMBNGZ CSP
5127361712 POM TDBN SAN ANTONIO TX 7 ait 1610931A 2sT06
PMS PRESIDENT GEORGE BUSH
WHITE HOUSE DC 20500
RIGHT ON. DON'T STOP. GOD BLESS YOU.
SHARON DIX WHITE
527 KINGS COURT
SAN ANTONIO TX 78212
0206 EST
4-004274S017 01/17/91
ICS IPMRNCZ CSP
3149688052 POM TDRN ST LOUIS MO 27 01-17 1035A ESTAN17 All : 03
PMS PRESIDENT GEORGE BUSH
WHITE HOUSE DC 20500
YOUR RIGHT. SANCTIONS DIDN'T WORK. AGAINST WAR. BUT WE HAVE NO CHOICE
AGAINST THAT TYRANT WHO GASSED HIS OWN PEOPLE. I APPLAUD YOUR COURAGE
AND STRONG STAND.
MARY M. AYRES
505 LAKE
ST LOUIS MO 63119
1036 EST
4-0043115017 01/17/91
ICS IPMRNCZ CSP
6123749390 POM TDRN MINNEAPOLIS MN 19 01-17 1037A EST 17 all:
04
PMS PRESIDENT GEORGE BUSH
WHITE HOUSE DC 20500
CONGRATULATIONS. YOU'RE RIGHT. I WAS WRONG 40 YEARS YOUNGER AND I'D
ENLIST. GREAT PLANNING. PROUD TO BE AN AMERICAN.
DOCTOR DONNA DENBOER
2424 LYNDALE AVE SOUTH
MINNEAPOLIS MN 55405
1038 EST
4-003393S017 01/17/91
ICS IPMRNCZ CSP
: 03
7143375656 POM TDRN LAKE ARROWHEAD CA 26 01-17 1003A EST
PMS PRESIDENT GEORGE BUSH RPT DLY MGM
WHITE HOUSE DC 20500
DEAR MR. PRESIDENT,
WE HAVE A SON ON THE FRONT LINES AND WE FEEL YOU HAVE DONE THE RIGHT
THING AND ARE BEHIND YOU 100 PERCENT.
SHARON AND DON CIOTA
PO BOX 440
LAKE ARROWHEAD CA 92352
1004 EST
6
4-0254539016 01/17/91
ICS IPMRNCZ CSP
7149833870 POM TDRN ONTARIO CA 24 01-16 0858P EST
JAN 17 A12: 36
PMS PRESIDENT GEORGE BUSH
WHITE HOUSE DC 20500
DEAR PRESIDENT BUSH, OUR PRAYERS ARE WITH YOU. OUR SON IS IN SAUDI
ARABIA AND MAY GOD DIRECT YOUR HAND. MAY GOD SPEED. SINCERELY
STEPHEN MCINTYRE AND FAMILY
1556 NORTH OAKS CT
ONTARIO CA 91762-1050
0036 EST
1-003293I017 01/17/91
TWX ESL62911224
001 DLY TDWX AUSTIN TX
FUAN17 All : 04
PMS PRESIDENT GEORGE BUSH DLR
THE WHITE HOUSE
1600 PENNSYLVANIA AVE
WASHINGTON DC 20500
DEAR PRESIDENT BUSH.
FOR EVERY PEACE PROTESTER IN THE STREET THERE ARE A MILLION
AMERICANS SITTING QUIETLY AT HOME ADMIRING YOUR COURAGE. WISDOM
AND DETERMINATION.
THANK YOU FOR HAVING THE GUTS TO MAKE A DIFFICULT DECISION.
RESPECTFULLY.
SSGT BRIAN L. GOINS AND FAMILY
447 W. 17TH
SPOKANE WA 99203
1041 EST
4-025905S016 01/17/91
ICS IPMBNGZ CSP
3189338627 POM TDBN SHREVEPORT LA 13 1-24
PMS PRESIDENT GEORGE BUSH
WHITE HOUSE DC 20500
I SUPPORT YOU TOTALLY. GET IT DONE GET IT OVER AND GET OUT. GIVE 'EM
HELL AND DONT GIVE 'EM A REST.
ROBERT AND H R SMITH
9918 LORETTA ST
KEITHVILLE LA 71047
0125 EST
4-0260755016 01/17/91
ICS IPMRNCZ CSP
8175660166 POM TDRN DENTON TX 49 01-16 09279A1E97 A1:53
PMS PRESIDENT GEORGE BUSH
WHITE HOUSE DC 20500
DEAR PRESIDENT BUSH.
GOD BLESS AMERICA AND GOD BLESS YOU, PRESIDENT BUSH. I SUPPORT THE
OPERATION DESERT STORM AND PRAY THAT ALL GOES WELL. LETS KICK SOME
BUTT. PERFERABLE SADDAMS.
I STILL DON'T WANT TO PAY FOR A LAWRENCE WELK MUSEUM. BUT OTHER THAN
THAT YOUR DOING GREAT.
SINCERELY.
SHARON WESTBROOK, STRONG REPUBLICAN AGAIN
RTE 1 BOX 131W
RIO VISTA TX 76093
4-024450S016 01/16/91
ICS IPMRNCZ CSP
8187076462 POM TDRN AGOURA HILLS CA 138 01-16
UAN 0807PIEST 41
PMS PRESIDENT GEORGE BUSH RPT DLY MGM
WHITE HOUSE DC 20500
DEAR PRESIDENT BUSH
I DO NOT IN PRINCIPLE BELIEVE IN WAR. MY BROTHER A VIETNAM VET WAS SO
PSYCHOLOGICALLY DAMAGED BY HIS PARTICIPATION IN THAT WAR THAT HE HAS
WITHDRAWN FROM EVERYONE AND JUST BARELY EXISTS. I PROTESTED AGAINST
VIETNAM BUT I BELIEVE WHAT YOU ARE DOING IS RIGHT AND I WISH I COULD
DO MORE TO PARTICIPATE. GOD BLESS YOU AND YOUR BEAUTIFUL WIFE AND
FAMILY DURING THESE DIFFICULT TIMES FOR DOING WHAT MUST BE DONE TO
PROTECT OUR WORLD. I HAVE NEVER SENT A TELEGRAM TO MY PRESIDENT
BEFORE BUT I HAD TO TELL YOU HOW BRAVE AND COURAGEOUS I FEEL YOU ARE
FOR TAKING THE RESPONSIBILITY OF STOPPING A DANGEROUS MADMAN BEFORE
HIS MOMENTUM DESTROYS MORE LIVES. YOUR STRENGTH AND LEADERSHIP MAKE
ME PROUD TO BE AN AMERICAN. AGAIN GOD BLESS YOU AND KEEP YOU.
KIM HANFT
30601 JANLOR DR
AGOURA HILLS CA 91301
2332 EST
62. I have always been opposed even to the thought of fighting
Without the ideals, the hopes and aspirations of humanity; those
a "preventive war." There is nothing more foolish than to think
things of the soul and spirit which great men of history have valued
that war can be stopped by war. You don't "prevent" anything by
far above peace and material wealth and even life itself
peace
war except peace.
is an inhuman existence.
HARRY S. TRUMAN
DWIGHT D. EISENHOWER
1952; Memoirs, II, 383
Address at Columbia University, Mar. 23, 1950; Peace, p. 12
63. Warfare, no matter what weapons it employs, is a means to
69. The war maker is first of all a propagandist.
an end, and if that end can be achieved by negotiated settlements
Until war is eliminated from international relations, unprepared-
of conditional surrender, there is no need for war.
ness for it is well nigh as criminal as war itself.
HARRY S. TRUMAN
It is shocking
that, though many millions have been volun-
1955; Ibid., I, 210
tarily donated for research in cancer of the individual body, noth-
64. Morale is the greatest single factor in successful wars.
ing similar has been done with respect to the most malignant cancer
DWIGHT D. EISENHOWER
of the world body-war.
DWIGHT D. EISENHOWER
June 23, 1945
Address at Columbia University, Mar. 23, 1950; Ibid.,
65. There is one thing you have in war that you do not have in
pp. 14, 19
peace. You have unification, compelled by a very threatening
danger. In other words, Franklin's old saying, "If we don't hang
70. Possibly my hatred of war blinds me so that I cannot compre-
together, we'll hang separately," applies in war more definitely
hend the arguments that its advocates adduce. But, in my opinion,
than it does in peace.
there is no such thing as a preventive war. Although this suggestion
DWIGHT D. EISENHOWER
is repeatedly made, no one has yet explained how war prevents
Press Conference, Paris, France, June 16, 1945; Eisenhower
war. Nor has anyone been able to explain away the fact that war
Speaks, p. 23
begets conditions that beget further war.
DWIGHT D. EISENHOWER
66. Prosperous nations are not war-hungry, but a hungry nation
Address at Pittsburgh, Pa., October, 1950; What Eisenhower
will always seek war if it has to in desperation.
Thinks, p. 91
DWIGHT D. EISENHOWER
Speech in New York, N.Y., June 19, 1945; Ibid., p. 44
71. Abhorring war as a chosen way to balk the purpose of those
who threaten us, we hold it to be the first task of statesmanship to
67. I hate war as only a soldier who has lived it can, only as one
develop the strength that will deter the forces of aggression and
who has seen its brutality, its futility, its stupidity. Yet there is one
promote the conditions of peace. For, as it must be the supreme
thing to say on its credit side-victory required a mighty manifes-
purpose of all free men, so it must be the dedication of their lead-
tation of the most ennobling of the virtues of man-faith, courage,
ers, to save humanity from preying upon itself.
fortitude, sacrifice!
DWIGHT D. EISENHOWER
DWIGHT D. EISENHOWER
First Inaugural Address, Jan. 20, 1953
Address in Ottawa, Canada, Jan. 10, 1946; Ibid., p. 64
72. The hope of the world is that wisdom can arrest conflict be-
68. In discussing war and peace, we incline to paint one all black
tween brothers. I believe that war is the deadly harvest of arrogant
and the other all white. We like to repeat "there never was a good
and unreasoning minds. And I find grounds for this belief in the
war, or a bad peace." But war often has provided the setting for
wisdom literature of Proverbs. It says
panic
strikes
like
a
storm
comradeship and understanding and greatness of spirit-among
and calamity comes like a whirlwind to those who hate knowledge
nations, as well as men-beyond anything in quiet days; while
and ignore their God.
peace
may
be
marked
by
chicanery, treachery, and the tempo-
DWIGHT D. EISENHOWER
rary triumph of expediency over all spiritual values.
Address to National Education Association, Apr. 4, 1957;
The pact of Munich was a greater blow to humanity than the
Public Papers
Eisenhower, 1957, p. 264
atomic bomb at Hiroshima. Suffocation of human freedom among
a once free people, however quietly and peacefully accomplished,
73. We know we are peaceful
Government only with the
is more far-reaching in its implications and its effects on their fu-
consent of the governed does not start wars, because it is the
ture than the destruction of their homes, industrial centers, and
people that have to fight them that make the decision.
transportation facilities. Out of rubble heaps, willing hands can
DWIGHT D. EISENHOWER
rebuild a better city; but out of freedom lost can stem only genera-
Remarks to League of Women Voters, Washington, D.C.,
tions of hate and bitter struggle and brutal oppression
May 1, 1957; Ibid., p. 317
SUPPLEMENT: TUESDAY, SEPTEMBER 11, 1990
NEWSWEEK
September 17 1990
Pg. 12
But John never complained about the costs or sacrifices
Remembering
of being in the Reserves. Come to think of it, he never
complained about much of anything; he was one of the
happiest men we knew. Surely he had concerns; the mort-
John Gordon
gage, how to finance a college education for his three smart
children. But you never saw those worries in his face. He
was always smiling, always had the best, often hilarious
jokes. Any outing, party or tennis match was more fun
BY JOE KAMALICK
with John there. He still smoked cigarettes, and many of
us used to bug him about it. At a recent party he stepped
outside to have a smoke, not wanting to annoy his hostess
aj. John Gordon went down with his Air Force
or other guests. No one asked him to; no one would have
M
C-5A Galaxy on Wednesday, Aug. 29, near
even thought of it. But he was a gentleman (and he
Ramstein Air Base in West. Germany. On the
probably wanted a quiet smoke without having to take any
day he died, John's Air Force Reserve unit
flak from us). His hair was thinning and, like many of us
was called to active duty, but he and other
who are in our middle 40s, he was fighting a holding action
volunteers had already been flying missions for three
in the battle of the bulge. A few years ago, in an attempt
weeks. He was one of 13 on board who were killed; only
to improve our tennis game and maybe shed a few pounds,
four survived. The news reports from West Germany spoke
we used to play an hour of predawn tennis almost every
of the flight's mission and cargo-carrying food, spare
day before work.
parts and other supplies to U.S. forces in Saudi Arabia.
All these things might sound like the elements of a
Every available cargo plane and crew were pressed
perfectly average life and, on the face of it, they are. But
into service to rush vital supplies to our troops on the
as a casual student of American history, I have often
Saudi-Kuwaiti border, to help them hold the line should
wondered what they were like, those men and women of
the Iraqi armor move south. The Air Force was throwing
our revolutionary past, the ones who left family, farm and
an air bridge from supply
shop to fight for freedom.
depots in Europe to the
Surely, until the call came
Arabian desert. The huge
and they answered, many
long-range C-5As were in
of these patriots lived work-
the air for such long hours
aday lives. Little do we
that many, like John's last
know that they are among
flight, carried two crews to
us still and, like John, are
spell each other. It is what
anything but ordinary.
the military calls "maxi-
Our loyalty: Any veteran of
mum effort."
the '60s knows that it has
But I'll leave all the stra-
been popular or at least com-
tegic talk and the sweeping
mon to challenge govern-
language of world crisis to
ment policy in times of con-
others. Here in John Gor-
flict and war. That is as it
don's neighborhood just north of Houston, the talk is of
should be. And history will judge the wisdom of our current
his love for his family, his country and his devotion to
call to arms. But whatever our opinions, we owe loyalty to the
flying. Like many true patriots, John Gordon didn't wear
men and women-soldiers, sailors and fliers, friends and
his patriotism on his sleeve. But it was there in his
neighbors-who on our behalf go in harm's way.
heart all the same. And now many of us, his neighbors
The technology of modern war is vastly different from
and friends, recognize and honor his love of our nation. As
those early days of our history. And the world, it seems, is
is all too often the case, our honor for this good man is
more complex, our options less clear-cut, our choices more
late in coming. But who could have known? We knew he
difficult than those facing our countrymen long ago. But to
flew those big C-5As on weekends. We knew he was in
John Gordon the choice was clear. He will be missed, and we
the Air Force Reserve. When John and I were on a neigh-
and our children are in his debt. At John's home, after the
borhood men's tennis team (strictly F level, but we took
Air Force chaplain left, neighbors and friends from afar
joking pride in being "F Troop"), John sometimes had to
came and called throughout the day and night. His fine wife,
miss a match or practice because he was off flying those big
Judy, struggled with grief but greeted us all. In time we will
birds for Uncle Sam. And we knew that when the call went
return to our lives, the mundane, routine business of living;
out Aug. 1 for volunteers from the Reserves, John an-
Judy will be with her children and her sorrow. John made
swered call.
his sacrifice. His widow and children now continue theirs in
John changed jobs now and then, but not always, I think,
bearing their grief, in doing without a husband and father.
out of preference. His flight duties often took him away
So they, too, are patriots.
from home and work for longer than the advertised one
The Marines' Hymn proudly claims (with, of course, a gibe
weekend a month. Sometimes his world-circling flights
at other services) that "If the Army and the Navy ever look
kept him away for a couple of weekdays as well. Beyond lip
on heaven's scenes, they will find the streets are guarded by
service, many employers are unwilling to share the burden
United States Marines." No doubt. Then surely Air Force
borne by reservists and their families. I ran into him some
veterans will be running heaven's shuttle service. And
weeks ago in the local grocery store and we joked that it
there's John strolling along the flight line with other pilots,
was getting hard to find time to eat, much less to play
swapping jokes-and reaching for his smokes. Go ahead
tennis. I didn't know then that John had been laid off. It
John, light one up. We won't bug you about it.
wasn't the kind of information that he would volunteer,
And John, thanks.
and I did not find out about it until after he had answered
the call for pilots and gone off to the Mideast.
Kamalick is a writer and newsletter publisher in Houston.
A
26
01. 07. 91 05:51 PM *NAVY
P03
JAN 07 '91 15:59 JPAO 4TH MARDIV
P.3/10
GySgt. John Dittus, 44, USMCR, belongs to Marine Medium
Helicopter Squadron 764 CHMM-7643 in MCAS E1 Toro, CA - He is a
Vietnam veteran who spent 14 years out of the Marine Corps before
returning to the Marine Corps Reserve in 1982. Although no longer a
young man he still wanted to serve. When his unit was activated in
November 1990, Dittus was a police sergeant in Santa Ana, CA - He has
left a wife and two children in an uncomfortable financial situation
because the loss in pay from his civilian position to his Marine
gunnery sergeant's pay is $3,300. par month. He has put one car in
the garage to save on insurance, has gotten assistance from his bank
concerning home mortgage payments, but didn't get someone to replace
him as little league manager.
01.07.91 05:51 PM *NAVY
P06
JAN 07 '91 16:04 JPAO 4TH MARDIV
P.4/8
COMMANDER CLAIRE WEIDMAN, USNR OF NORFOLK, VA IS THE FLIGHT SURGEON FOR
MARINE AIR GROUP 46, HMM-764, 4TH MARINE AIRCRAFT WING IN NORFOLK. DURING
VIETNAM, WEIDMAN WAS A PFC IN THE MARINE CORPS. FOLLOWING THE WAR, HE
ENROLLED IN MEDICAL SCHOOL AND BECAME A DOCTOR AND SHORTLY AFTER THAT, AN
OFFICER IN THE NAVAL RESERVE. STILL FEELING AN ATTACHMENT TO THE MARINE
CORPS, CMDR WEIDMAN REQUESTED TO BE THE FLIGHT SURGEON FOR A MARINE
SQUADRON. IN THE CIVILIAN WORLD, CMDR WEIDMAN IS AN ORTHOPEDIC SURGEON
AND MAKES OVER $300,000 A YEAR. WHEN HIS UNIT WAS ACTIVATED, WEIDMAN
VOLUNTEERED TO LEAVE HIS FAMILY AND TAKE A PAY REDUCTION OF APPROXIMATELY
$240,000 PER YEAR IN ORDER TO SERVE HIS COUNTRY. WEIDMAN PAYED $80,000 IN
TAXES TO THE IRS LAST YEAR. WITH HIS ACTIVATION, HIS TOTAL SALARY THIS
YEAR WILL BE ONLY $60,000.
POC-CW04 LEDLOW (804)444-7816
-01. .07. 91 05:51 PM *NAVY
P08
JAN 07 '91 16:05 JPAO 4TH MARDIV
P.6/8
CAPTAIN JOHN ROBERTS, USMCR, OF ATLANTA, GA WAS THE RESERVE COMMANDING
OFFICER OF BATTERY 'A', FOURTH LOW ALTITUDE AIR DEFENSE BATTALION (4TH
LAAD BN) IN MARIETTA, GA. HIS CIVILIAN POSITION WAS FLIGHT CREW MEMBER ON
A DELTA AIRLINES L-1011, A POSITION HE HAS HELD FOR FIVE YEARS. JUST
PRIOR TO BEING ACTIVATED, CAFT. ROBERTS HAD BEEN SELECTED BY DELTA TO FLY
THE BOEING 767 AIRCRAFT ON THE COVETED LONG HAUL, INTERNATIONAL ROUTES.
THIS MEANT A HIGHER, MORE CAREER ENHANCING POSITION IN THE AIRLINE, A
SIGNIFICANT INCREASE IN PAY, AN OPPORTUNITY TO WORK BETTER HOURS AND ON
NEWER EQUIPMENT. AFTER PAYING HIS DUES, SO TO SPEAK, HIS BIG CHANCE WAS
TO BE HANDED TO HIM IN DECEMBER. HE WAS ACTIVATED INSTEAD! IN ADDITION
TO TAKING A $65,000 CUT IN PAY, CAPT. ROBERTS WILL ALSO MISS THE MAY, 1991
BIRTH OF HIS THIRD CHILD.
IT SHOULD BE NOTED THAT WHEN CAPT. ROBERTS REPORTED TO MCAS CHERRY
POINT, NC, HE WAS REPLACED AS COMMANDING OFFICER OF HIS UNIT BECAUSE A
MORE EXPERIENCED OFFICER WAS AVAILABLE. DESPITE LOSING HIS COMMAND, HE
CONTINUES TO SERVE THE CORPS WITH A VERY POSITIVE ATTITUDE AS THE 2D LAAD
BN INTELLIGENCE OFFICER.
POC--LTCOL RUTHENBERG (404)421-5421
THE WHITE HOUSE
WASHINGTON
DATE: 1/8/90
TO: Bab Semon
Here's a wonderful
letter you might
find a use for- -
Ag
SHIRLEY M. GREEN
Special Assistant to the President
for Presidential Messages
and Correspondence
Room 94-OEOB, 456-7610
Shirley:
copies of incoming from former
Kuwait hostage you wanted to share
with Leg. Affairs. I spoke with
Mr. Cox 1/7/91 and he was pleased
to have his letter used if we choo:
to do so. also offered to help
any other way. if you want more
copies, we can do.
SN
202105
Wayne G. Cox
9037 Bay Hill Blvd.
Orlando, Florida 32819
Tel: (407) 876-2922
December 19, 1990
Dear President Bush,
You are to be admired and praised for the courage you've
shown and decisions you have thus far made in dealing with
the Gulf crisis. And if every American, whether they be the
man on the street, Congressman or Senator cannot fully support
the actions you've thus far taken in the Gulf, then they
are blatantly unconcerned with what is right and wrong in
the world.
My Kuwaiti wife, and I and my three children who are
natural-born U.S. citizens, were trapped in Kuwait since
the August 2nd invasion until being flown out December 13th
on the same plane as that of Ambassador Howell. With our
fortunate release though, we have carried with us a burden
in our hearts to do whatever we can to keep the world conscious
of the seriousness of the situation we were eyewitnesses
to and left behind. Indeed, the murder of innocent civilians
from premature babies to grandparents, rapes pf Phillipino,
Sri Lankan, Indian, Kuwaiti and German women are factual
and not just hyped up news stories. As well every item and
product of value in Kuwait has been or is being stolen and
transported to Iraq. And if force is not used soon, it is
predicted that the Iraqis (not looters, as they'd like to
blame) will dismantle buildings and transport them to Iraq.
On my flight over from Frankfurt to Andrews A.F.B., I learned
from an Arab source that actual, entire elevators were now
being dismantled from buildings. Complete, organized, expert
thievery ordered by the Iraqi government is taking place
as I write this letter and while Saddam Hussein continues
to postpone peace talks. Allowed to remain in Kuwait another
day as you read this letter Mr. Bush is another day that
brings him closer to entering the very homes of the remaining,
unarmed, fear-striken Kuwaitis (who sheltered and fed myself
and other Americans while there) to dismantle their homes
while they watch and, yes, murder and rape at their discretion.
Our Kuwaiti friends hoped that I might be able to stress
to you, Mr. Bush, that the only way to deal with Saddam Hussein
is through the use of force. "He cannot be allowed to leave
Kuwait without severe punishment." The Kuwaiti people, as
well as I myself, were ready for force from the first week.
It is the only thing, unfortunately, that the Middle eastern
mind of Saddam Hussein (and Gaddafi!) can understand
Bang
'em around!
In my interviews with the press in Baghdad, Frankfurt,
Washington and Orlando since December 9th, I summed up my
feelings of the Gulf crisis as an American in Kuwait with
a quote from you, Mr. President: "It is simply a matter between
right and wrong. " And if any human being on the face of
this earth cannot come to that assessment and back the noble
cause and fight for justice which you have SO courageously
accepted, they must not have all the facts or else they have
no sacrificial desire whatsoever to see evil overcome by
good. Throughout history God always spoke to and used only
one man to fulfill His will and His people were never totally
unanimous in backing him. Democracy is a wonderful form
of government, but we are fortunate to have in our United
States Constitution the clause that permits the President
to spontaneously use what he knows without a shadow of a
doubt is the last and only solution in correcting obvious
horror and injustice the use of military force.
Mr. President, on behalf of the Kuwaiti people who love
you and know that only God and you, His instrument, are their
-2-
only hope are deeply appreciative of all you have already
done in standing up to the evil agression done to them by
Iraq.
May God bless and keep you always. You have my vote,
my backing, my love and my highest respect of any world leader
I have known in my 40 years. Merry Christmas and Happy New
Year to you and Mrs. Bush and Family!
Sincerely,
Wayne G. g Cox Cox
P.S. I cried when I heard on the Voice of America, back
on August 8th, your speech on how you responded without hes-
itation to the calling to stand up against wrong. Thank you.
-3- -
- Thursday, January 10, 1991
House of Representatives Debate: Rep. Robert Michel
Transcript ID: 670818
(175 lines)
UNITED STATES HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES DEBATE
ON THE PERSIAN GULF CRISIS AND THE USE OF FORCE
REMARKS BY REPRESENTATIVE ROBERT H. MICHEL (R-IL)
REP. MICHEL: Mr. Speaker, I'm going to yield myself such
time as I may consume. And at the conclusion of my remarks, we'll
devote -- we're going to have a system of rotating -- managing on
this side for the time being. The distinguished ranking member of
the Foreign Affairs Committee then, Mr. Broomfield, will manage the
time.
SPEAKER: The gentleman from Illinois is recognized.
REP. MICHEL: I ask the Speaker to revise and extend my
remarks.
SPEAKER: Without objection, so ordered.
REP. MICHEL: May I first pay my compliments to the
distinguished Majority Leader for the tenor of his remarks. He's
the Majority Leader in this body. I happen to be the Minority
Leader.
Later on, we're going to be supporting differing resolutions
because we have a difference of views on this. But I would applaud
and certainly subscribe to the thought -- to the expression of the
distinguished Majority Leader that after all the debate is over and
it has been concluded, we will abide by the will of the majority
when all is said and done. That's our system.
And even if it carries by one vote, that's the way we operate
in this country -- to give everybody an opportunity to have their
say. And I am happy and proud that the resolution which I support
-- the bipartisan resolution is one that's in the form of a joint
resolution. That would obviously go to the other body -- require
the signature of the President. Then we would all be speaking with
one voice.
But Mr. Speaker, as this debate opens and the United States
of America has over 370,000 troops in the Gulf area, they're face to
face with troops of a ruthless dictator, and our troops will be
aware of every word we say in this debate and so will the dictator.
And the question we have to ask ourselves is this: When this
debate is finished, will the House be seen as a tower of strength or
as a tower of battle?
I speak from the prejudice of being a combat veteran of World
War II, and those of our generation know from bloody experience that
unchecked aggression against a small nation is a prelude to an
international disaster.
Saddam Hussein today has more planes and tanks and, frankly,
men under arms than Hitler had at the time when Prime Minister
Chamberlain (sp) came back from Munich with that miserable piece of
paper, Peace in Our Time. I'll never forget that replay of that
movie in my life, and I have an obligation, I guess, coming from
that generation to transmit those thoughts I had at the time to the
younger generation who didn't experience what we did.
Saddam Hussein not only invaded Kuwait, he occupied,
terrorized, murdered civilians, systematically looted and turned a
peaceful nation into a wasteland of horror. He seeks control over
one of the world's vital resources, and he ultimately seeks to make
himself the unchallenged anti-Western dictator of the Mideast.
Either we stop him now and stop him permanently or we won't stop him
at all.
Now, the President has clearly presented the reasons why we
can't stand by idly in his words, and I'd quote them, "We're in the
Gulf because the world must not and cannot reward aggression, and
we're there because our vital interests are at stake." Now we're
told by some that we must show patience. We must wait for sanctions
to work. We must wait six months or a year before force is used.
We must stay the course. My question is this: Stay what course? A
course that allows Saddam to know he is free from surprise attack,
free from sudden offensive movement for six months or a year or
more? And I guess to you who advocate that course, I would have to
ask you to do what you would do about the attitude of the
American people in that interval period of time. How long is the
American people will the American people put up with that? How
long with that delicate coalition that we have pulled together
currently? How long will they stay that kind of course -- not to
mention our troops abroad and an extended period of time, and in
that kind of an environment, when frankly over an extended period of
time we'd have to be thinking seriously of rotation and all that
that implies.
So I think during the course of this debate, those
who advocate that course are going to have to answer some of those
questions.
Patience and delay can be virtues when they help bring about
military or diplomatic goals. But when patience and delay become
foreign policy goals in themselves, as I fear they have with some of
our colleagues, they're no longer virtues.
I understand principal pacifism, which holds that nothing
justifies the taking of a human life. I grew up in that tradition,
and I respect it because World War II caused me to come grips with
the very same question in my mind and in my conscience. What I
can't understand is a policy that asks us to believe that after six
months or a year the alliance will still hold, our sophisticated
equipment will be in better shape than it is now after frying in the
desert, our troops will have higher morale and better readiness.
Such a policy is not just an uncertain trumpet to the men and
women in our armed forces. It is a veritable brass choir of
indecision, doubt and confusion. Patience at any price is not a
policy; it's a cop-out.
We will be told by those who want delay that they don't want
to risk American lives in combat. Let no one in this chamber or
anyone else lecture me on the horrors of war.
And I see my friend, the gentleman from Florida, and several
others, the gentleman from Ohio, Mr. Wylie, similarly who know of
all the horrors of war. We've seen it at its worst. The memory
will remain within our heart and minds for the rest of our lives.
It's Saddam Hussein who will be responsible for those who make the
supreme sacrifice and Saddam Hussein himself.
If Saddam convinces his neighbors he can survive this crisis,
he'll become something more than a former hit man with delusions of
grandeur. He'll be someone who has triumphed over a worldwide
coalition. And if you seriously think that you wouldn't be -- that
that wouldn't be a sinister event in the history of the 20th
century, I think you're fooling yourself.
In our democracy, we elect our President to speak and act for
us, primarily in foreign affairs, that our message might be clear
and unmistakable. And we in the Congress have our role to play, and
we can't shirk our responsibility. This is the time, it seems to
me, for us to rally around the Chief and give him the support he
deserves for our well-crafted bipartisan resolution.
And may I, in conclusion, thank my colleagues, my co-sponsors
of this joint bipartisan resolution for the excellent work that's
been done on this side of the aisle and on our side of the aisle by
those who are listed as sponsors of our bipartisan resolution.
I hope the debate will go forward on a very high plane. As
the distinguished Majority Leader said, this is the time to really
come to grips with probably one of the most important issues we'll
have, certainly, in this Congress and, for some of us, during the
tenure of our Congress here. We hope it's conducted on a high plane
and, ultimately, then come to a resolution of it sometime Saturday
and will abide by the will of the majority. Hopefully, that will be
in strong support of the action the President has taken thus far and
feels he may have to take in the future.
I yield back. (Applause.)
END
tions 121 and 673b of title 10 of the United
States Code, I hereby determine that it is
necessary to augment the active armed
forces of the United States for the effective
conduct of operational missions in and
around the Arabian Peninsula. Further,
under the stated authority, I hereby author-
ize the Secretary of Defense, and the Secre-
tary of Transportation with respect to the
Coast Guard when the latter is not operat-
ing as a service in the Department of the
Navy, to order to active duty units and indi-
vidual members not assigned to units, of the
Selected Reserve.
This order is intended only to improve
the internal management of the executive
branch, and is not intended to create any
right or benefit, substantive or procedural,
enforceable at law by a party against the
United States, its agencies, its officers, or
any person.
This order shall be published in the Fed-
eral Register and transmitted promptly to
the Congress.
George Bush
The White House,
August 22, 1990.
[Filed with the Office of the Federal Regis-
ter, 4:41 p.m., August 24, 1990]
Letter to the Speaker of the House and
the President of the Senate on the
Mobilization of United States Reserves
August 22, 1990
Dear Mr. Speaker: (Dear Mr. President:)
I have today, pursuant to section 673b of
title 10, United States Code, authorized the
Secretary of Defense, and the Secretary of
Transportation with respect to the Coast
Guard when it is not operating as a service
within the Department of the Navy, to
Executive Order 12727-Ordering the
order to active duty units and individual
Selected Reserve of the Armed Forces
members not assigned to units of the Select-
to Active Duty
ed Reserve to perform such missions the
August 22, 1990
Secretary of Defense may determine neces-
sary. The deployment of United States
By the authority vested in me as Presi-
forces to conduct operational missions in
dent by the Constitution and the laws of
and around the Arabian Peninsula necessi-
the United States of America, including sec-
tates this action.
1278
Administration of George Bush, 1990 / Aug. 22
A copy of the Executive order imple-
dural, enforceable at law by a party against
menting this action is attached.
the United States, its agencies, its officers,
Sincerely,
or any person.
George Bush
George Bush
Note: Identical letters were sent to Thomas
The White House,
S. Foley, Speaker of the House of Represent-
August 22, 1990.
atives, and Dan Quayle, President of the
Senate.
[Filed with the Office of the Federal Regis-
ter, 4:42 p.m., August 24, 1990]
Executive Order 12728-Delegating
the President's Authority To Suspend
Statement by Press Secretary Fitzwater
Any Provision of Law Relating to the
on the Mobilization of United States
Promotion, Retirement, or Separation
Reserves
of Members of the Armed Forces
August 22, 1990
August 22, 1990
The President today authorized the Sec-
By the authority vested in me as Presi-
retary of Defense to call Reserve units of
dent by the Constitution and the laws of
the Armed Forces to active duty. The order
the United States of America, including sec-
permits the Secretary of Defense to call to
tion 673c of title 10 of the United States
duty selected members and units of the Re-
Code and section 301 of title 3 of the
serve components of the Army, Navy, Air
United States Code, I hereby order:
Force, and Marine Corps as needed to sup-
Section 1. The Secretary of Defense, and
port United States and multinational oper-
the Secretary of Transportation with re-
ations now underway. The President signed
spect to the Coast Guard when it is not
the order after the Secretary of Defense
operating as a service in the Department of
advised him that the effective conduct of
the Navy, are hereby designated and em-
military operations in and around the Arabi-
powered to exercise, without the approval,
an Peninsula may require augmentation of
ratification, or other action of the President,
Active components of the Armed Forces.
the authority vested in the President by
The actual number of Reserve personnel to
section 673c of title 10 of the United States
be called to active duty will depend upon
Code (1) to suspend any provision of law
the operational needs of the Armed Forces,
relating to promotion, retirement, or sepa-
but at this time, we do not anticipate ap-
ration applicable to any member of the
proaching the full 200,000 authority provid-
armed forces determined to be essential to
ed by law.
the national security of the United States,
The Total Force Policy, which was estab-
and (2) to determine, for the purposes of
lished in 1973, allocates various military ca-
said section, that members of the armed
pabilities among the Active, Reserve, and
forces are essential to the national security
National Guard components that together
of the United States.
make up the Armed Forces of the United
Sec. 2. The authority delegated to the
States. Under this policy, the capability to
Secretary of Defense and the Secretary of
perform certain critical military activities
Transportation by this order may be redele-
has been concentrated in the Reserve com-
gated and further subdelegated to subordi-
ponent. Activating reservists to support op-
nates who are appointed to their offices by
erations such as those now underway has
the President, by and with the advice and
been a central feature of this approach.
consent of the Senate.
The skills concentrated in the Reserve
Sec. 3. This order is intended only to im-
component include airlift, food and water
prove the internal management of the exec-
handling, surface transportation, cargo han-
utive branch and is not intended to create
dling, medical services, construction, and
any right or benefit, substantive or proce-
intelligence. By making judicious use of the
1279
RESERVE PARTICIPATION IN OPERATION DESERT SHIELD
(As of December 30, 1990)
ALL SERVICES
First RC units activated on 24 August (six airlift
squadrons)
189,250 ceiling authorized under 673b (including Coast
Guard)
1,810 units, 129,790 personnel called
1,347 IMAs called
69% of 673b allocation used
5,176 volunteers on duty (peak volunteer participation
was 10,658 on 22 August)
All 50 states alerted; RC personnel activated from all
states (except Alaska), District of Columbia, Federal
Republic of Germany, and Puerto Rico
-- 15% of U.S. forces deployed to the Operation Desert
Shield Area of Responsibility are Reservists (45,583)
THE WHITE HOUSE
WASHINGTON
January 8, 1991
MEMORANDUM FOR CHRISS WINSTON
DEPUTY ASSISTANT TO THE PRESIDENT
FOR COMMUNICATIONS AND DIRECTOR OF SPEECHWRITING
FROM:
BOB SIMON
RESEARCH ASSISTANT
OFFICE OF RESEARCH
Dr
SUBJECT:
PRESIDENTIAL REQUESTS TO CONGRESS
ON THE USE OF FORCE
For your information, the last president to ask Congress for a
declaration of war was Franklin Roosevelt after Pearl Harbor.
Prior to that, Woodrow Wilson gave a lengthy speech in person
asking Congress to declare war against Germany.
Both Presidents Johnson and Truman did not go to Capitol Hill in
person to ask for resolutions authorizing force in Vietnam and
Korea. Nor did Eisenhower make a personal appeal in 1955, when
he sought and received unanimous approval for a resolution
authorizing force to defend the islands of Quemoy and Matsu from
Chinese communist aggression. (Eisenhower held the authority for
years, but never used it.)
Also, in 1898, President McKinley did not appear before Congress
-- as was the custom then -- when asking for a declaration of war
against Spain.
Churchill
Churchill
745
e the companions
The destiny of mankind is not decided by
Do not let us speak of darker days; let us
ur garment; con-
material computation. When great causes
speak rather of sterner days. These are not
hield. We must be
are on the move in the world
we learn
dark days: these are great days-the great-
nted, we must be
that we are spirits, not animals, and that
est days our country has ever lived; and we
something is going on in space and time, and
must all thank God that we have been al-
the war, House of
beyond space and time, which, whether we
lowed, each of us according to our stations, to
[October 8, 1940]
like it or not, spells duty.
play a part in making these days memorable
ng-promised inva-
Radio broadcast to America on re-
in the history of our race.
Ib.
ceiving the honorary degree of Doc-
8
In the past we have had a light which flick-
cast to the French
tor of Laws from the University
ered, in the present we have a light which
[October 21, 1940]
of Rochester, New York [June 16,
flames, and in the future there will be a light
g lamp stumbles
1941]
which shines over all the land and sea.
trying to recon-
Hitler is a monster of wickedness, insatia-
Speech on war with Japan, House
ts echoes, and kin-
ble in his lust for blood and plunder. Not con-
of Commons [December 8, 1941]
passion of former
tent with having all Europe under his heel, or
9
all this? The only
else terrorized into various forms of abject
What kind of people do they [the Japanese]
think we are?
ascience; the only
submission, he must now carry his work of
rectitude and sin-
butchery and desolation among the vast mul-
Speech to the U.S. Congress
ery imprudent to
titudes of Russia and of Asia. The terrible
[December 26, 1941]
t this shield, be-
military machine, which we and the rest of
10
We have not journeyed all this way across
ked by the failure
ecivilized world SO foolishly, so supinely, so
the centuries, across the oceans, across the
ing of our calcula-
insensately allowed the Nazi gangsters to
mountains, across the prairies, because we
however the fates
build up year by year from almost nothing,
are made of sugar candy.
ys in the ranks of
annot stand idle lest it rust or fall to pieces.
Speech to the Canadian Senate and
So now this bloodthirsty guttersnipe
House of Commons, Ottawa [De-
ille Chamberlain,
must launch his mechanized armies upon
cember 30, 1941]
ons [November 12,
new fields of slaughter, pillage and devasta-
11
This is no time to speak of the hopes of the
non.
future, or the broader world which lies be-
even when, for the
Radio broadcast on the German in-
yond our struggles and our victory. We have
for the time with
vasion of Russia [June 22, 1941]
to win that world for our children. We have
We will have no truce or parley with you
to win it by our sacrifices. We have not won
House of Commons
Hitler], or the grisly gang who work your
it yet. The crisis is upon us.
In this
January 22, 1941]
wicked will. You do your worst-and we will
strange, terrible world war there is a place
ich I will give to
do our best.
for everyone, man and woman, old and
Give us the tools,
Speech to the London County
young, hale and halt; service in a thousand
Council [July 14, 1941]
forms is open. There is no room now for the
[February 9, 1941]
The V sign is the symbol of the unconquer-
dilettante, the weakling, for the shirker, or
ases in which the
able will of the occupied territories, and a
the sluggard. The mine, the factory, the dock-
the facts.
portent of the fate awaiting the Nazi tyr-
yard, the salt sea waves, the fields to till, the
House of Commons
anny.
home, the hospital, the chair of the scientist,
rachute descent in
Message to the people of Europe on
the pulpit of the preacher-from the highest
dolf Hess [May 13,
launching the V for Victory propa-
to the humblest tasks, all are of equal honor;
ganda campaign [July 20, 1941]
all have their part to play.
Ib.
que in this respect.
Nothing is more dangerous in wartime
12
When I warned [the French] that Britain
who like to be told
than to live in the temperamental atmo-
would fight on alone whatever they did, their
like to be told the
sphere of a Gallup Poll, always feeling one's
generals told their prime minister and his
pulse and taking one's temperature.
divided cabinet, "In three weeks England
the war, House of
Report on the war, House of Com-
will have her neck wrung like a chicken."
ns [June 10, 1941]
mons [September 30, 1941]
Some chicken; some neck.
Ib.
to use the new
Never give in, never give in, never, never,
13
The late M. Venizelos³ observed that in all
scorn of mankind
never. never- nothing, great or small,
her wars England-he should have said Brit-
arge or petty give in except to con-
ain, of course-always wins one battle-the
St. James's Palace,
victions of honor and good sense.²
last.
lon [June 12, 1941]
Address at Harrow School
Speech at the Lord Mayor's Day
[October 29, 1941]
Nasjonal Samling party
Luncheon, London [November 10,
i collaborated with the
Dr George H. Gallup founded the British Institute of
1942]
Norway [April 9, 1940].
Opinion in 1936.
23, 1945].
Shakespeare. 235:18, and William Pitt, 351:5.
¹Eleutherios Venizelos [1864-1936], Greek statesman.
[35] Feb. 2I
Public Papers of the Presidents
Americas, the United States can give fur-
NOTE: On September 3, 1949, the President approved
ther, practical form to the high purposes of
a bill extending the Institute of Inter-American
Affairs (63 Stat. 685).
our policy.
HARRY S. TRUMAN
36 Remarks at a Dinner in Honor of General Vaughan Given
by the Reserve Officers Association. February 22, 1949
I DON'T know whether I am supposed to
President of the United States.
tell all I know on Vaughan or not-if I
I have three aides now, all able and effi-
haven't, the time is about right; but I am
cient officers in the Army, the Navy, and the
very happy to be here tonight because I have
Air Force. I see my Naval Aide is sitting
known General Vaughan all his military
here at this end of the table. He used to
life, and some time besides.
command the battleship Missouri. I had
He was at Fort Sill in 1917 at the training
quite a trip on that battleship. General
camp known as Camp Donovan, 35th Divi-
Landry, over there, my Aide for Air, is an
sion, First World War. That dates him-
efficient and able one; and I have an aide for
and me, too. He was a sergeant in the field
health over here, Dr. Graham, who is re-
artillery when I was down there, and I was
sponsible for the fact that I can travel 31,700
a first lieutenant. He went to a school
miles and make 357 speeches and wear out
down there known as the university of
all the newspapermen on the trip.
"doubt." He came out, I think, number
What I am leading up to is this, that there
four in his class. At any rate, he got a
have been some very vicious attacks on my
commission as first lieutenant. From then
military aide, unjustified, and I say it ad-
on he was in the heavies, 35th Field
visedly, vicious. They are not intended to
Artillery-155 Howitzers-went through
smear him, but he happens to be my mili-
the First World War, with honor to himself
tary aide and in a campaign I am the head
and a credit to his organization.
of one of the great political parties, and there-
And then in 1940 he was my secretary
fore a fair target for everything, and those
when I was United States Senator from
who are around me sometimes get the at-
Missouri. He could have remained as my
tacks, and they are not pleasant.
secretary if he had chosen to do it. Instead
But I can say this to you, that I have four
of that he was called into active service as a
secretaries, these three military aides, and a
lieutenant colonel in the field artillery, and
number of executive assistants, and they are
was sent to Australia. He served down
able to take it.
there until he met with an accident-an air-
I was reading a book this evening on poll-
plane accident-chest crushed, leg was
sters. It is a most interesting book-it's
broken, and he was sent back to the United
just out. And the gentleman who wrote
States.
that book made a remark which I think is a
When I became Vice President of the
classic. He said that if he ever found him-
United States, I made him one of my secre-
self in agreement with the Chicago Tribune,
taries, and my military adviser. When I
or some of these columnists and broad-
became President, I made him aide to the
casters who have been attacking my staff, he
142
Harry S. Truman, 1949
Feb. 22 [36]
would know very well that he was wrong
Bureau. That was General Bradley. He
and he would survey his situation once more
was made head of the Veterans Bureau by
before he decided.
me. Then I made him Chief of Staff. I
It was my very great privilege to have
think he is one of the ablest military men
General Marshall as Chief of Staff, when I
in the United States. I am glad he is here
became President of the United States. Gen-
tonight. I am glad to pay him that tribute.
eral Eisenhower was in command of all the
Now, I am just as fond and just as loyal to
Armies in the European theatre, General
my military aide as I am to the high brass,
MacArthur was in command of all the
and I want you to distinctly understand that
Armies in the Asiatic theatre, and General
anyone who thinks he can cause any of those
Eisenhower had an Army Commander who
people to be discharged by me, by some
commanded more troops in the field than
smart aleck statement over the air or in the
any other general in the history of the world.
paper, he has got another think coming.
One day I got General Marshall to come
No commentator or columnist name any
over to see me, and he came into the outer
members of my Cabinet, or my staff. I
office to wait for his turn to come in.
name them myself. And when it is time for
Now I may be bragging a little bit if I
them to be moved on, I do the moving-
say I am usually prompt in my appoint-
nobody else.
ments-nobody has to wait on me; but he
I think I have one trait, and that is I never
had to wait because he was early. And my
go back on a friend. A great many so-called
appointment secretary asked him if he re-
friends have been a little jittery about me,
membered a certain conversation that I had
sometimes, but I have never been. They
had with him in his office in 1940, when we
were not so jittery on the 3d of November as
passed the Draft Act. I had gone down to
they were on the first.
see General Marshall then, and asked him
It is a very great pleasure to me to be able
if he could make arrangements for me to
to come over here tonight and be present at
have an artillery group in the coming un-
these fine tributes that have been paid to my
pleasantness, which I thought at that time
able and efficient military aide.
we had to face.
I want to say to you, and to all the rest
And he looked at me, pulled his specs
of my secretaries, that I want you to bear
down on his nose, like that, and said, "How
that in mind, because that is the reason we
old are you?" I said, "I am 56." "Well,"
can operate smoothly and put over a pro-
he said, "you are too derned old, you had
gram which the voters decided that we
better go home and keep on working in the
should put over on November the 2d. And
Senate."
we are going to put it over, don't forget that!
My appointment secretary asked him what
Thank you very much.
he would say under present circumstances,
NOTE: The President spoke at 8:50 p.m. at the
if he were asked the same question. And
Army and Navy Country Club in Arlington, Va.
General Marshall stuck to his guns and said,
In his remarks the President referred to Maj. Gen.
Harry H. Vaughan, Military Aide to the President;
"I would say the same thing, only I would
Rear Adm. Robert L. Dennison, Naval Aide to the
be a little more diplomatic."
President; Brig. Gen. Robert B. Landry, Air Aide
Well, what I wanted to see General Mar-
to the President; Brig. Gen. Wallace H. Graham,
the White House Physician; and Matthew J. Con-
shall about was to assign his famous field
nelly, Appointments Secretary to the President.
commander to me as head of the Veterans
I43
[174] June 27
Public Papers of the Presidents
ancient Hebrew prophet, we should say,
NOTE: The President spoke at 3:43 p.m. In his
"Let judgment run down as waters, and
opening words he referred to Chief Justice of the
United States Fred M. Vinson, Chief Judge Harold
righteousness as a mighty stream."
M. Stephens of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the
In no other way can the nations of the
District of Columbia, who was the chairman for the
earth endure.
occasion, and Chief Judge Bolitha J. Laws of the
U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia.
175 Exchange of Messages With Governor Dewey Concerning
U.S. Action in Korea. June 27, I950
I AM grateful for your message and hasten
[Honorable Thomas E. Dewey, Governor of New
to assure you that I shall find strength and
York, Albany, New York]
courage in your brave words. The whole-
NOTE: The text of Governor Dewey's telegram to
hearted pledge of support which you give
the President, dated June 27, follows:
The President
will be a source of inspiration and fortitude
The White House
as we gird ourselves for the difficult tasks
I whole-heartedly agree with and support the
ahead. We have taken our stand on the
difficult decision you have made today to extend
American assistance to the Republic of Korea in
side of Korea and our pledge of faith to
combatting armed communist aggression. Your
that nation is a witness to all the world
action there, in Formosa, the Philippines, and in
that we champion liberty wherever the
Indochina was necessary to the security of our
country and the free world. It should be supported
tyranny of communism is the aggressor.
by a united America.
THOMAS E. DEWEY
HARRY S. TRUMAN
176 Remarks to Members of Reserve Officers Association.
June 28, 1950
I APPRECIATE most highly the remarks
necessary, but he owes service to his govern-
of the Secretary of Defense. I think he gave
ment as a civilian, he should take a part in
the Commander in Chief a little more credit
his city, county, and State government; and
than he deserves, but then I like that, too.
he should be willing, whenever necessary, to
You gentlemen represent one of the prin-
serve the United States Government in what-
cipal components of the authority of the
ever capacity he is fitted to serve it.
United States in the world. One of the great
It is difficult, these days, to get the right
things about our Government is that it is
sort of men for the right places, due to the
founded on the fact that the people are the
fact that they not only have to give up civilian
government.
income, which is in most cases much greater
George Washington, in a message to the
than you can get from Government, but they
Congress, and in correspondence with some
also have to stand and receive a certain
of his friends, made the statement that every
amount of criticism and mudslinging which
man who lives under a government that is
they do not deserve.
controlled by the people owes that govern-
Back in 1920-about 30 years ago-it was
ment certain service. Not only does he owe
my privilege to organize the first Reserve
that service in a military way, if it becomes
Officers Association in the United States. It
496
Harry S. Truman, 1950
June 28 [176]
consisted of Army, Navy, Marine Corps, and
think General Bradley told me that I still
Air. It was a unified Reserve Association.
have a commission as a colonel in the Re-
When it became my duty as President of
serve Corps. I am somewhat beyond the
the United States to look into a defense pro-
age of retirement, but I don't believe they
gram for the future, after the shooting in
are going to retire me, at least for 2½ years.
the Second World War had stopped, I made
I hope you gentlemen will continue to
it my business to get in touch with every
attend your schools and keep yourselves up
commander-every field commander that we
to date in matters military, and in matters
had at that time-and we had some of the
civil.
greatest ever produced. And I corresponded
Remember that the civil government is
with those gentlemen, and nearly every one
just as important for your welfare, and for
of them is on record as to what he thinks of a
the welfare of the Nation, as your education
unified defense program. They were all
as military men. I hope that you will take
for it.
time out maybe to read a short speech which
We have succeeded in implementing a
I made yesterday on the laying of the cor-
defense program. That is a unification of
nerstone of the courts building here in the
the services on the basis where rivalry doesn't
District of Columbia. I went into some
cease, as esprit de corps is just as important
detail on the rights of the individual under
as any other morale factor that makes up the
his Government. If you will study that, you
Nation. It doesn't mean that there can't be
will never become a man who thirsts for
rivalry between organizations under the
power, you will never become one who over-
same command, between the Army, Navy,
rides the rights of the people to get into
and the Air Force as to who has the best men
a position of power.
and who does the best job. But it means
That is the most important thing in the
that when necessary there is complete co-
Constitution of the United States, that the
operation between them, for the welfare of
rights of the individual come first. I am im-
the country as a whole. That's all that uni-
bued with that idea. I believe that this is a
fication means. And it has been imple-
Government of and by and for the people,
mented, I think, in such a manner that the
as Abraham Lincoln said. And as far as I
morale of no single organization has been
can, as President of the United States, I am
hurt.
trying to implement that theory, not only
Your organization is of vital importance
in the United States but in the world at
to the welfare of the Nation. You are the
large.
men who, on your own time, try to keep
Thank you very much.
yourselves informed on the latest of mili-
NOTE: The President spoke at 10:25 a.m. at the
tary subjects so that in case of emergency
Mayflower Hotel in Washington. In his opening
you can fill the places that would ordinarily
words he referred to Louis Johnson, Secretary of
be necessary in an emergency.
Defense. Later he referred to Gen. Omar N. Brad-
ley, Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff.
I am proud to be a Reserve officer. I
497
THE WHITE HOUSE
WASHINGTON
MEMORANDUM
TO:
David Demarest
FROM:
JOSEPH W. HAGIN
SUBJECT:
APPROVED PRESIDENTIAL ACTIVITY
EVENT:
Attend Reserve Officers Association of the
U.S. Annual Dinner
DATE:
January 23, 1991 - Wednesday
TIME:
7:15 p.m.
DURATION:
45 minutes
LOCATION:
Washington Hilton Hotel
ATTIRE:
Black Tie
REMARKS REQUIRED:
Yes
MEDIA COVERAGE:
Open
FIRST LADY
Is Invited
PARTICIPATION:
ADDITIONAL
2 Tier - H.T. Reception
INFORMATION:
Evan "Curly"
CONTACT: General/Holtman
,
TELEPHONE: OFFICE
479-2200
HOME
NOTE:
PROJECT OFFICER, SEE ATTACHED CHECKLIST
Ed Rogers
Marlin Fitzwater
Ede Holiday
James Cicconi
David Demarest
David Valdez
Fred McClure
Fran Norris
USSS PPD
Susan Porter Rose
Sig Rogich
Gary Walters
Patty Presock
John Keller
WHCA Audio/Visual
Chriss Winston
Bruce Caughman
WHCA Operations
Laurie Firestone
J. Bonnie Newman
C. Boyden Gray
William Kristol
Paul Bateman
Laura Melillo
Jackie Kennedy
Debra Romash
John Herrick
Deb Anderson
Richard Trefry
DEPARTMENT OF DETAILS
DoD 1215.15-H
DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
GUARD
TOTAL ACTIVE FORCE-THE Ш *** NATION'S RESERVE SHIELD:
RESERVE COMPONENTS
OF THE
UNITED STATES
ARMED FORCES
OFFICE OF THE ASSISTANT SECRETARY
OF DEFENSE FOR RESERVE AFFAIRS
MAY 1990
OF DETAILS
ASSISTANT SECRETARY OF DEFENSE
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20301
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
RESERVE AFFAIRS
May 1, 1990
FOREWORD
Since its adoption in the early 1970's, the Total Force Policy has been a basic pillar of our Nation's
military strategy. As a result of that policy, the Reserve components of the United States Armed
Forces have become an increasingly important element of our national defense. After a decade of
growth and improvement, Reserve forces are now responsible for the performance of a variety of
important missions in the event of armed conflict, and for assisting the Active forces in meeting
peacetime operating requirements.
The historic geopolitical developments which have occurred in the two years since this Handbook was
last published promise to have a profound impact on policies relating to the Reserve components. The
President has recently observed that as we adjust force structure in response to changes in the security
environment, we must thoroughly explore the alternative of retaining National Guard and Reserve
units as a way to reduce defense costs, while still hedging against uncertainties.
This Handbook contains a broad range of information about the Reserve component forces of the
United States. While it is not practical to include more detailed information about the organization,
strength, training and administration of the United States Reserve Forces, the Handbook should have
great utility. Within the covers of this single publication, readers will find a condensed, yet compre-
hensive description of the significant improvements which have been made in all of the Reserve
component forces in recent years and of the important contributions which are being made by those
forces to the national security interests of the United States.
The Handbook has been prepared for the purpose of providing a general understanding of our Reserve
forces and is issued under the authority of Department of Defense Directive 1215.15, "Reserve
Officers Foreign Exchange Program," September 8, 1987. It will be distributed to our NATO allies
and to their Reserve forces and it may, therefore, be translated into the French and German languages.
Department of Defense Components may obtain copies of this publication through their own publica-
tion channels. Other Federal Agencies and the public may obtain copies from the U.S. Department of
Commerce, National Technical Information Service, 5285 Port Royal Road, Springfield, VA, 22161.
Stephen m. Duncan
Stephen M. Duncan
1
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Foreword
1
Table of Contents
3
Figures and Tables
4
CHAPTER 1 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
5
CHAPTER 2 TOTAL FORCE
8
CHAPTER 3 RESERVE CATEGORIES
12
CHAPTER 4 STRUCTURE AND ORGANIZATION
15
CHAPTER 5 RESERVE COMPONENTS
18
Army National Guard and Army Reserve
18
Naval Reserve
23
Marine Corps Reserve
27
Air National Guard and Air Force Reserve
31
Coast Guard Reserve
38
CHAPTER 6 SERVICE IN THE RESERVE COMPONENTS
43
CHAPTER 7 TRAINING
45
CHAPTER 8 FULL-TIME SUPPORT
47
CHAPTER 9 MOBILIZATION
50
CHAPTER 10 EMPLOYER SUPPORT
52
CHAPTER 11 RESERVE COMPONENT PAY, BENEFITS, AND ENTITLEMENTS
54
CHAPTER 12 LEGISLATIVE PROPOSALS
57
Appendices
A.
Total Reserve Strength
59
B.
Reserve Drill Pay Rates
60
C.
Insignia of Rank of the Armed Forces
61
D.
Reserve Component Addresses
63
3
FIGURES AND TABLES
Figure
Title
Page
1
Total Force Mix by Service
9
2
OASD (RA) Organizational Chart
15
3
USAR Contributions to the Total Army
20
4
ARNG Contributions to the Total Army
21
5
USNR Contributions to the Total Navy
26
6
USMCR Contributions to the Total Marine Corps
29
7
ANG Contributions to the Total Air Force
35
8
USAFR Contributions to the Total Air Force
36
9
USCGR Contributions to the Total Coast Guard
41
10
Unit Training Time Squeeze
47
Table
Title
Page
1
Reserve Strength
9
2
Reserve Component Expenditures
11
3
Selected Reserve Strength
13
4
Full Time Support Personnel
49
4
CHAPTER 1
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
Colonial America adopted the concept of the citizen soldier from England, which had an armed
citizens' militia prepared for service in war or peace. This system was ideally suited for the American
colonies, which faced the task of developing frontier defense with limited economic means.
Before the American Revolutionary War, the militia was the only defense of Colonial America. In
1636, the first permanent regiments of the militia were organized in the Massachusetts Bay Colony.
Just before the American Revolution, some militia members were designated "minutemen"-
for duty at a minute's notice. Other militia units were available in several hours. The militia was
organized into local citizen units controlled by the Colonial Assemblies. From Lexington to Yorktown,
the militiamen fought in every battle and provided support to the Continental Army.
The citizen-soldier often paid a heavy price, having to set aside or neglect ordinary means of livelihood.
The primary motivation was a strong sense of patriotism. Thus, a tradition of military service was
established reflecting one of the most basic attitudes of all free people. George Washington, a colonel
in the Virginia Militia from 1752 through 1758, holds the distinction of being the first of 18 former
members of the militia or National Guard to later become President of the United States. While
serving as President, Washington is quoted as having said, "Citizens must be prepared to devote a
portion of their routines in order to be capable in defense of country." This tradition has served the
United States well. In peacetime, the United States has neither desired nor been willing to finance a
standing active military force sufficient to meet all requirements of war. The United States' major
conflicts have been fought by an active force nucleus augmented substantially by individuals and units
from mobilized Reserve forces.
5
The organized part of the militia became known as the "National Guard." The name was inspired by a
French hero, the Marquis de Lafayette, who had served as a major general in the Continental Army.
The 2nd Battalion, 11th Artillery, New York Militia, adopted the designation "National Guards" in
1824 in honor of Lafayette who had commanded the French militia the "Garde Nationale." By the
1890's, each State militia had adopted the National Guard designation.
During the passage of years, the organized militia-the National Guard, later joined by the Service
Reserve components-became an integral part of community life. Not only military but civic and
social activities were centered in the militia meeting halls of many towns.
As communities and industries grew, some leaders in the American business community began en-
couraging employees to participate in National Guard and Reserve activities as citizen-soldiers. This
employer support has grown during this century and continues today. The U.S. Armed Forces have
traditionally been an extension of our civilian society. The defense of our Nation has been based on
the concept of the civilian who becomes a soldier-at-arms in time of national emergency. During
peacetime, the civilians who are also National Guardsmen and reservists prepare for active service.
At the beginning of World War II, the Reserve component forces organized into units were poor in
equipment and required extensive training prior to entering combat. These volunteers helped the
Active Army expand from 264,118 on June 30, 1940 to 1,455,565 one year later. About 300,000 of
this increase came from the National Guard and Reserves. Once fully trained and equipped, reservists
made outstanding contributions to victory.
The nearly 1 million National Guard and Reserve members mobilized during the Korean War in the
early 1950s were relatively better prepared to respond than their counterparts had been in previous
conflicts. They required less postmobilization training as most of them were veterans of World War II.
Despite receiving little or no training since the end of the war, the first reservists and Guard members
called for Korea were sent into combat as individual fillers assigned to duty with Active units. As was
the case in World War II, at the start of the Korean conflict there was a lack of National Guard
and Reserve units which were sufficiently trained and equipped to be employed as units. This
situation led to a major revitalization of the U.S. Reserve forces in the years that followed.
During the Berlin Crisis of 1961 and 1962, 148,000 National Guardsmen and reservists served on
active duty. The Cuban Missile Crisis of October 1962 involved 14,000 Air Force reservists who
reported from civilian life to their units within as few as 9 hours. The Pueblo Crisis and the war in
Vietnam in the late 1960s saw the mobilization of 35,000 National Guard and Reserve members with
their units, plus nearly 2,000 called as individuals in a non-unit status.
6
During the 1970s and 1980s, there has been a dramatic increase in reliance on Reserve component
forces in the fulfilling of peacetime and combat operational responsibilities of the U.S. military. Naval
reservists have assumed shipping-control responsibilities and have served with the crews of mine-
sweepers and other ships which deployed to the Persian Gulf, just as others served aboard USS NEW
JERSEY (BB-62) off the coast of Lebanon. U.S. Air Force Reserve crews airlifted students from
Grenada and an Army Reserve Civil Affairs unit helped restore order in that small island country.
U.S. Air Force Reserve and Air National Guard crews flew refueling missions for the bomber aircraft
which struck the retaliatory blow in Libya. Personnel from the Army's Reserve components are
providing substantial maintenance support in Europe and served on the Joint Task Force in Honduras.
Air National Guard and U.S. Air Force Reserve crews airlifted troops to Honduras and also flew
humanitarian relief supplies to Armenia, Central America and Jamaica. Air National Guard pilots
continuously fly routine air defense missions with modern aircraft such as the F-16. Marine Corps
Reserve air refueling tanker aircraft regularly support Active force tactical aircraft worldwide. Coast
Guard reservists volunteered in substantial numbers to assist in the cleanup following a major oil spill
at Valdez, Alaska.
In late 1989, Reserve component forces provided substantial contributions toward the success of
operation "Just Cause," the liberation of the Republic of Panama. U.S. Army Reserve and Army
National Guard individuals and units provided essential support in such areas as security, public
affairs and civil affairs. Air National Guard and U.S. Air Force Reserve crews provided hundreds of
flying sorties ranging from strategic and tactical airlift to close air support and gunship missions. As in
Grenada, Army reservists assumed a lead role in the process of restoring order and essential services to
Panama in the aftermath of the military operations.
Historically, Congress has played an important role in shaping the U.S. Reserve components. Laws
concerning the exact role of Federal and State governments with respect to the National Guard were
first drawn up in 1903, and, since 1933, the National Guard has had a dual status as a State force and a
Federal Reserve component. The first purely Federal Reserve force, the Army Medical Reserve Corps,
was established in 1908. It was not until 1916, when the realities of World War I became clear, that
additional Federal Reserve components were established.
The "Armed Forces Reserve Act of 1952" was the first of several major initiatives of the 1950's and
1960's which, together, form the basis for today's Reserve components personnel, training and pay
structure. This act established the Ready Reserve, the Standby Reserve, the Retired Reserve, and also
specified the seven Reserve components. In 1967, Congress passed the first law to establish annual
personnel strengths for the Reserve components. This law also required that each Reserve component
maintain part of its structure in organized and trained units. It set minimum annual training require-
ments for Reserve units, and also established chiefs of the Reserve components at the flag and general
officer rank. With the expanding use of and reliance on Reserve forces, Congress, in 1983, authorized
an Assistant Secretary of Defense for Reserve Affairs. Thus, a principal staff assistant for Reserve
component matters was positioned at the highest decision-making level of the Department of Defense.
7
CHAPTER 2
TOTAL FORCE
The end to conscription in 1973 and the need to make the most effective use of available resources led
the Department of Defense to formulate the "Total Force" policy. The objective of the policy is a
balanced mix of forces that fully utilizes all available assets, while ensuring that the maximum military
capability is achieved at the minimum realistic cost. Today, this policy is a reality and the National
Guard and Reserve forces have been assigned significantly expanded peacetime operational responsi-
bilities as well as greater wartime missions.
The total force includes the Active and Reserve components, military retirees, civilian employees of
the Department of Defense, and civilian contractors. This personnel mix permits a large segment of the
civilian population to remain productive in the peacetime economy while remaining available for rapid
mobilization as members of, or in direct support of, the Armed Forces in time of crisis.
The key elements of the total force are the Active and Reserve components of the U.S. Armed Forces.
The Armed Forces of the U.S. are the Army, Navy, Air Force, Marine Corps and Coast Guard. Their
Reserve components consist of: Army National Guard (ARNG) and Army Reserve (USAR); Air
National Guard (ANG) and Air Force Reserve (USAFR); Naval Reserve (USNR); Marine Corps
Reserve (USMCR); and Coast Guard Reserve (USCGR).
Reserve Personnel
Reserve and National Guard forces total over 1.6 million uniformed personnel or around 44 percent
of the U.S. total military force. A significant asset in and of itself, the retired reserve, with over 1.8
million members, could be recalled in an emergency. The following chart illustrates the force mix of
the U.S. military by Active and Reserve component(s) of each of the Services, excluding retirees:
8
TOTAL FORCE MIX BY SERVICE
(expressed in thousands - excludes Retirees)
USA
USAR/ARNG
765.3 (20%)
1061.6 (28%)
USCG
USNR
36.7 (1%)
248.0 (0%)
USCGR
17.8 (<0.5%)
USAF
USN
566.5 (15%)
586.6 (15%)
USMCR
USAFR/ANG
81.5 (2%)
USMC
269.7 (7%)
196.8 (5%)
During the 1980's, efforts to improve the quality of personnel who serve in the Reserve components
have met with great success. The improvements can be seen and measured in various ways. For
example, over 90 percent of enlisted accessions without prior service are high school graduates and
about 95 percent scored "average" or higher in the standardized Armed Forces Qualification Test.
This represents an increase of over 20 percent in both categories since 1980.
The following table reflects the trend in recent years of the total strength of the Reserve components
including the Ready and Standby Reserve categories. Reserve categories are defined later in this
Handbook.
Table 1.
RESERVE STRENGTH
(In Thousands)
1980
1984
1988
1989
ARNG
373.8
443.7
464.2
467.1
USAR
431.3
552.0
606.1
594.5
USNR
217.4
201.2
244.2
248.0
USMCR
94.2
91.7
87.4
81.5
ANG
96.6
105.0
115.2
116.1
USAFR
146.6
140.5
159.8
153.6
USCGR
21.5
18.7
18.1
17.8
Total
1381.4
1552.8
1695.0
1678.6
9
Reserve Equipment
In consonance with the total force, the quality of National Guard and Reserve equipment has signifi-
cantly improved. Clearly, if Reserve components are to play a credible role in the force structure, it is
imperative that they be provided with modern equipment. This equipment must be compatible with
the Active component, and supportable within the current logistics base. Since 1980, the Reserve
components have been the beneficiaries of a significant modernization program. The guiding principle
is contained in guidance which the Secretary of Defense gave to the Joint Chiefs of Staff and the
Services in June 1982:
-
"The long range goal of the Department is to equip all Active, Guard and Reserve units to
full wartime requirements
units that fight first shall be equipped first regardless of
component."
early deploying Guard and Reserve units must have equipment to perform their
missions. Active and Reserve units deploying at the same time should have equal claim on
modern equipment inventories."
In fiscal years 1988 and 1989, a total of $6.05 billion was provided for new equipment for the
National Guard and Reserves. During the same 2-year period, equipment valued at $20.5 billion was
distributed to the Reserve components including equipment from new production and serviceable
equipment from the Active components, such as F-16s, C-5s, Perry class guided missile frigates, and
M60A3 and M-1 tanks. When added to Fiscal Year 1990 equipment distribution projections of $10.9
billion, this yields a total of $30.4 billion for equipment programmed to enter Reserve component
inventories over the 3-year period.
Cost Effectiveness
Although the Reserve components comprise approximately 45 percent of the total military force of
the United States, the costs associated with Reserve capabilities are relatively modest. The three
principal elements of the U.S. defense budget which affect the Reserve components are: operations
and maintenance (O&M); procurement, consisting of new weapons systems and ammunition; and
personnel. The following table depicts the expenditures in these three categories for the Reserve
components as a percentage of total Defense Department expenditures for fiscal year 1989.
10
Table 2.
RESERVE COMPONENT EXPENDITURES
(In Billions of Dollars)
CATEGORY
RESERVE
TOTAL DEFENSE*
PERCENTAGE
O&M
$ 6.822
$ 86.922
07.8%
Procurement
$ 2.858
$ 79.692
03.6%
Personnel
$ 9.100
$ 78.803
11.5%
Total
$18.780
$245.417*
07.6%
* Not included in the Defense total is money expended for other major budget items such as facilities construction and
research, development, test and evaluation.
11
CHAPTER 3
RESERVE CATEGORIES
The Reserve components make up a complex structure. Each Reserve component consists of three
Reserve categories: Ready Reserve, Standby Reserve, and Retired Reserve. The exceptions are the
Army National Guard and Air National Guard, which do not have a Standby Reserve. Reserve
component personnel strengths by categories are shown in Appendix A.
READY RESERVE. The Ready Reserve consists of Reserve component units, individual reservists
assigned to Active component units, and individuals subject to recall to active duty to augment the
Active forces in time of war or national emergency. The Ready Reserve consists of three subgroups:
the Selected Reserve, the Individual Ready Reserve and the Inactive National Guard.
Selected Reserve. The Selected Reserve is composed of those units and individuals designated by
their respective Services and approved by the Chairman, Joint Chiefs of Staff, as so essential to
initial wartime missions that they have priority for training, equipment, and personnel over all
other Reserve elements. Individual mobilization augmentees (IMAs) are members of the Selected
Reserve not assigned to a Reserve component unit but rather assigned to and trained for an Active
component organization, Selective Service System, or Federal Emergency Management Agency
billet that must be filled on or shortly after mobilization.
Individual Ready Reserve (IRR). The IRR is a manpower pool consisting mainly of trained
individuals who have previously served in Active component units or in the Selected Reserve. IRR
members are liable for involuntary active duty for training and fulfillment of mobilization
requirements.
Inactive National Guard (ING). The ING consists of Army National Guard personnel who are
in an inactive status (the term does not apply to the Air National Guard). Members of the ING are
attached to National Guard units but do not participate in training activities. Upon mobilization,
they would mobilize with their units. To remain members of the ING, individuals must report
annually to their assigned unit.
12
STANDBY RESERVE. Personnel assigned to the Standby Reserve have completed all obligated or
required service or have been removed from the Ready Reserve because of civilian employment,
temporary hardship, or disability. Standby Reservists maintain military affiliation, but are not
required to perform training or to be assigned to a unit.
RETIRED RESERVE. The Retired Reserve consists of personnel who have been placed in a retire-
ment status based on completion of 20 or more qualifying years of Reserve component and/or Active
component service. A member of the Retired Reserve does not receive retired pay until reaching age
60, unless he or she has 20 or more years active Federal service.
Selected Reserve Growth
While all segments of the Reserve components are subject to mobilization during war or national
emergency declared by Congress, the Selected Reserve is the mainstay of the Reserve Force. Most
Selected Reservists are assigned to units which conduct monthly and annual training. All Selected
Reservists will be the first to mobilize. As the primary source of timely augmentation of the Active
force, the Selected Reserve receives major attention within each Service component. The Selected
Reserve has increased by 30 percent since 1980, as shown in the following table:
Table 3.
SELECTED RESERVE STRENGTH
(In Thousands)
1980
1984
1988
1989
ARNG
366.6
434.3
455.2
457.0
USAR
213.2
275.1
312.8
319.2
USNR
97.1
120.6
149.5
151.5
USMCR
35.7
40.6
43.5
43.6
ANG
96.3
105.0
115.2
116.1
USAFR
59.8
70.3
82.1
83.2
USCGR
11.9
12.4
12.1
12.0
Total
880.5
1058.2
1170.4
1182.6
13
Individual Ready Reserve Growth
The IRR is the principal source of trained individuals to fill wartime manpower shortages in Active
and Reserve units, to replace unskilled or partially skilled unit members and to replace combat
casualties during the first 120 days after mobilization. The IRR reached a peak strength of over 1.5
million in the early 1970s during the Vietnam conflict. Beginning in 1973, the IRR experienced a
period of declining strength which lasted until 1978. From that point, increases in both the Active and
Reserve components have yielded parallel growth in this vital Reserve category. An increase in the
Military Service Obligation from 6 years to 8 years, enacted in 1984, will generate further growth into
the 1990s. Approximate IRR strength for various fiscal years (FYs) has been as follows:
FY 1971 - 1,593,000 (high point)
FY 1978-356,000 (low point)
FY 1983-417,000
FY 1988-489,000
FY 1991-695,000 (projection)
14
CHAPTER 4
STRUCTURE AND ORGANIZATION
The President of the United States is Commander-in-Chief of all Armed Forces. The President
appoints a Secretary of Defense, with the advice and consent of the U.S. Senate, to direct the entire
military establishment. Within the Department of Defense, there is an Assistant Secretary of Defense
for Reserve Affairs, also appointed by the President with the advice and consent of the Senate. The
Assistant Secretary of Defense for Reserve Affairs is responsible for exercising overall supervision of
Reserve component matters within the Department of Defense. The organization of the Office of the
Assistant Secretary of Defense for Reserve Affairs (OASD(RA))is depicted in figure 2:
Figure 2.
OASD(RA) Organization.
ASSISTANT SECRETARY
OF DEFENSE
RESERVE FORCES
FOR RESERVE AFFAIRS
POLICY BOARD
ADMINISTRATIVE
ANALYSIS
MOBILIZATION
MANAGEMENT
DIRECTORATE
POLICY & PLANS
DIRECTORATE
DIRECTORATE
DASD
DASD
DASD
DASD
MANPOWER &
READINESS &
MATERIEL &
PROGRAM &
NCESGR
PERSONNEL
TRAINING
FACILITIES
BUDGET
DIRECTOR. MANPOWER
DIRECTOR, READINESS
COORDINATOR, INVESTMENT
DIRECTOR, PUBLIC
REQUIREMENTS & PROGRAMS
& FORCE STRUCTURE
AFFAIRS
DIRECTOR FOR
FORCES STRUCTURE
FACILITIES
DIRECTOR. SYSTEMS &
DIVISION
COORDINATOR, MANPOWER
DIRECTOR, FINANCE &
ANALYSIS
FACILITY MANAGEMENT
& OPERATIONS
ADMINISTRATION
DIRECTOR, TRAINING
DIVISION
DIRECTOR. PERSONNEL
CONSTRUCTION
COORDINATOR,
DIRECTOR,
POLICY & COMPENSATION
TRAINING POLICIES
DIVISION
PLANNING
FIELD OPERATIONS
DIVISION
REAL PROPERTY
DIRECTOR. PERSONNEL
TRAINING SUPPORT &
DIVISION
MANAGEMENT & TRAINING
MANAGEMENT DIVISION
COORDINATOR,
PROGRAMS
OMBUDSMAN
DIRECTOR, READINESS
DIRECTOR FOR MATERIEL
SPECIAL PROJECTS
RESOURCES & EVALUATION
COORDINATOR, MANAGEMENT
DIVISION
SYSTEMS & INTRA-GOVT
Supervisory
PLANTS & PROGRAM
AFFAIRS
DIVISION
Support and/or Coordination
15
The Reserve Forces Policy Board (RFPB), acting through the Assistant Secretary of Defense for
Reserve Affairs, is the principal policy advisor to the Secretary of Defense on matters relating to the
Reserve components. The RFPB is established under section 175 of title 10, United States Code. The
Board consists of: a civilian chairman; the Assistant Secretaries of the Military Departments for
Manpower and Reserve Affairs; Regular officers from each of the Services; and Reserve officers from
each of the Reserve components.
The Secretaries of the Military Departments and the Secretary of Transportation administer the
different Reserve components. The Secretary of the Army administers the Army National Guard of
the United States and the Army Reserve; the Secretary of the Navy administers the Naval Reserve, the
Marine Corps Reserve and, in time of war, the Coast Guard Reserve; and the Secretary of the Air
Force administers the Air National Guard of the United States and the Air Force Reserve. During
peacetime, the Secretary of Transportation administers the Coast Guard Reserve.
Personnel strength and budget levels for the Reserve components are recommended by the President
and approved by the Congress. The Congress has historically taken a strong oversight interest in the
Reserve components, consistently acting to ensure that the Reserve forces are a major part of the U.S.
defense structure.
The National Guard
The Army and Air National Guard are unique among the world's Reserve military forces, in that they
combine both Federal and State functions. The National Guard of each State is both a State military
force under the command of the respective State and territorial governor and, at the same time, a
Federal Reserve component. The dual State-Federal missions derive from the U.S. Constitution and
the United States Code of Laws.
The National Guard's Federal mission is to provide properly trained and equipped units available for
prompt mobilization in the event of a war, national emergency or as otherwise needed. The Guard's
State mission is to provide military support within the State. Army and Air National Guard units in a
non-mobilized status are commanded by the governors of the 50 States, the Commonwealth of Puerto
Rico, the territories of Guam and the Virgin Islands, and the Commanding General of the District of
Columbia. The National Guard of each State is directly supervised by the State adjutant general, an
official who usually holds the rank of major general. There are hundreds of State callups of National
Guard units each year for such missions as emergency relief from natural disasters, search and rescue
operations, protection of life, preservation of order, and maintenance of vital public services.
The National Guard also plays an important role in the U.S. war on drugs. During Fiscal Year 1989,
the National Guard executed over 1800 missions in support of local, State, and Federal law enforce-
ment agencies.
16
National Guard Bureau
The Army and Air National Guard of the United States are administered on the Federal side through the
National Guard Bureau (NGB). The NGB is a joint bureau of the Departments of the Army and Air Force,
serving as both a staff and an operating Agency of the two Services. Its functions include directing resources
to support the National Guard mission of providing combat ready units to accomplish the national military
strategy of deterring war by (1) developing, coordinating and administering all National Guard Federal
policies, plans and programs, (2) channeling communications between the Services, States and units, and
(3) assisting the States in organization, maintenance, and operation of National Guard units.
The Chief of the NGB is appointed by the President with the advice and consent of the U.S. Senate. The
Chief, who must be a National Guard officer, serves for a term of 4 years, and is eligible for a second term.
The President has included the Chief on the list of positions of responsibility and importance in which the
incumbent is nominated to serve in the grade of lieutenant general. This officer reports to the Chiefs of
Staff of the Army and Air Force and serves as their principal staff advisor on National Guard affairs.
Reporting directly to the Chief of the NGB are: the Director, Joint Staff; the Director, Army National
Guard; and the Director, Air National Guard. The Joint Staff provides liaison and coordination between
the Army and Air Guard. Each of the three Directorates is supported by seven to ten specialized offices or
divisions.
17
CHAPTER 5
RESERVE COMPONENTS
The seven Reserve components augment the Active components in accomplishment of their assigned
missions. The Army and Air Force both have components from the National Guard and the Reserve.
The Navy, Marine Corps, and Coast Guard each have a single Reserve component. A description of
each of the seven Reserve components of the U.S. Armed Forces follows.
Army National Guard and Army Reserve
Mission
The Army National Guard (ARNG) and the Army Reserve (USAR) provide trained units and
individuals in support of the Army's Active component wartime force. The USAR is a Federal force
while the ARNG has both a Federal and State mission.
Selected ARNG and USAR units participate with Active component units to improve readiness
through the Directed Training Associations (DTA). These associations include CAPSTONE, Active
Component/Reserve Component Partnership Program, and affiliation.
Army National Guard History
Having celebrated its 350th anniversary in 1986, the ARNG is the oldest military force in the country,
dating from 1636. The oldest military units in the National Guard and U.S. Army are four Massachu-
setts ARNG units; the 181st and 182nd Infantries, the 101st Field Artillery, and the 101st Engineer
Battalion. The ARNG has participated in all U.S. wars and conflicts from the Revolutionary War to
Vietnam and is entitled to nearly all of the 168 battle and campaign streamers on the Army flag. A
graphic portrayal of the participation of the militia/National Guard is shown below.
1775 - Revolutionary War 164,000 militiamen.
1812 - War of 1812 489,173 militiamen.
1846 - Mexican War 73,000 militiamen.
18
1898 - Spanish-American War 165,000 Army Guardsmen.
1916 - Mexican-American border 158,000 Army Guardsmen.
1917 - World War 1379,000 Army Guardsmen 17 combat divisions (40% of American Expedi-
tionary Force).
1940 - World War II 300,000 Army Guardsmen.
1950 - Korean War 183,000 Army Guardsmen.
1961 - Berlin Crisis 45,115 Army Guardsmen.
1968 - Vietnam War 12,234 Army Guardsmen.
Army National Guard Structure
In terms of Selected Reserve strength, the ARNG is the largest of the nation's seven Reserve compo-
nents and is composed predominantly of combat units. It consists of more than 5,900 battalion,
company, detachment and team size units located in more than 2,600 communities in all States, the
Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, Guam, the Virgin Islands, and the District of Columbia. The author-
ized peacetime strength of the ARNG is over 460,000. Wartime structure is more than 480,000.
The ARNG operates 260 State training sites of various sizes and two partially active Army installa-
tions. Increased emphasis placed on Reserve component readiness has resulted in additional require-
ments for maintenance, storage, and training facilities.
Army Reserve History
The Modern Army Reserve began with the establishment of the Medical Corps Reserve on April 23,
1908, with 364 officers. The USAR from 1908 through World War II was primarily composed of
officers. After World I, the USAR was composed of 26 divisions, all of which suffered from severe
shortages of personnel, equipment and training. As a result, callups in the early stages of World War II
were of individual reservists, not Reserve units. The U.S. Army ended World War II with 89 combat
divisions on active duty. By 1946, that number had been reduced to 10 Active divisions with 27
divisions assigned to the National Guard and 26 divisions assigned to the USAR. Since 1917, the
USAR has been highly involved in our nation's international commitments.
1917 - WWI over 160,000 reservists served.
1941 - WWII over 200,000 reservists served.
1950 - Korean War 244,000 reservists served.
1961 - Berlin Crisis 40,000 reservists served.
1968 - Vietnam War 5,181 mobilized with 3,500 deployed to Vietnam.
Army Reserve Structure
In 1967, a reorganization eliminated the combat divisions and restructured the USAR to provide
combat, combat support, and combat service support units. This reorganization provided the forma-
tion of 18 Army Reserve Commands (ARCOM) organized on a geographic basis. Two additional
ARCOMs were added, one in 1973 and a second in 1986, for a total of 20.
The USAR is second in size among the Reserve components in terms of Selected Reserve strength. It
consists mainly of approximately 3,300 company/detachment sized units, primarily combat support
and combat service support units. The authorized peacetime Selected Reserve strength for the USAR
is over 300,000.
19
The Chief of the Army Reserve serves as the principal adviser to the Army Chief of Staff on USAR
matters. The Chief of the Army Reserve is appointed from the USAR by the President, confirmed by
the U.S. Senate, and serves in the grade of major general.
All USAR units are assigned to an ARCOM or to a General Officer Command (GOCOM). General
Officer Commands include all units authorized a general officer as commander (except ARCOMs).
An ARCOM, authorized a major general or brigadier general as commander, has command of USAR
units located in a specific geographic area.
ARCOMs are commanded by the Commander, U.S. Forces Command (FORSCOM) through one of
the five numbered Continental United States (CONUS) armies, by the U.S. Army Special Operations
Command, or by an overseas major commander. Training and Doctrine Command (TRADOC)
supervises initial entry and service school training for individual reservists.
Total Army Contribution
Since 1980, the combined ARNG and USAR personnel strength has increased over 30 percent
compared to a small decline in the strength of the Active Army over the same period. Over half of the
total Army's combat forces and two-thirds of its aggregate combat support and combat service
support are in the ARNG and the USAR. Reserve Component contributions to the total Army are
reflected in the following chart:
Figure 3.
USAR Contributions to the Total Army.
Training Divisions
100
Legal Units
98
Civil Affairs Units
97
Smoke Generator Units
68
Army Hospitals
61
Intelligence Units
54
Pathfinder Units
50
Conventional Ammunition
44
Watercraft Companies
32
Public Affairs Units
29
Engineer Bridge Companies
26
Truck Companies
21
Combat Engineer Units
17
Separate Brigades
9
Infantry Battalions
5
0
100
USAR PERCENTAGE OF TOTAL ARMY
As of September 30, 1989
20
Figure 4.
ARNG Contributions to the Total Army.
TOW Light Anti-Tank Infantry Bn
100
Infantry Scout Troups
100
Heavy Helicopter Companies
100
Separate Brigades
67
Infantry Battalions
53
Field Artillery Battalions
51
Maintenance Units
49
Armored Battalions
47
Mechanized Infantry Battalions
47
Armored Cavalry Regiments
40
Combat Engineer Units
40
Combat Divisions
36
Corps Attack Helicopter Bn
35
Special Forces Groups
25
0
100
ARNG PERCENTAGE OF TOTAL ARMY
As of September 30, 1989
The Army Reserve comprises less than 10 percent of total Army combat units as compared to the
Army Guard's 44 percent. This relationship reverses itself in the combat support and combat service
support areas. The USAR and ARNG perform nearly all of the missions assigned to the U.S. Army.
As of the end of FY 1989, the two components fielded an impressive number of units within the Total
Army, including:
Combat
Combat Support/Service Support
82 Infantry Battalions
7 Heavy Helicopter Companies
53 Armored Battalions
47 Training Brigades
123 Field Artillery Battalions
140 Judge Advocate General Units
8 Special Forces Units
77 Supply and Service Units (Quartermaster)
45 Mechanized Infantry Battalions
192 Maintenance Units
2 Armored Cavalry Regiments
116 Engineer Units
24 Attack Helicopter Battalions
154 Military Police Units
12 Corps Signal Battalions
38 Major Logistical Units
62 Engineer Bridge Companies
79 Public Affairs Units
36 Civil Affairs Units
118 Hospitals-all types
21
Force Modernization
As a part of the growing partnership, the ARNG and USAR are moving ahead aggressively with a
program of modernization which will further improve their combat readiness and their ability to
support the missions of the total Army.
The ARNG and USAR are placing special emphasis on aviation force modernization, including the
activation of aviation brigades in all of the divisions and many new corps level units. Highlights of the
ARNG modernization program are AH-64 helicopter attack battalions and UH-60 helicopter assault
units. The Army Guard received 54 AH-64 aicraft in FY 89, bringing their total to 78 aircraft assigned.
Also during 1989, the ARNG received 82 UH-60s bringing to 127 the number of these aircraft
assigned.
Modernization of ground forces of the ARNG continues as well. The inventory includes over 300
Bradley Fighting Vehicles, and over 425 Improved TOW Vehicles. In addition, Army Guard units
have received more M1 tanks, M-198 Howitzers, Chaparrals, Heavy Expandable Mobility Tactical
Trucks, and Commercial Utility Cargo Vehicles.
During 1988 and 1989, nearly 8,000 personnel and more than 190 aircraft were added to the USAR
aviation structure. Two new attack helicopter battalions equipped with AH-1 (Cobras), two attack
helicopter regiment headquarters, and numerous other elements were added in 1988 to make USAR
aviation forces more responsive to total Army mobilization needs. In 1989, three attack helicopter
battalions were activated in the USAR and aligned with four Active U.S. Army corps.
During 1989, USAR ground combat units were completely fielded with M60A3 battle tanks with
105MM guns, thermal sights, laser range finders, and analog ballistics computers. USAR units con-
tinue to receive a wide array of wheeled and tracked vehicles which have been purchased expressly for
the Reserves under the Dedicated Procurement Program.
Two major USAR programs are the Deployable Medical Systems (DEPMEDS) program and the
construction of sites to support the Regional Training Site-Medical (RTS-MED) program. Currently,
94 USAR hospital units are scheduled for DEPMEDS distribution. Seven RTS-MEDS are being
constructed to support training on DEPMEDS equipment. Five of these sites are USAR and two are
ARNG. Fort Devens, Massachusetts is the first USAR site for construction, with occupancy sche-
duled for early 1991.
22
Naval Reserve
Mission
The mission of the U.S. Naval Reserve (USNR) is to provide trained units to increase the Navy's force
level during mobilization and trained individuals to sustain Active component force operations
around-the-clock. In recent years, the Naval Reserve has shouldered an increasing share of the Navy's
operational responsibilities. Today's Naval Reserve is serving an indispensable role in the nation's
maritime defense.
History
President Thomas Jefferson, in 1805, suggested the creation of a naval militia, but nothing came of it.
In the early days of the Civil War a "sort of Naval Reserve"-the Volunteer Navy of the United
States-was created to provide officers for the increased needs of the Navy. Over 7,500 volunteer
officers served during the conflict.
In May 1888, Massachusetts established a naval battalion within the State militia. By 1897, 16 other
States had a naval militia. A year later these trained bodies were to prove of value during the
Spanish-American War, as the militia furnished 4,216 men to the Navy. In 1914 the Division of
Militia Affairs was established in the Navy Department. The origin of today's Naval Reserve dates
from March 1915, when Congress established a Naval Reserve Force. The contributions of Naval
reservists in conflicts during this century have been very impressive:
1917- WWI- 330,000 reservists served.
1941- WWII- over 2,000,000 reservists served. Most of these were inductees assigned to the
Reserve.
1950- Korea- over 130,000 reservists served.
1968- Vietnam- One out of seven on active duty were reservists and two Reserve Seabee battal-
ions were mobilized.
After World War II many of the sailors who had served joined the USNR, resulting in a cadre of
130,000 drilling reservists. Many of these reservists were recalled to active duty during the Korean
War, when 75 percent of the Navy's combat sorties were flown by USNR aviators.
Today, the USNR is taking on vital operational responsibilities. For example, in 1986 the USNR ship
USS PRESERVER spearheaded the salvage operation of the space shuttle Challenger, with a reservist
diver locating the Challenger's crew compartment. Since 1987, when hostilities intensified in the
Persian Gulf, deployed USNR minesweepers have been continuously on station under operation
"Earnest Will" to augment airborne mine countermeasures and explosives ordnance disposal units
already on scene. Two Reserve guided missile frigates also deployed to the Persian Gulf to assist in
maintaining the increased operational tempo. In addition, USNR special boat units and volunteer
personnel were sent to the area to support Navy operations.
23
Structure
The Chief of Naval Operations (CNO) is responsible to the Secretary of the Navy for the organization,
administration, training, and equipping of the USNR and for mobilization planning to reinforce and
augment the Active forces. The USNR command structure, which supports the CNO, is headed by a
rear admiral, either Regular or Reserve, who serves as Director of Naval Reserve (DIRNAVRES) and
Commander, Naval Reserve Force (COMNAVRESFOR). This officer also holds the title of Chief of
Naval Reserve (CNAVRES). The incumbent, based in Washington, D.C., is the principal advisor to
the CNO on matters of policy, plans, programming, and budgeting for the USNR.
COMNAVRESFOR, a field command headquartered in New Orleans, Louisiana, is responsible for
the operations, training, administration, and readiness of Naval reservists. Two subordinate flag
commands are also located in New Orleans with a Regular or Reserve flag officer commanding each:
Commander, Naval Surface Reserve Force (COMNAVSURFRESFOR), and Commander, Naval Air
Reserve Force (COMNAVAIRESFOR). The senior of the two also serves as Deputy
COMNAVRESFOR.
As of September 30, 1989, there were 248,040 members of the USNR, 151,505 of whom are
members of the Selected Reserve. The vanguard of the USNR-the Navy's source of immediate
mobilization manpower-is the drilling Selected Reservist. These men and women normally train 1
weekend a month and perform at least 2 weeks of active duty annually.
The Selected Reserve is structured to provide an increase in the Navy's combat capability upon
mobilization by delivering three types of trained, combat-ready resources: (1) commissioned units; (2)
reinforcing units; and (3) sustaining units.
Commissioned Units are complete operational entities. These units, which have organic equip-
ment, include ships, aircraft squadrons, construction battalions, cargo handling battalions, mobile
inshore undersea warfare units, and special boat units. As of the end of Fiscal Year 1989, the USNR
included the following surface and air commissioned units:
Ships
46 ships
- 22 frigates (FF) (8 KNOX class/16 PERRY class)
I
1 destroyer (DD)
- 18 minesweepers (MSO)
- 2 amphibious ships (LST)
- 3 salvage ships (ARS)
24
Shore and Support Forces
12 cargo handling battalions (CHB)
17 mobile construction battalions (RNMCB)
23 mobile inshore undersea warfare (MIUW) units
14 craft of opportunity (COOP) units
4 special boat units (SBU)
1 cargo handling training battalion (CHTB)
2 explosive ordnance disposal mobile units (EODMU)
9 naval construction regiments (RNCR)
4 naval construction force support units (RNCFSU)
Aircraft (51 Squadrons)
2 carrier air wings
- 4 fighter squadrons (VF)
- 3 strike fighter squadrons (VFA)
- 1 light attack squadrons (VAL)
— 2 medium attack squadron (VAM)
-- 2 carrier airborne early warning squadrons (VAW)
- 2 tactical electronic warfare squadrons (VAQ)
2 patrol air wings
- 13 maritime patrol squadrons (VP)
1 helicopter air wing
- 1 helicopter combat search and rescue squadron (HC)
- 1 helicopter light attack squadron (HAL)
— 2 helicopter carrier ASW squadrons (HS)
- 3 helicopter ASW LAMPS (light airborne multipurpose system) squadrons (HSL)
- 2 helicopter mine countermeasure squadrons (HM)
- 1 helicopter combat support special squadron (HCS)
fleet logistics support wing
- 12 fleet logistic support squadrons (VR)
— 2 fleet fighter/composite squadrons (VFC)
The Selected Reserve also includes over 3,000 reinforcing and sustaining units. These units are
composed of professionals in more than 30 fields, such as intelligence, medicine and law. They
provide augmentation personnel for virtually every type of Active Navy organization.
Reinforcing Units augment Active Navy commissioned units and operating staffs (and some
Marine Corps combat commands) with trained personnel to enable combat forces to operate at the
highest level of personnel readiness for an indefinite period of time.
25
Sustaining Units augment fleet support activities with the trained personnel necessary for a surge
capability and for sustaining the high level of activity required to support the deployed forces.
Total Force Contribution
The Navy's heavy investment in its Reserve forces over the past decade has provided adequate force
structure for deterrence to be maintained at an affordable cost. While front line equipment is kept in a
combat-ready status, the Navy accrues substantial savings in reduced personnel and operating costs. If
these forces were held in reserve for mobilization purposes only, force structure cost savings would
still accrue, but there would be no peacetime dividend on the outlays for Reserve personnel, equip-
ment and training. Seeking such a dividend, the Navy has structured Reserve training to support a
peacetime payoff in the form of "mutual support." In May 1988, the Secretary of the Navy approved a
new category of training for Naval reservists, "Mutual Support Training," under which reservists
work alongside their active duty counterparts for "hands on" training with the fleet. Below are some
examples of mutual support:
Reserve patrol squadrons provide support for fleet training and exercises, drug interdiction and
static displays.
Reserve fleet logistic support squadrons provide nearly all of the Navy's organic airlift in the
continental United States as well as substantial support to the Mediterranean and western Pacific
theaters.
Reserve fighter composite squadrons, flying three versions of the Douglas A-4 aircraft, provide
training support to Active Navy and Marine Corps units in dissimilar air combat maneuvering,
intercept training, air-to-air and surface-to-air weapons targeting and fleet exercises.
Examples of the USNR as a percentage of the Navy's total capability are presented in figure 5:
Figure 5.
USNR Contributions to the Total Navy
US Based Fleet Logistics Aircraft
100
US Based Fleet Composite Aircraft
100
Light Attack Helicopters
100
Combat SAR Helicopters
100
Harbor Protection Units
100
Cargo Handling Battalions
93
Military Sealift Command Personnel
85
Mine Warfare Ships
82
Mobile Construction Battalions
65
Special Boat Forces
57
Fleet Hospitals
55
Airborne Mine Countermeasure Sqs
40
Maritime Air Patrol Squadrons
35
Intelligence Personnel
35
LAMPS Anti-Submarine Warfare Sqs
33
Frigates
22
Carrier Air Wings
14
0
100
USNR PERCENTAGE OF TOTAL NAVY
As of September 30, 1989
26
Force Modernization
The partnership between the Navy and the USNR has made the Navy "total force" a reality. The ships
operated by the USNR are an integral part of the total Navy. In fact, by the early 1990s one of every
10 ships of the proposed 550-ship Navy will be operated by the Naval Reserve.
Modernization of the Naval Reserve Force (NRF) continued in 1989 with the acceptance of one
FFG-7 PERRY Class frigate and one FF-1052 KNOX class frigate. In FY 1990, the NRF will receive an
additional two FFG-7 class frigates. An additional 10 FF-1052 class frigates are scheduled to transfer
to the NRF between FYs 1990 and 1991. This will bring the total number of frigates in the NRF to 18
FFG-7 class and 18 FF-1052 class frigates.
One amphibious tank landing ship is scheduled to transfer to the NRF in Fiscal Year 1990. In
addition, the USNR is scheduled to receive new MHC-52 HERON class coastal mine hunters during
the 1990s. Three new mobile inshore undersea warfare units were established in 1989 with two more
scheduled in 1990, bringing the total to 30 units.
Modernization of Naval Reserve aviation is accomplished through the Navy's policy of "horizontal
integration"-the process of modernizing ships and aircraft by class and type and introducing new
generation equipment into the USNR as it is brought on line in the Active force. During the 1980s,
Reserve air wings received such aircraft as the F-14, the A-7E and the F/A-18. A second airborne
mine countermeasure squadron, flying the RH-53D, was commissioned in the USNR in 1989.
Marine Corps Reserve
Mission
Charged with providing the means for rapid expansion of the Marine Corps during a national emer-
gency, the U.S. Marine Corps Reserve (USMCR) is the underlying foundation for the sustainability of
the Marine Corps upon mobilization. With trained units and qualified individuals on call to rapidly
augment and reinforce Active forces in response to crises, the USMCR provides a valuable dimension
of the "Total Force" policy.
USMCR roles upon mobilization will be to:
- Selectively augment the Active forces in order to field three Marine Expeditionary Forces (MEFs)
at full wartime structure.
- If augmentation/reinforcement is not ordered, provide a nucleus to reconstitute a Division, Wing
and Force Service Support Group.
27
History
The Marine Corps Reserve was established by law in 1916, but its unofficial history can be traced back
to 1893 when seven states established Marine detachments within their Naval Militia organizations.
When World War I was declared in 1917 and the Reserve was called to active duty, it consisted of
three officers and 32 enlisted reservists. Over 6,400 Marine reservists served in France with the 4th
Marine Brigade. Many other Marine Reserves served during WWI, including the First Marine Aero-
nautic Company, the first American flying unit of any service to deploy overseas completely trained
and equipped.
During the period between World War I and World War II, the USMCR was maintained through the
voluntary efforts of a few who desired to see the Corps have a Reserve program. By the late 1930s,
their dedication paid off as the program was officially revitalized and expanded.
The contributions of the USMCR in the other major conflicts of this century are as follows:
WWII-70 percent of the Marines total strength of 475,000 served as reservists. Almost all of the
10,000 Marine aviators served as reservists.
Korea-Over 85,000 reservists called to active duty
Vietnam-Although no national mobilization took place, several USMCR elements were deployed
to Southeast Asia and served with distinction.
Structure
The Commandant of the Marine Corps is responsible to the Secretary of the Navy for the operation of
the Marine Corps' Reserve component. As a member of the Commandant's staff, the Deputy Chief of
Staff for Manpower and Reserve Affairs is the principal staff officer for oversight of Reserve matters.
The Deputy Chief of Staff for Manpower and Reserve Affairs is normally an active duty lieutenant
general. As of September 30, 1989, USMCR strength was 80,128, of which 43,576 were members of
the Selected Reserve.
The key element of the USMCR is the Selected Marine Corps Reserve (SMCR) with units organized
under the 4th Marine Division (MARDIV), 4th Marine Aircraft Wing (MAW), and 4th Force Service
Support Group (FSSG). The Reserve division and wing headquarters are each commanded by an
active duty major general and both are located in New Orleans, Louisiana. The 4th FSSG Head-
quarters is located in Atlanta, Georgia and commanded by a Reserve brigadier general who reports to
the Commanding General, 4th Marine Division. USMCR units are located in 46 states, the District of
Columbia, and Puerto Rico.
The 4th MARDIV is made up of nine infantry battalions, an artillery regiment, two tank battalions
and various combat and combat support units. The 4th MAW has over 200 fixed and rotary wing
aircraft in 19 flying squadrons. These units provide fighter, attack, reconnaisance, assault support, air
control and aerial refueling capabilities. The 4th MAW also possesses one light anti-aircraft missile
battalion and a variety of aviation support units. The 4th FSSG provides combat service support to the
SMCR.
28
Total Force Contribution
In support of the total force, the USMCR is a fully integrated partner of the Active Marine Corps.
Marine reservists are dedicated, professional men and women with a patriotic commitment to our
Nation's defense. They are an indispensable asset to the Corps in meeting its role as the Nation's
"Force-in-Readiness."
The USMCR constitutes a full 25 percent of the Marine Corps force structure and 33 percent of the
trained manpower. The blending of Active and Reserve Marines is the only way to achieve the military
strength necessary to meet full Marine Corps wartime requirements.
Specific examples of the USMCR contributions to the total force are depicted in figure 6.
Figure 6.
USMCR Contributions to the Total Marine Corps.
Civil Affairs Group
100
Bulk Fuel Units
62
Force Reconnaisance Units
50
Air Naval Gunfire Liaison Units
50
Tank Battalions
40
Beach and Port Companies
40
Heavy Artillery Batteries
33
Observation Aircraft
33
Aerial Refueling Aircraft
29
Light Attack Aircraft
28
Infantry Battalions
27
Low Altitude Air Defense
25
Anti-Aircraft Missile Battalions
25
Fighter Aircraft
20
Helicopters
18
0
100
USMCR PERCENTAGE OF TOTAL MARINE CORPS
As of September 30, 1989
29
Force Modernization
The Reserve is an integral partner of the Active force. All equipment acquisition objectives include
Active and Reserve requirements concurrently. The single acquisition objective facilitates the moder-
nization of Marine Corps components and places continuous attention on achieving and maintaining a
single equipment inventory. This, in turn, will ensure organizational integrity, maintenance compati-
bility, single generation supply support and battlefield interoperability.
When possible, the Marine Corps follows a horizontal fielding plan for distribution of new assets.
Disbursement of equipment to the Reserves generally follows mobilization priorities based upon
various scenarios-that is, "first to fight," whether Active or Reserve, will be "first to be equipped."
The 4th Marine Air Wing is an integral part of the Marine Corps' fighting capability and has been the
subject of continual review, repair parts support capability and adaption. In the near future the 4th
MAW will add six low altitude air defense platoons and absorb one light anti-aircraft missile battery.
Current aircraft upgrade plans for the 4th MAW are to replace the CH-46 helicopter with more
modern troop transport aircraft, to replace the AH-1J attack helicopter with the AH-1W and replace
the F-4 with the F/A-18 or the AV-8B "Harrier." This replacement schedule commenced in 1989 and
extends into the 1990s. Two major changes have significantly increased warfighting capability: the
expansion to two AH-1 attack helicopter squadrons, one at Camp Pendleton, California; the other at
Marietta, Georgia and the activation of a second KC-130T refueling squadron at Stewart International
Airport near West Point, New York.
Structural changes for USMCR ground forces that have been directed as part of the Commandant's
warfighting initiatives include:
Adding scout infantry to the Reserve armored battalion.
Transferring three general support artillery battalions to the Reserves and adding two general
support artillery batteries.
Transferring three bulk fuel companies and two bridge companies to the Reserve.
Other significant improvements in the Selected Marine Corps Reserve have occurred in the recent
past. A light armored vehicle battalion was activated in FY 88. Four TOW missile platoons will
complete the structure of Anti-tank Company, 4th Tank Battalion, and an additional platoon will be
placed in each of the three infantry regiments.
30
Air National Guard and Air Force Reserve
Mission
The mission of the Air National Guard (ANG) and U.S. Air Force Reserve (USAFR) is to provide
trained units and qualified individuals immediately available for Federal active duty in times of
national emergency, as the emergency and as national security may require. Reserve component units
must be responsive to situations covering the entire spectrum of warfare-from a mere threat to
general war.
Throughout the 1970s and 1980s, the ANG and USAFR have become an integral part of the total
force, immediately deployable to support Air Force requirements. During peacetime, all units are
assigned to gaining Air Force commands which include the Military Airlift Command, Strategic Air
Command, Tactical Air Command, Air Force Communications Command, Pacific Air Forces,
Alaskan Air Command, Electronic Security Command and Air Training Command.
Increased reliance on the ANG and the USAFR as full partners in defense has allowed these compo-
nents to evolve into first-line Reserve forces. Today, ANG and USAFR units can be found performing
missions throughout the world, from Europe to Asia to the Middle East and to Central and South
America. Because they are an integral part of the total force, all ANG and USAFR units must meet
Active component training and combat readiness standards.
Air National Guard History
The National Guard's involvement in aviation began in 1911, when members of the First Company,
Signal Corps, New York National Guard became the first in the National Guard to fly a plane.
Members of units in Missouri and California also established flying units, but it was not until 1915
that the First Aero Company of New York was federally recognized as the first aviation unit. A year
later, the First Aero Company, along with the rest of the National Guard was called to active duty to
patrol the Mexican-American border.
Coincident with the establishment of the Department of the Air Force, the Air National Guard was
officially established September 18, 1947. The 20th Fighter Squadron of Colorado was the first ANG ,
unit to receive Federal recognition. Since its establishment, the ANG has been involved in every
national emergency utilizing Reserve component forces.
1950 - Korean War-45,500 members served-four of the U.S. jet Aces were ANG pilots.
1961-62 - Berlin crisis-22,000 ANG personnel mobilized.
1968-73 - Vietnam War-10,511 ANG members activated.
31
Air National Guard Structure
ANG units in peacetime are commanded by their State/territorial governors. However, when on
Federal active duty, the units are assigned to gaining Air Force commands as an integral part of the
total force. Upon mobilization, they are immediately deployable to support Air Force requirements.
The ANG constitutes 27 percent of the Air Force structure with over 115,000 members and 1,735
aircraft organized into:
24 wing headquarters
67 group headquarters
98 flying squadrons
282 mission support units
Air Force Reserve History
The National Defense Act of 1916 authorized 296 officers and 2,000 enlisted men to serve in the
Aviation Section, Signal Reserve Corps. During World War I, the First Reserve Squadron was formed
in New York State. It was mobilized in 1917 and deployed overseas for service in France. Through two
decades of austere budgets and manning limitations after World War I, the Army Air Corps used
reservists, who were not charged against ceilings, to "keep 'em flying." With the outbreak of World
War II, approximately 1,500 Reserve pilots helped the Army Air Corps during the very critical days
following the attack on Pearl Harbor.
As a consequence of the U.S. Air Force attaining separate status in September 1947, the Air Force
Reserve was created on April 14, 1948. The following are some significant highlights involving the
USAFR since that time.
1950-Korea-147,000 Air Force reservists participated.
1961-62-Berlin crisis 5,000 Air Force Reserve members were mobilized. Over 14,000 were
called up during the Cuban missile crisis.
1968-73-Vietnam- over 5,600 Air Force reservists activated.
1983-An Air Force Reserve C-141 crew brought back the first American evacuees from
Grenada.
32
Air Force Reserve Structure
As of September 30, 1989, the USAFR had over 153,000 members. Of this number, over 83,000
were Selected Reservists. About 70,000 Selected Reservists serve as members of 58 USAFR flying
units and over 400 combat support units. Most of the remainder are Individual Mobilization Augmen-
tees. The USAFR also assigns full-time statutory tour personnel at many headquarters levels.
The Chief of the Air Force Reserve is a Reserve major general ordered to active duty to head the Office
of Air Force Reserve, Headquarters, United States Air Force. Based at the Pentagon, this officer is the
principal advisor to the Air Force Chief of Staff and to the Secretary of the Air Force on all Air Force
Reserve matters. He develops overall policy for the USAFR and directs two separate headquarters
within the USAFR: Headquarters Air Force Reserve (AFRES), Robins Air Force Base, Georgia; and
the Air Reserve Personnel Center (ARPC), Denver, Colorado. The Chief also coordinates with and
assists the other Air Staff Agencies in the development of broad policies, plans, and programs pertain-
ing to the USAFR.
The Vice Commander and chief operating official of the USAFR is also a Reserve major general
ordered to extended active duty at the Command's Georgia Headquarters. Day-to-day operations of
the Command are managed through the three Reserve Numbered Air Forces; the Fourth at McClellan
Air Force Base, California; Tenth at Bergstrom Air Force Base, Texas; and Fourteenth at Dobbins Air
Force Base, Georgia.
33
Total Air Force Contribution
The Air Force continues to transfer new equipment and missions to the ANG and USAFR.
As a by-product of their primary mission of training for mobilization, the ANG and USAFR perform
peacetime missions that are compatible with training and mobilization readiness requirements. These
missions help to promote the total force under which all Active and Reserve component forces are one
for contingency planning purposes.
The ANG's 102nd Aerospace Rescue and Recovery Squadron, which began as the First Aero Com-
pany of New York (the National Guard's first flying unit), holds the high distinction of being the
designated rescue unit for all manned Shuttle missions at NASA's Cape Canaveral launch facility.
In the USAFR, the Reserve Associate Program, developed in 1968, trains reservists with the Military
Airlift Command (MAC). Associate crews use the aircraft and maintenance facilities of an Active
MAC strategic airlift unit and train with Active component personnel. They fly regularly scheduled
strategic airlift and aeromedical airlift missions, thus reducing MAC's personnel needs and overhead
costs. Associate maintenance personnel provide MAC a surge capability to allow it to fly the increased
hours necessary during contingencies or in wartime. These units provide approximately 50 percent of
the authorized aircrews and 40 percent of the maintenance force for the operation of MAC's C-141
Starlifter and C-5 Galaxy transports, and over 90 percent of the aircrews for the C-9 Nightingale
aeromedical evacuation aircraft.
34
In 1981, the Reserve Associate Program was expanded to include the Strategic Air Command. The Air
Force Reserve provides 50 percent of the aircrews for operation of the KC-10A Extender aircraft.
The contribution of the Air National Guard and Air Force Reserve is significant as depicted in figures
7 and 8:
Figure 7.
ANG Contributions to the Total Air Force.
CONUS Strategic Interceptor
92
Tactical & Weather Recon
42
Tactical Airlift
35
Communications Units
32
Civil Engineering Units
30
Tactical Fighters
26
Air Rescue
24
Strategic Tankers
19
Support Aircraft
18
Weather Units
14
Aerial Port Units
14
Medical Personnel
13
Strategic Airlift
6
Special Operations
5
0
100
ANG PERCENTAGE OF TOTAL AIR FORCE
As of September 30, 1989
35
Figure 8.
USAFR Contributions to the Total Air Force.
Aerial Spraying Capability
100
Aeromedical Evacuation Crews
67
Aircraft Battle-Damage Repair
59
Aerial Port Units
57
Strategic Airlift Crews
50
Strategic Airlift Maintenance
40
Air Rescue and Recovery
39
Tanker/Cargo Crews
38
Aeromedical Airlift Crews
30
Weather Reconnaissance
27
Tactical Airlift
24
Special Operations
18
Civil Engineering
17
Strategic Airlift
11
Tactical Fighters
5
0
100
USAFR PERCENTAGE OF TOTAL AIR FORCE
As of September 30, 1989
Force Modernization
Since 1980, ANG and USAFR individual combat and combat support units have increased from 770
to over 820. In the 10 year period beginning in 1980, almost all ANG and USAFR units have
experienced some form of equipment modification.
The ANG continues to modernize its tactical fighter force, replacing older F-4C/D and OA-37 aircraft
with more capable F-16, F-15, and A-10 aircraft. During 1989, the ANG converted four squadrons to
F-16s, one to F-15s and another to A-10s. During 1990, the program of conversion to more modern
aircraft will proceed at an even greater rate, including the first conversion of an A-7 squadron to the
F-16.
The ANG's C-5 conversion was completed in 1989. During 1988, the ANG received 10 additional
KC-135 strategic refueling aircraft to robust five squadrons from eight to ten authorized aircraft.
During 1989, the Air Guard continued to modernize its C-130 fleet, replacing older A/B models with
E/H models.
36
The USAFR upgraded fighter forces by converting two F-4 units to F-16A/B aircraft in FY 1989. This
program will continue with plans for completing conversions of one unit in 1990 and two units in
1991. Acquisition of C-130H aircraft in 1988 allowed the USAFR to retire its last C-130A. In 1989
six C-130Hs will replace six C-130Bs and in 1991 another unit will convert from C-130B to C-130E
aircraft.
Aerial refueling capability in the USAFR will be enhanced in 1990 with each unit receiving two
additional KC-135E aircraft. Strategic airlift conversions were completed with a C-141 unit in 1988
and a C-5 unit in 1989. Additional enhancements of strategic airlift capability scheduled for FY 1991
includes the conversion of a unit to C-141Bs.
The ANG and USAFR are also modernizing existing aircraft. Upgrades are underway on such aircraft
as the F-15, F-16, A-7 and A-10. Most of these upgrades consist of installation of state-of-the-art
avionics hardware and software which will yield improved operational capabilities.
37
Coast Guard Reserve
Mission
The mission of the U.S. Coast Guard Reserve (USCGR) is to provide trained units and personnel for
active duty in time of war or national emergencies and to fill the needs of the parent Service whenever
more units and personnel are needed than are in the Active component. The USCGR provides nearly
one-fourth of the Coast Guard's total manpower resources.
Coast Guard mission assignments in the event of war or national emergency stem from two major
sources. First are the statutory missions assigned to the Coast Guard by law, such as security of the
nation's ports and waterways, maritime law enforcement, search and rescue, commercial vessel safety,
polar and domestic icebreaking, as well as others. Most of these activities would continue in wartime.
Some, such as port security, would expand dramatically in wartime because of the need to protect the
nation's water transportation systems.
Other major wartime mission assignments result from war plan tasking developed by the Chairman,
Joint Chiefs of Staff and assigned to the Coast Guard. The Navy also shares or reassigns certain
wartime tasks to the Coast Guard. Maritime Defense Zones (MDZs) have brought the wartime
mobilization mission of the Coast Guard Reserve into sharper focus. Concern over security of the
nation's littoral approaches, ports and waterways in a wartime environment led to the formation of the
MDZs in 1984.
The MDZs were established in principle by a Memorandum of Agreement between the Secretary of
Transportation and the Secretary of the Navy, creating Atlantic and Pacific MDZs. By agreement with
the Chief of Naval Operations, Coast Guard Atlantic and Pacific Area commanders are designated
zone commanders, responsible to fleet commanders-in-chief for preparing, planning, coordinating and
conducting coastal defense of the United States. This includes port security, harbor defense, anti-
submarine warfare, mine-countermeasures, search and rescue, aids to navigation, and surveillance and
interdiction. The commanders of the MDZs will meld together Active and Reserve Forces of the Coast
Guard and the Navy in order to accomplish their missions. Atlantic and Pacific MDZ Commanders
each have a joint Navy/Coast Guard staff in place that is responsible for all plans. The coastal defense
mission takes advantage of the Coast Guard's resources, knowledge, experience and capabilities in
operations in the coastal area and of the resources of Navy Active and Reserve units that are trained in
the special naval warfare mission.
38
The U.S. Coast Guard serves within the Department of Transportation in peacetime. Because of this,
the Secretary of Transportation is authorized to call elements of the USCGR to active duty in support
of domestic emergencies which require augmentation of the Active Coast Guard.
History
The USCGR was established on February 19, 1941. Shortly thereafter, on November 23, 1942, a
Women's Reserve was established as a branch of the USCGR.
The World War II Reserve consisted entirely of personnel on active duty designated as Reserves,
reaching a peak strength of about 144,000 men and women during the war years. During the conflict,
Reserves serving on active duty outnumbered Regulars by over 5 to 1. In addition, the Coast Guard
Temporary Reserve, an organization that reached a peak strength of about 45,000 members, per-
formed port security.
The enactment of the Magnuson Act in 1950 resulted in a significant expansion of Coast Guard
responsibilities with respect to the safety and security of the nation's ports, waterways and waterfront
facilities. At about this same time, funds were designated by Congress for the establishment of a paid
drilling Reserve in support of the increase in port security responsibilities. The first organized USCGR
unit was formed in Boston in October 1950.
There were no formal callups of USCGR elements for the conflicts in Korea and Vietnam. However,
in each case, reservists volunteered for active duty in sufficient numbers to effectively augment the
Active Coast Guard.
39
Structure
Unlike the other Armed Forces of the United States which are in the Department of Defense, the
Coast Guard serves in peacetime as an agency within the Department of Transportation. In wartime or
whenever the President so directs, the Coast Guard becomes a Service under the Department of the
Navy. The USCGR is directed by an active duty rear admiral serving as Chief, Office of Readiness and
Reserve.
As of September 30, 1989, the USCGR had a strength of approximately 17,800. Of this number
about 12,000 were members of the Selected Reserve. They are assigned to 260 Coast Guard Selected
Reserve units located in 40 states, Puerto Rico, the District of Columbia and Guam. The following
chart depicts the seven types of Reserve units with the number in each category. These units are
incorporated into 51 Reserve group commands within the ten Coast Guard Districts.
USCGR UNITS
Type of Unit
Number
Port Security
187
General Support
30
Rescue Coordination
3
Inspection
7
Vessel Augmentation
9
Aviation
3
Mobilization Planning and Procedures
8
Administrative Groups
51
Total Force Contribution
The strength of the Coast Guard forces is a vital factor in defense readiness. Active forces of the Coast
Guard represent the nucleus manpower requirements for mobilization. The most critical of the short-
falls in these requirements-those that must be filled during the first 30 days following an order to
mobilize-are scheduled to be filled by the Ready Reserve.
Since most of the Coast Guard's missions are equally applicable in peace and war, much of its Reserve
component training is directed to supporting Coast Guard programs. Reservists perform nearly two-
thirds of their training by augmenting Active component units. Coast Guard reservists are fully
integrated into the functions and responsibilities of Captain of the Port operations, conducting port
security inspections, safety and environmental protection patrols, and monitoring petroleum and
hazardous material transfer and handling operations. At coastal search and rescue stations, reservists
are integrated into station operations by standing communications watches and participating as crew
members of search and rescue boats. Many reservists have qualified as boat coxswains and boat
engineers, and it is not unusual for a mixed Active/Reserve component crew to have a Reserve
coxswain. Reservists also augment and train on major Coast Guard cutters.
40
Reservists are frequently called to active duty to augment the Active Coast Guard in response to major
disasters, both natural and man-made. During the 1980s, reservists have contributed significantly to
Coast Guard efforts in response to such situations as the influx of hundreds of thousands of Cuban
nationals along the southern U.S. coastal area, the Space Shuttle "Challenger" disaster, and others.
Reservists have participated actively in port security operations for such major events as the 1984
Olympics and the Statue of Liberty centennial. Reservists are frequently called upon to assist in the
protection of sensitive naval vessels as they enter and leave port-sometimes encountering large
civilian demonstrations.
In response to the massive Exxon Valdez oil spill in 1989, nearly 400 Coast Guard reservists from all
over the United States were sent to Alaska in support of Coast Guard oversight for clean-up opera-
tions, providing over 13,000 man-days of assistance. The destruction which resulted from Hurricane
Hugo in 1989 provided yet another instance in which reservists quickly took positions alongside their
active duty counterparts to expand the Coast Guard's capabilities. The security and recovery roles
they played helped return life to normal in areas devastated by that storm.
Examples of the USCGR as a percentage of total Coast Guard capability are shown in figure 10:
Figure 9:
USCGR Contributions to the Total Coast Guard
Deployable Port Security
100
Marine Safety Offices
56
Operational Shore Facilities
26
Repair/Supply/Research
22
Command and Control
18
Vessels
11
Air Stations
3
Training Commands
11
0
100
USCGR PERCENTAGE OF TOTAL COAST GUARD
As of September 30, 1989
41
Force Modernization
At the request of the U.S. Congress, the Secretary of Transportation has prepared a plan for the
USCGR to achieve 95 percent of its wartime mobilization requirements for Selected Reserve strength
in terms of personnel and equipment over a 10-year period. As a first step, the President requested an
increase in the authorized personnel strength of the Coast Guard Selected Reserve in his Fiscal Year
1990 budget request.
Modernization initiatives are underway to reduce mobilization equipment shortfalls, and to ensure
that Coast Guard reservists will be adequately equipped to perform their wartime tasks. During 1989,
communications upgrades were made in support of both the harbor defense role and the Coast
Guard's other traditional missions. The three Coast Guard deployable port security units, presently
100 percent Reserve force manned, received their transportable port security boats in 1989. Other
planned upgrades to the Coast Guard Reserve will involve procurement of such items as boats, surface
vehicles, personal gear, protective clothing, defensive weapons systems and sensors.
42
CHAPTER 6
SERVICE IN THE RESERVE COMPONENTS
Since 1973, the U.S. military has been an all volunteer force, but each individual appointed or enlisted
automatically assumes a military service obligation (MSO). The military service obligation may be
fulfilled by serving in the Active component, the Reserve component or a combination of both. On
June 1, 1984 the military service obligation for new accessions was increased from 6 to 8 years.
Personnel Source
Personnel in National Guard and Reserve units come from two sources-non-prior service and prior
service.
Non-prior Service. Men and women without prior military service may enlist in a Reserve
program provided they meet age, mental, and physical standards. A person may enlist at age 17 with
parental consent. Individuals normally enlist for a specific unit compatible with their background,
abilities, and interests. Reserve programs require enlistees to serve an initial period on active duty to
undergo basic training and basic technical schooling or on-the-job training in a military specialty or
occupation. Upon completion of the active duty training the reservist returns to the local unit in which
he or she enlisted.
Prior Service. Personnel with prior military service are recruited into the Reserve components.
These individuals have completed their active duty obligation and voluntarily accept a Reserve obliga-
tion. Pay, camaraderie, and sense of duty are reasons why these people voluntarily join a Reserve unit.
Approximately 44 percent of Reserve component members have completed 2 or more years of active
duty. The more demanding technical skills tend to rely heavily on prior service individuals who have
had technical training and hands-on experience while on active duty. For example, all Navy and
Marine Corps pilots have completed 5 or more years of active duty before joining the Reserve
component.
43
Women. Women comprise about 11 percent of Reserve component personnel and serve in nearly
all military skills except those involving direct combat.
Promotions. Reserve component promotion systems are separate from those of the Active com-
ponent. Reserve personnel compete only with other reservists of their service for promotion. It is
possible to be promoted from Army recruit to sergeant within 40 months; from second lieutenant to
colonel in 16 years.
Officer Procurement. Sources of commissioned officers are the Federal Service Academies,
Reserve Officer Training Corps (ROTC), Officer Candidate School (OCS), and direct appointment.
The Federal Service Academies offer 4 years of college education leading to a bachelor degree. ROTC
training is offered at selected public and private colleges and universities throughout the United States.
ROTC scholarships are available to many qualified students; all students in the advanced ROTC
course (third and fourth college years) receive a $100 monthly stipend. Each Active component offers
an Officer Candidate Program. Additionally, the National Guard offers state OCS programs to quali-
fied high school graduates. The Air National Guard offers the Academy of Military Sciences for
qualified college graduates. The majority of commissioned officers in the Reserve components have 2
or more years of active duty experience.
44
CHAPTER 7
TRAINING
Training Obligations. Each member of the Selected Reserve assigned to a unit is required to attend
at least 48 paid training assemblies, each being a minimum of four hours duration, and to perform two
weeks annual training (AT) each year. The prevalent system in most units is to meet one weekend (16
hours) per month. Individuals are also eligible for active duty for training (ADT) to accomplish
additional military training and schooling. The minimum training objective is to attain unit level
proficiency for its mobilization mission.
Integrated Training. Each of the Services has incorporated training of its Reserve components with
its Active component. For example, the Army through CAPSTONE, the Air Force through its
Associate program, and most services in Augmentation Training.
CAPSTONE. Links units of the Active Army, Army National Guard, and Army Reserve that
would likely operate together. Because many peacetime chains-of-command would change after mobil-
ization, the Army decided that those units that would serve together after a call-up need to coordinate,
plan, and train together during peacetime. CAPSTONE helps determine where, when, and with whom
a unit will train. Linked units and commands trade staff visits and standard operating procedures, and
fashion strong informal ties among commanders and staff members.
Roundout. A special type of CAPSTONE relationship, provides units of the ARNG and USAR
to bring Active component units to full strength. Upon mobilization, Reserve component Roundout
units complete the force structure of Active component units that are organized-in peacetime-at
less than their full wartime configurations. For instance, there are nine Active component divisions
that cannot achieve full combat potential until augmented by ARNG or USAR units of battalion or
brigade size.
45
Reserve Associate Program. The Air Force Reserve Associate Program trains reservists with the
Military Airlift Command (MAC). Associate crews, which have no aircraft of their own, use the
aircraft and maintenance facilities of the MAC strategic airlift unit and train with Active component
personnel. They fly regularly scheduled MAC strategic airlift and aeromedical airlift missions, thus
reducing MAC's personnel needs and overhead costs. Associate maintenance personnel provide
MAC a surge capability to allow it to fly the increased hours necessary during contingencies or in
wartime. The USAFR also performs an associate role with the Strategic Air Command (SAC), flying
the KC-10 Extender aircraft, which increases SAC's ability to provide support to fighter and transport
aircraft deployments.
Augmentation Training. Augmentation Training is defined as any Reserve component activity
that supports effective training for mobilization while meeting a stated need of an element of the
Active component. For example, since the Coast Guard's missions are equally applicable in peace and
war, the majority of Reserve training is directed to supporting the Coast Guard programs (search and
rescue, merchant marine and boating safety, aids to navigation, icebreaking, port safety, and law
enforcement) and thus supplements the Active component during national emergencies or natural
disasters.
Exchange Programs. Reserve exchange programs are designed to provide Reserve individuals and
units an opportunity to orient themselves in their military duties while serving with counterparts in
the armed forces of the host nation. Additionally, they provide a sharing of expertise and knowledge
between NATO allies and the United States which can be utilized to enhance total force readiness of
all allies. Currently there are two DoD exchange programs at the individual Reserve officer level, one
with the United Kingdom and the and the other with the Federal Republic of Germany. Several other
programs exist between the respective services and foreign countries that include Reserve officer
and/or enlisted personnel exchanges.
Overseas Training. Each of the Reserve components participates in overseas training. This program
sends entire Reserve units-or cells composed of key unit members-to train overseas in locations
where the unit would be most likely to deploy after a mobilization. This training is realistic and
provides the opportunity for units and individuals to conduct mission-oriented training in an overseas
environment while completing tasks in support of real world requirements. Many of these programs
are reciprocal, involving exchanges of units or individuals, both officer and enlisted, between the U.S.
and other countries. In FY 89, more than 110,000 reservists trained in over 50 countries worldwide.
The growth of the overseas training program is evident when the '89 figures are compared with FY 81,
when only 19,824 reservists participated.
46
CHAPTER 8
FULL-TIME SUPPORT
With the exception of the Coast Guard Reserve, Reserve component units are manned by a mix of
part-time and full-time personnel. However, most unit members are drilling reservists, trained men
and women who participate on a part-time basis, spending 300 to 350 hours a year in maintaining
their proficiency. This limited time must be used for training and mission preparation. Because of
these constraints, unit commanders and members are painfully aware of the unit training "time
squeeze." This competition for a reservist's time is graphically portrayed in figure 10:
Figure 10.
Unit Training Time Squeeze.
AGI'S
MOB TNG
COMET
STUDIES & TESTS
INDIV WPNS QUALIF
PRE INITIAL
CREW SVD
ADT TNG
WPNS QUALIF
MAINTENANCE
READINESS
PT
&
PARTIC IN
NEW EQUIP
RETENTION
CPX FTX
TNG
AT
SQT
PREPARATION
MOS TNG
OPS & ARTEPS
SHORT NOTICE INSPECTIONS
COMMUNITY SUPPORT
LEGAL
COUNSELING
47
Clearly, continuity of mission, maintenance, and administration can not be accomplished with only
part-time participation. Nor would it be effective to use valuable training time of part-time reservists
to perform everyday housekeeping tasks. For this reason, extensive use is made of full-time support
personnel to provide for administration, maintenance, recruiting, and training the Reserve
components.
Except for some civil service employees, each individual in a full-time support position also fills an
organizational billet within the Reserve unit.
There are four categories of full-time support personnel:
Active Component personnel: Provide current experience with Active component equipment,
operational doctrine, and training techniques. Upon mobilization, these personnel will serve with
the Reserve unit to which assigned.
Reserve component personnel on active duty: Provide Reserve component expertise and
assignment flexibility. The generic term applied to these personnel is Active Guard/Reserve
(AGR). They are sometimes referred to as Training and Administration of Reserve (TAR) in the
Naval Reserve and as Full Time Support (FTS) in the Marine Corps Reserve.
Military Technicians: Dual status individuals who work full time as a civilian for a Reserve unit
and also are a drilling reservist. Military Technicians serve in the four Reserve components of the
Army and the Air Force.
Civilian: Provide clerical, technical an administrative support at all levels. They have no require-
ment to belong to the Reserve components.
Together, these elements enable drilling reservists to concentrate their limited training time on prepar-
ing for their mobilization missions. Shown below is the Full Time Support Personnel actual end
strength as of September 30, 1989:
48
Table 4.
Full Time Support Personnel
ACTIVE
MILITARY
SERVICE
SERVICE
COMPONENT
AGR
TECHNICIAN
CIVILIAN
TOTALS
ARNG
576
25893
25923
3091
55483
USAR
1163
13344
7613
5613
27733
USNR
7239
21987
0
2895
32121
USMCR
5430
1948
0
333
7711
ANG
600
8019
23140
2511
34270
USAFR
592
635
9299
4856
15382
USCGR
599
o
0
112
711
TOTAL
16199
71826
65975
19411
173411
49
CHAPTER 9
MOBILIZATION
Authority
The President and the Congress of the United States have broad powers to utilize the National Guard
and Reserve in a national emergency. The President has the authority, under law, to order to active
duty:
(1) as many as 200,000 members of the Selected Reserve for up to 90 days and to extend the
callup for an additional 90 days, if necessary, without regard to a state of national emergency
or war for the purpose of augmenting the Active component forces for an operational
mission;
(2) as many as one million members of the Ready Reserve, for not longer than 24 months in a
national emergency.
With a declaration by the U.S. Congress of a national emergency or war, all the Reserve components,
including those in Standby and Retired status could be ordered to active duty for the duration of the
war, plus 6 months.
In recent years, the Congress has authorized the Secretary of Transportation to mobilize selected units
and individuals in the Coast Guard Reserve to meet urgent needs of a domestic emergency, particu-
larly those relating to natural disasters. A similar authority, held by the governors of the states and
territories, has also been a long-standing feature of the National Guard in fulfilling its peacetime
responsibilities as a state or territorial force.
The U.S. Active component military forces are currently manned at a peacetime level. In the event of
mobilization, wartime strength would be achieved by calling to active duty the National Guard and
Reserve forces. In later months, these pretrained personnel would be supplemented by newly trained
draftees or volunteers.
50
Personnel Screening
Ready Reserve. The screening process is used to identify members who would be unable to meet
mobilization requirements and to eliminate those members from the Ready Reserve before mobiliza-
tion. Upon mobilization, all members remaining in the Ready Reserve are considered immediately
available for active service.
Individual Ready Reserve (IRR). All members of the IRR are required to serve at least 1 day of
duty each year for screening to ensure maximum availability and utilization of the IRR in time of
mobilization. During this process, personnel records are updated, physical condition is checked and
military skill proficiency is tested.
Personnel Reporting
Upon notification, members of the Selected Reserve are required to report for active duty within 24
hours to their unit or initial reporting assignment. Individual Ready Reserve and Inactive National
Guard members are required to report within 5 to 15 days of notification as determined by the
respective Military Service. Official notification may either be written or oral.
51
CHAPTER 10
EMPLOYER SUPPORT
Members of the Reserve components face one major challenge not encountered by members of the
Active components-most of them have civilian employment. Consequently, to accomplish training,
members of the Reserve components must frequently request time off from their employers.
While there are laws that provide protections to many employees, the willing support of the employer
is obviously beneficial to the individual reservist or National Guard member. Therefore, employers
can play an important role in the national defense. Conflicts between the employer and the employee
because of competing employment and military priorities must be minimized.
The National Committee for Employer Support of the Guard and Reserve was established in 1972 to
achieve cooperation and understanding between employers and members of the National Guard or
Reserve and to assist in the resolution of conflicts. Its basic mission is one of education-few employ-
ers are knowledgeable about the role the National Guard and Reserve now play in the national defense
and the higher readiness standards that the Reserve components must therefore meet.
A great many employers, when they know the facts, demonstrate their full support of their employees
who are members of the Reserve components. In some cases, private and public employers pay
reservists their full salaries during annual training time; others make up the difference between the
employee's çivilian pay and the military pay.
The National Committee, working through the efforts of some 3600 unpaid volunteers in 55 State and
territorial committees, conducts a variety of public affairs activities to accomplish its mission. In 1989,
the State committees conducted 89 "bosslifts," taking employers to see National Guard and Reserve
training. The committees conducted 153 other events to plan and support their programs.
52
The National Committee, supported by the Advertising Council, manages a national public service
advertising program. In 1989, two television products and new print and radio advertisements were
produced and released. The theme of the campaign was "Be a hero! Support the Guard and Reserve.
It's good for your country and your company." For the first time, advertising materials were produced
in Spanish to reach employers in Hispanic communities. Distribution was made to 9300 newspapers
and 4700 other publications. Billboard posters were shipped to 518 outdoor advertising companies.
To support distribution, State committees identified local public affairs volunteers, trained at the first
National Public Affairs Seminar, to visit local media outlets and seek their support by educating the
directors/editors on the number of members of the community who were National Guard or Reserve
members.
Over 7100 awards were presented to recognize employers across the nation who supported their
employees. This figure includes 20 Pro Patria awards, signed by the Secretary of Defense, that recog-
nize particularly significant contributions on the part of the employer.
The National Committee's goal for 1990 is "Mission One", a program to ultimately place a trained,
knowledgeable volunteer with every National Guard and Reserve training site in the nation-over
6000. The purpose is to provide every Reserve component commander and member with an imme-
diate resource should an employment conflict occur.
53
CHAPTER 11
RESERVE COMPONENT PAY, BENEFITS,
AND ENTITLEMENTS
Pay
Reserve component pay is based on the active duty pay scale for grade and length of service. During
Inactive Duty Training (IDT) periods, members of the Selected Reserve receive one day's basic pay
(plus any special pay to which entitled) for each Unit Training Assembly (UTA) attended. An
example of special pay is flight pay for aircrew members. A UTA is 4 to 6 hours in duration, typically
performed on a weekend. Since 2 UTA's can be performed in 1 day, National Guardsmen and
reservists normally receive 2 days' basic pay for each 8 hour period. During Annual Training (AT),
Active Duty for Training (ADT), and Full Time Training Duty (FTTD) periods, members receive
essentially the same compensation (basic pay, special pay, reimbursement for quarters and subsist-
ence) as their Active component counterparts; in other words, one day's pay and allowances for each
day of duty performed. For extended tours of active duty, depending on duration, reservists receive
other entitlements such as paid leave, moving allowance and others.
Based on pay tables effective January 1 1990, annual earnings of a lieutenant colonel or equivalent
with 18 years of service could be more than $7,500 for attending 48 training assemblies and 2 weeks
annual tràining. A junior enlisted member (E3 with 3 years service) would be paid approximately
$1,800 for attending 48 training assemblies and 2 weeks annual training. Reservists with dependents
receive an additional allowance for quarters during annual training. Some Reserve component person-
nel are eligible for additional special pay for aviation duty, medical, or dental service or hazardous duty
pay.
54
Bonuses
In addition to pay received for weekend drills and their two week annual active duty for training
periods, many enlisted reservists are eligible for enlistment and reenlistment bonuses. Cash bonuses
are granted to enlisted members in the Selected Reserve who possess critically needed skills. Qualified
non-prior service enlistees can earn bonuses of up to $2,000 for a 6 year commitment to the Selected
Reserve. Additionally, for those members leaving active duty who still have a remaining Military
Service Obligation (MSO), a cash bonus may be paid (up to 50 dollars per month) for each month
remaining on the MSO, provided the member agrees to affiliate with the Selected Reserve. To retain
personnel in the Reserve components beyond their initial term of service, a reenlistment/enlistment
bonus of up to $1,500 for a 3-year reenlistment and up to $3,000 for a 6-year reenlistment is offered
in qualifying critical specialties and units. Beginning in 1986, a prior service bonus was offered for the
first time to be paid on the same basis as the reenlistment bonus for either a 3 or 6 year commitment in
the Selected Reserve.
Educational Assistance
The G.I. Bill for Selected Reservists was, effective July 1 1985. It offers an educational assistance
program towards a baccalaureate degree for both officers and enlisted personnel who agree to serve in
the Selected Reserve for 6 years. Benefits may not be paid to members prior to completion of their
initial period of active duty training. Payments for full-time students are $140 a month for 36 months
Monies received from the G.I. Bill program are non-taxable.
Certain members of the Selected Reserve actively pursuing a college education may have portions of
government-financed student loans forgiven at the rate of 15 percent or 500 dollars (whichever is
greater) per year for each year of satisfactory participation in the Selected Reserve. This program is
currently available to members of the Army Reserve and the Air National Guard.
Benefits
Members of the Ready Reserve are entitled to use the military exchange system based upon the
formula of 1 day of shopping for each period of inactive duty training. Selected Reservists are
authorized up to 12 days commissary use per year. In addition, Reserve component personnel may use
military clothing stores, official library services, and have access to some service clubs. Ready Reser-
vists who perform at least 12 drills yearly and participate in Annual Training also may receive full-time
Servicemen's Group Life Insurance with $50,000 coverage for $4.00 per month.
55
Entitlements
Members of the Reserve components who accumulate 20 qualifying years of creditable service and
who reach age 60 are entitled to retired pay-computed on the basis of retirement points accumulated.
The qualifying years can be earned on active duty, inactive duty or a combination of both, but the last
8 qualifying years must be served in a Reserve component. A qualifying year is not the same as a
calendar year, but is one during which a member of a Reserve component accumulates 50 or more
retirement points. Points are awarded on the basis of one point for each 4-hour assembly (UTA), each
day of active duty, and each three credits of military correspondence studies completed. Additionally,
15 points are awarded annually for membership. Not more than 60 points per year for inactive duty
training and membership may be credited for retirement purposes during any retirement year.
Retired pay is computed by totalling all retirement points accumulated and dividing by 360. The
quotient is then multiplied by 2½ percent and the resulting percentage applied to the active duty base
pay rate for the grade and number of years of service, using the pay schedule in effect at the time the
member draws retired pay. Based on the 1990 pay schedule, a lieutenant colonel or equivalent, retired
with three years of active Federal service and 20 years of Reserve component service (about 2200
retirement points), would receive approximately $600 per month retired pay beginning at age 60.
Upon receipt of retired pay, reservists and their dependents become eligible for the same medical care
benefits as are accorded Active component retirees. Retirees are also eligible to use military facilities
such as commissary stores, post exchanges, clothing sales stores, theaters, recreation facilities, clubs,
guest house accommodations and more. Space-available air travel on military aircraft is also authorized
for retired reservists.
56
CHAPTER 12
LEGISLATIVE PROPOSALS
Two important legislative proposals affecting the U.S. Reserve component personnel policy continued
to be worked and refined during 1989. These are the Reserve Officer Personnel Management Act,
already sent to the Congress for approval, and the Uniformed Services Employment Rights Act, which
was in the final review process in the Executive branch as of February 1990. Both measures could
become law in 1990.
Reserve Officer Personnel Management Act (ROPMA)
ROPMA is designed to provide a new set of laws to update personnel management of Reserve officers
along the lines of the Defense Officer Personnel Management Act, previously enacted, which applies
to Active component officers. Specific goals of ROPMA include:
provide common rules for all Reserve components regarding appointment, promotion, and
separation of Reserve officers.
establish a uniform and improved officer personnel management system for Reserve officers not
on extended active duty.
provide the flexibility to respond to changing officer requirements.
allow for an attractive career progression for Reserve officers while still achieving management
objectives.
Uniformed Services Employment Rights Act
This proposed legislation is the result of a joint study by the Department of Defense and the Depart-
ment of Labor. It would provide an update of statutes governing both employment and reemployment
rights for reservists. The effort is intended to address a number of issues, including: rights of Federal
Government employees who are reservists; more effective use of conciliation rather than formal
enforcement action to resolve disputes; a clearer definition of "active duty" as it applies to reemploy-
ment rights; and a description of the obligations owed by reservists to their civilian employers.
57
Insignia of Rank
The officer and enlisted insignias of rank for each of the Armed Services are portrayed at Appendix C.
There is no differentiation of rank or insignia between the Active and Reserve components.
Reserve Component Addresses
Addresses for each of the Reserve components are provided in Appendix D for anyone desiring
additional information.
58
APPENDIX A
TOTAL RESERVE STRENGTH
TOTAL FY 1989 RESERVE MANPOWER
TOTAL RESERVE
MANPOWER
ARNG
467,086
USAR
594,464
USNR
248,040
OFFICIAL
USMCR
81,529
AS OF: SEPTEMBER 1989
NUMBERs
ANG
116,061
(4th Qtr, FY 1989)
USAFR
153,630
TOTAL DOD
1,660,810
USCGR
17,773
TOTAL
1,678,583
READY
STANDBY
RESERVE
RESERVE
ARNG
467,086
ARNG
0
USAR
593,832
USAR
632
USNR
238,061
USNR
9,979
USMCR
80,128
USMCR
1,401
ANG
116,061
ANG
0
USAFR
136,331
USAFR
17,299
TOTAL DOD
1,631,499
TOTAL DOD
29,311
USCGR
17,211
USCGR
562
TOTAL
1,648,710
TOTAL
29,875
SELECTED
IRR/ING
RESERVE
ARNG
456,960
ARNG
10,126
USAR
319,244
USAR
274,588
USNR
151,505
USNR
86,556
USMCR
43,576
USMCR
36,552
ANG
116,061
ANG
0
USAFR
83,214
USAFR
53,117
TOTAL DOD
1,170,560
TOTAL DOD
460,939
USCGR
12,012
USCGR
5,199
TOTAL
1,182,572
TOTAL
466,138
TRAINED PERSONNEL
TRAINING
IRR
ING
(UNIT & INDIVIDUALS)
PIPELINE
ARNG
418,467
ARNG
38,493
ARNG
0
ARNG
10,126
USAR
288,275
USAR
30,969
USAR
274,588
USNR
142,194
USNR
9,311
USNR
86,556
USMCR
39,357
USMCR
4,219
USMCR
36,552
ANG
113,154
ANG
2,907
ANG
0
USAFR
81,328
USAFR
1,886
USAFR
53,117
TOTAL DOD
1,082,775
TOTAL DOD
85,925
TOTAL DOD
450,813
USCGR
11,594
USCGR
418
USCGR
5,199
TOTAL
1,094,369
TOTAL
86,343
TOTAL
456,012
2006-5
59
APPENDIX B
RESERVE DRILL PAY RATES
4 DAYS OF DRILL PAY
EFFECTIVE 1 JANUARY 1990
YEARS OF SERVICE
PAY
GRADE <2
2
3
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
26
COMMISSIONED OFFICERS
O-10
788.84
816.60
816.60
816.60
816.60
847.92
847.92
894.92
894.92
949.68
949.68
949.68
949.68
1007.80
O-9
699.12
717.44
732.72
732.72
732.72
751.36
751.36
782.64
782.64
847.92
847.92
894.92
894.92
949.68
O-8
633.24
652.20
667.68
667.68
667.68
717.44
717.44
751.36
751.36
782.64
816.60
847.92
868.80
868.80
O-7
526.16
561.92
561.92
561.92
587.12
587.12
621.16
621.16
652.20
717.44
766.80
766.80
766.80
766.80
0-6
390.00
428.48
456.56
456.56
456.56
456.56
456.56
456.56
472.04
546.68
574.60
587.12
621.16
673.68
O-5
311.88
366.24
391.56
391.56
391.56
391.56
403.40
425.08
453.60
487.56
515.52
531.12
549.68
549.68
O-4
262.92
320.16
341.52
341.52
347.84
363.20
387.96
409.76
428.48
447.28
459.64
459.64
459.64
459.64
O-3
244.32
273.16
292.04
323.12
338.56
350.72
369.68
387.96
397.52
397.52
397.52
397.52
397.52
397.52
O-2
213.04
232.68
279.52
288.92
294.96
294.96
294.96
294.96
294.96
294.96
294.96
294.96
294.96
294.96
O-1
184.96
192.56
232.68
232.68
232.68
232.68
232.68
232.68
232.68
232.68
232.68
232.68
232.68
232.68
COMMISSIONED OFFICERS WITH OVER 4 YEARS ACTIVE DUTY
AS AN ENLISTED MEMBER OR WARRANT OFFICER
O-3E
0.00
0.00
0.00
323.12
338.56
350.72
369.68
387.96
403.40
403.40
403.40
403.40
403.40
403.40
O-2E
0.00
0.00
0.00
288.92
294.96
304.28
320.16
332.40
341.52
341.52
341.52
341.52
341.52
341.52
O-1E
0.00
0.00
0.00
232.68
248.56
257.72
267.04
276.36
288.92
288.92
288.92
288.92
288.92
288.92
WARRANT OFFICERS
W-4
248.92
267.04
267.04
273.16
285.56
298.16
310.68
332.40
347.84
360.04
369.68
381.64
394.40
425.08
W-3
226.24
245.40
245.40
248.56
251.44
269.84
285.56
294.96
304.28
313.36
323.12
335.68
347.84
360.04
W-2
198.12
214.36
214.36
220.64
232.68
245.40
254.72
264.04
273.16
282.76
292.04
301.24
313.36
313.36
W-1
165.08
189.28
189.28
205.08
214.36
223.60
232.68
242.28
251.44
260.84
269.84
279.52
279.52
279.52
ENLISTED MEMBERS
E-9
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
289.56
296.08
302.80
309.72
316.64
322.80
339.76
372.80
E-8
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
242.84
249.76
256.36
263.00
269.96
276.16
282.96
299.56
332.92
E-7
169.52
183.00
189.80
196.44
203.12
209.60
216.32
223.04
233.16
239.76
246.44
249.64
266.40
299.56
E-6
145.88
158.96
165.60
172.64
179.08
185.56
192.40
202.32
208.64
215.40
218.68
218.68
218.68
218.68
E-5
128.00
139.32
146.08
152.44
162.44
169.08
175.80
182.24
185.56
185.56
185.56
185.56
185.56
185.56
E-4
119.40
126.08
133.48
143.84
149.52
149.52
149.52
149.52
149.52
149.52
149.52
149.52
149.52
149.52
E-3
112.48
118.64
123.40
128.28
128.28
128.28
128.28
128.28
128.28
128.28
128.28
128.28
128.28
128.28
E-2
108.24
108.24
108.24
108.24
108.24
108.24
108.24
108.24
108.24
108.24
108.24
108.24
108.24
108.24
E-1>4
96.56
96.56
96.56
96.56
96.56
96.56
96.56
96.56
96.56
96.56
96.56
96.56
96.56
96.56
E-1<4
89.28
89.28
89.28
89.28
89.28
89.28
89.28
89.28
89.28
89.28
89.28
89.28
89.28
89.28
60
APPENDIX C
INSIGNIA OF RANK OF THE
UNITED STATES ARMED FORCES
OFFICERS
O-1
O-2
O-3
O-4
O-5
0-6
O-7
O-8
O-9
O-10
SPECIAL
NAVY
ENSIGN
LIEUTENANT
LIEUTENANT
LIEUTENANT
COMMANDER
CAPTAIN
REAR ADMIRAL
REAR
VICE ADMIRAL
ADMIRAL
FLEET
JUNIOR
COMMANDER
(LOWER HALF)
ADMIRAL
ADMIRAL
GRADE
MARINES
SECOND
FIRST
CAPTAIN
MAJOR
LIEUTENANT
COLONEL
BRIGADIER
MAJOR
LIEUTENANT
GENERAL
LIEUTENANT
LIEUTENANT
COLONEL
GENERAL
GENERAL
GENERAL
ARMY
SECOND
FIRST
CAPTAIN
MAJOR
LIEUTENANT
COLONEL
BRIGADIER
MAJOR
LIEUTENANT
GENERAL
GENERAL
LIEUTENANT
LIEUTENANT
COLONEL
GENERAL
GENERAL
GENERAL
OF THE ARMY
AIR FORCE
GENERAL
SECOND
FIRST
CAPTAIN
MAJOR
LIEUTENANT
COLONEL
BRIGADIER
MAJOR
LIEUTENANT
GENERAL
OF THE
LIEUTENANT
LIEUTENANT
COLONEL
GENERAL
GENERAL
GENERAL
AIR FORCE
WARRANT
NAVY
MARINES
ARMY
COAST
GUARD
WARRANT
WARRANT
WARRANT
OFFICER
OFFICER
OFFICER
W-1
000
&
CHIEF WARRANT
CHIEF
CHIEF
OFFICER
W-2
WARRANT OFFICER
WARRANT OFFICER
Coast Guard enlisted rating
badges are the same as the
Navy for grades E-1 through
E-6. E-7, through E.9. have
silver specialty marks, eagles
CHIEF WARRANT
CHIEF
CHIEF
and stars, and gold chevrons.
The bodge of the Master Chief
OFFICER
W-3
WARRANT OFFICER
WARRANT OFFICER
Patty Officer of the Coast
Guard has a gold chevron and
specially mark, a gilver eagle
and gold stars. Coast Guard
officers use the same rank
insignia as Navy officers. For
CHIEF WARRANT
CHIEF
CHIEF
all ranks, the gold Coast
OFFICER
W-4
WARRANT OFFICER
WARRANT OFFICER
Guard shield on the uniform
sleeve replaces the Navy stor.
*U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1986-726-037:6003
61
ENLISTED
E-1
E-2
E-3
E-4
E-5
E-6
E-7
E-8
E-9
NAVY
SEAMAN
SEAMAN
SEAMAN
PETTY
PETTY
PETTY
CHIEF
SENIOR CHIEF
MASTER CHIEF
MASTER CHIEF
RECRUIT
APPRENTICE
OFFICER
OFFICER
OFFICER
PETTY
PETTY
PETTY
PETTY OFFICER
THIRD CLASS
SECOND CLASS
FIRST CLASS
OFFICER
OFFICER
OFFICER
OF THE NAVY
MARINES
(no insignia)
PRIVATE
PRIVATE
LANCE
CORPORAL
SERGEANT
STAFF
GUNNERY
FIRST
SERGEANT
SERGEANT
FIRST
CORPORAL
SERGEANT
SERGEANT
SERGEANT
MAJOR
MAJOR
CLASS
OF THE
MARINE
CORPS
MASTER
MASTER
SERGEANT
GUNNERY
SERGEANT
ARMY
(no insignia)
PRIVATE
PRIVATE
PRIVATE
CORPORAL
SERGEANT
STAFF
SERGEANT
FIRST
COMMAND
FIRST
SERGEANT
FIRST CLASS
SERGEANT
SERGEANT MAJOR
CLASS
SERGEANT
MAJOR
OF THE
ARMY
SPECIALIST 4
MASTER
SERGEANT
SERGEANT
MAJOR
AIR FORCE
SERGEANT
(no insignia)
AIRMAN
AIRMAN
AIRMAN
STAFF
TECHNICAL
MASTER
SENIOR
CHIEF
CHIEF
BASIC
FIRST CLASS
SENIOR
SERGEANT
SERGEANT
SERGEANT
MASTER
MASTER
MASTER SERGEANT
AIRMAN
SERGEANT
SERGEANT
OF THE AIR FORCE
Chart by Phyllis Cox and John Pack
62
APPENDIX D
RESERVE COMPONENT ADDRESSES
STATEMENT OF DEFENSE
Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense
(Reserve Affairs)
The Pentagon
UNITED STATES OF FAMERICA
Washington, D.C. 20301-1500
THE
NRMY
NOTHE TAXI
Chief, National Guard Bureau
The Pentagon
Washington, D.C. 20310-2500
ARMY NATIONAL GUARD
Director, Army National Guard
The Pentagon
*
Washington, D.C. 20310-2500
*
AIR NATIONAL GUARD
Director, Air National Guard
The Pentagon
*
Washington, D.C. 20310-2500
UNITED STATES ARMY WESERVE
Chief, Army Reserve
The Pentagon
Washington, D.C. 20310
DEPARTMENT OF
Director, Naval Reserve
*
The Pentagon
Washington, D.C. 20350
NAVAL RESERVE
Chief, Air Force Reserve
The Pentagon
HIR
Washington, D.C. 20330-5440
FORCE
RESERVE
UNITED STATE MARINE
Commandant of the Marine Corps
Deputy Chief of Staff for Manpower and
Reserve Affairs (Code: RES)
CORPS
Washington, D.C. 20380-0001
Chief, Office of Readiness and Reserve
UNITED
GUARD
Headquarters, U.S. Coast Guard
179
2100 2nd Street, S.W.
Washington, D.C. 20593
63