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Westinghouse Science Awards Banquet 3/4/91 [OA 6856] [3]
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Westinghouse Science Awards Banquet 3/4/91 [OA 6856] [3]
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Records of the White House Office of Speechwriting (George H. W. Bush Administration)
Speech Backup Chronological Files
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Originally Processed With FOIA(s):
FOIA Number:
S
S
FOIA
MARKER
This is not a textual record. This is used as an
administrative marker by the George Bush Presidential
Library Staff.
Record Group/Collection:
George H.W. Bush Presidential Records
Collection/Office of Origin:
Speechwriting, White House Office of
Series:
Speech File Backup Files
Subseries:
Chron File, 1989-1993
OA/ID Number:
13748
Folder ID Number:
13748-007
Folder Title:
Westinghouse Science Awards Banquet 3/4/91 [OA 6856] [3]
Stack:
Row:
Section:
Shelf:
Position:
G
26
21
3
1
Small Sci:
April 13, 1990
MEMORANDUM
TO:
MARK LANGE
FROM:
CAROLYN CAWLEY
RE:
NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
1.) It was in 1983 that Frank Press and POTUS both received
honorary doctorates from Ohio State University and Press rode
back to D.C. on Air Force Two.
2.) Unknown Scientists:
-During WWII, many advances were made in the fields of:
battlefield medicine
wound and burn treatment
shock and trauma treatment
Experiments and research were being conducted all over the
country as part of the war effort and the results were used
directly on the battlefields and field hospitals.
After the war, these advances were refined and brought to
the general public
and now are commonplace today.
Paul Chu is a very young scientist who is unknown to the public
but is very well known in science circles. He has discovered
high temperature super conductivity and is currently working on
it. Was elected last year to the Academy.
--Charles Townes is known as the father of the laser. discovered
it on his own, and when he was not looking for it. He is
currently at UC-Berkeley
February 7, 19991
MEMORANDUM
TO:
MARK LANGE
FROM:
CAROLYN CAWLEY
RE:
REMARKS @ AM. ASSN. FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE
Date:
Friday, February 15
Time:
10:00 a.m.
Place:
Sheraton Washington Ballroom
Attendees:
Approximately 3500
Intro/
Acknowledgements:
See fax from the AAAS
I. INFO ON THE ASSOCIATION
A. Origins and Aims
O
The American Association for the Advancement of Science
was founded in 1848.
o
From it's early, specific aims concerned with
communication and cooperation among scientists, the
Association's goals now encompass the broader
purpose of:
"
furthering the work of scientists, facilitating
cooperation among them, fostering scientific
freedom and responsibility, improving the effectiveness
of science in the promotion of human welfare, advancing
education in the science, and increasing the public
understanding and appreciation of the importance of
the methods of science in human progress."
(( from its Constitution ))
B. Milestones in its history
O
1840
The Association of American Geologists,
lineal ancestor of the AAAs, was organized
on April 2.
O
1848
The AAAs became formal, with 461 members in
Philadelphia.
O
1852
No annual meeting because of the "prevalence
of cholera along the approaches to Cleveland
from the South.
O
1861-
Because of the Civil War, no meetings for
1863
5 years; no Presidents elected.
O
1900
Science magazine was made the official
publication of the organization.
O
1942-
-
No meetings were held due to WW II, though
1943
a monthly bulletin was issued to keep members
informed.
O
1948
In September, the assn. celebrated its
centenary in Washington, D.C. with the
theme "One World of Science". President
Truman spoke at the meeting -- the last
President to do SO.
C. Presidential remarks
President Truman was the last President to address the
organization. Before that, it was customary for the US
President to make an appearance at the annual meeting when
it was held in Washington.
These other Presidential appearances included:
April 1854 -- President Franklin Pierce made
remarks at a reception, but they
were not documented.
The AAAS History book states:
"
the members were elegantly entertained, on
different evenings, by Franklin Pierce, President
of the United States; Jefferson Davis, Secretary
of war; James Guthrie, Sec. of the Treasury; and
William Corcoran, Esq. (founder of the Art
Galleery.)
Seldom have the hosts been as distinguished as at
that 1854 meeting
December 1902 --
TR also gave remarks at a White
House reception, but these also
were not documented.
December 1911 -- Taft gave remarks; a copy
is being faxed to us.
1
September 1948 -- See Truman Xerox.
II. Dates in February
-- National Engineers Week, last full week
--
Feb. 11 National Science Youth Day, observed on
Edison's birthday as part of National
Electrical Week
Feb. 11, 1847 Thomas Alva Edison's birthday
--
Feb. 12, 1915 Cornerstone laid on the Lincoln
Memorial
--
Feb. 13, 1633
Galileo arrived in Rome, as ordered
by the Inquisition
--
Feb. 14, 1876 Elisha Gray filed for a patent on his
telephone a few hours after Alexander
Graham Bell did.
--
Feb. 15, 1564 Astronomer Galileo Galilei's birthday
--
Feb. 18, 1930
Planet Pluto discovered by Clyde
Tombaugh at Lowell Observatory,
Flagstaff, AZ, as predicted by
Professor Percival Lowell.
--
Feb. 19, 1878 Edison received patent on phonograph.
Astronomer Copernicus' birthday
--
Feb 20
John Glenn Day, commemorating US
astronauts orbiting the earth on
this date in 1962
--
Feb 21, 1885
Washington Monument dedicated
--
Feb. 23, 1886
Charles Hall invented electrolytic
process for manufacture of aluminum
III. Inventions and Discoveries
Aspirin
Acetylsalicylic acid was produced for the first time in 1899
by German chemists Hoffman and Dreser. In 1905, aspirin was
marketed for the first time by Bayer Aspirin and soon became
the largest selling oTc, nonprescription drug in the world.
Pop Up Toaster
Charles Strite, an American inventor, patented the first
pop up toaster in 1918.
Blender
The blender was invented by Fred Waring, the well known
band leader of the thirties and forties, in 1936, and
revolutionized food preparation and bartending.
Dishwasher
Invented by Mrs. Cochran, an Indiana housewife in 1879.
Teflon
Roy Plunkett, a Du Pont chemist, discovered polytetra-
fluoroethylene, or Teflon, by accident in 1938, and the
nonstick surface was soon used for cooking utensils as
well as industrial wiring.
Telescope
Man's concept of the universe was revolutionized in 1609
when Galileo Galilei, Italian astronomer, built the first
refracting telescope.
The Cotton Gin
Eli Whitney -- 27 year old Yale graduate, invented it
in 1792 while visiting a plantation in Georgia. He had
noticed the difficulty with which seeds were separated from
short-staple cotton bolls, and he guilt a simple turning
cylinder device with saw teeth made from bird cage wire.
The device enabled one slave laborer to clean as much as
fifty pounds of cotton a day, as opposed to the one pound
before. In the decade after invention, US agriculture
changed drastically -- 140,000 pounds in 1792 to
35 million pounds in 1800. (( Applying invention to
industry -- US more competitive ))
Radar
The first practical radar device was developed by
Rudolph Kuhnold, Signals Research Chief of the German
Navy, and demonstrated at Kiel Harbor in 1934. He bounced
signals from his 700 watt transmitter from a battleship
anchored 600 yards away. This and subsequent tests were so
successful that the German government appropriated money to
develop the device, which has had a dramatic impact on
warfare, auto traffic, and even geologic research and
other scientific applications.
The Computer
The first known computing device was the abacus, in 6th
century China. Used in the Orient even today.
The first complex, modern computer was conceived, designed,
and partially built by Charles Babbage, a British
mathematician in 1822. It utilized many features and
principles of modern computers, like punch cards.
The first electronic computer was built by Dr. Herman
Hollerith for the US Census Bureau in 1889 for the 1890
Census. It used punch cards with 80 columns, which
became part of the IBM system which still bears his
names.
The first digital computer was the Mark I, completed in
1944 by Professor Howard Aiken of Harvard.
The first electronic computer was the Electronic Numerical
Integrator and Computer, completed in 1946 at UPenn. It
weighed 80 tons. Used by the US Army to solve artillery
problems.
The Laser
First built in 1960 by Theodore Maiman of the Hughes
Research Lab in Malibu, CA. The term WS first coined
by R. Gordon Gould in 1957, but his leftist activities
in the 1940's caused his work on lasers to be halted by the
Defense Department and research agencies.
The laser, thought of by the public as a 21st century tool,
has found a staggering number of applications in holography,
surgery, physics, and even astronomy.
Divisibility of the Atom
From the time of Democritus in 330 BC the atom had been
considered the smallest particle of matter (the word is
Greek for indivisible). In 1897 Joseph John Thompson,
a British physicist, discovered that the atom was itself
made up of smaller particles -- revolutionized scientific
thinking.
Cordless Phone
The Army has long used "cordless phones" in the field, slung
over the radio man's shoulder. Look at the abundance and
convenience of cordless phones today! They can fit in your
shirt pocket. Also: car phones, plane phones.
Flight
One of the most astonishing feats in man's history is the
landing of man on the moon sixty six years after the Wright
brothers' first flight, and just forty three years after the
first fuel-propelled rocket flight.
(( Improving on the old ))
Services of Mead Data Central
Small Sci.og.
PAGE
2
107TH STORY of Level 1 printed in FULL format.
Proprietary to the United Press International 1981
November 17, 1981, Tuesday, AM cycle
SECTION: Domestic News
LENGTH: 415 words
HEADLINE: Personality Spotlight;
Dr. Barbara McClintock: Her Ship Comes in Belatedly
BYLINE: By PATRICIA McCORMACK, UPI Health Editor
DATELINE: NEW YORK
KEYWORD: Macarthur-Perspot
BODY:
Dr. Barbara McClintock, distinguished scientist who 40 years ago made a
monumental discovery about genes - the hereditary material of cells - at 79
Tuesday found her ship coming in belatedly.
First, there was the announcement of a $60,000 award - annually for her
lifetime --- from the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation in Chicago.
Second came the announcement to be made Wednesday that Dr. McClintock is the
winner of the Albert Lasker Basic Medical Research Award for 1981. It will be
conferred Friday in New York.
Fellow scientists believe her discovery will some day lead to developments
making it possible to correct flawed or mutant genes that cause human genetic
diseases.
Her fundamental discovery, made over 40 years ago, regarding certain
genetic elements, remained unappreciated until years later by the scientific
community, said the announcement from the foundation.
Today she is widely considered America/s most distinguished figure in the
field of cytogenetics (cell genetics)
SET OFFA 2
' 'The monumental implications of her work are reflected in the whole wave of
current experiments in genetics, and in our understanding of the natural
evolution of DNA, and development of new species.
Dr. McClintock's earliest theories and her validated experiments had to do
with the transposable genetic elements in corn - discoveries that also
apply to all living organisms in nature, whether in plant, animal or human life,
authorities said.
Working alone, she was the first to discover and validate that certain
genetic elements are not static, as was once beleved, but are transposable -
that is, they can move about from one location to another on DNA the genetic
material of heredity.
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PAGE
3
Proprietary to the United Press International, November 17, 1981
These transposable elements, say authorities, serve a fundamental role in
gene contro,1, and in genetic recombination based on changes in DNA structure.
The information derived from Dr. McCliintock's discoveries apply to all
living organisms - plant, animal, human.
Colleagues say Dr. McClintock shies from publicity. She was not available for
comment. The woman who answered her phone at Cold Springs Harbor Laboratory in
Cold Spring Harbor said Dr. McClintock was out of her office and will not be
back until Friday.
But Wednesday she will appear at a press conference called to name the Lasker
award winners for 1981.
Plans call for an ear of corn to be on each chair in recognition of the
medium Dr. McClintock used four decades ago to prove her theories.
GRAPHIC: PICTURE
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PAGE
4
106TH STORY of Level 1 printed in FULL format.
The Associated Press
The materials in the AP file were compiled by The Associated Press. These
materials may not be republished without the express written consent of The
Associated Press.
November 18, 1981, Wednesday, AM cycle
SECTION: Domestic News
LENGTH: 540 words
HEADLINE: Elderly Woman Wins Two Top Scholar Money Prizes in Two Days
BYLINE: By JERRY SCHWARTZ, Associated Press Writer
DATELINE: NEW YORK
KEYWORD: Lasker Prizes
BODY:
A 79-year-old geneticist who has labored in anonymity, her pioneering work
discounted for decades, on Wednesday won her third major scientific prize in two
months and her second in two days.
The Albert and Mary Lasker Association said its $15,000 Albert Lasker Basic
Medical Research Award went to Barbara McClintock of Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.
A second Lasker award, this one for clinical research, went to Louis Sokoloff
of the National Institute of Mental Health in Bethesda, Md., who developed a new
method of measuring brain function. That award also carries a $15,000 prize.
Miss McClintock's career had been cloaked in anonymity, but that cloak has
suddenly been removed.
On Tuesday she won the first Prize Fellow Laureate Award of the John D. and
Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation, which includes a guaranteed income of $60,000
a year for life. And within the past two months she received a $50,000 award
from Israel's Wolf Foundation.
Miss McClintock said she doesn't know what she will do with the windfall.
"I was never good at accumulating things
* * *
Years ago, all I cared about was
a pair of glasses and a car. Now all I care about is a pair of glasses," she
said.
Her sudden fame, she said, is "devastating. I like to be anonymous, and I'm
not now."
She has been experimenting with genetics since the 1920s when she attended
Cornell University. Since 1942 she has been a member of the Carnegie Institution
of Washington, working at the institution's 120-acre genetic research unit in
Cold Spring Harbor.
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PAGE
5
The Associated Press, November 18, 1981
Using corn in her experiments, she found that genetic elements are not
static, as was believed, but move from one location to another on DNA, the
genetic material of heredity.
At a news conference Wednesday, she said colleagues did not believe her when
she presented her findings at a 1951 symposium and in a 1953 paper. After that,
she wrote but did not publish her findings.
It was only recently that scientists have come to agree with her and that she
has been given full credit for her discoveries. But she said she was not
deterred by her lack of recognition.
"When you really know that you're moving in the right direction
...
no one
can stop you, she said.
Sokoloff, 60, developed a method in which a form of glucose could be used to
examine brain function.
When used in conjunction with a machine called a PETT scanner, Sokoloff's
method produces a color photograph of the energy use of ferent parts of the
brain.
The Lasker jury, headed by heart surgeon Dr. Michael DeBakey, said the
process may be used to develop chemical treatments for schizophrenia, epilepsy,
senility and even drug addiction.
In addition, two young reformed drug addicts who appeared at Wednesday's news
conference said they believed pictures of the effect of drugs on the brain would
help scare addicts into going traight.
"This is a contribution to people all over the world, to millions and
millions of people said Dr. Fred Plum, chairman of the Department of Neurology
at New York Hospital-Cornell Medical Center.
Sokoloff said the award was "kind of anticlimactic We were 50 excited by the
work, it was 50 good, that this is just the cream on the top."
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PAGE
6
105TH STORY of Level 1 printed in FULL format.
The Associated Press
The materials in the AP file were compiled by The Associated Press. These
materials may not be republished without the express written consent of The
Associated Press.
November 23, 1981, Monday, PM cycle
SECTION: Domestic News
LENGTH: 750 words
HEADLINE: TODAY'S TOPIC: Scientist Honored After Decades Of Neglect
BYLINE: By PAUL RAEBURN, AP Science Writer
DATELINE: NEW YORK
KEYWORD: Topic- Genetics Pioneer
BODY:
Working alone in a small laboratory, Barbara McClintock made a discovery 30
years ago that should have revolutionized the science of genetics. Instead,
the discovery was misunderstood and largely ignored for more than two decades.
Now, at the age of 79, Miss McClintock is being recognized. Last week she won
both the $15,000 Lasker Award the most prestigious American prize for medical
research and an award of $60,000 a year for life from the MacArthur
Foundation.
A handful of scientists have been aware of Miss McClintock's work all along.
Most of them knew she had made a tremendous accomplishment, but few of them
understood it completely.
Alfred Hershey, a Nobel Prize-winning geneticist, didn't understand it at
all.
"She was a distinguished scientist who did a lot that people could
understand, but her most revolutionary work is what I couldn't understand and
still don't," he says.
Miss McClintock has worked since 1941 at Long Island's Cold Spring Harbor
Laboratory, a leader in research on cancer and viruses. She has several small
rooms to herself where she analyzes samples of maize, or Indian corn.
For many years, she raised corn on a small plot of land on the laboratory
grounds. She painstakingly crossed one variety of maize with another, and
carefully examined the resulting plants.
The tedious experiments continued for many growing seasons, each new
generation of seedlings providing clues that had to be fitted into a complex
scheme to explain why some plants had striped leaves, or why others had speckled
kernels.
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PAGE
7
The Associated Press, November 23, 1981
With the Carnegie Institution of Washington supplying the modest financial
resources she needed, she persisted, publishing densely written research reports
in obscure scientific journals, and carefully cataloguing her findings.
"I worked alone - I didn't have to sell anything," she said in an interview.
"When you work alone, and you are absolutely convinced, you know it's all going
to come out in the wash."
Miss McClintock, a small woman, sketched diagrams in the air with her hands
as she talked in a steady stream about how she made her revolutionary finding.
In the late 1940s, she noticed that parts of the leaves on some corn
seedlings were losing their color, and other parts of the leaves were gaining
colors. It was an unexpected finding, and something that another researcher
might have overlooked or ignored.
"I figured this was something terribly basic," Miss McClintock said. "I came
to the conclusion that one cell had lost something that the other had gained."
By 1947, she had reasoned that the changes were caused when bits of genetic
material rearranged themselves in the corn seedlings. That contradicted one of
the basic tenets of genetics, that genes were arranged on chromosomes in fixed
patterns. Chromosomes were supposed to be permanent blueprints that direct the
growth of all plants and animals.
She reported her findings in 1951, and was met with silence. "I wasn't
listened to for years," she said.
In the late 1960s, Miss McClintock's vindication came when movable genes were
found in bacteria, using the new techniques of molecular biology.
Now scores of biologists are trying to discover the role of these movable
genes, called transposons. The movable qenes might explain how viruses cause
infection, how cancer cells are formed, and how higher animals evolved from
their primitive ancestors.
Karen Artzt, a geneticist at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in New
York, calls them one of the most exciting findings in modern biology.
"We don't know yet how important they are," she says. "We don't know why
they're there, and when you're standing tottering at a new threshold you don't
know what you're going to find.
"She (Miss McClintock) had described all this in the 1950s, but it's a new
threshold because it's only just been rediscovered."
Miss McClintock has been retired since 1967, but she still works long hours
at her research, and was somewhat annoyed at having to come into New York City
several times last week to collect her awards.
She still works with only a microscope and samples of corn.
She doesn't
have a roomful of computers or a staff of graduate students. Her assets are
careful observation and a clear, open mind.
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PAGE
8
The Associated Press, November 23, 1981
"You don't find people that have this remarkable deductive ability," says
Donald Brown, director of the embryology department at the Carnegie Institution
in Baltimore. "That is definitely the sign of a great scientist.'
GRAPHIC: Laserphoto NY7
LEXIS® ® NEXIS® R LEXIS® NEXIS ®
PROJECTS 50th STS
1
Tara Sophia Bahna-James (17)
La Guardia H.S. of Music and the Arts,
The Relationship Between Mathematics and Music: Secondary School
New York, NY
Student Perspectives
2
Judson Lawrence Berkey (18)
Thomas Jefferson H.S. for Science
The Optimal Launch Angle of a Baseball
Home: Manassas, VA
and Technology, Alexandria, VA
3
Wade William Butin (17)
Klein H.S., Spring, TX
Utopian Varnish
4
Kimberly Ann Chapman (18)
Marian H.S., Omaha, NE
The Effects of Benzo[a]pyrene-DNA Adducts on BstE II and Hind III
5
Jim Way Cheung (17)
Bronx H.S. of Science, New York, NY
Continued Fractions in the Ring of Eisenstein Integers
Home: Jackson Heights, NY
6
William Ching (17)
Riverdale Country School, Bronx, NY
Neurophysiology of GABA Receptors in Optic Nerves
Home: New York, NY
7
Dean Ramsey Chung (16)
Mountain Lakes H.S., Mountain Lakes, NJ
Gracefulness of Configurations
8
Susan Elaine Criss (17)
Fox Chapel Area H.S., Pittsburgh, PA
Betacarotene Analysis
9
Ani Jean-Mee Fleisig (17)
Townsend Harris H.S., Flushing, NY
Chemotaxis and Receptor Sites in D. discoideum
Home: Woodhaven, NY
10
Nupur Ghoshal (17)
Ames H.S., Ames, IA
Electrical Propagation of Proteinase Inhibitor II
11
Cameron Rea Haight (17)
Santa Fe H.S., Santa Fe, NM
Experimental Turbulence and the k-Epsilon Transport Equations
12
Petal Pearl Haynes (18)
Stuyvesant H.S., New York, NY
Friendship and Morale Among Nursing Home Residents
13
Yves Jude Jeanty (16)
Stuyvesant H.S., New York, NY
Cytoskeletal Protein Distribution in the Leading Edge During
Home: S. Ozone Park, NY
Cell-Cell Collisions
14
Linda Tae-Ryung Kang (18)
Stuyvesant H.S., New York, NY
Catalytic Reactions Between Alkyl Iodides and Copper Surfaces
Home: Flushing, NY
15
Don H. Kim (18)
Greenwich H.S., Greenwich, CT
A New Method for the Determination of Liquid Viscosity and
Home: Cos Cob, CT
Physico-Chemical Study of Liquid Viscosity
16
Sunmee Louise Kim (17)
Stuyvesant H.S., New York, NY
The Effects of Stress on the Eating Behavior of Female High School
Home: Woodside, NY
Students
17
Nuri Mehmet Kodaman (17)
Townsend Harris H.S., Flushing, NY
DNA Degradation During Programmed Cell Death
Home: Douglaston, NY
18
Mark Allen Larson (17)
Horizon Senior H.S., Brighton, CO
The Optical Brain: Design of an Optical Neural Computer
Home: Thornton, CO
19
Denis Alexandrovich Lazarev (17)
Elmwood Park Memorial Junior-Senior
New Advancement in Molecular Biology: Understanding of the Process
Home: Fair Lawn, NJ
H.S., Elmwood Park, NJ
of the Alternative Splicing of mRNA
20
Irwin Lee (16)
Naperville North H.S., Naperville, IL
Sound Absorption in Electroviscous Fluids
21
Debby Ann Lin (17)
Stuyvesant H.S., New York, NY
Evolutionary Relatedness of the Predicted Gene Product of RNA Segment
Home: Elmhurst, NY
2 of the Tick-Borne Dhori Virus and the PB1 Polymerase Genes of
Influenza Viruses
22
Michael John Lopez (18)
Ward Melville H.S., Setauket, NY
Reaction Planes in Nuclear Reactions
Home: Stony Brook, NY
24
Mehul Vipul Mankad (17)
Saint Paul's Episcopal School, Mobile, AL
DNA and Protein Synthesis in K562 Erythroleukemia Stem Cells
25
Ciamac Moallemi (15)
Benjamin N. Cardozo H.S., Bayside, NY
Neural Networks in the Computer Analysis of Voided Urine Cell Images
for Bladder Cancer
26
Joel Ellis Moore (17)
St. Albans School, Washington, DC
Computer Simulation of Growth Uniformity in Molecular-Beam Epitaxy
Home: Chevy Chase, MD
27
Cheryl Lynn Pederson (18)
Byram Hills H.S., Armonk, NY
Play Difference in Preschool Children
28
Rageshree Ramachandran (15)
Rio Americano H.S., Sacramento, CA
A Chaotic Model for the El Nino--Southern Oscillation
Home: Fair Oaks, CA
29
Ashley Melia Reiter (17)
North Carolina School of Science
Fractals in Pascal's Triangle
Home: Charlotte, NC
and Mathematics, Durham, NC
30
Jeremy Randall Riddell (18)
The Miami Valley School, Dayton, OH
Atomic Spectra Phase II: Measurement of the Electron Spin-Orbit
Home: Bellbrook, OH
Interaction in Sodium
31
Venkataramana K. Sadananda (17)
Thomas Jefferson H.S. for Science
Chaotic Cardiac Arrhythmias
Home: Springfield, VA
and Technology, Alexandria, VA
32
Tatiana Tamara Schnur (16)
Robinson Secondary School, Fairfax, VA
Lexical Access of Ambiguities During Sentence Comprehension:
Home: Burke, VA
Exhaustive or Terminating Search?
33
Joseph Izak Seeger (17)
Evanston Township H.S., Evanston, IL
Computer Simulation of Transient Heat Flow
34
Wei-Jen Jerry Shan (17)
John W. North H.S., Riverside, CA
Do Winglets Reduce Drag at Low Reynolds Numbers?
35
Daniel Moshe Skovronsky (17)
Thomas Jefferson H.S. for Science
Keto-Enol Tautomerism in Cyclic 1,3-diones
Home: Vienna, VA
and Technology, Alexandria, VA
36
Weily Soong (18)
Vestavia Hills H.S., Vestavia Hills, AL
Retroviral Capsid Assembly: Determination of Protein Requirements
37
Lori Ann Stec (18)
Detroit Country Day School, Birmingham, MI
Isolation and Identification of Factors Affecting Cecidogenesis of
Home: Troy, MI
Three Stem Gall Systems in the Tall Goldenrod
38
Tessa Lorrell Walters (17)
San Gabriel H.S., San Gabriel, CA
Novel Inhibitors of Angiotensin I-Converting Enzyme as
Home: San Dimas, CA
Antihypertensive Agents
39
Clifford Lee Wang (16)
Vero Beach H.S., Vero Beach, FL
Enhancement of Methane Production From Metals Enriched Seaweed
40
Tien-An Yang (17)
Stuyvesant H.S., New York, NY
The Potassium Channel Distribution in Mammalian Tissues
As part of the requirements of the competition each finalist submitted a written report on an independent research
project. However, the work being shown here is not necessarily that on which the STS project report was written.
EXHIBITION OF PROJECTS BY FINALISTS
of the FIFTIETH ANNUAL SCIENCE TALENT SEARCH
for the WESTINGHOUSE SCIENCE SCHOLARSHIPS
March 2 and 3, 1991
The Exhibit Hall, Washington Hilton Hotel
Washington, D.C.
The Science Talent Search is conducted by Science Service and sponsored by Westinghouse Electric Corporation
BR1710
F27
WH
THE OXFORD
DICTIONARY OF
SAINTS
DAVID HUGH FARMER
CURT
Lange:
For humor or for other purposes,
St. Albert = patron saint of scientists,
students of the sciences, etc.
CLARENDON PRESS OXFORD
ALBERT THE GREAT
ALBAN (3rd century), protomartyr of
Germanus. Nine ancient English churches
'a father, a friend, a fellow-soldier and a
Britain. Gildas, followed by Bede, dated
were dedicated to him. Feast: 20 June (17
principal warrior in the Lord's battles
1647-90),
his martyrdom to c. 305 under Diocletian,
June in B.C.P.); translation, 2 August (15
who carried us all in his heart with affec-
I
Janots
but modern scholars prefer a date of c. 254
May at Ely).
tionate love'. Alberic died on 26 January,
under Decius, or even C. 209 under Sep-
which became his feast.
a notary,
AA.SS. Iun. IV (1707), 146-70; Bede, H.E., i.
ood, espe-
timius Severus. The first mention of this
7, 17-21; Matthew Paris, Gesta Abbutum (R.S.),
AA.SS. Ian. III (1863), 368-73; J. B. Dal-
er, which
saint, the only one in England with a conti-
i. 12-18, 94; id. Chronica Majora (R.S.), ii. 306-
gairns, Life of St. Stephen Harding (1898);
lly taking
nuous cult from Roman times, comes in
8; V. 608-10; W. Meyer, 'Die Legende des hl.
M.O., pp. 197-226, 752-3; B.T.A., i. 173-4. See
Constantius of Lyons' Life of Germanus
Albanus, des Protomartyr Angliae in Texten vor
ime a nun
also J. R. Lefèvre, 'Le vrai récit primitif des
of Auxerre. This recounts the visit to
Beda' in Abh. (Gott.), N.F. viii. Nr. I (1904); W.
Paray-le-
origines de Citeaux est-il l'Exordium Parvum?',
Alban's tomb at Verulamium by Germa-
Levison, 'St. Alban and St. Albans', Antiquity,
tient and
Le Moyen Age, lxi (1955), 79-120 and 329-62.
XV (1941), 337-59; J. Morris, 'The Date of St.
impracti-
nus and Lupus in 429, when they removed
Alban', Hertfordshire Archaeology, i (1968), pp.
1672 and
some dust from it and gave relics of
I-8; see also W. R. L. Lowe and E. F. Jacob,
1 series of
apostles and martyrs instead.
Illustrations to the Life of St. Albans (1924) and
ALBERT THE GREAT (1206-80),
thought,
The legendary Acts of Alban, followed
O. Pacht, C. R. Dodwell, and F. Wormald,
Dominican friar and bishop. A Swabian
although
by Bede, say that Alban, when a pagan sol-
The St. Albans Psulter (1960); J. E. van der
by birth, Albert joined the Dominicans at
luable for
dier, sheltered a priest, later called *Am-
Westhuizen, Lydgate's Life of St. Alban (1974).
Padua in 1223 against the wishes of his
others of
phibalus, during a persecution, and was
noble family. After teaching at Hildes-
17th-cen-
converted by him. Soldiers were sent to
heim, Ratisbon, and Cologne, where
ansenism
search his house; Alban dressed in the
ALBERIC (d. 1109), abbot of Citeaux.
*Thomas Aquinas was his student, he
the doc-
priest's cloak to enable him to escape, was
Nothing is known of his early life, but he
became a Master at Paris and organized the
1, sinners
arrested and, after refusing to sacrifice,
became a hermit at Collan (near Chatillon-
house of studies at Cologne in 1248. He
et Mary,
was condemned to death. After the conver-
sur-Seine). With his companions he in-
was prior provincial for three years (1254-
were the
sion of one executioner, Alban was be-
vited Robert to rule them, and in 1075
7) and became bishop of Ratisbon in 1260.
lling this
headed by another, whose eyes dropped
they moved to Molesme with Robert as
Unsuccessful as an administrator, he re-
S done in
out.
abbot and Alberic as prior. The commu-
signed his see in 1262 to devote all his en-
ed Heart
A church was built on the site of his
nity grew in numbers, but some of its
ergies to teaching and writing. He took a
dle Ages
martyrdom: the shrine, where the sick
members were unsuitable; friction de-
prominent part in the Council of Lyons
hers, but
were cured, was frequented at least up to
veloped and there was even a rebellion.
(1274) and at Paris in 1277 he staunchly
Mary and
the time of Bede. A story that it was lost
After an attempt at peacemaking the
defended the teaching of his disciple
a Colom-
and recovered by revelation at the time of
former troubles returned; Robert, Alberic,
Aquinas.
beriences
Offa's supposed foundation of St. Albans
and the Englishman Stephen Harding
His own pioneer scholastic writing was
monastery (793) is unlikely. The relics
with their followers made a fresh start at
more diffuse and less systematic, but the
y of con-
were venerated there until the Reforma-
Citeaux (near Dijon), in 1098.
two men were at one on the use to be made
om her
tion; but Ely claimed a rival set, due to a
From these unpromising beginnings
of Aristotle's philosophy in Christian the-
ventually
supposed translation under Abbot Fred-
developed the Cistercian Order. Robert
ology. Albert was also interested in the
itics and
erick in the 11th century. St. Albans, how-
went back to Molesme, so Alberic became
physical sciences: his treatises, which fill
ssistant-
ever, claimed that these were false relics.
abbot in 1099. It is almost impossible to
thirty-eight volumes, include some on
St of the
The St. Albans tradition was given fresh
allocate responsibility between Robert,
astronomy, chemistry, geography, and
pproved
impetus by a translation in 1129, the dis-
Alberic, and Stephen for the constitutional
physiology. His main theological works
y. Mar-
covery of Amphibalus' relics at Redbourn
innovations, the extended use of lay
were a Summa and a commentary on the
ty-three,
in 1177, and of Alban's original grave in
brothers and the almost puritan attitude to
Sentences of Peter the Lombard. He also
er feast.
1257, both historically dubious. However,
the Rule of St. Benedict and to customary
wrote against the Averrhoists the treatise
the cult prospered, enhanced by the best
monastic tradition as well as to Rom-
De unitate intellectus.
artistic products of the wealthiest abbey in
anesque art-forms which characterized the
Commonly called the Universal Doctor
and 133
England. These included the new shrine
early Cistercians. Each of them took an
and placed by Dante among the lovers of
ng. tr. by
(part of which survives) and the illustrated
important part in the development of the
wisdom, he was beatified in 1622 and cano-
1907), P.
Life by Matthew Paris.
Cistercian ideal until Bernard of Clair-
nized as late as 1931, when he was named
;B.T.A.,
Alban's cult extended all over England;
vaux became their most important
by Pope Pius XI both a Doctor of the
The Nine
some French churches and villages were
member. In his panegyric of Alberic, his
Church and the patron of students of the
named after him through the influence of
successor, Stephen Harding called him
natural sciences. Feast: 15 November.
8
9
ALBURGA
P. de Loé, 'De Vita et Scriptis Beati Alberti
ALDATE (Eldad) (d. 577?), bishop, re-
Magni', Anal. Boll., xix (1900), 257-84, XX
putedly a Briton who was killed by the
(1901), 273-316, xxi (1902), 361-71. Works
Anglo-Saxons at Deorham. He is men-
ed. A. Borgnet (1890-9); critical edition by B.
tioned in the Sarum and other martyrolo-
Geyer and others in course of publication (Müns-
gies; his feast occurs in a Gloucester calen-
ter in Westphalia 1955- ); H. Laurent and M.J.
Congar, 'Essai de bibliographie albertine',
dar (14th-century addition); churches
Revue Thomiste, xxxvi (1931), 422-68; H.
were dedicated to him at Gloucester and
Wilms, Albert the Great (1933).
Oxford, as well as a famous Oxford street.
But nothing seems to be known of him: it
ALBURGA (d. C. 810), foundress of
was even suggested (unconvincingly) that
Wilton nunnery. Half-sister of Egbert,
his name was a corruption of 'old gate'.
king of Wessex and widow of Wolstan,
Feast: 4 February.
called Earl of Wiltshire, Alburga is said to
Baring-Gould and Fisher, ii. 426-8; E.B.K. after
have changed her husband's foundation of
1100, ii. 40.
canons at Wilton into a nunnery, which she
entered and where she died. Feast: 25 De-
ALDHELM (639-709), abbot of Malmes-
cember.
bury, bishop of Sherborne. A member of
the Wessex royal family, he became a
W. Dugdale, Monasticon, ii. 315; Stanton, pp.
monk at Malmesbury under its Irish foun-
607-8.
der Maeldub, but completed his education
at Canterbury under *Adrian, companion
ALCMUND (1), (Ealhmund) seventh
of Theodore. In C. 675 he became abbot
bishop of Hexham, ruled 767-81. He was
of Malmesbury and combined the skills of
buried beside *Acca outside the church;
administrator and writer. Possibly he in-
during the Danish invasions all trace of his
troduced the Rule of St. Benedict; certainly
grave was lost, but in 1032, following a
he made foundations at Frome and Brad-
supposed revelation, his relics were found
ford-on-Avon (whose surviving Anglo-
and reburied inside the church. In II54
Saxon church incorporates elements from
the relics of all the saints of Hexham were
his time). When the Wessex diocese was
collected into a single shrine; in 1296 they
divided in 705, he became first bishop of its
were scattered by the Scots. The date of
western half, but without ceasing to rule
Alcmund's death was 7 September, but
Malmesbury as well. He built churches
no trace of a feast apart from the general
at Sherborne, Wareham, Langton Ma-
one of the saints of Hexham has been
travers, and Corfe. The nearby Dorset
found.
headland, commonly called St. Alban's
J. Raine (ed.), The Priory of Hexham (S.S.,
Head, is in reality St. Aldhelm's Head,
1863), pp. xxxv-vi, 208-10.
being presumably part of his Dorset
estates.
His Old English verses, which were
ALCMUND (2), martyr of Northumbria,
sung with harp accompaniment to draw
was the son of King Alchred (765-74). He
people to church, were praised by King
was killed c. 800 and King Eardwulf (796-
Alfred, but have not survived: we can
C. 805) was held responsible. Miracles were
judge this first notable Anglo-Saxon writer
reported at Alcmund's tomb at Lilleshall;
only by his Latin works. Their florid Latin
his body was later translated to Derby.
Several churches were dedicated to him
style was praised, but not imitated, by
Bede; they influenced * Boniface and the
in Derbyshire and Shropshire. Feast: I9
writers of later charters. They were read on
March.
the Continent as well as in England up to
P. Grosjean, 'Codicis Gothani Appendix' (Vita
the I ith century. They include treatises on
S. Aelkmundi regis) Anal. Boll., lviii (1940),
Virginity in prose and verse (summaries
178-83.
of the Lives of biblical and early Christian
IO
1748
T44 B58
H
EDWARD
TELLER
Giant of the Golden Age of Physics
A BIOGRAPHY BY
Stanley A. Blumberg
and Louis G. Panos
Charles Scribner's Sons
New York
Chapter 1
THE SPEECH
Like so many other White House guests that evening of March 23, 1983,
Edward Teller did not know why he had been invited. The only hint had
come from George A. Keyworth, the president's science adviser.
"How important is it that I be there?" he had asked Keyworth on the
telephone.
"It's important, Edward.'
"But the board of regents is visiting the laboratory, and I really should
be here unless it is urgent.'
He was at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, the weapons
facility he had helped found near San Francisco more than thirty years
earlier. The University of California operated it under contract with the
Department of Energy (DOE). As the governing body of the university, the
regents made periodic oversight visits to Livermore.
Keyworth could not be more specific without violating security. But he
tried to save Teller from what he knew would be lasting disappointment if
this invitation from the president went unaccepted.
"Edward," he said, "I can tell you this. It's what you always wanted.
So Teller booked a flight east, as he had done so many times in the last
four decades. But this flight was different. In the past, his reason for
traveling to Washington was clear. As one of the world's foremost physicists
and an expert on nuclear defense, he had frequently testified before
congressional committees and had met with Pentagon and security officials
and with fellow members of the White House Science Council. Invariably,
he had wound up in the middle of controversy.
On one series of visits in the late 1940s and early 1950s, he had helped
persuade government officials of the need for thermonuclear weapons, a
success that brought him the tag he hated, "father of the H-bomb."
On another trip he testified in 1954 as a key witness in the AEC hearings
1
2 EDWARD TELLER
on whether J. Robert Oppenheimer, the great scientist who had directed
Teller and the great Itali
the World War II development of the atomic bomb, should be stripped of
atomic particles called n
his security clearance because of Communist connections. It was a turning
But curiously enough
point in the lives of both Teller and Oppenheimer.
blocked out recognition
In 1970, when he was urging Congress to strengthen national defense
widely recognized and hi
in the face of a Soviet nuclear arms buildup, students on the University of
Teller's oldest personal 1
California campus at Berkeley rose up against him. Accusing him of being
that had brought them t
a war criminal, they held a mock trial, found him guilty, then marched on
That issue, as Poinde
his nearby home. When police intercepted them at an intersection a block
they had settled down, W
away, they burned Teller in effigy.
be announced by the p
But Teller had also collected many honors through the years both as a
change would replace tl
scientist recognized for his contributions to theoretical and applied physics
buildup of nuclear arms
and as a citizen promoting defense to prevent war.
iation would discourage
An indication of the contrasting opinions he was capable of generating,
attacking each other-th
even among normally objective observers, came from two distinguished
In its place, the Wh
colleagues, both longtime acquaintances, both Nobel Prize-winning phys-
propose a policy empha
icists. Eugene P. Wigner, one of them, said, "He is the most imaginative
capable of intercepting
person I have ever met, and this means a great deal when you consider that
they reached their target
I knew Einstein.' The other, I. I. Rabi, saw Teller differently. "He is a
and his rugged features
danger to all that is important," he told us. "I do really feel it would have
influence U.S. policy S
been a better world without Teller
I think he is an enemy of
Forty-three years earl
humanity.
from another president,
Against that background, what could transpire during this White House
planned to attend the n
visit to justify Keyworth's assurance "It's what you always wanted"?
Pan American Scientif
The answer came shortly after the White House limousine dropped
retical scientist, he felt
Teller off at the southwest gate. It was 6:10 P.M., and the mid-forty-degree
its makeup. Even thoug
mildness of the afternoon had given way to a slight chill. Teller, limping
shadow of anti-Semitisi
slightly on the prosthesis replacing the right foot he had lost in an accident
hoped he could pursu
fifty-five years earlier, followed an escort up the grand staircase to the Blue
considerations.
Room. About three-dozen seats had been set up, and many of them were
Earlier that day, just
already filled or about to be filled with those still being greeted by Keyworth
troops had invaded the
and John Poindexter, President Reagan's deputy national security adviser.
move since his swift i
Teller spotted Defense Secretary Caspar W. Weinberger, Secretary of
triggered a declaration
State George Shultz, and a host of prominent scientists. Among them were
Now, with this westwar
physicists Harold Agnew, former director of the Los Alamos laboratory
French soil, the war
where the first atomic bomb was built; John Foster, former director of the
expected to discuss this
Livermore laboratory; and Victor Weisskopf, another member of the
decided to attend.
nuclear weapons pioneering team at Los Alamos, who had once joined
Roosevelt began the
* Both assessments were offered to us in 1975 interviews; Rabi repeated his when we
* Keyworth related this to
asked him again in 1981.
program originally broadcas
THE SPEECH
3
it who had directed
Teller and the great Italian physicist Enrico Fermi in writing a paper on
ould be stripped of
atomic particles called mesotrons.
ons. It was a turning
But curiously enough, Teller either did not notice or subconsciously
blocked out recognition of Hans Bethe. Bethe was not only one of the most
en national defense
widely recognized and highly acclaimed scientists in the room but was also
on the University of
Teller's oldest personal friend and strongest public opponent of the issue
cusing him of being
that had brought them to the White House that evening.
y, then marched on
That issue, as Poindexter and Keyworth explained to the guests when
intersection a block
they had settled down, was a historic change in national defense policy to
be announced by the president in a televised address at 8:00 P.M. The
1 the years both as a
change would replace the policy of pinning hopes for peace mainly on a
and applied physics
buildup of nuclear arms in the belief that only fear of catastrophic retal-
iation would discourage the United States and the Soviet Union from
pable of generating,
attacking each other-the policy of mutual assured destruction, or MAD.
m two distinguished
In its place, the White House guests were told, the president would
Prize-winning phys-
propose a policy emphasizing a defense built on modern technology, one
he most imaginative
capable of intercepting and destroying long-range nuclear missiles before
en you consider that
they reached their targets. Teller's heavy black eyebrows arched in surprise,
differently. "He is a
and his rugged features broke into a grin.* His role as a scientist trying to
ly feel it would have
influence U.S. policy seemed to have come full cycle.²
he is an enemy of
Forty-three years earlier, on May 10, 1940, he had heard a call for help
from another president, Franklin Delano Roosevelt. Teller had not even
ng this White House
planned to attend the meeting being addressed by Roosevelt, the Eighth
lways wanted"?
Pan American Scientific Conference in Washington. As a young theo-
limousine dropped
retical scientist, he felt committed to pure investigation of the world and
the mid-forty-degree
its makeup. Even though he had come to the United States to escape the
chill. Teller, limping
shadow of anti-Semitism cast over his native Hungary by Adolf Hitler, he
lost in an accident
hoped he could pursue a career free of distortion or taint by political
staircase to the Blue
considerations.
many of them were
Earlier that day, just after dawn came to western Europe, Hitler's Nazi
greeted by Keyworth
troops had invaded the Lowlands of Europe. It was Hitler's most violent
onal security adviser.
move since his swift invasion of Poland, on September 1, 1939, had
nberger, Secretary of
triggered a declaration of war on Germany by Great Britain and France.
Among them were
Now, with this westward thrust positioning Hitler for strikes at British and
Alamos laboratory
French soil, the war had taken on a new dimension. Roosevelt was
ormer director of the
expected to discuss this, and possible U.S. reaction, in his speech. Teller
member of the
decided to attend.
ho had once joined
Roosevelt began the address by deploring the invasion of Holland,
repeated his when we
*
Keyworth related this to us in a 1986 interview. Bethe described it on a PBS television
program originally broadcast on April 22, 1986.
4 EDWARD TELLER
Belgium, and Luxembourg. He pointed out that a free meeting of the type
he was addressing could no longer take place in a large part of the world.
Until the assault on the Lowlands, he said, because a great ocean separated
their country from Europe, too many Americans believed themselves safe
from "the impact of attacks on civilization." But this should convince them
otherwise, he suggested.
Roosevelt then turned to the role of the scientists in world affairs and
made this appeal: "You
may have been told that you are partly
responsible for the debacle of today because of the processes of invention
for the annihilation of time and space, but
the great achievements of
science
are only instruments by which men try to do the things they
most want to do. If death is desired, science can do that. If a full, rich, and
useful life is sought, science can do that also
I am a pacifist. You, my
fellow citizens of twenty-one American republics, are pacifists, too. But I
believe that by overwhelming majorities in all the Americas you and I, in
the long run if it be necessary, will act together to protect and defend, by
every means at our command, our science, our culture, our American
freedom and our civilization."
Teller, then thirty-two, was profoundly stirred by Roosevelt's message.
As he interpreted it, the president was not merely suggesting something that
scientists might do. "He was talking about something that was our duty and
that we must do-to work out the military problems, because without the
work of the scientists the war and the world would be lost," Teller told us
in recalling that moment in an interview nearly half a century later.
"I had the strange impression that he was talking to me. My mind was
made up, and it has not changed since."3
That speech changed Teller's life. It moved him from the world of pure,
politically uninvolved physics into an arena in which science responds
directly to the immediate problems of society and government. It was an
arena in which he was to know painful, lonely defeat. There he was also
to feel the satisfaction of knowing that he had helped shape the course of
history at three critical points: One involved production, during World
War II, of the atomic bomb, which he helped develop but which he did
not want used against the Japanese without prior demonstration in an
unpopulated area. Another came in 1952, when his design of a hydrogen
bomb was successfully tested. The third was the policy being announced
by President Reagan on this March evening of 1983.
Teller was anxious to hear the details of Reagan's plan and to see how it
would be received. Teller, who had zigzagged in and out of defense
developments since the day of that Roosevelt speech in 1940, had worked
on the concept of SDI for many years. He believed in its technical feasibility
1948
LAW LIBRARY
WHRC
{:PUBLIC PAPERS OF THE PRESIDENTS
OF THE UNITED STATES
Harry S. Truman
Containing the Public Messages, Speeches, and
Statements of the President
JANUARY I TO DECEMBER 3I, I948
19 48
UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
WASHINGTON : 1964
[104] May 20
Public Papers of the Presidents
104
Remarks in Philadelphia in the Girard College Chapel.
May 20, 1948
Mr. President, distinguished guests, and
world, and of the Caribbean. Just think
members of this great school:
of that, what a remarkable man he really
It is a pleasure for me to be here today
was! And he set up this school. He showed
on the 198th anniversary of the birth of
that his heart was exactly right; and when
Stephen Girard, one of the country's great.
he encouraged boys and young men to thirst
It is also a pleasure to me to be here for the
for an education, he was doing something
centennial celebration of this great school.
really great for the country at that time.
I was also a very great admirer of Stephen
You know, in his day it was difficult
Girard. He has the typical American story.
even for the well-to-do to get an education,
The vicissitudes of Stephen Girard are an
let alone people of small means, and he set
example to every American boy. Born in
up this school for the purpose of giving the
Bordeaux-cabin boy-shipmaster-trader-
people of small means a chance-the same
merchant-financier, a wizard at finance.
sort of a chance that the rich man's son had
I don't think there's a greater one in the
in his day.
history of the country. And what makes
Now you young men and boys are ex-
him doubly great is the fact that he set
ceedingly lucky, for you have now an ad-
up this school with that immense fortune
vantage even over the schools of the present
which he made in his career as financier
day. You have individual attention from
and merchant and trader. It is remarkable.
your teachers. In the present day our public
It is estimated that his fortune was worth
schools are so overcrowded that there are
six million dollars when he died. Well, that
plenty of instances where the teachers are not
is an immense fortune in this day. It was
able to call their pupils by name because
fabulous in his day. And just think what
they have so many of them, they don't have
it has done!
a chance to learn who they are.
I am told that there are 15,000 young
And the financial situation of our public
men who have been graduated from this
school system is something disgraceful-in
school, and that some 12,000 of them are
the richest country in the world. Underpaid
still alive, and among them are leading citi-
teachers-not enough room for the children
zens of this great Nation. Think what
to get an education that they ought to have.
a monument that is! Just think what
You can't live in this day and age without
Stephen Girard did! He was a man who
an education. This is the mechanical age,
believed in public service. He was willing
and you must be an expert in some line if
to give his life when the yellow fever epi-
you are going to make a success in this
demic was on here in Philadelphia, and he
great day-the greatest age in history, I call
gave the ingredients for the curing of yellow
it.
fever: he said cleanliness and good food, and
Now we call it the machine age. They
plenty of open air. He didn't know any-
have even got to the point where they milk
thing about the mosquitoes that were causing
the cows with machines. They bottle the
the transfer of the yellow fever from one
milk with machines. They deliver it to your
person to another, but he had the funda-
door-in a machine. These lights are made
mentals of what it has taken to eliminate
by machines. The heat comes from a
the yellow fever from all this part of the
machine.
264
cf. If the lighterlf wee invented now, x would do a report
on of
Harry S. Truman, 1948
May 20 [104]
el.
Now when I was a young man-a boy
came along. And after that, Disraeli made
your age-I had to milk a cow night and
Queen Victoria Empress of India, and
morning, carry the milk to the house, and
Britain's greatest age was just then opening
ean. Just think
put it in a cooler so I could have milk for
up.
e man he really
breakfast. You just go out on the back
Another time, a Commissioner of Patents
ool. He showed
porch and pick up a bottle, you don't know
made a report to the President of the United
right; and when
where it comes from. When I was a boy,
States, and this is what he said, I will read
ing men to thirst
we didn't have any mechanical dishwashers.
it to you, it is very interesting. Now this
doing something
I had to wash the dishes, and wash the lamp
was in 1843, more than one hundred years
y at that time.
chimneys, so that we could have clean dishes
ago. He says, "The advancement of the arts
it was difficult
for the next meal, and for light. If we
from year to year taxes our credulity and
get an education,
didn't have clean lamps, we didn't have
seems to presage the arrival of that period
Goodote
good
heans, and he set
any light. I had to split wood and carry
when human improvement must end." And
ose of giving the
it and put it in the woodbox behind the
this same Commissioner of Patents went
hance-the same
stove, so I could get up in the morning and
down to the Senate Appropriations Commit
ch man's son had
start a fire so that we could have breakfast.
tee and said he thought they ought to begin
Now all you do is turn on a gadget and have
to liquidate the Patent Office because there
and boys are ex-
everything ready. It really is the machine
was nothing else to be invented. That was
have now an ad-
age. That is true of heat. All you do is turn
in 1843. And what great inventions of the
ols of the present
on a gadget and you have the heat. These
world have come about since that age!
il attention from
lazy people of the modern day can lie in
Now we live in the atomic the
ent day our public
bed, turn on the heat in the house and finish
ed that there are
out their nap while the house gets warm.
e teachers are not
I couldn't do that, I had to start the fire,
OURT
by name because
light the lamp, and get things ready so
1, they don't have
mother could get the breakfast.
ey are.
It is an interesting age in which we live.
ion of our public
It is an age, in my opinion, that can be the
g disgraceful-in
greatest age in our history. It is an age of
vorld. Underpaid
opportunity. Don't any of you young men
n for the children
let anybody convince you that there are no
ey ought to have.
opportunities in the present day. There is
and age without
more opportunity in the present day than
e mechanical age,
there ever has been in the history of the
rt in some line if
world, but you must prepare yourselves to
a success in this
grasp that opportunity when it comes along.
e in history, I call
I can tell you a story or two that will be
interesting. Sounds as if people in the
chine age. They
1840's were not much different from the
peace in the world.
t where they milk
people today. There was once a British
You boys and young men can consummate
They bottle the
cabinet officer, and he made the statement
that effort, if you will just carry on when the
y deliver it to your
that he was most happy he was retiring
opportunity knocks for you. Don't let any-
ese lights are made
from the British cabinet because the British
one tell you that you are going out into the
t comes from a
Empire was coming to its end, and it was
world where there is no opportunity. It is
certainly going to break up before 1850
there-greater and better than ever. This
265
[185] Sept. 9
Public Papers of the Presidents
THE PRESIDENT. That is outside. I think
THE PRESIDENT. I cannot guess. I thought
Secretary Marshall commented on that very
Labor Day was a pretty good sample.
fully yesterday.
[Laughter]
Q. He did. I didn't quite get what he
Q. There was one report that you might
meant. [Laughter]
make 500 appearances between Labor Day
[9.] Q. Mr. President, getting back to
and Election Day?
the campaign and subsequent trips, are you
THE PRESIDENT. Well, as Mark Twain said
going to Troy, Schenectady, and several
about his death, I think that is rather exag-
other upstate New York
gerated. [More laughter]
THE PRESIDENT. They are under considera-
[10.] Q. Mr. President, will recognition
tion. I can't give you anything definite on
of the Government of Israel have to wait
that until we have made a decision on it. I
until after the election in Israel?
will let you know in plenty of time.
THE PRESIDENT. I have that matter under
Q. How about Albany, N.Y., Mr. Presi-
consideration now. I cannot give you a
dent? [Laughter]
definite answer on it now.
THE PRESIDENT. Well, I will let you know
[II.] Q. Mr. President, I think there
about that when we get that trip definitely
may be some confusion about Mr. Marshall's
A
worked out.
statement yesterday regarding the Italian
Q. You are not going there on this trip?
colonies. He said that the policy was bi-
THE PRESIDENT. Oh no, no.
partisan. Does that mean that Mr. Dewey
Q. Do you plan to stop in Texas on your
has been consulted
current trip?
THE PRESIDENT. General Marshall's state-
THE PRESIDENT. I will let you know about
ment will have to stand on just what he said.
that. I have gone as far as I can on that
Reporter: Thank you, Mr. President.
with a definite statement. Trying to get the
THE PRESIDENT. You are entirely welcome.
thing arranged so that it will be satisfactory
and so you won't lose too much sleep.
NOTE: President Truman's one hundred and fifty-
sixth news conference was held in his office at the
Q. Mr. President, can you guess how many
White House at 10:30 a.m. on Thursday, September
speeches you will make a day on this west-
9, 1948.
ern
186 Address Before the American Association for the
POTUS is the first
Advancement of Science. September 13, 1948
President to address
Mr. President, members of the American
In the I00 years since this association was
the Assn. since
Association for the Advancement of Science,
organized, science has helped transform the
Truman. This is
ladies and gentlemen:
United States into the most productive
what he said
I am deeply honored in being with you
nation in the world. I know that in your
[other previous
tonight on the rooth anniversary of the
meetings this week you will be looking back
founding of the American Association for
over the progress of American science in the
Presidential
the Advancement of Science. As President
past century. I also know that you are much
remarks to come.]
of the United States, I welcome you to Wash-
more interested in looking into the future.
ington.
You are looking forward, I know, because
482
FYI:
Founded by Edison,
whose birthday is Feb. 11. (4 speaks.) days before POTUS
Feb.11. = Nt% Science Youth Day
we could this speech & 1948 & the Assn centennial in as a those starting point. inventions Then
Maybe talk about the great developments since 1948, particular military
now in civilian use.
Harry S. Truman, 1948
Sept. I3 [186]
ot guess. I thought
we stand at this moment at the threshold of
consider how they can be made effective
etty good sample.
revolutionary developments. Scientific re-
national policies.
search daily becomes more important to our
I know that you are also deeply concerned
ort that you might
agriculture, our industry, and our health.
with the relationship of science to our na-
between Labor Day
The members of this association know better
tional defense and security. Three years
than I what developments to expect in the
ago, when the fighting stopped, all of us
IS Mark Twain said
years ahead in physics, in chemistry, in
were eager to return to our peacetime pur-
that is rather exag-
biology, and the other sciences, but I am
suits. The first thought of a great many
AHA!
]
certain of this-that science will change our
of us was how to translate our wartime ad-
nt, will recognition
lives in the century ahead even more than
vances in scientific knowledge into better
Israel have to wait
it has changed them in the hundred years
standards of living.
1 Israel?
just past.
It is an unfortunate fact, however, that the
that matter under
I hope you will also be thinking about the
peace we hoped for has not come quickly.
cannot give you a
relationship between science and our national
We are still living in hazardous times. We
W.
policy.
are required to give unremitting thought to
lent, I think there
Two years ago, I appointed a Scientific
the defense of the United States at a period
bout Mr. Marshall's
Research Board. Its report, entitled "Science
when defense has become incredibly more
garding the Italian
and Public Policy," was submitted last fall.
difficult. American scientists must, like all
the policy was bi-
The report stressed the importance of science
the rest of our citizens, devote a part of their
an that Mr. Dewey
to our national welfare, and it contained a
strength and skill to keeping the Nation
number of important recommendations.
strong. At a time when we hoped our scien-
al Marshall's state-
The most important were these:
tific efforts could be directed almost exclu-
n just what he said.
First, we should double our total public
sively to improving the well-being of our
Mr. President.
and private allocations of funds to the sci-
people, we must, instead, make unprece-
e entirely welcome.
ences. We are now devoting, through Fed-
dented peacetime efforts to maintain our
ne hundred and fifty-
eral and private expenditure, little more than
military strength. For we have learned—
eld in his office at the
$I billion for research and development per
we have learned the hard and bitter way-
n Thursday, September
year. With a national income of more than
that we cannot hope for lasting peace with
$200 billion annually, the Board felt that we
justice if we do not remain strong in the
should devote at least $2 billion to scientific
cause of peace.
research and development each year.
If we are to maintain the leadership in
Second, greater emphasis should be placed
science that is essential to national strength,
on basic research and on medical research.
we must vigorously press ahead in research.
Third, a National Science Foundation
There is one simple axiom on which this
should be established.
thought is based. The secrets of nature are
this association was
Fourth, more aid should be granted to the
not our monopoly. Any nation that is will-
elped transform the
universities, both for student scholarships
ing and able to make the effort can learn
e most productive
and for research facilities.
the secrets that we have learned. Such a
know that in your
Fifth, the work of the research agencies
nation may, indeed, discover new facts of
will be looking back
of the Federal Government should be better
nature we have not yet discovered.
erican science in the
financed and coordinated.
Our problem, therefore, is not a static one
V that you are much
I hope that you have been weighing these
of preserving what we have. Our problem
g into the future.
recommendations carefully, and that if you
is to continue to engage in pure-or funda-
rd, I know, because
agree with me that they are sound, you will
mental-research in all scientific fields.
483
[186] Sept. I3
Public Papers of the Presidents
Such research alone leads to striking devel-
Research and Development, appointed by
opments that mean leadership. Yet it is pre-
me last March, aids in coordinating the Gov-
cisely in this area that we, as a nation, have
ernment's many research programs. I sin-
been weakest. We have been strong in ap-
cerely hope that these programs will be
plied science and in technology, but in the
further developed and coordinated by the
pr
past we have relied largely on Europe for
early passage of a National Science Founda-
basic knowledge.
tion bill.
Pure research is arduous, demanding, and
The second obligation of the Federal Gov-
difficult. It requires unusual intellectual
ernment in connection with basic research
ar
powers. It requires extensive and special-
is to provide working conditions under
ized training. It requires intense concen-
which scientists will be encouraged to work
tration, possible only when all the faculties
for the Government. Scientists do not want
-
of the scientist are brought to bear on a
to work in ivory towers, but they do want to
problem, with no disturbances or distrac-
work in an atmosphere free from suspicion,
S1
tions.
personal insult, or politically motivated at-
Some of the fundamental research neces-
tacks. It is highly unfortunate that we have
sary to our national interest is being under-
not been able to maintain the proper condi-
taken by the Federal Government. The
tions for best scientific work. This failure
P
Government has, I believe, two obligations
has grave implications for our national secu-
in connection with this research if we are
rity and welfare.
Interesting
to obtain the results we hope for. First, it
There are some politicians who are under
must provide truly adequate funds and facil-
the impression that scientific knowledge be-
ities. Second, it must provide the working
longs only to them. They seem to feel that
atmosphere in which research progress is
it is dangerous to let scientists know any-
possible.
thing about scientific developments in this
As to the first point, the Government is
country.
developing impressive programs in many
This situation has been of increasing con-
scientific fields. Fundamental research is
cern to me. It was highlighted by a tele-
being carried on for the National Military
gram I received last week from eight distin-
Establishment in the laboratories of the
guished scientists. These men expressed
Armed Forces, of industry, and of our uni-
their alarm at the deterioration of relations
versities. The Atomic Energy Commission
between scientists and the Government be-
has been pushing its extensive research. The
cause of the frequent attacks which have
National Advisory Committee for Aeronau-
been made on scientists in the ostensible
tics has expanded its many aeronautical de-
name of security. The telegram points out
velopments. The Federal Security Agency
that the actions of certain groups are "creat-
has engaged in extensive medical studies, in
ing an atmosphere that makes men shun
its own laboratories like the National Insti-
Government work," and that the Federal
tutes of Health, and through grants to col-
Government is losing the services of excel-
leges and universities. Other Federal
lent scientists because they have been looked
agencies, such as the Departments of Com-
upon from certain quarters as "men not to
merce, of Agriculture, and of the Interior.
be trusted." The telegram points out that
have pursued vigorous programs. The In-
scientists fully appreciate the need for sensi-
terdepartmental Committee on Scientific
ble security measures. But scientists very
484
Harry S. Truman, 1948
Sept. I3 [186]
Development, appointed by
understandably are reluctant to work where
They are truths that the American people
ds in coordinating the Gov.
they are subject "to the possibility of smears
need to understand.
research programs. I sin-
that may ruin them professionally for life.'
Science has no political affiliation. Con-
: these programs will be
That telegram was a balanced and sober
cern for our national security is nonpartisan.
d and coordinated by the
presentation of a vital problem that concerns
Sober recognition of scientific research as the
1 National Science Founda-
every American.
basis of our future national security should
Continuous research by our best scientists
certainly be nonpartisan. All Americans
igation of the Federal Gov-
is the key to American scientific leadership
have a solemn obligation to avoid those
ection with basic research
and true national security. This indispens-
methods and procedures which are impeding
orking conditions under
able work may be made impossible by the
scientific research-whether adopted mis-
vill be encouraged to work
creation of an atmosphere in which no man
takenly with good intent, or advocated in the
int. Scientists do not want
feels safe against the public airing of un-
name of security by men with other axes to
owers, but they do want to
founded rumors, gossip, and vilification.
grind.
phere free from suspicion,
Such an atmosphere is un-American. It is
My emphasis tonight has been on the
r politically motivated at-
the climate of a totalitarian country in which
physical and biological sciences. These are
unfortunate that we have
scientists are expected to change their theo-
obviously in the forefront in terms of our
naintain the proper condi-
ries to match changes in the police state's
industry and technology. But the social sci-
ntific work. This failure
propaganda line.
ences and related fields are at least as im-
ions for our national secu-
I hardly need remind this association that
portant in the present stage of human affairs.
it is primarily to scientists that we owe the
The physical sciences offer us tangible
politicians who are under
existence of our atomic energy enterprise.
goods; the biological sciences, tangible cures.
it scientific knowledge be-
It was the scientists who first saw the pos-
The social sciences offer us better ways of
1. They seem to feel that
sibility of an atomic bomb. It was the
organizing our lives. I have high hopes,
let scientists know any-
scientists who proved the possibility. It was
as our knowledge in these fields increases,
:ific developments in this
the scientists who first saw the need of secu-
that the social sciences will enable us to
rity measures, and who on their own initia-
escape from those habits and thoughts which
as been of increasing con-
tive clamped down a tight lid of secrecy on
have resulted in so much strife and tragedy.
as highlighted by a tele-
all experiments. It must not be forgotten
Now and in the years ahead, we need more
it week from eight distin-
for a moment, and certainly it must not be
than anything else the honest and uncompro-
These men expressed
obscured by any smear campaign, that but
mising commonsense of science. Science
deterioration of relations
for the scientists we would have no atomic
means a method of thought. That method
and the Government be-
energy program.
is characterized by open-mindedness, hon-
nent attacks which have
We are only in the beginnings of the
esty, perseverance, and above all, by an un-
ientists in the ostensible
atomic age. The knowledge that we now
flinching passion for knowledge and truth.
The telegram points out
have is but a fraction of the knowledge we
When more of the peoples of the world have
certain groups are "creat-
must get, whether for peaceful uses or for
learned the ways of thought of the scientist,
: that makes men shun
national defense. We must depend on in-
we shall have better reason to expect lasting
and that the Federal
tensive research to acquire the further
peace and a fuller life for all.
ng the services of excel-
knowledge we need. We cannot drive
NOTE: The President spoke at 8:45 p.m. in Consti-
se they have been looked
scientists into our laboratories, but, if we
tution Hall in Washington. His opening words
quarters as "men not to
tolerate reckless or unfair attacks, we can
"Mr. President" referred to Edmund W. Sinnott,
certainly drive them out.
President of the American Association for the Ad-
telegram points out that
vancement of Science. The address was carried on
eciate the need for sensi-
These are truths that every scientist knows.
a nationwide radio broadcast.
res. But scientists very
485
WINNER STS 1965
Copyright C 1964 by Science Service, Inc.
see Reader's re current work Degest
627
PERSONAL DATA BLANK
To be filled in by Students, Teachers and Principal
Annual
Science Talent Search
Conducted by Science Clubs of America, administered by Science Service, for the
WESTINGHOUSE SCIENCE SCHOLARSHIPS AND AWARDS
Full Legal Name:
Kurzweil
Raymond
C.
(PRINT IN
last name
first name
middle name
CAPITAL LETTERS)
Address: 221-28 Hartland Ave.
Jamaica 27
New York 11427
street and number
city
state
zip code
Name of School: Martin Van Buren High Sc. Address of School Queens Village, New York
city
state
zip code
Age at Last Birthday:
16
Date of Birth:
Feb.
12
1948
Sex:
Male
month
day
year
male or female
Place of Birth:
New York City
New York
city
state or foreign country
The Simulation of the Creative Process and Its Function
Title of Project Report:
in Thought Production by Statistical Computer Circuitry
entered 1963
The PERSONAL DATA BLANK has been designed
Part II will be filled out by the STUDENT, and then
to show, for each participant in the Annual Science
reviewed by the TEACHER who will add any further
Talent Search, the evidences of those traits, character-
information which may be pertinent. Directions must
stics, attitudes, and habits which are an important
be followed carefully, giving full information.
part of becoming a creative scientist. Because these
evidences are important, both the student and his
Part III will be filled out entirely by the teacher im-
teacher must be sure that the information requested
mediately after the student has completed Parts I and
is given fully and completely.
II.
The Personal Data Blank should be completed as
Part IV is to be filled out by the High School Principal.
soon as possible after it is received by the high school.
TEACHERS and STUDENTS must follow the in-
structions for each Part, SO that the information given
The PERSONAL DATA BLANK has four parts.
will be maximally useful in selecting those who are to
Part I must be filled out by the STUDENT himself.
This should be done as soon as possible after the blanks
be awarded honors, and SO that no one will be dropped
have been received, and should be reviewed by the
from further consideration because of lack of required
teacher to see that the information is complete.
information.
Page 1
The 05 main objects of
all science are the
freedom & happiness
of man.
AWYER MELEA RODGERS has just
Until she received this Kurzweil
L
arrived for work at the Deca-
Personal Reader, she depended on
tur, Ala., City Hall. The
office-mates and her mother to
petite young woman with shoul-
read not only her daily mail, but
der-length blond hair sits down at
thousands of pages of regulations
her desk and picks up her stack of
and court documents.
morning mail. She opens the first
Now she can have any page read
letter and presses a switch on a
aloud to her in any of nine distinct
briefcase-size machine on her desk.
voice styles-from the resonant bass
"Hello, this is Perfect Paul," says
of Huge Harry to the breathy tones
a resonant male voice coming from
of Whispering Wendy. "Ever since
the device. "I am ready." Rodgers
I got my Kurzweil last year, I've
picks up a palm-size scanner and
been on my own. It's a wonderful
slowly begins to slide it back and
feeling," says Rodgers.
forth on the letter. In a moment,
The Kurzweil whose name
Perfect Paul continues. "Dear Miss
adorns the machine is Raymond
Rodgers," he says, as he begins
Kurzweil, one of the most remark-
reading the entire letter.
able inventors alive. A soft-spoken
Melea Rodgers went blind as a
businessman-scientist in Waltham,
result of diabetes several years ago.
Mass., Kurzweil has repeatedly as-
tonished colleagues and competitors
with his "smart machines" that are
The
Magic Machines of
Ray Kurzweil
New "intelligent" devices that make life
easier for the blind are just the beginning,
says this modern-day sorcerer
By EDWARD ZIEGLER
119
READER'S DIGEST
February
the machine reads those lan-
guages the same way I
would read them."
visab
basi
Judge Craig Alston of
Bay City, Mich., suffers from
a degenerative eye disease.
Now legally blind, Alston of-
ten addresses students and
community groups on the
dangers of drinking and
driving. To add dramatic
impact, he sometimes brings
along his Personal Reader
and has Perfect Paul read
from medical, scientific and
accident reports.
Few things give Ray
Kurzweil more of a sense
of fulfillment than hearing
such stories. "I've received
hundreds of letters from
Ray Kurzweil with his Personal Reader (left)
and an optional book scanner (right)
blind people who say they
couldn't have gotten their
transforming the lives of millions.
college degree or couldn't hold
Paul Scher, rehabilitation-serv-
their current job if it hadn't been
ices consultant for Sears in Chicago,
for the Reader. It's a great feeling."
can now enjoy his evenings instead of
As a small boy growing up in
using them to keep up with office
Queens, N.Y., Kurzweil was an ac-
paper work. "I used to depend on a
complished magician. Then in 1960,
device that converts written material
at age 12, he discovered the comput-
into a tactile pattern," says Scher. "It
er. Within three years he had written
took forever. The Kurzweil is a
a program that saved so much time
fantastic breakthrough."
in doing statistical analyses that IBM
In Ann Arbor, Mich., Phillip
later distributed it to customers
Jones, a 78-year-old widower, de-
throughout the country.
lights in his Personal Reader's abili-
"I was already interested in how
ty to inject excitement into its into-
recognize things-how we pick
nation when it sees an exclamation
up patterns. That, to me, is the key
point. He also likes how it can read
to intelligence. And I began dream-
a page of German or Italian with a
ing of making pattern recognition
pronounced American accent. "It's
the area where I would concen-
easy for me to understand because
trate," says Kurzweil.
120
PHOTO: © MLB/A-DAN MURRAY
199
THE MAGIC MACHINES OF RAY KURZWEIL
Later Kurzweil enrolled at
carland pawned his tape recorders.
Massachusetts Institute of Tech-
During this period a dog tore: his
nology, where he was known as
pants as he walked into a store. The
The Phantom for constantly dis-
dog's distraught owner settled with
appearing to work on his own
Kurzweil on the spot for $50. "It
projects. "One semester I started a
was applied right away to my com-
company built around a system I
pany's overdue phone bill," Kurz-
had developed for matching high-
weil recalls.
school students with colleges," he
On a freezing January morning
says. "On the basis of answers to a
in 1976, the young inventor staged a
300-item questionnaire, a student
demonstration for the press that
would get a list of 15 colleges that
caused a sensation. That evening
he might want to look into."
the robot-like voice of his prototype
In his book Cybernetics, former
reading machine delivered Walter
M.I.T. mathematician and com-
Cronkite's sign-off on the "CBS
puter scientist Norbert Wiener
Evening News."
helped define the path that Ray
The following day, blind singer
Kurzweil has followed. One thing
Stevie Wonder heard Kurzweil
a truly "intelligent" computer
demonstrating his reader on the
should be able to do, Wiener
"Today Show" and traveled to
said, is distinguish letters of the
Cambridge to meet the inventor.
alphabet no matter what style they
"He wanted one right away,"
are printed in. "It was an interest-
Kurzweil recalls. "That first ma-
ing challenge to take on," Kurz-
chine weighed about 35° pounds
weil says.
and cost $50,000, but we loaded it
After graduation from M.I.T. in
right into his car." Wonder stayed
1970, Kurzweil started his own
up all that night reading. In the
software-development company.
years since, the Kurzweil machine
Then in 1974, with financing from
has been "a brother and a friend,"
family and friends, he created
he says.
another company, Kurzweil Com-
Today's Personal Reader weighs
puter Products. Within two years,
less than 20 pounds, costs $8000
he succeeded in making a com-
and, unlike its very deliberate an-
puter read printed material with an
cestor, can rattle off as many as 35°
optical scanner and speak the
words a minute. Ultimately, Kurz-
words through a voice-synthesizing
weil envisions a book-size $1000
unit. But the computer had a hard
Readman, even more portable than
time with the thousands of look-
the Personal Reader.
alike words that don't sound alike
In 1980 Kurzweil sold his busi-
(doll and roll, for example).
ness to Xerox, which, with the
At one point, finances were so
American Foundation for the
precarious that Kurzweil sold his
Blind and the Bank of Boston, pro-
121
READER'S DIGEST
vides low-interest loans to visually
an examination and receive a typed
impaired people who need a Per-
report in minutes.
sonal Reader.
At Community Hospital in Syra-
"We set up the machine the
cuse, N.Y., the radiology department
first day we got it, and within an
used to have a chronic backlog of
hour it was working!" says Greg
unfinished reports. "With the
Adams, a 39-year-old record deal-
Kurzweil Voice Report, we can
er in West Hartford, Conn., who
now complete 90 percent of patient
benefited from the loan program.
reports within 24 hours of exami-
"I've always been frustrated that
nation," says department chairman
only a small percentage of books
Dr. David Cheris.
are put into Braille or onto tape.
Kurzweil voice-recognition
Now I can go to the library, get
technology is helping in the devel-
anything I want off a shelf and
opment of voice-controlled robotic
read it."
aids for quadriplegics. Children's
The Personal Reader is also used
Hospital in Boston is experiment-
in schools to aid students with read-
ing with this technology to translate
ing disabilities. Researchers have
the indistinct speech of cerebral-
discovered that these students can
palsy patients into readable print.
sometimes overcome their handi-
Among his future plans, Kurz-
cap if they scan a page of a book,
weil envisions an aid for the deaf.
then follow along with Perfect Paul
"Imagine," he says, "a small screen
as he pronounces each word, like an
in your eyeglasses or a hand-held
infinitely patient teacher.
device that lets you see what some-
one is saying to you, much like the
RAY KURZWEIL is now devoting
subtitles in a foreign film."
much of his time to new and differ-
Meanwhile Kurzweil has not
ent machines. The Kurzweil music
forgotten his roots. "When I was a
synthesizer has become the stand-
boy," he says, "I loved to perform
ard for such stars as Stevie Wonder,
magic tricks, and I loved the look of
Kenny Rogers and Neil Diamond.
delight on people's faces when they
Kurzweil has also created a voice-
saw something impossible happen.
recognition mechanism that per-
As I grew older, I simply discovered
mits a busy doctor to speak into a
a more powerful form of magic: the
hand-held device after completing
computer."
Muddled Meaning. Having worked as a dental hygienist for many years, I
had undoubtedly mentioned some of the medical and dental terms at
home in discussing my job. I realized this when I overheard my little
daughter telling a friend, "Oh, that's Fred Astaire. He's the one that used
to dance with Ginger Vitis."
-Contributed by Sandy McLeod
122
J43
1967
V.2
WHRC
6THE
Jeffersonian Cyclopedia
A COMPREHENSIVE COLLECTION OF THE
VIEWS OF
THOMAS JEFFERSON
Classified and Arranged in Alphabetical Order
Under Nine Thousand Titles
RELATING TO GOVERNMENT, POLITICS, LAW,
EDUCATION, POLITICAL ECONOMY, FINANCE,
SCIENCE, ART, LITERATURE, RELIGIOUS
FREEDOM, MORALS, ETC.
EDITED BY
JOHN P. FOLEY
WITH AN INTRODUCTION BY
JULIAN P. BOYD
VOLUME TWO
"I have sworn upon the altar of God eternal hostility against
every form of tyranny over the mind of man."-Thomas Jefferson
NEW YORK / RUSSELL & RUSSELL
Science
Seamen
THE JEFFERSONIAN CYCLOPEDIA
792
which the French have so much cultivated and
analyzing powers of his mind.
These
improved. have now adopted the latter; and
analytical views indeed must always be ram fied
that they have also g ven up the fluxionary, for
according to their object. Yours is on the
the differential calculus. To confine a school,
great scale of a methodical encyclopedia of all
therefore, to the obsolete work of Cavallo, is
human sciences. taking for the basis of their
to shut out all advances in the physical sciences
distribution, matter. mind, and the union of
which have been so great in latter times.-To
both. Lord Bacon founded his first great di-
PATRICK K. RODGERS. vii. 327. (M., 1824.)
vision on the faculties of the mind which have
cognizance of these sciences. It does not seem
7733. SCIENCE, Encouragement of.—I
to have been observed by any one that the
am for the encouraging the progress of science
origination of this division was not with him.
in all its branches: and not for raising a hue
It had been proposed by Charron, more than
and cry against the sacred name of philosophy:
twenty years before. in his book de la Sagesse.
for awing the human mind by stories of raw-
B. I. c. 14, and an imperfect ascription of the
head and bloody bones to a distrust of its own
sciences to these respective faculties was there
vision, and to repose implicitly on that of
attempted. This excellent moral work was
others; to go backward instead of forward to
published in 1600. Lord Bacon is said not to
look for improvement : to believe that govern-
have entered on his great work until his retire-
ment, religion. morality. and every other SCI-
ment from public office in 1621. Where sci-
ence were in the highest perfection in the ages
ences ate to be arranged in accommodation to
of the darkest ignorance, and that nothing can
the schools of an university, they will be
ever be devised more perfect than what was cs-
grouped to coincide with the kindred qualifica-
tablished by our forefathers.-To ELBRIDGE
tions of professors in ordinary. For a library,
GERRY. iv. 269. FORD ED., vii, 328. (Pa.,
which was my object. their divisions and sub-
1799.)
divisions will be made such as to throw con-
7734. SCIENCE. Mother of freedom.-
venient masses of books under each separate
Freedom. the first-born daughter of science.—
head. Thus, in the library of a physician. the
To M. D'IVERNOIS. iv. 113. FORD ED., vii, 3.
books of that science. of which he has many.
will be subdivided under many heads: and
(M., Feb. 1705.)
those of law. of which he has few, will be
7735. SCIENCE. Objects of.-The main
placed under a single one. The lawyer. again.
objects of all science are the freedom and hap-
will distribute his law books under many sub-
piness of man.-To GENERAL Koscrusko, v,
divisions, his medical under a single one. Your
50 .
(M..
1810.)
idea of making the subject matter of the sci-
7736. SCIENCE. Pursuit of.-On the re-
ences the basis of their distribution. is cer-
vival of letters. learning became the universal
tainly more reasonable than that of the fac-
ulties to which they are addressed.
favorite [pursuit]. And with reason. because
Were I to re-compose my tabular view of the
there was not enough of it existing to manage
sciences. I should certainly transpose a certain
Polish
the affairs of a nation to the best advantage.
branch. The naturalists. you know. distribute
nor to advance its ndividuals to the happiness
the history of nature into three kingdoms or de-
General
of which they were susceptible. by improve-
ments in their minds. their morals. their health.
partments : zoology, botany, mineralogy. Id-
who fought
and in those conveniences which contribute to
cology. or mind. however. occupies so much
the comfort and embeilishment of life. All the
space in the field of science, that we might per-
efforts of the society. therefore. were directed
haps erect it into a fourth kingdom or depart-
in the
ment. But. inasmuch as it makes a part ot the
to the increase of learning, and the induce-
animal construction only. it would be more
Rev. War
ments of respect. case. and pront were held up
for its encouragement. I:ven the charities of
proper to subdivide zoology into physical and
moral. The latter including ideology. ethics.
here
the nation forgot that misery was their object.
and mental science generally. in my catalogue.
and spent themselves in founding schools to
considering ethics. as well as religion. as sup-
transfer to science the hardy sons of the plow.
plements to law in the government of man. I
To these incitements were added the powerful
had them in that sequence. But certainly the
fascinations of great cities. These circum-
faculty of thought belongs to animal history. is
stances have long S nce produced an overcharge
an important portion ot it. and should there
in the class of competitors for learned occupa-
find its place.-To MR. WOODWARD. vii, 338.
tion. and great distress among the supernumer-
(M.. 1824.)
ary candidates: and the more, as the r habits
of life have disqualified them for reentering
- SCIENTIFIC SOCIETIES.-See So-
into the laborious class. The evil cannot be
CIETIES, SCIENTIFIC.
suddenly. nor perhaps ever entirely cured: nor
should I presume to say by what means it may
- SCIPIO.-See ORATORY.
he cured. Doubtless there are many engines
- SCREW PROPELLER.-See INVEN-
which the nation might bring to bear on this
TIONS.
object. Public opinion. and publ C encourage-
ment are among these.-To DAVID WILLIAMS.
7740. SCULPTURE. Style.-As to the
IV. 513. W. (803.)
style or costume [for a statue of General Wash-
7737. SCIENCE. Republican govern-
ington]. I am sure the artist, and every person
ment and.-Science is more important in a
of taste in Europe. would be for the Roman.
Our boots and regimentals have a
republican than in any other government.-To
very puny effect.-To NATHANIEL MACON. vi,
VII. 221. (M.. 1821.)
535. (M., 1816.)
7738.
Science is important to
7741. SEAMEN, American.-The sea-
the preservation of our republican government
men which our navigation raises had better be
and it is also essential to its protection against
foreign To
(M..
of our own. It is neither our wish nor our in-
vii.
222.
terest ever to employ [those of England].-To
1821.)
WILLIAM SHORT. V1, 128. (M., June 1813
7739. SCIENCES. Distribution of the.-
i have received the copy of your System of
7742. SEAMEN. Distressed.-Anct.cr
Universal Science. It will be a mon-
circumstance which claims attention, as directiv
ument 01 the learning of the author and ot the
affect ng the very source ot our navigation.
(Lange/Cawley)
February 13, 1991
11:15 A.M.
[AAAS.DOC]
PRESIDENTIAL REMARKS:
AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR
THE ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE
ROOM 450
10:00
FRIDAY, FEBRUARY 15, 1991
[[ Thank you, Dr. Atkinson. Dr. Langenberg, Dr. Lederman
["LETTERMAN"]; Dr. Rowland; Dr. Bromley; distinguished friends of
science. ]] It's an honor to be here. Since its founding nearly
a century and a half ago, your association has watched over the
most far-reaching and breathtaking transformation that human
society has ever known. Science and technology have brought
unprecedented prosperity, mobility, health, and security to
millions, around the world.
Today, the spirit of innovation is alive and well in
America. [[ Of course, times have changed. Some say that if
Edison had invented the lightbulb today, we'd have scores of
studies citing the dangers of electricity -- and the newspapers
would headline the story, "Candle Industry Threatened." ]]
Anyone who's been near a television in recent weeks has seen
dramatic evidence of how technology is changing the face of war.
Modern weapons are making it possible to face down aggression
without the degree of widespread destruction and loss of civilian
life of wars past. That's why I'll be visiting the workers who
make the Patriot missile, later today.
Our investment in defense research and development over the
past decade is now saving the lives of Americans -- of our allies
2
-- and even of our adversaries. I am certain that this struggle
will end decisively. Let us all pray that it ends quickly. III
Here at home, science and technology are also a crucial key
to our economic strength. If the past is prologue, our economic
future is going to be very bright indeed. Over half of the
economic growth we've enjoyed since the 1930's has been the
result of new knowledge, including science and technology. And
beyond advances in prosperity and security, work on the frontiers
of knowledge is one of humanity's greatest adventures.
For all of these reasons, the budget that I sent to Capitol
Hill last week included a 13 percent increase for research and
development. That increase is one of the largest in the budget
-- and it's proof of our determination to make the investments
needed to ensure this country's continued leadership. We intend
to help scientists spend less time searching for funding, and
more time making breakthroughs.
One of our highest priorities is basic research --
especially by the individual scientist or smaller team. To
support their work, our budget calls for a billion dollar
increase in basic research. Funding at the National Science
Foundation would go up 18 percent, which would put the NSF budget
back on the track toward the doubling that I've long sought --
and increases in basic research at the N.I.H., Department of
Energy, NASA, and the Department of Agriculture will add to the
base of knowledge on which the future is being built.
3
At the same time, this budget makes a strong commitment to
the facilities that many individual scientists will need to reach
the future frontiers of their fields. That means nuclear
accelerators in physics, telescopes in astronomy, a strong space
science program at NASA, and the human genome project in biology
-- all projects that will have a profound impact on humanity.
Over the next year, the United States will spend over a
billion dollars on the U.S. Global Change Program. Part of our
efforts take the form of a Mission to Planet Earth, where
satellites will monitor the Earth from space. And our Mission
from Planet Earth will extend human curiosity to frontiers beyond
our own planet, to the Moon, to the planets, and beyond.
But along with record investment in federal R & D, totalling
$76 billion, we are committed to working with American industry
to make it easier for companies to capitalize on the discoveries
of basic science -- and to develop new products and processes.
That's why I am again calling on the Congress to make the
research and experimentation tax credit permanent -- to make a
long-term commitment to our technological future.
We face a crucial challenge in developing the generic
technologies important to both the public and private sectors.
That's why the budget supports work in high performance computing
and communications, in energy research and development, in
aeronautics, and in biotechnology -- the basis for some of the
most promising industries of the 21st century.
4
Technology may be the key to the future, but people are the
key to technology. The National Education Goals we established
with the nation's governors explicitly recognize this link. One
of our most ambitious goals is for American students to be first
in the world in science and math achievement by the year 2000.
Our budget includes substantial funding increases for math
and science education. But those math and science goals will
never be achieved if they're seen as goals for government alone.
All sectors of society must recognize the importance of
scientific literacy and strive to achieve it.
And that's where the AAAS comes in. Your Project 2061 is
working where all lasting change must occur -- at the local level
-- to transform the teaching of mathematics and science.
Last fall, we had 200 of the best mathematics and science
teachers in the country to the White House -- and more than a few
of those teachers pointed out that kids are natural-born
scientists. They delight in the sheer pleasure of learning new
things, making something work, understanding the world.
This delight is something most scientists never lose. The
Nobel-prize-winning geneticist Barbara McClintock once said of
her work, "I did it because it was fun. I couldn't wait to get
up in the morning. I never thought of it as science."
The sheer adventure of science is one of the main reasons
for holding this meeting -- and for the continued vitality of the
"Triple-A, S." Sharing science's sense of adventure through
education and outreach has never been more important than now.
5
Your work is vitally important. Of all humanity's concerns,
the power of knowing is the greatest pursuit -- the surest
promise of a brighter future -- the greatest covenant we keep
with future generations.
So let us pursue the adventure of science as a sacred trust.
And let us keep the fire of the American mind burning brightly,
for the sake of the future our children deserve.
Thank you all. May God bless the United States of America.
# # #
February 20, 1991
MEMORANDUM
TO:
CURT SMITH
FROM:
CAROLYN CAWLEYCO
RE:
WESTINGHOUSE ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
POTUS introduced by:
*
Paul E. Lego [leggo]
CEO - Westinghouse Corporation
Acknowledgements:
* Dr. Glenn T. Seaborg
Chairman, Science Service
(( company that administers
the program ))
*
E.G. Sherman, Jr.
President, Science Service
* Carol Luszcz [loosh]
Program Director, Science Service
*
Monsignor W. Louis Quinn
St. Matthew's
*
M.C.: Ira Flatow
*
the Science Talent Search Judges
(( there are 7 of them ))
The winners will be announced at the end of the banquet, after
the President leaves. The format is just like the Oscars, in which
the head judge says "the envelope, please!". Anticipation,
excitement, and nervousness will no doubt pervade the room -- maybe
POTUS could make note of this.
February 15, 1991
MEMORANDUM
TO:
CURT SMITH
FROM:
CAROLYN CAWLEY
RE:
WESTINGHOUSE SCIENCE AWARDS
The endeavors of scientists and researchers over
the past century have improved our lives in all
areas -- health, communications, transportation,
national defense, to name a few.
Here are some famous scientists who you may want to
mention -- they opened the path for the Industrial
Revolution:
-- Thomas Edison
-- George Westinghouse
-- Alexander Graham Bell
-- Guglielmo Marconi
-- Samuel Morse
-- the Wright Brothers
-- Marie Curie
-- Louis Pasteur
-- George Washington Carver
Where would we be without the inquiring minds
of scientists, with their lofty dreams and
intense dedication to making the world a better
place in which to live?
"The main objects of all science
are the freedom and happiness of man."
-- Thomas Jefferson, to
General Kosciusko, Polish
soldier who fought with us
in the Rev. War
(( See Readers Digest Xerox on Raymond Kurzweil,
a former winner who has gone on to develop "smart
machines" that are transforming the lives of
millions.) )
EXAMPLES OF THE CURRENT COMPETITORS PROJECTS
These high school students have reached astounding levels
of sophistication in their research projects --
experts claim that they are working at the graduate student
level, if not beyond. It is also to their credit that
they must present detailed written reports, documenting
all of their findings -- good training for the
real world of science. They also go through rigorous
personal interviews, explaining and defending their
projects before a panel of experts in each field.
Note also that these students are extremely active
in their schools and communities -- debate team members,
baseball players, an award winning musician, skiers,
cheerleaders, a literary critic
Many projects may go on to achieve significant
advances in physics, health, education, etc. Here is
a cross section sampling of some:
The Environment
Clifford Wang -- Age 16. Vero Beach, Florida.
Clifford proposed that seaweed could be grown in
the ocean to remove pollutants while at the same
time producing energy. Interesting proposition
for oceanography and environmental clean ups!
Sports
Judson Berkey -- Age 17. Manassas, Virginia.
Judson chose a project on the physics of baseball --
modeling the flight of a baseball with the
principles of fluid dynamics, and finding that
the launch angle does not change.
Learning/Education
Tara Bahna-James -- Age 17. New York City.
Tara explored the relationship between math and
music to see if musically talented students have
an intrinsic understanding of mathematics.
She found that music students consistently
underestimated their abilities in math -- perhaps
because math is non-creative and remote to them.
She concludes that teaching the relationship of
music to math might make learning more enjoyable.
Industry/Sailing
Wade Butin -- Age 17. Spring, Texas.
Wade chose chemistry as his project -- to develop
a high-quality, high-performance varnish that could
withstand the rigors of weather exposure, salt
water, etc. He created a varnish that would be
"slippery" when in contact with water to reduce the
drag on boats. What are the possibilities for
boating -- the America's Cup? the President's
Cigarette boat? -- what about in home exteriors?
Health
Susan Criss -- Age 17. Pittsburgh.
Susan completed a two-year research project that dealt
with betacarotene (found in leafy greens) reducing
the risk of cancer.
When the Westinghouse Science Award program was
started, in 1942: of the 25,000 US high schools,
fewer than 1,000 had trained science teachers or
even rudimentary courses. In many places, teaching
"science" was the responsibility of the athletic
coach.
(( This is where you can write about the
Education Goals from the summit with Governors +
the emphasis on math and science education in
the new budget. Also, new Dept of Energy
and Dept of Education programs to have experts
teach in schools, to have students visit federal
labs, etc. -- no longer the athletic coach. ))
Because this is the 50th Anniversary of the
Award, Westinghouse is inviting all of the
former award winners.
Five have won the Nobel Prize. Scores have been
elected to the National Academy of Sciences,
the highest elective honor for scientists; the National
Academy of Engineering; the MacArthur Fellowship
Talk about an eminent crowd and out of the ordinary
cocktail conversation!
o
HUMOR?:
Don't forget that Sununu is an engineer.
Possible humor:
Most Presidents of the US have personally
greeted the 40 winners over the years at the
White House. One year, the exuberant group
decided to include President Lincoln on this
list. Thus, late one evening, several chosen
representatives endeavored to climb on his
lap at the Lincoln Memorial. The Park Police
quickly put a stop to this spirited initiative
OFFICE or THE VICE PRESIDENT
Embargoed until delivered -- February 19, 1991, 1:30 p.m. EST
PREPARED TEXT OF REMARKS BY THE VICE PRESIDENT
NATIONAL JEWISH COMMUNITY RELATIONS ADVISORY COUNCIL
CHAIRMAN'S LUNCHEON
MIAMI, FLORIDA
The National Jewish Community Relations Advisory Council is
a unique organization. You are a partnership of local and
national Jewish organizations throughout the country that deals
with the diverse interests of the American Jewish community:
Human rights, social justice, the fate of world Jewry and the
security of Israel. Though there are many domestic and
international issues of great concern to you, my remarks today,
for obvious reasons, will concentrate on the Middle East.
Let me begin, on behalf of the President, with a hearty
thank you for your steadfast support of our efforts to get Iraq
out of Kuwait. Together, we've shown an understanding of the
lessons of history: appeasement never works; aggression must be
resisted; and the rule of law must prevail over the rule of the
jungle.
In looking to the past for guidance to the future in
international relations, we are reminded of the temptation of
isolationism. In the 1930's, there was sentiment in this country
for an isolationist foreign policy. Some asked, why should
concern ourselves with the problems of Europe? And why, in th
face of Hitler's aggression, should we rally to the defense of
2
Great Britain and Europe?
But the American Jewish community, along with President
Roosevelt and the vast majority of American people, firmly
rejected such arguments. You understood, back then, that our
fate as a nation was intimately connected with the security of
Europe, and that Hitler posed a clear and present danger to the
entire world.
In the aftermath of Iraq's invasion of Kuwait, many of the
same old arguments made by the isolationists in the 1930's were
dusted off and trotted out all over again. Why, it was asked,
should we come to the defense of Kuwait and Saudi Arabia? Why
don't we just sit back and enjoy the post-cold war 'peace-
dividend'?
Once again, however, the American Jewish community, along
with President Bush and the overwhelming majority of American
people, wisely rejected such arguments. You recognize that
Saddam's ambitions have not been confined to Kuwait. Rather, his
goal has been to dominate the Persian Gulf region. Saddam desires
to use the area's vast wealth to represent himself as the
greatest Arab hero of modern times, the leader of a new Arab
superpower.
We have witnessed Saddam Hussein's quest for power. He
launched two wars of aggression, against Iran and against Kuwait,
at a cost of some one million casualties--thus far. He built the
fourth largest army in the world with some of the most modern
weapons. He acquired a sizeable stockpile of ballistic missiles,
3
chemical weapons and biological weapons. He used chemical agents
against Iran and against his own people -- Iraqi Kurds -- in the
1980's. And he launched an intensive program to acquire nuclear
weapons.
I am sure that you know, we did not want war. But war was
forced upon us, and after a month of this war, our aims are
exactly what they were at its outset. We seek to expel Saddam's
forces from Kuwait; to restore the legitimate government of
Kuwait; and to ensure the stability and security of this critical
region. Iraq must withdraw without conditions. There must be full
implementation of all twelve security council resolutions. And
let me emphasize -- there will be no linkage to other problems in
the area.
Last week, Iraq's Revolutionary Command Council issued a
statement that claimed to accept U.N. Security Council resolution
660, which calls for the immediate and unconditional withdrawal
of Iraqi forces from Kuwait. Unfortunately, as the President
said, this proved to be a cruel hoax. Not only was the "offer"
full of unacceptable old conditions, but it contained several
unacceptable new ones, as well.
The fact is that Saddam knows full well how to stop this
war. He knew how to invade Kuwait -- he knows how to withdraw.
Saddam knows he cannot win this war militarily. His military
strategy is really a political strategy. It is a strategy for a
political victory for Saddam through propaganda, through
falsehood -- and through sheer survival.
4
Saddam's recent propaganda alleging that we had deliberately
bombed a civilian shelter, followed by his false gesture for
peace, illustrates the point. Like the ancient Babylonian King
who was weighed in the balance and found wanting, Saddam Hussein
can see the handwriting on the wall; he sees that a military
success for the coalition is inevitable. He therefore is looking
to bring about a cease-fire, before he is forced to comply with
the U.N. Resolutions. His terror campaign, including his Scud
missile attacks against civilian targets and his deliberate oil
spills, also reveals his political strategy -- his hope that he
can split the coalition and break its will to fight. Saddam may
think his ace in the hole is his ability to manipulate the mass
media -- thereby producing global sympathy for Iraq and
undermining global support for the coalition.
Saddam is quite willing to encourage Western journalists to
visit Iraq and allow censored pictures to be broadcast to the
world. Unfortunately, the pictures are more powerful than the
occasional small print saying "cleared by Iraqi censors." But in
viewing the pictures that Saddam wants us to see, we should never
forget the pictures Saddam doesn't want us to see: pictures of
the brutality and murder in Kuwait since august 2nd. Pictures of
the premature babies in Kuwait who have been removed from their
incubators and left to die. Pictures of the Kuwaitis who have
been killed for simply loving their country, and displaying its
flag. Most recently, President Bush said he had been told by the
Emir of Kuwait about an incident in Kuwait in which 200 young
5
people, 15-20 years of age, had been mutilated and killed by
Iraqi forces. But while their pictures have never been seen by
the American public, their suffering has not gone unnoticed --
and their sacrifice will not be forgotten.
The United States has not been surprised by Saddam Hussein's
behavior during this war. And let me say this: His political
strategy, like his military strategy, is doomed to failure. The
coalition is strong; American public opinion is not deceived by
his propaganda; and the Iraqi people increasingly see through
his lies, and clearly yearn for peace.
so, once again, Saddam Hussein has miscalculated. He will
not succeed in his aggression either through military or
political means.
In particular, Saddam Hussein has tried to weaken the
coalition arrayed against him by trying to involve Israel in the
war. But to Israel's immense credit, she declined to play into
Saddam's hands. Israel has chosen to absorb Saddam's missile
strikes and to defer its clear right of retaliation. President
Bush has praised Israel for its restraint. He said that Prime
Minister Shamir and his government "have shown great
understanding for the interests of the united states and the
interests of others involved in this coalition". Israel has
proven itself a true friend -- a trustworthy friend.
Throughout this crisis, we have been -- and we remain -- in
close contact with Israel at the highest levels of government.
Despite occasional glitches, this contact has been fruitful and
6
positive, and we have devoted special efforts to destroy Iraq's
Scuds and their launchers in western Iraq. And we have sent
Israel batteries of Patriot missiles -- some with American crews
-- to help her defend against Scud attacks.
Although Operation Desert Storm is not over, it's not too
early to begin learning some of its lessons. Perhaps the most
important lesson has to do with the centrality of human rights.
The United States has long maintained that our concern for human
rights is not just an after-thought to our overall foreign
policy. Rather, it is the basic foundation of our foreign
policy. For we know that tyrants who abuse the rights of their
own people will also seek to abuse the rights of others. Terror
at home will be exported abroad.
Let us not forget how Saddam came to power. He came to
power through conspiracy, terror and violence. He maintains
power through repression and terror. Saddam's foreign policy --
his repeated acts of aggression against his neighbors -- is a
logical extension of his domestic policy. To deter future
Saddams, we had better stand up against human rights violators
whoever and wherever they are.
You know, it sometimes seems to me that there's a kind of
network linking advocates of repression the world over. That's
why neo-nazi groups have reportedly offered their services to
Saddam. That's why Saddam and the former dictator of Romania,
Nicolae Ceausescu, were such close friends. And that is why
Soviet reactionaries are trying to persuade Mr. Gorbachev to
7
change his Gulf policy in Iraq's favor. They all recognize that
when one repressive regime is endangered, all are at risk. And
we must recognize that the struggle for human rights goes on --
in Eastern Europe, in the Soviet Union, in the Baltics, and in
the Middle East. We must truly become our brother's keeper --
not simply for our brother's sake, but for our own.
A second lesson of this war is the special and enduring
character of our friendship with Israel. The American people
support Israel because Israel is a democracy, a nation whose
values and ideals are so very similar to ours. We support Israel
because we admire Israel's courage and valor. Israel is a strong
and reliable American ally -- a force for stability and restraint
in a violent and dangerous region. The bonds that bind the
American and Israeli people are genuine and come from the heart.
Far from harming or undermining our ties with the people of
Israel, Saddam Hussein's savage and criminal missile attacks have
only strengthened them. Make no mistake about it: strengthening
American-Israeli friendship is the only achievement that will
survive Saddam's sure and certain defeat.
Forty three years ago, the United States supported the
creation of the state of Israel for moral and humanitarian
reasons. We believed that after the unspeakable horrors
committed by the Nazis, Jews needed a land they could call their
own. They needed a land in which they could live without fear,
in peace and harmony with their neighbors.
That is why we are committed, and will always remain
8
committed, to the security of the state of Israel. We are
committed to helping Israel protect itself against any
combination of aggressors. We will always make clear to the
world, through moral and material support, that we are a
permanent and unshakable ally of the state of Israel.
We are a steadfast partner in the search for peace. Once the
current war is over, we will resume the search for a just peace,
and a real reconciliation, between Israel, the Arab States and
Palestinians. Such a peace, if it is to endure, must emerge
through negotiations between the parties themselves. It cannot--
it will not--be imposed from without.
Yet another lesson of the current war is that those of us
who have advocated the development of defenses against missile
attack have been vindicated by what israelis call "hapatriotim" -
- the Patriots. I know the issue of missile defense has been a
contentious one in American politics, but perhaps in the wake of
this war we can form a new consensus on the desirability of
moving ahead with our program of missile defense.
The Patriot was originally designed to shoot down large,
slow-moving airplanes. It was upgraded to have modest capability
against large, slow-moving ballistic missiles -- but it didn't
even have that much capability until last year. Yet many in
Congress, particularly in the House, tried to kill even this
limited Patriot upgrade program several times.
They opposed it not because of its cost or its capability.
but because it defends against missiles. The argument of
9
critics has been that you are safer without defenses against
ballistic missiles than with them. They have argued that
deploying missile defenses only provokes the aggressor to become
more aggressive -- that missile defense is destabilizing.
They're wrong -- and here is why: Think about what the world
will look like in the 21st century -- long after the allied
victory over Saddam Hussein. Are there more or fewer countries
that will have ballistic missiles? Will these missiles be more
or less modern than the Scuds we are facing today? And will the
weapons they carry be more or less destructive than the ones
carried by Scuds? Everyone here knows the answers to these
questions.
But let me be a bit more specific about my own concerns.
Soon, many Third World countries will have, not liquid fueled
missiles like the Scud, but solid fueled missiles like our
Minuteman or the Soviets' SS-24 and SS-25. That means that they
can be on alert, ready to fly on a moment's notice -- in seconds,
not minutes or hours, like the liquid fueled Scuds.
As time goes on, modernization will mean that more countries
will have more missiles that are bigger, faster, more accurate
and much more difficult to intercept. They will be well beyond
the capabilities of current day Patriots.
The question of what we should do about these developments
is a difficult one. But one thing seems clear: in the future we
will need more than a "quick fix" to the vulnerability of a 25
year old air defense system like the Patriot. We will need to be
10
able to defend an entire theater of operation against a variety
of missile threats; to protect ourselves against an enemy's
longer range capabilities; and to protect our allies who might be
affected by hostilities.
In short, we will need President Bush's version of the
Strategic Defense Initiative, just as we will need Israel's Arrow
defense system. Defending our nation and its allies against
ballistic missile attack threatens no one. Moving ahead on the
SDI is technologically feasible, strategically necessary and
morally imperative.
This brings me to yet another lesson of the current crisis:
The need for the United States, now and in the future, to be
strong enough to defend itself, and to help defend our allies.
Keeping our nation strong is not a liberal issue, and it's not a
conservative issue; it's not a Democratic issue and it's not a
Republican issue. It's an American issue. And like Operation
Desert Storm, it's an issue that fully deserves bipartisan
support.
There is one further lesson of the current war that I would
like to touch on this afternoon: The need for the United States
to remain involved and engaged on behalf of its ideals and its
interests. Despite the amazing progress of freedom and democracy
around the world, despite the encouraging prospects for even
greater progress tomorrow, our nation is still the indispensable
beacon for peace and liberty around the world.
Let us therefore exercise our leadership role with wisdom
11
and with patience. And let us all -- liberals and conservatives
alike -- try to see things as they are, and not as we might wish
them to be. Where there is a genuine will to peace, let us find
ways to encourage it. Where there is hatred and malice, let us
not fear to confront it. And where democracy stands embattled
and besieged, let us never hesitate to support it.
Thank you, God bless you, and God bless our brave servicemen
and women in the Gulf.
###
(Smith/Cawley)
February 19, 1991
2 P.M.
WEST
PRESIDENTIAL REMARKS: WESTINGHOUSE ADDRESS
WASHINGTON HILTON HOTEL
, MARCH / 1991
7:00 P.M.
Secretary Sullivan, Dr. Bromley, Members of the Westinghouse
Science Foundation, current and past Westinghouse Award
recipients, distinguished friends of science.
Thank you, , for that introduction, and for your warm
reception. And let me welcome to Washington the trustees of our
Tax side sell suler
posterity. Boys and girls -- the best and the brightest -- who
act for Nation and neighbor: Caring, dreaming, helping learning
lead the way. +1 It is a pleasure to be at the Super Bowl of
Science. //
We meet here tonight on the fiftieth anniversary of the
Westinghouse Science Talent Search Think of how science and
technology has made that time an era of extraordinary
exploration. // Not to date myself, but when I was growing up,
clae,
PAC-MAN was a hiker, not a video game. Who can even guess how
vil
future will make ours a better, more decent world? //
relea
( (Now, I'll admit. No one has ever called me a virtuoso in
science. // It's pretty hard for me to claim I'm adept at high
tehc when my grandkids keep beating me at "Nintendo: //
( (This problem goes back a long way. One day my science
teacher took me aside and said, "Whatever you do in life I hope
you'll hold the torch on high -- as long as it isn't a bunsen
2
burner. // Despite this proficiency, I did try an experiment a
couple years ago that I'm proud of. I connected a VCR to a
microwave oven and watched "Gone With the Wind" in 12/2
minutes. )) //
Think, for a moment, of scientists and researchers who --
thankfully -- have not followed my lead. Opening doors into an
age whre mankind not only moved into the future -- but re-
invented it. // Think of Edison and Morse and Madame Curie and
George Westinghouse. All knew, as Thomas Jefferson wrote to a
Polish general in the Revolutionary War "The main objects of
all science are the freedom and happiness of man. " //
Think, too, of how for half a century Westinghouse
recipients have become an instrument of liberty and the symbol of
the information age. // From the first man to win the top prize
in the Science Talent Search -- Paul Teschan, aiding kidney
research -- to Raymond Kurzweil, whose reading devices make life
easier for the blind -- all have reached for the stars -- so that
future generations of Americans might someday stand on them. //
Recall, with me this history. Five Westinghouse recipients
have won the Nobel Prize. Eight have received the MacArthur
Fellowship
the National Academy of Engineering. // Governor
Sununu wrote that line. // Twenty-six have been elected to the
National Academy of Sciences, your profession's highest elective
honor. If excellence were a painting, this talent search would
be the Rembrandt of its time. //
Birs this will in
Advan Eris
3
Yet learning is always a continuance, never a consummation.
So this year builds on those beginnings. Look at these
competitors -- 40 in all, culled from more than entries. Many
-
belong to their school debate team, their baseball club, their
newspaper, their church groups and bands. All have used
knowledge and self-discipline to create research projects of
advancement to education -- and the well-being of humanity. //
Consider Clifford Wang of Vero Beach. He proposed that
seaweed be grown in the ocean to kill pollutants while also
producing energy. / Or Susan Criss of Pittsburgh, recently
completing a 2-year project that showed how becacarature can
reduce cancer. / In spring, Texas, Wade Butin developed varnish
to withstand the effect of weather and salt water. / And in New
York City, Tara Baltin James explored the relationship between
math aptitude and music talent. //
These and other dreams will make possible even greater
dreams -- Americans inspired by the belief that the trailblazers
of today will be the heroes of tomorrow. // This Nation has no
natural resouces like intellectual resources. So we must, and
are, assisting the education that is our most enduring legacy --
vital to everything we are and can become. //
I have announced a goal that U.S. students will be Number
One by the year 2000. We can achieve it. We will. // We will
achieve it through our National Educational Excellence that I
again urge Congress to pass. Let me especially salute new
Initiative of National Science Scholars, which gives America's
4
youth a special incentive to excel in science, mathematics, and
engineering. //
abd
We will make and keep -- America No. 1, too, through
research and development in all areas of science, technology, and
engineering. Let me take a moment to describe the emphasis on
science and math in our new budget for Fiscal Year 1992. //
iy:
Think of a record high of $76 billion for basic research and R &
D. -- and basic science research up $13 billion. / Imagine: A
framework which will double the National Science Foundation
Budget if Congress will cooperate. // Help me achieve it
A
budget which will devote over $16 billion for outer space
activities -- up 15 per cent over last year. A budget which will
devote more money than ever to the small science research --
See
research for individuals -- embodied by the Westinghouse Talent
Search. //
America is can-do because America, historically, is know-
how. // If you have any doubt, look at the Persian Gulf, where
achievements in science are responsible for the high tech
equipment which has served our military so well. If the cause of
peace is to continue being served by American military power, it
must continue being advanced by American brain power. //
Ask our troops in the Gulf. Yes, the finest soldiers,
sailors, Marines, airmen, and Coast Guardsmen any Nation has ever
had. They know the value of learning. Each day it brings closer
freedom's victory. // Ask those other great heroes -- our
teachers. Each day they give perhaps the greatest gift of
5
sharing their knowledge with others. // Ask, finally, America's
parents. And the students embodied so brilliantly by these 40
recipients. All know, as Albert Einstein said, that "everything
that is really great and inspiring is created by individuals who
labor in freedom. " //
Learning, of course, is a very practical thing. ((I'm
reminded of a writer who was asked what he would take if his home
were on fire and he could remove only one thing. // "I would
take the fire, " he replied.) ) Yet learning is also one of
mankind's most noble things. It can move minds, shape events,
and presage a new Goldan Age where creativity flows -- more than
ever -- from the human heart and mind. //
What a magnificent legacy for the Westinghouse Science
Talent Search. What a magnificent metaphor for the dream that is
America. Thank you for tonight. Please pray for our sons and
daughters in the Persian Gulf. And let me leave you with three
of the most beautiful words in our or any language. God bless
America.
#
#
#
#
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6TH STORY of Level 1 printed in FULL format
Copyright (c) 1990 The New York Times Company;
The New York Times
March 4, 1990, Sunday, Late Edition - Final
SECTION: Section 12NJ; Page 1, Column 1; New Jersey Weekly Desk
LENGTH: 1435 words
HEADLINE: Students in Science Contest Aim At the 'Frontiers of Technology'
BYLINE: By JAY ROMANO
BODY:
AT first, Roopak Shah and Jared Muroff appear to be ordinary high school
seniors.
Both are popular in school and active in student government. Each is looking
forward to graduation and one last carefree summer before starting college in
the fall. And, like most of their classmates, neither has officially got a date
for the prom.
But something sets the two New Jerseyans apart from their contemporaries.
Last month, Mr. Shah and Mr. Muroff were named among the 40 finalists in the
49th annual Westinghouse Science Talent Search, a prestigious competition
aimed at identifying the best and the brightest among the nation's senior high
school science students.
Tomorrow evening, after a dinner in Washington that will be attended by the
finalists and more than 500 representatives of government, industry and the
scientific community, the first-place winner of this year's competition will be
announced. Mr. Shah and Mr. Muroff are in good company. ' ' Among past
finalists, a Westinghouse spokeswoman, Eileen Milling, said, 115 have gone
on to win the Nobel Prize, 26 have been elected to the National Academy of
Science, 2 were awarded the Albert Lasker Basic Medical Research Award and 8
have received MacArthur fellowships. This is not a typical science fair.
There are no ant farms, plant graftings or giant turnips in this competition.
Irradiated fruit flies are a thing of the past, and dissected earthworms are
formaldehyde-scented memories.
The Westinghouse Science Talent Search of 1990 is science cut to the
quick. It is the big leagues.
'You probably wouldn't understand it,'' Mr. Muroff, 17 years old, said when
asked to explain his 40-page entry. But he tried anyway.
I use the isoperimetric property of the equilateral triangle to prove
triangle inequalities, he said. That means that Mr. Muroff has found a new way
to measure and compare different triangles. And might that have some practical
application? 'Well, it can't be used to build bridges,' he said, ' ' but it's an
interesting geometric quality.
Jim Farrell, principal of Hightstown High School, which Mr. Muroff attends,
said, ''I'm not sure I understand what he's doing.' Mr. Muroff is a member of
the school's math club and participates in a student-sponsored television news
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program.
''It's been a while since I've been involved with math,' Mr. Farrell said,
admitting that he had just a little difficulty getting through Mr. Muroff's
paper. ''But the kids today seem to focus on higher levels of thinking.'
Dr. Marlyn McGrath Lewis, director of admissions for Harvard and Radcliffe
Colleges, said, ''It has been our impression that the papers written by the
Westinghouse finalists are of graduate-level, professional quality.'
Harvard-Radcliffe, Dr. Lewis said, is a popular choice among contest
finalists. Those who have applied for admission, she said, would have their
papers evaluated by appropriate faculty members, depending upon the subject.
But in Mr. Shah's case, that will not be necessary. The 17-year-old
straight-A student applied for early admission and was accepted before the
results of the competition.
That, perhaps, is a relief for Dr. Lewis, since she would have had to find a
faculty member familiar with the Milton-Bradley game Connect Four to evaluate
Mr. Shah's paper.
applied Darwin's theory of evolution to create a computer program that
plays the game and learns from its experience,' said Mr. Shah, who attends
Holmdel High School.
Although Connect Four is a relatively simple game, there are millions of
possible combinations of moves. The program he wrote, he said, ''learns'' the
better combinations each time it plays a game, then keeps the good ones and
discards the rest.
Although computer learning programs have been around for some time, he said,
his project is unusual in that it uses evolutionary techniques to increase the
program's ability to learn.
''It's a pretty good feeling to be doing something that's original,' Mr.
Shah said. ''Most of the things we do at school are things that most people have
already done, like dissecting a pig or something. Everybody knows what that
looks like.
Influenced by Father's Work
Mr. Shah's interest in science may be related to his father's work; Dr.
Jagdeep Shah 15 a research physicist at Bell Laboratories in Holmdel.
think his general interest in science may have been stimulated by what
I do,'' Dr. Shah said, ''but I have always told him that he should do what
interests him the most and makes him the happiest. That, for now, is an
abiding interest in computer learning. ''I guess all the basic stuff has already
been done, Mr. Shah said.
'Now we're going off onto the frontiers of the technology; most of this
stuff is pretty obscure. Mine included.'
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But what is obscure today may be the science of tomorrow, said Dr. Richard
J. Gott, professor of astrophysics at Princeton University and chairman of the
competition's panel of judges
Dr. Gott, who won the second-place prize in the Westinghouse competition in
1965, wrote his winning paper on the structure of a sponge. As obscure as that
may have seemed at the time, the work paid off recently when Dr. Gott was trying
to define the possible configurations of the universe.
Encouragement to Young
Dr. Gott, a Harvard graduate, realized that there was no reason why the
universe could not have taken shape in much the same manner as his sponge did,
except on an infinitely larger scale.
That example, he said, underscores the value of the Westinghouse Science
Talent Search: it encourages young people to go beyond what they learn in the
classroom.
'You have people doing experiments, splicing things with DNA, that were just
unheard of years before,' he said.
Although the basic abilities of the students have not changed appreciably
over the years, the projects they tackle and the tools at their disposal have
become increasingly sophisticated.
''It's sort of like the Olympics,' Dr. Gott said. ''The runners of today can
beat Jesse Owens's record. But if Jesse Owens were alive now, he said, and
took advantage of the advances in training and nutrition, he would probably beat
his own record as well.
The competition was started in 1942 by the Westinghouse Electric
Corporation to encourage young people to pursue careers in science and math.
It is now administered by Science Service of Washington, a nonprofit
institution that promotes public understanding of science.
Winners Earn Scholarships
This year 1,431 high school seniors from schools across the country entered
the competition with projects ranging from psychology to biology, from genetic
engineering to solar astronomy. Of the original number, 300 semifinalists were
chosen, and then the 40 finalists were picked to take their projects to
Washington for public demonstration and interviews with a panel of eight of the
nation's most respected scientists.
The top 10 winners will receive four-year scholarships, from $7,500 to the
top prize of $20,000. The remaining 30 will receive $1,000 each. All will get a
valuable addition to their college applications.
'We have found, said Carol Luszcz, program director of the competition for
Science Service, ''that becoming a Westinghouse honors winner is almost
automatic assurance that the student will be admitted to the college of their
choice.
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That is not surprising, said Dr. Glenn T. Seaborg, a judge of this year's
competition. Many of the students, he said, have developed their projects in
university laboratories and libraries, working with graduate students and
doctoral candidates and using the most advanced equipment available.
''I'm impressed,' Dr. Seaborg said. ''In many cases the students are
involved in original research that yields meaningful results, results that are
being obtained for the first time.
Since project topics cover various fields, those fields must be adequately
represented on the panel of judges.
'There's always a coterie of mathematical papers, usually quite advanced,
he said. 'Fortunately we have experts among the judges who can handle them.
Indeed, Dr. Seaborg himself might not feel comfortable with those math papers
since his area of expertise is chemistry. But then again, he is a professor of
chemistry at the University of California. He was chairman of the Atomic Energy
Commission from 1961 to 1970, and he won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry with Edwin
M. McMillan in 1951.
But, as Dr. Seaborg said recently as he prepared to make the trip to
Washington to meet this year's finalists, ''You can't know everything.
GRAPHIC: Photo; Jared Muroff was named a Westinghouse Science Talent Search
finalist for entry on equilateral triangles (pg. 1), and for his entry in the
Westinghouse Science Talent Search contest, Roopak Shah created a computer
program that plays a board game and learns from the experience (pg. 6);
(NYT/Frank C. Dougherty)
SUBJECT: Terms not available
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5TH STORY of Level 1 printed in FULL format.
March 4, 1990, Sunday, CITY EDITION Westinghse.
Copyright (c) 1990 Newsday,
Newsday
SECTION: NEWS; Pg. 8
Other Edition: Nassau and Suffolk; Pg. 26
LENGTH: 1193 words
HEADLINE: NY Is Tops at H.S. Science Contest
BYLINE: By Nick Chiles. Newsday Staff Correspondent
DATELINE: Washington
KEYWORD: HIGH SCHOOLS; STUDENT; ACHIEVEMENT; AWARDS; SCIENCE; SCHOLARSHIP;
WESTINGHOUSE 1990 SCIENCE TALENT SEARCH
BODY:
Esther Chen of Elmhurst, Queens, admitted that when she first began talking
to the other finalists in the Westinghouse Science Talent Search, they
seemed somewhat overwhelmed by the fact that 14 of the 40 finalists are from New
York City.
"They said, 'Gee, you New Yorkers know 50 much.' They saw us as
intimidating," said Chen, 17, the valedictorian of this year's graduating class
at Manhattan's Stuyvesant High School. "But then, they saw we were normal
people."
Or at least as normal as some of the nation's most brilliant 17-year-olds can
possibly be.
The 40 teenagers who gathered in Washington Thursday have spent the past
three days doing some of the things that teenagers might be expected to do when
they get together; late-night movie parties, shopping, exploring the subway
system. But mixed in with these ordinary teen pursuits are discussions of the
genetics of nitrogen fixation and cyano bacteria, conversations about the
first-ever use of fractal geometry to characterize sunspot perimeters and
lingering questions about the characterizations of DNA binding.
Today and yesterday, their projects were on public display at the National
Academy of Science. Numerous scientists and scholars from government and the
private sector will flock to the academy over these two days to get a glimpse at
the future of science. Since 1942, Science Search winners have gone on to
win five Nobel Prizes and eight MacArthur Foundation Fellowships.
The students also have survived several wide-ranging - and intense -
interviews before panels of some of the leading doctors and scientists in the
country. Trying to delve beyond the projects that got the students here, these
judges are searching for ways to assess the teenagers' scientific creativity and
potential so that they can pick the top 10 award -winners.
In a ceremony with a great deal of the tension of the Academy Awards, the
top 10 will be revealed tomorrow night. The top prize is a $ 20,000
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scholarship; second and third place winners receive $ 15,000; the next three
places win $ 10,000 and the last four $ 7,500. The other 30 finalists receive $
1,000 scholarships.
The 40 finalists were selected from among 300 semifinalists. There were 1,431
total entries this year from across the country. Thirteen states are represented
among the finalists.
Just minutes after he had met with one of the panels, S. Kareem Anderson, 17,
of Staten Island, said the interviews were intimidating because the questions
"come out of nowhere" and cover a wide range of scientific topics.
"I was told not to study - just to be myself," said Anderson, a senior at
Brooklyn Technical High School whose project looked at whether unrealistic
athletic aspirations have a negative impact on black males. "They want to keep
you on your toes, but it seems like they pull questions out of a hat. And a lot
of times they're just staring at you and you are forced to think of things very
quickly."
Chen said she "almost broke down" during one of her interviews because she
was so nervous.
"I was really calm at first, but I had to wait for other people to finish.
When I saw the deathly pale faces come out, I just lost it," said Chen, who
investigated a process by which an insulin-like growth factor receptor gene on
the surface of mammalian cells in tissue culture can be turned on to produce
cell multiplication or transformation. "They asked the strangest, weirdest
questions. I came prepared to answer questions about my project, but they asked
about physics, math, chemistry, logic, statistics. I almost broke down. They
were unlike any questions I've ever been up against. They were so profound."
Were her answers also profound?
"Not quite," Chen said laughing. "But I think I did all right."
Dr. Brigid Leventhal, director of clinical research at the Johns Hopkins
Oncology Center and a Science Search judge for the past 15 years, said the
judges aren't purposely intimidating. They don't need to be because the
situation is intimidating enough already.
"We're trying to find out how they approach a problem and how solid their
knowledge base is for any problem they might encounter," said Leventhal.
According to Leventhal, it is important that the same judges be used every
year 50 they can more easily put the students' achievements in perspective.
"These kids are so incredible that it takes some getting used to to be able
to compare them to anything at all," she said. "At first a judge may be
overwhelmed by what somebody can achieve at that age. Some of these projects
could blow your mind for high school kids. With many of them, the kids are
functioning at a first-year graduate student level. It's quite amazing."
Every year, New York's success in this prestigious competition leaves the
doctors, scientists and scholars who throng here shaking their heads in wonder.
"You do have several specialized schools - Bronx Science and Stuyvesant -
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which are very strong in science and math," said Glenn T. Seaborg, a professor
of chemistry at the University of California at Berkeley and chairman of the
Science Service for the past 25 years. "Also, they have established a
tradition, so teachers are highly motivated and take pride in sending students.
There is even a kind of friendly competition between the two schools. There is
nothing like that in California. 1 wish there were. I would like to get that
started, but we don't know how to do it."
For the record, the competition between Stuyvesant and Bronx Science this
year resulted in a tie, with both claiming five finalists. Brooklyn Technical
High School had two, while Martin Van Buren High School in Queens and Midwood
High School in Brooklyn both had one.
Long Island high schools boasted four finalists, two from Paul D. Schreiber
High School in Port Washington and two from Ward Melville in Setauket.
Most of the students created and developed their projects working long, hard
hours with mentors and research labs. But you might say Peter Davis Asnis, 17,
of Port Washington came upon his project by accident.
After he badly injured his left knee playing lacrosse for Schreiber High
School, Asnis had to embark on a slow, painful rehabilitation. He was told by
therapists that riding a stationary bicycle was the best form of rehabilitation
but he had a long wait because after the operation he couldn't bend his knee
very much. Asnis came upon the idea of altering the crank of the bike 50 that
the pedal could be closer or farther away from the seat. He wrote a computer
program to determine how the crank should be altered based on an injured
person's measurements. Through his work, about 100 people at several New York
hospitals are now able to begin bicycle riding earlier in their rehabilitation
process using the bike designed by Asnis. Asnis, who will be attending Harvard
in the fall, plans to go into sports medicine.
After the competition is over, many of the finalists will be seeing each
other again in a few months - probably at Harvard. According to
Science Search officials - and the students - placing in the top
40 virtually guarantees them admission to the college of their choice.
GRAPHIC: AP Photos-1) Finalists S. Kareem Anderson, left, 2) and Tsz Wang Ng.
Both attend Brooklyn high schools. 3) AP Photo- Science Talent Finalists. In
Washington, D.C., this weekend vying for Westinghouse 1990 Science Talent
Search honors are: from left, Elissa Blum and Peter Asnis, Port Washington; Jed
Mowshowitz, Larchmont (Westchester County); David Ben-Zvi, Setauket; and Shinpei
Kuga, Stony Brook. They are among 40 teens from 13 states competing for $
140,000 in scholarship money. The top 10 projects will be revealed tomorrow (P
26 NS)
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Copyright (c) 1990 Newsday, Inc.;
Newsday
March 6, 1990, Tuesday, CITY EDITION
SECTION: NEWS; Pg. 8
LENGTH: 687 words
HEADLINE: Chicago Student Gets Science Prize
BYLINE: By Nick Chiles
DATELINE: Washington
KEYWORD: WESTINGHOUSE SCIENCE TALENT SEARCH; SCHOLARSHIP; HIGH SCHOOLS;
STUDENT; ACHIEVEMENT; SCIENCE
BODY:
For his groundbreaking discovery in the field of molecular genetics, a
17-year-old Chicago youth last night was presented with the nation's top high
school science award.
Matthew Peter Headrick, the son of two doctors, won the $ 20,000 first-place
medal at the Westinghouse Science Talent Search awards banquet before a
crowd of more than 500, including the Secretary of Health and Human Services Dr.
Louis Sullivan and other leaders in science, government, education and
business.
The highest New York City award -winner was Soojin Ryu, 18, of the Bronx,
who placed fourth for her project in molecular immunology, winning a $ 10,000
scholarship. The senior at the Bronx High School of Science may have brought
researchers an important step closer to understanding the activation of the
cells which help generate the body's immune responses.
Two other students from New York placed in the top 10: Laura Andrea Ascenzi,
17, of Sunnyside, Queens, and also a student at the Bronx High School of
Science, came in seventh place, winning $ 7,500; Bianca Denise Santomasso, 17,
of Manhattan and a student at Stuyvesant High School, came in 10th, also winning
$ 7,500.
From among 1,431 total entries, Headrick emerged as the top teen scientist in
the nation - an honor for which he will receive, in addition to the $ 20,000
scholarship, even more adulation than he has already received here over the last
five days as one of the top 40 finalists.
David Ruchien Liu, 16, of Riverside, California, and David Michael Shull, 17,
of Tacoma, Washington, the secondand third-place winners, each will receive $
15,000 scholarships.
Each of the other 30 finalists receive $ 1,000 scholarships.
For the 40 finalists, last night's awards banquet was the culmination of
five exhausting days of interviews, lectures, forging new friendships and
displaying their brilliance to the world.
LEXIS® NEXIS® LEXIS® NEXIS® ®
Services of Mead Data Central
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7
(c) 1990 Newsday, March 6, 1990
Being selected a finalist in the Westinghouse Science Talent Search is
widely regarded as the most prestigious honor a high school senior in this
country can achieve.
The top 10 winners were selected by eight of the nation's top doctors and
scientists, who interviewed each of the 40 finalists on Thursday and Friday. The
judges sought to assess each student's scientific potential and creativity.
Dr. Brigid Leventhal, director of clinical research at Johns Hopkins Oncology
Center in Baltimore, said in her 15 years judging the Science Talent Search,
this year's finalists were one of the most outstanding groups she has seen.
"It makes you feel like there are good new generations coming along in
science, " Leventhal said. "I learn something every year. And I continue to be
amazed at what the kids can do."
In past years, the 40 finalists have included five eventual Nobel Prize
winners and eight MacArthur Foundation Fellows, so Leventhal's words are high
praise indeed.
In fact, the level of talent has been 50 high that none of the five future
Nobel Prize winners were even among the top 10 scholarship winners, according to
Glenn T. Seaborg, chairman of the board of the Science Service, which runs the
competition.
The popularity of the Westinghouse Science Talent Search was in evidence
on Saturday and Sunday, when the finalists displayed their projects to the
public at the National Academy of Sciences. More than 1,100 people filed into
the Great Hall over those two days to look around at the projects of these high
school seniors. There were parents with their children, teachers with their
students, scientists, academicians and many journalists.
"You explain your project to a little kid and watch them light up," said
Jennifer Ryder, 17, of Fresno, Calif., who designed and built an improved tool
for DNA separations. Ryder was named first alternate to the top ten winners.
"You're turning them on to science, and that's a really cool feeling."
On Sunday, some of the students were still talking about the visit the day
before of Vice President Dan Quayle.
"I was hoping he would be a little more interested," said Esther Chen, 17, of
Elmhurst, Queens, this year's valedictorian at Manhattan's Stuyvesant High
School.
LEXIS® ® NEXIS® LEXIS® ® NEXIS ®
Administration of George Bush, 1989 / Mar. 3
the
White
talking about not only the international im-
over at the White House, and boy, I wish
plications but how that will fit into the
I'd seen this before I'd been over there to
overall drug plan. So, bon voyage, and have
p.m.
in
pay my respects to the teachers who help
In
his
a good trip. And my respects to the Presi-
these young minds.
dents you'll be meeting with and the vari-
Cheney,
But really, what all of you have accom-
ous ministers you'll be seeing.
for
plished is really something to be proud of.
chief
Not only is it a great achievement but you
Note: The President spoke at 12:12 p.m. in
really earned these honors. Thomas Edison
the Oval Office at the White House. In his
said that genius is 1 percent inspiration and
remarks, he referred to William J. Bennett,
99 percent perspiration. Well, each of you,
Prior
to
a
Director-designate of National Drug Con-
with your academic diligence and your in-
trol Policy; Attorney General Richard L.
tellect and a lot of hard work, have won the
Thornburgh; Secretary of State James A.
oldest and largest national high school com-
Baker III; C. Boyden Gray, Counsel to the
petition in the entire country. And past
President; and Brent Scowcroft, Assistant to
winners of the Westinghouse Talent Search
gathered
the President for National Security Affairs.
have distinguished themselves in every field
unch
in
a
of science and mathematics. And your pred-
uestions
to
ecessors have received every major honor
Fitzwater.
Remarks to the Winners of the
and award in their fields, including the
is
to
Westinghouse Science Talent Search
Nobel Prize and the National Medal of Sci-
our
gov-
Ben-
March 3, 1989
ence. And what you've done is important
for America. Scientific and technological ad-
hrough the
cretary
of
Thank you, Mr. Marous, and all of what
vancement have always been at the very
you at Westinghouse do for this outstanding
heart of our nation's pioneer spirit, pushing
securi-
concept. Doctor Press-last time I saw
the boundaries of our knowledge, creating
give
a
urgh,
who
Frank Press-maybe it wasn't the last time,
economic opportunity, and certainly in-
that
which
but he'd just received an honorary degree
creasing our standard of living and making
asizing
the
at a graduation ceremony where there
this a healthier and safer world in which to
ternational
were 50,000 people present, at Ohio State
live.
and
University-well-deserved honor, that he
It is scientific advancements that made us
re-
my
side
well deserved, as a matter of fact, for pres-
aware of the damage to our Earth's protec-
hopeful-
tige he's given to science in this country.
tive ozone layer and the need to reduce
will
be
And when he salutes a group like this, why,
CFC's [chlorofluorocarbons] that deplete
findings
it makes a big impression on me as well.
our precious upper atmospheric resources.
cranked
I want to thank you all, Dr. Seaborg,
As a result of these advances, the United
and
Peru.
whose reputation is well-known to every-
States and other nations have led the way,
to
ask
for
body here, and John as well, for explaining
through the Montreal protocol, toward re-
And
some of the exhibits to me. [Laughter] I had
ductions of CFC's. And that protocol will
the
Attor-
done a lot in the field of the viability of
reduce CFC's to 50 percent of 1986 levels
But
it
will
MVM Parvo Virus. [Laughter] And then at
by the year 1998. But recent studies indi-
feeling of
night I like to curl up with a book on map-
cate that this 50-percent reduction may not
politics-
ping mutants. [Laughter] And every once in
be enough. And I thought some of you in-
to
a while, when I have some spare time, Bar-
terested in that field might like to know
co-
the flow
bara and I read aloud about the behavior of
that I today asked Bill Reilly, our new EPA
help
them
the inhibitions of sialidases. [Laughter] So,
Administrator, to join with other nations
Dick, that's
we have a lot in common with these re-
this weekend as he goes abroad in support-
ntries that
searchers here. [Laughter] But I'll tell you,
ing the call for the elimination of CFC's by
ers in the
I'm glad there's no quiz. [Laughter] And I
the year 2000, provided, you know, that
problem,
am so impressed, and I expect everybody
safe substitutes are available. And of course,
ting their
here has had a chance to look at these stud-
such a phaseout must be guided by the sci-
ility.
ies. And I'll tell you, it just reaffirms your
entific, economic, and technological assess-
en when
basic faith in the young people of this coun-
ments under the protocol.
-we'll be
try and, I'd say also, in the academic proc-
As a nation, we have no natural resource
ess. Yesterday we saluted some teachers
more precious than our intellectual re-
This speech hit CFC's/atmosphere
277
science education.
I think science got a Big Also boost, new esp. $ for for basic
our remarks should highlight the
research new budget small team efforts.
Math & science see Langes Education. science speech of Friday, 2/15.
Mar. 3 / Administration of George Bush, 1989
sources. In fact, it's only thanks to human
better. We're not producing enough scien-
knowledge and ingenuity that crude oil
tists and mathematicians and engineers.
became a valuable fuel and that fields of
American universities confer only about
grain become methanol or that grains of
77,000 engineering degrees a year at the
sand become silicon chips. Scientific knowl-
undergraduate level. And that's about the
edge must be renewed and expanded in
same number that Japan produces with a
each generation. Many of the miracles that
total population of only half our size.
we take for granted in everyday life origi-
Initiatives from Washington are impor-
nated in defense and space research. This
tant, but they're not enough. Students and
investment in new technologies and new
parents and teachers will determine the di-
plant and equipment helps expand our
rection our young people take and, ulti-
competitive edge as a nation, and thereby
mately, what direction, therefore, that our
assuring future opportunities for America's
country takes. And there's only one goal
next generation in science, engineering,
that is worthy of us as Americans, and that
and manufacturing. But for our country to
is to be the very best in the world, to be
maintain its technological and scientific ex-
number one. That's our history, but it is
cellence, no investment in machines or lab-
also, I believe, our destiny. Our national
oratories, as vital as that may be, will by
itself be sufficient. There have to be the
qualities of intellectual curiosity and innova-
tion, our frontier spirit and our habit of
people who have the knowledge and the
commitment, and that will be men and
problem-solving, all uniquely equip Amer-
women like yourselves who will lead Amer-
ica for the great technological age that is
ica into the next century.
dawning. To help us move in that direction,
You know, by one estimate, it takes
the Federal budget I propose would, as
10,000 high school students expressing an
Frank said, increase funding for-maybe he
interest in a science or engineering major
didn't cover this point-but for NASA [Na-
to assure us of 20 men and women who will
tional Aeronautics and Space Administra-
go on to receive doctorate degrees. And I
tion] by 22 percent, would also advance us
hope that each student in this room gets a
toward our goal of doubling the budget for
doctorate or pursues a career of one kind or
the National Science Foundation by 1993. I
another in science and technology and that
also proposed full funding for the supercon-
some of you consider returning to the class-
ducting super collider-and even though
room as teachers to inspire a new genera-
I'm from Texas, people seem to under-
tion of scientists for the future. The fruits of
stand-[laughter-and as an incentive for
investing in science and scientists are evi-
private industry, a permanent research and
dent. Human intelligence has explored the
experimentation tax credit.
vastness of outer space and the inner fron-
But one of the most important invest-
tiers of the particles of the atom. Diseases
ments that I want us to make is in science
have been cured. Knowledge has been har-
education. So, I have proposed a National
nessed. And energy-I was going to say that
Science Scholars Program that would pro-
energy has been created, but then I re-
vide 570 scholarships a year. And these
membered the laws of thermodynamics. So,
would be for up to $10,000 a year, for 4
let's just call it a wash-{laughter]-and say
years. And this program would be based on
that energy has neither been created nor
merit, and it would draw at least one young
destroyed. [Laughter] And please don't
scientist from every congressional district-
debate me on that, Glenn. [Laughter]
435 across the entire United States-provid-
But we truly have seen the scientific
ing local inspiration and national leadership
knowledge developed in the United States
for the study of science. And I think no one
vastly improve the lives of our citizens and
proves better than all of you just how much
of people around the world. And today
our students are capable of and how impor-
international scientists and science students
tant it is to provide the encouragement and
are coming here to America to do research,
resources that you need. And when you
to study, to teach. And this is something
couple this modest Federal effort with what
that our country greatly benefits from. Yet,
Westinghouse and others are doing in this
still, as a nation, let's face it, we've got to do
area across the country, we do have some-
278
Administration of George Bush, 1989
thing significant and, I'd say, unique in our
fairly burden millions of citizens, not only
ducing enough scien-
country.
preventing necessary travel but also affect-
cians and engineers.
So, I came over here to congratulate the
ing shipment of consumer goods and the
confer only about
sponsors, to congratulate the scientists who.
ability of many workers to earn a living. For
egrees a year at the
have given their blessing to this innovative
these reasons, secondary boycotts are not
And that's about the
program, and especially to congratulate. all
permitted in any other sector of the econo-
pan produces with a
of you achievers. I think all of you are des-
my.
half our size.
tined for great things. And if you've got any
Accordingly, if secondary boycotts threat-
shington are impor-
skeptics out in the audience, go next door
en to disrupt essential transportation serv-
nough. Students and
and take a look, and you'll see exactly what
ices, I will submit, and urge that Congress
vill determine the di-
I mean.
promptly enact, legislation making it unlaw-
ople take and, ulti-
Thank you, and God bless all of you.
ful to use secondary picketing and boycotts
, therefore, that our
against neutral carriers. We cannot allow an
ere's only one goal
Note: The President spoke at 2:20 p.m. at
isolated labor-management dispute to dis-
Americans, and that
the National Academy of Sciences Building.
rupt the Nation's entire transportation
in the world, to be
In his opening remarks, he referred to John
system.
ur history, but it is
C. Morous, Jr., chairman and chief execu-
estiny. Our national
tive officer of Westinghouse Corp.; Frank
curiosity and innova-
Press, president of the National Academy of
t and our habit of
Sciences; and Glenn Theodore Seaborg,
iquely equip Amer-
chemist and Nobel Prize winner.
Digest of Other
ological age that is
White House Announcements
ve in that direction,
propose would, as
The following list includes the President's
ding for-maybe he
Statement on the Eastern Airlines
public schedule and other items of general
-but for NASA [Na-
International Association of Machinists
interest announced by the Office of the
Space Administra-
and Aerospace Workers Labor Dispute
Press Secretary and not included elsewhere
uld also advance us
in this issue.
ling the budget for
March 3, 1989
undation by 1993. I
The National Mediation Board has recom-
February 22
g for the supercon-
mended that I appoint an emergency board
In the morning, the President and Mrs.
-and even though
before March 4, pursuant to section 10 of
Bush departed the White House for a visit
e seem to under-
the Railway Labor Act, as amended, to in-
to the Far East.
as an incentive for
vestigate the dispute between Eastern Air-
anent research and
lines and the International Association of
February 23
it.
Machinists and Aerospace Workers. I have
In the afternoon, the President and Mrs.
important invest-
decided not to accept this recommendation.
Bush arrived at Haneda Airport, Tokyo,
make is in science
The National Mediation Board has for
Japan, where they were greeted by Japa-
oposed a National
many months attempted unsuccessfully to
nese and American officials. The President
n that would pro-
bring the parties to an agreement, and I
and Mrs. Bush then went to the U.S. Am-
year. And these
have no reason to believe that an additional
bassador's residence, where President Bush
000 a year, for 4
investigation or the 60-day delay that would
and senior staff members attended a work-
would be based on
be entailed would produce such an agree-
ing luncheon with President François Mit-
at least one young
ment. In light of the well-publicized threats
terrand of France. Following the luncheon,
ressional district-
of a strike and related activities, the De-
President Bush met with Prime Minister
ed States-provid-
partment of Transportation will monitor the
Noboru Takeshita of Japan in the Asahi-No-
ational leadership
situation and will, in addition, take what-
Ma Room at Akasaka Palace and then pro-
nd I think no one
ever steps are needed to protect the safety
ceeded to the Hotel Okura, his residence
ou just how much
of the traveling public.
during his stay in Japan.
f and how impor-
I urge responsible labor officials not to try
In the evening, President Bush returned
couragement and
to influence resolution of this dispute by
to the U.S. Ambassador's residence and met
And when you
disrupting the Nation's transportation sys-
individually with President Mário Alberto
I effort with what
tems through secondary boycotts against
Soares of Portugal, President Mohammed
are doing in this
uninvolved parties. Such boycotts would un-
Hosni Mubarak of Egypt, Prime Minister
e do have some-
279
Services of Mead Data Central
PAGE
12
2ND STORY of Level 1 printed in FULL format.
Copyright (c) 1990 The Washington Post
CURT:
June 29, 1990, Friday, Final Edition
FYI
SECTION: STYLE; PAGE B3; PERSONALITIES
LENGTH: 508 words
SERIES: Occasional
BYLINE: Chuck Conconi, Washington Post Staff Writer
BODY:
While Republican National Committee Chairman Lee Atwater battles his brain
tumor, he and his family also face mounting medical expenses, some not covered
by insurance. To help defray these costs, a group of friends and some members of
the select group of wealthy Republican donors known as = Team 100, It which
raised some $ 10 million for the Bush campaign, have donated money to the Lee
Atwater Trust for Medical Expenses, At least one prominent Republican money
source has written a check for $ 10,000, the amount that had been recommended to
team members.
Mary Matalin, RNC chief of staff, said yesterday that the fund is not
associated with the RNC, nor are RNC members being solicited. "The money is
coming from friends and colleagues who have worked with Lee over his many years
in politics," she said. "And we are all most grateful for the help. Lee is
sincerely overwhelmed with the generosity and support of his friends."
Out and About
Romantic ballad singer Jack Jones showed he was part of the "show must go on"
tradition Wednesday night at Anton's 1201 Club, where he is performing this
week. At the end of a second encore, Jones was singing the haunting "Music of
the Night" from "The Phantom of the Opera," when he slipped and fell from the
stage onto a table and was knocked unconscious. A few moments later, he arose,
shook himself off and completed the song
Adm. William Narva, the former attending physician to Congress who is
recovering from heart bypass surgery, stopped by the White House yesterday for rd
private ceremony in which President Bush presented him with the Distinguished
Service Medal. Narva, who has been a popular personality on Capitol Hill, will
end a 34-year Navy career when he retires from active duty Aug. 1
Royal Watch: It had to happen. Prince Charles was hurt yesterday playing polo
when he fell from his horse and broke his right arm. His wife, Diana, has
expressed concern in the past about the 41-year-old heir to the throne playing
polo, which is considered second only to auto racing as the most dangerous
sport. Charles was reportedly making a shot when he lost his balance and fell
during a match while playing for his team, Windsor Park
Fifty years after legendary director Frank Capra sent "Mr. Smith" to
Washington, he and Smith, actor Jimmy Stewart, are to have a congressional gold
medal struck in their honor. The House Banking, Finance and Urban Affairs
Committee's coinage subcommittee decided Wednesday to strike the medals for the
two major film world figures and for director Fred Zinnemann, the master of
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SOURCE REF:
KEYWORDS: DESIRT STORM
IRAQ
KUWAIT
SAUDI ARABIA
WH REFERRAL
PERSONS:
SUBJECT: PRES REMARKS FOR RAYTHEON MISSILE SYSTEMS PLANT IN MASSACHUSETTS
ACTION: SCOWCROFT SGD WH REFERRAL
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1091
Document No. 212314SS
WHITE HOUSE STAFFING MEMORANDUM
DATE: 2/12/91
ACTION/CONCURRENCE/COMMENT DUE SYNEDNESDAY 2/13 2:00 p.m,
SUBJECT:
PRESIDENTIAL REMARKS: RAYTHEON MISSILE SYSTEMS PLANT - ANDOVER, MI
ACTION FYI
ACTION FYI
VICE PRESIDENT
MCCLURE
SUNUNU
NEWMAN
SCOWCROFT
PORTER
DARMAN
ROGICH
BRADY
UNTERMEYER
CARD
ROGERS
DEMAREST
WINSTON
FITZWATER
TREFRY
GRAY
HOLIDAY
REMARKS:
Please forward your comments directly to Chriss Winston, Rin.
122, x2930, no later than 2:00, Wednesday, February 13, with
a copy to this office. Thank you.
February 13. 1991
RESPONSE: The National Security Council staff has reviewed the excellent
draft speech for the President at Raytheon and forwards the attached
comments.
Brent/ RSotisford
CC: Phillip Brady
PHILLIP D. BRADY
Assistant to the President
and Staff Secretary
Ext. 2702
McGroarty/Grossman
February 12, 1991
91 FEB 12 PH 1:54
2:30 pm
[PATRIOT]
PRESIDENTIAL REMARKS: RAYTHEON MISSILE SYSTEMS PLANT
ANDOVER, MASSACHUSETTS
FEBRUARY 15, 1991
2:00 pm
Thank you, Bill [Gov. Weld]. [Introductory
acknowledgements.] It is an honor to be here today -- to come to
Raytheon, the home of the men and women who build the
Scudbusters. //
I've just completed my tour of this marvelous facility ---
sat at the command post of a Patriot Fire Unit - heard about the
years of painstaking work that produced the split second accuracy
of the Patriot Missile System. 11 Let THE tell you: I'm
impressed with the technology - but I'm even more impressed with
the people behind the machines. 11
Just days after Saddam Hussein rolled into Kuwait, Raytheon
went into overdrive. Since mid-August, it's been an around-the-
clock effort. Three shifts a day, seven days a week -- and I
know many of you gave up your own Thanksgiving and Christmas to
be right here - to keep the lines moving. //
Well, in the last month, the world has learned why. Patriot
works - and not just because of the high-tech wizardry. It's
because of all the hours -- all the attention to detail -- all
the pride and all the professionalism that every one of you
reason way we are On
Course and on schedule. we will continue to fight this war on our
terms, on our timetable - - and until our objectives are met. Kuwait will
be liberated, make no mistake 2 about it
brings to the job. Patriot works 11 because of Patriots like
you. 11
As I was touring the plant a few minutes ago, I saw one sign
that said: "Patriot a Revolution in Air Defense. We are
witnessing a revolution in modern warfare -- a revolution that
will shape the way we defend ourselves for decades to come. //
For years, we've heard that anti-missile defenses won't
work. That shooting down a ballistic missile is impossible ---
like trying to "hit a bullet with a bullet.' Some people called
it impossible you called it your job. //
[ [PATRIOT SCORECARD. ]]
No - Patriot's not perfect. No system is -- no system ever
will be. But Patriot is proof positive that missile defense can
Duayle
work. And if missilo defense io technological possible it
used
is-poratly Imperative.
11
And I've said many times that missile defense threatens no one -
be that there is no purer defensive weapon than one that targets
missiles launched against us, or our Friends and allies
We know this is a dangerous world. Today, our Cold Wai
concern about a large-scale nuclear exchange is more remote than
at any point in the post-war era. // At the same time, the
number of nations acquiring the capability to build and deliver
missiles of mass destruction -- chemical and perhaps even nuclear
weapons is on the increase. Between now and the year 2000
in spite of our best efforts to control their spread [a] as
additional
many
as 15 nations may acquire this deadly technology. And as we've
3 as up 5x man
been taught by Saddam Hussein, all it takes is one renegade
regime one ruler without regard for human decency. //
In the past, wa've often depended more for our protection on
theories of deterrence than technologies of defense. Some
critics of missile defense have even said that we and our
adversaries would be better off defenseless, open to attack
and therefore equally vulnerable. That's a theory salled Mutual
need to refter this a but as traditional
determine theory (even with GPALS) will
still apply of our strategic relationship
Assured Destruction ¥ theory that's done as much to
Impade our progress towards effective anti missile defense as any
offectrict Deddam Hameis
problem of physics 11
is prime example.
Well, patriot's shot that theory right out-of the thereky H
with the overts
some oF
today are
Well, We know now that the adversaries we face registration more rash
than rational -- less impressed by theories than by a nation with
M did ally ro
he
us
the means and will to defend itself.
pien Jeli ch.
Thank God that when the Scuds came -- the people of Israel
and Saudi Arabia had more to protect them than some abstract
theory of deterrence. 11. Thank God for the Patriot missile.
//
The people who build Patriot have reason to be proud.
Because of you, a tyrant's threat to rain terror from the skies
has been blunted -- cut short. //
3
pricelize
like a attach Y
Because of you, [thousands of innocent civilians
countless
great line but we have to be
human lives have been spared. 11
big
CBecause of you, our Armed Forces have proved to the world
SCVD
that Iragi Seuds are no match for American Patriots
111]
When we think of war, we think first of the soldiers in the
field -- the brave men and women serving now half a world away.
&
But Woodrow Wilson once said that in war, there are "a thousand
forms of duty. If In this room today stand a thousand reasons why
V3 our cause shall succeed. //
Once again, thank you all for this warm welcome -- for the
invaluable contribution you have made to the defense of America
and its allies -- and may God bless the United States of America.
you, and people like you all oner the
country, have given our brave men 3rd
woman in as buy the edge they nied
to win decisively and new priceders
lives.
(important to expand theste
all agree writen)
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379 OEOB
City/State: Washington science DC
Event: Westing House Palent Search
Date: 2/26/91
DOE: 3/4/91
OFFICE OF PRESIDENTIAL ADVANCE
CONTACT SHEET
Name
Office
Phone Number
Presidential Advance Office
202/456-7565
Presidential Advance Fax Number
202/456-2820
Cvaig Ray Kelley gannon PattyConrad
WH Advance
202.456.7565
Lisa BaHagria I
Public Waison 456-7845
Dahu Commitions
Westingboase
(412) 642-4941
Charba Canall
Westingtown
797.4839
(412)642 3314
Jim Callahan
WAShiNgtoN Hilton
(203) 797 - 5778
C.W. Bulloch
Seeret Service
202 395 - 6340
M.ELIZABETH KILKENNY
westinghouse
(412) 345-8225 797,4839 (Pgl)
Don HANESS
SCIENCE SERVICE
(202)785-2255
Carol Luszcz
Science Service
202/785-3749-2255
Michelle Lenney
Washington Hilton
202 7975773
ToNi ZANGARA
SECRET SERVICE/TSD
202 - 395-4005
JIM KNODELL
n
n PPD
202-395-4011
DON White
"
"
WFO
202-634-5100
Ron LEAVERS
Din Sar. Hilton
202.797.5800
JMT SWEENEY
Audio Viscal INC
(202) 745-0239
JOHN Hubler
"
11
11
"
11
JOHN TAYLOR
WHCH TO
395-4077
11
"
:
TOM WILSON
395-4200
DAUE BLACK
WHCA AV
202 395-4220
JOHN KEPHART
u
AV DIRECTOR
202 - 395 - 4220
Lawrence H. welch
WHCA OPNS
202 395 4040
Frank S. Marriott
Westinghous/Wesh
202 835.2329
Carolyn Cawley
WH Speechwriting
202-456-7750