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Acid Rain Treaty Signing 3/14/91 [OA 6856]
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323153246
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Acid Rain Treaty Signing 3/14/91 [OA 6856]
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13749-004
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Records of the White House Office of Speechwriting (George H. W. Bush Administration)
Speech Backup Chronological Files
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Originally Processed With FOIA(s):
FOIA Number:
S; 2007-0673-F
S
FOIA
MARKER
This is not a textual record. This is used as an
administrative marker by the George Bush Presidential
Library Staff.
Record Group/Collection:
George H.W. Bush Presidential Records
Collection/Office of Origin:
Speechwriting, White House Office of
Series:
Speech File Backup Files
Subseries:
Chron File, 1989-1993
OA/ID Number:
13749
Folder ID Number:
13749-004
Folder Title:
Acid Rain Treaty Signing 3/14/91 [OA 6856]
Stack:
Row:
Section:
Shelf:
Position:
G
26
21
3
2
background
notes
Canada
United States Department of State
June 1989
Bureau of Public Affairs
PROFILE
Suffrage: Universal over 18.
Arctic Ocean
Government budget (FY 1984-85):
Geography
Expenditures-C$125.5 billion. Revenues-
GREENLAND
C$97.5 billion. Deficit-C$28.0 billion.
U.S.
Area: 9.97 million sq. km. (3.8 million sq.
Defense: 2% of GNP.
mi.); second largest country in the world. Cit-
Subdivisions: 10 provinces, 2 territories.
ies: Capital-Ottawa (pop. 833,000). Other
Flag: A red maple leaf on a white back-
cities-Toronto (3.5 million), Montreal (2.9
ground flanked by vertical red bands.
million), Vancouver (1.4 million). Terrain:
Varied. Climate: Temperate to arctic.
CANADA
Economy
People
GDP (1988): $486.3 billion. Annual real GDP
Ottawa
growth rate: 4.5%. Per capita GDP (1988):
Mentreal
Nationality: Noun and adjective-
$18,707.
UNITED STATES
Canadian(s). Population (1988): 26.1 million.
Natural resources: Metals and minerals,
Annual growth rate (1987-88): 1.2%. Ethnic
fish, forests, wildlife.
groups: British 25%, French 24%, European
Agriculture: Products-wheat, livestock
Official Name:
16%, indigenous Indian and Eskimo 1.5%,
and meat, feedgrains, oilseeds, dairy prod-
Canada
mixed background 28%. Religions: Roman
ucts, tobacco, fruits, vegetables.
Catholic 47%, United Church 16%, Anglican
Industry: Types-motor vehicles and
10%. Languages: English, French. Literacy-
parts, fish and forest products, petroleum
9.9% of population aged 15 and over have at
and natural gas, processed and unprocessed
least a ninth grade education. Health: Infant
minerals.
mortality rate-7.3/1,000 (U.S. = 11.2/1,000).
Trade (1988): Exports-$111.4 billion: mo-
Life expectancy-73 yrs. males, 80 yrs. fe-
tor vehicles and parts, lumber, woodpulp and
males. Work force (13.3 million, 1988):
newsprint, crude and fabricated metals, natu-
Agriculture-0.4 million. Manufacturing-
ral gas, crude petroleum, wheat. Partners—
2.1 million. Trade-2.2 million. Community/
U.S. 74%, EC 18%, Japan 5%. Imports-
business/personal service-4.1 million. Public
$103.6 billion: motor vehicles and parts, indus-
administration0.8 million.
trial machinery, crude petroleum, chemicals,
agricultural machinery. Partners-U.S. 69%,
Government
EC 8%, Japan 6%.
Official exchange rate (floating, average
Type: Confederation with parliamentary de-
closing rate for 1988): C$1= U.S. $81.24.
mocracy. Independence: July 1, 1867. Consti-
Fiscal year: April 1-March 31.
tution: Amended British North America Act
Development assistance (FY 1987-88):
patriated to Canada in 1982, charter of rights,
$2 billion or 0.4% of GDP.
and unwritten custom.
Branches: Executive-Queen Elizabeth
Membership in
II (chief of state, represented by a governor
International Organizations
general), prime minister (head of govern-
ment), cabinet. Legislative-bicameral parlia-
UN, North Atlantic Treaty Organization
ment (104-member Senate, 295-member House
(NATO), North Atlantic Fisheries Organiza-
of Commons). Judicial-Supreme Court.
tion, Organization for Economic
Political parties: Progressive Conserv-
Cooperation and Development (OECD),
ative, Liberal, New Democratic, Reform,
Commonwealth, La Francophonie, Agency for
Social Credit.
Cultural and Technical Cooperation, Interna-
tional Energy Agency (IEA), INTELSAT.
75
170
140 110 80 50
20
75
U.S.S.R.
United
Ellesmere
Iceland
islanded
States
(Denmark)
Fairbanks
Yukon
155
Baffin Bay
YUKON
Island
Victoria
Mackenzie
Great Lakear
Baffin
Island
140
Juneau
NORTHWEST TERRITORIES
Yellowkhife
Do
a
&
Peace
Pacific
COLUMBIA
Churchill Hudson
NEWFOUNDL
UB80
ALIBERTA
Bay
Schetterville Goose Bay
AND
FOUNDL
$
MANITOBA
Johns
/
Gander
Seattle
Calgary
SASKA ATCHEWAN Saskatoon Regina
Lake
Winnipeg
QUEBEC
125
Columbia
ONTARIO
Sydney
Winnipeg
NEW
Quebec
Super,
Montreal awrence
Sault Ste Marie
Ottawa
Canada
Lake
Ontario3
Boston
Detroit
Missouri
Chicago
New York
International boundary
*
National capital
Railroad
Ohio
Washington
Atlantic
Road
Saint Louis
Province boundary
Ocean
+
International airport
0
500 Kilometers
UnitedSt
0
500 Miles
Mexico
my
95
Mississippi
110
80
65
2
GEOGRAPHY
Canada is more than 9.9 million square
kilometers (3.97 million sq. mi.) in area
and is the second largest country in the
world. Canada shares an 8,892-kilometer
(5,335-mi.) border with the United
States, unfortified for more than a cen-
tury. There are five major geographic
regions.
The Appalachian region encom-
passes the Atlantic Provinces and part
of southeastern Quebec and consists of
rounded hills and rolling plains.
The St. Lawrence lowlands consist
of fertile, low-lying plains bordering the
Great Lakes and St. Lawrence River in
southern Quebec and Ontario.
The Canadian Shield is an area of
pre-Cambrian rock extending from La-
brador to the Arctic islands and covering
most of eastern and central Canada. The
northern area of the Shield is a moss-
covered, treeless plain with permanently
frozen subsoil. The Shield is thickly for-
ested in the south.
The interior plains extend from the
U.S. border to the Arctic Ocean. In the
south, they are unforested and form the
breadbasket of Canada. North of the
prairies, the plains are forested and con-
tain large deposits of oil, gas, and
potash.
The Cordilleran region is a strip of
mountainous terrain about 800 kilome-
ters (500 mi.) wide that includes most of
British Columbia, the Yukon, and part
of western Alberta.
The climate varies greatly, from
arctic to mild, but Canada may be de-
scribed generally as having moderate
summers and long, cold winters.
PEOPLE
Of Canada's 26.1 million people, 80% live
within 160 kilometers (100 mi.) of the
U.S. border, and half of the population
lives in the southeastern part of the
country near the Great Lakes and the
St. Lawrence River. Yet, Canadians and
U.S. citizens are not as similar as casual
observers frequently assume. The Cana-
dian character and outlook have been
forged from a distinctive historical and
social-background.
Canada's more than 6 million French-
speaking citizens are primarily descen-
dants of colonists who settled the coun-
try three centuries ago. The English-
speaking community has been built up
mostly by immigration from the United
Kingdom. The largest influx from the
View of Roger's Pass on Mount Abbot.
3
Quebec City in 1608 and established a
number of other settlements along the
Bay of Fundy and the shores of the St.
Lawrence River. Explorers, traders,
and missionaries, including Marquette,
Joliet, and La Salle, extended French
influence in "New France."
Following the early years of settle-
ment, French and English pioneers en-
gaged in the highly competitive fur
trade. Canada's political shape began to
emerge from the Battle of the Plains of
Abraham at Quebec, where the British
defeated the French in 1759 and took
over the French colonies in North Amer-
ica. The memory of that event still has a
strong emotional appeal for French-
Canadians. Although New France came
under British control, it was permitted
to retain its religion and civil code. To-
day, by means of the Meech Lake Consti-
tutional Accord (subject to provincial
ratification), Canada continues its quest
to develop a constitutional formula that
An Indian artist, member of the Hazelton band, paints designs on a wooden box.
will satisfy the aspirations of French-
speaking Quebec.
During the American Revolution,
United States occurred during the
Canada has a colorful literary tradi-
French and British colonists in Canada
American Revolution when thousands of
tion. Margaret Lawrence, Margaret At-
rebuffed the overtures of American lead-
"Empire Loyalists" fled to Canada.
wood, Robertson Davies, and Mordechai
ers and chose British rule over independ-
Canadians of neither British nor
Richler rank among the most influential
ence in association with the United
French origin are generally of German,
Anglophone authors. Leading Franco-
States. A U.S. raid on Quebec was un-
Ukrainian, Scandinavian, Italian, Dutch,
phone authors include Gabrielle Roy and
successful. In the War of 1812, U.S.-
Polish, indigenous Indian, or Eskimo
Jacques Ferron. In visual arts, Cana-
British rivalry in North America again
(Inuit) origin.
dians are most proud of a school of paint-
resulted in the invasion of Canada.
ers known as "The Group of Seven." This
Several events accelerated the unior
Cultural Achievements
school, whose exclusive subject was Ca-
of the British colonies in Canada into a
nadian landscape, is credited with a
new nation.
Canadian culture has been shaped by
strictly Canadian style of painting, a
First, the political uprisings of
four major influences: Canada's multi-
"pictoral nationalism. With the support
1837 in both English Upper Canada and
cultural heritage; English/French bilin-
of the National Film Board, Canadian
French Lower Canada led to the creation
gualism; sustained government funding
filmmakers such as Harry Rasky and
of local governments and to greater citi-
for artistic and literary pursuits; and
Bill Mason are world leaders in produc-
zen participation in government.
the abundance and availability of Ameri-
ing documentaries. Canada also has a
Second, at the end of the American
can cultural production. Canadians view
number of world-class dance troupes,
Civil War, it was feared that the United
their country not as a melting pot but
orchestras, and repertory theaters.
States might turn against British North
Beth
rather as a cultural mosaic. Inuit, Indian
Numerous well-known musicians claim
America.
nations, Francophones, Anglophones,
Canada as their home, including Joni
Finally, the expansion of the Ameri-
and immigrant groups have all sought to
Mitchell, Anne Murray, Paul Anka,
can West and the slower settlement of
maintain their unique cultural identities.
Gordon Lightfoot, Bryan Adams, and
the Canadian West encouraged the de-
Such efforts have been encouraged by
Corey Hart.
velopment of a Canadian transcontinen-
extensive government funding of the
tal railroad and the perception among
arts. After the Second World War, the
eastern Canadian political leaders that a
government established the Canada
HISTORY
Canadian federation from the Atlantic to
Council to fund the arts, which has be-
the Pacific had to be achieved if western
come the major patron of all forms of
Canada's early history was dominated by
Y
Canada was to avoid absorption by the
creative endeavor in Canada. Govern-
rivalry between France and Britain. In
United States.
ment support, as well as strict regula-
1497, John Cabot reached Newfoundland
tions mandating a specified amount of
and claimed for Britain a large portion
The British North America Act of
Canadian content in the media, has pro-
of the Atlantic seaboard. Cabot was fol-
1867 created the new nation of Canada,
duced an artistic atmosphere that en-
lowed by the French explorer Jacques
comprising four provinces-Ontario,
courages creativity over marketability.
Cartier, who landed on the Gaspe Penin-
Quebec, New Brunswick, and Nova
This atmosphere pervades all areas of
sula in 1534 and claimed it for France.
Scotia. It provided for a federal union
art and culture, from television and
While the British settled along the
films to literature and publishing.
coast, the French pushed rapidly into the
interior, and for more than a century
Canada was a French colony. The foun-
der and settler of French Canada was
Samuel de Champlain, who founded
4
and for a parliamentary system of gov-
Government in the provinces is pat-
provinces. Heavily populated Ontario
ernment. Six other provinces eventually
terned much along the lines of the cen-
shifts between the two parties and often
entered the confederation; the last was
tral government. Each province is
plays a decisive role in elections.
Newfoundland in 1949.
governed by a premier and a single, elect-
The Progressive Conservative Party
ed legislative chamber. A lieutenant-
won 169 seats in the House of Commons
governor, appointed by the governor
in the November 21, 1988 election and
GOVERNMENT
general, represents the crown in each
again formed a majority government
province.
with representation from every region in
Canada is a constitutional monarchy
the nation. The Liberal Party, the official
with a bilingual federal system, a parlia-
Principal Government Officials
opposition, won 83 seats; the NDP, 43.
mentary form of government, and strong
Quebec's status remains a serious
democratic traditions. Although in 1982
Chief of State-Queen Elizabeth II
political issue in Canada. In 1980, the
Canada consolidated its written consti-
Governor General-Madame Jeanne
Parti Quebecois sought, through a refer-
tution, many of the country's legal and
Sauve
endum, a mandate from the people of
parliamentary practices are based on
Prime Minister-Brian Mulroney
Quebec to negotiate a new status,
unwritten custom, as is the case in
Secretary of State for External
"sovereignty-association," involving
the United Kingdom. On the other hand,
Affairs-Joe Clark
political independence with continued
the federal structure-uniting the 10
economic association with the rest of
provinces in a federal government-
Ambassador to the United States—
resembles the U.S. federal system. The
Derek Burney
constitution provides for a federal gov-
Ambassador to the United Nations—
ernment to which are reserved specific
Yves Fortier
powers, such as those relating to de-
Canada maintains an embassy in
Canada's Provinces
fense, trade and commerce, banking and
the United States at 501 Pennsylvania
and Territories
currency, criminal law, postal services,
Avenue, NW., Washington, D.C. 20001
and certain taxes, as well as all powers
(tel. 202-682-1740).
Atlantic Provinces: Newfoundland, Prince
not expressly granted to the provinces.
Edward Island, Nova Scotia, New Bruns-
The provinces have authority to admin-
Canadian consulates
wick. Area-541,180 sq. km. (208,146 sq.
ister and legislate on such matters as ed-
in the United States
mi.). Population (1988)-2.3 million. Ethnic
ucation, property laws, health, and local
Atlanta, Georgia
(404) 577-6810
groups-predominantly British, French.
affairs generally. The 1982 Charter of
Boston,
(617) 262-3760
Industry-fishing, agriculture, mining,
Rights guarantees basic rights in many
Massachusetts
manufacturing.
areas.
Buffalo, New York
(716) 852-1247
Quebec: Area-1,356,790 sq. km. (523,857
Queen Elizabeth II, as Queen of
Chicago, Illinois
(312) 427-1031
sq. mi.). Population (1988)-6.7 million.
Canada, serves as a symbol of the na-
Cleveland, Ohio
(216) 771-0150
Ethnic groups-predominantly French,
tion's unity. She appoints the governor
Dallas, Texas
(214) 992-9806
British, other European groups. Industry-
general on the advice of the prime minis-
Detroit, Michigan
(313) 567-2340
agriculture, mining, manufacturing, hydro-
ter of Canada, usually for a 5-year term.
Los Angeles,
(213) 687-7432
electric power.
Canada's parliament consists of an
California
Ontario: Area-891,190 sq. km. (345,420 sq.
appointive Senate and an elective House
Minneapolis,
(612) 333-4641
mi.). Population (1988)-9.5 million. Ethnic
of Commons. In practice, legislative
Minnesota
groups-British, French, other European
power rests with the Commons (295
New York,
(212) 586-2400
groups. Industry-manufacturing, agricul-
New York
ture, mining.
members). Senate members are appoint-
ed by the governor general on the advice
San Francisco,
(415) 981-2670
Prairie provinces: Manitoba, Saskatche-
of the prime minister. Commons mem-
California
wan, Alberta. Area-1.77 million sq. km.
bers are elected at least every 5 years
Seattle, Washington
(206) 443-1777
(680,757 sq. mi.). Population (1988)-4.5 mil-
lion. Ethnic groups-British, other Euro-
but also at any time that the prime min-
pean groups. Industry-agriculture, cattle,
ister advises the governor general to dis-
POLITICAL CONDITIONS
petroleum and natural gas, mining,
solve the House.
manufacturing.
The cabinet is led by the prime min-
The three national parties in Canada are
British Columbia: Area-934,125 sq. km.
ister, who is the leader of the political
party in power. The cabinet remains in
the Progressive Conservatives, the Lib-
(359,279 sq. mi.). Population (1988)-3
1
erals, and the New Democratic Party
million. Ethnic groups-British, other
office as long as it retains majority sup-
European, Chinese, indigenous Indian.
port in the Commons on major issues.
(NDP), a Social Democratic party formed
Industry-forestry, manufacturing, fish-
Criminal law, a federal prerogative,
in 1961: Since 1921, either the Liberal or
ing, mining, agriculture.
I
is uniform throughout the nation and is
the Conservative Party has controlled
the Canadian Government. Both are
Territories: Northwest Territory and
based largely on British law. Civil law is
broadbased parties of the center that at-
Yukon Territory. Area-3.79 million sq. km.
based on the common law of England, ex-
(1.45 million sq. mi). Population (1988)-
cept in Quebec, which has retained its
tempt to win support from all groups
72,300. Ethnic groups-British, indigenous
own civil code patterned after that of
and regions of the country. In federal
Indian, Inuit. Industry-mining.
France. Justice is administered by fed-
elections, the Liberals had relied in the
eral, provincial, and municipal courts.
past on strong support from Quebec.
However, in the 1984 and 1988 federal
elections, the Progressive Conservatives
took the large majority of seats in that
province. The Conservatives tradi-
tionally have been strong in the western
5
Canada. Sixty percent of Quebec voters
central feature of Canadian politics.
Forest covers 49%, or 4.5 million
rejected the proposal.
Quebec wishes to preserve and strength-
square kilometers (1.7 million sq. mi.) of
In 1982, Queen Elizabeth ceremo-
en its distinct nature. Western pro-
Canada's total land area. Forest product
nially turned over full responsibility for
vinces desire more control over their
exports, including pulp and paper, repre-
Canada's constitution, the amended Brit-
abundant natural resources, especially
sent about 15% of Canada's total export
ish North America Act of 1867, to the
energy reserves. Industrialized central
trade with nearly two-thirds going to
Canadian Parliament. Patriation of the
Canada is concerned with other aspects
the United States. Canada is the world's
constitution was made possible when the
of economic development, while the At-
leading producer of newsprint, account-
federal government and nine provinces
lantic provinces have resisted federal
ing for 40% of global output. The United
agreed on a Charter of Rights and an
claims to fishing and mineral rights off
States imports nearly 75% of Canada's
amending formula. Only Quebec did not
their shores. Canadians have responded
total newsprint production.
concur. However, Quebec's current Lib-
to these differing regional needs by
Commercial fisheries provide an an-
eral government has strongly endorsed
strengthening both their confederation
nual catch of about 1.4 million metric-
the 1987 Meech Lake Constitutional Ac-
and the fundamental democratic princi-
tons (1.54 million tons), and some 70% of
cord that would bring the province into
ples essential to a balanced federal-
the catch is exported.
Canada's federal constitutional frame-
provincial political system.
work while recognizing Quebec as a "dis-
Minerals
tinct society." The accord must still be
ratified by two provinces (Manitoba and
ECONOMY
Canada ranks first in the world in min-
New Brunswick) by June 1990 before it
eral exports and third in mineral pro-
takes effect.
Canada ranks seventh in the world in
duction, after the United States and the
Federal-provincial relations are a
gross domestic product and is one of the
Soviet Union. It is the world's largest
world's largest producers of a wide vari-
producer of zinc, potash, uranium, and
ety of minerals. The mineral industry
nickel; the second largest producer of as-
Changing of the guard ceremony in front of
has been a major factor in Canada's eco-
bestos, silver, titanium, gypsum, and
Parliament, Ottawa.
nomic development. Canada's lakes have
sulfur; and a leading producer of molyb-
more than 50% of the world's fresh wa-
denum, aluminum, cobalt, gold, lead,
ter, and 75% of Canada's power needs are
copper, iron, and platinum. Mineral
met by hydroelectric energy.
deposits are located in all regions.
The year 1988 marked the sixth con-
Canada is a major producer of hy-
secutive year that Canada held its posi-
droelectricity, oil, and gas and, unlike
tion as one of the strongest economies in
most of its industrial partners, is a net
the Organization for Economic Coopera-
exporter of energy (primarily gas and
tion and Development. Fueled by strong
electricity). Canada's exports and im-
investment in plant and equipment, Can-
ports of oil currently are in approximate
ada's economy grew by 5%. This perform-
balance. Nevertheless, crude petroleum
ance not only surpassed 1987's growth
is the largest single component of Cana-
rate of 4.5% but was the highest rate
da's minerals output. In 1988, Canadian
since 1984. The spectacular growth of
oil reserves were about 6.8 billion bar-
Canadian manufacturing, particularly
rels, including arctic reserves. Canada
since the 1950s, has transformed the na-
produces annually more than 500 million
tion from a rural, agricultural society
barrels of oil and about 3.5 trillion cubic
into one primarily industrial and urban.
feet of natural gas annually. The United
Industry is now the leading segment of
States imports about 6% of its natural
the nation's economy, employing one-
gas requirements from Canada.
third of the work force.
Foreign Trade
Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries
In total volume of trade, Canada ranks
Agriculture's contribution to the Cana-
seventh in the world, after the United
dian economy is very similar to that of
States, the Federal Republic of Ger-
the United States, averaging less than
many, France, the United Kingdom,
4% of gross national product and employ-
Japan, and Italy.
ment in the late 1980s. Agricultural ex-
The value of U.S.-Canadian mer-
ports are less than 10% of all trade; led
chandise trade for 1988 was over $157
by wheat and barley to third markets
billion, more than between any other
and by pork and horticultural products
two countries in the world. Also in 1988
to the United States. The United States
about 25% of all U.S. merchandise ex-
is Canada's leading market, taking near-
ports went to Canada, and Canada
ly one-third of all food exports, domi-
supplied about 22% of total U.S.
nated by pork and horticultural products.
merchandise imports.
Conversely, Canada is the United States'
Almost one-third of U.S.-Canadian
trade occurs under the terms of the
second largest market, primarily impor-
ting fresh fruits and vegetables and live-
U.S.-Canada Automotive Agreement
stock products.
(Auto did Cared Pact), which provides for free
during
oil
crisis
6
Gull
trade between the two nations in cars,
Treaty Organization (NATO) since its in-
broaden and strengthen ties with La
trucks, and auto parts. Under the 1965
ception, Canada shares responsibility,
Francophonie.
agreement, two-way trade in automotive
with the United States and other allies,
Canadian economic assistance to de-
products rose from $715 million in 1964
for the North Atlantic Treaty area. Due
veloping countries totals more than $2
to $23 billion by 1978. In 1980-81, the
to its membership in NATO, Canada is
billion annually. The official channel for
two-way trade declined to about $18 bil-
an active participant in discussions stem-
government overseas aid programs is the
lion, but it rose to $51.5 billion in 1988.
ming from the Conference on Security
Canadian International Development
and Cooperation in Europe.
Agency. Canada also contributes sub-
Foreign Investment
Two other international organiza-
stantially to international and regional
tions of special interest to Canada are
development organizations and is a major
The investment relationship between the
the Commonwealth-an association of
supplier of food aid.
United States and Canada is extremely
former British colonies that share sim-
close. The United States is the largest
ilarities of language, customs, and
foreign investor in Canada. In late 1988,
institutions-and La Francophonie-an
U.S.-CANADIAN RELATIONS
the stock of U.S. direct investment in
association of French-speaking countries
Canada was estimated at over $66 billion,
that include France and former French
Canada views its relationship with the
or about 80% of total foreign direct in-
colonies. Since about 24% of all
United States as crucial to a wide range
vestment in Canada. Similarly, Canada's
Canadians regard French as their
of Canadian interests. The bilateral rela-
investment exposure in the United
mother tongue, Canada has sought to
tionship is varied and complex. Although
States currently is quite substantial. At
the end of 1988, the stock of Canadian
direct investment in the United States
stood at $35 billion (includes investments
Travel Notes
from Canadian holding companies lo-
cated in the Netherlands), or 20% of total
Customs: Documentation, passports, and
ing Quebecois shows, horsepulling, soirees,
foreign direct investment in the United
visas are not required of U.S. citizens visit-
and gourmet cuisine. In Ontario, drama festi-
States.
ing Canada as tourists, but they must be pre-
vals in Stratford and Niagara-on-the-Lake are
U.S. investment in Canada primar-
pared to show evidence of citizenship, such as
major attractions.
ily is in the mining and smelting in-
a U.S. birth certificate, or naturalization
Events in western Canada tend to reflect
certificate.
dustries, petroleum, chemicals, the
its cultural diversity and pioneer heritage.
manufacturing of machinery and trans-
Climate and clothing: Variety of climate,
They include the National Ukrainian Festival
portation equipment, and finance. Cana-
scenery, and people are the major sources of
in Manitoba and the Oktoberfest in Van-
dian investment in the United States is
Canada's popularity with vacationers.
couver, British Columbia. Saskatchewan has
its Pioneer Days, and Alberta has its Indian
concentrated in petroleum, real estate,
Currency: The unit of currency is the Cana-
Days and the popular Calgary Stampede, one
manufacturing, and trade.
dian dollar. Canadian and U.S. dollars are
of the greatest rodeo shows in the world.
fully convertible at banks and at most border
Canada is abundantly endowed with natu-
crossing points. The rate of exchange varies
ral playgrounds. The federal government
FOREIGN RELATIONS
daily (avg. 1988 was C$1=U.S.$0.81).
maintains 34 national parks, most of them
Transportation: Travel to Canada may be
with campsites and other basic camping facili-
In Canada's early days as a nation, its
made by automobile, bus, train, and plane.
ties, and each province maintains a number of
foreign affairs were conducted by the
Dozens of major border crossing points are
similar parks. In addition, 96 national historic
provided from the U.S.
parks and sites are maintained by the govern-
United Kingdom. By 1909, the Canadian
ment of Canada.
drive for autonomy led to the creation of
Tourist attractions: For most of Canada,
Time.zones in Canada correspond to
a Department of External Affairs. After
winter offers diverse cold-weather sports and
those in the United States, with the exception
World War I, Canadian representatives
activities-sking, skating, curling, and ice
of Atlantic time (1 hour ahead of eastern
signed the Treaty of Versailles and be-
hockey. Winter carnivals also are popular; the
standard time), which is observed in New
gan to conduct a truly independent for-
biggest is the Quebec Winter Carnival. One
Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Prince Edward
eign policy.
also can view some of the world's finest pro-
Island; and Newfoundland time (1 hour and
World War II gave considerable im-
fessional ice hockey at this time. In the late
30 minutes ahead of eastern standard time),
spring and summer, many people move to cot-
petus to Canadian participation in world
which is observed only in the Province of
tages by lakes and streams, while others pre-
Newfoundland.
affairs. Canada took an active role in the
fer to swim, fish, sail, motor, and golf. Many
creation of the United Nations, which it
open-air festivals take place, and each Pro-
National holidays: Most Canadian holidays
has strongly supported. It has contrib-
vince and Territory has its own events.
do not occur on the same date annually but
uted troops to UN forces in Korea,
rather are set to fall on Mondays. Canadian,
Newfoundland's annual regatta is one of
the Middle East, the Congo, Yemen,
holidays include Victoria Day in May, Canada
the oldest sporting events in North America.
Namibia, and Cyprus. In addition to its
Day in July, and the Fete Nationale, which is
Prince Edward Island features Country Days
observed only in Quebec, in June. Many mu-
peacekeeping activities, Canada has as-
and Old Home Week, with music, agricultural
nicipalities observe a civic holiday in late July
sumed a prominent role in the United
and handicraft displays, harness racing, and
or August.
Nations in disarmamant discussions, en-
parades. Events in Nova Scotia include the
Virtually all U.S. products are available
vironmental activities, law of the sea ne-
Annapolis Apple Blossom Festival, the Hal-
in Canada. Canadian telephone facilities are
gotiations, human rights issues, North-
ifax Tattoo, and the Highland Games. New
excellent, and direct dialing is possible be-
South issues, and world food problems.
Brunswick provides a variety of festivities re-
tween the U.S. and Canada. Public trans-
Canada also continues to be a strong
lated to its fishing industry, such as the Shed-
portation, education, and health services
iac Lobster Festival, the Richibukto Scallop
supporter of the nuclear Non-
generally are excellent.
Festival, and the Campbellton Salmon
Proliferation Treaty and its goals.
Festival.
Further information about Canada is
A member of the North Atlantic
Quebec has many attractions, including
available from the Canadian Embassy in
Man and His World (formerly Expo '67) and
Washington, D.C. and Canadian consulates
the Sherbrooke Festival des Cantons, featur-
in 15 U.S. cities.
7
differences inevitably occur occasionally,
controlling transboundary water pollu-
non-European ally, Canada contributes
the basic characteristics of Canadian-
tion. The United States and Canada fre-
forces to NATO commands in Europe
U.S. relations are close friendship and
quently consult on possible approaches to
and the North Atlantic. In addition,
cooperation in a wide range of fields.
dealing with the difficult problem of
U.S. and Canadian military forces since
The two countries cooperate closely
transboundary air pollution.
1958 have cooperated on continental air
in resolving transboundary environment-
The United States and Canada also
defense within the framework of the
al issues, an area of increasing impor-
recently have resolved several major is-
North American Aerospace Defense
tance in the bilateral relationship. A
sues involving fisheries. By common
Command, an integrated bilateral mili-
principal instrument of this cooperation
agreement, the two countries submitted
tary command exercising operational
is the International Joint Commission
a Gulf of Maine boundary dispute to the
control over U.S. and Canadian air de-
(IJC). Established in 1909, the IJC is a
ICJ in 1981; both accepted the Court's
fense forces and also providing early
unique approach to international envi-
October 12, 1984 ruling. On January 28,
warning information on possible air and
ronmental cooperation. The Great Lakes
1985, the United States and Canada
missile attack on North America. Cana-
Water Quality Agreements of 1972 and
signed the Pacific Salmon Treaty, the
da and the United States work closely
1978, aimed at preserving and enhancing
culmination of years of difficult negotia-
in defense research and production.
the water quality of the Great Lakes, are
tions aimed at rebuilding the Pacific
historic examples of joint cooperation in
salmon resource.
U.S.-Canadian economic relations
Principal U.S. Officials
provide a number of examples of cooper-
Ambassador-Edward N. Ney
ative efforts, such as the Auto Pact,
Deputy Chief of Mission-Dwight N.
Further Information
which created a largely integrated two-
Mason
country market for automobiles, and de-
Minister-Counselor for Political
These titles are provided as a general indication
fense economic arrangements, which di-
Affairs-Stephen Buck
of the material published on this country. The
minish obstacles to trade and technology
Minister-Counselor for Economic
Department of State does not endorse unofficial
publications.
exchange and encourage a balance of
Affairs-Lawrence P. Taylor
trade in defense related areas.
Minister-Counselor for Public Affairs-
Atwood, Margaret. Survival: A Thematic
Investment and trade issues are a
James P. Thurber
Guide to Canadian Literature. House of
constant feature of U.S.-Canadian rela-
Anansi Press, 1972.
Minister-Counselor for Commercial
tions. This is to be expected, given the
Berton, Pierre. Why We Act Like Canadians.
Affairs-George Mu.
McClelland and Stewart, 1982.
enormous flows of capital between the
countries and the fact that each is the
The U.S. Embassy in Canada is lo-
The Canadian Encyclopedia. 2d ed. Hurtig
Publishers, 1988.
other's most important market.
cated at 100 Wellington Street, Ottawa,
Creighton, Donald. The Story of Canada.
The U.S.-Canada trading relation-
(tel. 613-238-5335). There are U.S. con-
Macmillan of Canada, 1975.
ship has been further enhanced by the
sulates general in the following Cana-
Fraser, Graham: PQ: Rene Levesque and the
bilateral Free Trade Agreement (FTA)
dian cities: Calgary, Alberta (tel. 403-
Parti Quebecois in Power. Macmillan of
that became effective on January 1, 1989.
266-8962); Halifax, Nova Scotia (tel.
Canada, 1984.
Over a 10-year period, the FTA will re-
902-429-2480); Montreal, Quebec
Holmes, John and John Kirton, eds. Canada
move all tariffs and virtually all import
(tel. 514-281-1886); Quebec City, Quebec
and the New Internationalism. Center
and export restrictions; resolve many
(tel. 418-692-2095); Toronto, Ontario
for International Studies, 1988.
longstanding bilateral irritants; and lib-
(tel. 416-595-1700); and Vancouver,
Mahand, Edelgard E. and Graeme S. Mount.
An Introduction to Canadian-American
eralize rules in several areas including
British Columbia (tel. 604-685-4311).
Relations. 2d ed. Nelson Canada, 1989.
agriculture, services, energy, financial
Maslove, Allan M. and Stanley L. Winer.
services, investment, and government
Published by the United States Department
Knocking on the Back Door; Canadian
procurement.
of State
Bureau of Public Affairs
Perspectives on the Political Economy of
Energy and transportation issues
Office of Public Communication Editorial
Freer Trade with the United States. In-
also need constant attention, some of
Division Washington, D.C. June 1989
stitute for Research on Public Policy,
Editor: Juanita Adams
which have caused differences in the
1987.
Metcalfe, William (ed.) Understanding Cana-
past, but, in most cases, they have been
Department of State Publication 7769
da: A Multidisciplinary Introduction.
successfully resolved or managed.
Background Notes Series
This material is
New York University Press, 1982.
in the public domain and may be reprinted
U.S. Department of State. U.S. Canada Free
without permission; citation of this source
Trade Agreement. Public Information
DEFENSE
is appreciated.
Series, June 1988.
For sale by the Superintendent of Docu-
Wonnacott, Paul. The United States and Can-
U.S. defense arrangements with Canada
ments, U.S. Government Printing Office,
ada; the Quest for Free Trade. Institute
are more extensive and intimate than
Washington, D.C. 20402
for International Economics, 1987.
with any other country. The Permanent
Joint Board on Defense, established in
1940, provides policy-level consultation
on bilateral defense matters. The United
States and Canada share NATO mutual
security commitments. As the only other
-
8
*U.S. Government Printing Office
:
1989
242-624/80057
Canada
Soviet
Union
Arctic Ocean
Ellesmere
Island
Iceland
Greenland
Thule
United
Beaufort
(Denmark)
Reykjavík
Sea
States
Fairbanks
am
Baffin Bay
Victoria
Yukon
Island
Territory
Great
Bear Lake
Baffin Island
Stail SIAED
Godthåb
Whitehorse
(Nuuk)
Juneau
Northwest
Yellowknife
Territorie
S
Great
Slave Lake
Labrador Sea
Prince Rupert
Hudson
North
British
Pacific
Bay
Columbia
Ocean
Churchill
Alberta
C
a
n
a
d
a
Schefferville
Goose Bay Newfoundland
Edmonton
Manitoba
Saint
Victoria
Vancouver
Saskatchewan
Gander
John's
Calgary
Saskatoon
Quebec
Seattle
Saint Pierre
Lake
and Miquelon (Fr)
Regina
Winnipeg
Ontario
Prince
Edward
Winnipeg
New Is.
Sydney
Brunswick Charlottetown
Quebec
Fredericton
Halifax
Superior
Nova Scotia
Montreal
Ottawa
Toronto
Lake
.
Michigan
Ontario
Salt Lake City
Boston
New York
Chicago
Denver United
*
North
Washington
Los Angeles
Kansas City
.
Atlantic Ocean
St. Louis
States
Oklahoma City
.
0
500 Kilometers
Mexico
0
500 Miles
800611 4-86
(Martin) Brian MULRONEY
CANADA
(Phonetic: mullROOnee)
Prime Minister (since September 1984)
Addressed as: Mr. Prime Minister
Brian Mulroney is the first Quebecer in this
century to head the Progressive Conservative Party.
He has supported national bilingualism and has
opposed Quebec separatism. The architect of the
Meech Lake Accord, which was designed to win
Quebec's acceptance of the Canadian Constitution,
he publicly expressed his disappointment when the
accord was not ratified by all 10 provinces by the
23 June deadline. Nevertheless, he has vowed to
continue to work toward constitutional reform. He
favors close relations between Ottawa and
Washington. Since winning reelection in November
©
1988, he has concluded the US-Canadian Free Trade Agreement. He is also interested in
environmental issues. In May 1990 Mulroney hosted Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev in
Ottawa. Their meeting centered largely on a unified Germany in NATO and the future of
East-West relations.
Mulroney was born on 20 March 1939. He was educated at St. Francis Xavier
University in Antigonish, Nova Scotia, and at Laval University in Quebec. Early in his
career he worked in Montreal as a lawyer, specializing in labor-management relations. In
1976 he joined the US-owned Iron Ore Company of Canada as executive vice president; he
became president the following year. He had been active in the party for over 25 years but
had had no parliamentary experience when he was chosen to lead the party in June 1983. He
won a seat in Parliament in a Nova Scotia byelection in August 1983. During the 1984
national election, he won in his home district in Quebec.
Mulroney is a self-described workaholic, but he does find time to play tennis, swim,
fish, and ice skate. He is a fan of the Montreal Canadiens and the Montreal Expos. Married
to the former Mila Pivnicki, a native of Yugoslavia, he has three sons and a daughter.
26 June 1990
munt
mini
FACSIMILE TRANSMITTAL SHEET
NUMBER OF PAGES INCLUDING COVER 11
DATE February 18, 1992
TO Brenna Gottier
FAX NUMBER 203-871-6637
COMMENTS
Hope this helps!
(it's from 1989)
FROM Carol B. aarhus
*
DEPARTMENT OF COMMUNICATIONS
*
OFFICE NUMBER 202-456-7750
background
notes
Canada
United States Department of State
June 1989
Bureau of Public Affairs
PROFILE
Suffrage: Universal over 18.
Arctic Ocean
Government budget (FY 1984-85):
Geography
Expenditures-C$125.5 billion. Revenues-
GREENLAND
C$97.5 billion. Deficit-C$28.0 billion.
U.S.
Area: 9.97 million sq. km. (3.8 million sq.
Defense: 2% of GNP.
mi.); second largest country in the world. Cit-
Subdivisions: 10 provinces, 2 territories.
ies: Capital-Ottawa (pop. 833,000). Other
Flag: A red maple leaf on a white back-
cities-Toronto (3.5 million), Montreal (2.9
ground flanked by vertical red bands.
million), Vancouver (1.4 million). Terrain:
CANADA
Varied. Climate: Temperate to arctic.
Economy
People
GDP (1988): $486.3 billion. Annual real GDP
Ottawa
growth rate: 4.5%. Per capita GDP (1988):
Mentreal
Nationality: Noun and adjective-
$18,707.
UNITED STATES
Canadian(s). Population (1988): 26.1 million.
Natural resources: Metals and minerals,
Annual growth rate (1987-88): 1.2%. Ethnic
fish, forests, wildlife.
groups: British 25%, French 24%, European
Agriculture: Products-wheat, livestock
Official Name:
16%, indigenous Indian and Eskimo 1.5%,
and meat, feedgrains, oilseeds, dairy prod-
Canada
mixed background 28%. Religions: Roman
ucts, tobacco, fruits, vegetables.
Catholic 47%, United Church 16%, Anglican
Industry: Types-motor vehicles and
10%. Languages: English, French. Literacy-
parts, fish and forest products, petroleum
9.9% of population aged 15 and over have at
and natural gas, processed and unprocessed
least a ninth grade education. Health: Infant
minerals.
mortality rate-7.3/1,000 (U.S. = 11.2/1,000).
Trade (1988): Exports-$111.4 billion: mo-
Life expectancy-73 yrs. males, 80 yrs. fe-
tor vehicles and parts, lumber, woodpulp and
males. Work force (13.3 million, 1988):
newsprint, crude and fabricated metals, natu-
Agriculture-0.4 million. Manufacturing-
ral gas, crude petroleum, wheat. Partners—
2.1 million. Trade-2.2 million. Community/
U.S. 74%, EC 18%, Japan 5%. Imports-
business/personal service-4.1 million. Public
$103.6 billion: motor vehicles and parts, indus-
administration-0.8 million.
trial machinery, crude petroleum, chemicals,
agricultural machinery. Partners-U.S. 69%,
Government
EC 8%, Japan 6%.
Official exchange rate (floating, average
Type: Confederation with parliamentary de-
closing rate for 1988): C$1=U.S. e81.24.
mocracy. Independence: July 1, 1867. Consti-
Fiscal year: April 1-March 31.
tution: Amended British North America Act
Development assistance (FY 1987-88):
patriated to Canada in 1982, charter of rights,
$2 billion or 0.4% of GDP.
and unwritten custom.
Branches: Executive-Queen Elizabeth
Membership in
II (chief of state, represented by a governor
International Organizations
general), prime minister (head of govern-
ment), cabinet. Legislative-bicameral parlia-
UN, North Atlantic Treaty Organization
ment (104-member Senate, 295-member House
(NATO), North Atlantic Fisheries Organiza-
of Commons). Judicial-Supreme Court.
tion, Organization for Economic
Political parties: Progressive Conserv-
Cooperation and Development (OECD),
ative, Liberal, New Democratic, Reform,
Commonwealth, La Francophonie, Agency for
Social Credit.
Cultural and Technical Cooperation, Interna-
tional Energy Agency (IEA), INTELSAT.
75
170
140 110/80 50
20
75
U.S.S.R
to
Ellesmere
States
United
1
Thule
reenland
Iceland
Islanda
Yukon
155
am
Baffin Bay
Victoria
YUKON
Island
Mackenzie
Great Lake Bear
Baffin
Island
Davis Strait
140
Juneau
NORTHWEST Yellowkhife TERRITORIES
(Slave Lake
Peace
COLUMBIA
Churchill
Hudson
NEWFOUNDLA
Ugao
Education
Bay
Schetterville efferville Goose
MANITOBA
Gander
SASKATCHEWAN Regina
Lake
Winnipeg
QUEBEC
ONTARIO
cowarn
125
Winnipeg
NEW
Quebec
Super
Montreal
awrence
Sault
SteaMarie
Ottawa
Canada
Michigan
Detroit
Chicago
New York
International boundary
*
National capital
Railroad
Washington
Atlantic
Road
Saint Louis
Province boundary
Ocean
+
International airport
0
500 Kilometers
United
o
500 Miles
110
Mexico
96
80
65
2
GEOGRAPHY
Canada is more than 9.9 million square
kilometers (3.97 million sq. mi.) in area
and is the second largest country in the
world. Canada shares an 8,892-kilometer
(5,335-mi.) border with the United
States, unfortified for more than a cen-
tury. There are five major geographic
regions.
The Appalachian region encom-
passes the Atlantic Provinces and part
of southeastern Quebec and consists of
rounded hills and rolling plains.
The St. Lawrence lowlands consist
of fertile, low-lying plains bordering the
Great Lakes and St. Lawrence River in
southern Quebec and Ontario.
The Canadian Shield is an area of
pre-Cambrian rock extending from La-
brador to the Arctic islands and covering
most of eastern and central Canada. The
northern area of the Shield is a moss-
covered, treeless plain with permanently
frozen subsoil. The Shield is thickly for-
ested in the south.
The interior plains extend from the
U.S. border to the Arctic Ocean. In the
south, they are unforested and form the
breadbasket of Canada. North of the
prairies, the plains are forested and con-
tain large deposits of oil, gas, and
potash.
The Cordilleran region is a strip of
mountainous terrain about 800 kilome-
ters (500 mi.) wide that includes most of
British Columbia, the Yukon, and part
of western Alberta.
The climate varies greatly, from
arctic to mild, but Canada may be de-
scribed generally as having moderate
summers and long, cold winters.
PEOPLE
Of Canada's 26.1 million people, 80% live
within 160 kilometers (100 mi.) of the
U.S. border, and half of the population
lives in the southeastern part of the
country near the Great Lakes and the
St. Lawrence River. Yet, Canadians and
U.S. citizens are not as similar as casual
observers frequently assume. The Cana-
dian character and outlook have been
forged from a distinctive historical and
social background.
Canada's more than 6 million French-
speaking citizens are primarily descen-
dants of colonists who settled the coun-
try three centuries ago. The English-
speaking community has been built up
mostly by immigration from the United
Kingdom. The largest influx from the
View of Roger's Pass on Mount Abbot.
3
Quebec City in 1608 and established a
number of other settlements along the
Bay of Fundy and the shores of the St.
Lawrence River. Explorers, traders,
and missionaries, including Marquette,
Joliet, and La Salle, extended French
influence in "New France."
Following the early years of settle-
ment, French and English pioneers en-
gaged in the highly competitive fur
trade. Canada's political shape began to
emerge from the Battle of the Plains of
Abraham at Quebec, where the British
defeated the French in 1759 and took
over the French colonies in North Amer-
ica. The memory of that event still has a
strong emotional appeal for French-
Canadians. Although New France came
under British control, it was permitted
to retain its religion and civil code. To-
day, by means of the Meech Lake Consti-
tutional Accord (subject to provincial
ratification), Canada continues its quest.
to develop a constitutional formula that
An Indian artist, member of the Hazelton band, paints designs on a wooden box.
will satisfy the aspirations of French-
speaking Quebec.
During the American Revolution,
United States occurred during the
Canada has a colorful literary tradi-
French and British colonists in Canada
American Revolution when thousands of
tion. Margaret Lawrence, Margaret At-
rebuffed the overtures of American lead-
"Empire Loyalists" fled to Canada.
wood, Robertson Davies, and Mordechai
ers and chose British rule over independ-
Canadians of neither British nor
Richler rank among the most influential
ence in association with the United
French origin are generally of German,
Anglophone authors. Leading Franco-
States. A U.S. raid on Quebec was un-
Ukrainian, Scandinavian, Italian, Dutch,
phone authors include Gabrielle Roy and
successful. In the War of 1812, U.S.-
Polish, indigenous Indian, or Eskimo
Jacques Ferron. In visual arts, Cana-
British rivalry in North America again
(Inuit) origin.
dians are most proud of a school of paint-
resulted in the invasion of Canada.
ers known as "The Group of Seven. This
Several events accelerated the union
Cultural Achievements
school, whose exclusive subject was Ca-
of the British colonies in Canada into a
nadian landscape, is credited with a
new nation.
Canadian culture has been shaped by
strictly Canadian style of painting, a
First, the political uprisings of
four major influences: Canada's multi-
"pictoral nationalism." With the support
1837 in both English Upper Canada and
cultural heritage; English/French bilin-
of the National Film Board, Canadian
French Lower Canada led to the creation
gualism; sustained government funding
filmmakers such as Harry Rasky and
of local governments and to greater citi-
for artistic and literary pursuits; and
Bill Mason are world leaders in produc-
zen participation in government.
the abundance and availability of Ameri-
ing documentaries. Canada also has a
Second, at the end of the American
can cultural production. Canadians view
number of world-class dance troupes,
Civil War, it was feared that the United
their country not as a melting pot but
orchestras, and repertory theaters.
States might turn against British North
rather as a cultural mosaic. Inuit, Indian
Numerous well-known musicians claim
America.
nations, Francophones, Anglophones,
Canada as their home, including Joni
Finally, the expansion of the Ameri-
and immigrant groups have all sought to
Mitchell, Anne Murray, Paul Anka,
can West and the slower settlement of
maintain their unique cultural identities.
Gordon Lightfoot, Bryan Adams, and
the Canadian West encouraged the de-
Such efforts have been encouraged by
Corey Hart.
velopment of a Canadian transcontinen-
extensive government funding of the
tal railroad and the perception among
arts. After the Second World War, the
eastern Canadian political leaders that a
government established the Canada
HISTORY
Canadian federation from the Atlantic to
Council to fund the arts, which has be-
the Pacific had to be achieved if western
come the major patron of all forms of
Canada's early history was dominated by
Canada was to avoid absorption by the
creative endeavor in Canada. Govern-
rivalry between France and Britain. In
United States.
ment support, as well as strict regula-
1497, John Cabot reached Newfoundland
tions mandating a specified amount of
and claimed for Britain a large portion
The British North America Act of
Canadian content in the media, has pro-
of the Atlantic seaboard. Cabot was fol-
1867 created the new nation of Canada,
duced an artistic atmosphere that en-
lowed by the French explorer Jacques
comprising four provinces-Ontario,
courages creativity over marketability.
Cartier, who landed on the Gaspe Penin-
Quebec, New Brunswick, and Nova
This atmosphere pervades all areas of
sula in 1534 and claimed it for France.
Scotia. It provided for a federal union
art and culture, from television and
While the British settled along the
films to literature and publishing.
coast, the French pushed rapidly into the
interior, and for more than a century
Canada was a French colony. The foun-
der and settler of French Canada was
Samuel de Champlain, who founded
4
and for a parliamentary system of gov-
Government in the provinces is pat-
provinces. Heavily populated Ontario
ernment. Six other provinces eventually
terned much along the lines of the cen-
shifts between the two parties and often
entered the confederation; the last was
tral government. Each province is
plays a decisive role in elections.
Newfoundland in 1949.
governed by a premier and a single, elect-
The Progressive Conservative Party
ed legislative chamber. A lieutenant-
won 169 seats in the House of Commons
governor, appointed by the governor
in the November 21, 1988 election and
GOVERNMENT
general, represents the crown in each
again formed a majority government
province.'
with representation from every region in
Canada is a constitutional monarchy
the nation. The Liberal Party, the official
with a bilingual federal system, a parlia-
Principal Government Officials
opposition, won 83 seats; the NDP, 43.
mentary form of government, and strong
Quebec's status remains a serious
democratic traditions. Although in 1982
Chief of State-Queen Elizabeth II
political issue in Canada. In 1980, the
Canada consolidated its written consti-
Governor General-Madame Jeanne
Parti Quebecois sought, through a refer-
tution, many of the country's legal and
Sauve
endum, a mandate from the people of
parliamentary practices are based on
Prime Minister-Brian Mulroney
Quebec to negotiate a new status,
unwritten custom, as is the case in
Secretary of State for External
"sovereignty-association," involving
the United Kingdom. On the other hand,
Affairs-Joe Clark
political independence with continued
the federal structure-uniting the 10
economic association with the rest of
provinces in a federal government-
Ambassador to the United States—
resembles the U.S. federal system. The
Derek Burney
constitution provides for a federal gov-
Ambassador to the United Nations—
ernment to which are reserved specific
Yves Fortier
powers, such as those relating to de-
Canada's Provinces
Canada maintains an embassy in
fense, trade and commerce, banking and
the United States at 501 Pennsylvania
and Territories
currency, criminal law, postal services,
Avenue, NW., Washington, D.C. 20001
and certain taxes, as well as all powers
(tel. 202-682-1740).
Atlantic Provinces: Newfoundland, Prince
not expressly granted to the provinces.
Edward Island, Nova Scotia, New Bruns-
The provinces have authority to admin-
Canadian consulates
wick. Area-541,180 sq. km. (208,146 sq.
ister and legislate on such matters as ed-
in the United States
mi.). Population (1988)-2.3 million. Ethnic
ucation, property laws, health, and local
Atlanta, Georgia
(404) 577-6810
groups-predominantly British, French.
affairs generally. The 1982 Charter of
Boston,
(617) 262-3760
Industry-fishing, agriculture, mining,
Rights guarantees basic rights in many
Massachusetts
manufacturing.
areas.
Buffalo, New York
(716) 852-1247
Quebec: Area-1,356,790 sq: km. (523,857
Queen Elizabeth II, as Queen of
Chicago, Illinois
(312) 427-1031
sq. mi.). Population (1988)-6.7 million.
Canada, serves as a symbol of the na-
Cleveland, Ohio
(216) 771-0150
Ethnic groups-predominantly French,
tion's unity. She appoints the governor
Dallas, Texas
(214) 992-9806
British, other European groups. Industry-
general on the advice of the prime minis-
Detroit, Michigan
(313) 567-2340
agriculture, mining, manufacturing, hydro-
ter of Canada, usually for a 5-year term.
Los Angeles,
(213) 687-7432
electric power.
California
Canada's parliament consists of an
Ontario: Area-891,190 sq. km. (345,420 sq.
appointive Senate and an elective House
Minneapolis,
(612) 333-4641
mi.). Population (1988)-9.5 million. Ethnic
Minnesota
groups-British, French, other European
of Commons. In practice, legislative
power rests with the Commons (295
New York,
(212) 586-2400
groups. Industry-manufacturing, agricul-
New York
ture, mining.
members). Senate members are appoint-
ed by the governor general on the advice
San Francisco,
(415) 981-2670
Prairie provinces: Manitoba, Saskatche-
of the prime minister. Commons mem-
California
wan, Alberta. Area-1.77 million sq. km.
bers are elected at least every 5 years
Seattle, Washington
(206) 443-1777
(680,757 sq. mi.). Population (1988)-4.5 mil-
lion. Ethnic groups-British, other Euro-
but also at any time that the prime min-
pean groups. Industry-agriculture, cattle,
ister advises the governor general to dis-
petroleum and natural gas, mining,
solve the House.
POLITICAL CONDITIONS
manufacturing.
The cabinet is led by the prime min-
The three national parties in Canada are
British Columbia: Area-934,125 sq. km.
ister, who is the leader of the political
party in power. The cabinet remains in
the Progressive Conservatives, the Lib-
(359,279 sq. mi.). Population (1988)-3
million. Ethnic groups-British, other
office as long as it retains majority sup-
erals, and the New Democratic Party
European, Chinese, indigenous Indian.
port in the Commons on major issues.
(NDP), a Social Democratic party formed
Industry-forestry, manufacturing, fish-
Criminal law, a federal prerogative,
in 1961: Since 1921, either the Liberal or
ing, mining, agriculture.
1
is uniform throughout the nation and is
the Conservative Party has controlled
the Canadian Government. Both are
Territories: Northwest Territory and
based largely on British law. Civil law is
Yukon Territory. Area-3.79 million sq. km.
based on the common law of England, ex-
broadbased parties of the center that at-
(1.45 million sq. mi). Population (1988)-
cept in Quebec, which has retained its
tempt to win support from all groups
72,300. Ethnic groups-British, indigenous
own civil code patterned after that of
and regions of the country. In federal
Indian, Inuit. Industry-mining.
France. Justice is administered by fed-
elections, the Liberals had relied in the
eral, provincial, and municipal courts.
past on strong support from Quebec.
However, in the 1984 and 1988 federal
elections, the Progressive Conservatives
took the large majority of seats in that
province. The Conservatives tradi-
tionally have been strong in the western
5
Canada. Sixty percent of Quebec voters
central feature of Canadian politics.
rejected the proposal.
Forest covers 49%, or 4.5 million
Quebec wishes to preserve and strength-
In 1982, Queen Elizabeth ceremo-
square kilometers (1.7 million sq. mi.) of
en its distinct nature. Western pro-
nially turned over full responsibility for
Canada's total land area. Forest product
vinces desire more control over their
Canada's constitution, the amended Brit-
exports, including pulp and paper, repre-
abundant natural resources, especially
ish North America Act of 1867, to the
sent about 15% of Canada's total export
energy reserves. Industrialized central
trade with nearly two-thirds going to
Canadian Parliament. Patriation of the
Canada is concerned with other aspects
the United States. Canada is the world's
constitution was made possible when the
of economic development, while the At-
leading producer of newsprint, account-
federal government and nine provinces
lantic provinces have resisted federal
ing for 40% of global output. The United
agreed on a Charter of Rights and an
claims to fishing and mineral rights off
States imports nearly 75% of Canada's
amending formula. Only Quebec did not
their shores. Canadians have responded
total newsprint production.
concur. However, Quebec's current Lib-
to these differing regional needs by
Commercial fisheries provide an an-
eral government has strongly endorsed
strengthening both their confederation
nual catch of about 1.4 million metric
the 1987 Meech Lake Constitutional Ac-
and the fundamental democratic princi-
tons (1.54 million tons), and some 70% of
cord that would bring the province into
ples essential to a balanced federal-
the catch is exported.
Canada's federal constitutional frame-
provincial political system.
work while recognizing Quebec as a "dis-
tinct society." The accord must still be
Minerals
ratified by two provinces (Manitoba and
ECONOMY
Canada ranks first in the world in min-
New Brunswick) by June 1990 before it
eral exports and third in mineral pro-
takes effect.
Canada ranks seventh in the world in
duction, after the United States and the
Federal-provincial relations are a
gross domestic product and is one of the
Soviet Union. It is the world's largest
world's largest producers of a wide vari-
producer of zinc, potash, uranium, and
ety of minerals. The mineral industry
nickel; the second largest producer of as-
Changing of the guard ceremony in front of
has been a major factor in Canada's eco-
bestos, silver, titanium, gypsum, and
Parliament, Ottawa.
nomic development. Canada's lakes have
sulfur; and a leading próducer of molyb-
more than 50% of the world's fresh wa-
denum, aluminum, cobalt, gold, lead,
ter, and 75% of Canada's power needs are
copper, iron, and platinum. Mineral
met by hydroelectric energy.
deposits are located in all regions.
The year 1988 marked the sixth con-
Canada is a major producer of hy-
secutive year that Canada held its posi-
droelectricity, oil, and gas and, unlike
tion as one of the strongest economies in
most of its industrial partners, is a net
the Organization for Economic Coopera-
exporter of energy (primarily gas and
tion and Development. Fueled by strong
electricity). Canada's exports and im-
investment in plant and equipment, Can-
ports of oil currently are in approximate
ada's economy grew by 5%. This perform-
balance. Nevertheless, crude petroleum
ance not only surpassed 1987's growth
is the largest single component of Cana-
rate of 4.5% but was the highest rate
da's minerals output. In 1988, Canadian
since 1984. The spectacular growth of
oil reserves were about 6.8 billion bar-
Canadian manufacturing, particularly
rels, including arctic reserves. Canada
since the 1950s, has transformed the na-
produces annually more than 500 million
tion from a rural, agricultural society
barrels of oil and about 3.5 trillion cubic
into one primarily industrial and urban.
feet of natural gas annually. The United
Industry is now the leading segment of
States imports about 6% of its natural
the nation's economy, employing one-
gas requirements from Canada.
third of the work force.
Foreign Trade
Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries
In total volume of trade, Canada ranks
Agriculture's contribution to the Cana-
seventh in the world, after the United
dian economy is very similar to that of
States, the Federal Republic of Ger-
the United States, averaging less than
many, France, the United Kingdom,
4% of gross national product and employ-
Japan, and Italy.
ment in the late 1980s. Agricultural ex-
The value of U.S.-Canadian mer-
ports are less than 10% of all trade; led
chandise trade for 1988 was over $157
by wheat and barley to third markets
billion, more than between any other
,
and by pork and horticultural products
two countries in the world. Also in 1988
to the United States. The United States
about 25% of all U.S. merchandise ex-
is Canada's leading market, taking near-
ports went to Canada, and Canada
ly one-third of all food exports, domi-
supplied about 22% of total U.S.
nated by pork and horticultural products.
merchandise imports.
Conversely, Canada is the United States'
Almost one-third of U.S.-Canadian
second largest market, primarily impor-
trade occurs under the terms of the
ting fresh fruits and vegetables and live-
U.S.-Canada Automotive Agreement
stock products.
(Auto Pact), which provides for free
wing
6
trade between the two nations in cars,
Treaty Organization (NATO) since its in-
broaden and strengthen ties with La
trucks, and auto parts. Under the 1965
ception, Canada shares responsibility,
Francophonie.
agreement, two-way trade in automotive
with the United States and other allies,
Canadian economic assistance to de-
products rose from $715 million in 1964
for the North Atlantic Treaty area. Due
veloping countries totals more than $2
to $23 billion by 1978. In 1980-81, the
to its membership in NATO, Canada is
billion annually. The official channel for
two-way trade declined to about $18 bil-
an active participant in discussions stem-
government overseas aid programs is the
lion, but it rose to $51.5 billion in 1988.
ming from the Conference on Security
Canadian International Development
and Cooperation in Europe.
Agency. Canada also contributes sub-
Two other international organiza-
stantially to international and regional
Foreign Investment
tions of special interest to Canada are
development organizations and is a major
The investment relationship between the
the Commonwealth-an association of
supplier of food aid.
United States and Canada is extremely
former British colonies that share sim-
close. The United States is the largest
ilarities of language, customs, and
foreign investor in Canada. In late 1988,
institutions-and La Francophonie-an
U.S.-CANADIAN RELATIONS
the stock of U.S. direct investment in
association of French-speaking countries
Canada was estimated at over $66 billion,
that include France and former French
Canada views its relationship with the
or about 80% of total foreign direct in-
colonies. Since about 24% of all
United States as crucial to a wide range
vestment in Canada. Similarly, Canada's
Canadians regard French as their
of Canadian interests. The bilateral rela-
investment exposure in the United
mother tongue, Canada has sought to
tionship is varied and complex. Although
States currently is quite substantial. At
the end of 1988, the stock of Canadian
direct investment in the United States
stood at $35 billion (includes investments
Travel Notes
from Canadian holding companies lo-
cated in the Netherlands), or 20% of total
Customs: Documentation, passports, and
ing Quebecois shows, horsepulling, soirees,
foreign direct investment in the United
visas are not required of U.S. citizens visit-
and gourmet cuisine. In Ontario, drama festi-
States.
ing Canada as tourists, but they must be pre-
vals in Stratford and Niagara-on-the-Lake are
U.S. investment in Canada primar-
pared to show evidence of citizenship, such as
major attractions.
a U.S. birth certificate, or naturalization
Events in western Canada tend to reflect
ily is in the mining and smelting in-
certificate.
its cultural diversity and pioneer heritage.
dustries, petroleum, chemicals, the
Climate and clothing: Variety of climate,
They include the National Ukrainian Festival
manufacturing of machinery and trans-
in Manitoba and the Oktoberfest in Van-
portation equipment, and finance. Cana-
scenery, and people are the major sources of
Canada's popularity with vacationers.
couver, British Columbia. Saskatchewan has
dian investment in the United States is
its Pioneer Days, and Alberta has its Indian
concentrated in petroleum, real estate,
Currency: The unit of currency is the Cana-
Days and the popular Calgary Stampede, one
manufacturing, and trade.
dian dollar. Canadian and U.S. dollars are
of the greatest rodeo shows in the world.
fully convertible at banks and at most border
Canada is abundantly endowed with natu-
crossing points. The rate of exchange varies
ral playgrounds. The federal government
daily (avg. 1988 was C$1=U.S.$0.81). =
maintains 34 national parks, most of them
FOREIGN RELATIONS
with campsites and other basic camping facili-
Transportation: Travel to Canada may be
ties, and each province maintains a number of
In Canada's early days as a nation, its
made by automobile, bus, train, and plane.
similar parks. In addition, 96 national historic
foreign affairs were conducted by the
Dozens of major border crossing points are
parks and sites are maintained by the govern-
United Kingdom. By 1909, the Canadian
provided from the U.S.
ment of Canada.
drive for autonomy led to the creation of
Tourist attractions: For most of Canada,
Time zones in Canada correspond to
a Department of External Affairs. After
winter offers diverse cold-weather sports and
those in the United States, with the exception
World War I, Canadian representatives
activities-sking, skating, curling, and ice
of Atlantic time (1 hour ahead of eastern
hockey. Winter carnivals also are popular; the
standard time), which is observed in New
signed the Treaty of Versailles and be-
biggest is the Quebec Winter Carnival. One
Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Prince Edward
gan to conduct a truly independent for-
also can view some of the world's finest pro-
Island; and Newfoundland time (1 hour and
eign policy.
fessional ice hockey at this time. In the late
30 minutes ahead of eastern standard time),
World War II gave considerable im-
spring and summer, many people move to cot-
which is observed only in the Province of
petus to Canadian participation in world
tages by lakes and streams, while others pre-
Newfoundland.
affairs. Canada took an active role in the
fer to swim, fish, sail, motor, and golf. Many
creation of the United Nations, which it
open-air festivals take place, and each Pro-
National holidays: Most Canadian holidays
vince and Territory has its own events.
do not occur on the same date annually but
has strongly supported. It has contrib-
rather are set to fall on Mondays, Canadian
uted troops to UN forces in Korea,
Newfoundland's annual regatta is one of
holidays include Victoria Day in May, Canada
the Middle East, the Congo, Yemen,
the oldest sporting events in North America.
Day in July, and the Fete Nationale, which is
Namibia, and Cyprus. In addition to its
Prince Edward Island features Country Days
observed only in Quebec, in June. Many mu-
peacekeeping activities, Canada has as-
and Old Home Week, with music, agricultural
nicipalities observe a civic holiday in late July
sumed a prominent role in the United
and handicraft displays, harness racing, and
or August.
Nations in disarmamant discussions, en-
parades. Events in Nova Scotia include the
Virtually all U.S. products are available
vironmental activities, law of the sea ne-
Annapolis Apple Blossom Festival, the Hal-
in Canada. Canadian telephone facilities are
ifax Tattoo, and the Highland Games. New
excellent, and direct dialing is possible be-
gotiations, human rights issues, North-
Brunswick provides a variety of festivities re-
tween the U.S. and Canada. Public trans-
South issues, and world food problems.
lated to its fishing industry, such as the Shed-
portation, education, and health services
Canada also continues to be a strong
iac Lobster Festival, the Richibukto Scallop
generally are excellent.
supporter of the nuclear Non-
Festival, and the Campbellton Salmon
Further information about Canada is
Proliferation Treaty and its goals.
Festival.
available from the Canadian Embassy in
A member of the North Atlantic
Quebec has many attractions, including
Man and His World (formerly Expo '67) and
Washington, D.C. and Canadian consulates
the Sherbrooke Festival des Cantons, featur-
in 15 U.S. cities.
7
differences inevitably occur occasionally,
controlling transboundary water pollu-
non-European ally, Canada contributes
the basic characteristics of Canadian-
tion. The United States and Canada fre-
forces to NATO commands in Europe
U.S. relations are close friendship and
quently consult on possible approaches to
and the North Atlantic. In addition,
cooperation in a wide range of fields.
dealing with the difficult problem of
U.S. and Canadian military forces since
The two countries cooperate closely
transboundary air pollution.
1958 have cooperated on continental air
in resolving transboundary environment-
The United States and Canada also
defense within the framework of the
3
al issues, an area of increasing impor-
recently have resolved several major is-
North American Aerospace Defense
tance in the bilateral relationship. A
sues involving fisheries. By common
Command, an integrated bilateral mili-
principal instrument of this cooperation
agreement, the two countries submitted
tary command exercising operational
is the International Joint Commission
a Gulf of Maine boundary dispute to the
control over U.S. and Canadian air de-
(IJC). Established in 1909, the IJC is a
ICJ in 1981; both accepted the Court's
fense forces and also providing early
unique approach to international envi-
October 12, 1984 ruling. On January 28,
warning information on possible air and
ronmental cooperation. The Great Lakes
1985, the United States and Canada
missile attack on North America. Cana-
Water Quality Agreements of 1972 and
signed the Pacific Salmon Treaty, the
da and the United States work closely
1978, aimed at preserving and enhancing
culmination of years of difficult negotia-
in defense research and production.
the water quality of the Great Lakes, are
tions aimed at rebuilding the Pacific
historic examples of joint cooperation in
salmon resource.
U.S.-Canadian economic relations
Principal U.S. Officials
provide a number of examples of cooper-
Ambassador-Edward N. Ney
ative efforts, such as the Auto Pact,
Deputy Chief of Mission-Dwight N.
Further Information
which created a largely integrated two-
Mason
country market for automobiles, and de-
Minister-Counselor for Political
These titles are provided as a general indication
fense economic arrangements, which di-
Affairs-Stephen Buck
of the material published on this country. The
minish obstacles to trade and technology
Department of State does not endorse unofficial
Minister-Counselor for Economic
publications.
exchange and encourage a balance of
Affairs-Lawrence P. Taylor
trade in defense related areas.
Minister-Counselor for Public Affairs-
Atwood, Margaret. Survival: A Thematic
Investment and trade issues are a
James P. Thurber
Guide to Canadian Literature. House of
constant feature of U.S.-Canadian rela-
Anansi Press, 1972.
Minister-Counselor for Commercial
tions. This is to be expected, given the
Berton, Pierre. Why We Act Like Canadians.
Affairs-George Mu.
McClelland and Stewart, 1982.
enormous flows of capital between the
The Canadian Encyclopedia. 2d ed. Hurtig
countries and the fact that each is the
The U.S. Embassy in Canada is lo-
Publishers, 1988.
other's most important market.
cated at 100 Wellington Street, Ottawa,
Creighton, Donald. The Story of Canada.
The U.S.-Canada trading relation-
(tel. 613-238-5335). There are U.S. con-
Macmillan of Canada, 1975.
ship has been further enhanced by the
sulates general in the following Cana-
Fraser, Graham: PQ: Rene Levesque and the
bilateral Free Trade Agreement (FTA)
dian cities: Calgary, Alberta (tel. 403-
Parti Quebecois in Power. Macmillan of
that became effective on January 1, 1989.
266-8962); Halifax, Nova Scotia (tel.
Canada, 1984.
Over a 10-year period, the FTA will re-
902-429-2480); Montreal, Quebec
Holmes, John and John Kirton, eds. Canada
and the New Internationalism. Center
move all tariffs and virtually all import
(tel. 514-281-1886); Quebec City, Quebec
and export restrictions; resolve many
(tel. 418-692-2095); Toronto, Ontario
for International Studies, 1988.
longstanding bilateral irritants; and lib-
(tel. 416-595-1700); and Vancouver,
Mahand, Edelgard E. and Graeme S. Mount.
An Introduction to Canadian-American
eralize rules in several areas including
British Columbia (tel. 604-685-4311).
Relations. 2d ed. Nelson Canada, 1989.
agriculture, services, energy, financial
Maslove, Allan M. and Stanley L. Winer.
services, investment, and government
Published by the United States Department
Knocking on the Back Door; Canadian
procurement.
of
State
Bureau of Public Affairs
Perspectives on the Political Economy of
Energy and transportation issues
Office of Public Communication
Editorial
Freer Trade with the United States. In-
Division
Washington, D.C.
June 1989
also need constant attention, some of
stitute for Research on Public Policy,
Editor: Juanita Adams
which have caused differences in the
1987.
Metcalfe, William (ed.) Understanding Cana-
past, but, in most cases, they have been
Department of State Publication 7769
da: A Multidisciplinary Introduction.
successfully resolved or managed.
Background Notes Series
This material is
New York University Press, 1982.
in the public domain and may be reprinted
U.S. Department of State. U.S. Canada Free
without permission; citation of this source
Trade Agreement. Public Information
DEFENSE
is appreciated.
Series, June 1988.
For sale by the Superintendent of Docu-
Wonnacott, Paul. The United States and Can-
U.S. defense arrangements with Canada
ments, U.S. Government Printing Office,
ada; the Quest for Free Trade. Institute
are more extensive and intimate than
Washington, D.C. 20402
for International Economics, 1987.
with any other country. The Permanent
Joint Board on Defense, established in
1940, provides policy-level consultation
on bilateral defense matters. The United
States and Canada share NATO mutual
security commitments. As the only other
8
*U.S. Government Printing Office
1989
242-624/80057
Canada
Soviet
Union
Ellesmere
Island
Iceland
Greenland
Thule
United
Beaufort
(Denmark)
*
Reykjavik
Sea
States
Fairbanks
cas
Baffin Bay
Victoria
Yukon
Island
Territory
Great
Bear Lake
Baffin Island
SIAPA
Godthab
Whitehorse
(Nuuk)
Strait
Juneau
Northwest
Yellowknife
Territories
Great
Slave Lake
Labrador Sea
Prince Rupert
Hudson
North
British
Pacific
Bay
Columbia
Ocean
Churchill
Alberta
c
a
n
a
d
a
Edmonton
Schefferville
Goose Bay
Manitoba
Saint
Victoria
Vancouver
Saskatchewan
Gander
John's
Calgary
Saskatoon
Quebec
Seattle
Saint Pierre
Lake
and Miquelon (Fr)
Regina
Winnipeg
Ontario
Prince
Edward
Winnipeg
New
Is.
Sydney
Brunswick
Charlottetown
Quebec
Fredericton
Halifax
Superior
Nova Scotia
Montreal
Ottawa
Foronto
Lake
Ontario
Salt Lake City
Boston
New York
Chicago
Denver
United
Washington*
North
Los Angeles
Kansas City
Atlantic Ocean
St. Louis
States
R
Oklahoma City
0
500 Kilometers
Mexico
0
500 Miles
800611 4-86
(Martin) Brian MULRONEY
CANADA
(Phonetic: mullROOnee)
Prime Minister (since September 1984)
Addressed as: Mr. Prime Minister
Brian Mulroney is the first Quebecer in this
century to head the Progressive Conservative Party.
He has supported national bilingualism and has
opposed Quebec separatism. The architect of the
Meech Lake Accord, which was designed to win
Quebec's acceptance of the Canadian Constitution,
he publicly expressed his disappointment when the
accord was not ratified by all 10 provinces by the
23 June deadline. Nevertheless, he has vowed to
continue to work toward constitutional reform. He
favors close relations between Ottawa and
Washington. Since winning reelection in November
1988, he has concluded the US-Canadian Free Trade Agreement. He is also interested in
environmental issues. In May 1990 Mulroney hosted Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev in
Ottawa. Their meeting centered largely on a unified Germany in NATO and the future of
East-West relations.
Mulroney was born on 20 March 1939. He was educated at St. Francis Xavier
University in Antigonish, Nova Scotia, and at Laval University in Quebec. Early in his
career he worked in Montreal as a lawyer, specializing in labor-management relations. In
1976 he joined the US-owned Iron Ore Company of Canada as executive vice president; he
became president the following year. He had been active in the party for over 25 years but
had had no parliamentary experience when he was chosen to lead the party in June 1983. He
won a seat in Parliament in a Nova Scotia byelection in August 1983. During the 1984
national election, he won in his home district in Quebec.
Mulroney is a self-described workaholic, but he does find time to play tennis, swim,
fish, and ice skate. He is a fan of the Montreal Canadiens and the Montreal Expos. Married
to the former Mila Pivnicki, a native of Yugoslavia, he has three sons and a daughter.
26 June 1990
Ottawa
CANADA
Andre
Quebec
Prime Minister's
Residence (1.5 mi.)
Guiquestick
Ontario
Quebec
Murr
Montreal
St
apinea
Pa
ous
Ottawa
York
Victoria
Sussex
L.Michigon
Boston
Erie
New York
&
Georgia
UNITED
Atlantic
Washington
STATES
Ocean
Riceau
Chateau
Bresser
do
Parliament
Nachola
Laurier
Laurier
priand
Nelson
Parliament
OTTAWA
Hill
Wellington
Waller
U.S.
Embassy
Arts Center
King Edward
University of
Ottawn
Supreme
Court
Sparks
MICHOLAS
Sornerse
Cane
Wellington
Queen
Albert
Met
Slater
Laurier
Glouceste
Nepean
Lisgar
Bay
Cooper
Bronson
Maclaren Gilmour Lewis
Frank
Park
ercy
Frank Gladston
Perixis
XSCA0274 289 : STATE UNRIGE
CANADIAN DOLLAR (C$) CONVERSION TABLE AT 1.13 = US $
(C$ - 100 Cents)
CANADIAN DOLLAR TO U.S. DOLLARS
U.S. DOLLARS TO CANADIAN DOLLAR
C$
U.S. $
U.S. $
C$
0.10
0.09
0.10
0.11
0.25
0.22
0.25
0.28
0.50
0.44
0.50
0.57
1.00
0.88
0.75
0.85
1.13
1.00
1.00
1.13
2.00
1.77
3.00
3.39
5.00
4.42
5.00
5.65
10.00
8.85
10.00
11.30
20.00
17.70
20.00
22.60
50.00
44.25
50.00
56.50
100.00
88.50
100.00
113.00
200.00
176.99
300.00
339.00
500.00
442.48
500.00
565.00
NOTE:
ALL U.S DOLLAR VALUES ARE ROUNDED TO NEAREST
U.S. CENT. VALUE OF CANADIAN DOLLAR
FLUCTUATES DAILY ACCORDING TO CURRENCY
MARKET CONDITIONS
March 1991
(Charles) Joseph CLARK
CANADA
Secretary of State for External
Affairs (since September 1984)
Addressed as: Mr. Secretary
Former Prime Minister Joe Clark currently
chairs the Commonwealth committee of foreign
ministers on South Africa. In March 1990 he
became the first foreign minister to meet with the
new Namibian Government. When he succeeded
Pierre Trudeau as Prime Minister in 1979, he
became the youngest prime minister in Canadian
history (he was 39). He was first elected to the
House of Commons in 1972.
Clark won the PC leadership in 1976, when
©
the party convention deadlocked. When he became Prime Minister, the party formed its first
government since 1963. His government fell six months later, however, and the Liberal
Party won a majority of the seats in the House in the ensuing general election. Clark
resigned as head of the PC in February 1983, after a party convention failed to give him the
overwhelming endorsement he had sought. At the convention in June that year, he again
sought the leadership but lost to Brian Mulroney (now the Prime Minister) in a close race.
In early 1984, then opposition leader Mulroney appointed Clark the Tory critic for
disarmament, and shortly thereafter Prime Minister Trudeau named him a parliamentary
observer to the Conference on Disarmament in Europe. Clark subsequently visited most of
the NATO countries to push Canada's views on slowing the arms race.
Clark was born on 5 June 1939. He holds B.A. and M.A. degrees from the University
of Alberta and has attended law school. He speaks French. Married to Maureen McTeer, a
lawyer, he has a daughter, Catherine.
20 June 1990
Canadian Government Officials
Brian Mulroney
Prime Minister
Joe Clark
Secretary of State for External Affairs
John Crosbie
Minister of International Trade
Don Mazankowski
Deputy Prime Minister, Minister of
Agriculture, and President of the
Queen's Privy Council
Elmer MacKay
Minister of Public Works and Minister
for the Atlantic Canada Opportunities
Agency
Jake Epp
Minister of Energy, Mines, and Resources
Robert de Cotret
President of the Treasury Board
Perrin Beatty
Minister of Health and Welfare
Michael Wilson
Minister of Finance
Harvie Andre
Minister of Regional Industrial
Expansion and Minister of State for
Science and Technology
Otto Jelinek
Minister of National Revenue
Tom Siddon
Minister of Fisheries and Oceans
Charles Mayer
Minister of Western Economic
Diversification and Minister of State
(grains and oilseeds)
Bill Knight
Minister of Defence
Benoit Bouchard
Minister of Transport
Marcel Masse
Minister of Communications
Barbara McDougall
Minister of Employment and Immigration
Gerald Merrithew
Minister of Veterans' Affairs
(Names as conventionally used in the press, and by official
order of precedence)
March 19, 1990
EDWARD N. NEY
U.S. AMBASSADOR TO CANADA
Edward N. Ney was sworn in June 28, 1989, to be Ambassador to
Canada. He succeeds Ambassador Thomas M.T. Niles.
Mr. Ney was born May 26, 1925, in St. Paul, Minnesota. He is a
graduate of Amherst College and served as an ensign in the Navy
Air Corps during World War II.
Since 1986, Mr. Ney has served on the advisory board of the
Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS) in
Washington, D.C. and was a member of the CSIS Commission on
National Elections. In April 1984, he was appointed by
President Reagan to the Board for International Broadcasting,
which oversees the operations of Radio Free Europe and Radio
Liberty. He was also a director of RFE/RL from 1975-82.
He has been a member of the Council on Foreign Relations since
1974 and the Services Policy Advisory Committee (SPAC) of the
Office of the United States Trade Representative since 1984.
Until this year, he was on the Board of Governors of the
Foreign Policy Association. He has also served as Director of
the International Executive Service Corps. Mr. Ney serves on
the Board of Trustees of Amherst College and the New York
University Medical Center and is a member of the Advisory
Council of the Columbia University Graduate School of
Business. In addition, he is a member of the Visiting
Committee on Afro-American Studies at Harvard University.
He is honorary chairman and a member of the Executive Committee
of the Advertising Council; a member of the boards of trustees
of the National Urban League and the Museum of Broadcasting, a
member of the Board of Directors of the Center for
Communication and a member of the Advertising Hall of Fame.
For many years, Mr. Ney was chairman, president, and chief
executive officer of Young & Rubicam Inc., the world's largest
independent advertising/communications company. Following
thirty-five years of service with Young and Rubicam, he
relinguished his post as chairman in November 1986 to be
chairman of a new company, Paine Webber/Young & Rubicam
Ventures, which is now Young & Rubicam Ventures.
Mr. Ney makes his home in New York City. He is married to
Judy L. Ney and has three children.
Ottawa-Site Information
Prime Minister's Residence. Since 1950, 24 Sussex Drive has been the official residence of
Canada's Prime Ministers. A greystone mansion on a bluff overlooking the Ottawa River and
surrounded by four acres of trees, flowering shrubs, and lawn, the house was built in 1868 and
remained under private ownership until 1943. After extensive remodeling, Prime Minister Louis St.
Laurent, its first official occupant, moved in in 1950, to be succeeded by PM John Diefenbaker in
1957, PM Lester B. Pearson in 1963, PM Pierre Trudeau in 1968, PM Joe Clark in 1979, PM Trudeau
again in 1980, PM John Turner in July 1984, and PM Brian Mulroney in September 1984.
Seven Rideau Gate-Canada Guest House. Seven Rideau Gate is the Government's
official guest house for distinguished visitors to Canada. It is well situated just across the street from
Rideau Hall, around the corner from 24 Sussex Drive, and in close proximity to several embassies.
The house was built in 1860-62 as a smallish picturesque cottage for Henry Burritt, manager of a
local woolen mill. The limestone house stood on three-quarters of an acre of land in what was then
the village of New Edinburgh. In 1878, the house was sold for $10,000 to Philemon Wright, a
namesake and possible descendant of the founder of the city of Hull. In 1885, it was purchased by
Frederick Lambart, the 8th Earl of Cavan, for his son the Honourable Octavius Henry Lambart, who
came to Canada to learn farming. The Lambarts occupied the house until 1934, when it was sold to
Admiral F.C. Nelles.
The house was altered in 1934 by Admiral Nelles, who stripped the house of its Victorian
trappings. The heavy cornice, verandahs, and the rooftop widow's walk were removed and
bathrooms, additional servants' quarters, and a new garage were added. Further alterations and
additions were made in 1947 by Haselgrove, Lithwick and Cameron, architects, when it was
purchased by T. Franklin Ahearn, a well-known Ottawa businessman and sportsman. The result of
all these alterations is a somewhat convincing Georgian Revival building with a not-quite
symmetrical central hall plan. The house today has small but adequate grounds which are, as has
been noted, ideally situated.
Seven Rideau Gate was purchased by the Government in 1966, following Mrs. Ahearn's death,
and was completely redecorated (including some extensive interior changes) to house the steady
stream of distinguished visitors to Canada during the Centennial.
The residence is maintained by the National Capital Commission, which funds and carries out all
work required on the building, its systems, furnishings, most of its decorations and the grounds. The
Department of External Affairs funds and provides the day-to-day operations, including bookings and
staffing. External Affairs also loans works of art from the Pearson collection and funds the
hospitality budget.
EMBASSY CONTACTS
American Embassy
100 Wellington Street
K1P5TI Ottawa, Canada
TEL: 613/238-5335
FAX: 613/233-8511
DCM: J. Todd Stewart
PRESIDENT BUSH's VISIT
ADVANCE TEAM SCHEDULE
MARCH 6, 1991
8:45 a.m.
Advance Team Arrives Ottawa Uplands Military Airport;
(Hangar 11)
Met by: Scott Munnoch, Prime Minister's Advance
Lucille Thomas, Minister Counselor - Admin
(Control Officer)
Thomas Wajda, Minister-Counselor - Science
9:15 a.m.
Advance Party Arrives at Chancery
9:15 a.m.
Advance Team Leaders call on Ambassador Ney
9:30 a.m.
Advance Team/Embassy Staff Meeting (President's
Visit); Chancery, 2nd Floor Conference Room
10:15 a.m.
Mr. Luc Lavoie, Deputy Chief of Staff, Prime Minister's
Office
Mr. Scott Munnoch, Prime Minister's Advance
Arrive at Embassy - Dominic Bianchi will meet and
escort to DCM's Office (Larry Taylor, Acting)
10:30 a.m.
Advance Team Departs Chancery for Site Visits with
Lucille Thomas, Scott Munnoch and Site Officers
10:30 a.m.-
SITE VISITS:
1:30 p.m.
-Parliament Hill
-Chateau Laurier
-24 Sussex Drive; Prime Minister's Residence (drive by)
-Ambassador's Residence
-Airport
2:00 p.m.
Sixteen Members of Advance Team Depart
Uplands Airport for Washington
Other Members of Advance Team remain in Ottawa
(Hotel Chateau Laurier)
205R:1600 hrs.-3/5/91
THE WHITE HOUSE
WASHINGTON
March 5, 1991
MEMORANDUM FOR PRE-ADVANCE PARTICIPANTS
FROM:
JAY PARMER
SPECIAL ASSISTANT TO THE PRESIDENT AND
DIRECTOR OF PRESIDENTIAL ADVANCE
SUBJECT:
PRE-ADVANCE TO OTTAWA, CANADA ON WEDNESDAY,
MARCH 6, 1991
Attached for your information is a list of participants and an
outline schedule for the Pre-Advance to Ottawa, Canada on
Wednesday, March 6, 1991.
ADVANCE PARTICIPANTS
Office of Presidential Advance
Jay Parmer, Special Assistant to the President and Director of
Presidential Advance
Spence Geissinger, Special Assistant to the President for
Presidential Press Advance
Patricia Conrad, Trip Coordinator
Lucy Muckerman, Executive Assistant to the Special Assistant to
the President for Presidential Press Advance
Craig Ray, Lead Advance Representative *
Bobby Carr, Press Advance Representative *
Foster Harbin, Site Advance *
Erin O'Brien, Press Assistant *
National Security Council
Kenneth Hill, Deputy Executive Secretary to the National
Security Council
Department of State
Greg Creeser, Lead Administrative Advance *
Regina McBrayer, Graphics
United States Secret Service
Larry Sperl, ASAIC
Carl Truscott, Special Agent (Lead)
*
Rick Cases, Special Agent *
George Luczko, Special Agent
*
Rudy Pena, Special Agent *
John Guest, Special Agent *
Bob Knight, Special Agent *
Hal Ewing, Special Agent *
Ron Sprinkle, Special Agent *
White House Military Office
Major Sean Byrne, Military Aide
Rex Jordan, AFI Advance
Bill Mullens, HMX Advance
Mary Jackson, White House Medical Unit
White House Communications Agency
Larry Landrum, Operations
Bob Risney, Operations *
Ann Hawkins, Operations *
Mark Barnette, Trip Officer *
Office of Communications
Ato Speechwriting
Carol Blymire, Research
Asst.
(gets confusing)
Communications Representative
Ellis Kitchen, AT&T Representative
White House Travel Office
John Dreylinger, Assistant Director
White House Photo Office
Joyce Naltchayan, Staff Assistant
*
Will drop in Canada
PRE-ADVANCE SCHEDULE
Wednesday, March 6, 1990
GUEST AND STAFF INSTRUCTIONS:
6:45 am Vans depart West Basement en
route Andrews Air Force Base.
7:00 am Guests and Staff with own
transportation and baggage
should arrive Distinguished
Visitor's Lounge, Andrews Air
Force Base.
7:15 am Guests and Staff with own
transportation and without
baggage, should arrive
Distinguished Visitor's Lounge,
Andrews Air Force Base.
6:45 am
Vans depart West Basement for those requiring
transportation to Andrews Air Force Base.
(Drive Time: 30 Minutes)
7:15 am
Vans arrive Andrews Air Force Base.
7:30 am
C-135 (TAIL # 24127) departs Andrews Air Force
(E.S.T.)
Base en route Ottawa, Canada.
(Flying Time: 1 Hour 20 Minutes)
(Time Change: None)
(Food Service: Breakfast)
8:50 am
Arrive CFB Uplands, Ottawa Airport, Ottawa,
Canada.
RAMP:
Upland Base Operations
613/733-8572
8:55 am
Vehicles depart CFB Uplands, Ottawa Airport en
route American Embassy.
(Drive Time: 20 Minutes)
9:15 am
Arrive American Embassy for Counterpart
Meetings.
American Embassy
100 Wellington Street
Ottawa, Canada K1P5TI
TEL: 613/238-5335
FAX: 613/233-8511
DCM: J. Todd Stewart
10:15 am
Conclude Counterpart Meetings, depart American
Embassy en route Site Surveys.
*
PARLIAMENT HILL
*
AMBASSADOR'S RESIDENCE
*
24 SUSSEX DRIVE (TBD)
1:15 pm
Conclude Site Surveys and proceed to CFB Uplands
Ottawa Airport.
(Drive Time: 30 Minutes)
1:45 pm
Arrive CFB Uplands Ottawa Airport.
*
AIRPORT SURVEY
(Arrival Ceremony)
2:00 pm
Board C-135 and depart Ottawa, Canada en route
Andrews Air Force Base.
(Flying Time: 1 Hour 20 Minutes)
(Time Change: None)
(Food Service: Lunch)
3:20 pm
C-135 arrives Andrews Air Force Base.
3:30 pm
Vans depart Andrews Air Force Base en route
White House.
(Drive Time: 30 Minutes)
4:00 pm
Arrive White House.
WEDNESDAY
Call Craig or Bobby Ne:- acknowledgements
Amb. Ney
PM
Minister deCotret
Ack: Min. of Environment, Rene deCotrut
PM
Amb. Ney
McGroarty/Blymire
March 11, 1991
5:30 pm
[RAIN]
PRESIDENTIAL REMARKS: AIR QUALITY AGREEMENT SIGNING CEREMONY
OTTAWA, CANADA
MARCH 13, 1991
aftersigning
3:45 PM
Mr. Prime Minister. Members of the Parliament.
CRay
[Introductory acknowledgements.] It's a great pleasure to be
here today, to add my name -- and with it, my country's
commitment -- to an agreement of great environmental importance.
//
But before I speak about this agreement, let me make just a
brief comment -- to underscore my appreciation for the key
contribution made by Canada to the coalition's recent victory in
the war to liberate Kuwait. Mr. Prime Minister, I thank you --
and I thank the Canadian people -- for standing in partnership
for the principles that give justice real meaning in the world.
// This victory has demonstrated the will and ability of law-
abiding nations to work together to protect the weak from the
strong. //
The agreement we sign today is added proof that the
challenges we face require a new partnership among nations. Last
year, at the Houston Economic Summit, we agreed to give this
effort priority. Our negotiations gained momentum with the
passage in the U.S. of our landmark environmental legislation:
the Clean Air Act of 1990.
Credit for this accord belongs to the
there?
2
EPA, and its able Administrator, Bill Reilly And of course,
credit goes to the negotiators on both sides for the spirit in
which they completed this task. Let me thank our special
negotiator, Dick Smith, and his colleagues -- as well as their
counterparts across the table on the Canadian side for a job well
done. //
Beyond our common interest in our shared environment, this
agreement says something about our overall relationship. The
fact that Canada and the U.S. were able so quickly to craft a
wide-ranging and effective agreement on such a complex subject
says a lot about the extraordinarily strong relationship between
our two countries.
Mr. Prime Minister, I recall our own discussions on
environmental issues -- and especially our meeting back in
January of 1987. I made a comment then that made its way into
more than a few Canadian news reports, that I'd gotten "an
earful" from you on acid rain. // So now you see, I was
listening. Mr. Prime Minister, you were a strong and articulate
advocate for action. / The treaty we sign today is testimony to
the seriousness with which both our countries regard this
critical environmental issue. //
This agreement is a significant step forward for air quality
on both sides of the border. I want to mention just a few of the
key provisions:
3
This agreement commits both our nations to deep
reductions in nitrogen oxides and sulphur dioxide --
the principal pollutants that cause acid rain. //
Meeting this goal is no mere promise -- since for
the U.S. the levels set in this agreement ) parallel the
ones established in the Clean Air Act of 1990. The
reductions agreed on here have the force of law. //
This agreement provides the means to measure our
progress -- by requiring accurate monitoring of the
pollutants that contribute to acid rain.
Finally, this agreement looks beyond the acid rain
problem: It strengthens the formal framework for
dealing with future cross-border air quality concerns
of all types. //
In doing so, this agreement on air quality reflects a
greater sense of shared environmental awareness. In our two
countries and in many others, we've moved from seeing pollution
as a problem that involves individual sources, to one that can
affect regions, nations -- or even the entire planet. Progress
begins when we recognize one simple fact: Pollution is never
stopped by a line on a map. Progress begins when we act on the
understanding that transboundary pollution requires cooperative
global stewardship among all nations. //
But behind the science and all the technical details, let me
focus for a moment on what this agreement means for our lakes and
streams and forests. Whether it's the red spruce of White Face
4
Mountain on our side of the border -- or the great trout fishing
of the Muskaka [Mus-KO-kuh] cottage country on yours -- the
commitment we make here today will help preserve this precious
inheritance of nature, for our children and for all who come
after. //
Once again, thank you all for this warm welcome -- and may
God bless the people of our two nations.
# # #
These were
helpful-
I've read then
them + picket
up some tid bits.
Can you have
on to Them for
me?
Thank
PAGE
2
1ST STORY of Level 2 printed in FULL format.
The Associated Press
The materials in the AP file were compiled by The Associated Press. These
materials may not be republished without the express written consent of The
Associated Press.
March 6, 1991, Wednesday, PM cycle
SECTION: Washington Dateline
LENGTH: 553 words
HEADLINE: Signing of Pact to Redeem Pledge to Canada
BYLINE: By RITA BEAMISH, Associated Press Writer
DATELINE: WASHINGTON
KEYWORD: Acid Rain Pact
BODY:
Canada will achieve a long-sought commitment from the United States when
President Bush and Prime Minister Brian Mulroney sign a pact next week to curb
U.S.-caused acid rain pollution.
The U.S.- Canada Acid Raid Accord will commit both countries to specific
timetables on reducing acid rain. It will primarily affect airborne pollutants
that travel from U.S. industrial sources to pollute Canada's air, but it also
is aimed at cutting the Canadian pollution that affects New York state.
Canada has said that marine life in as many as 14,000 lakes is in jeopardy
from U.S.-caused acid rain.
From the U.S. standpoint, the Bush administration will commit to carry out
the reductions already required by the Clean Air Act that Congress passed and
Bush signed last year.
The law, the first revamping of air pollution in more than a decade, requires
curbs on smokestack emissions of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides, the
principal pollutants that cause acid rain.
that coal-burning electric power plants must cut sulfur dioxide emissions by 10
million tons, or roughly in half by the year 2000, said Richard Smith, a deputy
assistant secretary of state who was the chief U.S. negotiator of the accord.
Industrial sources would have to implement controls to cut nitrogen oxide
emissions by about 2 million tons a year.
Canada will make comparable reductions in its acid rain, which is less
widespread.
Negotiations for the pact began after Bush and Mulroney agreed last July
conclude a treaty, when both attended the economic summit of industrialized
nations in Houston.
PAGE
3
The Associated Press, March 6, 1991
Ottawa has complained for a decade about the U.S.-caused pollution that rains
on eastern Canada.
Scientists in both nations agree that about half the acid rain falling in
eastern Canada originates from emissions generated by utilities and
smokestacks in the United States. Because of wind patterns, about one-quarter
of the acid rain falling in the Adirondack Mountains of New York originates in
Canada.
The accord that the two leaders will sign in Ottawa on March 14 creates a
framework that also can deal with other air pollution problems in the future,
such as airborne toxins and ground-level ozone pollution, said Smith.
It sets up a joint commission that will meet regularly to review air control
issues and monitoring and progress on the treaty, he said. The committee will
meet first within a year of the accord's signing.
Although the two countries worked in good will, "it was a complex
negotiation," said Smith.
After a final formal negotiation session in early December, final changes and
details were finally nailed down this week, he said.
The U.S. government resisted an acid rain treaty in the past. Former
President Reagan argued that not enough was known to conclude that acid rain
was a serious problem.
"What made it possible was the clean air agreement," Smith said. "Without
that we could not make the necessary commitments," to curb acid rain
emissions.
Officials said the agreement is in the form of an accord rather than a
treaty, and thus does not have to be ratified by the Senate. But the
administration says it consulted closely with lawmakers and is confident the
accord conforms with what Congress passed in the Clean Air Act.
PAGE
4
5TH STORY of Level 2 printed in FULL format.
Copyright (c) 1991 Toronto Star Newspapers, Ltd.
The Toronto Star
January 8, 1991, Tuesday, FINAL EDITION
SECTION: NEWS; Pg. A9
LENGTH: 414 words
HEADLINE: Clean air accord to be signed
BYLINE: by William Walker Toronto Star
DATELINE: OTTAWA
KEYWORD: CANADA FOREIGN RELATIONS UNITED STATES AIR POLLUTION
BODY:
A new Canada -U.S. clean air accord is to be signed by Prime Minister Brian
Mulroney and President George Bush within a few weeks, Ottawa sources say.
The deal, which has already been reached, awaits the resolution of scheduling
differences between Mulroney and Bush for a signing ceremony, sources said.
t could be delayed by developments in the Persian Gulf crisis.
The proposed accord includes a 50 per cent reduction of acid-rain -causing
sulphur dioxide emissions by the year 2000, backing up recent American clean air
legislation
It also includes:
A dispute resolution mechanism, to deal with future transboundary air
pollution problems between the two countries.
A joint research and monitoring program for transboundary air pollutants.
À joint U.S.- - Canada panel to oversee implementation of the agreement.
Environment Minister Robert De Cotret will announce the accord as one of the
first initiatives under the Progressive Conservative government's five-year
green plan.
Environmental lobbyists are dubious about the strength of the accord.
Canada has been trying for a legally binding air pollution treaty with
the United States since the early 1980s.
Such a treaty would require ratification by two-thirds of the U.S. Senate
but would then be legally enforceable.
Unable to reach such a treaty, Canada has since pressed for a political
accord.
PAGE
5
(c) 1991 The Toronto Star, January 8, 1991
"These agreements are really little more than statements of intent," Michael
Perley of the Canadian Coalition on Acid Rain said yesterday.
"It will really be up to the participants to implement the type of agreement
we understand is being proposed here," Perley said.
"Either government can walk away from it at a moment's notice."
But Ottawa sources said the accord will smooth the way to future air
pollution cuts by both countries.
"It will be a framework," a federal source said.
"The next time, talks with the Americans on transboundary air pollutants will
be able to use this accord as a vehicle for an agreement.
"We won't have to invent an agreement every time on air quality."
Perley said he anxiously awaits details of the proposed "mechanism" to solve
future transboundary air quality disputes, whether it takes the form of a
tribunal or an air quality advisory group.
He noted that even under the Canada -U.S. free trade agreement, the
countries were not able to reach a binding dispute settling mechanism, so he
said it's unlikely they will do 50 in this case.
PAGE 39
26TH STORY of Level 1 printed in FULL format.
Copyright (c) 1987 Chicago Tribune Company;
Chicago Tribune
January 22, 1987, Thursday, SPORTS FINAL EDITION
SECTION: NEWS; Pg. 8; ZONE: C
LENGTH: 391 words
HEADLINE: CANADA'S MULRONEY SHOWERS BUSH WITH BARBS ABOUT ACID RAIN
BODY:
Canadian Prime Minister Brian Mulroney loosed a volley of frustrations at
Vice President George Bush on Wednesday, charging that the Reagan
administration is insensitive to Canadian concerns and has "absolutely not"
lived up to its promises to start an aggressive acid-rain research program.
"Canadians don't want to be on anyone's back burner or taken for granted at
any time," Mulroney told reporters, with Bush standing at his side, during a
break in nearly five hours of meetings that included his finance minister and
U.S. Treasury Secretary James Baker.
Mulroney, his Progressive Conservative government's popularity at its lowest
point ever after what Canadians see as defeats in dealings with the United
States, requested the Bush visit late last week to register Canadian concerns
about acid rain and ongoing free-trade negotiations.
Bush said he "got an earful" from the prime minister regarding the
administration's requested 1988 budget appropriation of less than $300 million
to develop new technologies to fight acid rain.
That budget request, the Canadians say, falls far short of the five-year, $5
billion research program that Mulroney and Reagan agreed to at a meeting in
Quebec last March.
Canada has long charged that half the acid rain falling in the eastern
part of the country originates from the coal-burning smokestack industries of
the northeastern United States.
WE wall LU our 111 EVERY way, DUDIT DAIU 111
the Quebec agreement. But he added, "We have sent our (budget) proposal to the
Hill and what happens beyond that I just simply can't speculate on."
For the last month Mulroney has been assailed almost daily by opposition
leaders for "caving in" to the imposition of a softwood lumber export tax of 15
percent.
That tax, predicted to cost thousands of Canadian lumbering jobs by spring,
replaced a 15 percent countervailing duty the U.S. had slapped on Canadian
lumber after a finding that Canadian provinces were unfairly subsidizing their
lumber exports.
Top officials of the Canadian External Affairs Ministry said after
Wednesday's meeting that Mulroney had won assurances from Bush that the Reagan
adminstration would attempt to give bilateral free-trade negotiations "a
PAGE 40
(c) 1987 Chicago Tribune, January 22, 1987
higher profile." Each country is the other's largest trading partner.
TERMS: UNITED STATES; RELATION; CANADA
1
ИКЭИ 21X31 ФЕНИ 21X3J
-
PAGE 36
14TH STORY of Level 1 printed in FULL format.
Copyright (c) 1987 The New York Times Company;
The New York Times
March 29, 1987, Sunday, Late City Final Edition
SECTION: Section 4; Page 3, Column 4; Week in Review Desk
LENGTH: 708 words
HEADLINE: CANADA WANTS OFF THE BACK BURNER
BYLINE: By JOHN F. BURNS
DATELINE: TORONTO
BODY:
WHEN Vice President Bush visited Prime Minister Brian Mulroney in Ottawa
in January, more than one Canadian newspaper columnist pointed out that Mr. Bush
had dressed for the bitter cold in a short, unlined raincoat. It was a symbolic
detail for many Canadians, who often complain that American leaders are woefully
ill-informed about their northern neighbor.
That sensitivity will no doubt be even more acute next Sunday when President
Reagan is in Ottawa for the annual meeting between the two heads of state. Mr.
Mulroney warned Mr. Bush that Canada was tired of being on Washington's 'back
burner'' and that he would watch for signs that Canada's concerns were being
Mr. Reagan has tried to answer Mr. Mulroney's challenge by announcing that he
would seek $2.5 billion for acid rain research over the next five years. But
Mr. Mulroney's critics called the plan cosmetic, saying that Mr. Reagan was only
making good on a pledge he made a year ago and subsequently abandoned.
The Canadians argue that only quick action, not more research, will reduce
the pollution from coal-burning plants in the Ohio Valley that reacts in the
atmosphere and returns to earth in the form of acid precipitation. Experts say
United States emissions are responsible for killing lakes and forests in eastern
Canada.
An inability to persuade the Reagan Administration to impose mandatory
emission controls is seen here as only one example of Ottawa's lack of influence
in Washington.
A common complaint is that Britain, West Germany and Japan exercise greater
leverage on the issues that matter to them, although Canada is America's
leading trading partner and the two countries have a broad bilateral
relationship.
Mr. Mulroney's problems with Washington are only part of deeper troubles at
home. A sequence of Cabinet resignations and dismissals has fueled doubts about
the probity of some people swept into office in the Conservative Party's 1984
landslide victory over the Liberal Party. The 47-year-old Prime Minister began
his mandate by saying that the Conservatives had been shut out of the advantages
of public life for too long. But patronage appointments and contracts for the
party's friends as well as skulduggery that has resulted in a number of
PAGE 37
(c) 1987 The New York Times, March 29, 1987
criminal investigations have raised questions.
But in the long run, whether or not the Government succeeds in reviving its
popularity - the Conservatives' support was 24 percent in a recent Gallup poll,
compared with 41 percent for the Liberals - is likely to depend at least as much
on the course of relations with the United States. Already, there are
predictions that the election expected in 1989 could turn out to be a referendus
on attitudes toward the United States.
From the outset Mr. Mulroney declared that he would take a more accommodating
attitude toward Washington than did former Prime Minister Pierre Elliott
Trudeau, whose prickly intellectual ways irritated several American Presidents.
Calculating that more could ''be gained from cooperation than confrontation,'
Mr. Mulroney launched the most ambitious attempt since World War II to redefine
the relationship.
The centerpiece has been negotiations for a 'free trade'' pact that would
eliminate tariffs and other economic barriers. After months of stalemate, those
discussions recently picked up, and lately there has been talk of a preliminary
pact as early as June. But it appears the accord may skirt some tricky issues,
including the right of the United States to use its 'countervail'' mechanisms
to impose punitive duties against Canadian goods judged to have been unfairly
subsidized.
Some Canadians, including recent immigrants from Asia and Latin America, say
they would be happy to see closer integration of the two nations. But many more,
opinion polls show, find the idea unappealing, or worse. Several prominent
figures have responded to Mr. Mulroney's campaign with warnings about Canada's
being 'taken over'' by the United States.
For the critics, a satisfactory relationship would begin with the assurance
that the Washington takes Canada seriously. It is for that, as much as for
details on free trade or acid rain, that they will be watching Mr. Reagan
closely next weekend.
SUBJECT: INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS; UNITED STATES INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
NAME: BURNS, JOHN F; REAGAN, RONALD WILSON (PRES); MULRONEY, BRIAN (PRIME MIN)
GEOGRAPHIC: CANADA
PAGE
41
28TH STORY of Level 1 printed in FULL format.
Copyright (c) 1987 The Times Mirror Company;
Los Angeles Times
January 22, 1987, Thursday, Home Edition
SECTION: Part 1; Page 1; Column 4; Foreign Desk
LENGTH: 988 words
HEADLINE: BUSH LECTURED BY MULRONEY ON TRADE, POLLUTION
BYLINE: By KENNETH FREED, Times Staff Writer
DATELINE: OTTAWA
BODY:
Prime Minister Brian Mulroney told Vice President George Bush on
Wednesday that the Reagan Administration has broken its promises to Canada
regarding trade and pollution and that failure to move quickly on restoring the
commitments will seriously damage relations between the traditionally close
nations.
Mulroney and key aides spent more than five hours lecturing Bush and Treasury
Secretary James A. Baker III, who were invited here by the prime minister to
hear Canadian concerns about the pace and style of U.S.-Canadian free trade
negotiations as well as President Reagan's failure to push for effective
controls on acid rain pollution.
Although the Canadian fears and doubts are sincere and of long standing, the
timing of Mulroney's complaints have a great deal to do with serious domestic
political problems he faces.
His political popularity has declined sharply, with polls placing him third
after the country's two other national party leaders. The polls place his
Progressive Conservative Party far behind the Liberal Party and even with the
socialist New Democratic Party.
The polls indicate that the prime minister suffers because of his failure
to deal effectively with the United States on acid rain and trade, despite his
boasting about close personal and diplomatic ties with Reagan. Mulroney aides
acknowledged privately that the prime minister called Bush and Baker to Ottawa
"to do some America-bashing" in order to prove he is tough.
Mulroney publicly underlined this approach when he told reporters at a brief
news conference that although "I don't throw hand grenades at the U.S
I'm
very big on protecting the interests of Canada; I'm good at defending Canadian
interests."
Seems Almost Bellicose
He seemed almost bellicose when he stated that "I don't want to be on
anybody's back burner or taken for granted at any time" -- a pointed reference
to constant Canadian perceptions about Washington's attitude toward the
bilateral ties.
PAGE 42
(c) 1987 Los Angeles Times, January 22, 1987
The danger to the relationship, which is already at one of its lowest points
in a decade or more, was put into even sharper focus by a ranking Canadian
official who privately told reporters after the meeting that the Wednesday talks
were "about commitments that have either been neglected or have fallen short on
the American side."
Failure to correct the situation, the official said, "can't help but affect
the tenor and tone of the relationship as a whole."
to power partly because it promised to improve relations with Washington by
acting as Reagan's best friend.
Two recent developments account for the Canadian anger. First, Reagan
declined to prevent the imposition of a 15% duty on Canadian softwood exports
unless Mulroney gave in to American lumber industry demands that he levy an
equivalent tax on the timber products. This amounts to nearly half a billion
U.S. dollars and may cost several thousand jobs.
Second, Reagan, in his budget message to Congress earlier this month, failed
to request money for an acid rain control project, as he had promised at a
meeting with Mulroney in Washington last March.
In fact, he seemed to twist the knife by renewing doubts that acid rain is
even a problem, a stand he had dropped last March, to Mulroney's relief.
Mulroney showed his discontent Wednesday as he stood before reporters with
Bush nearby. "Absolutely not," he answered vigorously when asked if the United
States has lived up to its commitments to control American-originated acid
rain -- airborne sulfur dioxide emissions that are blamed for already
destroying the ecosystem of 14,000 Canadian lakes and endangering 40,000 others.
He added that "I'll believe it (Reagan's sincerity) when I see the money."
Official More Candid
Another official who sat in on the meetings was more candid. "What they have
done (regarding trade and acid rain) falls way short (of U.S. promises)
It is not a repudiation, but it has fallen substantially short."
However, as the official continued to talk, his impatience overcame his
diplomatic reserve. He would not believe U.S. promises about acid rain, for
instance, until "there is real money directed at the emissions and
tangible actions are imposed to control" acid rain.
Bush tried to calm the atmosphere by repeating historic U.S. pledges of
support and friendship. "There is no relationship more important to the United
States," he said, promising to pass on Mulroney's concerns during a meeting with
the President today.
But in spite of his smiles and easygoing assurances, the vice president gave
no specific assurances that the United States would alleviate Canadian
complaints, particularly by spending more money to control acid rain.
BYLINE: By UPI
DATELINE: OTTAWA
BODY:
Prime Minister Brian Mulroney, seeking a way out of his political skid,
today complained to Vice President George Bush about U.S. foot-dragging on
trade liberalization and acid rain, and vowed Canada will not be "on
anyone's back burner or taken for granted at any time."
In a burst of criticism delivered in large part for domestic consumption,
with Bush at his side, Mulroney blamed the Reagan Administration for friction in
U.S.-Canadian relations. Bush said, "One of the good things about friends is you
can look each other in the eye, discuss the differences and then go on to try to
solve existing problems."
TYPE:
Wire
PAGE 43
(c) 1987 Los Angeles Times, January 22, 1987
The impromptu exchange between Mulroney and Bush was less sharp in dealing
with trade, but the underlying tension was nonetheless evident. "It is important
to avoid a trade war," the prime minister said, but he complained that
Washington is not taking the free trade negotiations -- which must be concluded
by October -- as seriously as Canada.
"That is sort of strange," he said, "given the size of the trade."
American-Canadian two-way trade is now at least 150 billion U.S. dollars a year,
by far the largest bilateral commercial relationship in the world, with Canada
easily outstripping Japan and the entire European Economic Community as the
United States' largest trading partner.
Mulroney's critics have charged the prime minister with selling out
Canadian sovereignty and national interests in his drive for a free trade
arrangement. He argues that an agreement is essential to stabilize and secure
Canada's access to the huge U.S. market, particularly at a time of growing
protectionism in Congress.
However, he suggested Wednesday that Reagan, a professed enemy of
protectionism, is not doing enough to offset trade restrictions.
SUBJECT:
MULRONEY, BRIAN; BUSH, GEORGE; UNITED STATES -- FOREIGN RELATIONS - CANADA;
UNITED STATES -- TRADE -- CANADA; AIR POLLUTION -- CANADA; ACID RAIN
PAGE 25
2ND STORY of Level 1 printed in FULL format.
Copyright (c) 1989 The Washington Post
February 11, 1989, Saturday, Final Edition
SECTION: FIRST SECTION; PAGE A14
LENGTH: 625 words
HEADLINE: Bush, in Canada, Vows Action on Acid Rain;
Mulroney Lauds 'Measurable Progress'
BYLINE: Herbert H. Denton, David Hoffman, Washington Post Foreign Service
DATELINE: OTTAWA, Feb. 10, 1989
BODY:
Seeking to remove a longstanding irritant between Canada and the United
States Drocident Ruch promised today to submit loniclation this
UI
In his first foreign visit as president, Bush and his advisers attempted to
reassure Canadians that he would be more aggressive on the issue than President
Reagan, who stressed study of the problem rather than taking concrete steps to
deal with it.
Standing with Prime Minister Brian Mulroney after five hours of meetings
here, Bush said: "I assured him that the time for just pure study was over and
that we've now approached the time for legislative action."
Mulroney seemed pleased with the commitment. "I suppose I'm like a lot of
people who would like it done tomorrow," he said. "I know it's not going to
happen, but this represents a very measurable progress."
Once clean-air legislation is introduced in Congress, Bush promised to hold
negotiations with Canada on a cross-boundary acid-rain accord, according to
senior Canadian officials.
Canadian reporters were less persuaded, and their deep skepticism is likely
to influence public reaction here to Bush's promises.
Their questions at a briefing by senior Canadian officials after the Bush
visit suggested strongly that they believe Bush, like Reagan before him, had
given Canadians the runaround and that the Americans still fail to understand
Canada's sense of urgency over the acid rain that is damaging forests and
polluting lakes and streams in Canada and the northeastern United States.
Secretary of State James A. Baker III defended the course of action Bush
outlined, saying that the administration did not want to "go forward before we
tilled the ground."
"What has to be decided primarily is what is the target for reduction and who
pays the price," Baker said.
Acid-rain pollution is an issue that pits region against region in the
United States. Much of the high-sulfur coal that is the culprit comes from
PAGE 26
(c) 1989 The Washington Post, February 11, 1989
eastern mines and is burned in power plants in the Midwest. The corrosive fumes
waft over to New England and eastern Canada.
Privately, Reagan had questioned whether the pollution did not, in fact, come
from forest fires. He also had little appetite for spending millions to clean it
up. But after Mulroney's prodding during their annual summits, Reagan agreed to
a major effort to develop new, clean-coal technology. Funding for the $ 2.5
billion program was cut in Reagan's last budget. Bush, however, in his budget
speech Thursday night called for a "new attitude about the environment" and said
he was restoring the appropriation.
"We made that agreement with Canada, and we intend to honor the agreement,"
he said.
Reagan and Mulroney had enjoyed a warm and friendly relationship and
cultivated the image of two happy Irishmen. Canadian officials expressed
enthusiasm today about the "good chemistry" and "freewheeling and unscripted"
talks between Mulroney and Bush, who had met several times while Bush was vice
president.
Canadian officials indirectly but unmistakably made the point that the two
men got down to substantive issues quickly, dispensing with the ceremony that
surrounded meetings with Reagan. "They got right down to it," said one senior
Canadian official. "They did not follow a scripted agenda."
Mulroney, however, signaled that one area of significant difference is likely
to be over Central America. The Canadian contingent strongly urged Bush and
Baker to support deployment of a United Nations peacekeeping force to the
troubled area. Although the Americans did not reject the idea out of hand, they
expressed wariness, fearing such a force might be manipulated by Nicaragua's
Sandinista government.
GRAPHIC: PHOTO, PRESIDENT BUSH, ON HIS FIRST FOREIGN VISIT AS PRESIDENT,
PROMISED CANADIAN PRIME MINISTER BRIAN MULRONEY TO SUBMIT LEGISLATION ON
ACID RAIN REDUCTION THE TWO SIDES HFI FIVE HOURS OF TALKS REUTER
TYPE: FOREIGN NEWS
SUBJECT: UNITED STATES; GOVERNMENT / OFFICIAL TRAVEL; CANADA; AIR POLLUTION;
WATER POLLUTION
гіхаи aixes TEXTS
PAGE
30
8TH STORY of Level 1 printed in FULL format.
Copyright (c) 1988 The New York Times Company;
The New York Times
April 25, 1988, Monday, Late City Final Edition
SECTION: Section A; Page 10, Column 5; Foreign Desk
LENGTH: 619 words
HEADLINE: Canada Losing Patience With U.S. on Acid Rain
BYLINE: By JOHN F. BURNS, Special to the New York Times
DATELINE: OTTAWA, April 22
BODY:
In the view of many Canadians no prime minister in the country's 128-year
history has been as consistently pro-American as Brian Mulroney, the
Conservative from Quebec who has pledged his political survival on a repudiation
of the wariness that has traditionally characterized Canada's attitude toward
the United States.
The Mulroney policy culminated six months ago in the signing of a free trade
agreement that commits the two Governments to the creation of what would become,
after the European Economic Community, the world's largest open market.
On Wednesday, Mr. Mulroney will be in Washington for his fourth annual
meeting with President Reagan, which the two leaders will use to celebrate the
free trade agreement and to give a push for its approval by the Senate.
But behind the conviviality will lie a growing sense on Mr. Mulroney's part
that Canada's concerns outside trade have not received the attention they
deserve at the White House, notably on an issue that is close to the top of
Canada's political priorities - acid rain.
Sensitive Political Issue
Mr. Mulroney will address the issue when he speaks to a joint meeting of
Congress on Wednesday, and if his remarks to American reporters based in
Canada are any guide, the address is likely to have an unstated undercurrent,
that on this issue, at least, Mr. Reagan has let Mr. Mulroney down.
And although he did not say so directly, the Prime Minister's remarks
suggested that he is annoyed not to have received greater cooperation from Mr.
Reagan on an issue that opinion polls here suggest could damage the Mulroney
Government in a general election to be held this year or next.
At a meeting in the Prime Minister's office here today, Mr. Mulroney, who
is 49 years old, reminded the reporters that Mr. Reagan capped his visit to
Ottawa last year by committing the Administration to consideration of a treaty
on limiting emissions of acid rain across the border.
Acid rain is the term commonly given to rain or snow that carries
destructive chemical compounds that rise into the atmosphere in the form of
industrial nollution
-
PAGE 31
(c) 1988 The New York Times, April 25, 1988
In subsequent talks United States officials have refused to include in a
prospective treaty the mandatory reductions in airborne pollution that Canada
seeks, which would parallel a Canadian law requiring industries here to halve
atmospheric pollutants by 1994.
Mr Mulroney caid Mr Roanan's aroument that research ic nooded to
LUC wamaye can claimen, was
'unacceptable'' in the face of overwhelming scientific evidence, including
studies that have shown that 50 percent of the acid rain falling on Canada
is generated in the United States.
Mr. Mulroney said the pollution had already killed ' 'thousands of lakes and
rivers and forests'' in Canada, virtually wiping out the maple sugar industry
in parts of Quebec and devastating salmon fishing in Nova Scotia.
'Garbage From Above'
He added: ''If I'm a good neighbor, the United States would be pretty upset
with me if I were dumping my garbage in your backyard. That's exactly what's
happening, except that this garbage is coming from above.'
Mr. Mulroney made it plain that he will press for independent action on
acid rain by Congress. And he suggested that regardless of what the Reagan
Administration did, the issue would be forced by the United States Presidential
election.
Calling Vice President George Bush ''a solid environmentalist,' and
saying that environmental concerns are a major factor with the two remaining
Democratic contenders, Michael S. Dukakis and the Rev. Jesse Jackson, Mr.
Mulroney said ''you can bet a dollar to a doughnut'' that acid rain would
feature in the campaign.
SUBJECT: ACID RAIN; UNITED STATES INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS; INTERNATIONAL
RELATIONS
NAME: MULRONEY, BRIAN (PRIME MIN); REAGAN, RONALD WILSON (PRES); BURNS, JOHN F
GEOGRAPHIC: CANADA
PAGE
32
10TH STORY of Level 1 printed in FULL format.
Copyright (c) 1987 The Washington Post
April 5, 1987, Sunday, Final Edition
SECTION: FIRST SECTION; PAGE A1
LENGTH: 1422 words
HEADLINE: Reagan-Mulroney Session In Canada to Be Low-Key;
Acid Rain, Trade Top Points of Contention
BYLINE: Lou Cannon, Herbert H. Denton, Washington Post Staff Writers
BODY:
Two years ago, at a gala at the Quebec Grand Theatre, President Reagan and
Canadian Prime Minister Brian Mulroney capped off the "Shamrock Summit" with a
sentimental rendition of "When Irish Eyes Are Smiling" that celebrated their
Irish heritage and the warmth of U.S.-Canadian relations.
At the time Reagan and Mulroney were enormously popular leaders at home and
abroad and their supporters interpreted their success as signs of a resurgent
conservatism in the industrialized western democracies.
Times have changed.
As President Reagan heads north today for another two-day meeting with
Mulroney, both leaders are struggling to regain their political equilibrium
after setbacks and scandals.
In the meantime, U.S.-Canadian relations have been buffeted by repeated trade
disputes and controversy over acid rain. John Fieldhouse, the Canadian Embassy
spokesman in Washington, said last week that officials in Ottawa feel "a sense
of betrayal" over U.S. trade actions as they approach this year's third annual
summit.
Despite this assessment, Canadian and U.S. officials said that Reagan and
Mulroney intend to play down differences, at least in public, and emphasize the
historic friendship of the two nations. White House spokesman Marlin Fitzwater
said Friday that the United States and Canada have "enormous joint
onportunities and nroblems." hut added that the summit would nnt he the place
ШОЛЕ
On the EVE of the visit, Reagan used his radio address Saturday to highlight
his new program to combat acid rain and to praise Mulroney as a good friend
and ally. "As neighbors, allies, partners and friends, we have much to discuss,"
Reagan said of his sessions with Mulroney, pointing out that on "cross-border
environmental questions, our two countries are working with each other rather
than against each other."
Canadian sources said Mulroney's advisers have urged him to take a tough
public stance with Reagan, but that the prime minister has persistently
rejected this counsel. However, Vice President Bush said he had been given "an
earful" about Canadian concerns from Mulroney when he visited Ottawa on Jan. 21,
and Reagan telephoned the prime minister to tell him that there would be a
reference to U.S.-Canadian free trade negotiations in his State of the Union
1987
?
PAGE
33
(c) 1987 The Washington Post, April 5, 1987
message.
During an interview with U.S. journalists last week, Mulroney appeared
visibly perturbed when asked about Fieldhouse's remarks. In reply Mulroney
stressed his friendly relations with Reagan and the U.S. government and told the
reporters, "I am not a friend on Mondays, Wednesdays and Fridays, an uneasy ally
on Tuesdays, Thursdays and Saturdays and an enemy on Sunday. I am your friend
on a regular basis."
Nonetheless, the structure of this year's summit in some ways reflects
Canadian dissatisfaction with the Reagan administration. No gala is planned, and
the meeting has been organized as a state visit, which means that the official
host is not Mulroney, but Governor General Jeanne Sauve, officially head of
state, whose position is largely ceremonial.
U.S. officials say they are quite comfortable with a low-key summit because
neither leader has anything new of substance to announce. However, they say that
Reagan, who is making his first trip outside the United States since his meeting
with Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev in Iceland last October, values the
opportunity for an exchange of views at a critical time in U.S.-Canadian
relations.
U.S. and Canadian trade representatives are working against a tight deadline
in negotiations aimed at creating a tariff-free trade area that would extend
from the Arctic Circle to the Rio Grande. The negotiations arose from a proposal
Mulroney made to Reagan at the Shamrock Summit.
Negotiators are trying to prepare a partial text by June and must submit the
proposed agreement to Congress by Oct. 5. In Canada, a confederation in which
the provinces have far more trade autonomy than U.S. states, some of the
provincial barriers would have to be lifted before a free-trade agreement could
take effect.
During these negotiations, Canada and the United States have engaged in
selective miniature trade wars over such commodities as wooden shakes and
shingles, softwood lumber, steel and uranium. The Canadians are also disturbed
by what they view as a rise in protectionist sentiment in the United States as
reflected in a number of bills introduced in Congress.
Speaking of Reagan administration actions in the past year, Fieldhouse said,
"There was a growing sense of betrayal in Ottawa at the series of kicks in the
shins -- not from the [Capitol] Hill where we are used to it, but from the
administration. It is not clear that this particular cloud has receded at all."
The acid rain issue casts an even darker cloud over U.S.-Canadian
relations, at least from the point of view of many Canadians. It is a highly
emotional issue in Canada, where half the acid rain that falls originates in
the United States. Produced by sulfur dioxide from coal-burning plants and by
nitric acid from automobile exhaust, acid rain pollutes lakes, Kills fish and
poses health hazards for human beings that are a subject of study and
controversy.
"The question has become for a great many Canadians: Do you continue to call
friends [the] people who dump garbage over your fence?" said New Democratic
Party member of Parliament Bill Blaikie.
PAGE 34
(c) 1987 The Washington Post, April 5, 1987
On March 18, in a conciliatory move, Reagan promised a sharp increase in U.S.
spending to combat acid rain, agreeing to commit $ 2.5 billion over five years
for "innovative" demonstration projects to combat the pollution. In Canada the
announcement was considered a tardy but welcome honoring of a promise Reagan
made to Mulroney when he visited Washington last year.
U.S. environmentalists, as well as Canadians, have accused the president of
Dut
10
minister salu, Reayan 15 coming arthor LUC
when he blamed volcanoes and trees and even ducks" for acid rain.
On the first Canadian visit of his presidency, in March 1981, Reagan was
greeted by demonstrators on Parliament Hill in Ottawa who protested on the
acid rain issue and against U.S. foreign policies. This time the demonstrators
will include a contingent of Quebec maple syrup farmers, who say their farming
is being ruined by the pollution and who plan to bring their tractors to Ottawa
and erect a maple syrup shack on Parliament Hill.
Reagan's visit comes at a time that Mulroney has gone through the first month
in more than a year when his administration has not been shaken by a new
scandal. In a statement that might have been uttered by a Reagan administration
official cautiously weighing the president's recovery from the Iran-contra
scandal, a Mulroney aide said of his boss, "I wouldn't call it a fresh start,
but it is a turning of the page."
Elected in September 1984 with a landslide majority and a pledge to clean up
patronage abuses from the administration of Pierre Trudeau, Mulroney instead
found his administration engulfed in much more severe scandals. In his interview
with U.S. journalists last week Mulroney attributed his difficulties to the fact
that the Progressive Conservative Party he heads has been out of power for most
of the century, and few of its leaders had experience.
A new poll taken by the Toronto Globe & Mail last week found that Mulroney
was considered the best qualified national leader by only 17 percent of
Canadians.
Reagan, who was bruised last week by congressional override of his highway
bill veto, is also attempting a political recovery, but the Ottawa trip is
considered by officials of both countries as less important to his political
fortunes than to Mulroney's.
A senior U.S. official said on the eve of the trip that the United States
would like the meeting to be something more than "a Canadian complaint session."
Instead, said the official, it should be a session in which both leaders address
world concerns, including arms control, and discuss issues of broad importance
to the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) alliance.
Reagan and Mulroney are scheduled to meet for 45 minutes in a private session
this afternoon and attend a state dinner tonight. On Monday the president will
address a session of the Canadian Parliament before returning to Washington.
Staff writer Stuart Auerbach and researcher Michelle Hall contributed to this
report.
PAGE 35
(c) 1987 The Washington Post, April 5, 1987
TYPE: NATIONAL NEWS, FOREIGN NEWS
SUBJECT: CANADA; UNITED STATES; INTERNATIONAL TRADE; AIR POLLUTION; DIPLOMATIC
RELATIONS
NAMED-PERSONS: BRIAN MULRONEY
алкал BREAM 21x31
Contacts for
President Bush's Visit
March 13-14, 1991
Ottawa, Canada
White House Advance Team Leaders
Jay Parmer
Office: (202) 456-7565
Spence Geissinger Office: (202) 456-7565
State Department White House Liaison
Jeannie Bull
Office: (202) 647-7533
Home: (202) 462-1698
Greg Creeser
Office: (202) 647-7531
Home: (703) 522-2539
Office of the Prime Minister
State Dept. Profiles Country
cangetaursome awesome
Scott N. Munnoch
Office: (613) 957-5578
Prime Minister's Advance
U.S. Embassy Ottawa
Larry Taylor, Acting DCM
Office: 203/204/211
Home: 563-3410
Lucille Thomas, Overall Control Officer
oversees visit
Office: 260/212
writeher
Home: 231-5247
athankyou note.
from Embassy
Dell F. Pendergrast (USIS/PAO)
Office: 319/318
Home: 746-2971
Steve Seche (USIS Press)
Office: 317/316
Home: 749-9410
Steve Cox (RSO)
Office: 261
Home: 837-5911
Col. George Manolis (DAO)
Office: 279
Home: 749-9106
Major John Hoffmaster (DAO)
Office: 279
Home: 738-4767
g
- 2 -
Tom Wajda (Science)
Office: 214/213
Home: 526-5352
Tim Hunter (PER/MED)
Office: 265
Home: 592-9690
Ron Peters (GSO)
Office: 251
Home: 834-9409
Joan Bigge (GSO)
Office: 253
Home: 521-8893
Skip Iacobucci (CPU)
Office: 277/278
Home: 728-2617
Bill Chapman (B&F)
Office: 281/282
Home: 230-0369
Site Officers:
Parliament Hill: Kris Nanda
Office: 397/205
Home: 231-7685
Prime Minister's Residence: Stephen Muller
24 Sussex Drive
Office: 225/Home: 230-1276
Ambassador's Residence: Sylvia Curran
Office: 325
Home: 837-5394
Airport: Al Rimas
Office: 243/244
Home: 594-5790
0117J:3/5/91:5pm
Stephen Seche, Amb. Spchwrtr.
call for anb. grtng help.
Bilat Agnt to suppl. Clean Air Amendments
Big deal for them
What does the flame infront of Parliament signify?
Embassy
Meeting
OHawa, Canada
([Reeding]]
March 6,1991
Reading Room- Signing Ceremony
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brief informal 3minutes.
Kentill, NSC NSC Rough schedule
3/13: 2pm arrival- full honors (unless inclement weather)
2:45 arrival at Parliament Hall
3:45-4pm-Signing ceremony (15-20 min. in Length)
meet w/ Prime-minister & have photo-op
(pool Coverage)
followed by joint press availability Cone hour)4-5pm
any
SENT BY:DEPT. OF STATE/EUR
; 3-6-91 ; 5:26PM ;POLICY & PUBLIC AFF. -
2024566218:# 1
United States Department of State
European and Canadian Bureau
Washington. D.C. 20520
POLICY AND PUBLIC AFFAIRS OFFICE
(202) 647-9761 (202) 647-6925
Date: 3/6/91
FAX: (202) 647-5116
FACSIMILE COVERSHEET
Page / of / Pages
TO:
Name: CAROL BleyMayer
Address: WHITE House Speech Writers office
FAX
Number: 456-6218
FROM:
Name: Morguet Person
Address: Ear/PA
Tel-647-6926
SUBJECT: and Rain Speech
FOR:
Clearance: Information: Per Request: Comment:
MESSAGE: a Ms. Minne Rohae in OES
(Tel: 647-9278). is The Keeper of The
flame on This material She will fay
you The material ASAP.
State).
SENT BY:Xerox Telecopier 7020 ; 3- 7-91 ; 10:35 ;
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2024566218:# 1
DEPARTMENT OF STATE
FACSIMILE
Office of the Legal Adviser (L)
91 MAR 7 A9:47
Transmission Cover Sheet
TRANSMITTED TO:
FTG:
come 456.6218
NAME:
CAROL BlEymeyer
Organisation
White House Press office
Room 0. as
Telephone / Extension:
456 7750
TRANSMITTED FROM:
FTB: 64' 1037
cover 2021 647 1037
NAMED:
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Organization:
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hours. Room o. CC3.
Mar STATE
Room 6317 @
Telephone / Extension:
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202-649-3044
Transmister Date:
3/7/91
PAGES BEING
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2024566218:# 2
Points that could be used in a press release:
-- On March 13, 1991, President Bush joins Prime Minister
Mulroney in Ottawa to sign a historic air quality agreement
between the United States and Canada.
-- The agreement will establish a flexible and long-term legal
and institutional framework for addressing shared concerns
regarding transboundary air pollution.
-- Although the agreement will permit the two sides to address
any air pollutant of common concern, initially it will focus on
efforts to control sulphur dioxide (S02) and nitrogen oxides
(NOX), the primary acid rain precursors.
-- With respect to SO2 and NOx, the agreement calls for:
C specific reductions in SO2 and NOX;
o a total emissions limit, or emissions cap, on SO2;
O requirements that these emissions are continuously and
accurately monitored; and
o commitments concerning prevention of air quality
deterioration and visibility protection.
-- In terms of U.S. SO2 and NOx commitments under the
agreement, they do not go beyond the stringent requirements of
the Clean Air Act Amendments, which were signed into law on
November 15, 1990. The agreement commits Canada to implement
its present air quality requirements, and, in certain areas, to
adopt stringent new standards.
-- The agreement also contains several other elements:
o it includes an annex on cooperative/coordinated air
pollution-related scientific and technical activities, as
well as economic research;
0 it calls for exchange of information on monitoring,
emissions, technologies for controlling emissions,
atmospheric processes, and effects of air pollutants;
0 it provides for environmental impact assessment as
required by national laws, as well as notification to and
consultation with the other party, concerning certain
actions within an area under a party's jurisdiction likely
to cause significant transboundary air pollution;
-- it establishes a bilateral Air Quality Committee to
assist in the agreement's implementation, including through
preparing progress reports for the parties' consideration;
SENT BY Xerox Telecopier 7020 ; 3- 7-91 ; 10:36 ;
mb
2024566218:# 3
-- it contains a role for the International Joint
Commission (IJC), namely to invite public comments, through
public hearings as appropriate, on the reports produced by
the Air Quality Committee and to submit a synthesis of such
views to the Parties;
-- it provides for consultations, at the request of either
party, on any matter within the scope of the agreement;
-- it provides for the parties to review and assess the
agreement, and its implementation, every five years; and
-- it provides for the settlement of disputes arising under
the agreement.
SENT BY Xerox Telecopier 7020 ; 3- 7-91 ; 10:37 ;
mb->
2024566218:# 4
History of the Issue
The acid rain issue has been long-standing irritant in the
U.S.-Canada bilateral relationship.
-- In 1978, as the first joint effort with Canada to deal with
the acid rain issue, the Bilateral Research Consultation Group
was established to evaluate and report on the extent and
significance of long-range air pollution.
-- This, in turn, led to the Joint Statement on Transboundary
Air Quality of July 16, 1979, and the Memorandum of Intent of
August 5, 1980, in which the two governments recognized the
seriousness of the acid rain issue and committed to work toward
a bilateral agreement as soon as possible.
-- A bilateral air quality agreement was not reached under the
Memorandum of Intent, however, because of differences between
the two sides concerning the state of our knowledge of the
nature and effects of acid rain. Negotiations ended in 1983.
-- In a meeting between President Reagan and Canadian Prime
Minister Mulroney in March 1985, the two leaders acknowledged
publicly that acid rain was a serious concern affecting
bilateral relations. Each appointed a Special Envoy to review
jointly the acid rain issue and to make recommendations for
consideration at their next meeting in the Spring of 1986.
-- The Envoys issued a joint report, which was endorsed by the
President and Prime Minister in March 1986.
-- Attempts in the late 1980's to negotiate an acid rain accord
were not successful, given the differences between the two
sides on the significance of targets and timetables.
- Following his meeting with Prime Minister Mulroney in
February 1989, President Bush announced in Ottawa that
discussions on a bilateral accord could begin with Canada after
the President submitted to the Congress a comprehensive Clean
Air Act reauthorization proposal. The President's proposal
called for, inter alia, specific emissions reductions of acid
rain precursors, including sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides,
on a specific timetable.
-- At the July 1990 Houston G-7 Summit, President Bush and
Prime Minister Mulroney called for formal negotiations on the
air quality accord to begin shortly. These negotiations began
on August 28, 1990.
03/07/91 12:18
001
United States Department of State
Bureau of Oceans and International
Environmental and Scientific AffairsA10 : 57
Washington, D.C. 20520
DATE 3-7-91
TIME 10:45AM
TELEFAX COVER SHEET
NUMBER OF PAGES TO FOLLOW:
3
TO: Carol Blymire
TEL. #
OFFICE:
FAX # 456-6218
FROM: Richard J Smith
TEL. # 647-15555
OFFICE: OES
FAX # 647-0217
MESSAGE:
Per our conversation, here are some items
that might be helpful to you
1
a suggested press statement that U drafted
2
some talking points on the agreement, prepared
in EPA
3 Conadian affair has been preparing
a draft Presidential statement that the
Office that of sue Biniag in the Legal advisor's Let me office
has l understand also send you some material 71. this help morning
. H
03/07/91 12:19
002
PROPART
SUGGESTED
1
WHITE HOUSE PRESS STATEMENT
U.S./Canada Air Quality Agreement
At the Houston Summit in July 1990 President Bush and
Prime Minister Mulroney announced the start of negotiations to
address acid rain and other air pollution concerns. On March
14 in Ottawa the two leaders will sign an air quality accord
that reflects a U.S.-Canada consensus on this long-standing
environmental concern.
President Bush laid the basis for the agreement with his
commitment to improve air quality through amendments to the
Clean Air Act. The new U.S. law, enacted by Congress in
November 1990, contains provisions for curbing emissions of
sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides, the main components of
acid rain. Canadian programs for curbing these emissions are
also reflected in the agreement.
The purpose of the agreement is to establish a practical
and effective instrument to address shared concerns regarding
transboundary air pollution. The U.S.-Canada Air Quality
Agreement will focus initially on reducing emissions of sulfur
dioxide and nitrogen oxides and will provide a framework for
dealing in the future with other priority air pollution
problems.
03/07/91
12:19
003
03/06/91
19:48
202 252 0279
ADMIN OFFICE EPA
002
DRAFT
2
March 6, 1991
TALKING POINTS ON THE AGREEMENT BETWEEN THE GOVERNMENT OF
CANADA AND THE GOVERNMENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
ON AIR QUALITY
On March 13, 1991, President Bush will sign in Ottawa with Prime Minister
Mulroney an historic air quality agreement which includes:
principal
ea
specific reductions in sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides, theiprecursors of
acid rain,
a total emissions limit or cap on sulfur dioxide,
requirements to ensure that these emissions are continuously and accurately
monitored, and
an institutional framework that can be used to address other shared
problems of transboundary air pollution.
It resolves a major point of contention between our two countries for the past
fifteen years.
will significantly benefit the
It is a breakthrough, long-stalemated, that begins to restore the productivity of the
natural systems of North America -- the Inkes and streams and forests in the
United States and Canada.
The resolution of this issue,
--
paves the way for further cooperation on other environmental issues, including
the next priority for cooperation between our two countries, the restoration of the
Great Lakes.
This agreement also is a major accomplishment because:
it recognizes that pollution knows no boundaries,
it recognizes that transboundary air pollution between two countries can
cause significant harm,
that
this
benefit of
both
condities
dinuted
action.
For sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides, the accord commits the United States to
implement the stringent requirements of the Clean Air Act Amendments signed
into law by President Bush on November 15, 1990. The accord commits Canada
significant stringent new standards.
to implement its present air quality requirements, and, in certain areas, to adopt
03/07/91
12:20
004
3266
3
STATEMENT BY THE PRESIDENT
SIGNING OF THE AIR QUALITY ACCORD
I'm very pleased to be here in Ottawa with my good friend
Prime Minister Mulroney to sign the U.S.-Canada Air Quality
Accord.
This is a very good agreement -- one that involved a good
deal of give and take on the part of both our countries. It's
an agreement that our children and our children's children will
thank us for with every breath they take.
The U.S. and Canada enjoy a long tradition of close
cooperation in environmental matters as in other relations
between our two countries. The Boundary Waters Treaty of 1909
was a landmark of cooperation in water issues and established
the International Joint Commission -- a body that is one of the
clearest examples of binationalism one can think of. The Great
Lakes Water Quality Agreement, first negotiated in 1972, has
brought great improvement to the waters of the Great Lakes/St.
Lawrence ecosystem but we all know more remains to be done.
There were a number of milestones on the road to completion
of this negotiation. First, I want to note the impact of the
Joint Envoys' Report in 1986. William Davis of Canada and Drew
Lewis of the U.S.A. clearly presented the case for our two
countries to work together to respond to the issue of acid
rain. Next, I would like to commend the work of the Congress
and of Bill Reilly and his fine people at EPA for their work on
the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990. That piece of
legislation defined our participation in the negotiation that
brought about this accord. Finally, I want to recognize the
long and acduous work of the negotiators. Mike Phillips, your for
your ride team leader, and Dick Smith who led our siderdeserve a.
remendous amount of credit.
for ours. for
Sereive our congratulations
for a job well done
They mesotiating and the teams outstanding which
they led
SENT BY:CEQ Jackson PI.
; 3- 8-91 ; 4:15PM ;
2023953744-
2024566218:# 1
RM CANA
EXECUTIVE OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENT
COUNCIL ON ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20503
by fax
3-8-91 3:10p
March 8, 1991
MEMORANDUM TO DAN McGROARTY
Anne for file
FROM:
DALE CURTIS se
RE:
OTTAWA SPEECH
Pursuant to our conversations about the President's speech in
Ottawa, here are those picturesque places that will benefit from
the Joint Accord:
Moos- coh kah
o
Haliburton-Muskaka is the name of the cottage country north
of Toronto where acid deposition (much from U.S. sources)
has been among the heaviest in all of Canada. It is a
favorite fishing vacation destination of Ontarians and
Michiganders. It can be found in an atlas, or check with
the Canadian Tourist Bureau or Environment Canada
(comparable to EPA).
o
The Parliament Buildings in Ottawa (NOT Queen's Park, which
is the seat of the provincial government in Toronto) are
made of limestone and sandstone, two materials known to be
susceptible to acid rain damage. You might make a
comparison to the Lincoln Memorial or the Statue of Liberty,
both pollution. of which are also known to have been damaged by air
Another good contact is Ross Glasgow, a deputy to Canadian
Ambassador Derek Burnie here in town, 682-1740.
Recycled Paper
F41.
McGroarty/Blymire
March 11, 1991
12:00 noon
[EMBASSY]
TALKING POINTS:
AMERICAN EMBASSY GREETING
OTTAWA, CANADA
MARCH 13, 1991
XX:00 PM??
Treaty Signing 3/13 3:45
5:00pm 5:00 pm
Embassy Greeting: 3/13 following imm
Thank you, Ed {Ambassador Ney}, for those kind words -
- and let me commend Ambassador Ney and all the members
of this mission for the first-rate job you do.
I remember very well my last visit to Ottawa a little
more than two years ago -- the chance Barbara and I had
to meet with you and your families.
I know first-hand the vital work you do, representing
American interests and ideals. And I know how much the
success of this mission depends on you.
What happens here in Canada is of key importance to the
U.S. Few nations in the world can claim the kind of
peaceful and productive relations that the United
States and Canada enjoy.
We've seen it in the Gulf -- where Canada has been a
valued coalition partner.
2
And we see it in the accord we've signed today -- a
significant step forward in improving air quality and
reducing acid rain.
We must work to carry this cooperative approach into
all the challenges we face. On trade -- as we work
toward a tri-lateral trade agreement with Mexico -- and
beyond that, toward a Free Trade Zone for the entire
hemisphere. On defense: as we chart the future of our
common security concerns with NORAD and NATO.
I'm confident we can meet these challenges -- and that
U.S. -Canadian relations will continue to be marked by a
spirit of common purpose.
I know Ambassador Ney has told you about the rigors of
Presidential travel and the tight schedule we're on.
Tomorrow it's on to Martinique -- where it's now 85
degrees. And we won't rest there: it's on to Bermuda
for the weekend. But this afternoon, it has been my
pleasure to enjoy your hospitality -- and to have this
opportunity to thank you for all your good work.
# # #
SENT BY:
; 3- 8-91 ; 18:17
;
US INFO SERVICE-
2024566218:# 1
UNITED STATES INFORMATION SERVICE
OTTAWA, CANADA
FAX TRANSMITTAL SHEET
Carol Blymire
Message Transmitted to:
White House speechwriting
Organization:
202-456-6218
Fax Telephone Number:
suggested talking points for President's visit to Embassy
Subject:
8march91
2
Date:
Pages to follow:
Steve Seche - press office
FAX TRANSMITTED FROM:
Telephone Number:
613 238-5335
FAX Number:
613 563-7701
Equipment:
XEROX Telecopier 7017SF (on line 24 hours)
Carol: suggested talking points and some background on previous
visits by the President and Mrs. Bush to Canada follow.
Comments:
I'll be in the office Monday morning but will be leaving
after that, not to return until after the visit. If you need
anything more, call me then.
Stem
SENT BY:
: 3- 8-91 ; 18:17 :
US INFO SERVICE-
2024566218:# 2
SUGGESTED TALKING POINTS
PRESIDENT BUSH'S VISIT TO US EMBASSY
OTTAWA, CANADA
Background: President Bush last visited Canada in April 1990
(the so-called "Skydome Summit" in Toronto, during which he
attended a Blue Jays-Rangers baseball game with the Prime
Minister). The President's last trip to Ottawa took place in
February 1989; Mrs. Bush accompanied him. Mrs. Bush has
travelled to Ottawa alone twice since that date: in November
1989 (when she visited the Embassy) and in September 1990.
still
any
Mr. Bush visited Ottawa several times as Vice
there
President; the last visit, in June 1986 is warmly remembered
by many Mission staff. Mr. and Mrs. Bush spent an afternoon at
the Ambassador's Residence visiting with Mission staff and
families.
At the moment, it is not known if Canadian
government officials or others from outside the Mission
community will be in attendance during the President's visit to
the Embassy. Ambassador Edward Ney will introduce the
President.
Feb.'89
Talking Points:
people Hore. still
O
I'm delighted to be able to spend a couple of minutes with
you here at the Embassy. I know Barbara's been by to see you
since my last visit to Ottawa; she's sorry she couldn't make
this trip and sends her regards.
o No matter how much you travel, it always a great feeling to
walk down the street in another country and see the Stars and
Stripes flying proudly over our embassy.
O I am especially proud because I know from my own experience
that, inside each of our embassies, there are people like you
who believe in what the United States represents and who work
hard every day to promote these ideals.
o As you may know, this is my first visit outside the United
States since the Gulf War, and it's no coincidence that I've
made it to Canada. I value no relationship more than that
which we have built over the years with Canada.
pg 1 of 2
SENT BY:
; 3- 8-91 ; 18:17 ;
US INFO SERVICE-
2024566218:# 3
Ottawa talking pts/pg2 of 2
o In fact, there are very few nations in this world which can
claim the kind of peaceful and productive relations the United
States and Canada enjoy.
0 Through tough times like the Gulf War we just concluded, and
happier occasions like the completion of the air-quality accord
we just signed, Canada and the United States have stood
shoulder-to-shoulder.
0 There's a lot more left to do: implementing trilateral free
trade with Canada and Mexico, maybe even free trade throughout
D trado
this hemisphere; eliminating pollution of the Great Lakes and
St. Lawrence River Basin; resolving defense and security
questions having to do with NORAD and NATO.
o I'm confident that we'll get the job done. I had a long
talk with Prime Minister Mulroney earlier today and we'll be
seeing each other again this evening, and I'm doing what I can
to make your job easier.
o I'll be leaving tomorrow morning (and I won't mention I'm
going to Martinique where it's 85 degrees), but my friend Ed
Ney has assured me that he'll keep up the good work. I'm
counting on you to make sure that he keeps his promise.
Spring is coming
snowbirds are flying south
baseball season
Dell Pendergrast, Pub.Af. pir.
McGroarty/Blymire
March 8, 1991
11:20 am
[RAIN]
PRESIDENTIAL REMARKS: AIR QUALITY ACCORD SIGNING CEREMONY
OTTAWA, CANADA
MARCH 14, 1991
X:00 pm??
Mr. Prime Minister. Members of the Parliament.
Deland? Reilly?
[Introductory acknowledgements.] It's a great pleasure to be
here today, to add my name -- and with it, my country's
commitment -- to an agreement of great environmental importance.
//
But before I speak about this accord, let me make just a
brief comment -- to underscore my appreciation for the key
contribution made by Canada to the coalition's recent victory in
the Gulf War. Mr. Prime Minister, I thank you -- and I thank the
Canadian people -- for standing in partnership for the principles
that give justice real meaning in the world. //
The accord we sign today is added proof that the challenges
we face require a new partnership among nations. Last year, at
the Houston Economic Summit, we agreed to give this effort
priority. Our negotiations gained momentum with the passage in
environmental legislation the
the U.S. of the landmark Clean Air Act of 1990. [Credit belongs
to the EPA, and its able Administrator, Bill Reilly And of
course, credit goes to the negotiators on both sides for the
spirit in which they completed this task. Let me thank Dick
2
their
Smith and his colleagues -- and his counterparts across the table
on the Canadian side -- for a job well done. //
Mr. Prime Minister, I recall our own discussions on
environmental issues -- and especially our meeting back in
January of 1987. I made a comment then that made its way into
more than a few Canadian news reports, that I'd gotten "an
earful" from you on acid rain. // So now you see, I was
listening. // The treaty we sign today is testimony to the
seriousness with which both our countries regard this critical
environmental issue. //
This agreement is a significant step forward for air quality
on both sides of the border. I want to mention just a few of the
key provisions in this accord:
This accord commits both our nations to deep reductions
in the principal pollutants that cause acid rain. By
the year 2000, we will cut output of sulfur dioxide and
nitrogen oxides by a full 50 percent. //
Meeting these goals is no mere promise. The
levels set in this accord, parallel the ones set in the
Clean Air Act of 1990. That means that for the United
States, the reductions agreed on here have the force of
law. //
This accord provides the means to measure our progress
-- by requiring continuous and accurate monitoring of
the pollutants that contribute to acid rain.
3
Finally, this accord looks beyond the acid rain
problem: It establishes a formal framework for dealing
with future environmental concerns and cross-border
pollutants of all types. //
In doing so, this agreement on air quality reflects a
greater sense of shared environmental awareness. In our two
countries and in many others, we've gone from seeing pollution as
a problem involving an individual source, to one that affects not
simply regions or even nations -- but to a challenge that is
truly global in scope. Progress begins when we recognize one
simple fact: Pollution is never stopped by a line on a map.
Progress begins when we act on the understanding that these
challenges require cooperative efforts between nations -- of the
kind we sign today. //
But behind the science and all the technical details, let me
focus for a moment on what this agreement means for our lakes and
streams and forests. Whether it's the red spruce of White Face
Mountain on our side of the border -- or the pristine vistas of
the Madawaska Highlands on yours -- the commitment we make here
today will help preserve this precious inheritance of nature, for
our children and for all who come after. //
Once again, thank you all for this warm welcome -- and may
God bless the people of our two nations.
# # #
03/07/91 12:18
001
United States Department of State
Bureau of Oceans and International
Environmental and Scientific Affairs 10 : 57
Washington, D.C. 20520
DATE 3-7-91
TIME 10:45AM
TELEFAX COVER SHEET
NUMBER OF PAGES TO FOLLOW: 3
TO: Carol Blymire
TEL. #
FAX # 456-6218
OFFICE:
FROM: Richard J Smith
TEL. * 647- 1555
OFFICE: OES
FAX # 647-0217
MESSAGE:
Per our conversation, here are some items
that might be helpful to you
a suggested press statement that U drafted
1
2
some talking points on the agreement, prepared
3 Conadian affair has been preparing adviror's
in a EPA draft Presidential statement that the
Office of Sue Biniag in the Legal Let me office
l / understand and you that some material thin 71 l.In morning
L : H
03/07/91 12:19
002
PRAPAT-
SUGGESTED
1
WHITE HOUSE PRESS STATEMENT
/
U.S./Canada Air Quality Agreement
At the Houston Summit in July 1990 President Bush and
Prime Minister Mulroney announced the start of negotiations to
address acid rain and other air pollution concerns. On March
14 in Ottawa the two leaders will sign an air quality accord
that reflects a U.S.-Canada consensus on this long-standing
environmental concern.
President Bush laid the basis for the agreement with his
commitment to improve air quality through amendments to the
Clean Air Act. The new U.S. law, enacted by Congress in
November 1990, contains provisions for curbing emissions of
sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides, the main components of
acid rain. Canadian programs for curbing these emissions are
also reflected in the agreement.
The purpose of the agreement is to establish a practical
and effective instrument to address shared concerns regarding
transboundary air pollution. The U.S.-Canada Air Quality
Agreement will focus initially on reducing emissions of sulfur
dioxide and nitrogen oxides and will provide a framework for
dealing in the future with other priority air pollution
problems.
03/07/91 12:19
003
03/06/91
19:48
202 252 0279
ADMIN OFFICE EPA
002
DRAFT
2
March 6, 1991
TALKING POINTS ON THE AGREEMENT BETWEEN THE GOVERNMENT OF
CANADA AND THE GOVERNMENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
ON AIR QUALITY
On March 13, 1991, President Bush will sign in Ottawa with Prime Minister
Mulroney an historic air quality agreement which includes:
principal
:
specific reductions in sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides, thefprecursors of
acid rain,
a total emissions limit or cap on sulfur dioxide,
requirements to ensure that these emissions are continuously and accurately
monitored, and
an institutional framework that can be used TO address other shared
problems of transboundary air pollution.
It resolves a major point of contention between our two countries for the past
fifteen years.
will significantly benefit the
It Is a breakthrough, long-stalemated, that begins to restore the productivity of the
natural systems of North America -- the Inkes and streams and forests in the
United States and Canada.
The resolution of this issue,
--
paves the way for further cooperation on other environmental issues, including
the next priority for cooperation between our two countries, the restoration of the
Great Lakes.
This agreement also is a major accomplishment because:
it recognizes that pollution knows no boundaries,
it recognizes that transboundary air pollution between two countries can
cause significant harm,
itslusive that this our reduced benefit of both countries
rativersed dinuted action.
For sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides, the accord commits the United States to
implement the stringent requirements of the Clean Air Act Amendments signed
Into law by President Bush on November 15, 1990. The accord commits Canada
significant stringent new standards.
to implement its present air quality requirements, and, in certain areas, to adopt
03/07/91
12:20
004
3266
3
STATEMENT BY THE PRESIDENT
SIGNING OF THE AIR QUALITY ACCORD
I'm very pleased to be here in Ottawa with my good friend
Prime Minister Mulroney to sign the U.S.-Canada Air Quality
Accord.
This is a very good agreement -- one that involved a good
deal of give and take on the part of both our countries. It's
an agreement that our children and our children's children will
thank us for with every breath they take.
The U.S. and Canada enjoy a long tradition of close
cooperation in environmental matters as in other relations
between our two countries. The Boundary Waters Treaty of 1909
was a landmark of cooperation in water issues and established
the International Joint Commission -- a body that is one of the
clearest examples of binationalism one can think of. The Great
Lakes Water Quality Agreement, first negotiated in 1972, has
brought great improvement to the waters of the Great Lakes/St.
Lawrence ecosystem but we all know more remains to be done.
There were a number of milestones on the road to completion
of this negotiation. First, I want to note the impact of the
Joint Envoys' Report in 1986. William Davis of Canada and Drew
Lewis of the U.S.A. clearly presented the case for our two
countries to work together to respond to the issue of acid
rain. Next, I would like to commend the work of the Congress
and of Bill Reilly and his fine people at EPA for their work on
the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990. That piece of
legislation defined our participation in the negotiation that
brought about this accord. Finally, I want to recognize the
long and arduous work of the negotiators. Mike Phillips, your for
side team leader, and Dick Smith who led our side/deserve a.
your
remendous amount of credit.
for for ours. ours.
Sereive our congratulations
for as job well done.
They negotiating and the teams outstanding which
they led
THE WHITE HOUSE
WASHINGTON
March 6, 1991
MEMORANDUM FOR CHRISS WINSTON
CHRISTINA MARTIN
DAN MCGROARTY
FROM:
CAROL BLYMIRE CB
SUBJECT:
ACID RAIN TREATY SIGNING
Today, I went on the pre-advance to Ottawa, Canada. The
President's involvement in this treaty-signing is very important
to the Canadians. Prime Minister Mulroney is very concerned about
the environment, and sees this event as a bilateral agreement to
supplement the Clean Air Amendments.
The President will speak in the Reading [[REEDING]] Room in
the Parliament building, at 3:45 on Thursday, March 14. He will
be introduced by the Minister of Environment, and will be followed
by Prime Minister Mulroney. The remarks should be 5-7 minutes in
length, keeping as close to the five-minute side as possible.
The speech should pertain mostly to environment and the treaty
itself, as there will be 45 minutes of joint press availability
with the President and the Prime Minister where they will have a
chance to discuss world matters.
There may also be an embassy welcome, for which we were asked
to provide brief remarks. It will have to be cleared by General
Scowcroft, so Jay Parmer thinks it probably won't happen. There
is a full honors arrival ceremony at CFB Uplands. Advance has
asked us to prepare 3-5 minutes for this. I have not agreed to
anything, and told them it would have to be cleared by Chriss or
Christina. This is just a heads up to let you know about extra
remarks that we may be asked to do in the near future. Ken Hill
is our NSC contact for this event.
have more and information NSC. State
I an know you're I'll and NSC
ANWR.-
CANADIANI Droagree
Mlobal Chinabe
Canada close to us,
sun pothition as
not indiv somes
to regional
to int'l
& to stolal -
But as
mt') enviro,
leader.
Bash Canada -part of
same club
NES. ??
SOME FACTS PERTAINING TO THE ACID RAIN TREATY SIGNING
(taken from the State Department Profile of Canada)
-- Canada views its relationship with the United States as crucial
to a wide range of Canadian interests. The bilateral relationship
between the two countries is varied and complex.
-- The two countries cooperate closely in resolving transboundary
environmental issues, an area of increasing importance in this
bilateral relationship. A principal instrument of this cooperation
is the International Joint Commission (IJC) Established in 1909,
the IJC is a unique approach to international environmental
cooperation. The Great LAkes Water Quality Agreements of 1972 and
1978, aimed at preserving and enhancing the water quality of the
Great Lakes, are historic examples of joint cooperation in
controlling transboundary water pollution.
-- The United States Embassy in Ottawa phone number is
613-238-5335.
-- The United States Ambassador to Canada, Ambassador Ney, has a
speechwriter who has offered to be of assistance. HIs name is
Stephen Seche, and he can be reached at the embassy.
-- Prime Minister Mulroney is very interested in environmental
issues, and as I wrote in a previous memo, this treaty signing is
looked upon as a bilateral agreement that supplements the Clean Air
Amendments.
-- I am waiting for information from Minnie Rohol (State Dept.
,
Oceans and Environmental) to come via fax. I also am waiting for
info from the NSC. I'll get everything to you as soon as I get it.
"Not just cleaneys"
CAN -
Nreatlahes- great -Lahes-
cap an total nat ,capop immosires
of S.Diox.
SO2
bilat. in
on pollution formal
"both nations now have,",
Framework
any pollution conceurs.
Broh
juset
Jan88
lifere flising in
mini
Canada
y
Desk
Minnie Roho.
647-9312.
Jack Felt - -
(OES)
647-1097,
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;
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DEPARTMENT OF STATE
FACSIMILE
Office of the Legal Adviser (L)
IT MAR 7 A9:47
Transmission Cover Sheet
TRANSMITTED TO:
570:
come 456.6218
Name:
CAROL BlEymeyer
Organization
White House Press office
Roamo, as.
Telephone / Extencion:
456 7750
TRANSMITTED FROM:
FTB: 64' 037
count (202) 637 1037
March:
Sue BiNIAZ
Organization
Office of the Legal Adviser
suffire. Room a. is
Man STATE
- Room 6417
Telephone / Extension
Washington D.C. - 20520 202.649.3044
Transprection Date:
3/7/91
PAGES BEING
TRANSMITTED:
DONES @ COUNT No OFFER 80 @ page
NOTE (you 4a Red to exvest number of pages,
stonee ema DO and request FB - Termission.
CONTENTS / COMMENTS
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Points that could be used in a press release:
-- On March 13, 1991, President Bush joins Prime Minister
Mulroney in Ottawa to sign a historic air quality agreement
between the United States and Canada.
-- The agreement will establish a flexible and long-term legal
and institutional framework for addressing shared concerns
regarding transboundary air pollution.
-- Although the agreement will permit the two sides to address
any air pollutant of common concern, initially it will focus on
efforts to control sulphur dioxide (S02) and nitrogen oxides
(NOX), the primary acid rain precursors
-- With respect to SO2 and NOx, the agreement calls for:
C specific reductions in SO2 and NOX;
0 a total emissions limit, or emissions cap, on SO2;
o requirements that these emissions are continuously and
accurately monitored; and
o commitments concerning prevention of air quality
deterioration and visibility protection.
-- In terms of U.S. SO2 and NOx commitments under the
agreement, they do not go beyond the stringent requirements of
the Clean Air Act Amendments, which were signed into law on
November 15, 1990. The agreement commits Canada to implement
its present air quality requirements, and, in certain areas, to
adopt stringent new standards.
-- The agreement also contains several other elements:
o it includes an annex on cooperative/coordinated air
pollution-related scientific and technical activities, as
well as economic research;
o it calls for exchange of information on monitoring,
emissions, technologies for controlling emissions,
atmospheric processes, and effects of air pollutants;
O it provides for environmental impact assessment as
required by national laws, as well as notification to and
consultation with the other party, concerning certain
actions within an area under a party's jurisdiction likely
to cause significant transboundary air pollution;
-- it establishes a bilateral Ait Quality Committee in
assist in the agreement's implementation, including through
preparing progress reports for the parties' consideration:
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-- it contains a role for the International Joint
Commission (IJC), namely to invite public comments, through
public hearings as appropriate, on the reports produced by
the Air Quality Committee and to submit a synthesis of such
views to the Parties;
-- it provides for consultations, at the request of either
party, on any matter within the scope of the agreement;
-- it provides for the parties to review and assess the
agreement, and its implementation, every five years; and
-- it provides for the settlement of disputes arising under
the agreement.
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History of the Issue
-- The acid rain issue has been long-standing irritant in the
U.S. -Canada bilateral relationship.
-- In 1978, as the first joint effort with Canada to deal with
the acid rain issue, the Bilateral Research Consultation Group
was established to evaluate and report on the extent and
significance of long-range air pollution.
-- This, in turn, led to the Joint Statement on Transboundary
Air Quality of July 16, 1979, and the Memorandum of Intent of
August 5, 1980, in which the two governments recognized the
seriousness of the acid rain issue and committed to work toward
a bilateral agreement as soon as possible.
-- A bilateral air quality agreement was not reached under the
Memorandum of Intent, however, because of differences between
the two sides concerning the state of our knowledge of the
nature and effects of acid rain. Negotiations ended in 1983.
-- In a meeting between President Reagan and Canadian Prime
Minister Mulroney in March 1985, the two leaders acknowledged
publicly that acid rain was a serious concern affecting
bilateral relations. Each appointed a Special Envoy to review
jointly the acid rain issue and to make recommendations for
consideration at their next meeting in the Spring of 1986.
-- The Envoys issued a joint report, which was endorsed by the
President and Prime Minister in March 1986.
-- Attempts in the late 1980's to negotiate an acid rain accord
were not successful, given the differences between the two
sides on the significance of targets and timetables.
-- Following his meeting with Prime Minister Mulroney in
February 1989, President Bush announced in Ottawa that
discussions on a bilateral accord could begin with Canada after
the President submitted to the Congress a comprehensive Clean
Air Act reauthorization proposal. The President's proposal
called for, inter alia, specific emissions reductions of acid
rain precursors, including sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides,
on a specific timetable.
-- At the July 1990 Houston G-7 Summit, President Bush and
Prime Minister Mulroney called for formal negotiations on the
air quality accord to begin shortly. These negotiations began
on August 28, 1990.