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Welcome for Returning Troops Sumter, South Carolina 3/17/91 [OA 6856] [2]
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Welcome for Returning Troops Sumter, South Carolina 3/17/91 [OA 6856] [2]
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26
21
3
2
VOLUME 26
Sumatra to Trampoline
THE ENCYCLOPEDIA
AMERICANA
INTERNATIONAL EDITION
COMPLETE IN THIRTY VOLUMES
FIRST PUBLISHED IN 1829
GROLIER INCORPORATED
International Headquarters: Danbury, Connecticut 06816
society is its continued existence. Folkways and
superfluous and unnecessary expenses occasioned
mores protect a group. They give it coherence
by some new and immodest fashions," prohib-
and security. Members of a group are loyal to it
ited a list of luxury imports. Virginia in 1662
because they consider their own mores and folk-
banned commodities such as "silk stuffe in gar-
ways superior to that of any other group. This
ments" and "ribbands wrought with silver or
attitude Sumner calls "ethnocentrism."
gold." The 18th century French philosopher
As a theory, Sumner's approach is usually re-
Montesquieu wrote that laws limiting the right
ferred to as a form of social Darwinism or evo-
to indulge individual tastes were beneficial be-
lutionism. It assumes constant conflict and com-
cause they preserved "the proportion between
petition between groups. Social phenomena-
our wants and the means of satisfying them."
for example, folkways and mores-are explained
Frontier austerity and democracy rendered
as functioning primarily for the survival of the
sumptuary laws largely irrelevant in 19th cen-
group. This view has been criticized on two
tury America, and the rise of free enterprise
grounds. First, its assumptions are too one-sided
capitalism and mass production of consumer
because group relationships include cooperation
goods throughout the Western world rendered
as well as conflict. Secondly, its conclusions are
them generally obsolete. See also BLUE LAWS.
not confirmed by fact. There are instances in
WILLIAM F. SWINDLER
which the mores of a group are detrimental to its
School of Law, College of William and Mary
survival. See also FOLKWAYS AND MORES.
RUTH HEYDEBRAND, Washington University
SUMTER, Thomas (1734-1832), American Revo-
lutionary officer. Sumter was born near Charlottes-
SUMO. See under JAPAN-Sports and Recreation
ville, Va., on Aug. 14, 1734. He fought in the
The sun's turb
(Traditional Sports); MARTIAL ARTS.
French and Indian War, and in 1765 he settled
near Eutaw Springs, S.C.
SUMPTUARY LAWS, sum'cha-wer-ē, are laws
When the British conquered South Carolina
SUN, the cei
that attempt to regulate or restrict excessive ex-
in 1780, Sumter organized an irregular force and
system. It is
penditures by private individuals for food or
aided considerably in reconquering the colony.
system, being
drink, dress, personal adornment, or other lux-
After the war he founded Stateburg, S.C., and
nine major pl
uries. The theories behind the laws have been
served in the U.S. House of Representatives and
than the larg
economic, social, moral, or religious, but all have
the Senate, retiring in 1810. Sumter died near
The sun
proved difficult or impossible to enforce for long.
Stateburg on June 1, 1832.
light, contrib
The chief modern example was the 18th Amend-
evaporate wa
ment to the U.S. Constitution, which from 1919
SUMTER, a city in central South Carolina, the
of water, play
to 1933 banned the sale of alcoholic beverages.
seat of Sumter county, is 44 miles (70 km)
and perform
Early Experiments. In the 6th century B. C.
southeast of Columbia. It is the commercial
to the existen
the laws of Solon limited lavish Athenian funer-
center of an agricultural area that raises cotton
As a star
als and weddings. Three centuries later, other
and soybeans. Sumter's industries include food-
inconspicuous
edicts regulated the amount of jewelry and the
processing, chemical, lumber, furniture, and tex-
outer edge of
quality of gowns worn by Roman matrons. But
tile plants, foundries, and machine shops.
the center of
by the 2d century A.D. the Emperor Tiberius
Morris College and a branch of Clemson
constellation
was quoted by Tacitus as confessing that "sump-
University are in Sumter. The Iris Gardens in
miles (220 kr
tuary laws are in disgrace
and by moderate
the city produce magnificent blooms in May
speeds toward
penalties the evil could not be suppressed."
and June. Poinsett State Park is nearby.
cules at 12 m
Varied Motives. The Greek and Roman laws
Incorporated in 1845 as Sumterville and
verse motion
stemmed from the conviction that extravagance
named for Thomas Sumter, a Revolutionary War
orbit. See ST
was injurious to public policy, undermined the
officer, it was chartered as a city in 1887 and
THE
morale of the citizen; and distracted him from his
the name changed to Sumter. Government is
public duties. In medieval Europe excessive dis-
by council and manager. Population: 24,890.
Formation.
plays of riches or exotic food and drink were
CHAPMAN J. MILLING, JR.
formed sever:
considered pagan threats to the Christian's soul.
Sumter County Library
interstellar m
Rulers strove to control even such details as
larger propor
lengths of robes, heights of headdresses. and
SUMTER, Fort. See FORT SUMTER NATIONAL
than do man
points of shoes. Sumptuary laws also enforced
MONUMENT.
that it is a S
social distinctions within the feudal system.
that the gas
Thus, in England. the quality of textiles per-
SUMY, sõo'me, is a city and oblast in the USSR.
was itself th
mitted for wearing apparel was strictly graded.
The city is on the Psel River, 90 miles (145
burned out. {
The greatest lords were entitled to finest quality
km) northwest of Kharkov. The capital of the
Local irre
linens and woolens with bright colors, yeomen
oblast, it is the center of a sugar beet district
the nuclei ai
could have durable but drab fabrics, and villeins
and has a large sugar-refining industry. The city
After the con
could wear rough worsteds. In the 14th century
also produces machinery for chemical and sugar
cal density,
a law of the English King Edward III decreed
factories and manufactures woolen cloth, to-
tional attrac
that because indulgence in costly meats was im-
bacco products, and superphosphate fertilizer.
amounts of m
poverishing many subjects and preventing them
Sumy oblast is in the northern part of the
of the cloud.
from meeting their feudal obligations all classes
Ukrainian SSR and has an area of 9,200 square
in so much r
should limit such viands to two per course, with
miles (23,800 sq km). It is in wooded steppe
temperature I
only: two such courses per meal.
country, drained by the Sula and Psel rivers.
actions to be
Moral Function. Although the modern age, un-
The oblast is primarily agricultural, with wheat
large hydroge
der the gradual influence of democratic ideas,
and sugar beets the main crops. Industry is
in such quan
made many of these distinctions obsolete, the
largely limited to processing farm products, but
By that ti
moral function of sumptuary laws remained
there is 'a small oil field at Kachanovka. The
could exist f
strong. In the, New World the Puritans, al-
principal cities are. Sumy, Konotop, and Shostka.
supply. The
though priniarily stressing religious conformity,
Population: (1979) of the oblast, 1,463,000; of the
release of er
had shared this view. In 1634 the Massachu-
city, 228,000.
was transmut
setts General Court, because of "the greate,
THEODORE SHABAD, Editor, "Societ Geography
were held in
positely direc
America's National
Battlefield Parks
A Guide
By Joseph E. Stevens
Maps by Beth Silverman
University of Oklahoma Press
:
Norman and London
South
xhib-
de by
CHAPTER 21
e still
hirty-
FORT SUMTER NATIONAL MONUMENT
(Civil War)
1214 Middle Street
sullivan's Island, South Carolina 29482
Telephone: (803) 883-3123
On April 12, 1861, the first shots of the Civil War were fired when Confederate
batteries ringing Charleston Harbor opened up on Union-held Fort Sumter. The
bombardment lasted for thirty-four hours and ended with the garrison's surren-
der. For the next four years the fort remained in Confederate hands despite de-
termined Union attempts to retake it, both by bombardment and by storm. Fort
Sumter National Monument preserves the remains of the historic fort.
Getting to the Park: Fort Sumter is located on an island in Charleston Harbor
and can be reached only by boat. Tour boats operated by a National Park Service
concessionaire leave from the City Marina on Lockwood Drive, just south of
U.S. 17 in Charleston. For boat schedules call (803) 722-1691 or write Fort
Sumter Tours, Inc., P.O. Box 59, Charleston, S.C. 29402. The Visitor Center
is located at 1214 Middle Street on Sullivan's Island. From Charleston, take
U.S. 17 to its intersection with South Carolina Highway 703 in Mount Pleas-
ant. Take South Carolina 703 south, across the Intercoastal Waterway, until it
intersects Middle Street on Sullivan's Island. Turn right on Middle Street. The
Visitor Center is approximately 2 miles ahead.
Gas, food, lodging: In Charleston.
Visitor Center: Museum and gift shop; audiovisual programs. There is a sepa-
rate museum at Fort Sumter.
Activities: Upon your arrival at the fort a park ranger presents a brief history
and orientation lecture.
Handicapped Access: Visitor Center is fully accessible. Fort Sumter's parade
ground level and the rest rooms are fully accessible. Boarding and disembarking
from the tour boat may present some difficulties to visitors in wheelchairs be-
cause of steep gangways, but assistance is available.
199
200
South
Fort Sumter
At 4:30 A.M. on April 12, 1861, a single mortar shell rose above the city of Charles-
ton, South Carolina. It zoomed upward in a fiery red arc, hung momentarily, then
burst directly over the walls of Fort Sumter in Charleston Harbor. Moments later
forty-two other guns joined in the bombardment, and streaks of light flashed in great
parabolic curves across the dark sky. The thunder of heavy explosions rumbled over
the water, and clouds of powder smoke drifted like sulfurous fogbanks in the cool
morning air. The Civil War-America's bloodiest and most divisive armed con-
flict-had begun.
"The Gage Is Thrown Down"
Four decades of sectional strife between North and South came to a head with the
election of President Abraham Lincoln in November 1860. Certain that the triumph
of Lincoln and the Republican Party meant an end to slavery, South Carolina seceded
from the Union on December 20, 1860. Within six weeks six other southern states-
Mississippi, Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas-followed suit, and in
early February 1861, they joined with South Carolina in forming the Confederate
States of America. All Federal military installations in the seceded states were surren-
dered to the new government, with two important exceptions: Fort Pickens at Pen-
sacola, Florida, and Fort Sumter at Charleston.
from Sumter," he
Fort Sumter was part of the Third System of American coastal defenses, a chain of
gies." Instead he
forts authorized by Congress after the War of 1812. Started in 1828, and still under
and ammunition,
construction when it was occupied by Federal troops in December 1860, Sumter
The Star of the
squatted on a swampy shoal at the entrance to Charleston Harbor. Built of bricks on
mounted on Mor
a granite foundation, the five-foot-thick walls loomed nearly fifty feet above the water
ernor Pickens call
level at low tide, enclosing a pentagonal parade ground of one acre. The three-story-
up his preparatio
high barracks could house 650 men, and the casemates and terreplein had space for
of casemates and
135 pieces of coastal artillery.
constructed on th
Despite its formidable appearance, Fort Sumter was in poor condition for defense
The South Car
when Major Robert Anderson and two companies of the U.S. First Artillerv-about
armored with pla
eighty-five officers and men-moved into it on December 26, 1860. Only fifteen
began on new b
cannon had been mounted, workmen were camping in the unfinished barracks, and
Mount Pleasant.
the parade ground was littered with "building materials, guns, carriages, shot, shell,
On March 1, t
derricks, timbers, blocks and tackle, and coils of rope in great confusion."
G. T. Beauregar
Nevertheless, Anderson had been given instructions to "hold possession of the fort
graduate, Mexica
and if attacked
to defend vourself to the last extremity." He put his command
studied artillery
and the eighty laborers who had been occupying the fort to work, bricking up open
themselves for al
embrasures, removing debris from the parade ground, mounting additional guns, and
On April 4, 18
distributing ammunition in anticipation of a Confederate attack.
ply Fort Sumter.
These warlike preparations infuriated the citizens of Charleston: "loud and violent
dered Beauregard
were the expressions of feeling against Major Anderson and his action," wrote one
to reduce it." Th
Charlestonian. Militia units occupied Fort Moultrie, Fort Johnson, and Castle Pinck-
and its mail was
ney, three older harbor fortifications, and began building batteries on Morris Island
officers rowed O
and Sullivan's Island, directly across the water from Fort Sumter. South Carolina
with an ultimatu
governor Francis Pickens demanded that the Federal government evacuate Charleston
is thrown down,
Harbor, but lame duck president James Buchanan refused. "If I withdraw Anderson
God and Battle
Fort Sumter
201
Major Robert Anderson commanded the Fort
Sumter garrison during the 1861 siege. Li-
brary of Congress.
from Sumter," he said, "I can travel home
by the light of my own burning cffi-
gies." Instead he dispatched the ship Star of the West, carrying 200 men, small arms
and ammunition, and several months' provisions, to the relief of the fort.
The Star of the West sailed into Charleston Harbor on January 9, 1861, but cannon
mounted on Morris Island opened fire and drove the ship away. Two davs later, Gov-
ernor Pickens called on Major Anderson to surrender. Anderson declined and stepped
up his preparations for meeting an attack. More guns were mounted in the first tier
of casemates and along the fort's parapet, bombproofs and covered traverses were
constructed on the parade ground, and several cannon were set up to serve as mortars.
The South Carolinians also made preparations. An "ironclad" battery made of logs
armored with plate iron was erected at Cummings Point on Morris Island, and work
began on new batteries on Sullivan's Island, James Island, and near the village of
Mount Pleasant.
On March 1, the Confederate States government, in the person of General Pierre
G. T. Beauregard, took control of military operations at Charleston. West Point
graduate, Mexican War hero, and late captain in the U.S. Army, Beauregard had once
studied artillery tactics under Major Anderson. Now student and teacher readied
themselves for a high-stakes confrontation.
On April 4, 1861, a month after his inaugural, President Lincoln decided to resup-
plv Fort Sumter. When informed of this, Confederate president Jefferson Davis or-
dered Beauregard to demand Sumter's surrender, "and if this is refused proceed
to reduce it." The fort's supply of fresh meat and vegetables was cut off on April 7,
and its mail was seized. On the afternoon of April 11, three of Beauregard's staff
officers rowed out to Sumter under a flag of truce and presented Major Anderson
with an ultimatum: evacuate or face dire consequences. Anderson refused. "The gage
is thrown down," blared the Charleston Mercury, "and we accept the challenge.
God and Battle must decide the issue between the hirelings of Abolition hate and
202
South
Fort Sumter
Northern tyranny, and the people of South Carolina defending their freedom and
homes."
The Bombardment of Fort Sumter
The Confederate guns went into action at 4:30 A.M. on April 12, and for two and a
half hours ordnance rained down on the fort without drawing a response. Then,
shortly after 7 A.M., Captain Abner Doubleday, Anderson's second in command, or-
dered a shot fired at the ironclad battery on Cummings Point. The ball "bounded off
from the sloping roof without producing any apparent effect." Nine other cannon
in the casemates joined in, but their fire was also largely ineffective.
In Charleston, the battery, the wharves, and the rooftops were jammed with spec-
tators, one of whom wrote: "There were prayers from the women and imprecations
from the men; and then a shell would light up the scene." Another evewitness de-
scribed the heavy bombardment as follows: "Showers of balls
poured into the fort
in one incessant stream, causing great flakes of masonry to fall in all directions. When
the immense mortar shells, after sailing high in the air, came down in a vertical direc-
tion, and buried themselves in the parade ground, their explosion shook the fort like
an earthquake."
The Fort Sumter par:
Damage to Sumter during the first day was not as severe as might have been ex-
tional Archives.
pected given the intensity of the Confederate cannonade. The barracks were set on
fire three times, but the flames were quickly extinguished. The wall around one em-
U.S. Hag was lower
brasure was penetrated to a depth of twenty inches by projectiles from a rifled cannon,
out of the fort with
one gun on the parapet was destroved and another damaged, but otherwise the fort
a hero's welcome. A
was still intact as the sun set on April 12.
erate soldiers mann
All through the night, members of the garrison worked to make cartridge bags-
the brave defenders
cloth containers full of gunpowder-for the artillery duel that would resume in the
morning. When the gray light of dawn lit Charleston Harbor, the Federal guns
opened "early and spitefully," maintaining a steady rate of fire for several hours. The
Battle for Charleston
Confederates also kept up a brisk fire, and at midmorning their "hotshor"-iron can-
On April 19, 186
nonballs heated red hot-ignited the officers' quarters. This time the flames could not
claimed a blockade
be doused, and they spread into the enlisted men's barracks and forced the closure of
Nassau in the Baha
the powder magazine. By noon the smoke on the parade ground was SO thick that
ade runners, and a
those men not actively engaged in loading and firing the guns were forced to lic on
On November 7
the ground near open embrasures with wet handkerchiefs over their mouths.
and established a t
At 1:30 P.M. Sumter's flag was shot away. Colonel Louis T. Wigfall. an aide to
later, in mid-June
General Beauregard, rowed out to the fort to see if the sudden disappearance of the
moved against the
colors meant the garrison wished to surrender. While he was on his wav across the
Battle of Secessio
harbor a new flag was raised, but he bravely rowed on and entered the fort through
"morbid appetite'
an embrasure on the left flank. Realizing that his situation was hopeless, Major
civil war."
Anderson agreed to Wigtall's surrender proposal, provided that his command be al-
On the afternoo
lowed to salute the U.S. flag as it was lowered and then depart in safety for a northern
channel between 1
port with all their property. At about 7:30 that evening, Beauregard agreed to these
mings Point, Fort
terms and the bombardment came to an end. Although more than 3,000 shell's had
and a two-and-a-l
been fired at Fort Sumter, the garrison had suffered no casualties.
battered ironclads
On Sunday, April 14, Major Anderson and his men stood at attention while the
ter had béen hit b
Fort Sumter
203
The Fort Sumter parade ground following the Confederate bombardment in April 1861. Na-
tional Archives.
U.S. flag was lowered to the accompaniment of a fifty-gun salute. They then marched
out of the fort with drums beating to board a steamer that would take them north to
a hero's welcome. As the steamer stood down the channel toward the sea, the Confed-
crate soldiers manning the battery at Cummings Point doffed their caps in tribute to
the brave defenders. Fort Sumter had fallen, and the Civil War had begun.
Battle for Charleston Harbor
On April 19, 1861, five davs after the fall of Fort Sumter, President Lincoln pro-
claimed a blockade of the southern coast. Charleston Harbor, less than 700 miles from
Nassau in the Bahamas, became one of the main ports of entry for Confederate block-
ade runners, and a prime target for the Union military.
On November 7, 1861, a Federal fleet captured Hilton Head at Port Roval Sound
and established a base for land and sea operations against Charleston. Seven months
later, in mid-June 1862, Union infantry commanded by General Henry Benham
moved against the city by way of James Island, but were bloodily repulsed at the
Battle of Secessionville. This setback only served to whet the Navy Department's
"morbid appetite" to seize Charleston, where "rebellion first lighted the flame of
civil war."
On the afternoon of April 7, 1863, nine Union ironclads steamed up the main ship
channel between Morris Island and Sullivan's Island. The Confederate guns at Cum-
mings Point, Fort Moultrie, and Fort Sumter opened fire, the ironclads answered,
and a two-and-a-half-hour-long artillerv duel ensued. When it was over, the badly
battered ironclads withdrew (one, U.S.S. Keokuk, sank the following morning); Sum-
ter had been hit by thirty-four shells, but was only superficially damaged.
Fort sumter
COOPER RIVER
Charleston
Castle Pinckney
ANALEY ARIVIN
Floating Battery
CHARL
Fort Moultrie
Fort Sumter
Fort Johnson
Battery Gregg
Fort Wagner
Secessionville
Union ba
with their
Undeterred 1
paign to captur
control of Cha
(see Chapter 2
Supported by
toward Cumm
erate earthwor
and on July 1:
all-black Fifty
pelled after a 1
Having lost
to seize Fort
ground he ali
cannon in a S'
Sumter. Nea
5,000 more S
Sumter's n
projectiles, a
to his superi
Charleston Harbor, 1861-1865
measure, rec
ruins." The
Gregg on M
evacuate on
The fall C
Fort Sumter
205
Union batteries on Morris Island turned Fort Sumter into a "heap of rubbish"
with their continuous fire. Library of Congress.
Undeterred by this failure, Federal officers next planned a joint army-navy cam-
paign to capture Morris Island and use its batteries to bombard Fort Sumter and gain
control of Charleston Harbor. General Quincy Gillmore, conqueror of Fort Pulaski
(see Chapter 20), led. 3,000 Union infantrymen onto the island on July 10, 1863.
Supported by artillery fire from navy gunboats offshore, the invasion party advanced
toward Cummings Point, where its progress was blocked by Fort Wagner, a Confed-
crate earthwork mounting about fifteen cannon. Gillmore called for reinforcements,
and on July 18, following an intense preliminary barrage, the fort was stormed. The
all-black Fifty-fourth Massachusetts Infantry spearheaded the attack, which was FC-
pelled after a brief, ferocious fight on the fort's parapet.
Having lost 1,500 men in the failed assault, Gillmore decided to abandon his efforts
to seize Fort Wagner and begin siege operations against Fort Sumter, using the
ground he already held. Union engineers set up eight batteries of long-range rifled
cannon in a swamp west of Morris Island, and on August 17 they opened fire on Fort
Sumter. Nearly 1,000 shells were fired on the first day of the bombardment, and
5,000 more slammed into the fort during the week that followed.
Sumter's masonry walls could not stand up to the explosive impact of rifled-cannon
projectiles, and on August 24 Gillmore reported the "practical demolition" of the fort
to his superiors. Another 1,300 shells were lobbed into the smoking rubble for good
measure, reducing the once-proud citadel into a "shapeless and harmless mass of
ruins." The Union gunners then turned their attention to Fort Wagner and Battery
Gregg on Morris Island, blasting them relentlessly until the defenders were forced to
evacuate on the night of September 6.
The fall of Charleston appeared imminent, but the 320 Confederate soldiers man-
206
South
Fort sumter
ning Fort Sumter refused to surrender. In the course of leveling the fort's walls, Gill-
more's rifled cannon had created a virtually impregnable earthwork, a "heap of rub-
bish" in which the members of the garrison could burrow like moles, safe from the
effects of artillery firc. On the night of September 8, 400 Union sailors and marines
attempted a landing, but were beaten back with heavy casualties.
Stalemate had been achieved; the Confederates could not be pried out of the wreck
of Sumter, but neither could they mount any offensive operations against the Federals
on Morris Island. For the next seventeen months the fort was bombarded sporadi-
cally, but the stream of projectiles served only to make the mountain of debris higher
and more difficult for infantry to assault.
It was not until February 1865 that the defenders of Fort Sumter were forced to
evacuate. The approach of General William T. Sherman's army, advancing north from
Georgia into the South Carolina interior, finally accomplished what a year and a half
of nearly continuous shelling had failed to do.
On April 14, 1865, exactly four years after he was forced to surrender his post,
Robert Anderson, now retired from the army, returned to raise the Stars and Stripes
over Charleston Harbor. "I thank God I have lived to see this dav," he said as he
hoisted the flag to the top of the staff. Fort Sumter belonged to the United States
once again.
Touring the Park
Fort Sumter National Monument is located in Charleston Harbor and can be reached
only by boat. Tour boats leave from the Charleston Citv Marina. For boat schedules
and ticket information, call (803) 722-1691 or write Fort Sumter Tours, Inc., P.O.
Box 59, Charleston, S.C. 29402.
When the tour boat arrives at the fort, a park ranger will give a brief orientation
Fort Sumte
talk. A foot trail leads around the fort grounds. There are ten numbered stops along
the way.
Stop 1. Sally Port. This entrance, called a sally port, was built after the Civil War.
On Decemb
It replaced a gun embrasure. The wall here is about half its original height.
Confederates
Stop 2. Left Flank Casemates. The first tier of gun rooms, called casemates, was
visible today
topped by a second tier identical in appearance. On April 12, 1861, when the Con-
Stop 5. P
federate bombardment began, these casemates housed several 32-pounders. Each gun
an acre. Wh
could be moved on a track to adjust the angle of fire through the embrasure.
parade grou
The gun you see mounted to the left of the sally port is a rifled 42-pounder; the
Service in 1
one on the right is a smoothbore 42-pounder. During the 1863-1865 siege of the
Stop 6. ]
fort, the Confederates used these casemates as headquarters and hospital.
on Morris
Stop 3. Enlisted Men's Barracks. These are the ruins of the three-story-high en-
from the W
listed men's barracks. The building had a mess hall on the first floor and sleeping
8-inch colu
quarters on the upper two floors. Another enlisted men's barracks, identical to this
Stop 7.
one, was located on the right flank, directly opposite this wall.
by Union
After the V
Stop 4. Officers' Quarters. These ruins were the officers' quarters, a three-story
building that extended the entire length of the gorge (back) wall. In it were rooms
Stop 8.
Abner Do
for the officers, administrative offices; storerooms, the guardhouse, and powder maga-
zines. The wooden portion of the building burned during the 1861 bombardment.
Stop 9.
Fort Sumter
7.
6
////////
Museum
Battery
5
Huger
3
2
4
9
8
10
Fort Sumter National Monument
On December 11, 1863, the small-arms magazine here exploded, killing eleven
Confederates and wounding forty-one more. The effects of that explosion are still
visible todav.
Stop 5. Parade Ground. The Fort Sumter parade ground originally encompassed
an acre. When Battery Huger, a coastal defense installation, was built in 1899, the
parade ground was filled with sand. This portion was excavated by the National Park
Service in 1959.
Stop 6. Left Face. During the 1863-1865 - siege, fire from Federal rifled cannon
on Morris Island destroved the left face casemates. Several projectiles still protrude
from the walls of the ruins. Outside the ruins are two 15-inch Rodman guns, an
8-inch columbiad, and a 10-inch mortar.
Stop 7. Right Face. The eleven 100-pounder Parrott guns you see here were used
by Union batteries on Morris Island to bombard Fort Sumter from 1863 to 1865.
After the war they were moved here.
Stop 8. Right Gorge Angle. From a gun in the first-tier casemates here, Captain
Abner Doubleday fired the first Union shot from Fort Sumter on April 12, 1861.
Stop 9. Mountain Howitzer. Light fieldpieces, like this 12-pounder, were used
208
South
AMERICAN
by the Confederates to repel a surprise assault by Union marines during the
BATTL
1863-1865 siege.
GUID
Stop 10. Esplanade. A 25-1/2-foot-wide esplanade ran the full length of the gorge
wall exterior. A 171-foot-long wharf extended from the sally port in the middle of
the wall. This was the fort's original entrance.
From Lexir
When you have finished the walking tour, be sure to visit the muscum in the center
the Little
of the parade ground. It contains many interesting artifacts of the 1861 battle for Fort
erica's
Sumter and the 1863-1865 siege.
preserve th
events of a
P.O. Box
shaped our
Greens!
more than
Telepho
these parks.
abiding inte
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America's
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forced
ticular battle
to aban
and preser
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walking anc
this de
tional Park
stops. Fifty
Gett
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mile:
troop mover
day roads, t
The text is
Gas,
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Visit
ern and histo
Described
Acti
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Gettysburg;
son's "Dirty
rempart at N.
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frustrat
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decision
Here, too.
British
figures of A
tion to
Ulysses S. G
dueling in the
nef.
E169
K25
WM
FACTS ABOUT THE
STATES
EDITORS
JOSEPH NATHAN KANE
STEVEN ANZOVIN
JANET PODELL
THE H.W. WILSON COMPAN
NEW YORK
1989
nial History
SOUTH CAROLINA
ears, 1638-
959)
of Time: A
State (1967)
onstitutional
SOUTH
SPIRO
sland (1988)
BUNK
08885
1774-1795
a (1932)
Separatism
SPES
(1908)
OPIBUSO
South Carolina is a South Atlantic state.
Roughly triangular in shape, it is bor-
The Quaker
dered on the north by North Carolina; on
the southeast by the Atlantic Ocean; and
1 (1930)
on the southwest by Georgia and the
Island in the
Savannah River.
f Italian and
-1940 (1985)
FULL NAME State of South Carolina
border, the legend "South Carolina," and
ode Island in
POSTAL ABBREVIATION SC
one of the state mottoes. On the right, the
), rpt. 1971)
History of the
INHABITANT South Carolinian
figure of Hope ("Spes") walking toward
ADMITTED TO THE UNION May 23, 1788.
the rising sun on a seashore strewn with
The America's
8th state
weapons, a laurel sprig in her hand, and
POPULATION (est. 1987) 3,425,000.
around the border the second state motto.
ligious Liberty
Percent of US total: 1.41%. Rank: 24th
MOTTOES Animus Opibusque Parati (Pre-
1 Government:
CAPITAL CITY Columbia, located on the Con-
pared in mind and resources); Dum Spiro
garee River in central South Carolina;
Spero (While I breathe I hope)
population 98,634 (est. 1984). The site was
Capital (1905)
settled about 1700 and was chosen in 1786
SONGS "Carolina," lyrics by Henry Tim-
as a compromise site for the state capital. It
and Continen-
rod, music by Anne Custis Burgess;
was incorporated as a village in 1805 and a
"South Carolina On My Mind."
city in 1854.
/ History of the
SYMBOLS
Man in Massa-
STATE NAME AND NICKNAMES Named in honor
of King Charles IX of France and then of
Flower yellow jessamine
King Charles I and King Charles II of
Tree palmetto tree
Bird Carolina wren
England. Also known as the Rice State,
rpt. 1973)
the Swamp State, the Keystone of the
Gem amethyst
Rhode Island:
South Atlantic Seaboard, the Iodine State,
Stone blue granite
ry (1984)
Animal white-tailed deer
and the Palmetto State.
d; the Story of
Fish striped bass or rockfish
(1971)
Fruit peach
STATE SEAL Within a circle, two ellipses,
Shell lettered olive
showing the obverse and reverse of the
Beverage milk
seal. On the left, the arms, showing a
Dance the shag
palmetto tree with 12 spears bound to its
trunk and the legend "Quis Separabit"
LICENSE PLATE Dark blue on white, with
(Who Shall Separate?) on a ribbon; hanging
from its branches two shields, inscribed
state name in red and state tree in light
"March 26" and "July 4"; below it an
blue.
uprooted oak, and the legend "Meliorem
Lapsa Locavit, 1776" (Having Fallen, It
FLAG On a blue field, a palmetto tree, and
Has Set Up a Better One); around the
in the upper right corner a crescent moon.
403
GEOGRAPHY AND CLIMATE
1730
South Carolina contains three geographic
LAND USE
zones: the Coastal Plain, a low-lying,
Thousands of acres
marshy region stretching in from the At-
Urban (1982)
839
1736
lantic coast about 100-150 miles; the Pied-
Rural (1982)
16,681
1739
mont, hilly land rising gradually in
Cropland (1982)
3,579
1740
elevation; and in the extreme western
Pastureland (1982)
1,208
corner of the state the Blue Ridge range of
Rangeland (1982)
0
1744
the Appalachians. Below the long crescent
Forestland (1982)
11,026
1755
beach that comprises South Carolina's
State parks and recreation
northern shoreline is a series of semitrop-
areas (1983)
81
1769
ical coastal islands, the Sea Islands. The
National park system (1984)
21
state has a humid subtropical climate.
National forest system (1984)
1,382
1773
Tribal lands (1984)
0
1775
AREA 31,113 square miles. Rank: 40th
INLAND WATER 910 square miles
TEMPERATURES The highest recorded tem-
GEOGRAPHIC CENTER Richland, 13 miles SE
perature was 111°F on June 28, 1954, at
1776
of Columbia
Camden. The lowest was -19°F on January
ELEVATIONS Highest point: Sassafras Moun-
21, 1985, at Caesars Head.
tain, Pickens County, 3,560 feet. Lowest
1777
point: Atlantic Ocean, sea level. Mean ele-
NATIONAL SITES
vation: 350 feet
1778
NATIONAL BATTLEFIELD Cowpens
1780
MAJOR RIVERS Pee Dee, Santee, Edisto,
NATIONAL HISTORIC SITES Historic Camden,
Savannah
Ninety Six
NATIONAL MILITARY PARK Kings Mountain
MAJOR LAKES AND RESERVOIRS Marion, Moul-
NATIONAL MONUMENTS Congaree Swamp,
trie, Murray, Hartwell, Keowee, Catawba,
Fort Sumter
1781
Clark Hill
NATIONAL WILDLIFE REFUGES Cape Romain,
Carolina Sandhills, Pinckney Island, San-
TIDAL SHORELINE 2,876 miles, Atlantic coast
tee, Savannah
1782
1783
HISTORY
1788
1790
1521
Francisco Gordillo, sailing from San Domingo, cruises the Carolina coast,
capturing and enslaving Indians.
1793
1525
Hilton Head island is discovered by Pedro de Quexos.
1526
Spanish explorer, Lucas Vazquez de Ayllón, erects the first settlement, but it is
1800
soon abandoned.
1803
1566
A Spanish settlement is established at Santa Elena (Hilton Head).
1663
Charles II grants the region to eight lord proprietors.
1810
1670
March. Charles Town is established at Albermarle Point.
1822
1680
Charles Town is moved to Oyster Point.
1828
45 French Protestants arrive from England.
1686
Spanish from St. Augustine raid Edisto Island and Port Royal.
1830
1693
The populace is granted power to initiate legislation.
1695
Approximately 500 French Huguenots live in and around Charles Town.
1698
The first library is established in Charles Town by Thomas Bray.
1832
1703
May 8. The province issues its first paper money.
1706
November 30. The province is divided into 12 parishes as the Church of England
becomes the state church.
1833
1712
The Carolinas are made into two separate provinces, each with its own governor.
1715
The Yamasee War breaks out with the massacre of 90 at Pocataligo and 100 at Port
1860
Royal.
1861
Under a reactionary policy, proprietors could not give aid during the Indian war.
1719
Colonists overthrow the British proprietors and elect James Moore as governor.
1865
1725
Pelt trading and rice plantations supply an economic basis for the society.
1868-1874
1729
The English Crown purchases the province from the lord proprietors.
404
1730
Nine townships are laid out to extend the settlement and provide for a better
defense.
f acres
Boundary lines, defining the two Carolinas, are begun but not completed until
1815.
839
1736
The Dock Street Theatre is built in Charles Town.
6,681
1739
3,579
Twenty-one whites are killed in the Stono slave insurrection.
1740
1,208
Shipbuilding begins at Charles Town and Beaufort.
0
Nearly half of Charles Town is destroyed by fire.
1744
1,026
Commerical production of indigo is made possible by Eliza Lucas.
1755
November 30. Joseph Salvador purchases land near Fort Ninety Six for Jewish
settlement.
81
1769
21
"Regulators" attempt to suppress horse-stealing and arson in the inland settle-
ments.
1,382
1773
0
America's first public museum is organized at Charles Town.
1775
June 4. A council of safety is appointed to manage the affairs of the colony.
I tem-
September 15. Royal administration ends when Governor William Campbell
54, at
dissolves the assembly and flees.
1776
March 26. The patriots draw up a state constitution.
nuary
June 28. Colonel William Moultrie successfully defends Fort Sullivan against
British fleet.
1777
May 20. Cherokee cede to South Carolina all their land except a small area in the
Northwest.
1778
March 19. A revised state constitution disestablishes the Anglican Church.
1780
May 12. Charles Town surrenders to the British after a two-month siege.
nden,
August 16. Earl Charles Cornwallis defeats General Horatio Gates's American
troops at Camden.
ain
October 7. British Major Patrick Ferguson and Loyalists are defeated at Kings
vamp,
Mountain.
1781
January 17. American General Dan Morgan defeats Cornwallis at Cowpens.
main,
September 8. American troops, led by General Nathanael Greene, lose the battle
, San-
at Eutaw Springs, but severely weaken British forces.
1782
December 12. The British evacuate Charles Town.
1783
Charles Town is renamed Charleston.
1788
May 23. South Carolina is the eighth state to ratify the US Constitution.
1790
The capital is moved from Charleston to Columbia to ease the struggle between
coast,
the aristocratic Low country and the poorer, industrial Up country.
1793
Eli Whitney invents the cotton gin in Georgia and the industry in South Carolina
at it is
comes to rule the land. Demand for black slave labor increases greatly.
1800
The Santee Canal is completed.
1803
South Carolina legislature re-opens slave trade with Latin America and the West
Indies.
1810
Suffrage is extended to all white males.
1822
A slave conspiracy, led by Denmark Vessey, is suppressed.
1828
The Southern Review is founded, maintaining Charleston's status as cultural center
of the South.
1830
January. Robert Y. Havne of South Carolina and Daniel Webster of Massachusetts
debate philosophies of American government.
September 20. A public meeting on states' rights is held in Columbia.
1832
A special state convention nullifies the Tariff Act.
December 28. John C. Calhoun, South Carolina's spokesman for nullification,
agland
resigns as vice president.
1833
The South Carolina Railroad, running between Charleston and Hamburg, is
ernor.
completed.
at Port
1860
December 20. South Carolina is the first state to secede from the Union.
1861
April 12. Confederate troops fire on Fort Sumter, leading the nation into the Civil
n war.
War.
ernor.
1865
February 17. General William T. Sherman burns Columbia.
1868-1874
During the "Rule of the Robbers" public debt rises from $5 million to $20 million
while patients in state hospitals go without food.
405
Facts About the States
1868
June 25. The state is readmitted to the Union.
1876
White militants called Red Shirts support the gubernatorial candidate Wade
Average li
Hampton, a former Confederate general, and intimidate black voters.
in years
1877
April. Federal troops are removed, Congressional reconstruction is ended, and
Marriage
Hampton takes office.
residen
1886
August 31. An earthquake centered in Charleston kills 92 and causes $8 million in
Divorce c
damage.
residen
1890
Benjamin R. Tillman, leader of the Farmers Alliance and industrial workers, is
Birth rate
elected governor.
residen
1893
August 24. A hurricane kills 1,000 along the coast.
Infant mg
1895
Blacks are disenfranchised by revisions in the constitution.
births 1
1896
South Carolina holds its first direct primary election.
Abortion
1910
Rice production has mostly ended and cotton is the leading crop until 1950.
live bin
1915
State-wide prohibition is enacted.
Crime rat
1917
Camp Wadsworth in Spartanburg is a training center for troops for World War I.
residen
1921
The boll weevil destroys much of the cotton crop. Many farmers turn to cattle
Violent
raising.
Propert
1930
The tenant system is characteristic of 65% of the state farms. Breher Shoals dam
and power house on the Saluda River is completed.
1940
The textile industry employs 75% of the state's industrial workforce.
June. Fort Jackson is made a permanent military post.
Number
August. Hurricane kills 40.
Electoral
1951
The Savanah River Plant of the United States Atomic Energy Commission is
erected. Its main purpose is to manufacture plutonium for nuclear weapons.
1952
January 28. The Supreme Court upholds segregation in South Carolina and this
POLITICAL
decision is reaffirmed by a three-judge federal court in March.
*winne
1963
Black student Harvey B. Gantt enrolls in Clemson College, challenging segre-
gation in the last state to adopt integration.
John Rut
1964
Schools desegregate without incident.
Thomas
1968
February 7. Classes at South Carolina State College are suspended following
Charles ,
violence and student rioting against segregation in a local bowling alley in
Charles (
Orangeburg.
(Feder
February 8. Three blacks are killed by police during rioting in Orangeburg.
Charles (
National Guardsmen seal off the deserted college campuses.
(Feder
1970
Sixty-two percent of the state's land is woodland.
Charles 1
January 15. State police close one of the nation's first anti-war GI coffeehouses
(Feder
near Fort Jackson.
John Cal.
1971
February 16. Twenty-two whites are indicted on riot charges for overturning two
(Demo
school buses carrying black students in March, 1970.
John Call
1973
March 31-April 1. A tornado devastates the state.
James So
(States
PRESIDENT
DEMOGRAPHY
South C.
Population (est. 1987)
3,425,000
POPULATION CHARACTERISTICS (1980)
Population (1980)
3,122,874
Percent of state population
PRESIDENT
Population density in persons
Urban
54.1
per square mile (1980)
100.4
Rural
45.9
Year
Under 18
30.1
1948
65 or older
9.2
1952
College-educated
14.2
1956
POPULATION BY RACE (1980)
American Indian/Aleut/
Families below poverty line
13.1
1960
Eskimo
5,758
Public-assistance recipients
7.6
1964
1968
Asian/Pacific Islander
11,807
1972
Black
948,146
Per capita personal income
1976
Hispanic
33,414
(1986)
$11,096
1980
White
2,145,122
Millionaires per 100,000
1984
Other
8,375
residents (1982)
68.2
1988
406
South Carolina
Average life expectancy
Federal and state prisoners per
Wade
in years (1980)
71.9
100,000 residents (1984)
297
Marriage rate per 1,000
Alcohol consumption in gallons
and
residents (1986)
16.0
per capita (1985)
38.0
Divorce rate per 1,000
Deaths from motor vehicle accidents
on in
residents (1986)
4.0
per 100,000 residents (1985)
28.4
Birth rate per 1,000
rs, is
residents (1985)
14.7
MAJOR CITIES
Infant mortality rate per 1,000
1984 population (est.)
births (1985)
14.0
Charleston
67,108
Abortion rate per 1,000
Columbia
98,634
live births (1985)
228
Greenville
57,351
0.
Crime rate per 100,000
Spartanburg
43,880
residents (1985)
Var I.
Violent
674.6
cattle
Property
4,462.8
dam
GOVERNMENT POLITICS
Number of US Representatives
6
gates and 37 Republican delegates to the
Electoral votes
8
national conventions.
ion is
CONSTITUTION South Carolina has had seven
ns.
POLITICAL PARTY NOMINEES FROM STATE
d this
constitutions: 1776, 1778, 1790, 1861,
winner
1865, 1868, and the present one, adopted
in 1895.
segre-
John Rutledge
1789
P
Thomas Pinckney
1796
P
LEGISLATURE The General Assembly is di-
owing
Charles Cotesworth Pinckney
1796
P
vided into the Senate (46 members, 4-vear
ey in
Charles Cotesworth Pinckney
term, minimum age 25) and the House of
(Federalist)
1800
VP
Representatives (124 members, 2-vear
burg.
Charles Cotesworth Pinckney
term, minimum age 21). In 1987, the
(Federalist)
1804
P
annual salary was $10,000.
Charles Cotesworth Pinckney
ouses
(Federalist)
1808
P
JUDICIARY The highest court is the Supreme
John Caldwell Calhoun*
Court. with 5 judges serving 10-year terms.
g two
(Democratic-Republican)
1824
VP
In 1987, the annual salary was $80,657.
John Caldwell Calhoun* (D-R) 1828
VP
James Strom Thurmond
(States' Rights Democrat)
1948
P
EXECUTIVE The governor serves a 4-vear
term; the minimum age for holding office
is 30. In 1987, the annual salary was
PRESIDENTIAL PRIMARY ELECTION In 1988.
$81,600. There are 8 other elected offi-
South Carolina sent 48 Democratic dele-
cials.
alation
PRESIDENTIAL VOTE 1948-1988 (in percents)
54.1
Year
State Winner
Democratic
Republican
45.9
1948
J. Strom Thurmond (States' Rights Democrat), 72.0
24.1
3.0
30.1
1952
Stevenson (D)
50.7
49.3
9.2
1956
Stevenson (D)
45.4
25.2
14.2
1960
Kennedy (D)
51.2
48.8
13.1
1964
Goldwater (R)
41.1
58.9
7.6
1968
Nixon (R)
29.6
38.1
1972
Nixon (R)
27.7
70.8
1976
Carter (D)
56.2
43.1
11,096
1980
Reagan (R)
48.1
49.4
1984
Reagan (R)
35.6
63.6
68.2
1988
Bush (R)
38.0
62.0
407
GOVERNORS
Rawlins Lowndes (presi-
William D. Simpson (D/
dent)
1778-1779
acting)
Proprietary Governors
John Rutledge
1779-1782
1669-1671
Thomas B. Jeter (D)
William Sayle
John Mathewes
1782-1783
Joseph West
1671-1672
Johnson Hagood (D)
Benjamin Guerard
1783-1785
Sir John Yeamans
1672-1674
Hugh S. Thompson (D)
William Moultrie
1785-1787
1674-1682
John C. Sheppard (D/act-
Joseph West
Thomas Pinckney
1787-1789
ing)
Joseph Morton
1682-1684
Charles Pinckney
1789-1792
John P. Richardson (D)
Sir Richard Kyrle
1684
William Moultrie (Federal-
Joseph West
1684-1685
Benjamin R. Tillman (D)
ist)
1792-1794
John G. Evans (D)
Robert Quary
1685
Arnoldus Vanderhorst (Fed-
1685-1686
William H. Ellerbe (D)
Joseph Morton
eralist)
1794-1796
James Colleton
1686-1690
Miles B. McSweeney (D)
Charles Pinckney
Seth Sothell
1690-1692
Duncan C. Heyward (D)
(Democratic-Republican)
1796-1798
Martin F. Ansel (D)
Phillip Ludwell
1692-1693
Edward Rutledge (Federal-
Thomas Smith
1693-1694
Coleman L. Blease (D)
ist)
1798-1800
Joseph Blake (acting)
1694-1695
Charles A. Smith (D/acting
John Drayton (D-R)
1800-1802
1695-1696
Richard I. Manning (D)
John Archdale
James B. Richardson (D-R)
1802-1804
Robert A. Cooper (D)
Joseph Blake
1696-1700
Paul Hamilton (D-R)
1804-1806
1700-1703
Wilson G. Harvey (D)
James Moore
Charles Pinckney (D-R)
1806-1808
Thomas G. McLeod (D)
Sir Nathaniel Johnson
1703-1709
John Drayton (D-R)
1808-1810
John G. Richards (D)
Edward Tynte
1709-1710
Henry Middleton (D-R)
1810-1812
Robert Gibbes
1710-1712
Ibra C. Blackwood (D)
Joseph Alston (D-R)
1812-1814
Olin D. Johnston (D)
Charles Craven
1712-1716
David R. Williams (D-R)
1814-1816
Burnet R. Mavbank (D)
Robert Daniel (deputy gov-
Andrew Pickens (D-R)
1816-1818
J.E. Harlev (D)
ernor)
1716-1717
John Geddes (D-R)
1818-1820
R.M. Jeffries (D)
Robert Johnson
1717-1719
Thomas Bennett (D-R)
1820-1822
Olin D. Johnston (D)
John L. Wilson (D-R)
1822-1824
Royal Governors
R.J. Williams (D)
James Moore
Richard I. Manning (D-R)
1824-1826
1719-1721
J. Strom Thurmond (D)
John Taylor (D-R)
1826-1828
Sir Francis Nicholson
1721-1725
James F. Bvrnes (D)
Arthur Middleton
Stephen D. Miller (D-R)
1828-1830
1725-1730
George B. Timmerman, Jr
James Hamilton, Jr. (D)
1830-1832
Robert Johnson
1730-1735
(D)
Robert Y. Hayne (D)
1832-1834
Thomas Broughton (lieuten-
Ernest F. Hollings (D)
George McDuffie (D)
1834-1836
ant governor)
1735-1737
Donald S. Russell (D)
Pierce M. Butler (D)
1836-1838
William Bull (lieutenant
Robert E. McNair (D)
Patrick Noble (D)
1838-1840
governor)
1737-1743
John C. West (D)
B.K. Henegan (D/acting)
1840
James Glen
1743-1756
James B. Edwards (R)
John P. Richardson (D)
1840-1842
William H. Lyttelton
1756-1760
Richard W. Riley (D)
James H. Hammond (D)
1842-1844
William Bull, 2d (lieutenant
Carroll A. Campbell, Jr. (R
William Aiken (D)
1844-1846
governor)
1760-1761
David Johnson (D)
1846-1848
MINIMUM AGES
Thomas Boone
1761-1764
Whitemarsh B. Seabrook
William Bull, 2d (lieutenant
Majority
(D)
1848-1850
governor)
1764-1766
Marriage with parental conse
John H. Means (D)
1850-1852
female
Lord Charles Greville Mon-
John L. Manning (D)
1852-1854
male
tagu
1766-1768
William Bull, 2d (lieutenant
James H. Adams (D)
1854-1856
Marriage without parental cc
Robert F.W. Allston (D)
1856-1858
governor)
1768
Making a will
William H. Gist (D)
1858-1860
Lord Charles Greville Mon-
Buying alcohol
Francis W. Pickens (D)
1860-1862
tagu
1768-1769
Jury duty
William Bull, 2d (lieutenant
Milledge L. Bonham (D)
1862-1864
Leaving school
governor)
1769-1771
Andrew G. Magrath (D)
1864-1865
Driver's license
Lord Charles Greville Mon-
Benjamin F. Perry (D/pro-
visional)
CAPITAL PUNISHMENT
tagu
1771-1773
1865
William Bull, 2d (lieutenant
James L. Orr (Provisional)
1865-1868
Number executed 1976-88:
governor)
1773-1775
Robert K. Scott (Conserva-
On death row Aug. 1, 1988
Lord William Campbell
1775
tive)
1868-1872
MILITARY INSTALLATIONS
Franklin J. Moses, Jr. (R)
1872-1874
Total number: 19
State Governors
Daniel H. Chamberlain (R)
1874-1876
Major bases:
John Rutledge (president)
1776-1778
Wade Hampton (R)
1876-1879
Army: 1
408
South Carolina
William D. Simpson (D/
Navy: 2
79
acting)
1879-1880
Air Force: 2
Thomas B. Jeter (D)
1880
Johnson Hagood (D)
1880-1882
FINANCES
Hugh S. Thompson (D)
1882-1886
John C. Sheppard (D/act-
Thousands of dollars
39
ing)
1886
GENERAL REVENUE (1985)
2
John P. Richardson (D)
1886-1890
Total general revenue
4,544,945
Benjamin R. Tillman (D)
1890-1894
Total tax revenue
2,732,346
4
John G. Evans (D)
1894-1897
Sales and gross receipts
1,497,892
William H. Ellerbe (D)
1897-1899
Individual income taxes
850,814
6
Miles B. McSweeney (D)
1899-1903
Corporate net income taxes
199,771
Duncan C. Heyward (D)
1903-1907
8
Martin F. Ansel (D)
1907-1911
GENERAL EXPENDITURE (1985)
Coleman L. Blease (D)
1911-1915
Total general expenditure
4,399,862
0
Charles A. Smith (D/acting)
1915
Education
2,076,648
2
Richard I. Manning (D)
1915-1919
Public welfare
505,108
4
Robert A. Cooper (D)
1919-1922
Health
216,642
5
Wilson G. Harvey (D)
1922-1923
Hospitals
270,446
8
Thomas G. McLeod (D)
1923-1927
Natural resources
101,392
John G. Richards (D)
1927-1931
Highways
381,574
Ibra C. Blackwood (D)
1931-1935
Police
44,773
Olin D. Johnston (D)
1935-1939
Corrections
149,397
Burnet R. Maybank (D)
1939-1941
J.E. Harley (D)
1941-1942
FEDERAL AID (1985)
1,323,560
R.M. Jeffries (D)
1942-1943
Olin D. Johnston (D)
1943-1945
ECONOMY
R.J. Williams (D)
1945-1947
J. Strom Thurmond (D)
1947-1951
South Carolina's main cash crops are to-
James F. Byrnes (D)
1951-1955
bacco, soybeans, cotton, corn, vegetables,
George B. Timmerman, Jr.
peaches, other fruits, and nuts. Farm mar-
(D)
1955-1959
ketings cash receipts in 1983 were slightly
Ernest F. Hollings (D)
1959-1963
more than $1 billion, of which about one-
Donald S. Russell (D)
1963-1965
third was generated by sales of poultry,
Robert E. McNair (D)
1965-1971
cattle, hogs, and dairy products. Both tim-
John C. West (D)
1971-1975
ber and fishing industries contribute to the
James B. Edwards (R)
1975-1979
state's economy; timber-based industries
Richard W. Riley (D)
1979-1987
constitute about 8 percent of the total
Carroll A. Campbell, Jr. (R)
1987-
manufacturing base, while the catch of
crab, oysters, shrimp, and other fish and
MINIMUM AGES
shellfish vielded $20 million in 1983. South
Majority
18
Carolina's principal mined products are
Marriage with parental consent
female
14
clays, limestone, cyanite, barite, vermicu-
18
lite, cement, sand, and gravel. Manufac-
male
Marriage without parental consent
18
turing is centered primarily around textile
18
production and food processing; other
Making a will
manufactures include paper and wood
Buying alcohol
21
Jury duty
18
products, chemicals, electrical machinery,
Leaving school
16
transportation equipment, and ceramics.
Driver's license
16
EMPLOYMENT (1984)
Thousands of persons
CAPITAL PUNISHMENT
Number executed 1976-88: 2
Total number of employed
On death row Aug. 1, 1988: 41
workers
1,374
Construction
81.6
MILITARY INSTALLATIONS
Finance, insurance, and
Total number: 19
real estate
54.4
Major bases:
Government
240.1
Army: 1
Manufacturing
378.2
409
Facts About the States
Mining
1.8
Hydroelectric
6.6
1861-1865, and the
Services
196.6
Nuclear
55.7
Mary Chesnut, wh
of war, politics,
Transportation, communications,
Petroleum
0.2
society.
and utilities
55.5
Alice Childress A I
Wholesale and retail trade
262.0
TRANSPORTATION
Fictional biograph
who flees her man
Percent of civilian labor force
Motor vehicles registered
for racial equality.
unemployed (1984)
in state (1986)
7.1
2,304,208
Hennig Cohen (ed.)
Miles of roads, streets,
Carolina Literature
DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE (1985)
and highways (1986)
63,296
Sarah Morgan Da
Civilian workers employed
20,545
Miles of Class I railway
federate Girl's Diary
Military personnel
44,373
operated (1986)
2,533
John William De F
Contract awards
Airports (1983)
137
Realistic novel of
$490 million
among poor white
Major aviation hubs (1983)
3
the South Carolina
ENERGY SOURCES FOR ELECTRIC UTILITIES (1983)
Largest hub: Charleston
tion.
Percent
Major ports, with gross tonnage in
Thomas Dixon, Jr.
Coal
37.4
One of three novel
thousands (1985):
aims of Reconstruct
Gas
0.1
Charleston
8,882
The novel was the b
of a Nation (1915).
CULTURE AND: EDUCATION
Margaret W. Ehrh
Materials for Elemen
Native American tribes
Major museums and libraries
Howard Fast Freedo
South Carolina was formerly home to the
Charleston Museum
Novel about the e
Chenaw, Cherokee, Chiaha, Chickasaw,
Columbia Museum of Art and Science
veteran to change the
Congaree, Cusabo, Eno, Keyauwee,
Gibbes Art Gallery, Charleston
Federal Writers' Pr
Animals and Superno
Natchez, Pedee, Saluda, Santee, Sewee,
(ed. Belinda I
Shakori, Shawnee, Sissipahaw, Wateree,
Major arts organizations
Can Remember (1989
Waxhaw, and Yamasee. Groups that con-
Charleston Ballet Theatre
Twenty-seven narra
Charleston Opera Company
during the Depressi
tinue to live in the state include the
Dock Street Theatre, Charleston
Mamie Garvin Field:
Catawba, Lumbee, and Waccamaw.
Other Places: A Carol
Symphony orchestras of Charleston,
William Price Fox M
Greenville, Columbia
Religions, ethnicities, and languages
Humorous novel of t
in Columbia in the
Blacks and whites arrived together in 1670
Colleges and universities
Noel Gerson Imposter
to establish the South Carolina's first per-
Number public (1986-87) 33
A swashbuckling adv
manent settlement, and for most of the
Number private (1986-87) 29
the 1692 earthquake
state's history blacks were in the majority.
Total enrollment, in full-time equivalent
Nell S. Graydon Sou
Most white South Carolinians trace their
students (1985) 109,300
Francis Griswold A
ancestry to the early English, Scotch, and
Matverne (1941)
Public elementary and secondary schools
Chronicle novel of
Irish settlers; other early immigrants were
Expenditure per pupil in average daily
novel about life on a
Huguenot, German, Swiss, Welsh, and
Dutch. In 1980, 2.5 percent of South
attendance (1986-87) $3,096
DuBose Heyward Pc
Heyward's first and m
Carolina's population spoke a language
Pupil-teacher ratio (1987) 17.3
life on Charleston's
other than English at home. The leading
Average teacher salary (1986-87) $24,043
literature of Southen
George Gershwin's 0
Protestant denominations are Baptists and
Holidays
Heyward wrote the I
black society in Mam
Methodists, followed by Presbyterians,
Robert E. Lee's Birthday. January 19
Peter Ashley (1932).
Lutherans, and Episcopalians; there are
Confederate Memorial Day. May 10
Charleston aristocrat
also Roman Catholic and Jewish congrega-
beliefs against love 0
Jefferson Davis's Birthday. June 3
tions.
Josephine Humphrey
State Fair, Columbia. Mid-October
Novel about domesti
Rich In Love (1
SOUTHCAROLINA IN LITERATURE
Novel about a sevent
ant.
Jane Barry Long March (1955)
Bert W. Bierer South Carolina Indian Lore (1972)
Alvah F. Hunter A Y,
A historical novel of the Revolution centering on General
Fort Sumter (1987)
Morgan and the Battle of Cowpens.
Gwen Bristow Celia Garth (1959)
Memoir of wartime S
Hamilton Basso Courthouse Square (1936); Wine of the Country
Novel of Charleston in the last years of the Revolution.
Guy B. Johnson Folk
(1940): The View from Pompey's Head (1954)
Guy and Candie Carawan Ain't You Got a Right to the Tree
Carolina (1930)
Basso was a New Orleans-born New York journalist who. in
of Life: The People of John's Island, South Carolina (1966)
much of his fiction, portrayed the moral values and cultural
Collection of:folklore and oral history.
Charles W. Joyner Fo
distinctiveness of Southern society in Louisiana and South
Ain't You Got is Righi to the Tree of Life (1989)
John Pendleton Kenne
Carolina. The View from Pompey's Head, set. in a fictional
Folklore and music of Johns Island.
Historical romance 0
South Carolina port, was made into a successful film.
Mary B. Chestnut A Diary from Dixie (1905, "DC. 1929. 1961);
Battle of Kings Moun
John Bennett Madame Margot (1921)
(ed. Ben A. Williams. 1.949. rpt. 1980); Mary Chesnut's Civil
James Kilgo Deep Enou
Romantic novel about a creole woman based on 3 Charles-
War (ed. C. Vann Woodward) (1981-)
A study of the natural
ton legend.
The most celébrated of all American diaries, written
region of the Great Pt
410
THE
9
WH
SMITHSONIAN
GUIDE TO
HISTORIC AMERICA
THE CAROLINAS AND
THE APPALACHIAN STATES
TEXT BY
PATRICIA L. HUDSON
SANDRA L. BALLARD
SPECIAL PHOTOGRAPHY BY
JONATHAN WALLEN
EDITORIAL DIRECTOR
ROGER G. KENNEDY
DIRECTOR OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM
OF AMERICAN HISTORY
OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION
Stewart, Tabori & Chang
NEW YORK
129
SOUTH CAROLINA
Lynch, Jr., Arthur Middleton, and Thomas Heyward-signed the
Declaration of Independence, and the state drafted its own constitu-
tion. When the British attacked Charleston in 1776, troops under
General William Moultrie successfully defended the city. In 1778 a
second state constitution was adopted, asserting South Carolina's
independence from England.
South Carolina saw a great deal of military action during the
Revolutionary War. (Edward McCrady, in his two-volume History of
South Carolina in the Revolution, described 137 military engagements,
ranging from skirmishes to battles.) The British and their Loyalist
allies suffered several important defeats in South Carolina during
the Revolution, two of which were at the Battle of Kings Mountain
on October 7, 1780, and the Battle of Cowpens on January 17, 1781.
After Patriots under General Horatio Gates were defeated at
( aden on August 16-17, 1780, George Washington sent General
Nathanael Greene to replace Gates as the southern commander. As
important as these major battles was the bitter and brutal guerrilla
warfare waged by soldiers and civilians alike. One of the American
commanders, Light-Horse Harry Lee, was horrified by the carnage
of "this unnatural war" (although he himself was responsible for tor-
ture and other atrocities). He urged Greene to impose martial law
on South Carolina, believing that the people were worse than "the
Goths & Vandals in their schemes of plunder murder & iniquity. All
under pretence of supporting the virtuous cause of America."
Three of the most celebrated American leaders of the Revolution
were guerrilla fighters, Andrew Pickens, Francis Marion ("the Swamp
Fox"), and Thomas Sumter ("the Carolina Gamecock"). They
harassed the British forces under Lord Cornwallis and were pursued
through the countryside by Sir Banastre Tarleton, a bold comman-
der in his early twenties. After Cornwallis quit North Carolina in the
spring of 1781, Greene marched into South Carolina to drive the
British out. In one of the final actions of the Revolution, the British,
no had occupied Charleston in 1780, were forced to withdraw from
the city in 1782. A compromise between low-country planters and the
steadily increasing population of up-country settlers was achieved in
1786, when the state capital was moved from Charleston to a central
location. a new city planned for the purpose, Columbia. The legisla-
ture met there for the first time in 1790.
OPPOSITE: The Bradley House. built ca. 1800. was moved in the 1970s from the
Camden outskirts to the city's Revolutionary War Park for preservation. The stone
himney was rebuilt on the site.
132
SOUTH CAROLINA
S
nor nullified; Jackson prevailed, but the economic tensions between
the northern industrial states and the southern planters remained.
On December 17, 1860, a convention met in Columbia's First
Baptist Church and moved its session to Charleston the next day (it
was thought that a smallpox epidemic in Columbia made it an
unsafe place to continue). The convention delegates voted unani-
mously on December 20 to accept the Ordinance of Secession, and
less than two months later other states joined South Carolina in
forming the Confederate States of America. Although secession was
widely approved by South Carolinians, a few thought it was folly to
embark on a political course that would surely lead to war. One
Unionist wrote to a friend in 1860 that "South Carolina is too small
for a republic, but too large for an insane asylum."
On April 12, 1861, the Confederate attack on Fort Sumter in
Charleston harbor marked the beginning of the Civil War.
Prominent South Carolinians who became Confederate leaders dur-
ing the subsequent four years include generals Wade Hampton III,
Joseph Kershaw, David D. Wallace, Richard H. Anderson, and
Stephen D. Lee. Also from South Carolina came members of
Jefferson Davis's cabinet and staff. Blockade runners into the ports of
Charleston and Wilmington provided the Confederacy with some
vital supplies, and the Confederates maintained control of Fort
Sumter until they abandoned Charleston in February 1865. Though
few Civil War battles were fought on South Carolina soil, a great
number of South Carolinians served elsewhere and lost their lives:
The death toll may have been as high as one-fourth of the 44,000
South Carolinians who entered the war as soldiers.
Most of the destruction in South Carolina was caused by General
William Tecumseh Sherman's march north from Savannah, Georgia,
to Columbia, where he arrived on February 16, 1865. One of
Sherman's soldiers wrote that their object was to make South
Carolina "suffer worse than she did at the time of the Revolutionary
War. We will let her know that it isn't so sweet to secede as she
thought it would be." The strategy was successful: One South
Carolinian wrote on February 28, 1865, "Our army is demoralized
and the people panic stricken.
The power to do has left us
to
fight longer seems to be madness." A Union soldier, before setting
out for a day's march, wrote, "There is not a rail upon any of the
roads within twenty miles
but will be twisted into corkscrews
before the sun sets."
174
THE MIDLANDS
TH
STATEBURG
General Thomas Sumter founded this town with great hopes that it
Th
would become the capital of South Carolina. The site of
kin
Revolutionary War and Civil War activity, Stateburg suffered major
the
damage during the latter. The Stateburg Historic District includes a
R
number of eighteenth- and nineteenth-century residences in Greek
had
Revival and Gothic Revival styles, unusual in that they were con-
War
structed from pisé de terre, air-dried bricks of earth shaped in wooden
Aug
molds. Notable examples of the use of this material are the 1758
serv
Borough House Plantation (Route 261, private) and the 1850 Holy
Briti
Cross Episcopal Church (Route 261), a Gothic Revival church
and
designed by Edward C. Jones. The staunch South Carolina Unionist
1781
statesman Joel Poinsett is buried here in the Holy Cross Cemetery.
377 I
Near Stateburg, signs from the intersection of Routes 76/378
and 261 lead to the Tomb of Thomas Sumter, the Revolutionary
War general nicknamed "the Carolina Gamecock."
SUMTER
Named for Revolutionary War general Thomas Sumter, the settle-
ment originally named Sumterville was chosen as the seat of Sumter
County in 1798. A Citadel cadet from Sumter, George E.
Haynsworth, is credited with firing the first shot of the War Between
the States. The Williams-Brice Museum/Archives (122 North
Washington Street, 803-775-0908) displays Sumter County
historical artifacts in this Victorian Gothic house. The South
Carolina National Guard Museum (National Guard Armory, North
Pike West, 803-773-4151) holds a collection of cannons, other
weapons, and military history exhibits.
In Sumter County, west of the town of Pinewood, is the finest Greek
Revival residence in the state and one of the half-dozen finest in the
nation. Milford Plantation (Route 261, private), with six front
Corinthian columns, was constructed from 1839 to 1841 for
Governor John L. Manning, who held office between 1852 and 1854.
Nathaniel F. Potter oversaw the construction of the house, probably
designed by Charles P. Reichardt and Russell Warren, with details
taken from Minard Lafever's 1835 Beauties of Modern Architecture
(Lafever had been associated with the architects in New York).
The elegant
Hampton, 11
208
DOWNTOWN CHARLESTON
DOWN
Ruins 0
A Confederate battery at Fort Johnson bombards Fort Sumter in a contemporary
engraving of the first military engagement of the Civil War.
portion.
came from the mounds of white oyster shells found on the site by
g is
to fir
the early colonists. The settlers crushed the shells and used them to
Confe
cover streets and walkways. During the Revolution a redoubt of pal-
of day
metto logs was erected here and armed with sixteen heavy guns in
son at
anticipation of a British invasion by sea. The gardens were laid out
effort
in the 1830s, but when the Civil War erupted, the site was once
inten
again fortified. Confederate troops installed a thirty-eight-ton
Confe
Blakely gun; when they evacuated the city in February 1865, they
Rober
blew up the gun rather than have it fall into Union hands. Its frag-
M
ments were thrown so high that they damaged the roofs of several
that g
mansions along East Battery Street. Today the park contains can-
Ander
nons and other war memorials, reminders of its martial past.
shall 1
hope.
Fort Sumter National Monument
was a
dor-
Fort Sumter stands on a man-made granite island at the entrance to
shawl
Charleston harbor, and is accessible only by boat (call 803-722-1691
for times of departure). The opening shots of the Civil War were
ing.
th
directed at this federal stronghold on April 12, 1861, by Confederate
DOWNTOWN CHARLESTON
DOWNTOWN CHARLESTON
209
rds Fort Sumter in a contemporary
Ruins of the officers' quarters and powder magazine. Fort Sumter. Most of the wooden
Civil War.
portions of the building burned during the Confederate bombardment in 1861.
r shells found on the site by
guns located at Fort Johnson on nearby James Island. The decision
I the shells and used them to
1 fire, relayed to General Pierre G. T. Beauregard from the
Revolution a redoubt of pal-
Confederate cabinet in Montgomery, Alabama, was the culmination
d with sixteen heavy guns in
of days of negotiation on the issue of resupplying the federal garri-
1. The gardens were laid out
son at Sumter. The Confederate government declared any resupply
erupted, the site was once
effort would be viewed as a hostile act. When Lincoln announced his
installed a thirty-eight-ton
intention to send additional provisions to the island, the
city in February 1865, they
Confederates issued an ultimatum to the fort's commander, Major
1 into Union hands. Its frag-
Robert Anderson. demanding surrender.
lamaged the roofs of several
Mary Boykin Chesnut recorded in her diary the anticipation
oday the park contains can-
hat gripped the city. "I do not pretend to sleep. How can I? If
:rs of its martial past.
Anderson does not accept terms-at four A.M.-the orders are-he
shall be fired upon. I count four-St. Michael chimes. I begin to
Monument
hope. At half-past four. the heavy booming of a cannon.
There
was a sound of stir all over the house-pattering of feet in the corri-
lite island at the entrance to
dor-all seemed hurrying one way. I put on my double gown and
by boat (call 803-722-1691
shawl and went. too. It was to the housetop. The shells were burst-
shots of the Civil War were
ing.
Pravers from the women and imprecations from the men.
oril 12, 1861, by Confederate
and then a shell would light up the scene."
DOWNTOWN
CHARLEST
210
DOWNTOWN CHARLESTON
After thirty-four hours of bombardment by Confederate batter-
little damage. The Wil
ies, Major Anderson surrendered. (Ironically, Anderson had been
private) is an impressi
Beauregard's artillery instructor at West Point.) On April 14 the
doorway's wide entabl
southern flag was raised over the fort and remained there until
1788 as the westernn
February 1865, when southern forces evacuated Charleston and its
looked Gibbes's own V
defenses. On April 14, 1865, Anderson, then a general, returned to
C
the island, four years to the day after his surrender, and raised the
Stars and Stripes over the fort's battered remains.
One of the original st
LOCATION: Tour boats depart from two locations: the City Marina
the length of the S
(17 Lockwood Boulevard) and Patriot's Point (off Route 17). Site
Cumberland Street to
interpretation and information can be found at the Fort Moultrie
day Water Street. As
visitor center, 1214 Middle Street, Sullivan's Island. HOURS: Late
ed, creating a jog in 1
May through early September: 9-6 Daily; mid-September through
During the Civil
mid-May: 9-5 Daily. FEE: Yes. TELEPHONE: 803-883-3123.
de :e of Dr. Willi:
Snowden family buri
SOUTH BATTERY
and it was not recov
Church Street, priva
South Battery Street was originally called Fort Street; both names
the home of Dr. J
reflect Charleston's beginnings as a walled fortress-garrison. The
George Mathews H
houses along this street possessed an unrestricted view of the harbor
in 1750 in the Geor
until the mud flats that stretched from the west end of White Point
early Charleston irc
Gardens to the west end of Tradd Street were reclaimed and Murray
Boulevard was constructed between 1909 and 1911. The Italian
gold in a water ca
the ves would never
Renaissance Revival mansion at 4 South Battery Street (private) was
The 1819 Rege
constructed in 1894: shortly after 1905 it was converted into a popu-
Dr. Vincent LeSei
lar hotel called the Villa Marguerita. Guests included Alexander
Domingan slave re
Graham Bell, Theodore Roosevelt, and Henry Ford. The William
added sometime
Washington House (8 South Battery Street, private) was constructed
House (39 Church
around 1768 in the Georgian style and was purchased in 1785 by a
story piazza and a
Virginia kinsman of George Washington. William Washington
one of the basic
arrived in South Carolina during the Revolutionary War as a cavalry
emphasizes balanc
officer. When he lamented his lack of a battle flag, a young lady
1..2 Indians, retur
named Jane Elliot cut up one of her mother's crimson curtains and
the noted botanis
set to work with her needle. After the war she became his bride.
A relatively re
The cupola on 32 South Battery Street (private) is an architec-
vate). It was built
tural element worthy of note because it is only occasionally seen on
Charleston homes. The house dates to the 1780s. The Moreland
large would not
angle, and the g
House (39 South Battery Street. private) was built in 1827 on a foun-
church has stood
dation of palmetto logs sunk into the marshy ground. This "float-
Street) since 169
ing" foundation helped the house survive the 1886 earthquake with
E167 t
A45
WH
A HISTORICAL
GUIDE TO THE
United States
PREPARED BY THE AMERICAN
ASSOCIATION FOR STATE AND
LOCAL HISTORY
W.W . NORTON & COMPANY
NEW YORK LONDON
SOUTH CAROLINA
464
ton harbor threatened the crisis Lincoln said he hoped to avoid.
Most of the other federal installations scattered throughout the South
had already capitulated peacefully to the Confederate states, and shortly
after South Carolina's secession, Robert Anderson, the federal com-
mander in Charleston, evacuated the older harbor defenses and with-
drew his garrison to the more formidable Fort Sumter. What to do about
Sumter thus became the first test of the Lincoln administration, and
despite contrary advice, the new president at least appeared deter-
mined to hold it. Early in April 1861 he dispatched a relief expedition-
solely, he said, to provision the fort-and he so notified the South Car-
olina authorities. Ever distrustful, the South Carolinians chose not to
wait and demanded Major Anderson's immediate surrender. When he
refused, shore batteries commanded by Pierre G. T. Beauregard opened
fire at 4:30 on the morning of April 12, 1861. The bombardment contin-
ued for 34 hours before Anderson ran up the white flag; it provided a
dramatic show for Charleston society, which came down to the Battery
to view it. Though bloodless, the action quickly precipitated other events
that made war inevitable. On April 15 President Lincoln issued a call for
75,000 three-month volunteers to suppress armed disorder. Seeing this
as a commitment to coerce the South, Virginia left the union two days
later and was soon followed by Arkansas, Tennessee, and North Carolina.
The long war that followed observed little of the gentlemanly eti-
quette that had marked the dispute over Fort Sumter. The Civil War was
the first in American history to suggest the awful possibilities of "total
war." It also saw the first application to warfare of some new nine-
teenth-century technologies: the railroad, the telegraph, the repeating
rifle and the Gatling gun, and iron-clad warships. Indeed, when federal
naval forces tried to force open Charleston harbor in April 1863, iron-
clads led the way. But not even they could retake Fort Sumter, which
remained firmly in Confederate hands until the advance of Sherman's
army from Georgia forced evacuation early in 1865.
Fort Sumter has never again fired a shot in anger or been forced to
defend itself. At the end of the war its battered and crumbling masonry
bore little resemblance to the original design, and over the years its
contour was altered even further. Today, as long ago, it is accessible
only by boat. Though the technology of warfare has long since passed
it by, it still stands its vigil at the mouth of Charleston harbor, a moving
memorial to a war begun in a contentious South Carolina that left the
state. contentious still, a permanent part of the American nation.
AIKEN COUNTY HISTORICAL MUSEUM 226 Chesterfield, Aiken.
History museum housed in Old Aiken County Jail Building.
CAMDEN BATTLEFIELD five miles north of Camden on county road
just west of U.S. 521 and 601. Where the British under Cornwallis
A GUIDE TO NATIONAL
MONUMENTS AND
HISTORIC SITES
Jill MacNeice
PRENTICE HALL
New York
II
Fort Sumter National Monument
In the early morning of April 12, 1861, the Confederates fired on
Fort Sumter in Charleston Harbor. It was the first shot of the Civil
War, and the beginning of a four-year siege of the fortress that would
leave Fort Sumter reduced to little more than a pile of rubble.
A Confederate stronghold throughout the war, Fort Sumter was
under constant bombardment by Union forces from July 1863 to Feb-
ruary 1865. The evacuation of Charleston in 1865 brought an end to
the 17-month ordeal. Fort Sumter National Monument includes the
ruins of Fort Sumter and its counterpart, Fort Moultrie, which stands
just across the harbor on Sullivans Island.
Fort Sumter was partially rebuilt by the army after the Civil War,
and was used as a military post until 1947. The following year it was
turned over to the National Park Service, which spent several years
excavating the fort and stabilizing the Civil War ruins. Today, visitors
can tour the old fort and listen to park rangers tell of its history.
Don't miss the museum, which has a scale model of the fort as
it appeared in 1861 and numerous exhibits explaining its role in the
Civil War. Artifacts include the sword of Captain George S. James,
whose battery fired the war's first shot, the "Storm Flag," which flew
over the fort during the 1861 bombardment, and the first Southern
flag flown at the fort.
Fort Sumter cannot be reached by car. Fort Sumter Tours, Incorpo-
rated, operates daily excursions to the fort from the Charleston City
Marina on Lockwood Boulevard and from Patriot's Point, just across
the Cooper River from Charleston.
Fort Moultrie is located on Sullivans Island and can be reached by
car. In 1776 patriot forces defending Fort Moultrie (or Fort Sullivan,
as it was then called) defeated a British fleet, giving American forces
one of their first victories in the Revolution. Since that time the fort
has been rebuilt and modified several times.
It was last used as a military post by the army in 1947. Today
its walls chronicle two centuries of American coastal defense. Francis
Marion, the "Swamp Fox" of the Revolution, and George C. Marshall,
the army chief of staff during World War II, both served at the fort, as
did poet Edgar Allan Poe, who based his well-known short story "The
Gold Bug" on his experiences on Sullivans Island.
Question American Red Cross
National Headquarters
Washington, DC 20006
AMERICAN RED CROSS SERVICES IN THE PERSIAN GULF
Facts at a Glance
News From Home
Through an act of Congress in 1905, the American Red Cross is
recognized as the official communications link between active
duty military personnel and their families during family
emergencies. The Red Cross has also been charged with
providing military authorities verified reports
about family-related emergencies that help determine the need
for military leave.
The network of some 2,700 Red Cross chapters in civilian
communities and 280 stations on military installations worldwide
operates this emergency communications network, at no cost to
military service personnel, 24 hours a day, 365 days a year,
during times of peace and times of war.
Since August, local Red Cross chapters and Red Cross stations
have been working under "MINIMIZE" conditions imposed by
the Joint Chiefs of Staff. This condition limits emergency
messages to communications about birth, death, serious illness
or breakdown in childcare plans with immediate family
members. "Minimize" is traditionally imposed during war for
tactical and security reasons because Red Cross messages use
the military communications system which transmits all military
messages.
As of this week, the American Red Cross has relayed more than
90,000 emergency messages to and from U.S. military
personnel in the Gulf.
International Humanitarian Activities
Humanitarian activities such as relief to refugees and visits to prisoners
of war are carried out by the International Committee of the Red Cross
(ICRC), as outlined in the Geneva Conventions which cover three
protected populations during armed conflict: wounded, sick, and
shipwrecked military; prisoners of war; and civilians. As a member of
the international Red Cross movement, the American Red Cross
supports the work of the ICRC through financial contributions, public
education and awareness, and through liaison assistance with the U.S.
government.
There are three refugee camps in Jordan, two operated by the Jordanian
Red Crescent Society in Azraq and one operated by ICRC in
Rusheiwed. Nearly 40,000 people were already housed in Azraq
before hostilities broke out. Other camps have been established or are
planned in Syria, Egypt, Iran and other countries in anticipation of the
need to provide shelter for tens of thousands more before the war ends.
The approximate cost of one 30,000 person camp is $1.7 million, or
$59.00 per person.
The American Red Cross has spent or committed $686,000 to these
efforts. The American Red Cross is now gathering and shipping the
equipment necessary for a 30,000 person modular ICRC camp.
Red Cross Workers In The Persian Gulf
There are 114 American Red Cross workers in the Persian Gulf
sending and receiving emergency messages on behalf of U.S.
troops and their families. Some 154 Red Cross workers will be
in place in the Persian Gulf by early March 1991.
Red Cross workers in the Gulf are civilians trained to work with
the military. There are no volunteers serving in the Persian
Gulf.
Medical Volunteers
For the first time since World War II the Red Cross is recruiting
medical professionals to work at military hospitals in the U.S to help
replace military health professionals called to active duty. These
medical volunteers -- physicians, nurses, physical therapists, and other
health professionals -- will help meet the health needs of installation
personnel, their families, retirees, and other military and reserve
dependents.
Medical professionals interested in participating in the program should
contact their local Red Cross chapter.
Red Cross Blood and Tissue Services For Troops
As of this week, the Red Cross has shipped 8500 units (pints) of
blood to the Persian Gulf as a back-up to the military blood
program. The Red Cross delivery system is prepared to ship
1000 units of blood to the Gulf daily in the event of a full scale
conflict. This is the first time the Department of Defense has
asked the American Red Cross to supply blood.
The Red Cross, also for the first time, will supply the U.S. military
with skin to help treat burn victims from the Persian Gulf conflict.
Red Cross Military Social Services
The Red Cross provides emergency financial assistance for
service members and their families for emergency travel;
maintenance during emergency travel; and when regular income
has been interrupted through no fault of the service member.
Many Red Cross chapters and stations, in response to
community needs, are sponsoring family support groups for
families living away from military communities. Meetings are
attended by reservist and military families learning to cope with
separation. In meetings, families learn about community
resources that can help with problems.
Red Cross paid and volunteer staff are working with the
Department of Defense and its 367 Family Centers to assist
families of active duty service personnel, reservists, and
members of the national guard.
The Red Cross has supplied the military with 300,000 comfort kits
filled with toiletries and other personal items.
Questions detailing ARC's activities in the Gulf Crisis
1. How long has the Red Cross been in the Gulf?
Answer: The first Red Cross worker to serve in the Gulf
arrived in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia on August 13 along with
one of the first military units deployed to the region.
2. How many personnel do you have on site?
Answer: There are 114 Red Cross workers in the Gulf as of
February 8, 1991.
3. How many do you plan to station there?
Answer: There will be 154 Red Cross workers in place in
the Gulf region by March 1st.
4. How large is this effort compared to ARC efforts in Vietnam?
Answer: This is the largest and swiftest Red Cross
effort to serve the military community since Vietnam.
The U.S. military build up in Vietnam was gradual and the
Red Cross reacted accordingly. Several hundred Red Cross
workers served in Vietnam and several lost their lives
while deployed there.
5. Are they volunteers or paid staff?
Answer: Red Cross workers in the Gulf are paid staff
trained to work with the military. They are civilians.
6. How much are they paid?
Answer: Career Red Cross workers in the Gulf maintain
their current salary level. The average salary is
approximately $22,000.
7. Are they ARC employees or are they contract staff being paid
by ARC?
Answer: Red Cross workers in the Gulf are a
combination of contract workers and paid staff.
8. Why don't you make use of volunteers in the Gulf?
Answer: At this time there is no way to provide
insurance for them and the US military will not
accommodate volunteers. There is no need Red cross
medical workers in the Gulf. Medical needs are being
handled as a part of the military operation.
9. Do ARC workers in the Gulf receive any training beforehand?
Answer: Red Cross workers in the Gulf receive a week
of intense course work at Ft. Sam Houston in areas that
include: international human law; military
protocol; the Geneva Conventions; stress management;
and Middle Eastern customs. They then go to
military installations for on the job training for ten
days. They then receive two days of R & R, and off to
Ft. Jackson in Columbia, S.C. for transportation to the
Gulf.
10. What are Red Cross workers doing in the Gulf?
Answer: The sole mission of Red Cross workers in
the Gulf is the relay of emergency messages between
troops and their families. The Red Cross has supplied
the military with 300,000 comfort kits that contain
toiletries and other personnel items.
11. How many messages has ARC sent to date?
Answer: As of the week of February 5, 1991 Red Cross
has relayed 90, 180 messages between troops in the
Gulf and their families. The Red Cross has also
relayed 5,111 birth announcements to troops in the Gulf
region since August. The Joint Chiefs of Staff has
issued a "minimize" order which means the system will
only accept messages between troops and their immediate
family relating to birth, death or serious illness.
12. How does Emergency Communication work?
Answer: Red Cross emergency communications is a network of
2,700 Red Cross chapters and 280 Red Cross stations (SAF)
on military installations that send and receive emergency
messages on behalf of members of the uniformed services 365
days a year, 24 hours a day in peace time and during times
of conflict.
13. How does a message get to a soldier?
Answer: A family member with the name, rank, serial number,
unit number and branch of service gives their message to
their local Red Cross military and social services office.
The local Red Cross will verify the contents of the message
before sending it through the system via electronic message
or telephone. All information going overseas eventually goes
through national headquarters before reaching its final
destination. Soldiers can send as well as receive messages.
Depending on the circumstances a message may be hand
delivered, delivered by phone, or given to a commanding
officer for delivery to a soldier.
14. What is the ARC doing here at home to assist our forces?
Answer: Local Red Cross chapters and stations on military
installations are responding to community need by
sponsoring family support group meetings. During the
meetings speakers from neighboring military installations
answer questions about benefits and other concerns that
family members of reservists, for example, may have. These
meetings are managed by Red Cross volunteers as part of our
SAF program.
The Red Cross programs administers and funds an emergency
loans and grants program for active duty military personnel
and their families as part of our regular SAF program.
The local Red Cross is a conduit of information for
military and reservist families and often refers families
to other local organizations that can help to meet their
needs.
The Red Cross has supplied the military with 300,000 free
comfort kits that contain toiletries and other personnel
items.
15.
Have there been any ARC casualties to date?
Answer: No.
16.
How much blood is being sent to the U.S. forces?
Answer: As of this week, Red Cross has
shipped 8,500 units (pints) of blood to the Gulf to
supplement U.S. military blood supplies. The Red Cross
is prepared to supply the U.S. military with 7,000 units
a week upon request. Blood has a shelf life of 42 days.
17.
How much does this represent in terms of the military's
need supply?
Answer: The military has its own blood collection system
and is asking the Red Cross to help supplement that system
with weekly shipments of blood to the Gulf. This is the
first time that the Department of Defense has asked the
Red Cross to provide blood to them.
18. Is this blood strictly for use by U.S. forces?
Answer: Yes.
19. How long are Red Cross workers stationed in the Gulf?
Answer: The Red Cross worker is assigned to work in the Gulf
for a period not to exceed one year. Most rotate out in
three to six months.
20. Are they operating solely in Saudi Arabia in support of our
forces?
Answer: Red Cross workers are deployed in Saudi Arabia with
U. S. military units and travel with and wherever U. S.
troops serve.
21. Is the ARC presently providing tissue or organs to our
forces?
Answer: Yes, for the first time in our history the Red
Red Cross is supplying the U. S. military with skin to
aid in the treatment of burn victims.
22. Is there a need for people to volunteer their services to
help ARC in the Gulf, particularly medical personnel?
Answer: For the first time since WWII the Red Cross
is recruiting medical professionals to work at military
hospitals in the U.S. to help meet the health needs of
installation personnel, their families; retirees and other
military and reserve dependents. There are presently no
opportunitles for Red Closs volunteers, modical ass
otherwise, to work in the Gulf.
23. What does someone who wants to volunteer their help to
Red Cross do?
Answer: The first step is to contact your local Red
Cross chapter or station and identify skills that you
may want to share. Red Cross medical volunteers include:
Physicians, nurses, veterinarians, and other health
professionals. chapters may identify other types of
volunteer skills they would be happy to put to use.
24. How well is ARC's operation going in the Gulf? Are you
satisfied with ARC's performance?
Answer: Given that this is the first time since WWII
that Red Cross military, disaster, international and blood
services operations have mounted this kind of effort, the
work load is being handled very well and I'm very proud of
our efforts. I understand that our soldiers in the Gulf are
thankful and pleased with our efforts also. Red Cross has
also received many letters and phone calls of
congratulations and thanks for helping to keep troops in
touch with their families and helping families cope with the
stress of waiting for loved ones.
25. Can you give us a status report on the Red Cross' efforts to
ensure that Iraq is taking care of U.S. POWs according to the
Geneva Conventions?
ANSWER: Very recently, I spoke with Mr. Cornelio Sammaruga,
President of the ICRC and expressed my strong concerns that he
does everything in his power to see that Iraq follows the Geneva
Conventions and allows visitation to the American POWs to ensure
their rights. I have also contacted several officials in the
Jordanian Red Cross Red Crescent in an attempt to enlist them to
do the same. The International Committee of the Red Cross
(ICRC) has been working through every conceivable channel to gain
access to the allied pow's being held in Iraq. The ICRC
currently has 8 delegates in Baghdad. At this time, we have no
word that they have been successful. Iraq has signed the Geneva
Conventions and we expect them to live up to their commitment.
Regarding the Iraq POWs, the ICRC has visited approximately 330
Iraqi pow's being held by allied forces. All indications are
that Iraqi POWs are being treated humanely in accordance with the
Geneva Conventions.
[Note: If the Iraqi government continues to deny ICRC access to
the prisoners in their care, this does not absolve the U.S. from
responsibility. Legally, reciprocity is prohibited by the Geneva
Conventions, and morally, we have a commitment to do what is
right and just. Two wrongs don't make a right, especially when
it involves human life.]
26. Are ARC workers involved in efforts to secure the rights of
American POW's being held by Iraq:
ANSWER: No, humanitarian activities such as prisoner of war
visits are carried out by the International Committee of the Red
Cross, a part of the International Red Cross Movement to which we
belong. The International Committee, or ICRC, is a neutral, all-
Swiss organization mandated by the Geneva Conventions to protect
and bring aid to victims of armed conflict. As a member of the
International Red Cross Movement, the American Red Cross supports
the work of the ICRC through financial contributions, public
education and awareness, and through liaison assistance with the
U.S. government.
However, we have been in contact with both the ICRC and the U.S.
government, and our chapters are ready to transmit family
messages as soon as that access is granted.
27. What is the ICRC's role in the Gulf?
ANSWER: The ICRC role in the Gulf is laid out in the four Geneva
Conventions of 1949, providing for the protection and
humanitarian relief for three basic populations: wounded, sick
and shipwrecked military, prisoners of war and civilians. As the
Conventions relate to the Gulf, this means that the ICRC visits
prisoners of war, relays family messages, and provides medical
assistance as needed. They also assist civilians who have been
displaced or are refugees, and they meet basic human needs of
civilians in Iraq and Kuwait. The ICRC is coordinating all
relief efforts by the International Red Cross Movement.
28. Are you satisfied with the ICRC's efforts to secure their
rights or do you think it could be doing more?
I can say with absolute confidence that the ICRC is trying by
every possible means to gain access to the prisoners being held
by Iraq and to ensure compliance with the provisions of the
Geneva Conventions. There are eight ICRC delegates in Baghdad
discussing with Iraqi authorities and there are contacts also
being made at the United Nations in New York and through the
Iraqi mission in Geneva, in addition to my own efforts on behalf
of American Red Cross.
29. How much of a role are ARC workers in the Gulf playing
regarding relief for refugees, war victims?
ANSWER: Because the ability to work with all parties to the
conflict, absolute neutrality is necessary. Therefore, because
the United States is an active participant in the Gulf Crisis,
American delegates would not be perceived as neutral, no matter
what the reality may be. That is why the all-Swiss ICRC is given
the responsibility of relief to refugees and war victims in the
Persian Gulf. Americans can participate by supporting the ICRC
appeal ($112,000,000) through the American Red Cross.
However, our staff working with the American armed forces in
Saudi Arabia have been fully briefed on the Geneva Conventions
and the role of the Red Cross.
30. What role are ARC workers playing regarding ensuring the
rights of Iraqi POWs being held by U.S./allied forces?
ANSWER: It is the responsibility of the International Committee
of the Red Cross to work with the Saudi authorities in gaining
access to the prisoners and ensuring compliance with the Geneva
Conventions. The American Red Cross supports the work of the
ICRC in its humanitarian activities to all victims of the war.
31. Are you satisfied with these efforts?
Yes, I am, but we must never become complacent about our
responsibility to uphold fundamental humanitarian principles.
32. Why is the Red Cross providing relief to the Iraqi's? Isn't
that helping the enemy?
ANSWER: The Red Cross has a long, unbroken tradition in which
it bases its assistance on the needs of war victims regardless of
which side they are on. A child who has lost a leg in a military
conflict is a child who has lost a leg, no matter what
nationality that child might be.
The International Committee of the Red Cross is mandated by the
Geneva Conventions to provide help to victims of war and
conflict, regardless of race, religion, ideology or national
origin. The U.S. government, and the allied governments in the
Persian Gulf are fully aware of this mandate. Furthermore, all
relief to Iraq is consistent with the sanctions committee of the
United Nations. As President Bush has said, we have nothing
against the people of Iraq.
33. Aren't you concerned that these supplies will get into the
hands of the Iraqi military?
Absolutely not. The International Committee of the Red Cross
oversees all distribution of relief goods to guarantee that it
goes only to those victims who need it most.
34. What is the track record of the Iraqi's when it comes to the
treatment of POWs?
ANSWER: During the Iran/Iraq war, the ICRC was allowed to visit
POWs held by each country. They provided services such as
confidential interviews with prisoners, messages to and from
families, and medical assistance as necessary. However, they
were not allowed to visit all camps.
Camp conditions are kept confidential and the ICRC works with the
government in charge to make changes or improvements. That
confidentiality is necessary in order to maintain presence in the
camps and access to the prisoners. For many prisoners, the ICRC
delegate is their only reason for hope and for life itself.
35. What is the financial scope of international relief efforts
in the Persian Gulf?
ANSWER: The International Red Cross Movement has issued an
appeal for $112 million dollars. This is to cover the costs of
refugee assistance, food and medical aid for innocent civilians
caught in the conflict. To help you understand that a little
better, one camp housing 30,000 refugees requires 1,500 tents,
60,000 wool blankets, 6,000 kerosene stoves, five 15,000 liter
water storage units, five water pumping units, and much more.
The approximate cost for each camp module is $1.7 million or
$59.00 per person.
36. How many countries have signed the Geneva Conventions?
ANSWER: 164
37. Does that include Iraq?
ANSWER: Yes, all of the nations currently involved in the
Persian Gulf conflict have signed the conventions.
38. Did the ICRC visit American prisoners held by North Vietnam?
ANSWER: No, the North Vietnamese had signed the Geneva
Conventions with a reservation related to the classification of
prisoners of war. Iraq did not make such a reservation when they
signed the Conventions.
39. What information does the ICRC have on the number of
civilians who may have been killed in places like Baghdad and
Basrah?
ANSWER: The Red Cross is not a source for estimates of casualty
figures. As you can well imagine, one side would say that the
high figures are too low; the other side would say that they are too
and the neutrality of the Red Cross would be in jeopardy.
40. What about hospitals?
ANSWER: Yes, the ICRC is prepared to set up modular hospitals
wherever they are needed.
41. What is the Red Cross doing for the refugees?
ANSWER: The Red Cross is doing everything it can to prevent the
situation that we all witnessed last August from being repeated.
The ICRC and the League of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies
have been working closely with the Jordanian Red Crescent in
maintaining camps that were established in August and are still
operational. Camps are also being coordinated with the Iranian
Red Crescent, the Syrian Red Crescent and the Turkish Red
Crescent for any influx into those countries. The ICRC has been
providing assistance to those caught at the border between Iraq
and Jordan. To date, there are nine ICRC/League refugee camps in
Syria, Jordan, Cyprus, Egypt, and Iran. It is unknown how many
people are in each camp at this time. The camps can accommodate
between 5,000 and 50,000 people.
42. What has the American Red Cross contributed to international
relief efforts in the Persian Gulf?
ANSWER: The American Red Cross has made an initial cash
contribution of $200,000 plus an additional $50,000 has been
earmarked for transportation costs.
43. What specifically is the American Red Cross doing for the
refugees?
ANSWER: The American Red Cross has been asked by the ICRC to
provide equipment and material for a camp housing 30,000 people.
We will be announcing that shipment when it is ready. We will
also be providing gifts-in-kind where possible.
44. What are the precise defferences between the roles that the
ICRC, the League, and the national societies are playing in the
Gulf crisis?
ANSWER: The International Committee of the Red Cross, by virtue
of its mandate by the international community through the Geneva
Conventions has an over-all coordinating responsibility for the
International Red Cross Movement response to humanitarian needs
created by the Gulf crisis. It is directly responsible for
visiting prisoners of war and the transmittal of family message;
providing food, shelter, medical services, and other relief to
civilians victims caught in the conflict, and to provide whatever
assistance might be needed on behalf of the wounded members of
the military, should the military not be able to take care of its
own wounded.
The League of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies has been
supporting the Jordanian Red Crescent Society in running two
camps at Azraq and is stepping up preparedness by national
societies in surrounding countries for the possible influx of
refugees. The League is also helping national societies, such as
Egypt and Yemen with programs for their citizens as they return
from Iraq and Kuwait.
National societies in the Gulf region are geared-up to assist
with refugees, serve as staging areas for relief supplies and
provide assistance as needed. Furthermore, national societies
around the world are mobilizing personnel and funds to meet the
needs of the victims of the Gulf war.
American Red Cross
National Headquarters
17th and D Streets, N.W.
Washington, DC 20006
Telephones: Day (202) 639-3200
NEWS RELEASE
Night (202) 737-8300
Fax: (202) 347-1794
FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE
CONTACT: Elizabeth Hall
(202) 639-3122
Diane Powers
(202) 639-3225
VOLUNTEERISM IS BACK
Red Cross sees surge of blood donations, volunteers
Washington, Feb. 21, 1991 -- Calling it "a wave of patriotism," the American Red Cross
reports a surge of volunteerism across the nation. As a show of support for the U.S.
Military in the Persian Gulf, volunteer blood donors, doctors, nurses and other medical
professionals see this as something they can do right here at home.
"Volunteers are the heart and soul of the Red Cross," Elizabeth Dole, the charity's new
president, said. "These new and returning volunteers are making an enduring commitment to
saving lives and comforting the victims of war -- the very foundation upon which the Red
Cross was formed."
Despite no formal appeal, blood donations in January topped the monthly collection goal by
nearly 10 percent; that's 56,182 additional volunteers at Red Cross blood drives.
-more-
HIS 0106 Sept. 1990
"The volunteer response has been tremendous, particularly in the form of blood donations,"
according to Jeffrey McCullough, M.D., senior vice president for Biomedical Services.
"Their interest is in helping to care for the wounded," Dr. McCullough said, "and, I think,
blood donors feel a special bond with the people whose lives they have saved, although they
may be far away."
Second only to blood is the need for human skin tissue and bone for burn treatments and
reconstructive surgery. Approximately 1000 persons interested in becoming tissue and organ
donors are calling Red Cross Tissue Services chapters in the past three weeks. They are
asking for donor cards they will carry in their wallets.
"This is exactly the kind of awareness needed to correct a national shortage of human skin
for grafting," according to Dr. McCullough. "We are presently meeting only one sixth of
this country's burn victims' need for skin grafts," he said. A protracted ground war could
worsen the shortage. Military records show that 10 percent of all the wounded in Viet Nam
suffered burns, and 10 percent of those required skin grafts.
The Red Cross is also enlisting the help of professional medical volunteers to replace local
military hospital staff deployed in the Gulf. More than 2,000 doctors and nurses have
applied for the positions.
-more-
Also in the U.S., some 134,000 Red Cross volunteers have been giving support to military
members and their families. Nearly 1,500 Red Cross volunteers have supplied shelter, food
and other services for the 5,000 U.S. nationals evacuated from the Gulf. The primary Red
Cross service to the 480,000 members of the U.S. armed forces in the Gulf and their
families has been 24-hour-a-day emergency communications. Since last August, the Red
Cross has relayed more than 90,000 emergency messages to and from the Persian Gulf about
births, deaths, serious illnesses and severe family problems.
-30-
AMERICAN RED CROSS
National Headquarters
Washington, D.C.
Middle East Relief Logistics Situation Report
On January 17, 1991, the American Red Cross (ARC) accepted the task
to assist the ICRC by securing and shipping enough relief supplies
to construct a modular camp capable of housing 30,000 persons. By
January 18, OIS had brought in a relief logistics specialist to
manage this project.
The project manager, liaised with Kevin Kelly, GGS in order to
secure in-kind donations. Liaison was also established with Liz
Critchley, GSD to set up a staging point for the centralized
collection and preparation for shipment of the needed relief
supplies and later was asked to liaise with DoD, when DoD agreed to
donate transport of these supplies to the ICRC warehouse in Cyprus.
When it was determined that in-kind donations would be few, a
purchasing officer (Rob Kloak, GSD) was assigned to the project to
purchase the difference in needed supplies.
The actual start of purchase of these items started on February 11,
almost half of the supplies had been purchased by February 25, when
the ICRC requested a halt to any further purchases based upon
probable changes in the situation in the Gulf Region.
On February 12, Atoussa Parsey, Project Manager, Middle East/ North
Africa (MENA) in discussions with Mr. George Sykes at DOD, had
arranged for DoD donated transport of the relief supplies that ARC
was then in the process of securing. The Target date for having
all supplies at the staging point (Jessup, MD) was set as March 8,
1991, with a probable departure "window" set between March 23 - 28.
The original destination had been set as the ICRC warehouse in
Cyprus, however on March 1, ICRC requested that the supplies be
sent to Bahrain, with the Kuwait Red Crescent as the consignee.
As of March 4, the following items had been accepted by the ICRC
for shipment to the Kuwait Red Crescent:
-
594 15M2 Tents
( 33 Pallets)
- 5,000 Kitchen Sets
(100 Pallets)
- 3,000 Kerosene Stoves w/ windshields
( 10 Pallets)
- 22,370 Emergency Candles
( 1 Pallets)
-
5 Water Storage Units w/ pumps
( 2 Pallets)
-
1 MT Handsoap
( 6 Pallets)
I
2,460 Friendship Boxes
( 1 Pallet )
-
Requested Various Medicaments
( 5 Pallets)
- 54,880 Disposeable Diapers
( 12 Pallets)
- -192,456 Sanitary Napkins
( 11 Pallets)
- 14,400 Bottles of Disinfectant
( 9 Pallets)
- 10,200 Cans Baby Formula
( 5 Pallets)
Value of above relief supplies = $ 301,838.- -
Value of DoD donated airfreight= $ 214,000.-
The
51m
American Red Cross
National Headquarters
17th and D Streets, N.W.
Washington, DC 20006
Telephones: Day (202) 639-3200
NEWS RELEASE
Night (202) 737-8300
Fax: (202) 347-1794
FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE
CONTACT: BARBARA LOHMAN
(202) 639-3555
BRIAN RUBERRY
(202) 639-3224
RED CROSS SAYS $30 MILLION GOAL FOR GULF STILL NEEDED
Washington, March 1 --- American Red Cross announced today that
while it is thankful the fighting has stopped in the Persian
Gulf, Red Cross humanitarian efforts on behalf of U.S.
servicemen and women, prisoners of war, and refugees caught in
the conflict must go on.
Last month, the Red Cross announced a $30 million fund
campaign. During a Feb. 19 news conference held at the
organization's national headquarters, American Red Cross
President Elizabeth Dole said that $20 million was needed to
provide service to the U.S. Armed Forces and their families and
the remaining $10 million would go toward international relief
activities.
As of today, the Red Cross has received $1 million in cash
contributions from the public and corporations. As of Feb. 21
nearly $3 million has been spent for Gulf relief activities. But
even with the cease fire, Red Cross says donations are still
needed and the $30 million goal remains.
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HIS 0106 Sept. 1990
American Red Cross
National Headquarters
17th and D Streets, N.W.
Washington, DC 20006
Telephones: Day (202) 639-3200
NEWS RELEASE
Night (202) 737-8300
Fax: (202) 347-1794
FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE
CONTACT: ANN STINGLE
(202) 639-3395
BRIAN RUBERRY
(202) 639-3224
POWS RELEASED TO RED CROSS, ON ROUTE TO AMMAN
Washington, March 4, -- The American Red Cross confirmed today
that a three vehicle convoy of the International Committee of the
Red Cross (ICRC) is now on its way to Amman carrying the 10
prisoners of war released this morning by Iraqi authorities.
The POWs--six American, three British and one Italian--are
accompanied by a delegate and a doctor from the ICRC and are
expected to arrive tonight in the Jordanian capital where they
will be met by representatives of their respective countries.
"It is a profound relief to know that these brave men and women
are finally on their way home to their families," said Elizabeth
Dole, President of the American Red Cross. "Be assurred that the
Red Cross will continue its efforts until all missing and POWs
are accounted for. "
###
HIS 0106 Sept. 1990
RED CROSS, add one:
Mrs. Dole also expressed to her thanks to Cornelio Sommaruga,
president of the ICRC, for the efforts of that organization in
helping to secure the release of the pows. She was in contact
with Mr. Sommaruga as recently as Friday on behalf the prisoners
and the CBS crew released by Iraq this weekend.
###
American Red Cross
National Headquarters
17th and D Streets, N.W.
Washington, DC 20006
Telephones: Day (202) 639-3200
NEWS RELEASE
Night (202) 737-8300
Fax: (202) 347-1794
FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE
CONTACT: ANN STINGLE
(202) 639-3395
BRIAN RUBERRY
(202) 639-3224
RED CROSS SAYS IRAQ TO RELEASE POWS
Washington, March 2, 1991-- The government of Iraq has officially
informed the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) that
it is ready to release and exchange all prisoners of war
immediately, according to the Third Geneva Convention, on the
basis of reciprocity.
The announcement of the intention to release the pows came
following a meeting between the ICRC representatives and the
legal department of the Iraqi government. This is the first
positive indication of intent from authorities in Baghdad to the
ICRC.
"I share the joy of the families of these brave Americans to know
that this tragic ordeal will be soon be over and that they will
be reunited with their loved ones," said Elizabeth Dole,
President of the American Red Cross.
-more-
HIS 0106 Sept. 1990
RED CROSS GOAL --ADD ONE
The Red Cross has committed that as long as U.S. military
remain in the Gulf region American Red Cross workers will stay
with their assigned units delivering emergency messages between
the troops and their families. Other Red Cross services such as
financial aid, counseling, and information and referral help for
service members' families are vital and will continue.
Since the crisis began last August, Red Cross has relayed
nearly 110,000 emergency messages between U.S. forces serving in
the Gulf and their families. One hundred and fifteen American
Red Cross workers are currently in Saudi Arabia delivering birth
notices, serious illness, death, and other critical family
messages to service members.
The International Red Cross and Red Crescent movement may
escalate an already active humanitarian relief effort for
prisoners of war, refugees and other civilians caught up in the
eight month old conflict.
Persons wishing to support the Red Cross Gulf Crisis Fund
may charge contributions to Visa, MasterCard, or American Express
credit cards, or make pledges by calling a toll-free number:
(800) 842-2200. Checks for contributions may be designated to
the "Gulf Crisis Fund" and mailed to American Red Cross, PO Box
37243, Washington, DC 20013. Checks designated "Gulf Crisis
Fund" may also be sent to Red Cross chapters.
-####-
Diame
American Red Cross
National Headquarters
17th and D Streets, N.W.
Washington, DC 20006
Telephones: Day (202) 639-3200
NEWS RELEASE
Night (202) 737-8300
Fax: (202) 347-1794
FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE
CONTACT: Diane Powers
202/639-3225
or
Brian Ruberry
202/639-3224
RED CROSS REACHES OUT TO FAMILIES REUNITING AFTER GULF CRISIS
Troops coping with stress of coming home eligible for help
Washington, March 12 --- Military and reservist families
adjusting to being together after being separated by the Gulf
crisis can now get a helping hand from the Red Cross.
As a result of an agreement reached today between Red Cross
national Headquarters and the National Association of Social
Workers, some Red Cross chapters will work with licensed area
social workers on "reunion programs." These programs are
designed to help both service members and their families make
adjustments to life after the war.
According to Red Cross military and social services
chairman, Weenonah Bayer, "Many Red Cross chapters will sponsor
workshops to help husbands and wives learn to re-establish
intimacy; cope with new parenthood; and, just help families get
on with their lives by getting back into a routine."
The Department of Defense reports that of the 516,000 U.S.
troops in the Gulf some 16,300 are single parents who will also
need to make adjustments to being back home.
-MORE-
HIS 0106 Sept. 1990
RED CROSS REUNION PROGRAM--Add One
The reunion program is just one example of a Red Cross
service developed in response to the Gulf crisis that may become
an ongoing program. Recently the Red Cross successfully
recruited some 3,000 medical professionals to volunteer to work
at domestic military medical facilities. Red Cross medical
volunteers are helping to meet the routine health needs of
installation personnel and their families.
Red Cross humanitarian services to U.S. military personnel
and their families also includes an emergency communications
system that keeps troops in touch with loved ones; and, an
emergency loans and grants program.
For more information about Red Cross services to the
military and their families, contact your local Red Cross
chapter.
People who wish to support the Red Cross Gulf campaign to
help support Red Cross programs for U.S. military and their
families; and, relief efforts for those displaced by the war can
charge contributions to Visa, MasterCard or American Express
credit card, or make pledges by calling a toll-free number: (800)
842-2200. Checks for contributions may be designated to the
"Gulf Crisis Fund" and mailed to American Red Cross, PO Box
36243, Washington, DC 20013. Checks designated "Gulf Crisis
Fund" also may be sent to Red Cross chapters."
#
#
#
American Red Cross
Activities Related to the
Persian Gulf Crisis
All information is current as of the time and date indicated below.
MISSION:
The mission of the American Red Cross in support of Operation Desert Storm is to
provide assistance in maintaining communications between those military person-
nel who have been deployed and their families at home, particularly regarding
medical or other family crises, and other Red Cross services as required. This is
accomplished through the Red Cross network of chapters in communities and
stations on military installations. The American Red Cross is assisting American
nationals as they depart affected countries in the Middle East due to the crisis. As a
member of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement, the American
Red Cross works with the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) and
the League of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies to provide such essential
humanitarian services as shelter, food, and medical supplies for displaced people
and refugees. In addition, the Red Cross offers protection to civilians inside the
conflict zone and works to ensure the humanitarian treatment of all prisoners of
war. The American Red Cross supports the League and ICRC assistance through the
national societies of affected countries by providing funding, in-kind contributions,
and service.
STAFFING:
On August 12, 1990, only five days after President Bush committed U.S. troops to
the Persian Gulf, the first Red Cross staff member arrived in Saudi Arabia. It quickly
became evident that the roster of national mobile staff was inadequate to support
both Operation Desert Shield and on-going service to armed forces world-wide. In
response, Red Cross began to recruit new staff members for specific assignment in
the Persian Gulf area. Many of those recruited were from Red Cross chapters. Staff
members recruited for Operation Desert Shield underwent training at Fort Sam
Houston, Texas in January and February, 1991. Their training included orientation
to the American Red Cross, personnel policies and practices, the work environment
in the Persian Gulf, technical/casework skill development, and stress management.
Red Cross planned a contingent of 154 staff in country by March 1, 1991. Due to
the rapid conduct of the ground war, Red Cross has frozen its staffing at the level
of the end of hostilities. As of March 11, 1991, there are 114 Red Cross staff members
serving in the Persian Gulf area. The American Red Cross will maintain staff in
Southwest Asia to support U.S. forces as long as necessary. If appropriate, Red Cross
is prepared to establish an on-going presence in the area. Red Cross staff assigned
to Operation Desert Shield are prepared to serve overseas for a tour not to exceed
12 months.
EMERGENCY
While the Joint Chiefs of Staff have imposed a "minimize" on all military message
COMMUNICATIONS:
traffic to the area, Red Cross emergency communications is continuing. Red Cross
messages regarding births, illnesses, deaths, and extreme family problems are being
forwarded through the military communications system with an appropriate
precedence. As of February 28, 1991, the following Red Cross message traffic has
been directly associated with Operation Desert Storm:
Messages related to ground units
87,746
Messages related to ships and Marine units afloat
22,620
Total Red Cross message traffic related to ODS
110,366
1
March 12, 1991
NATIONAL GUARD
A substantial number of service members assigned to Operation Desert Shield are
AND RESERVES:
members of the National Guard and Reserves. Once activated, they and their families
are eligible for all Red Cross services to the armed forces. Families of National Guard
and Reservists are often not familiar with the military establishment nor located
near military installations. Red Cross chapters, therefore, play an important role in
providing access to resources and benefits. Red Cross is assisting the Department
of Defense and its 367 Family Centers to provide assistance to families of National
Guard, Reserves, and active duty service members. Every effort is being made to
ensure that family members have knowledge of and access to the family support
structure and, to the greatest extent possible, that they can obtain needed informa-
tion in one or two calls.
MEDICAL
The American Red Cross is cooperating with the military services to accept and
VOLUNTEERS IN
qualify as Red Cross volunteers certain medical personnel who wish to make their
MILITARY HEALTH
services available to military health care facilities. The original need for such
FACILITIES
volunteers arose due to the deployment of regular military medical personnel on
Operation Desert Storm. The Office of the Army Surgeon General has advised Red
Cross that the Medical Volunteer Program fills an ongoing need for military medical
treatment facilities. Medical volunteers will be especially useful during the transi-
tion period as the reserve and national guard personnel return to their homes, and
active duty personnel are assigned back from the Gulf. As of March 7, the Medical
Volunteer Program has received over 3,000 inquiries; 1,300 applications have been
sent to potential volunteers and 400 completed applications have been returned
and applicants assigned to military medical treatment facilities.
This innovative program is possible through a Memorandum of Understanding
signed on November 20, 1990, by the Department of Justice, the Department of
Defense, and the American Red Cross regarding the status of certain American Red
Cross volunteers under the Federal Tort Liability Act. American Red Cross volun-
teers working under the direct supervision and control of Department of Defense
personnel will henceforward be considered employees of the Federal Government
for purposes of the Federal Tort Claims Act. This means that the Federal Govern-
ment intends to defend and indemnify such volunteers in case they are sued for
negligence in the course of their volunteer duties. This memorandum explicitly
covers all American Red Cross volunteers working under the authority and control
of Department of Defense personnel regardless of the nature of the service they
perform and regardless of their professional or para-professional licensure. In other
words, ranging from doctors and nurses to receptionists and escorts, such volun-
teers will come within the protection of the Federal Tort Claims Act.
BLOOD SERVICES
Beginning December 17, 1990, Red Cross began to ship blood to military installa-
SUPPORT TO THE
tions in the Persian Gulf. The blood has been used to aid in the medical treatment
MILITARY:
of U.S. soldiers in the Gulf area. As of March 7, 1991, Red Cross had shipped 10,587
units of blood to the Persian Gulf to supplement U.S. military blood supplies.
TISSUE SERVICES
Red Cross developed plans to supply additional human tissue to the military in the
SUPPORT TO THE
event of casualties related to Operation Desert Storm. Next to blood, the greatest
MILITARY:
health-care need will be skin, which is used as a temporary dressing to aid the
wounded. Bone is also be needed for reconstructive surgeries. Tissue Services
developed outreach programs to deal with possible shortages aimed at the general
public and health-care professionals involved in the donation process. These efforts
would be carried out primarily through Red Cross chapters which provide tissue
services.
2
March 12, 1991
ORDERLY
Red Cross continues to assist American nationals who have departed affected
DEPARTURES AND
countries in the Middle East due to the crisis. The Department of Health and Human
EMERGENCY
Services is coordinating activities under the National Emergency Repatriation Plan.
REPATRIATION:
The plan calls on Red Cross to provide congregate shelter, to do mass feeding, and
to provide first aid. Red Cross has also been asked to provide child care services.
Chapters coordinating the port of entry activities have received tremendous assis-
tance from volunteers and corporations in the surrounding communities. The focus
of repatriation in January was on the initial post-conflict flights from the Middle
East. Local Red Cross units welcomed 2331 U.S. citizens on 15 flights returning
from Turkey, Pakistan, Israel and Saudi Arabia. The Department of Defense ar-
ranged voluntary departure back-haul flights for U.S. citizens who wanted to eave
Saudi Arabia after the war began. These flights did not fall under emergency
repatriation and therefore, were not met by Red Cross units. In February, there
was a definite increase in repatriation cases. Many of the assistance cases have been
Middle Eastern students whose families had to flee Kuwait and could no longer
send them money for tuition or living expenses. Generally, the students were not
aware that they could apply for off-campus work permits. With help from the local
units they are re-accessing district INS offices. Local units are assisting these
students, as well as, repatriated families with any immediate needs while they go
through the application process with immigration and social services. There have
been a few new cases involving repatriates who have been on 90 days of welfare
assistance which has expired and they have not found employment to support the
family. Local units have begun assisting the families while they file for an extension
of welfare through HHS. Many middle easterners may be eligible for extensions on
the grounds of a vocational handicap, i.e., a language barrier.
IN-KIND
Community groups, corporations, and organizations, working through Red Cross
DONATIONS:
chapters and stations across the country, have shown overwhelming support for
the special needs of service men and women in Saudi Arabia. Over 235 tons of male
and female comfort kits, foot powder, chapstick, games, peanuts, powdered drink
mix, soap, stamps, stationery, suntan lotion, toiletries, fly-strips, and ziplock bags
have been shipped to Saudi Arabia for use by U.S. service members.
REUNION
As soldiers begin to return from Operation Desert Storm to reunite with family
PROGRAMS
members and friends, there are critical issues that must be addressed to enhance
the reunion process. For many couples, the first weeks of reunion are the most
challenging part of the whole deployment experience. Service members and their
families may need assistance in making the reunion period a positive, enriching time
for couples by helping them to appreciate and encourage their partner's growth
and the changes that have taken place during the separation. Red Cross chapters
are using the Guide to Developing and Conducting Reunion Programs, prepared
by Army Community Services, as a resource for providing reunion programs in
civilian communities. Additionally, on March 12, 1991, the American Red Cross and
the National Association of Social Workers (NASW) will sign an agreement which
will establish ways for NASW members to volunteer to lead support groups for
military families and encourage social workers to work with chapters to lead
reunion programs.
INTERNATIONAL
Soon after hostilities commenced in the Gulf region in the early hours of 17 January
SERVICES
1991, the ICRC President in Geneva issued a statement reminding all parties to the
conflict of the principles and rules of international humanitarian law, more specifi-
cally, the Geneva Conventions of 1949 for the protection of war victims. He
emphasized, however, that the fulfillment of the ICRC mandate will only be possible
if the ICRC delegates in the field are given access to the victims in need of protection
and assistance.
3
March 12, 1991
Over the past weeks the National Societies and their federation, the League, have
been in close contact with ICRC Headquarters in order to enable the International
Red Cross Movement to meet all needs in the most effective way possible. In this
regard, the ICRC and the League signed a memorandum of understanding on 16
January whereby the ICRC will assume the general direction of International Red
Cross and Red Crescent actions in the current crisis. The ICRC will assume those
responsibilities conferred on it by the Geneva Conventions and Statutes of the
Movement, particularly in the field of protection, tracing, dissemination, and relief
actions in the conflict zone. The League and, under its coordination, National
Societies will provide specific services in non-conflict areas, particularly in favor of
refugees and displaced persons or wounded evacuees from the conflict zone.
Should the need arise, the ICRC will authorize League/National Society relief actions
within the conflict zones. When the armed conflict and the mandated role of the
ICRC is completed, the League will assume responsibility for operations. A special
emergency appeal of $112,800,000 has been launched for the humanitarian actions
of the International Red Cross Movement regarding the victims of war in the Gulf
region. This amount includes donations in cash and kind.
The following is a summary of ICRC, League/National Societies Preparedness plans
for the Gulf region.
ICRC Preparedness for the Gulf Region: In recent weeks, the ICRC has under-
taken measures to deal effectively with new waves of displaced persons and to
address specific humanitarian needs inside Kuwait. The ICRC has stored equipment
and material in Cyprus and Europe for the rapid construction anywhere in the
Middle East of 7 to 8 mobile camps with a total capacity to serve up to 300,000. The
cost of maintaining one camp for 20,000 people for a period of 3 months is estimated
at approximately $ 4.5 million. Teams of more than 50 ICRC delegates, including
medical staff are on standby at IGRC Geneva Headquarters for immediate departure
as needed and 90 ICRC delegates are already in the region. ICRC delegates are also
ready to leave for Gulf countries to carry out visits to POWs.
League Preparedness for the Gulf Region: It is foreseen that League action will
focus on assistance to persons outside the area of potential conflict and on
reconstruction when appropriate under the League mandate. The League has also
launched an appeal for $3.4 million in cash, kind, services to provide preparedness
resources for the Kuwaiti National Society at its present location in Bahrain.
Concerning Iraq, the League and some National Societies provided the country with
medicines and the League is ready to assist with eventual needs in rehabilitation
when this falls within its mandate.
Preparatory measures undertaken by the National Societies:
Jordan: The Jordanian Red Crescent (JRC) has upgraded the capacity of the two
refugee camps at Azraq and has 80 personnel (20 permanent staff; another 60,
including 20 doctors, on 24-hour call) on standby in case of a major new influx.
The combined capacity of Azraq I and II is 35,000-40,000 people with the possibility
of expansion. Sufficient stocks are available to take care of 50,000 people for a
two-week period.
Egypt: Egyptian Red Crescent (ERC) action to date with regard to returnees has
been more focused on long-term integration than immediate relief. The 11
branches, including those around the most likely ports of entry, have been identified
to receive basic relief supplies through local purchase.
4
March 12, 1991
Yemen: Some 700,000 to 800,000 people have returned although the influx has
slowed of late. Two League staff and one long-term delegate are currently in Yemen
working with the Yemen Red Crescent.
Turkey: The Turkish Red Crescent (TRC) was extensively involved in providing
medicine, food, and shelter to the earlier wave of evacuees. The Bureau for Refugee
Programs estimates that 1,000 displaced persons are now in Turkey, of which more
than 900 arrived during the August-October migration.
Syria: Six locations have been selected for possible transit and/or refugee camp
sites. Under League coordination, material to meet the needs of 35,000 persons has
been stored in Damascus for use in these camps which will be erected as needed.
The Bureau for Refugee Programs reports that less than 600 displaced persons
remain in Syria, many of whom arrived during the August-October migration.
Iran: Approximately 7,000 displaced persons have arrived in Iran since the com-
mencement of hostilities, according to Refugee Programs sources. Unconfirmed
reports indicate that some Iraqi Kurds have entered Iran and have been absorbed
into Kurdish villages.
Saudi Arabia: The Saudi Arabian Red Crescent (SARC) was able to handle effectively
the arrival of displaced persons in Fall 1990 without outside assistance. This is due
in part to the fact that the SARC has its own substantial resources and the full
backing of its government. Moreover, the National Society has extensive experience
in handling large numbers of people as a result of the annual pilgrimage.
Specific international services provided by the American Red Cross:
Tracing or location of victims involved in the conflict; inquiries about civilians,
American, Iraqi, and other soldiers. This service is provided through the Central
Tracing Agency (CTA) of the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC).
Tracing of and exchange of messages between prisoners-of-war (POWs) and
their families in the United States. This service is provided to families of
American, Iraqi, and other nationals who have been affected by the conflict.
Provide direct support for International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement
relief and humanitarian operation in the affected region. Assistance will be
provided in the form of cash, in-kind and service - when applicable - to the
League of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (League) and the International
Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC).
Provide direct assistance for the relief operations of American Red Cross
counterparts in other countries (Red Cross, Red Crescent, and the Magen David
Adom national societies) if needs indicate.
Provide up-to-date information on the relief and humanitarian activities of the
International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement to over 2,700 American
Red Cross chapters throughout the United States, government, non-govern-
ment and private agencies in the United States.
Coordinate U.S.-Private Voluntary Organizations' (PVO) assistance to ICRC and
League operations in the region.
5
March 12, 1991
American Red Cross
National Headquarters
To:
See distribution below
Date:
March 12, 1991
From: Brian Ruberry BR
Subject:
Media Contacts Report
Media Relations Manager
This is the fourth update on interviews, articles and other media placements regarding
Red Cross activities during the Gulf Crisis. It covers primarily the period of
Feburary 28 through March 6, but picks up some additional contact information
dating back to February 21.
Two recent Red Cross events have generated substantial media coverage. Nine Voice
of America reporters attended a briefing provided by Jose Aponte and distributed the
information through different 46 VOA language services. Feedback from the chapters
indicates that at least 50 local media outlets covered the earlier "Crosslink" program
on the Geneva Conventions; there could be more than we haven't been told about.
Since January 15, the day before the fighting began, we've handled nearly 650 media
calls. A log of media calls and selected clippings related to the Gulf crisis are
attached.
Distribution:
Jose Aponte
Jim Krueger
Nonah Bayer
Frank Larkin
Julie Bingham
Karen Lipton
Jack Campbell
Janis MacCrae
Jenna Dorn
Sally MacDonald
Peter Drucker
Jeff McCullough
Joan Dubinsky
Mary Lou McCutcheon
John Fong
Bill Martin
Lois Fu
George Moody
Fred Gervasi
Al Panico
Bud Good
Virginia Pie'
Jim Hale
Diane Powers
John Heubusch
Kathy Ramsperger
Jim Hladecek
Steve Richards
Kathy Houlihan
Sally Stewart
Gwen Jackson
6,658 kids for
desert dads
By Andrea Stone
USA TODAY 3/5/91
Military families will be
making room for new dads.
At least 6,658 babies have
made new fathers of U.S.
servicemen in the gulf, says
the American Red Cross,
which delivers the news.
As troops prepare to
come home, men who've
only seen their kids in snap-
shots or videos will meet
them for the first time.
"He can't wait to be a
daddy," says Stacy Vicknair
of her Marine husband,
James, who'll get to meet 2.
month-old Kirstie.
Vicknair - on leave at
Camp Lejeune, N.C., to see
his ailing father-in-law -
may see his child today.
Others won't get the
chance. At least three died
before seeing their new-
borns. Army Sgt. Brian
Scott of Park Falls, Wis.,
died Feb. 26, two days after
Casey Patrick was born.
But most dads will return
and make up lost time.
Marine Staff Sgt. William.
Foote of Sneads Ferry, N.C.,
"missed the first smile" of
William II, born Jan. 18,
five days after Dad left.
Says Foote's wife, Lori:
"There'll be lots more."
ed Cross
THE NURSING SPECTRUM
Expands
Volume 1, No. 5
March 4, 1991
Role
During
War
Rita Jensen, RN, BSN
The American Red Cross (ARC) has
Another war-time function of the
stepped up its services to include war-
ple, if both parents in a family have
ARG is to supply blood for the troops
time activities.
been deployed and a child-care emer-
in the war zone. The Red Cross ships
gency arises at home, the Red Cross
300 to 1,000 units of blood to the Gulf
For example: the ARC, in an agree-
will help arrange military leave for one
each week. depending on military re
ment with the Justice Department and
of the parents. The ARC will refer mili-
quests. (The American Association of
the Department of Defense, is recruit-
tary families undergoing financial strain
Blood Banks also sends 300 units a
ing healthcare professionals who want
to agencies that can help them.
to donate their services in stateside
week: in addition, the military has its
OWN supply.)
military hospitals. Some of the hospi-
tals have staff shortages because of per-
sonnel deployed to the Persian Gulf:
The ARC sends emergency messages
THE RED CROSS SHIPS
from-home, such as news of birth,
While volunteers from the community
300 TO 1,000 UNITS OF
death, or serious illness of a family
could relieve those shortages, the mili-
BLOOD TO THE GULF
tary is not allowed to actively recruit ci-
member, to troops in the Gulf and en-
EACH WEEK
vilian healthcare volunteers. The ARC
sures that leave is granted, if necessary.
has stepped in to coordinate the effort.
An emergency message is sent to the
Gulf via Telex about every 26 seconds.
"The civilian healthcare community
Since August; 82,316 messages have
Some local ARC chapters have
been relaved.
started support groups for military fam-
has been both swift and generous in its
ilies: nurses are encouraged to donate
response to the volunteer program. It
their services at these sessions.
feels a little like borrowing a page
from history, said Weenonah Baver.
"THE CIVILIAN
For more information on ARC activi-
TRC military and
Tyles chair
HEALTH CARE
COMMUNITY HAS
ties, OF to volunteer, call 202.639-
woman. Baver Wills referring 111 world
BEEN BOTH SWIFT
3200.
11.11 11, when Red Cross nursing and
medical volunteers often filled in for
AND GENEROUS
military personnel who had been sent
IN ITS
Rita Jensen, RN, BSN, works
RESPONSE TO
in the ICU at Arlington
overseas.
THE VOLUNTEER
Hospital and is an Editorial
PROGRAM"
Assistant at The Nursing.
Spectrum.
The Red Cross also arranges help
for military families in crisis; for exam-
UPI, March 6, 1991 0736
POW exchange begins; loyalist Iraqis said to prevail in rebellions
By THOMAS FERRARO
United Press International
RED CROSS planes flew to Baghdad Wednesday to return nearly 300 Iraqi
prisoners of war and pick up 35 allied troops captured during the Persian Gulf
war, while loyalist Iraqi forces were said to gain the upper hand against
rebellions in some areas of the troubled nation.
Two planes of the International Committee of the RED CROSS carrying 294
Iraqi POWs arrived in the Iraqi capital from Saudi Arabia, and one was to
return with the freed allied prisoners, who Iraq said were the last remaining
coalition troops in its custody.
The 35 allied POWs were released Tuesday by Iraqi authorities to Red Cross
officials. They are the second group of POWs freed by Iraq since fighting
ended Feb. 28 after 43 days. They include 15 Americans, nine Britons, nine
Saudis, one Kuwaiti and one Italian.
Among the Americans was one woman, Maj. Rhonda L. Cornum, 36, of
Freeville, N.Y., who had been listed as missing in action as recently as
Monday.
The prisoner exchange was to have taken place Tuesday but was delayed by
bad weather.
Two ICRC MD-82 aircraft carried 294 Iraqi POWs from the northern Saudi
city of Hafr al Batin to Baghdad after the prisoners were questioned "to
determine their willingness to return to Iraq, said Jean Rigopolo, the ICRC
official responsible for POW operations in Saudi Arabia.
Rigopolo, in Riyadh, said there were no officers among the Iraqi group.
Allied forces are now holding about 63,000 Iraqi POWs.
Meanwhile, at least 25 Western journalists remained missing in southeastern
Iraq. U.S. sources in Riyadh said 11 journalists were reported missing after
passing a U.S. checkpoint on the way from Kuwait City to cover the unrest in
the Basra region.
In another report, the French Foreign Ministry said 15 French
journalists--one of them among the 11 cited by U.S. officials--had been missing
in southeastern Iraq since Sunday.
As the rebellions continued in southeastern Iraqi, U.N. Ambassador Abdul
Amir Al-Anbari said Tuesday the control of Basra, the nation's second-largest
city, by pro-Saddam troops would help the Iraqi government locate the group of
missing Western journalists.
"It's a very difficult situation," Al-Anbari said. "But the military
authorities are now in control in Basra and I hope that it would be possible for
us to verify and locate everyone (of the journalists) and ensure their safety,"
he said.
U.S. officials said even if Saddam Hussein's forces succeed in quelling the
revolt, the unrest probably would lead to his eventual downfall.
In many cases, the uprisings taking place in at least nine areas of Iraq were
between the majority Shiite Muslims and the minority Sunni Muslims, of which
Saddam is one.
U.S. officials said forces loyal to Saddam appeared to have regained control
in some cities and towns but anti-government demonstrations continued in
portions of southern Iraq.
The Pentagon said two Iraqi brigades, a mechanized and armored, were
being sent south from northern Iraq, apparently to quell the uprisings in as
many as a dozen cities. Rear Adm. Mike McConnell, director of intelligence
for the Joint Chiefs of Staff, described the uprisings as "spontaneous."
He said it could take Saddam's forces six months to a year to regain
control, but said, "I believe they probably will be successful in putting this
down because of the lack of organization and leadership."
But he added, "He may be sowing the seeds of his own destruction in the
long term. I think in the long-term Saddam Hussein is going to find it difficult
to maintain his control on this nation of 17 million people
I think the people
of the country over time are not going to be satisfied with that leadership."
And in the wake of rising tension inside Iraq, a Tehran-based newspaper
called on Saddam to resign for the good of the people and to prevent further
bloodshed.
In an editorial Tuesday, the English-language Tehran Times said now that
Saddam has fully accepted allied conditions, he must be held accountable for all
the destruction inflicted on the country and its people.
On Tuesday, Iraq released to the International Committee of the RED
CROSS what it said were the last allied prisoners of war it held, but the 35
could not be flown to Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, because of poor weather. The
return flight of that plane to Baghdad was to bring about 300 Iraqi prisoners
now in allied control to their country.
The group of 35 allied prisoners included 15 Americans, nine Britons, nine
Saudis, an Italian and a Kuwaiti.
On Monday, Iraq released 10 POWs, the first prisoners to be let go.
The allies hold a huge number of Iraqi prisoners, estimated by the Pentagon
at 66,000. Because of the number, completing the repatriation of the Iraqi
prisoners could take many months, RED CROSS sources said in Geneva.
Complicating the process, Riyadh Radio reported, "Thousands of Iraqi
prisoners of war are telling RED CROSS representatives they do not want to
return to Iraq for fear of execution for deserting or surrendering."
British Prime Minister John Major was scheduled to visit war-torn Kuwait
City Wednesday, becoming the first leader of a coalition nation to visit Kuwait
since the allies successfully liberated it from Iraqi occupation. Major spent
Tuesday in Moscow, conferring with Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev on
the Baltic republics and a Middle East peace settlement.
As residents of Kuwait showed signs of progress in getting their country back
to something resembling normality, President Bush moved ahead in trying to
establish a new order in the Middle East.
Bush, who met with Republican congressional leaders at the White House,
was expected to outline some of his plans for bringing stability to the volatile
region when he addresses a joint session of Congress at 9 p.m. EST
Wednesday.
Meanwhile, Secretary of State James Baker leaves later this week for an
extensive trip to the Middle East and the Soviet Union to help develop a new
strategy in the region.
"The secretary obviously has a big task ahead of him, and he's going to be
trying to get a lay of the land in terms of what the Arab countries perceive as
the next steps of what can be feasible and what cannot be feasible, White
House spokesman Roman Popadiuk said.
Major also is scheduled to meet with President Bush in Bermuda March 16 to
discuss post-war scenarios in the Persian Gulf. The discussions come after Bush
meets with Canadian Prime Minister Brian Mulroney in Ottawa March 13 and
French President Francois Mitterrand in Martinque the following day.
Reuter, March 5, 1991
Red Cross Registers 50,000 Iraqi POWs, No Access to Kuwaitis
The International Committee of the RED CROSS (ICRC) has registered
50,000 Iraqi prisoners of war so far but has been denied access to Kuwaitis
believed to be held by Iraq, an ICRC spokesman said on Tuesday.
Iraq released 35 POWs on Tuesday, but only one was Kuwaiti. Kuwait's
ambassador to the United Nations, Mohammed Abulhasan, said on Friday that
Iraq was holding 8,600 Kuwaiti POWs and 22,000 Kuwaiti civilians.
Some give a higher figure: U.S. General Norman Schwarzkopf spoke on
Sunday of 40,000 Kuwaitis in Iraqi hands.
The ICRC could give no figures but Angelo Gnaedinger, the organisation's
top Middle East representative, is in Baghdad for talks on this and other issues.
Another ICRC spokesman, Jette Sorensen, said the RED CROSS considered
the invasion and occupation of Kuwait on August 2 an international conflict.
It said soldiers captured from then on were protected by the Third Geneva
Convention of 1949. Any civilian hostages taken by the Iraqis were protected
by the Fourth Geneva Convention, which says civilians should not be deported.
The ICRC's Geneva headquarters confirmed that Iraq handed over 35
POWs--15 Americans, nine Britons, nine Saudis, one Italian and a Kuwaiti--to
its Baghdad delegation.
A statement said the POWs would fly to Riyadh on a RED CROSS plane,
accompanied by an ICRC representative and doctor, as soon as weather
permitted.
Sorensen said the 50,000 Iraqi POWs registered so far were seen in eight
camps. She said she presumed there were more to be registered but she did not
have numbers.
U.S. Brigadier-General Richard Neal said in Saudi Arabia on Sunday that
the allies held 63,400 Iraqi POWs.
ICRC staff must interview. a prisoner of war in private before he is sent
home to make sure he is not being forced to return. This still has to be done
with most of the 50,000.
HEADLINE Blood donations up
DATE
03/05/91
SOURCE USA TODAY (USAT)
(Copyright 1991)
A 10% jump in blood donors in January, officials at the American Red
Cross believe, resulted from concern for troops in the Persian Gulf.
Donors
January 1990
476,486
January 1991
523,668
Source: American RED CROSS
@Art: GRAPHIC;color,Elys McLean-Ibrahim, USA
HEADLINE 6,658 kids for desert dads
Byline: Andrea Stone
DATE 03/05/91
SOURCE USA TODAY (USAT)
(Copyright 1991)
Military families will be making room for new dads.
At least 6,658 babies have made new fathers of U.S. servicemen in the gulf,
says the American RED CROSS, which delivers the news.
As troops prepare to come home, men who've only seen their kids in
snapshots or videos will meet them for the first time.
"He can't wait to be a daddy," says Stacy Vicknair of her Marine
husband, James, who'll get to meet 2-month-old Kirstie.
Vicknair - on leave at Camp Lejeune, N.C., to see his ailing father-in-law -
may see his child today.
Others won't get the chance. At least three died before seeing their
newborns. Army Sgt. Brian Scott of Park Falls, Wis., died Feb. 26, two days
after Casey Patrick was born.
But most dads will return and make up lost time.
Marine Staff Sgt. William Foote of Sneads Ferry, N.C., "missed the first
smile" of William II, born Jan. 18, five days after Dad left.
Says Foote's wife, Lori: "There'll be lots more."
HEADLINE Hopes high for allied POWs
Byline: Tom Squitieri
DATE
03/04/91
SOURCE USA TODAY (USAT)
(Copyright 1991)
Some U.S. prisoners of war could be out of Iraq as early as today after a
signal Sunday from the Iraqis.
Iraq's U.N. Ambassador Abdul Amir Anbari said 10 allied POWs,
including six Americans - one a woman - were already released "as a gesture
of good will."
Neither the Pentagon nor RED CROSS could confirm that.
Iraq is known to have held 13 allied POWs, including nine Americans, two
Britons, an Italian and a Kuwaiti. All the POWs listed are men.
Anbari's reference to a woman could be Army Spec. Melissa
Rathbun-Nealy, who had been listed as missing in action. She is the only U.S.
woman listed as missing.
At least 80,000 Iraqis are in allied POW camps.
The International Committee of the RED CROSS is scheduled today to
begin its first steps in processing POWs.
The work follows Friday's breakthrough with Iraq's legal division, which
gave "the first positive indication
of Iraq's intent to follow through with
compliance with the Geneva Conventions," said RED CROSS spokesman Ann
Stingle.
Iraq had rebuffed RED CROSS efforts to meet POWS. The organization
has had regular access to Iraqi POWs in Saudi Arabia, seeing more than 1,200
prior to the ground war.
First step today: collecting POW names and locations - including those of
Kuwaiti soldiers captured during the Aug. 2 invasion and thousands of civilians
taken later.
Each person will be interviewed without witnesses to determine their
willingness to be repatriated. No POW can be forced to return home.
Thirty RED CROSS workers are in Baghdad; 23 are working in Riyadh,
Saudi Arabia.
CUTLINE: SURROUNDED: U.S. troops search an Iraqi soldier after he
surrendered in Kuwait City Sunday. He said he gave up to them because he
feared the Kuwaitis. He was later turned over to them.
Reuter, March 5, 1991 0643
BAD WEATHER MAY DELAY IRAQI PRISONER RELEASE -U.S.
RIYADH, March 5, Reuter - Bad weather may delay the release of around
300 Iraqi prisoners-of-war due to be sent back to Iraq on Tuesday, U.S.
Military sources said.
The Iraqi prisoners were due to be flown home in two RED CROSS aircraft
from an undisclosed airstrip in Saudi Arabia but poor weather made the flight
uncertain, a U.S. Military official said.
The immediate exchange of prisoners of war was agreed at ceasefire talks in
occupied Iraq on Monday between U.S. Commander. General Norman
Schwarzkopf and senior Iraqi officers.
"The planes are ready. The prisoners àre ready. The problem is the weather
in Baghdad. The winds are tremendous," the official, who asked not to be
identified, told Reuters.
The U.S.-led coalition which crushed the Iraqi army in a six -week war over
Kuwait said on Monday it would free about 300 Iraqi prisoners on Tuesday in
response to Iraq's release of 10 allied prisoners.
Washington Post, March 5, 1991
Iraq Releases 10 POWs, 6 American; Some Repatriated
to U.S. Had Been Listed as MIA; Hopes Rise for Others
By Dan Balz and Lee Hockstader
Washington Post Staff Writers
Iraq yesterday freed 10 allied prisoners of war, including six Americans, but
President Bush, while welcoming the action, said he would not be satisfied until
all those held or missing in Iraq, including Kuwaiti citizens, are released.
The six Americans released included Army Spec. Melissa Rathbun-Nealy of
Grand Rapids, Mich., the only military woman reported missing, and Navy Lt.
Jeffrey Zaun of Cherry Hill, N.J., who was shot down on the first day of the
war and whose badly beaten face was shown on Iraqi television shortly
thereafter.
Dressed in bright yellow Iraqi uniforms with the letters "P:W." sewn on the
front, the allied prisoners, after a lunch of sandwiches, soda and hot
chocolate, were taken by the International Committee of the RED CROSS to
Amman, Jordan. The Americans were met there by U.S. Ambassador Roger
Harrison and were to be flown later to the U.S. hospital ship Mercy off Bahrain
for examination. All appeared to be in good condition
Journalists in Baghdad were allowed to photograph but not interview the
prisoners as they were being transferred to the RED CROSS. One had his arm
in a sling. An unidentified prisoner, responding to shouted questions, smiled
and said, "I feel great."
Angelo Gnaedinger, the RED CROSS delegate general for the Middle East,
said he had spoken with all the former prisoners and that they seemed "in rather
good shape." He said a RED CROSS doctor had examined them in Baghdad.
Until yesterday, Iraqi had refused repeated requests by the RED CROSS to
see or interview prisoners held there. But Gnaedinger said he had assurances
that the Iraqis would make available those still being held "basically
immediately."
Further prisoner exchanges may be slowed by chaotic conditions in Iraq,
which [Lt. Gen. Thomas] Kelly [operations director for the Joint Chiefs of
Staff] described as "bollixed up" by the wartime damage and compounded in
some towns by a state of "insurrection, a civil war, civil disobedience or what
have you."
The freed prisoners will be asked whether they had been mistreated by the
Iraqis while in custody. Any apparent violation of the Geneva Conventions
"will go into a data bank for future actions, obviously," Kelly said.
Fitzwater said that while U.S. officials are collecting evidence of possible
war crimes, Kuwait and other countries in the region should take the lead in
deciding whether to seek trials for Saddam or others
Staff writers Barton Gellman and Dana Priest contributed to this report.
Hockstader reported from Baghdad, where he was subjected to Iraqi censorship.
Reuter, March 4, 1991 0753
ICRC RELEASES NAMES OF FREED POWS
The International Committee of the RED CROSS (ICRC) released the
following names for the 10 allied prisoners of war freed by Iraq on Monday:
The ICRC declined to give their ranks. The names could not be
independently confirmed.
Americans:
Robert Wetzel; Lawrence Randoph Slade; Melissa Anne Rathbun-Nealy;
David Lockett; Jeffrey Norton Zaun; Thoral Eduard Griffith.
British:
Malcolm Graham MacGown; John Peters; Ian Robert Pring.
Italians:
Maurizio Cocciolone.
HEADLINE Nationalist Struggle Stalls Armenia Quake Recovery / DAILY
BRIEFING
Byline: Francis X. Clines
Credit: New York Times
DATE
03/04/91
SOURCE THE SAN FRANCISCO CHRONICLE (SFC)
Origin: Spitak, U.S.S.R.
(Copyright 1991)
Government officials now concede that most of the ambitious plans for
recovery from the Armenian earthquake of 1988 are in disarray.
Eighty percent of the 250,000 survivors still live in makeshift huts and tents
two months after the two-year reconstruction deadline amid the general morass
of the nation's economic failure and nationalist struggles with the Kremlin.
Precious building materials are systematically taken by black marketeers, by
rivals in the Soviet Union's interethnic imbroglios and by hard-pressed victims
of the Dec. 7, 1988, earthquake, which took some 25,000 lives.
Progress by charities and construction teams has been stalled by the
destructive struggle for authority between the Kremlin and the republics.
The new democratic Armenian republic, which is boycotting President
Mikhail Gorbachev's March 17 referendum on continuing the union, is
attempting to assume direct control of the earthquake recovery effort.
TROUBLE AT HOME
"Many of the rebuilding teams are leaving because they are from separate
republics declaring their own sovereignties and are being called back to see to
their own problems at home," said Ashot Sarkisian, president of the Armenian
RED CROSS.
In addition, armed ethnic battles, refugee upheavals and railroad blockades of
food and raw material sent through hostile Azerbaijan have strangled the supply
of building materials, and those foreign charities willing to persevere under
such hostile conditions have begun to truck or fly in material on their own,
according to the Red Cross.
Current needs vary from critical shortages in lumber, electricity and gasoline
to food staples such as butter, which has not been available for months.
CONFLICTING NEEDS
The survivors' search for food and shelter is compounded by an additional
300,000 refugees engulfing Armenia as a result of ethnic persecutions and
battles in neighboring Azerbaijan.
The recovery scene in this valley seems part Klondike and part Hades:
Half-finished, boxy emergency huts are becoming permanent shelters in a
muddy jumble of rubble.
Several pristine new villages of simple, durable cottages dot the hillsides,
mostly the work of foreign charities. But one was erroneously built far beyond
usable utilities lines and another remains half vacant because it is far from the
mountain bus route.
KREMLIN PROMISES
Levon Ter-Petrosian, leader of the republic's independence campaign against
the Kremlin, said the Kremlin plan for rebuilding earthquake-damaged areas
was "a hoax."
"Of course, we remain so grateful to all the dear people who help us, at
home and overseas," said Sarkisian. But he stressed that the nation's unraveling
political life had cast a fresh pall over the valley. "The highly politicized
attitude of the nation's people is not helping us at all."
He said that despite Gorbachev's continued avowals of the fullest help, the
Kremlin's two-year, 10-billion-ruble recovery plan has ground to a halt with
perhaps 2 billion rubles spent and the national budget near collapse.
"Armenia is having to pick up the pieces," Sarkisian said, "and it will take
something like 15 years, not two, with today's limited capacities."
Reuter, March 4, 1991 0611
TEN ALLIED POWS HANDED TO RED CROSS IN BAGHDAD
BAGHDAD, March 4, Reuter - Iraq handed ten allied prisoners of war,
including a woman, to the RED CROSS in Baghdad Monday. Their
nationalities were not given.
Journalists saw the prisoners arrive at the al-Rashid hotel in a white
minibus with closed curtains. An Iraqi brigadier in a white car accompanied
them.
They looked fit and healthly and were dressed in yellow prisoner of war
uniforms.
The men's heads were shaven. One POWs' right arm was bandaged and in a
sling.
They were taken to the Novotel hotel with three television crews. Iraqi
officials did not allow other journalists to accompany the POWs.
The ten -- believed to be six Americans, three Britons and an Italian --
would be driven to Jordan later in the day and given over to their embassies, a
senior RED CROSS official told reporters in the Iraqi capital.
Reuter, March 3, 1991 1007
IRAQ NEEDS BIG AID PROGRAMME, RELIEF OFFICIALS
By Paul Holmes
BAGHDAD, March 3, Reuter - Iraq needs massive aid to restore water
supplies and health services after the Gulf War, senior relief agency officials
said.
But it could be at least two weeks before they can assess damage from
U.S.-led air raids and work out a programme.
"It's a country of 18 mln people and we don't yet know to what extent vital
installations were destroyed and how quickly certain areas can be repaired,"
Andreas Wigger, chief delegate of the International Committee of the RED
CROSS (ICRC), said in an interview.
Wigger said the ICRC was seeking Iraqi permission, denied until now, to
send health workers and other staff to provincial areas to assess needs.
Surveys so far have been limited to Baghdad, where an ICRC sanitation
engineer met water authority officials last week.
A joint mission of the United Nations children's fund (UNICEF) and the
World Health Organisation (WHO) has also visited the Iraqi capital.
"We are still in the process of ascertaining what is needed and then once we
consolidate good data we can act rapidly," said Ezio Gianni Murzi, UNICEF's
permanent representative to Baghdad.
Murzi said there was already a clear need for drinking water, powdered
baby milk or alternatives and vaccines against the main killer diseases.
"Vaccine programmes have come to a virtual halt," he said.
Electricity and most clean water supplies stopped in Baghdad after air raids
on utility plants began.
Baghdad Radio said on Saturday that electricity should be restored to parts
of the capital during the hours of darkness from Sunday night. It said all the
city would get power after dark within seven days.
Wigger said the ICRC has so far trucked to Iraq 100 tonnes of medical
supplies, donated by RED CROSS and Red Crescent societies. A further 150
tonnes were waiting to be trucked in from Iran and Jordan.
A Swiss mobile treatment plant that can purify 80,000 litres a day of river
water was due to arrive in Baghdad from Tehran on Tuesday, he added.
Murzi said per capita daily supplies of clean water in Baghdad, a city of
4.5 mln people, were now 15 to 25 litres compared with 250 to 300 litres
before the war.
"We would like to see people have 40 litres of drinking water in a short
time, especially before the hot weather arrives," Wigger added.
Wigger said the ICRC knew nothing about southern Iraq, parts of which are
occupied by allied forces pending a ceasefire agreement.
Ibrahim al-Noori, head of Iraq's Red Crescent Society, said conditions in
the southern city of Basra, pounded by six weeks of allied air raids, were
likely to be worse than Baghdad.
But he said precise knowledge was difficult to obtain because of damage to
telecommunications and lack of petrol.
"The information coming from the south is that disease is now increasing
among children and adults because of deficiency in food and loss of hygienic
conditions," Noori said.
Most aid so far has come from Scandanivian RED CROSS societies and
Red Crescent societies in Morocco, India, Algeria and Jordan. Wigger said aid
from elsewhere was likely to follow when needs were known.
American Red Cross
National Headquarters
17th and D Streets, N.W.
Washington, DC 20006
Telephones: Day (202) 639-3200
NEWS RELEASE
Night (202) 737-8300
Fax: (202) 347-1794
FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE
CONTACT: Diane Powers
January 28, 1991
(202) 639-3225
Brian Ruberry
(202) 639-3224
EDITORS: If you plan a story describing involvement of
local Red Cross chapters with the Persian Gulf conflict, please
call Diane Powers at (202) 639-3225 for the names and numbers of
contacts at the chapters.
RED CROSS CHAPTERS NATIONWIDE AIDING GULF CONFLICT PERSONNEL
WASHINGTON, Jan. 28 -- From South Carolina's coastal
lowcountry to Kentucky's bluegrass country, from snow-covered
Ohio to sun-drenched southern Florida, American Red Cross
volunteers are providing humanitarian services for participants
in the Persian Gulf conflict and their families.
Basic Red Cross services to military families include
emergency communication, information and financial assistance.
But chapters often go far beyond that, depending on local needs.
Here is a sampling of what the nation's 2,700 Red Cross
chapters are doing to help armed forces members and their
families cope with the conflict in the Persian Gulf:
CHARLESTON, S.C. -- With a number of large naval and
veterans' hospitals, this area is designated as one of 22 sites
across the country where the war's wounded may be returning for
hospitalization and treatment.
HIS 0106 Sept. 1990
Red Cross Chapters/Desert Storm
Page 2
The Carolina Lowcountry chapter of the Red Cross has
organized a military support task force that includes local
hospitals, military services, the Chamber of Commerce and the
United Way.
The task force will act as a clearinghouse to provide
military family members with information on motel and hotel room
availability. It also has negotiated special rates on rooms and
at local restaurants.
The task force is arranging escorts, local transportation,
child care, counseling and entertainment for military family
members, who may face delays of a day or two before they will be
allowed to see the wounded.
The Red Cross chapter also is training several hundred local
residents as volunteers, not only for its own operations, but
also for other local service and support agencies.
LEXINGTON, KY. -- Though this area has no major military
facilities, it is another site where Gulf casualties will be
returning. The Bluegrass Area Red Cross chapter is training 50
volunteers to feed police, medical emergency, military and other
people who will be smoothing arrival of the wounded at Bluegrass
Airport.
The chapter has arranged with local hotels and motels to
donate rooms for families who will be visiting wounded service
personnel.
more
Red Cross Chapters/Desert Storm
Page 3
More than 100 local residents are taking part in a military
family support group set up by the chapter. It also is
recruiting social workers, child psychologists and psychiatric
nurses to work with children of military personnel.
CANTON, OHIO -- Several hundred military family members are
attending three support groups organized by the Canton chapter
and meeting twice monthly, and the chapter is training 15
additional volunteers for its support hotline.
Three military units from the Canton area, totalling about
700 people, have been called up for duty in Saudi Arabia. Before
they left, the chapter arranged group and individual briefings to
explain services available to armed forces members and families.
SAN ANTONIO, TEX. -- With three Air Forces bases and Fort
Sam Houston nearby, the San Antonio chapter went to 24-hour
operations when war started in the Persian Gulf. It is handling
more than 100 calls a day for military family assistance.
Kelly Air Force Base is a reception point for casualties who
will be treated at area military hospitals, and the chapter and
the San Antonio business community are cooperating in obtaining
hotel and motel rooms and day care for family members who will be
visiting.
more
Red Cross Chapters/Desert Storm
Page 4
NORFOLK, VA. -- With the world's largest naval base and
numerous other armed forces installations nearby, the Tidewater
Red Cross chapter is handling about 1,600 military-related cases
a month.
While that's not many more than it was getting before the
Gulf crisis began last August, the process is more complex now.
Today's cases involve personnel who have been at sea for extended
periods, rather than on short training cruises as in the past.
JACKSONVILLE, FLA. -- Within hours after the war began
January 16, the Jacksonville Red Cross chapter went to 24-hour
operations to handle a heavy volume of telephone calls from both
military family members and other civilians.
Not only are three nearby naval bases generating inquiries,
but so are several National Guard and Army Reserve units from the
Jacksonville area called to active duty in the Gulf.
As a result of the inquiry volume, the chapter has set up a
support group for more than 100 military family members.
SAVANNAH, GA. -- With 18,000 soldiers from nearby Fort
Stewart now in the Persian Gulf, the Red Cross chapter in
Savannah reports a 75-percent increase in its caseload for
emergency communication and services. It is now handling between
300 and 400 cases a day.
more
Red Cross Chapters/Desert Storm
Page 5
In addition to working with military family support groups
at Fort Stewart, the chapter is helping set up separate support
groups for teenagers and pre-teens. When the chapter made a call
for additional volunteers, more than 100 Savannah-area residents
responded.
FORT LAUDERDALE, FLA. -- The Broward County Red Cross
chapter and the local USO have organized "Operation Homefront" to
give information and emotional support to military family
members.
More than 2,000 military family members, both from nearby
Homestead Air Force Base and from local Reserve units that were
called up, are taking part in four support groups that meet
weekly.
# # #
more
FYI: All of S.C.'s congressional delegation
will be there (except Thurmond)
+
703
will be speaking in the program
THE WHITE HOUSE
780
prior to POTUS zrival. Theyre not on
16716
(Snow, Cawley)
stage, but will be in VIP section up
WASHINGTON
March 14, 1991
front. Your call on whether to acknowledge them.
Draft 1
SUMTER
PRESIDENTIAL REMARKS: SUMTER WELCOME TO U.S. TROOPS
March 17, 1991
council
Thank you so much, Governor Campbell.
General 01 sen
city
counaiman Rubiny
Mayor Creech, thank you. Col. Huot [Hewitt], thank you. But
most of all, thank you, Sumter. /// Thank you for your courage
-- your sacrifice -- your example. Thank you for showing just
what a great land this is. Thank you for letting me share in
your reunion. / /
This is wonderful. ///
county
What is it about Sumter and Sumter Co. that breeds war
heroes? // In this century alone, you have supplied some of our
greatest warrior-citizens. General George Mabry, who died just
last year, was the second most decorated soldier in U.S. history.
// As many of you know, he helped train a young Lieutenant
Colonel in Vietnam. That colonel was Norman Schwarzkopf. ///
But Sumter's contribution doesn't end there. The coalition
victory in Kuwait would not have been possible without General
us contrad
Chuck Horner, the commander of the 9th Air Force Headquarters
Air
/// General Horner mapped out the largest, most successful air
assault in history. He helped the coalition forces crush Saddam
Hussein without subjecting our troops or innocent Iraqi citizens
to the horrors of total war. /// Can you think of a better way to
celebrate the 50th anniversary of Shaw Air Force Base? //
But you don't have to wear a star to be a hero. We are
surrounded by such people today. // Let's all thank the 363d
2
Tactical Fighter Wing. // Including the 17th Tactical Fighter
Squadron. // The 19th Tactical Fighter Squadron. // The 363d
SEE
ATTACHED
Combat Support Group. // And the 363d Medical Group. // Let's
NOTE
thank the 507th Tactical Air Control Wing. // And the 9th Air
Force.
For those of you who are a little groggy from last night's
flight, welcome home. // For the rest of you, welcome home. I
cannot tell you how proud we are of all you have risked and all
you have done. // And to all our servicemen everywhere, the
veterans of this and every conflict: Those of you who have
returned, God bless you. Those who toil still: Bless you. ///
You not only helped liberate Kuwait, you helped this country
liberate itself from old ghosts and doubts. When you left, it
was still fashionable to question American decency, courage and
resolve. No one doubts us any more. // You helped revive the
America of our hopes and dreams.
This nation learned something else during Desert Storm: You
don't have to wear a uniform to be a war hero. Here, crowded on
the bleachers at Sumter Memorial Stadium are heroes and heroines
of all ages: mothers, fathers, sisters, brothers, children,
neighbors, friends. While you in the service were overseas,
your loved ones hung yellow ribbons, unfurled flags, sent letters
and gifts. And here's a sign of this nation's special spirit: So
did strangers from every hamlet and town, city and suburb across
our country.
3
While you servicemen and women huddled on distant sands,
those back home talked and prayed. I have fought far from home
and I know: Every little thought, every good wish, every
whispered prayer somehow echoes in the hearts of fighters far
away. No one understands this magic, but it is the kind of
blessing that enables good people to accomplish great deeds. / //
But there is something very special about Sumter's sacrifice
and its triumph, and you all know it.
I had the pleasure of visiting you in 1988. Since then,
Hurricane Hugo has ripped through 12,000 homes in this area, and
destroyed nearly $700 million worth of property. Its high winds
and rains shredded your homes and neighborhoods, turned trees
into tinder.
Sumter gathered its strength and began literally to pick up
the pieces. But just as things seemed to be turning around a war
erupted far away. And you did something extraordinary: You sent
many of your finest men and women to serve. Reservists left
their workplaces. Factories closed. 2,000 people lost their
jobs.
Some people, newly married, were separated by war. Mothers
bore children to fathers who looked across the horizon at an
unseen foe. Captain Dale Cormier died fighting for his country,
and Captain Spike Thomas was plucked up from behind enemy lines.
Yet Sumter did not give in to despair or fear. You
recruited new business and new jobs. While the troops were away,
4
you began to build a new city, a better city, a city that is more
like a large family.
In 18 months you retraced American history: You planted the
seeds of prosperity among hardship's ruins. Hugo's winds and
Saddam Hussein's Scuds could not stop you. /// They snarled.
You straightened before them. They made noise. You won. //
I have talked in recent weeks about an American renewal.
Here it is. // I am amazed, but never surprised at the incredible
things our people do. Our success on and above the desert
battlefields demonstrated that we take a back seat to no one when
it comes to courage, ingenuity and dedication to principle. ///
It also showed that we do great things when we trust our people.
We would not have enjoyed such success if someone had tried
to run the war from Washington. We entrusted operations to
Sumter's products and heirs -- and look where we are today //
We should use that same approach at home. Why should
someone in Washington tell you the best way to heal old wounds
and create new hopes in Sumter? You didn't wait for instructions
when misfortune slapped you. Why should this nation be shackled
to the limited wisdom of a small political class? You have made
spectacular progress without lectures from the capital. It's
time Washington told the rest of this country: We believe in you.
Not: Prove yourselves to us. ///
We know the challenges we face. So, let's just do it.///
5
Each year we become a more diverse and exciting society. We
pioneer new paths in industry and culture. Our diversity opens
up fresh ideas, new ways, unexpected opportunities.
We have stepped into the bracing air of a new age -- an age
in which America is not afraid to demonstrate its ability. An
age in which this nation takes on the challenges and
opportunities that an international marketplace offers. An age
in which the government doesn't demand virtue of its people --
but assumes it. A government that encourages Americans to do
what they do naturally -- help each other, compete against each
other, enrich each other with our ideas, inspirations, cultures.
I ask you to join me today in rejecting the tiring politics
of division and derision. Let the spirit of brotherhood and
cooperation shove aside the stale fog of class and racial
conflict. That is the path Sumter has chosen. You tell me: Does
it work?
Americans don't need to be protected from anyone, especially
themselves. /// We need to have the courage to feel good about
ourselves and our fellow citizens. We need to reach out and join
the new world awakening over the horizon. ///
Look around you: Here is today's triumph and tomorrow's
hope. // Here is what we fight for. // Here is what we love. ///
Thank you again for letting me share in your reunion. ///
And God bless the United States of America.
#
#
#
9TH AIR FORCE
(mother of
all Base commands)
363 Tactical Fighter wing
507th Tactical Air Control wing
2020th Communications
17th Tactical Fighter Squadron
20th 21 Tactical Air
Squadron
33d Tactical Fighter Squaaron
control Squadron
"20/20 comm"
3630 combat Support Group
363ᵈ Medical Group
803/688-5070 Col. Owen: Wing co q
/
507th Tactical Air
The 19th Tac. Fighter Squadron as a
Control center
whole did not deploy. (they never
deploy all 3 of a bases squadron.)
Squadron
"TACC"
They acted in a support capacity
throughout the war, 4. sent some
"Bubbas Bubble"
planes + pilots. Still worth mentioning.
Com't Con HQ to
support gen. Horner
2
9th T15
Tactical Intell Squadron
directly support Horner
3
482nd "ASOCK"
( Asoc)
Air Spt op ctr.
deployed well north
comm node fur Avenue AF Gir support
4
2021 TASS
mostly
ground tinate
w/ Army on
Tactical Air support Squadrons
provide air licison function
Tuesday
Memo to Tony — areas of interest
Note to Bill foster
Call Henry Richard
call Telluride - -massage
Idear
American Red Cross
National Headquarters
Washington, DC 20006
Dear Communication Director:
We have prepared the information enclosed in this press kit to help you
respond to inquiries about the American Red Cross's Emergency
Communications network.
As you know, interest in this aspect of the Red Cross is strong due to the
Persian Gulf crisis. Nevertheless, be sure to remind members of the media
that our Emergency Communications service operates around the clock, year
in and year out. We ensure that the members of the U.S. armed forces and
their families can always contact one another, whether the message is an
urgent one involving death or serious illness, or simply to restore peace of
mind when a family member has neglected to write.
In addition, remind the media that we also transmit "disaster welfare
inquiries" so that people can check on their loved ones in disaster areas, or
tell their distant loved ones how the disaster has affected them.
Emergency Communications has a vital role in supporting the morale of
our armed forces and their families and helping people cope with disasters.
We thank you for spreading the word so that even more people will be aware
of these services--so they will be sure to call us when they need us. Around
the clock, around the world, we'll be there.
Sincerely,
Je hn 20mg
John Fong
Director, Military and Social Services
1. Give this kit to reporters (except for this page,
How to
the enclosed letter to the chapters, and "Tips for
Working with the Media") who want more information
Use This
about Military Social Services and Emergency
Communications. Make sure reporters see
"Tips for Families Using Red Cross Emergency
Communications" SO they can inform military
KIT
families about this service or use it as a sidebar for
a human interest story.
2. Use as background for planning how to promote
Military Social Services programs and services
through the media.
3. Take appropriate pieces to photocopy for use at
Military Social Services support group meetings
(for example, "Tips for Families ").
4. Add kit to the base Family Services archives.
5. Give kit to the base public affairs office so
National
Headquarters
Washington,
they will have it when they need it.
American Red Cross
Dear Public Relations Director: information
press
8
help
you
enclosed
in
this
prepared
the
Cross's
Emergency
Kit Materials Include:
have
the
American
Red
6
strong
due
the
the
Red
Cross
this
aspect
of
of
media
interest
in
As
you
Nevertheless
be
remind
members
know.
operates
around
the
clock,
year
crisis.
service
forces
and
Gulf
armed
Persian
our
Communications
members
of
the
Emergency
whether
the
message
that
out.
another,
restore
peace
of
(right flap)
contact
simply
serious
illness,
their
families
urgent
involving
neglected
write.
one
family
member
"disaster
welfare
mind
also
transmit
disaster
areas,
or
media
1. Letter to chapters about this kit.
addition,
remind
their
loved
ones
In
people
check
the
disaster
affected
them.
inquiries"
that
loved
ones
how
the
morale
of
their
distant
supporting
disasters.
2. "How to Use This Kit."
tell
vital
and
helping
people
more
people
that
even
when
need
3. "Tips for Working with the Media."
We
thank
of
services-s
they
be
there.
aware
clock,
around
the
world,
Around
the
4. Ideas for Promoting EMERCOMM and
Sincerely,
Military Social Services.
5. Sample press release with a space for chapters
John Director, Fong Military and Social Services
and station managers to insert local information.
6. Sample clips of recent media coverage of
Military Social Services work.
7. Sample thank-you notes from the military for
EMERCOMM services.
(left flap)
1. "Get to Know Us Before You Need Us" brochure.
2. "EMERCOMM at a Glance."
3. "Fact Sheet: The Emergency Communications
Unit of the American Red Cross."
4. "Tips for Families Using Red Cross
Emergency Communications."
5. Sample AMCROSS message form.
1. Introduce yourself to the public affairs personnel at the
bases and installations in your area and develop a
Tips for
friendly relationship. Let them know when you are
planning media events and cooperate with their
Working
recommendations regarding the base/installation. As a
with the
courtesy, send copies of your press releases to the base
public affairs director.
Media
2. When service members or their families express
gratitude for receiving Red Cross's Emergency
Communications services, ask them if they would like
to share their experience with EMERCOMM with the
media in the future. Keep a log of the names, addresses
and phone numbers of the people who agree, SO when
reporters call you will know whom to contact.
3. During a military crisis or a disaster, the media want
to do human interest stories and often call the Red
Cross for leads to people with touching stories. It is
possible to work with the media without violating the
confidentiality of the people we serve. However, you
will always have to explain to the media that we cannot
give them names and phone numbers of people we
have served because our services are confidential.
4. In order to be ready when an opportunity arises for
publicizing Emergency Communication's services to
the military, ask a Military Social Services volunteer to
create a list of the media in your community who cover
the military. Be sure to include addresses and phone
numbers. Ideally, this information should be typed
onto mailing labels or entered in a computer database
SO that you can make mailing labels for press releases
quickly.
5. When positive stories are published, post them in your
office and send copies to the military command along
with a friendly note expressing your pleasure at
providing them support.
6. Always write thank-you notes to reporters for well-
written stories on Red Cross Military Social Services.
Ideas for
1. Invite the press and show the videotape "Every 38
Seconds" that shows how EMERCOMM works for a
Promoting
family in which the father suffers a stroke on
Christmas Eve and the son in the Armed Forces
EMERCOMM
must be notified.
and Military
2. Have a workshop for military families on Red Cross
programs for them and invite the press, unless you feel
Social
that the meeting could become very emotional and the
press would intrude on the families' privacy. Have
Services
handouts with lists of programs and phone numbers,
plus any other vital information you can think of-the
press may use the handout information as a sidebar to
a story on the families using these programs.
3. Form support groups and notify the press. You may
want to consider separate support groups for adults,
teens and children, primarily because adults will not
want to show fear or cry in front of children who are
relying on them for strength. For teens and children,
meeting with others like themselves will make them
feel less isolated and different from others their age.
4. Create a media event around a specific action the
support groups are taking, such as tying ribbons
around trees.
5. Establish a 24-hour hotline informational taped
message for military families on Red Cross Military
Social Services and notify the press.
6. If military personnel stop in your area before going to
Saudi Arabia, greet them and make their layover time
pleasant by providing games, videos, food, toiletries,
stationery and stamps to use during their stay. Notify
the media of your project.
7. If civilians arrive on their way home from the areas
involved in the Middle East crisis, greet them with
food, comfort kits and games for the children. Be
prepared to help amuse the children while the adults
handle any customs procedures or other matters. Wear
Red Cross name tags SO you are easily identifiable. You
can invite the press, but most likely they will already
be aware of the event and will be there.
American Red Cross
National Headquarters
17th and D Streets, N.W.
Washington, DC 20006
Telephones: Day (202) 639-3200
NEWS RELEASE
Night (202) 737-8300
Fax: (202) 347-1794
FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE
CONTACT: (name)
(day #)
(after hrs. #)
Transmitting Messages for U.S. Armed Forces and Disaster Victims
(City, date)--Keeping family connections intact for members of the U.S. armed
forces, boosting morale, and ensuring that disaster victims and distant loved
ones can check on one another--that is the mission of EMERCOMM, the
Emergency Communications unit of the American Red Cross.
Also known as "AMCROSS," its international cable address,
EMERCOMM handles 4,500-5,000 messages on an average day--one every 38
seconds--and twice that amount during times of crisis. EMERCOMM messages
usually originate with a family's phone call to the nearest Red Cross chapter
any time of the day or night. After verification and routing, the messages are
transmitted by phone and civilian and military computer networks, depending
on the destination's receiving capability. If the service or family member is
readily accessible, messages can be delivered and a response sent in as little as
an hour. However, for persons at remote locations it may take longer for a
message to get through.
--more--
THE COMMANDING OFFICER AND THE CREW OF
USS SIERRA (AD-18) WOULD LIKE TO EXPRESS THEIR
DEEPEST APPRECIATION TO YOU AND ALL YOUR
CHAPTER PERSONNEL FOR THE OUTSTANDING
PERFORMANCE AND ASSISTANCE RENDERED DURING
OUR DEPLOYMENT TO THE MEDITERRANEAN FROM
8 MARCH TO 8 SEPT 1990. YOUR RAPID HANDLING OF
MESSAGES FROM FAMILIES TO OUR SAILORS HELPED
EASE THE TENSION CAUSED BY LACK OF PHONE
SERVICE AND DISTANCE. THE INTEGRITY OF THE
MESSAGES ALLOWED THE COMMAND TO MAKE
DECISIONS THAT WERE IN THE BEST INTEREST OF
ALL CONCERNED AND GREATLY ENHANCED THE
MORALE OF THE CREW. THANK YOU.
AFTER TWENTY-SIX MONTHS OF DEPLOYED SERVICE
IN THE REPUBLIC OF PANAMA, MARINE FORCES
PANAMA HAS RETURNED TO THE UNITED STATES.
OUR COMMAND WILL "STAND-DOWN" THIS WEEK,
RETURNING MARINES AND SAILORS TO THEIR
PARENT UNITS AT CAMP LEJEUNE, N.C., AND OTHER
EAST COAST LOCATIONS.
ON BEHALF OF THE 6,000 MARINES AND SAILORS
WHO WERE ASSIGNED IN PANAMA OVER THESE TWO
YEARS-AND THEIR FAMILIES-I WANT TO
PERSONALLY EXPRESS MY MOST SINCERE
GRATITUDE AND APPRECIATION FOR YOUR SUPERB
SERVICE TO US. YOUR WORKERS WERE ALWAYS
FRIENDLY AND COOPERATIVE, QUICK TO CONTACT
US BY WHATEVER MEANS NECESSARY, AND
FAITHFUL AND PERSISTENT IN TALKING WITH
STATE-SIDE FAMILIES, DOCTORS, NURSES AND
OTHER HELPING PROFESSIONALS.
THE TREMENDOUS SUPPORT OF RED CROSS
WORKERS WORLD-WIDE PROVIDES A VITAL SERVICE
AND MAKES A SIGNIFICANT CONTRIBUTION TO THE
PERSONAL MORALE, COMMAND READINESS, AND
MISSION ACCOMPLISHMENTS OF DEPLOYED
NAVY-MARINE CORPS PERSONNEL.
PLEASE EXTEND TO ALL YOUR STAFF AND
VOLUNTEERS OUR DEEPEST THANKS AND
ADMIRATION FOR YOUR OUTSTANDING ASSISTANCE
TO MARINE FORCES PANAMA.
Messages of thanks to the Emergency Communications unit of the American Red Cross.
USS LEAHY AND THEIR OUTSTANDING FAMILIES WISH
THE TO EXPRESS CREW OF APPRECIATION THE FOR AMERICAN THE RED CROSS
SERVICES TO DEPLOYMENT DURING THIS COMMAND THE RENDERED COURSE THE FROM RED DURING AUGUST BY OF CROSS OUR OUR 1989 SIX WAS RECENT MONTHS TO RESPONSIBLE FEBRUARY INVOLVING THE WESTPAC AWAY CALL 1990. FOR OF
AND DEPENDENTS,
PARTICULARE COMMUNICATION CONTRIBUTION AMER THEAN OUR APPRECIATION, THEIR WAS TIMES OF IMPOSSIBLE. A WHEN CHAPTER HAS
CANADA
BEEN AT
STATION.
THANK YOU AND WELL DONE.
USS
BE
BUT AMCROSS OF SEPARATION WEERE FORGOTTE SEPARATION WILLE FORGOTEN
DURING THIS DEPLOYMENT
TRANSMITTED OR REQUESTED 1257 MSGS, FORRESTAL AMCROSS
1177 ASSISTANCE IN AN ADDITIONAL REPLIED WITH
STATISTICS ARE AS IMPRESSIVE BUT NOT SO
ACCURATE, WORKERS NUMBERS HAVE BELIE AND SENSITIVE THE TO THE MSGS OF SUBJECT. ARC WERE NO DO
FROM OF WHICH NECESSARY SALUTES RESPONSIVE FORRESTAL'S AMCROSS THE ENABLED YOU. HAS SHIP TANGIBLE AND FAMILY, TRULY FOR WITH ALWAYS US YOU TO A ALWAYS BEEN LINK HEART COMPLETE HAVE AVAILABLE. A WITH MEMBER READY, PROVIDED OUR OUR ALWAYS FORRESTAL FAMILIES OF THE
THANK AMCROSS YOU. WE SAY A GENUINE, TO HEARTFELT THE OPEN MISSION. HEARTS
Messages of thanks to the Emergency Communications unit of the American Red Cross.
eptember 3, 1990/Army Times
July
53
Red Cross: A
are being allowed in and out of Operation Desert Shield
types it into the computer.
because of a Pentagon order to minimize, Anderson said.
In the event of a birth, accident, illness, or death in the
He added that he doubted the restriction would change
family, call the local Red Cross chapter or office if one ext
path between
anytime in the near future.
ists on base to send a message to the family member in
Through EMERCOMM, one Air Force sergeant de-
Saudi Arabia. The Red Cross can verify the situation and
ployed to Saudi Arabia was able to fly home within 24
relay an emergency leave request, if necessary to proper
troops and home
hours of his wife sending a message that her father suf-
military authorities.
fered from a serious illness. Another airman was notified
In remote locations or aboard warships where there are
within a similar amount of time of his brother's death.
no Red Cross workers, the messages are relayed to the ser-
By Soraya S. Nelson
One seaman sent this message to his family from his
vice members' commanders. These situations require a
Times staff writer
ship out in the Red Sea last month:
special tact to protect confidentiality and to get the mes-
WASHINGTON - American Red Cross social worker
"Proud
father
notified
of birth of daughter. Father
sage across in the kindest and best manner possible,
Estelle Smith packed her bags for Saudi Arabia, where she
all grins and sends his love to mother and daughter."
Presler said.
would serve as a human link between U.S. troops and
While the messages sent electronically travel at the
Red Cross workers in Saudi Arabia do more than han-
their families.
speed of light, or 186,000 miles per second, it often takes
dle communications electronically, added Red Cross
Before she left, Smith, a Mississippi native, said she was
time to locate the service member, especially if the Red
spokeswoman Diane Powers. They help locate emergency
to report to Fort Sill on Aug. 24 to deploy with the 47th
Cross station is far away from where the person is
money sources through grants or loans and assist in emer-
Army Field Hospital to Operation Desert Shield.
stationed.
gency travel arrangements, as well.
She admits being a little apprehensive about going to
Also, only 900 of the 2,800 Red Cross chapters are
Upon arrival in Saudi Arabia, for example, the workers
Saudi Arabia, where she will be from three to six months.
linked through computers for message sending, Presler
sent word to their headquarters that the troops were in
Her last wartime assignment was in Saigon 17 years ago,
said. Workers at the remaining chapters phone in their
need of "comfort kits" containing toiletries and hygiene
but she did not see any combat, she said.
messages to headquarters, where an operator, in turn,
items.
"I'm taking a lot of sunscreen," she explained. "I grew
up
in
the
South
but I've certainly never been in a situ-
ation where it is 120 degrees."
Her goal is to set up a Red Cross station, a communica-
Mail to loved ones
tion link between troops and their loved ones back home.
It is a job she has been doing for 20 years, she said.
To speed personal mail to troops in Saudi Arabia, the
Smith is one of 17 American Red Cross workers who are
Army is limiting it to first-class items weighing 12 ounces
joining thousands of American troops being deployed to
or less, including voice and audio cassettes. All mail
Saudi Arabia to relay messages to and from the service
should bear the soldier's name, Social Security number,
members' families in the United States.
unit, and the following Army Postal Office numbers:
"What the Red Cross provides field commmanders is
verified and accurate information," said Chuck Presler,
101st Airbome Division - APO New York 09309.
military and social services assistant at Red Cross head-
82d Airborne Division APO New York 09656.
quarters. These military leaders use the information to de-
24th Infantry Division (Mechanized) - APO New
cide whether to grant emergency or hardship leave to the
York 09315.
message recipients.
1st Corps Support Command Fort Bragg - APO New
The messages are sent via code along military communi-
York 09657.
cation lines worldwide, he said.
197th Infantry Brigade - APO New York 09315.
As of Aug. 23, five Red Cross workers were in Saudi
11th Air Defense Artillery Brigade - APO New York
Arabia to help send and receive emergency messages of
09656.
birth, serious injury or illness and death day and night,
3d Armored Cavalry Regiment - APO New York
said the agency's military liaison, Jerry Anderson, a re-
09209.
tired Army colonel who works at the Red Cross headquar-
The mail takes 10 days to travel from the continental
ters in Washington, D.C.
United States to Saudi Arabia, said Army spokesman
The same day at EMERCOMM - the agency's world-
Maj. Peter Keating.
wide emergency communications network workers hud-
dled in small cubicles taking and sending messages by
phone and computer that take between 24 and 48 hours to
reach their destination.
Red Cross workers relay 850,000 messages a year, or an
average of roughly one every 38 seconds. That pace has
doubled since Operation Desert Shield began, Presler said.
Most are "health and welfare" messages, where, for ex-
ample, worried family members inquire about a service
member they may not have heard from in a while. But
only birth, serious illness or injury and death notifications
Stripe
August 24, 1990
7
raits Reed army nid
Red Cross deploys to Mid-East
Agency assists
link service personnel with more than 2,700 Red
"We are prepared to supply additional Red
Cross chapters nationwide, Red Cross workers
Cross staff as requested," said John Fong direc-
will provide other support to U.S. troops includ-
tor of Military and Social Services at National
Army's efforts
ing emergency financial assistance and social
Headquarters of the American Red Cross. "The
service referrals. The Red Cross also assists with
American Red Cross is the only national Red
emergency travel needs.
Cross society that routinely provides services to
Sixteen American Red Cross workers ex-
members of the armed forces and their families.
pected to be assigned to U.S. military units
Typically, we handle one emergency commu-
deployed to the Middle East as part of Opera-
nique every 38 seconds, but since the crisis in
tion Desert Shield arrived Aug. 14 in the Per-
Since the crisis in the
the Middle East, Red Cross emergency commu-
sian Gulf region along with the central
Middle East, Red Cross
nication activities have increased."
command unit.
emergency communication
The primary function of workers like George
On a related note, Red Cross involvement in
activities have increased.'
the Persian Gulf crisis took on a different note
T. Hitchcock, a Red Cross station manager, and
over the weekend when volunteers and staff
other Red Cross Service to the Armed Forces
staff, will be to facilitate traditional Red Cross
from the Red Cross chapter and McChord Air
emergency communications between service per-
American Red Cross workers are civilians
Force Base in Seattle, Washington, met a Boe-
sonnel and their families during the military
who volunteered to serve during the conflict and
ing Corporate jet traveling from an undisclosed
action.
are participating in the military action at the
location in the Middle East, carrying some 61
According to Hitchcock, who just returned
request of the Department of Defense and
U.S. dependents, mostly children.
from the 2nd Infantry Division in South Korea,
individual branches of the armed services. Ini-
All of the passengers ate food from the Red
"getting a message out to a soldier during a
tial assignments are from three to six months.
Cross canteen and had access to emergency
combat situation will mean experiencing the
The Red Cross also cooperates with other civil-
communications services. Some of the smallest
same weather conditions and battle hazards as
ian and military organizations assisting military
travelers even enjoyed a change in diapers.
our service personnel. I know how important it
people during the crisis.
According to Walter Reed's Red Cross chief
is to the mental attitude of our troops that they
Red Cross workers already named to serve in
Marguerite Gulley-Malloy, Red Cross personnel
be informed about health and welfare news from
the Persian Gulf come from a variety of disci-
have been notified here to update their qualifi-
home in a timely fashion."
plines, though most have social work skills.
cations to assure a quick response is made, if
In addition to staffing a 24-hour a day
Each was formerly assigned to a military base in
needed. This updating includes passport photo-
emergency communications system that will
their United States or overseas.
graphs and current physicals.
EMERCOMM
EMERCOMM is the Emergency Communications
unit of the American Red Cross at its national
at a Glance
headquarters and transmits messages
-between service members and their families
-between disaster victims and their families
and loved ones
-within the network of 2700 chapters and more
than 200 Services to Armed Forces (SAF)
offices on military installations.
processes 4,500-5,000 messages daily, about one
every 38 seconds, by phone, fax, and civilian and
military computer networks.
this message load can triple in times of crisis,
even when "minimize" conditions are imposed.
"minimize" means that only messages relating to
birth, death or serious illness will be transmitted
between service members and their families.
"health and welfare" inquiries will be restricted
until the minimize is over, except for deployed and
remote units.
obtaining services begins with a call to the
closest Red Cross chapter any time of the day or
night, year round.
messages go through faster when families can
provide the service member's name, rank,
Social Security number, branch of service and
military address.
military authorities accept EMERCOMM
messages as credible when making the decision
to grant or extend leave because the Red Cross
verifies messages regarding births, deaths and
serious illnesses.
service members who cannot afford to return
home may apply for grants or loans from the Red
Cross, depending on their need.
EMERCOMM is widely referred to as
"AMCROSS," which is the international cable address
for the American Red Cross.
EMERCOMM messages are usually delivered
within the hour, depending on whether the service or
family member is readily accessible or at a remote site.
Most arrive just minutes from the time they were sent.
What is EMERCOMM?
FACT SHEET
EMERCOMM is the Emergency Communications
network of the American Red Cross-the caring link.
The Emergency
EMERCOMM transmits emergency messages every
second, every day, year round. The news could be the birth
Communications
of a serviceman's baby. Or the serious illness or death of a
Unit of the
family member. Using EMERCOMM, the American Red
Cross helps its 2700 chapters nationwide and its staff on
American
military installations assist people everywhere when
direct communication between family members and
Red Cross
military personnel is not possible by other means.
High-tech equipment and a 24-hour staff of dedicated
professionals link Red Cross field units and the people
they serve with American military personnel stationed on
installations located around the world and on ships at sea.
EMERCOMM also helps American Red Cross chapters
when disasters strike, delivering information concerning
the welfare of residents of disaster areas to worried
family members in other parts of the nation-and
around the world.
In addition, EMERCOMM provides internal
information links between Red Cross field units,
Blood Services regions, other national Red
Cross societies, the League of Red Cross and
Red Crescent Societies and the International
Committee of the Red Cross.
The hub of this worldwide Emergency
Communications network is located at
American Red Cross national headquarters.
How many messages does EMERCOMM process?
Under normal conditions, EMERCOMM
processes 4,500-5,000 messages daily, about one
every 38 seconds. In times of crisis, this message
volume can triple.
About 15-20% of the messages request a service
member to come home-a family member is seriously
ill or has died. The rest are divided among birth
announcements, news of financial or family problems and
worried family members checking on a loved one who has
been- out of touch too long for comfort.
How do you send an EMERCOMM message?
Call the closest American Red Cross chapter any time of
the day or night. Caseworkers are always on call. If the
message relates to a medical emergency or death, they
verify the information, then contact EMERCOMM by
computer or telephone to relay the message.
EMERCOMM is staffed 24 hours a day, 365 days a year.
What is the historical background of EMERCOMM?
After World War II, the Red Cross's Board of Governors
felt that the Red Cross should develop its own
communications network. In 1946, the AMCROSS
Telecommunications System was created and has been in
continuous operation ever since. Although "Emergency
Communications" is the official name of the unit, it is
widely referred to as "AMCROSS," the international cable
address for the American Red Cross.
The Emergency Communications Center at American
Red Cross national headquarters was activated on
July 15, 1962.
How does EMERCOMM operate?
Military-related messages originate from Red Cross
chapters, military commands in the U.S. and overseas,
operations headquarters, the Department of State,
military casualty centers and the International Committee
of the Red Cross. EMERCOMM serves all branches of the
U.S. uniformed services.
Depending on the capabilities of the sending and receiving
Red Cross chapters or military posts, EMERCOMM uses
EasyLink, a Western Union electronic message service
customized for the needs of the Red Cross; facsimile;
AUTODIN, the military digital information network;
international telex; and, of course, the telephone.
Approximately 900 Red Cross units in the United States
have access to EasyLink via Whisper Screens and
Whisper Writers. EasyLink messages go first to Western
Union's host computer. Messages between members of the
Armed Forces and their families are routed through
EasyLink and AUTODIN by EMERCOMM staff at
American Red Cross national headquarters.
By using Western Union, EMERCOMM ensures that
no messages are lost. If Western Union does not get
confirmation that a message has been delivered, it sends
the message back to EMERCOMM. An EMERCOMM
expert then contacts the site to help it iron out its
problem; contracts on the EasyLink equipment ensure a
replacement within 24 hours in the event of
equipment breakdown.
EMERCOMM maintains its records of messages
for 30 days.
How are messages handled
when privacy cannot be ensured?
Messages must be processed differently for military
personnel serving on ships at sea, remote or deployed
units, or embassies. Messages for these service members
will be delivered first to his or her commander. Because
these messages are not private, EMERCOMM experts
ensure their conformity with legal requirements for non-
private communications.
AMCROSS Telephone Message Form
Rakish
II
Millery
Tips for
A case worker is always on call-you can contact
the U.S. armed forces service member in your family by
Families
calling the nearest chapter of the American Red Cross
any time of the day or night.
Using
The Emergency Communications unit of the
Red Cross
American Red Cross operates 24 hours per day,
365 days a year.
Emergency
Messages regarding births, deaths and serious
Communi-
illnesses will always go through.
cations
The case worker must verify all information
regarding medical conditions with a doctor.
Because the Red Cross verifies messages
concerning medical conditions, commanding officers
regard Red Cross messages as credible in deciding
whether to grant or extend emergency leave in the
event of a death or serious illness.
"Health and welfare" messages such as
"Haven't heard from you in a while, are you OK?"
are restricted when the military impose "minimize"
conditions on communications.
During a minimize, communications regarding
money are handled on a case-by-case basis.
Your message will be processed more quickly if
you know the following about the service member you
want to reach: first and last name, branch of service,
rank, military address and Social Security number.
Even if you do not have a complete address, the
Red Cross can still try to deliver your message.
Messages may take as little as an hour to be
processed and delivered, or as much as 48 hours if
the recipient is in a remote or deployed position.
AMCROSS
Telephone Message Form
FROM: (Chapter/Station Manager)
TO:(APO/FPO Number)
Military Rank: Last Name:
First Name:
Middle
Branch of
Social Security Number:
Initial:
Service:
Military Address:
Message Text:
Local Contacts:
Time:
Date:
Message Number:
Operator Number:
Worker's Initials:
Nobody ever said being in the
armed services was going to
GET TO
be easy-for yourself or your
family.
Red Cross
American
KNOW US
Adjustments have to be made.
Problems solved.
BEFORE
Separations dealt with.
Stresses and tensions resolved.
YOU
THE GOOD NEWS
IS WE CAN HELP
NEED US
With almost 3,300 offices in
chapters or on military in-
stallations all over the world,
Serving Military
there are sure to be people
Families
available to assist you or
Worldwide
your family. How? This leaflet
outlines some of the ways.
Mar. 1987
ARC 2081
American Red Cross
HEALTH AND WELFARE INQUIRIES
DISCHARGE REVIEW AND
CORRECTION OF MILITARY RECORDS
Regular communication between service
FOR VETERANS
members and their families is ordinarily no
problem. But sometimes, a long time with no
Red Cross counsel and representation at
word can become worrisome. The Red Cross
military review boards is available for any
can help.
veteran who wants to apply for an upgrade in
Through our worldwide communications
a less than fully honorable discharge, correct
network, we can communicate with the in-
a military record, or request a change in
stallation or ship where the service person is
reenlistment code.
stationed. You'll get a report on his or her
welfare to give you peace of mind. Also,
service members can request the same service
EMERGENCY FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE
related to families back home.
When an emergency arises that requires the
PREVENT, PREPARE FOR, AND COPE
presence of the service member or his or her
WITH EMERGENCIES
INFORMATION, REFERRAL, AND
family, the Red Cross may provide an interest-
ADVOCACY
free loan or a grant for travel expenses. These
It's a fact of military life: military families are
funds, which may be authorized for other
frequently separated and on the move. No mat-
A variety of health and supportive services are
emergencies as well, are disbursed on the basis
ter how strong the family ties, moves and
available from military and other sources, but
of need. Budget counseling is also available to
separations often put strain on relationships.
how do you know where to turn? The Red
service members and their families, as are
They may lead to problems managing a home
Cross is available to help you understand
referrals to specialized sources of help.
or children, making ends meet on a limited in-
government benefits, cut through red tape, and
These Red Cross services, and more, are
come, or adjusting to new communities, often
get the help you need.
available to service members and their families
without the help of families or friends.
24 hours a day, 365 days a year. Also ask about
The Red Cross can help you with immediate
assistance when disaster strikes or try some of
personal and family problems. When long-term
HUMANITARIAN REASSIGNMENT AND
the many health, safety, and life-style courses
counseling is required, appropriate referrals
HARDSHIP DISCHARGE
available to help you prevent, prepare for, and
are made. All Red Cross social services are
provided free of charge.
If a hardship exists within your immediate fami-
cope with emergencies.
ly that cannot be resolved by an emergency
leave, the Red Cross can counsel the family or
For information or assistance, contact:
EMERGENCY COMMUNICATION
service member on how to request either a
humanitarian reassignment closer to home, or
In the event of an emergency, critical accident,
a hardship discharge. We'll help you understand
illness, or death in a service member's
the procedures and documentation needed.
immediate family, the Red Cross should be
Final decisions on these applications are
called at once. The Red Cross is equipped to
made by military authorities.
verify the situation and relay an emergency
leave request, if necessary, to proper military
authorities. It is then up to the commanding
officer to decide whether or not to grant leave.
You're Never Out of Touch. Around the Clock. Around the World.
for a large agricultural
of the New South-
owth. Sumter lies in the
Tourism Fund Sharing Program
Sumt
Carolina. Settled in
Project assisted by
for many years, the
South Carolina Department of
Parks, Recreation and Tourism
Sumter in 1856 and was
SOUTH CAROL
irst class in 1887. The
"A wonderful place
from Thomas Sum-
"Walk through a living rainbow
to live, work and play"
general of the Revolu-
at Sumter's Swan Lake Iris Gardens"
of a prosperous ag-
Sumter has become
known industries.
Tall, ancient cypress, oak and pine trees standing in
the black water of Swan Lake look down on more
than a quarter of a century's accumulation of some
twenty-five varieties of Kaempfere Iris representing
some of the most intensive plantings of Japanese
Iris in the United States. The black swamp waters
reflect the shadows of the large White English and
Black Australian Swans that glide gracefully over
the surface. The enchantment is enhanced by the
Uniquely constructed of pise de terre or rammed
Magnolia, Crepe Myrtle, The Hudas, Dogwood, bril-
earth, the present building dates from 1850. It is also
liant Yellow Jessamine and Azaleas.
known for its stained glass windows set to catch the
rays of the rising sun. Many persons of note are
buried in the old church cemetery.
Many beautiful churches for worship of all faiths
enhance life in Sumter.
Among the events which
bring out the beauties are
Neptune's Daughter, the
Miss Sumter Pageant,
Miss Black Universe Pag-
eant, and the Iris Festival
Parade.
Brenda Rinehart
IRIS FESTIVAL
Located in the heart of Sumter with ample parking
areas, the Gardens are open to the public year
round. There is no charge for admission.
Weatherly, Miss Universe
S.C. in the year 1796 by the renowned artist,
AT SUMTER
Rembrant Peale. The portrait is presently hang-
ing in the Williams-Brice Museum, 122 N. Wash-
ington Street.
General Thomas Sumter
FUN IN THE SUN
Displays cover Sumter County and South Carolina
1734-1832
history from the colonial period to the present. Of
great interest are original portraits by Peale,
Born in Virginia, General Sumter, a frontiersman
Elizabeth White and A. Capers Guerry. The Muse-
and Indian fighter, came to Sumter at age 30. He
um houses many notable collections. Admission:
was commissioned General at age 46 with orders to
free.
"ready" all the militia of South Carolina for service
with the Continental forces. Known as the "Game-
ELIZABETH WHITE HOUSE
cock General of the American Revolution," General
Circa 1840
Sumter served South Carolina and the nation in
many high government positions, serving as Sena-
tor at the age of 76. Sumter, Sumter County, and
many other localities and landmarks throughout the
nation carry the name Sumter in honor of General
Sumter. He died at the ripe old age of 98 and his
tomb is located in the Sumter Memorial Park at
Stateburg.
SHAW AIR FORCE BASE
Located seven miles west of Sumter is Shaw Air
Force Base, home of Tactical Reconnaissance Fly-
ing RF4C Fantoms. The mission of Shaw's primary
Facilities for swimming, boating, C
organization, the 363rd Tactical Reconnaissance
nicking are available amid the thou
Wing, is training of all U.S. Air Force reconnais-
nature trails in this beautiful State
sance air crews and providing a ready force for
collections of Coquina Stone and
world-wide deployment.
the State.
The Sumter Gallery of Art is housed in the Elizabeth
Also located at Shaw is the Ninth Air Force Head-
White House, an ante-bellum cottage built in 1840.
STATISTICS
quarters, responsible for all tactical Air Force units
Nationally known artists exhibit on a monthly rotat-
Population
Greater metropolita
east of the Mississippi and the 507th Tactical Air
ing basis. Admission: free.
Average Temperature: Jan. 48.1°
Control Wing which provides aerial combat theater
command and control for U.S. military field com-
PATRIOT
HALL
W
"grandeur of the past
with superb acoustics,
versatility
and
state-of-the-art
technology
P
Sumter County Cultural Center
135 Haynsworth Street
Sumter, South Carolina 29150
PATRIOT HALL
378
MYRTLE
BEACH
378
95
SUMTER
17
CHARLESTON
By-Pass
76
PATRIOT
HALL
WASHINGTON
521
BROAD STREET
FLORENCE
521
26
HILTON
HEAD
378
PURPY N
521
378
95
521
77
301
521
COLUMBIA
MILLER
HAYNSWORTH
CALHOUN
LIBERTY
Santee Cooper
Country
26
20
385
WESMARK
GUIGNARD DRIVE
South Carolina
Smiling faces. Beautiful places. "
PRINTED IN USA
85
GREENVILLE
ALICE DRIVE
PATRIOT HALL
Patriot Hall opened its doors in October of
1986 to long-anticipated excitement and rave
reviews. Former Governor Dick Riley stated
in his remarks, "Patriot Hall will show that
the arts, music, poetry, and paintings are
important to us. The impressive styling and
attention to detail of its interior accentuates
the commitment that we in Sumter have to
the arts. With intricately carved moldings,
polished brass railings, and sparkling
chandeliers, Patriot Hall combines the
grandeur of the past with the superb acoustics,
versatility, and state-of-the-art technology of
the future. The 1,017 seat auditorium, which
AUDITORIUM
can be partitioned to accommodate smaller
audiences, boasts an orchestra pit, a well-
equipped modern stage, and spacious dressing
the capacity of the Booth Room to 400 per-
rooms. In addition to performances by local
sons. With its lustrous marble floors and care-
actors and musicians, Patriot Hall hosts
fully controlled lighting, the Exhibit Hall
conventions and cultural events of national
proves to be a versatile auxillary to Patriot
and international prominence such as the
Hall.
Moscow State Symphony of the USSR, the
Ballet de Monte Carlo, the Charleston Ballet,
J. Phillip Rembert Conference Room
the Atlanta Symphony, a variety of touring
The refined polish of the Rembert Con-
plays and musical productions, and both
ference Room adds an air of distinction to
popular and classical musical artists.
small conferences, receptions, workshops,
Patriot Hall has ignited a cultural renais-
and corporate and board meetings. In addition
sance in Sumter County and the surrounding
to its tasteful intimacy, the Rembert Room
regions, enhancing the quality of life and
features an anteroom which comfortably
providing cultural enrichment for the citizens
accommodates gatherings of approximately
BOOTH RECEPTION ROOM
of the Palmetto State.
50 persons.
Located near Patriot Hall are other points
Lauren P. Booth Reception Room
of interest, including:
Much in demand for both public and private
The Iris Gardens
receptions and parties, the Lauren P. Booth
Exhibition Center
Room has often been called "one of the most
Sumter Opera House
furnished, this gracious salon evokes an
William Brice Museum
atmosphere of quiet Southern charm and
Sumter Gallery of Art
hospitality. With convenient access to a full-
For further information contact:
service caterer's kitchen and accoutrements
such as fine china, silver, and crystal, the
Sumter County Cultural Center
Booth Reception Room will accommodate
135 Haynsworth Street
seated banquets for up to 35 persons. Adjoin-
Sumter, South Carolina 29150
ing the Booth Room is an exhibit hall which
(803) 773-1776 Box Office
REMBERT CONFERENCE ROOM
can be used for artistic displays or to extend
(803) 775-1455 Administrative Office
SUMTER COUNTY CULTURAL CENTER
7
Sumter, South Carolina
10
SECOND FLOOR
BALCONY
1
TICKET OFFICE
2
ADMINISTRATIVE OFFICE
NORTH WING
MOOD AVENUE WING
9
3
CONCESSIONS
4
GALLERY
11
6
5
MOOD AVENUE
5
EXHIBITION HALL
8
6
BOOTH RECEPTION ROOM
3
4
7
REMBERT CONFERENCE ROOM
2
8
MUSIC REHEARSAL ROOM
9
SUMTER CO. FINE ARTS COUNCIL
12
PORTICO
LOBBY
STAGE
WORKSHOP
10
LITTLE THEATRE WORKSHOP
I
11
PUBLIC MEETING ROOM
WEST WING
PATRIOT HALL
12
GYM/EXHIBITION HALL
HAYNSWORTH AVENUE
SUMTER COUNTY CULTURAL CENTER
"Like a phoenix
emerging from
the ashes of its
SUMTER
destruction.
The dream of a cultural center to serve Sumter
Carolina Governor's Award for the Arts, the
County and its neighboring communities in the
prestigious Elizabeth O'Neil Verner Award.
Midlands began to take the shape of reality in the
early 1980's. With construction under way on a new
The dream has continued to grow. In 1987 a
high school, the Board of School District 17 offered
second wing of the former high school was refur-
to turn over the old Haynsworth Campus for the
bished to provide offices and a meeting room for
development of a cultural complex. After long
community cultural organizations and rehearsal
months of professional consultations, fund-raising,
facilities for the Sumter Little Theatre, bringing the
and planning, the interior of the auditorium wing
total space dedicated to the arts to nearly 40,000
of the former high school was stripped down to bare
square feet. Another wing of the complex, yet to
structural walls and work began on what was to
be renovated, is anticipated to offer an additional
become a new performing arts center. Like a
20,000 square feet of space for exhibitions and
phoenix emerging from the ashes of its destruction,
studios for instruction in the visual arts. When the
Patriot Hall took form, and since opening in 1986
total project is completed, the Sumter County
has become one of the premier performing arts
Cultural Center will encompass approximately
facilities of the Southeast. In recognition of its con-
100,000 square feet of space committed to the
tributions to the community and to the state, the
cultural enrichment of the residents of the South
Sumter County Council received the official South
Carolina Midlands.
Swing Away In Sumter
Sumter
Fifteen golf courses awaiting
your arrival
Greens that are green all year
South Carolina
long
Uncrowded courses
Unhurried playing
Unlimited rounds
Year-round mild seasons, comfortable temperatures
Special inexpensively-priced golf packages
Easy access from I-95, I-20, and I-26
Southern hospitality at its best - warm, friendly,
caring
A Fun Vacation Spot
At A Reasonable Price
Golfers take advantage of mild winters with warm days to
play almost year-round. Choose from many area courses
like this one recently featured in Golf Digest magazine.
South Carolina
Smiling faces. Beautiful places. "
For More Information
CALL 1-800-68-VISIT
or write
Greater Sumter Conventions and Visitors Bureau
P.O. Box 1449
Sumter, South Carolina 29151
In The Middle Of Everything
VISITORS GUIDE
Printed in the U.S.A.
January 1990
50M copies
The
® Park Inn
LINKS
INTERNATIONAL
At Lakewood
1 (800) 982-4469
Classic Championship Golf
18 holes
Par 72
10 holes on lakes
Island green on par-3 #13
Park Inn
Rolling wooded hills
Clubhouse Area
Southern design with a wrap porch
Fully-stocked pro shop
Grill with club seating
Practice and instruction area
Putting green
Planned Development
Park Inn
430 acres
Beautifully wooded homesites
Private lakes
Estate settings for single
family dwellings
Located along U.S. Hwy. 15 -
5 minutes from Sumter
Sumter's Leading Hotel for:
Golf Packages
Conventions and Meetings
Homesites sold exclusively by
Great Food and Lounge
HAWKINS & KOLB
Golf Package includes:
16 great courses
Century
688 Bultman Drive
Electric cart
Sumter, S.C. 29150
now
Green Fees
R
(803) 773-1477
Meals
Free Gifts daily
Lakewood Links Associates
3600 Green View Parkway
226 North Washington Street
Sumter, S.C. 29150
Sumter, South Carolina 29150
(803) 481-5700
In The Middle Of Everything
umter
SCG
rafters
Welcome to Sumter, a gracious southern
uild
city, "In the Middle of Everything."
SUMTER
Named for General Thomas Sumter, "The
Gamecock General of the American
Revolution," Sumter County offers
beautifully preserved sites of the
Revolutionary and Civil War eras.
HLNOS
CAROLINA
You can enjoy the past while touring our
Held at Sumter Exhibition Center, Liberty St., Sumter SC.
historical neighborhoods, visiting our
7th
spectacular house museums, churches and
6th
plantations, or by strolling through our
Contents
famous gardens.
Annual Spring
Annual Christmas
Shopping, Dining,
Sumter is ideally situated in the center of
Arts & Craft Show
Arts & Craft Show
South Carolina, located in the heart of a
and Services
triangle formed by three Interstate Highways
Friday - March 9th
Friday - Nov. 30th
--1-20, I-26, and I-95. A world apart from
Sports and
Saturday - March 10th
Saturday - Dec. 1st
the fast-paced lifestyles, Sumter is a perfect
Recreation
"Gracious Southern Getaway", whether it's a
Hrs: 10AM - 9PM
Hrs: 10AM - 9PM
challenging golf vacation, action-packed
Sunday - Mar. 11th
Sunday - Dec. 2nd
fishing and hunting trip, outstanding
Sights of Sumter
Hrs: 1PM - 6PM
meeting or convention site, or an historical
Parks
Hrs: 1PM - 6PM
stopover for your tour bus Sumter is a
Plantations
Free Admission
Door Prizes
Free Admission- Santa -Door Prizes
city for everyone anytime of the year.
Historical Buildings
Sumter Crafters Guild is a non-profit cultural organization
We stay hard at work to keep Sumter as a
Museums
consisting of over 100 jurored Artists and Craftsmen from
quality destination and rewarding stop for
Art
visitors. You will find us easy to locate, fun
the Sumter area and surrounding communities. For more
Gardens
to visit, and hard to leave! While you're
information call Brenda Holliday at 773-9405.
here, be sure to visit our restored Opera
House, Art Gallery, numerous cultural events
Festive Events
and festivals, beautiful state parks,
museums and gardens, and Shaw Air Force
Golf
Pizza inn®
Base, Headquarters for the 9th Air Force.
Styth M Creech Styphon
All businesses listed in this
guide are paid advertisers.
This publication does not
include all businesses in the
Monday & Wednesday Nights
Stephen M. Creech
greater Sumter area.
Pasta Night
Mayor
For more information call
Ruben L. Groy
the Greater Sumter
Tuesday Night
Conventions and Visitors
Pizza Buffet
Reuben L. Gray
Bureau
County Councilman
1-800-68-VISIT
Sunday through Friday
Luncheon Pizza Buffet
Friends of the Greater Sumter
Conventions and Visitors Bureau
WIDE SCREE
Lakewood Links
Calhoun Country Club
Park Inn International
TELEVISION
Salad Bar
Thin Crust
Pineland Golf Course
Thick Crust
Sumter Crafters Guild
Pasta & Subs
Beer & Wine
N.Y. Crust
Byrd's Country Store
Open 7 Days a Week
Belk
Dine in
Shoney's
Take out
Drive-thru window
Follin Travel
460 Broad Street, Sumter
Pocalla Springs Golf
Since 1979
773-4351
Holiday Inn
Shopping, Dining,
and Services
While visiting our gracious city, you will want to
Pineland
take advantage of unique shopping experiences, fine
dining, and helpful services available to you.
Plantation
Whatever your shopping preferences are -
Boutiques and gift shops
South Carolina Golf
Department stores
I-95 and U.S. 378
At Its Best!
Enclosed mall or shopping centers
Exit #135
Antique, decorating, and fine furniture shops
Book stores, jewelry stores, and craft shops
- it's all right here in Sumter.
SAMBINO'S
OPEN 7
ITALIAN RESTAURANT
DAYS A
Leisurely explore our city and enjoy quality nightlife and
4742 Broad St. Ext.
WEEK
entertainment, elegant or ethnic cuisine, locally-owned
Across from Shaw AFB on Hwy 378
family restaurants, or a quick meal at numerous eateries.
ENJOY our candlelit atmosphere
LISTEN to soft jazz, Old Blue Eyes or the sounds of Italy
If you should require any services while here, Sumter is
TASTE the best Italian food from pizza to shrimp scampi
ready to accommodate all of your needs.
SAVE your $$$ - There are no overpriced meals here
494-9494
Welcome to Sumter
Enjoy your visit
Full Menu Available for Delivery
Century 21 Hallmark Heritage
3501 Broad St. Extension
(803)494-2641
Construction & Development Services
Residential
Commercial
The Pedlar
Land Sales
ANTIQUE ROW
Century
Dan's Clock Shop
21
Estate Antiques
TM
SUMTER, SC
Put your trust in Number One.
Hallmark Heritage
Black Swan Antiques
3501 Broad St. Ext.
Why Not Antiques
Sumter, SC 29150
(803) 494-2641
200 Block on Broad St.
Broadstone Manor Antique Mall
Byrd's Country Store
18 2 = fore!
584 Bultman Drive
Sumter, S. C.
at
36 Championship Holes
A charming little shop
Lake Marion Golf Course &
Santee
to spend a few minutes or a couple of hours
Santee Cooper Country Club
amid a delightful assemblege
Cooper
Call for information & tee
of gifts and collectibles
times: 1-800-344-6534
Resort
including Cairn Studio © and All God's Children ©
Santee Cooper Resort, P.O. Drawer 96, Santee SC 29142
854-2554 or 854-2912
HERE'S THE GOLF COURSE
COMMUNITY THAT FITS
Belk
YOU TO A TEE.
you're the reason
Beech Creek
Bring this ad to our
Customer Service Counter
for a free gift.
GOLF PLANTATION
JESSAMINE MALL
1057 Broad Street
Sumter, South Carolina
Shop Monday-Saturday 10 am to 9 pm;
Sunday 1:30 to 6 pm.
Belk
AMERICAN
MasterCard
EXPRESS
VISA
We accept Belk charge,
American Express Card, MasterCard, VISA
Sports and Recreation
Conveniently located near the Santee Cooper lakes
World-class fishing and
Located 2 1/2 miles west of Shaw
hunting opportunities
Professional guides
in the Heart of the
Directed swamp tours
Stateburg Community
Home of Sumter Braves
baseball
Homes & Homesites Available
Tennis courts galore
Great golf year-round
GOLF COURSE INFORMATION:
18 hole Championship Course
6935 yards-Par 72
Driving Range
Putting Green
Memberships available
Jessamine Mall
Beech Creek
Historic Hills
Golf Course & Pro Shop
Realty, Inc.
499-4653 or 499-GOLF
BELK
J.C. PENNEY
SEARS
494-9805 Days
SERVICE MERCHANDISE
E.B. Bell, Pro
499-1199 Evenings
OVER 50 SPECIALITY SHOPS
SUMTER'S ONLY ENCLOSED
Call today for our FREE information packet.
BROAD STREET
SHOPPING MALL
SUMTER, S.C.
Tradition Built on Quality
Stanley Welch Clothiers
Mens Wear
Womens Wear
CHLINOUN CAL COUNTRY CLUB
434 Guignard Drive
Sumter, South Carolina
775-1832
BLUE
WHITE
YEL-
RED
M
HOLE
YDS
YDS
LOW
YDS
L
Lessons By Golf
Manufacturing Paper To
1
316
306
276
253
4
Professional
2
376
365
355
212
4
Help People Communicate.
3
390
357
310
304
4
Fairway Homesites
4
169
165
164
163
3
Available
5
475
463
425
348
5
Member Santee Golf
6
473
429
382
298
4
Association
7
182
168
145
141
3
8
376
344
320
272
4
Corporate Golf
9
536
515
440
432
5
Rates on Request
OUT
3293
3112
2817
2423
36
Meeting Facilities
10
481
444
424
391
5
Available
11
180
175
170
168
3
454
425
418
5
Snack Bar
12
472
13
420
398
320
295
4
Bar
14
198
160
160
159
3
Tennis
15
378
349
330
276
4
16
163
143
125
123
3
Swimming Pool
Union Camp Corporation
17
379
339
265
249
4
(June, July, August)
Fine Paper Division
18
385
355
300
297
4
Irrigated Course
IN
3189
2941
2519
2376
35
Eastover, South Carolina
total
6482
6053
5336
4799
71
Union Camp
See for yourself.
Call (803) 823-2465
Bacon
14
Sausage
Grits
00
Biscults
SHONEY'S®
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11
Hot
Coffee
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Cinnamon
Rolls
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The Best All-You-Can-Eat
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528 BROAD STREET
Grits
Breakfast Bar in Town!!!
Belgium
SUMTER, SOUTH CAROLINA 29150
Wallies
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(800) 962-9322
(803) 778-1911
"Your Travel Is Our Business"
Caffee
(b)
Sumter, South Carolina Muffins
Festive Events
JANUARY -
Sumter Enduro
Holiday Inn
MARCH -
Spring Classical Arts & Crafts
MAY
Stay with someone you know.
Gamecock Bridge Tournament
Possum Trot Festival
Iris Festival - Shawfest
SEPTEMBER -
Sumter County Fair
Southern 500 (Darlington)
OCTOBER -
Fall Fiesta of Arts
NOVEMBER - DECEMBER -
Crafters Christmas
Classic
Sumter Business Expo
Sumter Little Theater
DECEMBER -
Patriot Hall Cultural Évents:
Holiday Tour of Homes
Internationally acclaimed
Swan Lake Gardens
dancers from the Ballet de
Fantasy of Lights
Monte Carlo are just one
example of the many world
renowned artists performing
Week-end Rates from $38
in Sumter. Cultural events,
Kids Stay Free (When accompianied by an adult)
such as performances of the
Free HBO
Moscow Symphony, the
Vienna Boys Choir, and The
Great Breakfast & Lunch Buffets
King and I, are a Sumter
tradition.
Complimentary Cocktail with Dinner with each
night's stay
Average Monthly Temperatures
Sumter's Premier Night Club -PLUMS
-featuring exciting entertainment nightly
MONTH
HIGH
LOW
MONTH
HIGH
LOW
Free Admission for our guests to our Live
January
57
34
July
91
69
Wednesday Night Comedy Show
February
61
36
August
90
68
March
68
43
September
86
63
Banquet & Meeting facilities for up to 250
April
77
51
October
77
51
Golf Packages Available*
May
84
59
November
68
42
June
89
66
December
59
35
Hear all about it!
Call (803) 469-7586
Continuing A
24-hour Information Hotline
T
Tradition Of
521
15
Excellence
Sumter
76 Tonfirence
Airport
Toll Free Reservations
76
To Columbia
378
Call 1-800-Holiday
TUOMEY
Serving
Holiday Inn
378
The Health Care Needs
To Myrtle
*Direct Reservations
95
Beach
REGIONAL
Of Sumter County
2390 Broad St. Extension
Call (803) 469-9001
Sumter, SC 29150
MEDICAL CENTER
Since 1914
15
N
521
Sights of Sumter
12 - Dixie Hall Plantation: Built
13 - Millvale Plantation: Built in 1890;
on property deeded in a land
1 - Swan Lake Gardens: World famous
a living museum of Southern
grant by the King of England
- 6 of the 8 known varieties of swans in
plantation life
the world; over 6,000,000 irises
11 - Tomb of General
Thomas Sumter: Renowned
Revoluntionary War hero,
representative to the first U.
1
S. Congress, frontiersman,
and senator
Guignard
2 - Memorial Park: Established with private
contributions in memory of the brave men
Winn
and women of Sumter who fought and died
in World War I
13
6
12
Park
400
Purdy
2
11
Salem
Haynsworth
Harby
10
To Myrtle Beach
10 - Shaw Air Force Base: Originally
activated in 1941; Headquarters of the 9th
Church
Air Force
Washington
W
To Columbia
9
378
76
3
3 - - Sumter County Museum: Exhibits
of the early history of Sumter County
housed in an Edwardian home
Liberty
Hampton
Calhoun
5
4
Main
261
City of Sumter
N
8
All plantations in this
9 - The Church of the Holy Cross:
brochure are private
Congregation formed in 1790; building
63
residences. Contact the
contructed in 1850 of pise de terre
Greater Sumter Conven-
7
(rammed earth)
tions and Visitors Bureau
for more information.
Sumter County
4 - - Opera House: Symbol of Sumter;
5 - Sumter Gallery of Art / the Elizabeth
built in 1892; features a 100-foot tall
White House: Built in 1850; displays of
clock tower
works by local and nationally-known
artists
8 - Poinsett State Park: 4000-acre park
6- - Patriot Hall: Cultural center
with facilities for picnicking, swimming,
with a 1000-seat auditorium,
7 - Milford Plantation: Built by Governor
boating, hiking, and camping in a natural
meeting and reception rooms,
John Manning; considered one of the
setting; named after Sumter native, Joel
and offices
finest examples of Greek Revival
Poinsett, who introduced the poinsettia
architecture in the Southeast
flower to the United States
SUMIER
Patriot Hall, Haynesworth Street.
Patriot Hall, with its 1017 seat performing arts center, is
Sumter's home for music, art, theater and dance. It also
features elegant facilities for banquets, receptions, con-
Poinsett State Park, Highway 261.
SOUTH
ferences, meetings and exhibitions.
CAROLINA
Nearby Poinsett State Park offers camping, hiking, swim-
ming and boating in magnificent surroundings. Sumter
In The Middle
County also offers outstanding hunting and fishing.
In The Middle
Of
Of
Natural Beauty
Florence
Everything
COLUMBIA
15
76
378
76
378
Conway
Sumter
Manning
Myrtle Beach
Orangeburg
Marion
Georgetown
Lake
ATLANTIC OCEAN
Charleston
For additional information about Sumter's facilities, attrac-
tions and events please contact:
The Greater Sumter Conventions
& Visitors Bureau
Swan Lake Iris Gardens, West Liberty Street.
South Carolina
P.O. Box 1449
Swan Lake Iris Gardens combine rare species of Japanese
Smiling faces. Beautiful places.
4
Sumter, South Carolina 29151
Irises and swans from around the world with the lake's black
(803) 773-3371
swamp waters to create a breathtaking setting. Special
annual events at the gardens include the Iris Festival and Fall
Fiesta of the Arts. Swan Lake Iris Gardens are open year
Photography by Jeff Salter, H. George Zellers/CP&L
round.
and Steve Priest.
in ine Middle
General nomas Sumter IS
the famed Revolutionary War
hero after whom the city and
Of
county are named. The
"Fighting Gamecock" served
South Carolina
as patriot and statesman after
the war until his death in 1832
at age 98, making him the
longest living General of the
Sumter is ideally located in the center of the state in the heart
American Revolution. Gen-
of the I-20, I-95 and I-26 triangle. Sumter, a "Gracious
eral Sumter's tomb is located
Because of its sunbelt location and mild climate, golf and
Southern Getaway," offers a delightful contrast of ante-
in Sumter Memorial Park in nearby Stateburg.
tennis are year-round activities in Sumter, and both public
bellum mansions and ultramodern facilities. A world apart
and private courses and courts abound in the area.
from fast paced lifestyles, Sumter is perfect for a "getaway
weekend" yet offers excellent facilities and accommoda-
tions for group meetings. Add to this great shopping or
sightseeing and you truly have a "Gracious Southern
Getaway.'
In The Middle
Of History
Sumter Gallery of Art, 421 N. Main Street.
The Sumter Gallery of Art combines art with history since it
The Church of the Holy
is located in the Elizabeth White House (circa 1850), home of
Cross, Highway 261.
one of Sumter's most renowned artists. Today it features
The Church of the Holy
local, regional and national artists and also includes an art
Cross in Stateburg was
school plus a gallery gift shop with unique art gifts made by
members of the Sumter Artists' Guild and other invited
built in 1850, but its con-
artists.
gregation dates back to
1770. This excellent exam-
ple of Gothic Revival de-
Dixie Hall, Highway 261.
sign is surrounded by huge
Dixie Hall, dating from 1735, is just one of the many charm-
oak trees draped in Span-
ing plantation homes here.
ish moss. The building is
constructed of pise de
terre or "rammed earth."
Among the famous South Carolinians buried in its church-
yard is Joel R. Poinsett, botanist and statesman.
SW
SW
363 TFW
Williams-Brice Museum/Archives 122 N. Washington St.
The Opera House, Main Street.
The museum's Victorian mansion, outbuildings and gardens
offer a step back into Sumter's rich historic and cultural
The former Town Hall/Op-
heritage. Housed in the museum are lifestyle exhibits, war
era House has just been
memorabilia and economic artifacts. The archives are a rich
restored to its former gran-
resource for genealogical research.
deur. This historic building
offers cultural and commu-
nity activities, as well as
In The Middle Of
meeting and reception fa-
Shaw Air Force Base, located 10 miles west of the city, is a
cilities.
Recreational and
welcomed partner in progress. A parking area on Highway
76/378 provides visitors a chance to catch a bird's eye view
of the world's finest pilots flying F-16's, RF-4's and T-37's.
Cultural Activities