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Lech Walesa Arrival and Toast 3/15/91 [OA 6856] [2]
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323153255
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Lech Walesa Arrival and Toast 3/15/91 [OA 6856] [2]
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13749-006
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Records of the White House Office of Speechwriting (George H. W. Bush Administration)
Speech Backup Chronological Files
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Originally Processed With FOIA(s):
FOIA Number:
S
S
FOIA
MARKER
This is not a textual record. This is used as an
administrative marker by the George Bush Presidential
Library Staff.
Record Group/Collection:
George H.W. Bush Presidential Records
Collection/Office of Origin:
Speechwriting, White House Office of
Series:
Speech File Backup Files
Subseries:
Chron File, 1989-1993
OA/ID Number:
13749
Folder ID Number:
13749-006
Folder Title:
Lech Walesa Arrival and Toast 3/15/91 [OA 6856] [2]
Stack:
Row:
Section:
Shelf:
Position:
G
26
21
3
2
REVISED VERSION, 2/28/91
[ STATEMENT/DECLARATION ON U.S.-POLISH RELATIONS
For over 200 years the American and Polish people have been
bound by shared values and a commitment to the principles of
democracy, human liberty, economic freedom, and the rule of law.
The American Constitution of 1789 and the Polish Constitution of
1791 are enduring symbols of this special bond, which survived
even during the long periods in which Poland's independence and
liberty were denied. Our relations have been further sustained
and enriched by the millions of Americans of Polish descent who
over the generations helped create a free and prosperous society
in the United States.
Just as Poles supported America's quest for freedom and
liberty more than two centuries ago, S.O has America stood by
Poland during her long years of darkness. When the Polish people
began to reassert control over their national destiny, the United
States committed itself to supporting their pioneering efforts to
secure their freedom and to build a market economy and stable
democratic rule.
Poland and the United States share an interest in
maintaining the stability and security of the new Europe and
working for the further strengthening of peace on the continent.
Our relations are based on the United Nations Charter and the
Helsinki Final Act, including the principles of sovereign
equality, territorial integrity, inviolability of frontiers, non-
intervention in internal affairs, and the rule of law. The
United States attaches great importance to the consolidation and
safeguarding of Poland's democracy and independence, which it
considers integral to the new Europe, whole and free.
Relations between the United States and Poland have entered
a new era of cooperation and partnership. The United States and
Poland are committed to developing their new partnership through
an enhanced political dialogue and regular contacts in areas of
common interest.
Poland and the United States share the conviction that the
development of a market economy in Poland is essential to its
stability and security. The United States reaffirms its
continued strong support for Poland's courageous program of
economic reform. The Polish Stabilization Fund, the Polish-
American Enterprise Fund, and the landmark Business and Economic
Agreement are among the tangible signs of that support.
Poland's firm commitment to an economic reform program that
enjoys the endorsement and support of the International Monetary
Fund has also made possible the mobilization of substantial new
financial and other economic assistance from the international
community. The United States and Poland have concluded a
bilateral investment treaty, a landmark Business and Economic
Agreement, and other key agreements that should facilitate trade
and investment needed for economic growth and prosperity.
[Sentence on Polish debt TBD. ]
The United States and Poland are also committed to
developing their new partnership through closer cultural,
educational and scientific contacts.
The United States and Poland are convinced that these
principles will further strengthen the bonds of lasting
friendship and cooperation between both states, as an integral
element of the broader partnership that binds the United States
and Europe and of a new world order based on democratic values
and the rule of law.
Done in Washington, the 20th day of March, 1991; signatures]
POLAND
WARSAW
Belwedere Palace
Bilaterals with General Jaruzelski
Official residence of Chairman of Council of Ministers
Meetings will be in Pompeii Room
Palace not destroyed during WWII, one of few buildings
not destroyed by Nazis
Jaruzelski does not live here
Palace built in 1820; architect Jozef Kubicki
Classical style - "Polish classicism"
In the 19th century, Poland was partitioned and under
Russian occupation
Grand Duke Constantine, brother of Tsar Nicholas I,
lived in the Palace. He was Governor of Poland, and
Commander-in-Chief of the local army. Poland was
considered the "County of Poland" then. Tsar Nicholas
I was "King" of Poland, and was represented by his
brother.
In 1830 there was an uprising against the Russians, the
"November Uprising. " Belwedere Palace was attacked,
and the Grand Duke escaped disguised as a "lady kook. "
After that, there was much embarrassment, and no other
Russian official wanted to live there. It became a
military facility, housing generals and other military
officials.
Following World War I, Poland was independent.
Belwedere was made the official residence of the
President.
In May 1926 there was a coup d'etat, and Belwedere
became the residence of General Pilsudski, the leader
of Poland until his death in 1935.
In 1944, Belwedere, along with many other buildings,
were all wired for destruction by the retreating Nazis.
The Palace escaped destruction, as did what is now the
Soviet embassy across the street.
Radziwill Palace
see "Information for Visitors" in American Embassy Warsaw
folder, last page.
survived both WWI & WWII
Warsaw Pact was signed here in 1955
also called Governor's Palace -- in the 18th century,
the Russian Governor lived there
the Radziwills were a famous Polish aristocratic family
View from window that will be on President's left as he delivers
the toast at the State Dinner:
the statue in front of the Palace is of Jozef
Pontiatowski, a Polish patriot and Marshal of France.
He was commander of the Polish army that fought under
Napoleon; he was also the nephew of the last King of
Poland, Stanislaw August. The original monument was
blown up by the Germans in 1944; the present one was a
gift to the Polish nation from the people of
Copenhagen.
across the street is a palace built by the Pototcki
family, another famous aristocratic family. It is now
the Palace of Culture & Art (the Ministry of Culture).
The Sejm
President of Poland sits on podium, on left (if
facing), if he's speaking; in the upper left of gallery
if observing
Polish Coat of Arms behind podium. "Poland's national
coat of arms is a white eagle on a red background which
dates back to the Middle Ages. Through history it has
undergone several modifications; most notably, with the
removal and restoration of the eagle's crown. During
the Period of Partitions (1772-1918), when the emblem
was officially banned, it appeared for the first time
with a crownless eagle on the banners of
insurrectionists and emigres. With the coming of
independence in 1918, the Poles adopted a white eagle
with a golden crown. The crownless eagle was
officially reinstated following WWII, however, and is
now considered symbolic of communist Poland." (from
Information for Visitors, American Embassy Warsaw)
Bas-reliefs on the outside of the building represent
symbolic moments in Polish history. General Pilsudski
is on one -- this is not remarkable now, but was there
throughout the whole Stalin period.
Sejm built in the 1920s, completed in 1928. Completely
destroyed in WWII -- rebuilt as it was and expanded in
1948.
Ambassador's Residence
for info on art at the residence call State Dept., Art
in Embassies
pictures around residence of the Ambassador with the
President, the Pope, and Mother Teresa.
Tomb of the Unknown Soldier
Monument built from the remains of a colonnade that was
part of the Suski Palace, which was completely
destroyed during the Warsaw Uprising in 1944.
Following WWI the Suski Palace housed the general staff
of the Polish Army.
1944 Warsaw Uprising -- lasted two months (August and
September). USAF dropped food and arms during the
uprising.
The soldier buried in the monument is from a cemetery
in what is now Lvov, in Soviet Ukraine. He was killed
in skirmishes between Poles and Ukranians, 1919-1920,
the first phase of war with the Russians.
Poles like this because they kicked Russia's ---- in
this war.
Virtuti Militari Cross -- for military bravery.
Incorporated into design of the monument. The
Cross
dates from 1792, one of the last years of Polish
independence.
Urns inside the monument contain soil from actual
battlefields of WWI & WWII
Umschlagplatz
"Along this path of suffering and death over 300,000
Jews were driven in 1942-1943 from the Warsaw Ghetto to
the gas chambers of the Nazi extermination camps."
Loading point for Jews being sent to death camps.
Dedicated in April 1988, on anniversary of Ghetto
Uprising
Memoirs of the Governor of the Ghetto were published
last year by the Institute of Jewish Studies, Warsaw
Professor Korczak, the "Dr. Spock" of Poland, went of
to the camps with the children of the Ghetto, even
though he was aware of what would happen to them.
GDANSK
American Embassy contacts in Gdansk:
Ron Czarnetzky
John Boris
Jack Spilsbury
Westerplatte
"Never Again War" [Nig-dee vien-say voyny]
Silhouette of monument is that of a broken German
bayonette
South Face (names of battles where Poles fought) :
--
La Manche
--
Dunkirk
--
Mediterranean Sea
--
Atlantic
--
Narvik (Norway)
--
Murmansk (in Soviet Union)
--
Hel. Another peninsula west of Westerplatte,
resistance took place the longest there -- for
over a month.
--
Oksyvie (small coastal town nearby)
--
Westeplatte
|
Gdansk Post Office. When the Germans attacked in
September 1939, a group of armed Polish civilians
barricaded themselves in the Gdansk Post Office
and held off the Germans for five days (?). When
they finally gave up, all were shot on the spot.
--
Kosynierzy Gdyni [kosh-ee-ni-air-jee gdee-nee]
(soldiers with scythes -- originally enlisted
peasants)
SE overlooking "Never Again War"
East Face: "To those at sea." [tim so na morju]
North Face, overlooking Baltic/Bay of Gdansk:
Kolobrzeg (coastal town near Gdansk) ; "Praise those who
won independence" [chva-wa viz-vo-li-chellom]
West Face: Lenino (in Soviet Union) i Studzianki (small
town where the biggest tank battle took place, on
German border)
Solidarity Monument
Three workers from the Lenin Shipyard were killed in
December 1970, shot by government troops during a
strike. In nearby Gdynia, around 300 people were
killed.
Monument was one of Solidarity's demands in the 1980
Gdansk Accords. These accords also legalized
Solidarity.
During martial law, the monument was a very emotional
meeting place. Each day people would leave flowers and
gifts at the monument, and each day the police would
take it all away
The anchor is the Biblical symbol of hope. On top of
the monument are crosses with anchors on them.
The symbol for Solidarity is also related to the anchor
symbol:
"He who wrongs the simple man and laughs while he is
doing it, don't feel safe, the poet remembers. You can
kill him, but there will emerge another. I will list
all facts and conversations. Czeslaw Milosz, Nobel
prize-winning poet, now lives in the U.S.
Wall behind monument:
"The Lord gives strength to His people. The Lord gives
to His people the blessing of peace." Czeslaw Milosz
"May your spirit be replaced and circulate on this
earth. Amen. " Pope John Paul II, 1979 (his first
visit to Poland)
"They gave their lives so that you could live better
Honor their memory."
Plaques on wall:
1970/1980 - steel mills Katowice
December 1970
Job 16:18: "O Earth, don't cover my blood, don't be
indifferent to my expressed desires." From the people
of Czestochowa [chest-a-hova], home to the most holy
Polish shrine
Worker crew, furniture factory, Zamosc
Warsaw Mill
Funded by people's donations, Lichenie [lee-hen-ye],
Poland, Konina Church
"Ostrowca Swientokrzyski" [o-strove-sa svien-tow-kshi-
ski] "
and there stirred up a wind from the sea. If
The entrance to the Lenin Shipyard is just to the right (when
facing) of the memorial. Big Solidarity sign. Also big sign
that says "Wszyscy Odpowiadamy Za Polske" -- "We are all
for/responsible for Poland."
Oliwa Cathedral
o
1178 -- Sambor I, Pomeranian Prince, introduces the
Cistercian Order of Monks into Oliwa and endows them
with estates. They build a wooden church and cloister.
1577 -- build in Gothic style, following plunder by
fanatics from Gdansk, due to friendship between Abbey
and Polish King Stephen.
1755 -- organ, built by John Wulf. Took 25 years to
build. John Wulf finally became monk -- Brother
Michael, following completion.
1925 -- Gdansk becomes a diocese and the church in
Oliwa becomes a Cathedral Church.
O
1944 -- WWII causes heavy destruction of the Cathedral
and adjoining house.
O
Bishop Goclowski [got-swov-ski] -- one of the key
mediators at the Magdalenka Group roundtable meetings,
(Magdalenka = suburb of Warsaw). . He was the Church
representative.
###
POLAND QUOTES
"You cannot prevent them swallowing you, but at least make sure
you give them indigestion." Jean Jacques Rousseau
"A land where the air is healthy, the soil fertile, the forests
flowing with honey, the reviers stocked with fish
If Gallus
Anonymus (1110-13)
"History bears witness to the independent development of Poland
which has been both a bridge and a beacon between the Slavs,
Germany, and the East." Cesare Lombroso, 1900
Poland is "an inspiration to the nations." President Roosevelt
(which one?)
POLAND CONTACTS
Polish American Museum
312-384-3352
N. Milwaukee Ave, chicago
Vial
I
501 268-3521 Polar Stainless Products 920 E Lincoln St
Searcy AR 72143-7494
201
489-4000 Polycast Technology Corp 211 S Newman St
Hackensack NJ 07601-3
612 746-2255 Polar Tank Trailer Inc 12810 County Rd 17
Holdingford MN 56340-9773
908 725-4600
Polycel Corp 60 Readington Rd
Somerville NJ 08876-3
414 458-3561 Polar Ware Co Inc 2806 N 15th St
Sheboygan WI 53083-3943
Fax: 707-8634
415
362-0333
Polaris Aircraft Leasing Corp
914 965-8800
Polychrome Corp 137 Alexander St
Yonkers NY 10701-2
4 Entbarcádere Ctr 39th FI
San Francisco CA 94111-4101
Fax: 914 965-2422
Fax: 362-4278
708 595-2800
Polychrome Corp 222 James St
Bensenville IL 60106-31
619 757-7770 Polaris Industrial Enterprises Inc ETI Systems Div
908 574-0400
Polychrome Corp 160 Terminal Ave
Clark NJ 07066-1
215 Via del Norte
Oceanside CA 92054-1229
Fax: 908 574-2055
Fax: 757-2305
603 934-5642
Polyclad Laminates Inc
213 537-2300
Polaris Plastics Inc 2016 Vista Bella Way
Rancho Dominguez CA 90220-6109
Industrial Park Dr Franklin Industrial Pk
Franklin NH 03235-0
Fax: 213 537-7770
Fax: 603 934-2670
619 471-0129
Polaris Pool Systems Inc PO Box 1149
San Marcos CA 92069-0402
714 556-1460
Polyclad Laminates Inc 2720 S Main St
Santa Ana CA 92707-3
303 592-7077
Polaris Resources Inc 410 17th St Suite 2100
Denver CO 80202-0000
Fax: 714 556-6088
Fax: 303 592-1846
508 865-5211
Polyclad Laminates Inc 86 Providence St
Millbury MA 01527-3
617 577-2000
Polaroid Corp 549 Technology Sq
Cambridge MA 02139-3589
Fax: 508 865-0134
Fax: 617 577-5618 PR
717 782-4141
Polyclinic Medical Center of Harrisburg 2601 N 3rd St
Harrisburg PA 17110-21
617 684-2705
Polaroid Corp 868 Winter St
Waltham MA 02254-0000
Fax: Unlisted
Fax: 617 684-7300
518 747-0654
Polycoat Systems Inc 5 Depot St
Hudson Falls NY 12839-1
617 577-3343
Polaroid Corp Material Service Dept 784 Memorial Dr
Cambridge MA 02139-4687
Fax: 518 747-5894
413 592-4141
Polep J Distribution Services Inc 705 Meadow St
Chicopee MA 01013-1893
412 225-2220
Polycom Huntsman Inc 90 W Chestnut St
Washington PA 15301-4
212 943-0110
Poles Tublin Patestides & Stratakis 46 Trinity PI
New York NY 10006-2288
Fax: 412 225-7170
802 655-3159
Polhemus Div Kaiser Aerospace Electronics Corp
412 379-5400
Polycom Huntsman Inc PO Box 492
Donora PA 15033-0
1 Hercules Dr
Colchester VT 05446-1549
Fax: 412 379-6274
Fax: 802 655-1439
714 637-6300
Polyfabrics 221 W Meats Ave
Orange CA 92665-2
215 542-9210
Poli & Co 137 Woodview Ln
North Wales PA 19454-3643
Fax: 714 637-6302
Fax: 215 542-9578
216 897-6311
Polyflex Div Flex Technology Inc SR-93
Baltic OH 43804-0
215 931-0300
Police & Fire Federal Credit Union 901 Arch St 3rd FI
Philadelphia PA 19107-2495
Fax: 216 897-7000
Fax: 215 931-2310
601 276-7512
Polyflex-M Co PO Box 727
McComb MS 39648-0
202 466-7820
Police Executive Research Forum
Fax: 601 276-7882
2300 M St NW Suite 910
Washington DC 20037-1434
914 636-7222
Polyfion Co 35 River St
New Rochelle NY 10801-4
Fax: 202 466-7826
708 398-0110
Polyfoam Packers Corp 2320 S Foster Ave
Wheeling IL 60090-6
803 735-4000
Policy Management Systems Corp PO Box 10
Columbia SC 29202-0010
Fax: 708 398-0653
Fax: 803 735-5542
708 336-2850
Polyfoam Packers Corp 3059 Washington St
Waukegan IL 60085-4
708 893-9055
Policy Management Systems Corp PO Box 385
Bloomingdale IL 60108-0000
Fax: 708 336-8409
Fax: 708 351-7605
219 586-3122
Polygon Co PO Box 176
Walkerton IN 46574-0
203 721-0694 Policyholder Service Corp 100 Great Meadow Rd
Wethersfield CT 06109-2355
Fax: 219 586-7336
Fax: 203 563-5793
212 333-8000
Polygram Records 825 8th Ave
New York NY 10019-7
817
481-3547
Polimex Inc 204 N Dooley
Grapevine TX 76051-3315
212 541-4510
Polylok Finishing Corp 31 W 54th St
New York NY 10019-5
Fax: 817 488-4816
Fax: 212 956-6563
301 657-3600
Polinger Co 5530 Wisconsin Ave Suite 1000
Chevy Chase MD 20815-4385
919 823-6126
Polylok Finishing Corp 3006 Anaconda Rd
Tarboro NC 27886-1
Fax: 301 986-9533
Fax: 919 823-1940
312 384-3352
Polish Museum of America 984 N Milwaukee Ave
Chicago IL 60622-4101
615 775-0792
Polyloom Corp of America 1615 N Broadway St
Dayton TN 37321-1
301
358-3600
Polk Audio Inc 5601 Metro Dr
Baltimore MD 21215-3213
714 687-7070 Polymer Building Systems Inc 6918-42 Ed Perkic St
Riverside CA 92504-0
708?
Fax: 301 764-5266
215 320-6600
Polymer Corp 2120 Fairmont Ave
Reading PA 19605-3
813 294-7771
Polk Community College 999 Ave 'H' NE
Winter Haven FL 33881-4299
Fax: 215 320-6845
Fax: 13 297-1065
714 921-2300
Polymer Development Labs 212 W Taft Ave
Orange CA 92665-4
501 394-6010
Polk County 507 Church Ave
Mena AR 71953-3297
Fax: 714 921-9643
813
534-4000 Polk County 255 N Broadway Ave
Bartow FL 33830-3912
813 286-8680
Polymer International Corp 5401 W Kennedy Blvd Suite 751
Tampa FL 33609-1
404
749-2100
Polk County PO Box 268
Cedartown GA 30125-0268
Fax: 813 286-1535
515 286-3772 Polk County 500 Mulberry St
Des Moines IA 50309-4238
203 828-0501
Polymer Machinery Corp PO Box 7177
Kensington CT 06037-1
218 281-5408
Polk County 612 N Broadway
Crookston MN 56716-1452
415 968-2212
Polymer Plastics Corp 645 National Ave
Mountain View CA 94043-:
417 326-4031
Polk County County Courthouse Rm 12
Bolivar MO 65613-0000
Fax: 415 968-2218
704 894-3301
Polk County PO Box 308
Columbus NC 28722-0308
516 231-1300
Polymer Plastics Corp 65 Davids Dr
Hauppauge NY 11788-1
402 747-5431 Polk County County Courthouse
Osceola NE 68651-0000
Fax: 516 231-1329
503 623-9217 Polk County 850 Main St Rm 201
Dallas OR 97338-3116
718 444-4300
Polymer Research Corp of America 2186 Mill Ave
Brooklyn NY 11234-1
615 338-4524 Polk County PO Box 128
Benton TN 37307-0158
Fax: 718 241-3930
409 327-8398 Polk County 101 W Church St
Livingston TX 77351-3201
203 828-0541
Polymer Systems Inc 63 Fuller Way
Berlin CT
715 485-3161
Polk County 914 1st Ave N
Balsam Lake WI 54810-0000
Fax: 203 828-8330
503 623-2363 Polk County Farmers Co-op DBA Ag West Supplies
201 694-4141
Polymeric Resources Corp 55 Haul Rd
Wayne NJ 07470-
PO Box 47
Rickreall OR 97371-0047
215 935-1170
Polymeric Systems Inc Wheatland & Mason Sts
Phoenixville PA 19460-
213
625-7615 Polk Court Reporters Inc 606 S Olive St Suite 307
Los Angeles CA 90014-1595
617 891-5858
Polymerics Inc Tulip Productions Div 180 Elm St
Waltham MA 02254-
313 393-0880
Polk RL & Co 1155 Brewery Park Blvd
Detroit MI 48207-2697
Fax: 617 647-5477
Fax: 313 964-4867
802 388-4956
Polymers Inc RR 3
Middlebury VT 05753-
419
255-1660 Poll H Electric Co Inc 2-16 N Saint Clair St
Toledo OH 43604-1529
508 695-9312
Polymetallurgical Corp 262 Broad St
North Attleboro MA 02760-
708
279-5000 Pollak Cadillac Inc 500 W Lake St
Elmhurst IL 60126-1431
Fax: 508 695-7512
Fax: 708 279-3741
408 734-9820
Polymetrics Inc 1210 Elko Dr
Sunnyvale CA 94089-
617
282-9550 Pollak Joseph Corp 195 Freeport St
Boston MA 02122-2827
Fax: 408 734-3058
Fax: 617 282-8726
289-3361
Polynesian Resort PO Box 998
Ocean Shores WA 98569-
915 267-7421
Pollard Chevrolet-Buick-Cadiliac Inc PO Box 1550
Big Spring TX 79721-1550
407 824-2000
Polynesian Village Resort 1600 W Seven Seas Dr
Lake Buena Vista FL 32830-
516 746-0842
Pollard Joseph G Co Inc 200 Atlantic Ave
Garden City Park NY 11040-5057
Fax: 407 824-3174
708
865-1700
Pollard Motor Co 2090 N Mannheim Rd
Melrose Park IL 60160-1057
13 525-2173
Polyplastex International Inc 6200 49th St N
Pinellas Park FL 34665-
305 856-7500
Poller & Jordan Advertising Agency Inc
916 343-8278
Polyplastex International Inc 1220 Fortress St
Chico CA 95926-
2701 S Bayshore Dr Suite 610
Miami FL 33133-5388
Fax: 916 343-2505
Fax: Unlisted
518 843-3900
Polyply Inc RR Box 1040
Amsterdam NY 12010-
516
741-8000 Pollio Dairy Products Corp 120 Mineola Blvd
Mineola NY 11501-4077
Fax: 518 843-5829
412
543-1142
Pollock Harry M Co Inc 120-198 S Grant Ave
Kittanning PA 16201-0000
602 889-3306
Polypore Inc 4601 S 3rd Ave
Tucson AZ 85714-
214
263-2126 Pollock Paper Distributors PO Box 660005
Dallas TX 75266-0005
516 349-1560
Polyprint Packaging Corp 170 Express St
Plainview NY 11803
209 224-2631 Polistar Newsletter 4838 N Blackstone Ave 2nd FI
Fresno CA 93726-0110
216 836-0451
Polysar Inc 2603 W Market St
Akron OH 44313-
Fax: 209 224-2674
Fax: 216 836-0200 Sales
708
969-5300 Pollution Liability Insurance Assn
508 537-1111
Polysar Inc 29 Fuller St
Leominster MA 01453
1333 Butterfield Rd Suite 100
Downers Grove IL 60515-5612
Fax: 508 537-5685
Fax: 708 969-9404
409 883-9990
Polysar Inc Gulf Coast Div PO Box 2000
Orange TX 77631
513
721-7020
Polly Flinders 224 E 8th St
Cincinnati OH 45202-6125
Fax: 409 883-0057
212
603-2600 Polo Ralph Lauren Corp 40 W 55th St
New York NY 10019-5392
214 363-7245
Polyspede Inc 6770 Twin Hills Ave
Dallas TX 75231
Fax: 212 977-5137
213 223-3232
Polytech Industries 2520 San Fernando Rd
Los Angeles CA 90065
717 837-1515
Poloron Homes of Pennsylvania Inc 74 Ridge Rd
Middleburg PA 17842-1064
Fax: 213 223-1807
816 931-3353 Polsinelli White Vardeman & Shalton 4705 Central St
Kansas City MO 64112-1598
718 260-3600
Polytechnic University 333 Jay St
Brooklyn NY 11201
Fax: 816 753-1536
Fax: 718 260-3136
305
285-6789
Polvani Tour Operators Inc 2380 S Dixie Hwy
Miami FL 33133-2392
401 767-2400
Polytop Corp 110 Graham Dr
Slatersville RI 02876
Fax: 305 858-4845
Fax: 401 765-2694
419
337-3015
Poly Craft Inc W Linfoot St
Wauseon OH 43567-0000
219 522-0246
Polytron Corp 2445 DeCamp Ave
Elkhart IN 46517
Fax: 419 337-1520
Fax: 219 522-0457
612 395-2551
Poly Foam Inc 116 Pine St S
Lester Prairie MN 55354-0000
212 351-5425
Polyurethane Div Society of the Plastics Industry
Fax: 612 395-2702
355 Lexington Ave
New York NY 10017
201 835-7161
Poly Molding Corp 4th Ave
Haskell NJ 07420-1199
Fax: 212 697-0409
Fax: 201 835-2438
501 327-1301
Polyvend Inc 700 German Ln
Conway AR 72032
516 293-6767
Poly Pak Industries 125 Spagnoli Rd
Melville NY 11747-0000
Fax: 501 327-4158
Fax: 516 454-6366
508 865-3558
Polyvinyl Films Inc Depot St
Wilkinsonville MA 01590
717 467-2991
Poly Plastic Products Inc Majic Industrial Pk
Delano PA 18220-9999
Fax: 508 865-1562
708 428-5311
Poly Shapes Converters Inc 46 E End Dr
Gilberts IL 60136-9731
808 524-3966
Pomare Ltd 700 N Nimitz Hwy
Honolulu HI 96817
Fax: Unlisted
Fax: 808 533-6809
214 647-4374
Poly-America Inc 2000 W Marshall Dr
Grand Prairie TX 75051-2795
215 864-3000
Pomerantz A & Co 1525 Chestnut St
Philadelphia PA 19102
Fax: 214 647-8061
Fax: 215 864-3109
714 250-8557
Poly-Optical Products Inc 1815 E Carnegie Ave
Santa Ana CA 92705-5593
212 532-4800
Pomerantz Levy Haudek Block & Grossman
404 259-9471
Poly-Pac Inc PO Box 1007
Dalton GA 30722-1007
295 Madison Ave 37th FI
New York NY 10017
Fax: 404 259-7850
207
626-3500
Pomerleau Frank Inc 43-47 Bridge St
Augusta ME 04330
703 552-3011
Poly-Scientific Div Litton Industries Inc 1213 N Main St
Blacksburg VA 24060-3100
Fax: 207 626-0924
Fax: 703 953-1841
712 468-2221
Pomeroy Co-op Grain Co PO Box 190
Pomeroy IA 50575
301 682-3000
Poly-Seal Corp 8303 Pulaski Hwy
Baltimore MD 21237-2992
509 843-1694
Pomeroy Grain Growers Inc PO Box 220
Pomeroy WA 99347
Fax: 301 391-9581
203 324-6775
Pomeroy Inc 64 Sunnyside Ave
Stamford CT 06902
612 884-7281
Poly-Tech Inc 1401 W 94th St
Minneapolis MN 55431-2333
707 763-1918
Pomeroy JH & Co Inc 500 Hopper St
Petaluma CA 94952
Fax: 612.884-6438
Fax: 707 763-2227
412 826-8077
Poly-Tex Co 565 Cedar Way
Oakmont PA 15139-2010
714 621-8134
Pomona College 333 N College Way
Claremont CA 91711
Fax: 412 826-0113
Fax: Unlisted
203
327-6010
Polyeast Technology Corp 69 Southfield Ave
Stamford CT 06902-7688
714 623-6511
Pomona First Federal Savings & Loan Assn 399 N Garey Ave
Pomona CA 9176
Fax: $800 631-4005
Fax: 714 623-7767
Indicates headquarters location when multiple locations are listed.
267
LES
The Burden of History
was ruled by the gentry-the szlachta-who had been granted privi-
time
inocent
as well
leges by successive monarchs in order to raise local detachments to
llec-
fight invading armies of Swedes, Tartars, Russians, Hungarians, and
ging
Jagiello,
Turks. There are some rooms in Wavel Castle in Krakow where one
late
aged his
and
can see, with permission of the caretaker, one of the most extraor-
the
t of her
dinary and valuable museum collections ever assembled anywhere. In
ate.
magnificent, almost pristine condition, the richly decorated tents and
live
-to the
pavilions of Turkish pashas now stand fully erected, carpeted with
for
ho had
rugs of incalculable value, all seized when the Polish Army, under
by
guild,
tudents.
King Jan Sobieski in July 1683, marched to Vienna to raise the siege
the
of the city by Vizier Kara Mustafa who commanded 138,000 Turks on
ula-
a campaign designed to destroy the Holy Roman Empire and Chris-
rst-
Idest in
tendom itself. The king arrived with 30,000 men to add to another
of
enamed
ind
Polish
46,000 sent by the princes of Europe, and took command of the
nd
Poland
Christian Army. Europe and its civilization was saved on September
the
12, 1683, when King Sobieski led a charge from the heights of Wiener-
ret
t vicissi-
wald outside Vienna, broke the Ottoman Army and put it to flight.
The king of Poland entered the gates of Vienna as the savior of
ay
perhaps
Christianity, and one of the great passages of arms of the Middle
(tly
ting de-
rn
power-
Ages was over.
Yet Polish historians say that even as this decisive battle was being
es
are as a
ar-
ng from
fought, internal conflicts in Poland had made the state virtually un-
in
n of the
governable-a situation which was to lead to the extinction of the
al
: east it
Polish state.
g.
While Poland's neighbors were ruled by powerful monarchs sus-
is a per-
ts glory,
tained by the doctrine of the absolute right of kings, government in
re, mak-
Poland had been made all but impossible by the power and privileges
of the gentry. They insisted that not only should Poland's kings be
position
elected by them, but once the monarch ascended the throne, his
ntinent.
power would be considerably circumscribed by a Parliament made up
down to
of members of the gentry who either attended directly or voted for
western
delegates to represent their regions. Astonishingly, the gentry class
of Euro-
consisted of about three quarters of a million people, or 10 percent
heart of
of the population. Some were great barons-called "Magnates"-
eighbors
with estates and untold wealth. Others scratched a precarious living
military
from the soil. It was difficult sometimes to tell the difference between
them and the peasants alongside whom they worked, save for the
foreign
fact that while one possessed power over king and country, the other
ng them-
had none at all.
id a kind
And it is no exaggeration to say that the gentry, even the poorest,
did have that power. Poland's Parliament had developed over the
country
268
THE POLES
years a unique system whereby any legislation could be voted down
by a single member of Parliament, who had merely to sit in his seat
and declare "I disapprove." Not only that, but each member was
entitled by his one vote to dissolve the Sejm at any time, and in so
doing nullify all acts passed during its sessions. The assumption be-
hind this liberum veto was that all nobles were equal, and that each
possessed in his person the well-being of his nation. In practice, of
course, the concept that nobility conferred upon its holder an almost
saintly disregard for his own interests was not, as one might expect,
exactly justified by events. Between 1652, when the liberum veto
was first used, and 1764, when King Stanislaw II August Poniatowski
(reputedly Catherine the Great's most successful lover) attempted
in vain to make constitutional reforms, forty-eight out of fifty-five
sessions of the Sejm fell under the liberum veto. Usually members
objected to the raising of taxes to fight off yet another foreign inter-
loper, but often invading foreign armies themselves found a member to
bribe, to ensure that he used his veto to frustrate Poland's ability to de-
fend itself. Even before the Battle of Vienna, the Cossacks in the
Ukraine who had previously paid tribute to the Polish king changed
sides and put their armies at the disposal of the Czar of Russia, chang-
ing forever the balance of power between these two great neighbors.
With Cossacks on the loose, with the Polish Army itself often in revolt
because the Sejm had not voted the money to pay its salaries, the
country was wide open to attack, and the Swedes and then the Rus-
sians made the most of the opportunity.
The periodic election of Polish kings provided new excuses for out-
side intervention as Poland's neighbors fought to promote their own
candidates, while the nobility-always squabbling between themselves
-consistently failed, because of liberum veto, to agree about anything.
August Stanislas's belated attempt to force through constitutional
changes led to virtual civil war as a section of the Polish nobility,
desperate to protect its ancient rights, refused to give way, even
though what amounted to the whole Russian Army was camped on
the grounds of the Russian ambassador. In the end, using the fate of
Russian Orthodox churches in Poland, supposedly persecuted by the
Catholics, as a pretext, Catherine the Great marched into Poland.
Austria and Prussia, determined that Russia should not become too
powerful, also moved, and the Polish Sejm, most of its members
bribed by one or another of the competing parties in 1772 voted in
favor of the First Partition of what was once their mighty nation.
About 30 percent of the country was carved up among the three
3 MAY, 1791
The Burden of History
CONSTITUTION
countries, leaving Poland considerably reduced in size, within frontiers
even more difficult to defend than hitherto, and with a population
bitter and divided.
At last, and too late, a group of Magnates and members of the
minor gentry realized how their squabbling and insistence on their
privileges had led to the dismemberment of the nation. They were
determined, within the area still left to Poland, to give Poland a real
constitution and the necessary energy to withstand outside pressures
and reestablish its former prosperity. So, on May 3, 1791, in a care-
fully organized plot, timed to coincide with the moment that reaction-
ary members of the Sejm were out of town, the liberals voted through
the Parliament a new constitution, the first written constitution in
Europe, and the second in the world-after America's, upon which it
was closely modelled.
Known and revered throughout Poland today as the 3rd May Con-
stitution (in 1981 Solidarity demanded that May 3 be celebrated as
a national holiday rather than the Communist holiday of May 1),
this document was nothing short of revolutionary. It provided for
the country advanced social and political forms unknown elsewhere,
in the immediate area. But to Poland's neighbors-like the Gdansk
Accord signed almost 290 years later-this Constitution was per-
ceived as a direct threat to their interests. If it were allowed to go
unchallenged, this Constitution could disaffect their people and give
Poland a political stability enabling it to resist their insistent demands.
An eminent Prussian politician declared, "The Poles have given the
coup de grâce to the Prussian monarchy by voting a Constitution
much better than the English How can we defend our state
against a numerous and well-governed nation?" Catherine the Great
swore her determination to stamp out "the French plague" in War-
saw, and as has so often happened in Polish history, she found influ-
ential supporters inside Poland whose wealth and power depended
upon the old ways being preserved.
It is almost uncanny how Polish history is fated to repeat itself.
The events of 1980-1981 so echo the events 1791-1792 that the
scenario seems to have been written by the same script-writer. Grossly
betraying Poland, the Conservatives (the Russian Party as they were
known) went to St. Petersburg and signed an Act of Confederation
with Russia, blaming the "monarchal and democratic revolution"
which had taken their country by storm. They called for Russian
troops to put down the democrats, and on May 18, 1792, two weeks
after Warsaw had celebrated the first anniversary of the Constitution,
270
THE POLES
they crossed the frontier with Catherine's army behind them. Though
the Polish Army fought courageously, it had no hope against numeri-
cally superior opponents. Poland was partitioned for the second time,
as the Russians and the Prussians grabbed huge sections of Poland
and promulgated for the first time the concept of Poland as a buffer
state, "a barrier between the powers," as Catherine put it, but with
the Russian ambassador in Warsaw as effective ruler.
Two years later in 1794, Tadeusz Kosciuszko, leading an army of
peasants demanded national self-rule, abolition of the monarch, equal
civil rights for all citizens, freedom for the peasantry, and a limited
(though for those days, remarkable) franchise based on property
qualification. With reckless courage that won the admiration of all
Europe, he took on Russia and, when it intervened, Prussia too.
Despite several victories won against great odds, the Poles were finally
defeated before the gates of Warsaw and their leaders fled into exile,
principally to France. For the third time Poland had to submit to the
terrible indignity of partition, but this time the three occupying
powers were determined that this troublesome nation should be wiped
off the map, and they divided up what was left of the country among
themselves. According to legend, Kosciuszko shouted, "Finis Poloniae!"
when he fell from his horse in the final battle of the war, and in the
partition treaty, the three powers vowed: "In view of the necessity
to abolish everything that could revive the memory of the existence
of the Kingdom of Poland, now that the annulment of the body
politic has been effected
the high contracting parties are agreed
and undertake never to include in their titles the name or designa-
tion of the Kingdom of Poland, which shall remain suppressed from
the present and forever
(
But the Poles were far from finished. "Poland is not lost while
Poles still live," still sung to this day, was during these dark hours the
anthem that kept alive the dreams of a Poland reborn. The lyrics
represented the aspirations of a people denied a homeland of their
own. It was the 120 years of Polish history, between the third par-
tition and eventual independence in 1918, that set the mold of the
Polish character as we know it today. The options were limited-
either fight or go under-and they decided to fight. This was the
national will, and nothing that has happened since has weakened it.
It was during this period that these courageous people became suffused
with the kind of hopeless romanticism, nationalistic to a fault, even
the victims, if you like, of a grand passion for Poland which has been
both ennobling and destructive.
"Poland has not yet perished, as long as we live 1
opening lines of nt'l anthem Official in 1926 Anthem is
called Dabrowskir Mazurka
The Burden of History
271
The world reacted to the Polish tragedy 200 years ago much as it
lime
did when General Jaruzelski imposed martial law on the Polish popu-
llec-
lation in December 1981. In America, Thomas Jefferson spoke of the
ging
late
"crime" and the "atrocity" of the partition; "to post-Revolutionary
and
Frenchmen, the spectacle of Poland writhing under Europe's most
the
repressive monarchies seemed a horror almost beyond historical prece-
dent"; while in England societies were established to keep alive the
Famous poles
ate.
live
name of Poland and Polish civilization. Extraordinarily, this was a
for
time of a flowering of Polish culture-romantic but magnificent. It
by
was the time of Chopin, who evoked memory of an eternal Poland
through his music; Adam Mickiewicz whose twelve cantos of Pan
harked back
the
ula-
rst-
Tadeusz, Homeric in their scope, recounted the historical tradition
of a great people. Zygmunt Krasinski and Juliuz Slowacki regarded
to.
of
and
Polish suffering as an almost mystical event, basis for a philosophy of
and
self-sacrifice and ideals of liberty from which the Polish people have
the
never departed. A nation, they said, could survive the destruction of
cret
the state provided that its people remained true. It IS a lesson no
Pole has ever forgotten, and it ensures that, whatever else may hap-
day
pen, in the end Poland will somehow survive.
tly
The attempts by the partitioning powers to crush the Polish spirit
ern
ves
were brutal beyond compare. Nonobservance of the laws of the par-
ar-
titioning powers, particularly the Russians, meant certain death or
in
exile to Siberia, a route taken by thousands of Poles, yet the spirit of
cal
resistance never died. In 1815 the Congress of Vienna ratified the
ng.
partitions but established the tiny kingdom of Warsaw as a sop to
Polish pride and then undid that by placing it under the czars.
In 1830, in what Poles know as the November Insurrection, young
men from the School of Cadets in Warsaw led by a sub-lieutenant
rose against the Czar and held out for a year. In January 1863, this
time with no army, not even officer cadets to call on, the people rose
again with few expectations. As a Polish writer has put it, this
B
act of despair has left a memory sacred to every Pole. No sacrifice
for the national cause had, in fact, ever been so disinterested and of
so moving a nature.
"Never had such large classes of the population rallied to a move-
ment that, unlike that of 1830, did not possess even the skeleton of
a regular army."
The Russians reacted with predictable fury. The kingdom was
finally removed from all their maps and became Vistulaland, Polish
was replaced by Russian in government and commerce; Russian be-
came mandatory in every school; while the Polish nobility, the natural
SEE MEMO
THE WHITE HOUSE
Office of the Press Secretary
For Immediate Release
November 13, 1989
REMARKS BY THE PRESIDENT
AND LECH WALESA
AT MEDAL OF FREEDOM CEREMONY
The East Room
A"MUST READ"
6:07 P.M. EST
THE PRESIDENT: Just before Christmas, 1981, a darkness
descended across Poland for the third time this century. What had
begun as a year of hope and freedom ended in violence and repression.
In snow-filled crossroads and town squares across Poland, iron tanks
rumbled to a stop.
Lech Walesa made the sign of the cross on the foreheads
of his sleeping children and was taken away into the night.
Solidarity, a movement embracing the Polish nation, was outlawed.
Communications with the outside world were cut. And Poland awoke to
snow and steel and silence, an entire nation imprisoned.
But you can't lock up a dream. One by one, candles lit
the windows of Poland's farmhouses and tenements, silent beacons of
liberty still burning in the hearts of a brave and ancient people.
And that Christmas Eve, not far from where we stand, a candle burned
all night in the White House, like others all across America, glowing
with solidarity with the Polish people.
When spring came, a time of renewal and rebirth, Lech
Walesa's fate was still unknown, And as colleges and universities
approached graduation, one by one, again and again, the same two
names were heard. Lech Walesa and Solidarity.
of course, Lech Walesa could not come to accept those
honorary degrees. And so in crowded assembly halls and packed arenas
across America, where every precious space was filled with proud and
loving families, stage after stage held a single, unfilled place --
an empty chair, bearing only the Solidarity banner -- awaiting the
release of Lech Walesa, the liberation of the Polish people.
We saw empty chairs in Maine and Pennsylvania, Rhode
Island and Illinois. And at Notre Dame, the crowd stood for three
minutes in cheering tribute to the empty chair and the man who wasn't
there. At Holy Cross, Lane Kirkland accepted the award on Lech
Walesa's behalf. And back in Poland, in a humble wooden church on
the outskirts of Gdansk, an empty chair was placed near the altar for
the baptism of tiny Maria-Victoria, Lech's seventh child, a little
girl he'd never seen.
For eight years, these empty chairs and the American
people have waited for you to come. We waited because we believe in
freedom. We waited because we believe in Poland. And we waited
because we believe in you. (Applause.)
And today, the waiting is over. Lech Walesa, man of
freedom, is at the White House. We think of it as the house of
freedom.
Lech Walesa, on behalf of the people of the United
States, I am proud to say to you: "Take your place in this house of
freedom. Take your place in the empty chair. Now you can have a
seat." (Applause.)
MORE
- 2 -
In just a few days, you will be the second private
citizen from abroad second in our history to ever address a joint
meeting of Congress after the Marquis de Lafayette in 1824. And
like him, you helped win an historic struggle. And like him, you
represent not only a people but also an idea -- an idea whose time
has come. And nothing can stop an idea whose time has come.
That idea is freedom. The time is now. (Applause.)
You were called a nobody. But Lenin and Stalin have been
disproved, not by presidents or princes, but by the likes of an
electrician from Gdansk and his fellow workers in a brave union
called Solidarity. The Iron Curtain is fast becoming a rusted,
abandoned relic, symbolizing a lost era, a failed ideology. And the
change is everywhere. Poland. Hungary. Czechoslovakia.
And ladies and gentlemen, the week that brought Lech
Walesa to America is the week that the headlines proclaimed, "And the
Wall comes tumbling down." (Applause.)
So what is happening in Berlin and on our television
screens is astounding. World War II, fought for freedom, ironically
left the world divided between the free and the unfree. And most of
us alive today were born into that sundered world. And now almost 50
years have passed and some have wondered all these years why we
stayed in Berlin. And let me tell you. We stayed because we knew --
we just knew -- all Americans -- that this day would come. And now a
century that was born in war and revolution may bequeath a legacy of
peace unthinkable only a few years ago.
The story of our times is the story of brave men and
women who seized a moment, who took a stand. Lech Walesa showed hpw
one individual could inspire others in them a faith so powerful that
it vindicated itself; changed the course of a nation. History may
make men. But Lech Walesa has made history.
And I believe history continues to be made every day by
small daily acts of courage, by people who strive to make a
difference. Such people, says Lech, "are everywhere, in every
factory, steel mill, mine and shipyard, everywhere." And we've
certainly seen them in the American labor movement, where from the
leadership of Lane Kirkland to the rank and file across the country,
they have struggled in the vanguard of the free labor movement around
the world.
Our own humble electrician, Ben Franklin, declared that
"Our cause is the cause of all mankind, for we are fighting for their
liberty in defending our own." And like Franklin, who seized
lightning from the skies and brought it to Earth, Lech Walesa seized
an idea, a powerful idea, and with it electrified the world. The
idea is freedom. And the time is now.
Country by country, people by people, year by year,
courageous new voices are raised in a hundred languages. Spanish,
German, Chinese, Russian. And yet from these varied lips comes a
word all can understand. Freedom. And with one voice, the people of
the world have spoken. Freedom.
In America, it's our greatest natural resource, the
secret of our success. And freedom will bring success to Poland,
too. American aid has begun and more is coming. From Washington to
Warsaw, Kansas City to Krakow, from Green Bay to Gdansk, Americans
are linked in spirit with the Polish people in their brave struggle
for opportunity, prosperity and freedom.
Lech Walesa, by your abiding faith and by the miracle of
democracy's new birth in your homeland, you have come to personify
the new breeze that is sweeping the world, East and West, the
spiritual godfather of a new generation of democracy.
And even while Solidarity was banned, your example, and
the example of the Polish people was mirrored across Asia when
MORE
- 3 -
"People Power" became a chant, first in the Philippines, and then in
Pakistan and South Korea and, yes, even in Tiananmen Square. The
whole world is watching. And the whole world is with you.
(Applause.)
Thank you, Poland, for showing us that the dream is
alive. And thank you, Poland, for showing us that a dream wrought by
flesh and blood cannot be stilled by walls of steel. Thank you,
Poland. And thank you, Lech Walesa. (Applause.)
And now, it is with great pride that I bestow the medal,
previously awarded to the likes of Martin Luther King and President
John F. Kennedy, Anwar Sadat, Mother Teresa. It is our nation's
highest civilian honor. So, Mr. Walesa, if you'll come over here,
let me read the citation.
To Lech Walesa, of Gdansk, Poland, the Presidential Medal
of Freedom. Lech Walesa has shown through his life and work the
power of one individual's ideals when combined with the irresistible
force of freedom. Through moral authority, force of personality and
demonstrated heroism, he has inspired a nation and the world in the
cause of liberty. The United States honors a true man of his times
and of timeless ideals. Lech Walesa, distinguished son of Poland,
champion of universal human rights. (Applause.)
MR. WALESA: Mr. President, ladies and gentlemen, I'm
deeply moved and gratified that I'm here, in the Capital of the
United States of America and the White House, greeted so warmly by
President George Bush in the company of American Polish friends.
One of the greatest dreams of my life has thus been
fulfilled. I'm full of admiration for your country, not because it's
a big power and not because it's rich, even though one could envy
that. I admire America as a country of freedom -- freedom of man and
freedom of a nation. You took that freedom yourself. Nobody gave it
to you as a present. You built it through your hard work, step by
step. You created wonderful democratic institutions which are an
example for many other countries. But most before others, you
created human attachments to freedom.
America is a free country because American workers and
farmers are and want to be free. Technicians and engineers, bankers
and industrialists. America is rich with its freedom. It shares it
with the emigrants -- some are looking for freedom from misery and
others are looking for freedom from persecutions.
That is why I so highly cherish the Presidential Medal of
Freedom. Poles know the price of freedom as very few nations of the
world. They know how to fight for freedom. They know how to defend
freedom. Now my country has entered the road of freedom. It's
rebuilding its independence and democracy. It's restoring sense to
labor and economy. I'm sure that we will not get away from that
road.
Mr. President, for yours and our freedom, for the
American nation, for the freedom of all nations of the world, thank
you very much for this wonderful, wonderful distinction. (Applause.)
THE PRESIDENT: Please be seated. Before we conclude,
there is one more person with us today whose dedication to Solidarity
and to free trade unions I feel we must recognize. You all know how
crucial has been the work of the AFL-CIO in helping Solidarnosc
through difficult times and in promoting free trade unions and
democracy around the world.
So, Lane Kirkland, would you please come up here, sir.
(Applause.) For over a decade, under your leadership, you and the
union have been path-breakers for freedom, continuing the support for
free trade unions around the world. And in Eastern Europe, your
support was crucial. And you were there -- you, personally, were
there -- in the hour of greatest need, helping to keep alive the
dream of democracy in Poland.
MORE
- 4 -
And so, Lane, on behalf of a grateful nation, I want to
present you with the Presidential Citizens Medal. And the citation
reads: As President of the AFL-CIO, Joseph Lane Kirkland has worked
tirelessly and effectively in support of Solidarity, free trade
unions and democratic principles. America honors him for this
dedication, which has helped spread the lamp of liberty in Eastern
Europe and across the globe.
Congratulations. (Applause.)
MR. KIRKLAND: Mr. President, you must like surprises
because I was extraordinarily surprised by your very generous act in
enabling me to share an honor with the man who towers in the world
today for his achievements -- Lech Walesa.
I can only say that it's what I think I try my best to
stand for today that merits any such recognition. And what I do
stand for -- the instrument and the principle of free trade unionism
-- is today a lever that can move the world. And to serve that is a
privilege for any person.
Thank you again, Mr. President. (Applause.)
END
6:28 P.M. EST
Services
Mead Data Central
PAGE
8
5TH STORY of Level 1 printed in FULL format.
Copyright (c) 1991 Reuters;
The Reuter Business Report
February 24, 1991, Sunday, BC cycle
LENGTH: 451 words
HEADLINE: POLAND REACHES LANDMARK DEBT DEAL WITH IMF
BYLINE: By Andrew Tarnowski
DATELINE: WARSAW
KEYWORD:
DEBT-POLAND
BODY:
The Polish government said Sunday it has reached a tentative agreement with
the International Monetary Fund on a crucial $2 billion package that will open
the way for a new flood of western aid and a quick reduction of its debt.
"Initial agreement has been reached on a draft accord under which Poland
could receive financial backing for its economic restructuring programme
totaling in excess of $2 billion over the next three years," Finance Ministry
Director General Stefan Kawalec said in a statement.
The agreement will clear the way for a substantial cut in the $46.5 billion
Poland owes western government creditors without which the government says there
is no hope of economic recovery.
Poland has asked for an 80 percent reduction. Some government creditors, who
hold about two-thirds of the debt, have said they are considering a generous
reduction.
President Bush told Polish President Lech Walesa in a recent letter that
IMF approval of Poland's economic program, contained in Sunday's agreement, was
a precondition to a debt reduction deal.
Polish Prime Minister Jan Krzysztof Bielecki told a Solidarity congress in
the northern port of Gdansk on Sunday a debt reduction accord was imminent.
"We expect reduction of the debt in April," Bielecki said. "New credits are
possible from the World Bank and the European Development Bank. Billions of
dollars are involved."
The IMF accord, which still requires formal approval from the IMF's
management in Washington and the Polish government, will replace a one-year
agreement under which Poland received $715 million in 1990 to help start up its
reforms.
The new agreement was reached after lengthy negotiations that began in Warsaw
in November and resumed in mid-January after a break for the Polish
presidential elections.
LEXIS® ® NEXIS® LEXIS® NEXIS ®
Services of Mead Data Central
PAGE
9
(c) 1991 Reuters, February 24, 1991
Kawalec told Reuters he expected the IMF management and the Warsaw government
to give the green light in about two weeks after careful examination of the
accord.
He said the aid package comprised restructuring credits and compensation for
high oil prices Poland has paid over the past few months.
It also included contingency payments to be made if oil prices rise
significantly above the level assumed in Poland's economic program.
Kawalec said $2 billion was the minimum sum Poland might receive from the IMF
over the three-year period.
The World Bank, which makes its aid contingent upon IMF approval of a
country's economic program, has said it hopes to lend Poland a billion dollars a
year in 1991 and 1992, matching the sum it lent last year.
The bank has also proposed setting up a $1 billion fund to help Poland
restructure its industry, clean up its environment and reorganize energy
supplies.
LEXIS® NEXIS® ® LEXIS® NEXIS ®
COLOURS
made up of four strips - the upper and the third
from top being red and the second from top
The national colours are white and red in
and the bottom one being white. The banners
two horizontal parallel strips of equal width and
bore the official crest of the State.
length, the upper strip being white and the
During the reign of August II (d. 1706), white
lower red. Both strips linked together make up
ribbons were introduced in the army (accord-
the national flag whose length-to-width ratio is
ing to the Saxon pattern) as the signs of prime
8:3.
national colour. They were atached to the left
The Polish flag dates back to the mediaeval
side of the headgear with ornamental pins.
pennants. At first it was all red with a white ea-
During the Four-Year Sejm (1788-1792) first
gle. Such a flag, or rather a banner, was at the
red-and-white ribbons appeared.
side of King Władysław Jagiello during the
The Sejm formally introduced Polish natio-
Battle of Grunwald in 1410. The red and white
nal colours during the November Uprising, on
colours appeared together as late as the 17th
February 7, 1831. The colours were white and
century. The banner of Zygmunt III Vasa
red, and were used in the national uprisings of
(d. 1632) consisted of three strips: the upper
the 19th century is the form of white-and-red
and the bottom ones being red, and the one in
ribbons. They were officially recognized as
the middle - white. The banners of Władysław
state colours in 1919 after Poland had re-
IV (d. 1648) and Jan Casimir (d. 1668) were
gained her independence.
NATIONAL ANTHEM
there was no song which would function as an
anthem, while under the Jagiellonian dynasty
The Polish national anthem is popularly
such role was partly played by Bogurodzica
known as Dąbrowski's Mazurka. It was com-
(Mother of God) which was sung in the Battle
posed in 1797 by Józef Wybicki in Reggio (Ita-
of Grunwald in 1410, and the Battle of Varna in
ly) in 1797, for the Polish Legions established
1444. So it was part a religious hymn and part
by gen. Henryk Dąbrowski with consent from
a combat song. In the 16th century it stopped
gen. Bonaparte. But shortly it gained a popula-
being a combat song and was performed only
rity and was generally sung by people living in
during state ceremonies. Most probably it be-
all three parts of partitioned Poland. It was
came the dynastic hymn of the Jagiellonians.
sung both during national uprisings and va-
After the death of the last of the dynasty it was
rious patriotic demonstrations. Soldiers of
sung only in churches.
World War I also sang it and in 1918 it became
In the years of the Partitions and after the re-
an unofficial national anthem.
gaining of independence in 1918, Dabrowski's
The lyrics of the hymn, called Mazurka after
Mazurka, whose opening lines are Poland has
a folk dance, were repeatedly changed, their fi-
not yet perished, as long as we live was sung
nal version being officially approved in 1926
as a national anthem. It was officially pro-
when it was officially proclaimed Poland's na-
claimed in 1926.
tional anthem.
In 1978 a Museum of National Anthem open-
Dabrowski's Mazurka had had no predeces-
ed in Będomin near Kościerzyna, the birth-
sors. During the reign of the Piast dynasty
place of J. Wybicki.
Alla Mazurka (J=118)
Je-szcze Po-Iska nie zgi-ne - ta kie - dy my ty- je my.
Co nam o bca prze-moc wzię - ta # sza-bla o-dbie - rze-my.
Marsz, marsz,
Da
-
bro wski,
Z zie - mi who-skiej do
Po- Iskil
4
Za
two-im
prze-
wo-
dem
złą-czym
się
N
ha-
ro dem.
-ro dem.
This instalment offering background information about Poland from the series "Update on Poland" may be repreduced without
POLSKA AGENCIA
payment in the mass media or elsewhere. No acknowledgement required. Printed in Poland, 1988
INTERPRESS
PAI. zlec 1170/88, n-9100
UPDATE ON POLAND
THE POLISH PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC
Poland - the Polish People's Republic
by the Council of State, whose members are
(PRL) - is a socialist state situated in central
appointed by the Sejm out of the Sejm Depu-
Europe. The area of Poland is 312,683 square
ties. The Council of State acts as a body and is
kilometres and the population is 37.7 million.
subordinate to the Sejm. It is represented by its
Poland borders on the USSR in the North-East
President or his deputy.
and East, Czechoslovakia to the South, and
The PRL Government - - the Council of Min-
the GDR in the West. Most of the northern bor-
der of Poland runs along the Baltic coastline.
isters, or its respective members, are appoin-
The total length of Poland's state borders is
ted and recalled by the Sejm. The Council of
3,538 kms, of which the littoral marine border
Ministers is the main executive organ of the
is 524 kms, border with the USRR - 1,244
State authority.
kms, with Czechoslovakia- 1,310 kms and the
The local organs of the State are people's
GDR- - 460 kms.
councils. The elections to the people's coun-
The supreme organ of state authority is the
cils are universal and held every four years.
Sejm whose legislative term is four years. The
Administratively, Poland is divided into 49
Sejm is made up of 460 Deputies elected in se-
voivodships.
cret ballot under the universal, equal and direct
The National Holiday : July 22 - the Day of
franchise.
Poland's Rebirth - - the anniversary of the
The function of head of state is discharged
PKWN Manifesto (proclaimed in 1944).
DANIA
SZWECJA
MORZE BAZTYCKIE
Z
s
R
R
&
POLSKA
N
N
F
R
/
AUSTRIA
WEGRY
RUMUNIA
THE EMBLEM
Under the last Polish king, Stanisław August
Poniatowski (d. 1795) an ornamental variety of
The National Emblem of the Polish People's
the emblem was used, with the eagle holding
Republic is a white eagle with golden beak
the sceptre in its right talon and the orb in its left
and talons, its head poised to the right and set
one. A similar eagle set against a red field was
against a rectangular red shield with a tipped
the emblem of the Polish Kingdom established
elongation in the middle of its bottom edge.
after the year 1815 out of the part of the lands
The eagle first appeared on coins minted in
occupied by Russia.
the 12th century (under Vladislaus II and Bo-
After Poland regained independence in
leslaus the Curly) and subsequently on the he-
1918, the eagle of the national emblem was
raldic seals of the Piast dynasty first in 1222 on
depicted with a crown, its shape being similar
the seal of Casimir, the Duke of Opole. In the
to that of the Polish Kingdom, but without the
first half of the 13th century the eagle was the
sceptre and the orb. In 1927 the eagle was
heraldic sign of the rulers in all Polish principa-
given a shape identical with the present one.
lities. Towards the end of the 13th century,
During World War II, the Polish People' Ar-
during the reign of Przemysław II (1295), the
my, the units of the People's Guard and the
Polish eagle was depicted with a crown - a
People's Army (Armia Ludowa) used the crest
symbol of United Kingdom of Poland.
of eagle without a crown, following the tradi-
During the reign of elected kings, some-
tions of the progressive and revolutionary Pol-
times a shield with the heraldic sign of the king
ish movements in the 19th and 20th centuries.
was featured on the eagle's brest. In mid 15th
It is that shape that the Government of Na-
century the shield was divided into four fields.
tional Unity approved of the emblem in June,
Fields 1 and 4 featured the white eagle, while
1945. Ever since the white eagle without a
fields 3 and 4 featured the Lithuanian emblem
crown, set against a red shield, is the official
Pogoń.
crest of the Polish People's Republic.
National Emblem,
Colours, Anthem
Two signs: an emblem and a flag, and a certain set of sounds and words:
the anthem - all these are symbols.1 In the history of human thought and
in social life, symbols stand for definite notions and serve as a condensed
expression of certain facts and events. The symbols of the Polish State re-
present its independent political existence, bear witness to Poland's existence
in the world. They contribute to the strengthening of national and social ties,
they unite Poles living in their country with their compatriots abroad. They
are a symbolic summons to all Poles.
The Polish national symbols have a long history going back many centuries.
But among the symbols of other nations, there are some equally old or even
older. The history of the Polish symbols, however, contains some special
pages. It is rich in exalted as well as tragic moments, it has been marked by
the heroism of many generations of Poles, by the bitterness of defeat and the
joy of victory - like the history of the country they represent.
THE NATIONAL EMBLEM
As is the case with all European nations, the oldest of our national symbols
is Poland's emblem, her coat of arms. It is the effigy of a white eagle on
a red field. The origins of this emblem date back to the Piast era, the
formative period of Polish statehood. Scholars are unable to explain with
absolute certainty the reasons for this choice of emblem. The prevailing
opinion is that the heraldic effigy of the eagle, appearing regularly as early
as the first quarter of the 13th century on the seals of provincial princes of
the Piast dynasty, was their personal sign. It was a sign chosen independently,
although within the broader framework of heraldic customs that had earlier
taken shape in western Europe.
According to the political and legal doctrine of the Middle Ages, the monarch
symbolized the state. Consequently, the personal sign of the ruler became
the symbol of the lands and people under his authority. The attempts to
reunify Poland's territories made by the Piast Przemysl II, Prince of Great
Poland, raised his personal sign - the white eagle - to the rank of a symbol
of state unity, the emblem of the Kingdom of Poland. It was in this sense
that the kings who unified Poland - the above-mentioned Przemysl II and,
after him, Ladislaus the Short and Casimir the Great - placed on their seals
a crowned eagle as the symbol of royal dignity. The feeling of national
consciousness which was then taking shape helped to strengthen the role of
that symbol.
How great a moral force was already at that time associated with the emblem
of the Kingdom, can be seen from the description by Poland's most eminent
chronicler, Jan Dlugosz, of the fight to defend the grand banner bearing the
eagle during the battle of Grunwald (1410).
The shape of the Polish official eagle was finally fixed around the middle
of the 15th century. The eagle of those days, its silhouette dramatically
outlined, is impressive, with the crowned head proudly raised, the beak
sharply delineated and the spreading wings adorned by a bandeau, the whole
breathing strength and majesty.
1 Based on: Stanislaw Russocki, Stefan K. Kuczyński, Juliusz Willaume, Godto, barwy
t hymn Rzeczypospolitej. Zarys dziejów. With a foreword by Boguslaw Leśnodorski.
2nd ed., Warsaw 1970.
12
1) US- Poland share the majestic Aree
eagle as a national symbal.
2) The eagle is back. (See this Xerox
for it's being banned + returned)
National Emblem,
Colours, Anthem
Later on, the Polish eagle changed its shape more than once as tastes varied
in different periods. The Gothic form of the emblem of the Piasts and the
first Jagiellons was replaced by the Renaissance design: of the eagles of
Sigismund I and Sigismund Augustus. In the 18th century, the eagle assumed
the classicist form which proved to be the most durable. Yet, in spite of its
changing forms, the sense of the symbol always remained the same.
Under the Jagiellons and in the later period as well, the Polish eagle used to
appear on the same escutcheon together with Lithuania's emblem - the Po-
goń (Pursuit) as a sign of the dynastic union binding the two countries.
Apart from the officially adopted State emblem, the effigy of the eagle also
appeared - together with the cipher or coat of arms of the current king -
on coins, seals of office, military standards, etc. The white-feathered eagle
with a crown became fixed in the national consciousness as the Poles' own
sign, the symbol of the Polish State and of the continuity of its independent
political existence.
No wonder, therefore, that when Poland lost her political independence as
a result of the partitions, the foreign authorities banned the use of the eagle.
It was replaced by artificially created signs - first, the emblem of the Duchy
of Warsaw created by Napoleon (the coat of arms of the Saxon dynasty on
a shield combined with the Polish eagle) and, later on, the emblem of the
Kingdom of Poland (Russia's double-headed black eagle with the Polish eagle
on its breast). After the defeat of the January Rising (1863-64), even that
substitute for the country's ancient emblem was removed and the Polish
eagle was placed on the wings of the Tsar's eagle, among the coats of arms
of other provinces. Also in the Prussian- and Austrian-ruled parts of Poland,
the eagle of the Republic was supplanted by the symbols of the foreign
monarchies.
The partitions of Poland and the loss of independence - tragic events in the
life of the nation - at the same time stimulated and accelerated the de-
velopment of Polish national thought. The white eagle as a sign officially
banned became the symbol of the highest patriotic feelings, a reminder of
the former glory of the Polish State, the embodiment of dreams of freedom.
The image of the eagle played an important role in each insurrectionary
outburst and in the Polish liberation movements, in which the 19th century
abounded. During the November Rising of 1830-31, the official emblem of
the Kingdom of Poland was spontaneously rejected and the Eagle-and-Pursuit
was restored. The Pursuit was meant to symbolize the rebirth of the Polish
State in its former boundaries. Similar intentions motivated the insurrec-
tionary government of 1863 when it placed on its seals the Eagle and the
Pursuit as well as the effigy of the Archangel, symbolizing Poland's former
Ruthenian territories.
Besides the idea of independence, the liberation movements of the 19th
century also advanced a programme of social reforms and democratic
freedoms. As a result, there emerged very acutely the question whether people
fighting for ideals of freedom and democracy should have their emblem
adorned with a crown.
The crown over the eagle's head was associated with Poland's monarchical
system whereas the leaders of the struggle for independence - at least those
of the revolutionary and democratic wing - advanced demands for a future
State based on the principles of social equality. The outward expression of
13
National Emblem,
Colours, Anthem
this idea - apart from more radical attempts to change the emblem altogether
- consisted in the elimination of the crown.
A crownless eagle appeared on the flag of the Polish Democratic Society
formed in 1832 in exile. In the Year of Revolutions, 1848, it appeared on the
standards of the Polish troops fighting in defence of the Hungarian revolu-
tion. It was also the emblem of the Legion formed in Italy by Adam Mickie-
wicz. In Poland, the crownless eagle was adopted in the days of the 1846
Cracow Insurrection. It also adorned the flags of some insurgent units in
1863 and 1864.
The symbol of the crownless eagle was used by Polish military units formed
in various countries of Europe and in the United States during the First
World War. Also, the military units formed in Poland used at first the eagle
without a crown.
The Polish state, reborn in 1918, adopted as its emblem the crowned eagle
although the short-lived socialist government headed by Jedrzej Moraczewski
tried to adopt the crownless eagle.
In 1919, the official design of the state emblem was approved: it was a white
eagle with a golden crown, golden beak and golden claws, on a red field.
In 1927, a new model of the emblem was introduced. It was the same white
eagle on a red field although differently designed, by Professor Zygmunt Ka-
miński.
The emblem and Poland's other national symbols were brutally trampled
underfoot by the Nazi invaders. The Polish people lifted them as signs of
struggle. The eagle, banned under the occupation, became the visible symbol
of fighting Poland - of the underground front at home and of the Polish
forces organized abroad. The traditions of the crownless eagle were revived
in the leftist independence movement - in the units of the People's Guard
and later of the People's Army, and in the Polish Army formed in the Soviet
Union.
The Polish People's Republic adopted as its emblem the eagle without a crown.
The poet Konstanty Ildefons Galczyński very aptly rendered the sense of
this decision when he wrote that the eagle "took off its crown to lay it at
the feet of the people".
The Decree of 7 December 1955 on the emblem and colours of the Polish
People's Republic approved the official effigy of the eagle as it appeared
in the design of 1927 but deleting the crown.
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PAGE 13
6TH STORY of Level 1 printed in FULL format.
The Associated Press
The materials in the AP file were compiled by The Associated Press. These
materials may not be republished without the express written consent of The
Associated Press.
July 10, 1989, Monday, PM cycle
SECTION: International News
LENGTH: 215 words
HEADLINE: Solidarity Leader Awaits 'Fantastic' President
DATELINE: GDANSK, Poland
KEYWORD: Walesa-Bush
BODY:
Solidarity leader Lech Walesa, eagerly awaiting his visit with George Bush,
lavished praise today on the "fantastic" American president.
"I am fond of him," Walesa said in an interview with The Associated Press at
his office at Solidarity's national headquarters near the Lenin Shipyard.
"He is a high-class politician, a great intellect, quite straightforward, a
fantastic president."
Walesa will play host to Bush on Tuesday at his home in this Baltic port
city, where the president will also visit a monument to workers outside the
Lenin yard and the Westerplatte Memorial, marking the spot where World War II
began a half-century ago.
A home-style feast of turkey, veal, pork and beef was being prepared for the
president, aides said.
Bush and Walesa met in 1987 when the then-vice president visited Poland.
But this will be Walesa's first opportunity to show off his home territory to
the U.S. leader.
Walesa plans to visit the United States for the first time later this year.
Of Bush, Walesa said, "He does more than he promises. He's fantastic."
Walesa said Solidarity was not making any special effort to turn out a huge
crowd for Bush. "We're not spectacular," he said.
As for his own plans, the union leader said, "My secretary will tell me where
and when to be."
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101ST STORY of Level 1 printed in FULL format.
Proprietary to the United Press International 1990
December 23, 1990, Sunday, BC cycle
SECTION: International
LENGTH: 696 words
HEADLINE: Walesa invites his former jailer to palace
BYLINE: BY PATRICIA KOZA
DATELINE: WARSAW, Poland
KEYWORD: POLAND-GOVERNMENT
BODY:
President Lech Walesa Sunday invited as his first guest to Belweder Palace
the man who just vacated it and who also happened to be his former jailer: Gen.
Wojciech Jaruzelski.
Jaruzelski was absent from Walesa's inauguration Saturday as Poland's first
popularly elected president.
Walesa, the former Solidarity union leader and onetime shipyard electrician,
had announced he would accept the symbols of presidential office not from his
predecessor --- but from Ryszard Kaczorowski, president of the Polish
government-in-exile.
The new president met shortly before noon with Jaruzelski, who several
months ago agreed to step down one year into his six-year term amid considerable
public pressure.
Jaruzelski 'shared his experience as president with Walesa and wished him
success in his mission'' during their meeting at the presidential palace, the
Polish news agency PAP said.
Walesa, 47, the 1983 Nobel Peace Prize recipient, won the presidency in an
election Dec. 9, a decade after founding the labor movement that eventually took
control of the government.
It was Jaruzelski, as Communist Party chief and prime minister, who imposed
martial law on Dec. 13, 1981, interning Walesa and thousands of other activists
to crush the Solidarity movement.
But Walesa later regained his freedom and went on to engineer a roundtable
agreement in 1989 that led to partly free parliamentary elections won by
Solidarity. That resulted in the removal of the communist government and helped
spark the fall of communist rule in much of Eastern Europe.
The meeting between Walesa and Jaruzelski could help assuage fears by the
former communist elite, who still control a good portion of the Polish
bureaucracy, that the inauguration of a former 'enemy of the people'' may not
spell total disaster.
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5
Proprietary to the United Press International, December 23, 1990
About 20 communist deputies in the parliamentary chamber where Walesa was
inaugurated Saturday showed their displeasure by refusing to stand or applaud.
After meeting with Jaruzelski, Walesa returned with his family and aides to
hometown Gdansk, from where he is expected to conduct much of the affairs of
state.
Walesa's first task is to name a new premier. Two of his choices have
already bowed out, one citing 'significant differences'' with the new
president.
Among the possible candidates, the one considered most likely is Mieczyslaw
Gil, chairman of the Solidarity parliamentary caucus.
Amid positive if cautious world reaction to Walesa's election, the French
media noted France's close ties with the former Mazowiecki government, but
suggested there would be no problem with changing alliances.
''Supporting Mazowiecki, we were not against Walesa,'' said a bank owner in
Paris. ''We were for what we treat as our biggest ally -- for stability, which
is also Poland's ally.'
In Washington, the State Department treated the election as part of the
normal process of democratic change -- but relief was expressed that Walesa had
pledged to continue most of the policies of the previous government which
imposed strict measures to heal Poland's ailing economy.
In neighboring Czechoslovakia, which is struggling with similar problems in
the conversion to democracy, observers noted Walesa will need all the help he
can get.
'Walesa can help Poland and Poles stand up on their own legs,' said Jan
Sokol, chairman of the ruling Civic Forum parliamentary floor group. ''However,
the whole difficultiy is that he cannot do it alone. Thus I hope that Mr. Walesa
succeeds in implanting in his people a new dose of optimism and faith.
Poles who witnessed his inauguration said they hoped that neither the former
communists nor Mazowiecki's supporters would stand in Walesa's way.
'We are afraid of the people from the Mazowiecki government as well as the
former PZPR (Communist Party), said Alina Chrusciel, a teacher. ''He has a big
role to fulfill. We are praying (for) his presidency and we want him to be a
success.'
Walesa had initially backed the installation of Mazowiecki as premier, but
soon broke with his former adviser over the pace of reforms and announced he
would run for president.
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Copyright (c) 1991 Reuters
The Reuter Library Report
February 13, 1991, Wednesday, BC cycle
LENGTH: 258 words
HEADLINE: WALESA CALLS FOR EARLY ELECTIONS IN POLAND
DATELINE: WARSAW, Feb 13
KEYWORD:
POLAND-ELECTIONS
BODY:
Polish President Lech Walesa called on Wednesday for fully free
parliamentary elections to be held as soon as possible.
Presidential spokesman Andrzej Drzycimski said Walesa told leaders of his
Citizens Committee that all political parties should start preparing for the
election campaign.
The committee, which helped organise Walesa's presidential campaign last
year, has called for elections on May 26. Many other parties also favour
elections in May.
= Lech Walesa accepted the following moves: parliamentary elections should
be held at the earliest possible time and the Sejm (lower house) should
radically speed up work on the electoral law so that the issue does not delay
the elections," Drzycimski said in a statement.
The present parliament was elected in June 1989 for a four-year term in
partly free elections. Two-thirds of the 460 Sejm seats were reserved for
Communists and their allies while the 100-seat Senate was freely elected.
On March 7 the Sejm will debate a new electoral law and the date for
parliament's dissolution. A two-thirds majority vote is needed for early
dissolution.
Speaker Mikolaj Kozakiewicz said last week that no agreement had been reached
in discussions on the election law draft, which will introduce proportional
representation, on the percentage of the vote a party would need to get into
parliament.
Former Communists and members of small parties are pressing for a two per
cent threshold but Kozakiewicz said a higher percentage was needed to avoid
having too many small groups in parliament.
SUBJECT:
POLITICS
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1ST STORY of Level 1 printed in FULL format.
Copyright (c) 1990 The New York Times Company
The New York Times
November 22, 1990, Thursday, Late Edition - Final
SECTION: Section C; Page 15; Column 3; Cultural Desk
LENGTH: 953 words
HEADLINE: Paderewski's Remains to Return to Poland
BYLINE: By WILLIAM H. HONAN
BODY:
The remains of Ignace Jan Paderewski, the pianist, composer and first Prime
Minister of Poland, are to be returned from the United States to Poland for a
state burial, highlighted by a gala "Paderewski Freedom Concert," a half-century
after he died in New York City.
The move has been authorized by the Government of Poland and supported by
leading members of Polish society in both countries.
An Administration official said President Bush would soon reply favorably to
a letter from Prime Minister Tadeusz Mazowiecki proposing the transfer. The
State Department issued a statement yesterday calling the return of the remains
"entirely appropriate in view of the rebirth of a free and democratic Poland."
With his mop of long blond hair, magnetic presence and air of glamour and
mystery, Paderewski (pronounced pad-uh-REV-skee) was the best-known and most
lavishly rewarded pianist of his generation. After his sensational Paris debut
in 1887, one adoring critic called him "an archangel come down to earth." By the
time he died in 1941 at the age of 80, he had become a powerful symbol of
Poland's aspiration for freedom and independence.
In his will, Paderewski declared that although he wished to have his heart
remain permanently in the United States, his body should be returned to his
native Poland, although not before the nation was again free and independent.
Heart to Remain in America
President Franklin D. Roosevelt authorized the placement of his remains in a
crypt on the battleship Maine memorial at the Arlington National Cemetery "until
such time as Poland is again free." Non-Americans may not be buried in a
national cemetery. Paderewski's heart was placed in a crypt in the Cypress Hills
Cemetery in Brooklyn.
Burying the heart separately from the other remains is not uncommon among
Polish dignitaries. For example, the heart of Chopin is sealed in the pillar of
a church outside Warsaw, while his other remains are buried in Paris.
The effort to return Paderewski's remains to his homeland has been organized
by the International Arts Council, a nonprofit corporation based in Lansdale,
Pa., and dedicated to cultural exchanges. The council has been appointed by the
Polish Government to organize a concert to take place in Warsaw on June 29,
1991, the 50th anniversary of the musician and statesman's death.
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(c) 1990 The New York Times, November 22, 1990
The council has also been authorized by Jozef Cardinal Glemp, the Primate of
Poland, to raise funds for the construction of a crypt for Paderewski in St.
John's Cathedral in Warsaw. In addition, the council is planning the publication
of a book about Paderewski and the construction of memorials in both Poland and
the United States.
At the time of his death in 1941, Paderewski was the President of the new
Polish Parliament in Exile. Poland was then occupied by Nazi Germany and the
Soviet Union, and Paderewski was for the second time in his life campaigning for
the liberation of his country from foreign domination.
A generation earlier, Paderewski had briefly given up his career as a
performer and composer to assist in the rebirth of Poland as a free and
independent nation after a century and a half of its being overrun and
dismembered by its neighbors.
The Musician as Patriot
After the outbreak of World War I, Paderewski turned over his estate on Lake
Geneva to refugees, established the Polish Victims Relief Fund in London, and
made an international concert tour during which he passionately urged the
liberation of Poland. When the war ended, Paderewski was given a hero's welcome
in Danzig and Warsaw.
In January 1919, he formed a coalition Government in which he held the posts
of Prime Minister and Minister of Foreign Affairs. In the latter capacity,
Paderewski attended the Paris Peace Conference where Georges Clemenceau, the
French Premier, greeted him with the words: "So now you are Prime Minister of
your country. What a comedown!" Paderewski later signed the Treaty of Versailles
as the representative of Poland.
He resumed his career as a concert artist and composer in 1922, and continued
to mesmerize audiences as he toured the world.
As his reputation and wealth increased, the public became fascinated by
newspaper accounts of Paderewski's private railroad car and his retinue of
servants, which included his chef, butler, masseur, physician and piano tuner.
Paderewski's wife and her servants also traveled with him.
Some Critical Demurrers
Some serious musicians complained about lapses in Paderewski's technique,
wrong notes and a tendency to pound the piano. George Bernard Shaw once
dismissed him as a "harmonious blacksmith." But "Paderooski," as he was
sometimes lampooned in the West, was indisputably the greatest drawing card in
American musical history up to the time of his death.
Paderewski made his American debut in New York in 1891, and proved so popular
that he gave 117 recitals in 90 days. His return tour in 1892 grossed $180,000,
a sum unsurpassed by any artist before that time.
His compositions, which include the opera "Manru" based on a Polish novel,
and many piano pieces, are rarely performed today.
LEXIS® ® NEXIS® LEXIS® NEXIS ®
Services of Mead Data Central
PAGE 10
(c) 1990 The New York Times, November 22, 1990
Periodically during the Cold War, the Communist Government of Poland asked
for the return of Paderewski's remains, but virtually every American President
restated President Roosevelt's promise that the remains would not be returned
until Poland was free.
In 1986, Paderewski's heart was moved by the Paderewski Memorial Committee to
a bronze crypt in the National Shrine of Our Lady of Czestochowa, a church in
Doylestown, Pa., and is to remain there.
"The move symbolizes the birth of a new society," said Charles H. Moyer,
chairman of the International Arts Council.
GRAPHIC: Photo: Ignace Jan Paderewski, pianist, composer and first Prime
Minister of Poland, whose remains are to be returned to Poland for a state
burial. (Camera Press)
SUBJECT: MONUMENTS AND MEMORIALS; BIOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION; ST JOHN'S CATHEDRAL
(WARSAW)
ORGANIZATION: INTERNATIONAL ARTS COUNCIL
NAME: PADEREWSKI, IGNACE JAN (1860-1941); HONAN, WILLIAM H; PADEREWSKI, IGNACE
JAN (1860-1941) (BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH); MAZOWIECKI, TADEUSZ (PRIME MIN); BUSH,
GEORGE (PRES) ; ROOSEVELT, FRANKLIN DELANO (1882-1945)
GEOGRAPHIC: POLAND; ARLINGTON NATIONAL CEMETERY
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PAGE
7
15TH STORY of Level 1 printed in FULL format.
Copyright (c) 1990 Chicago Tribune Company;
Chicago Tribune
November 23, 1990, Friday, NORTH SPORTS FINAL EDITION
SECTION: NEWS; Pg. 3; ZONE: C
Common custom in Poland to bury
LENGTH: 150 words
the heart & the body separately,
HEADLINE: U.S. to return remains of Polish statesman
BYLINE: Associated Press
DATELINE: NEW YORK
Paderewski's heart is in Pennsylvania.
BODY:
In another signal the Cold War is over, the remains of Polish pianist,
composer and statesman Ignace Jan Paderewski are to be returned to his
homeland nearly 50 years after his death.
The remains will be honored with a state burial in Poland, The New York
Times reported.
Paderewski, who died in 1941 at age 80, declared in his will that although
his heart was to remain permanently in the U.S., his body should be returned to
his native Poland - but not until the nation was free and independent.
When Paderewski died, President Franklin D. Roosevelt authorized the
placement of his remains in a crypt on the battleship Maine memorial at the
Arlington National Cemetery "until such time as Poland is again free."
His heart was placed in a crypt in the Cypress Hills Cemetery in Brooklyn. In
1986, it was moved to the National Shrine of Our Lady of Czestochowa, in
Doylestown, Pa.
POLAND; RELATION; UNITED STATES; OFFICIAL; DEATH; BIOGRAPHY
PAGE
8
250TH STORY of Level 1 printed in FULL format.
Copyright (c) 1977 The Washington Post
July 7, 1977, Thursday, Final Edition
SECTION: Metro; B1
LENGTH: 1010 words
HEADLINE: Arlington;
Slice of History Is Interred In Cemetery of 170,000 Graves;
Many Stories Are Buried at Arlington Cemetery
LEXIS BYLINE NEXIS Staff Writer LEXIS® NEXIS ®
BODY:
AES
1984
its
VOLUME 21
Oporto to Photoengraving
X
THE ENCYCLOPEDIA
AMERICANA
INTERNATIONAL EDITION
COMPLETE IN THIRTY VOLUMES
FIRST PUBLISHED IN 1829
GROLIER INCORPORATED
Banoury, Connecticut 00010
Impromptu in F, was brought out in W
1879.
Paderewski married in 1880. After his
further study. His wish to become a comp
died in childbirth in 1881, he went to Berlin
was encouraged by the Russian pianist and
poser Anton Rubinstein. A chance meeting
the famous Polish actress Helena Modjesk
thereafter assisted him financially, led to his
ing lessons from Theodor Leschetizky in V
between 1884 and 1887. His public debut
pianist was made in Vienna in 1887, in a
shared with the soprano Pauline Lucca.
Continuing to coach with Leschetizky,
rewski began his international career as a
so with a recital at the Salle Érard, Parts,
March 1888 and was first heard in London
May 1890. His New York debut in Noven
1891 led to a series of more than 100 appearan
throughout the United States. Extending
tours to South America, South Africa, and Aust
lia, Paderewski soon became the most
pianist in the world. For a time his undisti
guished compositions, including his Piano
certo in A Minor, won hearings because of
HISTORICAL PICTURE SERVICE, CHICAGO
pianistic fame. Toward the end of the centr
Ignacy Paderewski, the foremost pianist of his day, was
he settled at Morges, on Lake Geneva in Switz
also a leader of the Polish independence movement.
land, and married for the second time.
Middle Years. In 1909, Paderewski was
pointed director of the Warsaw Music Institut
years to the upper Cretaceous and indicates a
but in 1914 he settled temporarily at Paso
much wider distribution than presently exists.
bles, Calif., though continuing to maintain
The common name derives from the distinc-
home in Switzerland. During World War
tive spatula-like paddle that extends from the
donated the income from all his public appe
snout. It is used to locate food, plankton and
ances to the aid of Polish war victims.
small crustaceans, which are filtered by the gill
Paderewski soon became the center of
rakers as water is passed through the mouth.
movement for the restoration of Poland as
a
The paddle, a large pointed gill cover, and
tion. From 1918 to 1919, after his efforts for
smooth, almost scaleless skin are unique fea-
establishment of a Polish state succeeded,
tures. Other features are primitive. The short
represented his country in Washington, D.C.
intestine has a spiral valve like that of a shark.
1919 he became the first premier and forei
The upper lobe of the caudal fin is supported by
minister of the Republic of Poland and was a
the vertebral column, and the skeleton is mostly
natory of the Versailles Treaty, but he had diff
cartilage.
culties with professional politicians and retired
Both species are large river fishes. The
from political life in 1920.
American paddlefish averages 30 to 50 pounds
Later Years. In 1922, Paderewski resumed
(14-23 kg). The record is 168 pounds (76 kg) for
career as an international virtuoso. Although his
a fish slightly more than 6 feet (2 meters) in
physical powers had begun to fail he continued
length. Growth to maturity is slow, taking seven
to play in public and was heard in the United
to eight years. Chinese paddlefish grow much
States as late as 1939. When Poland was invad
larger. The confirmed record is 12 feet (3.6 me-
ed at the opening of World War II, he joined the
ters), and there are unconfirmed reports of 20-
Polish government-in-exile in France and served
foot (6-meter) individuals. American paddlefish
as president of its parliament during 1940. He
populations have declined in recent years be-
returned to the United States late that year
cause of dam construction and river pollution.
advanced ill health but continued his work for
The paddlefish family, Polydontidae, is in the
Poland and the Allied cause. He died in New
subclass Chondrostei, class Actinopterygii.
York City on June 29, 1941, after a brief illness
E. O. WILEY
and, by order of President Franklin D. Roose-
University of Kansas Museum of Natural History
velt, was buried in Arlington National Ceme
tery.
PADEREWSKI, pä-de-ref'skē, Ignacy Jan (1860-
Estimate. Paderewski was a man of striking
1941), Polish musician, who was regarded as the
appearance and remarkable personal magnetism
leading pianist of his day and was an inspiration
The legends that grew up about him were fre-
for Polish nationalism.
quently out of all proportion to the facts and to
Early Years. Ignacy (Ignace) Paderewski was
his artistic achievements. He earned a great for-
born in Kurylowka, Podolia, Poland (now in the
tune and spent it lavishly-for example, presen-
Ukrainian SSR), on Nov. 18, 1860. Because of
ting $50,000 to the Chopin M Hall in
his obvious musical talent, he had early training
Warsaw and donating $100,000 for the building
at home, and he soon attracted the attention of
of a gigantic memorial statue of the medieval
rich patrons, who enabled him to attend the War-
hero King Vladislav Jagiello at Krakow. He en-
saw Music Institute. He was expelled in 1877
dowed several funds for fellowships to musi-
for insubordination bu
readmitted and grad-
cians, including (1900) a $10,000
uated. remaining at the institute as an instructor
terest was awarded triennially
in piano. His first published composition. an
American composers.
192
rought out in Warsaw
1881, he went to Berlin
in 1880. After his bride
the Russian pianist and
wish to become a compose
stein. A chance meeting
actress Helena Modjeska,
I him financially, led to his
Theodor Leschetizky
1 1887. His public
mini
in Vienna in 1887, in a recite as
oprano Pauline Lucca.
coach with Leschetizky, Pad.
Poduo's Basilica of Sant'Antonio,
nternational career as a virtua
its golden domes and mina-
at the Salle Érard, Paris,
suggesting Byzantine influ-
was first heard in London'
inces,
shelters the tomb of the
lew York debut in November
saint,
who died near Padua in
$ of more than 100 appearances
1231. Rising from the square in
nited States. Extending his
foreground is Donatello's
erica, South Africa, and Austra
equestrian statue of the Venetian
on became the most famous
militory captain Erasmo da Narni.
-Id. For a time his undistin
ons, including his Piano Con-
won hearings because of his
oward the end of the century
S, on Lake Geneva in Switzer.
for the second time.
n 1909, Paderewski was
the Warsaw Music Institute, ap-
ttled temporarily at Paso Ro-
G. RICATTO/SHOSTAL
h continuing to maintain his
nd. During World War I he
Paderewski's playing was poetic and idiosyn-
terway. The island forms part of five Texas
e from all his public appear
cratic and in his later years was more personally
counties. County parks have been developed at
Polish war victims.
expressive than accurate. But there never was
the north and south ends, each joined to the
n became the center of the
any doubt of the sorcery that his presence and
mainland by a causeway. South Padre Beach is a
restoration of Poland as a na-
performance exercised on vast audiences, many
resort area.
1919, after his efforts for the
members of which had never attended recitals by
The central part of the island was designated
Polish state succeeded, he
other pianists. His compositions now are only
the Padre Island National Seashore in 1962. Ad-
intry in Washington, D.C. In
rarely performed. However, his opera Manru
ministered by the National Park Service, its
he first premier and foreign
was once highly regarded. After its premiere at
133,919 acres (54,195 hectares) are notable for
ublic of Poland and was a sig.
Dresden in 1901, the opera was staged at the
abundant bird and marine life.
illes Treaty, but he had diff-
Metropolitan Opera House, New York, in 1902,
The island was named Isla Blanca by Alonso
sional politicians and retired
and later in Philadelphia, Boston, Pittsburgh,
de Piñeda, a Spanish explorer, who entered Braz-
n 1920.
Chicago, and Baltimore. An exception regarding
os Santiago Pass in 1519. It was then inhabited
922, Paderewski resumed his
the permanence of his music must be made for
by the Karankawa Indians, and was later a pirate
tional virtuoso. Although his
one of his Humoresques de concert, the eternally
refuge. The name was changed to Isla del Padre
d begun to fail he continued
familiar Minuet in G.
for a priest, Father Nicholas Balli, who received
nd was heard in the United
In 1936, Paderewski played in the motion
it as a land grant from Spain in the late 1700's.
9. When Poland was invad-
picture The Moonlight Sonata. He also made
World War II, he joined the
many recordings for both mechanical pianos and
PADUA, pad'ù-e, a city and province in the region
in-exile in France and served
the phonograph. He supervised a complete edi-
of Venetia in northeastern Italy. The citv of Pad-
barliament during 1940. He
tion of Frédéric Chopin's works published in
ua (Italian, Padova) is situated on the Bacchi-
ited States late that year in
1936-1938 by the Chopin Institute, Warsaw.
glione River, 22 miles (35 km) west of Venice.
but continued his work for
He received numerous decorations and honorary
ed cause. He died in New
degrees, and since his death Poland, the United
Rich in history and art, Padua preserves much
from its glorious past, including great works of
9, 1941, after a brief illness
States, and other countries have issued postage
art, medieval palaces, and the gilded domes of its
esident Franklin D. Roose-
stamps honoring him.
churches. Giotto and Donatello worked in Pad-
Arlington National Ceme-
HERBERT WEINSTOCK
ua, Saint Anthony preached and died there, and
Coauthor of "Men of Music"
Galileo taught at the university-the second old-
wski was a man of striking
Further Reading: Kellogg, Charlotte, Paderewski (Vi-
est in Italy after Bologna.
arkable personal magnetism.
king 1956); Landau, Rom, Ignace Paderewski: Musician and
ew up about him were fre-
Statesman (1934; reprint, AMS Press 1976); Phillips,
Economy. Padua vies with Verona as the most
Charles, Paderewski: The Story of a Modern Immortal
important commercial center of Venetia, as Ven-
roportion to the facts and to
(1934; (Atheneum reprint, Da Capo 1978); Zamoyski, Adam, Paderewski
ice now is economically a shadow of its former
Pub.
self. Manufactures include foods and beverages,
vishly-for example, presen-
PADRE ISLAND, dré, an island in southeastern
agricultural machinery, bicycles and motorcy-
Chopin Memorial Hall in
Texas, on the coast of the Gulf of Mexico. extend-
cles, electrical goods, textiles, chemicals, and
g $100 for the building
plastics. The citv also is the most
rial statue of the medieval
Island near the mouth of the Rio Grande. When
normeastern
Po
Jagiello at Krákow. He en-
Plain. Major rail and motor arteries radiate to
Is for fellowshins
separated by tides from Mustang Island to the
north, it is about 110 (177 km) long. From
Milan, Trieste, and Bologna. Secondary rail
000 fund whose in-
1,400 feet (425 meters) to 4 miles (6.4 km) wide,
lines link Padua with Trento, Belluno, and other
1 triennially to encourage
it is separated from the mainland by Laguna
towns of the Venetian Alpine fringe to the north.
Madre, now channeled for the Intracoastal Wa-
The Naviglio di Brenta is a canal connecting
Padua with the Venice Lagoon.
193
IGNACY PADEREWSKI
Paderewski was a Polish musician who was regarded as the
leading pianist of his day and was an inspiration for Polish
nationalism.
He was born in 1860 in Kurylowka, Podolia, Poland and showed
early musical talent. He went on to study with international
coaches in Western Europe, with his first public debut in Vienna
in 1887.
His New York debut in November 1891 led to a series of more
than 100 appearances throughout the US. Later he toured South
America, South Africa, and Australia. Paderewski soon became one
of the world's most renowned pianists.
He settled in California shortly before World War I. During
the War he donated the income from al his public appearances to
the aid of Polish war victims.
Paderewski soon became the center of the movement for the
restoration of Poland as a nation. Notably, he sent a memo to
President Wilson concerning his thoughts on world order -- and
Wilson incorporated them into his famous "14 Points". From 1918
to 1919, after his efforts for the establishment of a Polish
state succeeded, he represented his country in Washington, D.C.
In 1919 he became the first premier and foreign minister of the
Republic of Poland and was a signatory of the Treaty of
Versailles. He retired from political life in 1920.
In 1922 he resumed his career as an international virtuoso.
When Poland was invaded at the opening of World War II, he joined
the Polish government in exile in France and served as president
of its parliament during 1940. He returned to the US late that
year in advanced ill health but continued his work for Poland and
the Allied cause.
He died in New York City on June 29, 1941. The BBC
broadcast his funeral to Poland and while he laid in state in St.
Patricks Cathedral, over 25,000 visitor paid their respects.
On June 30, from his home in Hyde Park, President Roosevelt
ordered that he be iterred at Arlington "until such a time that
Poland was free."
During the July 5 Mass in Washington, Paderewski was
posthumously awarded "The rtutimilitaris Poland's highest
decoration, from the Polish government in exile. (the equivalent
of the US Medal of Freedom). He was interred at Arlington later
that day, July 5 1941, and has laid in "temporary holding" at
the base of the USS Maine Memorial for the past 50 years.
It is
Incorporated into the design
of The Tomb of the Unknown soldier
in Poland. The Cross dates from
1792, one of the last years of Polish independence.
SEE EXCERPTS FROM WASHINGTON POST ARTICLE OF MARCH 15, 1991:
"For 37.8 million Poles and their 8.2 million Polish
American cousins, 1991 has all the makings of "The Year That
Is. "
Two great events stand out:
the visit to the US by Walesa, the first popularly
elected president in the 1000 year history of Poland.
the return home -- at last of Poland's first
prime minister.
During Walesa's state visit, he will stop at Arlington
Cemetary to pay homage to Ignacy Jan Paderewski, whose
remains have been interred in a cedar coffin at the base
of the USS Maine Memorial since 1941 on the orders of
President Roosevelt "until such time as Poland was free. "
Arrangements to transfer the body to its final resting
place in Poland are nearing completion. June 27-29,
ceremonies on both sides of the Atlantic will mark their
departure and arrival of the revered Polish composer,
pianist, humanitarian, and statesman who became the symbolic
reminder to millions of wartime Poles fighting and yearning
for freedom.
VA Secretary Derwinski, who is of Polish ancestry, is
scheduled to accompany the body to Warsaw.
Note that the tomb attracts thousands of visiting Poles
and Polish Americans each year. This man is holds a very
specispeplateplacehèirthearthe
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MAR 06 '91 11:20
1860 - 1941
"musician - statement - immitarion"
1860 - IINACE JAN PADEREMEKI born in Kurylowka, Podolis, Russian Poland, November 18th.
1887 - Triumphant debut in Visma.
1888 - Hailed in Paris.
1890
- Debut in London. Command Performance for Queen Victoria in Windsor Castle.
1891
- Arrives in New York City, and begins tour, November 2nd.
1913
-
Buys renches at Paso Robles, in Central California.
1915
-
Becomes the representative of the wartine Polish National Committee in the United States.
Sets up relief committee with former U.S. President William Howard Taft as Chairman. Members
included: Cardinal Gibbons of Baltimore, Cardinal Farley of New York, Joseph Choate,
Cyrus Curtis of The Saturday Evening Post, and Malville E. Stone of The Associated Press.
Over nine million dollars raised.
1917
Writes a memorandum for Col. Edward M. House, an advisor to President Wilson. The membrandum
becames part of Wilson's famous "Tourtean Points".
Honorary Doctorate from Yale.
Permission given in October to recruit in America a Polish Army to fight in France. Poles
who were not U.S. Citizens could enlist. Over 22,700 volunteers helped to swall the ranks
of the Allied Forces.
1918
-
Returns to Poland.
1919
Elected President of the Council of Ministers and Minister of Foreign Affairs of the newly
created Republic of Poland. Represents Poland at the Paris Peace Conference.
1922
-
Honorary Doctorate from Columbia University.
1923
4
Henorary Doctorate from The University of Southern California.
1924
-
On a concert tour he raised over $28,000.00 for the American Legion Fund and became their
largest single contributor. Made an "Honorary Mamber" of the Legion, the only civilian
foreignar to receive this distinction.
Plays concert for Belgian Charities upon the request of Queen Elizabeth of Balgium. The King
and Queen rose to their feet when he appeared on stage in an unprecedented act of tribute.
1925
-
Raised over £ 4,000 for Earl Haig's British Legion, played for the Fari di Guarra in Italy.
Receives the Grand Cross of the Order of the British Empire from King George V.
1927
-
Played concert tour for the Veterens of Australia.
1928
-
Toured all the Allied countries for war charities.
1931
-
Personally paid for the monument of Woodrow Wilson that was errected in Poznan, Poland.
1932
-
Personally paid for the monament of Col. Edward M. House that was arrected in Marsaw, Poland.
1933
-
Monorary Doctorate from New York University.
Gives a Recital at the Theatre des Champs Elyment for Jewish refugees from Germany who left
that country because of parsecution. Padarewaki announces he will no longer play in Germany
until the official government policy of anti-senition is ended.
1940 - Becomes one of the "triumvirate" of the new Polish Governmant-In-Exile. Leaves Switzerland
via Vichy Prence and Spain. Upon arrest in pro-Axis Spain, President Roosevelt telegraphs
General Francisco Franco and requests his release. Arrives in the U.S. on November 4th.
1941 - Active 4a President of the Polish Legislative Assembly and in raising funds for wat relief.
On June 29th he dies in New York City and leaves no will.
By order of President Franklin D. Rocemvelt, Paderewaki's body is placed in the Holding Temb
of the U.S.S. Maine Mamorial at Arlington National Cematery. His coffin is placed in a
cedarwood box that was mounted on wheels. Roomevalt announces that his body will be returned
to Poland for burial, when Poland is free".
1963
-
President John F. Kannedy dedicates a special plaque at the Maine Manorial indicating that
the remains of Paderwaki are in the Holding Tamb. For 21 years there was never any
memorial to Paderewaki in Arlington National Cemetery.
MAR 06 '91 11:21
P.3
REPOSE OF IGNACE JAN PADEREWSKI
CHRONOLOGY OF EVENTS
JUNE 29 - JULY 5. 1941:
JUNE 29; - Ignace Jan Paderewski, Prime Minister of the
Polish Government in Exile, dies from pneumonia at the age of 80 at
10:59 p.m.. No funeral plans are announced at this time.
Paderewski's remains are taken to the Universal Funeral
Chapel, 597 Lexington Avenue, New York, for preparation for burial.
JUNE 30: - President Franklin Roosevelt, from his home in
Hyde Park, directs his personal secretary William D. Hassett, to
instruct the Acting Secretary of State Sumner Wells to ascertain
Arlington. the wishes of Paderewski's family concerning temporary repose at
II At the request of the President, I have asked
Acting Secretary of State Sumner Wells what may
be the wish of the Paderewski family regarding the
burial of Mr. Paderewski in Arlington Cemetery, 1.
A precedent had earlier been established when, as a courtesy
to Great Britain, The Marquess of Lothian, the late British
Ambassador, was temporarily buried in Arlington.
Mme. Antonia Wilskonska, Paderewski's sister and only close
surviving relative, accepts this offer.
Paderewski's remains lay in state in the living room of his
suite in the Hotel Buckingham, 101 West Fifty-seventh Street, where
he had died.
The New York Times reports:
" Under a resolution of the Polish Government
in Exile in London, the body must be returned
as soon as the war is over. 1.
1. New York Times "President Offers Arlington Grave"
July 1, 1941 Pg 26
MAR 06 '91 11:22
P.4
JULY 1: - Paderewski's remains lay in state at
Buokingham Hotel. Seven thousand people pay their last respects at
the Hotel.
JULY 2: - At 11:00 a.m. the remains of Ignace Jan
Paderewski were borne, by an Army Caisson, and accompanied by a
Honor Guard comprised of 500 members of the 518th Military Police
Battalion, stationed at Governors Island, to St. Patrick's
Cathedral, New York City. The remains lay in state at the Cathedral
from 3:00 p.m. July 2 until 10:00 a.m. July 3. An estimated 20,000
people walked by the casket to pay respects to Mr. Paderewski.
The military honors were requested by the State Department and
granted by the War Department.
JULY 3: - Four thousand-five hundred people attend a
solemn pontifical mass at St. Patrick's Cathedral. Archbishop
Francis J. Spellman celebrated the funeral mass, assisted by over
100 other priests. The funeral mass was broadcast all over Europe
by shortwave and the BBC broadcast the mass directly to Poland.
Following the mass the casket was borne from the cathedral and
placed on a caisson from the Field Artillery Detachment from West
Point. As the casket emerged from the Cathedral, 400 soldiers from
the 518th Military Police Battalion came to Present Arms as a
military band from Fort Jay played four flourishes of drums and
trumpets and the Polish National Anthem. The casket was then
transported to Pennsylvania Station, accompanied by a funeral
procession of approximately 2,000 people. Another 35,000 people
lined the funeral route from the Cathedral to Penn Station.
The casket was placed aboard the Colonial Express, which departed
for Washington at 2:30 p.m.. The funeral train arrived in
Washington at 5:50 p.m.. The Polish Embassy had planned no
ceremonies at the station. Polish Ambassador Jan Ciechanowski and
members of his staff met the body at the station. The casket was
placed in a hearse by 8 non-commissioned officers from the Army
Cantonment at Arlington, and taken to the Polish Embassy.
JULY 4: - The Polish Embassy is open to receive mourners
until 10:00 p.m.. Over 5,000 persons pass by the bier at the
Embassy. Under Secretary of State Sumner Wells represents President
Franklin Roosevelt. Among the others in attention were British
Ambassador and Lady Halifax and the Ambassadors from China,
Australia, and Czechoslovakia.
MAR 06 '91 11:22
P.5
JULY 5: - The caisson carrying the remains of Ignace Jan
Paderewski, accompanied by detachments of soldiers, sailors, and
marines, and the United States Army Band, arrives at the Memorial
Gate of Arlington from the Polish Embassy at approximately 10:45
a.m.. As the funeral cortege entered the Gate, a 19-gun salute was
fired in honor of Paderewski. At the West Entrance to the Memorial
Amphitheater the casket was removed from the caisson and carried to
the apse for the funeral service. The solemn requiem mass was
offered by the Apostolic Delegate to the United States, the Most
Reverend Amleto Giovanni Cicognani. During the mass Padereweki was
posthumously awarded the Virtuti Militari, Poland's highest
decoration, by the Polish Government in Exile. Following the mass
the casket was placed back on the caisson and transported to the
Mast of the USS MAINE where it was placed in the vault below the
mast and secured.
JULY 10 - Mr. A. W. Tabler, Undertaker, brought a cypress
wood case, lined in zinc, to the Mast of the USS MAINE. The casket
was placed in the zinc case, sealed, and the zinc case was placed
in the cypress box and sealed.
1941-1960
During the years since July 5, 1941, the entombment of the remains
of Paderewski within the vault at the Mast of the USS MAINE was
quite generally a matter of public knowledge, but there was no
marking whatsoever within the grounds of the cemetery to indicate
the existence of such an entombment. However, an attempt to mark
the place of entombment was made by Mr. Francis Dobrowski
requesting that the National Medical and Dental Association be
permitted to place at marker or plaque in honor of the late Ignace
Jan Paderewski in an area near the Mast of the USS MAINE and the
Tomb of the Unknowns. This request was denied on the basis that the
Army only had temporary custody of the remains, and that the
current law extending memorial plots in Army Cemeteries are for
members of the United States Armed Forces, dying in the service,
whose remains can not be identified.
JULY 1962
In July, 1962, the matter of public identification of Paderewski's
place of entombment was given further and ultimately successful
impetus by an Article which appeared in the Sunday July 15 edition
of the Washington Post. written by Mr. Paul Hume, Music Editor of
the Post. In the article Mr. Hume stated: " It is an anomaly
probably unique in history that the body of a man who was worthy to
be called 'perhaps the greatest living man' lies today in a tomb
P.6
MAR 06 '91 11:23
wholly without any marking of any kind to indicate his presence
there." Mr. Hume stated that the quotation "perhaps the greatest
man in history" was from Chief Justice Harlan Fiske Stone.
Favorable public response from Mr Hume's article brought about a
series of meetings participated in by the State Department,
Department of Interior, Department of the Army, members of
Congress, and Polish American groups. Senator Harrison A. Williams,
New Jersey, in a Senate speech, asked that a suitable marker be
provided. Senator Williams, in conjunction with the Military
District of Washington, the State Department, and Polish American
groups arranged a dedication ceremony for 10:30 a.m. on May 9,
1963. Congressman who assisted Senator Williams were John Brademas
(Indiana) Robert N. Giaimo (Connecticut) Harris B. McDowel and
Clement J. Zablocki (Wisconsin).
May 9, 1963 - President John F. Kennedy dedicated a
plaque marking the resting place of Ignace Jan Paderewski. Also in
attendance at the ceremony were Secretary of State Dean Rusk,
Senator Williams, Senator Edmund S. Muskie, Major General Gavin,
CG, USAMDW, and Mr. Charles Rozmarek, President, Polish American
Congress. An United States Army Color Guard, Honor Cordon, and
Chaplain were provided to support the service.
The plaque reads:
IGNACE JAN PADEREWSKI
POLISH STATESMAN AND MUSICIAN
HIS REMAINS REST TEMPORARILY
WITHIN THE
USS MAINE MEMORIAL
1963 - 1990
Annual visits to the Mast of the USS MAINE to honor and remember
Ignace Jan Paderewski have been conducted since 1963 by the Polish
Legion of American Veterans. The Legion makes a pilgrimage to
Arlington in April of each year and conducts a wreath ceremony at
the Tomb of the Unknowns, views the outside case containing the
remains of Paderewski, and places a wreath at the grave of Major
General Wladimir Krzyzanowski, a famous Civil War General from
Poland. In addition, the Polish American Congress, on occasion,
has visited the Mast of the USS MAINE to honor Paderewski.
P.7
MAR 06 '91 11:24
September 25. 1969 - Archbishop Karol Cardinal Wojtyla,
currently Pope John Paul II, visited Arlington National Cemetery.
Included in his visit to the Cemetery was a visit to the Mast of
the USS MAINE where he viewed the outer case containing the remains
and read the plaque marking his resting place.
August 1979 - Pope John Paul II, as part of a pilgrimage
to the United States, had scheduled a Mass on the Mall in
Washington D.C. Papal representatives tentatively planned a visit
to Arlington for the Pope to once again pay his respects at the
resting place of Paderewski. To prepare for the Papal visit, the
outer case was examined and found to be in need of replacement.
A new cypress outer case was ordered on August 7, 1979. A church
truck to hold the case was also ordered at this time.
September 25, 1979 - The outer case containing the
remains of Ignace Jan Paderewski was removed from the Mast of the
USS MAINE and taken to the receiving vault at Arlington National
Cemetery. The zinc inner case was removed from the case and
replaced in the new cypress outer case. The remains were then
returned to the holding area in the Mast of the USS MAINE. A new
brass name plate for the outer case was affixed to the case on
October 2, 1979.
NOTE - Due to unexpected events during the Pope's visit,
he was unable to visit Arlington during his visit to Washington.
JUNE 29, 1981 - The American Legion dedicated a memorial
plaque marking the resting place of Ignace Jan Paderewski at 2:00
p.m.. National Commander Michael J. Kogutek, American Legions, made
the presentation. The plaque is located near the original plaque
dedicated by President Kennedy. Among those in attendance were MG
Robert Arter, CG, USAMDW; Lieutenant General Edward Rowney, USA,
Salt Talks Negotiations; Mr Peter Bridges, Director of the State
Department's Office of Eastern Europe Affairs; and Mr. Aloysius A.
Mazewski, President Polish American Congress, Inc.
The plaque reads:
THE AMERICAN LEGION
(SEAL)
IN MEMORY OF
IGNACE JAN PADEREWSKI
ARTIST, COMPOSER, MUSICIAN, STATESMAN
PATRIOT, HUMANITARIAN, AND FRIEND OF
AMERICAN WAR VETERANS
MAY HIS SOUL REST IN THE PEACEFUL
FREEDOM HE so WANTED FOR HIS HOMELAND
OF POLAND
P.8
MAR 06 '91 11:25
ATTEST:
FRANK C. MOMSEN
MICHAEL J. KOGUTEK
NATIONAL ADJUTANT
NATIONAL COMMANDER
JUNE 2, 1987: - The President of the Polish Parliament,
Mr. Roman Malinowski, placed a wreath at the Tomb of the Unknowns
during an Army Honor Wreath ceremony. Following the ceremony Mr.
Malinowski placed at wreath at the Mast of the USS MAINE in honor of
Ignace Jan Paderewski.
NOVEMBER 12. 1987: - The Honorable Jan Kinast, Polish
Ambassador to the United States, placed a wreath at the Mast of the
USS MAINE in honor of Paderewski.
NOVEMBER 11. 1988: - The Honorable Jan Kinast, Polish
Ambassador to the United States, placed a wreath at the Mast of the
USS MAINE in honor of Paderewski. The Ambassador also presented at
medallion in honor of Paderewski for display in the Memorial
Display Room.
NOVEMBER 10. 1989: - The Honorable Jan Kinast, Polish
Ambassador to the United States, placed a wreath at the Mast of the
USS MAINE in honor of Paderewski.
MARCH 22, 1990: - Prime Minister Tadeusz Mazowiecki,
Republic of Poland, placed a wreath at the Tomb of the Unknowns
during an Armed Forces Full Honor Wreath Ceremony. Following the
ceremony the Prime Minister placed a wreath at the Mast of the USS
MAINE in honor of Paderewski. Prime Minister Mazowiecki spoke
openly and freely to members of the media about the repatriation of
Paderewski during this ceremony.
JUNE 29, 1990: - Ambassador Edward L. Rowney, United
States Department of State Envoy to the President concerning the
repatriation of Paderewski, and the Committee to return
Paderewski's Remains to Poland, meet at Arlington, discuss plans
for the repatriation, and visit the Mast of the USS MAINE to view
the outer case containing the remains of Paderewski. on this date
Ambassador Rowney delivers a letter to President George Bush
recommending a committee be established to plan for and execute the
return of Paderewski's remains to Poland.
P.9
MAR 06 '91 11:25
United States Department of State
Washington, D.C. 20520
June 28, 1990
TO:
The President
FROM:
E. Rowny
SUBJECT:
Return of Paderewski to Poland for Burial on the 50th
Anniversary of his Death
When Prime Minister ignace Jan Paderewski died on 29 June 1941,
President Roosevelt directed the Secretary of War to have Paderewski's
remains placed in the memorial to the battleship Maine in Arlington
Cemetery. He stated that Paderewski's remains should be returned to
Poland "when Poland was again free." This statement was relterated by
President Kennedy in 1963 (attached) when he dedicated a plaque at the
Maine Memorial marking Paderewski's temporary resting place.
The new Polish constitution has been completed and free elections have
been scheduled. The democratization of Poland is well under way.
Accordingly, the proper time for the return of Paderewski's remains would
appear to be the 50th anniversary of his death, 29 June 1991.
Over the last year I have had numerous discussions with
Polish-Americans. I have also had informal discussions with Polish
leaders. They are now in agreement, and I have confirmation in writing that
arrangements should begin now to fulfill the final act of returning
Paderewski's remains to Poland on the 50th anniversary of his death. This
would allow about a year to make and execute the plan.
I anticipate that within several weeks the Polish Government will make a
formal request to you asking that Paderewski's remains be returned. I
recommend that you approve the request and direct the Department of
Defense to be the primary government agency coordinating the project.
The DoD has been the caretaker of Paderewski's remains since 1941; they
have the means and expertise to complete the mission.
As a follow-up and fulfillment of President Roosevelt's actions in 1941,
and in view of the great patriotic fervor and emotional content of this event
for Poles and Polish-Americans, I recommend that you appoint a
Presidential committee to direct and coordinate events in the United States
and Poland connected with Paderewski's burial. Members of this committee
could form the backbone of a delegation to accompany Paderewski's
remains to Poland. Attached is a list of those I recommend you consider for
membership on the committee.
I would like very much to continue the work I have begun on the return of
the remains of this great statesman, composer, and pianist to Poland. I
would be honored to chair the working committee.
MAR 06 '91 11:26
P.10
6/28/90
COMMITTEE TO RETURN PADEREWSKI'S REMAINS TO POLAND
Honorary Members
Honorable Zbignlew Brzezinski
Secretary Edward Derwinski
Joseph Gore, Kosciuszko Foundation
Lane Kirkland, President, AFL/CIO
Edward Moskal, President, Polish American Congress
Senator Edward Muskie
Jan Nowak, Representative of Polonia
Working Members
Amb. Edward L. Rowny, Chairman
Henry Archacki, President, Paderewski Memorial Committee
Frances C. Barsh, President, Paderewski Foundation
Walter Brolewicz, Paderewski Memorial Committee
Ray Costanzo, Arlington National Cemetery
Michael Hornblow, State Department Representative
Paul Hume, Retired, Music critic, Washington Post
Myra Lenard, Polish American Congress
Charles Moyer, Coordinator of ceremony in Poland
Clarence J. Paderewski, (cousin) Paderewski Memorial Committee
Witold Sulimirski, Kosciuszko Foundation
DoD Representative (to be appointed by Secy Cheney)
Congressional Members
Robert Borski, D-PA
?.
John Dingell, D-MI
Robert Dole, D-KS
Dave Durenberger, R-MN
Henry Hyde, R-IL
Nancy Johnson, R-CT
Paul Kanjorski, D-PA
Gerald Kleczka, D-WI
William Lipinski, D-IL
Polish withouse Americans Democr me that ntioning pursve
Lynn Martin, R-IL
Barbara Mikulski, D-MA
Frank Murkowski, R-AK
Henry Nowak, D-NY
polision.to, to etc.
Bill Paxon, R-NY
Dan Rostenkowski, D-IL
Chris Smith, R-NJ
If you this, "wantarn I many to find out been
howpA's thavengress. in
July 5, 1989
INFORMATION
MEMORANDUM FOR CHRISS WINSTON
FROM:
EDWARD McNALLY
SUBJECT:
ADDING SOME EMOTIONAL PUNCH IN GDANSK SPEECH
I.
SUMMARY
As you know, one of the results of the weekend comments was
the loss of some choice sound bites and a personal anecdote
(planting pecans for posterity). Some new alternatives are
suggested below.
II. DISCUSSION
1.
"WOLNOSC, WLASNOSC, NIEPODLEGLOSC" (a/k/a "Ich bin ein
Berliner")
The Gdansk speech needs a memorable, ringing phrase -- a tag
line with the kick of JFK's "Ich bin ein Berliner."
Peggy Dooley found "Wolnosc, Wlasnosc, Niepodleglosc"
"Freedom, Property, Sovereignty" -- the battle cry of Kosciusko,
the beloved Polish patriot who fought in the American Revolution
(and whose statue is in Lafayette Square). Spoken in Polish, the
phrase has a powerful, rhyming cadence.
They didn't use in the
Edansk speech - might be good
Perhaps something like this:
to use in arrival remarks!
"In 1776 -- when America was at a turning point in its
history -- a great Polish patriot crossed the Atlantic. He
brought with him a simple, three-word message. And today -- 200
years later -- America is proud to return Kosciusko's message to
the country of its birth: 'Wolnosc. Wlasnosc. Niepodleglosc."
"Freedom. Property. Sovereignty. Words that speak to
aspirations common to all peoples and all times
=
(The phrase should then be repeated at the end of the
speech.)
Perhaps an excellent segve to
the Joint Declaration of
Principles proposed by the Poles !!!
perhaps a personal memory
of when Walesa invited him
to his own home.
2.
A PERSONAL STORY OR ANECDOTE
The personal nature of the address (and the deletion of the
Texas pecan story) calls for a personal story or anecdote. Some
candidates include:
Meeting with Lech Walesa -- When he speaks in Gdansk, the
President will have just come from lunch at the home of Lech
Walesa. When Vice President Bush was there in 1987, he invited
Walesa to join him on a visit to the grave of the recently
martyred priest. (The President has often spoken of the visit,
noting how security guards tore the Polish flag off their limo --
but left the American flag intact).
The Father Kolbe Story -- Father Kolbe is the legendary
World War II Polish priest who was martyred at Auschwitz in 1941,
when 10 men were chosen for slow death in retaliation for an
escape. When one of the 10 Poles despaired about his wife and
children, Father Kolbe stepped forward and took his place among
the condemned. Kolbe's courage and tenacity -- he outlived the
other nine by some weeks -- was such that the SS themselves were
astounded: "So was haben wir nie gesehen." ("We never saw
anything like him before."
Father Kolbe was made a saint -- and apparently ranks second
in modern Polish hearts only to the Holy Father.
to include in a litany of famous, prominent, courageous Poles
+
Just six weeks ago, the President met in the Oval Office Polish
with former Sgt. Gajowniczek, 88 -- the man whose life was sparedAmenicans.
by Father Kolbe's sacrifice. His musings about that meeting --
and Father Kolbe -- could provide a vivid personal anecdote.
3. A MOMENT OF SILENCE
Given both the audience -- the deeply religious Polish
people (e.g., the workers removing their caps) -- and the setting
-- the windswept harbour gates -- a moment of silence during the
President's address could make for a powerful and emotional
moment.
The President will be speaking in front of the Solidarity
Monument -- a memorial to those killed in the original (1970?)
struggle. The previous day, he will have laid wreaths for the
Jewish victims of the uprisings and the Polish Tomb of the
Unknown Soldier (our WWII ally) -- and after Gdansk, he will lay
a wreath high above the shipyards, at the fortress where WWII
began 50 years ago.
INSTANT ALMANAC
of Events, Anniversaries,
Observances, Quotations,
and Birthdays
for Every Day
of the Year
Leonard and Thelma Spinrad
PARKER PUBLISHING COMPANY, INC.
West Nyack, N.Y.
February
10 no hurt."-Samuel Pepys,
29
March
ch this date occurs are leap
I
N THE ANCIENT CALENDAR, March was the first month of
eal hunting in Bering Sea.
and, defeated in 3 days.
the year, until 46 B.C. In England it was the first month until the
slamic Republic, effective
calendar reform of 1752. It draws its name from the Roman god of
war, Mars. As the month when spring arrives, it has been traditionally
nmission on Civil Disorders
a time of beginning-noticeably longer days, primal urges among man
Γ black violence in U.S.
and beast.
The Lenten season is usually at its height in March, and Holy
Week, late in the month if not in early April, serves as a reminder of
aro, Italy; General Marquis
the eternal mysteries; but in March we need not look beyond our
own American history to recall human martyrdom. It was in this
month that the shadow of the American Revolution was first cast by
the Boston Massacre, and that some generations later an out-
ies, one black, one white-
numbered group of defenders gave us cause to remember the Alamo.
nal Advisory Commission
March is when New York City hired a rainmaker, the White House
had its first wedding and a pioneer of new frontiers in science was
born, a man named Albert Einstein. Also among the March birthday
entries is that towering genius of the arts, Michelangelo. And it was
in this month that Robert Koch discovered the tubercle bacillus,
Alexander Graham Bell perfected the telephone and the first man
walked in space. Economists remember the 1933 March bank
holidays and hapless letter writers may recall the month for the 1970
postal strike.
March's birthstone: Bloodstone or aquamarine.
March's flower: Daffodil or jonquil.
Quotations about March:
"March comes in like a lion and goes out like a lamb."-English
Proverb, 17th Century
63
64
March
March
65
"Beware the ides of March."-William Shakespeare, Julius Caesar,
Future Funny Girl Week, first Sunday (George Q. Lewis, 342
1599
Madison Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10017)
"March with grief doth howl and rave."-Percy Bysshe Shelley,
Circle K Week, first full week (Kiwanis International, 101 East Erie
"Dirge for the Year," 1821
Street, Chicago, III. 60611)
"Mad as a March hare."-John Heywood, Proverbes, 1546
Camp Fire Girls Birthday Week, Sunday of last full week of month
"The winds of March"-William Shakespeare, The Winter's Tale,
(Camp Fire Girls, 65 Worth Street, New York, N.Y. 10013)
1611
National Wildlife Week, third Sunday (National Wildlife Federation,
1412 16th Street NW, Washington, D.C. 20036)
Month-long observances in March:
National Smile Week, March 21 (George Q. Lewis, 342 Madison
Lent-usually mostly in March.
Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10017)
Red Cross Month (American National Red Cross, 17th & D Streets
National Poison Prevention Week, third Sunday (American Phar-
NW, Washington, D.C. 20006)
maceutical Assn., 2215 Constitution Avenue NW, Washington,
Youth Art Month (Crayon, Water Color & Craft Institute, Eden Hill
D.C. 20036)
Road, Newtown, Conn. 16470)
National Salesmen's Week, Sunday of last full week of month (Earle
International Hamburger & Pickle Month (Pickle Packers Inter-
M. Burnett, Sr., P.O. Box 80035, Lincoln, Nebraska 68501)
national, 1081/2 East Main Street, St. Charles, III. 60174, via
National Boys' Club Week, latter half of month (Boys' Clubs of
Theodore R. Sills, Inc., One East Wacker Drive, Chicago, III.
America, 771 First Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10017)
60601)
Holy Week, variable, either March or April.
Buttermilk Bread Month (National Bread Sales Months, 111 North
Passover, variable, either March or April.
Marion Street, Oak Park, III. 60301)
Variable dates within March:
National Easter Seal Campaign-usually includes most or all of this
month (National Easter Seal Society for Crippled Children &
World Day of Prayer, first Friday (United Church Women, 475
Adults, 2023 West Ogden Avenue, Chicago, III. 60612)
Riverside Drive, New York, N.Y. 10027)
Spring, vernal equinox arrives on or about March 21.
March's special weeks, with usual starting dates:
(In March or April)
National Weights & Measures Week, March 1 (Weights & Measures
Palm Sunday
Associates, 1 Thomas Circle NW, Washington, D.C. 20005)
Holy Thursday
Return the Borrowed Book Week, March 1 (Inter Global Society for
Good Friday
Prevention of Cruelty to Cartoonists, 3119 Chadwick Drive, Los
Easter Sunday
Angeles, Calif. 90032)
Buzzard Sunday, first Sunday after March 15, in Hinckley, Ohio.
National Procrastination Week, first week of month (Procrastinators'
Columbia Scholastic Press Assn. meets in New York beginning
Club of America, 1111 Broad Street, Philadelphia, Penna.
second Thursday (Box 11, Center Mail Room, Columbia Univer-
19102)
sity, New York, N.Y. 10027)
National Housing for the Handicapped Week, first Monday (National
North American Wildlife & Natural Resources Conference, meets
Congress of Organizations of the Physically Handicapped, 7611
in mid-month (Wildlife Management Institute, 709 Wire Build-
Oakland Avenue, Minneapolis, Minn. 55423)
ing, Washington, D.C. 20005)
National Peanut Week, first Wednesday (National Peanut Council,
Institute of Electrical & Electronics Engineers, meets in New York
1120 Connecticut Avenue NW, Washington, D.C. 20036)
beginning third or fourth Monday (345 East 47th Street, New
Girl Scout Week, week including March 12 (Girl Scouts of U.S.A.,
York, N.Y. 10017)
830 Third Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10022)
National Assn. of Broadcasters usually meets beginning last or next
Save Your Vision Week, first Sunday (American Optometric Assn.,
to last Sunday (1771 N Street NW, Washington, D.C. 20036)
7000 Chippewa Street, St. Louis, Mo. 63119)
(see also April)
66
March
March
67
Antoinette Perry (Tony) Awards of New York theatre, Sunday night
1877-Rutherford B. Hayes declared elected as President by special
in March or April.
Electoral Commission in disputed contest with Samuel Tilden.
1919-Communist Third International formed in Russia.
MARCH 1
1923-Time magazine first published.
St. David's Day-Welsh honor their patron saint.
1949-U.S. Air Force superfortress bomber completed first non-stop
flight around the world (refueling in flight) at Fort Worth, Texas.
Zodiac sign for the day: Pisces, the fish.
Zodiac birthstone for the day: Amethyst.
The day's birthdays:
The day in history:
Statesman-general Sam Houston 1793, Lexington, Va.; composer
781-Articles of Confederation of United States adopted.
Bedrich Smetana 1824, Litomysl, Bohemia; statesman De Witt
1790-First United States census began.
Clinton 1769, Little Britain, N.Y.; statesman Carl Schurz 1829,
1803-Ohio entered United States as 17th state.
Leblar, Germany; entertainer Desi Arnaz 1917, Santiago, Cuba.
1815-Napoleon re-entered France.
Quotation of the day:
1867-Nebraska entered United States as 37th state.
"Turn where we may, within, around, the voice of great events is
1932-Baby Charles A. Lindbergh, Jr. was kidnapped from the
proclaiming to us, Reform, that you may preserve."-Thomas B.
Lindbergh home near Flemington, N.J.
Macaulay, March 2, 1831
1954-Puerto Rican nationalists wounded five members of House of
Representatives in Capitol, Washington, D.C.
MARCH 3
1961-Peace Corps established by President John F. Kennedy.
1967-U.S. House of Representatives barred Harlem's Representative
Zodiac sign for the day: Pisces, the fish.
Adam Clayton Powell, Jr. for his use of federal funds.
Zodiac birthstone for the day: Amethyst.
1967-Caribbean islands of Dominica & St. Lucia became indepen-
dent in British Commonwealth.
The day in history:
1845-Florida entered U.S. as 27th state.
The day's birthdays:
1918-Russia signed Treaty of Brest-Litovsk with Germany, World
Sculptor Augustus Saint-Gaudens 1848, Dublin; actor David Niven
War I peace treaty.
1910, Kirriemuir, Scotland; singer Harry Belafonte 1927, New York
1931-"Star Spangled Banner" officially became U.S. national
City; painter Oscar Kokoschka 1886, Pöchlarn, Austria; singer Dinah
anthem.
Shore, Winchester, Tenn.; writer Lytton Strachey 1880, London;
1943-Battle of Bismarck Sea in World War II gave United States
writer William Dean Howells 1837, Martins Ferry, Ohio.
decisive naval victory over Japan.
Quotation of the day:
1945-United States and Philippine forces recaptured Corregidor in
World War II.
"I awoke one morning and found myself famous."-Lord Byron,
March 1, 1812
1961-Morocco National Day marks succession of King Hassan II to
throne on this date.
MARCH 2
1967-Caribbean island of Grenada became self-governing in British
Commonwealth.
Zodiac sign for the day: Pisces, the fish.
Zodiac birthstone for the day: Amethyst.
The day's birthdays:
Inventor Alexander Graham Bell 1847, Edinburgh; golfer Julius
The day in history:
Boros 1920, Fairfield, Conn.; U.S. General Matthew Ridgway 1895,
1836-Texas Independence Day commemorates declaration of inde-
Fort Monroe, Va.; inventor-financier George M. Pullman 1831,
pendence from Mexico on this date.
Brocton, N.Y.
68
March
March
69
1933-President Franklin D. Roosevelt proclaimed national bank
Quotation of the day:
holiday to start following day to prevent runs on banks.
"Three thousand years and the world so little changed!"-Henry D.
1953-U.S.S.R. Premier Josef Stalin died.
Thoreau, March 3, 1838
1970-Nuclear non-proliferation treaty went into effect.
The day's birthdays:
MARCH 4
Mathematician-geographer George Mercator 1512, Rupelmonde,
Inauguration Day-Presidents of United States took office on this
Holland; composer Heitor Villa-Lobos 1887, Rio de Janeiro; actor
date until 1937; thereafter on January 20th.
Rex Harrison 1908, Huyton, England.
Zodiac sign for the day: Pisces, the fish.
Quotation of the day:
Zodiac birthstone for the day: Amethyst.
"From Stettin in the Baltic to Triests in the Adriatic, an iron curtain
The day in history:
has descended across the Continent."-Winston Churchill, March 5,
1681-William Penn received charter to Pennsylvania from England's
1946
Charles II.
1789-United States Constitution went into effect.
MARCH 6
1791-Vermont admitted to United States as 14th state.
Zodiac sign for the day: Pisces, the fish.
1837-City charter for Chicago approved by Illinois legislature.
Birthstone for the day: Amethyst.
1861-Confederate States of America adopted "Stars and Bars" flag.
1942-Stage Door Canteen in New York opened in World War II.
The day in history:
The day's birthdays:
1836-Alamo Day commemorates end of Battle of the Alamo at San
Soldier-patriot Casimir Pulaski 1748, Podolia, Poland; artist Sir Henry
Antonio, Texas, when entire garrison was wiped out by victorious
Mexicans.
Raeburn 1756, Edinburgh; football coach Knute Rockne 1888, Voss,
1857-Supreme Court decided Dred Scott case, upholding slavery.
Norway.
1933-National Bank (closing) Holiday began in United States.
Quotation of the day:
1957-Ghana Independence Day marks African nation's becoming
"The only thing we have to fear is fear itself."-Franklin D.
free in British Commonwealth.
Roosevelt, March 4, 1933
1970-Townhouse in Greenwich Village, New York, demolished by
"What the people really want, they generally get."-Charles Evans
explosion of bomb "factory," killing several people inside. Two girl
Hughes, March 4, 1939
fugitives fled.
MARCH 5
The day's birthdays:
Artist Michelangelo 1475, Caprese, Italy; poetess Elizabeth Barrett
Zodiac sign of the day: Pisces, the fish.
Browning 1806, Hope End, England; U.S. General Philip H. Sheridan
Zodiac birthstone for the day: Amethyst.
1831, Albany, N.Y.; writer Ring Lardner 1885, Niles, Mich.; astro-
The day in history:
naut Gordon Cooper, Jr. 1927, Shawnee, Okla.; baseball player Lefty
1770-British troops fired into crowd of unruly Bostonians, killing
Grove 1900, Lonaconing, Md.; writer Cyrano de Bergerac 1619,
five men (including Crispus Attucks) in what became known as the
Paris.
Boston Massacre, early prelude to American Revolutionary War.
1868-Impeachment of President Andrew Johnson went before
Quotation of the day:
Senate, which set up organization of proceedings for hearings
"I like the system which lets a man quit when he wants to, and wish
beginning March 13.
it might prevail everywhere."-Abraham Lincoln, March 6, 1860
70
March
March
71
The day's birthdays:
MARCH 7
Supreme Court Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes 1841, Boston; com-
Burbank Day-Honors birthday of horticulturist Luther Burbank.
poser Ruggiero Leoncavallo 1848, Naples; economist Stuart Chase
1888, Somersworth, N.H.
Zodiac sign for the day: Pisces, the fish.
Zodiac birthstone for the day: Amethyst.
Quotation of the day:
"Expedience and justice frequently are not even on speaking terms."
The day in history:
-Arthur H. Vandenberg, March 8, 1945
1876-Telephone patent granted to Alexander Graham Bell.
"The First Amendment has erected a wall between Church and State
1926-Transatlantic radio-telephone service began between New
which must be kept high and impregnable."-Hugo L. Black, March
York and London.
8, 1948
1936-Adolf Hitler ordered German troops into Rhineland in de-
fiance of treaties.
MARCH 9
1945-United States Ninth Armored Division captured bridge across
Rhine at Remagen, Germany, speeding World War II victory.
Amerigo Vespucci Day-Birthday of explorer after whom America
was named.
The day's birthdays:
Horticulturist Luther Burbank 1849, Lancaster, Mass.; composer
Zodiac sign for the day: Pisces, the fish.
Maurice Ravel 1875, Ciboure, France; statesman Thomas Masaryk
Zodiac birthstone for the day: Amethyst.
1850, Hodonin, Czechoslovakia; actress Anna Magnani, Rome.
The day in history:
Quotation of the day:
1861-Confederate currency authorized.
1862-In first battle between ironclads, Monitor and Merrimac
"We have a great, popular, constitutional government, guarded by
(original name of Confederate ship Virginia) met in Civil War off
law and by judicature, and defended by the affections of the whole
people."-Daniel Webster, March 7, 1850
Hampton Roads, Va.
1916-Pancho Villa's Mexican irregulars raided Columbus, N.M.,
killing 15.
MARCH 8
1945-United States B-29 bombers staged massive fire raids on
St. John of God, Spanish patron saint of nurses for the sick, d. at
Tokyo in World War II.
Granada 1550 A.D.
The day's birthdays:
Zodiac sign for the day: Pisces, the fish.
Explorer Amerigo Vespucci 1451, Florence; entertainer Eddie Foy
Zodiac birthstone for the day: Amethyst.
1854, New York City; statesman V.A. Molotov 1890, Kukarka,
Russia; philanthropist-politician Leland Stanford 1824, Watervliet,
The day in history:
N.Y.; composer Samuel Barber 1910, West Chester, Penna.; writer
1894-New York State passed first dog licensing law.
Mickey Spillane 1918, Brooklyn, N.Y.; conductor Thomas Schippers
1917-Riots in St. Petersburg, Russia began country's revolution
1930, Kalamazoo, Mich.; astronaut Yuri Gagarin 1934, Smolensk,
against the monarchy.
Russia; architect Edward D. Stone 1902, Fayetteville, Ark.
1952-Arnold Schuster, who spotted Willie Sutton for the police,
was shot and killed in Brooklyn. Never solved.
Quotation of the day:
1971-Joe Frazier defeated Muhammad Ali (Cassius Clay) in world's
"Music and woman I cannot but give way to, whatever my business
highest-priced heavyweight championship bout, New York.
is."-Samuel Pepys, March 9, 1666
72
March
March
73
"In my mind, there is nothing so illiberal and so ill-bred, as audible
1942-General Douglas MacArthur left Bataan for Australia to
laughter."-Earl of Chesterfield, March 9, 1748
assume top Pacific war command in World War II.
"I believe in one God, Creator of the Universe. That he governs it by
The day's birthdays:
his Providence. That he ought to be worshipped. That the most
acceptable Service we render to him is doing good to his other
Sportsman Sir Malcolm Campbell 1885, Chislehurst, England; civil
Children."-Benjamin Franklin, March 9, 1790
rights leader Ralph Abernathy 1926, Linden, Ala.; scientist Vannevar
Bush 1890, Everett, Mass.; band leader Lawrence Welk 1903,
Strasburg, N.D.
MARCH 10
Quotation of the day:
Zodiac sign for the day: Pisces, the fish.
Zodiac birthstone for the day: Amethyst.
"There is a higher law than the Constitution."-William H. Seward,
March 11, 1850
The day in history:
"A University should be a place of light, of liberty and of learning."
1876-First words heard over a telephone were spoken by Alexander
-Benjamin Disraeli, March 11, 1873
Graham Bell to his assistant, Thomas A. Watson, in Boston.
1880-First Salvation Army group in United States arrived in New
MARCH 12
York from England.
1948-Anti-Communist Czechoslovakian Foreign Minister Jan
Zodiac sign for the day: Pisces, the fish.
Masaryk fell or was pushed out a window in Prague, as Reds were
Zodiac birthstone for the day: Amethyst.
consolidating their power.
The day in history:
The day's birthdays:
1904-Carnegie Hero Fund Commission established with $5,000,000
Prince Edward of England 1964, London; social worker Lillian D.
gift from Andrew Carnegie.
Wald, 1867, Cincinnati; composer Arthur Honegger 1892, Le Havre,
1912-First Girl Scout group met in Savannah, Ga.
France.
1932-Swedish match-king Ivar Kreuger committed suicide in Paris;
his financial empire collapsed.
Quotation of the day:
1933-President Franklin D. Roosevelt's first radio fireside chat was
"Whatever is worth doing at all is worth doing well."-Earl of
broadcast to the nation.
Chesterfield, March 10, 1746
1938-Nazis occupied Austria.
"Russia has two generals whom she can trust-Generals January and
1947-President Truman proposed Truman Doctrine of anti-
February."-Tsar Nicholas I, March 10, 1853
Communist aid to Turkey and Greece.
1956-Anti-Trujillo scholar Dr. Jesus de Galindez, who had opposed
MARCH 11
dictator's rule of Dominican Republic, disappeared from New York;
Zodiac sign for the day: Pisces, the fish.
never solved.
Zodiac birthstone for the day: Amethyst.
1966-President Sukarno of Indonesia overthrown by General
Suharto.
The day in history:
1968-Indian Ocean island of Mauritius became free state in British
1810-Napoleon married, by proxy, Princess Marie Louise of Austria.
Commonwealth.
1888-Blizzard of '88, record snowstorm in northeastern United
1970-Three New York City office buildings bombed by terrorist
States and particularly New York City, March 11-14.
group.
1941-Lend-Lease Law, providing United States aid to England and
other foes of Nazis in World War II, signed by President Franklin D.
The day's birthdays:
Roosevelt.
Publisher Adolph S. Ochs 1858, Cincinnati; poet Gabriele
74
March
March
75
d'Annunzio 1863, Pescara, Italy; writer Jack Kerouac 1922, Lowell,
1950-New York City hired a rainmaker, Dr. Wallace E. Howell.
Mass.; playwright Edward Albee 1928, Washington, D.C.; singer Liza
The day's birthdays:
Minelli, Los Angeles; astronaut Walter Schirra, Jr. 1923, Hackensack,
Writer Maxim Gorky 1868, Nizhni-Novgorod, Russia; composer
N.J.
Johann Strauss, the elder 1804, Vienna; astronaut Frank Borman
Quotation of the day:
1928, Gary, Ind.; astronaut Eugene A. Cernan 1934, Chicago;
"Curiosity is one of the permanent and certain characteristics of a
scientist Albert Einstein 1879, Ulm, Germany; actor Michael Caine
vigorous mind."-Samuel Johnson, March 12, 1751
1933, London.
MARCH 13
Quotation of the day:
"A great obstacle to good education is the inordinate passion
Zodiac sign for the day: Pisces, the fish.
prevalent for novels, and the time lost in that reading which should
Zodiac birthstone for the day: Amethyst.
be instructively employed."-Thomas Jefferson, March 14, 1818
The day in history:
1848-Hungary gained autonomy in Austro-Hungarian Empire.
MARCH 15
1868-U.S. Senate began consideration of impeachment of President
Andrew Johnson. (See March 5.)
Buzzard Day in Hinckley, Ohio (when the buzzards return annually)
1884-International conference in Washington, D.C. established
Zodiac sign for the day: Pisces, the fish.
world system of standard time, based on Greenwich Mean Time.
Zodiac birthstone for the day: Amethyst.
1904-"Christ of the Andes," statue on border of Argentina and
The day in history:
Chile, was dedicated.
44 B.C.-Julius Caesar assassinated in Rome.
1933-Emergency bank holiday in U.S. ended; banks began reopen-
1820-Maine entered U.S. as 23rd state.
ing.
1913-Woodrow Wilson held the first presidential press conference.
1961-President Kennedy proposed Western Hemisphere Alliance for
1917-Russia's Tsar Nicholas II abdicated.
Progress.
1919-American Legion founded in Paris.
1969-U.S. Senate approved nuclear non-proliferation treaty.
1966-Black teen-agers rioted in Watts district of Los Angeles.
The day's birthdays:
The day's birthdays:
Scientist Joseph Priestley 1733, Fieldhead, England; painter Juan
Gris 1887, Madrid.
President Andrew Jackson 1767, Waxhaw, S.C.; trumpeter Harry
James 1916, Albany, Ga.
Quotation of the day:
"Scenery is fine-but human nature is finer."-John Keats, March 13,
Quotation of the day:
1818
"Let us then stand by the constitution, as it is, and by our country as
it is, one, united, and entire; let it be a truth engraven on our hearts;
MARCH 14
let it be borne on the flag under which we rally in every exigency,
Zodiac sign for the day: Pisces, the fish.
that we have one country, one constitution, one destiny."-Daniel
Zodiac birthstone for the day: Amethyst.
Webster, March 15, 1837
The day in history:
MARCH 16
1794-Eli Whitney received patent for cotton gin.
1938-Adolf Hitler returned in triumph to his native Austria.
Zodiac sign for the day: Pisces, the fish.
1939-Republic of Czechoslovakia dissolved as Nazis moved in.
Zodiac birthstone for the day: Amethyst.
76
March
March
77
The day in history:
The day's birthdays:
1521-Ferdinand Magellan sighted Philippines.
Frontiersman Jim Bridger 1804, Richmond, Va.; artist Kate
1802-Law establishing U.S. Military Academy at West Point, N.Y.
Greenaway 1846, London; Rabbi Stephen Wise 1874, Budapest;
was signed by President Jefferson.
golfer Robert (Bobby) Jones, Jr. 1902, Atlanta, Ga.; actor Edmund
1915-Federal Trade Commission organized.
Kean 1787, London; dancer Rudolf Nureyev 1938, Ufa, Bashkir
1935-Nazi Germany rearmed and renounced Versailles Treaty.
Republic, U.S.S.R.; civil rights leader Bayard Rustin 1910, West
1945-U.S. defeated Japanese in epic World War II battle of Iwo
Chester, Penna.
Jima.
Quotation of the day:
1966-U.S. astronauts Neal Armstrong and David Scott were first to
dock one space craft with another.
"Let us now forgive and forget. Let each Country seek its Advance-
ment in its own internal Advantages of Arts and Agriculture, not in
The day's birthdays:
retarding or preventing the Prosperity of the other."-Benjamin
President James Madison 1751, Port Conway, Va.; scientist Georg
Franklin, March 17, 1783
Simon Ohm 1787, Erlangen, Germany; entertainer Jerry Lewis 1926,
Newark, N.J.; astronaut R. Walter Cunningham 1932, Creston, Iowa;
MARCH 18
First Lady Pat (Mrs. Richard M.) Nixon, Ely, Nevada.
Zodiac sign for the day: Pisces, the fish.
Zodiac birthstone for the day: Amethyst.
Quotation of the day:
"Every woman is infallibly to be gained by every sort of flattery, and
The day in history:
every man by one sort or other."-Earl of Chesterfield, March 16,
1931-First electric razor marketed by Schick, Inc.
1752
1937-School explosion in New London, Texas, killed 426.
1938-Foreign oil holdings in Mexico expropriated.
MARCH 17
1949-North Atlantic Treaty Organization formed.
1965-U.S.S.R. cosmonaut Aleksei Lenov was first man to walk in
St. Patrick's Day honors Irish patron saint, d. about 461 A.D. in
space.
Ireland.
1970-Postal strike began in New York, mushroomed across U.S.
Evacuation Day-Suffolk County (Boston), Mass. commemorates
Troops began moving mail in New York March 23 and strike dis-
1776 British evacuation of city in American Revolutionary War.
integrated.
Zodiac sign for the day: Pisces, the fish.
The day's birthdays:
Zodiac birthstone for the day: Amethyst.
President Grover Cleveland 1837, Caldwell, N.J.; composer Nicholas
The day in history:
Rimsky-Korsakov 1844, Novgorod, Russia; inventor Rudolph Diesel
1910-Camp Fire Girls Founders Day commemorates birth of group
1858, Paris; statesman John C. Calhoun 1782, Abbeville, S.C.
in Casco, Me.
Quotation of the day:
1936-Pittsburgh flooded.
"
how the world makes nothing of the memory of a man an hour
1940-Brooklyn murder-for-hire gang was exposed-and dubbed Mur-
after he is dead !"-Samuel Pepys, March 18, 1664
der, Inc.
1941-National Gallery of Art in Washington, D.C. opened.-
MARCH 19
1966-U.S. midget sub found missing H-bomb off coast of Spain.
1970-U.S. for first time used its veto in Security Council to block
Swallows return to Mission San Juan Capistrano, Calif.
censure of Great Britain over Rhodesian issue.
St. Joseph, husband of the Virgin Mary.
78
March
March
79
Zodiac sign for the day: Pisces, the fish.
Zodiac birthstone for the day: Amethyst.
MARCH 21
The day in history:
First Day of Spring.
1920-U.S. Senate rejected Treaty of Versailles which included
National Smile Week-March 21-27 (George Q. Lewis, 342 Madison
provision for League of Nations.
Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10017).
1945-U.S. Navy aircraft carrier Franklin, heavily damaged by
Zodiac sign for the day: Aries, the ram.
Japanese planes in World War II, with loss of 832 lives, was saved by
Zodiac birthstone for the day: Jasper, bloodstone, aquamarine.
sea epic of heroism.
1969-British forces landed on independence-seeking island of
The day in history:
Anguilla, which wanted to break loose from St. Kitts-Nevis.
1851-Yosemite Valley discovered in California.
The day's birthdays:
1965-Rev. Martin Luther King, Jr. led civil rights march out of
Selma, Ala., headed for Montgomery.
Former Chief Justice Earl Warren 1891, Los Angeles; orator-
statesman William Jennings Bryan 1860, Salem, III.; dancer Sergei
The day's birthdays:
Diaghilev 1872, Novgorod, Russia.
Composer Johann Sebastian Bach 1685, Eisenach, Germany;
Quotation of the day:
President Benito Juarez 1806, Guelatao, Mexico; composer Modest
"My fears are as good prophets as my hopes."-Henry D. Thoreau,
Mussorgsky 1839, Karevo, Russia.
March 19, 1842
Quotation of the day:
"There is nothing which has yet been contrived by man, by which so
MARCH 20
much happiness is produced as by a good tavern or inn."-Samuel
Zodiac sign for the day: Pisces, the fish.
Johnson, March 21, 1776
Zodiac birthstone for the day: Amethyst.
"There is no finer investment for any community than putting milk
The day in history:
into babies. Healthy citizens are the greatest asset any country can
1751-King George III succeeded to throne of England.
have."-Winston Churchill, March 21, 1943
1833-U.S. and Siam signed their first treaty, a commerce pact, in
Bangkok.
MARCH 22
1852-Harriet Beecher Stowe's novel Uncle Tom's Cabin was pub-
lished as a book after being serialized.
Zodiac sign for the day: Aries, the ram.
1890-General Federation of Women's Clubs organized in New York.
Zodiac birthstone for the day: Jasper, bloodstone, aquamarine.
The day's birthdays:
The day in history:
1621-Governor John Carver and Chief Massasoit signed nonaggres-
Playwright Henrik Ibsen 1828, Skien, Norway; poet Ovid 43 B.C.,
sion treaty at Plymouth, Mass.
Sulmo, Abruzzi, Roman Empire; actor Sir Michael Redgrave 1908,
1820-Naval hero Stephen Decatur killed in Maryland duel with
Bristol, England; singer Beniamino Gigli 1890, Recanati, Italy;
James Barron.
comedian Carl Reiner 1922, New York City; singer Lauritz Melchior
1882-Edmunds Law banned all polygamy in U.S.
1890, Copenhagen; pianist Sviatoslav Richter 1914, Zhitomir,
1941-Grand Coulee Dam went into operation on Columbia River.
Ukraine, U.S.S.R.
1945-Arab League formed by Moslem countries of the Middle East.
Quotation of the day:
The day's birthdays:
"A nation is molded by the tests that its peoples meet and
Painter Sir Anthony Van Dyck 1599, Antwerp, Belgium; painter
master."-Lyndon B. Johnson, March 20, 1965
Rosa Bonheur 1822, Bordeaux, France; scientist Robert Andrews
80
March
March
81
Millikan 1868, Morrison, III.; pantomimist Marcel Marceau 1923,
Strasbourg, France; actor Karl Malden 1913, Chicago; government
The day in history:
official Maurice Stans 1908, Shakope, Minn.
1882-Robert Koch announced discovery of tubercle bacillus.
1900-Ground was broken for the first successful New York City
Quotation of the day:
subway.
"All progress has resulted from people who took unpopular
1949-Walter and John Huston became first father and son to receive
positions."-Adlai E. Stevenson, March 22, 1954
Oscar awards of Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences, for
Treasure of Sierra Madre.
MARCH 23
The day's birthdays:
World Meteorological Day-observed annually on this date by mem-
Governor Thomas E. Dewey 1902, Owosso, Mich.; financier Andrew
bers of United Nations.
W. Mellon 1855, Pittsburgh; actor Steve McQueen 1930,
Zodiac sign for the day: Aries, the ram.
Indianapolis, Ind.
Zodiac birthstone for the day: Jasper, bloodstone, aquamarine.
Quotation of the day:
The day in history:
"All religions united with government are more or less inimical to
1925-Tennessee adopted law banning teaching of evolution.
liberty. All separated from government, are compatible with
1933-German Reichstag voted dictatorial powers to Nazi regime.
liberty."-Henry Clay, March 24, 1818
1956-Pakistan Republic Day marks date when Asian nation became
republic in British Commonwealth.
MARCH 25
1957-Public sale of U.S. Army's last homing pigeons, at Fort
Monmouth, N.J.
Zodiac sign for the day: Aries, the ram.
Zodiac birthstone for the day: Jasper, bloodstone, aquamarine.
The day's birthdays:
The day in history:
Actress Joan Crawford, San Antonio, Texas; psychologist-writer
1634-Maryland Day commemorates landing of British colonists in
Erich Fromm 1900, Frankfurt, Germany; scientist Wernher von
Maryland.
Braun 1912, Wirsitz, Germany.
1821-Greek National Day marks start of Greece's independence war
Quotation of the day:
against Turkey.
1894-Jacob S. Coxey's Army seeking help for unemployed left
"Is life so dear or peace so sweet as to be purchased at the price of
Massillon, Ohio, for march on Washington.
chains and slavery? Forbid it, Almighty God! I know not what
1911-Fire in loft of Triangle Shirt Waist Company in New York
course others may take; but as for me, give me liberty, or give me
killed 147 and led to revision of labor laws and factory building
death!"-Patrick Henry, March 23, 1775
codes.
"
non-cooperation with evil is as much a duty as is cooperation
1913-Palace Theatre opened in New York City as prime vaudeville
with good."-Mohandas K. Gandhi, March 23, 1922
showplace.
"We must learn to live together as brothers or perish together as
1958-Sugar Ray Robinson, winning middleweight boxing champion-
fools."-Reverend Martin Luther King, Jr., March 23, 1964
ship for fifth time (from Carmen Basilio in Chicago), became first
five-time world champion.
MARCH 24
The day's birthdays:
Zodiac sign for the day: Aries, the ram.
Conductor Arturo Toscanini 1867, Parma, Italy; pathologist Simon
Zodiac birthstone for the day: Jasper, bloodstone, aquamarine.
Flexner 1863, Louisville, Ky.; sculptor Gutzon Borglum 1871, Bear
82
March
March
83
Lake, Idaho; composer Bela Bartok 1881, Transylvania, Hungary;
1964-Earthquake in Alaska killed more than 100, wreaked havoc in
actress Simone Signoret, Wiesbaden, Germany; astronaut James A.
Anchorage.
Lovell 1928, Cleveland.
The day's birthdays:
Quotation of the day:
Physicist Wilhelm Roentgen 1845, Lennep, Germany; photographer
"How insufficient is all wisdom without love!"-Henry D. Thoreau,
Edward Steichen 1879, Luxembourg; artist Nathaniel Currier 1813,
March 25, 1842
Roxbury, Mass.; actress Gloria Swanson, Chicago; composer Ferde
Grofe 1892, New York City.
MARCH 26
Quotation of the day:
Prince Kuhio Day-Hawaii honors memory of Prince Kuhio
"There are few ways in which a man can be more innocently
Kalanianaole, its first delegate to Congress.
employed than in getting money."-Samuel Johnson, March 27,
Zodiac sign for the day: Aries, the ram.
1775
Zodiac birthstone for the day: Jasper, bloodstone, aquamarine.
"I've never known a country to be starved into democracy."-George
D. Aiken, March 27, 1964
The day in history:
1885-Commercial motion-picture film first manufactured by George
MARCH 28
Eastman in Rochester, N.Y.
1937-Spinach growers of Crystal City, Texas, put up a statue of
Zodiac sign for the day: Aries, the ram.
Popeye the Sailor in their town.
Zodiac birthstone for the day: Jasper, bloodstone, aquamarine.
1953-Dr. Jonas Salk of University of Pittsburgh announced a polio
The day in history:
vaccine.
1971-Bangla Desh declared itself independent of Pakistan.
1797-First washing-machine patent issued to Nathaniel Briggs of
New Hampshire.
The day's birthdays:
1834-U.S. Senate voted to censure President Jackson for abuse of
Playwright Tennessee Williams 1911, Columbus, Miss.; poet Robert
his authority.
Frost 1875, San Francisco; poet A.E. Housman 1859, Fockbury,
1939-General Franco captured Madrid in Spanish Civil War.
1942-British commandos raided Nazi-held naval installation at St.
England; educator James B. Conant 1893, Dorchester, Mass.
Nazaire, France, in World War II.
Quotation of the day: 1
The day's birthdays:
"He who does not borrow trouble does not lend it."-Henry D.
Statesman Aristide Briand 1862, Nantes, France; pianist Rudolf
Thoreau, March 26, 1842
Serkin 1903, Eger, Bohemia.
Quotation of the day:
MARCH 27
"We are always equal to what we undertake with resolution."-
Zodiac sign for the day: Aries, the ram.
Thomas Jefferson, March 28, 1787
Zodiac birthstone for the day: Jasper, bloodstone, aquamarine.
"What a man does, compared with what he is, is but a small
The day in history:
part."-Henry D. Thoreau, March 28, 1842
1794-President Washington signed act to build a U.S. Navy.
1899-Guglielmo Marconi sent his first long-distance radio signals
MARCH 29
across the English Channel.
Zodiac sign for the day: Aries, the ram.
1912-First Japanese cherry trees planted in Washington, D.C.
Zodiac birthstone for the day: Jasper, bloodstone, aquamarine.
84
March
March
85
Jose de Goya 1746, Fuendetodos, Spain; sculptor Jo Davidson 1883,
The day in history:
New York City; actor Warren Beatty 1937, Richmond, Va.; play-
1638-First Swedish settlement in America was established at what is
wright Sean O'Casey 1880, Dublin; professor-adviser McGeorge
now Wilmington, Del.
Bundy 1919, Boston.
1812-In first wedding in White House, Dolley Madison's sister, Mrs.
Quotation of the day:
Lucy Payne Washington, married Supreme Court Justice Thomas
"The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied
Todd.
or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race,
1932-Jack Benny made his broadcasting debut on Ed Sullivan's
color, or previous condition of servitude."-Fifteenth Amendment to
radio program from New York.
U.S. Constitution, March 30, 1870
1951-Julius and Ethel Rosenberg and Morton Sobel convicted of
World War II espionage conspiracy; Rosenbergs were executed June
19, 1953.
MARCH 31
1961-Washington, D.C. residents won right to vote in Presidential
elections when 23rd Amendment went into effect.
Virgin Islands Transfer Day-Marks U.S. acquisition of Danish West
Indies in 1917 from Denmark.
The day's birthdays:
President John Tyler 1790, Greenway, Va.; Jozsef Cardinal
Zodiac sign for the day: Aries, the ram.
Zodiac birthstone for the day: Jasper, bloodstone, aquamarine.
Mindszenty 1892, Csehimindszent, Hungary.
Quotation of the day:
The day in history:
"
opinion, and the just maintenance of it, shall never be a crime in
1820-First group of New England missionaries arrived in Hawaii.
my view: nor bring injury on the individual."-Thomas Jefferson,
1840-Ten-hour day for government employees set by President Van
March 29, 1801
Buren.
1854-U.S. and Japan signed Treaty of Kanagawa, opening Japanese
MARCH 30
ports to U.S. ships.
Seward's Day-Commemorates 1867 U.S. purchase of Alaska from
1889-Eiffel Tower completed in Paris.
Russia, negotiated by Secretary of State William H. Seward.
1931-Knute Rockne, Notre Dame football coach, died in airplane
National Shut-In Day-Originated by Earl Rutter Shut-In Club of
crash in Kansas.
Turtle Creek, Penna.
1943-Oklahoma opened in New York.
1968-President Lyndon B. Johnson announced he would not run
Zodiac sign for the day: Aries, the ram.
for re-election.
Zodiac birthstone for the day: Jasper, bloodstone, aquamarine.
1969-Anguilla, occupied by British, reached provisional government
The day in history:
agreement. (See March 19.)
1840-Beau Brummell, the English leader of men's fashion, died in
1970-Explorer I, first U.S. space satellite, burned up on reentering
Earth's atmosphere after more than 12 years.
poverty in France.
1858-Lead pencil with attached eraser patented by H.L. Lipman of
The day's birthdays:
Philadelphia.
Composer Franz Josef Haydn 1732, Rohrau, Austria; philosopher
1870-Fifteenth Amendment to Constitution, protecting right to
Rene Descartes 1596, La Haye, France; writer Nicolai Gogol 1809,
vote, went into effect.
Sorochintsky, Russia; writer John La Farge 1835, New York City;
The day's birthdays:
hockey player Gordie Howe 1928, Floral, Saskatchewan, Canada;
Artist Vincent Van Gogh 1853, Brabant, Holland; artist Francisco
mining engineer John Hays Hammond 1855, San Francisco.
DII
.M54
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EVENTS OF THE PAST FOR
ALMANAC OF DATES
EVERY DAY OF THE YEAR
THE
Events
of the Past
for Every Day
LINDA MILLGATE
of the Year
HBU
Harcourt Brace Jovanovich
New York and London
End of Festival of the Pines at New Plymouth,
New Zealand
1973
Kuril, Japan, rocked by an earthquake
Earth tremor shook midAtlantic U.S. coast
1906, 1968, 1979, 1990, 2001, 2063, 2074, 2085 Ash
Wednesday
2096
Shrove Tuesday (Leap Year)
1911, 1922, 1933, 1995, 2006, 2017, 2090 Shrove Tuesday
February 29th
Leap Year Day
468 AD
Pope St. Hilarus died
992
Oswald, Archbishop of York, England, died
1288
It was made legal in Scotland for women to
propose to men
1634
Wallenstein, Austrian general, murdered
1704
40 killed, 100 carried off by Indians from
Deerfield, Massachusetts
Full Moon - Lenten Moon; Worm Moon
1712
General Montcalm, hero of the French and
Roman festival of Anna Perrena, goddess of
Indian War, born
the year
1756
Christian F. Hansen, Danish architect, born
First Sunday after Easter - Quasimodo or Low Sunday
1804
Orders given for construction of the first
lighthouse on the Great Lakes
1808
Charles Pritchard, British astronomer, born
1864
Jan Svatopluk Macher, Czech poet, born
March 1st
1922
Teachers' Registration Council established
(England)
Golden Shears International Sheep Shearing
1944
British and Indian troops drove the Japanese
Championships at Masterton, New
from Burma
Zealand
1960
Agadir, Morocco, hit by an earthquake, tidal
Feast of St. David (or Dewi), patron of Wales
wave, and fire
Town Meeting Day in Vermont
1972
Tokyo rocked by an earthquake
Tree Festival in Iraq
2096
Ash Wednesday
154 BC Until now, this was New Year's Day to the
2028
Shrove Tuesday
Romans
49
Caesar's command in Gaul expired
293 AD
Constantinus the Pale, father of Constantine,
named Caesar
1389
St. Antoninus born
1562
French Protestants (Huguenots) massacred at
Vessy
1638
First Swedish settlers, inventors of the log
cabin, arrived in America
1642
York, Maine, incorporated, first settlement to
do so
1780
First U.S. bank, that of Philadelphia, chartered
First act to abolish slavery passed by
Pennsylvania
1790
First U.S. census (recorded 17 states,
3,929,214 people) authorized
1792
Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor and ruler of
Austria, died
1803
Ohio became a state
1927, 1938, 1949, 1960, 2022, 2033, 2044 Shrove Tuesday
March 3rd
March 2nd
Japanese Doll Festival
Feast of St. Aelred
Feast of St. Marinus of Caesarea
672
AD St. Chad died (Feast Day)
Feast of St. Winwaloe (or Guenole)
986
Lothair, King of France, died
1033 AD
1127
St. Cunegund, Queen of Bavaria, died (Feast
St. Charles the Good (or the Dane) murdered
1160
Day)
Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor, excommunicated
1431
1316
Gabriel Condulmaro elected Pope (Eugenius IV)
King Robert II of Scotland born
1605
1476
Pope Clement VIII died
Swiss defeated Burgundians (French) at Granston
1703
1769
Robert Hooke, scientist, died
DeWitt Clinton, New York governor, born
1778
1793
Royal Pennsylvania Gazette, Philadelphia
Sam Houston, soldier-statesman, born
1806
Benito Juarez, President of Mexico, born
newspaper, founded
1817
Alabama became a U.S. territory
(National Holiday)
1820
1810
Pope Leo XIII born
Missouri Compromise slavery bill passed Congress
1845
Florida became a state
1818
Second pyramid of Gizeh, the tomb of Chephren,
1847
Alexander Graham Bell, telephone inventor, born
opened
1849
1819
"Double Eagle" $20 and $1 gold pieces authorized
Arkansas became a U.S. territory
1834
Minnesota became a U.S. territory
Horace Greeley founded the New Yorker, a
U.S. Department of the Interior established
weekly literary newspaper
1857
1835
Congress approved mail service for the far West
Francis I, Emperor of Austria and the last Holy
by coach
Roman Emperor, died
1861
Serfdom abolished in Russia
1836
Texas declared its independence from Mexico
1863
1853
National Academy of Sciences incorporated by an
Washington became a U.S. territory
1855
act of Congress
Nicholas I, the "Iron Czar" of Russia, died
1865
1861
Bureau of Freedmen, Refugees and Abandoned Land
Nevada and the Dakotas became U.S. territories
1865
created by Congress
Custer and his Union forces defeated the
1878
Bulgaria liberated from the Turks (Bulgarian
Confederates at Waynesboro,
National Holiday) by the Treaty
Virginia
of San Stefano
1867
First U.S. Board of Education established
1889
Pope Leo XIII crowned in the Sistine chapel
National Zoological Park established by
1883
U.S. got a postal money order system
Congress
1890
1893
"Buffalo Bill" Cody met Pope Leo XIII in St.
Montana's great seal and state flag adopted
1899
Peter's Square
Mt. Rainier National Park established
1901
National Bureau of Standards established
1904
Theodor Seuss Geisel, author as Dr. Seuss, born
1911
1916
North Dakota's state flag adopted
Elizabeth, Queen of Rumania, died
1918
1917
Inhabitants of Puerto Rico became U.S. citizens
Russian Bolshevik government surrendered to
German (Brest-Litovsk)
1939
Eugene Mary Joseph John Pacelli elected Pope
1920
Julius Boros, golfer, born
(Pius XII)
1924
1944
521 killed by coal fumes in an Italian railroad
Caliph Abdul Mejid expelled from Constantinople
1925
tunnel
Chicago permitted to use Lake Michigan water
1949
for the disposal of sewage
A U.S. bomber completed a nonstop, around-the-
1934
Herbert Youngblood and John Dillinger, bank
world flight (94 hours, 1 minute)
1955
robbers, escaped from jail
Norodom Suramarit became King of Cambodia
1959
1956
Pioneer IV, lunar probe, launched
Morocco became independent of France
1969
1958
Feast of Esther
Sir Vivian Fuchs and party completed their
Apollo 9 and lunar landing craft launched
Antartic crossing
1968
1954, 1965, 1976, 2049, 2055, 2060 Ash Wednesday
Zond 4, Russian satellite, launched
1927, 1938, 1949, 1960, 2022, 2033, 2044 Ash Wednesday
1908, 1981, 1987, 1992, 2071, 2076, 2082 Shrove Tuesday
1954, 1965, 1976, 2049, 2055, 2060 Shrove Tuesday
1937
National Arboretum founded by an act of Congress
March 4th
1942
U.S. Army Air Force sank 3 Japanese troopships
at Subic Bay, Philippines
Firemen's Anniversary (Louisiana)
1956
Lt. Colonel Jose Marie Lemus became President
303
St. Adrian, patron of soldiers, martyred
of El Salvador
AD
561
Pelagius I, Pope, died
1960
Belgian munitions ship exploded in Havana, Cuba
1394
Portugal's Prince Henry the Navigator born
harbor
1461
Edward IV took possession of the English
1965
A gas pipeline exploded near Natchitoches,
crown
Alaska
1484
St. Casimir, patron of Poland, died (Feast
1968
O.G.O. V satellite launched
Day)
1969
Holi Festival in Northern India
1493
Columbus reached Lisbon, Portugal
Purim (Hebrew Festival of Lots)
1519
Cortez landed in Mexico
1908, 1981, 1987, 1992, 2071, 2076, 2082 Ash Wednesday
1675
John Flamsteed, "Father of modern astronomy,"
1919, 1924, 1930, 2003, 2014, 2025, 2087, 2098 Shrove
appointed Royal Astronomer of
Tuesday
England
1681
William Penn granted a charter to found his
colony
March 5th
1789
U.S. Constitution went into effect with the
first meeting of Congress
(Federal Hall, New York City)
Annual Fair at Bury, Lancashire, England
Boys' Day in Japan
1791
Vermont became a state
1824
Royal National Lifeboat Institution founded
Feast of St. Ciaran of Saighir
Feast of St. Phocas of Antioch
(England)
Quincy, Illinois, with 10 residents, became
Feast of St. Piran
1825
475 AD
the Adams County seat
St. Gerasimus, who drew a thorn from the paw of
1826
First railway charter in the U.S. granted to
a lion, died (Feast Day)
the Granite Railway Company
1152
Frederick I (Barbarosa) elected King of Germany
Crowds in the White House at Jackson's
1324
David II, King of Scotland, born
1829
inauguration broke furniture
1380
Construction began of St. Mary's College,
and china
Oxford, England
1432
1837
Chicago incorporated as a city
Treaty of Rennes signed between France and
Battle of Novara (Austria-Italy)
Brittany
1849
Confederate States adopted "the Stars and Bars"
1534
Correggio, Italian artist, died
1861
1658
as their flag
Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac, explorer, born
1770
Boston Massacre
1863
Idaho became a U.S. territory
1872
Boston Globe newspaper founded
1824
Britain declared war on Burma
New York Daily Graphic contained the first
James Merrit Ives, of Currier and Ives
1880
newspaper photograph
lithographers, born
Knute Rockne, football great, born
1836
Patent Arms Manufacturing Company formed to
1888
1901
Charles H. Goren, bridge player, born
produce Colt revolvers
1908
Collingswood, Ohio, school fire and panic
1850
Louisville and Nashville Railroad Company
killed 176
incorporated
U.S. Department of Commerce and Labor
1853
Howard Pyle, American artist-writer, born
1913
established
1900
Madame Butterfly produced as a play in New York
First hunting law governing bird shooting
City
1908
Rex Harrison, actor, born
passed
First woman in Congress (Jeanette Rankin of
1912
Spanish ship Principe de Austrias sank
1917
Montana) began her term
1913
German destroyer S-178 and cruiser Yorck
U.S. Senate killed a bill to arm merchant ships
collided near Helgoland
1918
U.S.S. Cyclops left Barbados and disappeared
1927
U.S. Marines landed in China to protect
1933
Franklin D. Roosevelt became the last President
American property during a civil
to be inaugurated on this date
uprising
Edgar Lee Masters, poet (Spoon River Anthology)
1912
Air mail service proposed, to be rejected by
1950
Congress
died
1915
Massachusetts state flag revised
1953
Joseph Stalin, Russian premier, died
1924
Egyptian government opened Tutankhamen's mummy,
1959
Explorer II launched
1968
Solar Explorer II, sun-study satellite, launched
officially
1926
Shakespeare Memorial Theater burned (Stratford-
Purim (Hebrew Festival of Lots)
1969 1919, 1924, 1930, 2003, 2014, 2025, 2087, 2098
on-Avon, England)
1932
John Philip Sousa, composer, died
Ash Wednesday
1933
Presidential order closed all banks in the U.S.
1935, 1946, 1957, 2019, 2030, 2041, 2052 Shrove Tuesday
1935
Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr., jurist-author, died
1938
Spanish insurgent cruiser Baleares sunk by
Loyalists off Cartagena
March 6th
1945
Lippizaner horses removed from Vienna to escape
approaching Russian troops
Feast of St. Cyneburga
1957
Republic of Ghana established
203 AD Sts. Perpetua and Felicity martyred (Feast
1964
King Paul I of Greece died
Day)
1968
Ellen Price, model for Copenhagen's "Little
766
St. Chrodegang died (Feast Day)
Mermaid" statue, died
1405
King John II of Castile born
1970
Nassau Cup Race, Bahamas (30 miles for sail-
St. Colette died (Feast Day)
boats)
1447
Tommaso Parentucelli elected Pope (Nicholas V)
1973
Pearl Buck, writer, died
1454
Casimir IV added Prussian areas to Poland
1935, 1946, 1957, 2019, 2030, 2041, 2052 Ash Wednesday
Michelangelo, Italian artist, born
1962, 1973, 1984, 2057, 2068 Shrove Tuesday
1475
1480
Treaty of Alcacovas gave the Canary Islands
to Spain
Magellan discovered the Mariana Islands
March 7th
1521
(Magellan Day, Guam)
1604
Charles IX became King of Sweden
A tournament was held in Paris to celebrate the
St. Joseph's Day (Patron of Rio Chico,
1612
wedding of King Louis XIII
Venezuela)
161 AD Antoninus Pius, Roman emperor, died
1620
Cyrano de Bergerac born
1080
1622
John Mason chartered to found New Hampshire
King Henry IV of Germany excommunicated
Edict of Restitution restored their property to
1138
Conrad III again chosen King of Germany
1629
1274
St. Thomas Aquinas died (patron of all Catholic
the Catholic churches
1775
First black Masons initiated into an Army
schools; Feast Day)
1307
Lodge that was stationed near
King Edward I of England died
1530
The Pope refused King Henry VIII's request for
Boston
a divorce
1806
Elizabeth Barrett Browning, poet, born
Thomas Heyward, signer of the Declaration of
1573
Venice recognized the Turkish rule of Cyprus
1809
1693
Pope Clement XIII born
Independence, died
1836
Davy Crockett, frontiersman, killed at the fall
1707
Stephen Hopkins, signer of the Declaration of
of the Alamo to Mexican forces
Independence, born
1714
Peace of Rastatt signed
1837
The Seminole Indians agreed to end their war
1724
1857
Dred Scott slavery decision made by the U.S.
Pope Innocent XIII died
1782
Start of a two-day massacre of Christian Indians
Supreme Court
at New Philadelphia, Ohio
1862
Battle of Pea Ridge, Arkansas, began
1802
Sir Edwin Landseer, English artist, born
1885
Louisa May Alcott, author of Little Women, died
Ring Lardner, humorist, born
1804
First Bible Society founded
1888
1808
Emile Zola's novels seized by Canadian customs
Portuguese Royal Family arrived in Brazil
1889
1815
Napoleon acclaimed by soldiers sent to arrest
as obscene
1896
Charles King completed the first Detroit-built
him
1831
England's Royal Astronomical Society incor-
car
porated
1906
Lawrence Schoonover, novelist, born
1849
Luther Burbank, botanist, born
1850
Tomas Masaryk, first president of Czechoslovakia,
1787
Karl von Grafe, "Father of plastic surgery,"
born
born
Daniel Webster made his antisecession speech in
1801
British forces landed in Egypt
the Senate
1841
Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr., Supreme Court
1870
First male and female Grand Jury impaneled
Justice, born
(Wyoming)
1844
King Charles XIV of Sweden, born Jean-Baptist
1872
Piet Mondrian, Dutch artist, born
Bernadotte of France, died
1875
Maurice Ravel, French composer, born
1845
Commodore Perry's treaty with Japan ratified
1876
Telephone patent granted to Alexander Graham
by the U.S.
Bell
1849
Thomas Swing was appointed first U.S. Secretary
1889
Ben Ames Williams, novelist, born
of Interior
1907
Wild prairie rose became the North Dakota state
1853
Isaac Winslow filed for a patent on canning
flower
corn
1908
Semblance of peace restored in Nevada gold-
1858
Ruggiero Leoncavallo, opera composer, born
miners' strike
1862
Confederates defeated at Pea Ridge, Arkansas
1912
Discovery of the South Pole announced by
Confederate ironclad Merrimac sank the Union's
Amundsen
Cumberland and Congress
1913
Dynamite explosion killed 55 in Baltimore
1865
A canal began to connect Amsterdam with the
1926
First successful radio-telephone call made
North Sea
between New York and London
1869
Hector Berlioz, composer, died
1927
Tange, Japan, rocked by an earthquake
University of Deseret organized (Salt Lake
1936
German troops began to occupy the Rhineland
City, Utah)
1938
Spanish insurgents killed 1,000 in Barcelona
1894
New York state passed a dog-licensing law
air raids
1895
The constitutional convention of Utah finished
1945
U.S. forces crossed the Rhine at Remagen Bridge
its job
1949
First homes at Levittown, Long Island housing
1896
Volunteers of America held its first public
development, went on sale
meeting
1950
Coplon and Gubicher were found guilty of
1901
Dust storms began in Algeria that were to
espionage
deposit almost 2 million tons on
1957
Suez Canal opened after four months of closure
Europe
by Egypt
1909
South Dakota adopted its state flag
1962
oso I satellite launched
1916
Germany declared war on Portugal
1965
Queen Louise of Sweden died
1917
Count Ferdinand von Zeppelin, inventor, died
1970
Total eclipse of the sun
1920
Switzerland and Cuba joined the League of
1962, 1973, 1984, 2057, 2068. Ash Wednesday
Nations
1905, 1916, 2000, 2079 Shrove Tuesday
1921
Dato, Premier of Spain, assassinated in Madrid
1930
William Howard Taft, 27th U.S. President, died
1931
Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes spoke to the
March 8th
nation via radio
1942
Japanese/landed on New Guinea
Feast of St. Senan of Scattery
1950
First shipment of planes under the NATO agree-
648 AD
St. Felix of Dunwich died (Feast Day)
ment landed in France
690
St. Julian of Toledo died (Feast Day)
1954
Japan signed a mutual trade pact with the U.S.
1144
Pope Celestine II died
1957
Ghana entered the United Nations
1198
Philip elected King of Germany
1958
U.S. Navy was without a battleship, the last
1550
St. John of God, patron of the mortally sick,
having been added to a "mothball"
died (Feast Day)
fleet
1556
Charter granted for founding Holy Trinity
1965
First U.S. ground combat unit landed in Viet Nam
College at Oxford, England
1970
Last day of the World Championship Gold-
1618
Johann Kepler discovered the third law of
Panning Contest at Rosamond,
planetary motion
California
1702
King William III of England died and Anne, his
Start of the two-day Chingay Procession, the
sister-in-law, was proclaimed Queen
gathering of the Chinese clans,
1766
Hirosaki, Japan, shaken by an earthquake
in Malaysia
Festival of Teahouses (Okinawa)
March 10th
1971
Harold Lloyd, comedian of early films, died
1972
Airship (Zeppelin) Europe had its maiden voyage
1905, 1916, 2000, 2079 Ash Wednesday
New Hampshire Primary Election Day
2011, 2095 Shrove Tuesday
241 BC Carthaginian fleet defeated off the Aegates
Islands by the Romans in the
First Punic War
March 9th
1040 320 AD The Forty Martyrs were killed (Feast Day)
Harold I, King of England, died
Feast of St. Gregory of Nyssa
1302
Dante, author, threatened with burning should
1152 AD Frederick I ("Barbarosa") crowned King of
he return to Florence, Italy
1410
Germany
Wire invented
1440
1452
St. Frances of Rome died (Feast Day)
Ferdinand, King of Spain, born
1451
1496
Amerigo Vespucci, explorer, born
Columbus left Hispaniola to return to Spain
1463
St. Katherine of Bologua died
1503
Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor, born
1629
Czar Alexis Mikhailovich of Russia born
1527
Baber, by victory at Kanwaha, became ruler of
1661
Jules Mazarin, French cardinal-statesman, died
Northern India
1793
Imprisonment for debt abolished in France
1617
Peace of Stolbova signed by Russia, Poland,
1796
Napoleon married Josephine
and Sweden
1857
St. Dominic Savio died (Feast Day)
1628
Marcello Malpighi, discoverer of capillary
1862
Battle of the "ironclads," the Monitor and the
circulation, born
1629
Merrimac
King Charles I of England dissolved
1882
First U.S. patent issued for false teeth
Parliament, not to recall it for
1885
North Carolina state flag adopted
11 years
Bread treated with carbon dioxide patented
1640
Gardiner's Island, first English settlement in
1888
William I, Emperor of Germany, King of Prussia,
New York, founded
died
1643
End of the first fair at Irbit, Russia
1899
1776
Congress voted $50 million for defense in the
Louise, Queen of Prussia, born
1779
Spanish-American war
The Potato War over Bavarian succession ended
1785
1902
Edward Durrell Stone, architect, born
Thomas Jefferson appointed to replace aging
1904
Maryland state flag adopted
Benjamin Franklin as U.S. Minister
1911
Utah state flag adopted
to England
1812
1913
Alan Ladd, actor, born
Lord Byron's Childe Harold's Pilgrimage first
1916
Pancho Villa raided Columbus, New Mexico
published
1813
(Mexican Revolution)
The Order of the Iron Cross founded in Prussia
1817
1918
Mickey Spillane, mystery writer, born
Blanketeers marched on London
1826
1922
New Jersey became the last state to ratify the
King John II of Portugal died
1844
Prohibition Amendment-
King Edward VII, of England married Alexandra
1923
A meteorite fell near Ashdon, England
of Denmark
1845
1932
Henry Pu Yi became the ruler of Manchuria as
a
Alexander III, Czar of Russia, born
1858
Japanese puppet state
Dr. Livingstone left England for Africa, again
1864
1933
President granted money control powers by
Maximilian II, King of Bavaria, died
1867
Congress
Lillian D. Wald, founder of the Henry Street
1944
U.S.S. Leopold torpedoed in the Atlantic
Settlement House, born
1871
1955
Matthew Henson, black member of Peary's Arctic
Grand Lodge of the Benevolent and Protective
expedition, died
Order of Elks incorporated
Russia sent the first dog into space in Sputnik
1876
1961
"Mr. Watson, come here please; I want you."
9
(first telephone use)
1963
Dynamite plant explosion at Madderfontain,
Anna Hyatt Huntington, sculptor, born
1880
South Africa
First Salvation Army Mission to the U.S. landed
Islamic New Year 1390
in New York
1970
1889
2011, 2095 Ash Wednesday
King John of Abyssinia killed battling the
dervishes
1943, 2038 Shrove Tuesday
1896
A hat-tipping device patented in the U.S.
1905
Mukden, Manchuria, fell to the Japanese
Wanda Gag, children's author-illustrator, born
1906
Carnegie Foundation founded
1895
Spanish ship Reina Regenta foundered in the
1915
A German cruiser reported its feat, being the
Atlantic
first to deliberately sink a U.S.
1898
U.S. military mobilized for the Spanish-
vessel
American War
1916
Russia invaded Persia
1899
King Frederick XI of Denmark born (King's
1923
Greek ship Alexander sunk off Peraius
Birthday holiday)
1933
Long Beach, California, rocked by an earthquake
1913
Utah state flag revised
1935
Hitler rejected the Versailles treaty and
1917
Beginning of a four-day revolt of the Russian
ordered conscription (draft) in
armed forces
Germany
1929
Seagrave, in an Irving-Napier car, set a land-
1947
Western Meadowlark and American Elm chosen as
speed record of 231.446 mph
symbols of North Dakota
1930
William Howard Taft became the first U.S.
)
1948
Jan Masaryk, Czech foreign minister, supposed-
President to be buried at
ly committed suicide
Arlington
1949
"Axis
Sally"
convicted of treason for Nazi
1931
Chinese steamer exploded in the Yangtze River
propaganda broadcasts
1932
Spain legalized divorce
1964
Prince Edward of England born
1938
Hitler invaded Austria
1970
Mock Peasant Wedding, Thebes, Greece
1941
Bill signed beginning "Lend-lease" aid to our
1971
U.S. Senate approved voting for 18-year-olds
Allies
1943, 2038 Ash Wednesday
1952
U Win Maung became President of Burma
1957
Richard E. Byrd, flying explorer, died
1960
Pioneer 5 launched
March 11th
Roy Chapman Andrews, author, explorer, zoolo-
gist, died
1970
250 AD St. Pionius died (Feast Day)
Mock Peasant Wedding in Thebes, Greece,
638
continued
St. Sophronius died (Feast Day)
859
St. Eulogius of Cordoba died (Feast Day: patron
Erle Stanley Gardner, author of "Perry Mason"
of carpenters)
series, died
1971
1302
Purim (Hebrew Feast of Lots)
Romeo married Juliet
1314
Jacques De Molay; last leader of the Knights
Decoration Day in Liberia
Templar, burned at the stake in
France
March 12th
1513
Giovanni de Medici elected Pope (Leo X)
1702
Daily Courant, first British daily newspaper,
appeared
Feast of St. Paul Aurelian (or of Leon)
1794
Congress authorized the building of 6 warships
295
AD
St. Maximilian died (Feast Day)
1810
Marie Louise of Austria married Napoleon by
604
St. Gregory the Great, Pope and patron of
proxy
singers and scholars, died
1811
First wedding held in the White House
(Feast Day)
(Nadison's sister-in-law to a
1022
St. Simeon the New Theologian died (Feast Day)
Supreme Court Justice)
1144
Lucius II elected Pope
1820
Benjamin West, artist, died
1208
St. Peter of Castelnau canonized
1845
Treaty of Lahore signed in the Sikh War
1664
New Jersey established as a British Colony by
180
"Uning replaced died
James, Duke of York (later King)
SCEDDS
of
Americe
their
1789
First U.S. Post Office opened
1796
constitution
Napoleon set out from France for his Italian
Ground broken for the capitol of Illinois
campaign
1858
1875
Guadalajara, Mexico, rocked by an earthquake
1799
Philadelphia broke ground for a reservoir
"Blizzard of "88" began, lasting 3 days
1802
First non-Indian child, a black, born in North
1888
New York was authorized to purchase Fire Island
Dakota
1893
1806
as a quarantire center
Venezuelan flag first flown
1824
Ross and companions camped in the "Valley of
1809
King Gustavus II of Sweden was kidnapped and
Troubles,' Montana
Charles XIII named Regent
1841
U.S.S. President lost
George, Lord Byron, poet, took his seat in the
1851
University of Manchester, England founded
House of Lords (English Parliament)
1864
Ulysses S. Grant became Union General-in-Chief
1852
New York Lantern published the first Uncle Sam
1868
Britain annexed Basutoland
picture
1907
French battleship Jena exploded
1881
Czar Alexander II of Russia assassinated
Idaho state flag authorized
1884
Standard Time established in the U.S.
1912
Girl Scouts of America founded
Basutoland became a British African colony
1913
Foundation stone of a "commencement column" laid
1903
Hawaii adopted its territorial flag
at chosen capitol site (Canberra,
1921
Mongolian Peoples' Republic (Communist)
Australia)
proclaimed
1914
George Westinghouse, inventor, died
1928
St. Francis Dam collapsed, killing 450 near
1917
Executive order to arm American merchant ships
Los Angeles
Czarist government ended in Russia
1937
Elihu Thomson, inventor, died
1921
Gordon MacRae, actor-singer, born
British, French, Italian, and German warships
1925
Japanese ship Uwajima Maru sank off Takashima
began patrolling the Spanish coast
1928
Edward Albee, playwright, born
(Spanish Civil War)
1933
First "fireside chat" broadcast by President
1938
Political and geographical union of Germany and
Roosevelt
Austria proclaimed
1934
Japanese ship Tomozurv capsized west of
1943
Stephen Vincent Benet, poet-novelist, died
Nagasaki
1955
Mahendra Bir Bikram Shah became King of Nepal
Finnish-Russian peace treaty signed
1969
1940
Apollo 9 splashed down in the Atlantic
Bobby Fischer, chess champion, born
1970
1943
Start of annual 3-day Rattlesnake Roundup at
1945
Vienna State Opera house hit and burned by
Sweetwater, Texas
American bombs
1971
Explorer 43 satellite launched
1947
President requested $400 million to combat
Communism in Turkey and Greece
1956
Dr. Jesus de Galindez, Columbia University
March 14th
instructor, vanished
1961
A German team made the first winter climb of
Ancient Roman ceremony benefitting war horses
the north face of Mt. Eiger
Annual fair at Sutton Coldfield, Warwickshire,
1968
Mauritus Island became an independent nation
England
within the British Commonwealth
378
AD Palm Sunday in France
968
St. Matilda, Queen of Germany, died (Feast Day)
1009
St. Boniface or Bruno of Querfurt died
March 13th
1794
Eli Whitney granted a patent on his cotton gin
1800
Barnabo Chiaramonti was elected Pope Pius VII
1804
Johann Strauss, composer, born
Feast of St. Euphrasia
1812
First U.S. war bonds were sold
4 BC
Lunar eclipse
1820
St. Gerald died (Feast Day)
Victor Emmanuel II, King of Italy, was born
732 AD
1844
Umberto, King of Italy, was born
1138
Conrad III crowned King of Germany
1862
General Pope and his Union army captured New
1462
Gutenberg Bible printed
Madrid, Missouri
1493
Columbus left Lisbon, Portugal
1864
Michael I became Czar of Russia
The Bakers discovered Lake Albert, part of the
1613
Nile
1644
Rhode Island became a separate colony
1869
1741
Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor, born
Dr. Livingstone reached Ujiji to pick up
supplies (Africa)
1781
Herschel discovered the planet Uranus
1784
Two-thirds of Pera, Turkey, was destroyed by
Neville Chamberlain, English statesman, born
1879
Albert Einstein, scientist, born
fire
1883
1808
Christian VII, ruler of Norway and Denmark,
Karl Marx, founder of Communism, died
1888
The 3-day "Blizzard of '88" ended
died
1891
Idaho's great seal adopted
1903
First U.S. game preserve founded
1913
Spring wildfowl shooting and the sale of wild
1871
Philadelphia got a paid fire department
game birds outlawed in the U.S.
1875
Archbishop John McClosky made first American
1915
German cruiser Dresden blown up by its crew
Cardinal
1919
Max Shulman, author, born
1898
Sir Henry Bessemer, steel-making inventor, died
1920
Hank Ketcham, creator of "Dennis the Menace,"
1909
Edward P. Weston, aged 71, left New York to walk
born
to San Francisco
1927
Jan Tschakste, first President of Latvia, died
1915
David Schoenbrun, news correspondent, born
1932
George Eastman, founder of Kodak Camera
1916
Harry James, bandleader, born
Company, died
General Pershing entered Mexico
1939
Republic of Czechoslovakia dissolved
1917
End of a four-day revolt by Russia's armed
Hungarian troops seized Carpatho-Ukraine, USSR
forces when Czar Nicholas II
1950
FBI's "10 most wanted" list begun
abdicated
1958
Prince Albert Alexander Louis Pierre, heir to
1919
American Legion organized in Paris
Monaco, born
1942
Rachel Field, author, died
1960
Bakersfield, California, train wreck
1943
Empress of Canada torpedoed off Freetown, West
1968
Cosmos 206, Russian satellite, launched
Africa
1971
End of the Water Drawing Festival at Todaiji,
1970
Expo '70 opened at Osaka, Japan
Japan
March 16th
March 15th
Start of a 3-day fair at Preston, Lancashire,
Ides of March
England
Turkey buzzards return to Hinkley, Ohio
Feast of St. Julian of Antioch
Ancient Romans sacrificed a 6-year-old bull to
Feast of St. Paul the Simple
Cybele
Feast of the Martyrs of North America (Jesuit
45 BC Pompey camped at Munda, Spain
missionaries killed by the
44
Julius Caesar was assassinated
Indians)
493
AD Odoacer the Barbarian, King of Italy, slain by
45 BC
Caesar arrived at Munda, Spain
Theodoric the Osgoth
1021 AD
St. Heribert of Cologne died (Feast Day)
933
King Henry V of Germany defeated the Magyars
1285
King Alexander III of Scotland died after a
1147
Alphonso I, King of Portugal, stormed the
fall from his horse
Moorish fortress of Santarem
1452
Frederick IV, King of Germany, married Leonora
1493
Columbus returned to Spain from Hispaniola
of Portugal
1521
Magellan sighted the Philippine Islands
1494
Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor, married Bianca
1607
Charles IX crowned King of Sweden
Sforza
1660
England's "Long Parliament" ended
1561
Portuguese Jesuit missionaries in East Africa
St. Louise de Marillac, founder of the Sisters
killed
of Charity of St. Vincent de Paul,
1713
Asiento Treaty signed, a slave trade agreement
died (Feast Day)
among Britain, France, and Spain
1767
Andrew Jackson, U.S. President, born
1739
George Clymer, signer of the Declaration of
1781
British victory at Guilford Courthouse,
Independence, born
North Carolina
1751
James Madison, 4th U.S. President, born
1798
Oneida County, New York, founded
1778
New York State coat of arms adopted
1820
Maine became a state
1792
King Gustavus III of Sweden shot at a
St. Clement Hofbauer died (Feast Day)
masquerade
1832
New York Institute for the Blind, first in the
1802
U.S. Military Academy founded at West Point
U.S., opened with three pupils
1833
Parley's Magazine, a children's illustrated,
1848
Gold discovery first announced in a California
founded
newspaper, San Francisco's
1889
Two U.S. and two German warships wrecked by a
Californian
typhoon in the Samoan Islands
1858
Liberty Hyde Bailey, horticulturalist-author,
1898
Aubrey Beardsley, illustrator, died
born
1903
Senator Mike Mansfield born
1906
Florence, Colorado, train wreck
1910
Barney Oldfield, in a Benz car, set a land-speed
1912
First Japanese cherry tree in Washington, D.C.,
record of 131. 724 mph
planted by Mrs. William Howard
1922
Fuad I was proclaimed King of Egypt
Taft (officially)
1923
Hawthorne became the Missouri state flower
1919
Nat King Cole, singer, born
1926
Goldenrod proclaimed the state flower of
First meeting of the American Legion ended
Kentucky
(Paris)
First liquid-fuel rocket flown
1929
First air passenger from the U.S. arrived in
1928
Presbyterian Medican Center Hospital opened in
Alaska
New York City
1941
National Gallery of Art opened (Washington,
1939
Bohemia and Moravia became German protectorates
D.C.)
1945
U.S. captire of Iwo Jima completed
1942
General MacArthur reached Australia from the
1971
Thomas E. Dewey, New York governor and presi-
Philippines
dential candidate, died
1945
Remagen Bridge over the Rhine collapsed, but a
1976
Purim (Hebrew Feast of Lots)
temporary span had been built
1913, 2008 Palm Sunday
1958
Vanguard I launched
1973, 1976 Purim (Hebrew Feast of Lots)
March 17th
March 18th
Ancient Roman festival honoring all the gods
Feast of St. Joseph of Arimathaea
Feast of St. Frigidian, patron of Lucca, Italy
180 AD
Marcus Aurelius, Roman Emperor, died
386
AD St. Cyril of Jerusalem died (Feast Day)
461?
St. Patrick, patron of Ireland, died
731
Gregory III consecrated Pope
659
St. Gertrude of Nivelles died (Feast Day)
971
St. Edward the Martyr, King of England,
1190
Passover
assassinated to make Ethelred,
1336
Edward, son of King Edward III of England, \
"the Unready, king
became the first to bear the title
1227
Pope Honorius III died
of Duke
1229
Frederick II crowned himself King of
1473
James IV, King of Scotland, born
Jerusalem
1649
The English Parliament abolished the office of.
1314
39 Knights Templar ordered burned at the
king
stake (France)
1763
First St. Patrick's Day parade held in New York
1567
St. Salvator of Horta died (Feast Day)
City
1584
Ivan IV, "the Terrible," Czar of Russia, died
1776
British troops evacuated Boston, Massachusetts
1609
Frederick III, King of Norway and Denmark,
(Evacuation Day, a state holiday)
born
1805
Napoleon created the Kingdom of Italy
1612
Bartholomew Legate became last person burned
1808
Ferdinand VII became King of Spain
in England for his religious
1849
King William II of Holland died
opinions
1861
Victor Emmanuel declared King of Italy
1662
Public bus service began in Paris
1870
Wellesley College chartered (Massachusetts)
1673
Lord Berkley sold his half of New Jersey to the
1876
U.S. Cavalry captured and burned a Sioux camp
Quakers
at the Little Powder River, but
1745
Sir Robert Walpole, English statesman, died
the Indians drove them out
1766
Britain repealed the Stamp Act
1882
Frank Buck, animal collector, born
1777
New Jersey' 8 Committee of Safety organized
1891
Utopia involved in a collision off Gibraltar
1782
John C. Calhoun, statesman-orator, born
1894
Paul Green, writer-educator, born
1796
John Fitch was granted a 14-year monopoly to
1897
Bob Fitzsimmons won the heavyweight boxing title
build and operate steamboats in
from James C. Corbett
New Jersey's waters
1898
The first practical submarine submerged for 2
1801
Aboukir, Egypt, surrendered to British forces
hours
1837
Grover Cleveland, 22nd U.S. President, born
1902
Bobby Jones, golfer, born
1844
Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov, composer, born
1905
Franklin D. Roosevelt married Anna Eleanor
1845
New England Historical Genealogical Society
Roosevelt, a cousin
formed
1858
Rudolf Diesel, engine inventor, born
1452
Frederick III became the last Holy Roman
1861
Neville Chamberlain, English statesman, born
emperor crowned in Rome
1870
Lake Meritt (Oakland, California) became the
1603
John IV, "the Fortunate," King of Portugal,
first U.S. National Wildlife
born
Refuge
1649
House of Lords abolished in England
1896
The Founders and Patriots of America incor-
(Reformation)
porated
1687
Robert Cavalier, Sieur de LaSalle, explorer of
1911
All persons over 21 empowered to vote in
the Ohio and Missippi valleys,
Portugal
shot to death
Roosevelt Dam in Arizona opened
1721
Pope Clement XI died
1913
King George I of Greece assassinated
1734
Thomas McKean, signer of the Declaration of
1915
British battleships Irresistible and Ocean
Independence, born
were torpedoed in the
1793
Royalists outlawed in France by the French
Dardanelles
Convention
1920
Danzig adopted its national flag
1813
David Livingstone, African missionary-
1921
1,000 lost when Hong Kong hit a rock near
explorer, born
Swatow, China
1821
Sir Richard Burton, explorer, born
1925
Married Danish women granted legal equality
1823
Augustin de Iturbide, Emperor of Mexico,
with their husbands
abdicated
1926
Women allowed to practice law in Turkey
1835
James E. Scripps, newspaper publisher, born
1932
Chauncey Olcott, author of "My Wild Irish
1859
Faust opera first produced (Paris
Rose," died
1860
William Jennings Bryan, author-statesman, born
1937
New London, Texas school explosion killed 294
1864
Charles M. Russell, artist, born
1938
Mexico nationalized its oil industry
1882
Gaston Lachaise, French sculptor, born
1949
North Atlantic Defense Pact (NATO) adopted
1883
"Vinegar Joe" Stillwell, Army officer, born
1953
Northwest Turkey was rocked by an earthquake
1891
Georges Seurat, French artist, died
1956
Louis Bromfield, novelist, died
Earl Warren, California governor and Supreme
1959
Hawaii admitted into the United States
Court Justice, born
1962
Truce ended Moslem revolt against the French
1902
Foaud Chehab, President of Lebanon, born
in Algeria
1915
Austrian stronghold of Przemysl temporarily
1965
Boatload of Indian pilgrims sank in a storm in
fell to Russia
Gobindseger Lake, India
1918
Daylight Savings Time first used in New York
Russia launched Voskhod II and had the first
City
space walk
1920
U.S. Senate again rejected Versailles peace
Farouk, deposed King of Egypt, died
treaty
1973
Purim
1924
Japanese submarine number 43 involved in a
1951, 2035 Palm Sunday
collision off Sasebo
1925
New Mexico state flag adopted
U.S. Patent Office transferred to the Depart-
March 19th
ment of Commerce from the
Department of the Interior
St. Joseph's Day (patron of carpenters,
1928
Charles Lindbergh received the Woodrow Wilson
wheelwrights, and combatants
Foundation Peace Award
against Communism)
1932
Mt. McKinley National Park enlarged to include
Swallows return to Capistrano (California)
almost 2 million acres of Alaska
Ancient Romans rededicated Minerva's temple
1944
Lynda Bird Johnson (Robb), daughter of the
235 AD
Maximinus proclaimed Emperor by the Roman army
President, born
387
Good Friday in France
1945
U.S. aircraft carrier Franklin damaged, but
624
Mohammed proclaimed the "Day of Deliverance"
made it into port
1148
The 2nd Crusade reached Antioch
1950
Edgar Rice Burroughs, creator of "Tarzan," died
1227
Ugolini Conti elected Pope Gregory IX
1951
Willow Goldfinch became Washington's state bird
1307
Douglas Castle, Scotland, while held by the
1967
Rio de Janeiro struck by floods
English, was destroyed by Black
Douglas, the owner
1969
Islamic New Year (1389)
March 21st
1967, 1978, 1989, 2046, 2062, 2073, 2084 Palm Sunday
Farmers' Day in Afghanistan ushers in the New
Year
March 20th
Bird Day in Iowa
Feast of St. Benedict (invoked against the
43 BC Ovid, Roman poet, born
71
AD
Devil, fever, and inflammatory
Solar eclipse
526
and kidney diseases
Antioch, Syria, rocked by an earthquake
Feast of St. Edna
580
St. Martin of Braga died (Feast Day)
687
Feast of St. Serapion of Thmius
St. Cuthbert died (Feast Day)
5507 BC
The World was created, according to Chronicum
St. Herbert died (Feast Day)
47
1239
Caesar defeated Ptolemy, Cleopatra's rival, at
Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor,
Alexandria
excommunicated again
387 AD Easter in France
1393
St. John of Nepomuk died
1146
1413
Bernard of Clairvaux preached the Second
King Henry IV of England died
1565
Crusade and King Louis VII of
Contract made by King Philip of Spain for
France took the Cross
settlement of Florida
1152
1602
Marriage of King Louis VII of France and
Dutch East India Company chartered
1619
Eleanor of Aquitaine was annulled
Mathias, Holy Roman Emperor, died
1241
1697
Valdemar II, King of Denmark, died
Peter the Great," Czar of Russia, began his
1282
Start of the final struggle between England
European tour
and Wales
1727
Sir Isaac Newton, observer of gravity, died
1487
1810
St. Nicholas von Flue died (Feast Day)
John McClosky, first U.S. Cardinal, born
1556
Archbishop Cranmer burned during Queen Mary's
Napoleon's only son, King of Rome, born
1815
efforts to restore England to
Napoleon's "100 Days" return began
Catholicism
1820
Edward Judson, dime novelist as Ned Buntline,
1685
Johann Sebastian Bach, composer, born
born
1800
1828
Barnabo Chiaramonti crowned as Pope Pius VII
Henrik Ibsen, Norwegian writer, born
1814
1848
Austrian, Russian, and Prussian troops entered
Louis I, King of Bavaria, abdicated
Paris
1852
Uncle Tom's Cabin first published (in two
1857
William Scoresby, Arctic explorer, died
volumes)
1866
First National Soldiers' Home authorized
1861
Mendoza, Argentina, destroyed by an earthquake
(Dayton, Ohio)
and fire
1871
1882
Henry Morton Stanley began exploring Africa
Dr. Urho Kekkonen, President of Finland, born
1880
1883
Hans Hoffmann, artist, born
International patent-protection convention
1895
Ismail, Khedive of Egypt, died
signed
1898
1890
U.S. blamed the explosion of the Maine on
General Federation of Women's Clubs organized
sabotage
Lauritz Melchior, opera singer, born
1903
1898
Mark Hellinger, journalist-author, born
"Open Door Policy" of trade with China began
1905
1901
Phyllis McGinley, children's author, born
"Open Door Policy" announced in the U.S.
1906
John D. Rockefeller III born
1908
Sir Michael Redgrave, English actor, born
1910
Green Mountain, Iowa train wreck
1919
Sankey Commission on British coalmining
1918
Battle of the Somme began
presented an interim report
1919
1927
Communist government seized power in
Mrs. Snyder and her corset-salesman lover
Czechoslovakia
murdered Mr. Snyder
1954
Frick purchased Gilbert Stuart's portrait of
Samuel Shellabarger, author, died
1961
Washington
Republic of Togo adopted a U.S.-style
1921
Poland became an independent republic
constitution
1929
1970
Olav V, King of Norway, married Martha of
Natosat communications satellite launched
Sweden
Tunisian Independence Day
1959
Only 4 of 34 starters finished the Grand
1910, 1921, 1932, 2005, 2016 Palm Sunday
National Steeplechase at Aintree,
England
1965
Ranger 9 launched
1970
Start of Easter Weddings, a Norwegian Lapp
Beginning of the Selma-Montgomery civil rights
ceremony
march in Alabama
Purim (Hebrew Feast of Lots)
1970
Skin Divers' Holiday and Treasure Hunt at Port
1940
Good Friday
Townsend, Washington
1959, 1964, 1970, 2043, 2054, 2065 Palm Sunday
1971
Carnivals at Fosses and Stavelot, Belgium
1913, 2008 Good Friday
1937, 1948, 2027, 2032, 2100 Palm Sunday
March 23rd
Roman military ceremony honoring Mars, god of
war
March 22nd
Feast of St. Gwinear
Ancient Roman Procession of the Sacred Pine
1169 AD
Shirguh, Caliph of Egypt, died of indigestion
752 AD
St. Zacharius, last of the Greek Popes, died
1281
Simon de Brie crowned Pope (Martin IV)
Robert of Courtenay crowned King of Rumania
1324
Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor, excommunicated
1221
Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor, born
1369
Pedro (Peter) "the Cruel," King of Castile,
1459
1471
King George Podiebrad died
assassinated
1594
Paris surrendered to King Henry IV of France
1430
Margaret of Anjou, Queen of England, born
Sir Anthony VanDyck, artist, born
1534
Henry VIII, King of England, was declared
1599
1621
Plymouth Colony made a treaty with the
truly married to Catherine of
neighboring Indians that was kept
Aragon by the Pope
on both sides for 50 years
1555
Pope Julius II died
First massacre of whites by Indians (350 died
1606
St. Toribio of Lima died
1622
in Virginia)
1685
Johann Sebastian Bach, composer, baptized
1719
Serfs on Prussian royal lands freed
1729
William Hogarth, British artist, eloped with
Battle of Plassey, India
Jane Thornhill
1757
1765
Stamp Act became law in England and its colonies
1775
"
give me Liberty or give me death!" (Patrick
1794
U.S. passed an act prohibiting U.S. vessels
Henry)
from supplying slaves to other
1777
Peekskill, New York, burned by the British
countries
1786
George Washington planted 4,000 chestnut trees
King William I of Germany and Prussia born
at his Mount Vernon home
1797
Stephen Decatur, Jr., naval hero, killed in
1815
U.S.S. Hornet captured H.M.S. Penguin
1820
a duel
1823
Schuyler Colfax, U.S. Vice President, born
Rosa Bonheur, French artist, born
1840
First photograph of the moon, a daguerreotype,
1822
1837
Slaves in Puerto Rico freed
taken
1848
Uprising in Milan, Italy, crushed by Austrian
1857
Fannie Farmer, famed cook and candy-maker, born
1862
troops
Battle of the Shenandoah Valley began (Virginia)
1861
First American nursing school chartered
1868
University of California founded at Oakland
(Philadelphia)
1887
Juan Gris, Spanish artist, born
Interstate Commerce Commission appointed
1901
War for Philippine Independence ended
1887
Chico Marx, comedian, born
1903
The Wright brothers applied for a patent on
1891
1895
Lumieres exhibited their motion-picture
their airplane
projector (Paris)
1907
Colton, California, train wreck
Excavation begun at the ancient city of
1908
Japanese ship Matsu Maru sank after a collision
1899
near Hakodate
Soufriere volcano Babylon on St. Vincent Island
Joan Crawford, actress, born
1903
erupted
1912
Wernher von Braun, rocket expert, born
Missouri state flag adopted
1921
Donald Campbell, speed-record setter, born
1913
1917
U.S. recognized Russia's provisional government
1927
Kansas state flag adopted
1929
Western Meadowlark became the state bird of
1939
Roger Bannister, first man to run a mile in
Nebraska
less than 4 minutes, born
Hitler annexed Memel to Germany
1949
Burton Hendrick, editor-author, died
1939
1945
League of Arab States formed
1956
Pakistan ("Land of the Pure") became a republic
1882
Tuberculosis germ discovery announced by
(Pakistan Day, a national holiday)
Dr. Robert Koch
1965
Gemini 3 launched
Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, poet, died
1970
Holi Festival in Northern India
1898
First American-made gas carriage (automobile)
1902, 1975, 1986, 1997, 2059, 2070, 2081, 2092 Palm
sold
Sunday
1900
Work begun on New York City's subway system
1951, 2035, 2046 Good Friday
1902
New York governor and Presidential candidate,
1913, 2008 Easter
Thomas E. Dewey, born
1903
Bankers' Trust Company of New York City
incorporated
March 24th
1905
Jules Verne, author, died
1916
Steamer Sussex torpedoed in the English
St. Gabriel the Archangel Day
Channel
Start of Clitheroe, Lancashire, England fair
1919
King Charles I of Austro-Hungary exiled
Ancient Roman day of mourning and abstinence
1927
U.S. and British consulates in China were
1267
St. Louis IX, King of France, decided to under-
looted
take the 7th Crusade
1934
Philippine Islands granted independence,
1381
St. Catherine of Sweden died (Feast Day;
effective 1945
invoked against miscarriages)
1937
National Gallery of Art established by an Act
1455
One of Prince Henry the Navigator's expedi-
of Congress
tions set sail for southern
1938
Paul L. Haworth, historian-educator, died
waters
1939
Madrid, Spain, surrendered to the insurgents
Pope Nicholas V died
1953
Queen Mary, wife of King George V of England,
1490
George Agricola, "Father of minerology," born
died
1558
Ferdinand I crowned Holy Roman Emperor
1955
San Francisco Mint turned out its last coin,
1580
First bombs thrown (Holland)
a penny
1603
Queen Elizabeth I of England died
1956
Woolly bear caterpillars gave up weather
1613
Michael Romanov, Czar of Russia, found
predicting
1680
William Penn asked for permission to found
1959
Ferry service ended between New York City and
the colony of Pennsylvania
Weehawken, New Jersey
1783
Spain recognized U.S. independence
1964
First U.S. John F. Kennedy 50c-pieces issued
1784
Massachusetts Centinel, a Boston newspaper,
1918, 1929, 1991, 2002, 2013, 2024, 2086, 2097 Palm
founded
Sunday
1794
Uprising in Cracow, Poland, against its
1967, 1978, 1989, 2046, 2062, 2073, 2084 Good Friday
occupying nations
1940 Easter
1801
As of this date, duties had to be paid on
paper products in England
Paul I, Czar of Russia, strangled to death
March 25th
1812
Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte, Swedish king by
Napoleon's appointment, broke.
Annunciation or Lady Day (Protestant and
off relations with France
Eastern Orthodox)
1814
Shelley, English poet, remarried his wife,
Feast of the Virgin (Greece)
Harriet Westbrook
English Quarter Day - rents due; move in or
1828
Pennsylvania agreed to expenditure for rail-
out
road construction
New Year's Day for Medieval Christians
1834
John Wesley Powell, explorer of Grand Canyon,
708 AD
Constantine elected Pope
born
1133
King Henry II of England born
1855
Andrew Mellon, financier, born
1252
Conrad the Younger, King of Jerusalem and
1866
Marie Amelie Therese, Queen to Louis Philippe,
Sicily, born
the last King of France, died,
1255
Manfred, self-appointed King of Sicily,
1878
Euridice foundered at sea off the Isle of
excommunicated
Wight
1347
St. Catherine of Siena born
1880
Society of American Taxidermists formed
1555
Valencia, Venezuela, founded
First American colonists set sail from England
1388
1584
Construction of St. Mary's College, Oxford,
1634
Lord Calvert's colonists landed in Maryland
England, begun
(Maryland Day)
1649 os John Winthrop, first governor of Massachusetts
1668
First recorded horse race in America
colony, died
(Hempstead, N.Y.)
1804
Louisiana became a U.S. territory
Episcopal Church established in Boston's Old
1812
1687
La Guaira, Venezuela, destroyed by an earthquake
South Meeting House
1821
Northwest Company merged with the Hudson's
1700
Second Partition Treaty of the Spanish Empire
Bay Company
1826
Last time this signed date started the legal year in
John VI, King of Portugal, died
1827
1751
Ludwig von Beethoven, composer, died
1845
1861
Savage's party, England chasing Indians, were first to
Daniel W. Harmon, author-explorer, died
1856
First trolley line, Boston to Cambridge,
enter the Yosemite Valley,
opened in New England
California
Yakima Indian attackers held at bay by 9 men
1863
Philadelphia Public Leger, newspaper, founded
in a blockhouse (Washington)
Arturo Toscanini, orchestra conductor, born
1863
1867
Daniel W. Harmon, author-explorer, died
1898
Hillsdale, New Jersey, incorporated
The Bakers set out from Gondokoro to explore
1899
Baron de Reuter, founder of the news agency,
the Nile
died
1868
Fuad I, King of Egypt, born
Triangle Shirtwaist factory fire, New York
1874
1911
Conde Nast, publisher, born
1875
Aline Saarinen, City television newswoman, born
Robert Frost, poet, born
1881
1914
Carol proclaimed King of Rumania
U.S. submarine F-4 sank off Honolulu harbor
1892
1915
Walt Whitman, poet, died
Queen Alexandra of Yugoslavia born
1896
1921
New Jersey state flag adopted
1924
Greek Assembly exiled its royalty (Greek
1902
Cecil Rhodes, African administrator, died
Independence Day)
1908
Betty MacDonald, author The Egg and I, born
Frank Buck, animal collector, died
1914
1950
General William Westmoreland born
1951
MacArthur threatened China with naval and
1917
Joseph Stalin returned to Petrograd after 3
air attacks (Korean War)
years of exile in Siberia
From Here to Eternity won the Oscar for Best
1918
1954
Foch became Supreme Allied Commander
Picture
Kentucky state flag adopted
1957.
"Euromarket" began
Claude Debussy, French composer, died
1961
U.S. launched Explorer 10
1923
Vermont state flag adopted
Russia launched Sputnik 10 with a dog aboard
Sarah Bernhardt, actress, died
Four-day civil rights march reached Montgomery
1928
1965
Pennsylvania Art Museum opened
from Selma, Alabama
1929
Nevada state flag adopted
Waffle Day in Sweden
1930
1969
"Wild Mary Sudik" oil well came in (Oklahoma)
Start of Holiday for Everybody exhibit at
1953
1970
Height of the Mau Mau violence in Kenya,
Herning, Denmark
Africa
1971 1923, 1934, 1945, 1956, 2018, 2029, 2040 Palm Sunday
Civil war erupted in East Pakistan
Salk polio vaccine announced
1954
Russia declared East Germany a sovereign state
1910, 1921, 1932, 1005, 2016 Good Friday
Spanish ship Guadalete sank in a Mediterranean
1951, 2035, 2046 Easter
storm
1961
Sputnik 10 and its dog passenger recovered
1961, 1972, 2051, 2056 Palm Sunday
March 26th
1932, 1937, 1948, 2027, 2032, 2100 Good Friday
1967, 1978, 1989, 2046, 2062, 2073, 2084 Easter
Kuhio Day, holiday in Hawaii
Last day of Clitheroe, Lancashire, England, fair
St. Braulio died (Feast Day)
March 27th
651 AD
809
St. Ludger died (Feast Day)
1027
Conrad II crowned Holy Roman Emperor
Frankmason Day (Venezuela)
1144
St. William of Norwich died (Feast Day)
Ancient Roman procession honoring Cybele,
mother of all the gods
Feast of St. John of Damascus
March 28th
Feast of St. Rupert of Salzburg
394 AD
St. John the Egyptian died (Feast Day)
Feast of St. John of Capestrano
Rudolph crowned King of Germany
193
1077
AD Pertinax, Roman Emperor, assassinated
1306
Robert I, "the Bruce," crowned King of
1255
Pope Martin IV died
Scotland at Scone
1394
St. Mary's College, Winchester, England, opene
1378
Pope Gregory XI died
opened
1482
Mary of Burgundy, heiress to northern France
1483
Raphael, Italian artist, born
and the wife of Holy Roman
1515
St. Theresa born
Emperor Maximilian I, died
1797
First washing machine granted a U.S. patent
Ponce de Leon discovered Florida
1802
1513
Pallas asteroid discovered
Earl of Essex sent to put down a rebellion
1814
1559
U.S.S. Essex defeated off Valpariso, Chile
in Ireland
1886
Geronimo, Apache Indian leader, escaped after
1615
Marguerite of Valois, Queen of Navarre, died
a day of surrender
King James I of England and Ireland and IV of
1889
1625
"King Alfred" daffodil introduced to the Royal
Scotland died
Horticultural Society (England)
1712
Zuytdorp, a Dutch East Indiaman, vanished
1891
Paul Whitman, bandleader, born
after passing the Cape of Good
1898
Spanish blamed explosion of the Maine on an
Hope
Louis XVII, nonreigning King of France, born
1912
internal problem, not sabotage
1785
British ship Yongala sank in a storm off
1794
U.S. Navy created
Australia
1802
Treaty of Amiens signed by England and France
1915
Fabala was sunk by the Germans
U.S. Navy Yard established at Washington, D.C.
1925
1804
Nebraska state flag adopted
Nathaniel Currier, of Currier and Ives
1930
1813
Constantinople became Istanbul
lithographers, born
1938
Charles M. Flandrau, essayist, died
Austrian troops reoccupied Naples, Italy
1942
1821
Devastating British air raid on Lubeck,
1845
Wilhelm Roentgen, X-ray inventor, born
Germany
1846
General Winfield Scott took Vera Cruz, Mexico
1943
Sergei Rachmaninoff, composer, died
Code Napoleon again became the name of the
1957
1852
Christopher Morley, poet-novelist, died
French laws
1958
W. C. Handy, blues composer, died
Kerosene gas patented
1967
1855
King Saud of Arabia dethroned
1879
Edward Steichen, photographer, born
1969
Dwight D. Eisenhower, 34th President, died
1886
Geronimo, Apache Indian leader, agreed to
1970
Governor's 4th Annual Frog-Jumping Contest at
surrender but didn't
Springfield, South Carolina
1899
Gloria Swanson, actress, born
Oxford-Cambridge Crew Race on the Thames (Eng-
1922
Barnaby Conrad, bull-fighting author, born
land)
1927
Bluebird became the official state bird
Gediz, Turkey, shattered by an earthquake
of Missouri
Start of 3-day rattlesnake hunt at Waurika,
1955
First coast-to-coast color television
Oklahoma
broadcast (Cal.-N.Y.
1915, 1920, 1926, 1999, 2010, 2021, 2083, 2094 Palm
1964
Ariel 2 launched
Sunday
Severe earthquake in Alaska
1902, 1975, 1986 1997, 2059, 2070, 2081, 2092 Good
1968
Yuri Gagarin, a Russian and the first man
Friday
to orbit the Earth in space,
1932, 1937, 1948, 2027, 2032, 2100 Easter
died in a plane crash
1969
Mariner VII launched toward Mars
Monkey God Festival in Singapore
March 29th
1970
Procession of the Weeping Virgins in Romont,
Switzerland
Feast of St. Mark of Arethusa
Passover begins
49 BC Caesar entered Rome to attack Pompey
1975 1904, 1983, 1988, 1994, 2067, 2078, 2089 Palm Sunday
327
AD Sts. Jonah and Berikjesu died (Feast Day)
1959, 1964, 1970, 2043, 2054, 2065 Good Friday
403
Battle of Pollentia began the Goths' invasion
1910, 1921, 1932, 2005, 2016 Easter
of Italy
1058
Pope Steven X died
1536
Ibrahim, Grand Vizier of Turkey, strangled on
1134
St. Stephen Harding died
Sultan's order
Berthold died (Feast Day)
1595
1198
1461
St. Reign of Henry VI, King of England, Towton ended with
Fisherman landed on Monhegan Island, Maine,
the Yorkists victory at
to stay for the summer season
1791
Maryland ceded the District of Columbia to
(War of the Roses)
the federal government
Mathias I crowned King of Hungary
1806
1464
Code Napoleon became law in Italy
Turks sailed to attack Malta
1822
1565
First Swedish expedition to the New World
Florida became a U.S. territory
1840
1638
"Beau" Brimmel, English man of fashion, died
landed in Delaware
1842
Drs. Crawford and Long performed the first
1790
John Tyler, U.S. President, born
1792
Gustavus III, King of Sweden, assassinated
surgery under ether but didn't pub-
lish the results
King Gustavus IV of Sweden abdicated
1848
1809
Don Carlos VII, claimant to the Spanish throne,
1813
Andrew Jackson defeated the Creek Indians
John Tyler married Letitia Christian
born
1814
1854
John Jacob Astor, fur millionaire, died
A mail coach and its cavalry escort were
1848
1853
Elihu Thomson, inventor, born
attacked by Jicarilla Apaches
1857
Start of the Sepoy mutiny in India
(New Mexico)
1856
Lincoln Memorial approved by Congress
Crimean War ended by the Treaty of Paris
1867
1867
1875
Lou Henry (Mrs. Herbert) Hoover born
U.S. purchase of Alaska from Russia (Seward
Day state holiday)
Knights of Columbus chartered
1899
1882
1889
Howard Lindsay, playwright-producer, born
United Fruit Company incorporated
1909
Georges Seurat, French artist, died
Queensboro Bridge opened to traffic (New
1891
Tennessee River floods killed 467
York City)
1913
1913
Franklin Lane, singer, born
1916
Amherst, Ohio, train wreck
1920
Eugene McCarthy, senator and presidential can-
Julliard Music Foundation incorporated
Czechoslovakian national flag adopted
didate, born
1956
Mt. Nameless, extinct Siberian volcano,
1918
Pearl Bailey, singer, born
erupted
1921
Seagrave, Iowa in a Sunbeam car, set the first land-
state flag adopted
1970
L'Emaischen (Young Lover's Day) in Luxembourg
1927
1972
speed record over 200 mph,
Beginning of Passover
203.790 mph
1947, 1958, 1969, 1980, 2042, 2053, 2064 Palm Sunday
1939
Rosenbergs and Sobell found guilty of wartime
Spanish civil war ended
1923, 1924, 1945, 1956, 2018, 2029, 2040 Good Friday
1902, 1975, 1986, 1997, 2059, 2070, 2081, 2092 Easter
1951
1420, 1913, 2008 Quasimodo or Low Sunday
sabotage
1970
Youth Day in Taiwan
Explosion of the Cart Festival in Florence,
March 31st
Italy
1971 1931, 1942, 1953, 2015, 2026, 2037, 2048 Palm
Gangaur Festival, India
1492 AD Jews expelled from Spain by royal edict
1547
King Francis I of France died
1907, 1918, 1929, 1991, Sunday 2002, 2013, 2024, 2086, 2097
1561
San Cristobal, Venezuela, founded
1571
Good Friday
British seized fortress of Dumbarton, Scot-
1282, 1959, 1964, 1970, 2043, 2054, 2065 Easter
land
1594
Tintoretto, Italian artist, died
1621
King Philip III of Spain died
1671
Ann Hyde, wife of King James II of England,
March 30th
died
1732
Joseph Haydn, composer, born
Feast of St. John Climacus
1764
British evacuated Manila, Philippines
Feast of St. Osburga
1809
Maimonides, Jewish philosopher, born
Edward Fitzgerald, translator of Omar
1135 AD
Hyacinth Bobo became Pope (Celestine III)
Khayyam, born
1191
1811
Sicilian revolt against French rule began
Robert W. Bunsen, burner inventor, born
1282
1814
1533
King Henry VIII of England divorced Catherine
Allies against Napoleon marched into Paris
1820
First U.S. missionaries arrived in Hawaii
of Aragon
1821
Bethany, Pennsylvania, incorporated
1823
Charter granted for a railroad between Phila-
delphia and Columbia, Pennsylvania
1829
Francis Xavier Castigtrone elected Pope
(Pius VIII)
1837
John Constable, English artist, died
1848
William Waldorf Astor, viscount and author,
born
1850
John C. Calhoun, statesman-orator, died
1854
First treaty signed between Japan and
the U.S.
1865
Union forces won the battle at Dinwiddie
APRIL
Courthouse, Virginia
1868
Refrigerated railroad car patented
1870
First black voted in a municipal election
(Perth Amboy, N.J.)
1876
First title-guarantee insurance company in the
U.S. was organized
1885
Woman's College (now Goucher College) founded
(Baltimore)
Full Moon - Pink Moon or Egg Moon
1895
Vardis Fisher, novelist, born
First Monday - Tater Day in Benton, Kentucky, honoring
1896
Whitcomb L. Judson received a patent on his
sweet potato
hookless fastener (forerunner of the
Second Sunday - Mother-in-law's Day
zipper)
Third Tuesday - Arbor Day in Montana
1909
Last U.S. troops left Cuba
Last Friday - Arbor Day in Utah
1913
John Pierpont Morgan, financier, died
Sunday nearest the 26th - Order of Cape Henry obser-
1914
Southern Cross wrecked in Belle Isle Strait
vances at Colonial National
1915
Henry Morgan, television personality, born
Historic Park, Virginia
1917
U.S. purchased Virgin Islands from Denmark
(Transfer Day)
Emil von Behring, discoverer of diphtheria
antitoxin, died
April 1st
1918
Daylight Savings Time first used in the U.S.
1921
Great coal workers' strike in Britain began
April Fool's Day
1931
Knute Rockne, football great, killed in a
Intolerance Day in Houston, Texas
plane crash
Feast of St. Lazarus
Ford introduced its V-8 engine
568 AD
1932
Lombards assembled to cross the Alps to Italy
1936
National Recovery Act activities ended
1132
St. Hugh of Grenoble died (Feast Day)
1938
Clarence Darrow, famed lawyer, died
1204
Eleanor of Aquitaine, Queen of France and of
1948
The Cold War began
England, died
1970
Goat and Crab Races held at Buccoo Village,
1548
Sigismund I, King of Poland, died
Tobago
Parliament ordered the Book of Common Prayer
1971
ISIS-2, .S.-Canadian satellite, launched
printed in English
Feast of Holi in India
1578
William Harvey, first observer of blood
1972 1901, 1912, 1985, 1996, 2075, 2080 Palm Sunday
circulation, born
1961, 1972, 2051, 2056 Good Friday
1672
Archibald Armstrong, jester to 2 English kings,
1918, 1929, 1991, 2002, 2013, 2024, 2086, 2097 Easter
buried
1940 Quasimodo or Low Sunday
1748
New excavations begun at Pompeii
1799
Pope Pius IV set out to escape from Napoleon,
unsuccessfully
1815
Otto von Bismarck, German statesman, born
1834
James Fisk, financier, born
1841
Brook Farm, a transcendental colony, founded
at West Roxbury, Mass.