Ask the Scholar
Document scope · 1 page
Scholar
Ask about this object, its catalog metadata, its source description, or the page inventory.
For page-specific OCR and visual context, open one of the page chats.
Scholar Source Context
Document identity
localId
323153274
label
European Community Departure Statement 4/11/91 [OA 6897]
core
doc
dtoType
document
citationUrl
pageCount
1
Source metadata
id
323153274
contentType
document
title
European Community Departure Statement 4/11/91 [OA 6897]
citationUrl
identifierLocal
13751-007
collections
Records of the White House Office of Speechwriting (George H. W. Bush Administration)
Speech Backup Chronological Files
imageCount
1
hasImages
yes
source
import
hasTranscription
no
Source extras
naId
323153274
levelOfDescription
fileUnit
recordType
description
ocrSource
nara-archive
Single page context
seq
1
pageIndex
0
type
document
mediaId
a1066e3f0c60296d
ocrText
Originally Processed With FOIA(s):
FOIA Number:
S
S
FOIA
MARKER
This is not a textual record. This is used as an
administrative marker by the George Bush Presidential
Library Staff.
Record Group/Collection:
George H.W. Bush Presidential Records
Collection/Office of Origin:
Speechwriting, White House Office of
Series:
Speech File Backup Files
Subseries:
Chron Files, 1989-1993
OA/ID Number:
13751
Folder ID Number:
13751-007
Folder Title:
European Community Departure Statement 4/11/91 [OA 6897]
Stack:
Row:
Section:
Shelf:
Position:
G
26
21
3
4
staffed
Snow/Simon
April 8, 1991
Draft One
(EC)
PRESIDENTIAL REMARKS: E.C. DEPARTURE STATEMENT
SOUTH LAWN
THURSDAY, APRIL 11, 1991
1:15 P.M.
I was delighted to have the opportunity to meet with my
[san-TAIR]
friends Jacques Santer and Jacques Delors. As part of our mutual
>
efforts to deepen the US-EC relationship, we have continued our
ongoing discussions on a number of important issues.
Today, we discussed the situations in the Middle East, in
Eastern Europe and in the Soviet Union. We talked about the
unrest in Yugoslavia, which greatly concerns all of us. We
agreed to continue to encourage the people of Yugoslavia to work
out their differences peacefully and through democratic dialogue.
We reviewed recent events in the Baltics, the Soviet Union and
Eastern and Central Europe.
But we also talked about our common ties and aspirations.
We value the excellent support we have received from our European
friends and allies in the Gulf crisis, and we continue to work
with them on what we must do to help create a stable environment
to promote peace and prosperity in that region.
We had a broad and useful discussion of our views of Europe
after the Paris CSCE summit. Of particular interest to us are
the EC's plans for greater political and economic union. I
reiterated our support for European integration, and our shared
interest in the development of a European security and the
transatlantic relationship. We reaffirmed our mutual commitment
to continuing transatlantic cooperation on issues involving our
mutual security, foreign policy and economic interests.
We also talked about our hopes for renewed progress on the
Uruguay Round. In a world increasingly defined and bound by
economic interests, we all have an interest in free and fair
trade. An open trading regime would permit each of us to build
on our strengths and to take advantage of others' strengths. We
all agreed to work for rapid progress on these crucial
negotiations.
# # #
United 9105929 States Department of State
Washington, D.C. 20520
2341
April 4, 1991
UNCLASSIFIED
MEMORANDUM FOR BRENT SCOWCROFT
THE WHITE HOUSE
SUBJECT: Recommended Departure Statement by the President on
the Occasion of the April 11 Visit of Luxembourg Prime
Minister Jacques Santer in his Capacity as EC
President and EC Commission President Jacques Delors.
Attached is a recommended draft statement for use by the
President upon the departure April 11 of Luxembourg Prime
Minister Santer and EC Commission President Delors at the end
of their Official Working Visit.
R.A.LAMANTIS(
FAN.
Stapleton Roy
Executive Secretary
UNCLASSIFIED
N/A
RECOMMENDED DEPARTURE STATEMENT
I was delighted to have the opportunity to meet with my friends
Jacques Santer and Jacques Delors. As part of our mutual
efforts to deepen the US-EC relationship, we have continued our
and
ongoing discussions on a number of important issues.
Europe and in
Europe
Easteme
Swiet
(m
well
as
as
the
Today, we discussed the situation in the Middle East We value
Uruguay
the excellent support we have received from our European
Round
the Gulf crisis, and we
friends and allies and continue to work with them on what we
must do to help create a stable environment to promote peace
and prosperity in that region. Additionally, we discussed the
situation in Yugoslavia, which greatly concerns all of us. We
agreed to continue to encourage the people of Yugoslavia to
work out their differences peacefully and through democratic
Baltics, the
dialogue. We reviewed recent events in the Soviet Union and
Eastern and Central Europe.
We had a broad and useful discussion of our views of Europe
after the Paris CSCE Summit. Of particular interest to us are
the EC's plans for greater political and economic union. I
reiterated our support for European integration, and our shared
interest in the development of a European security identity
which strengthens both European security and the transatlantic
relationship. We reaffirmed our mutual commitment to
continuing transatlantic cooperation on issues involving our
mutual security, foreign policy and economic interests.
Finally, we reviewed progress on the Uruguay Round. We
expressed our commitment to work together in the coming months
to make vapid steady progress on these crucial negotiations.
Say more me open trading soptem
Administration of George Bush, 1990 / Feb. 27
Statement by Press Secretary Fitzwater
Message to the Senate Transmitting the
on the White House Conference on
Algeria-United States Consular
Science and Economics Research
Convention
Related to Global Change
February 27, 1990
February 26, 1990
To the Senate of the United States:
President Bush today invited a number of
I am transmitting, for the Senate's advice
countries, the European Community, and
and consent to ratification, the Consular
the Organization of Economic Cooperation
Convention between the United States of
and Development (OECD) to send official
America and the Democratic and Popular
delegations to a White House Conference
Republic of Algeria signed at Washington
on Science and Economics Research Relat-
on January 12, 1989. I am also transmitting,
ed to Global Change. The Conference will
for the information of the Senate, the
be held in Washington, DC, April 17-18,
report of the Department of State with re-
1990.
spect to the convention.
The signing of this convention is a signifi-
The President announced his intention to
cant step in the process of enhancing and
host this Conference during his meeting
broadening the relationship between the
with President Gorbachev and again re-
United States and Algeria. There currently
cently in a speech to the United Nations
does not exist a bilateral agreement on con-
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
sular relations between the two countries.
Change.
The convention sets forth clear obligations
with respect to matters such as notification
The Conference will be devoted to science
of consular officers of the arrest and deten-
and economics issues relevant to policy on
tion of nationals of their country and pro-
global environmental issues, including
tection of the rights and interests of nation-
climate change. It is designed to substantially
als of their country.
enhance and broaden international under-
The people of the United States and Alge-
standing of the important science and
ria have a tradition of friendship and coop-
economics research issues related to global
eration. I welcome the opportunity through
change.
this consular convention to promote the
The Conference will also assist in framing
good relations between the two countries. I
a strategy for implementing a joint inter-
recommend the Senate give early and fa-
national understanding of this science and
vorable consideration to the convention and
economics research effort, and linking that
give its advice and consent to ratification.
knowledge to the policy process both nation-
George Bush
ally and internationally. The administration
The White House,
considers the Conference a vital next step in
February 27, 1990.
a joint international approach to address
possible changes in the global environment.
Conference participants have been invit-
Remarks Following Discussions With
ed to send delegations consisting of their
Charles Haughey, Prime Minister of
senior scientific, environmental, and eco-
Ireland and President of the European
Council
nomic officials. The President has designat-
ed the Director of the Office of Science and
February 27, 1990
Technology Policy, Dr. D. Allan Bromley;
the Chairman of the Council of Economic
The President. Well, it's been a great
pleasure to meet today with Prime Minister
Advisers, Dr. Michael Boskin; and the
Haughey. The last time we met was almost
Chairman of the Council on Environmental
a year ago, as we celebrated St. Patrick's
Quality, Mr. Michael R. Deland, to serve as
Day here at the White House and renewed
Cochairmen of this Conference.
the shared values and kinship that have
319
Feb. 27 / Administration of George Bush, 1990
bound our two nations together for over
And today's meeting takes us forward in
200 years. Nine signers of the Declaration
building new structures for the U.S. rela-
of Independence proudly claimed Ireland
tionship with the Community. We commit-
as their ancestral home. And so, it's an
ted ourselves to regular meetings between
honor to welcome the Taoiseach to Ameri-
myself and the President of the EC, to pro-
ca's home, designed by an Irishman, I
vide overall political guidance for the rela-
might add.
tionship. We agreed to twice yearly meet-
And today the Prime Minister is visiting
ings between the EC Foreign Ministers and
Washington, though, in another capacity: as
our Secretary of State. And we committed
the President of the European Council. And
ourselves to joint efforts in the war against
with the rapid change we're witnessing
drugs and our hopes to preserve the global
across Eastern Europe and the Soviet
environment.
Union, the relationship between the United
We do not expect perfect agreement be-
States and the European Community has
tween the United States and the EC on
never been more important.
every issue, but we do agree that our inher-
The Revolution of '89 brought with it
ent belief in the value of freedom, democ-
new opportunities and challenges, and it is
critical that we work to make the strong
racy, opportunity binds us together and that
bonds between this nation and its European
our mutual cooperation can benefit all. And
friends even stronger. The Prime Minister
we also agree that the historic ties of friend-
and I had a productive discussion of the
ship between our two countries, the United
many issues of great interest to the United
States and Ireland, can serve the cause of
States, to the EC, to Ireland, including the
peace in the international arena.
prospect of German unification, regional
We're grateful for Ireland's efforts to en-
issues around the world; and we touched on
courage and enhance U.S.-EC cooperation.
Northern Ireland as well.
And we also appreciate Ireland's efforts to
I was especially interested in the Prime
promote economic development, security,
Minister's views on the new architecture of
reconciliation, and peace in Northern Ire-
Europe. He and I agree on the principles
land. In a time when all things seem possi-
that should guide the design of the new
ble, all Americans hope for an end to the
Europe. First, we both welcome the pros-
conflict that has brought such sadness to
pect of overcoming the artificial division of
your beautiful land and your wonderful
the continent and building a Europe whole
people.
and free, united by universal values that are
Mr. Prime Minister, we wish you God-
based on freedom and democracy. And
speed on your journey home. The days
second, there is no question that Western
ahead are exciting ones, full of expectations,
solidarity protects stability in this time of
and together, they can be days of great co-
change and that transatlantic cooperation
operation and great progress for all people.
now is more important than ever. As I've
Thank you, sir, for your leadership. Thank
said before, the United States will remain a
you for your friendship. And God bless the
European power. Third, we both look to
United States and Ireland. Thank you, sir.
the Conference of Security and Coopera-
The Prime Minister. Mr. President, ladies
tion in Europe, the CSCE, to play a greater
and gentlemen, my visit to Washington
role in Europe's future, including guidance
takes place at a time of profound interna-
for the conduct of truly free elections and
tional change. The President and I, in my
the transition from planned economies to
capacity as President of the European
pluralistic systems. Fourth, we believe the
Council, discussed U.S.-European Commu-
EC must play a vital role in the new
nity relations and their future evolution in
Europe.
the context of the Community's increasing-
A more united Europe, able to take its
ly important role on the international, polit-
rightful place in world affairs, is good for
ical, and economic scene.
the United States of America. And we'll
The President and I agreed, at this time,
look for ways to improve our ties to the
to strengthen the links between the Euro-
Community so a new Atlanticism will be
pean Community and the United States.
teamed with a new Europe.
We agreed for that purpose, as the Presi-
320
Administration of George Bush, 1990 / Feb. 27
dent has said, that a meeting between the
The President and I also discussed a
U.S. President and each President in office
number of bilateral issues, including immi-
of the European Council should become a
gration, super royalties, passive foreign in-
regular feature of the U.S.-European Com-
vestment companies, and of course the situ-
munity relations, and that one such meeting
ation in Northern Ireland. And I greatly
should be held each Presidency of the Eu-
appreciate the President's deep personal
ropean Council. And I'll be recommending
concern for the situation in Northern Ire-
that to my European colleagues, the heads
land and his constant wish to be of any
of state or government of the European
possible assistance he can in bringing for-
Community, immediately on my return. We
ward a solution to that intractable and diffi-
also agreed that the Foreign Ministers of
cult and tragic problem. I expressed my ap-
the Community will meet the U.S. Secre-
preciation for constructive U.S. interest and
tary of State on two occasions a year, at
support for Anglo-Irish relations.
least. In addition, the European Commis-
Mr. President, it has been for me a great
sion is taking steps to increase the frequen-
pleasure to have had the benefit of talking
cy of its formal meetings with the U.S. Cab-
to you and receiving the benefit of your
inet. This arrangement will give us both a
views and your insights into European and,
better overall structure and direction to the
indeed, international affairs at this very ex-
wide variety of existing contacts and discus-
citing time for all humanity. Thank you
sions, and they will also provide a new
very much, indeed.
framework for enhanced political and eco-
The President. Well, thank you, sir. Well
nomic ties between the Community and
spoken, and thank you very much. It's a
the United States. We are, in fact, building
great pleasure to have you here. Holler if
a broader bridge across the Atlantic.
we can do any more.
We also, the President and I, discussed
areas for specific cooperation; and we
Note: The President spoke at 1:24 p.m. at
agreed that the fight against international
the South Portico of the White House. Prior
drug trafficking and the international move-
to their remarks, the President and the
ment of drug funds are areas very appropri-
Prime Minister met privately in the Oval
ate for specific cooperation. We shared
Office and with U.S. and Irish officials in
common concerns on the need for continu-
the Cabinet Room, and then attended a
ing efforts to protect the environment in
luncheon in the Old Family Dining Room.
areas such as global climate change, the de-
pletion of the ozone layer, and endangered
species. And may I say that I think it's en-
tirely appropriate that I, who have set
Joint Statement by President-Bush and
myself the aim of being of a green Presi-
President Charles Haughey of the
dency of the European Community, should
European Council
be having these discussions at this stage
February 27, 1990
with President Bush, who has set for him-
self the role of environmental President in
We meet at a time of historic internation-
the United States.
al change. Our discussions focused on U.S./
During our meeting, we also reviewed
E.C. relations and their future evolution, in
developments in central and eastern
the context of close transatlantic coopera-
Europe; in particular, implications of
tion and of the E.C.'s increasingly impor-
German unification. The President and I
tant role on the international political and
agreed that the United States and the Com-
economic scene.
munity have a pivotal role to play in over-
Today's meeting took place against the
coming the divisions between East and
background of U.S. interest in enhancing its
West and in laying the foundations for a
relations with the European Community as
Europe united in its commitment to peace,
outlined in President Bush's speech last
prosperity, democracy, and above all a re-
May and Secretary of State Baker's speech
spect for human rights and fundamental
in Berlin in December. The President of
freedoms.
the European Council expressed the Com-
321
Feb. 27 / Administration of George Bush, 1990
munity's appreciation of the positive atti-
commitment to peace, prosperity, democra-
Bt
tude of the U.S. administration to the Com-
cy, and respect for human rights and funda-
the
munity's role and development. He also
mental freedoms. Our meeting today makes
this
emphasized that the Community and its
a valuable contribution to enhancing that
into
Member States share the U.S. interest in
pivotal role.
ried
developing our relations.
Dec:
We agreed on the significance of our
Note: The joint statement referred to the
the
meeting for strengthening relations be-
Conference on Security and Cooperation in
back
tween the U.S. and the E.C. We also agreed
Europe (CSCE).
Of
that such meetings between the President
have
of the United States and the President of
of th
the European Council should become a reg-
fact,
ular feature of U.S./E.C. relations and that
servi
at least one such meeting should be held
Remarks Congratulating the Super
during each Presidency of the European
game
Bowl Champion San Francisco 49ers
fourt
Council.
February 27, 1990
secon
These meetings will serve to give overall
political direction to the further develop-
speci
The President. Who was it-Yogi [Berra]
them
ment of consultation and cooperation.
used to talk about deja vu all over again.
The arrangements will also include twice-
Joe
Well, here we are, and Barbara and I are
yearly meetings between EC Foreign Minis-
Mon:
just delighted. It seems, really, and the talk
ters and the U.S. Secretary of State. We
Ther
in coming through the line, that only just
agreed that such a meeting should take
was
yesterday it seemed that we celebrated the
place in the first half of 1990.
agair
We see the arrangements discussed today
last Super Bowl victory. And now here we
in 7
are. So, to Eddie DeBartolo and the staff,
as important first steps in an evolving proc-
Hous
ess towards a new framework for enhanced
certainly Coach Seifert and all the players
22 in
political and economic ties between the
of the 49ers and families, congratulations
flu, }
E.C. and the U.S.
and welcome to the White House. It's a joy
win.
We both agreed that areas of common
to have you here.
you
interest meriting further examination as
You know, when I first heard that this
back
subjects for practical cooperation should be
occasion was in honor of one of the greatest
Nc
identified. At this stage, we agreed that the
victories in American championship history,
And
fight against international drug trafficking
I couldn't help but look around and
a red
and the international movement of drug
wonder: So, where's Buster Douglas?
other
funds are areas appropriate for specific co-
[Laughter]
he's
operation. The same is true of our continu-
But we do have with us the man that I
70 p
ing efforts to protect the environment in
know all you guys recognize. And I hope all
inter
areas such as global climate change, the de-
of you saw my friend and our new Chair-
An
pletion of the ozone layer, and endangered
man of the President's Council on Physical
in or.
species. We agreed that there will be fur-
Fitness, larger than life himself, but con-
to n
ther contact at the appropriate levels to
fessed that he felt like Danny DeVito stand-
tight
follow up our discussions on these areas and
ing next to these guys. [Laughter] And I'm
down
to identify other areas of common interest.
talking about our friend and a man who is
An
At our meeting, we also reviewed devel-
undertaking a very important job for this
While
opments in Central and Eastern Europe, in
country, heading the President's Fitness
attac
particular the implications of German unifi-
Council, Arnold Schwarzenegger. Arnold,
yarda
cation. We also discussed the CSCE, and
thank you very much for being here. I
show
the progress towards and prospects for Eu-
think Arnold and my old colleague from the
And
ropean integration. We both agreed that,
Congress, the guy sitting next to him-used
spoke
with their political ideals and common
to pitch in the major leagues, Senator Ben
stand
values, the U.S. and the E.C. have a pivotal
Mizell. And we're having a meeting on na-
ing t
role to play in overcoming the divisions be-
tional fitness tomorrow, so you guys be
wish
tween East and West and in laying the
careful. We may need you for a little lead-
that
foundations for a Europe more united in its
ership for the kids in this country.
ing fi
322
background
European
notes
Community
United States Department of State
April 1990
Bureau of Public Affairs
PROFILE
Organization
Principal Organs: Council, Commission,
Background
Parliament, Court of Justice.
Principal Areas of Community
Headquarters: Brussels, Belgium.
Competence: Internal and external trade,
Established: On April 18, 1951, when
common industrial and commercial policies,
the European Coal and Steel Community
agriculture, monetary coordination,
(ECSC) Treaty was signed in Paris, and on
fisheries, assistance, science and research,
March 25, 1957, when the treaties for the
the environment, common social and
European Economic Community (EEC) and
regional policies.
the European Atomic Energy Community
Budget (1990): $56 billion, financed by
(EURATOM) were signed in Rome.
a customs duty, a 1.4% value-added tax
Purposes: To build foundations for
collected on the goods and services
peace through economic and political
consumed in member countries, and a
cooperation and to make possible an
percentage donation based on member
eventual federation of Europe.
countries' gross domestic product.
Members: The Six-Belgium, Federal
Official Name:
Republic of Cermany, France, Italy,
European Community (EC)
Luxembourg, Netherlands. The Nine-in
Trade
1973, Denmark, Ireland, and the United
Also referred to as the
Imports (1988): Worldwide-$458.6 billion.
Kingdom joined the Six. The Ten-on
European Communities
From US-$79.6 billion (23.7% of US
January 1, 1981, Greece joined. The
exports).
Twelve-Spain and Portugal joined the Ten
Exports (1988): Worldwide-$430.8
on January 1, 1986.
billion. To US-$84.4 billion (19.6% of EC
Official Languages: Danish, Dutch,
exports).
English, French, German, Greek, Italian,
Portuguese, and Spanish.
Population (1988): 325 million.
EC and US Officials
Gross National Product (GNP) (1988):
$4.71 trillion.
Commission President: Jacques Delors,
Average Per Capita GNP (1988):
France
$14,500.
US Representative to the EC:
Ambassador Thomas M.T. Niles, 40
Boulevard du Regent, B-1000, Brussels,
Belgium; Tel. 32-2-513-4450.
EC Representative to the US:
Ambassador Andreas Van Agt, 2100 M St.,
NW, Suite 707, Washington, D.C. 20037; Tel.
202-862-9500.
The European
Community
The EC and the US, 1988
GNP
Per Capita GNP
($ trillion)
($ thousand)
Denmark
4.9
4.7
19.8
Copenhagen
Dublin
West
Ireland
Germany
1.2
U.K.
14.5
*)
Amsterdam
London
Neth.
France
F.R.G.
.9
Bonn
Brussels
Bel.
Italy
.8
Luxembourg
Paris
Lux.
U.K.
.8
Other
France
.9
EC
US
EC
US
Sources: Organization for Economic Cooperation and
Development, and U.S. Council of Economic Advisers.
Italy
Portugal
Madrid
Rome
Lisbon
Spain
Athens
Greece
Boundary representations are not necessarily authoritative.
HISTORY
transport, and nuclear policies. The
federalist attempts to give the Council
institutions and policies established by
any supranational powers. All decisions
Peaceful union of European countries had
the treaties provide a framework within
were to be made-by-unanimous
been a dream for centuries, but not until
which the 12 EC members have agreed to
agreement of the ministers of each
the devastation of World War II was
integrate their economies and eventually
member state, effectively weakening the
unity perceived as a necessity. Postwar
consider forming a political union.
Council.
economic chaos and the descent of what
The Brussels Pact of 1948 created the
The establishment of an administra-
he called the "Iron Curtain" led Winston
first postwar European intergovern-
tive framework for European economic
Churchill to declare in 1946: "We must
mental organization. Britain, France,
cooperation was stimulated by US
create a sort of United States of Europe."
Belgium, the Netherlands, and
Secretary of State George Marshall's
Although they thought that unity was
Luxembourg agreed to mutual military
offer of vast aid in a joint recovery
necessary for the reconstruction of the
support and political cooperation. The
program. Federalists, led by French
continent, national governments
military aspects of the pact were quickly
Foreign Minister Robert Schuman and
remained reluctant to cede any authority
overshadowed when the five signatories
Jean Monnet (now considered the
to a supranational body.
joined others in the NATO (North
"father" of a united Europe), thought that
The primary aim of the Paris and
Atlantic Treaty Organization) alliance
Europe would never regain its status in
Rome treaties establishing the European
with the United States.
world affairs, effectively solve its
Communities (EC) was to remove the
In the political sphere, the Council of
domestic problems, or be able to protect
economic barriers that divided the
Europe was organized by the pact
itself unless national governments were
member countries as the first steps
members along with Ireland, Denmark,
integrated. They proposed a supra-
toward political unity. To accomplish this,
Norway, Italy, and Sweden. The Council
national authority to make decisions in
the treaties call for members to establish
was designed to be more than a simple
the interest of the whole continent. The
a common market, a common customs
forum for discussion, but the British and
British and the Scandinavians, again
tariff, and common economic, agricultural,
the Scandinavian Governments thwarted
preferring international cooperation
2
rather than formal integration, prevented
British ties to its Commonwealth and
members of the Commission act indepen-
the incorporation of a federal element in
its desire to create a larger free trade
dently of their governments and of the
this new body, the Organization for
area, as opposed to a customs union
Council; they represent the interests of
European Economic Cooperation
consisting only of the Six, resulted in the
the Community as a whole.
(OEEC). The OEEC, established in 1948
United Kingdom rejecting EEC and
The Commission's major responsi-
and transformed in 1961 into the
EURATOM membership. Britain,
bility is to oversee the implementation of
worldwide Organization for Economic
Austria, Denmark, Norway, Portugal,
the EC treaties. It initiates EC policy by
Cooperation and Development (OECD),
Sweden, and Switzerland later formed
making proposals and steers its proposals
was very effective in channeling US aid
the European Free Trade Association
through the legislative process. The
throughout the continent, but it had no
(EFTA). EFTA was designed to boost
commissioners also conduct the EC's
supranational authority of its own.
nonagricultural trade among its members
negotiations with nonmember states on
Continuing their effort to develop a
and to provide a united platform for
behalf of the Community. The collection
federal European authority, Schuman and
relations with the EEC.
and disbursement of EC funds is another
Monnet proposed establishing the
In the 1960s, Commonwealth ties
important Commission responsibility.
European Coal and Steel Community
were becoming less important for Britain,
The Commission's independence and its
(ECSC) in 1950 "to place the entire
and UK economic growth was slower than
"right of initiation" of policy account for
Franco-German production of coal and
the impressive growth rate of the Six.
much of its supranational authority. To
steel under a common High Authority, in
The British, therefore, decided to join the
balance that independence, the
an organization open to other European
Community, even though membership
Commission is subject to censure by the
countries." The French and German
would result in a substantial increase in
Parliament, which can force the entire
heavy industries urgently needed
British food prices. A French veto
Commission to resign as a body by a two-
rebuilding, and the ECSC would facilitate
temporarily blocked British membership,
thirds majority vote.¹ A European civil
growth as well as make war between the
but in 1973, the United Kingdom,
service divided into 23 Directorates-
two countries "not merely inconceivable
Denmark, and Ireland were admitted,
General plus Commission services assists
but physically impossible." Ratified by
creating the EC Nine. The Government
the Commission. The Commission
the Governments of France, West
of Norway also had agreed to accession,
president is appointed to a renewable 2-
Germany, Italy, Belgium, the Nether-
but membership was rejected in a
year term by the Council.
lands, and Luxembourg (the Six), the
referendum. A further enlargement took
ECSC began functioning in 1952 and was
place on January 1, 1981, when Greece
the world's first international organi-
joined the Community, making it the EC
The Council
zation with an integrated federal
Ten. The most recent expansion occurred
The Council, which has its secretariat in
governing body. The High Authority was
with the addition of Spain and Portugal
Brussels, represents the national
empowered to act independently in the
on January 1, 1986, creating the current
governments of the 12 member states and
narrow but important economic fields of
EC Twelve.
is the primary decisionmaking body of the
coal and steel production. The ECSC had
Community. The foreign ministers of the
limited financial independence, raising
member states deal with the most
funds through levies on the coal and steel
INSTITUTIONS
important and wide-reaching topics, while
industries and the sale of bonds.
more specific decisions are made by the
With Europe's immediate defense
The three communities-the ECSC,
respective councils of the ministers of
problem solved by NATO, efforts were
EEC, and EURATOM-had separate
agriculture, finance, industry, energy,
concentrated on political and economic
executive commissions and councils of
social affairs, and others. The 1987 Single
questions. Under the direction of Belgian
ministers until their 1967 merger into the
European Act created a less restrictive
Foreign Minister Paul Henri Spaak, the
European Communities; a joint
decisionmaking process by allowing most
foreign ministers of the Six met to discuss
commission and a joint council of
voting in the Council by qualified
proposals for an integrated economic
ministers were then established. The
majority, rather than unanimity.2
system and a common structure for the
other major EC institutions are the
Exceptions include certain health and
development of nuclear energy. In 1957,
European Parliament, the Court of
safety proposals that individual states can
the Six agreed to establish the European
Justice, and the Economic and Social
veto. At the same time, the act mandated
Economic Community (the EEC or
Committee.
an increased role for the European
Common Market) and the European
Parliament in the decisionmaking process.
Atomic Energy Community
The various ministerial groups meet
(EURATOM). The two treaties formally
The Commission
monthly. Formal biannual European
establishing the new communities to work
The Commission, headquartered in
Council meetings discuss intra-
with the ECSC were signed by the Six in
Brussels, is made up of 17 commissioners
Community and foreign policy issues.
Rome on March 25, 1957. The EEC and
appointed by common agreement of the
Each country assumes the Council
EURATOM began operating in January
12 governments. Each country is
presidency for a 6-month term. The
1958. The wide-reaching EEC was given
represented, with the largest five—
Committee of Permanent Represen-
less supranational authority than the
France, West Germany, Italy, Spain, and
tatives, consisting of member country
ECSC, although the economic union was
the United Kingdom-supplying two
ambassadors to the Community in
viewed as a prerequisite for eventual
commissioners. According to the treaties,
Brussels, assists the Council.
political integration.
3
The European Parliament
institutions, and individuals also can
minary report and then issues a draft
contest Commission and Council actions
budget for EP approval. The Parliament
The European Parliament (EP), the only
and member state implementation of EC
can amend or reject the budget and is
EC institution that directly represents
legislation in the Court. The Court
responsible for its final adoption.
European citizens, has gained a greater
resolves conflicts between Community
The preliminary EC budget for 1990
role in EC decisionmaking in recent
and national laws, and the Justices have
is about $56 billion. The largest budget
years. The Parliament has significant
power over budgetary matters (except
played a major role in the process of
item, accounting for about two-thirds of
removing barriers to the movement of
the total, is agricultural expenditures.
agricultural spending) because it can
goods, services, capital, and people among
Other major budget items are energy and
amend or reject the budget and approve
members. The Court's decisions are
industrial programs, research, and
its adoption. The Parliament also
binding on all parties. Court decisions
development assistance to poorer regions
considers the Commission's proposals on
their way to the Council of Ministers.
generally have tended to strengthen EC
of the Community, central and Eastern
Since 1987, the Parliament also has had
institutions and promote integrated EC
Europe, and Third World nations.
policies.
the right to amend or reject certain
legislation approved by the Council,
The 13 Justices are appointed by the
EC member governments and serve
TRADE
which can overrule the Parliament only
by a unanimous vote. The Parliament
renewable 6-year terms. Court decisions
are reached by a simple majority. All
The Customs Union
also has gained the right to approve or
disapprove applications of nonmember
decisions are announced unanimously, but
The authors of the EC treaties recognized
votes never are announced. The Court
countries to join the Community, as well
that the economic keystone of unity would
sits in Luxembourg.
as new association agreements.
be a customs union permitting the free
The 518 deputies are elected to 5-year
The 1987 Single European Act
movement of goods, services, capital, and
terms. The first direct elections were
introduced a new Court of First Instance,
people within Western Europe. In 1958,
held in 1979. The Parliament was
which essentially serves as a lower court.
the Community began the difficult
In addition, member state courts are
enlarged to its present size in January
process of eliminating all trade barriers
1986, when 60 members from Spain and
obligated to directly enforce the
among its members. Ten years later, all
24 members from Portugal took their
Community treaties, thus creating a
member-to-member duties were
seats. The members sit in transnational
multi-layered judicial system.
abolished, and a common external tariff of
political groupings ranging across the
the Six was established. By 1977, this
political spectrum, including Socialists,
The Economic and Social Committee
union was extended to include the new
Christian Democrats, Liberals,
EC members-the United Kingdom,
Conservatives, Communists, and Greens.
This consultative body of 156 members
Denmark, and Ireland. Spain and
Many of the Parliament's specialized
represents employers and unions as well
Portugal, which joined in 1986, must
committees have emphasized
as special interest groups such as
dismantle their customs duties with
development of truly "European" policies
consumers and farmers. The Committee
other EC members before 1992 and must
in areas such as the internal market,
enables a broad spectrum of interested
abolish their quantitative restrictions on
energy, industrial restructuring, and
producer and consumer groups to be
intra-EC trade according to a timetable
regional development funding. Direct
actively involved in EC decisionmaking.
laid down for each.
elections ensure full public representation
Through a mandatory consultation
The common external tariff is a key
in the Community, and important tasks
process, the Committee submits its
element in the customs union. Each EC
for the deputies include promoting the
opinions to both the Councils of Ministers
member charges the same duty on a given
Community's work within their
and the Commission.
import from a nonmember country.
constituencies and increasing public
Agricultural imports are subject to the
support for an integrated Europe.
Common Agricultural Policy (CAP). The
The Parliament meets monthly in
BUDGET
CAP places variable levies on agricultural
week-long sessions in Strasbourg. The
imports to raise their prices to those of
EP's Secretariat is located in Luxem-
Initially, the EC budget was funded by
EC-produced commodities.
bourg; most Committee and Political
member-state contributions based on
Although tariffs have been eliminated
Group meetings are held in Brussels.
varying percentages of their gross
within the Community, several kinds of
domestic product (GDP). In 1977, those
nontariff barriers still exist. Some
contributions were supplemented by
member states maintain protectionist
The Court of Justice
revenue from agricultural levies and
measures that the Community has not yet
The role of the EC Court of Justice is
customs duties on EC imports. The GDP-
been able to eliminate entirely, such as
based contributions were eliminated in
very similar to that of the US Supreme
limiting public works contracts and
Court. The EC Court is the final
1979, as each state began paying 1% of
adopting unilateral technical or safety
the value-added tax (VAT) it collected on
authority for the interpretation of EC
standards that restrict trade. Numerous
laws, as embodied in the treaties,
manufactured goods. Starting in 1986,
health and safety barriers to agricultural
the VAT contribution increased to 1.4%.
regulations, and directives. Complaints
trade still exist. Individual firms and
The Commission prepares the
about member-state treaty violations may
governments can register trade restric-
preliminary draft of each year's EC
be lodged by other members or by the
tion complaints with the Commission,
Commission. Member governments, EC
budget. The Council discusses the preli-
which attempts to eliminate the barriers
through binding judicial action.
4
SINGLE MARKET PROGRAM
Recently, the EC has made remarkable
progress toward achieving a goal it set for
itself more than 30 years ago-a unified
West European market without national
barriers to the movement of goods,
services, capital, and people. The 12 EC
member states have committed
themselves to the historically important
policy initiative of creating a single
market by the end of 1992. The EC is
expected to have adopted most of its
single market proposals by that time and
to have made significant progress on
related efforts toward more complete
economic integration.
The EC is, to a great extent, still a set
of 12 separate markets, with different
regulations for banks, insurance compa-
nies, medicinal products, lawnmowers,
President Bush supports European efforts, led by EC Commission President Jacques
and cheese, to name just a few areas. The
Delors, to achieve economic and political integration. (White House photo)
single market program will create a single
set of rules for doing business in Europe.
Where EC-wide rules are not practical,
External Trade
member countries of the two trading
the single market will ensure mutual
blocs. Only products originating within
recognition of other members' regulations
In 1988, trade among Community
the free-trade area receive preferential
so that technical standards and proce-
members was $1.24 trillion, while external
treatment. EFTA members maintain
dures no longer pose barriers to trade
trade was $890 billion, accounting for
quotas and tariffs on agricultural
across national borders. This creates
about 16% of world commerce, and mak-
products.
potentially vast economies of scale and
ing the EC the world's largest trading
The Community has reached
should expand the size and wealth of the
unit. Its total imports from third countries
in 1988 were $459 billion, roughly the same
preferential trade agreements with
EC market.
amount as that of the United States. Most
Turkey, Yugoslavia, and Mediterranean
The renewed effort to create a single
countries and separately with 68 African,
market began in 1985, when member
EC imports are raw materials and
Caribbean, and Pacific countries. Non-
countries approved an ambitious plan
unprocessed goods. EC exports, most of
preferential agreements have been signed
outlining almost 300 legislative proposals.
which are processed goods such as
with Canada, India, Romania, Sri Lanka,
The 1987 Single European Act committed
machinery and vehicles, totaled $431
Pakistan, Bangladesh, China, and major
government leaders to adhere to the
billion in 1988, compared with total US
Latin American countries. Most recently,
timetable and made passage of legislation
exports of $320 billion.
the EC has concluded trade and commer-
easier. Since then, the EC Commission
As provided for in Article 113 of the
cial agreements with Poland, Hungary,
has finished its work in proposing more
Treaty of Rome, the Community operates
the German Democratic Republic, the
than 90% of the proposals (now 279), and
a common commercial policy adhered to by
Soviet Union, and Czechoslovakia.
the EC Council has adopted more than
all member states. The Community's
The Community is the United States'
half of them into Community law. Mem-
trade policy is based on the principles and
largest trading partner. In 1989, total
ber states must pass legislation to imple-
obligations of the General Agreement on
US-EC trade was $171.7 billion. The 1989
ment the directives, usually within 2
Tariffs and Trade (GATT) to which all
trade balance with the EC was in the US
years of final agreement at the EC level.
Community members are contracting
favor for the first time since 1982. In
Difficult areas remain in the single
parties. EC countries are active part-
1988, almost 24% of all US exports were
market program, notably in attempting to
icipants in the current Uruguay Round of
purchased by the EC, which, in turn,
allow the free movement of people across
multilateral trade negotiations, which are
provided almost 24% of US imports.
national borders and in harmonizing
scheduled to be completed with a con-
The United States and the EC are
policy on indirect taxation. However,
cluding conference in Brussels in Decem-
each other's most significant source of
momentum has been sustained, largely
ber 1990.
direct investment. By the end of 1988,
because most of the European public and
In 1972-73, the Community concluded
the EC had $194 billion invested in the
businesses strongly support the program.
free trade agreements with the member
United States (the British are the largest
When the major proposals are fully
states of EFTA-Austria, Finland,
foreign investors in America), and the
implemented, the Commission will have
Iceland, Norway, Sweden, and Switzer-
United States had about $127 billion in
authority to control large mergers and
land. These agreements provide for the
the EC.
acquisitions; will make a European
elimination of barriers to trade on almost
company statute available throughout the
all industrial products between the
Community; will enforce open procure-
5
ment, allowing foreign participation (with
EC targets for 1995 which would limit oil
some limitations) in all sectors except
US Trade With EC, 1989
consumption to 40% of total energy
defense; and will provide a host of product
consumption and maintain net oil imports
and regulatory standards ranging from
($ billion)
at less than one-third of total energy
containers to automobiles to biotechno-
consumption. The Community has an
logy. Many, but not all, of these
100
active program of research into alternate
standards will be based on existing
86.6
energy sources, including biomass,
85.1
international standards.
synthetic fuel, solar, and geothermal
Further economic integration beyond
development. Nuclear energy also is
trade and investment issues is under
80
widely used in certain EC member states,
consideration. The Community already
but there is intense and growing public
has sought or will pursue common policies
concern about nuclear safety issues,
on environmental protection, immigra-
particularly following the Chernobyl
tion, labor law, monetary and fiscal issues,
accident in the Soviet Union.
and law enforcement against narcotics
60
EURATOM, established following the
and terrorism. Questions of national
first European energy crisis in 1956, is
sovereignty have exacerbated tension
responsible for the procurement and
among some members and EC insti-
distribution of nuclear fuels in the
tutions. The debate indicates the difficult
40
Community. It also undertakes research
course ahead, and it is clear that many of
in nuclear development, provides
these issues will be decided well after
financing for nuclear energy projects, and
1992.
exercises safety and security responsi-
20
bilities over member-country facilities.
AGRICULTURAL POLICY
THE EUROPEAN
Instituted in 1962, the Common Agricul-
0
MONETARY SYSTEM
tural Policy (CAP) has allowed the EC to
US Imports
US Exports
become more than self-sufficient in many
Sources: US Department of Commerce
In 1979, the Community inaugurated the
agricultural commodities and has
European Monetary System (EMS). The
provided stable incomes to the European
EMS replaced the "snake" in an effort to
farming population. The CAP, however,
reduce exchange fluctuations. The EMS
consumes about two-thirds of the EC
An EC budget package adopted in
provides for frequent discussions among
budget and-through its complicated
February 1988, aimed at balancing the
central bankers and for intervention in
network of protection, price supports, and
budget and reducing growth in
foreign exchange markets to maintain the
subsidies-has created large surpluses of
agricultural expenditures over a 4-year
value of each EC currency within a
many agricultural products. EC export
period, to a great extent has removed
narrow range vis-a-vis the European
subsidies, traditionally used to dispose of
agriculture as a contentious internal EC
Currency Unit (ECU) and each other
some of these surpluses, have helped to
issue. The agreement resolved short-
currency. All Community members
create a distorted and unstable market in
term budgetary problems by basically
belong to the EMS. However, the United
agricultural commodities. Over the years,
resorting to supply management
Kingdom, Greece, and Portugal do not
EC products benefiting from the CAP
techniques. Although the package is
participate in the system's exchange rate
have displaced some US farm exports,
reducing somewhat agricultural over-
mechanism, which represents a com-
particularly grains.
supply within the EC and is helping to
mitment by the participants to maintain
Since the EC already has a single
limit new pressures on international
their exchange rates within a very
agricultural market in many respects, the
agricultural markets, it does little to
narrow band. The founders of the EMS
1992 program will not have as great an
increase the market orientation of EC
maintained that exchange rate stability
effect as in other areas. The single
agriculture. The global reform of
was essential to increase trade and also
market program aims to harmonize
agricultural policies remains an important
would provide impetus for better
agricultural health rules for animals and
US objective and a major task of the
coordination of monetary and fiscal
plants, thereby reducing barriers that
current round of multilateral trade
policies. In addition to currency swap
have kept the EC's agricultural markets
negotiations.
arrangements for defense of currency
somewhat segmented. As the Commu-
parities, the EMS includes a reserve fund.
nity eliminates border controls, it must
The ECU, a combination of 12 member
act on the taxes or subsidies currently
ENERGY
currencies, is the Community's budget
levied on agricultural trade at national
and accounting unit.
borders. Further monetary harmoniza-
The European Community is sensitive to
Jacques Delors, the Commission
tion is likely to result in the elimination of
the need for reducing foreign energy
President, has drawn up a three-phase
the special agricultural exchange rates
dependence, particularly on oil imports,
plan for broadening the EMS into an
which also have served to protect
through conservation and other meas-
economic and monetary union (EMU).
markets from intra-EC competition.
ures. In September 1986, the Council set
6
Under Phase I, all EC governments are
committed to join the exchange rate
mechanism, and finance ministers and
Further Information
central bank governors would cooperate
These titles are provided as a general indication of material published on the European
more closely on policy decisions. Later
Community. The Department of State does not endorse unofficial publications.
phases of the Delors Plan envisage a
central bank and a common currency, but
Bromberger, Merry and Serge. Jean
Kaiser, Karl et al. The European
several EC members, particularly the
Monnet and the United States of
Community: Progress or Decline?
United Kingdom, have opposed aspects of
Europe. New York: Coward-McCann
London: Royal Institute of Inter-
the plan. In 1989, Community leaders
Inc., 1969.
national Affairs, 1983.
decided that on July 1, 1990, the EC will
Butler, Sir Michael. Europe-More Than
Leonard, Dick. Pocket Guide to the
begin implementing Phase I of the Delors
a Continent. London: William
European Community. London: The
Plan. An intergovernmental conference
Heinemann, Ltd., 1986.
Economist Publications, 1988.
Callingaert, Michael. The 1992 Challenge
Lodge, Juliet. The European
will convene in late 1990 to consider what
from Europe: Development of the
Community and the Challenge of the
changes to the EC treaties would be
European Community's Internal
Future. London: Pinter Publishers,
required for EMU. Treaty changes must
Market. Washington, D.C.: National
1989.
be approved by all 12 of the member
Planning Association, 1988.
Monnet, Jean. Memoirs. Richard Mayne
countries.
Cecchini, Paolo et al. The European
(trans.). New York: Doubleday,
Challenge-1992: The Benefits of a
1978.
Single Market. Brookfield, Vt.: Gower
Moss, Joanna. The Lome Conventions
POLITICAL COOPERATION
Publishing, 1988.
and Their Implications for the
Europe, Magazine of the European
United States. Boulder, Colorado:
Coordination of the foreign policies of the
Community (monthly). Delegation of
Westview Press, 1982.
EC members was not included in the
the European Communities, Suite
de Schoutheete, Philippe. European
707, 2100 M St., NW, Washington,
Political Cooperation. Brussels: 2d
three treaties but was undertaken
D.C. 20037.
ed., 1986.
voluntarily in 1970. In 1987, European
European Community. Completing the
Simonian, Haig. The Privileged
political cooperation was formalized in the
Internal Market (1985 "White
Partnership. Oxford: Clarendon
Single European Act. Recently, this
Paper").
Press, 1985.
cooperation has increased to a wider
Harris, Simon et al. The Food and Farm
Tugendhat, Christopher. Making Sense
range of foreign policy issues. Topics
Policies of the European Commun-
of Europe. New York: Viking, 1986.
included under the act are such key areas
ity. New York: John Wiley & Sons,
US Department of Commerce. EC 1992:
as Eastern Europe, the Middle East,
1983.
A Commerce Department Analysis
Central America, nuclear and conven-
Hartley, T.C. The Foundations of
of European Community Directives.
European Community Law. Oxford:
3 volumes. 1988-90.
tional disarmament, and nuclear nonpro-
Clarendon Press, 1988.
US Department of State. Europe 1992:
liferation. A secretariat to administer the
Hu, Yao-su. Europe Under Stress:
A Business Guide to U.S.
act has been established in Brussels.
Convergence and Divergence in the
Government Resources. January
The 12 foreign ministers meet at least
European Community. London:
1990.
quarterly to discuss political coordination.
Buttersworth, 1981.
Wallace, Helen et al. Policy-Making in
The foreign ministers attempt at these
Joint Economic Committee of the US
the European Communities. New
meetings to coordinate the broad lines of
Congress. Europe 1992: Long-Term-
York: John Wiley & Sons, 1983.
the members' international policies and to
Implications for the U.S. Economy.
issue joint statements of policy. In addi-
April 1989.
tion to these formal meetings, the foreign
ministers gather informally twice a year,
unaccompanied by staff. The ministers
also discuss political cooperation during
RELATIONS WITH EUROPE
industrial and technical standards that
the twice-yearly meetings of the Euro-
apply in the Community. The two groups
pean Council, at which the 12 EC heads of
The success of the European Community
have agreed to negotiate a closer
government meet.
has encouraged other countries to seek
relationship, to be known as the Euro-
The meetings of the foreign ministers
membership. Turkey and Austria have
pean Economic Space. This may involve
are prepared for by the EC Political
applied, but the EC has indicated that it
EFTA agreement to implement many EC
Committee, comprising senior officials
will put off consideration of new appli-
directives while the EC would give
from the 12 foreign ministries, who meet
cations until after the completion of the
EFTA a role in the development of future
monthly to prepare specific issues for
single market. In addition, the EC has
rules.
ministerial discussion. The Political
association agreements with Yugoslavia,
Although EC countries have long-
Committee also meets in New York in
Turkey, and Cyprus. EC leaders expect
standing political and economic ties with
September at the opening of the UN
to negotiate association agreements with
the countries of Eastern Europe, the EC
General Assembly.
a number of East European countries in
itself only recently has established
response to recent developments there.
diplomatic relations with most states of
Recently, the EC has developed
central and Eastern Europe. In 1988, the
closer ties with the EFTA countries,
EC and the Council of Mutual Economic
which already have many of the same
Assistance (CEMA), an economic organ-
7
ization of communist countries, agreed to
ment in the developing states. The most
biannual US-EC summit meetings and to
recognize each other. Trade agreements
recent agreement (Lome IV) puts greater
biannual meetings between the US
have been signed with Hungary, Poland,
emphasis on market-oriented economic
Secretary of State and the 12 EC foreign
Czechoslovakia, Romania, Bulgaria, and
reform in recipient countries and on
ministers. The United States also is
the Soviet Union.
human rights. About 65% of EC aid goes
enhancing its relationship with the
In July 1989, the EC Commission was
to the ACP states. Since 1978, 40% of
European political cooperation process.
designated by the seven economic summit
ACP exports have gone to the Com-
Delegations from the US House of
partners to play a coordinating role for
munity, which imports about 10% of its
Representatives and the European
Western assistance to Poland and
raw materials from the Lome signatories.
Parliament also meet twice a year. Close
Hungary. Since then, major political and
One innovative aspect of the Lome
relationships are further maintained
economic reforms taking place throughout
Convention is the Stabex system. A kind
through the US Mission to the European
Eastern Europe have caused a reevalua-
of insurance policy against poor trade
Communities, headed by an ambassador
tion of the Community's relationship to
years, Stabex (export receipts stabili-
in Brussels, and through the Delegation
that region. The EC has been a major
zation system) provides currency
of the European Communities in
contributor of assistance to the region and
transfers to countries heavily dependent
Washington, D.C., headed by the EC
has eased access to its markets for these
on a small number of commodities for
ambassador.
countries. A European Bank for Recon-
export earnings in years when export
struction and Development has been
receipts drop significantly because of poor
established to assist economy recovery
harvests or low world prices. Lome IV is
DIPLOMATIC REPRESENTATION
and reform in Eastern Europe. Trade
designed to encourage diversification to
and investment flows between the EC
other crops. The Lome Convention
The US Mission to the EC is directed by
and Eastern Europe are expected to
provides a similar scheme, Sysmin,
Ambassador Thomas M.T. Niles and is
increase as market forces play a greater
to cover mineral export earning losses.
located at 40 Boulevard du Regent, B-
role in East European economies. The
1000, in Brussels, Belgium; Tel. 32-2-513-
United States has worked with the
4450; 846-21336. The EC
European Community in mobilizing
US-EC RELATIONS
Delegation to the United States, headed
economic and financial support for the
by Ambassador Andreas Van Agt, and its
reforming nations in Eastern and central
The United States has supported and
Information Services Office are at 2100 M
Europe.
welcomes European efforts to achieve
Street, NW, 7th floor, Washington, D.C.
economic and political integration. As
20037; Tel. 202-862-9500. The EC
Europe moves toward its goal of a
Information Services in New York City is
THIRD WORLD RELATIONS
common internal market, and as its
at One Dag Hammarskjold Plaza, 245
institutions for political cooperation
East 47th Street, New York, NY 10017;
Improving relations with the Third World
evolve, the link between the United
Tel. 212-371-3804.
long has been a high priority for the
States and the EC will become even more
Community. In addition to its desire to
important. The United States wants this
contribute to the economic and social
transatlantic cooperation to keep pace
1 This action has never been taken.
advancement of less developed countries,
with European integration and insti-
the Community seeks reliable supplies of
tutional reform.
2 EC member states have the following votes in
the Council: West Germany (10), France (10), Italy
primary products and markets for its
The United States and the Commun-
(10), United Kingdom (10 Spain (8), Belgium (5),
exports. The Community has become one
ity have a continuing dialogue on all
Greece (5), Netherlands (5), Portugal (5), Denmark
of the major providers of Third World-
political and economic issues of mutual
(3), Ireland (3), and Luxembourg (2). Total=76.
assistance with programs such as food
Qualified majority=54; blocking minority=23.
interest, and they engage in direct
aid, rural development, and refugee relief.
negotiations on trade issues. The US
3 The "snake" was a set of upper and lower limits
In 1987, aid disbursements were $1.9
of currency exchange rates; the central banks of the
Government is following the progress of
participating European-countries pledged to
billion, but EC aid commitments have
the EC's single market program and is
intervene in the currency market to keep the value of
been substantially higher in 1988 and
working with the European public and
their currencies within fixed limits.
1989. The EC program is separate from
private sectors to ensure that American
4 The ECU value against the US dollar was $1.21
assistance programs provided by the
interests are not discriminated against in
at the end of March 1990. During 1989, the average
member states.
ECU value against the US dollar was $1.10.
post-1992 Europe. The United States
The Community's most notable
seeks a European Community open to
accomplishment has been the Lome
cooperation with others.
Published by the United States Department
Convention, a framework for develop-
of State
Bureau of Public Affairs
The US Government consults with
Office
of Public Communication
ment cooperation with 68 African,
Washington, D.C.
the Commission regularly throughout the
April
1990 Editor: Jim Pinkelman
Caribbean, and Pacific (ACP) countries.
year, often at the Cabinet level. In the
Writer: Robert Coe
Signed in 1975 and renewed in 1979, 1985,
past there have been annual US-EC
Department of State Publication 9155
and 1989 for a 10-year period beginning in
meetings in Brussels on a ministerial
Background Notes Series
This material is
1990, the agreement provides aid for
level, but there are plans to hold these
in the public domain and may be reprinted
development projects, free access to EC
meetings twice a year beginning in 1990.
without permission; citation of this source
markets for almost all manufactured
is appreciated.
On February 27, 1990, President Bush
imports from ACP countries, and
and Irish Prime Minister Haughey,
For sale by the Superintendent of Documents,
incentives to promote European invest-
representing the Community, agreed to
U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington,
D.C. 20402.
8
RECOMMENDED DEPARTURE STATEMENT
I was delighted to have the opportunity to meet with my friends
Jacques Santer and Jacques Delors. As part of our mutual
efforts to deepen the US-EC relationship, we have continued our
and
ongoing discussions on a number of important issues.
Eastern
Swiet
the
well
as
as
the
Today, we discussed the situation in the Middle East,/AWe
value
Uniquary
the excellent support we have received from our European
Round,
in the Gulf crisis, and we
friends and allies and continue to work with them on what we
must do to help create a stable environment to promote peace
and prosperity in that region. Additionally, we discussed the
situation in Yugoslavia, which greatly concerns all of us. We
agreed to continue to encourage the people of Yugoslavia to
work out their differences peacefully and through democratic
Baltics, the
dialogue. We reviewed recent events in the Soviet Union and
Eastern and Central Europe.
We had a broad and useful discussion of our views of Europe
after the Paris CSCE Summit. Of particular interest to us are
the EC's plans for greater political and economic union. I
reiterated our support for European integration, and our shared
interest in the development of a European security identity
which strengthens both European security and the transatlantic
relationship. We reaffirmed our mutual commitment to
continuing transatlantic cooperation on issues involving our
mutual security, foreign policy and economic interests.
Finally, we reviewed progress on the Uruguay Round. We
expressed our commitment to work together in the coming months
to make vapid steady progress on these crucial negotiations.
Say more me open trading system