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Visit of Violeta Chamorro 4/17/91 [OA 6897] [2]
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323153280
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Visit of Violeta Chamorro 4/17/91 [OA 6897] [2]
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Records of the White House Office of Speechwriting (George H. W. Bush Administration)
Speech Backup Chronological Files
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Originally Processed With FOIA(s):
FOIA Number:
S; 2004-0728-F; 2005-0989-F
S
FOIA
MARKER
This is not a textual record. This is used as an
administrative marker by the George Bush Presidential
Library Staff.
Record Group/Collection:
George H.W. Bush Presidential Records
Collection/Office of Origin:
Speechwriting, White House Office of
Series:
Speech File Backup Files
Subseries:
Chron Files, 1989-1993
OA/ID Number:
13751
Folder ID Number:
13751-013
Folder Title:
Visit of Violeta Chamorro 4/17/91 [OA 6897] [2]
Stack:
Row:
Section:
Shelf:
Position:
G
26
21
3
4
04/09/91
12:19
001
USIS
91 APR 9 P2: 29
FAX TRANSMISSION SHEET
Managua, Nicaragua
NEW FAX NO. (505)(2) 663861
DATE: April 9, 1991
FAX: 00-1-202-456- 6218
TO:
Carol Blymire, The White House - Presidential Speech Staff
FROM: USIS Managua, Sted Howard
AA
SUBJECT: President Chamorro's Inaugural Speech/ Bio data
This transmision consists of 14 pages plus cover page. Please call telephone (505)(2)666-036 if this fax must be
retransmitted.
Speech Text: Totals 12 pages, not 27.
Biographic data:
1. President Chamorro
2. Pedro Joaquin Chamorro Cardenal, President Chamorro's late husband.
Note: Bio data provides basic facts and serves to establish him as
a figure in recent Nicaraguan history, specifically the struggle
against Somoza. A wreath is hung at the street corner in downtown
Managua where he was killed in January of 1978.
3. Ruben Dario - a reknowned Nicaraguan poet but of a much earlier era.
The national theatre is named in his honor.
Will FAX whatever else we come up with when we have it in hand.
04/09/91
12:19
002
SERIAL: PA2304273292
25 de abnil 1990 (Iniencoles)
COUNTRY: NTC PAGUA
SUTJ: TAXE 1 OF SEVERAL -- CHAMORRO INAUGJRAL SPEECH
REF:
PA2524135477 ADVANCE FYI
SCHECT: MANAGUA DOMESTIC SERVICE IN SPAVISH 1753 GMT 25 APR 90
TEXT:
111
111 (IVANSUREL SPEECH 37 PRESIDENT VIOLETA PARRIOS DE CEA ORRO AT
THE RIGOBFRTO LOPFZ PEPEZ NATIONAL STADIUM IN MANAGOR -- LIVE))
((TEXT)) DEAR DR. MIRTAM ARGUELLO. PRESIDENT OF THE NATIONAL
ASSPMRIA, PRIENDS OF THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY, THE SUPREMS COURT. AVD
THE SUPREME ELECTORAL COUNCIL; DISTINGUISHED PRESIDENTS AND EEADS OF
STATE :vn COVERNMENT; DELEGATIONS OF FRIENDLI COUNTRIES; GUESTS --
MY PRIENDS -- TO THIS DEMOCRATIC FESTIVITY; MY DEAR FRIEND AND
ESTREMED CARDINAL MIGUEL OPANDO Y BEAVO ((APPLANSE)) "! ESTERMED
DP. VIPCILIC GODOY, VICE PRESIDENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF NTCARAGJA
(( APPEARS) ) : DEAP MEMBERS OF Г?Б DIFFOING AND INCOMING CABINETS;
COMYANDER DANIEL ORDEGA ((APPLATSE) ); COMPAIRIOTS PRESENT RERE AND
I
THCS WPO ARF LISTENING TO ME OVER THE RADIO AND PELFVISION.
DURING "Y ELECTORAL CAMPAIGN. I PROMISED TEAT MIDARAGUA WAS GOING
TC EF A REPUBLIC AGAIN. ((APFLAUSE)) TODAY MARKS TEE DAWN 0F THAT
REPUBLIC THAT VAS PORN FROM THE PEOPLE'S VOTE AND THAT WAS BOPN, NOT
FPCM SHOUTS AND FULLETS. FUT FROM THE DEFPEST SILENCE )F THE
NICARAGUAN SOUL: FROM THE CONSCIENCE. ( (AFFLAUSE) )
UNCLASSIFIED
FBIS CHIVA care 252232Z APR 90
04/09/91
12:20
003
UNCLASSIFIED
TBIS CHIVA CFIV 2527377 APR 97
IT IS VERY FEAUTIFUL TO BTGIN A REPUBLIC VITHOUT FLOOD, II 1
NEW SIN OF JUSTICE AND FREDOM. THIS IS THE FIRST RAY OF POAT SJN.
LIKE 4 NICARAGUAN FOFT SAID, WE HAVE BEFN THE MOST PERSEVERIVE
DEMOCRATI ( (WORDS INDISTINCI) ) LATIN AMERICA TODAY. FOR 120 YEARS,
YP PAVE WISHED FOR THIS DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC WERRE WE COJLD ALL R P
FREE AND FOUAL BEFORE THE LAW. YE WOULD VIN A STRUIGLE, 60T THERE
WAS ALWAYS & MILITARY AMPITION THAT WOULD SPOIL WPAT EAD SEEN >CV.
PUT THE REPUBLIC WOULD RISE AJAIV AS 1 RESULT CE A DESIRE FOR
DEMOCRACT. A OPEAM. SOME DIED FCP TEIS DREAM. OTFERS ENDURED
PRISON AND EXILY FOR IT. MI HUSBAND, PEDRO JOAQJIN CHAMORRO
CARDENAL, GAVE EIS LIFT FOR THIS REPUBLIC. (APPLAUST))
PIS BICO NOW FLOURISHES. THE PEOPLE'S VOTE SPROUTED FROM HIS
FLOOD AND DREAMS. 11 PAVE REACHED IIE PROMISED LAND. THIS IS THE
NICAPAGUA TEE FOOP SCOGHT TO LIFT TEEM OUT 07 MISERY. TEIS IS THE
NICAPAGJA HTROES SONGET VIEN THEY GAVE JP THEIR LIVES. THIS IS POT
NICAPAGUA TEAT THE FXILES FIPELLED BY THE DISTATORSHIPS ARE SERVING.
THIS IS THE PROMISED LAND. (APPLAUSE))
THIS IS THE PLT' AND HITE VICARAGUA, WITHOUT TYRANTS AVD
IDFOICGIES TEAT DESTROIED Irs REALITIES AND VIPHOUT LIES THAT
CONCEALED CUR HISTORY. THIS IS THE SLESSED VICARAGJA TEAT INSTEAD
OF PURYING CHILDREN IN VARS WILL FJPT 1RMS FOREVER SD
THAT THE VOICE OF CANNONS VILL NEVER, NEVER RCAR AGAIN, AS our
NATIONAL AVISTM PLEADS. ((APPLAUSE))
THERE IS NO SOVEREIGNTY WITHOUT FREEDOM OR JUSTICE VITEOUT
FREEDOM. TERRS CANNOT EVEN EF AVY VICARAGJAN VIDEOJT FREEDOM
PECAUST NICARAGUA'S SOUL AND REASON TO SXIST IS FREEDOM.
POWEVER. FREEDOM ALSO MEANS RESPECT -- RESPEDT FD THE, RIGHTS OF
OTFERS; RESPECT FOR THE LAW; RESPECT FCP THE PROPERTY OF WTHERS.
RESPECT FOR OTHER PEOPLES' FUELINGS AND OPINIONS. FPFEDCM VILL
NEVER IMPLY A. BORED FATHERLAND OF PUPPITS THO THINK ALIKE. FREEDOM
IS & FATHERLAND OF INITIATIVES AND PLURALISM WITH CITIZENS YBC
RESPECT PELIFES AND OPINIONS. MI GOVERNMENT 8A5 PFEN BLESSED WITH
TFIS FREEDOM AND RESPECT.
(MOPF) 251759 MD/PPTIV/FJL JPVI2574.14F 25/22292 APR
BT
#6321
NNNN
UNCLASSIFIED
FBIS CEIVA CEIV 2522322 APR 97
36 688 2522437 SIBC YAIRO SIBS
CEIMISSVIONA
ONE CBA 2508J OJ HONCE SAVE CEA ESCHI OL HONCE FIVS
at 'Jabes BLIP "SWII JHCES Idaa b NI S,I&INDOO ano
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.
" sh TOTAL SIONIISNI In JASM SI THE
PROTERS 281 3⑈ JI 2783 36 17NC NWC 32 aca
a51 SVA IW DNISOOED ENCAV
10848 40 ac SENITITS EACH ON : Ival
((****)) T AM HPRE RECAUSE THE MAJORITY CF THE PEOPLE WANTED
FREEDOM AND RESPECT.
///228192 SPANISH VIORAVA
:110
FORDAS CHROWAC -- TVABABS JC a 3201 : fans
: ABINDO
:Tvidas
000
12:20
16/60/19
04/09/91
12:21
005
UNCLASSIFIED
FRIS CHIVA CETV 2522432 AFR 97
GAVE THEIR LIVES FOR THEIR BELIEFS; BUT BREATER HONOR TO THOS WEO
HAVE UNDERSTOOD TEAM RECONCILIATION IS MUCH MORE GRAUTIFUL THAN
VICTORY " APPLATS ) I CALL 34 EVERYONE TO LIVE AND COEKIST WITH
JOY WITHIN THE SPIRIT OF THOSE AGREEMENTS THAT REPRESENT THE
TRIUMPEANT RETURN OF PRACE. I BPLIFVE IT IS A NATIONAL DUT! TO
FONOR AND DEPPLY THANK, UV BEHALF or THE PEOPLE AND MY GOVERVMENT,
THE FIGHFST PANKING STIRITUAL AUTHORITY, HIS EMINENCE MIGNEL
CARDINAL OBANDO Y BRAVO. OUR MICARAGUAN ARCHBISHOP. ((APPLANS)) AN
UNTIRING FIGHTER FOR RECONCILIATION, MEDIATOR AND WITNESS OF IHE
PEACT AGREEMENTS. HIS EMINENCE THE CARDINAL TAS BYEV 1 BLESSING FOR
OUR COUNTRY RECAUSE OF HIS VORK, EIS HUMBLE WAYS, HIS GENEROSITT,
AN FIS FIRMNESS GUIDED DY THE GOSPEL, VEICH IS THE LIFE FORCE THAT
NOURISERS MORALE. TBC PRATERNAL SPIRIT, AND THE HIGHEST VIRTUES OF
THIS PEOPL" THROUGHOUT HISTORY.
I ADDRESS ALL THOSE 70 VILL HELP ME FOUND A REPUBLIC, THOSE VEO
WILL DF MY MINISTERS, DEPUTY MINISTERS, DIRECTORS OF AUTONOMOUS
AGENCIES, DIFLOMATS, ADVISERS, OFFICIALS, EMPLOYEES, ALL FACTORS IN
THT RECONSTRUCTION OF TO ALL MY PEOPLE, T ASÍ AND DEMAND
TEAT YOU FELP AND SUPPORT ME WITE SOLIDARITI IV PHYSI FOUR MAIN
TASKS: ( (APPLAUSE) ) FIRST, CONSOLIDATE DEMOCRATIC LIBERTIFS; SECOND,
PROMOTE ECONOMIC PRODUCTION TO A MAXIMUM POTENTIAL; THIRD, REDUCE
SOCIAL INFOUALITY AND FOURTH, INSIILL IN ALL OUR ACTIONS THE SPIRLD
OF PECONCILIATION. ((APFLAUSE))
IN THE T'S' FOR THE CONSOLIDATION OF DEMOCRATIC LIBERTITS, I
DEMAND TFE GREATEST PESPONSIBILITY FROM 193 MEN #PO WILL RTPRESENT
THE BRMED BRANCH AND THE POLICE. TO ISEM AND no THT JJOGFS AVD
MAGISTRATES VFO VILL IMPART JUSTICE, VT DEMAND THAT IDI NEVER
TRAMPLE A LAW CR A FREEDOM UNDER "Y GOVERNMENT. ( (APPLAUSE)) I ASK
MY PUOPLE m0 ED ON THE LOOKOUT TO ENSURE THAT NO ABUSES ARE
COMMITTED. IF EACH PERSON DOES HIS JOE, WE WILL EAVE A GOVERNMENT
WITHOUT 5 STAIN IN WHICE vor ONLY L FREE CITIZEN, RUT ALSO THE
CITIZEN WFO IS IN JAIL, VILL RECEIVE THE MOST EUMANE TREATMENT AND
ENJOY EVERY GUARANTEE OF THE LAW.
111
(MCRR) 251322 HMP/PETTY/35 JPNI2524.15E 25/22122 APR
ET
#5322
NNNN
UNCLASSIFIED
FBIS CHIVA CHIV 2522432 AER go
N
006
04/09/91
12:21
SERIAL: 542574212392
COUNTRY: VICARAGIVA
SUIJ:
TAKE 3 OF SEVERAL -- CHAMOPRO INAUGURAL SPEECH
111
PFF:
PA2574273292 MANAGJA DOMESTIC SPANISH 231753//0F THE LAW.
TFXT:
((T"VT)) T AM GOING TO GRANT BROAD AND UNCONDITIONAL AMNESTI FOR
ALL COMMON POLITICAL CRIMES AND RELATED CRIMES COMMITTED BY
NICAPAGUAM INDIVIDUALS 15 OF THIS DATE. THIS AMMISIT #ILL INCLUDE
PERSONS ARRESTED, TRIED, SENTENCED, CP PENDING TRIAL. 1VD TEOSE
CAPTURED ND SENTENCED V°) FAVE SIRVED THEIR SENIENCES, # 70 HAVE NOW
FREN FAVORED FOREVER WITH A PARDON. LIT TEFES BE NO FORTHRING PVFP
AGAIN. ((APPLAJSY)) EJMAN DIGNITY MUST SEINF EVEN IN TTS MOST REMOTT
CFLL DURING MY ADMINISTRATION. ( (APPLAUSE))
V- VILL MACY DEMOCRACY ADVANCE BY GRADUALLY PEDUCING MILITARISM.
(( APPLAUSE. SHOUTS)) EVERY COVELICT IN CENTRAL AMERICA MUST FF
SETTLED TEROUGH DIALOGUE, ACCORDING TO TSE LAW AND WITH FRATERNAL
SPIRIT. non NEW STAGE IN OTR HISTORY DEMANDS THAT NY REDUCT , (TEE
SIZE (F)) TOP ADMI ((APPLA73E)) AND REDUCT ITS PUDGET. 19106 IS
STIFIING TP7 MICAPAGUAN PEOPLE'S ECONOMY. ((\PPLAJSE))
11 MTST METT THE MEAPONS OND SELL THE MFTAI IN TPTM ΓO PARCHASE
MACRINTRY FCP APPICULTTRE AND IVLUSTRY VD TJRV WE'! IS REPING JS
BACKWARD THE , FACTOR FOR PROGRESS. TOBRIHER VITA MY
PESPONSIPILITIES is PRESIDENT OF THE REPUBLIC, I AM ASSUMING TODAY
TPP SUPREME COMMAND OF THE NATION'S ARMED FORCES (( (APPLAUSE, SHOUTS
UNCLASSIFIED
FBIS CHIVA CHIV 2321232 APR 97
04/09/91
12:22
007
UNCL SSIFIED
FRIS CHIVA OFIV 25212 ADF 8?
OF "FICLETA")). no FULFILL, EFGINNING TODAY, TEE FLITFORM FOR VOICE
THE PEOPLE CAVE VOTER, THE ARMED FORCES ARE SUBCRDINATED TO DIVILIAN
AUTHORITY. (ADDLANEE STATES)) TO MNDERSCORE THE DIVIDIAN
AUTHORITY TPAT THE P70PLE VIIL EXPRCISE CVRR THE MILITARI, ! 37 4200
DIRECTLY ASSUMING THE PORTFOLIO OF DEFENSE MINISPER " APPLAUSE,
SECUTS) ) TC PRESONALLY DIRECT THE DEMOBILIZATION AND
(?PEMILITARIZATION) PROCESSES AND TO FND TFE WAR. ( (APPLAUSE) )
NF ARE ENDIVE MILITARISM AND WARMONGPRING TODAY ( (APPLAUSE,
SHOUTS) ) " ESTABLISH A DEFINITIVE, FIRM, AND LASTING PEACE. LCYAL
TO MY PRINCIPLES, TODAY I 4.9 ORDERING THE DEFINITIVE SUSPANSION OF
RECRUITMENT FOR TE OBLIGATORY MILITARY SERVICE ( (APPLAJSF, SHOJIS))
ANT DECREEING THAT YOJTES 190 12E CURRENTLY MOBILIZED RE ALLOWED TO
SECRETY PHRIR TIME IN SERVICE 1V0 PETURN TO THEIR HOMES AS SOON AS
POSSIBIN. ( (APELAUSE, SECJIS) )
WHILE THE DEMOBILIZATION OF TEF RESISTANCE FORCES THAT HAS BEEN
AGREED TO IS COMPLETED. AS WELL AS T35 DEMOBILIZATION OF YOURTS IV
THE MILITARY SERVICE AND PROOFFRY OF WAPONS IN THE EANDS ^ E
CIVILIANS. : E.V. INSTRUCTED APMY GENERAL HUMBERD ORTEGA TO PEMAIN
IN PTS POST. ( (LPPLAUSE, SECURS)) Am TED SAME TIME. GEN. ORIEGA
MUST ESTABLISH IN ORDERLI PROGRAM OF REDUCTION OF DIE ARMED FORCES
AND MUST SHAPANTES SUPORDINATION OF THE MILITARI IO CIVILIAN
AUTHORITIES WITH RESPECT FOR CONSTITUTIONAL ORDER.
(MOPF) 251535 ELN/WASTRACK/LAR EWNI2574.215 25/21232 APR
FT
#5323
NNNN
UNCLASSIFIED
FBIS CHIVA CHIV 2521232 APR 97
26 821 2552222 AIMC VAIBO STAT
'SIHOIS 10
7 NIVINIVA CJ ENIOS RRE 3A OI CESVETe " I RECORDS
SCN99 USAAI ac HERHOI 2Au ASINWEGNI 00 CANSITIVESA as
TTIN ( (55045884) ) : TTIA ONL
01 WHOSED 3.1 as PART 3. OBNEISST SeliaudCHa CARD
'3866 CJ INVN I ) 41
JAVK ac INSWIRIED EEI CL Inc SHEW 80 AV. ENO
NI "dbal SACIINGAREINI ONV SNCIVOSIINOO ONST MOTT: TIIM SMIT
JC BEGWON } STEWESS 361 CAIONES WV 1 *37d0ad 3HL 40
3671 IBL NI PLACE NELVI TAVE IVEA SNCIJOY ISCIND 1EJ IDad800 JJ
*asked 40 ESAFV saw do
BECCURE INSWEDISME -- 30 ASTI
dad Si POPE ITCP y JAFA CIMI ITVs JCN of Jal MASSANCE iC
NOTIFICASH 51585 3EI N1 JEON 376031 333 'SSED DISVA SIAL
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GAF Jbbbf BEJ AC JNBCC I DIWONO.E 1500d
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:aad
Bounds INVOICE CHROLVED -- 8 10 + and : r a n s
800
12:22
16/60/40
04/09/91
12:23
009
UNCLASSIFIED
FPIS CHIVA CUIV 7522327 AFP 97
! 5552 TONT TO ASSURE ALL OF YOU THAT LANS THAT WERE RECENTLY
PASSED NNN THAT 10 ATAINST PPE NATION'S INTERESTS VILL BY REVISED
(APELAUSE)) TEATS I no NOT RELIEVE IF CAN MA:F ARRICRARY USE OF
VEAT IS FIRT CF THE NATION'S CAPITAL. ((APPLAJSE)) ON THIS MATTER,
I AGAIN ASK AIL NITARATUANS TO CREP A CLOSE VATCE ON AIL ACTIONS
WITH SHGARD TO THIS MATTER. AVY DESERVED ABJST MJST "E REPORTED so
TEAT NO ONE TAKES ADVANTAGE CF HIS POSITION, SO TEAT 13 ALL JAVE THE
SAME OPPORTUMITIES, AND SO TEAT CUR ECONOMY IS TRULY
TC WURTEER THIS BURPOST, WE WILL ALSO ELIMINATE ALL CONTROLS AND
REQUIATIONS mgam HINDERED AND STAGNATED ECONOMIC PRODUCTION AND
CREATIVITY. YE 197 JOING TO RECONSTRUCT JTR ECONOMY WITH THE
BIGGEST AND MOST FORTHFUL MECHANISM AV-ILAPLE IO UNLTASH PEOPLE'S
CREATIVE ENERGY -- VF ARE GOING TO JSF FREEDOM. THE FARM OWNER WILL
PF ADL" TO DECIDE WHAT 37 IS GOING TO PRODUCE, TO WHOM TE WILL SELL
#5AT BF HAS PRODUCED. AND MEGOTIATE THE PRICE FOR FIS CROPS.
WORKERS MILL TO 3238 "0 ORGANIZE THEMSPLATES AND WORK WESREVER THEY
WANT IN TYPE OF OCCUPATION THEY PREFER, AND VEGOTIATE
THEIR WAGES. BUSINDSSMON WILL RT FREE TO CHOOSE IN WHAT ACTIVITY
Tony VANT TO INVEST AND WHAT RISK THEY VANT TO TA'E TV THEIR
PUSINESSES. THEY VILL EE FREE TO JIN OR LOOSE. YOUTHS WILL EF FREE
TO STUDY 05 "C -PEELY CHOOSE THEIR OCCUPATION, INSTEAD OF BFING
OFFICER TO MATE OF T9F TERRIBLE OCCUPATION OF VAR. ((1PPLAUS))
Y7 GOVERNMENT VILL PROTECT THE WEAKEST, MOSI VULNPRABLE SECTORS
-- OPPHANS, WIDOVS. 0LD PEOPLE, VAR CRIPPLES -- AND IN 1 LIKE
MANNER, I IM GOING TO PRINT TO THI NICAPATUANS PAPATPIOTISM SO THAT
XF NOY CONSTRUCT P PROSPEROJS FJTURE FOR ALL.
ON ENDING, I HANT TO ANVOINCE THAT MY GOVERNMENT WILD PROMOTE
DEVELOPMENT AND DEFIND OUR ENVIRONMENT. NI WIIL FORM 1 NEW
ORGANIZATION TO WATCH OVER. PROFECT, AND DEFEND OUR ENVIRONMENT.
NATURE FSS FEEN SO GENEROUS WITH US. VI HAVE TO DEFEND OUR ECOLOGY
so THAT WE ARE ABLT TO PROGRESS IN A MANNER THAT IS ORDERLY AND
RESPECTFUL OF OUR GEOGRAPHY. NE HAVE TO MARS RATIONAL USE OF OUR
ENVIPONMENTAL RESOURCES. ((APPLAUSE)) WE WILL MANAGE OJR DEVELOPMENT
IN SUCH 1 VAY TEAT, IN ADDITION TO RECEIVING BENEFITS, WE WILL
RECOVER TODAY WHAT P10 BFEN LOST BECAUSE OF THE ACTIONS OF PAST
DISTATORIAL REGIMES TEAT SQUANDPRED .ND NEGLECTED OJR CEILDREN'S
IR ACY -- THESE FERTILE AND PEAJTIFUL LANDS THAT HAVE BEEN ADMIRED
EV JOURNALISTS AND THAVELSRS OF PAST CENTURIES. IN OUR DEFENSE OF
ECOIOGY, WP WILL ALSO RESPECT THE TIGHT FOSION OF THE PACIFIC AND
TPF ATLANTIC AS THEY JOIN IV AV EMBRACE OF RECONCILIATION BETWEEN
" MEN AND IAND.
(MORT) 251733 DV/WASTRACK/HS
RWNI2524.73 25/22317 APR
PT
#5329
NNNN
UNCLASSIVIED
FPIS CHIVA CHIV 2522377 APR 90
26 APR 2522422 AIRC VAISE SIBI
HAVE TTIM PROPER 3E1 IVEL CS GNF 'SNCILVIDOSS#
"SNCIND HOROR 361 ISOn 1/
HISEI SAVE 5883801 831 BEELN adv
ascn 8" SEI C J 1811 PAN LAID ISHA AM ONY
'SIEI MENVED JSOW 11 ONE Ell/ пады
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TTV TTIP GK AND i NI SMAL
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CBP MSOAL 3ad LIMENEE INIVA TITE achooss
TTIP HA EITVEN 381 IVEJ CS PLANS TAVE I *CENTATION ISMI daid I
SHOSVEL 381 CJ NCIJICOV NI SIEJ HASIBOV C a 88080 N1
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* UNET
PA2574273792 MANAGJA DOMESTIC SPANISH 231758//MEN AND
:aad
SPEECH CHECKVES -- E ac E SANI :Tans
VOEVaTOIN
:Tvlaas
010
12:22
16/60/19
04/09/91
12:24
011
UNCLASSIFIED
FBIS CHIVA CEIV 2522422 APR 30
INITIATIVES. RESPONSIPILITIES, AND PARTICIPATION IN PUBLIC AFFAIRS.
TFC FOURT" TAS' IS TO PAVE THE SPIRIT OF RECONCILIATION PRESENT
IN ALL OF OUR AUTIONS. TITS IS TPE MOST IMPORTANT TAS TEAT A
DIVIDED AND INFOVERISHED NICARAG JA DEMANDS. THE COUNTRY IS FILLED
WITH DISAGRPEMENTS. AND VR ARE LEFT Vita BAD MEMORIES. you MUST
OVERCOMP THIS SAD HERITAGE FOR THE SALE OF OJR FATHERLAND AND OF OJR
CEILDREN. in MUST - 8 GREAT AND GENEROUS IN ORDER TO RECONCILE ALL
NIC*FAGTANS. ONCE AND FOR ALL. THOSE WILL BE OUR CUIDELINES. WE
WILL RAISE THAT PEAUTIFUL FLAG OF PEACE AND PUMANISM.
IN THE SAMP MANNER THAT WE WERE THE REASON FOR CENTRAL AMERICAN
CONTROVERSI IN THE PAST, WF WILL BECOME IN THE FJTURE \ CEVIDAL
AMERICAN UNION SUPPORTING EVERYTHING THAT MILL REFSTABLISE TEF UNITI
CF AIL CENTRAL AMERICANS, TIF GULTURAL COMMUNITY. THE CENTRAL
AMERICAN COMMON MARKET, THE CENTRAL AMERICAN PARLIAMENT. VE VILL
ATSC SUPPORT ALL JOINT REFORTS MEICE WILL UNITE THIS PRESTIGIOUS AND
GREAT THAT PROCLAIMED A UNITED INDEPENDENCE AS A SIGN OF
SCLIDARITY aND FRATERNAL DESTINY.
I FAVE CROSSN TOP MSMBERS OF MY CABINET WITH TEF FIRM PURPOSE OF
IMPLEMENTING TEF GOVERNMENT PLATFORM I ORFERED THE VICARAGUANS
DURING MY FIRSTOPAL CAMPAIGN, AND OF GUARANTSTING THE RECONCILIATION
TEAT OUR COUNTRY URGENTLY NEEDS.
AT THIS MOMENT. I WANT " PAY HOMAGE TO 1 GREAT CENTRAL AMERICAN
WHO DESIGNED TSE PEACE PLAN, WED CHANGED THE WAR SITUATION TO A
PEACE SITUATION. T AM REFERRING TO COSTA RICAN ORCAR ARIAS SANCEEZ
((APFLAUSE)), VHO RECEIVED THE VELL-DESERVED NOBEL PEACE PRIZE.
(MORD) 251758 LO/MEVER-PRICE/ES 20/22122 APP
PT
#6332
NNNN
UNCLASSI IED
FEIS CHIVA CHIV 2522422 APP 92
04/09/91
12:25
012
SERVI: FA2504224497
COUNTRY: VIC:PAGUA
SUFJ:
TAGE 5 OF 5 -- CHAMOREO INAUGURAL SPEECH
RFF:
842574273292 MANAGJA DOMESTIC SPANISH 251758//NOBEL PEACE
PRIZE.
TFXT:
( (TFY)) T HOPE T O S T EIS PIAV CONDINJES TO ATTAIN PEACE, AND
THAT ONCE DEMOCRACY If ACHIEVED THE NEXT STEP WILL BE TRT COMPLETE
DEMILITARIZATION OF AIL CENTRAL AMERICA. WE WILL THEN BF A MODEL OF
COMMISTENCE 1ND FRATERVITY FOR THE WORLD.
TO MY RECOGNITION OF PRESIDENT ARIAS. I ADD THE OTHER CENTRAL
AMERICAN PRESIDENTS. LIKENISE, MY GOVERNMENT'S GRATITIOF -- WITHOUT
.11 PAPTISAN POUNDARIES -- TO ALL THE COUNTRIES 1ND FOREIGN INSTITUTIONS
WRICE FAVE PROVED TERIR GOOD WILL TOWARD NICARAGUA BY GIVING US ALL
FINDS OF ECONOMIC AND CULTURAL SUPPORT WITH 4 GENEROSITY WHICH MOVES
US. WF POPE TO PT WORTHY. INPOUGH OUR GOVERNMENT ACTIONS, OF THE
DEMOCRATIC SUPPORT AND SOLIDARITY WE RECEIVED FROM TES WORLD.
UPON RESTORING DEMOCRACY AND LIBERTY, VICARAGJA WILL JOIN THE
UNIVERSIT PANKS "SITE DEFEND MAN AND 313 RIGHTS. AZ WILL STRIVE TO
ACRIEVE THE 3046 OF NATIONAL !VD CENTRAL AMERICAN UNITI b"
ESTATL SHING TFR PRIOFITY OF GIVING OUR CHILDREN AND YOUTFS AN
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MODERN IN THE TECENICAL AND SCIEVTIFIC ORDER, AND -- SIMULTANEOUSLY
-- TVF MOST HUMAN IN THE FORMATION OF TPE NICARAGUAN MAN AS THE
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12:25
16/60/19
04/09/91
12:26
014
Violeta CHAMORRO
NICARAGUA
(Phonetic: aMOHRro)
President-Elect (since February 1990)
Addressed us: Mrs. Chamorro
National Opposition Union (UNO) candidate
Violeta Chamorro soundly defeated incumbent
President Daniel Orlega in an election that
received worldwide attention. Her inauguration on
25 April 1990 will end the Sandinista National
Liberation Front's more than 10 years in power.
Chamorro was a member of the ruling junta of the
Government of National Reconstruction. which
governed Nicaragua after the Sandinistas
overthrew Anastasio Somoza in 1979: she resigned
after serving for eight months. Although she heads
UNO's 14-party coulition, she does not belong to a
political party.
Chamorro is the widow of assassinated newspaper publisher Pedro Juaquin Chamorro,
who is widely revered in Nicaragua as a martyr for free expression. Since her husband's
death in 1978. she has been coowner and publisher of the opposition newspaper La Prensa.
She has been a vocal critic of press censorship by the Sandinista regime.
Chamorro was born on 18 October 1929 into a wealthy family that was prominent in
the Conservative Party. She attended Spanish-language Catholic schools in the United
States for three years. She briefly studied at Blackstone College in Virginia, where she
learned secretarial skills. In 1950 she married Pedro Joaquin Chamorro. Her four children
are split along pro- and anti-Sandinista lines: Pedro Joaquin, 38, is 3 former member of the
Nicaraguan Resistance Directorate: Claudia, 16, is a former Sandinista Ambussador to
Costa Rica: Cristiana, 35, is the oditor of La Prensa: and Carlos, 33, is the editor of
Barricada. a Sandinista daily.
Chamorro has traveled in Latin America and Western Europe and has visited Japan
and truy. She speaks a little English. In 1986 Harvard presented her with an award for
conscientious journalism.
9 March 1990
CONFIDENTIAL
RECORD ID: 9102428
the
NSC/S PROFILE
RECEIVED: 03 APR 91 08
TO: SCOWCROFT
DECLASSIFIED
White House Guidelines
E.O. 12958, SEC 3.4 (B), August 28, 1997
FROM: ROY, J
By am NARA, Date 10/29/04
DOC DATE: 06 APR 91
SOURCE REF: 9106056
KEYWORDS: NICARAGUA
VISIT
PERSONS: CHAMORRO, VIOLETA B
SUBJECT: PRES REMARKS FOR DEPARTURE CEREMONY RE PRES CHAMORRO VISIT 15 - 17
APR
ACTION: ADD-ON / APPROPRIATE ACTION
DUE DATE: 10 APR 91
STATUS: S
STAFF OFFICER: PACELLI
LOGREF: 9100897 9101047
FILES: WH
NSCP:
CODES:
DOCUMENT DISTRIBUTION
FOR ACTION
FOR CONCURRENCE
FOR INFO
PACELLI
PRYCE
COMMENTS:
DISPATCHED BY
DATE
BY HAND W/ATTCH
OPENED BY: NSDAI
CLOSED BY:
DOC 2 OF 3
CONFIDENTIAL
9106056/2
United States Department of State
Washington, D.C. 20520
Anril 6, 1991
CONFIDENTIAL
MEMORANDUM FOR BRENT SCOWCROFT
THE WHITE HOUSE
Subject:
Chamorro Visit: Presidential Remarks
Attached are remarks which may be used in the President's
statement at the departure ceremony for Nicaraguan President
Chamorro.
for
J. Stapleton Roy
Executive Secretary
Attachment:
As stated.
does
statement
DESCRIBE
DECLASSIFIED
Department of State Guidelines
E.O. 12958, SEC 3.4 (B), July 21, 1997
By Rane NARA, Date 10/29/04
Madame President, I want to thank you again for coming to
Washington. It was a great pleasure for me to see you again
and to strengthen our countries' close and enduring friendship.
Since the last time we met here in Washington, Nicaragua has
joined the proud ranks of the world's democracies. In its
first year, your administration ended a civil war, restored
democratic freedoms to its people, accepted the legislature and
courts as equal partners in government and began to address the
serious economic crisis you inherited from the Sandinistas.
Madame President, many difficult tasks lie before you. But you
are not alone. We helped you before your election and during
the past year. We will continue that help in the future. We
will encourage other members of the world community to do as
much as they can to help you and your country. The democracies
of the world will come to your aid, as they will come to the
aid of the many, many other countries that also have chosen
democracy.
De Toqueville said that a democratic people's "unbounded
imagination grows beyond all measure. Democracy opens the
future." Madame President, your election sparked the
zgol
hemisphere's imagination and opened a bright new future for
your own country. After the time we have spent together, I am
more confident than ever that the Nicaraguan people, under your
leadership, will be able to meet the serious challenges before
them.
Nicaragua's courage and its love of democracy has earned the
respect of the United States and of the world. When you return
to Nicaragua, you can tell your people that they can count on
the friendship and assistance of the United States as well.
Drafted: ARA/P - DAGray/
ACC
SEARAP 3739 4/4/91 x74727 "VC visit statements"
Cleared: ARA/P - PPeters Aw to
ARA/CEN - PFRomero
PA - MDillen
S/P - VMartinez
C - MFoulon
P - CBlakeman
droft.
ARA/FO - JGSullivan
- BAronson
CONFIDENTIAL
RECORD ID: 9102428
NSC/S PROFILE
RECEIVED: 03 APR 91 08
TO: SCOWCROFT
4/9
DECLASSIFIED
White House Guidelines
FROM: ROY, J
DOC DATE: 06 APR 91
E.O. 12958, SEC 3.4 (B), August 28, 1997
SOURCE REF: 9106056
By RM NARA, Date 10/29/04
KEYWORDS: NICARAGUA
VISIT
PERSONS: CHAMORRO, VIOLETA B
SUBJECT: PRES REMARKS FOR DINNER TOAST RE CHAMORRO VISIT 15 - 17 APR
ACTION: ADD-ON / APPROPRIATE ACTION
DUE DATE: 10 APR 91
STATUS: S
STAFF OFFICER: PACELLI
LOGREF: 9100897 9101047
FILES: WH
NSCP:
CODES:
DOCUMENT DISTRIBUTION
FOR ACTION
FOR CONCURRENCE
FOR INFO
PACELLI
...
PRYCE
COMMENTS:
DISPATCHED BY
DATE
BY HAND W/ATTCH
OPENED BY: NSDAI
CLOSED BY:
DOC 4 OF 4
CONFIDENTIAL
9106056/1
United States Department of State
Washington, D.C. 20520
April 6, 1991
CONFIDENTIAL
MEMORANDUM FOR BRENT SCOWCROFT
THE WHITE HOUSE
Subject:
Chamorro Visit: Presidential Remarks
Attached are remarks which may be used in the President's
dinner toast for Nicaraguan President Chamorro.
JCang L for
J. Stapleton Roy
Executive Secretary
Attachment:
As stated.
DECLASSIFIED
Department of State Guidelines
E.O. 12958, SEC 3.4 (B), July 21, 1997
By Run NARA, Date 10/29/04
We are here tonight in honor of President Violeta Chamorro of
Nicaragua. Just over one year ago, this courageous woman
captured the hearts of lovers of democracy across the world
with her stunning electoral victory over the Sandinistas.
Nicaragua joined the growing roll of democratic countries
because of her untiring efforts in a difficult election
campaign.
President Chamorro, your years at the helm of Nicaragua's only
opposition newspaper prepared you to take on that burden. You
followed in the footsteps of your husband, Pedro Joaquin
Chamorro, murdered for his democratic beliefs. He once said
that "free expression is not a gift of governments, it is a
right of peoples." Under your Government, Nicaraguans again
exercise that right without fear.
You gave the Nicaraguan people peace after years of conflict.
You ended the military draft that had forced many young
Nicaraguans into the army and others into the Resistance, then
cut that unnecessary army and reduced its budget. Inspired by
your example of courage and promise of assistance, the
Resistance laid down their arms and returned to civilian life.
We hope that this example can be followed soon in El Salvador
and Guatemala.
You face many challenges in the coming years. Nicaragua's
economy was devastated and looted over ten long years of
misrule. One of the most productive economies in Central
America had been reduced to 1940s levels. State controls
stifled the efforts of Nicaraguans to raise themselves from
poverty.
President Chamorro has embarked on a bold program of
free-market economic reforms. Her plan drew praise from
international donors when it was presented at the World Bank in
Washington last month. We will join with those donors to
support her economic reform efforts with our own aid program --
more than half a billion dollars -- and increased opportunities
for trade and investment.
With the help of the international community, but most
importantly with the faith and support the Nicaraguan people
have in their new democratic government, I am confident that
she will succeed.
I ask you all to join me in a toast to my friend and colleague,
President Chamorro. May Nicaragua find a bright future under
her leadership.
Drafted: ARA/P - DAGray no
SEARAP 3739 4/4/91 x74727 "VC visit statements"
Cleared: ARA/P - PPeters Dtb for
ARA/CEN - PFRomero
PA - MDillen
S/P - VMartinez
C - MFoulon
doft.
P 1. CBlakeman
ARA/FO - JGSullivan
- BAronson
THE WHITE HOUSE
WASHINGTON
April 5, 1991
MEMORANDUM FOR WHITE HOUSE AND OEOB PASSHOLDERS
FROM:
DEBRA ROMASH
DIRECTOR
A
VISITORS OFFICE
SUBJECT:
ARRIVAL CEREMONY: WEDNESDAY, APRIL 17, 1991
FOR PRESIDENT VIOLETA CHAMORRO OF NICARAGUA
The Official Arrival Ceremony for President Violeta Chamorro of
Nicaragua, will be held on Wednesday, April 17, 1991 at 10:00
a.m. All passholders are cordially invited to attend.
Passholders should submit the names, dates of birth and
social security numbers of their guests to the Visitors Office.
This will be a ticketed event and your guests will need a ticket
to attend. All lists must be submitted to the Visitors Office
by 5:00 p.m. on Friday, April 12, 1991.
The tickets can be picked up at the East Appointment Gate between
12:00 noon and 3:00 p.m. on Tuesday, April 16th.
Those attending the ceremony must arrive at the White House by
8:30 a.m., on the day of the event. Gate assignments will be on
their tickets. Please remind all ticket holders to bring a form
of identification, as security concerns require checking names at
the gates.
Passholders will not need a ticket.
Staff is reminded that the gold rope areas, surrounding the
podium, are for special ticket holders only; guests of the
Administration. Guests for that area must be cleared through
the Visitors Office.
Thank you for your attention to the above guidelines.
TUESDAY
TO:
CAROL
FROM:
BETH
SUBJECT:
HEAD HOLY NICARAGUAN HONCHO
Hi. A few specific questions:
I
the
section
up
Fodor's
on
(history,
background,
etc.)
2. Could you call someone (perhaps the Nicaraguan desk at
the Library of Congress) and ask:
-best Nicaraguan poet, essayist, etc. to quote (and
sample quotes) ;
--particularly important person from history to mention
(make sure is politically in tune with Violeta)
--patron saint of Nicaragua (I think it's "La Purisima'
-- what does that mean/stand for?
3. Could you find out (Nicaraguan Embassy?) :
-have the President and Violeta met? Any anecdotes
-particularly well-known anecdotes revealing her
character
--can you find out the poem she has in her office (it's
one
one by Pablo Antonio Cuadra -- apparently a modern-day one)
--some of her best quotes (from speeches, etc.)
evib.
--what's the most important thing she stands for?
what's the most important thing to her (e.g.
there
religion, family, etc.)
motto
4. What are the country's seal, flag, symbol, quote, etc.?
Services of Mead Data Central
PAGE
28
22ND STORY of Level 2 printed in FULL format.
Copyright (c) 1990 The Perth Corporation;
Defense & Foreign Affairs Weekly
March 5, 1990
SECTION: LEADERSHIP PROFILE; Volume XVI, No. 9; Number 372, Third Series; Pg. 7
LENGTH: 299 words
HEADLINE: Violetta Barrios de Chamorro, President-elect of Nicarauga
BODY:
Violetta Chamorro was born in 1929, the daughter of a US-educated cattleman
and a member of the Nicaraguan rural elite. After three years of college in
Texas and Virginia, she married Pedro Joaquin Chamorro Cardenal of Managua, son
of a newspaper owner and member of one of Nicaragua's most well-known families.
Although both Mr and Mrs Chamorro came from the upper class -- the social level
with the greatest support for the Somoza dictatorship -- Mr Chamorro was
ardently anti-Somoza and used his publication, La Prensa, as a forum for
opposition to the Government. His career was Violetta Chamorro's introduction
to politics. Pedro Chamorro was assassinated in Managua on January 10, 1978, by
still unknown assailants, and his assassination served as the catalyst for a
popular uprising against the Somoza Government. When the Sandinista guerillas
forced Somoza's departure in July 1979, Violetta Chamorro was part of the
five-member revolutionary ruling group, along with future President Daniel
Ortega Saavedra. However, she became disillusioned with the Sandinista movement
within a year and resigned, returning to La Presna and remobilizing the contra
opposition forces, but now against the ruling Sandinistas. Her family remains
split between sandinista supporters and contras, with two of her four children
among the leaders of the Sandinista movement. Violetta Chamorro formed the
National Opposition Union (UNO) -- a coalition of 14 opposition parties - in
the summer of 1989 as an alternative to the Sandinista Government. In the
February 25 vote, proclaimed free and fair by the many international opposition
groups in Nicaragua for the elections, the UNO won a decisive victory over the
Sandinistas, and Violetta Chamorro became President of Nicaragua.
LEXIS® NEXIS® LEXIS® ® NEXIS ®
TO:
CAROL
FROM:
BETH
SUBJECT:
HEAD HOLY NICARAGUAN HONCHO
Hi. A few specific questions:
1 Could you xerox the section in Fodor's on Nicaragua
(history, background, character, etc.)
2. Could you call someone (perhaps the Nicaraguan desk at
the Library of Congress) and ask:
--best Nicaraguan poet, essayist, etc. to quote (and
sample quotes) ;
--particularly important person from history to mention
(make sure is politically in tune with Violeta)
--patron saint of Nicaragua (I think it's "La Purisima"
-- what does that mean/stand for?
3. Could you find out (Nicaraguan Embassy?) :
--have the President and Violeta met? Any anecdotes
--particularly well-known anecdotes revealing her
character
--can you find out the poem she has in her office (it's
one by Pablo Antonio Cuadra -- apparently a modern-day one)
--some of her best quotes (from speeches, etc.)
--what's the most important thing she stands for?
--what's the most important thing to her (e.g.
religion, family, etc.)
4. What are the country's seal flag, symbol, quote, etc.?
motor
5. Copy of Quayle's remarks from Inauguration
(Jeb Bush: (305) 536-3744)
Phil Peters
647-4726(7)
cons. maybe
State
Aronson's Pressman
NICARAGUA QUESTIONS
What is the best Nicaraguan poet/essayist that we could quote?
Nat'l poet RuebenDario
-- Is there an important person in Nicaraguan history to whom we
could make a reference? Someone who is politically in tune
with President Chamorro?
Sandino (not a communist)
hewas
1930's
Nationalist,
gave Markists a brush off
so she.
-- Who is the patron saint of Nicaragua? President Chamorro talks
about "La Purisima" in the Parade article. What is that??
Virgin Many as purest of all
-- Have the two Presidents met? met?\
she met him as a candidate last Sept. at Sum. Children
-- Any anecdotes or funny/poignant stories between the two of them?
Met at U.N. (call Bill Pryce) ask about anecdotes
She gave POTUS aplague of a gun used by contras
Bernie Aronson's got one, too.
Country's motto/Campaign motto?
-- Country seal/flag/symbol
will fax
place
figure of hist
placemaker & great liberator
-- What is the most important thing she stands for?
remove and tensing causes oftensions
reconciliation
+kids/family
takes great courage to dothis.
are divided
something she knows
well how to do.
-- What is most important to her? Family? Religion? Country?
all equally important
-- What is the poem she has in her office by Pablo Antonio Cuadra?
LAtimes article described it
a month ago
Grandold man
of LaPrensa
wrote itabouther.
anecdote
You've BP done SO much weapons
bring peace down the to
epestand,
layda cherish you we effort. this
behind
Research Memorandum
United States Information Agency
Washington, D.C. 20547
Office of Research
USIA
March 27, 1991
NICARAGUAN SUPPORT FOR CHAMORRO IS SOLID
This report is one of a series based on a USIA-commissioned survey in Nicaragua
using a representative, nationwide sample of 1200 adults aged 18 and up. Face-to-face
interviews were conducted between January 7 - 13, 1991 by Doxa, a Venezuelan polling
firm which correctly gauged pro-Chamorro opinion prior to the Nicaraguan
presidential elections of February 1990. Companion reports cover other aspects of
Nicaraguan public opinion, including attitudes toward the Sandinistas and Contras,
and perceptions of the overall social, economic, and political situation.
KEY FINDINGS:
Nicaraguan support for Violeta Chamorro is undiminished; the President is
endorsed by three-quarters of the Nicaraguan public (77%). Half have a very
favorable opinion of Chamorro.
Six-in-ten view both the UNO coalition and the Chamorro Cabinet favorably.
The UNO rift between conciliationists and hardliners appears to have had little
impact on Chamorro's grass-roots support.
Almost two-thirds of Nicaraguans are pleased with Chamorro's handling of the
Presidency. Reasons most often cited for satisfaction are her termination of the
war and the abolition of Sandinista rule. Opinion is divided on whether she has
been "too weak" (44%) or "about right" (41%) in her approach to the Sandinistas.
Chamorro's reform efforts are applauded by two-thirds or more of the population.
However, a majority oppose her efforts to reduce the size of the public sector.
Figure 1: Opinion of President Chamorro Widely Favorable
Very favorable
51%
DK/NR 5%
26%
Very unfavorable 8%
Somewhat favorable
Somewhat unfavorable 10%
2
Endorsement of Chamorro Remains Widespread
A broad sector of the Nicaraguan population continues to endorse both Violeta
Chamorro and her administration, contrary to the expectations of many that the failure
to fully address critical problems had weakened public support since the February,
1990 election.¹ Three-fourths of the population (77%) have a positive opinion of
Chamorro (half view her very favorably). Both lesser and better educated Nicaraguans
agree in this assessment; more surprisingly, half of the Sandinista partisans also hold
favorable opinions of the President. This level of approbation equals that accorded
Cardinal Miguel Obando y Bravo and exceeds Chamorro's election vote by twenty
percentage points (Table 1A,1B, Figures 1,2).
Figure 2: Opinion of Chamorro Remains High;
Cabinet Members, FSLN and Contra Leaders Are Less Esteemed
77
Very Favorable
Somewhat Unfavorable
53
Somewhat Favorable
Very Unfavorable
41
37
36
31
(18)
(35)
(42)
(49)
(57)
(58)
Chamorro
Lacayo
Godoy
D. Ortega
H. Ortega
Ruben
Majorities Approve Both Cabinet and UNO
Solid majorities of Nicaraguans also endorse both the ruling UNO coalition and the
Chamorro Cabinet as a whole (61% and 62%). While Sandinista supporters are less
likely to hold a positive opinion of UNO, almost one-in-two views the Cabinet favorably
(48%; Tables 2A, 2B, Figure 3).
1. February 25, 1990 Presidential election results: Chamorro 55%, Ortega 41%.
2. For purposes of clarity, this report refers only to two political groups, the self-identified
members of UNO or its coalition parties and the self-identified Sandinistas. (A third group,
those describing themselves with no party affiliation or as "Independents," are included in the
tables.) Only two educational groups, those with no education and incomplete primary school
and those with a completed high-school education or more, are discussed as well. See footnotes
to Tables 1A and 1B for fuller descriptions of these groups.
3
Figure 3: UNO Enjoys Wide Support; Majorities Reject FSLN, Contras
61
Very Favorable
40
Somewhat Favorable
33
Somewhat Unfavorable
Very Unfavorable
(31)
(52)
(58)
UNO
Contra/RN
FSLN
UNO Split Reduces Popularity of Contenders But Has Little Impact On
Party Support
The rift which has developed in the UNO coalition between those supporting
conciliation toward the Sandinistas as advocated by Chamorro's close advisor Antonio
Lacayo, and those preferring the hardline non-concessionary approach to the FSLN
promoted by Vice-President Virgilio Godoy may be a factor behind the relatively modest
levels of support enjoyed by both (53% approval for Lacayo, 41% for Godoy; Table 1A,
Figure 2). However, only about a third of the Nicaraguan population (36%) views one
man favorably and the other disfavorably, indicating that public opinion has not
polarized. One-in four (26%) has a favorable opinion of both men, while an almost
equal number views both men with disfavor (22%; Table 1C).³
Chamorro's Presidency Earns High Marks For Ending War, Sandinista
Rule
In addition to the wide personal endorsement given President Chamorro by the
Nicaraguan public, six-in-ten (63%) specifically express satisfaction with the way Dona
Violeta has handled the job of president. As expected, self-described Sandinistas are
more than twice as likely as the general public and four times more likely than
government supporters to be critical of Chamorro's presidency. The higher-educated
sector of society is also somewhat more likely to express disfavor (Table 3).
3. The final days of campaigning for the office of National Assembly President took place
during survey fieldwork and was heavily covered in the news media. Both factions of UNO had
candidates for the position: the pro-conciliation Lacayo faction, represented by Alfredo Cesar,
prevailed with the help of the Sandinista bloc votes. As Table 1A reveals, Cesar also receives
mixed opinions from the public.
4
Probed for the principal reason for their satisfaction or dissatisfaction with her efforts
as President, twice as many of those satisfied cite either the fact that she ended the
decade-long civil war (31%) or that she abolished the Sandinista government (36%) as
mention any other reason. Motives for dissatisfaction center on the perception that she
has not fulfilled her campaign promises (28%), is indecisive (25%), or that the economy
has not begun to improve (23%). The lesser educated are almost three times more
likely to be concerned about the economy as the better educated, who in turn are most
likely dissatisfied with her indecisiveness; Table 4).⁴
Reform Efforts Are Also Widely Endorsed
A series of reform initiatives undertaken by President Chamorro to address critical
economic and social issues is also firmly endorsed by the Nicaraguan public. Large
majorities approve her efforts to achieve a reconciliation between all socio-political
sectors ("concertacion;" 87%), her promotion of private sector growth (80%), the
introduction of the dollar-based "gold" cordova (76%), the reduction of the military
budget (72%), and the return of confiscated properties to previous owners (68%). Only
Dona Violeta's effort to reduce the size of the public sector is opposed, indeed by a
significant majority (70%; Table 5, Figure 4).
Figure 4: Support for Chamorro Reforms is Widespread
"Concertacion"
(7)
87
Very Much in Favor
Private Sector Growth
(15)
80
Somewhat in Favor
Somewhat Opposed
Gold Cordova
(16)
76
Very Much Opposed
Reduce Military Budget
(26)
72
Return Confiscated Property
(29)
68
Reduce Public Sector
(70)
28
4. Inflation reached over 10,000% during the past year and 30-40% are unemployed.
Interviewing took place well before the initiation of new economic adjustment measures on
March 3, 1990.
5
But Opinion Is Mixed On Chamorro's Policy Toward The Sandinistas
Notwithstanding the broad expressions of support for President Violeta Chamorro
personally, for her handling of the presidency, and for her reform efforts, as many
Nicaraguans criticize her concessionary approach to the Sandinista opposition as
approve. Asked specifically for their opinion on Chamorro's dealings with the
Sandinistas, better than four-in-ten (44%) say that Chamorro has been "too weak" on
issues involving Sandinista prerogatives. Almost as many (41%) believe her
conciliatory efforts to have been "about right," reflecting the belief that her working-
arrangement with the Sandinistas is the best approach. Less than one-in-ten believes
Chamorro has been "too strong" with the Sandinistas (most of these are FSLN
partisans). Most opinions of weakness are heard within the President's own coalition
party: two-thirds of UNO supporters say she has been weak, a figure which echoes the
repeated assertions from some UNO factions that it is the Sandinistas, through control
of the army and the strong FNT labor union, rather than the Chamorro/UNO
administration, which in effect runs Nicaragua. An identical number of Sandinistas,
not surprisingly, expresses satisfaction with the Chamorro approach (Table 6).
Prepared by:
Nancy C. Llach (619-5111)
M-45-91
Approved by:
Ronald H. Hinckley, Director of Research
6
HOW THIS POLL WAS TAKEN
This survey of Nicaraguan public opinion was conducted by means of face-to-face
interviews with 1200 adults, aged 18 and older, residing nationwide (except in the
Atlantic Coast areas -- 6% of total population). Fieldwork took place January 7 -13,
1991, with the Office of Research receiving full tables on February 21.
Survey questions were written by the USIA Office of Research and translated by the
contractor, with the analyst's final approval. Sample construction and fieldwork were
performed by DOXA, C.A. of Caracas, Venezuela, one of the few firms to successfully
tap the majority pro-Chamorro support prior to the February, 1990 elections.
Nicaraguan interviewers and supervisors conducted interviewing after extensive
training by the contractor in the presence of the analyst.
The nationally-representative sampling design combined several probability selection
methods, including stratified, systematic random, and quota selection by age and sex to
ensure distribution according to the demographic profile of the population. Ninety-five
times out of one hundred, results from samples of this design and size will yield results
which differ by no more that approximately 3 percentage points in either direction from
what would have been obtained were it possible to interview every adult in Nicaragua.
The comparison of smaller subgroups will increase the margin of error (for example, the
margin of error for self-defined Sandinistas is 5 - 7%). In addition to sampling error,
the practical difficulties of conducting a survey of public opinion may introduce other
sources of error into the results.
7
TABLE 1A: OPINION OF VARIOUS POLITICAL LEADERS
Question:
I have a list of names of some political leaders from Nicaragua and other
countries. As I read them, I would like you tell me if you have a very
favorable, somewhat favorable, somewhat unfavorable, or very unfavorable
opinion of each. First of all, [xxxxxx] -- do you have a very favorable
opinion, somewhat favorable opinion, somewhat unfavorable, or very
unfavorable opinion of this person, or don't you know who he is?
Total Public
Politicsᵃ
Favor Unfavor
DK/NR
Gov't
Sand
Ind.
(333)
(223)
(617)
(favorable only)
a. Miguel Obando y Bravo
76%
21%
4%
90%
48%
77%
b. Antonio Lacayo
53
35
12
62
44
50
C. George Bush
49
41
11
73
18
45
d. Daniel Ortega
37
57
6
18
86
32
e. Virgilio Godoy
41
49
10
59
18
37
f. Carlos Andres Perez
64
15
21
77
58
57
g. Ronald Reagan
28
60
13
42
9
25
h. Fidel Castro
29
61
10
13
70
24
i. Violeta Chamorro
77
18
5
89
51
79
j. Humberto Ortega
36
58
6
15
81
32
k. Tomas Borge
31
62
8
10
80
25
1. Alfredo Cesar
38
42
20
52
27
32
m. Commandante Ruben
31
42
27
47
14
27
a
For purposes of clarity, the tables and report refer only to three of
Nicaragua's expressed political groupings. "Government" includes all
respondents who identified themselves as members or supporters of either
UNO coalition parties (Conservative (6%), Liberal (7%), Christian Democrat
(3%), or Social Democrat (3%) ) or UNO itself (9%) "Sandinista" refers to
respondents who identified themselves as Sandinistas (18%) Self-described
UNO partisans are likely to have as many males as females (although the
Nicaraguan population is more heavily female, 53%; the Sandinistas are
about 55% male), older, more religious and less educated, but equally as
urban and as likely (or unlikely) to live in "luxurious," "modest, " or
"poor" housing as their Sandinista counterparts. A large plurality (46%)
of respondents did not identify their party preference, prefering instead
to call themselves "Independents" or as having "no affiliation." (The six
percent of the population that did not answer the political affiliation
question is also included in this sector.) Analysis reveals that
approximately 70% of this group can be classified in the Chamorro camp
based on their other attitudes, while somewhat less than 20% hold views
similar to those of the Sandinista group. Demographically, the
"Independent/None" group closely mirrors the general population, save for a
tendency to be slightly more female, less educated, and poor. It may be
assumed that those who have identified themselves as having none or an
independent affiliation either do not consider themselves members of a
specific party (party identification is not required at registration), or
have some concern at expressing opposition sentiment held over from the
Sandinista period.
8
TABLE 1B: OPINION OF PRESIDENT CHAMORRO
Question:
I have a list of names of some political leaders from Nicaragua and other
countries. As I read them, I would like you tell me if you have a very
favorable, somewhat favorable, somewhat unfavorable, or very unfavorable
opinion of each. First of all, [xxxxxx] -- do you have a very favorable
opinion, somewhat favorable opinion, somewhat unfavorable, or very
unfavorable opinion of this person, or don't you know who he/she is?
i.
President Chamorro
POLITICS
EDUCATIONᵃ
Total
None/sm
Sec. &
Public
Gov't
Sand
Ind.
Prim'y
Above
Sample Size:
(1200)
(333)
(223)
(617)
(417)
(289)
Very favorable
51%
47%
4%
25%
31%
23%
Somewhat favorable
26
32
22
41
36
30
Subtotal favorable
77
79
26
66
67
53
Somewhat
19
13
31
18
18
22
unfavorable
Very unfavorable
15
5
40
11
12
20
Subtotal unfavorable
34
18
71
29
30
42
Don't know/no
3
2
1
4
4
3
response
Total:
100%
99%b
98%
99%
101%
98%
a
For simplification, only two educational groups are included in the
tables. "None/some primary" includes those Nicaraguans with no formal or
incompleted primary school education. "Secondary and above" includes
those respondents with completed secondary school or higher education.
The excluded middle group includes those with completed primary and some
high school education; attitudes almost invariably fall between those of
the other two groups. Generally, the higher educated sector is younger
and more predominantly male than its less educated counterpart. It is
sixteen times more likely to live in a "luxuriously" appointed house,
five times more likely to possess an automobile and a refrigerator,
almost twice as likely to own a television (86% of the higher educated
own sets), and half again as likely to live in an urban rather than a
rural area. It may be assumed that opinions of the higher educated
sector reflect relatively closely the opinions of Nicaraguan "elites. "
b
Totals may not add to 100% due to rounding.
9
TABLE 1C: DISTRIBUTION OF FAVORABLE AND UNFAVORABLE OPINIONS OF
MINISTER LACAYO AND VICE-PRESIDENT GODOY
Total Public:ᵃ
OPINION OF LACAYO
Favorable
Unfavorable
OPINION
Favorable
26%
12
OF
GODOY
Unfavorable
24
22
a
Figures total 84%. The table excludes Don't Know/No response data (16%
of total public responded Don't Know/No answer to one or both questions on
these two men) Favorable/unfavorable figures do not sum to those given
in the larger table due to the exclusion of cases giving DK/NA responses on
the second person. Further breakdowns are available in the Office of
Research upon request.
10
TABLE 2A: OPINIONS OF VARIOUS INSTITUTIONS AND ORGANIZATIONS
Question:
Now I would like to ask your opinion about different institutions and
organizations which are active here in Nicaragua. As I read their names, I
would like you tell me if you have a very favorable, somewhat favorable,
somewhat unfavorable, or very unfavorable opinion of each. First of all,
[xxxxxx] -- do you have a very favorable, somewhat favorable, somewhat
unfavorable, or very unfavorable opinion of this institution, or don't you
know what it is?
Total Public
Politics
Favor Unfavor
DK/NR
Gov't
Sand
Ind.
(333)
(223)
(617)
(favorable only)
a. United Nations
84%
7%
9%
90%
80%
81%
b. The Army
45
50
4
30
84
42
C. COSEP (Private sector)
46
32
23
62
22
45
d. OAS
79
11
10
88
73
75
e. FNT (Sand. labor)
45
43
13
32
80
40
f. Contra/Resistencia
40
52
8
60
14
39
Nacional
g. Catholic Church
78
17
5
89
62
79
h. Constitution of
72
14
14
82
76
64
the Republic
i. National Police
58
35
7
53
72
55
TABLE 2B: MORE INSTITUTIONS AND ORGANIZATIONS
Question:
Here are some more names -- please tell me whether you have a very
favorable, somewhat favorable, somewhat unfavorable, or very unfavorable
opinion of each of these, or tell me if you don't know what it is.
Total Public
Politics
Favor Unfavor
DK/NR
Gov't
Sand
Ind.
(333)
(223)
(617)
(favorable only)
a. The National Assembly
79%
12%
10%
87%
75%
75%
b. UNO
61
31
9
81
21
63
C. Sandinista Youth
27
65
8
12
73
19
d. DGSE (State Security)
29
59
13
21
58
23
e. Cabinet of Ministers
62
25
13
73
48
61
f. Judicial system
65
20
16
74
65
60
g. CTN-A (Indep. Labor)
44
30
26
59
38
36
h. FSLN--El Frente
33
58
8
13
81
28
i. Rural Police
43
37
21
59
28
39
j. FMLN (Salv. guerrilla)
22
46
32
10
58
16
11
TABLE 3:
OPINION ON CHAMORRO'S HANDLING OF THE JOB
Question:
Dona Violeta has been President for about nine months now. Are you
satisfied or dissatisfied with the way in which she has handled the job of
President? Are you somewhat or very [satisfied/dissatisfied]?
POLITICS
EDUCATION
Total
None/sm
Sec. &
Public
Gov't
Sand
Ind.
Prim'y
Above
Sample Size:
(1200)
(333)
(223)
(617)
(417)
(289)
Very satisfied
28%
47%
4%
25%
31%
23%
Somewhat satisfied
35
32
22
41
36
30
Subtotal satisfied
63
79
26
66
67
53
Somewhat
19
13
31
18
18
22
dissatisfied
Very dissatisfied
15
5
40
11
12
20
Subtotal dis'fied
34
18
71
29
30
42
Don't know/no
3
2
1
4
4
3
response
Total:
100%
99%
98%
99%
101%
98%
12
TABLE 4. REASONS FOR SATISFACTION/DISSATISFACTION WITH
CHAMORRO PRESIDENCY
Question:
What is the principal reason for your satisfaction/dissatisfaction with Dona
Violeta's presidency? [OPEN- END]
Those Satisfied with Chamorro's Handling of Job in T. 3 (63% of
total public:
POLITICS
EDUCATION
None/sm
Sec.
&
Public
Gov't
Sand
Ind.
Prim'y
Above
Sample Size:
(756)
(266)
(54)
(408)
(272)
(155)
Abolished Sand-
36%
34%
22%
39%
33%
30%
ista gov't
Ended war, Disarm-
31
29
37
31
34
37
ament, Peace
There is Liberty,
14
17
12
12
13
14
Democracy
Is accomplishing
12
12
15
12
11
10
what promised, way
of governing
Econ. reforms
3
2
7
3
4
2
Others
1
1
2
1
2
1
Don't know/no
4
4
5
3
3
7
response
Total:
101%
99%
100%
101%
100%
101%
Those Dissatisfied with Chamorro's Handling of Job in T. 3 (34% of
total public) :
POLITICS
EDUCATION
None/sm
Sec. &
Public
Gov't
Sand
Ind.
Prim'y
Above
Sample Size:
(405)
(59)
(160)
(181)
(121)
(123)
Has not kept pro-
28%
22%
32%
25%
29%
29%
mises, don't support
policies
Does not govern well,
25
29
30
21
15
37
indecisive
Economy has not
23
27
18
27
33
12
improved
Sandinistas in
8
17
4
9
6
11
government
Bourgeois gov't,
5
3
8
3
3
7
Yankee puppet
Others
5
2
5
7
4
4
Don't know/no
5
0
3
8
9
1
response
Total:
99%
100%
100%
100%
99%
101%
13
TABLE 5: OPINION ON PRESIDENT CHAMORRO'S REFORM EFFORTS
Question: I will read a list of some reforms that Dona Violeta wants to implement.
Please tell me how much you favor or oppose each of them. For example,
are you in favor of or opposed to reducing the number of people working
for the government? Is that very much [in favor/opposed] or somewhat [in
favor/opposed]?
Total Public
Favor
Oppose
DK/NR
a. Reducing number of people
working for the government
28%
70%
3%
b. Returning some properties
confiscated by the Sandin-
istas to their previous
owners
68
29
3
C. Reducing the military budget
72
26
4
d. Promoting growth of private
sector
80
15
6
e. Introducing "gold" cordova
76
16
8
f. Promoting the "concertacion"
between all sectors to
reach agreements on necessary
decisions
87
7
6
14
TABLE 6: OPINION ON PRESIDENT CHAMORRO'S DEALINGS WITH THE
SANDINISTAS
Question:
In your opinion, has Dona Violeta been too strong, too weak, or about right
in her dealings with the Sandinistas?
POLITICS
EDUCATION
Total
None/sm
Sec. &
Public
Gov't
Sand
Ind.
Prim'y
Above
Sample Size:
(1200)
(333)
(223)
(617)
(417)
(289)
Too strong
8%
2%
22%
6%
5%
15%
About right
41
30
62
41
41
45
Too weak
44
65
13
43
47
35
Don't know/no
6
3
3
10
7
4
response
Total:
99%
100%
100%
100%
100%
99%
Final Edited Version
STATEMENT TO THE
SUBCOMMITTEE ON WESTERN HEMISPHERE AFFAIRS
OF THE
HOUSE COMMITTEE ON FOREIGN AFFAIRS
March 13, 1991
PENN KEMBLE
Senior Associate
Freedom House
I have just returned from a visit to Nicaragua as a member of a Democracy Commission
organized by the Puebla Institute, a human rights organization based in Washington. This
Commission had the co-sponsorship of Freedom House, of the Americas Society and of the
American Institute for Free Labor Development of the AFL-CIO. Its members spanned a
range of U.S. and Latin American figures who have had substantial experience with
Nicaraguan issues, among them former Speaker of the House Jim Wright, and the Peruvian
author, Mario Vargas Llosa. (A full list of the participants is attached.)
This Commission was able to conduct extended conversations with a remarkably broad and
distinguished range of Nicaraguan leaders. It has not yet had time to distill out of the large
mass of information and diverse opinions presented to it a consensus view on what is
happening in Nicaragua, or on recommendations for the policy of the United States
Government or the programs of private organizations. So what I can offer this hearing are
simply -- and this should be stressed -- my own assessments of the situation in Nicaragua
today.
It is a situation that is not easily grasped, nor is it one that invites simple responses from
those of us who consider ourselves to be friends of that long-suffering country.
Any visitor to Nicaragua is reminded of the physical and spiritual damage that was done by
decades of dictatorship and civil war, compounded by earthquakes, hurricanes and the other
misfortunes that have earned Nicaragua the epithet "pais maldito" -- cursed country.
When the Chamorro government took office almost a year ago after Nicaragua's very first
democratic election, it became the custodians of a nation in rubble. Actually, it was not
rubble alone: the wreckage of Nicaragua was still inhabited by a well-organized and heavily-
armed political/military force, the Sandinista National Liberation Front (FSLN).
The first thing to be said about Nicaragua is that many Americans probably had naive ideas
about how rapidly the reconstruction of the country could proceed. We are, in particular,
inclined to underestimate the damage inflicted on societies by repressive regimes which
intrude into every aspect of economic and social affairs, as was the case with the
Sandinistas, and has been the case in Eastern Europe.
For example: the $300 million U.S. assistance program put forward just after the
Chamorro/UNO victory last year seemed to some of us to treat Nicaragua as if it were a
tabula rasa: a clean slate on which the new government and its international supporters
could readily lay down a functioning parliamentary government and free market economic
Penn Kemble testimony
2
system. Our plans failed to take into account how much work remained to be done to clean
the Nicaraguan stables of the residues of Sandinista rule.
When Dona Violeta Chamorro took office last April there were two large armies in that
small country: a Sandinista Army, linked organically to the ruling party, of some 80,000
members, and a resistance force of close to 15,000. The Sandinista Front directly controlled
economic activities accounting for more than 40% of the nation's Gross Domestic Product.
The educational system of the country was officiously managed by the FSLN, whose "new
math" involved teaching sums with diagrams of grenades and assault rifles. The courts, the
police, the Army, much of the media, many labor organizations and much of the social and
cultural life of the country -- all were run with the heavy hand of the Sandinista Party.
It is helpful to remember the state of the democratic movement in Nicaragua. Many of the
country's educated and progressive-minded citizens were gone: killed, exiled, or escaped. The
opposition parties and civic organizations that remained were stunted caricatures of what
they dreamed of becoming, and they were deeply divided -- not least of all by constant
machinations of the FSLN. Even the resistance movement, as some of us who supported it
regularly complained, never developed a serious political capability.
The impressive victory won by the Chamorro campaign was therefore more a wave of
revulsion against the experience of Sandinista rule than a popular affirmation of the
programs and leadership offered by the UNO coalition. When the new government assumed
office it had no cohesive constituency and no organized political machinery on which to base
an administration.
Against this background, where do things stand today?
The picture is a mixed one. The new government can claim some very significant
accomplishments. But there is also a gloomy side. In fact, it seems warranted to worry that
the new government is fast approaching a moment of great decision: unless it pulls itself
together and embarks on a new course within the next few months, it could forfeit its
achievements and its promise, letting Nicaragua slip back into darkness, and dimming
democratic hopes elsewhere in the region.
What have been the main accomplishments? They ought not to be underestimated.
1.
Large-scale military conflict has ended. The size of the Sandinista Army has
declined considerably, and the contra forces have been disbanded. This is not a
nation in civil war.
2.
There is freedom of expression: a free press, freedom to organize politically, free
speech, etc.
3.
According to Lino Hernandez, director of the Permanent Commission on Human
Rights, the general atmosphere of intimidation and the state of siege upon basic
human rights that characterized the Sandinista years have ended.
4.
The schools are no longer operated by zealous Sandinista partisans, and pidgin
Marxist-Leninism is no longer inflicted upon the pupils. The new Minister of
Education is Humberto Belli, who is vastly transforming the school curriculum.
Penn Kemble testimony 3
5.
According to Jose Espinosa, the hard-charging President of the independent CUS
labor federation, trade union rights are generally respected.
6.
Some significant steps have been taken toward a free market economy.
In the light of such impressive accomplishments, why is it that so much anxiety has arisen
about the future of a democratic Nicaragua?
This anxiety, it perhaps should be said, is not something generated by obsessives who will
not sleep until the last Sandinista lies with a stake through his heart. Consider these recent
statements by a range of observers:
Mark Uhlig (The New York Times, February 3, 1991)
Mrs. Chamorro's government remains a thin, ineffective veneer over a still
formidable Sandinista-controlled army and police apparatus.
James LeMoyne (The New Republic, March 18, 1981)
The elected Chamorro government gets to call itself the government. But the
Sandinistas control the Army; the police; the secret police; the courts; most public
cars, houses, factories and farms they looted, stole and occupied in their decade-long
squandering of Nicaragua's resources.
Paul Berman (The Village Voice, March 5, 1991)
(T)he Sandinista People's Army is a supremely efficient organization with no
great history of faulty discipline. The SAM missiles are some of its fanciest weapons.
Could twenty-eight of these be shipped to El Salvador without General Ortega's
approval? Isn't it possible that General Ortega was conducting his own foreign
policy of military aid, hoping for a Salvadoran guerrilla victory that might tip the
balance of power in Central America
Archbishop Obando y Bravo (Interview with Radio Nicaragua, Sept. 13, 1990, in FBIS,
Latin America, Sept. 14, 1990)
I would say that right now the FSLN is running the country.
What is
lacking in Nicaragua is a state of law. Without a state of law, people are insecure
and without any direction.
Our Commission heard comments such as these during our visit from a number of
Nicaraguans, many of whom proved their integrity and democratic commitment over decades
of opposition to dictatorship. Here, in summary form, are the principal matters that concern
them:
1. The Political Crisis
At present, executive authority in Nicaragua is, as a practical matter, in the hands of
Mrs. Chamorro's energetic son-in-law, Antonio Lacayo (her Minister of the Presidency),
and a small circle of family and friends. Even before last February's election, Mr. Lacayo
Penn Kemble testimony
4
advanced the idea that Nicaragua could not progress unless an understanding could be
reached with the FSLN. His view was not the view put forward by the UNO coalition in
the electoral campaign, but it was not without some justification: Nicaragua had to
achieve some kind of peace and civic tolerance, and the FSLN, unlike the contras, was not
disarmed under the Esquipulas Accords. Mr. Lacayo's approach came to be the strategic
premise of the new government.
But the Sandinistas have exploited Mr. Lacayo's generosity to maintain a paradoxical
position: they have one foot inside the democratic framework, and one foot planted solidly
outside it. They hold a significant bloc of votes in the National Assembly, and, as noted
above, they have not given up their hold on most of the institutions of the state and
economy.
Where it is possible to maintain this influence through legal means, the Sandinistas
accept the law. Where other means must be employed, they are. Many rural areas are
still run by the local Sandinista Army comandante, who rules by edict and fear. Factories
and even whole departments of government are controlled by Sandinistas supporters
masquerading as trade unions, who use threats and violence to terrorize their fellow
workers. The Sandinistas have seized many farms, businesses and other economic assets,
and use threats and their control of the security and justice forces to deny the rightful
owners any recourse.
The enduring power of the Sandinistas is compounded by division and weakness in the
democratic camp. The UNO coalition began breaking up even before last year's election
campaign was over. Many of the parties in the UNO coalition are fractious fiefdoms,
maintianed chiefly to keep some personality at the political gaiming table. Even
Nicaraguans who do embrace the democratic ideal have had little chance to test their
beliefs in practice: politics is still understood as a process of personal negotiations and
deals in which the broader public has little role.
2. The Economic Crisis.
As is the case today in much of Eastern Europe, political uncertainty is the decisive
obstacle to economic revival. For many of us, this turns long-established habits of thinking
upside down. We believed that first you got the economy going, and then conditions would
ripen for political reform. (Our foreign aid programs still reflect this conception.) But in
Nicaragua, politics seems to hold the key to economics.
One year after the democratic revolution there is still virtually no private investment in
Nicaragua, foreign or domestic. As was the case in the years after Somoza's downfall,
Nicaragua is living on foreign aid. (Francisco Mayorga, former President of the Central
Bank, estimates that foreign assistance income amounts to one third of the Nicaraguan
gross domestic product -- more than all of its export earnings.)
One anecdote explains why. A group of prospective investors went to Nicaragua with our
Overseas Private Investment Corporation (OPIC) in June, 1990 to look at possible
investment opportunities. While they were in Managua several Sandinista labor front
organizations seized major government ministries, and the police were unwilling to move
them out. The government was in fact obliged to yield to the demands these psuedo-
strikers were making guarantees of wage and employment levels. End of OPIC
investment story.
Penn Kemble testimony
5
Nicaragua is certainly suffering economically, and needs foreign aid for humanitarian
reasons. But we ought not to imagine that under present circumstances we are "jump-
starting" an economy or "priming the pump" of private enterprise, or fulfilling any other
such development clichés. The engine of the Nicaraguan economy is still run largely by
the Sandinistas, and they are still stripping the parts and siphoning out the gas.
For example, we were told by several experts on finance and commerce that the banking
and credit system is still controlled by Sandinista loyalists -- both for commercial and
agricultural lending. And the loans are highly politicized.
CONAP -- a conglomerate of some 25 state corporations which in turn controls another
hundred or so companies -- is dominated by the Sandinistas. These companies still oversee
as much as 40% of domestic production, and are the main recipients of foreign credits and
guarantees. They are vastly overstaffed, inefficiently managed, and consistently looted -- I
do not think the word too strong -- by their managers.
In banking and commerce as well as in government, Nicaragua lacks mechanisms for
audit and control. Efforts by foreign lenders or donors to improve accountability often
meet indignant objections from the managers of agencies and businesses. In addressing
these objections it is well to remember that when the FSLN left power last year, the
country's important financial records were all destroyed. It has been estimated that $24
million was stolen from the Central Bank alone. There is a need for tough fiscal controls.
Even the non-profit sector -- groups which present themselves as cooperatives, service
organizations, charities, etc. -- is made up in the main of Sandinista-controlled or
influenced organizations. These ostensibly non-government organizations must be licensed
by the National Assembly, where the FSLN is a partner in power.
Finally, personal property itself is not yet secure in Nicaragua. Because the entire civil
and legal system was undone and semi-reconstituted during the ten years of Sandinista
government, claims can be made against any buyer or owner of property by anyone who
believes he has sufficient clout with the court or the recorder of deeds to muscle through
his claim. In a predominantly agricultural country, this has especially devastating effects.
There are, of course, other dimensions to the economic problem of Nicaragua. The new
government has been struggling to reduce the deficit, to hold inflation down, to carry out
currency devaluations, etc. Some of these efforts have been competently and even
courageously managed. But so long as the foundations of the economy are undermined by
the tunnels and sinkholes of the Sandinistas, it is hard to see how even the best technical
corrections can have much effect.
3. Security fears:
The tenacity of the Sandinistas and the tendency of the Chamorro government so far to
yield to them has stirred protest in Nicaragua. There are many Nicaraguans who fear
that the FSLN will respond to this protest with violence: the assassination of political
leaders and the repression of workers and campesinos with mob violence, the military, or
the police. The recent murder of Col. Enrique Bermudez by someone who showed
professional skill and the shooting of Jean Paul Genie, allegedly by members of General
Humberto Ortega's personal guard, both have wide significance for this reason. Both
these cases raise the issue of whether any justice can be found when there is suspicion
that high FSLN authority may be implicated. These cases also present powerful deterrents
Penn Kemble testimony
6
to skilled Nicaragua workers who may be thinking of returning home, and to prospective
foreign investors.
There are also regular reports of Sandinista Army violence against political opponents in
the countryside, who are always described as former contras even though that may not be
SO.
The Sandinista Army is one of the grotesque anomalies of Nicaragua today. Our group
held a long discussion with General Ortega, who today is the pre-eminent Sandinista
leader. Although he spoke eloquently of his intention to "professionalize" the military, and
vowed his subservience to democratic authority, at the same time he explained a role for
the military in Nicaraguan society that went far beyond defense. The military is still
remarkably large -- at least 28,000 persons -- for a country that faces no serious foreign
threat. It still is providing support to guerrillas and who knows what other forces abroad.
Its finances raise eyebrows: it is widely believed to be the major conduit for cash
payments to the FSLN political leadership.
The Chamorro government has sought a pact with General Ortega, even protesting when
the U.S. government urged Soviet leaders to reduce their assistance to the Sandinista
Army. Mark Uhlig reported in The New York Times last January 15 that the Chamorro
government has even
" made a series of secret payments to the army that have
amounted to as much as several million dollars a month above its formal budget.
It is difficult to understand this toleration of a military establishment that has no defense
purpose, is a voracious consumer of resources, pursues its own foreign policy, and even its
own domestic policy. Some observers have suggested that Mr. Lacayo, the framer of this
relationshiop to the military, is simply following the established pattern in Central
America, where civilian authorities tread warily when they are in the neighborhood of the
cuartel. But there might be some concern that he is in fact creating an example that the
military in other countries will want to follow.
The Popular Sandinista Army is no traditional Latin military establishment. It has
considered itself to be a central agency of a social and economic transformation rejected by
the Nicaragua people. There is reason to worry that if the Chamorro government should
fail, the Sandinista army and General Ortega may feel compelled to step in not only to
"maintain order," but to indulge their grander designs.
What should the United States do now?
I believe we should be very generous in giving Nicaragua foreign aid. The country is
suffering, and there are many reasons why the United States should not allow Nicaragua to
sink.
But even as we are generous, we should be very firm -- much more firm than we have been
so far. And we should not only be firm ourselves. We should use our new international
influence with our friends among other donor countries and with the international financial
institutions to establish a strict regime for the administration of foreign assistance to
Nicaragua.
Some of the considerations that should be taken into account are:
Penn Kemble testimony
7
Foreign assistance should be channeled to a diversity of institutions in Nicaragua. Funds
that are simply funneled in through the top are too subject to being skimmed or diverted
for unsavory political purposes, and will not produce the economic revival they are
intended to stimulate. It is probably gratuitous to tell members of Congress that our
public has a limited enthusiasm for foreign aid. If the hundreds of millions we are
spending in Nicaragua do not create any capacity there for self-sustaining economic
growth, it will not be easy to keep the aid flowing. Nor should it be. There are too many
other deserving uses for our aid funds in today's world, and we cannot allow Nicaragua to
become an unhealthy example that other recipient countries may be tempted to follow.
Far greater attention should be given to assistance programs that respond to the political
basis of Nicaragua's problems. I understand that AID is currently developing a more
careful and well-funded program for political development in Nicaragua, and that the
National Endowment for Democracy and its affiliates are planning further efforts of their
own. Nothing is more essential than a strengthening of Nicaragua's independent political
parties, free media, business and professional associations, free trade unions, and the
array of non-government institutions that form the infrastructure of democratic life.
Municipal government is a strong check on the central authorities in Nicaragua, and
should be strengthened. It is also very important in the present climate to provide the
means for vigorous oversight in human rights.
Donors should insist on changes in the Sandinista Army and police. Non-Sandinistas
should be integrated into the command structures of both institutions, and those most
identified with the Sandinistas should seek new careers. The Army should be brought
under the control of a civilian authority that would strictly oversee both the disposition of
military supplies and all its financial affairs.
These kinds of changes could reverse a drift which, if it continues, will soon carry Nicaragua
past the point of no return. The Nicaraguan public seems to be drifting back toward the old
habits of passivity and cynicism. "Haitian-ization" was a word we heard.
But I have not given up hope for the brave and intelligent men and women who helped
make Nicaragua's remarkable revolution. They need our help -- and sometimes our advice.
Because of pressures they face to appease those at home who have contempt for democracy,
we need to apply some counter-pressures from the other side. Now is the time to do it.
There is a legitimate argument about whether the new Nicaraguan government ought to
have followed the Lacayo policy of cooperation with the Sandinistas in the past. But it is
difficult to see how that policy can bring any real benefits in the future -- and the costs it
imposes are becoming clearer every day.
The greatest of these costs is disillusionment among Nicaraguans toward the democratic
idea. The most disheartening aspect of a visit to Nicaragua is to find that there is no broad,
organized community of democratic sentiment and activity to provide a counterbalance to the
lingering influence of the Sandinistas. To forego the work of creating and sustaining such a
community for a relationship with the leaders of the FSLN is to give up your birthright for
a mess of pottage.
There is much talk in Managua about how the FSLN will soon split, or wither away. There
maybe some individuals in the FSLN who can play a useful role in rebuilding Nicaragua.
But, as an institution, that seems unlikely. Given what has been happening in the world,
and in the rest of Central America, the FSLN looks more and more like the political party of
2
Penn Kemble testimony
8
the living dead. One hopes they will quietly wither away; one worries that Nicaragua itself
may wither along with them.
The U.S. has successfully pursued a bi-partisan policy in Central America in recent years. A
policy of strict conditionality, generous aid, and active engagement in strengthening
Nicaragua's democratic institutions is one that should attract bi-partisan support today.
Some of our friends in Nicaragua may chafe at such pressures. But I believe that, in the
end, they will thank us for them. We should always remember the situation they are in is
one that -- because of our naiveté about the Sandinistas, our confusion about the relationship
between political and economic development, and our historic fickleness and unreliability
toward Nicaragua -- we helped to create.
Penn Kemble testimony
9
THE DEMOCRACY COMMISSION
1. Dr. Mario Vargas Llosa, Peruvian author
2. The Honorable Jim Wright, former Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives
3. Gustavo Gorriti, Peruvian author
4. Larry Harrison, retired career AID officer, and author on Nicaragua and other
foreign policy issues
5. Victor Meza, Honduran scholar and Nicaraguan expert, Director of the Centro de
Documentacion de Honduras
6. Dr. Susan Kaufman Purcell, Vice President of Latin American Affairs, Americas
Society
7. Robert Leiken, Visiting scholar at Harvard Center for International Affairs,
author on Nicaragua and other foreign policy issues
8. Diputado Luis Marcial Ojeda, Venezuelan Congressman, Partido Accion
Democratica, Leader of Telephone Workers Union
9. Diputado Rodolfo Seguel, Chilean Congressman, Partido Democrata Cristiano,
Director of Metal Workers Union
10. William Doherty, Director, American Institute for Free Labor Development,
AFL-CIO
11. Penn Kemble, Senior Associate, Freedom House
12. Nina Shea, Human rights lawyer, President of Puebla Institute
Administration of George Bush, 1990 / May 22
drugs, hunger, homelessness, and so many
whom I have great respect and with whom
other social problems can be driven from
I personally work very closely on a lot of
every community if every community cares
these matters-he, Jim and I and Brent-
enough to light the candle of hope.
matters affecting our common interests
God bless each and every one of you for
here today.
what you're doing, setting an outstanding
I am pleased once again to speak to this
example for our great country. And God
most influential group, pioneers, if you will,
him
bless the United States of America. Thank
in the private-sector effort to expand trade
you all.
investment between the United States and
his
Latin America. I'm delighted to address this
Note: The President spoke at 12:07 p.m. out-
gathering after what has been a remarkable
side the home of Foster Webster, chairman
year of change.
of the Oakwood Beautification Committee.
I told a group out in Oregon yesterday, I
He referred to William J. Bennett, Director of
can't think of a more fascinating time in the
National Drug Control Policy. At the conclu-
recent history of our country, certainly in
sion of his remarks, the President returned to
the Nuclear Age, to be President of the
Washington, DC.
United States. Over the past 12 months, it
his
sometimes seemed that the eyes of the
world rest solely on Eastern Europe, on the
Remarks to the Council of the
miraculous transformation that's taken
Americas
place there. Our friends in Latin America
have watched these historic events unfold
May 22, 1990
now
with inspiration, certainly with awe, but
Thank you for that welcome, and thank
also, I know, with an unmistakable sense of
you, Secretary Baker. Jim Baker's just back
anxiety-and it was this that David was
from a very interesting and highly signifi-
talking to me about-concern that our
cant trip to the Soviet Union, which I'm
active involvement in Europe will mean a
sure you've all read about. From my stand-
decline in the United States interest in
the
point, it went very well indeed. I think he's
Latin America.
done a lot of clearing the way for what I
I'm here today to assure you, just as I've
and
hope will be a highly successful meeting
assured the many Latin American leaders
with Mr. Gorbachev not so many days away
with whom I've met, that the events of the
from now. I want to thank him. Normally,
past year have increased our interests in
the
he's not awake this close to his jet lag recov-
this region, strengthened our desire to forge
ery-it takes him a little longer-but he was
a new partnership with the growing forces
looking forward to being here. But he had a
of freedom in Latin America, because the
first
tough and grueling trip, and it's still, I'm
fact is, the great drama of democracy is
mu-
sure, on him. But I thank you very much
unfolding right here in our own hemi-
hen
for being here today.
sphere. Think about the tremendous gains
ned
To David Rockefeller, my friend and the
made for freedom just this past year. When
chairman of the Council of the Americas, I
I spoke here last May, the people of
want to thank you. David came to see me a
Panama were preparing to go to the polls,
and
while back and told me of the emphasis
even as the dictator of Panama was prepar-
we
that he felt should properly be placed on
ing to steal the election. And in Nicaragua,
Central America, South America-the
civil war raged, the Sandinistas ruled, and
Americas-something he's stood for for a
the brave men and women of the Nicara-
the
long time. But I will address myself to some
guan opposition were just beginning the
of those concerns in a minute. But I want to
long campaign that led to this year's great
thank him. I want to thank Ambassador
victory for democracy.
the
Landau and Kim Flower; and, of course,
In Central America-Nicaragua and
pay my respects to my trusted right arm in
Panama; in South America-Paraguay and
the White House in foreign affairs, General
Chile. All across the Americas, today more
Brent Scowcroft, who is head of the Nation-
people live under freely elected govern-
al Security Council; to Bernie Aronson, for
ments than ever before; and we are closer
809
May 22 / Administration of George Bush, 1990
than ever before to the day when all the
That means encouraging, for the first
people of the Americas, North and South,
time in many cases, genuine free market
will live in freedom. Even in Haiti, the
reform. Even in the countries that claim no
scene of so much human suffering and an-
kinship with communism, true free enter-
guish and turmoil, the provisional govern-
prise did not exist. In practice, economies
ment has now announced its intention to
were often organized to ensure the prosper-
hold free elections. This Thursday, I will be
ity of the people in power, not to open an
meeting with the new leader of Haiti,
avenue toward upward mobility for anyone
where we're sure to discuss ways that we
ready and willing to work.
can support democracy in Haiti.
Peruvian economist Hernando de Soto
In all of Latin America, only Cuba re-
describes the maze of bureaucratic barriers
mains-Castro's island-isolated, totally out
that stood in the way of the entrepreneur
of step with the democratic tide. But today
and stifled economic growth in his country.
we're celebrating the anniversary of Cuban
De Soto also shows how much Lima, Peru's
independence. And let me say with certain-
capital, owed its economic vitality to what
ty that even in Cuba the dream of democ-
he calls the informal sector, the thousands
racy can only be pushed back a little, only
of individual and enterprising individuals
deferred; it will never be destroyed.
doing business without the consent of the
As we in the United States welcome our
state. De Soto's prescription, and mine-is
Central and South American neighbors into
to free this economic force, unleash the mil-
the ranks of democracy, we must offer
lion sparks of energy and enterprise, let the
them our help and something more: we
incentive of reward inspire men and
must offer them our respect, the respect
women to work to better themselves and
due one free nation from another, and the
their families.
outstretched hand of partnership.
Already, Latin America is discovering this
I've been working with Jim and Brent
path. In Brazil and Bolivia, in Argentina,
and others to strengthen our ties. Just this
Venezuela, Mexico, Costa Rica, and Jamai-
year alone, I've met with Presidents Barco
ca, free market reforms are going forward,
[Colombia], Paz [Bolivia], and Garcia
creating space for private initiative to take
[Peru], at the Andean drug summit in Car-
hold and flourish. And as they succeed and
tagena. It was a good meeting, incidentally.
as they reap the rewards that will follow
Here in Washington, I've hosted Presidents
this-I would say what will certainly be a
Carlos Andrés Pérez [Venezuela], Paz
painful transition-these nations will bring
Zamora, Cristiani [El Salvador], and Endara
others along in their wake.
[Panama], Collor de Mello [Brazil], Cal-
We in the United States must do all we
deron [Costa Rica], and Callejas [Honduras],
can to ensure the future of free markets in
and Prime Minister Manley [Jamaica] as
the Americas because our nation has a stake
well. And in each case, I've come away
in the economic health of this hemisphere.
from our talks with a strong sense of opti-
We know that since the late seventies Latin
mism, and I believe every one of those
America's share of all U.S. trade dropped
leaders left the White House knowing that
from 10 percent of all U.S. exports down to
the U.S. is engaged as never before in the
7 percent. And yet last year, for the first
future of this hemisphere.
time ever, two-way trade between the
While from country to country conditions
United States and Latin America topped
differ, we know now that our challenge is
$100 billion. As that trade continues to
to consolidate democracy and accelerate de-
grow, so will the link between our prosperi-
velopment. That means advancing the intel-
ty and the prosperity of our Latin American
lectual revolution now sweeping Latin
partners.
America, a movement away from stale stat-
Let me provide just a few statistics to
ist doctrines; away from dictatorships of the
drive home this point. Last year the Colom-
right and the left; toward democracy, free
bian economy grew 3 percent; U.S. exports
government, free enterprise; toward -the
to Colombia rose 9 percent. Mexico's econo-
true political and economic empowerment
my grew 3 percent, and U.S. exports to that
of the people themselves.
country climbed 21 percent. In Chile, with
810
Administration of George Bush, 1990 / May 22
for the first
an overall growth rate of 10 percent, U.S.
free market
this emergency aid has been bogged down
exports increased by triple that rate-more
that claim no
on Capitol Hill. To give you an idea of the
than 30 percentage points.
3 free enter-
magnitude of this problem, in March I re-
The most effective way to ensure expan-
quested $800 million for Panama and Nica-
e, economies
sion of trade between the United States and
the prosper-
ragua, asking that this bill be finished on
Latin America is for all countries of the
t to open an
April 5th-April 5th. It's now May 22d, and
hemisphere to support a successful Uruguay
ty for anyone
the funds for Panama and Nicaragua have
round. The ambitious agenda in the Uru-
been reduced by $80 million, even though
guay round, including proposals for signifi-
ndo de Soto
$1.4 billion in extra spending has been
cant multilateral tariff reductions, will bene-
cratic barriers
fit our Latin American trading partners. We
added to this legislation. Finally, it appears
entrepreneur
are committed to the expansion of trade
the Congress may act this week on this vital
1 his country.
and investment liberalization, and we seek
measure. For the people of Nicaragua and
Lima, Peru's
Latin American support for these very im-
Panama, meanwhile, democracy hangs in
:ality to what
portant objectives. In addition, the
the balance.
he thousands
strengthened debt strategy launched last
So, let me again say to the Congress: The
g individuals
spring has reinvigorated market-oriented
fate of freedom rests in your hands. Do the
onsent of the
economies and reinvigorated the reforms in
work of democracy and pass this emergency
and mine-is
Latin America. These economies help pro-
aid package now.
leash the mil-
vide the needed foundation for democracy
Today I began by speaking about the
rprise, let the
itself.
changes that have riveted world attention
e men and
That's why I'm so pleased to report on
on Europe. Part of the power of the story is
emselves and
the progress we've made this past year
that it can be told in intensely personal
under the Brady plan. Mexico, Venezuela,
terms, as the story of the dissident play-
scovering this
Costa Rica have all reached agreements
wright who is now President or of the elec-
in Argentina,
with their creditors on ways to reduce their
trician who came to symbolize his people's
a, and Jamai-
debt, ways to complement their efforts to
hopes for freedom. Democracy's advance in
;oing forward,
restructure their economies along free-
Latin America has produced its share of
tiative to take
market lines, because in the long term, the
heroes, and today I'll close with three from
succeed and
free market remains the only path to sus-
one country alone, Latin America's newest
at will follow
tained growth.
democracy, Nicaragua.
certainly be a
We all know the private sector plays a
For 4 years, beginning in 1979, the year
ons will bring
crucial role. Taking advantage of new in-
the Sandinistas took power, Enrique Drey-
vestment opportunities is good for business;
lust do all we
but at this critical moment, there's some-
fus was head of Nicaragua's Supreme Coun-
thing beyond the bottom line, something
cil of Private Enterprise, a private-sector
ee markets in
that can't be measured simply in terms of
group in many ways similar to this one. His
on has a stake
GNP. The role the Council of the Americas
criticism of Sandinista rule put him on the
S hemisphere.
eventies Latin
can play-expanding trade and strengthen-
Sandinista black list and landed him in
rade dropped
ing the private sector-that role contributes
prison. Today, with the Sandinistas swept
.ports down to
not just to economic growth but to the
from power, Enrique Dreyfus is not just
free from persecution, he is Nicaragua's
; for the first
growth of democracy itself.
between the
Now, there is, of course, an important
new Foreign Minister.
nerica topped
role for government to play as well, espe-
In 1985 members of the Sandinista inter-
continues to
cially during the difficult days of transition
nal security force beat Sofonias Cisneros for
from dictatorship to democracy. That's why,
criticizing the way the Sandinistas had po-
1 our prosperi-
atin American
frankly, I've called on Congress to provide
liticized the schools. Today Mr. Cisneros is
$800 million in emergency economic aid to
Minister of Education.
Panama and Nicaragua. We have a big
And on July 10th, 1988, opposition leader
W statistics to
stake in this. This aid is critical.
Myriam Arguello was beaten, taken from
ear the Colom-
A little over a week ago, I received a
her home in the middle of the night by
it; U.S. exports
letter from President Chamorro, Violeta
Sandinista police, tried, and sentenced to 6
Mexico's econo-
Chamorro, just 3 weeks into her term in
months in prison. Today Myriam is Presi-
exports to that
office, telling me that Nicaragua was bank-
In Chile, with
dent of Nicaragua's freely elected National
rupt. And yet, for more than 2 months now,
Assembly.
811
May 22 / Administration of George Bush, 1990
thre
These three stories underscore in person-
that lie at the core of the region's strife.
the
al terms the truly revolutionary political
Based on experience, we believe that vio-
change that's taken place not just in Nicara-
lence in the Middle East will continue and
toda
that
gua but across the Americas, change that
possibly grow so long as there is an absence
proves beyond doubt that the day of the
of a promising peace process that nourishes
dictator is over and democracy's day has
hope among Israelis and Palestinians alike.
come.
The United States remains committed to
The
For our part, we in the United States
promoting such a political process. We be-
May
must do all we can to help secure for all the
lieve that the initiative of the Government
Americas the freedom, the peace, and the
of Israel, which the United States has been
Not
prosperity we enjoy. Please, keep up, more
trying to implement, offers the best path to
now than ever, your important work in
a negotiating process that would protect Is-
sign
guaranteeing that democracy succeeds in
rael's security, further the legitimate politi-
this precious hemisphere of ours. Thank you
cal rights of Palestinians, and bring about a
for what you're doing, and God bless the
broader reconciliation between the State of
United States of America. Thank you all
Israel and its Arab neighbors. We look for-
very much.
ward to the quick emergence of an Israeli
government that is capable of making deci-
Pro
Note: The President spoke at 11:30 a.m. in
sions on issues of peace and is committed,
Day
the Loy Henderson Conference Room at the
just as we are, to moving ahead on the
Mai
Department of State. In his remarks, he re-
peace process.
ferred to Secretary of State James A. Baker
By t
III; George Landau, president of the coun-
of A
cil; Ludlow Flower III, managing director
of the council and vice president of the
A P1
Americas Society; Brent Scowcroft, Assistant
Statement on Signing the Biological
Fc
to the President for National Security Af-
Weapons Anti-Terrorism Act of 1989
the
fairs; and Bernard W. Aronson, Assistant
May 22, 1990
Ame
Secretary of State for Inter-American Af-
buti
fairs.
I am pleased today to sign S. 993, the
the
"Biological Weapons Anti-Terrorism Act of
esser
1989." This Act will impose new criminal
our 1
penalties against those who would employ
Th
or contribute to the dangerous proliferation
in n
Statement by Press Secretary Fitzwater
of biological weapons, and it will add teeth
durii
on the Killing of Palestinian Laborers
to our efforts to eradicate such horrible
Nati
in the Israeli-Occupied Gaza Strip
weapons. I salute the bipartisan consensus
the
May 22, 1990
in the Congress that has demonstrated its
vesse
support for this humanitarian objective and
mero
The President wishes to extend his sym-
the leadership's commitment to our shared
goal of destroying forever the evil shadow
shipp
pathies to the families of the Palestinian
the
workers who lost their lives in the tragic
these weapons have cast around the world.
chan
killings in Israel on Sunday, May 20. The
The United States has renounced these
their
President is also deeply troubled by the vio-
weapons, as have all civilized countries, by
confl
lent aftermath to these deaths. Besides ex-
joining the Biological Weapons Convention
alone
pressing condolences to the families of all
of 1972. Scrupulous compliance with the
lost t
those who have lost their lives amidst the
obligations of that Convention and similar
reinf
subsequent violence, the President calls
prohibitions against the use of chemical
Force
upon the Israeli security forces, as well as
weapons are essential to the security of all
work
others, to act with maximum restraint. Ad-
mankind. I call upon the leaders of all na-
U.S.-I
ditional bloodshed and loss of life will only
tions to join us in our drive to rid the world
farer
compound the tragedy.
of biological and chemical weapons and to
do everything in their power to stop the
kept
It is not enough, however, to deplore
To
what has happened and to call for restraint.
proliferation of these weapons of mass de-
It is essential to address the political issues
struction. We must halt and reverse the
play
812
Feb. 26 / Administration of George Bush, 1990
are doing. One of the Governors encour-
ship and a long-term commitment on a
aged me in the meeting in there to encour-
single issue.
age the people of this country to support
If we can accomplish just one thing
State and local initiatives that have to do
today-and it may be the simplest and yet
with making the educational system better.
most valuable of all-it is to send a message
And certainly, I am prepared to do that,
to parents, teachers, community leaders,
just as I am grateful to the Governors for
and every other American: These goals are
their participation in setting these goals.
not the Governors' goals. They're not the
In the coming months, we'll work togeth-
President's goals. They are the Nation's
er with Congress on legislation to increase
goals. And we are rejecting the status quo,
flexibility in Federal funding in return for
raising our sights, investing our faith in the
enhanced accountability. And you, the Na-
American people. And so, today I hope the
tion's Governors, have committed to break
Governors and the Cabinet will join me in
the bureaucratic shackles that smother in-
extending a challenge to all Americans to
novation and stand guard over the status
adopt these goals as their own and to take
quo. Although the Federal Government tra-
aim now at the year 2000 and to enlist
ditionally has a limited role in education-
every ounce of American innovation,
and we all respect and acknowledge that it
energy, resolve in the effort to achieve
is the dynamism at the State and local level
these education goals and prepare this
that achieves excellence-I promise you
nation for the challenges of a new century.
that this administration is determined to
Thank you all very, very much for your
walk with you every step of the way.
superb cooperation.
When I next meet with my Cabinet,
many of whom were with us there in Char-
Note: The President spoke at 11:59 a.m. in
lottesville, I'll ask each to work with our
the East Room at the White House. Prior to
domestic policy adviser to devise strategies
his remarks, the President met with mem-
that can support your efforts and those of
bers of the association in the Blue Room.
your communities in helping to achieve
these goals. I will work with you to establish
a bipartisan group to ensure that proper
and constructive measurements of our edu-
cational performance are developed where
Statement on the Election of Violeta
they don't already exist. And this group is
Chamorro as President of Nicaragua
going to report to me each year on the
February 26, 1990
progress we make.
And I'm calling on America's private
In this remarkable year of political
sector to be a third party in this enterprise.
change, democracy won another victory
We need to know from them what the
yesterday. I am most pleased that there has
workplace will need and expect of our citi-
been a free and fair election in Nicaragua
zens in the 21st century. And we need their
and that the results are being accepted by
talent and their commitment to help move
both sides.
this reform effort forward. And finally, I
I am sending messages to Mrs. Chamorro
will do everything I can to provide the na-
congratulating her on her victory and to
tional leadership and energy to keep educa-
President Ortega congratulating him on the
tion in the forefront of America's domestic
conduct of the election and his stated will-
agenda.
ingness to abide by the results. The United
The work ahead will not be easy. We're
States looks forward to working with Mrs.
traveling uncharted waters. And never
Chamorro's new government in support of
before have we as a nation set such goals
her stated goals of national reconciliation
for education. And never before have the
and economic reconstruction and with
Nation's leaders stepped forward to say we
President Ortega in helping ensure a peace-
are willing to be held accountable for the
ful transition of power. I have talked this
results of this process. And never before
morning with Venezuelan President Carlos
have the President of the United States and
Andrés Pérez, and we agree completely on
the Governors joined together in a partner-
the need to help all parties in Nicaragua to
316
Administration of George Bush, 1990 / Feb. 26
commitment on a
achieve a peaceful reconciliation and trans-
tion 1, subsection (11) of Executive Order
fer of power.
ish just one thing
No. 11830, as amended, is revised to read
he simplest and yet
We also congratulate the international ob-
"Chairman of the President's Committee on
is to send a message
server delegations whose activities, which
Employment of People with Disabilities (Ex
community leaders,
took place at the request of the Sandinista
Officio)." A new section 2 shall be added to
can: These goals are
government, helped ensure an open and
Executive Order No. 11830, as amended,
ils. They're not the
safe electoral process. There were many,
which shall read as follows: "Sec. 2. The
are the Nation's
but I want to mention delegations led by
Interagency Committee on Handicapped
ting the status quo,
former President Jimmy Carter and former
Employees shall also be referred to as the.
ting our faith in the
Governor Dan Evans, the United Nations
Interagency Committee on Employment of
so, today I hope the
delegation led by former Secretary Elliot
People with Disabilities."
inet will join me in
Richardson, and the OAS [Organization of
Sec. 2. Amendment to Executive Order
to all Americans to
American States] delegation led by Secre-
No. 12367, as amended, "President's Com-
eir own and to take
tary General Baena Soares.
mittee on the Arts and the Humanities."
2000 and to enlist
We hope that all sides in this hotly fought
Section 3(b) of Executive Order No. 12367,
contest will extend the hand of reconcilia-
erican innovation,
as amended, is revised to read as follows:
effort to achieve
tion and cooperate together in rebuilding
"Any administrative support or other ex-
and prepare this
their country for the good of all Nicara-
penses of the Committee shall be paid, to
S of a new century.
guans. There is space in a democratic Nica-
the extent permitted by law, from funds
ery much for your
ragua for the expression of all political
available to the National Endowment for
points of view. We also hope that the cease-
the Arts and the National Endowment for
fire will be reestablished immediately and
the Humanities, as determined by the
ke at 11:59 a.m. in
respected by all sides. Given the election's
agreement of those agencies."
hite House. Prior to
clear mandate for peace and democracy,
Sec. 3. Amendment to Executive Order
nt met with mem-
there is no reason at all for further military
No. 12692, "Continuance of Certain Feder-
in the Blue Room.
activity from any quarter.
al Advisory Committees." Section 1(a) of
We are confident the international com-
Executive Order No. 12692, which contin-
munity will strongly support the results of
ues until September 30, 1991, the Advisory
yesterday's elections and will join in the
Committee on Small and Minority Business
effort to help all Nicaraguans to rebuild
Ownership, is hereby revoked. The remain-
tion of Violeta
their country.
ing sections 1(b) through 1(k) are relettered
t of Nicaragua
sections 1(a) through 1(j).
George Bush
year of political
n another victory
Executive Order 12704-Amendments
The White House,
to Executive Orders Nos. 11830, 12367,
February 26, 1990.
ased that there has
and 12692
ction in Nicaragua
[Filed with the Office of the Federal Regis-
being accepted by
February 26, 1990
ter, 4:45 p.m., February 26, 1990]
S to Mrs. Chamorro
By the authority vested in me as Presi-
er victory and to
dent by the Constitution and laws of the
tulating him on the
United States of America, including the Re-
and his stated will-
habilitation Act of 1973, as amended (29
Remarks Announcing the Publication
results. The United
U.S.C. 701 et seq.), the Federal Advisory
of the Guidebook "Growing Up Drug
working with Mrs.
Committee Act, as amended (5 U.S.C.
Free: A Parent's Guide to Prevention"
ment in support of
App.), and the Small Business Act, as
February 26, 1990
onal reconciliation
amended (15 U.S.C. 631 et seq.), and to re-
ruction and with
flect developments in connection with Ex-
The President. Thank you, all of you. And
ing ensure a peace-
ecutive Orders Nos. 11830, 12367, and
welcome, all of you, and welcome to the
I have talked this
12692, it is hereby ordered as follows:
White House. We are here, as Secretary Ca-
in President Carlos
Section 1. Amendments to Executive
vazos, our outstanding Secretary of Educa-
gree completely on
Order No. 11830, as amended, "Enlarging
tion, said, to unveil this little book. And I
ties in Nicaragua to
the Membership of the Interagency Com-
must say I cheated; I saw it ahead of time.
mittee on Handicapped Employees." Sec-
[Laughter] I saw it when we were walking
317
DE 3540
SOCIAL OFFICE:# 2
URITE FIRESTONE
SOCIAL SECRETARY
THE WHITE HOUSE
(202) 456-6235
FROM: MAXINE SIBLEY
THANKS FOR YOUR 3-25-91 FAX,
1. AIR TRANSPORTATION
IT WAS my UNDERSTANDING AIR FARES ARE $ 1168.00
PER PERSON, PER BRITISH AIR AS OF TODAY - ARRIVAL TIME
FOR MR. MATHLS ON BA#189 # is Now 3:45Pm.
BA # 217 FOR PARTY OF 7 is THE SAME AS PREVIOUSLY
ADUISED; 3:15 Pm - DULLES
2. PERFORMANCE> TOLD TRACY FOR REHEARSAL
Johnny
PROGRAM WILL BE:
MATHIS
PROGRAM
CHANCES ARE
MISTY
WELCOME HOME/TWELFTH OF NEVER
aa MILES (FROM L.A.)
MAY THE GOOD LORO BLESS AND REEP you
You SHOULD HAVE RECEIVED BIO INFORMATION UNDER
9 20455621818
OFFICE- SOCIAL
: 4-12-19 :
RCV BY:THE WHITE HOUSE
002
132
133
Subre este árbol escribu:
(In this free. I write:
Crescentia cújete"
Crescentes citiete
Treatents trialid"
Crescentia infolm
Xicalli" en what
Xacalli in the Nahual tongue
Fram sabane "
the calabash tree
! I: naus:
with nes like crosses
loss Madas. bellas
fascier lad beautifu
hojas de un discio succificial.
leases with it suc-bacial & sign.
memorial de minnes
a memorial III marty's.
Wirboide las calarenas
"gre the of skul.s."
Esta 1.
This is due plant
qie digniñum J Certa de line danos
that give- diguire 1:1 the plans
21 buts CS t-l Myr at mede
Its in is he Indians cup
Se frem 3 of goadal c: la jicara
The sumperation call is in in grand ::1 is the
is mps se 100 belidas-
sir rap of 4" " dunt
qur d composino adams or paiants incisos
and care birds all il 1.11 decident on
-prigue bebemos El canto-
lower drms :;
& Par.. on questions frestas en las markers ks 2002,85
The fruin andes inve: fiests " maraces and .........
-panise bebemos is misics-
bean and :..
y, desde en el dia.eco Thaya de los Chers
$ Sine and thes. in its a also 111 iln' (in "If M3.1
la pulabra Ruch" significaba Indistionamente
:"e wind Rach IIKE.IC II: %
- The LOSERN- ¡ícara cabeza
calabash and head jas R it do for
have
made
-pargue bebenics pentamento)
Pero 2 schore- te las Tiniebas
Her rise kedset Darkness
04/11/91 11:42
tips que rensuran:
discribe: Q.e and L' * El este arbo,".
said, Te name appreach thi- net
The name 30 , cheer de esta from
let DR dare pice UTIS **(II
Y,, mcha. 1.1 de number 1ssue suja. " historia.
And à girl whose name with il 500% des issues
F:na bro 14/11- y dijo:
The ma der. bravels add
BOLL Partigio de est abole
WAY will 14
schiesobre J prohibicidade los opresores
And she uniped the the als
a inh.
and assessibled the
R service part The TITL nos congregard till 50 Imagen:
Six approxided the that ilu mya
la 15 a Aberiad que india
wild here 1: regether T *1*: image
! Γ. n.d in
because CIC sent "I die Il when
-lx here beann rhen 144
003
134
35
¿He de morir 6 de vivir si conto uno de estos fruros?
"Ahr" she exclaimed "Will } live or die if } pick
Entonces habló el fruto, habló la cabeza que estabe enge las ramas:
Ther the fruit spoke, one of the heads among the bra whes spoke
-"Qué es to que quieres?"
"Whit do you want?
¿No sabes que estos frutos son has cabezas de be sacrificados?
Don't you know that these are the heads of the sacr-ficed?
¿Por ventura los deseas?
Could it be that you want them?"
Y fa doncella contestó: -"SI los deseo!"
And the maiden replied, "Yes 1 want them!
-"Extiende entences bacia mi tu mano!" -dijo la cubeza-
Then you must reach out your right hand! saic the I ead
Y excendió la doncella su mano
And che maiden reached unt her hand.
Y escupió la calavera sobre su palma
And the skyll spi IIII her palm.
! desapareció ai instante la saliva y hablo ei árbol:
The saliva disappeared al once and :he ter spoke
-"J:n mi saliva te he dado mi descendencia.
"lu my saliva, ] have given you mir ancestry.
Purque la palabra es sangre
Because the word is blood
y.a sangre es 0112 vez pelabra
and blood is once again the word."
Y asi comenzó nuestra primers civilización
And this is how ear first civilization began
-(., lirbol es St testimonio-
--.9 tree but winness--
asi rumienza, asi gerrena carla vez la aurora
This is how the dawn begins THR! germinares : ::l: it
:me Isquie. la
like Rh, al Gill the maiden who began
discuss hin...
Hundry T"""
+ 1041 ape
9.00 the her:: opurage
"i gemelos inventoies del Marc
The were the valus ah incomed Cra--
el pon de América. ei given
the bread of America. the grain
comple se amass a amunión de los oprimidos.
that becomes the commanion :1 the oppressed
Manages. 1978
11:42
04/11/91
04/11/91
11:43
004
FBIS-LAT-90-189
10
CENTRAL AMERICA
20 September 1990
join the Socialist International in the future. So, they are
Mr. Perez de Cuellar, and honorable delegation mem-
going to have 10 do well in this test, Decause if they
bers: I recall that the United Nations was formed 45
choose to intensify the violence, this would be seen by
years ago to replace weapons with farming tools. We
qualified observers who would report it to European
Nicaraguans are making the United Nation's dream
committees of solidarity and to the Socialist Interna-
become a reality, The Nicaraguan people voted for peace
tional.
on 25 February, with the support of the United Nations.
This date marks splendid moment in our history. After
Ramirez: Godoy Creates 'National Crisis'
half a century of oppression, the Nicaraguan people
7809852990 Manager Sixtern Nacional
infirm in hr prisoners of Ideningies and
J.
7,
#100
GAFT
20
Map
DD
The 1.12.132 AT at at the sisocoral
precinets changed. It became a vigorous cry that rejected
[From the independent newsenst "Extravision"]
violence and supported civic and peaceful ways to solve
social conflicts and political differences. Nicaraguans
[Statement by former Vice President Sergio Ramiroz in
voted for the current government, which I Bill honored to
Managua on 27 September-1ccorded]
preside over. In this way, Nicaragua Joined all the other
countries that have chosen freedom.
[Texi] I have a report from United Press International
which says that tomorrow the vice president of the
The United Nations guaranteed our elections-the only
Republic is preparing to enter by force, according to his
truly free elections held in Nicaragua in its 169 years as
own statement. the presidential palace to take charge of
a republic. I, like many other Nicaraguans of my gener-
the presidency. which is being denied to him. I consider
ation, had the opportunity to vote freely for the first
this a national crisis. Perhaps tomorrow 3 violent
time. In the name of all Nicaraguans, I sincerely thank
way.. do not know how they [not further identified]
this world forum. all the other international organiza-
will, or if they (not further identified] will. let the vice
tions. and the nations that supported our desire to attain
president enter the presidential palace. We must prepare
freedom. You have made it possible for Nicaragua 10
for a situation like that. I have in my hand a press agency
begin a new era/after 25 February.
report with his statements. This is " crisis in the country.
In only five months we have attained peace. We have
Chamorro's Governing Authority Defended
successfully managed to demobilize and disamn 21,000
Nicaraguan resistance members. In less than five months
PA2809053890 Managua Sistema Nacional de
we have substantially reduced the Nicaraguan Armed
Television Network in Spanish 0400 GMT 28 Sep 90
Forces. The Army that previously had 96,000 men now
has 34,000 members. We have also managed to remove
[From the independent newscast "Extravision"]
weapons that were previously in the hands of civilians.
[Text] The National Opposition Union Political Council
More than 18,000 rifles that were held by political
is meeting tonight to discuss the decision of Vicc Presi-
sectors have been buried under cement.
dent Virgilio Codoy, who will try to assume command of
We are also promoting negotiations for the limitation
the country tomorrow in President Chamorro's absence.
and reduction of weapons and soldiers. On this matter,
Engineer Alfredo Cesar, who is close to the president,
Nicaragua has set the example by destroying weapons,
said that this decision can be revoked by the president
which 1 have delivered to the UN General Assembly
from New York.
president today. We view the disarmament agreements
(Regin Cesar recording My position is that President
reached by the United States and the USSR *s a carn-
Chamorro can be the president from wherever she is.
structive humanitarian step.
here is no law which says otherwise. There is, however,
But there is something else, Mr. President. Today 1
a constitutional mandate that can be interpreted in
would like to proclaim democracy as a heritage of
different ways. Legally, I believe, therefore. that as long
humanity. The possibility. however, of losing the democ-
as she does not specifically appoint anyone to act in her
racy that has cost Nicarague so many secrifices must be
absence, she is president of the Republic. In my opinion,
viewed with deep concern. We must start 2 process that
she could annul any action that is carried out in her
will effectively bring peace and democratic stability to all
name. [end recording]
of Central America. If WE do not consolidate peace and if
we lose democracy, Mr. President, we-would be crasing
Chamorro Addresses UN General Assembly
one of America's achievements. From this forum, there-
PA2709235290 Managua Domestic Service in Spanish
fore, I call all world democracies to make a commitment
1454 GMT 27 Sep 90
to Nicaraguan democracy. Nicaragua had never enjoyed
the freedom and respect for human rights that is has
[Speech by President Violeta Chamorro at the United
experienced in the five months that this new government
Nations Cleaneral Assembly in New York-live
has been in power.
[Text] UN General Assembly president. friends heading
In Nicaragua, the Nicaraguan people and no longer afraid
the various delegations, my detar ON Secretary General
of living in their fatherland; in Nicaragua, people are and
04/11/91
11:44
005
FBIS-LAT-90-189
28 September 1990
CENTRAL AMERICA
11
longer afraid of working: in Nicaragua, people are no
We aspire to the creation of a Central American acc-
longer afraid of criticizing the government; and in Nic-
nomic community. We have agreed on a joint strategy
aragua, people are no longer afraid of producing.
that will allow our oconomies to participate competi-
lively and establish a significant economic action plan
Small peasants, industrialists, and merchants may freely
for the reguin. We cannot reduce ourselves to our
sell and buy their goods in the marketplace. Parents are
regional sphere, An Iberoamerica was the goal of Boli-
no longer afraid for their children. In Nicaragua, people
ver, and it is the name of our greater community.
are no longer afraid 10 study, and people are no longer
Nothing great has been accomplished in our America if
afraid to think differently. There is no fear about the
our America is not united Our great revolutions were
future. In Nicaragua people are not afraid of peace.
made with the awarchess of that unity. which is reborn
Quating the words of His Holiness Pope John Paul 11.
again today with the conquest of democracy. Only in that
promoting development is the DEW meaning of peace
community of regions will we have the power to solve the
today. On behalf of all Nicaraguans, I can announce to
common and grave problems, such as the foreign debt,
this world forum today that the Nicuraguan people have
and have our economy participate on the international
faith in God, in freedom, in democracy. in our father-
market.
land, in ourselves. and in all sister nations that have
given us their support and understanding.
We are small and poor Mr. president, but our ideals give
us stature. The national reconciliation that we seek in
There is something even more important, Mr president.
Nicuragua and the international reconcillation in the
My fatherland, Nicaragua-besides following the trends
world has no other objective than to strengthen the state
of the democratic changes in the world--is the new fruit
of law. The smaller and weaker a country is, like ours, the
of 3 regional movement, which the United Nations
more IL knows and feels the human value of the law. In
promoted with creativity and innovation. 1 have the
this sense, and on behalf of Nicaragua, 1 proclaim our
honor of representing my country in a special year in
firm decision to support the decade of international law.
modern history. Nicaragua is firmly determined to
remain free of hegemonic interests. Nicaragua, as a
Mr. President, Messrs. Delegates, allow me to return to
member of the Nonaligned Movement, will assume the
the urgent present day demands and then turn to the
challenge of overcoming the ideological barriers that
encouraging prospects for the future. When honoring our
have separated us.
ESA, it has been said that a woman is the guardian engel
of the present. This means that a woman knows that the
Nicaragua condemns the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait and
future is based on the present. Undoubtedly, we Nicara-
supports the UN Security Council's resolutions. We also
guans have opened paths of peace and democracy.
welcome the release of Nelson Mandela and support the
end of racism and apartheid. The reunification of the
Nicaragua fuces a situation today that is similar 10 what
German peoples IS significant for my government, and it
many countries confented at the end of World War II.
constitutes a vivid example of reconciliation. My dream
We understand that independence is fundamental and it
is a unified Central America: a demilitarized Central
is the starting point for reactivating our economy
America: 11 free Central America; a Central America in
through H national and socioeconomic agreement. We
permanent dialogue; and a Central America making
Nicaraguans-workers, businessmen, and the govern-
progress.
ment-initiated that process on 20 September. This is a
new style of government in Nicaragua. We recognize,and
We hope the world shares and continue to support the
assume the responsibility that is needed to carry out
efforts for it democratic and demiliturized Central
adjustments and changes that will make our economy
America free from all kinds of military presence. We
viable. This effort must be complemented, however,
hope to proclaim this part of the world as a zone of peace
with international equperation, including the granting of
and cooperation some day. It IS time to say enough of
preferential treatment.
violence and arms buildup. II is time to work for the
supremacy of civilian society (lver weapons. No Central
We understand international cooperation not as a sub-
American must bow his head or humiliate his dignity
stitute for our own efforts, but as a necessary element to
before the strength or coercion of weapons or dictator-
achieve a sustained development, based on our effective
ships.
integration into international trade. To support our
democracy is to extend the borders of liberty and justice
We have begun the great revolution of nonviolence: the
worldwide. Those who have understood it this way,
civic and democratic revolution of votes; and the revo-
realize that the democratization of Nicaragua and its
lution of respect for man and his dignity. his freedom,
economic recovery are a necessary and significant factor
and his rights. We believe the understanding among
in consolidating peace in the region. On this point. I
nations is a means of achieving international reconcili-
want to emphasize that supporting the integration of
ation. This revolution, which is uniting Central America
thousands of Nicaraguan refugees, the displaced, the
even more, is making progress toward a political integra-
demobilized Nicaraguan resistance, and soldiers affected
two through the creation of the Central American l'ar-
by the Army reduction represents a crucial task for the
liament.
future of peace and democracy in my country.
11:45
006
FBIS-LAT-90-189
12
CENTRAL AMERICA
28 September 1990
Finally, on the large foreign debt burden shouldered by
(Text) Acting Commerce and Industries Minister Rob
our countries. diverse initiatives and strategies have
signified, in sume cases, a real advancement. We view
erto Alfaro has reported that Panama is currently nego-
tiating with the Venezuelan Government to finds solu-
with optimism President Rush's Initiative for the Amer-
tion to the problem of Panama's oil supply and/to fix the
icas, which is based on proposals on trade. deht, and
price per barrel of crude oil. Roberto Alfaro/discussed
investments. It should be carefully reviewed by our
the meeting between the Commerce and Industries Min-
countries. Our efforts, however, are not enough. It is
ister Juan Chevalier and the Venezuelan Government.
necessary for the international community to make a
greater contribution so that we can better handle the
[Alfaro] Minister Chevaller met today with Venezuelan
heavy foreign deht burden.
Energy and Mines Minister Celestino Armas. They dis-
cussed the possibility of reaching some agreements ON the
If the international community makes $ greater contri-
purchase of oll at h special price and in quantities that will
bution. our countries can then channel their financial
satisfy the needs of the nation. Minister Chevalier seemed
resources toward the urgent, economic and sucial needs
rather optimistic during the telephone conversation we
that they face. I think that the renegotiation of the debt,
had today. He has 0 second round of talks tomorrow with
under beneficial terms for the Central American coun-
Minister Armas. however, and we think that a formal
tries, should be viewed as 3 moral issue. It should not be
agreement with Venezuela will be reached during this
viewed from the prism of economic interests, hut as a
round, the results/of which the minister will discuss on the
necessary condition 50 that many countries can resolve
morning of 27 September. For this you will Invite the press
the painful crisis of development, which affects us all.
10 be at the airport so that we can give you that Informa-
Only if this happens will we be able to create and
tion.
bequeath a fairer and more stable world to the men and
women of tomorrow. who are the children of today, our
Minister Roberto Alfaro discussed the specific negotia-
children, our grandchildren, and other children like
tions that Juan Chevalier is proposing in Venezuela:
them, for whom we must struggle. and ns my husband
Pedro Joaquin Chamorro used to say, even die for. In
(Alfaro) We cannot ask Venezuela for the 24,000 barrels,
of course, but WE are asking it! to guarantee us or least
that sense, we express our determined support of the
12,000 barrels, which Ls half or 50 percent of that On the
world summit for children.
other hand. we are, of course grying to get a fixed price.
Mr. President, messrs. delegates, Nicaragua is like a rock
We hope 11 will be no higher than $21, but any limit on or
placed by geography and history in the middle of the
below $28-which is what we have been paying for the
American world. The political and social winds and all
latest shipments-would be very beneficial for Panama
the universal currents lash out against that rock. All of
and would prevent US from Having to Increase any costs for
our heroes have struggled against empires and against
the consumer up until 31 December 90.
invading forces. The destiny of our nationality overllows
Lastly. the minister talked about the relations between
our borders. That is why, if there is a country that has
Mexico and Papama. He referred to a meeting with the
solidarity, desp solidarity with this organization. it is my
Mexican oil minister.
fatherland. Do not leave us alone. Thank you very much.
[applause]
[Alfaro] We have been buying from Mexico, but Mexico
has not given us any purchasing guarantees yet; perhaps
in November " will. We have a trip planned for Minister
Panama
Chevelier within one or two weeks perhaps. He will meet
with the Mexican energy minister to see if we con reach
an agreement with Mexico that is similar to the one WE
reached with Venezuela
Oil Negotiations With Venezuela, Mexico Reported
PA2709180790 Panama City Radio KW Continente
(Reporter] Political circles have sald that the problem of
in Spanish 1200 GMT 26 Sep 90
the price of oil In Panama has been politicized. What can
you tell us?
[Alfaro] I do not know in what sense it has been politi-
[Report on news conference by acting Commerce and
cized. We are working in a very technical manner and
Industries Minister/Roberto Alfaro with unidentified
very much in line with the decisions made by the Cabinet
reporter; place and date not given-italicized passages
and the president of the Republic. I do not think there has
are recorded]
been anything political about that.
Nicaraguan National Anthem
Hail to thee, Nicaragua, In your land
the voice of the cannon no longer roars,
nor does the blood of our brothers stain
your glorious bicolored bunner.
Shine bright the peace under your sky,
nothing will tarnish your immortal glory;
that work is your noble distinction
and honor your triumphant lesson.
4
the need for education
peacemaker in LA, changing tides, overcoming guerrilla warfare to
become great leader
stress we support her, time to stand behind country, prove
democracy works -- is fair way to run, etc.
Inaugural Address:
--"a new sun of justice and freedom"
Republic rose again -- result of desire for Democracy,
dream
the Blue and White Nicaragua where "the cannons will
never, never roar again
respect
we can only be free if we are brothers
boat
Santa Libertad
triumphant return of peace
to live together
1) consolidate democratic liberties; 2) promote economic
production; 3) reduce social inequiality; 4) spirit of
reconciliation (instill)
human dignity
ending militarism
definitive, firm, and lasting peace
community spirit
reconciliation: most important task for divided and
impoverished Nicaragua
courageous; idealistic, open-minded people
(Ruben Dario -- "Ode to Theodore Roosevelt," classic of cultural
nationalism; best Sp-Am modernist poet
TOAST:
her place in history; peacemaker and great liberator
Democracy in Latin America
symbol of democracy and peace; free elections;
boat ship of state
reconciliation
human dignity
education and moral values in a Nicaragua where liberty and
human rights
trust her people
our deep regard for you and your efforts to carry on the
tradition of your husband
TWO THEMES: free and fair elections; movement of freedom and
democracy throughout world (hemisphere)
-problem of securing property rights; break from intellectual
imperialism toward capitalism
--population dmoralized by private property confiscated (now do
bare minimum of work, wait for handouts or hand-me-downs)
--no one will work hard unless have confidence in secure property
rights
-government's privitization effortss
Latin America's newest democracy
-almost a year to the day when took power (April 25) --
--people cast their ballots for peace and freedom
--a woman of great moral courage, an inspiration to the people of
her nation
-close a painful chapter in its history and begin a new sstory,
a new life indemocracy
--in N., the real hard work is just beginning. For the past
decade, that nation has experienced terrible staration and
deprivation. And its energies were consumed, just eaten up, in
that bitter civil war; its economy slowly strangled by a system
of central control and mismangement. Those days really have
dended with the return of democracy.
--there's a new sense of confidence in N. -- people ready to roll
up their sleeves and ready to turn things around, to build the
institutions of free government and free enterprise and then
create a climate for growht, to plant the seeds of peace and
prosperity.
free and fair election
stated goals of national reconciliation and economic
reconstruction
her reforms supported
Dona Violeta (Lady Violet)
first time someone elected by secret ballot in history;
country's first truly wide-open, secret balloting in 170 years;
-chosen for "a mission to help these people"
the nation's peacemaker
(when we toast you, we toast
...
)
--on a quest to restore moral values
-- especially through
your
schools -- how similar are our goals
-blue-and-white national banners -- what stand for?
"my job is unification, reocnciliation"
--country finally at peace -- struggling now to learn to live in
it
--politics: the art and science of searching out the common good
(reword and paraphrase)
met with Bush November 1989, D.C., as candidate (and apparently
also in NYC in fall of 1990)
college in Texas and Virginia;
Pedro assassinated 13 years ago
campaign based on reconicliation, forgiveness; and leave good
ineheritance for the young people and the future
total freedom of expression
six more years
"explosion of liberty" -- in her words: "a fly could not fly
without asking permission from the dictator." "
1957 escape to Costa Rica in rowboat
likes prayer of St. Francis -- has in her office
Pedro: crusading newspaper publisher;
"As a mother, I feel with great intensity the obligation to
teach while governing, and to govern while forming peaceful
hearts."
1502, Columbus first sghted shore
Ruben Dario, poet
ended a war that claimed 50,000 lives -- now reinventing the
nation with ideas
(TOAST: 456 words)
National Reconciliation -- campaign theme
Pablo
b - 250 - 250
(4/30)
Sts.
Mar. 13 / Administration of George Bush, 1990
Europe out of that surplus pile to Egypt.
White House Fact Sheet on Economic
And if you keep on selling them on credit,
Assistance for Nicaragua
the arms that we have, you're going to keep
March 13, 1990
on creating wars in the Third World and
other nations.
The President has proposed the following
The President. One of the
economic assistance program for Nicaragua:
Q. Mr. President, would you do this at
the microphone, please?
Immediate Actions
Q. Thank you.
The President has determined that the
The President. This is a departure. One of
February 25, 1990, democratic election in
the things that is part of the negotiations on
Nicaragua has ended the unusual and ex-
CFE is destruction of weapons. And we're
traordinary threat to the national security
talking about significant numbers. And I
and foreign policy of the United States pre-
had a meeting yesterday with Jim Woolsey,
viously posed by the actions and policies of
our CFE negotiator, and he was spelling out
the Sandinista government. Accordingly,
for me just the mechanical difficulties of
the President has terminated the national
doing this.
emergency with respect to Nicaragua and
But nevertheless, we are determined that
lifted all economic sanctions, including the
that will be the approach that is taken with
trade embargo.
these massive numbers of weapons. We still
Twenty-one million dollars of existing
have security needs that we feel are en-
funds will be used to provide emergency
hanced by transfer of military equipment,
assistance, including food through PL 480,
sales of military equipment to friendly
to support the democratic transition and aid
countries. So, the policy will remain as it is,
in the repatriation and reintegration of the
but we will go forward with the destruction
resistance and refugees.
where that is a part of the policy.
We have begun to take steps necessary to
Thank you all very much.
restore Nicaragua's sugar quota and to assist
the Government of Nicaragua to become
Note: The President's 40th news conference
eligible for preferential treatment under
began at 9:18 a.m. in the Briefing Room at
the Generalized System of Preferences and
the White House.
the Caribbean Basin Initiative, as well as
the facilities offered by the Export-Import
Bank and the Overseas Private Investment
Corporation.
Letter to the Speaker of the House
and the President of the Senate
Request to Congress for FY 90
Transmitting the Executive Order
The President has requested that Con-
Terminating the National Emergency
gress approve a FY 90 supplemental appro-
With Respect to Nicaragua
priation of $300 million for economic assist-
March 13, 1990
ance to Nicaragua. The objective of these
funds are to support the Chamorro govern-
Dear Mr. Speaker: (Dear Mr. President:)
ment in its efforts to democratize, demobi-
Enclosed is a copy of an Executive order
lize, and develop, and for the private sector
that I signed today terminating the national
to restore the productive capacity of Nicar-
emergency with respect to Nicaragua.
agua's economy. The funds will be used to:
Sincerely,
Restore productivity by providing criti-
cal agricultural supplies (seeds, fertiliz-
George Bush
er, equipment), petroleum, and health
inputs (approximately $60 million);
Note: Identical letters were sent to Thomas
Fund emergency employment pro-
S. Foley, Speaker of the House of Represent-
grams (approximately $10 million);
atives, and Dan Quayle, President of the
Provide for the repatriation and reset-
Senate. The President referred to Executive
tlement of the resistance and refugees
Order 12707, which appears on page 402.
(approximately $45 million);
412
Administration of George Bush, 1990 / Mar. 13
on Economic
Provide technical assistance in restruc-
meeting and a very engaging working
turing the economy (approximately $1
lunch. We used those opportunities to dis-
million);
cuss important bilateral matters, including
Help clear arrears of $234 million to
America's strong endorsement of the Gov-
the international financial institutions
ernment of Mozambique's political and eco-
ed the following
(approximately $50 million). These
nomic reforms. We spoke openly and frank-
n for Nicaragua:
funds would be disbursed as part of
ly, and I told President Chissano that he has
multilateral efforts to clear the arrears
our strong support as he undergoes these
and would be linked to a sound eco-
reforms.
nined that the
nomic policy framework supported by
These reforms have enhanced the ties
atic election in
the IMF [International Monetary
which link Mozambique and the United
inusual and ex-
Fund];
States, strengthening rights central to
ational security
Provide balance of payments support
America: the right to vote and to own prop-
lited States pre-
to restructure the economy (approxi-
erty, the right to worship as we please and
and policies of
mately $75 million); and
to be free of violence. These reforms have
t. Accordingly,
Help fund development projects (ap-
buoyed the Mozambique peace process,
ed the national
proximately $60 million). Activities
which we amply discussed today. They have
Nicaragua and
would include support for democratic
also meant more liberalization and privat-
s, including the
institutions, repair and maintenance of
ization, and led Mozambique to accept the
basic infrastructure, education, and
economic rehabilitation program supported
ars of existing
health.
by the International Monetary Fund, the
ide emergency
hrough PL 480,
Request to Congress for FY 91
IMF. For that, Mr. President, I salute you.
Yet we look forward to even further re-
ansition and aid
The President intends to submit to Con-
forms. So, we talked today of common con-
tegration of the
gress a separate request for approximately
cerns, like refugee issues and Mozambique's
$200 million in economic assistance to Nica-
humanitarian concerns-the crisis there in
eps necessary to
ragua in FY 91. Details of this assistance
humanitarian concerns, I might add.
iota and to assist
will be announced later.
We reviewed ongoing developments in
igua to become
reatment under
Source of Funds
the southern region of Africa and explored
new ways to propel the trend toward politi-
Preferences and
The FY 90 supplemental request to Nica-
cal solutions and regional cooperation. In all
tive, as well as
ragua will be offset from the Department of
of this, we pledge our assistance to help
e Export-Import
Defense budget. The President is request-
meet Mozambique's humanitarian and de-
vate Investment
ing Congress approve the FY 90 funds for
Nicaragua, along with his January 25 re-
velopment needs, for we've seen your gov-
ernment take significant steps to heal divi-
quest of $570 million for Panama and refu-
90
sions which threaten your nation. And we
gees, by April 5, 1990.
ested that Con-
urge all parties to talk at the earliest oppor-
tunity so as to avoid further suffering.
lemental appro-
Like many of your counterparts, Presi-
economic assist-
dent Chissano, your government has in
jective of these
hamorro govern-
Remarks Following Discussions With
recent years begun to open up the econo-
cratize, demobi-
President Joaquim Alberto Chissano of
my to market forces and to open up the
political process, allowing a freer flow of
e private sector
Mozambique
upacity of Nicar-
March 13, 1990
ideas. As we've learned around the world,
will be used to:
democracy and development are directly
y providing criti-
President Bush. Mr. President, it was a
related; each encourages the other. So, we
great pleasure to meet with you here at the
commend you for taking steps toward de-
es (seeds, fertiliz-
eum, and health
White House, sir, as our very special guest.
mocracy parallel with those steps toward
$60 million);
More than 2,000 years ago a prophet once
economic reform.
nployment pro-
said, "There are four things that can never
Mr. President, ours is the chance to act
310 million);
be recaptured: the spoken word, the sped
not merely for Mozambique or any single
iation and reset-
arrow, time past, and the neglected oppor-
country but rather all of Africa, helping de-
ice and refugees
tunity." This afternoon, President Chissano
mocracy enrich a continent and your conti-
llion);
and our delegation had a very productive
nent enrich the world. Now, there's an an-
413
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31
27TH STORY of Level 2 printed in FULL format.
Copyright (c) 1990 News World Communications Inc.
The Washington Times
February 27, 1990, Tuesday, Final Edition
SECTION: Part F; COMMENTARY; EDITORIAL; Pg. F2
LENGTH: 802 words
HEADLINE: Nicaraguan renaissance?
BODY:
"If I voted for the Front [Sandinistas], I'd be voting for things to be more
expensive every day. I'd be voting to send my kids to military service." In two
simple sentences, Ramon Mendoza, truck driver from Managua, expressed the
sentiment of at least 55 percent of the Nicaraguan voters who went the polls on
Sunday. Given the chance, they gave Comandante Daniel Ortega "la bota."
Violetta Chamorro, social democrat, is now the president of Nicaragua.
The question for Mrs. Chamorro, and in turn for the U.S. policymakers who
supported her election effort, is how they will shape the future of Nicaragua
not only to secure the best interests of the Nicaraguan people, but also the
best interests of the United States in Central America. Notwithstanding shrill
propaganda to the contrary, the two are not mutually exclusive, but inextricably
woven together. Both objectives are within reach, provided a few issues are
resolved as quickly as possible.
Though Comandante Ortega promises to respect the election results, saying
that, "Thousands and thousands of Nicaraguans gave their vote to the political
force which I consider should start governing Nicaragua as from 25 April 1990,"
he must breathe life into that pledge by relinquishing control of the military,
secret police and other security forces with which he imposed "Sandinismo."
Afterward, he and his comrades should have the choice of participating in the
country's political process legally and peacefully or leaving the country
forever.
Mrs. Chamorro, backed by advice from American military authorities, must
civlianize the Nicaraguan armed forces, then scale them back to a size
consistent with the country's security needs. She can start by appointing a
non-partisan defense minister who could immediately dismantle, for instance, the
12 surface-to-air missile sites in Punta Huete that U.S. intelligence
authorities discovered within the last two months. To diminish the amibition of
Sandino revanchists in her army, Mrs. Chammorro should ask veteran soldiers
from the Nicaraguan Resistance to enlist in the new Nicaraguan army. Lastly,
she must toss out of Managua the FMLN communist guerrillas waging war against
neighboring El Salvador. Nicaragua's role as a godfather of subversion in
Central America must end.
Mrs. Chamorro also faces the unenviable task of rebuilding the Nicaraguan
economy, which has been wracked by inflation running at an unbelievable 36,000
percent, burdened by a $6.9 billion debt load and smashed by war damages
totalling some $15 billion. She must dismantle the huge Sandinista bureaucracy
and de-nationalize the country's industry, which would boost production of its
main exports: coffee, cotton, meat, sugar and shellfish. She must adopt
free-market economic principles, which means creating real money, inviolable
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(c) 1990 The Washington Times, February 27, 1990
property rights and courts that enforce just laws.
For its part, the United States certainly should provide some kind of
assistance, although it must not be used to subsidize the time-honored Central
American traditions of corrupt officialdom and land reform, a euphemism for
taking one person's property and giving it to someone else. Furthermore, U.S.
assistance must not be used as an excuse to delay the economic reforms that will
draw international investors to the country. The more private business Nicaragua
attracts, the less money U.S. taxpayers must contribute to its economy.
Countries that haven't learned this lesson have been on the dole for 30 years,
and Nicaragua should not become one of them. U.S. policy-makers should impose
a limit on the amount of aid they contemplate giving Nicaragua, a country imbued
with core Western values, that ought to allow it to become a regional economic
power and a liberal democracy without an unending flow of largesse.
It took a decade of war, an internal struggle against Sandinista apologists
on Capitol Hill, five counterfeit peace agreements and 1,000 election observers
to force Daniel Ortega to put his rule up for a vote. He lost. The United
States now has an opportunity to cinch our strategic interests on the Central
American isthmus vis-a-vis the Panama Canal and the guerillas subverting El
Salvador. That requires a commitment to enforce the results of this election.
Meanwhile, Fidel Castro ought to be able to read the handwriting that has
appeared on the Central American equivalent of the Berlin Wall, and if he can't,
his Soviet subsidizers should explain it to him. They can heed the message
written there this weekend by the Nicaraguan people, or they can wait until the
wall falls on top of them.
In any event, Mrs. Chamorro can justifiably assert that her fellow citizens
have "shown that they want to live in democracy, in peace and in freedom." Her
people have spoken.
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4TH STORY of Level 2 printed in FULL format.
The Associated Press
The materials in the AP file were compiled by The Associated Press. These
materials may not be republished without the express written consent of The
Associated Press.
May 22, 1990, Tuesday, AM cycle
SECTION: Business News
LENGTH: 393 words
HEADLINE: President Says U.S. Should Encourage Free Markets
BYLINE: By CHRISTOPHER CONNELL, Associated Press Writer
DATELINE: WASHINGTON
KEYWORD: Bush-Latin America
BODY:
President Bush said Tuesday the United States "must do all we can" to
encourage free market development across Latin America to consolidate democratic
gains in the region.
Calling Cuba the hemisphere's lone holdout, Bush said, "We are closer than
ever before to the day when all the people of the Americas, North and South,
will live in freedom."
The events of the past year - including the demise of dictatorships in
Panama, Nicaragua, Chile and Paraguay - have "strengthened our desire to forge a
new partnership with the growing forces of freedom in Latin America," he said.
Bush, addressing a U.S. business group interested in promoting Latin trade,
said, "We in the U.S. must do all we can to ensure the future of free markets in
the Americas, because our nation has a stake in the economic health of this
hemisphere."
Two-way trade between the United States and Latin America last year topped
$$100 billion for the first time, he said.
"Our challenge is to consolidate democracy and accelerate development," Bush
told the Council of the Americas.
On this anniversary of Cuban independence from Spain, Bush took a slap at
Fidel Castro's "isolated" island, which he called "out of step with the
democratic tide."
"Let me say with certainty that even in Cuba, the dream of democracy can only
be pushed back a little, only deferred. It will never be destroyed," Bush said.
Many Latin nations have held free elections in the past year, including
Nicaragua, where Sandinista President Daniel Ortega lost to opposition
leader Violetta Chamorro, and Chile, where the military dictatorship of
Augusto Pinochet ended after 17 years.
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The Associated Press, May 22, 1990
"All across the Americas, today more people live under freely elected
governments than ever before," said Bush.
"The U.S. is engaged as never before in the future of this hemisphere," he
said.
Bush also made a pitch for his $$720 million emergency aid package for Panama
and Nicaragua.
"Finally, it appears the Congress may act this week on this vital measure,"
said Bush, who first sought the money in March. "Let me say to the Congress: The
fate of freedom rests in your hands. Do the work of democracy and pass this
emergency aid package now."
The Council of the Americas, founded by banker David Rockefeller in 1965,
consists of nearly 200 U.S. companies with interests in Latin America and the
Caribbean.
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