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Medal of Honor 4/24/91 [OA 6897]
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MARKER
This is not a textual record. This is used as an
administrative marker by the George Bush Presidential
Library Staff.
Record Group/Collection:
George H.W. Bush Presidential Records
Collection/Office of Origin:
Speechwriting, White House Office of
Series:
Speech File Backup Files
Subseries:
Chron File, 1989-1993
OA/ID Number:
13753
Folder ID Number:
13753-001
Folder Title:
Medal of Honor 4/24/91 [OA 6897]
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26
21
3
6
BACKGROUND
- BLACK SOLDIERS DID NOT RECEIVE THE MEDAL OF HONOR
DURING WORLD WAR I
- CONGRESSMEN DIOGUARDI AND LELAND INTRODUCED
H.R. 3509 FOR THE RELIEF OF HENRY JOHNSON
- ARMY DID NOT SUPPORT H.R. 3509, BUT AGREED TO
CONDUCT RESEARCH OF AWARDS POLICY & PROCEDURES
DURING WORLD WAR I
- RESEARCH RESULTS INDICATED THAT:
- AWARDS POLICY AND PROCEDURES WERE PUBLISHED BY
HQ, AMERICAN EXPEDITIONARY FORCES, DISTRIBUTED
TO ALL DIVISIONS, AND FOLLOWED AT ALL LEVELS.
- ONE SOLDIER'S RECOMMENDATION FOR THE MEDAL
OF HONOR WAS NOT PROCESSED
MEDAL OF HONOR \ EAST ROOM
WEDNESDAY, APRIL 24, 1991 \ 3:00 P.M.
SECRETARY CHENEY, GENERAL POWERS GENERAL VUONO.
DISTINGUISHED MEMBERS OF CONGRESS. FORMER MEDAL OF
HONOR RECIPIENTS -- I SALUTE YOU, EVERY ONE. ALISON
LELAND. GEORGINA PALMER AND MARY BOWENS -- SISTERS OF
TODAY'S HONOREE. LADIES AND GENTLEMEN. WELCOME TO THE
WHITE HOUSE -- AND TO CEREMONIES HONORING A TRUE HERO.
/
- 2 -
A MAN WHO MAKES US PROUD OF OUR HERITAGE AS AMERICANS.
A MAN WHO -- IN LIFE, AND DEATH -- HELPED KEEP AMERICA
FREE. //
I SPEAK OF CORPORAL FREDDIE STOWERS, TO WHOM,
POSTHUMOUSLY, WE PRESENT OUR HIGHEST MILITARY AWARD FOR
VALOR, THE MEDAL OF HONOR. IT IS AN AWARD FOR BRAVERY
AND CONSCIENCE -- THAT COMPENDIUM WE CALL CHARACTER. //
- 3 -
TODAY, CORPORAL FREDDIE STOWERS BECOMES THE FIRST
BLACK SOLDIER HONORED WITH A MEDAL OF HONOR FROM WORLD
WAR I. HE SOUGHT, AND HELPED ACHIEVE, THE TRIUMPH OF
RIGHT OVER WRONG. HE SHOWED -- AS THIS YEAR HAS PROVED
AGAIN -- THAT AN INSPIRED HUMAN HEART CAN SURMOUNT
BAYONETS AND BARBED WIRE. //
SEVENTY-THREE YEARS AGO, CORPORAL STOWERS FIRST WAS
RECOMMENDED FOR A MEDAL OF HONOR -- BUT HIS AWARD WAS
NOT ACTED UPON.
- 4 -
IN 1987, THEN-CONGRESSMAN JOE DIOGUARDI AND MY FRIEND
-- THE LATE MICKEY LELAND -- DISCOVERED THE STOWERS
CASE WHILE CONDUCTING OTHER RESEARCH. THE ARMY TOOK UP
THE CASE -- AND LAST NOVEMBER THE SECRETARIES OF THE
ARMY AND DEFENSE RECOMMENDED THAT CORPORAL STOWERS
RECEIVE THE MEDAL OF HONOR. I HEARD HIS STORY, AND
AGREED ENTHUSIASTICALLY.//
- 5 -
IT HAS BEEN SAID THAT "THE ULTIMATE MEASURE OF A
MAN IS NOT WHERE HE STANDS IN MOMENTS OF COMFORT AND
CONVENIENCE, BUT WHERE HE STANDS AT TIMES OF
CHALLENGE.' ON SEPTEMBER 28, 1918, CORPORAL FREDDIE
STOWERS STOOD POISED ON THE EDGE OF SUCH A CHALLENGE
-- AND SUMMONED HIS METTLE AND COURAGE. //
CORPORAL STOWERS AND THE MEN OF COMPANY C, 371st
INFANTRY REGIMENT, BEGAN THEIR ATTACK ON HILL 188 IN
THE CHAMPAGNE-MEUSE SECTOR OF FRANCE.
- 6 -
ONLY A FEW MINUTES AFTER THE FIGHTING BEGAN, THE ENEMY
STOPPED FIRING. / ENEMY TROOPS CLIMBED ONTO THE
PARAPETS OF THE TRENCHES, HELD UP THEIR ARMS, AND
SEEMED TO SURRENDER. THE RELIEVED AMERICAN FORCES HELD
THEIR FIRE AND STEPPED INTO THE OPEN. //
As OUR TROOPS MOVED FORWARD, THE ENEMY JUMPED BACK
INTO THEIR TRENCHES AND SPRAYED OUR MEN WITH A VICIOUS
STREAM OF MACHINE GUN AND MORTAR FIRE. THE ASSAULT
ANNIHILATED WELL OVER 50 PER CENT OF COMPANY C. //
- 7 -
IN THE MIDST OF THIS BLOODY CHAOS, CORPORAL STOWERS
TOOK CHARGE AND BRAVELY LED HIS MEN FORWARD, DESTROYING
THEIR FOES ALTHOUGH HE WAS MORTALLY WOUNDED DURING
THE ATTACK, FREDDIE STOWERS CONTINUED TO PRESS FORWARD,
URGING HIS MEN ON UNTIL HE DIED. //
ON THAT SEPTEMBER DAY, CORPORAL STOWERS WAS ALONE,
FAR FROM FAMILY AND HOME. HE HAD TO BE SCARED AS
FRIENDS DIED AT HIS SIDE.
- 8 -
BUT HE VANQUISHED HIS FEAR AND FOUGHT -- NOT FOR GLORY,
BUT FOR A CAUSE LARGER THAN HIMSELF -- THE CAUSE OF
LIBERTY.
TODAY, AS WE PAY TRIBUTE TO THIS GREAT SOLDIER, OUR
THOUGHTS CONTINUE TO BE WITH THE MEN AND WOMEN OF ALL
OUR WARS, WHO VALIANTLY CARRIED THE BANNER OF FREEDOM
INTO BATTLE. // THEY, Too, KNOW AMERICA WOULD NOT BE
THE LAND OF THE FREE IF IT WERE NOT ALSO THE HOME OF
THE BRAVE. //
- 9 -
THE SOLDIERS, SAILORS, AIRMEN, MARINES, AND COAST
GUARDSMEN OF DESERT STORM -- A GROUP THAT INCLUDES
FREDDIE STOWERS' GREAT GRAND-NEPHEW, STAFF SGT. DOUGLAS
WARREN OF THE 101st AIRBORNE, WHO STILL IS IN SAUDI
ARABIA -- ALL THESE VALLIANT AMERICANS ARE HEIRS TO THE
LEGACY OF CORPORAL STOWERS AND THE MEN OF COMPANY C.
No NATION COULD BE MORE PROUD OF ITS SONS AND DAUGHTERS
THAN WE ARE OF THEM. //
- 10 -
TODAY, WE CELEBRATE THEIR ACHIEVEMENTS. BUT WE
ALSO HEED THESE WORDS, ECHOING OVER THE CENTURIES:
"ONLY THE DEAD HAVE SEEN THE END OF WAR. " /
WE OWE IT TO FREDDIE STOWERS AND THOSE WHO REVERE
HIS LEGACY TO DEFEND THE PRINCIPLES FOR WHICH HE DIED
-- AND FOR WHICH AMERICA STANDS. //
IN THAT SPIRIT, I AM HONORED TO WELCOME TWO OF HIS
SISTERS -- GEORGINA PALMER OF RICHMOND, CALIFORNIA, AND
MARY BOWENS OF GREENVILLE, SOUTH CAROLINA. /
- 11 -
THEY WILL ACCEPT THE AWARD ON BEHALF OF THEIR LATE
BROTHER -- THE TEXT OF WHICH WE NOW WILL READ:
# #
#
#
To
Jennfer
Date 4/17
Time 4:30
WHILE YOU WERE OUT
M
Col. Shoemaker
of
Col Brissom
Phone 703 697 - 8913
Area Code
Number
Extension
TELEPHONED
PLEASE CALL
CALLED TO SEE YOU
WILL CALL AGAIN
WANTS TO SEE YOU
URGENT
RETURNED YOUR CALL
Message
Operator
AMPAD
EFFICIENCY®
23-023 CARBONLESS
CHAM PALM PANE M
8:13
STUP
CHAM PANE MY002
103
Champayne Mu
CHECK
3
(Smith/Grossman)
April 19, 1991
Min Bynnyy7
Draft Five
4:30 p.m.
STOWERS
PRESIDENTIAL REMARKS: MEDAL OF HONOR
ROSE GARDEN EastRer
TUESDAY, APRIL 23, 1991
wed Apr 24, 1991
Georgiana Palmer and Mary Bowens -- sisters of today's
Chairman General
honoree. Secretary Cheney, Secretary Powell, General Vuono
ladies and gentlemen. Welcome to the White House -- and to
3PM
ceremonies honoring a true hero. / A man who makes us proud of
our Heritage musay as Americans. A man who -- in life, and death --
helped keep America free. //
I speak of Corporal Freddie Stowers, to whom, posthumously,
we present our highest military award for valor, the Medal of
Honor. It is an award for bravery and conscience -- that
compendium we call character. It reminds us that America is
great because America is good. //
Today, Corporal Freddie Stowers becomes the first black
soldier honored with a Medal of Honor from World War I. He
sought, and helped achieve, the triumph of right over wrong. He
showed -- as this year has proved again -- that an inspired human
heart can surmount bayonets and barbed wire. //
Seventy-three years ago, Corporal Stowers first was
recommended for a Medal of Honor -- but his award was not acted
upon. In 1987, then-Congressman Joe Dioguardi and my friend --
the late Mickey Leland -- discovered the Stowers case while
conducting other research. The Army took up the case -- and last
2
November the Secretaries of the Army and defense recommended that
Corporal Stowers receive the Medal of Honor. I heard his story,
and agreed enthusiastically. / /
It has been said that "the ultimate measure of a man is not
where he stands in moments of comfort and convenience, but where
he stands at times of challenge." On September 28, 1918,
Corporal Freddie Stowers stood poised on the edge of such a
challenge -- and summoned his mettle and courage. //
Corporal Stowers and the men of Company c, 371st Infantry
Regiment, began their attack on Hill 188 in the Champagne-Meuse
sector of France. Only a few minutes after the fighting began,
the enemy stopped firing. / Enemy troops climbed onto the
and
?
parapets of the trenches, held up their weapons, and seemed to
surrender. The relieved American forces held their fire and
stepped into the open. //
As our troops moved forward, the enemy jumped back into
their trenches and sprayed our men with a vicious stream of
machine gun and mortar fire. The assault annihilated well over
50 per cent of Company C. //
In the midst of this bloody chaos, Corporal Stowers took
charge and bravely led his men forward, destroying their foes.
Although he was mortally wounded during the attack, Freddi &
Stowers continued to press forward, urging his men on until he
died. //
On that September day, Corporal Stowers was alone, far from
family and home. He had to be scared as friends died at his
3
side. But he vanquished his fear and fought -- not for glory,
but for a cause larger than himself -- the cause of liberty.
Today, as we pay tribute to this great soldier, our thoughts
continue to be with the men and women of all our wars, who
valiantly carried the banner of freedom into battle. // They,
too, know America would not be the land of the free if it were
not also the home of the brave. //
The soldiers, sailors, airmen, Marines, and Coast Guardsmen
great
of Desert Storm -- a group that includes Freddie Stowers' grand-
nephew, Staff Sgt. Douglas Warren of the 101st Airborne, who
still is in Saudi Arabia -- all these valliant Americans are
heirs to the legacy of Corporal Stowers and the men of Company C.
No nation could be more proud of its sons and daughters than we
are of them. //
Today, we celebrate their achievements. But we also heed
these words, echoing over the centuries: "Only the dead have
seen the end of war. " /
We owe it to Freddie Stowers and those who revere his legacy
to defend the principles for which he died -- and for which
America stands. //
In that spirit, I am honored to welcome two of his sisters -
- Georgina Palmer of Richmond, California, and Mary Bowens of
Greenville, South Carolina. / They will accept the award on
behalf of their late brother -- the text of which we now will
read:
#
#
#
#
BACKGROUND
No black soldiers were awarded the Medal of Honor during the
World War I. In 1987 Congressmen Dioguardi and Leland introduced
House Resolution 3509 for the relief of Henry Johnson, a black
World War I veteran. While the Army did not support H.R. 3509,
it agreed to conduct research of awards policy and procedures
during World War I.
While conducting the research it was discovered that a
recommendation for award of the Medal of Honor to Corporal
Freddie Stowers had been submitted by Colonel P.L. Miles in
December 1918 but, for unknown reasons was not acted upon. Since
he was actually recommended, the law permitted consideration
without legislative waiver of the statutory limitations for
processing such awards.
In November of last year the Secretary of the Army and the
Secretary of Defense recommended to the President that the Medal
of Honor be awarded posthumously to Corporal Stowers. The
President approved the award at that time. There has been no
public announcement of the award to date, pending the scheduling
of the presentation and the notification of next of kin.
During the last few months the Army has conducted extensive
research to locate the family of Corporal Stowers. Corporal
Stowers' wife and daughter are deceased. However, two of his
sisters, Georgina Palmer, aged 88 of Richmond, California and
Mary Bowens, aged 77 of Greenville, South Carolina are still
living and in relatively good health. Additionally, a great
grand nephew, Staff Sergeant Douglas Warren, is in the United
States Army and currently stationed in Saudi Arabia. It is
expected that the two sisters would be the recipients at the
award ceremony. The U.S. Army would provide transportation to
bring them to the White House for the ceremony.
1918
Ltc Chris Shoemaker SHOEMAICER
(703) 697-8555
THE WHITE HOUSE
Specknih
LT COL
for Any
WASHINGTON
chaf
SCHEDULE PROPOSAL
February 21, 1991
of staff
TO:
Presidential Appointments and Scheduling
FROM:
Paul Bateman
Deputy Assistant to the President
for Management
REQUEST:
Presentation
PURPOSE:
To posthumously award the Medal of Honor
to the family members of Corporal
Freddie Stowers, USA, for his act of
ONLY BLK ADNORED
exceptional heroism on September 28,
FROM (ST ww
1918. A complete copy of the award
citation, detailing Corporal Stowers'
act of heroism (previously approved by
the President) is at the first
attachment.
BACKGROUND:
At second attachment.
PREVIOUS
PARTICIPATION:
None
DATE AND TIME:
TBD; however, recommend the event be
scheduled to provide next of kin (aged
77 and 88) of the recipient at least
three weeks notice.
LOCATION:
East Room
PARTICIPANTS:
To be provided. However, because of
significance of the event, it is
expected that a large and diverse
audience will attend and that there will
be extensive press and television
coverage.
OUTLINE OF EVENT:
TBD
REMARKS REQUIRED:
To be provided.
MEDIA COVERAGE:
Open press
RECOMMENDED BY:
Richard G. Trefry
Military Assistant to the President
OPPOSED BY:
N/A
Attachments
Shoemake 703 697 8913
(Smith/Grossman)
April 16, 1991
Draft Three
STOWERS
PRESIDENTIAL REMARKS: MEDAL OF HONOR
ROSE GARDEN
TUESDAY, APRIL 23, 1991
Georgiana Palmer, Mary Bowens, Staffer Sergeant Bush Warren,
ladies and gentlemen. Welcome to the White House -- and to
ceremonies honoring a true hero and pioneer. / A hero who made
us proud to be Americans. A pioneer who -- in life, and death -
- helped keep America free. // military
I speak of the man whom, posthumously, we present this
what
morning with our highest civilian award, the Medal of Honor. It
Bynnet
is an award for bravery and conscience -- that compendium we call
character. It reminds us that America is great because America
is good. //
Today, Corporal Freddie Stowers becomes the first black
honored with a Medal of Freedom from World War I -- but his life
eclipses race alone. / He sought, and helped achieve, the
triumph of right over wrong. He showed -- as this year has
proved again -- how the human heart can surmount bayonets and
barbed wire. //
Seventy-three years ago, Corporal Stowers was first
recommended for a Medal of Honor -- but his award was not acted
upon. So in 1987, Congressmen Disguarde and my friend -- the
late Mickey Leland -- acted to redress the delay. / They
introduced a resolution to honor the Corporal's heroism -- and
were supported by the Secretaries of Army and Defense. When,
2
finally, we located Corporal Stowers' family, we moved to honor
this American trailblazer -- for what a story his is. //
Martin Luther King once said that "the ultimate measure of a
man is not where he stands in moments of comfort and convenience,
to
143
but where he stands at times of challenge." On September 28,
1918, Corporal Freddie Stowers stood poised on the edge of one
unless
such challenge -- and displayed to all his mettle and his
you!
to
courage. //
Corporal Stowers and the men of Company c, 371st Infantry
tablet call
Regiment began their attack on Hill 188 in France, and after only
boy
a few minutes of fighting the enemy ceased firing. / They began
climbing up onto the parapets of the trenches, holding up their
how
samingly
weapons, appearing to be surrendering. This caused the American
that
forces to cease fire and to come out into the open. //
and
As the company moved forward, the enemy jumped back into their
trenches and began a vicious round of machine gun and mortar fire
annihilating well over 50 per cent of the company. //
In the midst of a bloody-rout, Corporal Stowers took charge
and bravely led his men forward, destroying the enemy. Although
during the attack he was gravely wounded by machine gun fire, he
continued to press forward, urging on his men 'til he died. //
On that September day, Corporal Stowers was alone, and
afraid, and so far from his home. But he overcame his fear --
which, after all, is the very definition of courage. / He was
like other great black organizations who fought in World War I -
- groups like the
and
,
,
.
And other black soldiers with
you
not to being
in support
Dairy powell
3
names like and and . They fought not for glory but a
cause larger than themselves. They knew that there are things
like freedom and human dignity worth fighting for, living for,
and if need be, dying for. //
Today, as we pay tribute to this great soldier, our thoughts
continue to be with the men and women of Desert Storm who
valiantly carried the banner of freedom into battle. // They,
too, know America would not be the land of the free if it were
not also the home of the brave. // These soldiers, sailors,
airmen, Marines, and Coast Guardsmen are heirs to the legacy of
Corporal Stowers and the men of Company C. No Nation could be
more proud of its sons and daughters. //
Today, we bask in their glory. But we also heed the words
of Plato, echoing over the centuries: "Only the dead have seen
the end of war. " / As a Nation, we owe it to Freddie Stowers and
to those who revere his legacy to defend the principles for which
America stands. //
In that spirit, I am honored to welcome two of his sisters -
- Georgina Palmer of Richmond, California, and Mary Bowens of
Greenville, South Carolina. / They will accept the award on
behalf of their late brother -- the text I am now proud to read:
"Corporal Freddie Stowers, United States Army -- for
conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life
above and beyond the call of duty:
4
Corporal Freddie Stowers distinguished himself by
exceptional heroism on 28 September 1918 while serving as a squad
leader in Copany C, 371st Infantry Regiment, 93rd Infantry
Division. His company was the lead company during the attack on
Hill 188, Champagne Marne Sector, France, during World War 1.
few minutes after the attack began the enemy ceased firing and
began climbing up onto the parpets of the trenches, holding up
their arms as if wishing to surrender. The enemy's actions
caused the American forces to cease fire and come into the open.
As the company started forward and when within about 100
meters of the trench line, the enemy jumped back into their
trenches and greeted Corporal Stowers' company with interlocking
bands of machine gun fire and mortar fire, causing well over
fifty percent casualties. Faced with incredible enemy
resistance, Corporal Stowers took charge, setting such a
courageous example of personal bravery and leadership that he
inspired his men to follow him in the attack. With extraordinary
heroism and complete disregard of personal danger under
devastateing fire, he crawled forward leading his squad toward an
enemy machine gun nest which was causing heavy casualities to his
company. After fierce fighting, the machine gun position was
destroyed and the enemy soldiers were killed.
Displaying great courage and intrepidity, Corporal Stowers
continued to press the attack against a determined enemy. While
crawling forward and urging his men to continue the attack on a
second trench line, he was gravely wounded by machine gun fire.
5
Although Corporal Stowers was mortally wounded, he pressed
forward, urging on the members of his squad, until he died.
Inspired by the heroism and display of bravery of Corporal
Stowers, his company continued the attack against incredible
odds, contributing to the capture of Hill 188 and causing heavy
enemy casualties. Corporal Stowers' conspicuous gallantry,
extraordinary heroism, and supreme devotion to his men were well
above and beyond the call of duty, follow the finest traditions
of military service, and reflect the utmost credit on him and the
United States Army.
# # # #
(Smith/Grossman)
April 18, 1991
Draft Four
STOWERS
6 General Cheves Powell carl CAMS Vuonchief
|PRESIDENTIAL REMARKS: MEDAL OF HONOR
ROSE GARDEN
V
discripe
TUESDAY, APRIL 23, 1991
2
DOUGLAS
Georgíana Palmer, Mary Bowens,
Staff Sergeant Bush Warren,
Major Byrne, ladies and gentlemen. Welcome to the White House -
- and to ceremonies honoring a true hero and pioneer. / A hero
who made us proud to be Americans. A man who -- in life, and
death -- helped keep America free. //
I speak of Corporal Freddie Stowers, whom, posthumously, we
MILITARY
present with our highest civilian award, the Medal of Honor. It
is an award for bravery and conscience -- that compendium we call
character. It reminds us that America is great because America
is good. / // /
Today Corporal Freddie Stowers becomes the first black
honored with a Medal of Honor from World War I. He sought, and
helped achieve, the triumph of right over wrong. He showed -- as
this year has proved again -- how the human heart can surmount
bayonets and barbed wire. // /
Seventy-three years ago Corporal Stowers was first
recommended for a Medal of Honor DIOGUARD17 -- but his award was not acted
upon. So in 1987, Congressmen Disguarde and my friend -- the
late Mickey Leland -- moved to redress the delay. / They
initiated actions
which
rd 2+ introduced a resolution to honor the Corporal 's heroism and
ath disear
of
were supported by the Secretaries of Army and Defense. When,
Cpl. F Howard
happy discovertion case day other a
case
The Any the research In Nov of last you the
Sees of And + Define recomeded 2 me that
the Medal of H be amanded 2 stower & a could not but agree
Mjn
Byr
2
finally, we located Corporal Stowers family, we moved to honor
this American trailblazer -- for what a story his is. //
Martin Luther King once said that "the ultimate measure of a
man is not where he stands in moments of comfort and convenience,
but where he stands at times of challenge." On September 28,
1918, Corporal Freddie Stowers stood poised on the edge of one
such challenge -- and displayed to all his mettle and his
courage. //
Corpóral Stowers and the men of Company C, 371st Infantry
Regiment began their attack on Hill 188 in France, and after only
a few minutes of fighting the enemy ceased firing. / Enemy
troops began climbing onto the parapets of the trenches, holding
ARMS
up their weapons, seemingly surrendering. This caused the
American forces to cease fire and come out into the open. // As
our troops moved forward, the enemy jumped back into their
trenches and began a vicious round of machine gun and mortar
fire. The assault annihilated well over 50 per cent of Company
C. //
In the midst of this bloody chaos, Corporal Stowers took
charge and bravely led his men forward, destroying the foe.
MB
Although during the attack he was gravely wounded by machine gun
fire, he continued to press forward, urging on his men until he
died. //
On that September day, Corporal Stowers was alone, and
afraid and so far from his home. But he overcame his fear --
?
3
which, after all, is the very definition of courage. / He fought
not for glory but a cause larger than himself. //
Today, as we pay tribute to this great soldier, our thoughts
continue to be with the men and women of Desert Storm who
valiantly carried the banner of freedom into battle. // They,
too, know America would not be the land of the free if it were
not also the home of the brave. //
These soldiers, sailors, airmen, Marines, and Coast
Guardsmen are heirs to the legacy of Corporal Stowers and the men
of Company C. No Nation could be more proud of its sons and
daughters. //
Today, we celebrate their glory. But we also heed these
words, echoing over the centuries: "Only the dead have seen the
end of war. " / We owe it to Freddie Stowers and to those who
revere his legacy to defend the principles for which he died --
and for which America stands. //
In that spirit, I am honored to welcome two of his sisters -
X
- Georgina Palmer of Richmond, California, and Mary Bowens of
Greenville, South Carolina. / They will accept the award on
behalf of their late brother -- the text of which Mayor Bryne
will now read:
#
#
#
#
APR-19-91 FRI 10:14 OFC CHIEF OF STAFF ARMY
P.01
AND
GREAT STATE OF
91 APR 19 All: 32
OFFICE OF THE
CHIEF OF STAFF, ARMY
ASSESSMENT AND INITIATIVES GROUP
AND
SPEECHWRITERS
TOTAL PAGES: HEADER+ 3 DATE 4-19-91
FROM Cheerie JakubekTO TO Jennifer Grossman
FAX TELEPHONE NUMBER 202 456-6218
REMARKS:
AUTHORIZED FOR RELEASE SameDDay
CPT Sam D Doyle, CAIG XO
Headquarters, Department of the Army ATTN: DACS-ZAA
Room 3D714, The Pentagon, Washington, DC 20310-0200
Telephone Numbers
Voice: (703) 697-8555
DSN: 227-8555
FAX: (703) 614-0204
DSN: 224-0204
THE WORDS OF
MARTIN LUTHER KING, JR.
SELECTED BY
CORETTA SCOTT KING
Newmarket Press
New York
The words of Marrin Luther King, Jr., are selected from his
speeches, sermons, and published works.
Copyright © 1958, 1963, 1964, 1967 by Martin Lurher King, 3r.
Copyright c 1960, 1968 Estate of Martin Lucher King, Jr.
Copyright © 1964 by the Nobel Foundation
Reprinted by permission of Harper & Row Publishers, Inc.,
and Joan Daves.
Selection and compilation of quotations and illustrations
copyright © 1983 Newmarker Press
Introduction copyright © 1983 Coretta Score King
This book published simultaneously in the United States of America
and in Canada.
All rights reserved. This book may not be reproduced. in
whole or in part, in any form, without permission. Inquiries
should be addressed to Newmarket Press. 3 East 48th Street,
New York, New York 10017
FIRST EDITION
1234567890F/C
Library of Congress Caraloging in Publication Data
King, Marcin Luther.
The words of Martin Luches King, Jr.
Bibliography: p.
1. King, Martin Luther-Quorations. 2. Afro-Americans
-Civil rights-Quotations, maxims. etc. 3. United
States-Race relations-Quorations, maxims. etc.
1. King, Coretes Scort, 1927-
.
II. Title.
E185.97.K5A25 1984
323.4'092'4
83-17306
ISBN 0-937858-28-5
Manufactured in the United States of America
THE WORDS OF MARTIN LUTHER KING, JR.
"The ultimate measure of a man is not where he
stands in moments of comfort and convenience, but where
he srands at times of challenge and controversy. The true
neighbor will risk his position, his prestige, and even his
life for the welfare of others. In dangerous valleys and
hazardous pathways, he will lift some bruised and beaten
brother to a higher and more noble life."
"Courage faces fear and thereby masters it. Cowardice
represses fear and is thereby mastered by it. Courageous
men never lose the 2CSt for living even though their life
situation is zestless; cowardly men, overwhelmed by the
uncertainties of life, lose the will to live. We must con-
stantly build dykes of courage to hold back the flood of
fear."
"Many people fear nothing more terribly than to take
a position which stands out sharply and clearly from the
prevailing opinion. The tendency of most is to adopt a view
that is so ambiguous that it will include everything and so
popular that it will include everybody. Not a few men who
cherish lofty and noble ideals hide them under a bushel for
fear of being called different."
(24)
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PAGE 1
LEVEL 1 - - 1 OF 3 STORIES
Copyright (c) 1991 Seattle Times Company
The Seattle Times
January 20, 1991, Sunday, Final Edition
SECTION: BUSINESS; WALL ST. RECAP; Pg. E1
LENGTH: 1510 words
HEADLINE: AS DOGS OF WAR BITE, PROFESSOR TALKS BULL ... MARKET
BYLINE: BY GREG HEBERLEIN
BODY:
"The ultimate measure of a man is not where he stands in moments of comfort
and convenience, but where he stands at times of challenge and controversy."
- Martin Luther King Jr., 1963
As the stock and bond markets streaked to near record gains
Thursday, as gold and oil holders dug trenches to
. . .
(c) 1991 The Seattle Times Company, January 20, 1991
"The ultimate measure of a man is not where he stands in moments of comfort
and convenience, but where he stands at times of challenge and controversy."
- Martin Luther King Jr., 1963
As the stock and bond markets streaked to near record gains
Thursday, as gold and oil holders dug trenches to give their
commodities more room to fall, a few voices of caution were heard.
Be careful, they warned. Reactions to dramatic actions often
are overblown. Assassinations, unexpected profits or losses, chilling
economic news, all of those things can make the market go whacko. Too
often, later in the day, or soon thereafter, the market retraces some
of its gain, realizing it has been overwrought.
Into this arena of caution and concerns now steps Charles Nelson.
"I would say that if this rosy scenario continues to unfold as
we all hope it will, then 100 points isn't enough," Nelson said.
Translation: Buy stocks, because they have a few hundred more
points to go.
"I guess I'm quite bullish on stocks for the first time in a
long time," Nelson said. Two years, to be exact.
So who is this guy Nelson, and why should WE care?
Nelson, 48, specializes in the stock market as a University of
LEXIS NEXIS'LEXIS'NEXIS
Services of Mead Data Central, Inc.
PAGE
2
LEVEL 1 - - 2 OF 3 STORIES
Copyright (c) 1990 Newsday, Inc.;
Newsday
May 18, 1990, Friday, CITY EDITION
SECTION: NEWS; A VIEW FROM CITY HALL; Pg. 6
LENGTH: 680 words
HEADLINE: Ahead Of Or Behind The Fray?
BYLINE: By William Murphy. City Hall Bureau Chief
KEYWORD: COLUMN; OPINION; YUSUF HAWKINS; TRIAL; BENSONHURST; BROOKLYN; MURDER;
RACE; BLACKS; DISCRIMINATION; CRIME; JOSEPH FAMA; KEITH MONDELLO; DAVID DINKINS;
MAYOR; RATINGS; VERDICT
BODY:
... someone to fill in between the Koch era and the person who gets elected
mayor in 1993.
(c) 1990 Newsday, May 18, 1990
To quote the Rev. Martin Luther King Jr.: "The ultimate measure of a
man is not where he stands in times of comfort and convenience. It's where he
stands in times of challenge and controversy."
And for the first time in his tenure, Dinkins faces what can, without risking
exaggeration, reasonably be called a
...
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Services of Mead Data Central, Inc.
PAGE 3
LEVEL 1 - - 3 OF 3 STORIES
Copyright (c) 1989 The New York Times Company;
The New York Times
February 5, 1989, Sunday, Late City Final Edition
SECTION: Section 12WC; Page 32, Column 1; Westchester Weekly Desk
LENGTH: 1749 words
HEADLINE: WESTCHESTER OPINION;
A Letter To Martin
BYLINE: By Lola D. Hunter; This article is excerpted from a speech given by Lola
D. Hunter last month at a breakfast honoring the Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King
Jr., sponsored by the Eastchester Community Action Program. She is a program
coordinator with the Department of Social Services.
BODY:
... luxury, but there was a lot of caring and love in the home.
How often have I been reminded of your quotation, Martin: ''The ultimate
measure of a man is not where he stands in moments of comfort and
(c) 1989 The New York Times, February 5, 1989
convenience, but where he stands at times of challenge. 11
Families have become dysfunctional due to the lack of housing. Our children
are in limbo, being shuffled from one hotel to another. A
...
...
a job club was set up in one of the welfare hotels, referring individuals
to jobs. A healthy young man was sent on a construction job, paying $8 or more
an hour. He stayed on the job one hour and
...
...
in drugs, either in their sale or their use. They are emulating the wrong
kinds of heroes. No longer is their hero the common working man or woman who
sometimes works two jobs to make ends meet. Nor is it the white-collar business
suit, man or woman. The televison superstars, 'Super Fly'' crack dealers and
drug pushers are the heroes of our youth. Bright lights, glamorous cars and
...
... temporary housing, we want permanent housing. All families should have
opportunities to obtain economic independence and a humane standard of living.
The challenges I pose today require long-term commitment. I have faith in
our people. We have seen the daybreak; it is not
...
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P.01
91 APR 17
P2
STATES.COM
OFFICE OF THE
CHIEF OF STAFF, ARMY
ASSESSMENT AND INITIATIVES GROUP
AND
SPEECHWRITERS
TOTAL PAGES: HEADER+ 3 DATE 4-17-91
FROM Cheerie JakubekTo Jennifer Grossman
FAX TELEPHONE NUMBER 202 456 - 6218
REMARKS:
Junnifir
Attached are draft remarks
for medal of Honor Ceremony Also.
included info on Black units
and soldiers participating in WWI
AUTHORIZED FOR RELEASE SamsDayL
CPT Sam D Doyle, CAIG XO
Headquarters, Department of the Army ATTN: DACS-ZAA
Room 3D714, The Pentagon, Washington, DC 20310-0200
Telephone Numbers
Voice: (703) 697-8555
DSN: 227-8555
FAX: (703) 614-0204
DSN: 224-0204
APR-17-91 WED 13:09 OFC CHIEF OF STAFF ARMY
P.02
MEDAL OF HONOR PRESENTATION
(POSTHUMOUSLY) TO CPL FREDDIE
STOWERS, 24 APRIL 1991
WE ARE HERE TODAY TO HONOR AN AMERICAN HERO WHO
GAVE THE LAST FULL MEASURE OF HIS BEING FOR HIS
COUNTRY. AND IN A LARGER SENSE, WE ARE HERE TO HONOR
THOSE VALIANT MEN AND WOMEN WHO HAVE SERVED THIS
NATION THROUGH TWO CENTURIES OF AMERICA'S HISTORY IN
PEACE AND IN WAR.
MARTIN LUTHER KING ONCE SAID THAT "THE ULTIMATE
MEASURE OF A MAN IS NOT WHERE HE STANDS IN MOMENTS
OF COMFORT AND CONVENIENCE, BUT WHERE HE STANDS AT
TIMES OF CHALLENGE." ON SEPTEMBER 28, 1918, CORPORAL
FREDDIE STOWERS STOOD POISED ON THE EDGE OF ONE SUCH
CHALLENGE- AND HE WOULD DISPLAY TO ALL HIS METTLE
AND HIS COURAGE.
CORPORAL STOWERS AND THE MEN OF COMPANY C, 271ST
INFANTRY REGIMENT BEGAN THEIR ATTACK ON HILL 188 IN
FRANCE, AND AFTER ONLY A FEW MINUTES OF FIGHTING THE
ENEMY CEASED FIRING AND BEGAN CLIMBING UP ONTO THE
PARAPETS OF THE TRENCHES, HOLDING UP THEIR WEAPONS
APPEARING TO BE SURRENDERING. THIS CAUSED THE
AMERICAN FORCES TO CEASE FIRE AND TO COME OUT INTO
THE OPEN.
APR-17-91 WED 13:10 OFC CHIEF OF STAFF ARMY
P.03
AS THE COMPANY MOVED FORWARD, THE ENEMY JUMPED
BACK INTO THEIR TRENCHES AND BEGAN A VICIOUS ROUND
OF MACHINE GUN AND MORTAR FIRE ANNIHILATING WELL
OVER 50 PERCENT OF THE COMPANY.
IN THE MIDST OF A BLOODY ROUT, CORPORAL STOWERS TOOK
CHARGE AND BRAVELY LEAD HIS MEN FORWARD,
DESTROYING THE DETERMINED ENEMY. ALTHOUGH DURING
THE ATTACK HE WAS GRAVELY WOUNDED BY MACHINE GUN
FIRE, HE CONTINUED TO PRESS FORWARD, URGING ON HIS
MEN UNTIL HE DIED.
CORPORAL STOWERS WAS A HERO- A SOLDIER WHO IN
COMPLETE DISREGARD FOR HIS OWN PERSONAL DANGER
STOOD UP IN THE DEFENSE OF HIS COUNTRY AND OF HIS
FELLOW SOLDIERS.
AND AS WE PAY TRIBUTE TO THIS GREAT SOLDIER, OUR
THOUGHTS CONTINUE TO BE WITH THE MEN AND WOMEN OF
DESERT STORM WHO BRAVELY CARRIED THE BANNER OF
FREEDOM INTO BATTLE AND DEFEATED THE ARMY OF A
RUTHLESS DICTATOR. THESE SOLDIERS, SAILORS, AIRMEN,
MARINES, COAST GUARDSMEN ARE HEIRS TO THE LEGACY OF
CORPORAL STOWERS AND THE MEN OF COMPANY C. AND WE
ARE PROUD OF EVERYONE OF THEM.
2
APR-17-91 WED 13:11 OFC CHIEF OF STAFF ARMY
P.04
TODAY WE BASK IN THE GLORY OF VICTORY, BUT WE ALSO
HEED THE WORDS OF PLATO- ECHOING TO US OVER THE
SPAN OF THE CENTURIES, "ONLY THE DEAD HAVE SEEN THE
END OF WAR." AS A NATION, WE OWE IT TO FREDDIE
STOWERS AND TO THOSE WHO HAVE CARRIED ON HIS
TRADITION WITH SUCH SKILL TO MAINTAIN OUR ARMED
FORCES POISED AND READY TO DEFEND THE PRINCIPLES FOR
WHICH OUR NATION STANDS.
3
APR-17-91 WED 13:11 OFC CHIEF OF STAFF ARMY
P.05
World War I (1914-1918)
When war broke out in Europe in
ginning, there were troubles.
1914, most Americans were concerned
Strict racial segregation was prac-
with problems at home. There were
ticed and facilities set aside for
serious social, economic, and edu-
training of black troops were sev-
cational disparities between most
erely limited. Part of the Division
black and white Americans. Full
trained at Camp Funston, Kansas.
citizenship was still an issue of
While there, a black soldier tried
importance to black Americans. By
to enter a theater in nearby Manhat-
1917, however, public interest in
ten and was denied entry, even
the war in Europe had grown.
though Kansas law prohibited dis-
crimination. When General Charles
Within the regular army, the
C. Ballou, the division commander,
9th and 10th Cavalry, plus the 24th
learned of the incident he issued a
and 25th Infantry, were still in the
bulletin in which he chastised his
West. The Indian Campaigns were
soldiers for starting trouble. He
over but the Mexican Punitive Ex-
also said:
pedition against Poncho Villa and
border patrol kept these black
"The Division Commander re-
troops busy. They were not to see
peats that the success of the
overseas service during the war in
Division, with all that success
Europe even though they were prob-
implies, is dependent upon the
ably the best trained and most ex-
good will of the public. That
perienced troops in the army.
public is nine-tenths white.
White men made the Division,
As in previous wars, the burden
and they can break it just as
of staffing the expanding military
easily if it becomes a trouble
structure fell on the militia and on
maker."
draftees. Also as in previous wars,
the black community had to agitate
An uproar of protest flowed
and pressure for a role. The mili-
from the black community. Two
tary establishment lacked a policy
months later, the division hurriedly
for utilization of black manpower in
left for France, poorly trained and
the war. Integrated units were
poorly led. Once in France, the
ruled out as & matter of policy and
Division gathered a reputation as
age old questions of black fighting
inept and it could do no right.
qualities were again raised. Even-
The bulk of black draftees saw
tually, two black divisions were
service in labor battalions, steve-
formed, the 92nd and the 93rd. Nei-
dore companies, and depot brigades.
ther received its full complement of
Almost one-third of all labor troops
combat support or support units. In
in the Army were black. The General
fact, the 93rd was limited to four
Staff believed that since most
infantry regiments; three National
blacks had been manual laborers in
Guard units and one comprised of
civilian life, they should be labor-
draftees. When they arrived over-
ers in the Army. Black service
seas, they were assigned to French
troops received little or no combat
divisions by General Pershing and
training because the "poorer class
they fought with French weapons,
of backwoods negro has not the men-
under French leadership until the
tal stamina and moral sturdiness to
end of the war.
put him in the line" against more
highly educated and trained German
The 92nd was formed entirely
soldiers. Consequently, when black
from black draftees. From the be-
draftees reported for active duty,
29
APR-17-91 WED 13:12 OFC CHIEF OF STAFF ARMY
P.06
they were given fatigue uniforms and
gallantry in action. The Germans
immediately put on work details, and
called them "Hell Fighters", they
the white draftees were not assigned
called themselves "Black Rattlers."
to labor work.
The remainder of the 93rd Divi-
Among the first American troops
sion arrived in France piecemeal,
to arrive in France in 1917, were
some six months after the 369th.
several hundred black stevedores.
The 370th,
371st
and 372nd regiments
This pioneer unit and the others
all saw extensive action and garner-
which followed, performed prodigious
ed many awards. The division never
feats on the docks and in the ware-
fought as a unit. The 92nd Division
houses, often working day and night.
saw less extensive combat. Since it
Soon known as Services of Supply
was a part of the American Expedi-
(S.O.S.) units, these black soldiers
tionary Force, it fought as a unit.
provided the core of the growing
logistics system on the Continent.
Over 400,000 blacks served in
Although their hard work earned of-
uniform during World War I. Of
ficial praise, it did not warrant
these, approximately 10% were as-
promotion or reassignment. Blacks
signed to combat units, the re-
were limited to all ranks corporal
mainder to stevedore, depot, and
and below, their officers were also
other laborer units. Despite segre-
white, and combat and combat support
gation and discriminatory assign-
roles were denied them.
ments, over 1300 blacks were commis-
sioned as officers (less than 1% of
When the first black combat
all officers), most as 2nd or 1st
troops arrived in France in Decem-
Lieutenants, but some as Captains.
ber, 1917, there was some contro-
The highest ranking black officer,
versy as to what to do with them.
COL Charles Young had been forcibly
Some leaders wanted to convert the
retired at the beginning of the war
four infantry regiments to S.O.S.
for medical reasons. Some people
units. Eventually, however, they
suggested that given his seniority
were "loaned" to the French where
and the expanding size of the Army,
they were given French rifles, hel-
he was cashiered in order to prevent
mets and other gear, including ra-
his being promoted to brigadier
tions; although their uniform re-
general. Three other black officers
mained U.S. issue.
achieved field grade rank during the
war; two in the 370th Infantry and
GROUP
Three months after its arrival,
one in the 9th Cavalry which did not
the 369th Infantry joined the French
see overseas action.
4th Army at the front. It stayed in
the trenches for 191 days, the long-
Although there was obvious dis-
est front line service of any Ameri-
criminatory treatment of blacks, and
can regiment. During that period,
particularly of black officers,
the regiment, as a unit as well as
World War I saw the largest number
over 170 of its men and officers,
of blacks in commissioned grades
was awarded the French Croix de
since the entry of blacks into the
Guerre or the Legion of Honor for
Army.
30
APR-17-91 WED 13:12 OFC CHIEF OF STAFF ARMY
P.07
The Black Swallow of Death
Although only 10% of all black
When flying, Bullard's plane
Americans who served during World
was marked with a heart pierced by
War I experienced combat, those who
an arrow with the motto: "All Blood
did served in all branches except
Runs Red."
aviation. One black American did
see service as a combat fighter
Though he eventually married
pilot in World War I, Eugene Jacques
and returned to the United States
Bullard. Bullard was born and
during World War II, his exploits
raised in the United States but emi-
have been generally ignored in this
grated at an early age to England
country.
and later to France in an attempt to
escape discrimination. While in Eng-
land he worked in various laboring
jobs and trained as a prize fighter.
He eventually became a professional
fighter and fought all over Europe
and the Middle East.
When war broke out in Europe in
1914, he enlisted in the French For-
eign Legion. One of the regiments
with which he served was known as
the "Swallows of Death" and he be-
came the "black swallow.'
Having suffered serious wounds
at the front, Bullard volunteered
for service in the newly formed
aviator corps. He was accepted and
took pilot training. Upon gradua-
tion, he won a $1,000 bet from an
American who felt blacks were in-
capable of learning to fly and
joined his unit at the front. He
flew many combat missions and is
credited by some with downing two
German planes, although neither is
recorded in his official records.
Eugene Jacques Bullard
31
APR-17-91 WED 13:13 OFC CHIEF OF STAFF ARMY
P.08
D
uring the period 1900-1917, the four regular
Negro regiments and two volunteer units
(forty-cighth and forty-ninth) were ordered to the
Philippines, where they served during the insurrec-
tion. At the beginning of World War I, the black
Americans were again summoned to service. Ne-
gro National Guard Units were the nucleus of the
Ninety-Third Provisional Division, designated pri-
marily for purposes of administration. A second
division was organized, the Ninety-Second, which
fought with the American armies while the Ninety-
Third was brigaded with French troops. Units
ton, New Jersey. Negro troops also served as
of the Ninety-Third were among the first Amer-
pioneers in labor battalions, butchery companies
ican combat troops to arrive in France. The Three
and engineer service battalions.
hundred and Sixty-Ninth, Three Hundred and
Although the Negro draftees' overall training
Seventieth, Three Hundred and Seventy-First, and
and educational background were quite low dur-
Three Hundred and Seventy-Second infantry regi-
ing World War I, black soldiers overcame many
ments compiled an outstanding record while serv-
obstacles and their list of achievements and hon-
ing abroad. Some Negro units also served as supply
ors is further proof of their ability on the battle-
troops during the war.
field.
Negro troops participated in the battles of
The following pages note some of the exploits
Argonne, Chateau Thierry, St. Mihiel, Cham-
and attainments of America's black veterans of
pagne, Vosges, and Metz. Nearly four hundred
World War 1.
thousand Negroes served during World War I ac-
cording to Emmett Scott, former civilian aide to
Urbane F. Bass
the Secretary of War, and their accomplishments
Lieutenant, Three Hundred and Seventy-Second
were numerous. The Croix de Guerre was awarded
Infantry Regiment.
to 171 Negro troops. There were two outstanding
Urbane Bass, a native of Fredericksburg, Vir-
black heroes of the war, Henry Johnson of Al-
ginia, received his military training at Fort Des
bany, New York, and Needham Roberts of Tren-
Moines, Iowa. He graduated from Shaw Univer-
sity in 1906 and practiced medicine in Fredericks-
burg until his army service. After being commis-
sioned a lieutenant, Bass performed his duties as
a medical officer in the Three Hundred and
Seventy-Second Infantry Regiment in a dedicated
and heroic manner. On October 7, while attend-
ing wounded soldiers on the firing line, he was
struck by a shell which caused his legs to be
severed at the thigh. Lieutenant Bass gave his life
in the service of his country.1
APR-17-91 WED 13:14 OFC CHIEF OF STAFF ARMY
P.09
BLACK DEFENDERS OF AMERICA
Robert $. Campbell
Lieutenant Robert C. Allen
Lieutenant, Three Hundred and Sixty-Eighth U.S.
Infantry Regiment.
Robert Campbell was awarded the Distin-
guished Service Cross during World War I for
bravery in combat operations in the Argonne
Forest.2
William Creigler
Caprain, Maryland National Guard, Separate
Company.
William Creigler was born on August 26, 1884,
in Baltimore, Maryland. Hc enlisted in the Sepa-
rate Company of the Maryland National Guard on
April 18, 1904, and served overseas during World
War I as a first sergeant. His company, as Com-
pany I of the Three Hundred and Sixty-Seventh
Infantry, was the first of the Maryland National
Guard to leave for France after America entered
the war. The company arrived in April, 1918, and
was sent to the Argonne Forest area. During one
of the battles in the Argonne, every officer was
William Henry Brooks
wounded and Creigler assumed command and led
his men in an attack. He was later awarded the
Lieutenant Robert S. Campbell
French Croix de Guerre and in August, 1921, when
the company was reorganized, Creigler was pro-
moted from sergeant to captain.³
Arthur Leo Curtis
First Lieutenant, Medical Corps, U.S. Army.
Arthur Curtis was born in Chicago, Illinois on
July 26, 1889, the son of Dr. Austin M. Curtis and
Namayoka Sockume Curtis who was of Delaware
Indian ancestry. He went to school in Chicago
and continued his education in Washington, D.C.,
where his family moved later. He attended Willis-
ton Academy, East Hampton, Massachusetts and
APR-17-91 WED 13:14 OFC CHIEF OF STAFF ARMY
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WORLD WAR I
173
graduated from Howard University's College of
James Reese Europe
Medicine in 1912. He completed an internship at
Freedman's Hospital and started a practice in
First Lieutenant, Three Hundred and Sixty-Ninth
Washington, D.C. in 1913.
U.S. Infantry (Former Fifreenth New York Na-
Dr. Curtis volunteered for army service in 1918
tional Guard).
and was commissioned a lieutenant in the Medical
James Europe was born in Mobile, Alabama, on
Corps. He was assigned to France and was one of
February 20, 1884, the son of Henry Jefferson and
the six Negro physicians at a field hospital at
Lorraine Saxon Europe. His father worked as a
Dijon, France. After the war, Curtis returned to
postal clerk in Mobile, Alabama and Washington,
Washington, where he resumed the practice of
D.C. Europe attended grammar schools and the
medicine and was a member of the medical staff
old "M" Street high school. As a young man he
at Freedman's Hospital.
went to New York and began to travel as a violin-
ist with Cole and Johnson, later becoming their
musical director. He also founded the Clef Club.
Europe was successful in organizing orchestras,
and he did extensive business in supplying bands
and players for society functions on the east coast.
He was married to Mrs. Willie Starke on January
15, 1912.
During World War I, Europe was commis-
sioned as a lieutenant and traveled in France as
the conductor of the Fifteenth New York Infantry
Band (Three ! lundred and Sixty-Ninth U.S. In-
fantry).
James Reese Europe was often called the King
of Jazz. For several years he led a band called
Europe's Society Orchestra. During World War 1,
while serving in France, Europe participated in
Paris in a contest of the five greatest bands of all
the Allies, and his band won the prize. Later in
the war, Europe was sent to the trenches and was
pur in charge of & machine gun company. He
served a long period of combat and was gassed.
Major Dean
After his recovery, he was reassigned to the band.
Lieutenant Europe returned to the United States
Lieutenant Colonel Otis B. Duncan
in January, 1919 and went on tour with his or-
chestra. While playing in Boston, he met an un-
timely death at the hands of a member of his band
whose performance he had criticised.
His public funeral was held in New York City,
New York, and it was said that he had one of the
largest funerals that New York had seen since
General Grant's death. Services were conducted
in Washington, D.C. at Lincoln Temple Church.
James Reese Europe was buried in Arlington Na-
tional Cemetery with military honors. He was
thirty-five years of age at the time of his death in
1919.5
APR-17-91 WED 13:15 OFC CHIEF OF STAFF ARMY
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174
BLACK DEFENDERS OF AMERICA
Henry Johnson
Private, Three Hundred and Sixty-Ninth U.S. In-
fantry Regiment (former Fifteenth New York
Regiment).
Henry Johnson was born in Albany, New York.
During World War I, his unit was attached to
French troops and had the responsibility of de-
fending a long sector of front line trenches. One
night in May, 1918, when Johnson was assigned
to Company C, he was on double sentry duty. He
was assaulted by a group of at least a dozen Ger-
mans, shot and wounded one of them and severely
injured two others. Ignoring three wounds of his
own, he ran to the assistance of a wounded com-
rade who was about to be carried away by the
enemy. Johnson continued his resistance until the
Germans retreated. Johnson was one of the first
Americans to be awarded the French Croix de
Guerre during World War I."
First Lieutenant James Reese Europe
Thomas Edward Jones
Captain. Medical Corps.
Private Henry Johnson
Thomas Jones was born at Hill City, Lynch-
burg, Virginia, on May 26, 1880, the son of Camp-
bell and Emma Glen Jones. He attended school in
Lynchburg and graduated from Howard Univer-
sity College of Medicine in 1912. As a student, he
worked as newsboy, waiter, watchman, messenger,
and government laborer. After graduating he
started medical practice in Washington, D.C. and
during World War I was commissioned as an offi-
cer, attaining the rank of captain in the U.S. Army
Medical Corps. He served in France for eight
Captain Thomas E. Jones
APR-17-91 WED 13:16 OFC CHIEF OF STAFF ARMY
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WORLD WAR I
175
months in the Meuse-Argonne and Vosges defen-
Kenneth Lewis
sive sector, and was awarded the Distinguished
Private, First Separate Battalion, District of Co-
Service Cross for his courageous performance of
lumbia National Guard.
duty. After the war he returned to Washington
Kenneth Lewis was a native of Washington,
and was appointed to the staff of Freedmen's Hos-
D.C., and volunteered for military service at the
pital. He married Mrs. Leonie A. Sinkler of
age of eighteen. He was killed in combat while
Charleston, South Carolina.⁷
serving in France. In recognition of his devotion,
courage, and sacrifice, the French Army granted
him the Medaille Militaire."
David Thomas Lynn
Sergeant, Company B, Forty-Eighth U.S. Engineers
Regiment.
David Lynn was born on January 6, 1388, at
Morrisville, North Carolina. He attended public
schools in Morrisville and the Franklin Christian
College in Franklinton, North Carolina, where he
studied electrical engineering. Lynn joined the
army at the beginning of the war and was assigned
to the Forty-Eighth Engineers, Company B, pe-
putedly a Caucasian unit. He went to France with
this unit and after completing the necessary exam-
inations he was transferred to another all-white
unit, the Thirteenth Grand Division, and served
as an electrician and mechanic. After the war, Ser-
geant Lynn returned to Norfolk and worked as an
electrician and heating engineer. He was promi-
nent in civic affairs in his community.
Captain Max C. King
Iverson Othello Mitchell
First Licutenant, Ninety-Second Division.
Max C. King
Iverson Mitchell was born in Washington, D.C.,
Captain, Medical Corps, U.S. Army.
on June 6, 1893, the son of Paul and Margaret
Max King was born on July 5, 1886 in Franklin-
Richards Mitchell. He attended public schools in
ton, North Carolina, the son of Guilford and Mary
Washington, and studied at Howard University's
C. Cook King. He was educated at local schools
College of Dentistry, from which he received the
and worked for some time on his parents' farm.
degree of doctor of dental surgery in 1915. He was
Later he attended Franklin Christian College in
commissioned a lieutenant in World War I, and
Franklinton. In 1911, he obtained a bachelor's
served in France with the Ninety-Second Division.
degree from Shaw University, and in 1915 he re-
After the war, he returned to Washington, D.C.,
ceived an M.D. from Leonard Medical College.
and resurned the practice of dentistry. Lieutenant
King volunteered for the army at the beginning of
Mitchell was one of the few commissioned Negro
World War I and served as a first licutenant from
dental officers serving in World War 1.11
June, 1918 to February, 1919. On March 18, 1919
he was commissioned a captain, and in August of
John H. Patton
1919 he was elected a member of the Association
Captain, Regimental Adjutant, Eighth Illinois Vol-
of Military Surgeons. He was one of many black
unteer Regiment.
surgeons to serve in the first world war.8
John Patton served as the regiment's adjutant
APR-17-91 WED 13:17 OFC CHIEF OF STAFF
P.13
176
BLACK DEFENDERS OF AMERICA
during the period June 26, 1916 to September,
tenant on January 7, 1899, and provost marshal
1918. When the unit was called to active serv-
as an additional duty in 1901. According to Special
ice during World War I and redesignated the
Orders 41, Headquarters, 2nd District, Depart-
Three Hundred and Seventieth Infantry, Captain
ment of Northern Luzon, Apani, Philippines
Patton was assigned as commanding officer of the
Island, dated February 19, 1901, "Second Lieu-
Second Battalion. He served in France and was at
tenant Perca, Forty-Ninth Infantry USV, was
the Saint-Mihiel sector, Mont des Signes, and par-
detailed additional duty as Provost Marshal at
ticipated in the Oise-Aisne offensive. He was
Pamplona, P.I." Lieutenant Perea died on April 3,
awarded the French Croix de Guerre for meritori-
1915, and was the first known Negro officer to be
ous service.¹²
buried with honors in the National Military Cem-
Judge Advocate Major Adam Patterson
Sergeant William Payne
Beverly Perea
etery at Arlington, which had been his dying wish.
First Lieutenant, Seventh, Twenty-Fourth and
Several newspapers carried the account of his
Forty-Ninth Infantry Regiments.
death. A Boston paper published in April, 1915,
Beverly Perea was born in Mecklenburg, Vir-
read as follows:
ginia. He and his wife, Missouri, had one daugh-
In response to an appeal of the widow of First
ter. Perea enlisted in the army on July 25, 1871,
Lieutenant Beverly Perea, U.S.A., retired, a colored
and was assigned at various times to companies
citizen who died at the Cambridge Hospital Sat-
A, I, E, B and M of the Twenty-Fourth Infantry
urday, Mayor Curley has requested Secretary of
Regiment. Perea served continuously for thirty-
War Lindley M. Garrison to give permission for
one years; he was two years, four months and six-
the interment of the lieutenant's remains in the
teen days on foreign service in the Philippines and
Arlington National Cemetery at Washington.
for two months and seven days in Cuba. He was
cited as a first classman in marksmanship in 1897.
Major Curley's personal appeal to Secretary
Perea was appointed second lieutenant, Seventh
Garrison was successful and Lieutenant Perea was
U.S. Volunteers on September 16, 1898, first licu-
buried at Arlington Cemetery on April 10, 1915.
APR-17-91 WED 13:17 OFC CHIEF OF STAFF ARMY
P.14
WORLD WAR I
177
His military records indicate that his service was
gie Victoria (Boger) Reid. His father was born
honest and faithful and his character excellent.¹³
free and his mother born into slavery. Reid was
educated in the public schools of Cabarrus County
Howard Donovan Queen
and in 1893 he enlisted as a private in the army at
Colonel, Three Hundred and Sixty-Sixth U.S. In-
Chicago, Illinois. He served in Cuba during the
fantry Regiment.
Spanish-American War and was also in the Philip-
Howard Queen was born on November 18,
pines for three years.
1894 in Tee Bcc. Maryland, the son of Richard
On October 15, 1917, Reid was commissioned a
Thomas and Rebecca Virginia Queen. He received
captain at Fort Des Moines, Iowa, and was as-
a degree in engineering from Howard University
signed to the Three Hundred and Seventeenth
and also attended various military schools before
Ammunition Train, Ninety-Second Division. He
saw service in France and in 1918 retired from the
embarking on an outstanding military career.
Queen enlisted in the Washington, D.C., Na-
army. Captain Reid was a member of the Presbyte-
tional Coast Guard in 1910, and served in the
rian church and of the United Spanish War Vet-
Tenth Cavalry from 1911 to 1917. In 1913 he was
erans and the Military Order of the Serpent.18
a corporal with his regiment in Winchester, Vir-
Needham Roberts
ginia, and was duly promoted until he reached
the rank of colonel. In 1941 hc became the com-
Private, Three Hundred and Sixty-Ninth U.S. In-
manding officer of the Three Hundred and Sixty-
fantry Regiment (former Fifteenth New York
National Guard Regiment).
Sixth Infantry Regiment.
Colonel Queen's tactical experience included
Needham Roberts was born in Trenton, New
the battle at El Carrizal, Mexico, on June 21,
Jersey. During World War I, his unit was attached
1916; the Punitive Expedition to Mexico with the
to French troops, with the responsibility of defend-
Tenth Cavalry from 1916-1917; and service in
ing a long sector of front line trenches. In May,
France in the Vosges sector with the Three Hun-
1918, Roberts was assigned to Company C. One
dred and Sixty-Eighth Infantry, the Meuse-
night, when on double sentry dury, he was as-
Argonne offensive and the Metz sector from 1918-
saulted, receiving scrious wounds in the leg, but
1919, and operations with the Three Hundred and
continued to resist the advancing enemy, throwing
Sixty-Sixth Infantry Regiment. His military lineage
hand grenades from a prone position until the
can be traced back to the American Revolution.
enemy retreated. Following this action, Private
Roberts was one of the first Americans to be
His great-grandfather was present at the Bartle of
Boston Common; his grandfather and three uncles
awarded the French Croix de Guerre during
World War
served with the Union troops during the Civil
War, and his father served for fifteen years with
Private Needham Roberts
the Twenty-Fourth Infantry Regiment and the
Tenth U.S. Cavalry. His cousin lost his life aboard
the USS Maine in the Spanish-Amcrican War, and
a brother served as an officer with the Three Hun-
dred and Sixty-Eighth Infantry in the Argonne
offensive.14
Samuel Alexander Reid
Captain, Three Hundred and Seventeenth Ammu-
nition Train, Ninety-Second Division.
Samuel Reid was born on April 11, 1873, in
Township No. 12, Cabarrus County, North Caro-
lina, the son of James S. Reid, a farmer, and Mag-
The President of the United States of America, authorized by Act of Congress,
March 3, 1863, has awarded in the name of The Congress the Medal of Honor posthumously
to
CORPORAL FREDDIE STOWERS, UNITED STATES ARMY
for conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of
duty:
Corporal Freddie Stowers distinguished himself by exceptional heroism on 28 September
1918 while serving as a squad leader in Company C, 37 1st Infantry Regiment, 93d Infantry
Division. His company was the lead company during the attack on Hill 188, Champagne
Marne Sector, France, during World War I. A few minutes after the attack began, the
enemy ceased firing and began climbing up onto the parapets of the trenches, holding up
their arms as if wishing to surrender. The enemy's actions caused the American forces to
cease fire and to come out into the open. As the company started forward and when within
about 100 meters of the trench line, the enemy jumped back into their trenches and greeted
Corporal Stowers' company with interlocking bands of machine gun fire and mortar fire
causing well over fifty percent casualties. Faced. with incredible enemy resistance,
Corporal Stowers took charge, setting such a courageous example of personal bravery and
leadership that he inspired his men to follow him in the attack. With extraordinary heroism
and complete disregard of personal danger under devastating fire, he crawled forward
leading his squad toward an enemy machine gun nest which was causing heavy casualties to
his company. After fierce fighting, the machine gun position was destroyed and the enemy
soldiers were killed. Displaying great courage and intrepidity Corporal Stowers continued
to press the attack against a determined enemy. While crawling forward and urging his
men to continue the attack on a second trench line, he was gravely wounded by machine
gun fire. Although Corporal Stowers was mortally wounded, he pressed forward, urging on
the members of his squad, until he died. Inspired by the heroism and display of bravery of
Corporal Stowers, his company continued the attack against incredible odds, contributing
to the capture of Hill 188 and causing heavy enemy casualties. Corporal Stowers'
conspicuous gallantry, extraordinary heroism, and supreme devotion to his men were well
above and beyond the call of duty, follow the finest traditions of military service, and
reflect the utmost credit on him and the United States Army.
JG-
Sean Byrne
X1747
ret'd your cell.
APR-18-91 THU 7:47 OFC CHIEF OF STAFF ARMY
P.01
THE ADAM
91 APR 18 A8: 50
STATES
OFFICE OF THE
CHIEF OF STAFF, ARMY
ASSESSMENT AND INITIATIVES GROUP
AND
SPEECHWRITERS
TOTAL PAGES: HEADER+ 2 DATE 18 APR 91
FROM LTC BRISSON, OCSA TO MS Jennifer Grossman
FAX TELEPHONE NUMBER 202 456 - 6218
REMARKS:
AUTHORIZED FOR RELEASE SameDDay
CPT Sam D Doyle, CAIG XO
Headquarters, Department of the Army ATTN: DACS-ZAA
Room 3D714, The Pentagon, Washington, DC 20310-0200
Telephone Numbers
Voice: (703) 697-8555
DSN: 227-8555
FAX: (703) 614-0204
DSN: 224-0204
APR-18-91 THU 7:48 OFC CHIEF OF STAFF ARMY
P.02
18 April 1991
DACS-ZAA
MEMORANDUM FOR JENNIFER GROSSMAN
SUBJECT: Black Military Units and Heroes
1. Per your request for additional information, we suggest the
following:
2. Units:
a. 761st Tank Battalion - was awarded Presidential Unit
Citation for service during World War II. Unit was part of Patton's
Third Army and was involved in the liberation of concentration
camps.
b. 9th and 10th Cavalry Regiments and 24th and 25th Infantry
Regiments - more commonly known as the Buffalo Soldiers. Served
from the end of the Civil War through the Spainish-American War.
c. 99th Pursuit Squadron and 332d Fighter Group - also known
as the Tuskegee Airman. Served with distinction in World War II.
3. Heroes: Medal of Honor Winners
a. Private Dennis Bell - served with H Troop 10th Cavalry in
Spainish-American War, Award for conspicuous gallantly in action
on June 30, 1898 in Cuba where he resolted wounded comrades while
under intense fire after several other attempts had failed.
b. Sergeant Cornelius Charlton -- served with C Company, 1st
Battalion 24th Infantry Regiment, 25th Infantry Division. Award
posthumous for action at Chipo-ri, Korea on June 2, 1951. Charlton
took command of his platoon after the platoon leader was wounded
during an attack on enemy positions on a hilltop. He then led three
additional attacks against enemy positions. The first two were
driven back and Charlton severely wounded. However, he rallied his
men and took the hill on the third try but only after he had
personally destroyed the key enemy position receiving mortal
wounds in the process.
c. Sergeant Webster Anderson - served with Battery A, 2d
Battalion, 320th Artillery, 101st Airborne Division. Award received
for action at Tam Ky, South Vietnam on October 15, 1967. After the
APR-18-91 THU 7:48 OFC CHIEF OF STAFF ARMY
P.03
Battery position was breached, Anderson single handedly mounted
the parapet to direct the fire of the remaining artillery pieces while
firing his personal weapon against the attackers. Anderson's legs
were severely wounded by two hand grenades that prevented him
from standing; nevertheless, he continued his action while sitting on
the parapet refusing medevac.
3. Hope this is what you need. There are numerous other black
military units that we could have drawn from, but these seemed
representative. Let us know if you need anything else.
Douglas D. Brisson
LTC, GS
Speechwriter
ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS OF INFORMATION
A. INFORMATION TO BE PROVIDED:
1. Army research into the history of black organizations
and individual soldiers who fought during World War I.
2. Particular interest in soldiers who fought with
French units.
3. Research has been on-going since 1987.
4. Research is complete for World War I.
5. Certain soldiers distinguished themselves through
leadership and valor. The Army is interested in learning more
information about specific individuals and providing
recognition of their valor.
6. Research has shown that Corporal Freddie Stowers was
killed on 28 September 1918 while leading his soldiers in an
attack on Hill 188 in Meuses-Argonne region of France.
7. The Army is interested in recognizing Corporal
Stowers' gallantry in action. Some personal information
about him, and his heirs, is desired.
B. DESIRED INFORMATION:
1. Did Pearle Stowers, wife of Freddie, receive any type
of decoration or citation concerning his gallantry in action?
2. Does the family have any copies of letters of
notification from the War Department of Corporal Stowers'
death?
3. Did Corporal Stowers' commanding officer ever send a
letter to Pearle Stowers concerning the death of her husband?
4. What became of Minnie Stowers, his daughter? Did she
ever marry, and if so, did she have any children? Are they
still alive, and if so, where are they living?
thangh severely gases entimed to fire 11
relative-M.J Streiner, (Father) R.N.D. 1,
1872473
initiative displayed in the guidanne reorganizing
will its efficers and most of the nencommissioned efficers had
on Hill 188, Champagne Sector, Sept. 28th and 29th, 1915. approved
Tery heavy losses suffered by Co. C it had become hadly broken
17/10/
disorgazized. Corporal Jones collected the scattered elements of his
118
reargenized them under extramely difficult circumstances due to the
live hestile artillery firs. Corporal Jones was company clark and h rd
Isft in the rear in charge 08 company records and as soon HS he learned that
all his company officers had been killed or wounded he came forward of his own
vulities and joined the company; from Sept. 30th, to Oct. 6th, 1918, he made
mesrous trips over shell swept areas collecting the scattered elements of his
company. Nearest relative-J relative-J.F.Jones, (Father) Sumter, South Carolina, U.S.A.
Private Reuben Burrell. Machine Cun Co. 1794075
the enemy's machine guns and artillery fire on Hill 188 Sept. 28th, 1918 and by his
Disregarded personal danger by carrying numerous messages across areas swept by approved
fine spirit of courage served as an example to other members of the group. He was
painfully wounded in the knee by a buesting shell on Sept. 30th, 1918 but. refused
to XEX be evacuated, R8 no said there would not be enough mon left in the group if
he went to the rear. Nearest relative-Hathan Burrell (Father) Sundena, Virginia,
U.S.A.
Private Robert Tilghman, Machine Gun Co. 1794410.
Disregarded personal danger and carried numerous messages to company commanders
disclipts
across chell stept HTERS on Hill 185 Sept. 28th, 1918. He was seriously wounded
in the 108 by a bursting shall on Sept. 29th, 1938 and had to be evacuated although
he begged to be allowed to continue with the group. Nearest relative-Carrie Tilghman,
Nother) 235 N 35th Street, Philadelphia, Fa. U.S.A.
Sergeant Chris C. Blasingame, B Co. 1672247.
At Hill 188 sept. 28th, to 30th, 1910. Though siek and having a high fever he
stayed with 1:10 platcon for four days under heavy fire until relieved. Nearest
relative-Froma Blasingame (Wife) Liberty, South Carolina, U.S.A.
Gergeant At Hill Revend 108, Buesy Collins, Farm is and Co, Alin 1872246. Creek, Sept. 28th to 30th, 1916. Though sick simply 12/10/18
and having S high fever he remained on duty with his platoon, thereby setting a
fine example to his men. Hearest relative-Hannah Collins, (Mother) R.F.D. 3.
Easley. South Carolina, U.S.A.
lot Class Private Jerome Young, B Co. 1872422,
At Hill 188, Bussy Farm and along Alin Creek Sept. 30th to Oct. 6th, 1918. Though
his frot TETA 00 sore swollen he could scarcely walk, this man refused to go to the
10',
rear and remained with hi a company, thereby setting a fine example of bravery and
Lt. Turtistanb had frequently showed n fine spirit of courage and daring and
vas a great inspiration to the members of his platoon. hearest relative-
Jacob Turtletaub, 86 Vunderhoist St., Charleston, South Carolina, U.S.A.
1st Lieutenant Konette c. Ford. Co. B,
Lt. Ford led his platoon into action nt Hill 168, Champagne Sector, France,
on the morning of Sept. 28th, 1911: and went forward to the enemy line thru heavy
machine pun and artillery firs. Though in this advance the platoon suffered many
(iii
casualties, Lt. Ford set an example of bravery that inspired his men to follow
him. On the afternoon of Sept. 9th, 1918, Lt. Ford and his platoen were ngain
12
under heavy fire and again on Sept. 30th, 1918 along the Alin Creek, when he
again displayed great courage and under the most trying circumstance. Oct. 2nd
to Oct. 6th, 1918 while the company was in support though still under firs, Lt.
Ford became sick and coula scarcely speak above a whisper but he refused to go
to the rear and remained with his platoon until relieved. Nearest relative-
Mr. H. B. Ford, Centerville, Mississippi, U.S.A.
2nd Lieutenant Cherry Steels. Co. i
This efficer led his platoen into action nt !1111 188 on the morning of Sept.
28th, 1918 und again on the afternoon 05 Sept. 29th, 1918 across the meadew near de
Bussy Farm when he was subjected to terrific artillery fire. On Sept. 30th. 1915,
in the advance on Monthois. this efficer showed umisual bruvery and efficiency
in keeping his platoon together while under heavy fire. He also displayed excel-
lent judgement in marching his platoen on the morning of Sept. 30th, 1918 and
placing it no as to suffer a minimum loss from shell fire. while the company was
in support Lt. *** Steele became sick with cold and fever and refused to be evace
uated. Nearest relative-Wr. O. M. Staele, (Father) Obrion, Tenn. U.S.A.
Private Burton Go, 6 1872566 (Pedesases)
hereism in 082 attach in the Champagne Cector 4111 100 Sept.
g8thg 1.18. Prio dolmes of taker internation riffe WAS but or CORMITTION ne
baily mounded returned 40 the conceny's headwarters of his was volition
got PROCERS automatic fifts, wont back and thred with 44 on the enemy until he
willed. vote happened undus heavy mashine and ahoil sere. licenses velative
BALL (Unale) south Cumpline,
Clamson Colleger
Corporal Freddie Storero, 6 Co.1672491 (Decemped)
Mar artruerdinary hereism in An netnok an 11333 188 Sent 20th, 1918 Corporal -
Stowers showed brausey under termific muchine gum and shall fire, dis-
regarding personal danger He pad to kill the enery in & machine SHE nust and
after being mortally wounded kept craviing shoud in the inco of inrrific
muchine AM five and urging the members 2 his asund to as forward until be died.
hearest relutive-Pearl Stewers Bandy prince, South Garolina,
Private Monroe Jones. C Co. 1872578.
During the tuck of Sept. 20th. 1910, an Hill 188 Pvt. Conroe Jones crawled
forward from his position together with three other enlisted nan of the 372nd
,
Inf., and flanked a position that was held by eight enemy machine gunners,
kill three and suptured the remaining sive of the occupants together with thrir
guns. hearest relative-Willimn Jones (Brother) H.F.D.1, Troy, South Carclina, Uo:
REPRODUCED AT THE NATIONAL ARCHIVES
1st Sn. Page ?.
in approach formation when ordered to take up a new position. on the morning
of Sept. 30th, 1918, the battalion moved forward again through a terrific
artillery and machine gun barrage during which Co. B suffered heavily in men
and lost two officers. In spite of th a the company reached its objective well
organized. From Octo. 1st to Cct. 6th, 1916, the regisent as In support.
During this period Co. B was frenquently subjected to effective artillery fird
but due to Captain Brunson's fine spirit he so encouraged his men that they
came out of the action in a high state of morale despite the sact that the come
pany had lost half its strength. Nearest relative-Ers. Robert L. Brunson (hife)
Flerence, south Curolina, U.S.A.
2nd Lieutenant Robert 11, Riggs. Co. C. (Decessed)
For extraordinary hercism in action on Hill 188, Sept. 28th, 1916. Lt. Riggs
led his platoon with remarkable coolmess and disregard of personal danger against
a vary strong ensuy position under terrific muchine and shell fire. The following
day he led his platoon with the same coolnegs through a terrific artillery hom-
barament until mortally rounded. liearest relative-hrs, ida L. Riggs, Bobson, N.C.
1st Lieutenant Carlos C. Harris. Co. C.
For extraordinary heroism in action on Hill 188 Sept. 2cth, 1918. Lt. Harris
led his platoon with remarkable coolneds and disregard of personal danger against
a very strong enemy position under a terrific machine gun and shell firs. The
following day he lad his platoon with the same coclness through n de
terrific artillery bembardment until seriously wounded. Nearest relative-Ars. 17
J.H. Harris, Route 3. Spartanburg, South Carolina, U.S.A. (Mother)
2nd Lieutenant Benjamin F. Simmons. Co. B.
This officer led his plutoen into action at Hill 188 on the morning of Sept.
28th, 1918. Though his platoon suffered very heavy losses he led them forward to
the enemy lines. He lad his platoon through very heavy artillery fire on the
afterneen of Sept. 29th in meadow north of Bussy Farm. He kept his platoon in
hand at all times and showed a cheerful diaregard of danger that was most inspir:
to his men. He was seriously wounded on the morning of EXI Sept. 30th in the
advance on Mentheis and while lying in a wounded condition where shells were con-
tinually falling showed vonderful coolness and fortitude. Hearest relative-
Mrs. :'s E. Smith (Mother) Reweaville, South Carolina, U.S.A.
1st, isutenant Themas D. Lake. Jr. Co. B (Deceased)
This cfficer, second in command, was in buttle with his company at Hill 188
sent. 28th, 1918. He showed great courage and ability. He was again under very
heavy artillery fire in the meadew near Bussy Farm on the afterneen of Sept. 294
That night he led a patrol to the enemy's lines with wondefful coolness and diz-
regard of personal danger and was an inspiration to the entire company. This
officer was kalled in action on the norning of ?Sept. 30th, 1918 in the meadow
near Atin Creek near the village of Mininmoya while advancing with the company
Nearest relative+Mr. T. D. Lake, Lawrens, South Carolina, U.S.A.
1st Lisutenant Sam D. Turtletaub. Machine iun Co. Deceused)
For extraordinary heroism displayed in the face of deadly artillery and machi
gun fire at Hill 188 Dept. 28th, 1918. After repeated efforts had been made to
place a machine gun " as to be ahle to raturn the fire of the enemy machines
guns and all had failed, Lt. Turtletaub ir-quested permission to make another
effort to Int 1 sun into Desition, and while coing so he fell cortally wounded.
REPRODUCED AT THE NATIONAL ARCHIVES
page 563
TITLE 10-ARMED FORCES
§ 3711
HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES
words "since the 6th day of April. 1917" are omitted as
executed. The word "award" IS substituted for the
word "present" to cover the determination of the re.
Revised
Source (U.S. Code)
Source (Statutes at
cipients as well as the actual presentation of the
Larger
medal. and to conform to other sections of this chap-
action
ter. The words "or herself" are omitted. since. under
section 1 of title 1. words importing the masculine
10:1406.
July 9. 1918. ch. 143
5742
gender include the feminine. The words "or who shall
(9th par. under "Ord-
distinguish" are omitted as surplusage.
nance Department").
40 Stat. 870.
CROSS REFERENCES
The words "but not in the name of Congress" are
Award of distinguished-service medal to Navy and
omitted as surplusage. since a medal is presented in
Air Force members. see sections 6243 and 8743 of this
the name of Congress only if the law so directs. The
words "since the 6th day of April. 1917" are omitted as
title.
executed. The word "award" is substituted for the
word "present" to cover the determination of the re.
SECTION REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS
cipients as well as the actual presentation of the
medal. and to conform to other sections of this chap-
This section is referred to in section 3748 of this
ter. The words "or herself" are omitted. since. under
title.
section 1 of title 1. words importing the masculine
gender include the feminine. The words "or who shall
hereafter distinguish" are omitted as surplusage.
§ 3744. Medal of honor: distinguished-service cross:
distinguished-service medal: limitations on award
AMENDMENTS
(a) No more than one medal of honor. distin-
1963-Pub. L 83-77 enlarged the authority to award
guished-service cross. or distinguished-service
the distinguished-service cross. which was limited to
medal may be awarded to a person. However.
those cases in which persons distinguished themselves
in connection with military operations against an
for each succeeding act that would otherwise
armed enemy. to permit its ,award for extraordinary
justify the award of such a medal or cross. the
heroism not justifying the award of a medal of honor.
President may award a suitable bar or other
while engaged in an action against an enemy of the
device to be worn as he directs.
United States. while engaged In military operations in-
(b) Except as provided in subsection (d). no
volving conflict with an opposing foreign force. or
-hile serving with friendly foreign forces engaged in
medal of honor. distinguished-service cross. dis-
med conflict against an opposing armed force in
tinguished-service medal. or device in place
h the United States is not a belligerent party.
thereof. may be awarded to a person unless-
(1) the award is made within three years
SECTION REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS
after the date of the act justifying the award:
(2) a statement setting forth the distin-
This section is referred to in section 3748 of this
guished service and recommending official
utle.
recognition of It was made within two years
after the distinguished service: and
I 3743. Distinguished-service medal: award
(3) it appears from records of the Depart-
ment of the Army that the person is entitled
The President may award a distinguished-ser-
to the award.
vice medal of appropriate design and a ribbon.
together with a rosette or other device to be
(c) No medal of honor. distinguished-service
worn in place thereof. to a person who, while
cross. distinguished-service medal. or device in
serving in any capacity with the Army. distin-
place thereof. may be awarded or presented to
guishes himself by exceptionally meritorious
a person whose service after he distinguished
service to the United States in a duty of great
himself has not been honorable.
responsibility.
(d) If the Secretary of the Army determines
(Aug. 10. 1956. ch. 1041. 70A Stat. 216.)
that-
(1) a statement setting forth the distin-
HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES
guished service and recommending official
recognition of it was made and supported by
sufficient evidence within two years after the
Revised
Source (U.S. Code)
Source (Statutes at
distinguished service: and
section
Large)
(2) no award was made. because the state-
ment was lost or through inadvertence the
8743
10:1407.
July 9. 1918. ch. 143
recommendation was not acted on:
(10th par., less words
after 1st semicolon,
a medal of honor. distinguished-service cross.
under "Ordnance De-
distinguished-service medal. or device in place
partment"). 40 SCAL
thereof. as the case may be. may be awarded to
870.
the person concerned within two years after
The words "but not in the name of Congress" are
the date of that determination.
ltted as surplusage. since a medal is presented in
(Aug. 10. 1956. ch. 1041. 70A Stat. 216: July 5.
name of Congress only If the law so directs. The
1960. Pub. L 86-582. § 1(1). 74 Stat. 320.)
602-251
spaced
Headquarters 371st infantry. U.S.
Secteur Postal 229, France.
November 20th, 1915.
Frem:
Commanding officer, 371st Infantry, U.S.
To:
the Adjutant General, American E. Y.
Subject:
Recommendations for award of Distinguished Service Crasses.
i. Attached in dualicate ure ricommendations from this regiment for
award of Distinguished Service Crosses for officers and men. Recormencations
LPA also submitted Icr ovard of Listinguished Service Crosses to French
Personnel attached to the ragiment and for one deserving case of a Y.M.C.A.
Secretary who is on duty with the regiment.
F. L. WILLS,
Colonel, 371st Infentry, U.S.
Origna of The File
(11-27-13)
REPRODUCED AT THE NATIONAL ARCHIVES 30. A.D. 314.73-371 Inf. 4-9-30,
Handquarters 371st infantry, U.N.,
Secteur Postal 22', France.
November 27th, 1918.
The following named officers and zen of this regiment are recemmended for
the Distinguished Service Cross.
1st Lt. James A. Boswell. Co. P. (Deceased)
Corranding Co. D. For extraordinary heroism displayed in the presence of deadly
artillery and machine gun fire on Hill 188. Sept. 28th, 1916. Lt. Boawell's
company was ordered to execute a Blank attack on an enemy machine gun nest in
diss
order to relieve Co. C which had attacked the enemy in front. Before taking his
12/10
company into position, L.4. Beswell crawled out to make a personal reconnaissance
of the enemy's position and in so doing fell mortally wounded from machine gun
firs. lie was a splendid leader and never failed to inspire courage in his
officers and men by his personal diaregard of danger. hearest relative-Ur. F.A.
Beswell, (Futher) Elmore, Alabama, U.S.A.
1st Lt. Marcus 1. Boulware. Co. D,
Commanding Co. D. For exceptional heroism and high sense of duty displayed
while his company was in action between Hill 188 and Alia Creek, from Dept.
28th, 1918 to Cat. 6th, 1918, inclusive. The commander of Company D fell
Des;
mortally wounded during the of ternoen of Sept. 28th. 1918 while to company
was about to execute a flanking movement. Lt. Boulware immediately took command 17/-
and succeeded in driving the anamy out of a strong position and capturing a
battery of five trench mortars and two machine guns. During the afternoon of
Sept. 29th, 1916, Co. D was subjected to a terrible artillery bembardment for
two hours during which time the company lost one officer und more than twenty
men. The company moved forward again during the morning of Sept. 30th, 1915
through a heavy artillery and machine gunbharrage over a flooded area during
which time it suffered heavily. From Det. 1 to Oct. 6th, 1918 the regiment was
in reserve and Co. D was held in shall heles in an expesed position and fre-
quently subjected to effective artillary fire. During this entire period Lt.
Boulware commanded his company no skillfully and treated the element of personal
danger with such utter disregard that he inspired the members of his command
with much the same spirit of courage and so maintained n high degree of morals
during this lonr. period of continuous danger and hardship, although he was sick free
expesure and had a high fever for three days. He refused to be evacuated until his
company was relieved. Nearest relative-Mrs. F. H. Boulmare, (Mother) Winnsbord,
South Carolina, U.S.A.
to
Cuptain Robert L. Brunson. Conde AB.
For exceptional ocurage and endurance displayed while in action between Hill
Be
Y
188 and Alin Creek from Sept. 28th to Cot. 6th, 1918, inclusive. Cm Cent. 28th,
1718, Co. R vas ordered to rclieve Co. c after the litter compuny had suffered no
heavily in men and afficers that it was alrost completely discrganised. Captain
Brunson showed such a fine spirit of courage. good judgement and absolute disroyard
of personal danger that he was able to outflank a very powerful machine gun nest
and a-ther kill or capture the defenders with their guns. During the afterneen of
Sept, 29th, 1911, CO.D vas subjected to a terrific bembardment of heatile artil-
Tery for two hours during Chich time it lout more than tranty-five mon; but se well
had this company been held together that 11 was able to move lorward immediately
REPRODUCED AT THE NATIONAL ARCHIVES
DATE
THRU:
28 AUGUST 1990
DCSPER
SENIOR ARMY DECORATIONS
FROM:
BOARD
TO:
TAPC-PDA
Chief of Staff
RECOMMENDATION
of
ACTION OFFICER AND EXTENSION
LTC ADKINS/CPT
325-8700
1 THE SENIOR ARMY DECORATIONS BOARD MET TO CONSIDER THE FOLLOWING AWARD
NAME OF AWARG
NAME OF INDIVIDUAL
GRADE Then)
GRADE (Nome)
MEDAL OF HONOR (POST)
STOWERS, FREDDIE
CPL
NA
POSITION at THE TIME OF ACT. ACHIEVEMENT OR SERVICE
SOCIAL SECURITY NUMBER
Squad Leader, C. co, 371st Infantry Regiment, 93d Division
1872491
DESIRE DATE OF PRESENTATION
NA
RECOMMENDATION INITIATED BY
FOR PERIOD
NA
28 September 1918
AWARD is FOR
XXGALLANTRY IN ACTION
HEROISM
MERITORIOUS ACHIEVEMENT
MERITORIOUS SERVICE
REASSIGNMENT
XX
FOSTHUMOUS.
DATE OF DEATH
RETIREMENT
MANDATORY
VOLUNTARY
PHYSICAL DISABILITY
SCHEDULED DATE OF RETIREMENT
SAD8 CONSIDERED RESUME OF SERVICE
CAREER FOR THE PERIOD
INTERIM AWARD OF THE
HAS BEEN MADE.
SEE REMARKS ON REVENUE
2. EY
MAJORITY
X
UNANIMOUS
, QTE THE BOARD RECOMMENDED
X
APPROVAL OF THE RECOMMENDED AWARD FOR THE PERIOD
DISAPPROVAL OF THE RECOMMENDED AWARD AND ALL LESSER AWARDS FOR THE REASON CHECK BELOW
DISAPPROVAL OF THE RECOMMENDED AWARD BUT APPROVAL OF THE
IN LIEU THEREOF FOR THE REASON
CHECKED BELOW FOR THE PERIOD
Reeson for Disapprovel
DEGREE OF HEROISM OR GALLANTRY DOES NOT MEET THE CRITERIA FOR THE RECOMMENDED AWARD
INSUFFICIENT EVIDENCE OF RISK OF LIFE TO WARRANT RECOMMENDED AWARD
SERVICES WERE OUTSTANDING BUT 00 NOT MEET THE CRITERIA FOR THE RECOMMENDED AWARD
SERVICES NORMAL FOR GRADE AND POSITION DOES NOT MEET CRITERIA FOR ANY AWARD
OUTSTANDING PERFORMANCE OF DUTIES. BUT NOT " SUFFICIENT SIGNIFICANCE FOR PROPOSED AWARD
OTHER
3. THE PRESIDENT OF THE SENIOR ARMY DECORA ONE BOARD
APPROVES T-E RECOMMENDATION OF THE SENIOR ARMY DECORATIONS BOARD BY ORDER OF THE SECRETARY OF 10.6 ALINE
X
RECOMMENDS THAT THE CHIEF OF STAFF APPROVE THE RECOMMENDATION OF THE SENIOR ARMS DECORATION:
TYPED NAME GRADE AND POSITION OF BOARD PRESIDENT
SIGNATURE OF BOARD PRESIDENT
ROSS, JIMMY D. LTG, USA
4. ACTION BY APPROVAL AUTHORITY
DAPC -PA FORM 738-1, 1 Jun 75
Remarks (continued):
1. This statement of service is furnished under the provisions of the act of Congress approved July 11, 1912.
2. This statement is furnished primarily for historical and statistical purposes, although It moy be used to admindicating
claims In which the State is soleis cuncerned. It is not to be tred before a court of justice or in support of any claim against
the Federal Government. The law probibite the fornishing of any information that may be used in the prosecution of a claim
against the Government, except to the proper Government officials.
3. Applications from individuals, other than historians and statisticians, for Information from this statement of service
should to denied and the applicant dirocted to apply for the information to The Adjotant General of the Army, who is the
custodian of the official records of the Armies of the Valtal ceptions to this rule may be made in the case of officials
of patriotics and philopshropic sorteties associations when't NEW itively that the information is to be used exclusively
by said society or association, and will not be main comminity and to any individual who may use it directly or
indirectly as a basis for, or in the prosecusion of, a GREAT Paint the Government, or to the Injury of the soldier.
4. Excent as herrinbefore provided. all personsing information IN in to the milliary and medical histories of the
soldier should be denied information Iroia. or BEFORE th, this statement of service las otherwise information legally unobtainship
would be made available to persons who might pew Credits upon the transant, or who might seek to injure the sokilar.
5. Except the data contained on the first for Ma Vwf 201 casmittes and physical disability, this state-
ment is prepared as far as practicable from the 19 record, and no viluri Yes teen inade to compare the data obtained from
the service record with other records, except where an error or discrepancys patent.
6. Some enlistment papers show are at unlist while others show date at birth. The entries recorded herein are in the
same form as those on the enlistment paper.
WAR
301
WAR DEPARTMENT
TXX ADJUTANT GENERAL'S OFFICE
P. C. HARRIS:
WASHINGTON, D. C.
The Adjuant General.
Stowers
iddie 872 491
Colored.
(Surname)
(Christian name)
(Artny serial number)
Residence:
None
Sandy Spri ngs
SOUTH CAROLINA
(Street and house number) 1
(Town of Mly);
(County):
(State)
Enlisted N. CAER "Inducted at Willmston S Gf 550ct 4 19:17
Place of birth:
Anderson Co SC
Age or date of birth: 21 yrs
Organizations served in, with dates of assignments and transfers: Co C 1 Prov Regt Cp Jackso
S C to
Co C 371 Inf to dea the
Grados, with date of appointment; Pvt Oct 4/17: Pytil cl Dec I/17:
Corp Nov 8/18
Engagements:
Served overseas from Apr 7/18 to death
from
S
Killed in action
Sept 28 1918
None:
Other wounds or injuries received in action
(If none, so state)
Person notified of death: Pearl Stowers
Wife
(Name) Sandy Springs
(Dagree of relationship)
S.C.
(No. and street or rural route)
(City. LOWE, or post office)
(State or country)
Remarks:
Form No. 724-6, д. Q. O.
Strike ost words not applicable.
Da as of departure from and arrival in the U.S.
Nov. 22 1919.
1-7348
90 MAR 22 MAR 22 PM 3:27 3: 27
TAPA-PDA
1674
OFFICIAL ROSTER OF SOUT CAROLINA
STOKES. PLATO 1871039 Ree Barnwell 90 NA Barnwell SC
STOWER, WILL 2097024 Ren IVR SC NA Hones Path SC
Oct 27/17. Br Allendate so 21.6/12 yrs. Co M 371 Int to
June 20/18. Br SC 26 yrs. 11 Co 3 Tr On 156 DB to AUE
disch. Corp Apr 7/18. AEF Apr 9/18 to Feb 11/19. llon
18/18: Co c 333 Serv Bn to disch. Pvt. Meuse Argonne.
disch Feb 22/19.
AEP Sept 8/18 to Aug 20/19. Hon disch Aug 26/19.
STOKES, WILLIAM o. 4074801 Ree Pleimont SC NA Green.
STOWERS. AMOS CHARLES 4074486 Res Starr SC NA Ander.
ville Co SC Aug 2/18. Dr Greenville SC AUG 11/96. Co F
son Co SC AUR 1/18. Br Anderson Co SC 23-11/12 yrs. Cs
61 l'Inn Inf to Sept 2/18; 422 Ree Lab Bn to disch. Prt.
0 61 Pion int to Sept 2/18: Co A 422 Rew Lab Bn to disch
Ilon disch Mch 14/19.
Pvt. Hon disch Mch 11/13.
STONE. BOYKIN 2441912 Ren Longtown SC NA Taxewell Va
STOWERS, EDWIN 3256833 Res Pendleton SC NA Williamston
Apr 27/18. Br Lungtown SC May 7/96. Biry B 350 FA to
SC July 15/13. Br Cluck SC Sept 5/93. 156 Dep Drig "
disch. I'vt. AEF June 29/18 to Sept 17/18. lien disch Dec
AUK 18/18: Co B 333 Serv Bn to disch. Ck Aug 22/18. AET
7/18 SCD. 10% disabled.
Sept 8/18 to AUg 20/19. Hon disch AUG 26/19.
STONE. EUGENE 1886711 Rew Greenville so NA Greenville SO
+ STOWERS. FREDDIE 1872491 Res Sandy Springs SC NA
Apr 29/18. Br Greenville SC 24-3/13 yrs. 156 Dep Brig to
Williamston so Oct 4/17. Br Anderson Co 8C 21 yrs. Co
June 10/18: Co n 444 Res Lab Ba to disch. Pvt 1cl Sept
c 1 Prov Rext Cp Jackson SC to
Co
c
371
Isf
17/18. Hom disch Dec 30/18.
to death. Pvt Oct 4/17: Pvt Ici Dec 1/17: Corp May 8/18.
AEF Apr 7/18 to death. KIA Sept 28/18. Notified Pearl
STONEY, ARTHUR 3287851 Ree Charleston so NA Charleston
Stowers, Wife. Sandy Springs SC.
SC July 18/18. Br Charleston SC June 28/93. Co B 534 Engre
STOWERS. HARRY 3287663 Res Columbia SC NA Columbia SC
to disch. Pvt. AEP AUG 29/18 to July 4/19. Hon disch
July 14/19.
July 17/18. Be Columbia SC Feb 28/95. Cp Jackson Sept
Aut Repl Drit 12 Btry to
: Co F 366 Int to disch.
STONEY, BOYKIN 4073487 Res Lugoff so NA Kershaw Ce so
Pvt. AEF Sept 28/18 to Feb 28/19. lion disch Apr 5/19.
July 28/18. Br Kershaw Co SQ Oct 16/05. Co K 60 Pion
Inf to Aug 25/18: Edgewood Arsenal Md to disch. Pvt. Hon
STOWERS, JAMES L. 4018729 Res Amierson Co SC NA Phils-
disch Apr 30/19.
delphin Pa AUG 15/18. Br Anderson Co SC 28-1/12 yrs. 158
Dep Brig to Oct 26/18: Fid Rmt Sq 355 to disch. Pvt. Eas
STONEY, BRUCE 1870522 Res Denmark SC NA Ramberg so
disch Dec 17/18.
Feb 22/18. Br Allendale so 22 yrs. Co A 371 Inf to disch.
Pvt. WIA Degree Undetermined Sept 29/18. AEF Apr 7/18
STOWERS. LON 4133363 Ren Starr SC NA Anderson SC Aug
to Feb 11/19. lion disch Mch 11/12. Awd French Crolx de
23/18. Br Hart Ga July 4/89. Co c 345 Lab Bn to disch.
Guerre And DIIC.
Pvt. AEP Sept 25/18 to Feb 12/19. Hon disch Meh 7/19.
STONEY. FRANK J. 3631808 Res Sumter so NA Portsmouth
STOWERS, MARION 2096830 Rem Anilemon SC NA Anderson
Va July 18/18. Br Sumter so Mch 21/00. Co D 304 Stev
SC June 20/18. Br Wortwell Ca 28-9/12 yrs. 10 Co 37
Regt Engra c to Dec 7/18: Co C 304 Stev Regt Engre o
Bn 156 DB to disch. Prt. Hon disch July 25/18 SCD.
to disch. Corp AUg 17/18; Pvt Dec 7/18. Non disch Mch
12 1/2% disabled.
13/19.
STOWERS. ROBERT 4073925 Res Anderson SO NA Andersos
STONEY. THOMAS 4068347 Res Bluffton SO NA Beaufort so
Co SC July 29/18. Br Anderson SC Jan 30/87. Co I 60 Pice
July 29/18. Br Bluifton so Feb 10/90. Co L 60 l'ion inf to
Inf to Sept 26/17: 422 Serv Bn to Nov 1/18: Fld Rint Sq
Sept 1/18: Co 0 422 Res Lab Bn to disch. Pvt 1cl Dec 13/18.
351 ARD 317 to disch. Pvt lcl Nov 18/18. Non disch Apr
Hon disch Mch 13/19.
17/19.
STONEY, WILLIE 1871098 Res Fairfax SC NA Barnwell so
STOWERS. SAM 1884401 Res Sumter SC NA Sumter so Age
Feb 23/18. Br Allendale so 22-6/12 yrs. Co M 371 Inf to
8/13. Br Greenville SC 30-9/12 yrs. 7 Co 156 DB to July
disch. Pvt. ALF Apr 9/18 to Feb 11/19. Hon disch Feb
6/18; Det Sn Co Cp Jackson SC to disch. Pvt. Non disch
23/19.
Mch 17/19.
STOUDEMIRE. CLAUDE 4132001 Res Helly mill SO NA Elloree
STRADFORD, CLEVELAND 4132936 Res Cantey SC NA Camdes
SC AUR 24/18. Br Holly IIIII so Dec 20/06. QMC to disch.
so Aug 22/18. Br Cantey SC 23-3/12 yrs. 156 Dep Brig 10
Pvt. AEF Sept 30/18 to July 4/13. Hom disch July 12/19.
disch. Prt. Mon disch Dec 9/18.
STOVALL SAMUEL L(EVIS) 4075644 Ree Senees SC NA
STRADFORD, HAMP 4132933 Res Camden so NA Camden SC
Erie Co Ohio Aug 3/18. Br Louvernia Oa 22-1/12 yrs. Co D
Aug 22/18. Br Camden so 23-8/12 yrs. Co c 346 Serv Ba
61 Plan int to AUg 23/18: Co B 422 Res Lab Ba to disch.
to May 13/19: Co B 346 Serv Bn to disch. Pvt Icl Nov 12/18
I'vt. lion disch Mch 12/19.
AEF Sept 30/18 to July 4/19. Hon disch July 12/19.
STOVER. ALBERTUS 1872008 Res Camden 80 NA Caraden SC
STRADFORD, IB 1870171 Ren Loneaster SC NA Laneaster SC
Feb 24/18. Dr Camden so 21-9/12 yrs. Co H 341 Inf to
Feb 23/18. Br Laneaster SC 21 yrs. MG Co 371 Inf to
disch. l'vt. AEF Aug 9/18 to Feb 11/19. Hon disch Feb
Co D 444 Res Lab On to disch. Blacksmith Oct 1/18. How
24/19.
disch Dec 30/18.
STOVER, ANDREW 1886469 Res Lancaster SO NA Laneaster
STRADFORD, MACK 1887051 Res Boykin SC NA Camden SC
so Apr 29/18. Br Lanesater 8C 22 yrs. 156 Dep Brig to
Apr 29/18. Br Boykin SC 22-3/12 yrs. Co B 321 Serv Ba
Jan 12/18; Co A 330 Serv Bn to disch. Pvt Icl Oct 1/18.
to disch. Pvt. AEF July 31/18 to July 7/19. Hun disch July
AEP Sept 15/18 to Sept 20/19. Hon disch Sept 25/19.
17/19.
STOVER. CLEVELAND R. 1870546 Res Cheraw so NA Cheraw
STRAIN, GEORGE 4171154 Res Osceola SC NA Martinsburg
SC Oct 5/17. Br Cheraw SC 21 yrs. Co E 371 Inf to disch.
W Va Sept 25/18. Br Osceola SC Mch 14/97. 152 Dep Brig
Corp Nov 10/17: Pvt Feb 9/19. WIA Siightly Oct 4/18. AEF
to disch. Pvt. Hon disch Jan 2/19.
Apr 7/18 to Feb 11/19. Non disch Feb 23/19.
STRAIT. JAKE 3217854 Res Ft MIII SC NA Rock Hill SC
STOVER. HENRY 1800465 Res Heath Springs SC NA so June
Sept 25/18. Br Ft Mill SC June 1/97. Co F 60 Pion inf
to disch. Prt. Hon disch Dec 19/18.
27/18. Br Kershaw Co so July 19/92 156 Dep Brig to disch.
Pvt. Hon disch Nov 26/18.
STRAIT, MOSES 3217852 Res Rock IIIII SC NA Rock Bill SC
STOWER. JOHN 1880785 Ren Cankey so NA Laneaster so May
Sept 25/18. Br Rock Hill SC May 1/97. Co C 446 Res Lst
18/18. Br Health Springs so 36-2/12 yTo. 166 Dep Brig to
Bn to desertion. Pvt. Deserted Feb 15/18 Cp Mills NY.
disch. l'rt. Non disch Dec 10/18.
STRANGE, CATO 1874699 Res Hardeeville SC NA Ridgeland
STOVER. JOHN 3218072 Res Heath Springs so NA Camden SC
SC Feb 25/18. Br Hardeeville SC 20-9/12 yrs. Co B III
Lab Bn QMC to
: Co B 444 Res Lab Ba to disch.
Sept 25/18. Br Heath Springs so June 1/97. 156 Dep Brig
to disch. Pvt. Hos disch Nov 20/18.
Corp May 3/18: Pvt Oct 11/18; Pvt lel Nov 1/18. Hoa disch
Dec 30/18.
STOVER, McCOY 2680821 Res Kershaw so NA Carthage NC
May 1/18. Br Kershaw SC 22-8/12 yrs. 33 Lab Co Sig o
STRATFORD. GILBERT 4132938 Res Lugoff SC NA Camdre
SC Aug 22/18. Br Lugod SC July 4/96. Co C 346 Lab Ba
to May 23/18: 30 Cone Co to July 21/18: 160 Dep Brig to
to disch. Pvt. Hon disch Dec 7/18.
diech. Pre. lion disch Aug 30/18 SCD. 2% disabled.
STRAWDER, JAMES c. 3218562 Res Greenville SC NA Green-
STOVER, PEARL 1878650 Res Camden so NA Camden so
ville SC Sept 27/18. Br Anderson SC Apr 5/96. 156 Dep Bng
Feb 27/18. Br Kershaw Co SC 21-4/12 YTB. Co D 323 Lab
to disch. l'vt. Hon disch Dec 6/18.
Bn to desertion. Pvt. Deserted May 11/18 Cp Jackson SC.
STREATE. HENRY 4071526 Res SC NA Chesterfield Co so
STOVER, THOMAS 396672 Res Kershaw SC NA Ft Slocum NJ
July 18/18. Dr Chenterfield Co SC Aug 17/06. Co A 60 Pies
July 6/18. Dr Kershaw SC 30-11/12 yrs. Co A 334 Serv Bn
Inf to Aug 25/18: MD to disch. Pvt. AEF Sept 29/18 to
to disch. Prt. AEF July 18/18 to July 18/19. lion disch
Jan 9/19. Hon disch Jan 18/19.
July 28/19.
STREATER. CLEVELAND 2095530 Req Chenterfield so NA
STOVER. WILL JR. 3215146 free Kershaw SC NA Lancaster
Cheraw SC June 20/18. Dr Chenterfield so Feb 25/96. 156
SC Sept 26/18. Br Kernhaw SC ANE 11/96. 156 Dep ling
Dep Brig to AUg 18/15: QMO to disch. Pvt. Hon disch
to disch. Pvt. llon disch Dee 10/18.
Jan 16/12.
Headquarters 371st Infantry, U.S.
Secteur Postal 229, France.
December 28th, 1918.
The following named man of this regiment dd: recommended for
the Medal of Honor:
Private Burton Holmes, Co. C, 1872566 (Deceased)
For extraordinary heroism in an attack in the Champagne sector,
Hill 188 Sept. 28th, 1918. Pvt. Holmes after his automatic rifle was
out of commission and he himself badly wounded, returned to the
company's headquarters of his own volition, got a reserve automatic
rifle, went back and fired with it on the enemy until he was killed.
This happened under heavy machine gun and shell fire. Nearest relative
Bill Holmes, (Uncle) Clemson College, South Carolina, U.S.A.
Certificate.
I certify that I have personal knowledge as an eye witness of the
facts stated above in the recommendation for medal of honor of Pvt.
Burton Holmes, Co. C, 371st Infantry, and that the above statement is
true.
Name
Rank
Organizati
"iled 4-9-30. A.G. 3:1. 73-371 Inf. 40-30,
Headquarters 37lst Infantry, U.S.
Secteur Postal 229, France.
December 28thm 1918.
The following named man or this regiment 18 recommended for
the Medal of Honor.
Corporal Freddie Stowers, C Co., 1872491. (Deceased)
For extraordinary heroism in an attack on Hill 188, Champagne
Sector, Sept. 28th, 1918. Corporal Stowers showed remarkable bravery
under terrific machine gun and shell fire, disregarding personal danger.
He helped to kill the enemy in a machine gun nest and aIter being mortally
wounded kept crawling ahead in the face of terrific machine gun fire and
urging the members of his squad to go forward until he died. Nearest
relative : Pearl Stowers (Wife) Sandy Springs, South Carolina, U.S.
Certificate.
I certify that I have personal knowledge as an eye witness of the
racts stated above in the recommendation for medal of honor of Corporal
Freddie Stowers, C Co., 37lst Infantry, and that the above statement is
true.
Name
Rank
Organization.
Filed 40-30. A.G. 314. 73-371 Inf. 4-9-30,
RECOMMENDATION
Corporal Freddie Stowers, C Company, 371st Infantry
Regiment, 93rd Infantry Division be posthumously awarded the
Medal of Honor for his combat actions on 28 September 1918.
OTHER FACTORS & EXPECTATIONS
OTHER FACTORS:
-Corporal Stowers is buried in Muese-Argonne Military
Cemetery in France.
-Corporal Stowers was survived by a wife Pearl and
daughter Minnie Lee. Both are now deceased.
-Surviving heirs are Corporal Stowers' two sisters:
*Georgina Palmer (88 years old)
Mary Boweens (77 years old)
EXPECTATIONS:
-The President will present the Medal of Honor to the
heirs.
-Heirs will desire the body be returned to the US.
-Extensive press coverage because of human interest.
-Veteran's Day ceremony is optimal.
TACTICAL SUMMARY
- THE 371ST AND 372D INFANTRY REGIMENTS WERE ORGANIC
ELEMENTS TO THE 157TH INFANTRY DIVISION (FRENCH)
- THE 157TH DIVISION WAS PART OF THE 4TH ARMY, WHO
LED THE ATTACK AGAINST THE MEUSE-ARGONNE FRONT TO
INTERDICT THE GERMAN'S MAIN LATERAL LINE OF SUPPLY
- ALLIED ADVANCE STALLED ON 28 SEPTEMBER 1918 AT
CROSSROADS 188 NEAR FONTAINE-EN-DORMOIS, WHICH WAS
DOMINATED BY HILL 188
- HILL 188, OCCUPIED BY THE GERMANS, CONSISTED OF TWO
TRENCH LINES (ONE BEHIND THE OTHER), SEVEN MACHINE
GUN POSITIONS, FIVE TRENCH MORTARS, AND THREE
ANTITANK GUNS
- THE 157TH DIVISION, LED BY THE 371ST INFANTRY
REGIMENT, ATTACKED HILL 188 ON 28 SEPTEMBER 1918
*BLACKWELL. ROBERT L.
Rank and organization Private, U.S. Army, Company K. 119th In-
fantry. 30th Division. Place and date: Near St. Souplet, France, 11 Oc-
tober 1918. Entered service at: Hurdle Mills, N.C. Birth: Person Coun-
ty, N.C. G.O. No.: 13, W.D., 1919. Citation: When his platoon was al-
most surrounded by the enemy and his platoon commander asked for
volunteers to carry a message calling for reinforcements, Pvt.
Blackwell voluntcered for this mission, well knowing the extreme
danger connected with it. In attempting to get through the heavy shell
and machinegun fire this gallant soldier was killed.
*COSTIN, HENRY G.
Rank and organization: Private, U.S. Army, Company H. 115th In-
fantry, 29th Division. Place and date: Near Bois-de-Consenvoye,
France, 8 October 1918. Entered service at: Baltimore, Md. Birth: Bal-
timore, Md. G.O. No.: 34, W.D., 1919. Citation: When the advance of
his platoon had been held up by machinegun fire and a request was
made for an automatic rifle team to charge the nest, Pvt. Costin was
the first to volunteer. Advancing with his team, under terrific fire of
enemy artillery, machineguns, and trench mortars, he continued after
all his comrades had become casualties and he himself had been seri-
ously wounded. He operated his rifle. until he collapsed. His act
resulted in the capture of about 100 prisoners and several machine-
guns. He succumbed from the effects of his wounds shortly after-the
accomplishment of his heroic deed.
*DUNN, PARKER F.
Rank and organization: Private First Class, U.S. Army, Company. A,
312th Infantry, 78th Division. Place and date: Near Grand-Pre, France,
23 October 1918. Entered service at: Albany, N.Y. Birth: Albany, N.Y.
G.O. No.: 49, W.D., 1922. Citation: When his battalion commander
found it necessary to send a message to a company in the attacking
line and hesitated to order a runner to make the trip because of the
extreme danger involved, Pfc. Dunn. a member of the intelligence sec-
tion, volunteered for the mission. After advancing but a short distance
across a field swept by artillery and machinegun fire, he was wounded,
but continued on and fell wounded a second time. Still undaunted, he
persistently attempted to carry out his mission until he was killed by a
machinegun bullet before reaching the advance line.
*MILLER, OSCAR F.
Rank and organization: Major, U.S. Army, 361st Infantry. 91st Divi-
sion. Place and date: Near Gesnes, France. 28 September 1918. En-
tered service at: Los Angeles, Calif. Birth: Franklin County, Ark. G.O.
No.: 16. W.D. 1919. Citation: After 2 days of intense physical and
mental strain, during which Maj. Miller had led his battalion in the
front line of the advance through the forest of Argonne, the enemy
was met in a prepared position south of Gesnes. Though almost ex-
hausted, he energetically reorganized his battalion and ordered an at-
tack. Upon reaching open ground the advancing line began to waver in
the face of machinegun fire from the front and flanks and direct artil-
lery fire. Personally leading his command group forward between his
front-line companies, Maj. Miller inspired his men by his personal cou-
rage, and they again pressed on toward the hostile position. As this of-
ficer led the renewed attack he was shot in the right leg, but he
nevertheless staggered forward at the head of his command. Soon af-
terwards he was again shot in the right arm, but he continued the
charge, personally cheering his troops on through the heavy machine-
gun. fire. Just before the objective was reached he received a wound
in the abdomen, which forced him to the ground, but he continued to
urge his men on, telling them to push on to the next ridge and leave
him where he lay. He died from his wounds a few days later.
O'SHEA, THOMAS E.
Rank and organization Corporal, U.S. Army, Machine Gun Com-
pany, 107th Infantry, 27th Division. Place and date: Near Le Catclet,
France. 29 September 1918. Entered service at: Summit, N.J. Birth:
New York, N.Y. G.O. No.: 20. W.D., 1919. Citation: Becoming
separated from their platoon by a smoke barrage, Cpl. O'Shea, with 2
other soldiers, took cover in a shell hole well within the enemy's lines.
Upon hearing a call for help from an American tank, which had
become disabled 30 yards from them, the 3 soldiers left their shelter
and started toward the tank under heavy fire from German machine-
guns and trench mortars. In crossing the fire-swept area Cpl. O'Shea
was mortally wounded and died of his wounds shortly afterwards.
*SAWELSON, WILLIAM
Rank and organization: Sergeant, U.S. Army, Company M. 312th In-
fantry. 78th Division. Place and date: At Grand-Pre, France, 26 Oc-
tober, 1918. Entered service at: Harrison, N.J. Born: 5 August 1895.
Newark, N.J. G.O. No.: 16, W.D., 1919. Citation: Hearing a wounded
man in a shell hole some distance away calling for water. Sgt. Sawel-
son, upon his own initiative, left shelter and crawled through heavy
machinegun fire to where the man lay, giving him what water he had
in his canteen. He then went back to his own shell hole, obtained more
water, and was returning to the wounded man when he was killed by a
machinegun bullet.
*SKINKER, ALEXANDER R.
Rank and organization: Captain, U.S. Army, 138th Infantry, 35th
Division. Place and date: At Cheppy, France, 26 September 1918. En-
tered service at: St. Louis, Mo. Birth: St. Louis, Mo. G.O. No.: 13,
W.D., 1919. Citation: Unwilling to sacrifice his men when his company
was held up by terrific machinegun fire from iron pill boxes in the Hin-
denburg Line, Capt. Skinker personally led an automatic rifleman and
a carrier in an attack on the machineguns. The carrier was killed in-
stantly, but Capt. Skinker seized the ammunition and continued
through an opening in the barbed wire, feeding the automatic rifle
until he, too, was killed.
*SMITH, FRED E.
Rank and organization: Lieutenant Colonel, U.S. Army. 308th In-
fantry, 77th Division. Place and date: Near Binarville, France, 29 Sep-
tember 1918. Entered service at: Bartlett, N. Dak. Birth: Rockford, III.
G.O. No.: 49. W.D., 1922. Citation: When communication from the
forward regimental post of command to the battalion leading the ad-
vance had been interrupted temporarily by the infiltration of small'
parties of the enemy armed with machineguns, Lt. Col. Smith per-
sonally led a party of 2 other officers and 10 soldiers, and went for.
ward to reestablish runner posts and carry ammunition to the front
line. The guide became confused and the party strayed to the left flank
beyond the outposts of supporting troops, suddenly coming under fire
from a group of enemy machineguns only 50 yards away. Shouting to
the other members of his party to take cover this officer, in disregard
of his danger. drew his pistol and opened fire on the German guncrew.
About this time he fell, severely wounded in the side, but regaining his
footing. he continued to fire on the enemy until most of the men in his
party were out of danger. Refusing first-aid treatment he then made his
way in plain view of the enemy to a handgrenade dump and returned
under continued heavy machinegun fire for the purpose of making
another attack on the enemy emplacements. As he was attempting to
ascertain the exact location of the nearest nest, he again fell. mortally
wounded.
*WICKERSHAM, J. HUNTER
Rank and organization: Second Licutenant, U.S. Army. 353d In-
fantry, 89th Division. Place and date. Near Limey, France, 12 Sep-
tember 1918. Entered service at: Denver. Colo. Birth: New York. N.Y.
G.O. No.: 16, W.D., 1919. Citation: Advancing with his platoon during
the St. Mihiel offensive, he was severely wounded in 4 places by the
bursting of a high-explosive shell. Before receiving any aid for himself
he dressed the wounds of his orderly, who was wounded at the same
time. He then ordered and accompanied the further advance of his
platoon, although weakened by the loss of blood. His right hand and
arm being disabled by wounds, he continued to fire his revolver with
his left hand until, exhausted by loss of blood. he fell and died from his
wounds before aid could be administered.
*WOLD, NELS
Rank and organization: Private, U.S. Army. Company 1. 138th In-
fantry, 35th Division. Place and date: Near Cheppy. France, 26 Sep-
tember 1918. Entered service at: Minnewaukan, N. Dak. Birth: Winger,
Minn. G.O. No.: 16. W.D., 1919. Citation: He rendered most gallant
service in aiding the advance of his company, which had been held up
by machinegun nests, advancing, with 1 other soldier. and silencing the
guns. bringing with him, upon his return, 11 prisoners. Later the same
day he jumped from a trench and rescued a comrade who was about
to be shot by a German officer. killing the officer during the exploit.
His actions were entirely voluntary, and it was while attempting to rush
a 5th machinegun nest that he was killed. The advance of his company
was mainly due to his great courage and devotion to duty.
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5. Do you have any family pictures of Corporal Freddie
Stowers that can be loaned to the Army? Are there any personal
artifacts of Corporal Stowers which can be loaned to the Army
for a display?
6. What is the general health conditions of the sisters?
Can they travel? What assistance would they need? Do they
have any objections to flying? Are there family members who
could provided the assistance, if government funding were
provided for their travel?
7. If a high level award were to be approved, would the
sisters desire to come to Washington, DC for a ceremony with
the President and Army Officials?
8. Any information about other family members on active
duty at this time.
9. Any information about family members with law
enforcement problems, in jail or other potential embarrassing
circumstances.
PRESENTATION SEQUENCE
Case Background
Tactical Summary
Section 3744, 10 USC Requirements
Review of Evidence
Processing Procedures
Recommendation
Considerations and Expectations
PURPOSE OF PRESENTATION
To provide information concerning the facts
associated with a Medal of Honor determination for
Corporal Freddie Stowers, C Company, 371st Infantry Regiment
93rd Infantry Division, for actions on 28 Sep 1918.
MEDAL OF HONOR
Determination
Corporal Freddie Stowers
C Company, 371st Infantry Regiment, 93rd Division
28 September 1918
TACTICAL SUMMARY (CON'T)
- INITIAL ESTIMATE OF THE SITUATION:
- COMMENTS MADE BY A FRENCH BATTALION COMMANDER
LOCATED NEAR HILL 188
- GERMAN PLATOON SURRENDER PRIOR TO THE ATTACK
- FRENCH MACHINE GUN POSITION TO THE LEFT FRONT
OF ENEMY POSITIONS
TACTICAL SUMMARY (CON'T)
- THE ATTACK (SKETCH):
- GERMAN DECEPTION
- FRENCH ABANDONMENT OF MACHINE GUN POSITION
AND GERMAN IMMEDIATE OCCUPATION
- FRONT PLATOONS OF C CO ALMOST ANNIHILATED
- SURVIVORS RUSH FORWARD
- SITUATION AT A STALEMATE
TACTICAL SUMMARY (CON'T)
- NEW ESTIMATE OF THE SITUATION
- SECOND ATTACK (SKETCH):
- B AND D COMPANIES ENVELOPED BOTH FLANKS OF
ENEMY POSITIONS
- DEFENDERS WITHDRAWAL TOWARDS BUSSY FARM
- HAND TO HAND COMBAT (REMAINING DEFENDERS)
- HILL 188 TAKEN