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Speechwriting, White House Office of
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West Point Commencement 6/1/91 [OA 8324] [5]
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4
4
THE WHITE HOUSE
Information
WASHINGTON
July 28, 1989
MEMORANDUM FOR ROGER PORTER
FROM:
LARRY LINDSEY
SUBJECT:
A Common Destiny: Blacks and American Society
This comprehensive review of the status of America's black
population was compiled by the National Research Council. While
generally quite balanced, a closer look at the data indicates
that things are better, particularly economically, than the study
suggests.
1.
The study concludes that although substantial progress
has been made, blacks still lag behind whites by most
economic and social criteria.
In 1984, black real per capita income was one third higher
than in 1968 and about 6 times its 1939 level, but that income
was only 57 percent of white income, the same fraction as in
1971.
In 1939, 93 percent of blacks were in poverty. By 1974 that
figure had fallen to 30 percent, about where it is today. But,
the poverty rate for blacks is still 3 times that for whites.
Black infant mortality rates have declined from 45 per
thousand in 1960 to 18 per thousand in 1985, but still remain
twice as high as white infant mortality rates.
In 1940 young blacks had completed 7 years of schooling, on
average. By 1980, young blacks had completed 12.6 years of
schooling. But, blacks still lag behind whites, who average 13
years of schooling, on average.
2.
The study concludes that most of the economic gains for
blacks occurred during the 1940s through the 1960s, and that
the economic status of blacks has stagnated since the early
1970s. While the report is correct that black incomes in
the late 1980s are similar to those in the early 1970s, the
facts show that this is because of a decline in the 1970s
followed by a rise in the 1980s.
The following table presents data on black and white income
for 1973, 1981, and 1987. Each year was a business cycle peak,
except 1987 which is the last year for which data are available.
Real Income in 1987 Dollars
1973
1981
1987
All Black Families
$18,590
$16,578
$18,098
Black Males
Full Time Workers
$20,340
$18,724
$19,385
All persons
$13,076
$10,623
$11,101
Black Females
Full Time Workers
$14,309
$14,293
$16,211
All persons
$ 6,516
$ 6,127
$ 6,796
Blacks, like most Americans made up the ground lost during
the 1970s in the past 8 years. The most striking gains have been
made by black females who worked full time. Their real earnings
rose to 13.4 percent between 1981 and 1987 compared with 12.3
percent for white females and just 5.5 percent for white males.
3.
The study concludes that black participation in all aspects
of American life has increased dramatically and that white
attitudes toward racial equality have improved. However,
the study notes that significant barriers still exist for
blacks particularly in housing and education, and that
bigoted attitudes persist.
One particular bright spot for increased blacks has been the
U.S. Army. Between 1972 and 1986, the share of the army officer
corps who were black nearly tripled -- from 3.9 percent to 10.4
percent. The proportion of black generals rose 10 fold to 7
percent. At the same time the percentage of recruits who were
black increased only slightly -- from 18 percent to 23 percent.
The proportion of black children attending schools which
were 90 percent or more black dropped significantly, particularly
in the South during the late 1960s and early 1970s. However, two
thirds of black children attended schools which were more than 50
percent black even in 1980. The proportion of blacks children in
the Northeast attending nearly all black schools actually rose
between the late 1960s and the early 1980s.
There was little progress made in residential desegregation
between 1960 and 1980, although formal discrimination became
illegal. In 1980, the typical black urban dweller lived in a
neighborhood which was 68 percent black. The typical white urban
dweller lived in a neighborhood which was 89 percent white. On a
scale of 0 to 100, where 0 is perfectly integrated and 100 is
perfectly segregated, American cities only moved from a score of
80 to a score of 77 between 1960 and 1980.
Polling data suggests that whites are significantly less
racist today as a matter of principle, but are not more inclined
to favor federal programs that favor blacks. Roughly 90 percent
of whites favor equal access to schools, jobs, and transportation
for blacks, up from only 45 percent in the 1940s. However, large
majorities oppose federal intervention to force desegregation in
the job market, schooling, or increased spending on blacks.
While 86 percent of whites would not move if a black family
moved next door, only 46 percent would stay put if blacks moved
into their neighborhood in large numbers. 95 percent of whites
said they would not mind if "a few" blacks attended their
children's schools, but only 40 percent would have their children
attend schools where a majority of the students were black.
4.
Black voter participation and the number of black elected
officials has increased dramatically. The report concludes
that this increased political involvement, including the
civil rights protests in the 1950s and 1960s were crucial to
the improvement of blacks' status.
Black voter turnout is nearly as high as white voter
turnout. The number of black elected officials rose from just 33
in 1941, to 3500 in 1975 and more than 6000 in 1985. The number
of black judges has increased from 10 in 1941 to nearly 600 in
1980 and 841 in 1986.
5.
Blacks have shown increased achievement in education and
generally have shown a continued improvement in their
position relative to whites.
Black school enrollment has increased both in absolute terms
and relative to whites. While both blacks and whites have
increased their schooling, the gap between the races in years of
school attended dropped from nearly 4 years in 1940 to less than
one half of a year in 1980.
Today, some 75 percent of black children graduate from high
school. The report notes that reported dropout rates of 50
percent or more do not give the whole picture due to regional
differences and the return to school of many blacks who dropped
out when they were younger.
There is some evidence that blacks have become less likely
to enter college. The report suggests that a change in financial
aid policies from grants to loans is the cause. Blacks perceive
the total amount of indebtedness involved in education as a
larger fraction of their family incomes than do whites. The
study also cites increased desire for military service among
blacks as a possible explanation for declining college
attendance.
The study cites the need for effective schools, not just
years of schooling. Minimum competency standards for teachers
and the creation of a stable school environment that reinforces
success and involves parents are all cited as being important.
6.
The quality of blacks' health has improved substantially
over the past 40 years. Even though blacks still lag whites
in some basic health standards, the gap seems to be
narrowing.
Black life expectancy has increased faster than white life
expectancy. This has been particularly true for black females
whose life expectancy is now more than for white males.
Although black nutrition has improved, the study notes that
malnutrition among black children persists and continues to cause
mental retardation among a significant number of such children.
Anemia, lead poisoning, and child abuse are also serious health
problems among black children.
Among black adolescents the two most common health problems
are teenage pregnancy and drug use. Although birth rates have
been declining among black women, black teenage birth rates still
are 2 to 3 times that for white teenagers. Surveys indicate that
drug use among white teenagers is higher than among black
teenagers. But, the report argues that these surveys may be
flawed as they focus on teenagers who remain in school.
Elderly blacks tend to have significantly poorer health than
their white counterparts due to the accumulation of a lifetime of
substandard health care and nutrition. Below average access to
health insurance and to regular medical attention continue and
will be reflected in black health for years to come.
7.
Blacks are disproportionately involved in crime, both as the
victim and as the offender.
Although 46 percent of the total prison population is black,
the report finds no systematic evidence of discrimination in the
administration of the criminal justice system. Instead, the
report notes that blacks will continue to have higher rates of
criminal behavior as long as socioeconomic disparities remain.
Blacks are twice as likely to be the victims of robbery,
safety
vehicle theft and aggravated assault as whites. They are between
as
six and seven times as likely to be the victim of a homicide,
which is the leading cause of death among young black males.
There has been a substantial increase in black involvement
in the criminal justice process. For example, in 1894, 8 percent
of all police officers were black, up from just 1 percent in
1970.
8.
Blacks are tending to marry later and have fewer children,
but a greater proportion of births are occurring to unwed
mothers and a higher percentage of black children are living
in poverty.
Although blacks have traditionally married younger than
whites, that trend is now reversed. But increased divorced rates
have lowered the average number of years a black woman will spend
with a husband to 16, compared to 34 for white women.
The report estimates that 86 percent of black children will
spend some time in a single parent household, compared with 42
percent of white children. More than half of all black children
are born to unmarried women, four times the white rate.
The black family is tremendously resilient. Studies show
that between 1880 and 1925 the typical black family was headed by
two persons. This is in spite of the adverse effects of slavery.
3 January 1991
MEMORANDUM FOR MARK LANGE
FROM:
JENNIFER GROSSMAN
SUBJECT:
STATE OF THE UNION MATERIAL
EMPOWERMENT
NOTES:
I.
"THE NEW INDEPENDENCE"
We must sell empowerment by appealing to the most basic of
American values.
"Reliance on government is dependence-- and what
the people of our ghettos need is not greater
dependence, but full independence."
--Robert F. Kennedy, 1966
A.
Bush: "We know what works--freedom works." I've seen this
line again and again. People like it, they remember it.
Perhaps it should be restated.
1.
Note: while advising Beth and me on our Massachusetts
fundraiser, Ron Kaufman insisted that the people of
that state wanted both change and order: a change from
liberal policies that had obviously failed, yet order
as an alternative to liberal chaos. The same might
apply in selling empowerment.
The empowerment agenda is to dispersed to either
portend the hatchet-fall of change, or summarize order
unambiguously. One of the key principles that can be
distilled from it, however, is choice/freedom.
2.
Empowerment as "Freedom" and "Independence" is
consistent with traditional conservative agenda:
Weyrich talks about how this agenda has habitually been
couched in negative terms--anti-communism, anti-big
government, anti-egalitarianism. The common thread
running through these "anti's," however, is this: pro-
freedom, pro-individual freedom.
3.
Applying free-marketplace ideas to social problems:
Empowerment as the linkage of Jeffersonian democracy
and Adam Smith's economic system. Again, we know what
works--freedom works--in the marketplace as in society.
4.
In simplifying the concept of empowerment we might
stress the link between effort and reward. When the
bureaucratic welfare state severs that link, it denies
the most fundamental aspect of human nature.
B.
Americans believe in hard work: "A hand up, not a hand-
out. " (I will track down this source). Posit: the Work
Ethic VS. The Entitlement Ethic.
Hand in hand with the work ethic is the belief in The
American Dream, and faith that the ordinary American can
achieve that dream.
Pink:
"
idealism about human potential "
"
pragmatism about human nature
"
1.
The ladder and the safety net: The safety net imagery
is fine as long as it is, as Pink describes it, a
"safety net that catches people when they fall, not
that traps them forever in poverty "
But how about that ladder--fit is with a hand-up,
suggests showing people the way, and lets us talk about
those "bottom rungs" and how central they are to our
vision of opportunity. It has to do with hope.
2.
Hope vs. despair: The American Dream VS. "the deep and
dreamless sleep" (O Little Town of Bethlehem).
C.
THE NEW INDEPENDENCE IN THE CURRENT CULTURAL CONTEXT
Flip on any talk show and be assured that 80% of the topics
will be some variation on the theme of "Dependency." You're
either co-dependent, alcohol-dependent, food-addicted, sex-
addicted, love-addicted, ad nauseum and if you're not
dependent, you're in denial. By describing the Old Paradigm
system which fosters dependence, you've caught the public's
attention--and you have their empathy. Watch them nod, here
come the kleenex.
1.
From passive recipients of bureaucracies, to active
self-confident members of the economy and their
communities. Turning victims of poverty into creators
of their own destiny.
2.
Kemp: the "pride and dignity of ownership."
Miscellaneous: also in tune with the popular culture, labeling
the entrenched bureaucracies "The Untouchables. "
D.
SHIP METAPHOR
When we think of immigrants coming to America, and the poor
living in America, we can recognize that they are both
"huddled masses yearning to breathe free. the homeless,
tempest-tossed " (Emma Lazarus, The New Colossus:
Inscription for the Statue of Liberty, New York Harbor).
The immigrants, however, had hope, a vision of the Statue of
Liberty who promises: "I lift my lamp beside the golden
door.
Empowerment gives the individual both hope and vision,
empowering him to be, like Conrad's Secret Sharer: "a free
man, a proud swimmer striking out for a new destiny."
A ship is a vision of decisive forward motion. Hope fuels
that motion, and without hope people become a ship adrift in
a sea of despair. Empowerment lets people plot their own
course, choose their own destiny.
Mario Cuomo once made the charge that Republicans believe
that the wagon (America) won't make it to the frontier
unless some our weak, our old and our young are left behind.
This is the kind of remark that shuts us out of the
Democrats' corner on the compassion market. How about
turning this around and re-outfitting it for the ship
metaphor: "We all want the same destination for that ship we
call America, and we all refuse to leave anyone behind. The
simple truth is with some policies, the safety net becomes a
trap, in which some Americans must be constantly towed
behind, drowning in perpetual poverty." (wasted human
potential=dolphins caught in fishing nets)
Feulner: "The conservative agenda can never be brought to
full flower simply by rearranging the deck chairs on the
Titanic called the federal bureaucracy." While the poor are
drowning in its wake.
The poor languishing, locked in steerage. Some think the
solution is to slip more money under the door. I think we
should hand them the keys.
D.
Possible segue out of battle in the Gulf to domestic battle
against poverty, despair, crime, and drugs.
II. THE BUREAUCRATIC WELFARE STATE CRUMBLES ABROAD, BUT HOLDS
FAST AT HOME.
Pink: "The recent events in Eastern Europe are sending
America a message that it should already know."
Pink paraphrased: 'Where leaders are slow to learn,
their citizens are quick to teach them.
A.
The Great Irony: As the rest of the world is turning to
freedom, liberating human potential, some here at home are
still clutching to the old order, empowering bureaucracy and
not the individual.
B.
In segue out of foreign affairs, and in principle:
Empowerment, and what it means for America is essential if
America is to continue its global leadership.
C.
Kemp talks about the similarities between Eastern
European and Third World economies on one hand, and inner
city poverty on the other. He goes on to deliniate the two
economies operating in the United States
----->
By making
this analogy, and describing the two American economies, we
discredit Old Paradigm policies without even touching the
"D" word or the "L" word. Americans know the enormous
distinction between the energy of capitalist economies and
the stasis of centralized/bureaucratized economies. They
recognize that socialism has been decisively discredited.
Making this analogy takes the first step towards both
exposing the Welfare State for what it is while marking it
"to be thrown out."
III. RECAPTURING THE COMPASSION MARKET: "PEOPLE DON'T CARE THAT
YOU KNOW UNTIL THEY KNOW THAT YOU CARE" (KEMP)
A.
Kemp points out that Bob Kuttner of the New Republic wrote
that polls continue to show that the voters trust
Republicans more than Democrats to conduct foreign policy,
manage the economy, hold down inflation, and resist higher
taxes. Democrats still win out on the question of who cares
more about the common American. Kuttner concludes that if
the Republicans can ever capture this issue as well, the
Democrats might as well go out of business.
B.
Acknowledge that, as Americans, we all can recognize the
problems in society, and we all want to see things get
better. Then set out our distinctive vision of how that is
to be accomplished.
Pink: "I'm here as a representative of the Bush
White House and as a Republican to tell you that
we have just as much desire to end homelessness,
improve education, lift up the underclass and
realize the goals of most liberals. However
I
am also here to tell you that if we want to
improve the lives of people, then we are going to
have to go about solving them in a different way."
C.
One way of showing that we care is to point out that the Old
Order, or the Old Dependency patronized the poor by treating
them as if they were fundamentally different whereas The New
Independence recognizes in them the same dreams and
aspirations of all Americans.
"And to those Americans who need help, those struggling
to make ends meet--we're not going to tell them they
need one more bureaucracy to show them how to run their
lives. Those Americans share the same dreams and human
potential of all Americans. But what they need is a
hand-up, not just another handout. II
EXCERPTS:
1)
"A Conservative Vision for America's Future: Putting Faith
on Agenda" " Paul Weyrich
"While the American people may no longer worship false
idols, they have yet to be evangelized to the true faith.
This is especially evident in the domain of policy, where
liberalism remains competitive, perhaps even dominant. This
remains so for three reasons. First liberals possess a
coherent agenda, a vision which is a fertile source of
policy initiatives. Second, liberalism is an elite movement
and elites are able more easily to translate their ideas
into policy. And third, the liberal movement rests on a
network of discrete, readily mobilized constituencies which
form strong grass roots coalitions."
"The liberals, even though they are temporarily discredited,
are still putting forward new ideas (federal day care,
homosexual rights, disarmament and the peace dividend) and
conservatives have to do more than just say no to the
conservative agenda
"
liberal
COMMUNICATION OF AGENDA MUST DELINIATE DIFFERENCES: "A new
conservative agenda must be a catalyst both for good policy
and for the rebuilding of a conservative movement. It is
not sufficient
for conservatives to put forward good policy
ideas. It is also necessary that those ideas create
constructive polarization--that they highlight the
difference between the conservative and liberal world view,
build conservative constituencies and divide liberal ones
and communicate a clear alternative vision to the public."
"A new conservative agenda must speak to the concerns
Americans feel. And these are not the same concerns to
which we have responded for two decades In terms of the
traditional indicators- the economic statistics, the world
situation-- the American people should be content and at
ease. They should see the future as a 'golden age. But
they do not
ordinary Americans feel insecure about their
present and their future. They worry that their children
might be entrapped by drugs or that the schools will fail to
give them a decent education. They worry abut crime and the
emergence of an apparently permanent underclass. They worry
that their children will be unable to live the American
dream--own their homes or support their families adequately.
They worry abut declining economic productivity, and that
tomorrow will be worse, not better than today.
"The unifying theme in these concerns is a sense of cultural
breakdown, a loss of the moral standards and ideals of
excellence that make society function. To be effective in
this way, our agenda must root itself in the ideals and
beliefs which Americans actually hold. America is strong
and good because of the virtues which its people have
historically lived and which they continue to live today. "
"More and more, decision-making authority must be located at
the lowest possible administrative level. Conservatives
must try to focus policy on the neighborhood."
"We have traditionally championed the free market as both a
force for prosperity and a moral imperative among free
men
But we should also recognize that while a free market
is preferable to other forms of economic organization, its
benefits are not equally felt. Poverty, especially among
working people, is the Achilles heel of the free market. "
"Our goal must be to empower those who are in need to escape
the culture of dependence and to become self-sufficient.
The test of every benefit must be: does it offer the poor a
real chance to escape welfare?"
"Among the new underclass, functional culture has collapsed.
Traditional prohibitions against instant sensual
gratification and crime have broken down. Traditional
institutions--the family, the neighborhood, the church, the
school--have lost their hold. Traditional culture has
yielded to a culture of dependence. If we hope to combat
the consolidation of the underclass, then our policies must
foster a culture of responsibility, work and self-respect.
To do this, we should link government assistance to behavior
that fosters self-sufficiency. "
FAMILY
"Martin Luther King was right when he described the family
as the 'main educational agency of mankind. The ability of
parents to select the educational environment for their
children is both a right and the cornerstone of educational
excellence."
"No one is free if he lives in fear of crime When Americans
are denied this right, the sense of community and trust
deteriorate; the culture suffers
We must ensure that
Americans are secure in their person and property We
must
ensure that justice--to the accused, to the victim, and to
society--i served. "
"The drug trade contributes to our rising crime rate. Half
of all arrestees test positive for drug use Drug use in the
workplace leads to accidents and injuries (1987 Baltimore
Amtrak disaster) and costs American business tens of
billions of dollars annually due to lost productivity,
increased absenteeism, workplace accidents, medical costs
and theft
Moreover, drug abuse leads to dependence and
undermines the cultural values of self-respect, personal
responsibility and self-reliance."
"
our new conservative agenda can and must affirm the
cultural values that make America work. It must speak to
the concerns that Americans feel. It must rely on
traditional virtues to solve our new problems
Most of all,
by affirming traditional values and the common sense of
mainstream Americans, our agenda will effectively polarize
the political debate and expose the left-wing agenda as the
product of a fringe element hostile to our culture and our
civilization."
2)
"The Beginning of The New Paradigm Society" (Pink's New
Paradigm Manifesto)
CATCH THE GLOBAL WAVE: "The old order is crumbling;
centralized bureaucratic structures, both public and
private, are breaking up. Old political, economic, and
social assumptions are giving way to the new desire--the new
demand--for freedom and fulfillment that is sweeping the
planet. "
"The New Paradigm puts its faith in people: in their ability
to learn and create and produce and adapt, provided they are
given the freedom and the incentive to do so."
"Thus, guided by firm principles: devotion to individual
freedom and human rights; a commitment to problem solving
while retaining openness and decentralization--and rejection
of crippling sentimental reliance on rigid statim (sic?) and
failed techniques--we proclaim The New Paradigm Society."
"Our institutions are failing all of us as they fail the
less fortunate. Centralized bureaucracies have proven
themselves unable to translate our wealth and compassion
into opportunity and a better life for every American. "
"We believe that a rising tide lifts all boats. " (Ship
metaphor)
"
the 1990's will be different from the 1980's. Indeed,
this year's events (1989 I assume) around the globe
underscore that the 1990's will be radically different from
the 1980's."
Pink quotes Mitchell E. Daniels, Jr., Pres of the Hudson
Institute as saying recently: "
Americans will be less
and less prone to be herded into unions, political parties
or other group identities for the convenience of
experimenting paternalists. They will make their own
decisions with declining guidance from government at any
level. Government that sees these citizens not as objects
of therapy but as persons of innate dignity, will be
relevant government. Government that measures its success
by the scarcity, not the annual increase, of its dependent
clients, can still be active government. Government that
constantly searches for ways to attract, liberate and
incentivize human talent will be successful government. "
"We believe in freedom: social, intellectual, and economic.
We believe that the benefits of freedom are tangible and
indivisible. "
"We believe that the creativity and energy that comes from
freedom is the prime mover of human progress. We believe
that innovation is better than reaction."
"We believe that decentralization is better than
centralization. Decentralization, as we have learned, is a
better strategy for dealing with a complex world. "
"Modern technology disperses power. "
"In this decade, Presidents Reagan and Bush have accelerated
the collapse of totalitarianism. Now we have a chance to
consolidate this great victory for all time. Our vision is
not of an America as the policeman of the wold, but of an
America as a model
for people yearning to breathe free. "
"The 1980's have been, in the words of the journalist Paul
Gigot, the "Freedom Decade, " in which the limits of the
state were recognized
Meanwhile, here at home, an
infinitely more benign structure, the Welfare State, reached
its limits (even if this has not yet been as widely
recognized) "
That surefire anti-intellectual approach: "Men and women of
ideas, particularly in the academy, discuss the important
questions more and more only among themselves. "
"
the old paradigm grinds to a halt, shot through with the
rust and corrosion of cynicism and opportunism."
"
we believe that economic growth and human fulfillment not
only should, but must go hand in hand with social justice
and a decent standard of living for all."
"If America is to be competitive, then every American--male
or female, black or white, young or old, handicapped or
disadvantaged--mus have the opportunity to play a part. "
"
the times and the challenge require bold action. II
"Chronic social problems are proof that the old approaches,
based on the old system, are producing new failures."
"What might be called the more-money solution has not, so
far, worked Neither has the more-bureaucracy solution."
"
the New Paradigm is characterized by increased choice;
empowerment of the poor, the left out, and the written off;
and increased personal responsibility.'
"
centralized bureaucracies are collapsing of their own
dead weight- in the Soviet bloc, in the Third World, and in
the wretched islands of socialism and paternalism in
America- most dramatically, the inner cities. "
"poverty pimps"
"
but of enthusiasm for real solutions that work, as
opposed to band-aids that fail to heal and in many cases
make the would worse, in spite of billions and billions of
dollars spent on treatment." "
"
Americans and people everywhere cherish the right to
choose. "
"
the only power that people have is the power of an
alternative in other words, choice."
"The New Paradigm says this about poverty and welfare: we
have learned in the past few decades of the great dangers of
dependency. The solution that Mickey Kaus and others have
suggested is a combination of self-help and compassion. For
the truly needy, those that absolutely cannot help
themselves, the New Paradigm Society pledges care and
dignity. For everyone else, we are committed to replacing
the current entitlement ethic with a new work ethic. "
"Greater flexibility and greater choice are based on a
greater faith in the ability of the individual to know his
or her situation best
This optimism about human potential
is another tenet of the New Paradigm."
"
the free market system offers the best long range
prospects for almost all, but our mission is uplift, not
thrift.
"
3)
"The New Paradigm: Human Aspirations, " Pink's speech to the
Reason Foundation."
"The country is cynical about its capital. But that
cynicism is not directed toward President Bush. The
public's skepticism focuses on the centralized
bureaucracies--the IRS, the Postal Service, the Pentagon,
HUD, and of course, Congress. Voters distrust those
institutions that lack accountability to the people they
serve. The electorate distinguishes between those parts of
the government that function and those that don't. Think of
a machine that works and a squeaky wheel that needs grease.
One hums quietly, the other fails noisily."
"There is a new energy, a force that has cracked the Berlin
Wall, dismantled the Soviet Empire, freed Nelson Mandela,
and democratized Nicaragua. This new vitality has redefined
how the world works. It is bringing a new peaceful
integration of the international economy, with the prospect
of a better life for all humanity."
"The electricity of freedom and market forces around the
world has jolted the status quo here at home. "
"
most people agree on the goals this country should
CR
achieve; whether we are Democrats or Republicans, black or
white, male or female, all of us want an educated young
generation, a roof over every head, racial and sexual
equality, and a clean environment."
Pink quotes Gingrich: "If any private enterprise in America
treated you the way you routinely get treated by government,
you would put them out of business.
"The New Paradigm has five characteristics: First,
governments are now subject to market forces in a way they
haven't been before
A self-monitoring and self-correcting
system leaves little room for the foolish social and
economic experiments of the 60s and 70s. If you don't deal
with reality, other people will!"
"Second, the New Paradigm is characterized by increasing
individual choice Up to now, bureaucrats have been the
ones to decide what makes a good public school. President
Bush believes that parents should have a say. "
"Third, the New Paradigm is characterized by policies that
empower people to make choices for themselves
Empowerment
is the flip side of choice
=
"Fourth, the New Paradigm is characterized by
decentralization
As Bob Samuelson recently wrote in
Newsweek, Americans are not so much stingy as skeptical.
This skepticism--this immunity to bureaucratic baloney is a
healthy thing. It is the result of bitter experience, a
cumulative learning process."
"Fifth, the New Paradigm implies an emphasis on what works. II
"Representative (Polly) Williams has made us realize that
the challenge we face is not Left vs. Right, but Up VS.
Down. "
"
think back to the challenge that Henry V had to overcome
on St. Crispin's Day. Planning a victory against a foe that
outnumbered him five to one, he said, 'All things are ready,
if our minds be so.
4)
Gingrich reading Pink's speech before the World Future
Society into the Congressional Record:
II The Great Society, to pick one obvious example, has been
continuing, if well-intentioned failure because it too was
based on the false assumption that experts, wise bureaucrats
in league with university professors and politicians, could
somehow administer prosperity and equality from an office
building somewhere.
"
we must come to see our own institutional rigidities, in
a way analogous to the way the Eastern Europeans have come
to see theirs.
" The guiding principle is accountability and feedback.
"
if you believe that we ought to judge our schools by how
well they perform, not by how much money we spend on them--
if you believe that those schools will improve if parents
have a greater say in choosing the schools their children
will attend--if you believe that the best child care is the
one that responsible parents decide is best for themselves-
-if you believe in giving the poor a stake in their own
futures, say through tenant management and ownership of
public housing--if you believe, for that matter, that we
should measure the success of our welfare programs by how
many needy people pull themselves our of poverty--then
perhaps, you too see the outlines of the New Paradigm as it
emerges from the dawn. "
"'If we raise our taxes, the fact is we drive businesses and
investors out of the country. We lead them to build their
next factory in Mexico or Canada, Japan or Germany.
5)
"Conservative in a New Age," Edwin J. Feulner, Jr.
"Let the record show that 1989 was the most significant year
in the most important decade since World War II let the
record also show that the victory belongs to American
conservatives.'
If
"In dealing with Moscow, the 1980s also reversed a decade
and a half of skittish self-doubt. We rebuilt our military
arsenal, dared the Kremlin to keep technological pace, and
kept our promise to our allies--doggedly ignoring massive
protests--to deploy medium-range nuclear missiles in Western
Europe. We allowed talks with the Soviets to collapse, and
refused to make new concessions simply to keep them at the
bargaining table. We even dared brand the Soviet Union 'the
Evil Empire, established the National Endowment for
Democracy to wage a global battle for public opinion, and
dared challenge 'containment, the very centerpiece of our
own foreign policy, with a new vision: rolling back the
Soviet Empire. The Reagan Doctrine."
More than anything else, all of these momentous changes
mean one thing for conservatives: We have to recognize that
the world is dramatically different than the one we
inherited from the Carter-era doomsayers a decade ago. And
we have to act accordingly. This does not mean compromising
in any way the principles in which conservatives believe--
limited government, individual liberty, free enterprise, and
peace through strength But we have to recognize that we
have a chance like none other since the New Deal to reshape
the political landscape."
"
because of our success in rolling back communism, there
is no longer much consensus on what constitutes a
'conservative foreign policy,' and in the public's mind
foreign policy has receded in importance."
"The conservative agenda can never be brought to full flower
simply be rearranging the deck chairs on the Titanic called
the federal bureaucracy. For the conservative revolution to
take root firmly, we must empower Americans to run their own
lives
As President Bush has said, the best anti-poverty
program is a job--a real job in the private sector, with a
real future."
"It's not enough anymore simply to discredit liberalism; in
the new age, conservatives must show we can succeed where
liberalism has failed.'
"We. intend to see that the 1990s are remembered as the
decade of freedom--and of unprecedented opportunity for each
and every American."
6)
Beth's memo on "empowerment" meeting with Rep. Steve
Bartlett (R-Dallas)
A. Remarks by Bartlett
B. Republican Research Committee's release: House
Republicans target "Empowerment."
C. Task Force on Empowerment release: legislative
measures to be studied, initiated.
D. Task Force on Empowerment release: QUOTES
E. Task Force on Empowerment release: excerpts from
Dept. of Education Regional Strategy Meeting on Choice
F. "The New Civil-Rights Era Begins With a Veto," L.
Gordon Crovitz, Wall Street Journal
G. "Empowerment" is road to independence for
Americans," Rep. Steve Bartlett, The Dallas Morning
News.
A.
Bartlett says that if empowerment is seen only as an agenda
for poor people, it will be seen as an "irrelevant little
trick."
Bartlett suggests that for speeches, we combine traces of
Goldwater '64 with Jesse Jackson's Operation Push. ^R
Big selling point: use phrase "for all income levels"
(Bartlett says that then everyone will hear what they want
to hear in that--the poor will hear "poor; the elderly,
"elderly;" the middle class, "middle class;" etc.).
D.
"The prudent, penniless beginner in the world labors for
wages awhile, saves a surplus with which to buy tools or
land for himself; then labors on his own account another
while, and at length hires another new beginner to help him.
This is the just and generous and prosperous system which
opens the way to all, gives hope to all, and consequent
energy, and progress, and improvement of condition to all."
--Abraham Lincoln, Message to Congress, Dec. 1861
"Our American answer to poverty is not to make the poor more
secure in their poverty, but to reach down and help them
lift themselves out of the rut of poverty and move with the
large majority along the road of hope and prosperity."
--Lyndon B. Johnson, August 1964
"The bigger a government grows, the smaller the people
self
grow."
suffic
--Sam Ervin
"Let us have the courage to speak the truth: Policies that
increase dependency and break up families are not
progressive, they're reactionary, even though they are
invariably promoted, passed and carried out in the name of
fairness, generosity, and compassion."
--Reagan, August 1983
"Parents are knowledgeable and they won't make empty
choices."
--Parents, East Harlem School District, Oct. '89
"Mr. Chairman, we don't want more public housing. We want
our own homes."
South Bronx low-income housing resident, 1985
housing hearing.
F.
WHAT WORKS: "We decided to take risks and started the
schools of choice program We phased out programs that
didn't work, phased in programs that did work.'
--School Administrator
"Parents must actively participate in education decision-
making; you can't leave it all up to the school to know your
child's needs and interests."
--Parent
"Choice means freedom--freedom for parents to select the
child's school; freedom for students to learn in a
supportive environment; and freedom for teachers to meet the
needs of their students. "
--Teacher/Parent
EVEN AS THE OLD SYSTEM DRAINS FUTURE HUMAN POTENTIAL, IT
DRAINS CURRENT ECONOMIC POTENTIAL: "What is more expensive-
-educating our children successfully now, or welfare, drugs
and jail later?"
--Community activist
"We can't continue to graduate kids who have to punch a
picture of a hamburger because they can't read the word
'hamburger.'"
--Parent
G.
(Wall street Journal article):
"There's a growing consensus that whether it's public
schools or vagrancy laws the most important word for civil
rights is not 'quotas' but 'empowerment.'
"Put it this way: Any vague bill is a quota bill. "
CR
"Economist Thomas Sowell recently found disparities in
occupations at all times in all countries. Yet if this
(Congressional Civil-Rights) bill becomes law, Korean
groceries and black rap groups might have to swap
employees."
"Whatever happened to domestic tranquility as a civil
right?"
H.
"The dogmas of the quiet past are inadequate to the stormy
present. With these words, Abraham Lincoln led the nation
into the revolutionary decade of the 1860s." "
THE PROMISE OF THE 1960s HAS BEEN FAILED BY INCOMPETENT
BUREAUCRACY AND LACK OF FAITH IN HUMAN POTENTIAL:
"The federal government will spend $1.2 trillion this year,
10 times that spent in 1965. Even adjusting for inflation,
we'll spend well over double the 1965 budget. Yet today one
child in five lives in poverty, the same as in 1965.
Housing for low-income people remains unsafe and segregated.
Our educational system produces poorer student performance
than it did 25 years ago. Too many stay on welfare because
it doesn't pay to go to work. Many older Americans are
forced to retire before they want to." "
7)
Latest "Empowerment" memo from Roger Porter (11/16/90)
FAM
I believe that power must always be kept close to the
individual close to the hands that raise the family and run
the home
--Vice President Bush's Acceptance Speech, 8/16/88
"The powers not delegated to the United States by the
Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are
reserved to the people. "
--U.S. Constitution, Amendment X
(Porter) :
"Conservative policy-makers do not ignore human nature: they
build with it, not against it."
"Certainly, the changes sweeping Europe, Central America and
Asia all have a common thread: the yearning or will, to be
free. "
"All three--opportunity, liberty and responsibility--are
preconditions of self-governance. And self-governance is
the key to freedom."
"The liberal objective is to 'do what's best' for people--
and liberals think they know what is best The President is
not out to shape society from on high, but to empower people
to change their own lives."
"It has been costly not only in terms of wasted tax dollars
but in the wasted lives of the very people who were supposed
to benefit from the deals and great societies of the past."
VOLUNTEERISM
George Bush: "'Volunteering is an act. It's an act of
heroism on a grand scale.
--4/10/89
"'George Bush designed his child care policy so that
government empowers parents instead of trying to replace
them. "
--Invest in Our Children Fact Sheet, Oct '88
"The results of giving tenants control have been
remarkable:
*More people pay their rent;
*Maintenance improves;
*Operating costs decline;
*Crime rates plummet;
*Employment goes up;
*Education receives a new boost--more kids stay in
school and go to college where none had ever gone
before.
--George Bush on the Homeless, Housing and Fair
Housing Fact Sheet, Sept. 22, '88.
"Clint Bolick of the Landmark Legal Foundation relates a
conversation he had with a public housing resident and
former Black Panther--in St. Louis about our tenant power
initiative. She said 'the Democrats always say they want to
help us. But when we ask for the keys to the place, they
won't give them to us. They offer us more money instead.
You Republicans, you give us the keys. I'm starting to like
Republicans.
"Perhaps the real benefit is the renewal of opportunity--of
the American dream--where before there was only dependence
and despair."
EMPOWERMENT: " draws on strong currents of American
culture. In a battle of values pitting the individual
against the bureaucratic state, we know which value the
American people will support."
"We should not shrink from making bold proposals. Success
is not defined by what we convince a liberal Congress,
hostile to our philosophy, to enact. Success will be
defined by the way this country is governed 10 years from
now."
8)
"Empowerment" Becomes Part of Bushspeak as '92 Election
Nears, " Burt Solomon, National Journal
"Empowerment is expected to be a theme, if not the
centerpiece, in next year's State of the Union message." "
"Heritage Foundation domestic policy director Stuart Butler,
one of the concept's intellectual authors, describes it as
'trusting ordinary people' rather than a paternalistic
welfare state to make economic decisions."
"These ambiguities may prove useful to advocates of
empowerment in the forthcoming debate. Most of its
adherents are conservatives. But people of varying
political hues see in empowerment--as they see in Bush--
whatever they want."
9)
MK's Empowerment memo of Empowerment breakfast with Kemp:
Kemp thinks that if we can list six or eight programs in a
speech it will 'knock the socks off the liberals and their
zero-sum mentality' as well as re-unify the Republicans
under the pro-growth banner. Kemp thinks that the party is
now split--not between the Bush and Reagan wings--but
between the growth wing and the austerity wing.
Examples: "If you vote for George Bush in 1992, we will give
you the opportunity to own you own unit (of public
housing)."
"In the Bush Administration, we want one million new
homeowners from the ranks of low-income Americans."
"We want to double the number of black, hispanic and asian
owned business. "
CAPITAL GAINS TAX CUT: We must encourage as many Americans
as we can to get involved in the economy. Unfortunately,
the capital gains tax is a transaction tax on all those
trying to get through the gate. We must lower the hoop--
and in the process we will most likely expand the tax base.
We must destroy the myth that capital gains tax cut=revenue
losses.
ANECDOTE ON OVERREGULATION: Capital and labor based
incentives. Kemp points to the case of Grace Capateo (?)
cited in W.S. Journal, who saved her pennies and nickels to
send her daughter to college. She save $3,000, then was
taken to court for violating AFDC rules ($1000 asset limit)
and fined $15,000. However, she didn't have $15,000 so they
just took her $3000. Kemp mentioned this in a speech and a
GOP businessman in the audience offered to pay for the
child's education
Poor people aren't stupid, Kemp says, and if it's a better
deal to stay a single welfare mother than it is to get
married, get a job, or save money, then that's what you do.
10) Memo from Kemp: An Action Plan for Economic Empowerment of
People (this is the nitty gritty of empowerment policies and
proposals, I'll excerpt some, but for details look to
document-- in Empowerment file)
"People with access to property, jobs and quality education
have a stake in their community, more pride, and greater
incentive for productive social behavior. More importantly,
poor people with new and abundant economic opportunity have
hope for the future--the single greatest weapon against
poverty and despair."
"The Task Force believes that progress in ending poverty
begins by rejecting the notion that wealth is static, that
fairness means redistributionism, and that poverty is
perpetual.'
WHAT WE ARE DOING NOW:
1. Evaluations of Existing Demonstration Projects
2. Recent Administration Accomplishments: The Administration
has already accomplished a great deal in its first two
years. For instance, the Congress enacted the President's
child care proposal and HOPE proposal, and expanded Head
Start. The President has promoted the idea that a
successful life must include voluntary service to others.
And the President's advocacy of educational choice has
helped to spark a grassroots movement across the country.
The recent budget agreement also included several
initiatives to empower people, such as the Earned Income Tax
Credit expansion ($12 billion over five year), the Child
Health Tax Credit ($5 billion over five years), and funding
for child care vouchers. All of these accomplishments are
part of the Administration's effort to protect and enhance
individual power.
3. Distributional Analysis and Services Integration
OPTIONS READY FOR POSSIBLE INCLUSION IN THE FY92 BUDGET AND
FOR USE IN THE STATE OF THE UNION ADDRESS:
HOUSING: Fund HOPE: The President signed HOPE (Homeownership
and Opportunity for People Everywhere) legislation last
month (Nov '90) HOPE is a model empowerment initiative.
EDUCATION AND TRAINING: Promote Educational Choice:
--Chapter 1 scholarships
--Experimental metropolitan choice area
--Decentralization demonstration grants
Reintroduce Education Flexibility Legislation
Job Training in Public Housing
THE ECONOMY AND JOBS:
--Racial and sexual discrimination is an insidious barrier
to opportunity. The Bush Administration will continue in
its commitment to tear down these barriers wherever they
exist.
Restore a Lower Tax Rate for Capital Gains
Create Enterprise Zones
Repeal the Social Security Earnings Test
Repeal Davis-Bacon
Target SBA Loans
*Cottage Capitalism Initiative
*Upward Bound for Disadvantaged Young People
Revamp the Public Employment Service
FAMILY:
Restore the Value of the Personal Exemption
EMPOWERING WELFARE RECIPIENTS:
Test Approaches to Make Welfare Transitional
The 11 million Americans--an all time high--who receive
AFDC divide roughly into two groups. One will be on
welfare for two years or less. The other group, half of
the recipients at any time, is in the midst of a very
long period of receiving welfare--lasting eight years
or longer. This latter group becomes dependent on
public programs.
The welfare system must be transformed from one
fostering dependence to a system providing transitional
help that inevitably leads to work. The welfare system
must be given a mission: to return people to
independence.
Establish Social Policy Enterprise Zones
11) "Bush's 'new paradigm' stresses local power, Wash Times:
"Our principles--conservative principles--were always
right. And now the whole world can see that what's right
also is what works, Mr. Bush said."
"Mr. Bush said his objective is to return power to cities
and states, saying he 'rejects the view that progress is
measured in money spent and bureaucracies built.
12) "The Right Discovers The Poor, " Broder
"'One of the main imperatives for conservatives, (Feulner)
told me, 'is to recapture the rhetoric of compassion.'
13) "An Infusion of Vision," Newsweek
" the animating idea (of empowerment) is an intriguing one:
to bring marketplace solutions to the intractable problems
of the poor. "
(the advocates of empowerment) see government as a
necessary engine of change--not by more taxing and
spending, but by liberation marketplace forces and
encouraging enterprise and self-reliance."
"Forcing the poor, especially mothers of young children, to
work seems draconian and heartless to traditional liberals
who have dubbed workfare proposals 'slave-fare.""
"Politicians have little incentive to vote for antipoverty
programs, especially ones opposed by powerful interest
groups. Still, some of the new ideas, like school choice,
do directly affect the middle class, who are increasingly
worried about the state of American education."
14) Pink's memo for Engeleiter: The Small Business
Administration and the Empowerment of the Poor:
"The flip-side of individual empowerment is a dispersal of
bureaucratic control over individuals. Decision-making
power is pushed downward and outward from the centralized
authority. This decentralization is happening worldwide.
Bureaucracies are being broken up. Old political alliances,
as well as cleavages, are dissolving. These phenomena go a
long way toward explaining why President Bush is so
extraordinarily popular, because the Bush Agenda is part of
the cutting edge of this decentralizing impulse."
****"The Bush Agenda resonates with the public because they
see the reflection of its underlying principles everywhere
around the world. "
15) "NEO-NEO-ISM: Reflections on Hubble-ism, Rationalism, and
the Pursuit of Excellence (After the Fiscal Follies),'
Richard Darman:
THE BUDGET AGREEMENT:
"But let me not a few of the poor orphan's virtues:
*It is the largest deficit reduction program ever
enacted--with more than seven times the permanent level
of savings as achieved in the largest previous
reconciliation bill.
*It represents the first comprehensive reform and
restructuring of middle-class "entitlements"--farm,
housing, student loan, veterans, postal, and Medicare
programs--the largest portion of the budget, previously
thought to be untouchable.
*It establishes five-year caps on discretionary
spending--limiting non-defense spending to growth at
the inflation rate, reducing defense expenditures on an
orderly basis, and shrinking total discretionary
outlays from 10.7% of GNP in fiscal year '91 to about
7% in 1995.
*It establishes the toughest enforcement system ever--
extending the Gramm-Rudman sequester process and
strengthening it with spending caps, mini-sequesters,
and pay-as-you-go requirements.
*It includes "credit reform" for the first time
requiring that subsidies and potential losses
associated with credit programs be fully accounted for,
up front, and made subject to the discretionary program
caps--thus limiting the growth of one of the federal
government's burgeoning areas of previously hidden
liability.
*It raises revenue--only 28% of total savings--by
rounding out tax reform: flattening the "bubble" at
31%; reducing taxes for workers with income under
$20,000; raising the alternative minimum tax; and
shifting the overall tax burden toward disincentives
for consumption of alcohol, tobacco, gasoline, and
luxuries.
*And it is fair.
Perhaps most importantly, all of the program's five-
year savings and reforms are now built into law--
enacted on day one."
Darman quotes Tom Paine (disparagingly):
"We have it our power to begin the world over again.
16)
"Choice in Education," Raspberry: some illustrative
anecdotes if you're interested.
17) "New White House battleground: domestic policy, " Boston
Globe
"In his Jan. 29 speech, Bush is expected to set out a
domestic agenda that features economic revitalization, a
national energy strategy and improved health care. If the
Persian Gulf crisis has been successfully resolved by that
time, Bush may also announce a blitz of congressional
initiatives to deal with economic and social needs, the
officials said. "
Barney Frank: ""It does not make sense intellectually to pay
off poor people today to forsake future generations.
18) Furse's memo: some suggest empowerment language for the SOU:
"
today, we are in danger of seeing an hereditary class
emerge in America: a hereditary class not of privilege but
of poverty. In America's inner cities, we face the grim
reality of long term, persistent dependency as one
generation of poverty begets another."
"In fighting poverty, empowerment means fostering a new
system that operates not merely as a safety net, but instead
as a ladder out of poverty."
19) "Verbal Judo":
"Empathy absorbs or redirects tension. You have to be able
to step outside yourself and see things from the other
person's point of view."
" (some) PRINCIPLES OF VERBAL JUDO:
*Redirect rather than resist
*Flexibility is strength. Rigidity is weakness.
*Respond to people, don't react. "
"The Four Types of Appeal:
*Ethical: The professional presence projected which is
seen and felt by others. Necessary and powerful in
establishing credibility.
*Personal: Relating to or affecting a person. The
second most powerful appeal. People act out of selfish
interests, so show empathy.
*Practical: The use of off-beat strategies (humor, for
example) that will gain compliance from others,
providing such strategies do not compromise your safety
and integrity or break the law.
*Rational: Appeals to reason and logic are the weakest
because most people do not thin rationally or logically
in crisis situations. Only once people are calmed does
this appeal have power. "
"Paraphrasing:
*You take control of the encounter
*It creates empathy in the other person, who will
believe you are trying to understand
*It often makes the other modify his/her statements and
become more reasonable
*It generates a fair-play response. The other person
is almost forced to respond to your effort to
understand."
20) Kemp: "A Democratic Capitalist Manifesto and an Inquiry into
the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Cities":
"Just imagine
since the dawn of history
all at once
in
exactly the same year
within a few months of each
other
from opposite sides of the Atlantic
two inspired
men
one a professor of moral philosophy, the other the
fiery architect and poet of American Independence
gave the
world the twin pillars of free society the moral and
inalienable rights to political and economic freedom.
Smith's The Wealth of Nations and Jefferson's Declaration of
Independence were then and remain today the greatest
charters of freedom ever written. "
"From Yale Professor Paul Kennedy to French minister Jacques
Attali, we hear of the 'decline of America.
As a good and
loyal socialist, Mr. Attali appears to have little
understanding of Smith. He views political economy as
essentially a zero-sum game, hence his emphasis on
government welfare and redistribution of existing wealth,
rather than the creation of new wealth by free people, free
markets, free trade, and free democratic societies.
Minister Attali's latest thesis merely transfers this zero-
sum theory to politics. In his view, apparently there is
only so much greatness to go around. Thus for Europe to
gain, America must lose; and for America to prosper, Asia
must suffer."
"Does he seriously believe America would be more important
if it were the only wealthy nation in a world of mediocrity?
Surely, America is better off as a prospering nation in a
thriving international economy, just as a thriving global
economy is a benefit to America."
"Since 1981, more than 21.5 million jobs have been created-
-more jobs than have been created in the last decade in all
of Europe, Canada, and Japan combined. More than four
million new business enterprises, relatively low inflation,
and higher standards of living for most of our people
testify to the strength of the U.S. economy. And, according
to the U.S. Treasury figures, federal income taxes paid by
the top one percent of taxpayers has surged by over 80%. "
"And the U.S. trade deficit, often cited as a sign of
weakness, is in reality a symbol of capital flight from
abroad seeking the thriving and profitable opportunities for
new investment in the United States."
"President Gorbachev admitted that the cold war is over, but
then suggested that it doesn't matter who won it. Well,
with all due respect, it does matter--it matters a great
deal who won and why. I hasten to add that our arms and
missiles didn't win the cold war--it was the power of
western ideas, the triumph of liberal democracy and free
market economies over the stifling hand of communist and
socialist economies and dictatorships
Isn't it incredible
that in Moscow, more people are lining up at McDonalds than
at Lenin's tomb! I was fascinated recently seeing on
satellite TV, demonstrators carrying a banner in Red Square
that read 'Workers of the world, we're sorry We've seen
the
future, it doesn't work.
"I've been struck by how similar the problems of America's
inner cities are to those of Eastern Europe and even Third
World economies. Ironically, both are suffering from the
same malady. The malady is socialism."
"Because, you see, in America we really have two economies.
One economy--our mainstream economy. is democratic,
capitalist, market-oriented, entrepreneurial, and
incentivized for working families whether in labor or
management. The mainstream economy rewards work,
investment, savings, and productivity. Incentives abound
for productive human, economic and social behavior."
"But there is another economy--a second economy--that is
similar in respects to the Eastern Europe or Third World
"socialist" economy
This economy has barriers to
productive human and social activity and a virtual absence
of economic rewards In the U.S., government tax,
regulatory, and entitlement programs, set-up out of a desire
to help the poor, in reality have led to a counterproductive
economy."
"I believe we're at a point in history when what we know
about creating wealth and opportunity in America's inner
cities can work not only in America, but in Eastern Europe;
and not only in Europe, but in the Third World, and indeed,
in the Soviet Union itself."
=
ENT
the key to wealth and prosperity is allowing people
freedom--freedom to work, to save, freedom to own their own
property and homes, to succeed, and yes, to fail, but try
again. The ultimate cause of the wealth of nations, and
indeed, the wealth of cities, is people."
"In what George Gilder, in his book, Microcosm, called the
quantum age of the new technology, our greatest assets are
not the wealth we see around us, but in the potential which
is unseen in the economy of the human mind."
"As President Bush said in his inaugural address: 'We know
what works freedom works We know how to secure a more just
and prosperous life for man on earth: through free markets,
free speech, free elections, and the exercise of free will
unhampered by the state.' The most important lesson of
history is that the right policies lead to the right
results."
" taxing solely to raise revenues for the legitimate needs
of the state, not to punish wealth and success [or] promote
egalitarian ends."
21) Kemp to Heritage Foundation: "An Inquiry into the Nature and
Causes of Poverty in America and How to Combat It":
"Marxist-Leninists used to talk about their 'permanent
revolution, but as it turns out the only permanent
revolution the world has ever seen is the American
Revolution."
"Helping those left behind and left out is not only a moral
imperative for our nation, I am convinced it is also a
winning-- indeed decisive--political strategy for bringing
impoverished communities and low-income people and
minorities into the ranks of the Party of Lincoln. Whether
it's called bleeding heart conservatism, capitalism with a
social conscience, or populist conservatism--it's the right
thing to do, the right time to do it, and we're the right
people to help lead it."
Lincoln: "When one starts poor, as most do in the race of
life, free society is such that he knows he can better his
condition: he knows that there is no fixed condition for his
whole life. A debate over how to increase the wealth and
opportunities of the poor plays to the strengths of our
Party's Lincoln wing--our most authentic roots."
" most of all, if you really want to create poverty and
dependency, weaken and in some cases destroy the link
between effort and reward."
"The poor don't want paternalism, they want opportunity--
they don't want the servitude of welfare, they want to get
jobs and private property. They don't want dependency, they
want a new declaration of independence."
"Wealth is not what we've done, but what we have yet to do. "
22) Kemp talks about HOPE at National Press Club:
"We believe in tearing down walls that come between people
and their self-respect. We believe in tearing down walls
that prevent people from exercising their potential, and
most of all, we want to tear down the wall that separates
those in poverty from those in prosperity."
"I believe that the ultimate scandal in America is the ideal
that poor people should be treated as perpetually poor and
that they should accept the conditions of poverty as a
perpetual condition."
"I believe in this respect our new war on poverty shares the
goals of the original war on poverty: a hand up, not a
handout. We have learned something over the past 25 years.
We know what works and we are beginning to know what doesn't
work."
23) Kemp's Remarks at the 66th Annual Congress of Cities:
"
problems are opportunities disguised as insurmountable
barriers."
" (John Gardner) says there are many contributing factors in
the rise in civilization--accidents of resources,
geographical considerations, military power. He says
whatever other ingredients, civilizations rise to greatness
when something happens to the human mind, to the spirit of
men and women who love freedom and democracy."
Gardner: there occurs at breathtaking moments in history
an exhilarating burst of energy and motivation, of hope and
zest and imagination, and a severing of the bonds that
normally hold in check the full release of human
possibilities. A door is opened and the caged eagle
soars.
" (Gardner) says the most imaginative, the most progressive,
the greatest leaders of all time are those who never cease
to wonder how they can set free the potential, the
possibility, of that caged eagle, the talent of a free
people."
"In the eleventh or twelfth century the Talmudic
philosopher, Maimonides, said, and I quote, 'the noblest
charity is to prevent people from having to take charity.
"We measure the compassion of our society not by how many
people need the assistance, but by how few people need the
assistance."
"We are not targeting people; we are targeting opportunity."
"
cultivate a true renaissance, a rebirth of America's
cities and towns. "
II
you cannot create new employees without first creating
new
employers
Labor and capital are not enemies, they are
allies in the war on poverty and we have got to stop
dividing America
There should be no division between labor
and capital. As Abraham Lincoln said, 'labor precedes
capital, and we need both labor and capital. "
24) Gingrich's remarks at the Southern Republican Leadership
Conference (3/30/90) :
"
we have to be competitive and we have to be competitive
on positive terms and positive ideas
It is hard, frankly,
because the more the Democratic Party has ceased to be a
majority, the more it has cheated in order to stay in
power. "
"I am going to suggest a very simple model. That there is a
bureaucratic welfare state It means that in your mind you
have two standards of time. You have the time you use when
you go into a private business, like your hardware store or
a McDonald's or a Sears and you have the time you use when
you walk into a government office. The first is in minutes,
the second is in hours. There is a level of customer
service you expect when you are paying for something in a
private business and there is a level of customer service
you expect when, as a taxpayer, you go to the government
business. And they are different models. If any private
business in America treated you the way you routinely get
treated by government, you would put them out of business."
"And we have been asking groups, 'What is the most important
basic American value?' Virtually, universally, it is three
words: honest hard work. This is a country that isn't
afraid to work. "
"When we say to voters, 'Which of these three is most
threatened? Entrepreneurial free enterprise, technological
progress and innovation or basic American values?' They are
virtually unanimous in saying the great struggle of the
Nineties is a struggle over values."
"We must apply common sense focused on success and
opportunities."
= applying common sense is antithetical to a bureaucracy.
The purpose of a bureaucracy is to establish a set of rules
which must be implemented. That is the nature of
bureaucracy. "
JOKE: "And if you think I exaggerate, here is my simple
test. And you tell me how close you think this is to the
world we live in. If Thomas Edison had invented the electric
light in the age of the bureaucratic welfare state and
modern liberalism, it would have been described by Dan
Rather in a news story which began: 'The candlemaking
industry was threatened today. I And Ralph Nadar would issue
a report that, 'Electricity can kill And which companies
will make money off the electric light. And the government
should make sure we don't wire houses. "
" (Vaclav Havel) said, 'Many people write words and many
intellectuals write words. The greatness of your Founding
Fathers was that they lived their words.
-Thomas Jefferson, To William Carmichael, August
22, 1790.
52) ENVIRO: "Where the air is full of sunlight and the flag is
full of stars. "
--Henry Van Dyke, "America For Me. "
53) ENVIRO: " spacious skies amber waves of grain purple
mountain majesties fruited plain sea to shining sea "
--Katharine Lee Bates, "America the Beautiful. "
A BILL
To amend the Civil Rights Act of 1964 to strengthen protections
against discrimination in employment, and for other
purposes.
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of
the United States of America in Congress assembled,
SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE.
This Act may be cited as the "Civil Rights Act of 1991".
SEC. 2. FINDINGS AND PURPOSES.
(a) FINDINGS. - Congress finds that additional protections
and remedies under Federal law are needed to deter unlawful
discrimination.
(b) PURPOSE. The purpose of this Act is to strengthen
existing protections and remedies available under Federal civil
rights laws.
SEC. 3. DEFINITIONS.
Section 701 of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 (42 U.S.C.
2000e) is amended by adding at the end the following new
subsections:
"(1) The term 'complaining party' means the Commission,
the Attorney General, or a person who may bring an action or
proceeding under this Title.
2
M (m) The term 'demonstrates' means meets the burdens of
production and persuasion.
"(n) The term 'justified by business necessity' means
that the challenged practice has a manifest relationship to
the employment in question or that the respondent's
legitimate employment goals are significantly served by,
even if they do not require, the challenged practice.
"(o) The term 'respondent' means an employer,
employment agency, labor organization, joint labor-
management committee controlling apprenticeship or other
training or retraining programs, including on-the-job
training programs, or those Federal entities subject to the
provisions of section 717 (or the heads thereof).
"(p) (1) The term 'harass' means, in cases involving
discrimination because of race, color, religion, sex, or
national origin, the subjection of an individual to conduct
that creates a working environment that would be found
intimidating, hostile or offensive by a reasonable person.
"(2) The term 'harass' also means, in cases involving
discrimination because of sex, (i) making the submission to
unwelcome sexual advances by an employer a term or condition
of employment of the individual; or (ii) using the rejection
of such advances as a basis for employment decisions
adversely affecting the individual; or (iii) making
unwelcome sexual advances that create a working environment
3
that would be found intimidating, hostile or offensive by a
reasonable person.
SEC. 4. DISPARATE IMPACT CLAIMS.
Section 703 of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 (42 U.S.C.
2000e-2) is amended by adding at the end the following new
subsection:
" (k) PROOF OF UNLAWFUL EMPLOYMENT PRACTICES IN
DISPARATE IMPACT CASES. Under this Title, an unlawful
employment practice based on disparate impact is established
only when a complaining party demonstrates that a particular
employment practice causes a disparate impact on the basis
of race, color, religion, sex, or national origin, and the
respondent fails to demonstrate that such practice is
justified by business necessity; provided, however, that an
unlawful employment practice shall nonetheless be
established if the complaining party demonstrates the
availability of an alternative employment practice,
comparable in cost and equally effective in predicting job
performance or achieving the respondent's legitimate
employment goals, that will reduce the disparate impact, and
the respondent refuses to adopt such alternative.
SEC. 5. FINALITY OF JUDGMENTS OR ORDERS.
For purposes of determining whether a litigated or consent
judgment or order resolving a claim of employment discrimination
because of race, color, religion, sex, national origin, or
disability shall bind only those individuals who were parties to
4
the judgment or order, the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure shall
apply in the same manner as they apply with respect to other
civil causes of action.
SEC. 6. PROHIBITION AGAINST RACIAL DISCRIMINATION IN THE
MAKING AND PERFORMANCE OF CONTRACTS.
Section 1977 of the Revised Statutes of the United States
(42 U.S.C. 1981) is amended--
(1) by inserting "(a)" before "All persons within"; and
(2) by adding at the end the following new subsections:
" (b) For purposes of this section, the right to 'make
and enforce contracts' shall include the making,
performance, modification and termination of contracts, and
the enjoyment of all benefits, privileges, terms and
conditions of the contract.
" (c) The rights protected by this section are protected
against impairment by non-governmental discrimination as
well as against impairment under color of State law.
SEC. 7. EXPANSION OF RIGHT TO CHALLENGE DISCRIMINATORY SENIORITY
SYSTEMS.
Subsection 706 (e) of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 (42 U.S.C.
2000e-5 (e) ) is amended by adding at the end the following
sentence:
"For purposes of this section, an alleged unlawful
employment practice occurs when a seniority system is
adopted, when an individual becomes subject to a seniority
system, or when a person aggrieved is injured by the
5
application of a seniority system, or provision thereof,
that is alleged to have been adopted for an intentionally
discriminatory purpose, in violation of this Title, whether
or not that discriminatory purpose is apparent on the face
of the seniority provision.
SEC. 8. PROVIDING FOR ADDITIONAL REMEDIES FOR HARASSMENT IN THE
WORKPLACE BECAUSE OF RACE, COLOR, RELIGION, SEX, OR
NATIONAL ORIGIN.
(a) Subsection 703 (a) of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 (42
U.S.C. 2000e-2 (a)) is amended by deleting the period at the end
and inserting in lieu thereof "; or" and by adding at the end the
following new paragraph:
"(3) to harass any employee or applicant for employment
because of that individual's race, color, religion, sex, or
national origin; provided, however, that no such unlawful
employment practice shall be found to have occurred if the
complaining party failed to avail himself or herself of a
procedure, of which the complaining party was or should have
been aware, established by the employer for resolving
complaints of harassment in an effective fashion within a
period not exceeding 90 days."
(b) Section 706 of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 (42 U.S.C.
2000e-5) is amended by adding at the end the following new
subsections:
" (1) EMERGENCY RELIEF IN HARASSMENT CASES. An employee
or other complaining party alleging a violation of section
6
703 (a) (3) of this Title may petition the court for temporary
or preliminary relief. If the complaining party establishes
a substantial probability of success on the merits of such
harassment claim, the continued submission to the harassment
shall be deemed injury sufficiently irreparable to warrant
the entry of temporary or preliminary relief. A court
having jurisdiction over a request for temporary or
preliminary relief pursuant to this paragraph shall assign
the case for hearing at the earliest practicable date and
cause such case to be expedited in every way practicable.
" (m) EQUITABLE MONETARY AWARDS IN HARASSMENT CASES
" (1) In ordering relief for a violation of section
703 (a) (3) of this Title, the court may, in addition to
ordering appropriate equitable relief under subsection (g)
of this section, exercise its equitable discretion to
require the employer to pay the complaining party an amount
up to but not exceeding a total of $150,000.00, if the court
finds that an additional equitable remedy beyond those
available under subsection (g) of this section is justified
by the equities, is consistent with the purposes of this
Title, and is in the public interest. In weighing the
equities and fixing the amount of any award under this
paragraph, the court shall give due consideration, along
with any other relevant equitable factors, to (i) the nature
of compliance programs, if any, established by the employer
to ensure that unlawful harassment does not occur in the
7
workplace; (ii) the nature of procedures, if any,
established by the employer for resolving complaints of
harassment in an effective fashion; (iii) whether the
employer took prompt and reasonable corrective action upon
becoming aware of the conduct complained of; (iv) the
employer's size and the effect of the award on its economic
viability; (v) whether the harassment was willful or
egregious; and (vi) the need, if any, to provide restitution
for the complaining party.
"(2) All issues in cases arising under this Title,
including cases arising under section 703 (a) (3) of this
Title, shall be heard and determined by a judge, as provided
in subsection (f) of this section. If, however, the court
holds that a monetary award pursuant to paragraph (1) of
this subsection is sought by the complaining party and that
such an award cannot constitutionally be granted unless a
jury determines liability on one or more issues with respect
to which such award is sought, a jury may be empaneled to
hear and determine such liability issues and no others. In
no case arising under this Title shall a jury consider,
recommend, or determine the amount of any monetary award
sought pursuant to paragraph (1) of this subsection."
(c) Subsection 706 (e) of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 (42
U.S.C. 2000e-5(e)) (as amended by section 7 of this Act) is
further amended by adding at the end the following sentence:
8
"For purposes of actions involving harassment under section
703 (a) (3) of this Title, the period of limitations
established under this subsection shall be tolled during the
time (not exceeding 90 days) that an employee avails himself
or herself of a procedure established by the employer for
resolving complaints of harassment. "
SEC. 9. ALLOWING THE AWARD OF EXPERT FEES.
Section 706 (k) of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 (42 U.S.C.
2000e-5(k)) is amended by inserting "(including reasonable expert
fees up to but not exceeding $300 per day) after "attorney's
fee".
SEC. 10. PROVIDING FOR INTEREST, AND EXTENDING THE
STATUTE OF LIMITATIONS, IN ACTIONS AGAINST THE
FEDERAL GOVERNMENT.
Section 717 of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 (42 U.S.C.
2000e-16) is amended--
(1) in subsection 717 (c), by striking out "thirty days" and
inserting in lieu thereof "ninety days"; and
(2) in subsection 717 (d), by inserting before the period ",
and the same interest to compensate for delay in payment shall be
available as in cases involving non-public parties".
SEC. 11. PROVIDING CIVIL RIGHTS PROTECTIONS TO CONGRESSIONAL
EMPLOYEES.
Section 717 of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 (42 U.S.C.
2000e-16) (as amended by section 10 of this Act) is further
amended--
9
(1) in subsection 717 (a), by striking "legislative and
judicial branches" and inserting in lieu thereof "judicial
branch".
(2) in subsection 717 (a), by striking "in the Library of
Congress" and inserting in lieu thereof:
"in the Congress of the United States, or its Houses,
committees, offices or instrumentalities, or the offices of
any of its Members".
(3) in subsection 717 (b), by striking the last sentence and
inserting in lieu thereof:
"With respect to the Congress of the United States, its
Houses, committees, offices, and instrumentalities, and the
offices of its Members, authorities granted in this
subsection to the Commission shall be exercised in each
House of Congress as determined by that House of Congress,
and in offices and instrumentalities not within a House of
Congress as determined by the Congress."
(4) in subsection 717(c), by inserting, after "Equal
Employment Opportunity Commission" each time it appears, ", or a
congressional entity exercising the authorities of the Commission
pursuant to subsection (b) of this section,"
SEC. 12. ALTERNATIVE MEANS OF DISPUTE RESOLUTION.
Where knowingly and voluntarily agreed to by the parties,
reasonable alternative means of dispute resolution, including
binding arbitration, shall be encouraged in place of the judicial
10
resolution of disputes arising under this Act and the Acts
amended by this Act.
SEC. 13. SEVERABILITY.
If any provision of this Act, or an amendment made by this
Act, or the application of such provision or amendment to any
person or circumstances is held to be invalid, the remainder of
this Act and the amendments made by this Act, and the application
of such provisions of this Act to other persons and
circumstances, shall not be affected thereby.
SEC. 14. EFFECTIVE DATE.
This Act and the amendments made by this Act shall take
effect upon enactment. The amendments made by this Act shall not
apply to any claim arising before the effective date of this Act.
*****
SECTION-BY-SECTION ANALYSIS
SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE
The legislation may be cited as the "Civil Rights Act of
1991. "
SECTION 2. FINDINGS AND PURPOSE
The Congress finds that this legislation is necessary to
provide additional protections and remedies against unlawful
discrimination in employment. The purpose of this Act is to
strengthen existing protections and remedies in order to deter
discrimination more effectively and provide meaningful relief
for victims of discrimination.
SECTION 3. DEFINITIONS
Section 3 adds definitions to those already in Title VII.
The definition of "demonstrates" requires that a party bear
the burden of production and persuasion when the statute requires
that he or she "demonstrate" a fact.
The definition of the term "justified by business necessity"
is meant to codify the meaning of business necessity as used in
Griggs V. Duke Power Co., 401 U.S. 424, 432 (1971), and
subsequent cases including New York City Transit Authority V.
Beazer, 440 U.S. 568, 587 n. 31 (1979). Such a definition was
reaffirmed by the Court in Wards Cove Packing Co., Inc. V.
Atonio, 109 S. Ct. 2115, 2125-2126 (1989). Even the dissent in
Wards Cove acknowledged that "Griggs made it clear that a neutral
practice that operates to exclude minorities is nevertheless
lawful if its serves a valid business purpose. " See 109 S. ct.,
at 2129 (Stevens, J., dissenting) (emphasis added).
The terms "complaining party" and "respondent" are defined
to include those persons and entities listed in the Act. The
definition of the term "harass" is explained in the analysis of
Section 8 below.
1
SECTION 4. DISPARATE IMPACT CLAIMS
In Griggs V. Duke Power Co., 401 U.S. 424 (1971), the
Supreme Court ruled that Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of
1964 prohibits hiring and promotion practices that
unintentionally but disproportionately exclude persons of a
particular race, color, religion, sex, or national origin unless
these practices are justified by "business necessity." Law suits
challenging such practices are called "disparate impact" cases,
in contrast to "disparate treatment" cases brought to challenge
intentional discrimination.
In a series of cases decided in subsequent years, the
Supreme Court refined and clarified the doctrine of disparate
impact. In 1988, the Court greatly expanded the scope of the
doctrine's coverage by applying it to subjective hiring and
promotion practices (the Court had previously applied it only in
cases involving objective criteria such as diploma requirements
and height-and-weight requirements). Justice Connor took this
occasion to explain with great care both the reasons for the
expansion and the need to be clear about the evidentiary
standards that would operate to prevent the expansion of
disparate impact doctrine from leading to quotas. In the course
of her discussion, she pointed out:
"[T]he inevitable focus on statistics in disparate impact
cases could put undue pressure on employers to adopt
inappropriate prophylactic measures.
[E]xtending
disparate impact analysis to subjective employment practices
has the potential to create a Hobson's choice for employers
and thus to lead in practice to perverse results. If quotas
and preferential treatment become the only cost-effective
means of avoiding expensive litigation and potentially
catastrophic liability, such measures will be widely
adopted. The prudent employer will be careful to ensure
that its programs are discussed in euphemistic terms, but
will be equally careful to ensure that the quotas are met."
Watson V. Fort Worth Bank & Trust Co., 108 S. Ct. 2777,
2787-2788 (1988) (plurality opinion).
The following year, in Wards Cove Packing Co. V. Atonio, 109
S. Ct. 2115, 2126 (1989), the Court considered whether the
plaintiff or the defendant had the burden of proof on the issue
of business necessity. Resolving an ambiguity in the prior law,
the Court placed the burden on the plaintiff.
Under this Act, a complaining party makes out a prima facie
case of disparate impact when he or she identifies a particular
employment practice and demonstrates that the practice has caused
a disparate impact on the basis of race, color, religion, sex,
or national origin. The burden of proof then shifts to the
respondent to demonstrate that the practice is justified by
2
business necessity. It is then open to the complaining party to
rebut that defense by demonstrating the availability of an
alternative employment practice, comparable in cost and equally
effective in measuring job performance or achieving the
respondent's legitimate employment goals, that will reduce the
disparate impact, and that the respondent refuses to adopt such
alternative.
The burden-of-proof issue that Wards Cove resolved in favor
of defendants is resolved by this Act in favor of plaintiffs.
Wards Cove is thereby overruled. On all other issues, this Act
leaves existing law undisturbed.
As Justice O'Connor emphasized in her Watson opinion, the
use of disparate impact analysis creates a very real risk that
Title VII will lead to the use of quotas. Indeed, there is
evidence that the adoption of disparate impact analysis by the
courts has led to the use of quotas, although the extent of this
phenomenon is for obvious reasons not measurable. See, e.g.,
Hearings on H.R. 1, "Civil Rights Act of 1991," before the
Subcommittee on Civil and Constitutional Rights of the Committee
on the Judiciary, U.S. House of Representatives, 102d Cong., 1st
Sess., February 7, 1991 (testimony of Assistant Attorney General
John R. Dunne) i Hearings on S. 2104, "Civil Rights Act of 1990,"
before the Committee on Labor and Human Resources, U.S. Senate,
101st Cong., 2d Sess., February 23, 1990 (testimony of Professor
Charles Fried) i Joint Hearings on H.R. 4000, "Civil Rights Act of
1990," before the Committee on Education and Labor and the
Subcommittee on Civil and Constitutional Rights of the Committee
on the Judiciary, U.S. House of Representatives, 101st Cong., 2d
Sess., March 20, 1990, vol.2, pp. 516, 625, 633 (testimony of
Glen D. Nager, Esq. ) ; Fortune, March 13, 1989, at 87-88
(reporting a poll of 202 CEOs of Fortune 500 and Service 500
companies, in which 18% of the CEOs admitted that their companies
have "specific quotas for hiring and promoting"). The use of
quotas, however, represents a perversion of Title VII and of
disparate impact law. As the Court noted in Griggs, 401 U.S., at
431: "Discriminatory preference for any group, minority or
majority, is precisely and only what Congress has proscribed."
Because of the serious dangers inherent in the use of
disparate impact analysis, any codification of a cause of action
under the disparate impact theory must include evidentiary
safeguards recognized in Justice 'Connor's Watson opinion and in
Justice White's opinion for the Court in Wards Cove. The
codification adopted in Sections 3 and 4 of this Act does so, and
it is vital that courts and employers construe this Act in a
manner that neither makes it possible to defend or justify the
use of employment quotas nor encourages their use.
If an ability test, for example, has a disparate impact and
the test is not justified by business necessity as defined in
3
Section 3 of this Act, the test should not be used. If business
necessity can be shown, then the disparate impact need not be
reduced or eliminated unless the complaining party demonstrates
the availability of an alternative employment practice as
required by Section 4 of this Act and the respondent refuses to
adopt such alternative. In neither event is an employer required
or permitted to adjust test scores, or to use different cut-offs
for members of different groups, or otherwise to use the test
scores in a discriminatory manner. Manipulating test results in
such a fashion is not an alternative employment practice of the
kind that an employer must adopt to avoid liability at the
surrebuttal phase of a disparate impact case. On the contrary,
such discrimination violates Title VII, whether practiced by an
employer, an employment agency, or any other "respondent" as
defined in Section 3 of this Act. Similarly, a discriminatory
practice could not be defended under Title VII on the ground that
the practice was necessary or useful in avoiding the possibility
of liability under the disparate impact theory. Cf. Civil Rights
Act of 1964, sec. 703 (j), 42 U.S.C. 2000e-2
It should be noted that in identifying the particular
employment practice alleged to cause disparate impact, it is not
intention of this Act to require the plaintiff to do the
impossible in breaking down an employer's practices to the
greatest conceivable degree. Courts will be permitted to hold,
for example, that vesting complete hiring discretion in an
individual guided only by unknown subjective standards consti-
tutes a single particular employment practice susceptible to
challenge.
This approach is consistent with Wards Cove, see 109 S. ct.,
at 2125, and has been employed since Wards Cove in Sledge V. J.P.
Stevens & Co., 52 EPD para. 39,537 (E.D.N.C. Nov. 30, 1989). The
Sledge court alluded to the difficulty of "delving into the
workings of an employment decisionmaker's mind" and noted that
the defendant's personnel officers reported having no idea of the
basis on which they made their employment decisions. The court
held that "the identification by the plaintiffs of the
uncontrolled, subjective discretion of defendant's employing
officials as the source of the discrimination shown by plain-
tiff's statistics sufficed to satisfy the causation requirements
of Wards Cove." This Act contemplates that the use of such
uncontrolled and unexplained discretion is properly treated, as
it was in the Sledge case, as one employment practice that need
not be divided by the plaintiff into discrete sub-parts.
SECTION 5. FINALITY OF JUDGMENTS OR ORDERS
In Hansberry V. Lee, 311 U.S. 32, 40-41 (1940) (citations
omitted), the Supreme Court held:
4
It is a principle of general application in Anglo-
American jurisprudence that one is not bound by a
judgment in personam in which he is not designated as a
party or to which he has not been made a party by
service of process
A judgment rendered in such
circumstances is not entitled to the full faith and
credit which the Constitution and statutes of the
United States
prescribe,
and judicial
action enforcing it against the person or property of
the absent party is not that due process which the
Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments require.
In Hansberry, Carl Hansberry and his family, who were black,
were seeking to challenge a racial covenant prohibiting the sale
of land to blacks. One of the owners who wanted the covenant
enforced argued that the Hansberrys could not litigate the
validity of the covenant because that question had previously
been adjudicated, and the covenant sustained, in an earlier
lawsuit, although the Hansberrys were not parties in that
lawsuit. The Illinois court had ruled that the Hansberrys'
challenge was barred, but the Supreme Court found that this
ruling violated due process and allowed the challenge.
In Martin V. Wilks, 109 S. Ct. 2180 (1989), the Court
confronted a similar argument. That case involved a claim by
Robert Wilks and other white fire fighters that the City of
Birmingham had discriminated against them by refusing to promote
them because of their race. The City argued that their challenge
was barred because the City's promotion process had been
sanctioned in a consent decree entered in an earlier case between
the City and a class of black plaintiffs, of which Wilks and the
white fire fighters were aware, but in which they were not
parties. The Court rejected this argument. Instead, it
concluded that the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure required that
persons seeking to bind outsiders to the results of litigation
have a duty to join them as parties, see Fed. R. Civ. P. 19,
unless the court certified a class of defendants adequately
represented by a named defendant, see Fed. R. Civ. P. 23. The
Court specifically rejected the defendants' argument that a
different rule should obtain in civil rights litigation.
This Section codifies that holding. Had the rule advocated
by the City of Birmingham in Wilks been adopted in Hansberry, one
judicial decree in one case between one plaintiff and one
defendant would have prevented an attack on the racial covenant
by anyone who had ever heard of the original case. That is not
how the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure operate. And there is
no reason why a different rule should be devised to prevent civil
rights plaintiffs, as opposed to persons bringing all other kinds
of cases, from bringing suit.
5
SECTION 6. PROHIBITION AGAINST RACIAL
DISCRIMINATION IN THE MAKING AND
PERFORMANCE OF CONTRACTS
Under 42 U.S.C. 1981, persons of all races have the same
right "to make and enforce contracts." In Patterson V. McLean
Credit Union, 109 S. Ct. 2363 (1989), the Supreme Court held:
"The most obvious feature of the provision is the restriction of
its scope to forbidding discrimination in the 'mak[ing] and
enforce [ment]' of contracts alone. Where an alleged act of
discrimination does not involve the impairment of one of these
specific rights, [sec.] 1981 provides no relief."
As written, therefore, section 1981 provides insufficient
protection against racial discrimination in the context of
contracts. In particular, it provides no relief for
discrimination in the performance of contracts (as contrasted
with the making and enforcement of contracts). Section 1981, as
amended by this Act, will provide a remedy for individuals who
are subjected to discriminatory performance of their employment
contracts (through racial harassment, for example) or are
dismissed or denied promotions because of race. In addition, the
discriminatory infringement of contractual rights that do not
involve employment will be made actionable under section 1981.
This will, for example, create a remedy for a black child who is
admitted to a private school as required pursuant to section
1981, but is then subjected to discriminatory treatment in the
performance of the contract once he or she is attending the
school.
In addition to overruling the Patterson decision, this
Section of the Act codifies the holding of Runyon V. McCrary,
427 U.S. 160 (1976), under which section 1981 prohibits private,
as well as governmental, discrimination.
SECTION 7. EXPANSION OF RIGHT TO CHALLENGE
DISCRIMINATORY SENIORITY SYSTEMS
Section 7 overrules the holding in Lorance V. AT&T
Technologies, Inc., 109 S. Ct. 2261 (1989), in which female
employees challenged a seniority system pursuant to Title VII,
claiming that it was adopted with an intent to discriminate
against women. Although the system was facially nondiscrimina-
tory and treated all similarly situated employees alike, it
produced demotions for the plaintiffs, who claimed that the
employer had adopted the seniority system with the intention of
altering their contractual rights. The Supreme Court held that
the claim was barred by Title VII's requirement that a charge
must be filed within 180 days (or 300 days if the matter can be
referred to a state agency) after the alleged discrimination
occurred.
6
The Court held that the time for plaintiffs to file their
complaint began to run when the employer adopted the allegedly
discriminatory seniority system, since it was the adoption of
the system with a discriminatory purpose that allegedly violated
their rights. According to the Court, that was the point at
which plaintiffs suffered the diminution in employment status
about which they complained.
The rule adopted by the Court is contrary to the position
that had been taken by the Department of Justice and the EEOC.
It shields existing seniority systems from legitimate
discrimination claims. The discriminatory reasons for adoption
of a seniority system may become apparent only when the system is
finally applied to affect the employment status of the employees
that it covers. At that time, the controversy between an
employer and an employee can be focused more sharply.
In addition, a rule that limits challenges to the period
immediately following adoption of a seniority system will promote
unnecessary, as well as unfocused, litigation. Employees will be
forced either to challenge the system before they have suffered
harm or to remain forever silent. Given such a choice, employees
who are unlikely ever to suffer harm from the seniority system
may nonetheless feel that they must file a charge as a
precautionary measure -- an especially difficult choice since
they may be understandably reluctant to initiate a lawsuit
against an employer if they do not have to.
Finally, the Lorance rule will prevent employees who are
hired more than 180 (or 300) days after adoption of a seniority
system from ever challenging the adverse consequences of that
system, regardless of how severe they may be. Such a rule fails
to protect sufficiently the important interest in eliminating
employment discrimination that is embodied in Title VII.
Likewise, a rule that an employee may sue only within
180 (or 300) days after becoming subject to a seniority system
would be unfair to both employers and employees. The rule fails
to protect seniority systems from delayed challenge, since so
long as employees are being hired someone will be able to sue.
And, while this rule would give every employee a theoretical
opportunity to challenge a discriminatory seniority system, it
would do so, in most instances, before the challenge was
sufficiently focused and before it was clear that a challenge was
necessary. Finally, most employees would be reluctant to begin
their jobs by suing their employers.
This change in the law, therefore, is warranted. Indeed, it
is necessary to safeguard the same principles upheld by the
Supreme Court in Martin V. Wilks, 109 S. Ct. 2180 (1989), which
7
guarantees civil rights complainants a fair opportunity to
present their claims in court.
SECTION 8.
PROVIDING FOR ADDITIONAL REMEDIES FOR
HARASSMENT IN THE WORKPLACE BECAUSE OF RACE,
COLOR, RELIGION, SEX, OR NATIONAL ORIGIN
This provision is designed to redress an anomaly in current
law. Title VII prohibits discrimination in employment, but
provides inadequate remedies for harassment in the workplace,
including sexual harassment, which the Supreme Court has
recognized as actionable under Title VII. See, e.g., Meritor
Savings Bank, FSB V. Vinson, 477 U.S. 57 (1986). Such harassment
frequently will not be so intolerable that an employee subjected
to it immediately leaves. In such circumstances, the only remedy
the victim of harassment can obtain under Title VII's remedial
scheme as currently drafted is declaratory and injunctive relief
against continuation of the harassment.
Such a rule is plainly inequitable. It effectively tells
employers that the only consequence of creating an environment so
hostile to an employee that he or she is forced to sue to obtain
relief is a directive to refrain in the future. This defect must
be corrected.
At the same time, Title VII's existing framework, with its
emphasis on conciliation and mediation, has served the country
well for more than a quarter of a century as a tool for
combatting discrimination. It would be most unwise to jettison
or rewrite this basic statute in favor of a tort-style approach
including compensatory and punitive damages at a time when our
tort system is widely recognized to be in crisis. President Bush
has made it clear that our civil rights laws "should not be
turned into some lawyer's bonanza, encouraging litigation at the
expense of conciliation, mediation, or settlement."
Section 8 is designed to meet both of these concerns. It
creates a new remedy for on-the-job harassment, allowing courts
to make a monetary award in addition to granting declaratory and
injunctive relief. The new remedy is available on the same terms
for all forms of on-the-job harassment, whether based on race,
color, religion, sex, or national origin.
The new remedy created by this Section is capped at
$150,000. Courts are directed to make a monetary award when an
additional equitable remedy is justified by the equities, is
consistent with the purposes Title VII, and is in the public
interest. In weighing the equities and determining the amount of
any award, courts are instructed to consider the nature of
compliance programs implemented by the employer; the nature of
the employer's complaint procedures, if any, used to resolve
8
claims of harassment; whether the employer took prompt and
effective remedial action upon learning of the harassment; the
employer's size and the effect of the award on its economic
viability (so that the maximum award would be available only
against very large and financially secure employers) i whether the
harassment was willful or egregious; and the need, if any, to
provide restitution for the complaining party.
This Section allows a court to make a monetary award "up to
but not exceeding a total of $150,000." This language is
intended to make clear that where there are several related
incidents that could arguably be subdivided into distinct
unlawful employment practices, the award that can be obtained
under this new provision for all of them combined is limited to
$150,000. Otherwise, plaintiffs and their lawyers will have
incentives to spend resources on hair-splitting litigation over
how many unlawful employment practices have occurred. $150,000
is a large enough amount to be an adequate and effective remedy
for the type of conduct sought to be prevented, and no good
purpose would be served by encouraging lawyers to use their
inventiveness to circumvent the limitation of $150,000.
The substantive definition of harassment set out in Section
3 of this Act makes it an offense for an employer or its agents
to harass any employee because of race, color, religion, sex, or
national origin. The term "harass" encompasses "the subjection
of an individual to conduct that creates a working environment
that would be found intimidating, hostile or offensive by a
reasonable person." The definition also explicitly defines
sexual harassment to include certain conduct involving unwelcome
sexual advances The definition is intended to codify current
law as stated by the Supreme Court. See Meritor Savings Bank,
supra, 477 U.S., at 66 ("Since the Guidelines were issued, courts
have uniformly held, and we agree, that a plaintiff may establish
a violation of Title VII by proving that discrimination based on
sex has created a hostile or abusive work environment.").
The new provisions of Title VII established in this Section
are designed to deter and provide restitution for harassment, and
to encourage employers to adopt meaningful complaint procedures
to redress harassment and to encourage employees to use them.
The employer will not be found liable if the complaining party
failed to avail himself or herself of an effective complaint
procedure. In determining the appropriate remedy, moreover,
courts will consider whether an employer took prompt and
effective remedial action. The effect of these requirements
will be to encourage preventive measures and prompt remedial
action by employers and to minimize litigation, thus maximizing
the speed and efficacy of relief.
This provision of the Act protects employers from liability
only when they have established a procedure "for resolving
9
complaints of harassment in an effective fashion within a period
not exceeding 90 days." Procedures under which victims of
harassment are required to seek relief from the same supervisor
who has engaged in the harassing conduct, or under which victims
would otherwise reasonably expect their complaints to result in
retaliation against them rather than in a fair investigation and
effective resolution of their complaint, will not insulate the
employer from liability. The new provisions of Title VII allow
an employee, moreover, to petition a court for emergency relief,
and they provide that the continued suffering of harassment shall
be assumed to be sufficient irreparable harm to warrant judicial
relief, whether or not the employee has fully exhausted a
complaint procedure, so long as the employee has initiated a
complaint.
This Section includes a provision reaffirming that Congress
intends all issues to be decided by judges, as has always been
the case under Title VII. Such a provision is important in
avoiding the creation of an inefficient tort-style litigation
system that is foreign to the purposes of employment law.
Because the courts have relatively limited experience with
harassment cases, because particular cases will undoubtedly raise
issues requiring clarification, and because employers therefore
require the information contained in written judicial opinions to
assist them in conforming their conduct with the law, it is
particularly important to avoid a profusion of unexplained and
inconsistent jury verdicts if possible.
Because the monetary relief authorized in these amendments
to Title VII is characterized as equitable, the courts should
find that bench trials are consistent with the Seventh Amendment.
Because the question of constitutionality is not free from doubt,
however, this Section also provides that should a court hold that
a jury trial with respect to issues of liability is
constitutionally required, it may empanel a jury to hear those
issues and no others. This ensures that the additional relief
this scheme makes available will not become a dead letter should
the courts conclude that the Seventh Amendment requires a jury
trial on liability. See Tull V. United States, 107 S. Ct. 1831
(1987).
SECTION 9. ALLOWING THE AWARD OF EXPERT FEES
Section 9 authorizes the recovery of expert witness fees (up
to but not exceeding $300 per day) by prevailing parties
according to the same standards that govern awards of attorney
fees under Title VII. Cf. Crawford Fitting Co. V. J.T. Gibbons,
Inc., 482 U.S. 437 (1987). The provision is intended to allow
recovery for work done in preparation for trial as well as after
trial has begun, with the cap applying to each witness.
10
SECTION 10. PROVIDING FOR INTEREST AND EXTENDING THE
STATUTE OF LIMITATIONS, IN ACTIONS AGAINST
THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT
Section 10 extends the period for filing a complaint against
the Federal government pursuant to Title VII from 30 days to 90
days. It also authorizes the payment of interest to compensate
for delay in the payment of a judgment according to the same
rules that govern such payments in actions against private
parties.
SECTION 11. PROVIDING CIVIL RIGHTS PROTECTIONS TO
CONGRESSIONAL EMPLOYEES
Section 11 extends the protections of Title VII to
congressional employees on the same basis that they extend to
Executive branch employees. The Executive branch, like private
employers and state and local governments, is forbidden by law to
discriminate on the basis of race, color, religion, sex, or
national origin. The Congress, however, has exempted itself from
the law. President Bush has stated that Congress "should live by
the same requirements it prescribes for others" and that Congress
"should join the Executive branch in setting an example for these
private employers."
In addition to setting a helpful example, and providing
congressional employees with the same rights enjoyed by other
Americans, coverage under Title VII will provide the Congress
with the valuable experience of living under the same rules that
it imposes on other employers. This experience should prove
useful in encouraging the Congress to give prompt and serious
consideration to proposals for improving the law and in enabling
the Congress to resist ill-considered proposals -- like the bill
that President Bush vetoed on October 22, 1990 -- that would
undermine the cause of civil rights and impose completely
unjustified burdens on the employers of this nation.
It should be emphasized that this Section allows the
Congress to create its own internal mechanisms for enforcing
Title VII in the legislative branch. Like Executive branch
employees, congressional employees would retain the right to
judicial relief, but the Executive branch would have absolutely
no role in enforcing Title VII against the Congress. For that
reason, any objection to this Section on separation-of-powers
grounds would not be well-founded.
11
SECTION 12. ALTERNATIVE MEANS OF DISPUTE RESOLUTION
This provision encourages the use of alternative means of
dispute resolution, including binding arbitration, where the
parties knowingly and voluntarily elect to use these methods.
In light of the litigation crisis facing this country and
the increasing sophistication and reliability of alternatives to
litigation, there is no reason to disfavor the use of such
forums.
SECTION 13. SEVERABILITY
Section 13 states that if a provision of this Act is found
invalid, that finding will not affect the remainder of the Act.
SECTION 14. EFFECTIVE DATE
Section 14 specifies that the Act and the amendments made by
the Act take effect upon enactment, and will not apply to cases
arising before the effective date of the Act.
*****
12
E748.m2
336 WEAPONS
180
overlooked - the boot and the spade. Speed
uncomplaining obedience to instruction,
and length of marching has won many
required of the cadet, will be required of
victories; the spade has saved many defeats
everyofficer and soldier of our armies in
and gained time for victory.
France:
Field Marshal Earl Wavell, The Good
General John F. Pershing, General Order to
Soldier (1945)
the US forces in France, 1917
10 It never has made and never will make any
3 In my dreams I hear again the crash of guns
sense trying to abolish any particular
the rattle of musketry, the strange, mournful
weapon of war. What we have to abolish is
mutter of the battlefield. But in the evening
war.
of my memory, always I come back to West
Sir John Slessor, Strategy for the West
Point.
(1954)
General Douglas MacArthur, address at the
11 Everything that is shot or thrown at you, or
US Military Academy, West Point, 1962
dropped on you in war is unpleasant, but of
4 When the going gets tough, the tough get
all horrible devices, the most terrifying is the
going.
land mine.
Anon., cadet saying, West Point
Field Marshal Viscount Slim, Unofficial
History (1959)
5 Duty, honor, country.
Motto of the United States Military
12 Today the expenditure of billions of dollars
Academy, West Point
every year on weapons, acquired for the
purpose of making sure we never need to
use them, is essential to keeping the peace.
John F. Kennedy, speech at the American
338 WOUNDS
University, Washington, 1963
13 Grenades were one of the most fearfully
1 A wound is nothing, be it ne'er so deep;
respected and accident-prone tricky
Blood is the gold of war's rich livery.
instruments an infantryman had to deal
Christopher Marlowe, Tamburlaine the
with. They were often as likely to hurt your
Great Part 2, II, ii
own people or yourself as the enemy.
James Jones, WWII (1977)
2 The history of a soldier's wound beguiles
the pain of it.
14 Losing guns in battle has always been more
Laurence Sterne, Tristram Shandy
bitterly regretted than the weapons' real
(1759-67)
military value might suggest, and
artillerymen who might have run away to
3 The broken soldier, kindly bade me stay.
fight another day have often stood fast
Sat by his fire, and talk'd the night away;
about their silent guns, selling their lives
Wept o'er his wounds, or tales of sorrow
dearly with handspike and hammer.
done,
Richard Holmes, Firing Line (1985)
Shoulder'd his crutch, and show'd how
fields were won.
Oliver Goldsmith, "The Deserted Village'
(1770)
337 WEST POINT
4 Ben Battle was a soldier bold,
And used to war's alarms:
But a cannon-ball took of his legs,
1 It but rarely happens that a graduate from
So he laid down his arms!
West Point is not a gentleman in his
Thomas Hood, 'Faithless Nelly Gray'
deportment, as well as soldier in his
education.
5 (Of the Battle of Albuera) Every individual
Colonel Archibald Henderson, letter to the
most nobly did his duty; and it was observed
Secretary of the United States Navy, 1823
that our dead, particularly the 57th
Regiment, were lying as they fought, in
2 The standards for the American Army will
ranks, and every wound was in front.
be those of West Point. The rigid attention,
Lt-Gen Viscount Beresford, despatch to
the upright bearing, attention to detail,
Wellington, 1811
PN6081
R69
WH
ADICTIONARY OF
MILITARY
Quotations
Compiled by
TREVOR ROYLE
SIMON & SCHUSTER
New York London Toronto Sydney Tokyo Singapore
Services of Mead Data Central, Inc.
PAGE
1
LEVEL 1 - 5 OF 20 STORIES
Copyright (c) 1990 Federal Information Systems Corporation;
Federal News Service
JANUARY 18, 1990, THURSDAY
SECTION: FROM THE WHITE HOUSE
LENGTH: 1773 words
HEADLINE: CB
PRESIDENT GEORGE BUSH
ADDRESSES THE EXECUTIVE FORUM
CONSTITUTION HALL
WASHINGTON, DC
BODY:
... set down in our initial quarter, and now let's use the next quarter to
make still greater progress.
Woodrow Wilson could have been describing our administration when he said,
"It's always a beginning, not a consummation. II And that spirit lets me simply
observe, "Just wait 'til the second guessers see our second year."
You know --- (applause) -- remember the
...
LEVEL 1 - - 10 OF 20 STORIES
The Associated Press
The materials in the AP file were compiled by The Associated Press. These
materials may not be republished without the express written consent of The
Associated Press.
July 4, 1987, Saturday, BC cycle
SECTION: Domestic News
LENGTH: 453 words
HEADLINE: Today in History
KEYWORD: History
BODY:
... 57. Tennis player Pam Shriver is 25.
Thought for Today: "The American Revolution was a beginning, not a
consummation. = - Woodrow Wilson, 28th president of the United States
(1856-1924).
LEXIS'NEXIS LEXIS'NEXIS
426
REMINISCENCES
destiny in their hands the moment the war tocsin sounds. The Long Gray Line
has never failed us. Were you to do so, a million ghosts in olive drab, in brown
khaki, in blue and gray, would rise from their white crosses thundering those
magic words-Duty-Honor-Country.
This does not mean that you are war mongers. On the contrary, the soldier,
above all other people, prays for peace, for he must suffer and bear the deepest
wounds and scars of war. But always in our ears ring the ominous words of Plato,
that wisest of all philosophers, "Only the dead have seen the end of war."
The shadows are lengthening for me. The twilight is here. My days of old
have vanished tone and tint; they have gone glimmering through the dreams of
things that were. Their memory is one of wondrous beauty, watered by tears,
and coaxed and caressed by the smiles of yesterday. I listen vainly, but with
thirsty ear, for the witching melody of faint bugles blowing reveille, of far drums
beating the long roll. In my dreams I hear again the crash of guns, the rattle
of musketry, the strange mournful mutter of the battlefield. But in the evening
of my memory, always I come back to West Point. Always there echoes and re-
echoes in my ears-Duty-Honor-Country
Today marks my final roll call with you. But I want you to know that when
I cross the river my last conscious thoughts will be of the Corps-and the Corps-
and the Corps.
I bid you farewell.
E748
M2a
WH
REMINISCENCES
GENERAL OF THE ARMY
Douglas MacArthur
McGRAW-HILL BOOK COMPANY
New York
Toronto
London
Douglas MacArthur, 1880-1964
27th th DORLAND'S
Edition
ILLUSTRATED
Ref
R121
D7
1988
WH
Medical
Dictionary
1988
W.B. SAUNDERS COMPANY
Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc.
Philadelphia London Toronto
Montreal Sydney Tokyo
Armophorina
127
Arroyo's sign
Armophorina (ar"mo-fo-ri'nah, ar"mof-o-riinah) [L. arma
of arterial blood pressure, connoting either ventricular
armor + Gr. phoros bearing] a suborder of small, polysa-
fibrillation or ventricular standstill. deep transverse
probic, ciliate protozoa (order Heterotrichina, subclass Spiro-
a., the condition during delivery in which the occiput of the
tricha), characterized by an adoral zone of membranelles
fetus turns and stops in the transverse diameter of the pelvis.
encircling the body, spiraling posteriad, accompanied by a
developmental a., a temporary or permanent cessation of
ciliary stripe, and an antapically situated cytostome; a rigid
the process of development. epiphyseal a., interruption
pellice with one or two posterior spines; and the only other
of growth at the epiphysis of a bone by diaphyseal-epiphyseal
somatic ciliature occurring in a caudal tuft and several
fusion. heart a., cardiac a. maturation a., interrup-
anterior cirri.
tion of the process of development before it is complete;
armpit (arm'pit) fossa axillaris.
applied especially to failure of maturation of granulocytes,
Arnaldus de Villanova see Arnold of Villanova.
with myeloblasts and promyelocytes constituting the domi-
Arndt's law, Arndt-Schulz law [Rudolf Arndt, German
nant bone marrow elements. sinus a., a pause in cardiac
psychiatrist, 1835-1900; Hugo Schulz, German pharmacolo-
rhythm due to a momentary failure of the sinus node to
gist, 1853-1932] see under law.
initiate an impulse; called also sinus standstill.
Arneth count (classification, formula, index) (ar-net")
arrested (ah-rest'ed) detained; stopped. In obstetrics, the
[Joseph Arneth, German physician, 1873-1955] see under
head of the child is said to be arrested when it is detained, but
count.
not impacted, in the pelvic cavity.
Arnica (ar/ně-kah) [L.] a genus of composite-flowered
arrhaphia (ah-ra'fe-ah) [a- neg. + -rhaphy] status dys-
plants, known also as leopard's bane, wolf's bane, and
rhaphius.
1
mountain tobacco. The dried flowerheads of A. montana
Arrhenius' equation, formula, theory (doctrine)
contain a volatile oil, arnicin, arnisterol, and anthoxanthine,
(ah-re'ne-us) [Svante August Arrhenius, Swedish chemist,
tannin, and resin. Used topically as a tincture for contusions,
1859-1927] see under equation, formula, and theory.
sprains, and superficial wounds, and as a counterirritant.
arrheno- [Gr. arrhën male] a combining form meaning
arnica (ar'ni-kah) the dried flowerheads of Arnica mon-
male.
0
tana. Called also wolf's bane and leopard's bane.
arrhenoblastoma (ah-re"no-blas-to'mah) [arrheno- + Gr.
Arnold (ar'nold) of Villanova, or Arnaldus de Vil-
blastos germ + -oma] a neoplasm of the ovary, arising
lanova (c. 1235 to c. 1312) a celebrated Catalan physi-
from the ovarian stroma, mimicking to a, greater or lesser
cian who wrote extensively on medicine, alchemy, and
extent derivatives of the sex cord mesenchyme of the testis,
1
religion and who translated Avicenna's writings on the heart
and sometimes causing defeminization and virilization.
from Arabic into Latin.
Called also andreioma, andreoblastoma, androma, arrhe-
Arnold's bodies [Julius Arnold, German pathologist,
noma, and Sertoli-Leydig cell tumor.
e
1835-1915] see under body.
arrhenogenic (ar"é-no-jen"ik) [arrheno + Gr. gennan to pro-
e
Arnold's canal, etc. [Philipp Friedrich Arnold, German
duce] producing only male offspring.
S
anatomist, 1803-1890] see under canal, fold, ligament,
arrhenokaryon (ar"é-no-kar'e-on) an organism that is
nerve, substance, and syndrome.
e
produced by androgenesis.
Arnold-Chiari deformity (malformation, syndrome)
arrhenoma (ar"ē-no'mah) arrhenoblastoma.
[Julius Arnold; Hans Chiari, German pathologist, 1851-1916]
arrhenoplasm (ah-re'no-plazm) [arrheno- + plasm] the
see under deformity.
male element of idioplasm.
arnotto (ar-not/o) annotto.
arrhenotocia (ar"ē-no-to'se-a) arrhenotoky.
aroma (ah-ro'mah) [Gr. arõma spice] fragrance or odor, es-
arrhenotoky (ar"ē-not/o-ke) [arrheno- + Gr. tokos birth]
pecially that of a spice or medicine or of articles of food or
the production of males only by a virgin mother, as in the
drink.
unfertilized queen bee.
S
aromatase (ah-ro'mah-tãs) an enzyme complex that cata-
o
arrhigosis (ah"ri-go'sis) arhigosis.
lyzes the conversion of testosterone to estradiol.
e
arrhinencephalia (ah"rin-en"se-fale-ah) arhinencepha-
i-
aromatic (ar"o-mat/ik) [L. aromaticus; Gr. aromatikos] 1.
lia.
having a spicy odor. 2. in organic chemistry, denoting a
compound containing a ring system stabilized by a closed
arrhinia (ah-rin'e-ah) arhinia.
circle of conjugated double bonds or nonbonding electron
arrhythmia (ah-rith/me-ah) [aneg. + Gr. rhythmos rhythm]
pairs, e.g., benzene, naphthalene.
any variation from the normal rhythm of the heart beat,
aromatization (ah-ro"mah-tî-za'shun) chemical conver-
including sinus arrhythmia, premature beat, heart block,
d
sion to an aromatic form.
atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter, pulsus alternans, and parox-
aromine (ah-ro'min) a fragrant alkaloid from urine con-
ysmal tachycardia. continuous a., irregularity in the
taining benzene derivatives.
force, quality, and sequence of the pulse beat, continuing as
a permanent phenomenon; called also perpetual a. juve-
arousal (ah-row/sal) a state of responsiveness to sensory
nile a., sinus arrhythmia occuring in children. nodal
stimulation; called also activation, vigilance, and wakeful-
a., nodal rhythm; see under rhythm. perpetual a., con-
es
ness.
tinuous a. phasic a., sinus a. respiratory a., sinus
arprinocid (ar-pri'no-sid) chemical name: 9-[(2-chloro-6-
a. sinus a., the physiologic cyclic variation in heart rate
fluorophenyl)methyl]9H-purin-6-amine; a coccidiostat, C₁₂-
related to vagal impulses to the sinoatrial node; it occurs
H₉CIFN₅.
commonly in children (juvenile a.) and in the aged, and
arrachement (ar"ash-mahwn") [Fr. "extraction"] extrac-
requires no treatment. Called also phasic a. and respiratory
1-
tion of a membranous cataract by pulling out the capsule
a.
through a corneal incision.
arrhythmic (ah-rith'mik) [a neg. + Gr. rhythmos rhythm]
arrack (ar'rak) an alcoholic liquor distilled from fer-
characterized by absence of rhythm.
mented dates, rice, the sap of palms, mahua flowers, etc.
arrhythmogenic (ah-rith"mo-jen'ik) [aneg. + Gr. rhythmos
s]
arrangement (ah-ränj'ment) the disposal or positioning
rhythm + gennan to produce] producing or promoting ar-
of parts. anterior tooth a., the arrangement of ante-
rhythmia.
rior teeth for esthetic or phonetic effects. tooth a., 1.
arrhythmokinesis (ah-rith"mo-kİ-ne'sis) [a neg. + Gr.
the positioning of teeth on a denture for specific purposes.
rhythmos rhythm + kinësis movement] defective ability
2. the setting of teeth on temporary bases.
to perform voluntary successive movement of a definite
Is
arrector (ah-rek'tor), pl. arrecto'res [L.] raising, or that
rhythm.
which raises. a. pi'li, pl. arrecto'res pilo'rum [L.
arrowroot (ar'o-root) a starch prepared from the rhizome
e
"raisers of the hair"], minute smooth muscles of the skin,
of Maranta arundinacea L., Marantaceae, a plant native to
attached to the connective tissue sheath of the hair follicles,
northern South America and the West Indies and now
ys
the contraction of which causes the hair to stand erect and
extensively cultivated in almost all tropical countries. It is a
so
produces the appearance called cutis anserina, or goose flesh.
prominent constituent of infant, geriatric, and convalescent
arrectores (ar"rek-to'rez) [L.] plural of arrector.
diets.
in
arrest (ah-rest) stoppage; the act of stopping. cardiac
Arroyo's sign (ar-ro'yōz) [Carlos F. Arroyo, American physi-
a., sudden cessation of cardiac function, with disappearance
cian, 1892-1928] asthenocoria.
VOLUME 15
Indian to Jeffers
THE ENCYCLOPEDIA
AMERICANA
INTERNATIONAL EDITION
COMPLETE IN THIRTY VOLUMES
FIRST PUBLISHED IN 1829
GROLIER INCORPORATED
International Headquarters: Danbury, Connecticut 06816
Date
Invention
Inventor
1746
Lead-chamber sulfuric
acid process
John Roebuck
1750
Cast steel
Benjamin Huntsman
1759
Achromatic telescope
John Dollond
1762
Furnace blower
John Smeaton
1769
Improved steam engine
James Watt
1769
Water-frame spinning
machine
Richard Arkwright
1770
Spinning jenny
James Hargreaves
c.1770
Improved lathe
Jacques de
1
Vaucanson
BESSEMER CONVERTER
1774
Cylinder-boring machine
John Wilkinson
1778
Iron bridge,
Abraham
Coalbrookdale
Darby III
1779
Spinning mule
Samuel Crompton
1
1781
Sun-and-planet gear
James Watt
Brite
1784
Puddling of iron
Henry Cort
Brite
1785
Chlorine bleach
Claude Berthollet
Britis
1786
Threshing machine
Andrew Meikle
Frends
1786
Power loom
Edmund
British
Cartwright
1787
Soda (sodium carbonate)
British
synthesis
Nicolas Leblanc
c.1790
Wrought and cast iron in
French
building
William Strutt
British
1793
Cotton gin
Eli Whitney
1797
Amer
Screw-cutting lathe
Henry Maudslay
1797
British
Steam carriage
Oliver Evans
1798
Amer.
Optical glass
Pierre Guinand
1800
Swiss
Electric battery
Alessandro Volta
1800
Italian
High-pressure steam
Richard
engine
Trevithick
British
1800
Interchangeable parts
EASTMAN KODAK CAMERA
manufactured for
firearms
Eli Whitney
Amer.
c.1800
Gas light
Philippe Lebon
French
William Murdock
British
1801
Draw loom
Joseph Jacquard
French
1801
Modern suspension bridge
James Finley
Amer.
1802
Road locomotive
Richard Trevithick
British
1805
Railroad locomotive
Richard Trevithick
British
1807
Steamboat
Robert Fulton
Amer.
1814
Cylinder printing press
Friedrich Koenig
German
1815
Miner's safety lamp
Humphry Davy
British
1820
Calculating machine
Charles Babbage
British
1825
(Stockton-Darlington
George
railroad completed)
Stephenson
British
1826
Reaping machine
Patrick Bell
British
1827
Water turbine
Benoit Fourneyron
French
1828
Furnace hot-blast
James Neilson
British
1829
Roving-frame spinning
machine
Charles Danforth
Amer.
1831
Reaping machine
Cyrus McCormick
Amer.
1832
Dynamo
ORVILLE WRIGHT IN AIRPLANE FLIGHT OVER BERLIN
Hippolyte Pixii
French
1835
Revolver
Samuel Colt
Amer.
1836
Acid-absorption tower
William Gossage
British
1825-39
Electric telegraph
Paul Schilling
German
William Cooke
British
Charles
Wheatstone
British
Samuel Morse
Amer.
1839
Drop hammer
James Nasmyth
British
1839-40
Photography
Joseph Niepce
French
Louis Daguerre
French
William Talbot
British
1840
Electroplating
George and
Henry Elkington
British
1841
Vulcanized rubber
Charles Goodyear
Amer.
1842
Superphosphate fertilizer
John Lawes
British
1845
Pneumatic tire
Robert Thomson
British
1846
Sewing machine
Elias Howe
Amer.
c.1850
Portland cement
Joseph Aspdin
British
VII. SOME MAJOR INVENTIONS OF
THE LAST HALF OF THE 19TH CENTURY
Date
Invention
Inventor
Nation-
ality
FIRST TRANSISTOR
1852
Gyroscope
Jean Foucault
French
1856
Steelmaking processes
(low-cost and high-
Henry Bessemer
British
volume production)
William Kelly
Amer.
1856
Aniline dye
William Perkin
British
1859
Gas engine (internal
combustion)
Etienne Lenoir
French
1862
Universal milling machine
Joseph Brown
Amer.
1866
Dynamite
Alfred Nobel
Swedish
1867
Typewriter
Christopher Sholes
Amer.
1876
Telephone
Alexander Bell
Amer.
1877
Phonograph
Thomas Edison
Amer.
1880
Filament lamp
Joseph Swan
British
Thomas Edison
Amer.
c.1883
Electric streetcar
Werner von
Siemens, others
German
1884
Rayon
Hilaire de
Chardonnet
French
1884
Steam
ention
Inventor
per sulfuric
olity
Invention
Inventor
Nation-
ess
Date
John Roebuck
Invention
Inventor
Nation-
British
ality
Benjamin Huntsman
ality
telescope
John Dollond
British
Gasoline engine
Gottlieb Daimler
German
c.1935
Polyvinyl chloride
Many teams
German,
wer
John Smeaton
Britishi
Linotype machine
Ottmar
Amer.,
eam engine
James Watt
British
Mergenthaler
Amer.
British
e spinning
British
Electrolytic aluminum
Charles Hall
Amer.
1937-
Turbojet engine
Frank Whittle
British
Richard Arkwright
process
Paul Héroult
French
40
others
ny
James Hargreaves
British
Electric motor
(AC)
Nikola Tesla
Amer.
1938
Xerography
Chester Carlson
Amer.
the
Jacques de
British
Pneumatic tire
1942
Electronic computer
John Mauchly and
Vaucanson
(reinvented)
John Dunlop
British
J. Presper Eckert,
ring machine
John Wilkinson
French
British
-90
Automobile
Gottlieb Daimler
German
University of
Abraham
Karl Benz
German
Pennsylvania
Amer.
(dale
Darby III
1961-90
Reinforced
François Coignet
French
1944
Long-distance liquid-fuel
Wernher von
e
Samuel Crompton
British
concrete building
Joseph Monnier
French
rocket (V-2) perfected
Braun, others
German
net gear
James Watt
British
Thaddeus Hyatt
British
1948
Transistor
John Bardeen,
iron
Henry Cort
British
Glider
Otto Lilienthal
German
ach
British
William Shockley,
Claude Berthollet
Radio
G. Marconi
Italian
Andrew Meikle
French
Walter Brattain,
chine
British
1896
Motion picture camera
1896
Etienne Marey
French
Bell Telephone
Edmund
Thomas Edison
Amer.
Laboratories
Amer.
Cartwright
Auguste and
1948
Polaroid Land camera
Edwin Land, others
Amer.
n carbonate)
British
Louis Lumière
French
1948
Holography (first realized
Nicolas Leblanc
Diesel engine
Rudolf Diesel
German
in 1963 by Emmett Leith
I cast iron in
French
and Juris Upatnicks)
Dennis Gabor
Hung.
William Strutt
1952
Linz-Donawitz basic
British
Eli Whitney
SOME MAJOR INVENTIONS OF THE 20TH CENTURY
oxygen steel process
Austria
lathe
Henry Maudslay
Amer.
1954
ge
Oliver Evans
British
Invention
Maser
Inventor
Nation-
James Gordon,
ality
Herbert Zeiger,
Pierre Guinand
Amer.
and Charles
ry
Swiss
Alessandro Volta
1903
Airplane
Orville and
Townes
Amer.
steam
Richard
Italian
Wilbur Wright
Amer.
1954
First nuclear-energy
1906
Triode electron tube
Lee De Forest
Trevithick
Amer.
electric power plant
Russian
ple parts
British
1907
Helicopter
Louis and Jacques
1955
First nuclear submarine
Capt. Hyman
ed for
Breguet
French
trials (Nautilus)
Rickover, others
Amer.
1907
Bakelite (plastic)
Leo Baekeland
Eli Whitney
Amer.
1955
Linear induction motor
Amer.
1926
Liquid-propelled rocket
Robert Goddard
Amer.
realized
Philippe Lebon
Eric Laithwaite
British
French
1927-
Nylon
Wallace
1956
Hovercraft
William Murdock
Christopher
British
40
Carothers and
Joseph Jacquard
Cockerell
British
French
Du Pont team
Amer.
1957
nsion bridge
VTOL
James Finley
Bell Aircraft Corp.
Amer.
Amer.
1927-
Electron microscope
Dennis Gabor
Hung.
1959
ve
Richard Trevithick
Rotary-piston gasoline
notive
British
41
Ernst Ruska, others
German
Richard Trevithick
engine tested
British
1931
Cyclotron
Ernest Lawrence
Amer.
Robert Fulton
successfully
Felix Wankel
German
Amer.
1935
Radar
Robert Watson-
1959
ing press
Friedrich Koenig
Float glass process
Pilkington & Co.
British
German
Watt, others
British
lamp
1960
Humphry Davy
Laser first put in operation
British
1935
Television
John Baird
British
achine
Charles Babbage
(Laser was first proposed
British
Charles Jenkins
Amer.
ngton
George
by Charles Townes and
Vladimir Zworykin
Amer.
npleted)
Stephenson
Arthur Schawlow in
British
Philo Farnsworth
Amer.
ne
Patrick Bell
1958)
Theodore Maiman
Amer.
British
others
1960
Benoit Fourneyron
Fiber optics
Armour Research
Amer.
French
ast
James Neilson
British
pinning
Charles Danforth
Amer.
ne
Cyrus McCormick
Opportunities for Inventions. As technology and
Amer.
ploys several major inventions (computer, dicta-
Hippolyte Pixii
French
the industry exploiting it become more complex,
phone, typewriter, adding machine, copier, and
Samuel Colt
Amer.
the opportunity for invention continually in-
n tower
William Gossage
so on) and countless patented gadgets. No one
British
ph
Paul Schilling
creases, both because the means for practicing a
German
would suppose that in this one field inventiveness
William Cooke
British
new idea or method grow more numerous and
has reached its limit; the rapid success of xerog-
Charles
because the actual number of subjects susceptible
Wheatstone
raphy over the last decade provides an example
British
Samuel Morse
of improvement increases. When man in the shop
Amer.
of the way in which a new technique, perfectly
James Nasmyth
British
and field and woman in the dairy and home
developed and skillfully exploited, can occupy a
Joseph Niepce
French
worked with the simplest of equipment evolved
Louis Daguerre
large market thanks to greater flexibility, speed,
French
William Talbot
to a perfection of form over countless centuries,
British
convenience, and so forth, though not performing
George and
there was little scope for invention and great con-
any really novel function.
Henry Elkington
British
servatism to forbid it. Amid the countless ma-
per
Charles Goodyear
Offices, transport systems, factories, and even
Amer.
fertilizer
John Lawes
chines, devices, and gadgets of the modern world,
British
home kitchens are facets of the universal ma-
Robert Thomson
British
with all the resources of science and the com-
chine inhabited by modern Western man. It is
Elias Howe
Amer.
mand of new materials at hand, and with people
Joseph Aspdin
with the detailed, step-by-step modification of
British
in the Western world largely conditioned to ex-
this machine that the great majority of patents
MAJOR INVENTIONS OF
pecting "progress" week by week, there is ample
are concerned. Innovation in business is at a
LF OF THE 19TH CENTURY
opportunity for minor inventions and great aware-
premium because it brings genuine improvements,
n
Inventor
Nation-
ness of the need for a few great inventions.
confers patent rights that may prove valuable,
ality
Considér, for example, the enormous prolifer-
and maintains the freshness of the product image
Jean Foucault
French
ation of the technology of modern office work
and its appeal to customers.
cesses
high-
Henry Bessemer
and accounting. Little more than a century ago
British
To consider the automobile further: the old
tion)
William Kelly
Amer.
administration was done, in effect, by pen, ink,
basic plan of a front-mounted gasoline engine
William Perkin
British
ruler, and paper. A modern organization em-
mal
driving the rear wheels through clutch and
Étienne Lenoir
French
gearshift is still common. Some automobiles (in
machine
Joseph Brown
Amer.
the United States more commonly than else-
Alfred Nobel
Swedish
CREDITS FOR ILLUSTRATIONS
where) incorporate such major improvements as
Christopher Sholes
Amer.
Alexander Bell
Amer.
PAGE 330 (TOP TO BOTTOM): BETTMANN ARCHIVE; BETT-
automatic transmission and power steering, but
Thomas Edison
Amer.
MANN ARCHIVE: BETTMANN ARCHIVE; BETTMANN ARCHIVE; BETT-
the main improvements since 1914, affecting vir-
Joseph Swan
British
MANN ARCHIVE: BETTMANN ARCHIVE: CULVER PICTURES INC:
Thomas Edison
Amer.
BETTMANN ARCHIVE; NEW YORK PUBLIC LIBRARY.
tually all cars, relate not to the basic engineering
Werner von
PAGE 331: BETTMANN ARCHIVE: BETTMANN ARCHIVE; NEW
but to comfort, safety, reliability, and so on.
Siemens, others
German
YORK PUBLIC LIBRARY: EDISON LABORATORY NATIONAL MONUMENT;
Manufacturers may wonder whether some inno-
Hilaire de
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION BETTMANN ARCHIVE.
Chardonnet
vation such as electric drive or the Wankel rotary
French
PAGE 332: BETTMANN ARCHIVE; CULVER PICTURES; BETT-
Charles Parsons
British
MANN ARCHIVE: BELL TELEPHONE LABORATORIES UNITED PRESS
engine may transform the automobile. Such in-
INTERNATIONAL: POLAROID CORP.
novations are covered by many patents, but the
transformation is not yet clearly in sight.
333
INVENTION: 5. The Impact of Inventions
337
Productive Capacity. In the advanced countries
Though new forms of tools are continually
-the ones that passed through the Industrial
evolved for special purposes, the basic hand-held
Revolution-inventions that made power avail-
types, such as saw, hammer, chisel, and file,
able were combined with other inventions that
were invented long ago. Even a simple lathe and
enormously improved productive capacity. As a
the carpenter's plane were known in Roman
result, great material wealth was acquired in the
times. Machines to replace hand-held tools ap-
19th century, measured in personal terms by
peared slowly; the critical moment probably was
names such as Morgan, Frick, Krupp, Rothschild,
that at which the efficient screw-cutting lathe was
or Carnegie, as well as by the creation of cities
invented about the end of the 18th century. By
and plants in the United States, Australia, South
1850 many handworking operations in metalcraft
Africa, and elsewhere. In the 20th century, in-
had been taken over by lathes, grinding machines,
vention has continued in the same way-a single
planers and shapers, milling machines, and so
cotton spindle or steel furnace is vastly more
forth. However, the progress of the work done
productive now than a century ago.
was under human control until, about 25 years
Communication and Control. The complexes of
later, automatic machine tools capable of effecting
invention that have most altered human life, how-
a repetitive sequence of operations were devised
ever, are those relating to communication and
to make a bolt, for example, without human in-
control. The 19th century went far with the
tervention. In such machines the program of op-
steamship, railroad, telegraph, and mass news-
erations was built into the machine itself; in mod-
paper; for example, these inventions not only took
ern control systems, a machine or an assembly of
people to the United States but also made the
machines is controlled by the program admin-
immigrants Americans. But the actual texture
istered by a separate electronic device of the
of life remained unaltered until the electric urban
computer family.
railroad and streetcar made possible the modern
Invention and Industry. The inventions that in
city with a multimillion population; whereupon
their time have revolutionized human life-com-
the invention of the automobile made the city
mand of fire, agriculture, mechanical power,
both impossible and still vaster. Nothing re-
mass communication, automated production-
motely comparable to the instant availability of
have thus not been single events but multiple
transportation offered by the automobile has ever
ones. Each has been realized, through the con-
existed before; far more than Karl Marx, the
tinued development of ingenuity, in a variety of
automobile has destroyed the static conventions,
ways. In communication, for instance, the move-
the regular habits, and the security of the Vic-
ment was from the printing press to the telegraph
torian middle class.
to television, with each earlier stage retaining its
While this was happening, society was more
viability within a sphere defined by the success of
subtly penetrated by the electronic miracles of
the later invention that came to stand beside it.
motion pictures, radio, and television, creating
At the same time the older technique undergoes
whole new worlds of imagination: the worlds of
specialization and improvement; for example,
stardom, of violence in many forms, of visual
the handpress gives way to steam power and
actuality, and, for a few, of music and literature.
the linotype, and the Morse key gives way to the
The growth of the electronics industry illus-
telex printer.
trates well the fact that inventors aim at certain
From such examples a hierarchical order of
clear perceptions while failing, often, to guess at
inventions appears: the most general inventions
ultimate cataclysms. Guglielmo Marconi, in 1896,
make possible a wholly new type of human ac-
first thought of radiotelegraphy as aiding dis-
tivity; inventions of the second type lead to the
tressed ships at sea and controlling naval opera-
development of industries devoted to this activity;
tions, and then he perceived its usefulness for
and inventions of the third type bring about mod-
government and commercial business. World
ifications within an industry.
I demonstrated the role of radio on the field
This order of inventions is also shown in trans-
battle. Public broadcasting, when it came,
portation. In a very broad sense the history of the
teemed to some an advertising vehicle, to others
technology of land transport began with the draft
propaganda instrument, to Britain (briefly) a
animal and the wheeled vehicle. The next great
means of elevating the intellectual level of her
step, many thousands of years later, was the par-
people. There were many thousands of inventions
tial replacement of the horse by the steam loco-
evoted to radiotelegraphy and radio broadcast-
motive, bringing the great railroad industry into
but the possibilities of vision in their use
existence. With increasing speed, other inven-
hardly broached. When the first public
tions brought further transport industries into
evision service began in Britain, shortly before
existence-the automobile and road transport, the
orld War II, the rivetting effects of this new
edium were quite unsuspected; in fact, 20 years
airplane and aviation. (Curiously enough, the in-
passed before it was clear that television went
vention of a practical airplane by the Wright
brothers had little directly to do with the emer-
to the hearts of people in their homes.
gence of an aircraft industry; the Voisin brothers
Control of Production. Communication, in one
in France were the first to sum up the attempts
the is a preliminary to the control of people;
of various experimenters and, in 1908, begin the
engineering sense, control means elimina-
commercial manufacture of airplanes.) The di-
of human direction. (Of course, human en-
secers still have to plan and instruct the control
verse forms of land and air transport have not
completely replaced each other (though in the
It may be said that there are three
last 20 years the railroads have suffered severely
of production, each with its own range of
entive possibilities. In the first stage work is
from the motor vehicle and airplane competition),
movements a accond work is done by a machine whose
by human hands, often holding tools; in the
and sea transport still remains highly important.
Meanwhile, each of these industries has under-
gone major internal changes: on the rails, steam
third stage a control device directs the work
are directed by human hands; and in
has yielded to the electric and diesel locomotive;
by the machine.
in the air, the jet engine has reduced the piston
engine to insignificance.
OFFICIAL REPORT OF THE
t. : PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
Twenty-seventh Republican
National Convention
HELD IN
CHICAGO, ILLINOIS
July 25, 26, 27, 28, 1960
RESULTING IN THE NOMINATION OF
RICHARD M. NIXON, of California, for President
AND THE NOMINATION OF
HENRY CABOT LODGE, of Massachusetts, for Vice President
REPORTED BY LLOYD L. HARKINS, OFFICIAL REPORTER
Published by the Republican National Committee
LETTERPRESS IN U.S.A. BY
JUDD & DETWEILER, INC.
8
344
OFFICIAL PROCEEDINGS OF THE
TWENTY-SEVENTH REPUBLICAN NATIONAL CONVENTION
345
ship, the force and vigor of purpose that can and will again carry the Republican
We have chosen a man to lead our Party, to sustain these principles, to carry
Party to victory. (Cheers and Applause)
the tremendous burden and responsibility of the Presidency, and to embody the
For almost eight years we've had a great President, who has led the United
hopes and aspirations of all Americans and of all the free world. (Applause)
States and the free world, who symbolizes in his own person our deep spiritual
He is a man of experience; he is a man of courage; he's a man of vision and
beliefs, Dwight D. Eisenhower. (Cheers and Applause)
of judgment; he is a man on whose behalf all of us, united, from east and west,
He and all of us recognize the gravity of the basic conflict which exists in
from north and south, will go to the American people with the greatest campaign
the world today, and I don't speak of military conflict or of economic conflict or
of our history to assure victory in November. (Cheers and Applause)
political conflict. I speak of the conflict between those in the world who believe
He is the man who will succeed Dwight D. Eisenhower next January
in the freedom of the individual everywhere, freedom to develop himself or her-
(Cheers and Applause)-Richard M. Nixon.
self to the maximum-spiritually, intellectually, intuitively and materially-and
those on the other hand who believe in the individual as merely a cog in a
(With the introduction of the Vice President, the assembly arose and
machine to be so disciplined and so dominated that he ultimately loses all capac-
cheered and applauded, and there followed a demonstration lasting about ten
ity for independent thought and even of spiritual realization.
minutes. Cries of "We want Nixon.")
And in this conflict, this basic conflict, ladies and gentlemen, we in this
THE PERMANENT CHAIRMAN.-The Delegates will take their places as
country, you in this room, have become the symbol of hope for those who
quickly as they can, and if you'll just be quiet you're going to have Dick Nixon.
believe in the freedom of the individual, in the dignity of worth of man, in the
(Loud cheers and applause.)
brotherhood of man under the Fatherhood of God. (Applause)
What a wonderful thing, what a tremendous sense of hope it would be for
THE HONORABLE RICHARD M. NIXON
those behind the Iron Curtain who have the hope of freedom in their hearts, but
ACCEPTS THE NOMINATION
don't dare express it on their lips, if they could sit in this great hall here this
FOR PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES
evening, silently, and watch the processes of democracy at work. What confi-
VICE PRESIDENT NIXON.-Mr. Chairman, Delegates to this Convention,
dence and courage they could gain from this for the future.
my fellow Americans: I have made many speeches in my life, and never have I
And it is up to us, ladies and gentlemen, we in this country, to hold high
found it more difficult to find the words adequate to express what I feel as I find
the torch of freedom, not only at home, but so that it can be seen throughout
them tonight.
the world on both sides of the Iron Curtain. (Applause)
To stand here before this great Convention, to hear your expressions of
The people of America are going to make a choice between the two great
affection for me, for Pat, for our daughters, for my mother, for all of us who are
political parties, their platforms and their candidates, as to who will succeed our
representing our Party, is, of course, the greatest moment of my life. (Cheers
beloved President in leading the forces of freedom in this basic conflict in the
and Applause)
world.
I just want you to know that my only prayer as I stand here is that in
The post-war era is ending. We're entering a new decade of danger. As we
months ahead I may be in some way worthy of the affection and the trust which
do so, we recall that it was the Republican Party that led the way a hundred
you have presented to me on this occasion in everything that I say, everything
years ago to save a divided Nation. The Republican Party must continue to lead
that I do, everything that I think in this campaign and afterwards. (Cheers and
the way now to save a divided world. (Applause)
Applause)
It's a testing time for democracy. In such a time we here can all be proud
May I say also that I have been wanting to come to this Convention, but
of the declaration of principles which we have adopted, a declaration of principles
because of the protocol that makes it necessary for a candidate not to attend the
and objectives and the practical means of translating them into reality. This
Convention until the nominations are over I've had to look at it on television;
declaration faces up to the hard realities and responsibilities as well as the oppor-
but I want all of you to know that I have never been so proud of my Party as I
tunities confronting Americans and all free men everywhere. It is based on the
have been in these last three days (loud cheers and applause) as I have compared
fundamental faith of the Republican Party in the dignity and worth and equality
this Convention, the conduct of our Delegates and our speakers, with what went
of all American citizens. (Applause) It is based on the fundamental faith of the
on in my native State of California just two weeks ago (loud cheers and ap-
Republican Party in individual initiative and responsibility, on a concept of fiscal
plause)-I congratulate Chairman Halleck and Chairman Morton and all of
integrity, and on confidence in the inherent capacity of local government.
those who have helped to make this Convention one that will stand in the
(Applause)
annals of our Party forever as one of the finest we have ever held.
346
OFFICIAL PROCEEDINGS OF THE
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347
Have you ever stopped to think of the memories you will take away from
I am sure you will understand why I do not say tonight that I alone am the
this Convention?
man who can furnish that leadership. That question is not for me, but for you
to decide (applause), and I only ask that the thousands in this hall and the
The things that run through my mind are these:
millions listening in to me on television make that decision in the most thought-
That first day with the magnificent speeches; Mr. Hoover with his great
ful way that you possibly can, because what you decide this November will not
lesson for the American people (cheers and applause); Walter Judd with one of
only affect your lives and your future, it will affect the future of millions through-
the most outstanding keynote addresses in either party in history (loud cheers
out the world. I urge you to study the records of the candidates, listen to my
and applause); and last night our beloved, fighting President making the greatest
speeches and those of my opponent, and those of Mr. Lodge and those of his
speech that I have ever heard him make (loud cheers and applause); your Plat-
opponent, and then, after you have studied our records and listened to our
form and its magnificent presentation by Chuck Percy, the Chairman. (Cheers
speeches, decide-decide on the basis of what we say and what we believe-who
and Applause)
is best qualified to lead America and the free world in this critical period.
For these and for so many other things, I want to congratulate you tonight
To help you make this decision I would like to discuss tonight some of the
and to thank you from the bottom of my heart and on behalf of Americans-not
great problems which will confront the next President of the United States and
just Republicans-Americans everywhere, for making us proud of our country
the policies that I believe should be adopted to meet them.
and of our two-party system, for what you have done. (Cheers and Applause)
One hundred years ago, in this city, Abraham Lincoln was nominated for
Tonight, too, I particularly want to thank this Convention for nominating
President of the United States. The problems which will confront our next
as my running mate a world statesman of the first rank, my friend and colleague,
President will be even greater than those that confronted him. The question
Henry Cabot Lodge of Massachusetts. (Loud cheers and applause.)
then was freedom for the slaves and survival of the Nation. The question now is
In refreshing contrast to what happened in Los Angeles, you nominated a
freedom for all mankind and the survival of civilization, and the choice you make
man who shares my views on the great issues and who will work with me and
--you-each of you listening to me makes-this November can affect the
not against me in carrying out our magnificent Platform. (Loud cheers and
answer to that question.
applause.)
What should your choice be and what is it?
And may I say that during this week we Republicans, who feel our convic-
Well, let's first examine what our opponents offered in Los Angeles two
tions strongly about our Party and about our country, have had our differences,
weeks ago. They claimed theirs was a new program, but you know what it was?
but, as the speech by Senator Goldwater indicated yesterday (cheers and ap-
It was simply the same old proposition that a political party should be all things
plause), and the eloquent and gracious remarks of my friend, Nelson Rockefeller,
to all men, and nothing more than that (cheers and applause), and they prom-
indicated tonight (cheers and applause), we Republicans know that the differ-
ised everything to everybody, with one exception: They didn't promise to pay the
ences that divide us are infinitestimal compared to the gulf between us and what
bill. (Loud cheers and applause.)
the Democrats would put upon us from what they did in Los Angeles at their
convention two weeks ago. (Cheers and Applause)
And I say tonight that, with their convention, their platform and their
ticket, they composed a symphony of political cynicism which is out of harmony
It was only eight years ago that I stood in this very place after you had
with our times today. (Cheers and Applause)
nominated as our candidate for the President one of the great men of our
century, and I say to you tonight that for generations to come America, regardless
Now, we come to the key question: What should our answer be? Some
of party, will gratefully remember Dwight Eisenhower as the man who brought
might say do as they do-outpromise them because that's the only way to win.
peace to America (cheers and applause), as the man under whose leadership
I want to tell you my answer.
America enjoyed the greatest progress and prosperity in history, but, above all,
they will remember him as the man who restored honesty, integrity and dignity
I happen to believe that their program would be disastrous for America; it
to the conduct of government in the highest office of this land. (Loud cheers
would wreck our economy; it would dash our people's hopes for a better life-
and applause.)
and I serve notice here and now that whatever the political consequences we are
not going to try to outpromise our opponents in this campaign. (Loud cheers
And, my fellow Americans, I know now that you will understand what I
and applause.)
next say, because the next President of the United States will have his great ex-
ample to follow, because the next President will have new and challenging prob-
We are not going to make promises we cannot and should not keep, and we
lems in the world of utmost gravity. This truly is a time for greatness in Amer-
are not going to try to buy the people's votes with their own money. (Loud
ica's leadership.
cheers and applause.)
348
OFFICIAL PROCEEDINGS OF THE
TWENTY-SEVENTH REPUBLICAN NATIONAL CONVENTION
349
To those who say that this position will mean political defeat, my answer is
Our wage earners shall enjoy increasingly higher wages in honest dollars,
this: We have more faith than that in the good sense of the American people,
with better protection against the hazards of unemployment and old age.
provided the people know the facts-and that's where we come in.
And, for those millions of Americans who are still denied equality of rights
I pledge to you tonight that we will bring the facts home to the American
and opportunities, I say there shall be the greatest progress in human rights since
people, and we will do it with a campaign such as this country has never seen
the days of Lincoln a hundred years ago. (Loud cheers and applause.)
before. (Loud and prolonged cheers and applause.)
And America's farmers-America's farmers to whose hard work and almost
I have been asked by the newsmen sitting on my right and on my left all
incredible efficiency we owe the fact that we are the best fed, best clothed people
week long: "When is this campaign going to begin, Mr. Vice President? On the
in the world-I say America's farmers must and will receive what they do not
day after Labor Day or one of the other traditional starting dates?"
have today, and what they deserve-a fair share of America's ever-increasing pros-
perity. (Cheers and Applause)
This is my answer: This campaign begins tonight, here and now, and it goes
on (loud and prolonged cheers and applause)-and this campaign will continue
To accomplish these things we will develop to the full the untapped natural
from now until November 8th without any letup. (Cheers and Applause)
resources, our water, our minerals, our power, with which we are so fortunate to
be blessed in this rich land of ours. We shall provide for our scientists the sup-
I've also been asked by my friends in the press on either side here: "Mr.
port they need for the research that will open exciting new ways into the future,
Vice President, where are you going to concentrate? What states are you going
new highways in which we shall have progress which we cannot even dream of
to visit?" This is my answer: In this campaign we are going to take no states for
today.
granted, and we aren't going to concede any states to the opposition. (Loud
cheers and applause.)
Above all, in this decade of the sixties, this decade of decision and progress,
I announce to you tonight, and I pledge to you, that I, personally, will
we will witness the continual revitalization of America's moral and spiritual
strength, with a renewed faith in the eternal ideals of freedom and justice under
carry this campaign into every one of the fifty states of this Nation between now
God which are our priceless heritage as a people. (Cheers and Applause)
and November the eighth. (Loud cheers and applause.)
And in this campaign I make a prediction. I say that just as in 1952 and in
Now I am sure that many of you in this hall and many of you on television
1956 millions of Democrats will join us-not because they are deserting their
might well ask, "But, Mr. Nixon, don't our opponents favor just such goals as
party, but because their party deserted them at Los Angeles two weeks ago. (Loud
these?" And my answer is; "yes, of course." All Americans, regardless of party,
want a better life for our people.
and prolonged cheers and applause.)
Now, I have suggested to you what our friends of the opposition offered to
What's the difference, then? I'll tell you what it is. The difference is in
the American people. What do we offer? First, we are proud to offer the best
the way we propose to reach these goals, and the record shows that our way
eight-year record of any administration in the history of this country (cheers and
works and theirs doesn't, and we're going to prove it in this campaign. (Loud
applause); but, my fellow Americans, that isn't all and that isn't enough because
cheers and applause.) We produce on the promises that they make. We succeed
we happen to believe that a record is not something to stand on, but something
where they fail. You know why? Because we put, as Governor Rockefeller said
to build on and, building on the great record of this Administration, we shall
in his remarks, our primary reliance not upon government, but upon people for
build a better America; we shall build an America in which we shall see the
progress in America. That is why we will succeed. (Loud cheers and applause.)
realization of the dreams, the dreams of millions of people not only in America,
but throughout the world for a fuller, freer, richer life than men have ever known
We must never forget that the strength of America is not in its government,
but in its people; and we say tonight that there is no limit to the goals America
in the history of mankind.
can reach, provided we stay true to the great American traditions.
Let me tell you something of the goals of this better America toward which
we will strive. In this America our older citizens shall not only have adequate
A government has a role, and a very important one, but the role of govern-
protection against the hazards of ill health, but a greater opportunity to lead a
ment is not to take responsibility from people, but to put responsibility on them.
useful and productive life by participating to the extent they are able in the
It is not to dictate to people, but to encourage and stimulate the creative produc-
Nation's exciting work rather than sitting on the sidelines. (Cheers and Applause)
tivity of 180 million free Americans. That's the way to progress in America.
(Loud cheers and applause.)
And in the better America, young Americans shall not only have the best
basic education in America, but every boy and girl of ability, regardless of his
In other words, we have faith in the people and, because our programs for
financial circumstances, shall have the opportunity to develop his intellectual
progress are based on that faith, we shall succeed where our opponents will fail
capabilities to the full. (Cheers and Applause)
in building the better America I've described.
350
OFFICIAL PROCEEDINGS OF THE
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351
But if these goals are to be reached, the next President of the United States
Diplomatically, let us look at what the problem is. Diplomatically, our next
must have the wisdom to choose between the things the government should and
President must be firm-firm on principle-but he must never be belligerent. He
should not do. He must have the courage to stand against the pressures of the
must never engage in a war of words which might heat up the international
few for the good of the many, and he must have the vision to press forward on
climate to the igniting point of nuclear catastrophe. But, while he must never
all fronts for the better life our people want.
answer insults in kind, he must leave no doubt at any time that, whether it is in
Berlin or in Cuba or anywhere else in the world, America will not tolerate being
Now, I have spoken to you of the responsibilities of our next President at
pushed around by anybody any place. (Loud and prolonged cheers and applause.)
home. Those which he will face abroad will be infinitely greater, but before I
look to the future let me say a word about the past.
Because we have already paid a terrible price in lives and resources to learn
that appeasement leads not to peace, but to war, it will, indeed, take great lead-
At Los Angeles two weeks ago, we heard the United States-our govern-
ership to steer us through the years, avoiding the extreme of belligerency on the
ment-blamed for Mr. Khrushchev's sabotage of the Paris Conference. We
one hand and appeasement on the other.
heard the United States blamed for the actions of Communist-led mobs in
Caracas and Tokyo. We heard that American education and American scientists
Now, Mr. Kennedy has suggested that what the world needs is young lead-
are inferior. We heard that America, militarily and economically, is a second-rate
ership; and, understandably, this has great appeal because it is true that youth
country. We heard that American prestige is at an all-time low.
does bring boldness and imagination and drive to leadership, and we need all
those things. But I think most people will agree with me tonight when I say
This is my answer: I say at a time the Communists are running us down
that President de Gaulle, Prime Minister Macmillan and Chancellor Adenauer
abroad, it's time to speak up for America at home. (Loud cheers and applause.)
are not young men-but we are indeed fortunate that we have their wisdom and
And. my friends. let us recognize America has its weaknesses, and constructive
their experience and their courage on our side in the struggle for freedom today
criticism of those weaknesses is essential-essential so that we can correct our
in the world. (Loud cheers and applause.)
weaknesses in the best traditions of our democratic process. But let us also recog-
nize this: While it is dangerous to sec nothing wrong in America, it is just as
And I might suggest, as we consider the relative merits of youth and age,
wrong to refuse to recognize what is right about America. (Loud cheers and
it is only fair to point out that it was not Mr. de Gaulle or Mr. Macmillan or
applause.)
Mr. Adenauer, but Mr. Kennedy who made the rash and impulsive suggestion
that President Eisenhower could have apologized or sent regrets to Mr. Khrush-
Tonight I say to you no criticism-no criticism-should bc allowed to ob-
chev for the U-2 flights-(cries of "No")-which the President had ordered to
scure the truth, either at home or abroad, that today America is the strongest
save our country from surprise attack.
nation, militarily, economically and ideologically, in the world; and we have the
will and the stamina and the resources to maintain that strength in the years
But formidable as will be the diplomatic and military problems confronting
ahead. (Loud cheers and applause.)
the next President, far more difficult and critical will be the decisions he must
make to meet and defeat the enemies of freedom in an entirely different kind of
And now, if we may turn to the future, we must recognize that the foreign
struggle.
policy problems of the sixties will be different and they will be vastly more diffi-
cult than those of the fifties through which we have just passed.
Now I want to speak to you of another kind of aggression, aggression with-
out war, where the aggressor comes not as a conqueror but as a champion of
We are in a race tonight, my fellow Americans, in a race for survival, in
peace, of freedom, offering progress and plenty and hope to the unfortunates of
which our lives, our fortunes, our liberties are at stake. We are ahead now, but
the earth.
the only way to stay ahead in a race is to move ahead; and the next President
will make decisions which will determine whether we win or whether we lose
I say tonight that the major problem, the biggest problem, confronting the
this race.
next President of the United States will be to inform the people of the character
of this kind of aggression, to arouse the people to the mortal danger it presents
What must he do? These things, I believe: He must resolve, first and above
and to inspire the people to meet that danger. He must develop a brand new
all, that the United States must never settle for second best in anything. (Loud
strategy which will win the battle for freedom for all men, and win it without a
cheers and applause.) Let's look at the specifics.
war.
Militarily, the security of the United States must be put before all other
That is the great task of the next President of the United States (loud
considerations. Why? Not only because this is necessary to deter aggression, but
cheers and applause) and this will be a difficult task, difficult because at times our
because we must make sure that we are never in a position at the conference
next President must tell the people not what they want to hear, but what they
table where Mr. Khrushchev or his successor is able to coerce an American
need to hear. Why, for example, it may be just as essential to the national
President because of his strength and our weakness. (Cheers and Applause)
interest to build a dam in India as in California.
354
OFFICIAL PROCEEDINGS OF THE
TWENTY-SEVENTH REPUBLICAN NATIONAL CONVENTION
355
We can't fail in this Nation. We can't fail to assist them in finding a way
Lincoln said: "In giving freedom to the slave we assure freedom to the free.
to progress with freedom so that they will not be faced with the terrible alterna-
We shall nobly save or meanly lose the last best hope of earth."
tive of turning to communism with its promise of progress at the cost of freedom.
And Teddy Roosevelt said Our first duty as citizens of the Nation is owed
Let us make it clear to them that our aim in helping them is not merely to
to the United States, but if we are true to our principles we must also think of
stop communism, but that, in the great American tradition of concern for those
serving the interests of mankind at large.
less fortunate than we are, we welcome the opportunity to work with people
And Woodrow Wilson said: "A patriotic American is never SO proud of the
everywhere in helping them achieve their aspirations for a life of human dignity.
flag under which he lives as when it comes to mean to others, as well as to him-
And this means our primary aim must be not to help governments, but to help
self, a symbol of hope and liberty."
people, to help people attain the life they deserve. (Cheers and Applause)
And we say-we say today-that a young America shall fulfill her destiny
In essence, what I am saying tonight is that our answer to the threat of the
by helping to build a new world in which men can live together in peace and
Communist revolution is renewed devotion to the great ideals of the American
justice and freedom with each other. (Loud cheers and applause.) But there is
Revolution, ideals that caught the imagination of the world one hundred and
a difference today, an exciting difference, and the difference is, because of the dra-
eighty years ago and that still live in the minds and hearts of people everywhere.
matic breakthroughs in science. For the first time in human history we have the
resources, the resources to wage a winning war against poverty, misery and disease
I could tell you tonight that all you need to do to bring about all of these
wherever it exists in the world.
things that I have described is to elect the right man as President of this country
and leave these tasks to him. But, my fellow Americans, America demands more
And upon the next President of the United States will rest the responsibility
than that of me and of you.
to inspire and to lead the forces of freedom toward this goal.
I am sure now that you understand why I said at the beginning that it
When I visited the Soviet Union, in every factory there was a huge sign
would be difficult for any man to say that he was qualified to provide this kind
which read "Work for the victory of communism." What America needs today
of leadership. I can only say to you tonight that I believe in the American dream
is not just a President, not just a few leaders, but millions of Americans working
because I have seen it come true in my own life. (Loud and prolonged cheers
for the victory of freedom. (Cheers and Applause) Each American must make a
and applause.) I know something of the threat which confronts us, and I know
personal and total commitment to the cause of freedom and all it stands for.
something of the effort which will be needed to meet it.
It means wage earners and employers making an extra effort to increase the pro-
ductivity of our factories. It means our students in school striving for excellence
I have seen hate for America not only in the Kremlin, but in the eyes of
rather than adjusting to mediocrity. (Loud cheers and applause.) It means sup-
Communists in our own country and on the ugly face of a mob in Caracas.
porting and encouraging our scientists to explore the unknown, not just for what
we can get, but for what we can learn, and it means, on the part of each Amer-
I have heard doubts about America expressed not just by Communists, but
ican, assuming a personal responsibility to make this country which we love a
by sincere students and labor leaders in other countries searching for the way to
proud example of freedom for all the world. Each of us, for example, doing our
a better life and wondering if we had lost the way. And I have seen love for
part in ending the prejudice which one hundred years after Lincoln, to our shame,
America in countries throughout the world. in a crowd in Jakarta, in Bogota,
still embarrasses us abroad and saps our strength at home. Each of us participat-
in the heart of Siberia, in Warsaw-250,000 people on the streets on a Sunday
ing in this and other political campaigns not just by going to the polls and
afternoon singing, crying, with tears running down their cheeks, and shouting,
voting, but by working for the candidate of his choice. Also, it means, my fellow
"Niech Zyje America!"-Long live the United States. (Loud cheers and ap-
Americans, sacrifice-not the grim sacrifice of desperation, but the rewarding
plause.)
sacrifice of choice which lifts us out of the humdrum life in which we live and
My fellow Americans, I know tonight that we must resist the hate; we must
gives us the supreme satisfaction which comes from working together in a cause
remove the doubts, but above all, we must be worthy of the love and the trust of
greater than ourselves, greater than our Nation, as great as the whole world, itself.
millions on this earth for whom America is the hope of the world.
(Cheers and Applause)
A hundred years ago Abraham Lincoln was asked during the dark days of the
What I propose tonight is not new. It is as old as America, and as young as
tragic War Between the States whether he thought God was on his side. His
America, because America will never grow old. (Cheers and Applause)
answer was, "My concern is not whether God is on our side, but whether WC
are on God's side."
You will remember-listen-Thomas Jefferson said: "We act not for our-
selves alone, but for the whole human race."
(The assembly arose and cheered and applauded at length.)
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OFFICIAL PROCEEDINGS OF THE
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357
My fellow Americans, may that ever be our prayer for our country, and in
stimulate their minds and send them forth to hold high the banner of freedom
that spirit, with faith in America, with faith in her ideals and in her people, I
in our land and in our world.
accept your nomination for President of the United States.
And we pray for our country. May she be Thy servant, for peace and for
(The assembly arose and cheered and applauded at length.)
justice and for liberty among the nations of the world.
VICE PRESIDENT Nixon.-I have an announçement to make that I think
And, so, may the Lord bless you and keep you, the Lord make his face to
perhaps is the best indication of the fact that we're on the way to victory that he
shine upon you and be gracious unto you, the Lord lift up his countenance upon
I could think of. Five minutes before Ambassador Lodge was nominated
you and give you peace and victory, through our Lord, Jesus Christ. Amen.
became a grandfather for the eighth time-a boy in Boston-eight pounds one
THE PERMANENT CHAIRMAN OF THE CONVENTION.-The Chair now recog-
ounce. (Cheers and Applause)
nizes the Delegate from Maine, the Honorable Fred C. Scribner, Jr.
THE PERMANENT CHAIRMAN.-Ladies and gentlemen of the Convention,
will the Delegates take their places as quickly as they can in order that we may
MR. FRED C. SCRIBNER, JR. of Maine.-Mr. Chairman.
conclude the session?
THE PERMANENT CHAIRMAN.-Mr. Scribner.
If, as you are returning to your places, you will all please rise, we will have
MR. SCRIBNER.-The work of this Convention has been concluded. I now
the benediction. Then we will sing, with the "Voices of Nixon," "God Bless
move that the Convention adjourn, sine die.
America," which will be followed by the sine die adjournment.
THE PERMANENT CHAIRMAN.-Motion has been made that the Convention
The benediction will be given by Reverend Edward G. Latch, Pastor of the
adjourn, sine die. All those in favor signify by saying aye; opposed no. The
Metropolitan Methodist Memorial Church, Washington, D. C.
motion is carried, and the Convention stands adjourned, sine die.
He is Dick Nixon's minister and Dick's family's minister.
(The Convention adjourned at 10:42 p.m.)
BENEDICTION
By
REVEREND EDWARD G. LATCH
Pastor, Metropolitan Methodist Memorial Church
Washington, D. C.
Let us pray.
Eternal God, our Father, who art the source of light and life, whose glory
is in all the world, without whom no one is strong in spirit, no one is steadfast
in purpose, no one is sound in mind, we come with hearts filled with gratitude
because Thou hast been so wonderfully good to us. We are what we are and
we have what we have not because we deserve it, not because we have earned it,
but because Thy goodness has followed us all our days and through all our ways.
So, we come as we bring this great Convention to a close, acknowledging
our dependence upon Thee and offering unto Thee once again the devotion of
our hearts.
Bless Thou this Party and the ideals that we represent, and in particular
and in a very real sense, our Father, we pray that Thou will bless Richard Nixon
and his wife and his daughters and his mother. Do Thou bless Henry Cabot
Lodge and his wife and his family. Gird these two men, we pray Thee, with
wisdom and courage, with understanding and faith, with zeal and enthusiasm for
the cause they represent. Strengthen Thou their hands, steady their spirits,
AR
WAR
WAR
435
society, to lessen the disposition to war; but
11
rality you must have a
of its abolition I despair.
Not but wut abstract war is horrid,
THOMAS JEFFERSON, Writings, vol. xviii, p.
I sign to thet with all-my heart,-
TON, Address in the
298.
But civilysation doos git forrid
onvention, 29 June,
1
Sometimes upon a powder-cart.
We must meet our duty and convince the
JAMES RUSSELL LOWELL, The Biglow Pa-
world that we are just friends and brave ene-
pers, Ser. i, No. 7.
of thousands,
mies.
12
he hum;
THOMAS JEFFERSON, Writings, vol. xix, p.
War's very object is victory, not prolonged
ve gathered
156. Referring to preparedness.
indecision. In war there is no substitute for
ming drum,-
2
victory.
men, come!
The first casualty when war comes is truth
GENERAL DOUGLAS MACARTHUR, Address
vasted," said the quick
HIRAM JOHNSON, Speech in U.S. Senate.
to a joint session of Congress, 19 Apr.,
3
1951, following his dismissal as com-
é, st. 1.
Once upon a time even large-scale wars could
mander of United Nations forces in
be waged without risking the end of civiliza-
Korea.
tion. But what was once upon a time is no
13
De shall scale
longer so, because general war is impossible.
Nuclear war is not an acceptable instrument
ead.
LYNDON B. JOHNSON, Address in Washing-
of national policy.
YNE, Vicksburg.
ton, D.C., 24 Mar., 1964.
JOHN J. McCLoy, Public Statement, as
4
chairman of the General Advisory Com-
o the strong alone; it
Make no mistake. There is no such thing as a
mittee on Disarmament, Jan., 1964.
tive, the brave.
conventional nuclear weapon.
14
eech to the Virginia
LYNDON B. JOHNSON, Speech in Detroit, 7
Look at an infantryman's eyes and you can
gates to the Continen-
Sept., 1964.
tell how much war he has seen.
ar., 1775.
5
BILL MAULDIN, Up Front.
The world remembers-the world must never
15
upon this planet may
forget-that aggression unchallenged is ag-
I suppose one of the fringe benefits of get-
d a very terrible end.
gression unleashed.
ting through an old-fashioned war is the op-
notice that this end is
LYNDON B. JOHNSON, Speech in Syracuse,
portunity to read about it later and find out
not by anything that
N.Y., 5 Aug., 1964.
what really did happen.
6
us, but only by what
BILL MAULDIN, Book Week; New York
Get the bombs on the targets.
Herald Tribune, 12 Apr., 1964, p. 3.
GENERAL CURTIS E. LEMAY, his definition
16
.MES, The Sensible
of his job as a ranking Air Force officer
War is the only sport that is genuinely amus-
gion.
during World War II.
ing. And it is the only sport that has any
7
intelligible use.
But it is youth that
Military glory-that attractive rainbow that
H. L. MENCKEN, Prejudices, ser. v, p. 28.
rises in showers of blood, that serpent's eye
17
eech at the Republi-
that charms to destroy.
When the guns boom, the arts die and this
ention, Chicago, 27
ABRAHAM LINCOLN, Speech against the
law of life is far stronger than any law man
war with Mexico, U.S. House of Repre-
may devise.
sentatives, 12 Jan., 1848.
ARTHUR MILLER, Telegram to the White
who will not quarrel
8
House, 25 Sept., 1965, rejecting an invi-
ning which never yet
It is more important to know that we are on
tation to witness the signing of the Arts
st confederacy of na-
God's side.
and Humanities Act of that year by
eeting or a vestry.
ABRAHAM LINCOLN, Reply to a delegation
President Lyndon B. Johnson. His re-
Letter to John Tay-
of Southerners during the Civil War,
fusal was in protest to U.S. military ac-
after their spokesman had remarked,
tion in Vietnam at that time.
"We trust, sir, that God is on our side."
18
ed war
for the
'9
Invincible in peace and invisible in war.
arise out of war ex-
Ez fer war, I call it murder,-
E. F. NOYES, referring to James G. Blaine,
There you hev it plain an' flat;
Simon Cameron, and Roscoe Conkling,
Writings, vol. iv, p.
I don't want to go no furder
during Rutherford B. Hayes's campaign
John, vi, 26.
Than my Testyment fer that;
for the presidency. (NEVINS, Grover
God hez sed so plump an' fairly,
Cleveland, p. 176)
It 's ez long ez it is broad,
19
th that acquiescence
ay to escape war.
An' you've gut to git up airly
In planning any operation, it is vital to re-
Ef you want to take in God.
member, and constantly repeat to oneself,
Vritings, vol. ix, p.
JAMES RUSSELL LOWELL, The Biglow Pa-
two things: "In war nothing is impossible,
pers, Ser. i, No. 1.
provided you use audacity," and "Do not
10
take counsel of your fears." If these two
staken in supposing
We kind o' thought Christ went agin war an'
principles are adhered to, with American
be in favor of the
pillage.
troops victory is certain.
hope it is practica-
JAMES RUSSELL LOWELL, The Biglow Pa-
GENERAL GEORGE S. PATTON, JR., War As I
hind and morals of
pers, Ser. i, No. 3.
Knew It.
PN6081
077682
B63
WH
THE HOME BOOK
=
OF
AMERICAN
QUOTATIONS
SELECTED AND ARRANGED BY
BRUCE BOHLE
\\
DODD, MEAD & COMPANY
NEW YORK
1967
memorial at Fearl Hurbor
ISLAND OF OAHU
276
ian legends about Pele, Kamapua, and
events is $9 for adults, $4.50 for children.
for bottom of AWAII
Haloa are set in this sacred area, the train-
Admission includes tours of all the vil-
ing ground for newborn children of chiefs,
lages, a "Music Polynesia" program at
who were raised here. The holy district
noon, and the "Pageant of the Long
was an area of sacrifice and protection, a
Canoes" at 3:30. The evening program
common symbol of sovereignty and inde-
costs $8.50 adults, $4.25 children. For
pendence which was held in the highest
reservations or information, 293-8561.
esteem. Several fish ponds in the immedi-
ate surroundings are worth visiting: Milii
Fish Pond, three of whose sluice gates are
Pearl Harbor
still used to net fish between the pond and
Kaneohe Bay as they were in prehistoric
PEARL HARBOR NAVAL BASE, 3 miles
times. And the Heeia Fish Pond, with an
S of Pearl City, HI 73, 1911. Everyone
amazing 5000-foot wall, averaging twelve
knows what happened here on December
feet in thickness, was an important food-
7, 1941, but seeing it is an unforgettable
gathering source for the ancient Hawai-
jolt into history. The U.S.S. Arizona is
ians, who built several watch houses along
spanned by a memorial bridge dedicated to
the wall of this 88-acre expanse of water.
the slain servicemen-more than ,100 of
NR.
them, entombed within the ship as it sank
after the Japanese attack. Pearl Harbor re-
Laie
mains one of the world's finest harbors,
protected from the ocean by coral reefs and
POLYNESIAN CULTURAL CENTER,
headlands. An active base, it cannot be
off HI 83. On land they purchased in
toured except for the Arizona memorial
1865, members of the Mormon Church of
area, on a controlled cruise which takes
Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints estab-
advantage of Hawaii's splendid sun and
lished this non-profit educational center in
sea winds. Its involvement with American
the 20th century. It contains, in a lush
naval history may be traced to 1887, when
U.S.S. Arizona Memorial
tropical setting, superb architectural recre-
the U.S. government gained exclusive
ations of each of the seven cultures which
rights to establish a refueling and repair
ancient Hawaiians believed. Many of the
backrests of rock. The Hawaiians believed
contributed to Hawaii's unique ethnic
station for its navy at the harbor. It became
1 ½ to 6 1/2-foot stones have large surface
that birth in such exalted spots would fur-
background: Tonga, Samoa, Tahiti, the
Naval District headquarters in 1916, and
depressions which served as "sitting spots"
ther enhance the power and prestige of
for the woman, and some even had natural
Marquesas Islands, New Zealand Maori,
soon afterwards became command center
children of already high birth.
and old Hawaii are recreated in "villages."
for the Pacific fleet. To visit the memorial
Although the building styles are somewhat
area, you can take one of the National
similar-thatch over wood is most com-
Park Service tours which leave regularly
Island of Kauai
mon in a simplified A-frame style is
from 9-3 Tu-Su. Free. Children under six
subtly different. Accuracy is ensured
are not permitted.
through documents and drawings left be-
The Pacific Submarine Museum on the
hind by Captain James Cook's artist com-
base contains battle flags, missiles, and
Kauai, the westernmost major island in the
either prehistoric or dates from the mid-
panion John Webber and a surgeon, both
torpedoes from World War II, as well as a
Hawaiian group, is appropriately called
19th century. The heiau or temple ruins
of whom recorded remarkably lucid and
working snorkel trainer device and as-
the "Garden Isle." A great deal of the land
complex at Waioli is particularly rich in
detailed observations for history. The pro-
sorted submarine memorabilia. NR,
is maintained for agricultural purposes or
Hawaiian lore. As to the history made by
NHL. Open W-Su 9:30-5. Free.
is held in its natural state. When one
cess of thatch-making may, be closely ob-
North American colonists and their immi-
served, with ti leaves, sugar-cane leaves,
speaks of a Pacific island paradise, it is
grant laborers, this experience can be re-
Kauai that most often comes to the mind of
pandanus, pili grass, and banana fibers
Wahiawa
lived at such places as the Grove Farm
the experienced traveler. It was here that
Homestead.
among the mediums used. Ancient songs
the movie version of the musical South
and dances, Polynesian cuisine, and sport-
KUKANILOKO BIRTHSTONES, off HI
Pacific was filmed.
ing events are also part of the center's pro-
80 NW of Wahiawa, 12th-18th century.
Hanalei
Kauai was the first of the islands to be
gram. Open from 10 to dusk for the gener-
When the wife of a high-ranking chief was
discovered by Captain Cook, and there are
al program; a special evening show, "Invi-
about to give birth, she was brought to one
WAIOLI MISSION DISTRICT, off HI 56,
historic reminders of his visit in the south-
tation to Paradise," begins each day at
of these natural boulders located in a spot
19th-20th centuries. This complex of mis-
shore Waimea area. Most of what is left to
7:30 p.m. Admission for the day-time
suitable for the birth of royalty, or so the
sionary buildings combines elements of
be discovered of the past, however, is
Gothic, Colonial, and Hawaiian architec-
.C45
A MAIN STREET TRAVEL GUIDE
WH
Other Guides in the
DISCOVERING
Discovering Historic America Series
HISTORIC
NEW ENGLAND
LuisRey
THE MID-ATLANTIC STATES
Miguel
THE SOUTHEAST
Diegora
AMERICA
Text:
CALIFORNIA & THE WEST
Vicki Brooks
Michael Fiore
Martin Greif
Lawrence Grow
Design:
General Editor: S. Allen Chambers
Frank Mahood
11
Donald Rolfe
Cover illustration: Mission San Xavier del Bac, Tucson,
E.P. DUTTON & CO., INC. . NEW YORK
AZ; courtesy, Arizona Office of Tourism.
1982
This was a typical film shooting scene at
the Alexander Film Company studios. After
a minute or so, the director would signal
the cut and another advertising short would
be under production. The models would
shed their jewels and fur coats and return
to their more prosaic secretarial and
stenographic jobs. Photo from authors'
collection
On 22 June 1954 Secretary of the Air
thousand five hundred acres of land were
Force Harold E. Talbott announced the
acquired and construction began. On 2
selection of the permanent site of the United
September 1958 the first classes started at
States Air Force Academy, seven miles
the $200 million campus. Photo from
north of Colorado Springs. Seventeen
authors' collection
188
Silhuette of Aif Force Academy for page
/
Colorado Springs
and Pikes Peak Country
hers
Norfolk/Virginia Beach
By Rosemary Hetzler and John Hetzler