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Mount Rushmore 7/3/91 [OA 8325] [2]
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323153413
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Mount Rushmore 7/3/91 [OA 8325] [2]
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Records of the White House Office of Speechwriting (George H. W. Bush Administration)
Speech Backup Chronological Files
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Originally Processed With FOIA(s):
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MARKER
This is not a textual record. This is used as an
administrative marker by the George Bush Presidential
Library Staff.
Record Group/Collection:
George H.W. Bush Presidential Records
Collection/Office of Origin:
Speechwriting, White House Office of
Series:
Speech File Backup Files
Subseries:
Chron File, 1989-1993
OA/ID Number:
13762
Folder ID Number:
13762-003
Folder Title:
Mount Rushmore 7/3/91 [OA 8325] [2]
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G
26
21
5
1
06/25/1991
14:54
RCMH ADVERTISING UF-400AD
06511560 P.01
HALL
c/o Jennifer Grossmer
RADIO 212-
Cunt Smith
MOUNT RUSHMORE GOLDEN ANNIVERSARY CEREMONY
Home 212- 724-2843
SHOW ORDER: AS OF 6/21/91
1.
FANFARE FOR MOUNT RUSHMORE
Chrisg
- United States Army Herald Trumpets
- 15th Air Force Band of the Golden West
2.
WELCOMING REMARKS
- Mary Hart
3.
"THE SHRINE OF DEMOCRACY"
- Tom Brokaw
4.
ARRIVAL OF THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES
- Ruffles and Flourishes (4)
- Hail To the Chief
(Herald Trumpets)
5.
THE PRESENTATION OF COLORS
- Military Color Guard (Ellsworth AFB)
- "National Emblem March"
(Herald Trumpets & Band)
6.
THE STAR SPANGLED BANNER
- Johanna Meier (Soloist)
- (Herald Trumpets, Band, Black Hills Symphony Chorus)
continued
06/25/1991 14:55 RCMH ADVERTISING UF-400AD
06511560 P.02
Page 2
7.
INVOCATION
- Most Reverend Charles J. Chaput, O.F.M., Cap.
8.
GOVERNOR'S REMARKS
- The Honorable George Mickelson
9.
TRIBUTE TO THE SCULPTOR AND CARVERS
- Gutzon Borglum (Mary Hart)
- Carvers
(Tom Brokaw)
10. "SO MANY VOICES" (Vocal Selection)
- White Eagle, (Soloist)
- (Band, Black Hills Symphony Chorus)
11. FOUR FACES OF FREEDOM
- Washington: Barry Bostwick
- Jefferson: Billy Dee Williams
- Roosevelt: Barbara Eden
- Lincoln:
Jimmy Stewart
- Band (Underscore)
12. "AMERICA THE BEAUTIFUL"
- Rosemary Clooney (Soloist)
- Band & Black Hills Symphony Chorus
continued
06/25/1991 14:55 RCMH ADVERTISING UF-400AD
06511560 P.03
Page 3
13.
PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS AND FORMAL DEDICATION
- President George Bush
14. FINALE (Fly-Overs)
- Antique Bi-Planes
- "Stars And Stripes Forever" (Band)
- "This Land Is Your Land" (Band, Chorus, Rapid City
Children's Chorus)
- Fighter Squadron Fly-Over
- "The Air Force Song" (Band and Choruses)
- 50 State Flags enter (Airmen, Ellsworth AFB)
- B-1 Bomber Fly-Over
- "Strategic Air Command March" (Band)
15. GRAND FINALE (Giant Flag Raising Behind The Monument)
- Giant Flag Raising
- "This Is My Country" (Band & Choruses)
- "Salute To A New Beginning" (Herald Trumpets)
- "God Bless America" (Band, Herald Trumpets & Choruses)
- Hot Air Balloons Ascend
06/25/1991 14:56 RCMH ADVERTISING UF-400AD
06511560 P.04
SENSTIF
REVISED OG/21/91
(Im#2)
MARY HART: WELCOMING REMARKS, MOUNT RUSHMORE GOLDEN ANNIVERSARY
Cue: "Ladies and Gentlemen, please welcome one of South Dakota's
Favorite Daughters, Mary Hart." (Play-on)
Mary Hart
THANK YOU EVERYONE.
IT'S ALWAYS A PLEASURE TO COME HOME TO SOUTH DAKOTA, AND TO
SEE OLD FRIENDS. AND TODAY THAT PLEASURE IS MADE TURLY
SPECIAL, BY A CELEBRATION THAT'S BEEN FIFTY YEARS IN THE
MAKING
OF COURSE, WE'RE GATHERED TO OBSERVE A MAJOR MILESTONE - THE
GOLDEN ANNIVERSARY OF ONE OF THE MOST BREATHTAKING,
INSPIRATIONAL AND UNIQUE MONUMENTS IN ALL THE WORLD. FOR FIVE
DECADES IT HAS ENDURED WITH AN APPEAL THAT IS TWO FOLD: AS A
TRIBUTE TO THE SPIRIT OF FOUR GREAT AMERICANS, AND A TESTAMENT
TO THE KIND OF CREATIVITY AND PERSEVERANCE THAT MAKE GREAT
ACHIEVEMENTS LIKE THIS MEMORIAL POSSIBLE.
AND so THIS GOLDEN ANNIVERSARY WILL CELEBRATE THE VISION AND
THE VISIONARIES - THE MONUMENT AND THE MONUMENTAL EFFORT. AND
FOR THAT CELEBRATION, WE'RE JOINED BOTH BY LOCAL PARTICIPANTS
AND OTHER DISTINGUISHED AMERICANS, MANY OF WHOM HAVE LITERALLY
COME FROM "SEA TO SHINING SEA."
A GREAT SENSE OF HISTORY IS IN THE AIR, AND MORE HISTORY IS
ABOUT TO BE MADE
continued
06/25/1991 14:56 RCMH ADVERTISING UF-400AD
06511560 P.05
Item Hz)
Hart, 2
YOU SEE , FIFTY YEARS AGO, THE STORY OF MOUNT RUSHMORE'S
CREATION HAD REACHED ITS FINAL CHAPTER, AND ONLY AN EPILOGUE
REMAINED TO MAKE IT COMPLETE - THE FORMAL DEDICATION OF THE
MEMORIAL BY THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES, FRANKLIN D.
ROOSEVELT.
BUT IN 1941, THE BURDENS OF IMPENDING WAR FORCED PRESIDENT
ROOSEVELT'S ATTENTION AWAY FROM THE "SHRINE" OF DEMOCRACY"
TOWARDS, AS HE PUT IT, THE "ARSENAL" OF DEMOCRACY." THE
PRESIDENTIAL DEDICATION OF THE MOUNTAIN WOULD HAVE TO WAIT.
AND so IT DID. FOR FIFTY YEARS.
UNTIL TODAY.
ON THIS GOLDEN ANNIVERSARY, PRESIDENT BUSH WILL AT LAST MAKE
THAT DEDICATION, AND WHAT COULD BE A BETTER FIFTIETH BIRTHDAY
PRESENT THAN THAT?
AND so, ON BEHALF OF THE NATIONAL PARK SERVICE AND THE MOUNT
RUSHMORE SOCIETY, OUR HOSTS FOR THIS GREAT OCCASION, WELCOME
TO AMERICA'S SHRINE OF DEMOCRACY
AND NOW, I AM PLEASED TO INTRODUCE ONE OF SOUTH DAKOTA'S
FAVORITE SONS, TOM BROKAW.
06/25/1991 14:56 RCMH ADVERTISING UF-400AD
06511560 P.06
(Iter #3)
TOM BROKAW: "THE SHRINE OF DEMOCRACY"
MOUNT RUSHMORE GOLDEN ANNIVERSARY
Cue: Mary Hart: "...I am pleased to introduce one of South
Dakota's Favorite Sons, Tom Brokaw. (Musical Play-on)
Tom Brokaw
THANK YOU MARY, AND THANK YOU EVERYONE.
YOU KNOW, IN TERMS OF HISTORIC EVENTS, I MOST OFTEN FIND
MYSELF IN THE ROLE OF A TELE-JOURNALIST. BUT TODAY, AS
ANOTHER PROUD SOUTH DAKOTAN, I'M PARTICULARLY PLEASED TO BE A
PARTICIPANT.
"THE SHRINE OF DEMOCRACY."
THERE SIMPLY COULDN'T BE MORE APPROPRIATE TERMS TO DESCRIBE
MOUNT RUSHMORE. FOR AS WEBSTER DEFINES IT, A SHRINE IS "A
PLACE HALLOWED BY ITS MEANING AND ASSOCIATIONS," AND MOUNT
RUSHMORE IS CERTAINLY THAT.
IT IS A PLACE HALLOWED BY THE MEANING OF WHAT IT IS TO BE AN
AMERICAN - BY ASSOCIATIONS WITH FOUR PATRIOTS WHO HELPED GIVE
THAT MEANING ITS GREATNESS...
AND WHAT COULD BE A MORE APPROPRIATE SETTING FOR THOSE
ASSOCIATIONS - A MORE PERFECT METAPHOR - THAN THE BLACK HILLS
THEMSELVES? HERE, DEEP IN AMERICA'S INTERIOR - HER HEARTLAND
-THE ROCK THAT FORMED THIS MOUNTAIN AGES AGO THRUST ITSELF
THROUGH THE CRUST OF THE EARTH WITH UNDENIABLE FORCE TOWARDS
THE OPEN SKY
continued
06/25/1991 14:57 RCMH ADVERTISING UF-400AD
06511560 P.07
(Item A3)
#3)
Brokaw, 2
so TOO, THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA WAS BORN WITH AN
UNDENIABLE FORCE - THE FORCE OF FREEDOM - OF MEN AND WOMEN
THRUST INTO THE STRUGGLE FOR INDEPENDENCE, LIFTING THEMSELVES
INTO THE OPEN LIGHT OF DEMOCRACY
YES, THE SETTING OF THIS SHRINE IS APPROPRIATE INDEED
BUT A SHRINE IS ALSO A PLACE TO WHICH PEOPLE ARE DRAWN, OFTEN
FROM GREAT DISTANCES, TOWARDS A PURPOSE OF GREAT SIGNIFICANCE.
IN RUSHMORE'S CASE, IT IS PRECISELY THOSE DISTANCES THAT
ENHANCE ITS CHARACTER AS A SHRINE, AND GIVE THE JOURNEY
HEIGHTENED PURPOSE AND ANTICIPATION.
BUT WHAT IS THAT PURPOSE? WHAT IS IT THAT REALLY DRAWS US TO
THIS PLACE?
OF COURSE, IT IS A MARVEL OF MANKIND'S ARTISTIC AND TECHNICAL
PROWESS
AND YES, IT IS A TRIBUTE WHOSE ENORMOUS SCALE IS COMMENSURATE
WITH THE CONTRIBUTIONS OF WASHINGTON, JEFFERSON, LINCOLN AND
ROOSEVELT
BUT IT IS SOMETHING GREATER THAN THAT
WE ARE DRAWN TO MOUNT RUSHMORE BECAUSE THE LIVING QUALITY OF
THE SCULPTURE ENABLES US TO FEEL THAT SOMEHOW THESE GREAT
LEADERS ARE STILL WITH US... THAT FROM ON HIGH, THEY CAN SEE
THE DIFFICULTIES WE HAVE OVERCOME, OUR WILLINGNESS TO ACCEPT
THE CHALLENGES THAT LAY AHEAD, AND OUR CONTINUED COMMITMENT -
AS JEFFERSON PUT IT - TO "SECURE THE BLESSINGS OF LIBERTY TO
OURSELVES AND OUR POSTERITY."
continued
06/25/1991
14:57 RCMH ADVERTISING UF-400AD
06511560 P.08
Brokaw, 3
(Ilem#3)
AND so, WHEN WE LOOK INTO THOSE LIFE-LIKE EYES UPON THE
MOUNTAIN, WE ARE REALLY LOOKING INTO THE LIVING SPIRIT OF THIS
NATION - THE SPIRIT THAT THESE GREAT AMERICANS PASSED TO EACH
OF US - AND THE SPIRIT OF OUR FUTURE.
THAT IS WHAT DRAWS US HERE, THAT IS WHAT MAKES MOUNT RUSHMORE
THE SHRINE IT HAS BECOME FOR MILLIONS AND THAT IS WHY IT
MUST ALWAYS BE PRESERVED.
TODAY, MOUNT RUSHMORE HAS DRAWN ALL OF US, INCLUDING THE
NATION'S CHIEF EXECUTIVE AND NOW, IT IS MY GREAT HONOR TO
ANNOUNCE THE ARRIVAL OF THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF
AMERICA, GEORGE BUSH
06/25/1991 14:58 RCMH ADVERTISING UF-400AD
06511560 P.09
(Item (Ilm #8)
GOVERNOR MICKELSON REMARKS, MOUNT RUSHMORE GOLDEN ANNIVERSARY
(Cue: Ladies and Gentlemen, The Governor of the State of South
Dakota, the Honorable George Mickelson)
Governor Mickelson
THANK YOU.
IT IS AN HONOR TO BE WITH YOU TODAY, REPRESENTING THE PEOPLE
OF SOUTH DAKOTA. ON THEIR BEHALF, WELCOME TO OUR STATE
OF COURSE, MOUNT RUSHMORE'S FIFTIETH ANNIVERSARY IS A NATIONAL
CELEBRATION. BUT HERE IN SOUTH DAKOTA, WHERE THE MONUMENT
SITS IN "OUR OWN BACK YARD," WE REFLECT A LITTLE MORE DEEPLY,
AND CELEBRATE A LITTLE MORE PROUDLY
AND THAT'S ONLY NATURAL BECAUSE ALTHOUGH GUTZON BORGLUM
ULTIMATELY SCULPTED MOUNT RUSHMORE, HIS EFFORTS FOLLOWED FROM
THOSE OF PROMINENT SOUTH DAKOTANS - THE PLAYERS BEHIND THE
SCENES - WHO PLANTED THE SEED'S OF THE MEMORIAL'S CREATION,
AND SPEARHEADED THE VITAL CONGRESSIONAL SUPPORT THAT MADE IT
POSSIBLE
THEY WERE PEOPLE LIKE DOANE ROBINSON, SUPERINTENDENT OF SOUTH
DAKOTA'S STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY IN 1923. IT WAS ROBINSON
WHO FIRST IMAGINED A GREAT OUTDOOR SCULTPURE THAT WOULD
ATTRACT PEOPLE TO OUR STATE FROM FROM FAR AND WIDE
THEY WERE PEOPLE LIKE U.S. SENATOR PETER NORBECK, WHO CAUGHT
ROBINSON'S ENTHUSIASM, AND THEN LOBBIED TIRELESSLY AND
SKILLFULLY IN WASHINGTON FOR THE IDEA
06/25/1991 14:58 RCMH ADVERTISING UF-400AD
06511560 P.10
Item #8 #8
continued
Mickelson, page 2
AND THEY WERE PEOPLE LIKE CONGRESSMAN WILLIAM WILLIAMSON,
RAPID CITY BUSINESSMAN JOHN BOLAND AND OTHERS, WHO SAW THE
RUSHMORE PROJECT THROUGH EVEN THE GREAT DEPRESSION.
AND JUST AS WE ACKNOWLEDGE THOSE CONTRIBUTIONS OF THE PAST, WE
MUST ACKNOWLDEGE THE OUTSTANDING EFFORTS OF THE PRESENT - AND
THE MOUNT RUSHMORE SOCIETY
THROUGH THEIR PRESERVATION CAMPAIGN, THE PRESSING NEEDS OF THE
MEMORIAL WILL BE MET - EXPANSION OF THE AMPITHEATRE,
COMPLETION OF THE HALL OF RECORDS, IMPROVED EXHIBITS, A NEW
THEATRE AND INCREASED ACCESSIBILITY TO ALL AREAS OF THE PARK -
ALL TO BETTER ACCOMODATE MORE THAN TWO MILLION VISITORS EACH
YEAR.
BUT MOST OF ALL, I WANT TO ACKNOWLEDGE THE PEOPLE OF SOUTH
DAKOTA THEMSELVES, WHOSE BOUNDLESS HOSPITALITY, FRIENDLY
SPIRIT AND GLOWING PRIDE MAKE COMING TO MOUNT RUSHMORE A
BETTER EXPERIENCE FOR EVERYONE
IN CLOSING, LET ME SAY THOSE OF YOU FROM BEYOND OUR STATE,
THAT I HOPE YOU HAVE THE OPPORTUNITY TO ENJOY THE BEAUTY OF
OUR LANDSCAPE, AND THE WARMTH OF OUR PEOPLE. THANK YOU ALL
FOR COMING, AND FOR MAKING THIS A GREAT DAY FOR SOUTH DAKOTA.
06-17-1991 06:55AM FROM 213 396 4944 S. POULIOT
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12122620832
P.06
Item#
a
-4-
CARVER'S TRIBUTE
JENNIFER
TOM BROKOW
IN LATE WINTER, 1941, BEFORE THE COMPLETION OF MOUNT RUSHMORE,
212- 724-
GUTZON BORGLUM PASSED AWAY. MANY FELT THE MONUMENT SHOULD
REMAIN UNFINISHED. THERE WAS NEED FOR MORE FUNDING, AND
the
AMERICA'S ATTENTION HAD TURNED ELSE-WHERE. TOWARD THE POSSIBLITY
OF WORLD WAR. BUT OTHER VOICES THOUGHT DIFFERENTLY. IMMEDIATELY
AFTER BORGLUM'S MEMORIAL, THE WORKERS OF MOUNT RUSHMORE SIGNED
A PETITION, PASSING THE TORCH TO HIS SON, LINCOLN. THE 29 YEAR
OLD SCULPTOR RALLIED BEHIND THE MEN OF THE MOUNTAIN, AND
TOGETHER COMPLETED THE FINISHING TOUCHES OF BORGLUM'S DREAM,
MARY HART
THE MEN OF MOUNT RUSHMORE--THE WORKERS WHO SUPPORTED THE GENIUS
OF GUTZON BORGLUM, WERE A BREED APART,-AND NO DEDICATION OR
ANNIVERSARY OF THIS MOUNTAIN CAN EVER PASS WITHOUT EVOKING THEIR
CONTRIBUTION.
OVER THE LIFE OF THE PROJECT THREE HUNDRED AND SIXTY DRILL-DUSTY
MINERS CLIMBED THE FACE OF MOUNT RUSHMORE IN CREWS OF TWENTY TO
TWENTY-FIVE. THEY WORKED IN EVERY IMAGINABLE CONDITION. IN RAIN,
IN SOUTH DAKOTA'S SUMMER HEAT--IN OVERWHELMING WINTER STORMS.
ONE WORKER REMEMBERED- "MANY TIMES I WAS so COLD, I COULDN'T
EAT SUPPER. I'D JUST GO TO BED WITH A BUNCH OF HOT WATER BOTTLES
AND TRY TO GET WARM."
WHEN THEY CAME TO THE MOUNTAIN THEY WERE YOUNG MEN, LOOKING FOR
A JOB--AND HAPPY TO GET SALARIES FROM FORTY CENTS TO A DOLLAR
AND A QUARTER AN HOUR--TOP PAY BACK THEN.
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Item # a CARVERS, CONT.
-5-
BUT INSTEAD OF WORKING THE BOWELS OF A MINE, OR A QUARRY, --
THEY FOUND THEMSELVES SUSPENDED IN SPACE--HANGING A MILE HIGH
ON THE BACK SIDE OF CREATION. ONE EXPERT WOULD BE PLANTING A
CHARGE OF DYNAMITE, THE OTHER WRESTLING AN 85 POUND JACK HAMMER--
BOTH LEANING OVER THIS VALLEY, TRUSTING THEIR LIVES TO A 3/8 INCH
CABLE, AND A HEAVY DUTY WINCH.
THEY CAME HERE TO WORK FROM EVERYWHERE IMAGINABLE-- FROM THE EAST
COAST--AND FROM ENGLAND. MOST HAD BEEN MINERS. TWO WERE
PROFESSIONAL BARBERS WITH A KNACK FOR SCULPTING. JACK "PALOOKY"
PAINE HAD BEEN A PRIZE FIGHTER. BORGLUM FIRED ALL OF THEM AT
LEAST ONCE, AND HIRED MOST OF THEM BACK AGAIN- THEY KNEW PERFECT]
WAS HIS WAY. THEIR WORK WAS DANGERIOUS, DEMANDING AND EXHAUSTING,
BUT THEY ALSO KNEW THAT THE BOSS PUT SAFETY BEFORE HIS ART.
THE ONLY WORKER WHO EVER FELL OFF MOUNT RUSHMORE WAS HOWDY
PETERSON--AND THE CABLE STOPPED HIM. HE HAD FAINTED UP THERE--
FROM THE CHICKEN POX. YEARS LATER, FAST THINKING ON HOWDY'S PART
SAVED "HAPPY" ANDERSON AND OTHERS WHEN THE TRAMWAY CAGE FELL.
BUT AFTER NINE DAYS-WHEN HAPPY CAME TO, HE SAID, "IT'S STILL
THE BEST JOB AROUND. "
THE CALL BOYS, THE POWDER MEN, THE WINCH OPERATORS, THE DRILLERS,
THE POINTERS, THE MUD MIXERS--THE STEEL WIPPERS AND ROUSTABOUTS--
ALL CAME FOR JUST A JOB
BUT THEY WALKED AWAY FROM THIS MOUNTAIN
A CLOSE KNIT, FRATERNITY OF MEN--LOYAL TO THEIR LEADER, AND
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Item # 9
-6-
CARVERS CONT.
SCULPTURE.
PERHAPS "HAPPY" ANDERSON SAID IT BEST: "I PUT THE CURL IN
LINCOLN'S BEARD. THE PART IN TEDDY' HAIR, AND THE TWINKLE
IN WASHINGTON'S EYE. IT STILL GIVES ME A THRILL TO LOOK AT IT."
TOM BROKOW
LADIES AND GENTLEMEN, WE ARE THRILLED--AND BLESSED TO HAVE
30 OF MOUNT RUSHMORE'S CRAFTSMEN HERE WITH US=FOR THIS 50TH
ANNIVERSARY CELEBRATION. ELEVEN MEN ARE FROM THIS AREA.
I HOPE YOU GET TO MEET THEM, AND LISTEN TO THEIR STORIES.
YOU CAN BELIEVE THEY'VE GOT SOME "HUM-DINGERS." THEY'VE COME
FROM ALL OVER THE COUNTRY TO SHARE THIS HISTORICAL MOMENT.
GENTLEMEN, MAY I ASK YOU TO STAND. WE ARE SO VERY HONORED
TO GREET YOU.
*******
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-7-
GEORGE WASHINTON
Ilem#11
ANNOUNCER
IN THE WORDS OF GEORGE WASHINGTON
JAMES STEWART
THE TIME IS NEAR AT HAD WHICH MUST PROBABLY DEFINE WHETHER
AMERICANS ARE TO BE FREEMEN, OR SLAVES THE FATE OF UNBORN
MILLIONS WILL NOW DEPEND, UNDER GOD, ON THE COURAGE AND CONDUCT
OF THIS ARMY.
MARY TYLER MOORE
I HAVE RESOLVED NOT TO BE FORCED FROM THIS BATTLEGROUND
WHILE I STILL HAVE LIFE
BILLY DEE WILLIAMS
PRESERVATION OF THE SACRED FLAME OF LIBERTY, AND THE DESTINY
OF THE REPUBLICAN MODEL OF GOVERNMENT, ARE STAKED ON THE
EXPERIMENT ENTRUSTED TO THE AMERICAN PEOPLE.
INTO BARRY BOSTWICK
06511560 P.04
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06:56AM
FROM 213 396 4944 S. POULIOT
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-8-
GEORGE WASHINTON CONT.
BARRY BOSTWICK
ON JULY FOURTH, 1930,-- SIXTY ONE YEARS AGO TODAY, THE BEGINNING
OF AMERICA'S SHRINE OF DEMOCRACY WAS UNVEILED HERE, AT MOUNT
RUSHMORE. A BUTTON WAS PUSHED, AND AN IMMENSE AMERICAN FLAG
SLOWLY REVEALED THE MAJESTIC COUNTENANCE OF OUR NATION'S FIRST
PRESIDENT.
LIKE A GREEK OR ROMAN HERO, GEORGE WASHINGTON'S NAME AND LIKENSS
HAVE BEEN COMMEMORATED FOR DECADES ON PLAQUES--IN PAINTINGS, ON
CURRENCY AND COINS. BUT THIS PORTRAIT, SCULPTED OUT OF ROCK
AND TOUCHING THE SKY, RE-AWAKENED OUR PATRIOTISM, AND
perfeciation
FOR WASHINGTON'S LEGACY, AS NO OTHER TRIBUTE EVER HAD BEFORE.
A MOUNTAIN SCULPTED BY WIND, INTO A SHRINE SCULPTED FOR DEMOCRACY.
IT WAS A MIRACULOUS TRANSFORMATION--A METAMORPHOSIS THAT MIRRORS
THE UNLIKELY EVOLUTION OF WASHINGTON HIMSELF--FROM A QUIET, VIRGINIA
PLANTER AND SURVEYOR, TO A HEROIC COMMANDER, AND OUR NATION'S
FIRST LEADER.
AS A GENTLEMEN FARMER, WASHINGTON APPRECIATED THE PROMISE OF
THE WILDERNESS, AND STUDIED THE RECLAMATION OF PRECIOUS LAND.
BUT NOTHING IN THIS PASTORAL LIFE POINTED TO HIS GIFT OF LEADERSHIP
INSPIRED BY THE CALL TO INDEPENDENCE.
-THE MOMENT WASHINGTON TOOK COMMAND OF THOSE FIRST 17,000 MEN
06511560 P.05
06/25/1991 15:10 RCMH ADVERTISING UF-400AD
-9-
WASHINGTON CONT.
IN THE CONTINENTAL ARMY, HE WAS SEEN AS MORE THAN A:MILITARY
LEADER. THROUGH HIM OUR PEOPLE BEGAN TO SENSE THEIR ONENESS--
THEIR NEW NATIONALITY. WASHINGTON BECAME THEIR EAGLE, THEIR
FLAG,--THEIR LIVING SYMBOL OF LIBERTY. AND TO HIS SUCCESS,
CONGRESS ENTRUSTED THEIR LIVES, THEIR FORTUNES--THEIR HOPE FOR
DEMOCRACY.
WE HAVE ALL HEARD THE STORIES OF WASHINGTON'S HEROIC COMMAND
THE CANNON OF TICONDEROGA, THE STORY crossing OF THE DELAWARE, THE VIGIL
AT VALLEY FORGE. THE MIRACLE WAS NOT THAT HE WON THE REVOLUTION,
BUT THAT HE ENDURED THE MOMENTOUS ODDS AGAINST HIM.
AFTER THE WAR, TO HIS RESERVED DISMAY, THIS COUNTRY WORSHIPPED HIM
WITH A GOD-LIKE VENERATION. HE PRESIDED OVER THE CONSTITUTIONAL
CONVENTION, AND AT 57 WAS ELECTED TO LEAD THE NEW NATION. IT WAS
UNANIMOUS. THERE WERE NO DISSENTING VOTES.
PRESIDENT WASHINGTON KNEW THAT LIBERTY COULD NOT SURVIVE WITHOUT
UNION. WISELY, HIS FIRST MISSION WAS TO VISIT EACH OF THE 13 STATES
LETTING THE PEOPLE KNOW HIM AS A LEADER, NOT A KING. HE DID NOT
WANT TO RUN THE COUNTRY ALONE--BUT WOULD CHOOSE THE BEST PEOPLE TO
HELP HIM. DURING THAT THREE MONTH JOURNEY HE BECAME KNOWN AS
"THE MAN WHO UNITES ALL HEARTS." AS ONE CITIZEN OF THE DAY
DESCRIBED IT, "AT LAST WE HAD ONE COMMON MIND, ONE COMMON LEADER,
ONE COMMON HEART. WE WERE UNITED. AT LAST WE FELT SAFE.
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-10-
WASHINGTON CONT.
GEORGE WASHINGTON'S IDEALS HAVE ENDURED THROUGH THE AGES.
STEADFASTNESS, PATIENCE, ENORMOUS RESOLVE. THE QUALITIES
HE POSSESSED HAVE HELPED DEFINE OUR NATIONAL CHARACTER.
TODAY, AT THE FOOT OF THIS RUGGED MOUNTAIN SHRINE, HIS NOBLE
VISAGE ONCE AGAIN SPEAKS OF GREATNESS. FROM EVERY STATE,
IN EVERY DIRECTION, HIS EXAMPLE BRINGS US TOGETHER AMERICANS STILL
UNITED INVLIBERTY, IN THIS LAND WE CALL HOME.
******
06511560 P.07
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-11-
THOMAS JEFFERSON TRIBUTE
ANNOUNCER
IN THE WORDS OF THOMAS JEFFERSON
MARY TYLER MOORE
I HAVE SWORN UPON THE ALTER OF GOD, ETERNAL HOSTILITY
AGAINST EVERY FORM OF TYRANNY OVER THE MIND OF MAN.
JAMES STEWART
WHERE THE PRESS IS FREE, AND EVERY MAN ABLE TO READ,
ALL IS SAFE
BARRY BOSTWICK
AFTER HALF A CENTURY OF EXPERIENCE AND PROSPERITY,
OUR CITIZENS CONTINUE TO APPROVE THE CHOICES WE MADE.
MAY IT BE TO THE WORLD A SIGNAL--TO BURST THE CHAINS
OF IGNORANCE, AND TO ASSUME THE BLESSINGS AND SECURITY
OF SELF-GOVERNMENT.
INTO BILLY DEE WILLIAMS
06511560 P.08
06/25/1991 15:11 RCMH ADVERTISING UF-400AD
-12-
PRESIDENT THOMAS JEFFERSON CONT.
BILLY DEE WILLIAMS
HOW CAN YOU POSSIBLY SUM UP THE ACCOMPLISHMENTS OF OUR NATION'S
THIRD PRESIDENT, THOMAS JEFFERSON. HIS CREATIVITY WAS so BOUNDLESS,
AND LIFE SO CLASSIC, THAT HISTORIANS HAVE CALLED HIM AMERICA'S
"LEONARDO." AND RIGHTLY SO. HE EXCELLED IN AGRICULTURE, ARCHITECTURE,
AND LAW. HE INVENTED A REVOLUTIONARY PLOW FOR AMERICA'S FARMERS,
AND A MACHINE THAT COPIED TWO HAND-WRITTEN LETTERS AT ONCE. HE SPOKE
THREE LANGUAGES, DESIGNED FURNITURE AND WROTE MUSIC. HE DEVELOPED
AMERICA'S FIRST SCHOOL SYSTEM, FOUNDED A UNIVERSITY, AND WROTE THE
FIRST BILL TO GUARANTEE RELIGIOUS FREEDOM.
WHEN JEFFERSON ARRIVED IN PHILADELPHIA THAT MEMORABLE SUMMER OF 1776,
HE WAS A YOUNG MAN OF 33--CLOSE TO THE IMPRESSIVE LIKENESS YOU SEE
HERE ON MOUNT RUSHMORE. HE HAD COME TO ATTEND THE SECOND CONTINENTAL
CONGRESS--AND WOULD HELP DECIDE NOTHING LESS THAN THE DIRECTION AND
DESTINY OF AN UNBORN NATION.
AS JEFFERSON JOURNEYED ON HORSEBACKH-300 MILES FROM MONTICELLO TO
PHILADELPHIA, HE STOPPED TO REST ALONG THE WAY--AT FARMS, IN VILLAGES--
AND HERE HE TOOK GOOD MEASURE OF THE COUNTRY'S UNEASY VOICE. HE
VISITED WITH NEWLY MARRIED COLONISTS WHO KEPT A COUNTRY INN. HE MET
MERCHANTS AND TEACHERS. HE SPOKE WITH PLANTATION SLAVES--AND LISTENED
TO A CHEROKEE CHIEF WHO SAW HIS TRIBAL TRADITIONS BEGINNING TO
DISAPPEAR.
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JEFFERSON CONT.
NO MATTER WHAT THEIR RACE, RELIGION OR STYLE OF LIFE, ALL SPOKE
OF SIMILAR DREAMS: A BETTER LIFE, A LIFE OF MORE OPPORTUNITY--
A LIFE FREE FROM THE OPPRESSIONS OF GOVERNMENT. REMEMBERING
THE COLLECTED HARMONY OF THOSE DIVERSE AMERICAN VOICES, JEFFERSON
PENNED DEMOCRACY'S MOST FAMOUS WORDS:
WE HOLD THESE TRUTHS TO BE SELF EVIDENT.
THAT ALL MEN ARE CREATED EQUAL, THAT THEY
ARE ENDOWED WITH CERTAIN UNALIENABLE RIGHTS.
THAT AMONG THESE ARE LIFE, LIBERTY, AND
THE PURSUIT OF HAPPINESS.
THE STUNNING DECLARATION NOT ONLY CHALLENGED OPPRESSIVE GOVERNMENT,
IT CRYSTALIZED THE PROMISE OF A NEW CONTINENT. FOREVERMORE,
THOMAS JEFFERSON HAD DEFINED THE ULTIMATE EXPRESSION OF OUR AMERICAN
MIND.
BUT THERE'S MORE TO CELEBRATE. YOU SEE, WE ALSO GRATEFULLY
ACKNOWLEDGE HIM FOR PROVIDING US WITH THE GREAT HEARTLAND OF
AMERICA AS WE KNOW IT TODAY.
IT WAS JEFFERSON'S REFUSAL TO GO TO WAR--AND THE BRILLTANCE OF
HIS PRESIDENTIAL DIPLOMACY, THAT RESULTED IN THE LOUSIANA PURCHASE.-
THE LARGEST PEACETIME AQUISITION OF TERRITORY IN THE HISTORY OF
ANY NATION. WITH A SINGLE CODUMENT, AMERICA DOUBLED ITS SIZE.
ONE DAY WE WRE AN ASSEMBLAGE OF THIRTEEN ORIGINAL STATES, AND
THE NEXT MORNING WE WERE AN IMMENSITY OF LAND. OVER A MILLION
SQUARE MILES LARGER!-- AN UNEXPLORED TERRITORY OF RICHES THAT
STRETCHED FROM THE PORT OF NEW ORLEANS TO THE CANADIAN BOARDER--
FROM THE PORT OF NEW ORLEANS TO THE CANADIAN BOARDER--FROM THE
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JEFFERSON CONT.
MIGHTY MISSISSIPPI, THROUGH THE DAKOTAS--TO THE EDGE OF THE
ROCKIES.
TO THIS DAY IT STAGGERS THE IMAGINATION. AT LESS THAN FOUR CENTS
AN ACRE, MR. JEFFERSON HAD NEGOTIATED THE BEST DEAL OF THE
CENTURY. MORE IMPORTANLY, HE HAD INSURED, THAT THE PRINCIPLES
OF FREEDOM HE SET FORTH IN OUR DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE,
HAD A VAST NEW FRONTIER TO REPLENISH, TO PROSPER--AND GROW.
******
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PRESIDENT THEODORE ROOSEVELT
ANNOUNCER
IN THE WORDS OF THEODORE ROOSEVELT
BARRY BOSTWICK
NOW, A LITTLE PLAIN TALK. FOR A HIKE IN THE WOODS, MY RULES
ARE THESE: "OVER AND THROUGH--NEVER AROUND. IF A CREEK GETS
IN THE WAY, FORD IT. IF THERE'S A RIVER, SWIM IT. IF A ROCK
BLOCKS YOU, SCALE IT. AND IF YOU COME TO A PRECIPICE- LET YOURSELF
DOWN, OVER IT.
JAMES STEWART
MY EXPERIENCE IS THAT IT NEVER PAYS TO LET UP. BELIEVE IN
WHAT YOU DO. DON'T FLINCHI DON'T FOUL! HIT THE LINE HARDI
BILLY DEE WILLIAMS
I FEEL AS TOUGH AS A PINE KNOT. I FEEL JUST BULLY!
INTO MARY TYLER MOORE
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THEODORE ROOSEVELT CONT.
MARY TYLER MOORE
FOR A BRIEF MOMENT, LET ME TAKE YOU BACK TO A DEDICATION AT
MOUNT RUSHMORE. IT IS THE EVENING OF JULY 2ND, 1939. DARK
CLOUDS OF A SUMMER STORM SUDDENLY LIFT--AND THERE, UNDER A NIGHT
OF BLUE INDIGO, A FULL MOON ILLUMINATES THE GRANITE TRIBUTE
HONORING THEODORE ROOSEVELT, THE 26TH PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED
STATES.
TWELVE THOUSAND PEOPLE HAVE GATHERED FOR THE CELEBRATION,--AND
AMONG THEM, THE QUESTIONS LINGERS, AS IT OFTEN DOES TODAY.
"WHY ROOSEVELT?" HAS HE EARNED THIS TRIBUTE? THIS GESTURE OF
IMMORTALITY?
THE ANSWER IS, EMPHATICALLY YES. FOR IT IS ROOSEVELT'S EARLY,
AND PASSIONATE COMMITMENT TO THE PRESERVATION OF OUR LAND THAT
CONTINUES TO ENDURE.
ROOSEVELT'S LEGISLATION BROUGHT WATER TO OUR MOST ARRID LANDS.
HE PROTECTED THE GRASSLANDS, GUARDED THE PUBLIC'S OIL AND MINERAL
RIGHTS--AND, OVER THE STRONG OBJECTIONS OF CONGRESS, HE ESTABLISHED
21 NEW FOREST PRESERVES, SAVING OVER 16 MILLION ACRES OF WILDERNESS
FOR THIS NATION'S FUTURE. THROUGH HIS EFFORTS, TURN-OF-THE-CENTURY
AMERICA BEGAN TO ADDRESS THE ENVIRONMENT. AND WE MUST REMEMBER
THAT IT WAS THEODORE ROOSEVELT WHO LED THE WAY.
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IN MANY WAYS, ROOSEVELT REMAINS ONE OF OUR MOST COLORFUL PRESIDENTS.
KNOWN BY HIS FRIENDS AS "TEDDY", OR SIMPLY "T.R.", HE THOROUGHLY
ENJOYED 25 MILE HIKES, ICY SWIMS, TREE CLIMBING--AND EXOTIC
SAFARIS. NOTHING STOPPED HIM--EVEN THOSE EYE GLASSES HE CALLED
"MY STORM WINDOWS." AS ONE WHITE HOUSE CORRESPONDENT OBSERVED,
"TEDDY ROOSEVELT IS NOT AMERICAN. HE IS AMERICA!"
IT'S LITTLE WONDER THAT DAKOTA TERRITORY CLAIMS ROOSEVELT AS A
SPIRITUAL SON. FOR TWO MEMORABLE YEARS OF HIS YOUTH, HE LIVED
IN THE BADLANDS, RAISING CATTLE 200 MILES NORTH OF HERE. "MY
YEARS IN THE BADLANDS," HE SAID, "GAVE ME THE UNDERSTANDING OF MEN
AND LIFE--AND THE GREAT OUT-OF-DOORS, WITHOUT WHICH I COULD NOT
HAVE BEEN PRESIDENT."
WHEN HISTORY SPEAKS OF ROOSEVELT, IT SPEAKS OF MANY FIRSTS.
THE FIRST PRESDIENT TO WAKE AMERICAN TO ITS NEW ROLE AS A WORLD
POWER. THE FIRST PRESIDENT TO WIN THE NOBEL PRIZE PORAPEACE.
AND OF COURSE, THE BUILDER OF THE PANAMA CANAL--A VISION THAT
COMPLETED THE DREAM OF COLUMBUS.
BUT ROOSEVELT'S GREATEST WORK--THE PROMISE THAT STILL UNFOLDS
BEFORE US, IS THE URGENT PLEDGE TO PROTECT AMERICA'S TREASURED
GIFTS--OUR PRECIOUS NATURAL RESOURCES.
TODAY, AS WE CELEBRATE THE 50TH ANNIVERSARY OF THIS SHRINE, WE LOOK
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ROOSEVELT CONT.
TO THE MONUMENT, BUT WE ALSO EMBRACE THE SIGHTS AND SOUNDS
OF THIS WILDERNESS--THE IMMENSITY AND MYSTERY THEODORE ROOSEVELT
SO JOYOUSLY CELEBRATED. THE LAND HE ENTRUSTED TO OUR WISE,
AND LOVING CARE.
*******
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ABRAHAM LINCOLN
ANNOUNCER
IN THE WORDS OF ABRAHAM LINCOLN
BILLY DEE WILLIAMS
OUR FATHERS BROUGHT FORTH UPON THIS CONTINENT
A NEW NATION, CONCEIVED IN LIBERTY, AND DEDICATED
TO THE PROPOSITION THAT ALL MEN ARE CREATED EQUAL
BARRY BOSTWICK
AS I WOULD NOT BE A SLAVE, $0 I WOULD NOT BE A MASTER.
THIS EXPRESSES MY IDEA OF DEMOCRACY.
MARY TYLER MOORE
THIS NATION, UNDER GOD, SHALL HAVE A NEW BIRTH
OF FREEDOM-AND THAT GOVERNMENT OF THE PEOPLE, BY
THE PEOPLE, FOR THE PEOPLE, SHALL NOT PARISH
FROM THIS EARTH
INTO JAMES STEWART
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ABRAHAM LINCOLN TRIBUTE CONT.
JAMES STEWART
IN 1861, BRIEF MONTHS AFTER ABRAHAM LINCOLN WAS ELECTED TO
OUR DIVIDED COUNTRY, A YOUNG SOLDIER HEARD HIM SPEAK. IMPRESSED
AT THE UNEXPECTED ENCOUNTER, THE BOY WROTE TO HIS PARENTS:
"MR. LINCOLN SPEAKS VERY SLOWLY. HOURS LATER, YOU CAN ALMOST
REPEAT HIS THOUGHTS--WORD BY WORD. I LOVE TO HEAR HIM SPEAK."
LIKE THE YOUNG SOLDIER OF 130 YEARS AGO, OUR COUNTRY, ALONG
WITH THE EMERGING DEMOCRACIES OF THE WORLD, CONTINUE TO EMBRACE
THE WORDS AND EXAMPLE OF MR. LINCOLN--THE 16TH PRESIDENT OF THESE
UNITED STATES.
WITH ENDURING FAITH IN A HEAVENLY POWER, AND UNSHAKABLE BELIEF IN
THE COMMON GOODNESS OF MAN, LINCOLN BELIEVED THAT TRUTH WOULD
PREVAIL. THIS BELIEF--IN THE WISDOM OF THE MAJORITY, HELPED HIM
GUIDE OUR YOUNG COUNTRY THROUGH THE TERRIBLE ANGUISH OF CIVIL WAR.
DEMOCRACY, LINCOLN TAUGHT US, WAS NOT, NOR EVER WILL BE A SIMPLE
TASK. IT IS A PROCESS--FULL OF DEFEATS AND INTOLERABLE TRIALS.
IT IS CONSTANTLY IN PROGRESS--AN UNENDING STRUGGLE.
AT THE HEIGHT OF THE WAR, WHEN YOUNG MEN OF BOTH SIDES WERE DYING
BY THE THOUSANDS, MEMBERS OF CONGRESS TOOK LINCOLN ASIDE.
"WHY," THEY ASKED HIM, "DO YOU INSIST ON TELLING JOKES, AND
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LINCOLN CONT.
READING US HUMOR BEFORE WE SET TO BUSINESS?" AND LINCOLN REPLIED,
"GENTLEMEN, IF I STOP, MY HEART WILL BREAK."
DESTINY HAD SENT OUR NATION THE MOST UNLIKELY SAVIOR. A SIX FOOT-
FOUR ECCENTRIC STORY TELLER, WITH NO MORE THAN TEN MONTHS OF FORMAL
EDUCATION BEHIND HIM. BUT THIS SELF-TAUGHT, BACK-WOODS LAWYER STOOD
INFLEXIBLE ON TWO PRINCIPLES: THE PRESERVATION OF THESE UNITED
STATES, AND THE EQUALITY OF MAN. BOTH IDEALS WERE REFLECTED IN
HIS BELIEF THAT "A HOUSE DIVIDED AGAINST ITSELF CAN NEVER STAND
ALONE.' HOW TRUE THAT SENTIMENT RINGS TODAY, WHEN WE THINK OF OUR
OWN HOMES, OUR COMMUNITES--AND THE HOUSE OF WORLD POLITIC.
WE STUDY HIS FACE ON THE MOUNTAIN. WHY, AFTER ALL THIS TIME DOES
LINCOLN DRAW US so NEAR? WHY DO WE FEEL AT PEACE GAZING AT HIS
COMPASSIONATE COUNTENANCE? PERHAPS IT'S BECAUSE HE BELIEVED IN US--
IN THOUGHT WORDS AND DEED. THROUGH OUR DARKEST DAYS HE TRUSTED
THAT "WE THE PEOPLE' WOULD FIND THE WAY.
THE POET, WALT WHITMAN, SAID THIS OF ABRAHAM LINCOLN: "WE WERE
BLESSED TO HAVE HIM. A MAN OF THE PEOPLE, A MAN WHO SAVED THE
UNTION OF THESE STATES. THE SWEETEST SOUL OF ALL MY DAYS AND
LANDS."
*****
TOTAL
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M23
NH
The Presidency of
THOMAS
JEFFERSON
INUM
by
Forrest McDonald
AS SULLY
'hilosophical Society
THE UNIVERSITY PRESS OF KANSAS
Lawrence/Manhattan/Wichita
THE PRESIDENCY OF THOMAS JEFFERSON
THE REPUBLI
finance, as neither of them could pretend to do, save to know in-
son before Congress, send
tuitively that it was a pernicious evil as Hamilton practiced it. As
brief, by a messenger ins
a congressman a few years earlier, while his Republican colleagues
a radical break from a rit
had been able to combat the Hamiltonian system only with seventy-
Crown and Parliament a
year-old Bolingbrokean epithets, Gallatin had bedazzled them all by
national government in th
taking the system apart piece by piece. He had charged, and docu-
change reflected Jefferson
mented the charge, that Hamilton through carelessness or corrup-
at dealing with men in t
tion had unnecessarily padded the national debt by $10 million out
instance, was a rhetorical
of a total of $77 million. Gallatin had also, virtually as a personal
in a voice so unprepossess
invention, brought into being the House Ways and Means Com-
be inspired by it. Rather,
mittee as a watchdog over public expenditures. Jefferson and other
sonal. To that end he fete
Republican leaders knew in their bones that dismantling the Hamil-
groups, at a rotation of dir
tonian system was the foremost of their missions. Only Gallatin
seemingly casual elegance
could tell them why, in fiscally respectable language, and only
fortable, informal atmosp
Gallatin could tell them how.5
Always unwigged, SOI
Jefferson handled his subordinates masterfully, as he handled
run-down slippers, the pr
most men. As he described cabinet meetings-varnishing the truth
the folksy, open hospitality
only slightly-"there never arose
an instance of an unpleasant
pared by a French chef an
thought or word between the members" during his entire presi-
of French wines) was like
dency. To be sure, they "sometimes met under differences of opin-
tasted, and the conversatic
ion, but scarcely ever failed, by conversing and reasoning, so to
ever heard. Jefferson alv
modify each other's ideas, as to produce an unanimous result."⁶
guests by talking with eq
That was the way of things, too, when department heads met sepa-
theology, music, mathema
rately with the president (his door was always open to them, and
tics, which subject was for
they were frequent dinner guests as well). The atmosphere was
accounts of these occasio
relaxed, informal, almost casual, and opinions were voiced freely
was more brilliant than d
without fear of incurring the wrath of the chief; yet, such was
of a lecture by Polonius.
Jefferson's presence that no one ever forgot who was in charge.
most part a mediocre lot,
social experience than the
A similar arrangement marked the relations between the exec-
Congresses. In any ever
utive and legislative branches of government. Jefferson established
whelmed: few congressm
a rapport with Congress that neither of his predecessors and few if
ality, and most returned to
any of his successors could match. He used none of the techniques
in his wisdom and virtue.
that are usually associated with "strong" presidents-popular pres-
There was more, of
sure, naked power, bribery, flattery, cajolery, blackmail, or shrewd
tional legislature than his
trading-yet he had but to suggest legislation and it was almost
dinal element. Another el
invariably forthcoming.
the administration's unoffi
In no small measure the achievement was based upon the way
knew and was on friendly
Jefferson dealt with the congressmen personally. Officially he stood
having served for some tin
aloof from them, maintaining a wall of absolute separation between
informally with them on P
the branches. Beginning with his first annual message in December
sensibilities in regard to e:
of 1801, he abandoned the traditional practice of appearing in per-
sible for the president to
38
ERSON
THE REPUBLICAN TACK: AT HOME, 1801-1803
do, save to know in-
son before Congress, sending written communications, usually quite
ilton practiced it. As
brief, by a messenger instead. In point of political form, that was
Republican colleagues
a radical break from a ritual that had originated with the English
m only with seventy-
Crown and Parliament and had been followed in both state and
edazzled them all by
national government in the United States. In point of practice, the
d charged, and docu-
change reflected Jefferson's realization that he was simply no good
relessness or corrup-
at dealing with men in the aggregate: his inaugural address, for
bt by $10 million out
instance, was a rhetorical and political gem, but it was delivered
irtually as a personal
in a voice so unprepossessing that few could even hear it, much less
ys and Means Com-
be inspired by it. Rather, his touch, to be effective, had to be per-
i. Jefferson and other
sonal. To that end he feted all the congressmen, in carefully chosen
smantling the Hamil-
groups, at a rotation of dinner parties, where-in an environment of
sions. Only Gallatin
seemingly casual elegance-he maintained the same kind of com-
language, and only
fortable, informal atmosphere that prevailed in cabinet meetings.
Always unwigged, sometimes dressed in frayed homespun and
rfully, as he handled
run-down slippers, the president put his guests at their ease with
--varnishing the truth
the folksy, open hospitality of a country squire; but the dinner (pre-
nce of an unpleasant
pared by a French chef and accompanied by a magnificent selection
ring his entire presi-
of French wines) was likely to be the finest the legislators had ever
er differences of opin-
tasted, and the conversation was regularly the most fascinating they
and reasoning, so to
ever heard. Jefferson always led the conversation, dazzling his
1 unanimous result."6
guests by talking with equal ease of architecture, history, science,
ment heads met sepa-
theology, music, mathematics, or art-everything but current poli-
VS open to them, and
tics, which subject was forbidden. Reading between the lines of the
The atmosphere was
accounts of these occasions, one sometimes suspects that the talk
S were voiced freely
was more brilliant than deep and that it frequently had the flavor
chief; yet, such was
of a lecture by Polonius. Moreover, the congressmen were for the
/ho was in charge.
most part a mediocre lot, having less talent, wealth, education, and
social experience than their predecessors in the early Federalist
ns between the exec-
Congresses. In any event, Jefferson's guests were usually over-
Jefferson established
whelmed: few congressmen were immune to the president's person-
edecessors and few if
ality, and most returned to the congressional pit with renewed faith
one of the techniques
in his wisdom and virtue.
idents-popular pres-
There was more, of course, to Jefferson's power over the na-
blackmail, or shrewd
tional legislature than his magnetism at dinner, but that was a car-
on and it was almost
dinal element. Another element was his deployment of Gallatin as
the administration's unofficial liaison man with Congress. Gallatin
based upon the way
knew and was on friendly terms with most Republican congressmen,
y. Officially he stood
having served for some time as their floor leader, and he could work
e separation between
informally with them on proposed legislation without violating their
nessage in December
sensibilities in regard to executive encroachment. That made it pos-
of appearing in per-
sible for the president to have an effective voice in making legis-
39
THE PRESIDENCY OF THOMAS JEFFERSON
THE REPUB
lative policy, and yet avoid Hamiltonian trappings of a monarchical-
party than from the Sou
ministerial system.
degree, fit the descriptic
Still another element was the Republicans' system of organ-
them: "He was a man
ization in Congress. Republican members of both houses met in
character, full of Virgin
caucuses to determine policy, and that was normally enough to
wisdom and Quixotism.
establish all the discipline necessary for carrying out the party's
nated a measure of any I
program. There was, however, always a danger of factionalism
of the liberties of the p
within the party, and in order to check factional disputes, some-
Jealousy of State rights
thing extra was needed. In part, this was provided by investing the
pillars" of his political
Speaker of the House with great power, and by choosing as Speaker
being in his own eyes
Nathaniel Macon of North Carolina-a plodding, sincere, impecca-
teems with this brood m
bly honest man whose lack of imagination and guile would have
they are far from being
made him trustworthy even if his purity of Republican principles
sionally render service t
had not.
are quite as apt to prev
The next necessity was for a floor leader, which by recent
Both types wanted
custom devolved upon the chairman of the Ways and Means Com-
of a reliable floor leade
mittee. There some friction developed. The chief pretender to both
able assistance-was qu
roles was William Branch Giles of Virginia, who had earlier served
administration, in fact, 1
as Madison's ablest lieutenant when Madison headed the "republi-
problem, for it was in t]
can interest" in Congress; but instead, Macon appointed another
cause for concern. Jei
Virginian as head of Ways and Means-his brilliant, caustic, erratic
thirty-seven Federalists
twenty-eight-year-old friend, John Randolph of Roanoke. Giles, as
cure that no amount of
it happened, soon became ill and returned home, and when he came
the Republicans had ar
back to Washington, it was as a member of the Senate, in which he
teen, and enough Repu
promptly became the president's leading spokesman. Meanwhile,
make the balance very
Randolph took over as the Republicans' floor leader in the House,
cans, Vice-President Bui
which caused the president some discomfort. Randolph was a man
political hand and to
of pure political principles, but he was also a bit crazy, and was
appeared.
devoid, as well, of ability to compromise. His close friends in the
House-Macon, Joseph Nicholson of Maryland, and Joseph Bryan
A great deal of the
of Georgia-exercised some moderating influence upon him; but
ative, which is to say
Jefferson, sensing that he might one day prove a menace, sought
Federalism as possible.
vainly to find a leader to replace him.
pealed those of the Al
Down in the ranks, Republican congressmen were of two broad
expired, Jefferson parc
descriptions. Perhaps something under half were men of relatively
newspaper publishers)
modest origins who, on the one hand, were social democrats if not
Act, and Congress vote
egalitarians, or at least personally comported themselves as if they
been levied under the
had not a superior on earth; and were, on the other, tough, oppor-
most of the internal ti
tunistic, alert to every chance for increasing their influence or wealth
property taxes-that Fe
and not especially scrupulous about how they did it. Though such
the quasi war with Fra
men were to be found in all parts of the country, more of them came
set about the business
from the West and from the Middle States and urban wing of the
slashing army and nav:
40
(Continueu on vuin pup,
EFFERSON
THE REPUBLICAN TACK: AT HOME, 1801-1803
pings of a monarchical-
party than from the South. Most of the others, to a lesser or greater
degree, fit the description that John Quincy Adams wrote of one of
'cans' system of organ-
them: "He was a man of moderate talents and respectable private
of both houses met in
character, full of Virginian principles and prejudices, a mixture of
is normally enough to
wisdom and Quixotism.
He scarcely ever spoke; never origi-
arrying out the party's
nated a measure of any public utility, but fancied himself a guardian
danger of factionalism
of the liberties of the people against Executive encroachments.
ctional disputes, some-
Jealousy of State rights and jealousy of the Executive were the two
vided by investing the
pillars" of his political fabric. He "always had the satisfaction of
by choosing as Speaker
being in his own eyes a pure and incorruptible patriot. Virginia
ding, sincere, impecca-
teems with this brood more than any other State in the Union, and
and guile would have
they are far from being the worst men among us. Such men occa-
Republican principles
sionally render service to the nation by preventing harm; but they
are quite as apt to prevent good, and they never do any."7
der, which by recent
Both types wanted artful management, but despite the absence
'ays and Means Com-
of a reliable floor leader in the House, Jefferson-with Gallatin's
hief pretender to both
able assistance-was quite up to the task. In the early days of the
/ho had earlier served
administration, in fact, managing the House was a relatively minor
headed the "republi-
problem, for it was in the Senate that the Republicans had greatest
on appointed another
cause for concern. Jefferson counted sixty-six Republicans and
illiant, caustic, erratic
thirty-seven Federalists in the House, a majority that seemed so se-
of Roanoke. Giles, as
cure that no amount of factionalism could shake it. In the Senate
e, and when he came
the Republicans had an edge of only four votes, eighteen to four-
e Senate, in which he
teen, and enough Republicans were absent from time to time to
kesman. Meanwhile,
make the balance very nearly even. Fortunately for the Republi-
leader in the House,
cans, Vice-President Burr was there, to control events with his adroit
Randolph was a man
political hand and to break ties with his vote. Or rather, so it
1 bit crazy, and was
appeared.
close friends in the
1, and Joseph Bryan
A great deal of the Republicans' program for reform was neg-
ince upon him; but
ative, which is to say that it was aimed at undoing as much of
e a menace, sought
Federalism as possible. In short order, for example, Congress re-
pealed those of the Alien and Sedition Acts that had not already
1 were of two broad
expired, Jefferson pardoned all ten persons (mostly Republican
re men of relatively
newspaper publishers) who had been convicted under the Sedition
ial democrats if not
Act, and Congress voted to restore with interest all fines that had
emselves as if they
been levied under the act. Almost as quickly, Congress abolished
ther, tough, oppor-
most of the internal taxes-the hated excise, carriage, and direct
influence or wealth
property taxes-that Federalists had enacted in 1798 to help pay for
d it. Though such
the quasi war with France. As part of the same package, Congress
more of them came
set about the business of reducing the military establishment and
urban wing of the
slashing army and naval appropriations.
41
Ref.
E176
/
JOSEPH NATHAN KANE
K35
1989
WH
Facts
About the
Presidents
A COMPILATION OF
BIOGRAPHICAL AND HISTORICAL
INFORMATION
Courtesy of The New York Public Library Print Collection, Astor, Lenox and Tilden Foundations
Fifth Edition
--
THE H. W. WILSON COMPANY
NEW YORK
1989
1st PRESIDENT
147
154
160
166
175
181
187
193
207
214
223
232
241
252
258
266
279
285
By Charles Wilson Peale. Courtesy of the New-York Historical
GiWaphinston Society, New York City
289
318
329
330
GEORGE WASHINGTON
332
341
344
BORN Feb. 22, 1732
TERM OF OFFICE Apr. 30, 1789-Mar. 3, 1797
BIRTHPLACE Pope's Creek, Westmoreland County, Va.
TERM SERVED 7 years, 308 days
COLLEGE ATTENDED None
ADMINISTRATION Ist, 2nd
347
RELIGIOUS DENOMINATION Episcopalian
CONGRESSES 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th
373
ANCESTRY English
AGE AT INAUGURATION 57 years, 67 days
OCCUPATION Surveyor, planter
396
LIVED AFTER TERM 2 years, 285 days
DATE AND PLACE OF MARRIAGE Jan. 6, 1759, New Kent
OCCUPATION AFTER TERM Planter and General of the
County, Va.
Army
413
AGE AT MARRIAGE 26 years, 318 days
DATE OF DEATH Dec. 14, 1799
YEARS MARRIED 40 years, 342 days
AGE AT DEATH 67 years, 295 days
POLITICAL PARTY Federalist
PLACE OF DEATH Mount Vernon, Va.
STATE REPRESENTED Virginia
BURIAL PLACE Family vault, Mount Vernon, Va.
PARENTS
FATHER Augustine Washington
FIRST WIFE OF FATHER Jane Butler Washington
BORN 1694, Westmoreland, Va.
BORN c. 1700
MARRIED (1) Jane Butler, Apr. 20, 1715
MARRIED Apr. 20, 1715
MARRIED (2) Mary Ball, Mar. 6, 1730
DIED Nov. 24, 1728, Stafford County, Va.
OCCUPATION Farmer, planter
MOTHER Mary Ball Washington
DIED Apr. 12, 1743, King George County, Va.
BORN 1708, Lancaster County, Va.
AGE AT DEATH About 49 years
MARRIED Mar. 6, 1730
For additional data see the end of this section and also specific subject headings in the index
1
GEORGE WASHINGTON
3
On April 14, 1789, Charles Thomson, secretary of
Naturally, not all of the ideas and plans advocated
the Continental Congress, notified George Washington
by them were acceptable to everyone. Those who dif-
of his election, and on April 16, 1789, Washington left
fered were known as Democratic Republicans or Re-
his home at Mount Vernon, Va., for the capital.
publicans. As the Democratic Republicans were a
REN
FULL ELECTORAL VOTE NOT CAST IN 1789
minority group, they realized the futility of organizing
to oppose Washington's reelection, and did not oppose
On February 4, 1789, the first presidential elec-
him.
ASHINGTON
tors-a total of 69 electors-met in their respective
On November 6, 1792, George Washington re-
ustis Washington
states to cast their ballots. The electors of five states-
ceived 132 of the 264 electoral votes cast, a unanimous
Connecticut, Delaware, Georgia, New Jersey, and
election. The second highest vote, 77 votes, was for
ity, Va.
South Carolina-had been chosen by the state legisla-
John Adams of Massachusetts, who was reelected Vice
IN 27 years, 199 days
tures. Three states-Maryland, Pennsylvania, and Vir-
President. The balance of the 132 electoral votes was
ginia-held popular elections. Massachusetts had a
ne
dridge
system combining popular election and appointment
cast for George Clinton of New York (50 votes),
ridge
by the legislature. New Hampshire held a popular elec-
Thomas Jefferson of Virginia (4 votes) and Aaron Burr
tion, but none of the electors received a majority, and
of New York (1 vote).
2
the electors finally chosen were those named by the
FIRST TERM
days
state Senate.
non, Va.
Had all of the electors qualified, a total of 91 votes,
n, Va.
instead of 69, would have been cast. New York had not
CABINET
NT 246 days
yet chosen its 8 electors even though the seat of the new
ENT 2 years, 159 days
government was in New York. Consequently, New
York's vote was not cast. The weather delayed the
March 4, 1789-March 3, 1793
ge to Washington she was
Custis, by whom she had
votes of 4 electors, 2 from Maryland and 2 from Vir-
STATE John Jay, N.Y., Secretary for Foreign Affairs
died in infancy.
ginia. Since North Carolina and Rhode Island had not
under the Confederation, continued to act at the re-
yet ratified the Constitution, they did not cast their 7
quest of President Washington until Thomas Jeffer-
and 3 votes respectively. Thus, 22 of the 91 possible
son assumed office; Thomas Jefferson, Va., Sept. 26,
votes were not cast.
1789, entered upon duties, Mar. 22, 1790
all the States shall be
ADAMS ELECTED VICE PRESIDENT
TREASURY Alexander Hamilton, N.Y., Sept. 11, 1789
every Case, after the
WAR Henry Knox, Mass., Sept. 12, 1789
the Person having the
Each elector cast 1 of his 2 votes for Washington,
of the Electors shall be
ATTORNEY GENERAL Edmund Randolph, Va., Sept. 26,
who thus received 69 of the 138 votes. The other 69
1789, entered upon duties Feb. 2, 1790
went to 11 others; John Adams of Massachusetts, the
two or more who have
POSTMASTER GENERAL Samuel Osgood, Mass., Sept. 26,
candidate with the greatest number became Vice Presi-
all chuse from them by
1789; Timothy Pickering, Pa., Aug. 12, 1791, en-
dent. The other candidates included John Jay of New
tered upon duties Aug. 19, 1791
York, Robert Hanson Harrison of Maryland, John
Continental Congress that
Rutledge of South Carolina, John Hancock of Massa-
SECOND TERM
ent should convene on "the
chusetts, George Clinton of New York, Samuel Hun-
next" (March 4, 1789) at
tington of Connecticut, John Milton of Georgia, James
Armstrong of Pennsylvania, Edward Telfair of Geor-
y. Only eight of the twenty-
CABINET
gia, and Benjamin Lincoln of Massachusetts.
f the sixty-five representa-
Adams received 34 votes as follows: Conn. 5
pre-
(of the 7 votes); Mass. 10; N.H. 5; N.J. 1 (of the 6
March 4, 1793-March 3, 1797
date and it was not until
votes); Pa. 8 (of the 10 votes); Va. 5 (of the 10 votes).
STATE Thomas Jefferson, Va., continued from pre-
m was present. John Lang-
The other candidates received the following votes:
ate, received, opened, and
ceding administration; Edmund Randolph, Va.,
Jay-Del. 3; N.J. 5 (of the 6 votes); Va. 1 (of the 10
Jan. 2, 1794; Timothy Pickering, Pa. (secretary of
ectors.
votes)
ved one vote from each of
Harrison-Md. 6
war), ad interim August 20, 1795; Timothy Picker-
the ten states and was the
ing, Pa., Dec. 10, 1795
Rutledge-S.C. 6 (of the 7 votes)
ident. The votes were cast
Hancock-Pa. 2 (of the 10 votes); S.C. 1 of the 7
TREASURY Alexander Hamilton, N.Y., continued from
ssachusetts 10, Pennsylva-
votes); Va. 1 (of the 10 votes)
preceding administration; Oliver Wolcott, Jr.,
cticut 7, South Carolina 7,
Clinton-Va. 3 (of the 10 votes)
Conn. Feb. 2, 1795
Georgia 5, New Hampshire
Huntington-Conn. 2 (of the 7 votes)
WAR Henry Knox, Mass., continued from preceding
Milton-Ga. 2 (of the 5 votes)
administration; Timothy Pickering, Pa., Jan. 2,
houses was appointed to
Armstrong-Ga. 1 (of the 5 votes)
1795; Timothy Pickering, Pa. (secretary of state), ad
f New Hampshire, Charles
Lincoln-Ga. 1 (of the 5 votes)
interim Dec. 10, 1795 to Feb. 5, 1796; James Mc-
Villiam Samuel Johnson of
Telfair-Ga. 1 (of the 5 votes)
Henry, Md., Jan. 27, 1796, entered upon duties Feb.
he Senate; and Elias Boudi-
6, 1796
rd Bland Lee of Virginia,
THE ELECTION OF 1792
ATTORNEY GENERAL Edmund Randolph, Va., contin-
outh Carolina, Egbert Ben-
Before the conclusion of George Washington's four-
ued from preceding administration; William Brad-
in Laurance of New York,
year term, it was necessary to elect a President for the
ford, Pa., Jan. 27, 1794, entered upon duties Jan. 29,
second administration. George Washington and John
1794; Charles Lee, Va., Dec. 10, 1795
ppointed to notify George
Adams, who were known as Federalists, were advo-
POSTMASTER GENERAL Timothy Pickering, Pa., contin-
been elected President and
cates of a strong central government. Those in accord
ued from preceding administration; Timothy Pick-
nted to notify John Adams
with their principles wanted them reelected for a sec-
ering, Pa., recommissioned June 1, 1794; Joseph
ice President.
ond term of four years.
Habersham, Ga., Feb. 25, 1795
WH
The ti Book
of Hollywood
Quotes
Compiled by Gary Herman
REVIOUS SPREAD: CECIL B. DE MILLE AND CREW IN ACTION, OPPOSITE: MARY PICKFORD.
Omnibus Press
London/New York/Sydney/Tokyo/Cologne
using money he had made as a
succcessful song-plugger). 27, 32,
A
Index
34, 60, 114
Collins, Howard (Manager of New
York's prestigious Roxy Cinema in the
fifties). 25
'Abe Lincoln in Illinois' (1939). 70
Colman, Ronald (UK actor who went
'Abie's Irish Rose' (Broadway play of
to Hollywood in 1920). 89
1927. filmed in 1929 and 1946. 89
'Coming Home' (1978). 89
Adams, Franklin Pierce (US columnist
Connelly, Marc (US writer and critic).
and poet, member of Algonquin Hotel
60
'Round Table' group of Broadway and
Connolly, Walter (US character actor).
Hollywood literati). 38. 80. 109
114
Agee, James (US film critic and
Cooke, Alistair (UK journalist who
screenwriter). 57. 89
Hollywood literati). 19, 61, 77, 85, 91,
70, 71, 72. 76, 77, 84, 85, 95, 104, 109,
writes on US affairs, including the
Aherne, Brian (UK stage and screen
103, 104, 109, 110, 111, 114
110, 114
cinema). 70
actor, in US from 1933). 71
Benét, Stephen Vincent (US poet who
Brown, Joe E. (US comedian with a
Coolidge, Calvin (Republican
spent time as a screenwriter). 14, 15,
background in basketball. the circus
'Aimez-vous Brahms?' (1961). 89
president of the United States,
19, 25, 60, 123
and vaudeville). 26
1923-29). 71, 73
Albee, Edward (US playwright). 62
'Ben Hur' (1926, reissued with sound
Brynner, Yul (Stage and screen actor
Cooper, Gary (Frank J. Cooper; US
Albee, Edward Francis. 123
in 1931, remade in 1959). 89
of European origin who has made a
actor, former cowboy and cartoonist,
Alger, Horatio (US writer of adventure
Bennett, Constance (US actress who
career out of having no hair). 109
who was the epitome of 'Middle
stories). 60
played glamorous leading-ladies). 115
Bugs Bunny (Rabbit star of a host of
American man' in most of his films).
Algren, Nelson (US novelist and,
Benny, Jack (Benjamin Kubelsky; US
Warners' cartoons, he first appeared in
33, 43, 67, 70. 76, 118
briefly, screenwriter). 16
radio, TV and film comedian). 48, 85
1937 and retired in 1963). 123
Corman, Roger (US director and
'Alice Doesn't Live Here Any More'
Bergen, Candice (US actress in 'adult'
Bunuel, Luis (Spanish writer and
producer whose exploitation pictures
(1974). 53
dramas). 103
director of great influence on younger
have won critical recognition and have
Allen, Fred (John F. Sullivan; US radio
Bergman, Ingrid (Swedish born stage
film-makers). 109
helped to launch several 'new
and film comedian). 14, 16, 85, 95, 109
and screen actress, in Hollywood from
Burke, Billie (Mary William Ethelbert
Hollywood' careers). 25, 53, 56, 77
Allen, Woody (Allen Stewart
1938). 103, 123
Appleton Burke; US stage star who
Costello, Lou (Louis Cristillo; stocky
Konigsberg; US night-club comedian
Berle, Milton (Mendel Berlinger; US
married impresario Florenz Ziegfeld
US comedian, usually in partnership
and playwright who became a
vaudeville and TV comedian who has
after a successful career in silent films,
with the taller and slimmer Bud
screenwriter, actor and director). 22,
made occasional film appearances). 70,
returning to the screen in the thirties).
Abbott). 84
25, 38, 56, 57, 84, 85, 96, 109, 110,
85
19, 38
Coward, Noel (UK stage actor,
115, 123
Bern, Paul (Paul Levy; US director and
Burns, George (Nathan Birnbaum; US
playwright and song-writer who
'All Quiet on the Western Front'
MGM executive, married Jean Harlow
vaudeville comedian who worked on
appeared in a few Hollywood films). 73
(1930). 89
(qv) and killed himself shortly after).
radio and TV as well as making a few
Crawford, Joan (Lucille Le Sueur; US
'Along Came Jones' (1945). 43
115
films). 19, 114
actress who played the independent
Anderson, Sherwood (US novelist and
Bernhardt, Sarah (Rosalie Bernard;
Burton, Richard (Richard Jenkins;
woman in many films of the thirties and
critic). 70, 84, 85, 90, 111
French stage actress who made a few
Welsh actor who married Elizabeth
forties). 38, 45, 60, 70
Andrews, Julie (UK singer and actress,
silent pictures). 40
Taylor (qv) and found Hollywood
Crosby, Bing (Harry Lillis Crosby; US
successful in popular US stage and film
'Best Years of Our Lives, The' (1946).
success after appearing with Ms. Taylor
singer whose radio appearances led to
musicals). 72
32, 33
in 'Cleopatra' (qv)). 38, 103, 114
film roles with the introduction of
Ankers, Evelyn (UK actress, in
'Bill of Divorcement, A' (1932, remade
sound). 95, 103, 115
Hollywood from 1940). 54
1940). 70
Crowthers, Bosley (Film critic of the
Antonioni, Michaelangelo (Italian
Binyon, Claude (US writer and
director). 80
'Zabriskie Point', 1969). 45, 49
C
New York Times). 119
director, in Hollywood to make
Cukor, George (US director who came
'Birth of a Nation, The' (1915). 90
to Hollywood from the Broadway
Ardrey, Robert (US screenwriter and
Bischoff, Samuel (US producer and
stage). 31, 53, 70, 99
playwright who has found notoriety as
executive, with Warners, Columbia,
Caesar, Arthur (US songwriter and
Curtis, Tony (Bernard Schwarz; US
a pop anthropologist). 25
RKO and as independent). 31
brother of comedian Sid Caesar). 33,
actor who started in romantic leads but
Arlen, Michael (Dikran
'Blackmail' (1929). 26
77, 90, 109, 110, 114, 115
later took on, successfully. more taxing
Kouyoumdjian; Armenian born
Blanke, Henry (German born
Cagney, James (US actor who began
comic and dramatic roles). 49, 71, 73
novelist and writer who became a
producer, with Warners from the early
his career as a dancer and is closely
Curtiz, Michael (Mihaly Kertesz;
British citizen in 1922). 71
thirties). 27
identified with his repeated role as a
prolific Hungarian director who moved
Astaire, Fred (Frederick Austerlitz;
'Blind Husbands' (1919). 26
punchy, psychopathic gangster). 43,
to Hollywood at the onset of the talkie
US dancer, also singer and actor). 40,
'Blood and Sand' (1922, remade in
73, 96
era). 16, 27, 33, 51, 54, 55, 96
41, 41, 73
1941). 90
Campbell, Allan (US screenwriter and
Aubrey, James (MGM executive in the
Bluhdorn G. (Chairman of
husband of Dorothy Parker (qv)). 72
early seventies). 26
Gulf and Western, when the
Cantor, Eddie (Edward Israel
Axelrod, George (US comedy writer,
conglomer took over Paramount in
Iskowitz) US vaudeville entertainer
screenwriter and occasional producer
the early seventies). 118
who made a few films in the thirties
D
and director). 53
Bogart, Humphrey (US stage and
and forties). 19, 114
screen actor identified with roles of
Capra, Frank (US director who
Daniels, Bebe (Virginia Daniels; US
gangster, private detective or
specialised in social comedies on
actress mainly of the silent era). 10
B
adventurer). 40, 41, 45, 67, 70, 71,
populist themes). 31, 32, 85, 103, 118
Davies, Marion (Marion Douras; US
103, 114, 123
'Captain Hates the Sea, The' (1934).
actress who became newspaper
Boorman, John (UK director who
114
magnate William Randolph Hearst's
came from TV and went to Hollywood
Carlisle, Kitty (Catherine Holzman;
mistress and protegé). 40. 70
Bacall, Lauren (Betty Jean Perske; US
in 1966). 60
US opera singer who appeared in a
Davis, Bette (Ruth Elizabeth Davis;
actress, co-starred with Humphrey
Boothe Luce, Clare (US journalist and
small number of films in the thirties).
US actress who specialised in playing
Bogart (qv) in a number of early films
playwright who married the publisher,
73
powerful or designing women and,
and married him). 19, 70, 123
Henry Luce). 70, 72,
'Casablanca' (1942). 70, 123
latterly, characters in low-budget
'Ball of Fire' (1941). 33
Bow, Clara (US actress mainly of the
Cassavetes, John (US actor who has
horror films). 41, 43, 71. 73. 104
Bankhead, Tallulah (US stage and
silent era when she was known as the
also directed a number of experimental
Day, Doris (Doris Kappelhoff: US
screen actress, better known for her
'It' girl after a film of the same name).
and neo-realist films). 55
dance-band singer whose acting
off-screen activities). 11, 31, 44, 45,
10, 11, 70, 73. 103
Catlett, Walter (US comedian with
abilities were not stretched in a series
72, 91, 95, 109, 114
Brando, Marlon (US actor who played
vaudeville background). 114
of glossy, coy sex comedies in the late
'Barretts of Wimpole Street, The'
surly, rebellious types as a young man,
Chandler, Raymond (US detective
fifties and early sixties). 104. 114
(1934, remade in 1956). 80
has since widened his repertoire). 15,
novelist and screenwriter. creator of
Dean, Barney (US comic writer). 103
Barrymore, Ethel (US stage and screen
38, 40, 41, 43, 44, 49, 51. 95, 114
Philip Marlowe). 14, 56. 60. 63. 104
Dean, James (US actor whose 'teenage
actress from silent era on. sister of John
Brecher, Irving (US writer who moved
Chaplin, Charlie (UK vaudeville
rebel' image touched a youthful nerve
and Lionel Barrymore (qv)). 14, 40,
from radio to films. where he has
comedian who went to the US in 1910
in the fifties). 49
43, 96
specialised in comedy and musicals).
and shortly afterwards began making
de Mille, Cecil B. (US film pioneer who
Barrymore, John (US stage and screen
22. 99
silent comedies, developing the role of
became influential producer-director in
actor from silent era, he became a
Brian, Mary (Louis Dantzler; US
the 'little tramp'; directed a number of
the silent eΓa, he was known for sex
matinée idol in the twenties but went
actress, mainly of the silent era). 91
films with little success). 11. 25, 27, 38.
comedies, adventure films and, best of
into rapid alcoholic decline). 41, 67,
Britton, Tony (UK actor seen
40, 48, 51, 67, 70. 76, 77. 84, 90, 103.
all, biblical and historical epics). 22,
70, 95, 115
increasingly on TV). 40
109
38, 51, 57, 60, 67, 91, 95. 111
Barrymore, Lionel (US character actor
'Broken Blossoms' (1919, remade in
'Charge of the Light Brigade, The'
de Mille, William (US stage and screen
from silent era, he developed arthritis
1936). 89
(1936). 55
director brother of Cecil B. de Mille).
in the thirties but continued to act
Bronson, Charles (US actor who
'Chase, The' (1966). 51
41, 44, 45, 49
from a wheelchair, when necessary).
specialises in strong, silent types). 95
Chasen, Dave (Hollywood
de Niro, Robert (US actor successful in
41, 73, 115
Brooke, Peter (UK stage director who
restaurateur). 70
romantic/psychopathic roles). 41, 44,
Battelli, Phyllis. 14
has made a few films). 44
'Citizen Kane' (1941). 16, 114, 123
45,49
Baxter, Warner (US stage and screen
Brooks, Louise (US actress who
'Cleopatra' (1962 this is only one of
Derek, John (Derek Harris; US actor
actor from silent era on). 115
became a European star in the twenties
many films concerned with the
and occasional director). 123
'Beat the Devil) (1954). 91
and thirties before retiring from the
Egyptian queen). 38, 89. 90, 95
Dietrich, Marlene (Maria Magdalena
Beatty, Warren (US actor and
screen). 43, 44, 45, 70, 73, 103
Cobb, Irving S. (US humorous writer
von Losch; glamorous German singer
occasional producer). 26
Brooks, Richard (US writer, director
who appeared in a few films). 72, 118
and actress in Hollywood from the
'Beguiled, The' (1971). 89
and occasional producer of worthy but
Cocoanuts, The' (1929). 85
thirties onwards). 41, 72, 109, 118,
'Bells of St. Mary's, The' (1945). 103
somewhat stodgy films). 31, 53, 63
Cocteau, Jean (French poet, writer and
123
Benchley, Robert (US journalist, writer
Broun, Heywood (US drama critic and
experimental film-maker). 25. 53
Dietz, Howard (US librettist,
and screen actor in minor character
columnist who was a member of the
Cohn, Harry (Founder and head of
composer, writer and publicist). 31, 71
roles member of Algonquin Hotel
Algonquin Hotel 'Round Table' group
Columbia Pictures who came to
Disney, Walt (US commercial artist
'Round Table' group of Broadway and
of Broadway and Hollywood literati).
Hollywood from a career in vaudeville,
who became an animator in the
124
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DATE: 6/26/91
TO: JENNIFER Crossman, Cunt Smith
FROM: Jaff ERNSTOFF
NUMBER OF PAGES 2 (INCL. COVER PAGE)
SPECIAL INSTRUCTIONS:
RE
Mount RUSHMORE
Presidential Spuch
Our Department Fax Number is (212) 489 - 1791
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Jeffrey Ernstoff to Jennifer Grossman, Curt Smith
Subject: President Bush's Remarks at Mount Rushmore, 7/3
Jennifer, I enjoyed speaking with you, and hope that all the
materials I faxed are helpful. As you'll see, they include:
A Show Rundown
Mary Hart's Opening Remarks
Tom Brokaw's Remarks
Governor Mickelson's Remarks
A Tribute to the Sculptor and Carvers
Tributes to the "Four Faces of Freedom" depicted on the mountain
Suggested remarks/points for President Bush.
other events simultaneous with Rushmore's completion in 1941.
Please note the following:
1) In that the President will be formally dedicating the Memorial
50 years after its completion, the story/background regarding that
is referenced in Mary Hart's introduction.
2) The Mount Rushmore Preservation Fund will serve a host of
purposes/improvements for the Memorial. Page 2 of Governor
Mickelson's remarks gets into those specifics.
3) President Bush's urging of support for the Preservation Campaign
is of paramount importance. As you may know, the Memorial is very
much in need of support, and the language/points underlined in page
3 of his drafted remarks may be helpful.
4) The drafted remarks reference an "official proclamation," as the
conclusion of the President's speech. We assume it's form and
content would follow established protocal, etc. Our Executive
Producer, David Nash, spoke with Bob Simon yesterday, and for
overall purposes, suggested that the combined address and
dedication should run about 4 minutes.
If you have any questions, please do not hestitate to call. Either
I and/or David Nash will follow up. Thanks again.
Ernstoff at Radio city: 212 632 3575
Ernstoff at Home:
212 724 2843
Executive Producer: David Nash, c/o Rushmore Production Office:
605 574 4845:
CC David Nash.
1260 Avenue of the Americas, Rockofcller Conter, New York, NY 10020
212.632.4000 Telex: 12 6517
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91 JUN 25 A8: 48
MOUNT BUSHMORE NATIONAL MEMORIAL
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JUN 24 '91 15:31 MT RUSHMORE SOCIETY
P.2
A Glance at the USA's Most Colossal Work of Art
Mount Rushmore National Memorial
-- Presidents were not the original theme when Mount Rushmore was first proposed in
1924. in fact, proponents wanted Sculptor Gutzon Borglum to carve some of the USA's
famous western heroes, including Lewis and Clark and Buffalo Bill Cody, from the
granite of the Black Hills of South Dakota.
- If the four presidents had been carved from head to toe, they would have been 465
feet tall; able to wade the Potomac without getting their knees wet; required to kneel
down to read by the light of the torch of the Statue of Liberty.
- "I had seen the photographs and the drawings of this great work. And yet, until about
ten minutes ago, I had no conception of its magnitude, its permanent beauty and its
importance." - Franklin D. Roosevelt, Jefferson dedication, August 30, 1936.
- The giant granite portraits of Washington, Jefferson, Lincoln and Theodore Roosevelt
are 60 feet tail; so huge in fact that from brow to chin each is as tall as the Great Sphinx
of Egypt.
- So hard is the granite of Mount Rushmore that geologists claim it will erode at the rate
of one inch every 100,000 years.
--"When greatness is promised, history and civilization will never forgive its absence or
those responsible for its failure." - Mount Rushmore Sculptor Gutzon Borglum.
- Eight hundred million pounds of stone were removed in carving Mount Rushmore -
90 percent of It with the aid of dynamite.
-- Despite hazardous working conditions, heavy equipment, and the use of explosives,
none of the 360 men who helped carve Mount Rushmore was killed during the 14 years
it took to mold the mountain memorial.
- "I put the curl in Lincoln's beard, the part in Teddy's hair, and the twinkle in
Washington's eye. It still gives me a thrill to look at it." - Mount Rushmore worker
Norman "Happy" Anderson.
will be in attendence
Extended Page
2.1
produces the greatest sum of happiness to mankind, I
feelut a duty to do no act which shall essentially impair
that principle
Thomas Jefferson, Third
Gutzon Borglum, Sculptor of Mount Rushmore
President 1801-1809
"A monument's dimensions shall be determined by the
We hold these truths to be self-
importance to civilzation of the events
evident, that all men are created
commemorated let us place there, carved high, as
equal, that they are endowed by
close to heaven as we can, our leaders, their faces, to
their creator with certain
show posterity what manner of
unalienable rights, that among
men they were. Then breathe a
these are Life, Liberty, and the
prayer that these records will
Pursuit of Happiness."
endure until the wind and rain
alone shall wear them away."
Declaration of Independence
July 4, 1776
Mount Rushmore Dedication
11 carry with me the consolation of a firm persuasion
August 10, 1927
that Heaven has in store for our beloved country long
ages to come of prosperity and happiness."
8th Annual Message to Congress
November 1808
PRINTED FOR THE NATIONAL PARK SERVICE THROUGH THE COURTLSY or MOUNT HUSHMORE NATIONAL MEMORIAL SOCIETY OF BLACK BILLS
A 1982 DESIGN BY GROUP 490. GRAPHICS STUDENTS 07 THE UNIVERSITY of SOUTH DAKOTA ART DEPARTMENT
JUN 24 '91 15:33 MT RUSHMORE SOCIETY
-- Although each head was dedicated individually, as plans were being drawn for a final
dedication, death stayed the hand of Sculptor Gutzon Borglum March 6, 1941. Nine
months later the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor and a formal dedication of the world's
most colossal and compelling work of art was never conducted.- The noses of the four
presidents on Mount Rushmore are one foot larger than the entire head of the Statue
of Liberty.
- The Jefferson figure was started at Washington's right. After nearly 18 months of
work, crews ran into uncarveable rock and were forced to blast the face from the
mountain. Drillers then began carving the nation's third president to Washington's left.
- Gutzon Borglum, who studied under the great Auguste Rodin, has more statuary in
Statuary Hall of the USA's Capitol than any other artist.
-- After viewing Borglum's marble portrait of the Great Emancipator, (on permanent
display in the Capitol) Robert Todd Lincoln said, "I never thought I would see father
again."
-- Mount Rushmore National Memorial is the lone memorial to freedom and democracy
in the USA.
- Gutzon Borgium's plans for Mount Rushmore did not end at the sculpted faces of four
great presidents. He also planned an 800- step Grand Stairway leading to a deep
canyon behind the faces. From that canyon wall, workers would carve out the Hall of
Records, a sealed crypt in which the records of the memorial, of human advancement,
of the USA, would be stored for future civilizations.
-- "Hence, let us place there, carved high, as close to heaven as we can, the words of
our leaders, their faces, to show posterity what manner of men they were. Then breathe
a prayer that these records will endure until the wind and the rain alone shall wear them
away." - Gutzon Borglum
Taken from America's Shrine of Democracy: A Pictorial History
Written by T.D. Griffith; Foreword by Ronald Reagan
Published by the Mount Rushmore Society
Released in June 1990
360
THE CARVING OF MOUNT RUSHMORE
All in all, it was not one of Borglum's better performances, and if the com-
mittee had been hostile to him or to the Rushmore work itself, it might have
26. Government
ended Rushmore's Federal funding right then and there. The committee,
however, was not hostile. A number of its members knew the sculptor per-
sonally and liked him, and realized that one sometimes had to make allow-
Takes it Back
ances for his rhetoric. Also, the committee did want to see the Rushmore
monument completed if that could be done without creating an endless drain
on the Federal treasury. Therefore, after writing in a provision to make this
the final Rushmore appropriation, they sent the bill on to the Congress,
where, in due course, it was passed. And by this they made possible, among
other things, the great Rushmore baseball team of 1939.
N
ow that he had command of the largest budget in Rushmore's his
tory, Borglum in the spring of 1939 set out to hire the largest crew
in its history. And upon hearing of this, the workmen sent a dele
gation headed by Merle Peterson to call on Lincoln Borglum.
"Hear you're going to hire more men," said Peterson.
"Yep," Lincoln replied, "quite a few of "cm."
"In that case," Merle said, "how about hiring guys who are good
ballplayers?"
Worman will
"So long as they can put out a day's work, it's OK with me," said Lincoln
Having established that, the members of the Rushmore team began a re.
be in attendance
cruiting campaign. They persuaded Bob McNally, star catcher for the power
ful Rapid City Cement Plant team to give up his cement plant job in ex-
change for one at Rushmore. Orville Worman, manager of Rapid City's Rec
Owl grocery store and known to be a hot shortstop was similarly persuaded
They recruited Teddy Crawford and Frank "Casey" Jones, ace pitcher anc
center fickder respectively, from the Civilian Conservation Corps. Then they
financed a trip by Casey Jones to the eastern part of the state to recruit his
brother Glen, who was said to be-and was-a remarkable second baseman
The result was a baseball team that old Rushmore hands still refer to with
something approaching reverence, a team that functioned as smoothly as i
troupe of trained scals, a team that with a little luck would have wound up the
year as state champions instcad of, as it happened, being tied for third place
At about the same time that the new appropriation was passed, which was
in March, the Black Hills Power and Light Company completed the long
awaited power line to Rushmore. Thus, another of Borglum's troubles was
disposed of, for he now had available all the electricity he could use, anc
then some.
36,
72
THE CARVING OF MOUNT RUSHMORE
No Tomahto Juice on the Mountain
273
Rushmore's frequent and favored antagonists were the Homestake boys-
Moreover, according to another team veteran, this disconcerting habit
incrs from the big gold mine at Lead. "They came to dances at Pactola a lot,
may have had something to do with the team's success:
nd the fights we had there were somethin' to see!" But in dealing with the
oys from the CCC (Civilian Conservation Corps) camps, Rushmore and
That man had a commanding presence. He really did. When he'd
lomestake became allies:
stride out on that field and halt a game it made you think of Joshua
commanding the sun to stand still. I think it sort of demoralized the
Them Cee Cee's would come to a dance in a gang, figuring to take it
opposition because it was like we had Jchovah visibly on our side.
over. Quite a few were from city slums and knew every dirty fighting
trick in the book plus a few they'd invented themselves, and they
Anyhow, despite all these things-or maybe because of them-Rush-
were a tough outfit to handle. Just the same, they weren't tough
more was a baseball power. In 1939 it won the right to represent the Black
enough to take over one of our dances, and they never did.
Hills in the state championship playoffs held at Aberdeen, South Dakota. Un-
able to accompany the team to Aberdeen, Borglum sent it a telegram of en-
Remarkably, those turbulent Saturday nights seemed to have little effect
couragement, and because of a mistype by the Western Union operator the
n the crew's ability to play baseball on Sunday. Baseball was the sport in
wire read:
outh Dakota in those days, and by the time a boy had learned to handle a
nife and fork he usually had also learned to handle a ball and bat and was
STICK TO IT. WE ARE ROTTING FOR YOU.
reaming of the day when he would become the new Lefty Grove or Rogers
GUTZON AND LINCOLN BORGLUM
fornsby. Towns and rural communities alike all fielded teams and supported
hem with fanatic fervency. Many of these teams were very good, but most of
They did stick to it, and even though they did not win the championship,
he better ones, naturally, were from the larger towns. But there were excep-
they had become one of the tournament's four finalists before going down,
tons, and the Rushmore team was one of them. It was remarkably successful,
six to five, in a sixteen inning game.
nd just as remarkably unorthodox. According to one of its members, "Red
To the extent of the whiskey and home brew left in the bottles and the
inderson was good at making home brew, and every Sunday morning he'd
stamina left in its consumers, there was partying again on Sunday night. Con-
ave a batch on ice for us. So the way we got ready for a game was by all
sequently, by the time the weekend was over the stamina was pretty well ex-
itting around in Red's garage drinking that home brew."
hausted, and Monday morning on the mountain was a time of suffering and
And there was Borglum's startling habit of interrupting games. There was
woe. "Some guys would be too hung-over to come to work at all. Finally it
othing official about it. Borglum was an ardent Rushmore rooter, but at its
got to the point where the Old Man had to make a rule that any man not
ames he was only a spectator and nothing more. Even so, as a veteran of that
showing up on Monday morning would be laid off for the whole week." And
cam later recounted:
another old Rushmore hand remembered:
A ball game's got rules, y'know, but Borglum never figured they ap-
All along the stairway you'd see guys resting and holding their heads
plied to him. If he wanted to go out on the field and talk to one of
and trying to work up strength to finish the climb. When everybody
our guys, why, they just had to stop the game while he did it, and he
finally was on top who could get there, we'd phone down to the
did it pretty often. It wasn't that he had anything important to say-
boarding house to send a gallon of tomato juice up in the hoist.
sometimes it wasn't even about baseball. I think it was his way of
Once when Bill Tallman was superintendent and we did that, he
letting the folks know, "I'm Borglum, and I'm here, and I can do this
happened to answer the phone, and in that New England accent he
Extended Page
if I want to."
had, he said, "There'll be no tomabto juice on the mountain today!"
Funny thing was, all the other teams seemed to figure he could,
Well, that was one of our inside jokes from then on. When all the
too. Anyhow, they never tried to stop him.
fellas would get to the top, all headachy and sick, don'cha know,
President Roosevelt's Remarks of the Unveiling
of the Hoad of Thomas Jefferson,
August 30, 1936
Following a lengthy statement regarding the work of corving il
Mountain Memorial and its history, of the unveiling of the head
Thomas Jefferson, Gutzon Borglum, the Sculptor, asked Preside
Roosevelt to dedicate the Memorial as 0 shrine of democracy and
ask the people of this west world to offer up their prayers that it 1
maintained as a democracy for one hundred thousand years.
President Roosevelt spoke as follows:
"I think, my friends, that there are two people who told me abo
this in the early days-one of them was Mr. Borglum and the other w
Senator Norbeck.
"On many occasions, when e new project is presented to you
paper and then, later on, you see the accomplishment, you are diso
pointed; but it is just the opposite of that in what we are looking at no
7 had seen the photographs; I had seen the drawings and I had talk
with those who are responsible for this great work, and yet 1 had had
conseption until about ten minutes ago not only of its magnitude but
its permanent beauty and of its permanent importance.
"Mr. Borglum has well said that this can be d monument and on
spiration for the continuance of the democratic-republican form
government, not only in our own beloved country, but, we hope, through
out the world.
"This is the second dedication. There will be others by other preside
in other years. When we get through, there will be something for I
American people that will last through not just generations but
thousands and thousands of years, and I think that we can perho
meditate a little on those Americans ten thousand years from now wl
the weathering on the face of Washington and Jefferson and Linc
shall have proceeded to perhaps a depth of a tenth of on incl
meditate and wonder what our descendants, and I think they will :
be here, will think about us. Let us hope that of least they will give
the benefit of the doubt-that they will believe we have honestly striv
every day and generation to preserve for our descendants a dec
land to live in and a decent form of government to operate under.
"I am very glad to have come here today informally. It is right <
proper that 1 should have come informally because we do not W
formalities where nature is concerned.
"What we have done so for exemplifies what I have been talk
about in the last few days-cooperation with nature and not fight
with nature.
head
of
"I am very hoppy to congratulate all of you not only on what we
today but on what is going to happen in the future at Mount Rushmo
11
THE PROGRAMME
ADDRESS OF PRESIDENT COOLIDGE
"We have come here to dedicate a cornerstone that
The ceremony was held upon a secondary mountain
was laid by the hand of the Almighty. On this tow-
directly below Rushmore Rock, from which
ering wall of Rushmore. in the heart of the Black
Hills, is to be inscribed & memorial which will Γop-
the several flags were unfurled.
resent some of the outstanding events of American
history by portraying with suitable inweription the
PRESIDENTIAL SALUTE OF 21 GUNS
features of four of our presidents, laid on by the
hand of & great artist in sculpture. This memorial
will crown the height of land between the Rocky
Stuater Peter Norbeck, Presiding
mountains and the Atlantic seaboard, where coming
generations may view it for all time.
"It is but natural that such A design should begin
America
Columbus College Orcbestra
with George Washington, for with him begins that
Bishop Hugh L. Burleson
which is truly characteristic of America. He repre-
Invocation
sents our independence, our constitution, our liberty.
He formed the highest aspirations that Wore enter-
President Coolidge's Address.
tained by any people into the permanent institutions
At 4ts conclusion, the President, with euitable words,
of our government. He stands as the foremost dis
presented Mr. Gutzon Borgium, the sculptor, with at
c'ple of ordered liberty, a statesman with an inspired
set of drille.
vision who is not outranked by any mortal greatness.
Address by Mr.-Borgium.
"Next to him will come Thomas Jefferson, whose
Mr. Borglass, accompanied by Major J. G. Tucker,
wisdom insured that the government which Wash-
the contractor, then repaired to Mt. Rushmore to begin
ington had formed should be intrusted to the admin-
the sculpture. During the flag coremony following.
istration of the people. He emphasized the element
Mr. Barglum case over the precipies and drilled six
of self government which had been enshrined in
master points in the postrait of Washington.
American institutions in such 6. way to demonstrate
that It was practical and would be permanent. In
Flag of French Empire unfuried.
him, likewise, was embodied the spirit of expansion.
The Bourbon National Air. Salute, Retreat.
Recognizing the destiny of his country, he added to
its territory. By removing the possibility of any Dow-
Flag of Spain unfurled.
erful opposition from another neighboring state, he
Spanish National Air. Salute. Retreat.
gave new guarantees to the rule or the people.
Flag of Napoleon unfurled.
"After our country had been established, enlarged
Marsellaise. Salute. Retreat.
from sea to sea and dedicated to popular government,
the next great task was to demonstrate the perma-
Washington's Flag, 15 bars and 15 stars.
nency of our union and to extend the principle of
Salute. America, the Beautiful.
freedom to all the Inhabitants of our land. The mas-
ter of this supreme accomplishment was Abraham
Address, "Washington"
Hon. C.J. Buell
Lincoln. Above all other national figures, he holds
the love of his fellow countryman. The work which
Streamer, "Louisiana Purchase."
Washington and Jefferson began, he extended to its
Columbia, the Gem of the Occan.
logical conclusion.
Address, "Jefferson"
Gov. Wm. J. Bulow
"That the principles for which these three men
stood might be still more firmly established destiny
Streamers for Florida, Texas, California, Oregon
raised up Theodore Roosevelt. To political freedom.
and Alaska.
he strove to add economic freedom. By building the
Panama canal he brought into closer relationship the
Old Glory unfurled.
east and west and realised the vision that inspired
The Star Spangled Banner. Salute.
Columbus in his search for a new passage to the
Orient
Address, "Lincoln" Hon. Wm. Williamson, M.C.
"The union of these four presidents carved on the
Streamer, "Paname."
face of the everlasting hills of Bouth Dakota will
constitute a distinctly national monument. It will be
Address, "Roosevelt"
Sen, Wm. H. McMaster
decidedly American in its conception, in its magni-
tude, in Its meaning and altogether worthy of our
Benedictory Prayer
Rev. Ralph Lium
country. No one can look upon it understandingly
without roalising it is & picture of hope fullilled.
"Its location will be significant. Here la the heart
The Memorial to the Founding, Preservation and Expansion
of the continent, on the side of a mountain which
of the United States embraces colossal statues of Washington,
probably no white mán had ever beheld in the days
Jefferson. Linesla and Roosevelt, scaled to the proportions of
of Washington, in territory which was acquired by
men 465 it. high, carved from the living granite of Rushmore
the action of Jefferson, which remained an almost
Mountain. and a vast entablature 80 by 120 ft. incised in the
unbroken wilderness beyond the days of Lincoin,
granite, telling the story of America, President Coolidge
which was especially beloved by Roosevelt, the people
67.
Extended Page
6. 1
portray the apirit of patriotism. They will know
that the figure of these presidents has been placed
here because by following the truth they built for
territory. The fundamenta) principles Which they rep-
resented have been wrought into the very being of
our country. They are steadfast as these ancient
hills.
"Other people have marvelled at the growth and
strength of America. They have wondered how a
few weak and discordant colonies were able to win
their independence from one of the greatest powers
of the world. They have been amased at our genius
for welf government. They have been unable to com-
prohend how the shock of a great civil war all not
destroy our union. They do not understand the 000-
nomic progress of our people. It is true that we
have had the advantage of great natural resources,
but these have not been exclusively ours. Others
have been equally fortunate in that direction.
"The progress of America has been due to the spirit
of its people. It is in no small degree due to that
spirit that we have been able to produce such great
leadera If coming generations are to maintain 4
like spirit, It will be because they continue to study
the lives and times of the great men who have been
the leaders in our history. and continue to support
the principles which those men represented. It is for
that purpose that we erect memorials. We cannot
hold our admiration for the historic figures which we
shall *** here without growing stronger in our de-
termination to perpetuate the institutions which their
lives revealed and established.
"The fact that this enterprise is being begun in
ADDRESS
one of our new states not yet great in population,
not largely developed in its resources, discloses that
the old American spirit still goes where our people
of
go, still dominates their Iives, still inspires them to
deeds of devotion and sacrifice. It is but another
CALVIN COOLIDGE
illustration of the determination of our people to use
their material resources to minister to their spiritual
President of the United States
life. This memorial will be another national shrine
to which future generations will repair to declare
their continuing allegiance to independence, to self
government, to freedom and to economic justice.
DELIVERED AT THE
"It to an inspiring phase of American life that
men are willing to devote their energies to the area-
BEGINNING OF THE CARVING
iion of a memorial of this nature. Money spent for
such a purpose is certain of adequate returns in the
nature of increased public welfare.
of the
The people of South Dakota are taking the lead
in the preparation of this memorial out of their
NATIONAL MEMORIAL
meagre resources because the American spirit 10
strong among them. Their effort and courage entitles
theme to the sympathy and support of private bese-
on
Seenes and the antional government. They realize
fully that they have no means of succeeding in the
RUSHMORE MOUNTAIN
development of their state except & reliance upon
American institutions. They do not fall to appreciate
their value. There in no power that can stay the
AUGUST 10, 1927
progress of such a people. They are predestined to
success. Our country 10 fortunate in having the Ad-
vantage of their citizenship. They have been pioneers
in the development of their state. They will continue
to be pioneers in the defense and development of
"MONEY SPENT FOR SUCH A PURPOSE 15 CERTAIN
American institutions."
OF ACEQUATE RETURNS IN THE NATURE OF
INCREASED PUBLIC WELFARE."
MT. RUSHMORE
INSPIRED THESE
MEN TO SAY
XCERPTS from speeches at dedicatory and unveiling
E
ceremonies or comments made during personal
visits to the Memorial.
President Calvin Coolidge (Consecration Ceremony,
August 10, 1927)
"We have come here to dedicate a corner stone that
was laid by the hand of the Almighty
This memorial
will be another national shrine to which future genera-
tions will repair to declare their continuing allegiance
to independence, to self government, to freedom and to
economic justice
"
President Herbert Hoover in 1930
"We shall leave a record to posterity to show what
use the youth of the world made of its freedom and its
opportunities in the new lands it had conquered."
President Franklin D. Roosevelt (Jefferson Unveiling)
"An inspiration for the continuance of the democratic
Lord Halifax (Visiting the Black Hills, March 29,
republican form of government, not only in our own be-
1946)
loved country, but, we hope, throughout the world."
"The most remarkable confluence of the wonder of
nature and the art of man I have ever witnessed."
Judge Albert R. Denu (Borglum Banquet, December
28, 1938)
"The historian of the future
will record America's
enduring achievements and include in his history the
name of a Master Sculptor, whom the earth's inhabitants
of the twentieth century knew as Gutzon Borglum."
Cecil B. deMille (After first visit to Mt. Rushmore
in 1953)
"My visit to Mount Rushmore is carved in my
memory as indelibly as those four great faces are carved
in the mountainside. I have asked myself, 'What is it
about Mount Rushmore that makes it so unforgettable?'
I think the answer is that not only do you look at those
four faces-they look at you as well. A visit to Mount
Rushmore is a moment of communion with the very soul
of America. The silent message of Mount Rushmore is
that America will endure as the home of the brave as
long as we keep it the land of the free."
TWENTY-FIFTH ANNIVERSARY
In observance of the twenty-fifth anniversary of the
first of almost a half million first day covers began moving
beginning of work on Mount Rushmore National Me-
to all parts of the world from the tiny Keystone postoffice
morial, the United States Post Office Department issued
three miles away. The initial printing of the commem-
a special stamp featuring the Shrine of Democracy.
orative stamps totaled 110,000,000.
A quarter of a century after President Calvin Coolidge
Speakers at the brief ceremonies included South
rode horseback to the rugged Black Hills mountain to
Dakota senators, Karl Mundt and Francis Caise, and
hand Sculptor Gutzon Borglum his tools, a crowd of
Congressman Ben Jensen of Iowa. Josef Meier, who
5,000 came by motor car and bus over hard-surfaced
portrays the Christus in the Black Hills Passion Play,
highways to witness ceremonies befitting the occasion on
acted as master of ceremonies. Governor Sigurd Ander-
August 11, 1952.
son of South Dakota was among the distinguished guests,
They saw Osborne Pearson, assistant postmaster gen-
scated on the platform with many of the sagacious men
cral, speaking from a flag-draped platform, officially put
and stone workers who had helped Borglum realize his
the commemorative stamp into use. As he spoke, the
dream of a colossal monument to a free people.
A VISIT FROM THE PRESIDENT
The third president to see Mount Rushmore National
Memorial was Dwight D. Eisenhower, who addressed the
Young Republican convention here on July 11, 1953.
President Eisenhower told the rising generation the
party's future depended upon advancing a program to
serve "the interests and needs of all our citizens."
Eight thousand saw the President while millions
watched on television. It was the first time an event was
nationally televised from the Memorial.
President Eisenhower's words reverberated through
the ponderosa pines and cchoed back from the rock walls
of the canyon. Light. flimsy clouds moved lazily in the
soft summer breeze above the heroic foreheads of the
figures on the mountain. It was an occasion to live long
in the memories of those who were present.
From Mount Rushmore the President traveled to the
State Game Lodge where he spent two nights in the same
suite which President Coolidge had occupied during the
summer of 1927. "I'll be back," were President Eiscn-
hower's parting words to the Black Hills.
Important Facts in the History
son, Lincoln Borglum, the only trained and experienced aid in mountain
of the Memorial
sculpture on this work.
n is also interesting to note here that no trained sculptors' assistants
The proposal to develop mountain sculpture in the Black Hills was in-
have had any part in this. This has been a serious handicap and a great
spired by the national and world interest awakened by the colossal
hindrance to the completion of the work.
carvings on Stone Mountain, a Memorial to the Confederacy. The world
The workmen are local miners trained and closely instructed in every
interest in that stimulated the imagination of Doone Robinson, then state
historian of Pierre, South Dakota, as publicly. expressed by him at
part of the work by either the Sculptor himself or his son.
Huron, South Dakota, January 22, 1924. His subsequent correspondence
The work on Washington, Jefferson and Lincoln faces, because of
resulted in Mr. Borgium's visit to the Hills, and, in the Sculptor's careful
their colossal dimensions, appears highly finished. There remains from
study of available granite, Mount Rushmore was selected.
several inches to a foot of stone yet to be taken off by highly trained
This cliff was rejected by Senator Norbeck at the time because of
carvers under direction of the Sculptor himself.
remoteness and absence of roads, but adopted later as the best avail-
There have been three unveilings. The Washington head under the
able cliff in the Hills, and as Mr. Borglum answered, "If the Mountains
auspices of Mr. Joseph S. Cullinan, the first President of the Commission;
are carved as proposed, roads will be built and the world will visit
the Jefferson head in 1936 by President Franklin D. Roosevelt; and last
the work."
year, September 17, the Lincoln head, under the auspices of the Com-
The work was undertaken by the State, which however, failed to
mission-Honoroble William Williamson, presiding. The plans at this
provide funds. Rapid City undertook a small underwriting, private and
writing provide for the unveiling of the Theodore Roosevelt head, which
corporate interests joining, with the result that enough money was
is expected to be finished this summer, 1938. To close the celebration
pledged or accumulated to prepare houses for workmen and studio for
of the adoption of the Constitution of the United States and the inaugur-
models. Mr. Samuel Insull of Chicago, in direct negotiation with Mr.
ation of George Washington as first President, a second unveiling of the
Borgkum, presented to him an efficient power plant, complete with
head of Washington and the acceptance of the sculptured portion of
the memorial by the President will be made in 1939.
compressors.
Through the further efforts of its promoters, President Coolidge was
The carvings cover an area of over on acre and a half, and this
induced to spend a summer in the Hills. It was during this visit that the
carving, it will be noted, has been done with the same care for sculpture
President dedicated the great cracked diff as a Memorial, to be carved
quality that one would exercise in a life-size bust. Spectators view the
as designed by the Sculptor. It was also of this meeting that the Sculptor
work of a distance of 1500 feet, or a quarter of 0 mile.
explained to the President the history of the efforts of citizens of South
Some interesting and compared dimensions show that if Washington
Dakota to date, and asked the President to help in the work of creating
were finished down to his shoe-heel he would stand between 470 and
a great National Memorial. The President not only rose to the occasion
480 feet in height. He would be as tall as the Washington Monument
and promptly agreed, but arranged for a meeting of Mr. Borglum in
in Washington, D. C. If he should attempt to walk across the Hudson
Washington with Mr. Mellon, Secretary of the Treasury, with the result
River, in 40 feet of water-the present depth for liners, he would just
that Congressional Acts were formulated and passed, 0 Commission
wet his ankles. The Statue of Liberty could hardly reach to his pocket,
created, and the work put definitely in hand.
and he could lift her easily from her pedestal, and carry her away. If
The usual custom in preparing and producing a sculpture group is to
he wanted to pass under the Brooklyn Bridge, he would have to get
design and create a complete model. This was undertaken for Mount
down on his hands and knees and crawl. The length of Washington's
Rushmore, but not until actual drilling could be carried to a depth
nose is longer than the height of the face of the Egyption Sphinx. The
sufficient to know definitely the character of the stone was it discovered
Egyptian Sphinx is 19 feet from the chin to the top of her head, and the
that no fixed model could be used. No change in contract or other
same in width-Washington's nose is 21 feet. The eyes are 8 feet across,
arrangement was ever made, but the Sculptor has not only been com-
and the mouth is 18 feet, and yet these are in perfect scole with the
pelled to change his models for each figure but to enlarge the entire
Mountains on which they are corved, and which surround them. If
grouping and spread to points where stone was available.
Washington were to sit under the Niagara Falls, the water would break
Extended Page
a his shoulders, and his head and neck would project above
These changes are all made by the Sculptor himself assisted by his
the Falls.
5
4
WHY THE MOUNTAIN MEMORIAL
By GUTZON BORGLUM
Delivered in Collier's Radio Hour
at New York, January 18, 1931, 8.40 P.M.
A
MONUMENT'S dimensions should be deter-
mined by the importance to civilization of the
events memorialized.
Alexander once said, after he had returned
from his Asiatic conquests, "Make no petty statue
of me. We will carve yonder mountain into a
crouching Apollo and in his outstretched hand I
will build a new Athens that will be the wonder
and the mistress of the world."
There must be great cause, great national heart
and soul growth or threat of national tragedy to
justify monuments of colossal dimensions.
America has these, and as in this civilization
every billionaire asks the cost of his morning
paper, let me tell you that I will take Stone Moun-
tain, a boulder of granite 800 feet high, 4000 feet
long, and make of it the wonder of the world at a
cost of the cosmetics used in a single month in
America.
the
chall
Ronsevelt did more: alone he stayed the
contributions to civilization they commemorate.
joined the waters of the great East and West
colossal underrakings. IT was the greatness of the
lization would justity their being carved in gold in
awakened mind and freed heart of the Italian
the dimensions we are cutting them in granite.
Renaissance of the fourteenth and fifteenth cen-
We are not creating a monument to Washington,
turies that surged over Europe, freeing the hearts
Jefferson, Lincoln, or Roosevelt but to the mean-
and souls of men, shaking the centuries-old slav-
ing of these eleven words as developed into and
eries westward, fled and here founded free insti-
maintained in a national government BY THESE
tutions.
FOUR GREAT NATIONAL LEADERS. These
Few races have contributed immortal service
eleven words "man has a right to be free and to
to civilization. America has; America has lived
be happy" alone will hold forever the great west-
profoundly-and in that living made three immor-
ern experiment as a guiding star, that leaped from
tal contributions to civilization-first, her struggle
the womb of medieval Europe, more important to
out of the Puritan chrysalis to the Declaration of
humanity's immortality than our continued na-
Independence,-second, the war between the
tional existence.
states over the interpretation of the Constitution,
Jefferson appears on Mount Rushmore because
-third, America's return to save Europe and civi-
he drew the Declaration of Independence; Wash-
lization. In the first she has written into the blue
ington, because as the great presiding officer, he
heavens that "man has a right to be free and to
guided in council, was great in battle, and made
be happy." Unburdened by encumbering verbi-
possible and successful the struggle that followed:
age, these eleven words have changed the gov-
Lincoln, because it was Lincoln and no other than
ernment of the world. These eleven words are the
Lincoln; whose mind, heart and finally life, deter-
heart and soul of western civilization. These eleven
mined that we should continue as a common
words are the motive back of the Mount Rush-
family of states and in union forever. Roosevelt
more National Memorial, which we are now carv-
is joined with the others, because he completed
ing in the Black Hills of South Dakota, commemo-
the dream of Columbus, opened the way to India,
+
5
Rapid City Journal
Rapid City, South Dakota
Saturday, October 31, 1981
Edwin L. Rothfuss
Mount Rushmore National Memorial
Mount Rushmore anniversary
evokes memories for driller
Ron Bender
Lincoin's beard: kind of turned it over
Staff Writer
to me. He told me what he wanted cut
some grooves in there to make some
MOUNT RUSHMORE - This is a
curis. But don't make them all alike. He
special day for the National Park Ser-
seemed to be satisfied because I didn't
vice staff at Mount Rushmore National
have to go over it again.
Memorial, as well as for a 69-year-old
Few serious accidents happened dur-
retired construction worker now living
in Galesville, Wis.
ing the 14 years of carving, a
remarkable record considering the
Forty years ago, on Oct. 31. 1941. the
hazardous working conditions and
last workmen came down from the
sometimes makeshift equipment and
massive sculpture. It was finished. 14
scaffolding which sprawled over the
years and $989,992.32 after Gutzon
faces. "I often think about what OSHA
Borgium first started carving the
would. do with a deal like that." said
mountain. Borglum wasn't there to see
Anderson. "They'd go stark raving
his work completed. He had died seven
mad.
months earlier, and the sculpture was
He was an exception. a workman who
finished by his son Lincoln.
was seriously injured on the job. One
But Norman "Hap" Anderson was
day in 1940 Anderson was in the bucket
there that day. He was one of the men
which carried men, via a cable, up and
who suddenly found himself
down the mountain. Someone made a
unemployed. "It.was an unhappy day.
mistake and the drive wheel
It was the best job around that part of
mechanism broke. Anderson and the
the country and we were getting $10 a
Norman "Hap" Anderson
bucket came whizzing back down the
day." said Anderson. 69, on the phone
mountain. crashed into a rock and he
the other day from his home in Wiscon-
"I worked on all of 'em (the
presidents' faces). I went from
went flying-
sin. "I was kind of sorry to see it go. I
When he regained consciousness a
wished we could have done more of
Washington's coat lapels up over his
week later - Anderson learned his left
what Mr. Borgium wanted to do. But I
forehead. took the wrinkles out from
arm was broken in two places. his right
was pretty proud I got to work on it."
under his chin. put the twinkle in one of
shoulder blade was broken. the ribs on
Anderson worked from 1935 to 1941 as
his eyes. put a part in Rooseveit's hair.
a driller. On the last day of work be was
took 4 inches off Roosevelt's nose, even
his right side were broken and some
had punctured his lungs. Dr. Robert
using a pneumatic jackhammer, as
helped take the cold sore off Jefferson.
Jackson, who had delivered Anderson
usual, to do finish work. called "bump-
That happened when one guy got too
some 28 years earlier. repaired him this
ing." on Lincoln's cheek.
ambitious with Jefferson, got carried
time: but couldn't do anything to his
"Hard work?" Anderson said,
away and cut through his lip. That stuff
arm until he came to. By then the frac-
responding to a question with one of his
was kind of shattery right there. 50
tured bone ends were hard to reattach
own. "If you can imagine putting a 35-
when he was done it looked like Jeffer-
"He told me it was like trying to put
pound jackhammer against your belly
son had a cold sore.
"
Correcting the mistake took a lot of
two drumsticks together." said Ander-
and letting her go. I guess It was hard
son. "He had to set my arm five times
work.
extra carving. "We had to tip his head
"One time we had a scaffold on
back a little to get rid of that cold sore.
before he got it good.
The Mount Rushmore National
Roosevelt's face. It was cold so we put
That was something Mr. Borglum came
Memorial Commission paid his medical
up canvas up to keep the wind off.
up with
bills and Anderson eventually returned
Borgium told me to take 4 inches off the
Anderson describes the sculptor as
to work. After the job at Rushmore end-
end of Roosevelt's nose. Well. there was
"temperamental." but a good man to
work for. "I liked the man. He knew
ed he worked in power line construction
no way to drill sideways. so I laid on my
and moved to Wisconsin in 1948.
back. with the hammer on my belly and
what he wanted and he wasn't bashful
A native of Box Elder. Anderson and
drilled straight up.
about telling you what he wanted. If be
"My belly was so hard in those days
wanted 2 inches off. he was very strict
his wife occasionally get back to South
Dakota.
my wile could dance on my stomach
about it. He meant 2 inches.
with high-heeled shoes.' be chuckled.
"You could visualize it as he explain-
"I generally come out for most of the
celebrations they have and meet what
Anderson's description of his work
ed it to you. He had me put the curl in
few of us there are left. There aren't too
makes him sound more like a plastic
surgeon than a rock driller.
many of us around anymore."
Rushmore
MONUMENT TO AMERICA
The Concept High on Mount Rushmore, the likenesses
The first step in the construction of the memorial was
of four American Presidents are carved in ageless
to blast away the surface rock to reach solid granite.
granite as a memorial to America's first century and a
This was accomplished by the powdermen using
quarter as a Nation. The memorial serves to remind all
measured amounts of dynamite to remove the un
Americans of this country's noble achievements of the
wanted rock. In time the powdermen became so skilled
past and the hope a democratic society offers for the
at their work they could blast to within inches of the
desired surface. Once solid granite was reached,
future.
carvers suspended over the side of the mountain in
The original concept of the memorial was that of Doane
harnesses or bosun chairs used jackhammers to give
Robinson, the State Historian of South Dakota. He pro
general shape to the faces.
posed the carving of several romantic western figures
of American history. Gutzon Borglum--the American
With a small airhammer in a process known as
born artist and sculptor, commissioned to execute the
"bumping" the workmen brought the sculpture to its
project-felt the memorial should be of national
finished appearance. Over 400,000 tons of rock were
significance instead of regional interest and suggested
removed from the mountain and most of it still lies
Presidents as appropriate subjects.
where it fell below the faces.
The selection of Mount Rushmore as the location for
the memorial was a logical choice since it offered
several advantages over
the other sites under con-
sideration. The massive
Dimensions The heads measure 60 feet from the chin
granite cap of this moun-
to the top of the head; each nose is 20 feet long; each
tain was of the desired
mouth, 18 feet wide; and the eyes are 11 feet across.
texture and large enough
The sculpture is carved to the scale of men 466 feet
to permit a sculpture of a
tall, but the carving was not intended as a memorial to
scale consistent with Borglum's purpose. Mount
be known only for its gigantic proportions. Borglum
Rushmore's southeast face had the advantage of good
once said, "A monument's dimensions should be
sunlight to enhance the aesthetic appeal of the
determined by the importance to civilization of the
events commemorated." Mount Rushmore's impor
sculpture.
tance as a memorial is as lofty in meaning as it is in size,
Carving a Mountain Construction began August 10,
The sculture is not a memorial to the four Presidents
Calvin
Coolidac
officially
who appear here, rather they are symbolic of the
Extended Page
1.1
eas. Roosevelt did, more; alone ne stayed me
The new design I shall make for the Southern
encroachment of organized privilege against the
Memorial will be double the old size, that is more
principles of a government by, of, and for the
than four New York blocks in length.
people, declaring-"so far and no farther, can
The faces of Washington, Jefferson, Lincoln
you go with safety to the principles of a people's
and Roosevelt on Mount Rushmore are sixty feet;
government."
the figures finished would be 450 feet. If they
The other colossal memorial-at Stone Moun-
stood in the Falls of Niagara they would block the
ain-the first mountain sculpture begun in the
great cataract. If they should sit in the Falls, this
vestern world-is the carving of the drama of
mighty river would only splash about their ears.
he Confederate host, designed to interpret their
If they should walk down the East River to the
defense of the great covenant-the Constitution
Hudson, they could barely creep under the great
-their and our forefathers drew, supporting the
bridges. They would swamp most of the smaller
Declaration of Independence. No greater or
vessels, and when they reached the statue of
nore sincere struggle was ever fought than this.
Liberty, they would have to stoop to read by her
No conflict in the world's history marshalled abler
dimming light.
ons of the founders of our nation. No conflict in
history drew from the victors-the North-such
There on the mountain tops, removed from the
memorials to honour their valour, as the South
meddling fingers of ignorance and posterity high
drew from the North, by act of the national con-
in the heavens we are carving portraits and words
gress, when it ordered five million coins of the
of our leaders,-that posterity and civilization
realm struck in the national mint to honour Robert
may see hundreds of thousands of years hence
÷. Lee and the Southern soldier.
what manner of men our leaders were, with a
You ask me, how big are these sculptures? What
prayer and a belief that there among the clouds
does that matter. They are as big as the moun-
they may stand forever, where wind and rain alone
tains and yet they are small compared to the great
shall wear them away.
6
7
The Presidents George Washington represents in
Abraham Lincoln, Sixteenth President 1861-1865
dependence, liberty, an inspired vision of the Nation's
future, and the dignity of the Presidency.
'With malice toward none, with
charity for all, with firmness in the
Thomas Jefferson insured the newly formed Nation
right, as God gives us to see the
would be self governed; entrusted only to a govern
right, let us strive on to finish the
work we are in
:
ment by the people.
Abraham Lincoln typifies the permanency of our
Second Inaugural Address
Nation, preserving that which Washington and
March 4, 1865
Jefferson began. His hand guided the destiny of our
country in its darkest hour and pointed the way to
"Let US have faith that right
freedom and tolerance for all its people.
makes might and in that faith let
us to the end dare to do our duty
To this political freedom, Theodore Roosevelt extended
as we understand it.
economic freedom. He was the "trust buster,' the
conservationist, and the friend of the common man. His
Address at Cooper Union
leadership inspired a march toward new frontiers; the
February 27, 1860
forging of new connecting links that bound the West
and the East.
Significance of the Memorial The memorial is
Theodore Roosevelt, Twenty-Sixth President
decidedly American in its magnitude, and in its
1901-1909
meaning. The sculptor with rare discernment
transmitted to the carved faces of these four
"We, here in America, hold in our
Americans the high ideals, the calm judgment, and the
hands the hopes of the world. the
resolute courage that are the qualities of great
fate of the coming years; and
statesmen; qualities that drive visionaries on to high
shame and disgrace will be ours if
endeavor, that compel them to scale the heights of
in our eyes the light of high
unparalleled achievement.
resolve is dimmed, if we trail in
the dust the golden hopes of
These values express themselves in the love of
men."
freedom. compassion for humanity, and a willingness
to sacrifice life and possessions to achieve noble aims.
Address at Carnegie Hall
These are the intangibles that live in the hearts of great
New York City
men and women. They are eternal and endure forever.
March 30, 1912
These are some of the unseen values that give meaning
and purpose to this symbolic memorial, this Shrine of
"I ar better it is to dare mighty things, to win glorious
Democracy.
triumphs, even though checkered by failure. than to
take rank with those poor spirits who neither enjoy
George Washington, First President 1789-1797
much nor suffer much, because they live in the gray
twilight that knows not victory nor defeat."
the preservation of the
sacred fire of liberty, and
Speech before the Hamilton Club
the destiny of the
Chicago
Republican model of
April 10, 1899
government, are justly
considered as deeply,
perhaps as finally staked,
on the experiment
entrusted to the hands of
the American people "
First Inaugural Address
April 30, 1789
Believing that a representative government,
responsible at short periods of election, is that which
produces the greatest sum of hanniness to mankind I
Extended Page
2.1
1927, the day President Calvin Coolidge officially
WHO appear nere, they are symbone wi
dedicated the National Memorial. Because of inclement
establishment and growth of this great Nation.
weather and lack of funds, 14 years were required to
reveal the sculpture as we now see it. The actual time
spent in construction of the memorial was 6 1/2 years. In
the early construction years, private donations sup.
630
ported the work. Later, however, as more funds were
required, the Federal Government assumed financial
responsibility for the memorial. When completed,
federal appropriations accounted for over 80% of the
Gateway
555'
Arch
approximately one million dollars spent on the
sculpture. Gutzon Borglum died in March of 1941. All
Washington
work on Mount Rushmore ceased later the same year
Monument
and no additional carving has been done on the moun-
tain since. There are no plans to add other Presidents to
the group.
The forming of the faces was accomplished by skilled
drillers, powdermen, hoist operators, and blacksmiths
151
Statue
working under the supervision of Sculptor Gutzon
of
60
Borglum. A sizable crew, sometimes numbering more
Liberty
than 35 men, was engaged during full-scale opera
tions. Good safety practices and precautions resulted
in tow injuries and no fatalities during the conctruction.
06/25/1991 15:16 RCMH ADVERTISING UF-400AD
06511560 P.19
SUGGESTED REMARKS
PRESIDENT GEORGE BUSH
FORMAL DEDICATION CEREMONY
MOUNT RUSHMORE NATIONAL MEMORIAL
JULY 3, 1991
DRAFT
6/24/91
PLEASE JNE UNDERLINED SEE SECTION
06/25/1991 15:18 RCMH ADVERTISING UF-400AD
06511560 P.22
Page 3
President Bush, (continued)
GIVEN ALL THAT MOUNT RUSHMORE SYMBOLIZES, AND GIVEN THAT WE
ARE JUDGED BY THE EXTENT TO WHICH WE HONOR SUCH SYMBOLS, THE
PRESERVATION OF THIS MEMORIAL IS SOMETHING THAT WE ALSO OWE -
TO BORROW JEFFERSON'S WORDS - TO "OURSELVES AND OUR
POSTERITY."
AND THAT IS WHY I URGE EVERY AMERICAN, YOUNG AND OLD, NORTH,
SOUTH, EAST AND WEST, TO PLAY A PART IN THE MOUNT RUSHMORE
PRESERVATION CAMPAIGN. NO MATTER WHAT THE SIZE OF YOUR
CONTRIBUTION, YOU WILL BE HELPING TO SEE TO IT THAT THIS TRULY
MAGNIFICENT MEMORIAL ENDURES - TO INSPIRE, TO EDUCATE, AND TO
REAFFIRM THE IDEALS THAT BIND THIS NATION TOGETHER. JUDGED BY
THOSE STANDARDS, EVERY CONTRIBUTOR CAN FEEL JUSTIFIABLY PROUD
OF THEIR CONTRIBUTION TO OUR HERITAGE.
AND NOW, IN THE PRESENCE OF MANY OF THOSE WHO CREATED MOUNT
RUSHMORE AND THEIR FAMILIES, I HAVE THE HONOR TO OFFICIALLY
DEDICATE THIS MEMORIAL. YES, AS WE'VE HEARD, IT'S BEEN FIFTY
YEARS OVERDUE. BUT THAT FACT THAT WE MAKE THIS DEDICATION
AFTER 5 DECADES ONLY PROVES THAT WE HAVEN'T FORGETTEN, AND
THAT THERE IS NO TIME LIMIT ON THE SPIRIT OF PATRIOTISM.
continued.
06/25/1991 15:18 RCMH ADVERTISING UF-400AD
06511560 P.23
Page 4
President Bush, (continued)
(Reaches For Proclamation)
"WHEREAS, ETC. ETC ETC ETC.
SIGNED, GEORGE HERBERT WALKER BUSH. "
Smith
Jeff Ernstoff, alternate intro material re/dedication.
50 YEARS AGO, EVEN WAS AMERICA STOOD ON THE BRINK OF ENTERING
WORLD WAR TWO, SHE WAS NONETHELESS BURSTING WITH ACHIEVEMENTS
OF EVERY KIND. IN LITERATURE, F. SCOTT FITZGERALD WROTE THE
LAST TYCOON. IN FILM, THE EXTRAORDINARY CITIZEN KANE WAS
PREMIERED. IN TECHNOLOGY, THE GRAND COULEE DAM BEGAN
OPERATION. AND YES, IN THE MOST POPULAR TERMS, JOE DIMAGGIO
HIT SAFELY IN FIFTY SIX CONSECUTIVE GAMES.
BUT HERE AT MOUNT RUSHMORE SOMETHING FAR MORE PROFOUND WAS
TAKING PLACE. THE MONUMENT'S COLOSSAL FOUR PORTRAITS WERE NOW
COMPLETE. THE BLASTING AND CHISELING THAT HAD ECHOED LIKE A
SYMPHONY THROUGH THE BLACK HILLS FOR FOURTEEN YEARS SUDDENLY
FELL SILENT. AS THE SCULPTORS AND CARVERS MADE THEIR WAY DOWN
FROM THE MOUNTAIN FOR THE LAST TIME - LOOKED BACK TO MARVEL AT
THEIR WORK - AND CLOSED THE LAST CHAPTER IN THE STORY OF MOUNT
RUSHMORE'S CREATION.
WHAT THEY AND AMERICA AWAITED WAS THAT STORY'S CRAND EPILOGUE,
THE OFFICIAL DEDICATION OF THE COMPLETED NATIONAL MONUMENT BY
THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES, FRANKIN D. ROOSEVELT.
10'd 09511590
06/25/1991 15:30 RCMH ADVERTISING UF-400AD
VOLUME 19
Meyer to Nauvoo
THE ENCYCLOPEDIA
$
AMERICANA
INTERNATIONAL EDITION
COMPLETE IN THIRTY VOLUMES
FIRST PUBLISHED IN 1829
GROLIER INCORPORATED
International Headquarters: Danbury, Connecticut 06816
568
MOUNT REVELSTOKE NATIONAL PARK-MOUNT SINAI
is available in the park, and guided climbs to
Incorporated in 1912, the town remained rural
the summit are conducted. Some 300 miles (500
until the tunnel connecting it with Montreal was
km) of hiking trails lead to most of the park's
built in 1917. Mount Royal has a council-man-
attractions. The Wonderland Trail, which re-
ager government. Population: 21,561.
quires about five days to complete, circles Mt.
POTUS toke bout hairy
Rainier. The most accessible glacier is Paradise,
MOUNT RUSHMORE NATIONAL MEMORIAL, a abns
where ice caves open up in the late summer,
spectacular sculpture in South Dakota, honors
and refracted sunlight causes their interior walls
four American presidents: George Washington,
had?
to turn blue.
Thomas Jefferson, Abraham Lincoln, and Theo-
Some park facilities and roads are closed
dore Roosevelt. Giant likenesses of the four are
from November to May because of heavy snow.
sculptured into the granite face of Mt. Rushmore
Skiing is popular in the winter, and snowmobiles
(5,725 feet, or 1,745 meters). Each face is
are permitted on designated roads.
about 60 feet (18 meters) from chin to fore-
head, twice as high as the head of the Giza
MOUNT REVELSTOKE NATIONAL PARK, rev'al-
Sphinx. Suggested in 1923 by Doane Robinson,
stõk, in British Columbia, Canada, is in the Sel-
then director of the South Dakota Historical So-
kirk Mountains, about 250 miles ( 400 km) west
ciety, the idea of the memorial was approved by
of Calgary, Alberta. It is situated above the
the federal and South Dakota governments in
town of Revelstoke, British Columbia, where
1925. Mount Rushmore, in the southwestern
the park office is located. From the town a
part of the state, in the Black Hills, about 25
scenic park road climbs to a high plateau more
miles (40 km) southwest of Rapid City, was
than 6,000 feet (1,830 meters) above sea level.
selected as the site. The mountain was estab-
The park has colorful alpine meadows and
lished as a national memorial on Oct. 1, 1925.
sparkling lakes. Mountain wildflowers carpet the
The work, designed by the American sculptor
meadows, and a variety of evergreens, fir, bal-
Gutzon Borglum, was begun in August 1927.
sam, and larch outline the ridges. A nature trail
Dynamiting was the principal means used to
winds up to the "Icebox," where permanent ice
alter the face of the mountain. The first figure.
is seen, and circles through forest and meadow
that of Washington, was dedicated on July 4,
to viewpoints of the deep valleys beyond. At
1930. After Borglum died on March 6, 1941,
one viewpoint the Columbia Valley and part of
work on the memorial continued until October
the Great Rocky Mountain Trench can be seen.
under the direction of his son Lincoln. Of the
The park has picnic areas but no campgrounds
14 years between the beginning of the project
(Abc
or other overnight accommodations. It has ski-
and its termination, about 6½ were spent in
of M
ing facilities on its lower slopes.
actual work. The intervening lapses were due to
Poto
The park was established in 1914. It has an
unfavorable weather and to lack of funds. The
west
area of 100 square miles (260 sq km) and is ad-
total cost was just under $1 million, of which
drive
ministered by Parks Canada.
the federal government's share was about 84%.
The rest came from private donations. The me-
MOUNT ROYAL, a town in Quebec, Canada, is
morial, slightly less than 2 square miles (5 sq
on Montreal Island, 5 miles (8 km) northwest
km) in area, is a popular tourist attraction.
of the city of Montreal. Primarily a residential
BURTON V. COALE, National Park Service
suburb, it is linked to downtown Montreal by
commuter line through a tunnel under Mt. Royal.
MOUNT SAINT HELENS. See SAINT HELENS,
Manufactures include electrical products, food
MOUNT.
processing, television sets, razor blades, pharma-
ceuticals, and tobacco products.
MOUNT SINAI. See SINAI, MOUNT.
MOUI
Mount Rushmore National Memorial honors presidents Washington, Jefferson, Theodore Roosevelt, and Lincoln.
(21 L
DONALD YOUNG
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06/25/1991 15:17 RCMH ADVERTISING UF-400AD
06511560 P.20
DRAFT
President Bush
THANK YOU.
A NATION AND PEOPLE ARE OFTEN JUDGED BY THE EXTENT TO WHICH
THEY HONOR AND PRESERVE THE SYMBOLS OF THEIR HERITAGE. IN
MANY WAYS THAT IS A FITTING MEASURE, FOR THOSE SYMBOLS EMBODY
ties
THE ESSENCE OF A NATION'S IDEALS. MOUNT RUSHMORE IS SUCH A
tymbols
SYMBOL, AND TODAY WE FURTHER HONOR AND PRESERVE AMERICA'S
HERITAGE BY THE FORMALLY DEDICATING THIS MEMORIAL.
cubstry & together meaning
PART OF TODAYS' CEREMONIES INCLUDED STIRRING TRIBUTES,
CELEBRATING WHAT MOUNT RUSHMORE MEANS TO AMERICA. LET ME SAY
THAT AS A FELLOW CITIZEN, I HOLD THIS MEMORIAL AND THE MEN
DEPICTED UPON IT IN AWE. AND AS YOUR PRESIDENT, I LOOK TO
THEM AS BEACONS, HELPING TO LIGHT THE WAY IN MEETING THE
CHARGES OF THIS OFFICE.
BUT MOUNT RUSHMORE IS ALSO A PLACE THAT DRAWS VISITORS FROM
MANY NATIONS - AND IS RECOGNIZED THROUGHOUT THE WORLD AS A
SYMBOL OF AMERICA. ITS COLOSSAL SCALE IS TESTIMONY TO THE
BOLDNESS OF THE AMERICAN SPIRIT, AND IT IS IMPORTANT TO ADD
ITS INTERNATIONAL SIGNFICANCE TO TODAY'S TRIBUTES
AND so WE ARE REMINDED THAT GUTZON BORGLUM WAS BORN TO
IMMIGRANT PARENTS - WHO PASSED TO THEIR SON AN APPRECIATION
FOR AMERICA'S UNIQUE PROMISE. SEEN FROM THAT PERSPECTIVE,
BORGLUM'S WORK RESULTED IN NOT ONLY A TRIBUTE TO GREAT
LEADERS, NOT ONLY A GREAT WORK OF ART, BUT AN EXPRESSION OF
GRATITUDE FOR ALL THAT AMERICA CONTINUES TO HOLD OUT TO PEOPLE
AROUND THE GLOBE
continued
Sept. 15 / Administration of George Bush, 1989
Nomination of Alvin P. Adams, Jr., To Be United States Ambassador
to Haiti
September 15, 1989
The President today announced his inten-
for Legislative and Public Affairs, 1979-
tion to nominate Alvin P. Adams, Jr., of
1981; Deputy Director of the Office of Busi-
Virginia, a career member of the Senior
ness Practices, 1977-1979; Financial Econo-
Foreign Service, Class of Counselor, to be
mist in the Bureau of Economic and Busi-
Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipoten-
ness Affairs, 1976-1977; and Special Assist-
tiary of the United States of America to the
ant to the Secretary of State, 1974-1976. In
Republic of Haiti. He would succeed Brun-
addition, he has served as a staff member of
son McKinley.
the National Security Council at the White
Since 1987 Ambassador Adams has served
House, 1972-1974; political officer in
as the Associate Coordinator for Counter
Saigon, 1971-1972; and special assistant to
Terrorism at the Department of State in
the Ambassador in Saigon, 1969-1970.
Washington, DC. Prior to this, he served as
Ambassador Adams graduated from Yale
Ambassador to the Republic of Djibouti,
University (B.A., 1964) and Vanderbilt Uni-
1983-1985. He has served in several capac-
versity (LL.B., 1967). He was born August
ities at the Department of State: Deputy
29, 1941, in New York, NY. He is married,
Executive Secretary, 1981-1983; Director of
has one child, and resides in Alexandria,
the Secretariat Staff, 1981; Special Assistant
VA.
Remarks at the South Dakota Centennial Celebration in Sioux Falls
September 18, 1989
Good morning, Sioux Falls, and happy
And tomorrow is his 83d birthday, so let's
birthday, South Dakota! Don't worry, I'm
hear it for him. [Applause] And I'm also
not going to try to sing it. And thanks to
pleased to see another great United States
the young men of the McCrossan Boys
Senator here-Montana's, your neighbor's—
Ranch for the ride in here. Apparently,
Conrad Burns, new Senator, doing a big job.
when Teddy Roosevelt came to Sioux Falls,
I also want to salute Mr. Ice-100-plus and
they called that wagon Buckboard One.
going strong, right over here-the true
[Laughter]
spirit of this great State. And also coming
And I especially want to thank Governor
out with me from Washington on Air Force
and Mrs. Mickelson for that warm welcome
One, the former speaker, Deb Anderson,
back to this State. What a job he's doing for
now doing a big job for me and for the
the State of South Dakota. And it's always a
country in the White House. She's with us
pleasure to see my old friend Bill Janklow,
today, too.
who greeted us at the airport, as well as
And I want to thank these kids who did
Walter Dale Miller, the Lieutenant Gover-
these essays-the winning essays-and then
nor of this State, and the fine delegation
presented them to me earlier on. It's a
that represents the Sunshine State in Wash-
great thing. I just got a chance to glance at
ington.
one of the papers, to see these kids looking
I'm delighted to see my friend Larry
to the future, see them representing such
Pressler here today, very pleased that he's
strong South Dakota principles in such a
with us. We also would like to say hello to
beautiful way. I think we're lucky to have
Ben Reifel. I had the privilege of serving in
young people like this in any State.
Congress with Ben, a native American who
You know, years ago when I first started
has devoted his whole life to public service.
thinking about running for President, I
1206
Administration of George Bush, 1989 / Sept. 18
went out for a long drive outside Washing-
And as a new century begins, South
dor
ton to think it over-alone, and hoping that
Dakota is also a good place for forward-
I'd be sent a sign to help me decide. And
looking people, a place to invest in clean
sure enough, a sign appeared, and it said,
technologies and the growing service indus-
"Only 2,000 miles to Wall Drug." [Laugh-
tries. South Dakota is one place that has
ter]
never forgotten what made America great:
1979-
It is a pleasure to be back with you in
pride, hard work, neighborliness, self-re-
Busi-
South Dakota, home of some of nature's
spect, and respect for others. And as a visi-
cono-
most wonderful creations: the American
tor to Sioux Falls wrote in 1814: "The spirit
Busi-
buffalo, the antelope, the prairie dog, the
of the West is one of faith"-faith in God,
Assist-
jack rabbit. The only missing thing today-
faith in country, and faith in one another.
76. In
the Silver Fox. And Barbara is not with us,
Maybe you've heard the definition of
ber of
unfortunately. [Laughter] But I could get
"the real West" in the old cowboy poem:
White
away with calling her that; I'm her hus-
"Out where the hand clasps a little strong-
r
in
band. [Laughter] It's true. When we went
er, out where the smile lasts a little longer,
int to
through the receiving line here, several
that's where the West begins." Well, that's
people mentioned her. And she wanted to
also where South Dakota begins-still a
1 Yale
be here, but she's in the Panhandle of Texas
place where business is done with a hand-
t Uni-
this morning, in Amarillo, at Cal Farley's
shake most of the time.
ugust
Boys Ranch, a place not unlike the McCros-
rried,
san Ranch here. And I know that, like me,
Two years after McKinley's visit to Sioux
ndria,
she's going to be very interested in reading
Falls, Teddy Roosevelt became the young-
these essays that these South Dakota kids
est President in the United States history
have put together for us. And again, with
and the only one of this century to be en-
talented kids like these and like those down
shrined at Mount Rushmore. Everyone
knows which four Presidents are found on
below, your State and mine can look for-
that mountain. Less well-known is that each
alls
ward to a great second century, and Amer-
ica can look forward to a great tomorrow. I
was chosen not to represent an individual
am optimistic about the young people in
but rather to represent an American ideal.
this country.
Washington represents freedom; Jefferson,
0 let's
Before the turn of the century, when
democracy; Lincoln for equality; and Roose-
n also
your State was not yet 10 years old, a
velt, conservation. In the American galaxy
States
former Ohio Congressman who had fought
of ideas, conservation is rarely ranked up
oor's—
for statehood came here to greet the re-
there alongside freedom, democracy, and
ig job.
turning heroes of the Spanish-American
equality. But it is on Mount Rushmore, and
us and
War, South Dakota volunteers famous
it is in South Dakota. And it's time that that
true
throughout America for refusing to abandon
tradition was rekindled everywhere.
oming
their decimated ranks until replacements
Our stewardship of the Earth is brief.
Force
could be shipped to the Philippines. The ex-
South Dakota sits atop beds of oil and coal
lerson,
Congressman was President McKinley, who
that eons ago were tropical swamps. Above
or the
praised South Dakota's early pioneers for
ground, the landscape is cut by hills and
with us
always setting up three things wherever
valleys and shaped by the huge sheets of ice
their wagons stopped: schoolhouses, church-
that covered this land in a later age. When
ho did
es, and the American flag. And McKinley
the glaciers retreated, they left behind a
d then
called South Dakota "a new and promising
precious resource: the rich, fertile soil of
It's a
State." And in your first 100 years, you've
South Dakota. No one here who witnessed
ince at
made good on that promise. You've built a
the black blizzards of the 1930's Dust Bowl
looking
good State, a good place to call home, good
needs to be told just how fragile that re-
g such
place to raise grain and livestock and barns,
source is or how important it is that we be
such a
and, particularly, a good place to raise fami-
responsible stewards of these gifts.
o have
lies. Yours is a people that draws strength
And what is true for our farmlands is also
and purpose from the land, sinking deep
true for our forests and rivers and for our
started
roots, feeding your country, and nurturing
oceans and for the oceans of life-giving air
dent, I
the dreams of your children.
that cover this planet. Earlier this year, we
1207
Sept. 18 / Administration of George Bush, 1989
introduced dramatic new proposals to
some kind of moth disease. [Laughter] So,
strengthen the Clean Air Act, calling for
in the interest of public safety here in Sioux
major reductions in acid rain and urban
Falls, they specifically asked me not to dedi-
smog and other toxic emissions. And I said
cate a building. [Laughter] Well, so far, my
then that our mission is not just to defend
luck in this tree business is about like-as I
what's left but to take the offense, to im-
had in fishing. [Laughter]
prove our environment across the board.
Just as the Government has a key respon-
It's not enough to stop dirtying the air;
sibility in reducing air pollution, the Gov-
we've got to clean it up. And to help do
ernment can also act as a model and leader
that, we should remember the oldest,
in the greening of America-and it has.
cheapest, and most efficient air purifier on
Last year, Federal efforts planted 340,000
Earth: trees.
acres of new trees. But that's only about the
Nature has powerful rejuvenative forces,
size of Lincoln County. Private efforts and
but we need to help them along. We need
families and businesses planted eight times
to reforest this bountiful land. As the set-
that number-enough to blanket an area
tlers here learned decades ago, planting
almost the size of the State of Connecticut.
trees can greatly reduce erosion from wind
And clearly, the real solution is at the grass-
and water. And as we are learning, tree-
roots level-Americans joining to shade this
planting can help clean the air by reducing
land and to clean our air, a new spirit of
carbon dioxide. For its centennial year,
activism and voluntarism to serve each
your sister State to the north has pledged to
plant 100 million new trees by the year
other and save our planet.
2000. Well, I've heard it said around Sioux
The paper here last month said that
Falls: Anything North Dakota can do, South
today there are exactly 28,334 trees in the
Dakota can do better.
city of Sioux Falls. Now, first of all, I'd like
So, I challenge you to come up with a
to meet the guy who counted the last 334
pledge of your own to join the new green-
trees right here in Sioux Falls. [Laughter]
ing of America by foresting South Dakota
But seriously, a people that counts its trees
with centennial trees. And of course, refor-
so carefully knows how to value them. Each
estation is only one part of our comprehen-
one makes a difference, and so can each
sive and sometimes highly technical propos-
one of you.
als to clean up America's air. But trees pos-
And as we commemorate the year South
sess a value that no high-tech solution will
Dakota became a new star in the American
ever match: Trees can reduce the heat of a
flag-the American constellation, if you
summer's day, quiet a highway's noise, feed
will-I hope that every family in the State
the hungry, provide shelter from the wind
will become part of yet another constella-
and warmth in the winter.
tion, a constellation that we've called 1,000
You see, the forests are the sanctuaries
Points of Light, because you in South
not only of wildlife but also of the human
Dakota know what it takes to plant a tree.
spirit. And every tree is a compact between
It doesn't take a Federal program. It
generations. The White House today is
doesn't take a great big Washington bu-
blessed by a tree planted by John Quincy
reaucracy. And it sure doesn't take some
Adams; the southern magnolias of Andrew
fancy new study. What it takes is a shovel.
Jackson; Dwight Eisenhower's trees-oaks, I
And it's a family project, you can do it in
believe. George Washington's home at
your own homes, literally in your own back-
Mount Vernon is still shaded by a dozen
yards. And we can cultivate good character
trees planted by our first President, a living
in our kids by cultivating cleaner environ-
link to our roots as a nation and to the giant
ment.
whose face adorns the Black Hills of this
We need to plant new hedgerows around
State.
croplands, new windbreaks around our
Of course, not every President is blessed
homes and towns. And in the middle of this
with a green thumb. Five months ago, I
century, we built the interstate highway
planted an elm to mark North Dakota's
system, the greatest ground transportation
new campaign. It turned out they have
network since Rome. And now let's make
1208
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LEXIS NEXIS'LEXIS'NEXIS
Administration of George Bush, 1989 / Sept. 18
these corridors beautiful, quieter, greener,
State, for South Dakota and for America
and cleaner.
and for all of spaceship Earth. The choices
On the plains of Texas, where for 12
that we make today can either nurture and
years Barbara and I raised our children, the
protect our children or bequeath them only
story is told of a pioneer tradition that said,
another generation of thickets and foul air.
"Plant plums for yourself, pecans for your
So, let us tap into the greatness of the
grandchildren." A hundred years ago, some
American spirit. Let us honor the pioneers
farsighted Texas settlers planted these tiny
who gave us this State by giving back to
pecan seedlings, and it took hours of back-
generations yet to come. And 100 years
breaking work, hauling water in the hot
from now, South Dakota will still be a good
prairie sun. But pecan trees take many
place to raise children, cottonwood trees,
years to mature, and the settlers themselves
and other precious living things. Enjoy this
would never live to enjoy shade or food
celebration; enjoy the autumn ahead.
from the trees. It was called, therefore, a
Good luck, God bless you, God bless the
grandchildren's grove. Other settlers-well,
State of South Dakota. And thank you for
they wanted quick results, and they planted
inviting me. Thank you very, very much.
the fast, quick-growing plum trees. And for
a few years, they got good fruit. Soon, the
Note: The President spoke at 11:10 a.m. in
soft bark split, sprouting tangled, barren
the Sioux Falls Arena. In his opening re-
plum bushes. And instead of enjoying the
marks, he referred to former Gov. William
protection of these tall stately pecan trees,
J. Janklow; Senator Larry Pressler; and
the grandchildren who followed were sad-
Debra R. Anderson, Deputy Assistant to the
dled with the hardship of clearing a thicket.
President and Director of Intergovernmen-
It is planting time now for your great
tal Affairs.
Remarks at a Centennial Tree Planting Ceremony in Sioux Falls,
South Dakota
September 18, 1989
Thank you, Governor Mickelson, and
display of colors every fall. And like the
what a glorious place to plant a tree today.
people of South Dakota, this tree is hearty
Thank you, Mayor White, for welcoming us
and resilient, and should provide beauty to
here. And most of all, thank all of you. Any
your children for years to come.
excuse to get out of school-I know how it
Someone said a tree is a gift of God and a
works. But here you are, and I couldn't be
friend of man. Well, I hope this tree will
more pleased. Thank you.
grow and flourish, be a friend of Sioux Falls
The South Dakota Centennial Commis-
and to South Dakota. And with this gift I
sion deserves great recognition here for all
can say, as your centennial bumper stickers
the restoration of this park as a centennial
so proudly proclaim and as your Governor
project. And I know that many people and
invited me to, I've got roots in South
organizations were involved in the project,
and I'd like to congratulate each and every
Dakota. Happy birthday South Dakota! And
one of them.
thank you all very, very much for the wel-
I do love seeing all you kids here today.
come.
Let me tell you about this tree that I'm
presenting today to commemorate the cen-
Note: The President spoke at 12:40 p.m. at
tennial. It's a Bonfire Silver Maple. It's a
Terrance Park in Sioux Falls. Following his
hardwood tree which provides a brilliant
remarks, he traveled to Helena, MT.
1209
PN 6081
E3
WH
AMERICA THE
QUOTABLE
Mike Edelhart and
James Tinen
Facts On File Publications
460 Park Avenue South
New York, N.Y. 10016
SOUTH DAKOTA
ages and ages of time showing the working-out of
our civilization. Yellowstone National Park is no
well-laid plans with no human being to help or
more representative of America than is Disneyland."
interfere."
John Steinbeck
Cleophas C. O'Harra
Travels with Charley
Quoted by Champ Clark
1962
The Badlands
1974
Other Cities and Places
0
***
"It [the Badlands] was the greatest game country that
I ever saw."
Pierre:
Charles Sackett, trapper, circa 1880
0
Quoted by Champ Clark
"No American [state] capital is as much disdained by
The Badlands
the people of its state as Pierre (pronounced 'Peer').
st
1974
a drab prairie town of 9,699 souls settled between
K
***
mustard-colored buttes along the Missouri River val-
K
"I was not prepared for the Badlands. They deserve
ley. Centrality is apparently Pierre's main virtue; if
this name. They are like the work of an evil child.
you take an official South Dakota map and fold it SO
a
Such a place the fallen angels might have built as a
that the eastern and western borders are lined up
spite to heaven, dry and sharp, desolate and danger-
evenly, the center crease will barely miss Pierre."
"
ous
Neal R. Peirce
John Steinbeck
The Great Plains States of America
Travels with Charley
1973
1962
The Wakpala Indian Village:
Ti
At
Mt. Rushmore
"
the Indian village of Wakpala in the Standing
Rock reservation-a place of futility, where tomor.
W(
"About one thing there was never any doubt: the
row will be no different from today and yesterday
sculpture [Mt. Rushmore] was going to be tremen-
Erskine Caldwell
dous. Although Borglum [the sculptor] later was
Afternoons in Mid-America
annoyed by tourists whose only reaction to the monu-
1976
inf
ment was open-mouthed wonder at its size, he fully
the
intended from the beginning that its proportions
should be stunning. They should be determined, he
said, 'by the importance to civilization of the events
TENNESSEE
commemorated' and he told Senator Norbeck that his
Sou
mission was 'to get the American people to look at
+
art in a big way and to get away from this petty
stuff.'
E.M. Halliday
American Heritage
June, 1977
I
TH
***
"Carved upon the mighty mountain,
"Bt
The heroes' faces, pale
and
Capital: Nashville
In the misty moonlight."
and
Entered the union (with rank): June 1, 1796 (16
Emiko Takase Matsumoto
State motto: Tennessee-America at its best
(Tr. from Japanese by Beverly C.W. White)
State flower: Iris
Kugenuma
State bird: Mockingbird
1961
State song: "The Tennessee Waltz"
***
"He
State tree: Tulip poplar
"
I would rather see a good Brady photograph
Nickname: Volunteer State
ever
than Mount Rushmore. For it is my opinion that we
Origin of state name: A Cherokee word, the precase
enclose and celebrate the freaks of our nation and of
meaning of which is no longer known
430