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Greece 7/19/91 [OA 8325] [2]
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Greece 7/19/91 [OA 8325] [2]
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Speech Backup Chronological Files
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This is not a textual record. This is used as an
administrative marker by the George Bush Presidential
Library Staff.
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George H.W. Bush Presidential Records
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Speechwriting, White House Office of
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13764
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13764-002
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Greece 7/19/91 [OA 8325] [2]
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26
21
5
3
July 9, 1991
MEMORANDUM FOR CURT SMITH
FROM:
JENNIFER GROSSMAN
SUBJECT:
ACROPOLIS EVENT
Burns on Acropolis speech: Mitsotakis has invited POTUS to
speak at the Acropolis early Friday morning, July 19th. Remarks
are brief, 3-5 minutes. Speech should celebrate the 2, ,500th
anniversary of the emergence in Athens, Greece's universal
bequest of democracy.
Perhaps reference that the worldwide revolution of freedom
we see today was first sparked in Greece. Maybe that the first
shot in the American revolution was fired from the canons of
Greek democracy. Remember Curt, make an argument!
GREEK CONSTITUTION
Some excerpts
"The sovereignty of the People is the foundation of the
Government" (from Article 1)
"Respect and protection of the value of the human being
constitutes the primary obligation of the State. " (from
Article 2)
"All Greeks are equal before the law. " (from Article 4)
"Personal liberty is inviolable." (from Article 5)
QUOTES
1)
"The beginning is half of the whole." (Aristotle)
2)
In a democracy, "the many are supreme, not as individuals,
but as a whole." (Aristotle)
3)
"The love of liberty is implanted by nature in the breasts
of all men. " (Dionysius Halicarnassensis)
MORE GOOD STUFF ON THE WAY!!
THE WHITE HOUSE
WASHINGTON
July 2, 1991
INFORMATION
MEMORANDUM FOR TONY SNOW
FROM: DAN MC GROARTY smcr
SUBJECT: DEFINING THE NEW WORLD ORDER
I've attached David Gergen's piece from this week's U.S. News
on the new world order, as well as Norman Kempster's piece
headlined "Two Secessions a Rebuff to Bush's New World Order."
As I mentioned, I believe backing away from NWO would be a
serious mistake. Defining it narrowly -- in terms of collective
action against aggression -- is far better than simply dropping its
use. Reiterating this point would not be exercise in revisionism.
The existence of Kurdish refugees and unrest in Yugoslavia do not
refute the fundamental fact that a new order is now emerging.
Nowhere have we said the new world order means the absence of
conflict. As the excerpts that follow indicate, we have quite
clearly avoided "Wilsonian" excesses.
In more general terms, it is far too early to throw in the
towel on defining this key term. The last "world order" was
arguably almost three years in the making: from the close of WWII
with the U.S.-Soviet wartime alliance intact, to the time the
Berlin Blockade in 1948 triggered the discussions that led to NATO
in 1949 -- an alliance explicitly directed against our old Soviet
ally. The period between these points -- while the Iron Curtain
speech and Truman Doctrine stand out as signposts -- was fluid, to
say the least. To cite just one example, even as late as 1948 the
possibility existed of extending the Marshall Plan to the Soviet
Union.
It remains my view that 1) a new order is emerging (even
renewed conflict with the USSR would not be a return to the Cold
War, a war of ideas won decisively by the West); 2) that the
President, with his expertise in foreign policy, is well equipped
to describe and define it; 3) that our adversaries will happily
turn any backtracking on NWO into a stick to beat us with -- if not
now, then in 1992.
EXCERPTS:
From March 6 address to the Joint Session of Congress:
Tonight, as our troops begin to come home, let us
recognize that the hard work of freedom still calls us
forward. We've learned the hard lessons of history. The
victory over Iraq was not waged as "a war to end all wars. "
Even the new world order cannot guarantee an era of perpetual
peace. But enduring peace must be our mission.
From April 13 speech at Air University:
In the Gulf, nations from Europe and North America, Asia
an Africa and the Arab world joined together to stop
aggression, and sent a signal to would-be tyrants everywhere
in the world. By joining forces to defend one small nation,
we showed that we can work together against aggressors in
defense of principle.
We also recognized that the cold war's end didn't deliver
us into an era of perpetual peace. As old threats recede,
new threats emerge. The quest for the new world order is, in
part, a challenge to keep the dangers of disorder at bay.
# # #
Mauch 6, April 13
TOMORROW
BYE-BYE TO THE NEW WORLD ORDER
BY DAVID GERGEN
CHARLIE ARCHAMBAULT FOR USN&WR
A SHIFT IN FOREIGN POLICY. Woodrow Wilson is remembered for his Fourteen Points; Frank-
lin Roosevelt for his Four Freedoms; Harry Truman for the Marshall Plan. And George Bush?
Well, not for a New World Order. After summoning Americans and others to build-one during the
Persian Gulf crisis by one count, he used the phrase 42 times in his public statements back
then the president has almost entirely dropped the words from his lexicon, indicating another
turn in U.S. foreign policy.
The call for a new order sprang from a conversation between Bush and National Security Adviser Brent
National Security
Scowcroft soon after the Soviet Union said it would cooperate in a coalition against Saddam Hussein.
Adviser Brent Scow-
The two men agreed that with Soviets on board, the United States could at last use the United Nations
croft isn't happy with
or other multinational forums to form alliances against aggression. Neither imagined that the phrase
his own creation: the
would stir both apprehension and ridicule in other countries. White House aides say that Scowcroft,
concept of a New
growing ever more uncomfortable, has persuaded Bush to back off gently, dropping plans to spell out
World Order. Under
his vision in three speeches. The president still believes that the growing U.S.-U.S.S.R. cooperation
his direction, the
on some issues augurs a major change in world affairs. But he reportedly is veering away from a
president's writers
grander vision beyond that and IS returning to more cautious, day-to-day management of foreign poli-
have burled the Idea.
cy. Some praise him, especially as Yugoslavia's disintegration proves yet again how messy the world
CHICK HARRITY USN&WR
is. 'A healthy pragmatism is desirable, and besides, that's their strong suit," says Helmut Sonnen-
feldt, veteran adviser of past presidents. Still, others of the president's strongest friends in Congress
worry he is letting a special moment pass by without putting a U.S. imprint upon the future.
A MISSED OPPORTUNITY. Critics argue that victory in the Persian Gulf gave the United States a
window of opportunity overseas, but just as Bush did not use his new popularity for a major new
thrust at home, he has failed to act decisively in foreign affairs and the window is now closing. They
point to stalled peace efforts in the Middle East; to the seeming contradictions in the United States'
seeking an end to missile proliferation in the region while also selling billions of dollars' worth of new
Republican Sen.
conventional weapons, and to continuing drift toward regional trading blocs in both Europe and Asia.
Richard Lugar thinks
Nonsense, answer administration officials: Triumph in the gulf has allowed the United States to
the president will win
shore up NATO and to ensure a long-term U.S. presence in Europe. Bush has also begun to revitalize
his battle to main-
other parts of the U.N. And they insist that political figures across Europe and Asia now look toward
tain favorable trade
Bush for personal blessing and leadership. So desperate was one European leader for a meeting in
relations with China.
the Oval Office that he threatened the fall of his government unless he was granted an audience.
He expects a few
Democrats to side
Several key tests lie ahead. Bush soon faces a showdown with Congress over renewing trade relations
with Bush.
with China. A majority in both chambers is certain to vote against the president, but Republican Sen.
CHICK
Richard Lugar of Indiana predicts Bush will prevail by pulling together at least 34 Senate votes to sus-
tain his veto. Lugar also thinks Congress will be unable to attach crippling conditions on further trade.
A more difficult test for Bush comes in Geneva, where international trade talks are nearing a conclu-
sion. Administration officials are huddling over a new strategy to break the deadlock, but so far, the
French and Germans are hanging tough in their refusal to dismantle protective barriers for their farm-
ers. If the trade talks fail, the world will teeter toward even greater disorder.
A TOUGHER CAMPAIGN. The Persian Gulf war, along with the recession, may have a strong
ripple effect upon presidential politics next year. Faced with daunting costs from the war and a loss
NBC's Tim Russert
of advertising revenue, major news organizations want to restrict the number of reporters on the
says the media will
campaign trail in primary season. That would mean far less barnstorming by candidates because
force candidates to
their campaign planes are heavily subsidized by high fees charged to the media. Some candidates
justify their ads and
could be squeezed into commercial travel and even forced to spend time talking with voters. Tim
insist on a deeper lev-
Russert, NBC bureau chief in Washington, expects media coverage to push campaigns toward more
el of debate. No more
substance, too: Instead of transmitting staged pictures from campaign stops, he thinks the net-
pictures from Boston
works will subject candidates' positions to much greater analysis. "Candidates will have to spend
Harbor or Army tanks,
more time thinking through their positions and compiling position papers, he says: Maybe the
he promises.
White House will have to dream up a substitute for the New World Order.
U.S.NEWS & WORLD REPORT, JULY 8, 1991
21
Beigrade
Secession comes despite Western warnings of isolation.
VIÁ
By CAROLJ. WILLIAMS, TIMES STAFF WRITER
SERBIA
LJUBLJANA, Slovenia-Croatia and Slovenia declared independence
from Yugoslavia on Tuesday, delivering a death blow to the federation and
to the 73-year struggle to unite the fractious Balkan nations.
KOSOVO
BULGARIA
The moves were in defiance of
Western warnings that both states
will face international isolation for
unilaterally dissolving the union of
MACEDONIA
southern Slavs created in 1918.
2 Secessions a
The federal Parliament in Bel-
Associated Press
grade reacted angrily, ordering the
Joyous Croats wave their
army "to undertake measures to
Rebuff to Bush's
IIA
national flag outside
Parliament in Croatian capital
prevent the division of Yugoslavia
of Zagreb.
and changes in its borders."
GREECE
But the lawmakers appeared to
'World Order'
be overstepping their authority.
The Yugoslav presidency is sup-
posed to command the armed forc-
By NORMAN KEMPSTER
TIMES STAFF WRITER
VICTOR KOTOWITZ Los Angeles Times
es, but it collapsed five weeks ago
because of an ethnic dispute.
WASHINGTON-Croatia and
Federal Prime Minister Ante
Slovenia, by declaring their inde-
Markovic made a last-ditch appeal
pendence from Yugoslavia in the
Role in
Kuwait to Lift
for unity a day earlier, claiming
face of nearly unanimous interna-
that any secession could lead to
tional opposition, presented the
civil war and economic chaos.
Diabetes
United States and the rest of the
Of the two republics' declara-
Martial Law,
world Tuesday with an agonizing
d Found
tions, Slovenia's was the more
choice of strangling the new na-
definitive and clearly amounted to
tions at birth or acquiescing in the
secession from what Ljubljana offi-
End Tribunal
possible disintegration of the sys-
H. MAUGH II
cials now refer to as "the former
tem of nation-states.
WRITER
Yugoslavia."
For President Bush's post-Cold
searchers be-
While the Croatian declaration
War "new world order," the action
ave solved the
By SONNI EFRON
was less specific, stating only that
in the Balkans is a painful rebuff.
10W viruses can
TIMES STAFF WRITER
a process of "dissociation" had
Croatia and Slovenia asserted their
lin-dependent
begun, it may prove to be the more
KUWAIT CITY-Kuwait will
condition af-
inflammatory because of Croatia's
NEWS ANALYSIS
arly 1 million
lift martial law today, ending four
600,000-strong Serbian minority,
in which the
months of military rule and dis
which is staunchly opposed to
sovereignty less than a week after
are unable to
banding the controversial military
separation from the Yugoslav na-
Secretary of State James A. Baker
ir properly.
tribunal that has been trying ac-
tion that binds them with Serbia.
III visited Yugoslavia to warn them
cused wartime collaborators, the
The nationalist leadership of
against taking the step.
blogist Allan J.
report today at
minister of justice announced
Serbia, the largest of Yugoslavia's
Last week, the 35-nation Con-
tional Diabetes
Tuesday.
six republics, has threatened to use
ference on Security and Coopera-
Congress in
The move is an important sym-
any force necessary to prevent
tion in Europe-representing the
D.C., that he
bolic step forward for Kuwait,
division of the Serbian people.
United States, Canada and every
d the mecha-
which has been.-under military
Slovenia and Croatia had previ-
nation in Europe-advised Yugo-
ich the body's
control since a U.S.-led coalition
ously said they would secede on
slavia that international economic
tem attacks the
drove Iraqi troops from the emirate
Wednesday, but the two govern-
and political assistance is depen-
ting cells of the
Feb. 26.
ments summoned lawmakers to
dent on preservation of its unity.
iggering insu-
But the end of martial law,
Please see SECESSION, A10
Please see ANALYSIS, A10
it diabetes.
which some Kuwaitis believe was
IABETES, A22
hastened by international pressure,
will have little immediate practical
or political impact.
Kuwaitis have been free to trav-
7 in Family Killed as Blast
Kills Bush
el, and no curfew has been im-
posed. Although the martial-law
decree gave the military broad
Relax
Rips RV on Trip to Mexico
powers of search and arrest, the
day-to-day functioning of the po-
e Rules
lice and the army are expected to
By LAURIE BECKLUND
sion ripped through the vehicle,
remain unchanged.
and TRACY WILKINSON
killing Garcia's wife, Gina, 34, and
Many civil liberties, including
TIMES STAFF WRITERS
their four sons, ages ranging from 3
TON
freedom of speech and assembly,
to 15. Serafina Quintal was Gina
Seven members of a La Puente
R
have been restricted since Ku-
Garcia's aunt. Gina's sister, Maritza
family, on a trip into Mexico to
wait's emir dissolved Parliament
Ocampo, 21, was also killed, Mexi-
return their elderly aunt to her
can officials said.
N-The Senate on
and suspended the constitution in
native Yucatan Peninsula, were
1986.
Garcia escaped with minor inju-
1 President Bush's
burned to death when a leaking gas
ries, but his 14-year-old daughter
e expanded use of
Opposition leaders said Tuesday
tank in their recreational vehicle
Rosy was burned over at least 70%
ned evidence in
that the repeal of martial law is
exploded outside a town in north-
of her body. She is scheduled to be
but it approved a
meaningless unless Kuwait returns
ern Mexico, authorities said Tues-
airlifted to a Los Angeles hospital
widen the scope
to democratic rule.
day.
today. A third survivor was Mar-
ith penalty.
"We don't think it's going to
The dead were from three gen-
itza Ocampo's boyfriend, Gerardo
ESDAY, JUNE 26, 1991
SION:
A Patchwork of Nationalities
ANALYSIS:
Yugoslavia is like a quilt patched together with Serbs, Croatians,
ia and
Slovenes, Bosnian Muslims, Macedonians and Montenegrins. Slove-
Secessions Seen
nia and Croatia are Roman Catholic and use the Latin alphabet.
Serbia, Montenegro and Macedonia follow Orthodox Christianity and
have a Cyrillic alphabet. Muslims dominate in Bosnia-Herzegovina
as a Rebuff
a
Out
and the Kosovo republic. The republic of Vojvodina is mainly Serb.
SERBIA (Capital, Belgrade)
Continued from A1
Population: 9.83 million. Area: 21,609 sq. miles.
By inference, the group was warn-
A1
History: Serbs were conquered by the Ottoman Empire in 1389. The
ing that independent Slovenia and
ne sessions in an
Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes was proclaimed in 1918. In
Croatia would be isolated political-
t to stay ahead of
1929, the name was changed to Yugoslavia.
ly and ostracized economically.
that federal or
CROATIA (Capital, Zagreb)
If the CSCE nations carry out
ities might have
Population: 4.68 million. Area: 21,829 sq. miles.
that threat, they could turn the two
History: Croatia was part of Hungary from 1102 to 1526 and came
republics into clones of Albania,
immediate calls for
under Hapsburg rule.
Europe's poorest country after four
ntion, it is widely
y effort to deploy
SLOVENIA (Capital, Ljubljana)
decades of self-imposed isolation.
Yugoslav People's
Population: 1.95 million. Area: 7,819 sq. miles.
The Croats and Slovenes are gam-
History: Slovenia developed under the Hapsburg Empire and
bling that the world will not have
a political dispute
the stomach for the human suffer-
mass desertion and
prospered with a higher standard of living than the southern Slavs.
ing that such a policy would pro-
MACEDONIA (Capital, Skopje)
duce.
Croatia had been
Population: 2.11 million. Area: 9,928 sq. miles.
The way the United States and
break away for
History: Settled by Slavs, it was conquered by Bulgars, Serbs and
most European nations see it, if the
failed to persuade
Turks. Later it was divided among Serbia, Bulgaria and Greece.
two tiny Balkan republics success-
to restructure the
MONTENEGRO (Capital, Titograd)
fully secede from the 73-year-old
their more West-
Population: 640,000. Area: 5,333 sq. miles.
Yugoslav federation, the move will
perous states more
History: Montenegro became a separate entity on the breakup of the
inflame ethnic independence
nancial control.
Serbian Empire. King Nicholas I was deposed in 1918.
movements from Czechoslovakia
ocal declaration of
BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA (Capital, Sarajevo)
to Ethiopia to Iraq to the Soviet
Slovenian Presi-
Population: 4.48 million. Area: 19,741 sq. miles.
Union That, in turn, would under-
an announced that
History: Settled by Slavs, then conquered by Turks. Annexation by
mine the world political system
stitution no longer
Austria-Hungary in 1908 helped touch off World War I.
that has endured since the end of
enia and that the
World War I.
ent state is assum-
"Everybody is trying to stave
-y for all functions,
this off, because states are very
over from the discredited Commu-
No effort has been made to
efense to air traffic
reluctant to see other states break
nist era, Markovic, although a
economically isolate Slovenia from
up into their component parts,"
committed free-market reformer,
its established trading network,
ican sought to as-
said Helmut Sonnenfeldt, a former
commands. little respect in the
and Ljubljana officials expect busi-
neighbors and other
State Department and National Se-
O
strongly nationalist republics.
ness as usual with the European
nments that the
curity Council expert on Europe.
In the Croatian capital of Zagreb;
nations that have given them a
country poses no
"It is not something that you
Parliament Speaker Zarko Domjan
political cold shoulder.
work to ease the
lightly dismiss."
said, "Croatia no longer remains
Much of Slovenia's motivation
crisis.
Ethnic tensions, similar to those
within federative Yugoslavia."
for separation rests with the disas-
of Yugoslavia's
that drove Slovenia and Croatia to
without risks. But
The declaration of sovereignty
trous state of the Yugoslav econo-
withdraw from Yugoslavia, are
approved by the deputies in Zagreb
my.
is maintenance of
fueling secession movements in
said, "By this act, the Republic of
Serbia and other republics are
:deration by force,"
many of the Soviet Union's 15
Croatia initiates the process of
faced with bankruptcy and run-
2 assembled mem-
republics, the Eritrea province of
disassociation from the other re-
away inflation. State workers have
enian Parliament.
Ethiopia and the Kurdish regions
a
publics."
not been paid for months, the
people have been
of Iraq, as well as in Czechoslova-
It was not immediately clear
federal government has been
violence in Yugo-
kia, Turkey, Iran and Syria.
whether further steps remained to
lurching along on only a third of its
ly May, and each of
bring about full independence for
usual revenues and most industrial
ups-with the ex-
Croatia. Presidential adviser Darko
enterprises outside Slovenia are
B
y and large, the world commu-
nity opposes the breakup of
st Slovenes-have
Bekic said earlier in the day that
deeply in debt and scaling back
states as a matter of principle,
nemselves in prepa-
Croatia still considers itself to be
production.
regardless of the merits of individ-
-out conflict.
within the framework of Yugosla-
The Yugoslav dinar-the mone-
ual cases. For this reason, the Bush
ster Lojze Peterle
via.
tary system to which Slovenia and
Administration has objected
independent Slove-
Croatia remain tied-has been de-
strongly to the secession move-
id all international
B
oth republic leaderships said
valued twice SO far this year and is
ments in Slovenia and Croatia.
med by Yugoslavia
they recognize the statehood of
rumored to be poised for another
even though voting majorities in
V state will erect no
the other, but no other offers of
major downward adjustment.
both republics clearly expressed
movement of goods,
political solidarity were immedi-
Peterle said that Ljubljana was
their desire for independence in
ple.
ately forthcoming.
creating its own central bank and
referendums earlier this year.
2 declaration of in-
Slovenian citizens endorsed a
that a Slovenian currency could be
Moreover. Washington's opposition
.id that Slovenia's
six-month process toward inde-
issued within eight months.
to independence has not been tem-
the federal Parlia-
pendence last December, while
A new Slovenian flag sporting
pered by the fact that Croatia and
de is being recalled
Creatia held a similar referendum
the Triglav mountain symbol of the
Slovenia are the most Western and
with a 12-member
only a month ago.
new republic will be unveiled in
most democratic of Yugoslavia's six
ith negotiating re-
Support for independence was
Liberation Square today. when of-
republics.
with the other re-
overwhelming in both republics.
ficial ceremonies will mark the
From Washington's point of
the
Prince
Saad al Abdullah al Sabah, who
was in London Tuesday.
T
he martial-law decree, extend-
ed last month for 30 days, was
to have expired today, and Cabinet
ministers were said to be evenly
divided over whether to extend it
for another 30 days. Samar did not
explain the reasons for Tuesday's
decision.
However, officials and citizens
express mounting concern over a
rise in lawlessness in Kuwait.
Crime and domestic disputes have
turned bloody as Kuwaitis spurn
government calls to turn over the
huge number of weapons they
stockpiled during the occupation or
collected from the retreating Ira-
Hu
qis.
"Every day we are witnessing
accidents and tragedies as a result
of the possession of weapons and
Here are just some
explosives by weak and hot-tem-
to which we
pered souls," an Interior Ministry
official said in a newspaper inter-
Each way from Los Ang
'view published Monday. "The
based on round-trip pu
numbers in the death registers are
increasing."
The government has given resi-
Akron/Canton
Albany
ANALYSIS
Allentown/Bethlehem
Continued from A10
general rule against endorsing se-
Easton
cession movements is the three
Baltic republics of Estonia, Latvia
and Lithuania. The United States
Atlanta
never recognized the forceful in-
corporation of the republics into
the Soviet Union in 1940, so the
Baltimore
Administration supports their re-
newed independence.
"The United States has stood,
Birmingham
and will continue to stand, in
solidarity with the Baltic peoples in
their striving for freedom and self-
Boston
determination," Bush said Tuesday
in a report to Congress unrelated to
the situation in Yugoslavia.
Buffalo
Nevertheless, the Administra-
tion is concerned that the Slove-
nian and Croatian secession moves
Chicago
will touch off violence in Yugosla-
via that might spill across its
borders.
Cincinnati
"The trouble is in that part of the
world, when blood gets spilled,
Cleveland
blood calls for revenge," said
George Carver, former deputy di-
rector of the CIA. "It is bound to
get messy, and it may be impossi-
Columbus, OH.
ble to keep the messiness inside
Yugoslavia's borders.
Dallas/Fort Worth
A senior Administration official
said that Baker made it clear to
Yugoslavia's federal government
Davton
last week that Washington would
oppose the use of the national army
to stop the secession drives. In
Detroit
addition, there has been a prolifer-
ation of weapons in private hands.
"The United States has stood.
today at
and will continue to stand, in
solidarity with the Baltic peoples in
Boston
$179
$89
their striving for freedom and self-
determination." Bush said Tuesday
Hartford/Springfield
in a report to Congress unrelated to
Buffalo
$179
$89
the situation in Yugoslavia.
Nevertheless, the Administra-
Houston
tion is concerned that the Slove-
Chicago
$164
$82
nian and Croatian secession moves
will touch off violence in Yugosla-
Huntsville
via that might spill across its
Cincinnati
$179
$89
borders.
"The trouble is in that part of the
Indianapolis
world, when blood gets spilled,
Cleveland
$179
$89
blood calls for revenge," said
George Carver, former deputy di-
Jacksonville
rector of the CIA. "It is bound to
Columbus, OH,
$179
$89
get messy, and it may be impossi-
ble to keep the messiness inside
Kansas City, MO
Yugoslavia's borders."
Dallas/Fort Worth
$139
$69
A senior Administration official
said that Baker made it clear to
Lake Tahoe, CA.
Yugoslavia's federal government
Dayton
$179
$89
last week that Washington would
oppose the use of the national army
Little Rock
to stop the secession drives. In
Detroit
$179
$89
addition, there has been a prolifer-
ation of weapons in private hands.
Memphis
"In some republics, civilians are
Fort Lauderdale
$179
$89
being armed," the official said. "It
Miami
is different civilians and different
minority groups in different repub-
Fort Myers
$179
$89
lics, and in some places party
Nashville
people are being armed as party
people. Now don't tell me that's not
Greensboro/High Point/
a powder keg."
Winston-Salem
$179
$89
Baker said last week that "insta-
Newburgh/Stewart, NY
bility and breakup of Yugoslavia
could have some very tragic con-
sequences, not only here, but more
Greenville/Spartanburg
$179
$89
New Orleans
broadly in [the rest of] Europe, as
well." He warned that the United
States would not recognize the
independence of either Slovenia or
Croatia, a threat that was reiterat-
ed by the State Department on
Tuesday.
T
here is no doubt that the Unit-
ed States, the 12-nation Euro-
pean Community and other nations
can turn Slovenia and Croatia into
economic disaster areas if they
choose to do so. Such action, how-
ever, would be certain to produce a
new flow of refugees. It also could
touch off additional violence.
America
In any case, the breakaway re-
publics seem to be headed for
difficult economic times, regardless
Something spe
of what the rest of the world
decides to do.
"I don't see the sources of capital
[for Croatia and Slovenia], particu-
Restrictions: Fares are each way based on round-trip purchase for Coach travel. Tickets are nc
larly if investors are not sure
advance, and tickets must be purchased at least seven days prior to departure or within 24 hour
where the politics will settle," said
Robert Hunter, director of Europe-
Fares may not be available on all flights and are subject to change. Fares are valid for travel noon
an Studies at the Center for Strate-
50% at all other times. Different day-of-week and/or length-of-stay requirements apply to travel
gic and International Studies in
child, aged 2-17, allowed per accompanying adult buying a fare listed above. Adult's and child's
Washington. "You don't have to
restrictions may apply.
American Eagle is a registered trademark of American Airlines, Inc., ar
threaten sanctions. This is a self-
generated sanction.
July 9, 1991
MEMORANDUM FOR TONY SNOW
FROM:
JENNIFER GROSSMAN
SUBJECT:
MATERIAL PER YOUR REQUESTS
GREEK CONSTITUTION
I've included the english translation of Greece's
constitution. Following are some appropriate excerpts.
"The sovereignty of the People is the foundation of the
Government" (from Article 1)
"Respect and protection of the value of the human being
constitutes the primary obligation of the State. " (from
Article 2)
"All Greeks are equal before the law. " (from Article 4)
"Personal liberty is inviolable." (from Article 5)
TURKISH CONSTITUTION
Ditto. Most of the meaning here is strangled by legalese.
The constitution "is entrusted for safekeeping by the
Turkish Nation to the patriotism of its democracy. "
"Everyone possesses inherent fundamental rights and freedoms
which are inviolable and inalienable."
ELEUTHERIOS VENIZELOS
Venizelos was the most prominent Greek politician and
statesman of the early 20th century. His greatest bequest was
the considerable expansion of Greek territory through diplomacy.
Through his policy, Greece doubled in area and population during
the Balkan Wars (1912-13).
Engineering the exile of the pro-German King Constantine
during WWI, Venizelos led Greece into the war on the side of the
Western Allies. He gained international repute at the Treaty of
Versailles (1919), negotiating separately with Italy, Bulgaria,
and Turkey to Greece's considerable advantage.
State has faxed me some material which details: "In foreign
policy Venizelos tried to diversify Greece's alliance system, in
1928 normalizing relations with Italy
and
with
its
Balkan
neighbors He even established good relations with Turkey, for
the first time in modern Greek history signing a treaty of
friendship in 1930. "
TURKISH-GREEK RELATIONS
My contacts at State warn to tread carefully in pushing
Greece and Turkey together. Continued Greek suspicion of Turkish
designs finds root in over 600 years of Ottoman occupation.
Ongoing regional disputes still hinder a closer relationship.
Attempts at clearing things up in the Ozal-Papandreou Davos
Process (in Davos, Switzerland) were largely fruitless.
Moreover, Davos is not particularly popular with the Greek
people. Mitsotakis would like to distance himself from the
process, as he would like to distance himself from Papandreou.
Hope for improved relations has more recently surfaced with
a renewed willingness for dialogue. Below I've excerpted some
State cables on the new thaw:
1)
Following is the response of a Turkish government spokesman
to a question on P.M. Mitsotakis' remarks on relations with
Turkey in a June 5 interview with Greek State TV:
"PM Mitsotakis' statement that he wants an honest and
serious dialogue with Turkey and that there are many things
to talk about is a notable development
Turkey, throughout
the years and today persistently defends the view that the
only ways to find solutions to the problems between the two
countries are dialogue and negotiations
Turkey is ready to
sit at the table with a comprehensive and clear agenda. "
QUOTE FLASH:
"Do not fear of speaking the truth. "
(Kemal
Ataturk, 1926)
"The beginning is half of the whole. " (Aristotle)
2)
Following are excerpts from an interview with Greek PM
Mitsotakis published in Turkish Daily "Hurriyet" June 15:
"After general elections in Greece, I was also the one who
expressed our government's with to enter a serious and
sincere dialogue with Turkey. I have never set
preconditions for such a dialogue
I favor developing
relations between our countries in every field, especially
the economic field. It is obvious that improvement in the
political field will make these developments easier."
3)
Following are Mitsotakis further remarks which were not
included in the daily:
"Personally, I am ready to sign a treaty of friendship, good
neighborliness and cooperation which would confirm rejection
of the resort to any kind of force to solve the differences
between Greece and Turkey
I want to come to Ankara, but
when I come we must do something
I am coming, but first we
must cross some distance on the Cyprus question.
Afterwards, when I go there, I would like to sign a treaty
of friendship, good neighborliness, and cooperation."
CYPRUS TALKS, UN GOOD OFFICES MISSION
Since 1963, the UN Security Council has given the Secretary
General a Good Offices mandate. The mandate or mission has been
given to convene and conduct negotiations between the Greek and
Turkish communities of Cyprus to reach a political settlement
between the two. In the 1960's, the island's two communities
were more integrated.
In 1974, Turkish military intervention brought about a
massive population shift, the Turks congregating in the north,
the Greeks moving to the southern two-thirds of Cyprus. State's
Cypriot desk officer has cautioned against talking of the
invasion, he'd promised me a fax on suggested language on the UN
mission.
thought id
give you these 100. to
9 July 1991
MEMORANDUM FOR CURT
FROM:
JAG
SUBJ:
MORE QUOTES FOR ACROPOLIS
1)
"The basis of a democratic state is liberty."
--Plato, Dialogues, Parmenides, VI, 2.
2)
"Freedom in a democracy is the glory of the State only in
a democracy will the freeman of nature deign to dwell."
--Plato, The Republic, Book ii, sec. 319.
3)
"Our constitution does not copy the laws of neighboring
states; we are rather a pattern to others than imitators
ourselves. Its administration favors the many instead of
the few; this is why it is called a democracy."
--Thucydides, Historia, Pericles' Ideal.
.ES
1992
WH
The New
Encyclopædia
Britannica
in 30 Volumes
MICROP/EDIA
Volume I
Ready Reference
and
Index
FOUNDED 1768
15 TH EDITION
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
William Benton, Publisher, 1943-1973
Helen Hemingway Benton, Publisher, 1973-1974
Chicago/Geneva/London/Manila/Paris/Rome
Seoul/Sydney/Tokyo/Toronto
Roman Catho-
nople and initiated a sweeping ecclesiastical
riato condemmation as raise vener
stant churches.
reform. He imposed strict discipline on the
Shelley's problems as result of beliefs 16:659f
warnings that
Jergy, charged his bishops to live in their own
skepticism's resemblance 16:830d
Spinoza's denial of charge 17:509h
atholic faith is
dioceses, and restricted the wanderings of
theology in Eastern religion context 18:274d
monks. Much of the source material on his re-
in the
n to Western-
form effort, as well as on Byzantine social and
Atheist's Tragedie, The (1611), play by
aconomic conditions of the times, is recorded
Cyril Tourneur.
tury. Since the
a collection of 126 letters.
literature of the Renaissance 10:1142b
nerally agreed
Athanasius' severe measures evoked opposi-
Athelney, small eminence, formerly an is-
not written by
jon from the clergy, and Emperor An-
land, rising above the drained marshes around
probably com-
Ironicus permitted his resignation. Popular
the confluence of the Rivers Tone and Parrett
g the 5th cen
upport restored him to his patriarchal office;
in the county of Somerset, England. In 878
suggested, but
owever, after his expulsion of the Latin
King Alfred sought refuge from the Danes in
en reached. In
Church's Franciscan monks from Constan-
the marshes and constructed a stronghold at
cent of Lérins
inople in 1307, the unionist faction finally
Athelney from where he broke out and won a
and this work
acceeded in forcing his retirement early in
decisive victory at Edington, near Chippen-
: of the creed
1310 to the monastery of Xerolophus in Con-
ham. He later founded a monastery on the is-
irer thor. of his has
stantinople. Besides his letters, other writings attributed
land as a thank-offering for his victory. The
Alfred Jewel, now in the Ashmolean Museum,
: creed was in-
0 Athanasius are lectures on religious educa-
Oxford, was found at Athelney in 1693.
on of homilies
ion and a liturgical verse composition,
2). The creed's
Theotokaria, an encomium to the Virgin
Athelstan, also spelled AETHELSTAN or ETH-
I primarily in
Mary.
ELSTAN (d. Oct. 27, 939), first Saxon king to
he 6th and 7th
have effective rule over the whole of England.
liturgy of the
Athanasius the Athonite, Saint, also
On the death of his father, Eadward the El-
1 century and
alled ATHANASIUS OF TREBIZOND (b. c. 920,
der, in 924, Athelstan was elected king of
the church in
Trebizond, now Trabzon, Tur.-d. c. 1000,
Mercia, where he had been brought up by his
Athena mourning the death of Achilles at
Mt. Athos, Greece), Byzantine monk who
Troy, relief, C. 470 BC; in the Acropolis
aunt, Aethelflaed, lady of the Mercians.
founded communal monasticism in the hal-
Museum, Athens
Crowned king of the whole country at King-
or 5:245a
lowed region of Mt. Athos, a traditional habi-
Alinari
ston on Sept. 4, 925, he proceeded to establish
215f
at for contemplative monks and hermits.
boundaries and rule firmly. His dominion was
place, probably because the king's palace was
Originally named Abraham, he took the
significantly challenged in 937 when Constan-
located there. She had no consort and no off-
monastic name of Athanasius when he retired
tine of the Scots, Owain of Strathclyde, and
spring. She may not have been a virgin from
C. 293, Alex-
10 Mt. Athos after forsaking the sophisticat-
Olaf Guthfrithson, claimant of the kingdom
the beginning, but the characteristic was ac-
Alexandria),
ed, urban monastic life in Constantinople;
of York, joined forces and invaded England.
quired very early and was the basis for the in-
tesman, and
there he had served as spiritual director to the
They were routed at Brunanburh.
terpretation of her epithets Pallas and Par-
iief defender of
general Nicephorus Phocas, later the emperor
thenos. Aphrodite could not affect Athena:
-century battle
Nicephorus II Phocas (963-969).
for a war goddess to accept domination or a
at the Son of
In 963, with imperial support, Athanasius
palace goddess violation was intolerable.
out not of the
organized the scattered solitaries on Mt.
In the Iliad, Athena, as a war goddess, in-
ther.
Athos into the Great Laura (Greek laura,
spired and fought alongside the Greek heroes;
Athanasius at-
"monastery"). There, he introduced a Typi-
to possess her aid was synonymous with mili-
25) and short-
con, or rule, for cenobites (monks in com-
tary prowess and was not considered an unfair
of Alexandria
munity life) based on similar codes by the 4th-
advantage. Also in the Iliad, Zeus, the chief
was engaged in
century monastic founder Basil of Caesarea
god, specifically assigned the sphere of war to
gles with the
and the 9th-century reformer Theodore Stu-
Ares, the god of war, and Athena. Athena's
rchmen, being
dites.
moral and military superiority to Ares derived
eral times. He
Various ecclesiastical and political factions
in part from the vastly greater variety and im-
including his
opposed this monastic innovation and forced
portance of her functions and in part from the
Life of St. An-
Athanasius to flee to Cyprus after the death of
patriotism of Homer's predecessors, Ares be-
St the Arians,
Nicephorus in 969. He returned to Mt. Athos,
ing of foreign origin. The qualities that led to
logical, pasto-
however, following the command of a reputed
victory were found on the aegis Athena car-
visionary experience. Financial assistance
ried when she went to war: fear, strife, de-
came from Nicephorus' successor, the emper-
fense, and assault, but not reason or pru-
or John I Tzimisces, who in 971-972 had set-
dence. Athena appears in the Odyssey as the
basis 4:486b
tled the controversy by granting Athos its first
tutelary deity of the king, and myths from lat-
charter. Athanasius died in the collapse of a
er sources portray her similarly as helper of
m 4:500f
2:940g
building he was about to dedicate. His further
Perseus and Heracles (Hercules), perhaps
4:490c
writings include a supplementary rule for
originally Mycenaean priest-kings, suggesting
17c
monks (Hypotyposis), incorporating elements
that her efforts were extended to all who held
of Greek and Syriac monasticism; a detailed
that office. Yet the kingship as such did not
annotation (Diatyposis) of provisions for
Athelstan, detail of a manuscript illumination, 10th
claim her protection; Athena guarded rather
! 10:333e
monastic transfer of authority; and a liturgi-
century: in the collection of Corpus Christi College.
the king's person and in so doing became god-
182e
cal directory particularly for the Easter sea-
Cambridge (Corpus Christi Ms. 183)
dess of good counsel as well as of war.
son.
By courtesy of the Master and Fellows of Corpus Christi College, Cambridge.
In post-Mycenaean times, the city, especially
orian prefect
Nicephorus II and the church 13:64g
photograph Courtauld Institute Galleries, London
its citadel, replaced the palace as Athena's do-
main. She was widely worshipped, but in
ces 10:363f
Atharvaveda (sacred literature): see Vedas.
Six of his codes of law extant reveal stern
modern times she is associated primarily with
rianople, now
atheism 2:258, the denial of God, as reflect-
efforts to suppress theft and punish corrup-
Athens, to which she gave her name. Her
Constantino-
ed either in a theoretical system of thought
tion. They are notable for provisions to com-
fort the destitute and mitigate the punishment
emergence there as city goddess, Athena
nonk and pa-
that excludes the possibility or the necessity of
Polias, accompanied the transition from mon-
directed the
a transcendent first principle or in the way one
of young offenders. The form and language of
archy to democracy. She was associated with
ek and Latin
practically conducts his private and public
his many documents suggest the presence of a
birds, particularly the owl, which became fa-
d Council of
life. Atheism is opposed to any religion or
corps of skilled clerks and perhaps the begin-
mous as the city's own symbol, and with the
in reforming
worship of God. A synonym for atheist is
ning of the English civil service.
snake. Her birth and her contest with Posei-
countered op-
freethinker.
Athena, also called ATHENE, in Greek reli-
don for the suzerainty of the city were depict-
hy that even-
The text article covers the divisions and prin-
gion, the city protectress, goddess of war,
ed on the pediments of the Parthenon. Hesi-
cipal forms of atheism and its historical devel-
handicraft, and practical reason, identified by
od, in the Theogony, told how Athena, having
monastery in
opment. The major section of the article is de-
the Romans with Minerva. She was essentially
no known mother, sprang from Zeus's fore-
thos, Greece,
voted to a critical examination of the ques-
urban and civilized, the antithesis in many re-
head, and Pindar added that Hephaestus
oly Land and
tions that have given rise to the historical
spects of Artemis, goddess of the outdoors.
struck open his head with an ax. The contest
ios, Palestine,
forms of atheism.
Athena was probably a pre-Hellenic goddess
between Athena and Poseidon on the Parthe-
Later he re-
REFERENCES in other text articles:
and was later taken over by the Greeks. Yet
non's west pediment featured her offer to the
led a monas-
distinction from agnosticism 1:311h
the Greek economy, unlike that of the Mi-
Athenians of the olive, his of the horse or a
: activities af-
Existential views of man's freedom 7:73c
noans, was largely military, so that Athena,
spring of water.
ne Council of
Feuerbach's view of God 1:985c
while retaining her earlier domestic functions,
Athena's birthday festival, the Panathenaea,
the patriarch
Hegelian development and criticism 8:733d
became a goddess of war.
concerned the growth of vegetation. The simi-
ck Palestinian
Indian philosophical positions 9:314g
Athena chose the Acropolis as her dwelling
larly purposed Procharisteria celebrated the
Athenaeum 618
tion toward the next life, Athenagoras refuted
tury BC), Greek sculptor who collabo
the allegation of sexual depravity. Embassy
with Agesander and Polydorus on the celi
goddess' rising from the ground with the com-
also contains the first reference to Christian
ed "Laocoon" group (sculpture of a
ing of spring. Athena's connection with vegeta-
involvement in slavery.
priest of Apollo and his two sons beil
tion, however, was only a by-product of her
A second work, the tract Peri anastaseõs nek-
tacked by two serpents, as narrated by
general civic duties.
rõn (Eng. trans., The Resurrection of the Dead,
to Dido in Virgil's Aeneid, book ii), consi
Mythology made Erichthonius, who was be-
1956), is cautiously attributed to Athenagoras.
by Pliny the Elder as the greatest of all
lieved to have instituted Athena's worship at
Rejecting the Platonic tenet that the body is
sculptures.
Athens, the issue of an abortive attempt by
the prison of the soul, and affirming matter-
Athenodorus Cordylio (fl. 1st century
Hephaestus upon Athena's virginity, the seed
spirit complementarity, he accepts bodily
Tarsus, Cilicia-d. Rome), Greek
impregnating the ground instead. Athena's re-
resurrection from the dead on the basis of
philosopher who became keeper of the
lationship with Hephaestus derived from the
God's omnipotence and purpose to manifest
in Pergamum. He later settled in Rome
similar function of the smithgod and the god-
his image eternally. Resurrection underscores
Athenodorus Cananites, also called
dess of industry, Athena Ergane (Working, a
the analogy of death with sleep (incomplete
nodorus Son of Sandon (b. c. 74 BC, C
common epithet). That she became ultimately
function does not necessitate final dissolution)
near Tarsus, Cilicia-d. c. AD 7), Greek
allegorized to personify wisdom was a natural
but accords less importance to the argument
philosopher who was the teacher of the
development of her patronage of skill.
for reward and punishment in the next life.
er Octavian, who later became the
Two Athenians, Phidias (q.v.) and Aeschylus,
early Christian Apologists 13:1080b
Augustus. Athenodorus acquired a lasti
contributed significantly to Athena's spiritual
fluence over Octavian and probably fo)
development. She inspired three of Phidias'
Athenagoras I (1886-1972), ecumenical pa-
him to Rome in 44 BC, later returning
sculptural masterpieces, which traced her de-
triarch of Constantinople who helped remove
sus, where he remodelled the city's CO
velopment from the warrior to the city god-
a hindrance to reconciliation between Eastern
tion, setting up a government of propert
dess; and in Aeschylus' tragedy Eumenides she
Orthodoxy and Roman Catholicism when in
ers favourable to Rome. None of his WITH
founded the Areopagus, and, by breaking a
1965 he and Pope Paul VI together nullified
extant, and Strabo and Cicero (who
deadlock of the judges in favour of Orestes, the
the anathemas pronounced in 1054 by their
helped in the composition of the De 0
defendant, she set the precedent that a tied
counterparts at the start of the East-West
provide the main sources of information
vote signified acquittal.
Schism.
him.
allegoric functions 7:136f
Athena Nike, Temple of, part of the
Athenodorus (fl. 1st century AD), Greek
mythology and Greek culture 8:403e
Acropolis in Athens, built during the 5th cen-
cian, who wrote a work On Epidemics
Athenaeum, British literary weekly, pub-
tury BC (Athena Nike, "Athena Giver of Victo-
Athenodorus Cananites' influence on
Strabo 17:713e
lished 1828-1921.
ry").
magazine publishing history 15:250f
history and architecture 2:264d passim
Athenry, Irish BAILE ÁTHA AN RÍOGH (To
to 266g
Athenaeus (fl. C. AD 200), Greek grammarian
the King's Ford), market town, Count
Athena Promachos (Greek: Athena Who
way, Ireland. It was founded in the 13th
who was born at Naukratis in Egypt. He was
the author of Deipnosophistai ("The Gastro-
Fights in the Foremost Ranks), bronze statue
tury during the Anglo-Norman coloniz
of the goddess Athena built by the Greek
Much of the medieval town wall (121)
nomers"). It is in 15 books, of which 10 have
survived in their entirety, the others in sum-
sculptor Phidias (q.v.) on the Acropolis in
vives, together with the keep of the
Athens.
(1235) and part of the Dominican
mary form. The value of the work lies partly
in the great number of quotations from lost
description and history 2:264f
(founded 1241). Pop. (1971) 1,240.
53°18' N, 8°45' W
works of antiquity that it preserves, nearly 800
Athenäum, literary periodical that became
writers being quoted, and partly in the variety
map, Ireland 9:882
the organ of the German Romantics and that
of unusual information it affords of all aspects
formulated the critical credo for the first phase
Athens 2:262, Modern Greek ATHINAL
of life in the ancient world.
of Romanticism in German literature. Issued
tal of Greece and generally consider
Athenagoras (fl. 2nd century), Greek Chris-
quarterly from 1798 to 1800, the Athenäum
nursery of Western civilization; it lies in
was published in Berlin by the brothers August
basin surrounded by mountains five mile
tian philosopher and Apologist whose treatise
Presbeia peri Christianon (c. 177; Embassy for
Wilhelm and Friedrich von Schlegel, transla-
the Bay of Phaleron, off the Aegean Seal
the Christians, 1956) is the first known work to
tors and critics. Important contributors includ-
its port Piraeus is located. Pop. (197)
use Neoplatonic concepts to interpret Chris-
ed the theologian Friedrich Schleiermacher
862,133; metropolitan area, 2,530,207
tian belief and worship for Greek and Roman
and the poet Novalis (Friedrich von Harden-
The text article covers the Athenian
cultures and to refute early pagan charges that
berg). In this journal Friedrich von Schlegel
the city's early history, and the moder
Christians were disloyal and immoral.
published his definition of the Romantic, in
37°58' N, 23°43' E
Identified by some early historians as a native
which he held classical art to be whole and per-
REFERENCES in other text articles:
of Athens and a Platonist who converted to
fect, though human and finite, whereas Ro-
Alcibiades' political career 1:436f
Christianity, Athenagoras went to Alexandria
mantic expression was essentially imperfect-a
ancient ship design 18:651d
and established the prototype for its celebrated
yearning or reaching out for the infinite. This
Antigonus I's alliance and control 1:99
Christian academy. He addressed the Em-
definition became widely accepted and provid-
Bronze Age period remains 1:115h; ma
Byzantium conquest 9:1069f
bassy, an apology in 30 chapters, to the emper-
ed a new aesthetic criterion for poetry. Schle-
calendar systems in antiquity 3:605h
or Marcus Aurelius and his son Commodus as
gel's review of Goethe's Wilhelm Meister (for
censorship in ancient Greece 3:1084c
a response to the threefold indictment that was
him the prototype of the Romantic novel) was
chronological source materials 4:578c
formerly levelled against the Jews in classical
regarded as the model of penetration in critical
classical theatre design and material 18
anti-Semitism and that by the 2nd century had
writing.
Cleisthenes' political reform 4:706g
been transferred to the Christians: atheism
commercial law development 4:988a
(disbelief in pagan deities), cannibalism (eating
Athene (goddess): see Athena.
cultural developments in 5th century
children at banquets), and incest. Athenagoras
Athene noctua: see little owl.
BC 8:351e
appealed to Greek and Roman rationality and
Demosthenes' leadership 5:578a
claimed for Christians the same rights com-
Athenian League, Second, alliance of
eclipse observations 6:196b
mon to all citizens, particularly freedom of
Greek city-states, 378-371 BC.
educational philosophy and institutions
worship. He challenged his critics to be aware
structure and importance 8:363g
electoral processes 6:527h
that if their charges should prove false, they
Athénienne, French name for a candelabrum
emergence and predominance in Archa
were condemning Christians only for their reli-
in the so-called Etruscan style adopted during
Greece 8:326f passim to 334h
the late-18th-century classical revival. In form
Epaminondas' military challenge 6:903
gion.
To the charges of atheism and child murder
Epicurus and the Garden school 6:914
it was a tripod, each leg topped by a ram's
Euripides' life and writings 6:1030h
Athenagoras countered that Christians wor-
head and terminating in a ram's foot. It was
foreign policy in Archaic Period 8:348
ship God in an unbloody manner. Unlike the
surmounted by an urn from which branches
Hadrian's imperial contributions 8:540
degrading idolatry of the heathen submission
rose to hold the candles. The name is derived
Hellenistic Age development 8:382c
to arbitrary and immoral deities (injecting an
from the painting "La Vertueuse Athénienne,'
-Isocrates' influence on intellectual and
observation made by Plato), Christians, he as-
by Joseph-Marie Vien, exhibited at the Salon
political life 9:1031b
serted, reverence one perfect and eternal
of 1763, showing a priestess burning incense at
-land reforms in antiquity 10:638a
divinity whose threefold self-expression is not
a tripod of that design.
legal concepts and practice 8:399a
polytheistic. Athenagoras adduced the first ra-
tional apologetic for God's simultaneous unity
Athenodorus, in ancient Greece, two sculp-
map, Europe 6:1035
map, Greece 8:314
and trinity by suggesting multiple persons in a
tors, two philosophers, and a physician.
mystery societies in Athenian politics
single nature and potency.
Athenodorus of Cleitor (fl. C. 405 BC), Greek
Olympic Games revival 2:276c
By his account of the sometimes rigoris-
sculptor who executed the statues of Apollo
opposition to Macedonian supremacy
tic Christian moral code banning evil thoughts,
and Zeus that the Spartans dedicated at Delphi
passim to 227e
second marriages, abortion, and the viewing of
after their victory at Aegospotami (405 BC) in
Peisistratus' control and
gladiator contests, while insisting on the duty
the Peloponnesian War.
contributions 13:1110c
YOUR VISIT TO THE ACROPOLIS
You will make an early morning visit to the Acropolis on
July 19 with Prime Minister Mitsotakis. At Mitsotakis'
request, you and he will make brief comments to the press
corps on Greece's contribution to Western civilization and
the 2, 500th anniversary of Athenian democracy.
The Acropolis, meaning "upper city," is the symbolic
birthplace of Western democracy. The citadel, built atop a
rock plateau, once was the center of Athenian religion and
civic pride at the apex of the ancient Greek civilization.
It is now the most hallowed, and the most universally
acclaimed, temple site in all of Europe.
The Acropolis has been occupied without interruption since
Neolithic times, and as a result it supports the compacted
remains of half a dozen successive civilizations. The four
ancient buildings which make up the Acropolis today were
built during the fifth century B.C., when Athens was at its
imperial apogee. The most important, and magnificent, of
the four is the Parthenon.
The Parthenon is dedicated to the city's guardian deity
Athena and demonstrates the grace, sophistication, and vigor
of Greek culture at that time. Since then it has survived
many sieges and flown the flag of many invading armies, from
Spartans to Nazis. Over the years its treasures, including
a 39-foot ivory and gold statue of Athena, were defiled or
removed by conquerors and explorers. During its long
history it also served as a Christian church for nearly
1,000 years, a Moslem mosque, and a Turkish arsenal. It was
nearly destroyed by the Venetians during a siege of the
occupying Turkish forces in the late 1600s.
The Erechtheum (pronounced ir-ek-the-um) named for a harvest
deity, is another of the four ancient buildings. In some
ways it is the most sacred spot on the Acropolis. According
to legend, it is built on the site where the goddess Athena
created the first olive tree. The Persians invaded Athens
and destroyed the tree, the legend goes, but when they were
driven off, it grew back again. Legends aside, the Turkish
military governor made practical use of the Erechtheum
during the Turkish occupation by using it to house his harem
of 40 wives.
Athera created che 1st
olive thee, came whose to symbolise maches place
Atha democras created are now its the envelops manders 1st
the globe.
Governments
Greene (Nathaniel)
THE JEFFERSONIAN CYCLOPEDIA
394
3593.
How powerfully did we
that great reformation in our Government to
feel the energy of this organization in the
which the nation gave its fiat ten years ago.-
case of the Embargo? I felt the founda-
To GIDEON GRANGER. FORD ED., ix, 286. (M.,
tions of the Government shaken under my
1810.)
feet by the New England townships. There
3598. GRATITUDE, Happiness and.-I
was not an individual in their States whose
have but one system of ethics for men and
body was not thrown with all its momentum
for nations-to be grateful, to be faithful to
into action; and although the whole of the
all engagements, under all circumstances, to
other States were known to be in favor of
be open and generous, promoting in the long
the measure, yet the organization of this little
run the interests of both, and I am sure it
selfish minority enabled it to overrule the
promotes their happiness.-To LA DUCHESSE
Union. What would the unwieldy counties
D'AUVILLE. iii, 135. FORD ED., v, 153. (N.
of the middle, the south and the west do?
Y. 1790.)
Call a county meeting, and the drunken
3599. GRATITUDE, National.-I think
loungers at and about the court houses
* * * that nations are to be governed with
would have collected, the distances being too
regard to their own interest, but I am con-
great for the good people and the industrious
vinced that it is their interest, in the long
generally to attend. The character of those
run, to be grateful, faithful to their engage-
who really met would have been the measure
ments even in the worst of circumstances,
of the weight they would have had in the
and honorable and generous always.-To M.
scale of public opinion.-To JOSEPH C. CA-
DE LAFAYETTE. iii, 132. FORD ED., v, 152.
BELL. vi, 544. (M., 1816.)
(N.Y., 1790.)
3594. GOVERNMENTS (European), Op-
3600. GRATITUDE, Principles of.-To
pressive.-The European are governments of
say that gratitude is never to enter into the
kites over pigeons.-To GOVERNOR RUTLEDGE.
motives of national conduct is to revive a
ii, 234. (P., 1787.)
principle which has been buried for centuries
3595. GRAMMAR, Rigor of.-Where
with its kindred principles of the lawfulness
strictness of grammar does not weaken ex-
of assassination, poison, perjury, &c. All of
pression, it should be attended to
*
these were legitimate principles in the dark
But where, by small grammatical negligences,
ages, which intervened between ancient and
the energy of an idea is condensed, or a word
modern civilization, but exploded and held in
stands for a sentence, I hold grammatical rigor
just horror in the eighteenth century.-To
in contempt.*-To JAMES MADISON. FORD
ED., viii, 108. (W., 1801.) See LANGUAGES.
JAMES MADISON. iii, 99. FORD ED., v, III.
(P., 1789.)
3596. GRANGER (Gideon), Burr's en-
- GREEK LANGUAGE.-See LAN-
emy.-In the winter of 1803-4, another train
GUAGES.
of events took place which, I think
it but justice to yourself that I should state.
3601. GREEKS, Ancient.-Should these
I mean the intrigues which were in agitation,
thoughts on the subject of national govern-
and at the bottom of which we believed Colonel
ment furnish a single idea which may be use-
Burr to be; to form a coalition of the five East-
ful to them [the Greeks], I shall fancy it a
oh
ern States, with New York and New Jersey,
tribute rendered to the manes of your Homer,
under the appellation of the seven Eastern
your Demosthenes, and the splendid constella-
States; either to overawe the Union by the
tion of sages and heroes, whose blood is still
combination of their power and their will, or by
flowing in your veins, and whose merits are still
threats of separating themselves from it. Your
resting, as a heavy debt, on the shoulders of
intimacy with some of those in the secret gave
the living, and the future races of men.-To
you opportunities of searching into their pro-
M. CORAY. vii, 324. (M., 1823.)
ceedings, of which you made me daily and
3602. GREEKS, Government of.-Greece
confidential reports. This intimacy to which I
had such useful recourse, at the time, rendered
was the first of civilized nations which pre-
you an object of suspicion with many as being
sented examples [in government] of what man
yourself a partisan of Colonel Burr, and en-
should be.-To M. CORAY. vii, 318. (M., 1823.
gaged in the very combination which you were
3603. GREEKS, Sympathy for.-No peo-
faithfully employed in defeating. I never failed
ple sympathize more feelingly than ours with
to justify you to all those who brought their
the sufferings of your countrymen, none offer
suspicions to me, and to assure them of my
more sincere and ardent prayers to heaven for
knowledge of your fidelity. Many were the in-
their success. And nothing indeed but the fun-
dividuals, then members of the Legislature, who
damental principle of our government, never
received these assurances from me, and whose
to entangle us with the broils of Europe, could
apprehensions were thereby quieted. This first
restrain our generous youth from taking some
project of Burr having vanished in smoke, he
part in this holy cause. Possessing ourselves
directed his views to the Western country.-
the combined blessing of liberty and order, we
To GIDEON GRANGER. vi, 330. FORD ED., ix,
wish the same to other countries, and to none
455. (M., 1814.)
more than yours, which, the first of civilized
3597. GRANGER (Gideon), Supreme
nations, presented examples of what man should
be-To M. CORAY. vii, 318. (M.. 1823.)
Court.-I shall be perfectly happy if either
you or [Levi] Lincoln is named, as I consider
3604. GREENE (Nathaniel), Estimate
the substituting, in the place of [Judge] Cush-
of.-Greene was truly a great man. He had
ing, a firm unequivocating republican, whose
not, perhaps, all the qualities which so peculiarly
principles are born with him, and not an oc-
rendered General Washington the fittest man
casional ingraftment, as necessary to complete
Jefferson, at the request of M. Coray, wrote a
From a note enclosing draft of first annual mes-
paper outlining a system of government for Greece.
sage and requesting suggestions thereon.-EDITOR
-EDITOR.
Oppression
Orleans (Duke of)
THE JEFFERSONIAN CYCLOPEDIA
664
6287. OPPRESSION, Colonies and.-A
who can now read one of his orations through
series of oppressions, begun at a distinguished
but as a piece of task work.-To J. W. EPPES.
period, and pursued unalterably through
v, 490. FORD ED., ix, 267. (M., 1810.)
every change of ministers, too plainly prove
6292. ORATORY, Modern and Ancient.
a deliberate, systematical plan of reducing
-The short, the nervous, the unanswerable
us to slavery.-RIGHTS OF BRITISH AMERICA.
speech of Carnot, in 1803, on the proposition
i, 130. FORD ED.. i, 435. (1774.)
to declare Bonaparte consul for life,-this creed
of republicanism should be well translated, and
6288. OPPRESSION, Nations and.-It
placed in the hands and heart of every friend
is, indeed, an animating thought that, while
to the rights of self-government.-To ABRAHAM
we are securing the rights of ourselves and
SMALL. vi, 347. (M., 1814.)
our posterity, we are pointing out the way
6293.
to struggling nations who wish, like us, to
The finest thing, in my
opinion, which the English language has pro-
emerge from their tyrannies also. Heaven
duced, is the defence of Eugene Aram, spoken
help their struggles, and lead them, as it has
by himself at the bar of the York assizes. in
done us, triumphantly through them.-RE-
1759.-To ABRAHAM SMALL. vi, 347. (M.,
PLY TO ADDRESS. iii, 128. FORD ED., v, 147.
1814.)
(1790.)
6294.
I consider the speeches
6289. OPTICS, Laws of.-To distinct vis-
of Aram and Carnot, and that of Logan, as
ion it is necessary not only that the visual
worthily standing in a line with those of Scipio
angle should be sufficient for the powers of the
and Hannibal in Livy, and of Cato and Cæsar
human eye, but that there should be sufficient
in Sallust.-To ABRAHAM SMALL. vi, 347.
light also on the object of observation. In
(M., 1814.)
microscopic observations, the enlargement of
6295. ORATORY, Scathing.-Lord Chat-
the angle of vision may be more indulged,
because auxiliary light may be concentrated
ham's reply to Horace Walpole, on the Sea-
on the object by concave mirrors. But in the
men's bill, in the House of Commons, in 1740,
case of the heavenly bodies we can have no
is one of the severest which history has re-
such aid. The moon, for example, receives
corded.-To ABRAHAM SMALL. vi, 346. (M.,
1814.)
from the sun but a fixed quantity of light. In
proportion as you magnify her surface, you
6296. ORDER, Liberty and.-Possessing
spread that fixed quantity over a greater space,
ourselves the combined blessing of liberty and
dilute it more, and render the object more dim.
order, we wish the same to other countries.
If you increase her magnitude infinitely, you
dim her face infinitely also, and she becomes
-To M. CORAY. vii, 318. (M., 1823.)
invisible. When under total eclipse, all the
6297. ORDER, Maintenance of.-The
direct rays of the sun being intercepted, she
is seen but faintly, and would not be seen at
life of the citizen is never to be endangered,
all but for the refraction of the solar rays in
but as the last melancholy effort for the
their passage through our atmosphere. In a
maintenance of order and obedience to the
night of extreme darkness, a house or a moun-
laws.*-To THE GOVERNORS OF THE STATES.
tain is not seen, as not having light enough to
v, 414. FORD ED., ix, 238. (W., 1809.)
impress the limited sensibility of our eye. I do
suppose in fact that Herschel has availed him-
6298. ORDER, Preservation of.-Every
self of the properties of the parabolic mirror to
man being at his ease, feels an interest in
the point beyond which its effect would be
the preservation of order. and comes forth to
countervailed by the diminution of light on the
object. I barely suggest this element, not pre-
preserve it at the first call of the magistrate.
sented to view in your letter, as one which must
-To M. PICTET. iv, 463. (W., 1803.)
enter into the estimate of the improved tele-
scope you propose.-To THOMAS SKIDMAN.
6299. ORDERS IN COUNCIL, Repeal
vii, 259. (M., 1822.)
of.-The British ministry has been driven
from its Algerine system, not by any remain-
6290. ORATORY, Art in.-In a repub-
ing morality in the people, but by their un-
lican nation, whose citizens are to be led by
steadiness under severe trial. But whenceso-
reason and persuasion, and not by force, the
ever it comes, I rejoice in it as the triumph
art of reasoning becomes of first importance.
of our forbearing and yet persevering system.
In this line antiquity has left us the finest
It will lighten your anxieties, take from cabal
models for imitation; and he who studies and
its most fertile ground of war, will give us
imitates them most nearly, will nearest ap-
peace during your time, and by the complete
proach the perfection of the art. Among these
extinguishment of our public debt. open upon
I should consider the speeches of Livy, Sallust
us the noblest application of revenue that has
and Tacitus as preeminent specimens of logic,
ever been exhibited by any nation.-To PRESI-
taste, and that sententious brevity which, using
DENT MADISON. V, 443. (M., April 1809.) See
not a word to spare, leave not a moment for
BERLIN DECREES and EMBARGO.
inattention to the hearer. Amplification is the
vice of modern oratory. It is an insult to an
- OREGON.See LEWIS AND CLARK Ex-
assembly of reasonable men, disgusting and re-
PEDITION.
volting instead of persuading. Speeches meas-
ured by the hour die with the hour.-To
6300. ORLEANS (Duke of), Unprin-
DAVID HARDING. vii, 347. (M., 1824.)
cipled.-The Duke d'Orleans is as unprin-
cipled as his followers: sunk in debaucheries
6291. ORATORY, Models for.-The
of the lowest kind. and incapable of quitting
models for that oratory which is to produce
them for business; not a fool. yet not head
the greatest effect by securing the attention
enough to conduct anything.-To JOHN JAY. iii,
of hearers and readers, are to be found in Livy,
95. (P., 1789.)
Tacitus, Sallust, and most assuredly not in
From a letter in regard to the employment of the
Cicero. I doubt if there is a man in the world
militia.-EDITOR.
2
J43
1967
V,I
WHRC
t: THE
Jeffersonian Cyclopedia
A COMPREHENSIVE COLLECTION OF THE
VIEWS OF
THOMAS JEFFERSON
Classified and Arranged in Alphabetical Order
Under Nine Thousand Titles
RELATING TO GOVERNMENT, POLITICS, LAW,
EDUCATION, POLITICAL ECONOMY, FINANCE,
SCIENCE, ART, LITERATURE, RELIGIOUS
FREEDOM, MORALS, ETC.
EDITED BY
JOHN P. FOLEY
WITH AN INTRODUCTION BY
JULIAN P. BOYD
VOLUME ONE
"I have sworn upon the altar of God eternal hostility against
every form of tyranny over the mind of man."-Thomas Jefferson
NEW YORK / RUSSELL & RUSSELL
PN6081
WH
Respectfully
Quoted
A Dictionary of Quotations
Requested from the
Congressional Research Service
edited by Suzy Platt
Congressional Reference Division
PROPERTY OF
LIBRARY
EXECUTIVE OFFICE OF
THE PRESIDENT
LIBRARY OF CONGRESS . WASHINGTON . 1989
Property
1550 Give a man the secure possession of a bleak rock, and he will turn it into a garden;
ne
give him a nine years lease of a garden, and he will convert it into a desert.
The magic
an
of PROPERTY turns sand to gold.
n-
to
ARTHUR YOUNG, journal entries for July 30 and November 7, 1787, Travels
, 2d
ed., vol. 1, pp. 51, 88 (1794, reprinted 1970).
ne
Public affairs
1551 My rule, in which I have always found satisfaction, is, never to turn aside in public
affairs through views of private interest; but to go straight forward in doing what appears
ed.
to me right at the time, leaving the consequences with Providence.
BENJAMIN FRANKLIN, letter to Mrs. Jane Mecom, December 30, 1770.-The Works of
Benjamin Franklin, ed. Jared Sparks, vol. 7, p. 497 (1838).
1552 An Athenian citizen does not neglect the state because he takes care of his own
he
household; and even those of us who are engaged in business have a very fair idea of
ist
he
politics. We alone regard a man who takes no interest in public affairs, not as a harmless,
but as a useless character, and if few of us are originators, we are all sound judges of a
ole
policy.
THUCYDIDES, "Funeral Speech of Pericles," book 2, section 40.-Thucydides Trans-
oli-
P.
lated into English, 2d ed., trans. Benjamin Jowett, vol. 1, pp. 129-30 (1900).
Public opinion
a
1553 In the United States today, we have more than our share of the nattering nabobs of
negativism. They have formed their own 4-H Club-the "hopeless, hysterical hyponchon-
of
driacs of history."
Vice President SPIRO T. AGNEW, address to the California Republican state conven-
tion, San Diego, California, September 11, 1970.-Congressional Record, September 16,
1970, vol. 116, p. 32017.
en-
William Safire, then a speechwriter for President Nixon, was the author of "natter-
to
ing nabobs of negativism," according to The Washingtonian, March 1985, p. 11, and The
the
Washington Post, August 27, 1987, p. C4.
nce
for
1554 Nothing is more dangerous in wartime than to live in the temperamental atmos-
'op-
phere of a Gallup Poll, always feeling one's pulse and taking one's temperature. I see that a
ors
speaker at the week-end said that this was a time when leaders should keep their ears to
the
the ground. All I can say is that the British nation will find it very hard to look up to leaders
on
who are detected in that somewhat ungainly posture.
and
Prime Minister WINSTON CHURCHILL, speech, House of Commons, September 30,
1941.-Winston S. Churchill: His Complete Speeches, 1897-1963, ed. Robert Rhodes
ym-
James, vol. 6, p. 6495 (1974).
the
1. 1,
1555 I had grown tired of standing in the lean and lonely front line facing the greatest
enemy that ever confronted man-public opinion.
817,
CLARENCE DARROW, The Story of My Life, p. 232 (1932).
and
290
291
Public service
vays at work, to see the public interest steadily. to resist its subordination no matter
what the political hazards.
ADLAI E. STEVENSON, governor of Illinois, speech before the Colorado Volunteers-for-
Stevenson dinner, Denver, Colorado, September 5, 1952.-Speeches of Adlai Stevenson, p.
23 (1952).
1568 Our form of government does not enter into rivalry with the institutions of others.
We do not copy our neighbours, but are an example to them. It is true that we are called a
democracy, for the administration is in the hands of the many and not of the few. But while
the law secures equal justice to all alike in their private disputes, the claim of excellence is
also recognised; and when a citizen is in any way distinguished, he is preferred to the public
service, not as a matter of privilege, but as the reward of merit. Neither is poverty a bar,
but a man may benefit his country whatever be the obscurity of his condition.
THUCYDIDES, "Funeral Speech of Pericles," Thucydides, trans. Benjamin Jowett, 2d
ed., rev., vol. 1, book 2, section 37, pp. 127-28 (1900).
1569 Shortly after I was elected, in Nineteen Hundred and Forty-eight, I made up my
mind that I would not seek another term. I have seen a great many men in public life, and
one of their besetting sins is to stay in office too long. Nowadays, in such organizations as
the Army and the civil service and industry, there is compulsory retirement, but no such
regulations prevail in politics. I decided that I would not be guilty of this common failing,
and that I should make way for younger men-and the Constitutional Amendment Number
twenty-two, the two-term amendment, does not apply to me. The people responsible for the
22nd amendment thought I was not worth considering and that I'd be beaten in 1948-so I
was exempted.
HARRY S. TRUMAN, speech to the Press and Union League Club, San Francisco,
California, October 25, 1956.-Transcript, p. 30. The last sentence was added in longhand to
the typewritten speech.
Truman had made similar remarks at a political rally in John Hancock Hall, Boston,
Massachusetts, September 29, 1956, as reported by The Boston Sunday Globe, September
30, 1956, p. 38: "There is an old girl called Anno Domini that catches up with us and she has
been trying to catch up with me. It just seems to me to make sense to move on and make
way for younger men. It seems to me to make sense to move out of the White House
voluntarily without waiting to be carried out."
1570 There is no cause half so sacred as the cause of a people. There is no idea so uplifting
as the idea of the service of humanity.
WOODROW WILSON, governor of New Jersey, presidential campaign address, Madison
Square Garden, New York City, October 31, 1912.-The Papers of Woodrow Wilson, ed.
Arthur S. Link, vol. 25, p. 493 (1978).
Wilson spoke to an audience estimated at between 12,000 and 16,000 persons. For
two hours before he arrived, the crowd listened to various other speakers. Upon his arrival
there was a "tumultuous ovation which lasted for more than an hour. Wilson was SO moved
that he forgot his prepared speech" (p. 493, footnote).
1571 The office should seek the man, not man the office.
Attributed to SILAS WRIGHT.-Edward Parsons Day, Day's Collacon, p. 684 (1884).
Unverified.
294
DICTIONARY
OF
QUOTATIONS
(Classical)
By THOMAS BENFIELD HARBOTTLE
11
With Author and Subject Indexes
FREDERICK UNGAR PUBLISHING CO.
NEW YORK
320
алл' or ГАР—АЛЛОТЕ.
"'AAA' où yáp πws EOTLV ávavous Eppeval aieí
"
ávOpwnous, ÉπÌ yáp TOL ÉKÁOTW µoîpav ěOnkav
áðávatoi Avntoiow ÉπÌ Leíδwpov apoupav."
HOMER. Odyssey, XIX., 591.
"Yet not for ever void of sleep remains
Man for the gods by rule of life dispense
Sleep on all mortals whom the earth maintains."-(Worsley.)
"'AXA' ойк EVEOTL σtéфavos ouδ' evavδpía,
Ei µn TL каì толишог kuďďvov µ́́та.
oi yap πóvol tíktovol Tijv evavδpíav."
"
EURIPIDES. Fragment 875.
"Of courage none makes proof, none gains the crown,
Save him who peril dares; for courage is
The child of enterprise."
"AXX' ÚµEîs µèv πávtes ůδwp каì yaîa yévolote,
"
nuevou avoi ёкаотог ákreès aūrws."
HOMER. Iliad, VII., 99.
"To dust and water turn,
All ye who here inglorious, heartless sit !"-(Lord Derby.)
""АЛЛа δè uvpía Avypà KaT' ávθpwπovs álárnra,
πhein µèv yap yaîa какшу, πheín δè дá́laooa."
I
HESIOD. Works and Days, 100.
"Ten thousand other woes 'mongst mortals roam;
The earth is full of evils, and the sea."
"
алла µèv aúròs évì фреоі onfor vonoeis,
алла δè каì Saíuwv HOMER. Odyssey, III., 26.
'
"Telemachus, thine own mind will conceive
Somewhat, and other will a god suggest."-(Worsley.)
"'AXÀà Tà µèv πpoßéßnkev, áunxavóv ÉσTL yevéoðai
ápyá. Tà δ' égoníow, TWV филакі́
'
THEOGNIS. Sententiac, 583.
'Those things are past, undone they cannot be,
But what's to come watch thou with anxious care."
бридей ws TOÙS µèv pílous éxopoùs un πoinoai, TOÙS δ
èxOpoùs, фílous épyáoaobai."
PYTHAGORAS. (Diogenes Laertius, VIII., 1, 19, 23.)
"We ought so to behave to one another as to avoid making enemies of our
friends, and at the same time to make friends of our enemies."
""Addos 'yw."
ZENO. (Diogenes Laertius, VII., 1, 19, 23.)
"A second self."-(Zeno's definition of a friend.)
""АЛЛоте unpuin πérel nuépn, аЛлоте µ́тпр."
HESIOD. Works and Days, 825.
"The day is now our mother, now our stepmother."
the
GREAT
Quotations
compiled by George Seldes
Il
with an introduction by J. Donald Adams
A CAESAR-STUART BOOK : LYLE STUART/ NEW YORK
Plato-Pliny the Younger
and to live as well as I can, and, when I
sesses qualities which make him most cap-
die, to die as well as I can.
able of serving the great social needs of his
Quoted by Gollancz, From Darkness
time, needs which arose as a result of gen-
to Light.
eral and particular causes.
The Role of the Individual in History.
I exhort you also to take part in the
great combat, which is the combat of life,
It has long been observed that great
and greater than every other earthly con-
talents appear everywhere, whenever the
flict.
Ibid.
social conditions favorable to their develop-
ment exist. This means that every man of
For no man is voluntarily bad; but the
bad becomes bad by reason of an ill dis-
talent who actually appears, every man of
talent who becomes a social force, is the
position of the body and bad education,
things which are hateful to every man and
product of social relations. Since this is the
happen to him against his will. Ibid.
case, it is clear why talented people can,
as we have said, change only individual
Every king springs from a race of slaves,
features of events, but not their general
and every slave had kings among his an-
trends; they are themselves the products of
cestors.
this trend; were it not for that trend they
would never have crossed the threshold
Freedom in a democracy is the glory of
that divides the potential from the real.
the State, and, therefore, in a democracy
Ibid.
only will the freeman of nature deign to
dwell.
(The Repoblic Book ii, See 319)
Pliny the Elder
All men are by nature equal, made, all,
(23-79)
of the same earth by the same Creator, and
Roman naturalist
however we deceive ourselves, as dear to
God is the poor peasant as the mighty
It is ridiculous to suppose that the great
prince.
head of things, whatever it be, pays any
regard to human affairs. Natural History.
Titus Maccius Plautus
The world, and whatever that be which
(254?-184 B.C.)
we call the heavens, by the vault of which
Roman comic dramatist
all things are enclosed, we must conceive
to be a deity, to be eternal, without bounds,
The gods play games with men as balls.*
neither created nor subject at any time to
Captivi.
destruction. To inquire what is beyond it
is no concern of man; nor can the human
George Plekhanov
mind form any conjecture concerning it.
(1857-1918)
Ibid.
Russian revolutionist,
political philosopher
Pliny the Younger
(62-113)
A great man is great not because his per-
Latin author
sonal qualities give individual features to
great historical events, but because he pos-
No one has deceived the whole world,
nor has the whole world ever deceived any
o See Einstein, letter to Max Born.
one.
Panegyricus, lxii.
[569]
Henry David Thoreau-Samuel J. Tilden
There is something servile in the habit of
view of events as they did really happen,
seeking after a law which we may obey
and as they are very likely, in accordance
A successful life knows no law.
with human nature, to repeat. themselves
Excursions, Poems and Familiar Letters.
at some future time-if not exactly the same,
yet very similar.
Historia, bk. 1.
As for conforming outwardly, and living
your own life inwardly, I do not think much
War is a matter not so much of arms as
of that.
of expenditure, through which arms may
Ibid. To Harrison Blake, August 9,
be made of service.
Ibid.
1850.
To admit poverty is no disgrace to a man,
The law will never make men free; it is
but to make no effort to escape it is indeed
men who have got to make the law free.
disgraceful.
Ibid., bk. 2.
They are the lovers of law and order who
observe the law when the government breaks
Our constitution does not copy the laws
it.
Slavery in Massachusetts, 1854.
of neighboring states; we are rather a pat-
tern to others than imitators ourselves. Its
I hear many condemn these men because
administration favors the many instead of
they were so few. When were the good and
the few; this is why it is called a democracy.
the brave ever in a majority?
Ibid., Pericles' Ideal.
A Plea for Captain John Brown, 1859.
The secret of Happiness is Freedom, and
So we defend ourselves and our hen-
the secret of Freedom, Courage.
roosts, and maintain slavery.
Ibid.
Funeral Speech for Pericles.
Is it not possible that an individual may
be right and a government wrong? Are laws
War is a bad thing: but to submit to the
to be enforced simply because they are
dictation of other states is worse
Free-
made? or declared by any number of men
dom, if we hold fast to it, will ultimately
to be good, if they are not good? Ibid.
restore our losses, but submission will mean
permanent loss of all that we value
To
A man is rich in proportion to the number
you who call yourselves men of peace, I say:
of things he can afford to let alone.
You are not safe unless you have men of
Where I Live.
action at your side. Quoted in "Time."
Ever insurgent let me be,
Make me more daring than devout;
Samuel J. Tilden
From sleek contentment keep me free,
(1814-1886)
And fill me with a buoyant doubt.
American statesman, lawyer
Thucydides
The capitalist class has banded together
(471?-401? B.C.)
all over the world and organized the modern
Athenian historian
dynasty of associated wealth, which main-
tains an unquestioned ascendency over most
I shall be content if those shall pronounce
of the civilized portions of our race.
my History useful who desire to give a
John Bigelow, Life of Samuel J. Tilden.
[685]
9 July 1991
MEMORANDUM FOR CURT
FROM:
JAG
SUBJ:
MORE QUOTES FOR ACROPOLIS
1)
"The basis of a democratic state is liberty."
--Plato, Dialogues, Parmenides, VI, 2.
2)
"Freedom in a democracy is the glory of the State only in
a democracy will the freeman of nature deign to dwell."
--Plato, The Republic, Book ii, sec. 319.
3)
"Our constitution does not copy the laws of neighboring
states; we are rather a pattern to others than imitators
ourselves. Its administration favors the many instead of
the few; this is why it is called a democracy."
--Thucydides, Historia, Pericles' Ideal.
2
inhabitants thereof. " / And it was General Washington who said:
"The destiny of the Republican form of government [is] staked on
the experiment entrusted to the hands of the American people u //
Later, this belief stirred another Nation whose leaders bore
names like Paine and Adams and Madison and Monroe. / They, too,
knew, as Jefferson put it, that "Greece [was] the first of
civilized nations, present[ing] examples of what man should be. "
The United States was founded on the rights of the
individual -- rights which form the essence of Greece. And in
recent years, these rights have become -- more than ever -- also
the message of Greece -- for they have been carried to every
corner of the earth. //
Some Nations occupy the globe. Greece has changed the
globe. Its ancient ideals have moved mountains or in East
Berlin -- even moved a wall. Its values have enhanced human
rights and opposed tyranny of any ideology. /
In Eastern Europe and the Middle East / in Africa and
Central America / the tide begun at the Acropolis has cleansed
and made men free. / It is liberty's tide. An economic,
political, intellectual and spiritual tide. It is the tide Plato
praised when he said, "Freedom in a democracy is the glory of the
State. " //
Earlier today in the Greek Parliament, I presented a copy of
the American Declaration of Independence. It speaks of human
beings who are created equal, and how you can't kill an idea --
nor destroy the human will. //
3
Those principles reflect the glory that is Greece -- and
the greatness of her people. To them / to you / I offer heart-
felt gratitude. God bless your wonderful country, and the United
States of America.
#
#
#
#
(Smith/Grossman)
July 10, 1991
Draft One
BIRTHDAY
PRESIDENTIAL REMARKS: DEMOCRACY SPEECH
ATHENS, GREECE
FRIDAY, JULY 19, 1991
Prime Minister Mitsotakis, my Greek and American friends.
Barbara and I are delighted to be here; today, we not only wish
to celebrate the birth of democracy, some 2,500 years ago here in
Athens. We also celebrate its progeny, for my country is among
them. //
It is a form whose genius rests upon the view that men-are
endowed not by government but by their Creator with certain
unalienable rights. //
)
These rights were brilliantly expressed in your
constitution. It states, "The sovereignty of the people is the
foundation of the government." / It pledges that, "Respect and
protection of the value of the human being constitutes the
primary obligation of the State."
These words echo back those of the great Greek historian
Thucydides, when he wrote, "Our constitution does not copy the
laws of our neighbors. Rather, we are a pattern for others to
follow. Our government favors the many instead of the few; this
is why it is called a democracy.
The first shot of the American Revolution was fired from the
canons of Greek philosophy democracy. Recall these words on America's
Liberty Bell: "Proclaim liberty throughout the land unto all the
ISTANBUL
A post writing fourteen centuries ago described Istanbul
as being surrounded by a garland of water, and the city
still owes much of its spirit and beauty to the waters
that bind and divide it. The former capital of three
world empires, Istenbuted the the world
which tands-upor The main part of the
City 1108 in Europe and is separated from its Asian
suburbs by the Bosphorus. The Golden Horn divides the
European city into two parts, the old imparial town of
Stamboul on the south bank and the more modern town of
Galata on the north.
Tradition says that the original settlement of Byzantium
was established where the Topkapi Palace now stands, in
the seventh century B.C., although the actual date was
probably much Garlier. Known from the beginning as an
important center of trade indecommerce, during its first
millennium Byzentium had much the same history as other
cities in the region. This changed when Constantine the
Great, fresh from reuniting the Roman Empire under his
control, decided to reconstitute the Empire with Byzantium
as its capital. In 330 A.D. the city was rededicated as
New Rome, which soon changed to Constantinople, For the
next eleven centuries Constantinople served as the
imperial and religious capital of the Byzantine Empire.
This first golden age OP the city is symbolized by the
magnificent Haghia Sophia church, which was considered the
center of the orthodox Christian world.
The combination of the Bosphorus, the Golden Horn and the
great land walls built by the early rulers protected
Constantinople from numerous sieges. Indeed, the city was
taken by force only twice by the armies of the Fourth
Crusade in 1204 and by the Ottoman Turks in 1453.
The city takan by Mohmet the Conqueror was a pale shadow
of the former Imperial Byzantine capital. The Ottomans
repeopled and rebuilt it, making it by the beginning of
the sixteenth century a thriving and populous metropolis,
once again the capital of a vast empire. The Ottoman
empire reached its peak during the reign of Suleyman the
Magnificent, who ruled from 1520 to 1560. This second
golden age of the city is symbolized by the great
Suleymaniye Mosque built in 1557.
when the Ottoman empire foundered at the end of the First
World War, Istanbul was occupied by the Victorious allied
armies, Kemal Atatura, leader of the Turkish nationalist
forces, decided to make a clean break with the imperial
past of the city, and placed the capital of the new
Turkish Republic in Ankars. Its imparial past reflected
in the unforgettable skyline of the city, Istanbul today
remains a vast matropolis that continues to sarve as the
economic, industrial and cultural heart of Turkey.
HAGHIA SOPHIA
AYA SOFYA
The bistory and architacture n? Hanhla Sooble make 1+
JUN 18 '91 17:24
96475087 PAGE. 002
CT
the church of the Divine Wisdom, was wy will
Emperor Justinian on December 26 in the year A.O. 337.
For nearly a thousand years it served as the cathedral of
Constantinople and was the center of the religious life of
the Byzantine Empire. For almost five centuries after the
Turkish Conquest in 1453 it ranked pirst among the
imperial mosques of Istanbul under the name of Aya So*ya
Camil. In 1935, during the early years of the Turkish
Republic, Haghia Sophia was converted into a museum. The
architectural genius of the building is most evident in
its magnificant dome, which was pictured by the anciants
as being suspended from heaven by a golden chain.
JUN 18 '91 17:25
96475087 PAGE.003
SULTAN AHMET CAMII
THE BLUE MOSQUE
Not far from Heghia Sophia, the Sulten Ahmet Camil,
commonly known as the Blue Mosque, is a splendid example
of Ottoman imperial architecture. It forms one of the
principal landmarks of the Istanbul skyline, with its
graceful cascade of domes and semidomes, its six slender
minarets and the lovely gray color of the stone set off by
the gilded ornaments on domes and minarets. The Blue
Moaque was founded by Sultan Ahmet I and constructed
between 1609 and 1616. The mosque is celebrated for the
light that streams in from its 260 windows 88 well as for
the splendor of the tiles used in the interior hence the
name "Blue Mosque."
TOPKARI SARAYI
TOPKAPI PALACE
Topkapi Sarayi, the Great Palace of the Ottoman Sultans,
is the most extensive and fascinating monument of Ottoman
civil architecture in existance. It served as the seat of
Ottoman power for over 400 years. Perched on a hill
JUN 18 '91 17:25 math Hore and the Boanhorus
96475087 PAGE.004
Constantinopia, Fatin Suiten manmel,
1465, It served not only as the private residence of the
Sultan, his Harem and his court, but was also the 30at of
the supreme executive and judicial council of the Ottoman
empire, known 20 the Divan, as well as the home of the
largest and most select training school for the imperial
civil service, The Palace 18 divided into four courts and
ourfounded on its slopes by gardena and parks. It also
houses B museum witm superb collections no porcelains,
armor, fabrics, jewels, illuminated manuscripts, and
calligraphy.
JUN 18 '91 17:26
96475087 PAGE.005
DOLMABAHCE SARAYI
DOLMABANCE PALACE
Dolmabachce Palace stretches for 600 meters along the
shore of the Bosphorus mear wher the irs Bosphorus
bridge (1974) inks A91a and Europer It was built in 1853
by Sultan Abdul Macit who found Topkapi too old
fashioned. After completion, it served as the chief
residence of the Sultans until the and of the Empire.
Ataturk stayed there when in Istanbul and died there on
November 10, 1938. Predominantly Mastern in style,
Dolmabance Palace is most noted for the baroque
extravagance of its decor. It houses, among other things,
an incredible cryatal staircase and an alabaster
bathroom.
JUN 18 '91 17:26
96475087 PAGE.006
ROBERT COLLEGE
Located on a hill overlooking the Bosphorus in Arnavutkoy,
Robert College is a private American coeducational high
school founded in 1871 88 the American College for Girls.
It was the First modern high school of its kind in Turkey
and produced many women who played & leading part in the
life of their country. In 1971, on the occasion of its
centennial, it was combined with the boy's high school of
the old Robert Collage, taking the latter's name. (The
original boys' school, located a short distance to the
north on the Bosphorus, today houses Bosphorus University
(Bogazioi Universitesi), one of Turkey's most prestigious
institutions of higher learning.) Robert College is still
considered by many the best high school in Turkey, and its
graduates continue to occupy prominent positions In all
walks of Turkish life.
JUN 18 '91 17:27
96475087 PAGE.007
THE WHITE HOUSE
WASHINGTON
June 26, 1991
MEMORANDUM FOR TONY SNOW
SPEECHWRITERS
RESEARCHERS
FROM:
DAN JAHN, RESEARCH INTERN MS
SUBJECT:
PRESIDENTIAL REFERENCES TO NEW WORLD ORDER
Enclosed you will find research I have done on President
Bush's use of the phrase "new world order." I have divided this
document into three sections. The first section lists words and
phrases commonly used by the President in reference to a new world
order. The second section consists of extensive quotes by the
President in which the phrase "new world order" is referred to and
expanded upon. The third section is a summary of passing
references using the phrase "new world order".
If you have any questions or further suggestions for research
projects, please let us know.
1
- PRESIDENTIAL REFERENCES TO NEW WORLD ORDER -
current to MAY 17, 1991
Words and Phrases Commonly Used By The President in Reference to
A New World Order
Peace
-opportunity for peace
-new era of peace
-enduring peace
-United Nations; a peacekeeping force
-quest for peace
Justice
-the pursuit of justice
-justice for all
Strong/Weak
-strong respect and protect the weak
Rights
-rights of the individual
-human rights
Freedom
-commonwealth of freedom
-shared responsibility for freedom
Partnership of nations
-consultation
-cooperation
-collective action
-united world response
Rule
-rule of law
-no rule by force
-no rule of the jungle
Fair Play
Security
Soviet and American Forces Working Together
-nations prosper and live together
Elimination
-of war
-of violence
Democratic Values
2
New Era
-post cold war
-no threat of terror
-reduced and controlled arsenals
August 30, 1990 News Conference on the Persian Gulf Crisis
Q. Mr. President, there are reports that there's a split in
your administration-some who want to expand the goals to
include the eventual ouster of Saddam. And also, there are
many, many suggestions for a Middle East conference that would
include in what you would call the post-postwar shape of the
world, the perennial problems of the Middle East. What do you
think on both-
The President. Well, I think on the second part of the
question that we ought to get on with the business at hand,
the shorter run business, which is the solution to this
question: the making right the situation in Kuwait, meaning
the pulling out of forces, obviously, and the restoration of
the rulers. As I look at the countries that are chipping in
here now, I think we do have a chance at a new world order,
and I'd like to think that out of this dreary performance by
Saddam Hussein there could be now an opportunity for peace all
through the Middle East.
September 11, 1990 Address Before a Joint Session of Congress on
the Persian Gulf Crisis and the Federal Budget Deficit
As you know, I've just returned from a very productive
meeting with Soviet President Gorbachev. And I am pleased
that we are working together to build a new relationship. In
Helsinki, our joint statement affirmed to the world our shared
resolve to counter Iraq's threat to peace. Let me quote: "We
are united in the belief that Iraq's aggression must not be
tolerated. No peaceful international order is possible if
larger states can devour their smaller neighbors." Clearly,
no longer can a dictator count on East-West confrontation to
stymie concerted United Nations action against aggression.
A new partnership of nations has begun.
We stand today at a unique and extraordinary moment. The
crisis in the Persian Gulf, as grave as it is, also offers a
rare opportunity to move toward an historic period of
cooperation. Out of these troubled times, our fifth objective
- a new world order - can emerge: a new era-freer from the
threat of terror, stronger in the pursuit of justice, and more
secure in the quest for peace. An era in which the nations
of the world, East and West, North and South, can prosper and
live in harmony. A hundred generations have searched for this
elusive path to peace, while a thousand wars raged across the
span of human endeavor. Today that new world is struggling
3
to be born, a world quite different from the one we've known.
A world where the rule of law supplants the rule of the
jungle. A world in which nations recognize the shared
responsibility for freedom and justice. A world where the
strong respect the rights of the weak. This is the vision
that I shared with President Gorbachev in Helsinki. He and
other leaders from Europe, the Gulf, and around the world
understand that how we manage this crisis today could shape
the future for generations to come.
The test we face is great, and so are the stakes. This
is the first assault on the new world that we seek, the first
test of our mettle.
Once again, Americans have stepped forward to share
a tearful goodbye with their families before leaving for a
strange and distant shore. At this very moment, they serve
together with Arabs, Europeans, Asians, and Africans in
defense of principle and the dream of a new world order.
That's why they sweat and toil in the sand and the heat and
the sun.
September 24, 1991 Remarks and a Question-and-Answer Session at
a White House briefing for Representatives of the Arab-American
Community
Our objectives remain clear: Iraq must withdraw from
Kuwait completely, immediately, and without condition;
Kuwait's legitimate government must be restored; the security
and stability of the Persian Gulf assured; and American
citizens abroad must be protected. And finally, a fifth
objective can emerge from these; a new world order in which
the nations of the world, East and West, North and South, can
prosper and live together.
This thing is so complex over there that it's pretty
hard to give you a straight answer. Out of this, though,
there could well be a new world order. And part of that must
be the peaceful resolution of the division of Lebanon.
October 1, 1990 Address Before the 45th General Assembly of the
United Nations in New York City
The United Nations can help bring about a new day, a day
when these kinds of terrible weapons and the terrible despots
who would use them are both a thing of the past. It is in our
hands to leave these dark machines behind, in the Dark Ages
where they belong, and to press forward to cap a historic
movement towards a new world order and a long era of peace.
We have a vision of a new partnership of nations that
transcends the Cold War: a partnership based on consultation,
cooperation, and collective action, especially through
international and regional organizations; a partnership united
4
by principle and the rule of law and supported by an equitable
sharing of both cost and commitment; a partnership whose goals
are to increase democracy, increase prosperity, increase the
peace, and reduce arms This is precisely why the present
aggression in the Gulf is a menace not only to one region's
security but to the entire world's vision of our future. It
threatens to turn the dream of a new international order into
a grim nightmare of anarchy in which the law of the jungle
supplants the law of nations.
November 17, 1990 Remarks to the Federal Assembly in Prague,
Czechoslovakia
Every new nation that embraces these common values, every
new nation that joins the ranks of this commonwealth of
freedom, advances us one step closer to a new world order, a
world in which the use of force gives way to a shared respect
for the rule of law. This new world will be incomplete
without a vision that extends beyond the boundaries of Europe
alone. Now that unity is within our reach in Europe is no
time for our vision of change to stop at the edge of this
continent.
From this first crisis of the post-Cold War era comes
an historic opportunity to draw upon the great and growing
strength of the commonwealth of freedom and forge for all
nations a new world order far more stable and secure than any
we have known.
November 19, 1990 Exchange with Reporters in Paris, France
And President Gorbachev is correct. The fact that the Soviet
Union and the United States could work together not only to
achieve an arms control agreement but to start looking into
the future with harmony and in cooperation is very, very
promising for the new world order, for a Europe whole and
free, and for peace in the world. So, somehow that's been
lost today, given the understandable concerns about the
Persian Gulf.
November 19, 1990 Remarks and an Exchange with Reporters Following
a Discussion With Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher in Paris, France
Q. I'd like to know if you see any irony in coming together
to sign this treaty that reduces conventional arms and
celebrates peace in Europe while you push this tough hard line
against Saddam Hussein.
The President. I don't see any irony in it whatsoever. What
I see is the fact that we're able to enter into a CFE
5
[conventional armed forces in Europe] agreement with full
cooperation and support of the Soviet Union who, heretofore,
has been an enormous adversary of the West. And now this
reduces to practically nil the tensions that have existed.
It is the farthest reaching arms control agreement in history;
and it signals the new world order that is emerging, and to
some degree has emerged, and that is the best hope for rolling
back the brutality and the aggression of Saddam Hussein, who
has nothing to do with the CFE agreement.
So, what it does is show a solidification of forces that
in recent history have been on opposite sides of some of these
questions. So, if there's any message coming out of CFE for
Saddam Hussein, it ought to be: Look what you're up against
here. Here are people that since World War II have tension
and, at times, conflict; and now they're together as they take
a gigantic step forward in arms control. And they're together
as they stand in the United Nations against your brutal, naked
aggression. So, if there's any connection, that's the message
that I'd like to see come out of all of this.
November 23, 1990 Remarks and a Question and Answer Session with
Reporters Following a Discussion with President Muhammed Hosni
Mubarek in Cairo, Egypt
President Mubarak. We are proud of this partnership
which has helped us to advance the cause of peace and the
fraternity among all nations, to stand for eradication of
injustice, and the elimination of war and violence, and to
contribute to the construction of a new world order-a world
in which all nations, big or small, have a right to live in
peace and dignity.
The President. You heard President Mubarak refer to that.
This, the integration of Arab countries into a CSCE process,
wasn't discussed but implicit in our optimistic assessment
that once Iraq is out of the way-once the Iraq-Kuwait struggle
is out of the way-we can have a new world order. And that new
world order certainly offers a much better chance for peace
for the Middle East.
Q. You said, President Bush, that a new world order
would emerge once the Gulf crisis has been solved. How do you
envisage this new world order?
The President. But as it relates to the Middle East, I
think we've got all kinds of potentials for peace, given the
fact that we've all come together almost unanimously, standing
up against this brutal dictator. And out of that and out of
the contexts that go with that, I hope we can be catalytic in
solving other problems, and I think that will lead to a new
world order that has much better chance for peace for our
children and our grandchildren.
6
December 17, 1990 Remarks and a Question and Answer Session with
Reporters
We've got an opportunity for a new world order, but
that opportunity will be lost if an aggressor gets one single
concession.
January 9, 1991 The President's News Conference on the Persian
Gulf Crisis
I listened to that 'Aziz meeting, and all he tried to do
is obfuscate, to confuse, to make everybody think this had to
do with the West Bank, for example. And it doesn't. It has
to do with the aggression against Kuwait-the invasion of
Kuwait, the brutalizing of the people in Kuwait. And it has
to do with a new world order. And that world order is only
going to be enhanced if this newly-activated peacekeeping
function of the United Nations proves to be effective. That
is the only way the new world order will be enhanced.
Q. So, the entire hope for peace then rests on Saddam
backing off from his-
The President. And it has since August 2nd-exactly.
Because this aggression is not going to stand. And there's
an awful lot at stake in terms of the new world order that it
doesn't stand. And there's a lot at stake in terms of a lot
of human life in Kuwait that it doesn't stand. And there's
a lot at stake in terms of how the coalition looks at this
that it doesn't stand. So it won't.
January 16, 1991 Address to the Nation Announcing Allied Military
Action in the Gulf
This is an historic moment. We have in this past year
made great progress in ending the long era of conflict and
cold war. We have before us the opportunity to forge for
ourselves and for future generations a new world order - a
world where the rule of law, not the law of the jungle,
governs the conduct of nations. When we are successful-and
we will be-we have a real chance at this new world order, an
order in which a credible United Nations can use its
peacekeeping role to fulfill the promise and vision of the
U.N.'s founders.
January 23, 1991 Remarks to the Reserve Officer's Association
From the day Saddam's forces first crossed into Kuwait,
it was clear that this aggression required a swift response
from our nation and the world community. What was, and is,
at stake is not simply our energy or economic security and the
7
stability of a vital region, but the prospects for peace in
the post-cold war era-the promise of a new world order based
upon the rule of law.
January 28, 1991 Remarks at the Annual Convention of the National
Religious Broadcasters
No one wanted a war less than I did. No one is more
determined to seize from battle the real peace that can offer hope,
that can create a new world order.
January 29, 1991 Address to the Congress on the State of the Union
What is at stake is more than one small country; it is
a big idea: a new world order, where diverse nations are drawn
together in common cause to achieve the universal aspirations
of mankind-peace and security, freedom, and the rule of law.
Such is a world worthy of our struggle and worthy of our
children's future.
The world can, therefore, seize this opportunity to
fulfill the long-held promise of a new world order, where
brutality will go unrewarded and aggression will meet
collective resistance.
January 30, 1991 Remarks at the 50th Anniversary Observance of
Franklin D. Roosevelt's Four Freedoms Speech
As we look around the world at the events of the past
year, we see how these very same beliefs are bringing about
the emergence of a new world order, one based on respect for
the individual and for the rule of law - a new world order
that can lead to the lasting peace we all seek, where children
will never have to repeat Quang's ordeal. And that's what's
at stake-a new chapter of human history.
February 6, 1991 Remarks at a Meeting of the Economic Club of New
York
Q. Mr. President, you have talked several times about basing
the future on a new world order. Can you give us a definition
of a new world order? And if it depends on the collaboration
between the Soviet Union and the United States, how do events
in the Soviet Union affect this concept?
The President. Well, it doesn't depend entirely on it, but it
would be greatly enhanced by a Soviet Union that goes down the
line with its commitment to market reform, to private
ownership of land, to a free economic system, to a system that
resists and does not use force to assure order amongst the
8
republics, that goes farther down the road with elections and
all the openness that I give President Gorbachev credit for.
And as well as the openness in terms of glasnost and the
reforms in terms of perestroika-we're going to continue to
support those concepts. But it was this, it was the
farsighted vision of Mr. Gorbachev that enabled us to work
together in the United Nations.
Now, my vision of a new world order foresees a United
Nations with a revitalized peacekeeping function. I think
most that follow the United Nations see the economic and
social side of the united Nations as having performed well
since it was founded. Most people that follow it find that
the peacekeeping function for the most part has not been
effective. And one of the reasons it isn't is because of the
veto in the hands of the five permanent members of the
Security Council-one of them being the Soviet Union.
When I was Ambassador 20 years ago in the U.N., we hardly
ever voted with the Soviet Union. Now, we're with them on
many, many things. So, the new world order I think foresees
a revitalized peacekeeping function of the United Nations.
But I cannot and I will not predict a Soviet Union going back,
turning its back on reform-perestroika-turning its back on
glasnost-openness. I don't believe, no matter what the
ferment in the Soviet Union today, that they're ever going to
go back to that. And I don't think anyone there wants to go
back to that.
And so it would envision, though, much more cooperation
between the United States and the Soviet Union. And on
matters of the Gulf, in international matters, not
bilateral, it envisions a greatly enhanced peacekeeping
function of the United Nations itself.
One of the reasons we have so much support for this is
that we went to the United Nations 12 times. There are 12
resolutions that speak to the Gulf, and that has mobilized
world opinion. And so when we are successful in fulfilling
all 12 of those resolutions, I think there's going to be new
credibility for the United States. But we should have and
should strive to have Soviet cooperation all along the way.
And that's why I'm not going to back off on my efforts to try
to improve relations with the Soviet Union.
Then we've left China out of the equation, and we ought
not to do that. They've been through a difficult time. I
took on some shots for trying to keep relations from China.
I was offended as anybody else was by the human rights abuses
at Tiananmen Square and spoke out on it. But I think it is
in the interest of the United States to have continued
relations with China. And I think it is vital to this new
world order that that veto hold-member of the Security Council
go along and be with us on these matters of trying to bring
peace to troubled corners of the world.
9
February 25, 1991 Remarks on the Observance of National Black
History Month
This was a war thrust upon us, not a war that we sought.
But naked aggression, such as we have seen, must be resisted
if it is not to become a pattern. Our success in the Gulf
will bring with it not just a new opportunity for peace and
stability in a critical part of the world but a chance to
build a new world order based upon the principles of
collective security and the rule of law.
March 2, 1991 Radio Address to Members of the United States Armed
Forces Stationed in the Persian Gulf
The first test of the new world order has been passed.
March 6, 1991 Address before a Joint Session of Congress on the
Cessation of the Persian Gulf Conflict
The consequences of the conflict in the Gulf reach far
beyond the confines of the Middle East. Twice before in this
century, an entire world was convulsed by war. Twice this
century, out of the horrors of war hope emerged for enduring
peace. Twice before, these hopes proved to be a distant
dream, beyond the grasp of man. Until now, the world we've
known has been a world divided-a world of barbed wire and
concrete block, conflict, and cold war.
Now, we can see a new world coming into view. A world
in which there is the very real prospect of a new world order.
In the words of Winston Churchill, a world order in which "the
principles of justice and fair play protect the weak against
the strong A world where the United Nations-freed from
cold war stalemate-is poised to fulfill the historic vision
of its founders. A world in which freedom and respect for
human rights find a home among all nations. The Gulf War put
this new world to its first test. And my fellow Americans,
we passed that test.
For the sake of our principles-for the sake of the
Kuwaiti people-we stood our ground. Because the world would
not look the other way, Ambassador al-Sabah, tonight, Kuwait
is free. And we're very happy about that.
Tonight, as our troops begin to come home, let us
recognize that the hard work of freedom still calls us
forward. We've learned the hard lessons of history. The
victory over Iraq was not waged as "a war to end all wars "
Even the new world order cannot guarantee an era of perpetual
peace. But enduring peace must be our mission.
10
March 8, 1991 Interview With Middle Eastern Journalists
New World Order
Q. Mr. President, the Gulf war is the first of its kind to
take place in the context of the new world order. How did the
new world order influence the way the world dealt with this
crisis? And what is the main lesson learned from the Gulf
War?
The President. The new world order said that a lot of
countries-disparate backgrounds, with differences-can come
together, standing for a common principle, and that principle
is: You don't take over another country by force. So, the
new world order, to the degree it's emerged, so far, has been
enhanced by this single concept that we're going to unite, no
matter what other differences we may have had, what the
bilateral problems may have been, and we're going to stand up
against aggression.
It was enhanced by a more viable United Nations, a United
Nations where the big powers didn't automatically go against
each other. In the cold war days, we'd say this is black and
the Soviets would say, hey, that's white. And you'd have a
veto, and nothing would happen. And the peacekeeping dreams
of the founders of the U.N. were dashed.
So, part of this new world order has been moved forward
by a United Nations that functioned. We might have still been
able to stand up and come to the assistance of Kuwait-the
United States. I might have said to hell with them, it's
right and wrong, it's good and evil, he's evil, our cause is
right; and without the United Nations, sent a considerable
force to help. But it was an enhanced-it is far better to
have this collective action where the world-not just the
Security Council but the whole General Assembly stood up and
condemned it.
April 13, 1991 Remarks at Maxwell Air Force Base War College in
Montgomery, Alabama
Here at Air University it's your business to read the
lessons of the past with an eye on the far horizon. And
that's why I wanted to speak to you today about the new world
taking shape around us, about the prospects for a new world
order now within our reach. For more than four decades we've
lived in a world divided, East from West; a world locked in
a conflict of arms and ideas called the cold war. Two
systems, two superpowers, separated by mistrust and
unremitting hostility.
For more than four decades, America's energies were
focused on containing the threat to the free world from the
forces of communism. That war is over. East Germany has
vanished from the map as a separate entity. Today in Berlin,
the wall that once divided a continent, divided a world in
11
two, has been pulverized, turned into souvenirs. And the
sections that remain standing are but museum pieces. The
Warsaw Pact passed into the pages of history last week, not
with a bang but with a whimper-its demise reported in a story
reported on page A16 of the Washington Post.
In the coming weeks I'll be talking in some detail about
the possibility of a new world order emerging after the cold
war. And in recent weeks I've been focusing not only on the
Gulf but on free trade agreement the Uruguay round table
negotiations, and the essentiality of obtaining from the
United States Congress a renewal of Fast Track authority to
achieve our goals. But today I want to discuss another aspect
of that order-our relations with Europe an the Soviet Union.
Twice this century, a dream born on the battlefields of
Europe died after the shooting stopped. The dream of a world
in which major powers worked together to ensure peace; to
settle their disputes through cooperation, not confrontation.
Today a transformed Europe stands closer than ever before to
its free and democratic destiny. At long last, Europe is
moving forward, moving toward a new world of hope.
At the same time, we and our European allies have moved
beyond containment to a policy of active engagement in a world
no longer driven by cold war tensions and animosities. You
see, as the cold war drew to an end we saw the possibilities
of a new order in which nations worked together to promote
peace and prosperity. I'm not talking here of a blueprint
that will govern the conduct of nations or some supranational
structure or institution. The new world order does not mean
surrendering our national sovereignty or forfeiting our
interests. It really describes a responsibility imposed by
our successes. It refers to new ways of working with other
nations to deter aggression and to achieve stability, to
achieve prosperity and, above all, to achieve peace.
It springs from hopes for a world based on a shared
commitment among nations large and small to a set of
principles that undergird our relations: peaceful settlements
of disputes, solidarity against aggression, reduced and
controlled arsenals, and just treatment of all peoples.
This order, this ability to work together, got its first
real test in the Gulf war. For the first time, a regional
conflict- the aggression against Kuwait-did not serve as a
proxy for superpower confrontation. For the first time, the
United Nations Security Council, free from the clash of cold
war ideologies, functioned as its designers intended- a force
for conflict resolution in collective security.
In the Gulf, nations from Europe and North America, Asia
an Africa and the Arab world joined together to stop
aggression, and sent a signal to would-be tyrants everywhere
in the world. By joining forces to defend one small nation,
we showed that we can work together against aggressors in
defense of principle.
We also recognized that the cold war's end didn't deliver
12
us into and era of perpetual peace. As old threats recede,
new threats emerge. The quest for the new world order is, in
part, a challenge to keep the dangers of disorder at bay.
We must build on the successes of desert Storm to give
new shape and momentum to this new world order, to use force
wisely and extend the hand of compassion wherever we can.
Today we welcome Europe's willingness to shoulder a large
share of this responsibility. This new sense of
responsibility on the part of our European allies is most
evident and critical in Europe's eastern half.
Let there be no misunderstanding, the path ahead for
the Soviet Union will be difficult, and, at times,
extraordinarily painful. History weighs heavily on all the
peoples of the U.S.S.R.--liberation from 70 years of
communism, from 1,000 years of autocracy. It's going to be
slow. there will be setbacks. But this process of reform,
this transformation from within, must proceed. If external
cooperation and our progress toward true international peace
is to endure, it must succeed. Only when this transformation
is complete will we be able to take full measure of the
opportunities presented by this new and evolving world order.
The new world order really is a tool for addressing a new
world of possibilities. This order gains its mission and
shape not just from shared interests but shared ideals. And
the ideals that have spawned new freedoms throughout the world
have received their boldest and clearest expression in our
great country, the United States.
May 14, 1991 Proclamation 6292--Prayer for Peace, Memorial Day,
1991
Knowing that any peace purchased by the surrender of
principle can be neither genuine nor enduring, we pray for
wisdom and resolve in our efforts to avert future conflicts
and to establish a new world order based on respect for human
rights and the rule of law.
Passing references
September
-18 Rem. at a Fund Raising dinner for gubernatorial
candidate in Los Angeles, CA
(Final objective: new world order-free from threat
of terror, strong in pursuit of justice, secure in
the quest for peace) see Sept. 11
-19 Rem. at a Fundraising Dinner for Gubernatorial
Candidate Pete Wilson in Los Angeles, CA
(A new world order is something which we have sought
13
for generations) see Sept. 11
-26 Rem. at Fund Raising lunch-George Vionovich, Ohio
Gov. candidate
(New world order--final objective of the Gulf
War)
-30 Rem. U.N. World Summit for Children
(A new world order as a partnership of nations free
from the threat of terror, strong in the pursuit of
justice, more secure in the quest for peace.)
See September 11 speech
November
-22 Rem. U.S. Army Troops, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia
(A new world order is a vision of a safer and better
world for our kids. The economic destiny of the
world must not be threatened by a vicious dictator.)
See November 17 speech
December
-3
Rem. Joint Session-Congress, Brazil
(Every nation that joins the commonwealth of freedom
advances us one step closer to a new world order.)
-17 Rem. A Q. and A. Session, Reporters
(We have the promise of a new world order, with the
United Nations as a peace keeping function.)
January
-9
Letter to College Students, Persian Gulf Crisis
(Lawlessness threatens the emerging new world order
--rewarding aggression would end the promise of a
new world order.)
-18 President's News Conference, Persian Gulf Conflict
(The end of the Gulf War will facilitate a new world
order, which will have a conciliatory component to
it, inviting countries to become part of the order.
Even countries that have been opposed to the U.S.
policies can join in this new world order.)
February
-1
Rem. to Community Members; Seymour, Johnson, Base
Cherry Point, Ft. Stewart (Three Speeches)
(We are seeking to create a new world order.)
-27 Rem. American Society of Association Executives
(Allied troops in the Gulf War faced a defining in
the new world order.)
March
14
-1
Press Conference-Persian Gulf Conflict
(Use of U.S. Military force will not always be a
part of the new world order.)
-4
Rem. Westinghouse Science Talent Search Banquet
(Creativity, knowledge, education, and science are
all important to a new world order, a new golden
age.)
-7
White House Statement on Mass Destruction Weapons
(There is no place for weapons of mass destruction
in the new world order.)
-7
Rem. Medal of Freedom, Margaret Thatcher
(The United Kingdom, under the leadership of
Margaret Thatcher became a leader in the new world
order.)
-18 Rem. Elie Wiesel Foundation
(Dr. Elie Wiesel of the Elie Wiesel Foundation
endorses the concept of a new world order.)
-20 Rem. Welcoming Lech Walesa
(The revolution in Poland led by President Lech
Walesa helped shape a new world order.)
-20 Declaration of Relations Between the United States
of America and the Republic of Poland
(A new world order is based on democratic values and
the rule of law)
-25 Proclamation 6265-Women's History Month
(Women in the military stationed in the Gulf fought
for a new world order.)
-27 Rem. State Department Employees
(State Department employees are actively involved
in illuminating a new world order.)
April
-24 Rem. Following Discussions-Pres. of Djibouti
(Djibouti's support of the United States gulf
initiative is indicative of a new world order.)
WORLD REPORT
A new kind of Greek tragedy
The land that invented democracy can't make it work
D
emocracy may be thriving almost
Vangelis Papadimitriou, an innkeeper
everyplace else, but it has fallen on
hard times in the land of its birth.
VLADIMIR SICHOV-SIPA
and New Democracy supporter, says Pa-
pandreou exploits these passions. "He
Some 2,500 years after Pericles, Greece
wants to convince Greeks that today's
is an ordinary Eastern Mediterranean
right will again persecute the left." Tri-
state of 10 million people more reason-
kala folk who support Papandreou re-
ably compared with neighboring Yugo-
gard Mitsotakis's conservatives as fas-
slavia, Bulgaria and Turkey than with
cists, says Labros Katsiambas, editor of
Athens's Golden Age. The Greeks' in-
the local newspaper. "People won't
ability to govern themselves mocks the
change their votes. They're fearful of
legend and is a warning to Romanians,
betraying values established in the civil
Nicaraguans, Argentines and others that
war and before." Adds tax consultant
building a better future sometimes re-
Theodoros Spathis, a Communist,
quires forgetting the past.
"They'd forgive Papandreou anything
Greece cannot, or will not, and it is
just to block the right. There are people
caught in a new age of paralysis. Its
who vote for him who hate him."
parliament cannot choose a new figure-
Digging up the past. There is an even
head President, let alone face tough bud-
older dimension to Papandreou's dura-
get issues. Washington's recent decision
bility. His anti-Americanism, particular-
to close two of the four U.S. military bases
ly on the issue of the bases, harkens
in Greece was a godsend; no local politi-
On the right. Constantine Mitsotakis
back to the 400-year Turkish occupa-
cian had the authority to negotiate their
tion of Greece, argues Mitsotakis sup-
removal, Greece remains the second-
mean producing a viable government.
porter Papadimitriou. "We were dis-
poorest nation in the European Commu-
The origins of this polarization lie in
graced by subordination to the Turks;
nity, edging out only backward Portugal,
Greece's vicious 1947-49 civil war and,
Papandreou says we cannot be subordi-
and saved from catastrophe only by con-
to a lesser extent, in a conflict over the
nated to the U.S."
tinuing aid from the EC and the United
monarchy that only flickered out in
The chances that Papandreou will
States. In the past two years, one govern-
1974. The civil war broke out when the
stand trial for his alleged misdeeds have
ment slithered into a pit of corruption,
Communists, who had led Greek resis-
dimmed since his Socialists teamed up
two national elections produced nothing
tance to the Germans during World War
with New Democracy and the Commu-
more than futile coalitions, and now a
II. tried to take over. With strong U.S.
nists in the latest do-nothing coalition.
third parliamentary vote on April 8 is
support, they were beaten. But the war
Absurdly, the ex-Premier and the old foe
likely to produce only another nonresult.
and the conservatives' subsequent repres-
who beat him, Mitsotakis, recently were
Placing all the blame on the last lead-
sion of all opponents, not just Commu-
saying nice things about each other in
er to hold real power, Socialist Andreas
nists, created lasting divisions. "The civil
closed-door strategy sessions. Less ab-
Papandreou, is easy. Charges of corrup-
war still helps dictate the way people
surdly, there are signs of political com-
tion and illegal wiretapping against him
vote," says Eleftherios Simos, chairman
promise between Socialists and conser-
blackened Greece's image. But some-
of Trikala's Chamber of Commerce. "It
vatives as free-market thinking takes
thing deeper is behind Greece's failure to
is a continuing elf-destruction."
hold across Europe.
make democracy work.
There is even talk of
Dig deep into why
putting the country on
Greeks vote the way
course with a left-right
they do-for dead-
"government of nation-
lock-and an immov-
al salvation," but hard-
able wall of passion and
ly anyone believes that
prejudice appears. Tri-
would be any more de-
kala, a relatively pros-
каи
cisive than the present
perous cotton-growing
benumbed caretaker
town of 45,000 in the
squads. Must Papan-
province of Thessaly,
dreou and Mitsotakis
mirrors the national
both step aside? Proba-
mood: It is split between
ПАЯ
bly, say Trikala voters.
Papandreou's center-left
MAI
But only a new willing-
Socialists and Constan-
ness among Greeks to
tine Mitsotakis's conser-
cast their votes for the
vative New Democracy
anyoupici yia TO napov
future instead of the
Party, with the Commu-
past can save Greece
nists drawing perhaps 10
from itself.
percent. No one is will-
ing to change his vote,
by David Lawday
even if doing so would
On the left. Socialist Papandreou is trying for a comeback
in Trikala, Greece
U.S.NEWS & WORLD REPORT, April 9, 1990
35
00
had recently threatened to
cut its 1991 contribution to
the national budget by $244
billion, or 83 per cent. And
Lithuanian Prime Minister
Kazimiera Prunskiene told a
news conference last week
that her Baltic republic would
continue its independent
path. Declared Prunskiene:
"Lithuania will not take part
either in the union budget or
in the currency or some other
common funds and structures
of the Soviet Union."
Gorbachev, meanwhile,
has issued a flurry of recent
orders designed to aid hungry
consumers and contain social
unrest. He assigned the KGB a
new task: cracking down on
theft and black-market profi-
teering. He installed Boris
Pugo, the former head of the
KGB in Latvia, as interior min-
ister in charge of the coun-
Leningrad shopper in nearly empty store: billions of dollars' worth of foreign emergency aid
try's regular police forces.
He also reaffirmed his own
Curtain along its eastern borders, a possibility
pledged easier terms for nearly $1 billion in
intention to preserve the boundaries of the
in which self-preservation would triumph over
food credits.
union. Those hard-line measures have sparked
its commitment to democracy."
The situation in the Soviet Union, however,
widespread speculation that Gorbachev was
To help alleviate Soviet food shortages and
remains precarious. Last Thursday, Gorba-
about to resort to dictatorial rule, and led to the
show support for the embattled Gorbachev,
chev announced a temporary economic accord
sudden resignation of foreign minister Eduard
foreign governments have sent billions of dol-
with rebellious republican leaders. The Soviet
Shevardnadze last month. Gorbachev's aides
lars' worth of emergency aid, technical assist-
president said that agreement had been
say that the Soviet president's tough stance is a
ance and credits. At a December meeting of
reached on food supplies for the coming year,
tactic intended to marshal conservative sup-
the 12-nation European Community at which
and he hinted at progress in resolving disputes
port for long-overdue reforms. With growing
leaders agreed on a $2.8-billion package of
with the republics over who controls natural
disorder and frustration within a fraying Soviet
such aid, British Foreign Minister Douglas
resources and hard-currency export earnings.
Union, however, failure could make dark pre-
Hurd declared: "It is not in the interests of
But it was not clear whether the Kremlin had
dictions of a mass exodus increasingly realistic.
Europe that the Soviet Union lapse into anar-
completely patched up differences with the
chy or that it should fall back into the hands of
Russian Federation, the largest republic, led by
ANDREW BILSKI with MALCOLM GRAY in
some backward-looking tyrant." Canada has
Gorbachev's archrival, Boris Yeltsin, which
Moscow and BOGDAN TUREK in Warsaw
A PERILOUS
the liberalization process. But a speed-up
without clothes, said Mayor Pantelis Koufa-
seemed unlikely-many Albanians are deeply
las, and many were sleeping in courtyards
WINTER EXODUS
skeptical about Alia's commitment to installing
and on sidewalks, huddling around camp-
a measure of democracy. And even after Alba-
fires for warmth.
nian border guards shot and killed five would-
Albania's 45-year-old Communist re-
They came by the thousands, stumbling
be refugees last month, the exodus continued,
gime, once so rigid that it severed relations
along mountain paths, tunnelling under
swelling to over 2,000 during December.
with the Stalinist Soviet Union in 1961,
fences and swimming across freezing rivers
There was a sudden surge over the holidays:
began minor reforms last year following the
to escape Albania, Eastern Europe's last
Greek border police reported that 3,000 Alba-
collapse of authoritarian governments in
bastion of orthodox communism. Most of
nians crossed the border on New Year's Eve
other Eastern European nations. Then, Alia
the refugees were ethnic Greeks and their
alone. Some frontier guards made no attempt
undertook to accelerate the reforms after
destination was Greece itself, on the far
to stop them. In fact, some observers said that
anti-government riots last month. He au-
side of snow-covered Mount Tsamandás
authorities in Tirana may have deliberately
thorized opposition political parties and
straddling the border. They fled despite
opened the frontier to allow the Greeks to
scheduled free elections in February. As
promises by Albanian President Ramiz Alia
escape. Clearhos Bolomos, 45, who made a 13-
well, a draft constitution, published in the
to democratize his country, Europe's poor-
hour trek to freedom, said that one guard had
state-controlled press just after Christmas,
est nation. And they created an acute prob-
let his group through even though he "told us
would give Albanians the right to enter or
lem for Greece, where the government
we were traitors, pointed his machine-gun and
leave the country freely. But, for many of
broadcast an appeal to their fellow ethnics,
spat at us."
them, the changes were plainly too little, too
who make up about 10 per cent of Albania's
Meanwhile, the exodus created a major
late. Like most dictatorships, Tirana's faces
3.5 million people, to stay at home.
problem in the Greek border zone. In
its gravest dangers as it begins to reform.
Greek Prime Minister Constantine Mit-
Filiátes (population 5,000), 4,000 refugees
sotakis scheduled a Jan. 13 visit to Tirana,
crowded the muddy streets in search of food
JOHN BIERMAN with correspondents'
the Albanian capital, in an effort to hasten
and shelter. Many of them were practically
reports
MACLEAN'S/JANUARY 1991
23
World
ALBANIA
a good part of Albania's estimated 400,000
ethnic Greeks, especially when it believes
Climbing Out of the Cage
that Tirana is encouraging the flight to wrig-
gle through political difficulties.
As the communist regime confronts demands for change, ethnic
In mid-December student demonstra-
tions, belatedly inspired by the upheavals
Greeks flee to their motherland-and a less than rousing welcome
in the rest of the East bloc, forced conces-
sions from the government of
S
nowcapped in winter and pre-
President Ramiz Alia, including
cipitous in many places, the
promises of fair elections and eco-
Pindus Mountains, which straddle
nomic reform. According to
Greece and Albania, are all but im-
spokesman Polydoras in Athens,
passable. That has not stopped
Alia is trying to rid himself of the
thousands of desperate Albanians
LIAISON
Greeks before the vote scheduled
from crossing into Greece since the
for February because the ethnic
last week of 1990.In early Decem-
group, which exceeds 10% of the
ber, four fleeing Albanians were
population, is opposed to his rule.
shot dead near the frontier by sol-
Fearing persecution, ethnic
diers of the Stalinist regime in Tira-
Greeks chose to flee at the first
na. Last week, by contrast, refugees
word that border guards would not
walked into Greece with little to
stand in their way. The country-
deter them except the cold and the
side the refugees left behind is a
mountains. Instead of opening fire,
wasteland of want. Virtually the
border guards merely shot curses at
Exhausted refugees: better than Albania's wasteland of want
only meat rural families saw last
the fugitives. By week's end about
year was half a chicken distributed
5,000 refugees streamed into the north-
tional disaster." As for refugees in Greece,
to each household on Nov. 29, the Nation-
western Greek province of Epirus, doubling
government spokesman Vyron Polydoras
al Day. By contrast, even the icy refugee
the population of the border area. Most of
said, "We wish that the idea will ripen that
camps, such as Kalpaki in northern
the fugitives belonged to Albania's large
they will return to their homeland."
Greece, seem like paradise, providing
Greek minority, leaving territory once dis-
With few volunteers for the trip back to
shelter and plentiful food. Said a high-
puted by the two countries.
Albania and more refugees expected in the
ranking Greek official: "The question is,
But even as Prime Minister Constan-
months to come, Mitsotakis scheduled a
Where does one draw the line? We don't
tine Mitsotakis extended temporary-resi-
trip to Tirana. He will be the first Western
want to make them feel too comfortable
dent status to refugees claiming Greek an-
leader to visit since Albania withdrew into
because we want them to go back." But
cestry, he pleaded with ethnic Greeks still
isolation at the end of World War II. Athens
back to what?
- By Howard G. Chua-Eoan.
in Albania to stay home to prevent a "na-
is aghast at the prospect of accommodating
Reported by Mirka Gondicas/Kalpaki
SOVIET UNION
cal secessionists would halt their efforts to
splinter the republic.
Good News, Bad Times
Gorbachev was clearly pleased to show
that his newly enhanced presidential pow-
Gorbachev seeks an economic truce with his restive republics,
ers can produce results, but tougher tests
lie ahead. Crucial economic disagreements
hoping to ease the country's tensions
must still be resolved with the powerful
and populous Russian republic, whose par-
W
ith good news scarcer than sausage
liament voted at year's end to withhold the
in the Soviet Union, Mikhail Gorba-
lion's share of its contributions to the cen-
chev made the most of what was available
tral government.
last week. Emerging jubilant from a Krem-
Elsewhere, the outlook was far from
lin meeting with the Federation Council, a
hopeful. General Mikhail Moiseyev, Chief
policymaking body that includes leaders of
of the Soviet General Staff, pledged last
the 15 republics, the President announced
week that "not a single additional soldier"
that a temporary economic truce had been
would be sent to the breakaway Baltic
reached with the republics, finally making
states, but that did not stop tensions from
it possible to draft a national budget for the
mounting in the region. Interior Ministry
coming year. The central government and
special forces seized Latvia's largest print-
the republics, Gorbachev said, would also
Stopping the presses at a Latvian plant
ing plant and brought publication of major
cooperate to overcome a deepening food
newspapers in the republic to a virtual halt.
crisis and set up a transitional administra-
the southwestern republic of Moldavia.
Moscow officials said the raid in Riga was to
tion until a new treaty reorganizing the
Russian and Turkic minorities have tried
recover Communist Party property, which
federal structure of the Soviet Union was
to set up independent states there in oppo-
was allegedly seized illegally by the republi-
approved. "Months were lost in the tug-of-
sition to a republican government that is
can government. In neighboring Lithuania,
war between the center and the republics,"
dominated by the Romanian-speaking ma-
Interior Ministry troops took control of par-
Gorbachev complained. "We are special-
jority. In Kishinev, Moldavia's capital, the
ty headquarters, expelling local police units.
ists at going to extremes, but I am for com-
parliament bowed to an ultimatum from
Such bully tactics have raised questions
mon sense."
Gorbachev and agreed to reconsider laws
about how repressive Gorbachev is pre-
The embattled President could also
promoting rights for ethnic Moldavians; in
pared to be to hold his crumbling empire
claim some success in easing tensions in
return, the parliament was assured that lo-
together.
By John Kohan/Moscow
26
TIME, JANUARY 14, 1991
VOLUME 24
Russia to Skimmer
THE ENCYCLOPEDIA
AMERICANA
INTERNATIONAL EDITION
COMPLETE IN THIRTY VOLUMES
FIRST PUBLISHED IN 1829
GROLIER INCORPORATED
International Headquarters: Danbury, Connecticut 06816
520
SEEGER-SEFERIS
SEEGER, Pete (1919- ), American folksinger,
SEERSUCKER, sēr'suk-ar, a cloth
folklorist, and composer, who was one of the
stripes produced by slack-tension with Duckered
lished in h
ly, began
leaders of the folk-music revival in the United
ery other warp yarn is held
law. After
States in the 1940's and 1950's. He was born in
during the weaving, but
fect his E
New York City on May 3, 1919. He left Harvard
are slack. When the filling yarns are woven into
enter the
after two years to learn folk music at its source by
place, the flat yarns pucker, while the yarns
career dip
traveling through the South and Southwest and
in Mexico.
der normal tension remain straight. The result. un-
ing cloth has a pattern of alternating puckered
serving inkan
ria,
Seeger was a founding member of the Alma-
and flat stripes.
nac Singers in 1940, and in 1941-1942 he toured
posts. ambassade Hi
with the pioneering American folksinger Woody
SEFARDIM. See SEPHARDIM.
and amba
Guthrie. In 1948, Seeger joined the Weavers, a
work as a
vocal group that made some of the first folk
SEFERIS, se-fer'ès, George, pen name
during the
recordings to become widely popular. From
1957 he was a solo performer, and his reedy bari-
(1900-1971). His verse
Greek poet and diplomat Georgia Georgia
that contribute resul
tone voice and five-string banjo were heard on
character of modern Greece and the tragic expe-
college campuses, at folk-music concerts and fes-
rience of its people in the 20th century. Seferis
making Seferis C
tivals, and on radio and television. In later
was the first Greek man of letters to win the
his retirer
years, his concerts often benefited various eco-
Nobel Prize for literature (1963). He also served
where he
logical causes.
his country in diplomatic posts, including those
Writing
Seeger wrote such successful songs as Where
of ambassador to Lebanon, Syria, Iraq, Jordan,
phe (1931
Have All the Flowers Gone?, If I Had a Hammer
and Britain, and the United Nations.
had come
(with Lee Hays), and, in collaboration with the
Life. Georgios Seferiades was born of Greek
entirely (
Weavers, Kisses Sweeter Than Wine. Among his
parents in Smyrna (now Izmir), Turkey, on Feb.
the long
albums of recordings are Frontier Ballads, chil-
29, 1900. His childhood in that largely Greek
Homer.
dren's songs, work songs, and African freedom
city on the Aegean Sea became a major source of
Sterna (
songs. His book of ballads and autobiography,
inspiration in his later years, and it was there that
paidia (1
The Incompleat Folksinger, was published in
he wrote his first poetry at the age of 14. He left
Emerolog
1972.
Smyrna at the beginning of World War I to con-
logio Kat
tinue his education in Athens, graduating in 1917
a sparse
SEEING EYE, the trademark of Seeing Eye, Inc.,
from the First Classical Gymnasium.
vidual an
of Morristown, N. J., for guide dogs trained to
Seferis studied law and literature at the Uni-
of poets
lead blind people. Besides Seeing Eye, Inc.,
versity of Paris from 1918 to 1924. During this
work.
several other organizations around the world
period he came to know French poetry intimate-
Seferi
train guide dogs for the blind.
in these
The main qualities looked for in potential
materials
guide dogs are intelligence, docility, tractability,
Well-trained dogs can help blind people find their way
nation's
eagerness to please, and a calm, sweet disposi-
safely through hazardous areas such as train stations.
His two
tion. The breeds most often found with these
WALTER CHANDOMA
logio Ka
qualities are German shepherds, Labrador re-
poet of @
trievers, and golden retrievers. Other breeds are
ple, and
used to a lesser extent, including smooth-haired
compass
collies, Bouviers des Flandres, and boxers. Fe-
Sefer
male dogs are preferred.
guished
Puppies selected for training as guide dogs
cial role
are socialized by raising them in foster homes
major po
rather than in kennels. When the dog is about a
commen
year old, it begins extensive training in a school
in his 0'
for guide dogs. There it learns the basic obedi-
ence commands: "come," "sit," "down," and
"stay." It then is trained in a harness to lead its
owner rather than to walk in the "heel" position.
The harness enables the dog's owner to sense its
SEGAL,
movements. The dog learns to stop at curbs and
alist SCI
stairways, to avoid obstacles (including overhead
figures
obstacles), to cross busy streets, to move through
in New
crowded stores, and to travel on buses or other
art at C
means of public transportation. In all these sit-
gan his
uations the dog is taught to avoid meandering
one-ma
and to take the initiative in avoiding possible
Sega
hazards rather than merely to obey specific com-
began
mands.
dages.
To learn how to use a guide dog, a blind per-
white,
son typically spends about a month at the guide-
tableau
dog school learning both how to direct and how
yards.
to follow the lead of the dog. Most of the train-
(1963)
ing is "on location" on town and city streets and
ghostly
shopping centers and stores.
tinged
Dogs were occasionally used as guides for the
lonelin
blind at least as early as the 17th century. The
works
use of a guide harness, which links man and dog
show a
much more closely than does a leash, was first
and We
proposed by an Austrian clergyman, Johann W.
Seg
Klein, in Textbook for Teaching the Blind (1819).
of his I
SEGAL-SEGHERS
521
'suk-ar, a cloth with Duckered
began to compose some of the poems pub-
y slack-tension
lished ly, in his first volume, and earned a degree in
n is held
After a visit to London in 1924-1925 to per-
ig, but
fect law. his English, Seferis returned to Athens to
he filling yarns are woven into
enter the Greek foreign service. He remained a
is pucker, while the yarns
career diplomat until his retirement in 1962,
n remain straight. The result. un
serving in London, Cairo, Johannesburg, Preto-
attern of alternating puckered
Ankara, and Beirut, among other foreign
ria, final appointments were
PHARDIM.
a A Britain (1957-1962). His
United Nations (1956-1957)
work as a diplomat especially significant
s, George, pen name
during the Cyprus crisis of the 1950's, when he
diplomat
contributed tact and wisdom to the negotiations
verse
that resulted in the London Agreement (1959)
n Greece and the tragic expe-
making Cyprus independent of British rule.
e in the 20th century. Seferis
Seferis married Maria Zannou in 1941. After
ek man of letters to win the
his retirement, he and his wife lived in Athens,
erature (1963). He also served
where he died on Sept. 20, 1971.
lomatic posts, including those
Writings. Seferis' first volume of poems, Stro-
Lebanon, Syria, Iraq, Jordan,
phe (1931), demonstrated that an original voice
he United Nations.
had come into Greek letters, a voice that was
Seferiades was born of Greek
entirely contemporary, yet rich in echoes from
(now Izmir), Turkey, on Feb.
the long Greek poetic tradition that began with
ildhood in that largely Greek
Homer. In the six volumes that followed, E
1 Sea became a major source of
Sterna (1932), Mythistorema (1935), Gymno-
ater years, and it was there that
paidia (1936), Tetradio Gymnasmaton (1940),
boetry at the age of 14. He left
Emerologio Katastromatos I (1940), and Emero-
HIRSHHORN MUSEUM AND SCULPTURE GARDEN. SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION
ginning of World War I to con-
logio Katastromatos II (1944), the poet perfected
n in Athens, graduating in 1917
a sparse yet subtle style that remained both indi-
The American sculptor George Segal placed white plaster
issical Gymnasium.
vidual and influential. The younger generation
figures in everyday settings, as in Bus Riders (1964).
I law and literature at the Uni-
of poets in Greece showed a great debt to Seferis'
om 1918 to 1924. During this
work.
ed color to his figures, but otherwise strayed lit-
know French poetry intimate-
Seferis also extended the range of his themes
tle from his original formula. In 1983 he com-
in these six volumes, creating out of personal
pleted The Holocaust, a memorial sculpture for
materials a profound and moving portrait of his
San Francisco's Lincoln Park.
an help blind people find their way
nation's mood before and during World War II.
rdous areas such as train stations.
His two later volumes, Kichle (1947) and Emero-
SEGESTA, sē-jes'ta, was an ancient city in north-
WALTER CHANDOMA
logio Katastromatos III (1955), reveal a mature
west Sicily, near the modern town of Calatafimi.
poet of genius surveying the destiny of his peo-
Its extensive remains include an unfinished tem-
ple, and of modern man generally, with unique
ple dating from the 5th century B.C., walls,
compassion and understanding.
houses, a temple of Demeter, a 3d century the-
Seferis also earned a reputation as a distin-
ater, and baths.
guished critic and translator. He played a cru-
Although not Greeks, the Segestans were
cial role in introducing to his countrymen such
Hellenized by the 5th century. Athens tried to
major poets as Ezra Pound and T.S. Eliot, and he
aid the city in its quarrel with Selinus, the tradi-
commented with insight on the principal writers
tional enemy of Segesta, in 415 but was badly
in his own tradition.
defeated. Segesta became allied with Carthage
EDMUND KEELEY
after the Carthaginians sacked Selinus in 409.
Coeditor and Translator of
Agathocles, tyrant of Syracuse, took the city in
"George Seferis: Collected Poems
307 and killed many of the inhabitants, but Se-
gesta recovered and continued as an ally of Car-
SEGAL, sē'gel, George (1924-
), American re-
thage. In 262 during the First Punic War, Seges-
alist sculptor, best known for his white plaster
ta turned on Carthage and surrendered to Rome.
figures cast from living models. Segal was born
After raids by the Saracens, the city was aban-
in New York City on Nov. 26, 1924, and studied
doned in the 10th century A.D.
art at Cooper Union and Pratt Institute. He be-
gan his career as a realist painter and had his first
SEGHERS, zã'gars, Hercules Pietersz (1589/1590-
one-man show in 1956.
?1638), Dutch landscape painter and etcher, who
Segal turned to sculpture in 1958 and in 1960
was the first to print intaglio plates in color. It is
began to wrap models in plaster-soaked ban-
thought that he was born in Haarlem. He stud-
dages. When removed from the models, the
ied under the Flemish landscape painter Coninx-
white, rough-textured shells were combined in
loo in Amsterdam and by 1612 was a member of
tableaux with objects often salvaged from junk-
the Haarlem guild. Between 1614 and 1631 he
yards. Typical examples are The Gas Station
lived in Amsterdam. From the subject matter of
(1963) and The Diner (1964). The anonymous,
his work-predominantly mountains-it is
ghostly figures in their mundane settings are
thought that he may have traveled during this
tinged with sadness and seem to express the
time through the Alps to Italy. Later records
loneliness and alienation of modern life. His
place him in Utrecht and then in The Hague,
works were included in the 1962 "New Realists"
where he was last heard of in 1633. It is
show at the Sidney Janis Gallery in New York
assumed that he died there in the late 1630's.
and were critically acclaimed.
Seghers' known work includes a number of
Segal subsequently made casts of the insides
etchings and four or five signed paintings, none
of his molds, resulting in greater detail, and add-
of which is dated. The latter are chiefly awe-
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THE NOBEL PRIZE WINNERS
Literature
Volume 3
1962-1987
Edited by
FRANK N. MAGILL
SALEM PRESS
Pasadena, California Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey
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GEORGE SEFERIS
Giorgos Stylianou Seferiades
1963
Born: Smyrna, Turkey; February 29, 1900
Died: Athens, Greece; September 20, 1971
Language: Greek
Principal genre: Poetry
One of the strongest of the many gifted poets who came to maturity in the
interwar years and who reflected in their work the shame and terror of that
time, Seferis was distinguished by his essential commitment to the grand
Greek tradition of literature
The Award
Presentation
On December 11, 1963, the Nobel Prize in Literature was presented to
George Seferis by Anders Österling, Permanent Secretary of the Swedish
Academy. In his presentation remarks, Österling noted that the award was
given to Seferis "for his eminent lyrical writing, inspired by a deep feeling for
culture." In his elaboration of that statement, emphasis
quotes
IT aspects of Seferis' background and career: his begin-
part of the world from which the Greek nationals had
" Freedom or Death
urks early in the 1900's, which gave him a sense of ex-
h affected his poetry.
1821 oprising against
tomat, during which he traveled extensively with the
exile during World War II, and his service in several
in his last six years of service as ambassador in Lon-
nopolitan understanding of the way in which his own
Turks.
age not only had been met personally by him in his
1 to explore the constant mysteries of the human con-
sterling said, "Only communication with the dead
conversing on their asphodel meadows can bring to the living a hope of
peace, confidence, and justice." That capacity to absorb the past history of
Greece into his work did not preclude Seferis from celebrating "with elo-
quent joy" the beauties of the eternal landscape of his native land.
Nobel lecture
In a manner consistent with what had often been said of Seferis by friends,
he used the occasion of the Nobel lecture to talk with considerable generosity
and scholarship not of his own work but of that of others, tracing the history
of Greek letters through the centuries as it worked its way back and forth
over the battleground, ranging from fastidious propriety to "the vulgar,
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Nobel Prize
popular, or oral tradition." His intention, as he put it, was to name some of
the writers who had fought the fight to free Greek letters from pedantry:
"Our difficulties began with the Alexandrians who, dazzled by the Attic
classics, bégan to teach what is correct and incorrect in writing, began, in
other words, to teach purism. They did not consider that language is a living
organism and that nothing can stop its growth."
In a charming mixture of literary and political history, Seferis continued
through the centuries, remarking on the fact that the Gospels were written in
the popular language of the time and that the two currents of the scholarly
and the common language in literature ran parallel until the Greek Byzan-
tine Empire fell. With that fall, Greek literature entered its dark ages, until
the sixteenth century, when the arts began to flourish in Crete. Eventually, in
the next century, the Cretan influence was to move onto the mainland and to
bring about, in part, the revival of Greek letters.
In part, Seferis' lecture was a lesson in the development of contemporary
Greek poetry, but it was also an opportunity for him to pay homage to the
writers who preceded him, often in the difficult days of Grecian servitude
and sorrow: "I have spoken to you about these men because their shadows
have followed me ever since I started on my journey to Sweden and because
their efforts represent to my mind the efforts of a body shackled for cen-
turies which, with its chains finally broken, regains life and gropes and
searches for its natural activity."
The speech is typical of Seferis' magnanimity and his awareness that as the
first Greek to be awarded the prize, he needed to say something about why
and how Greek letters, the glory of European civilization, had fallen so long
on hard times and how he had come that day to accept the award, not only
for himself but also for his nation, past and present.
Critical reception
The response to the award was to be wider-ranging than usually is the
case, simply because Seferis, unlike most Nobel recipients, was well-known
throughout the world as a political figure and was, to a lesser extent, looked
upon as a member of the artistic community. As a result, he was known as a
public personality of some considerable sophistication. He was only recently
retired from service as the ambassador for Greece in Great Britain, where he
had been much admired for the way in which he had responded to the Cyp-
riot crisis. The job was difficult, since the British had sustained considerable
pain from the deaths of British citizens caught in the murderous battle be-
tween the Turkish and Greek nationals, both bent on freedom, but on insolu-
bly different terms.
The New Statesman (November 1, 1963), reporting on the pleasure which
the award had given to Seferis' many friends in London, went on to comment
on his deft handling of the Cypriot crisis, despite the fact that this "quiet,
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George Seferis
705
he put it, was to name some of
gentle, deeply cultured man was the last personality one expected to meet at
Greek letters from pedantry:
ans who, dazzled by the Attic
the centre of that violent situation." The New Statesman, like many of the
other journals, recognized in Seferis something of the last of a breed, the
incorrect in writing, began, in
onsider that language is a living
man of letters as diplomat, which could he traced back to the poets of the
age of Sir Thomas Wyatt and Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey, in the early six-
h."
litical history, Seferis continued
teenth century. Seferis' use of historical and literary analogies in his attempts
to explain the frustrations of the Greek freedom fighters in Cyprus was also
that the Gospels were written in
noted as a mark of his gifted understanding of arts and letters and their inex-
the two currents of the scholarly
tricable relation to life.
parallel until the Greek Byzan-
Most popular journals seemed satisfied to mention the phenomenon of the
uture entered its dark ages, until
man of affairs winning this literary prize, and notice of the same tended to
0 flourish in Crete. Eventually, in
0 move onto the mainland and to
appear as often in the general pages of public gossip as in book pages. In
Time magazine (November 1), news of the award appeared in the "People"
tters.
section, reporting on his career as a diplomat and on the fact that his eyes
he development of contemporary
ity for him to pay homage to the
filled with tears at the news of the award, but the article included nothing
about his peculiar talents as a poet. The Illustrated London News (Novem-
ifficult days of Grecian servitude
ber 2) published a small picture of Seferis, with a perfunctory comment on
these men because their shadows
the award. There was, in short, much approving, if desultory, notice of the
y journey to Sweden and because
event, and, in the main, it was confined to admiration for the idea of a rare
forts of a body shackled for cen-
Ken, regains life and gropes and
man of both letters and action having been honored with the prize in an age
in which the arts and the real world are usually kept well apart.
Readers were obliged to wait a few months for more substantial comment.
mity and his awareness that as the
In the spring of 1964, G. Georgiades Arnakis put the award in context in his
ceded to say something about why
essay "The Tragedy of Man in the Poetry of George Seferis" in The Texas
ean civilization, had fallen so long
Quarterly, but there was little indication that the award had precipitated a
day to accept the award, not only
sudden rush of interest in his work, and no serious objection to the award
d present.
was to surface. Mildly experimental in form but deeply civilized and thought-
ful in tone, his poetry seems not to have roused immoderate praise or bel-
licose disdain, which is not always the case with Nobel winners.
wider-ranging than usually is the
In The New York Times Book Review (November 19, 1963), this capacity
Nobel recipients, was well-known
to please was attributed to Seferis' "disarming humility." Kimon Friar praised
and was, to a lesser extent, looked
Seferis' poetry for its subtlety, calling his work "indirect, evocative, illusive,
ity. As a result, he was known as a
and allusive." Seferis' prose was appreciated for its simplicity, directness,
sophistication. He was only recently
precision, and logic. Perhaps the ultimate comment on the award was made
T Greece in Great Britain, where he
by Henry Miller, who on this occasion was properly moderate and viewed
which he had responded to the Cyp-
: British had sustained considerable
Seferis Greece." as "the man who caught the spirit of eternality which is everywhere in
caught in the murderous battle be-
oth bent on freedom, but on insolu-
Biography
George Seferis was born in Smyrna, on the east side of the Aegean Sea, a
3), reporting on the pleasure which
port city which had a stormy history in the constant contention between
nds in London, went on to comment
Greeks and Turks. Smyrna was part of the Ottoman Empire at the time of
is, despite the fact that this "quiet,
Seferis' birth, but the city passed into Greek control after World War I and
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Nobel Prize
then back into Turkish control shortly thereafter, with tragic consequences
for the citizens. Seferis' father was a law professor, and he brought his family
out of the dangers of Smyrna in 1914, settling in Athens.
Seferis studied law in Paris between 1918 and 1924 and became familiar
with European intellectual and political movements. A gifted student, he
entered the Greek diplomatic service, serving his early apprentice years in
London. He was the consul in Albania between 1936 and 1938 and, just
before World War II, returned to Athens to serve as press attaché to the
Ministry of Foreign Affairs. By this time he had established a solid, if mod-
est, reputation as a poet of stature (his first book of poems was published in
1931), but his real work was as a diplomat.
Seferis moved about with the Greek government in exile during the war,
and after the war he served as Greek ambassador to Lebanon, Syria, Jordan,
and Iraq. He reached the height of his career as ambassador in London from
1957 to 1962. Seferis then returned, in retirement, to Athens, where he
continued to write and publish modestly. George Seferis: Collected Poems
first appeared in 1967. He died in Athens in 1971.
Literary Career
Commenting on the publication of his first volume of poems, Strophe
(1931; Turning Point, 1967), Seferis admitted that it was his ambition to write
poetry using simple language and that he presumed that the public would not
like it. Certainly, he was breaking with the existing tradition of Greek con-
temporary poetry, refusing to use the conventional rhythms and meters and
freeing his work from the clutter of ornamentation in the older Greek version
of Georgian verse. The title of his book can be read as simply referring to
technical matters or it can be correctly read, in the wider meaning of the
original Greek title, as a new departure, a "turning point," per the English
translation. Seferis, relatively unknown at the time of the first book, was to
be the first of the new Greek poets. Kostis Palamàs, an older poet who wrote
in the traditional Greek style, recognized immediately the significance of
Seferis' work and publicly approved of the innovations which the younger
man was bringing to Greek letters.
In retrospect, Seferis seems considerably less innovative than he must have
been viewed in his time, and there is, even in his experiments, a modesty, a
tentativeness, that has always been a mark of his work. There is a spareness,
a fastidiousness, in the way in which he uses the influences of the French
Symbolists, the obvious attractions of Stéphane Mallarmé and Paul Valéry,
which he had absorbed during his six years in Paris. Yet the voice of the mod-
ern man-intelligent, wary, skeptical, searching for truth in a world which
seemed on the edge of chaos and speaking with measured, restrained lyri-
cism-was clearly established as the new voice of Greek poetry. Seferis was
to be followed by several other young poets; together, they are part of what
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George Seferis
707
ter, with tragic consequences
has been called the "1930 generation of Greek poets."
sor, and he brought his family
In 1932, Seferis published a book of poetry in the same mode: E sterna
(1932; The Cistern, 1967). It was in his Mythistorema (1935; English transla
n Athens.
.nd 1924 and became familiar
tion, 1960), however, that he was to take a step into the mainstream of Eu-
ements. A gifted student, he
ropean and, indeed, world letters, and produce the kind of poetry for which
g his early apprentice years in
he is best known internationally. In Mythistorema, Seferis abandons meter
veen 1936 and 1938 and, just
for free verse, and he addresses a subject which is addressed only loosely in
serve as press attaché to the
his earlier works: the deepening gloom and apprehension of the intellectual
had established a solid, if mod-
and political community during the rise of Fascism in Europe. The lack of
ook of poems was published in
center, of leadership, of understanding of what was happening in Europe,
had already captured the attention of poets such as W.H. Auden, and T.S.
nment in exile during the war,
Eliot's influence, both technically and thematically, can be seen in Seferis'
dor to Lebanon, Syria, Jordan,
work from this point onward.
as ambassador in London from
The poetry in Mythistorema is still, however, restrained and austere, never
irement, to Athens, where he
inclined to the overt displays of learning that characterize the work of Eliot
George Seferis: Collected Poems
and Auden. One can detect a determined attempt to use European influ-
ences without allowing them to overpower the poetry, and that was to remain
1971.
the case throughout Seferis' career. He had his own distinctive voice, which
he possessed from his first volume, and he was not to change that.
er
first volume of poems, Strophe
Seferis was, however, to bring to his version of the twentieth century intel-
1 that it was his ambition to write
lectuals' response to the threatening world of mid-1930's politics peculiar in-
csumed that the public would not
sights unpossessed by others. He had, for example, a long-standing sorrow
existing tradition of Greek con-
for the loss of his native land, for Asia Minor and for Smyrna, now closed by
entional rhythms and meters and
Turkish dominance. He knew what it meant to be a refugee, however proud
itation in the older Greek version
and aware he was of his Greek racial identity. He also had an abiding pride
an be read as simply referring to
and pervading awareness that, as a Greek, he had connections with one of
:ad, in the wider meaning of the
the great civilizations of the past and that his poetry could be used to explore
1 "turning point," per the English
that connection. Seferis wanted to embrace his Greek heritage not only to la-
the time of the first book, was to
ment all that was lost but also to discover all that that glorious history could
Palamàs, an older poet who wrote
mean to modern man reeling about, spiritually lost and politically confused.
d immediately the significance of
The image of Ulysses, of the great Greek naval empire, was always present;
he innovations which the younger
as Seferis once said, wherever he traveled, Greece still wounded him. In
Gymnopaidia (1936; English translation, 1967), he continued to wed Greek
y less innovative than he must have
myth and history to the growing dilemma of modern European politics, and,
:n in his experiments, a modesty, a
in the same year, he translated a selection of T.S. Eliot's poems into Greek,
k of his work. There is a spareness,
adding to the book a critical apparatus which was to indicate his gifts as a
uses the influences of the French
critic.
éphane Mallarmé and Paul Valéry,
During the war Seferis moved constantly, particularly after the fall of
in Paris. Yet the voice of the mod-
Greece to the Axis forces, but he continued to write, and a series of small
carching for truth in a world which
volumes appeared throughout the war, one from Athens in 1940, one from
ting with measured, restrained lyri-
Cairo in 1944. The tragedy of the war pervades these poems. An air of fear,
/ voice of Greek poetry. Seferis was
of constant angst and uncertainty, is struggled with actively and with honor in
bets; together, they are part of what
poems which display touches of Eliot and William Butler Yeats, and always
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Nobel Prize
of the memory of the Greek battles of the past. Some of Seferis' best poems
were written at this time, including the much-admired "The King of Asine,"
but the early poem "I Woke with This Marble Head," from Mythistorema,
best expresses Seferis' obsession with the constant struggle to make sense of
the world in the light of his Greek patrimony:
I woke with this marble head in my hands
Which tires my elbows and I do not know where to put it;
It was falling into the dream as I was rising from the dream
Thus our lives joined and it will be hard for them to disentangle.
Seferis published a considerable amount of work in the 1940's, some of it
written during the war and attempting to make sense of that tragedy. In
1947, he published the very difficult poem Kichle (1947; Thrush, 1967) based
on the fact that during the war the Germans had sunk a ship of that name in
the harbor on the island of Poros, where Seferis had spent some time in
seclusion after the conflict. Despite his debt to Eliot, Seferis was a writer of
much wider interests than his mentor, whom, it might be said, really had only
one theme: the spiritual degradation of twentieth century man. Seferis often
wrote intimately of human relations, and the last section of Thrush, subtitled
"Light," is deeply admired as the best example of his more personal work.
There was a long period of silence in the late 1940's and the early 1950's,
but Emerologio katastromatos III (1955; Logbook III, 1967) broke the si-
lence courageously with a careful, deeply moving exploration of the Cyprus
problem. Seferis had visited Cyprus in 1953 and saw in that murderous con-
flict parallels with the tragedy of the Trojan War. Laconic, sputtering, almost
incoherent poems of grief seem to be literally dragged out of Seferis in this
collection, and they mark just how limited it is to speak of him simply as a
lyric poet; he can often go much deeper, into heartbreaking tenderness and
pain.
After the Nobel award, Seferis continued to write poetry, but the main
emphasis in his subsequent published work was on criticism and translations,
both of some considerable quality. Also, his work on Greek poetry is very
good. In addition, an interesting journal, covering the years 1945 to 1951,
was published after Seferis' death.
Sadly, George Seferis seems to have fallen somewhat out of fashion. His
work is very difficult to find, and it is rarely anthologized. It may be that he is
best read in the context of his entire canon, although his lyric simplicity
seems to suggest otherwise. For all of his supposed difficulty, Seferis can be
stunningly clear, as in this piece from Mythistorema:
The Stars of night bring me back to the longing
Of Odysseus for the dead among the asphodels.
July 10, 1991
MEMORANDUM FOR TONY SNOW
FROM:
JENNIFER GROSSMAN
SUBJECT:
GEORGE SEFERIS
George Seferis (se FER ees), pen name of Greek poet and
diplomat Georgios Seferiades (1900-1971). Born in Smyrna (now
Izmir), Turkey. His verse captures the glory of classical
Greece, and the dimmer moments of its modern history. Seferis
was the first Greek writer to win the Nobel Prize for literature
(1963). He also served his country in diplomatic posts including
those of ambassador to Lebanon, Syria, Iraq, Jordan, Britain, and
the United Nations.
Among his writings: Strophe (1931), E Sterna (1932),
Mythistorema (1935), Gymnopaidia (1940), Tetraidio Gymnasmaton
(1940), Emerologio Katastromatos I (1940), Emerologio
Katastromatos II (1944), Kichle (1947), and Emerologio
Katastromatos III (1955). His style is said to be sparse and
subtle. Seferis' influence has enriched the pages of suceeding
Greek poets.
JUL-10-91 WED 13:10
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IOANNA TSATSOS
11
MY BROTHER
GEORGE SEFERIS
TRANSLATED FROM THE ORIGINAL GREEK BY
JEAN DEMOS
WITH A PREFACE BY
EUGENE CURRENT-GARCIA
George Seferis in Paris, 1921
A NOSTOS BOOK
North Central Publishing Company
1982
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GEORGE SEFERIS
Biographical Note
George Seferis was born in Smyrna on February 29, 1900,
the son of Stelios Seferiadis and Despina Tenekidis. His
father was a university professor of Law, both in Athens and in
Paris, and he enjoyed a world-wide reputation in the field of
international law. He was also a poet and translator of Greek
tragedy.
Seferis received his elementary education in Smyrna, and
passed his childhood summers at Skala, old Klazomenae.
When he was 14, he moved to Athens with his father and
if you want were
mother, his younger brother Angelos, and his sister Ioanna,
who later became the wife of Constantine Tsatsos. In 1917, he
on Seferis.
received his diploma from the First Classical Gymnasium of
Athens.
In 1918 the family moved to join the elder Seferis in Paris,
where he had for several years been practicing law. Paris was
to be the poet's home for six years. They were years torn
-JAG
between poetry and law studies, but in 1924 he received his
degree in law. He then spent almost two years in London with
the special purpose of perfecting his English. In 1926 he re-
turned to Athens to qualify for the Foreign Service, where he
served until 1962. In 1941 he married Maria Zannos.
His thirty-six years of government service alternated be-
tween assignments in Athens and posts abroad. His first for-
eign tour of duty was at the Greek Consulate in London. He
was consul at Koritsa in Albania and served as counsellor to
the Greek Embassy in Ankara and London, respectively. He
was ambassador to Lebanon, Syria, Jordan, and Iraq, and
later to Great Britain for five years, from 1957 until 1962.
During the Axis Occupation of Greece, he was with the Gov-
ernment-in-Exile in Egypt, South Africa, and Italy. During the
251
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Regency he was Director of the Political Bureau for
Archbishop Damaskinos and at the time of the deliberations
on Cyprus, he was a member of the Greek delegation to the
United Nations. In 1969 he made known his opposition to the
dictatorship in a published declaration.
Seferis was the recipient of many honors, among them an
honorary degree at Cambridge University and the Nobel Prize
for Literature in 1963. He was a member of the Princeton
Institute of Advanced studies in 1968-69, during which
period he also lectured at Harvard and other American univer-
sities.
He died at the Evangelismos Hospital in Athens, on
September 20, 1971. He was escorted to his grave in the First
Cemetery by thousands of young people for whom, even in
advanced years, he had been an eloquent spokesman. During
the decade since his death, his writings have enjoyed great
popularity and have also been the subject of much discussion
by scholars and critics. He continues to be recognized as one
of the most important leaders of the new Greek poetry.
252