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Speech Backup Chronological Files
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Speechwriting, White House Office of
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26
21
5
3
Jacob M. Braude
BY THE SAME AUTHOR
Speaker's and Toastmaster's
AND THE SAME PUBLISHER
Handbook of Anecdotes
Braude's Handbook of Humor for All Occasions
By and About Famous
Braude's Source Book for Speakers and Writers
Personalities
New Treasury of Stories for Every Speaking and Writing Occasion
Speaker's Encyclopedia of Humor
Lifetime Speaker's Encyclopedia
Speaker's Desk Book of Quips, Quotes and Anecdotes
Braude's Treasury of Wit and Humor
Complete Speaker's and Toastmaster's Library
Braude's Handbook of Stories for Toastmasters and Speakers
PRENTICE-HALL, INC.
ENGLEWOOD CLIFFS, N.J.
Business
Business
When the torpedoes struck around one o'clock in the morn-
cents, but still sold them for forty cents. The third year the cost was re-
ing many of the inexperienced GI's were caught sleeping without their
duced to fifty cents, with the losses skyrocketing because of rapidly in-
lifejackets, although that was contrary to orders. In the fright and con-
creased sales. By the fourth year, costs were down to thirty-seven cents,
fusion some were still without them even after all the surplus stocks had
and the losses were quickly recovered. Electric lighting would have been
been distributed.
greatly retarded had Edison insisted on making a profit on the earlier
Each of the four chaplains wore a life jacket when he began
lamp sales that were made.
working among the men to comfort the wounded, to calm the shocked, to
help distribute lifejackets, to guide men toward the lifeboats. Places in the
boats were declined by the chaplains. When last seen in the light of flares
CONNOR, JOHN T.
just before the ship went down, not one of the chaplains wore a lifejacket.
134.
John T. Connor, when Secretary of Commerce, pointed out
Theirs had been forced on unwilling soldiers taught to obey the orders
the importance of business in the United States when he said, "The busi-
of their superiors. These four dedicated men, symbolic of religious free-
ness organization is the very heart of the system that provides the goods
dom in America, stood together arm-in-arm praying for those young men
and services which enable man to devote more of himself to higher attain-
of America for whom now only prayers were left.
ments. Thus, the business system is the essential material means to an
ultimately spiritual goal."
Business
JORDAN, DAVID STARR
EASTMAN, GEORGE
131.
David Starr Jordan, trying to advise a difficult young man
135.
George Eastman, captain of Kodak, had always had a
on choosing a career, finally asked in despair, "Isn't there anything on
genius for detail. After looking over the architect's plan some years ago
earth you'd like to be?"
for a theatre with 6,000 seats which he was planning to give the city of
"Why, yes," the young man drawled, "I'd like to be a
Rochester, Mr. Eastman indicated general approval, but thought there
retired businessman."
was room for two more seats in the orchestra.
"Why raise the issue about two seats when there are 6,000
in the theatre?" queried the architect.
FIELD, MARSHALL
And Mr. Eastman is reported to have replied: "Each extra
132.
When Marshall Field II was a small child, he displayed
seat, for which there is ample room would bring in an additional revenue
some of the cautious shrewdness which made his grandfather the greatest
of 30 cents a show, making sixty cents for the day, or $3.60 a week,
merchant prince in America.
figuring six performances. At the end of the year, the revenue would
Being left alone in a hotel lobby for half an hour, young
amount to $187.20, which, incidentally, is the interest on $3,120 for
Marshall approached an old lady and asked if she could crack nuts.
a year."
"No, dear," replied the old lady. "I lost all my teeth
years ago."
"Then," said master Field, extending both hands full of pecans,
BELL, ALEXANDER GRAHAM
"please hold these while I go and get some more pecans."
TWAIN, MARK
136.
One afternoon Mark Twain, who lost more than one hard-
earned fortune by investing in harebrained schemes described to him in
EDISON, THOMAS A.
glittering terms, observed a tall, spare man, with kindly blue eyes and
133.
One incident in connection with the development of elec-
eager face, coming up the path with a strange contraption under his arm.
trical lighting is especially interesting. Edison sold electric bulbs for forty
Yes, it was an invention, and the man explained it to the humorist, who
cents each, while they cost him $1.10. Then he got the cost down to eighty
listened politely but said he had been burned too often.
70
71
Calmness
Chairman-Chair
"But I'm not asking you to invest a fortune," explained
foreign scientist. In preparation for the day when they would be
the man. "You can have as large a share as you want for $500." Mark
the state of New York and seeing the great Niagara Falls, Cl
Twain shook his head; the invention didn't make sense. The tall, stooped
Kimpton took the time to acquire a mass of facts and data CO
figure started away.
the great natural phenomenon and was all prepared to entertain an
"What did you say your name was?" the author called
his guest with interesting and unusual information.
after him.
Approaching the scene and watching the great
"Bell," replied the inventor a little sadly, "Alexander
the Chancellor remarked to his guest:
Graham Bell."
"Do you realize that approximately 4,534,288 ga
water go over those falls every minute?"
"Sure, and what's to prevent it?" was the visiting S
casual reply.
C
Caution
Calmness
COWARD, NOEL
FOCH, MARSHAL
140. Message written by Noel Coward on a postcard sh
137.
When somebody asked Marshal Foch how he managed
picture of the Venus de Milo: "You see what will happen to yo
to "win" World War I, he is reported to have said, "By smoking my pipe,
keep on biting your nails."
not getting excited, and reserving all my strength for the task at hand."
Card Playing
TREAGRE, QUINCY S.
KORDA, SIR ALEXANDER
141. Quincy S. Treagre, manager of a peanut store in
Rapids, Michigan, reported to police that a gunman had robbed 1
138. The British movie producer, Sir Alexander Korda, who
of $75. That figure appeared in newspaper accounts, and soon a
was knighted for his artistic achievements, won heavily in a poker game
the police chief received the following letter:
with a rich man. Next day the man sent him a check written in red ink
"That Treagre guy said he lost $75 Saturday, but
with a note of explanation. "Dear Alexander," it said, "as you see, I've
lost only $20.20. My boys are asking for a full split and I can't g
written the check with my heart's blood.'
$20 each because I'll lose money on the job. Now I want you to
Shortly thereafter the two men played another poker game
puts a retraction in the papers. If he don't he can't say he wasn't \
and this time it was Sir Alexander who lost heavily. The next morning he
too sent his opponent of the night before a check written in blue ink-
to cover his losses. With it went a little note: "I, too, have written the
Chairman-Chairmanship
check with the blood of my heart. But please note the difference in color.
Yours, Alexander Korda."
CARY, LUCIAN
142. Lucian Cary tells us that the secretary of the Ladies
Cause and Effect
eon Club arose after coffee to present the speaker of the day, "tl
author, Mr. Lucian Cary." "Normally," she said with her brighte
KIMPTON, LAWRENCE
"this honor would fall to our president, who has never missed
139. Lawrence Kimpton, when Chancellor of the University of
any of our speakers. But today she is in Atlantic City-and hov
Chicago, once told an audience of the time he was playing host to a visiting
envy her!"
72
Introduction of Speaker
Integrity
"You mean to say you're not going to flag this train?"
The agent informed him that there was $17 due the govern-
"Nope-not without orders."
ment. Lincoln crossed the room, opened an old trunk and took out a
Morgan hurried into the station and emerged carrying a
yellowed cotton rag bound with a string.
red flag. A whistle was heard up the track. The millionaire flourished the
Untying it, he spread out the cloth and there was the $17.
flag, and the train came to a stop.
He had been holding it untouched for all these years.
"You'll hear about this," J. P. Morgan told the station
"I never use any man's money but my own," he said.
master as he boarded the train.
"Don't get excited," was the reply. "The 8 o'clock always
stops."
Interdependence
ANDERSON, MARIAN
Integrity
425.
Singer Marian Anderson nearly always refers to herself as
"one" or "we." Explaining this habit, she says, "When you realize that
FILLMORE, MILLARD
whatever you do in life is never something you do absolutely alone, you
STUART, ALEXANDER H. H.
do not like to be saying, 'I did this
I.
I.
WEBSTER, DANIEL
423.
Alexander H. H. Stuart and Daniel Webster were both
members of President Fillmore's cabinet. One day, on coming home,
Interference
Stuart found in his hall a brace of ducks with Mr. Webster's name on them.
Knowing they were left by mistake, he told his coachman to
WEIZMANN, CHAIM
take them to Webster's house and tell him the facts. In time the coachman
426.
After an active life as scientist and statesman, the late
returned with the ducks.
Chaim Weizmann could not reconcile himself to the office of first President
"I have delivered your message to Mr. Webster," said the
of Israel.
coachman. "I told him the ducks were left at your house by mistake."
His duties were severely limited in scope and nature under
"What did he say?" asked the puzzled Stuart.
Israel legislation, and Dr. Weizmann, accustomed to a busy political life,
"Well, sir," replied the coachman, "Mr. Webster told me
found little to occupy his time.
to take the ducks back to you and thank you for being more honest than
Once, while reviewing an Israeli army parade, he dropped
he is, for your ducks, which were left at his house by mistake, are already
his handkerchief. A Brigadier-General sitting nearby returned it to him.
on the fire."
The President thanked the general effusively and went on
in the same strain for several minutes.
The General, bewildered at this display of gratitude, said,
"But all I did was to return your handkerchief, sir."
LINCOLN, ABRAHAM
"Yes, but you don't understand how valuable it is to me,"
424.
When he was twenty-four years old, Abraham Lincoln
the President rejoined gravely, but with a twinkle in his eye. "You see,
served as the postmaster of New Salem, Illinois, for which he was paid
it's all that's left for me to stick my nose into these days."
an annual salary of $55.70.
Even then, 24 years before he entered the White House,
the rail splitter was showing the character that earned him the title of
Introduction of Speaker
"Honest Abe."
The New Salem post office was closed in 1836, but it was
QUINN, PETER A.
several years before an agent arrived from Washington to settle accounts
427.
Shortly after his defeat for re-election to Congress in 1946,
with ex-postmaster Lincoln, who was a struggling lawyer not doing too well.
New York City Court Justice Peter A. Quinn says he was introduced as
155
154
Time
Tit for tat
The attendants, noticing his shabby costume, paid him
Time
little attention and brought him a torn towel and a tiny piece of soap.
On leaving, Hoja gave a gold piece to each of the attendants, who mentally
kicked themselves for having been deceived by his ragged appearance.
BARNES, PAUL
877.
He returned to the same bath the following week, dressed
Paul Barnes, radio actor, tells of the receptionist at NBC
as before. This time he was received with great deference-new towels,
in New York who was helping an aspiring actress fill out an audition
scented soap, much bowing and scraping with the anticipation of more
blank. When the actress was asked her age she hesitated. The receptionist
gold pieces.
waited patiently while seconds ticked by, then she quipped, "Better hurry
But, on leaving, he gave each attendant a nickel, replying
up. Every minute makes it worse!"
to their startled looks:
"The gold pieces I gave you last week were for the way
you treated me today; the nickels I've just given you are for the way you
ROOSEVELT, THEODORE
treated me last week."
878.
When Theodore Roosevelt was visiting in Germany, he
sent to find out if he could call upon the Kaiser as he had never met him
before. The Kaiser said he could give up only half an hour of his time.
Tit for tat
A.K.A. TRADE
Roosevelt sent back word that he was sorry that he could only spare
fifteen minutes.
SKINNER, CORNELIA OTIS
881.
When Cornelia Otis Skinner opened in a revival of Shaw's
Candida, he cabled, "Excellent. Greatest." Miss Skinner, overwhelmed,
Tip-Tipping
cabled back, "Undeserving such praise." Shaw answered, "I meant the
play." Miss Skinner bristled and replied, "So did I."
GATES, JOHN W.
879.
The millionaire speculator, John W. (Bet-a-million) Gates
was a lavish tipper. Ironically, this resulted at times in poorer service.
Gates was a particular favorite of bellhops. At one time,
HOPE, BoB
when he was stopping at a New York hotel, he instructed his secretary to
882.
At a golf tournament, Bob Hope was wearing a Hawaiian
tip them 25¢ for any service, no matter how trivial.
shirt. A smart aleck in the gallery tugged at the tails flapping around Hope's
After a few weeks, it struck him that he must be getting
hips and yelled, "Hey, Bob! Your slip's showing."
a staggering amount of service, as the tips were running into several
Hope let the snicker subside, then casually looked the
hundred dollars a week. His heavy mail, about 100 letters a day, was being
heckler over. "Yeah?" he said. "Well, so's your father's."
brought up with something less than promptness.
Gates put two and two together and made an investigation.
Sure enough, he discovered that the mail was being delivered one letter
at a time.
TWAIN, MARK
883.
Mark Twain tells us of a neighbor of his, a connoisseur
of books, who knew less about the art of being friendly than he did about
HOJA, NASREDDIN
first editions. Once Mark Twain asked if he might borrow a book, and the
880.
Tipping is evidently an ancient problem. There is a charm-
connoisseur replied, "You may consult it in my library, but I cannot let
ing tale about Nasreddin Hoja, a 13th century Turkish philosopher, who
you take it away."
once went to a public bath in a neighboring city.
There came a day when the book-lover asked if he might
286
287
Tit for tat
Tit for tat
borrow Mark Twain's lawn mower, whereupon the humorist replied,
ANTHONY, SUSAN B.
"Certainly, but you must use it in my garden."
GREELEY, HORACE
888.
Just prior to the Civil War, Susan B. Anthony was endeavor-
ing to enlist the support of Horace Greeley, editor of the New York
HOPE, BOB
Tribune, in the cause of woman's rights. The great editor was opposed to
884.
Bob Hope was telling about the girl who objected to
woman's suffrage, among other reasons declaring that women were useless
kissing. She had heard that it's dangerous because you can pick up eight
in wartime.
million germs in a single smack.
"What would you do," he demanded, "in the event of civil
"But," Hope told her, "you could give that many away
war?"
yourself and break even."
"Just what would you do, Mr. Greeley," promptly replied
Miss Anthony. "I would sit in my office and write articles urging other
people to go and fight."
KHRUSHCHEV, NIKITA S.
RICKOVER, HYMAN G.
885.
When Admiral Hyman G. Rickover met the Soviet Prime
LILLIE, BEATRICE
Minister, Khrushchev asked, "Are you the admiral who's always talking
889.
Beatrice Lillie once attended a garden party wearing the
about preparing for war with Russia?" To which the admiral replied, "Are
famous Peel pearls. She was approached by a lady of great pretensions,
you the Mr. Khrushchev who's always talking about attacking the
who remarked, "What lovely pearls; I suppose they are genuine?" Beatrice
United States?"
indicated that they were. "Of course," said the lady, "you can always tell
by biting them. Let me try." "Certainly," said Lady Peel, sarcastically,
"but of course you know that you can't tell real pearls with false teeth."
MOLNAR, FERENC
886.
The Hungarian playwright Ferenc Molnar used to tell a
story of Furstenberg, a German banker, who telephoned another banker to
BOURGET, PAUL
make an appointment. The man said he would have to look through his
TWAIN, MARK
engagement book first.
890.
"When an American has nothing else to do, he can always
Furstenberg could hear the surf of the pages being ruffled
spend a few years trying to discover who his grandfather was," remarked
in the banker's book. No time free in January, February or March, the
Paul Bourget to Mark Twain.
man reported. The third of April was his first free afternoon. "Oh April
"Right, Monsieur," answered Twain, "and when all other
third," said Furstenberg, "I have a funeral."
interests fail for a Frenchman, he can always try to find out who his
father was, I reckon."
BERNHARDT, SARAH
HURET, JULES
CHEVALIER, MAURICE
887.
During a tour of the United States in 1880, Sarah Bernhardt
891.
The famous playwright could not place him.
entered a Protestant Church, and there heard a clergyman denounce her
"Chevalier? Chevalier?" he repeated. "What is it you do,
as "an imp of darkness, a female demon sent from the Modern Babylon
young man? I'm afraid I'm not familiar with your work."
to corrupt the New World." "On returning to her hotel," says Jules Huret,
To an actor, this was an unforgivable offense. Instead of
in his Memoirs of Sarah Bernhardt, "she wrote and sent to the clergyman
being offended, however, Chevalier was relieved.
this letter: 'My dear confrere: Why attack me so violently? Actors ought
"I'm glad to hear that," he said. "I'm not familiar with
not to be hard on one another. Sarah Bernhardt."
your work, either. Now we can start on even terms."
288
289
PN6081
P7
WHRC
t:
A
TREASURY
For Speakers, Writers,
OF HUMOROUS
and Home Reference
QUOTATIONS
HERBERT V. PROCHNOW and
HERBERT V. PROCHNOW, Jr.
HARPER & ROW, PUBLISHERS
NEW YORK, EVANSTON, AND LONDON
1817
BRITISH-BUREAUCRACY
BUSINESS
45
BRITISH
bureaucrats should be permitted to take risks with the taxpayers'
an Englishman. George
money that no one is willing to take with his own. Henry Hazlitt
799 Bureaucracy is a giant mechanism operated by pygmies. Honoré de
BROADWAY
Balzac
Mark Kelly
BUSINESS
800 The playthings of our elders are called business. St. Augustine
BROOKLYN
Oliver Herford
801 The nature of business is swindling. August Bebel
802 To open a shop is easy; the difficult thing is keeping it open. Chinese
BROTHER
Proverb
ally wants something that
803 He who does not accept cash when offered is no businessman. Ibid.
'ubbard
804 The ancient Hebrews had a goat on which all the sins were placed,
nese Proverb
so the holding company idea isn't new. Anonymous
BROTHERHOOD
805 When two men in a business always agree, one of them is unnecessary.
ressed me the most is the
William Wrigley, Jr.
e is of it. Mark Twain
806 Business is so much lower a thing than learning that a man used to
the last cannot easily bring his stomach down to the first. Lord
BROTHER-IN-LAW
ect for his brother-in-law.
Halifax
807 The greatest part of the business of the world is the effect of not
thinking. Ibid.
BUDGET
808 All you have to do in business is to stand and watch the world go
ollars and get your money's
by, and it certainly will. Herbert V. Prochnow
809 Almost any day now we expect a tired businessman to tell his wife
he was late for dinner because his plane was delayed one-half hour
in London. Ibid.
erett Lyon
810 It is not by any means certain that a man's business is the most im-
portant thing he has to do. Robert Louis Stevenson
your suspicions. A. A.
811 There is much more hope for humanity from manufacturers who
enjoy their work than from those who continue in irksome business
P in the budget. Burton
with the object of founding hospitals. Alfred North Whitehead
812 Half the time when men think they are talking business, they are
ple decimal point. He has
wasting time. Edgar W. Howe
among regimented ciphers,
813 Business? That's very simple: it's other people's money. Alexandre
ed to know when budgets
Dumas, fils
814 There are two times in a man's life when he should not speculate: when
BUILDING
he can't afford it and when he can. Mark Twain
Herbert
815 Go to your business, pleasure, whilst I go to my pleasure, business.
William Wycherley
816 Business will be either better or worse. Calvin Coolidge
BURDEN
817 All business sagacity reduces itself in the last analysis to a judicious
burden. François de La
use of sabotage. Thorstein Veblen
818 It is very vulgar to talk about one's own business. Only people like
BUREAUCRACY
stockbrokers do that, and then merely at dinner parties. Oscar Wilde
ernment ought to assume
819 My own business always bores me to death. I prefer other people's.
lustry." This means that
Ibid.
PN4305
04148
WH
PODIUM
11
Books by James C. Humes
HUMOR
Podium Humor
Instant Eloquence
A RACONTEUR'S TREASURY OF WITTY
AND HUMOROUS STORIES
James C. Humes
II
HARPER & ROW, PUBLISHERS
NEW YORK, HAGERSTOWN,
SAN FRANCISCO, LONDON
1817
44
Podium Humor
The Point-Maker
45
my birthday the house common-room table became piled high
went over his write-offs-his entertainment expenses. When it was
with lovey-dovey cards, passionately-worded post cards, and per-
all over he was so shaken he put a call through to his favorite call
fumed letters from girls I never knew. When the count went past
girl.
six hundred, the housemaster called me in for a talking to.
"As he finally began to unwind with his second martini in an
"James," he said, "we in England are more conservative about our
out-of-the-way restaurant, he turned to the girl. 'Honey, you sure
private lives. I would suggest that you ration your love life, as we
are in the right business. You make all that money and don't have
do now our jam and sugar, to two or three a week." (England was
to report it.'
still rationing then.)
'I'm not sure,' she replied. You see, I can't write anything off
So you need only two or three stories to liven even the most dull
for depreciation."
topic. Not long ago I heard William Casey (then chairman of the
Securities Exchange Commission but now head of the Export-
In London's Victoria Embankment there is a tablet inscription
Import Bank) speak to a group of investment bankers. These are
to W. S. Gilbert of Gilbert and Sullivan fame. It reads, "His foe was
the three stories he built into his presentation:
folly and his weapon wit." Over the years I have heard many
speakers-advertising men, business consultants, sociologists,
"We businessmen get a little uptight about our image today. We
educators, and politicians-use wit to underscore the dangerous
are attacked by consumer groups, environmentalists, and other
implications of a certain policy or program.
groups for lacking sensitivity. It recalls to me the case of a big-
I once heard a New York advertising executive use these two
business leader who went to Houston for a heart-transplant opera-
stories:
tion. He was told by the surgeon that the donors of the hearts
included a twenty-four-year-old track star, a forty-year-old
"On the surface it looks like a very clever promotion. But I
steamfitter and an eighty-year-old banker. Although he had only
question whether it will actually have the results we want. It's like
a few minutes to decide which of the three he wanted, he instantly
the special half-fare rate one of the airlines recently introduced for
chose the eighty-year-old banker's heart. In the recovery room his
wives accompanying their husbands on business trips. Anticipat-
wife asked, 'Why did you choose the oldest of the three hearts?'
ing some valuable testimonials, the publicity department of the
He replied, 'I just chose the heart that had never been used
airline sent out letters to all the wives of businessmen who used
before!"
the special rates, asking how they enjoyed their trip. Responses are
still pouring in asking, 'What trip?"
"There is only one thing wrong with the proposal and that is it's
against the law. It violates a federal statute. It recalls the advice
"What we should ask ourselves is, who is it that we want to
once given to J. P. Morgan, who was trying to put together one of
reach? Who is it that we want to make a favorable impression on?
his big cartels. His lawyers questioned the validity of some of his
I recall the answer a young Marine gave to a nurse while recover-
proposed actions. Morgan, not liking the advice he was getting,
ing at a Navy hospital. The youthful Leatherneck was composing
wired the eminent lawyer John Gregorious Johnson, who was va-
a letter home to his wife. A kindhearted nurse was taking down
cationing in the Bahamas. The wire asked whether he thought
the note. "The nurses here,' he dictated, 'are a rather plain lot.'
'Why,' exclaimed the nurse, 'don't you think that's rather unfair?'
such a merger could work out. Johnson wired back, 'Merger possi-
ble, jail certain."
The soldier smiled and exclaimed, 'Yes, it is, but it will make my
wife very happy.'
"Everyone has tax problems these days. A friend of mine told
A management consultant from a Chicago firm at a conference
me about an acquaintance of his-a big businessman who was
being audited by the IRS. It was an all-day affair. The investigator
ahead: of businessmen told this story about the necessity for planning
PN6081
B27
1980
WH
E: Familiar
Quotations
A collection of passages, phrases and
proverbs traced to their sources in
ancient and modern literature
FIFTEENTH AND 125TH ANNIVERSARY EDITION
REVISED AND ENLARGED
John Bartlett
Edited by EMILY MORISON BECK
and the editorial staff of Little, Brown and Company
LB
LITTLE, BROWN AND COMPANY
BOSTON
TORONTO
74
Sophocles
Sopho
1 Ships are only hulls, high walls are nothing,
the State; and as for the man who sets private
In the S
When no life moves in the empty passage-
friendship above the public welfare-I have
Sea-war
ways.¹
Oedipus Rex, 2 l. 56
no use for him, either.
Ib. l. 181
Even th
2 How dreadful knowledge of the truth can be
11 Nobody likes the man who brings bad
And mo
When there's no help in truth!
news.⁹
Ib. l. 277
Tremble
Ib. l. 316
12 Money: There's nothing in the world SO de-
3 The tyrant is a child of Pride
moralizing as money. 10
Ib. l. 295
1 Wisdom
Who drinks from his great sickening cup
13 How dreadful it is when the right judge
Recklessness and vanity,
judges wrong!
Ib. l. 323
2 There is
Until from his high crest headlong
don
He plummets to the dust of hope. 3
14 Numberless are the world's wonders, but
No wis
Ib. l. 872
none
Big wor
More wonderful than man.
4 The greatest griefs are those we cause our-
And pr
Ib. l. 333 (Ode I)
selves.
Ib. l. 1230
15
It is a good thing
5 Time eases all things.4
Ib. l. 1515
3 Death
To escape from death, but it is not great
To wish
6
Look upon Oedipus
pleasure
This is the king who solved the famous riddle
To bring death to a friend.
Ib. l. 437
[of the Sphinx].5
Ib. l. 1524
16 But all your 11 strength is weakness itself
4 A prt
ing, les
7 Let every man in mankind's frailty
against
suffer r
Consider his last day; and let none
The immortal unrecorded laws of God.
Presume on his good fortune until he find
They are not merely now: they were and shall
5 They
Life, at his death, a memory without pain.⁶
be
buffet a,
Ib. l. 1529
Forever, beyond man utterly.
he will,
Ib. l. 45²
8 For God hates utterly
6 Knov
The bray of bragging tongues.
17 Grief teaches the steadiest minds to waver.
can hav
Antigone⁷ [c. 44² B.C.], l. 123
Ib. l. 563
trial.
9
Our ship of state, which recent storms have
18 All that is and shall be,
7 Rash
threatened to destroy, has come safely to har-
And all the past, is his [Zeus's].
row, or
bor at last.
Ib. l. 163
Ib. l. 611 (Ode II)
is not,
10 I have nothing but contempt for the kind of
19 Show me the man who keeps his house in
8 War ne
governor who is afraid, for whatever reason,
hand,
But th
to follow the course that he knows is best for
He's fit for public authority. 12
Ib. l. 660
'See Thucydides, 81:8, and Shakespeare, 242:19.
9 Strang
²Translated by DUDLEY FITTS and ROBERT FITZGERALD.
20 Anarchy, anarchy! Show me a greater evil!
³See Proverbs 16:18, 24:12.
Pride will have a fall.-English proverb [c. 1509]
This is why cities tumble and the great
A variant is: Pride goeth before a fall.
houses rain down,
Pride goeth before, and shame cometh behind.-
This is what scatters armies!
Ib. l. 672
10 The go
tise of a Gallant [c. 1510]
Pride will have a fall; For pride goeth before and
21 Reason is God's crowning gift to man.
shame cometh after.-JOHN HEYWOOD, Proverbs [1546],
Ib. l. 684
11
pt. I, ch. 10
Gods a
$See Terence, 96:9, and La Fontaine, 296:17.
22 The ideal condition
All ot
⁵The riddle of the Sphinx: What creature walks in the
Would be, I admit, that men should be right
morning on four feet, at noon upon two, and at evening
upon three? Oedipus solved it: Man, as a baby crawling
by instinct;
on hands and knees, then erect on his feet, and in old age
But since we are all likely to go astray,
12 Athen
with a staff. The Sphinx, a monster with a woman's head
The reasonable thing is to learn from those
13 Not to
and bust and a lion's body with wings, waylaid passers on
who can teach.
Ib. l. 720
The St
the road to Thebes to propound the riddle, destroying
anyone who failed to guess the answer. Oedipus solved
23 Love, unconquerable, 13
'See
the riddle, the Sphinx destroyed herself, and the grateful
Waster of rich men, keeper
2See
Thebans made him king. See Seferis, 851:3.
See Ecclesiasticus 11:28, 35:22; Solon, 62:17; and Aes-
Of warm lights and all-night vigil
³See
'See
chylus, 71:8.
⁹See Shakespeare, 205:20 and 241:4.
145:20.
There is a saying among men, put forth of old, that you
¹⁰See I Timothy 6:10, 5¹:², and Plato, 84:12.
$See
cannot rightly judge whether a mortal's lot is good or evil,
Creon.
'Trar
until he dies.-SOPHOCLES, Trachiniae, 1. I
"See I Timothy 3:5, 50:25.
See
Translated by DUDLEY FITTS and ROBERT FITZGERALD.
¹³See Sophocles, 75.5; Virgil, 103:24; and Chaucer,
'See
See Alcaeus, 62:21.
145:20.
"Trai
Agis
Socrates - Hippocrates
79
V, 82
Socrates¹
11 By convention there is color, by convention
lings
469-399 B.C.
sweetness, by convention bitterness, but in
reality there are atoms and space.
I, ro
1 Often when looking at a mass of things for
sale, he would say to himself, "How many
Fragment I25
es.
Ib.
things I have no need of!"
12 Word is a shadow of deed.
From DIOGENES LAERTIUS, Lives of
Fragment 145
S be-
Eminent Philosophers, bk. II, sec.
25
). 46
2 Having the fewest wants, I am nearest to
Hippocrates
rule
the gods.
Ib. 27
C. 460-400 B.C.
49
3 There is only one good, knowledge, and one
13 I-swear by Apollo Physician, by Asclepius,
reat
evil, ignorance.
Ib. 31
by Health, by Panacea, and by all the gods
50
and goddesses, making them my witnesses,
4
My divine sign indicates the future to me.
that I will carry out, according to my ability
ight
Ib. 3²
and judgment, this oath and this indenture.
ap-
5 I know nothing except the fact of my igno-
I will use treatment to help the sick ac-
98
rance.²
Ib.
cording to my ability and judgment, but
never with a view to injury and wrongdoing
nan,
6 Bad men live that they may eat and drink,
I will keep pure and holy both my life
I4°
whereas good men eat and drink that they
and my art
In whatsoever houses I
may live. 3
1, to
enter, I will enter to help the sick, and I will
From PLUTARCH, How a Young
abstain from all intentional wrongdoing and
16
Man Ought to Hear Poems, 4
harm, especially from abusing the bodies of
7 I am not an Athenian or a Greek, but a
man or woman, bond or free. And whatsoever
citizen of the world.⁴
I shall see or hear in the course of my profes-
122
From PLUTARCH, Of Banishment
sion in my intercourse with men, if it be what
should not be published abroad, I will never
8 Crito, I owe a cock to Asclepius; will you
divulge, holding such things to be holy se-
remember to pay the debt?
crets. Now if I carry out this oath, and break
From PLATO, Phaedo (Socrates'
it not, may I gain forever reputation among
last words)
all men for my life and for my art; but if I
nt I
transgress it and forswear myself, may the
9
Democritus
opposite befall me.
The Physician's Oath⁶
S of
c. 400 B.C.
ras,
9
Whatever a poet writes with enthusiasm
14 Healing is a matter of time, but it is some-
and a divine inspiration is very fine. 5
times also a matter of opportunity.
Precepts, 6 ch. I
Fragment 18
10 In truth we know nothing, for truth lies in
15 Time is that wherein there is opportunity,
the depth.
Fragment II7
and opportunity is that wherein there is no
great time.
Ib.
ask
'Much of Plato, especially in the Apology and Phaedo,
hey
is thought to be direct quotation from Socrates. See Plato,
16 Sometimes give your services for nothing,
83:16.
'See Milton, 288:16.
calling to mind a previous benefaction or pres-
gis
'He used to say that other men lived to eat, but that he
ent satisfaction. And if there be an opportu-
ate to -DIOGENES LAERTIUS [c. 200], Lives of Emi-
nity of serving one who is a stranger in finan-
At-
nent Philosophers, Socrates, sec. 14
cial straits, give full assistance to all such.
ture
See Molière, 298:4, and Franklin, 347:1.
For where there is love of man, there is also
We must eat to live and live to t.-FIELDING [1707-
1754). The Miser, act III, SC. iii
love of the art. For some patients, though
sed;
'See Bacon, 180:13; Paine, 385:2; Garrison, 505:10; and
conscious that their condition is perilous, re-
F. D. Roosevelt, 781:5.
cover their health simply through their con-
Diogenes, when asked from what country he came, re-
cing
plied, "I am a citizen of the world."-DioGENES LAERTIUS
tentment with the goodness of the physician.
62-
(c. 200], Lives of Eminent Philosophers, Diogenes, sec. 6
And it is well to superintend the sick to make
ibly
Citizen of the world, as I hold myself to be. -BOSWELL,
them well, to care for the healthy to keep
Life of Johnson [1791], vol. I, p. 52ʳ (Everyman edition)
ight
them well, also to care for one's own self, so
'Apparently the earliest reference to the madness or
as to observe what is seemly.⁷
Ib. 6
heir
divine inspiration of poets.
Post
Robert Lowell, 892:15.
See Robert Burton, 258:13; Wordsworth, 425:10; and
"Translated by W.H.S. JONES (Loeb Classical Library).
'See Plato, 84:5.
JUL- 5-91 FRI 14:57
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508
THUCYDIDES.
THUCYDIDES.
509
P.02
AcTs OF INJUSTICE, AND ACTS OF VIOLENCE.
DIFFERENCE OF RESULTS IN PLANS.
i. 77.
i. 120.
"Аблкоймерої Te, in Cocker, al д. маллон öpylSorras 1 (heif-
Holld rap какбя yourdevra Two TVXOVTWT
UEDOL TÒ MÈD γdp and TOÛ from SOKED rd 8" durd rell
Kal ETL whew a karws бокойта Bourevonvas is Toùvav-
xpelowowas
the aloxpws reputarn" yap oùdels óuola T17 Had Epyw
Mankind, as it seems, are more apt to resent acts of injustice
&AAd MET dopahelas µèr µета SÉOUS 8d &
than acts of violence. Those that are inflicted by equals are 10-
m #pyw
garded as the result of a grasping and rapacious disposition these
coming from superiors are submitted to as & matter of necessity.
For many enterprises, that have been badly planned, have come
to a successful issue, from the thoughtless imprudence of those
against whom they were directed ; and a still greater number, that
have appeared to be entering on the path of victory, have come to
THE PRESENT IS GRIEVOUS TO SUBJECTS.
disastrous end. This arises from the very different spirit with
FAX NO. 2027071820
i. 77.
which we devise a scheme, and put it into execution. In council,
TO consult in the utmost security; in execution, we fail from
To тарды yap del Bapú TOIS
being surrounded with dangers.
The present is always burdensome to subjects.
THE POOR MORE WILLING TO GIVE THE SERVICES OF THEIR
THE SUCCESS OF WAR DEPENDS VERY MUCH ON MONEY.
BODIES THAN THEIR MONEY.
i. 83.
1. 141.
Kal EFTIV δ worepos oux STAWN Td wheov, dAAd dawdens, & 4-m
Al at reprovalar TODS worepous µâЛЛов A al Blacos topopal avé-
owha шфедеî, drress Te Kal threspúrais words Bahavolous.
TWL Ewpaol TE èrouprepos ol airoupyol TWV n Xphuase
werepsis, To NEW words EXOPTES & TWV kav repryevedas,
The success of war is not so much dependent on arms, AS OR the
vi & où Pépacov un où drAws TE kas rapd Sofar,
possession of money, by means of which arms are rendered service-
able, and more particularly 80 when a military power is fighting
Seep elkbs, 0 wbAepos aúroïs
with a naval.
Accumulated wealth is a far surer support of war than forced
Bee (Lat,) Money the sinews of was,
estributions from unwilling citizens. The poor, who gain their
Hvellhood by the sweat of their brow, are more willing to give the
LAW LIB OF CONGRESS
services of their body in defence of their country, than to contri-
WAR SOMETIMES IS TO BE PREFERRED TO PEACE
buts from their contracted means. The former, though at some
risk, they think it possible may survive the crisis; while the latter,
i. 120.
they are certain, will be gone for over, especially if the war should
be protracted beyond expectations-a very likely event.
"Аубрик ydp sweppown µtv ¿TIV, el µn dockowro,
&yadav dè ex uto elphans толецей, ciù 8è таравудъ &
wodepou walle Kal µtre TB KaTa ebruxia trub
How MARITIME SUPREMACY IS TO BE ATTAINED.
ребаг wifre TW nouxles rijs elpilyns nobperov
It is, indeed, the part of the wise, so long as they are notinjured,
i. 142.
to be lovers of peace. But it is the part of the brave, if they are
To & PAUTIKOV TEXAS toriv, Шожер Ral dAAo The Kai OUK évolxeral,
injured, to give up the enjoyments of peace, that they may enter
to TÚXU, is wapepyou медетдовац alld µâЛЛов under EKELYCO
upon war; and, as soon as they are successful, to be ready to
wapepyer dAAo ylyreodas.
sheathe their swords. Thue, they ought never to allow themselves
to be too much elated by military success, nor yet to be so fond
Seamanship, and a knowledge of maritime affairs, is as much a
peace as to submit to insult.
salence as any other art. It cannot be learned by snatches, nor
See (Lat) War only to be made to secure pease,
as a knowledge of it be acquired except by a persisting and un.
interrupted devotion to its study.
JUL- 5-91 FRI 14:58
94
ARISTOTLE.
ARISTOTLE.
95
P. 03 P.03
NOBILITY AND MERIT ARE ONLY AMONGST A FEW.
TAKE CARE THAT NOTHING BE DONE CONTRARY TO LAW.
Polit. V. 1.
Polit. V. 8.
Evydrea rdp xal apern. to onlyous raira 5', to wheloow Ein
'Ev NEV oir rais & кекрамévæis, woderelais, Worep TL dei
YENEIS γdp kal dryabol ойбарой éxarbe dropos &è worket wollaxoû.
rnpeiv, owws under wapavouwor Kal udлюта TÒ шкром филаттеш
For nobility and worth are to be found only amongst a few, but
Aardável yap treadúova n wapáBasis, Coorrep Tàs oúrias al jukpal
their opposite amongst the many for there is not one man of
баждрая бажардог, worldxis Aardável de if perápaois,
Sià Td un à0pba riyveodas.
merit and high spirit in a hundred, while there are many destitute
of both to be found everywhere.
For in states that are well blended particular care ought, above
See (Lat.) The good are few.
all things, to be taken that nothing be done contrary to law; and
this should be chiefly looked to in matters of small moment for
THE BEGINNING IS THE HALF OF THE BUSINESS.
small violations of law advance by stealthy steps, in the same way
as, in adomestic establishment, trifling expenses, if often repeated,
Polit. V. 4.
consume A man's whole estate.
'Ev dpxn rdp ylyretas TO dpáprnua i) δ' dpx) Xéyeral thuor
FAX NO. 2027071820
etras wavrós.
QUALIFICATIONS OF A STATESMAN
For the mischief lies in the beginning; for the beginning is said
Polit. V. 9.
to be half of the whole."
Tola &/ TIVE XPⁿ Execu TOUS HEAAOPTUS apEear ràs kuplas dpxds-
* рûтоv µèv, Філіам wpos THE ёжеста,
WHENCE SEDITIONS ARISE IN A DEMOCRACY.
periorny TWV Eprywr Tns apx Tplrov δ' ápering kal
to éxdory Tip wpòs The woderelav,
Polit. V. 5.
There are three qualifications which ought to be possessed by A
At per our бпрократӏаг udhiora Sid The TWV Squa-
man who aspires to fill the high offices of state: first, he must be
rwyw doéhyeiav. Ta pèr γdp, isią очкофартойнтеs TOÚS rds oúrlas
well disposed, and prepared to support the established constitu-
Exorras, ovorpépousw aúroús rap kal TOUS EXOLOTOUS 0
tion of his country; next, he ought to have R special aptitude for
kouròs Tà δè, kounj TO whijdos bord yourres.
the office which he fills; and, thirdly, he should have the kind of
Democracies are chiefly subject to revolutions from the dishonest
virtue and love of justice which suits the particular state in which
he lives.
conduct of demagogues. For partly by lodging informations
against men of property, and partly by rousing the common people
THE GOOD NEVER FLATTER.
against them, they induce them to unite; for & common fear will
Polit. V. 11.
make the greatest enemies to join together.
Kal yap бід TOÛTO токпрофелом n Tupavvis ydo
LAW LIB OF CONGRESS
A HOUSE DIVIDED AGAINST ITSELF.
Xalpovor. Toûro δ' ойб" as Eis worhoese фроипра EXW ёлейдеро»
allà фелодого ol ÉTIELKEIS 3 où колакейовог. Kal ol
Polit. V. 6.
wornpol els Tà wornpd. ny rap 6 has, worep n wapoula.
"Aoder's yap TO
On this account tyrants are fond of bad men for they like to
For a government in a constant state of turmoil is weak.
be flattered. No man of high and generous spirit is ever willing
Bee Matt. xii, 2, 5.
to indulge in this habit the good may feel affection for others,
but will not flatter them. Besides, bad men assist them in their
A FIRM STATE.
evil deeds: Like to like," as the proverb saya.
Polit. v. 7.
TYRANTS ARE AT ENMITY WITH MEN OF MERIT.
Móror rap TO KaT' áfiar Toor, kal TO Exem Td aúrwv.
Polit. V. 11.
The only stable state is that where every one possesses an
equality in the eye of the law, according to his merit, and enjoya
Ass xal Toïs толемодого, is Bhaßepois wpds The dpx
his OWD unmolested.
où dia TO pis ágioû» Дрхеодал arra Kai Six 73
JUL- 5-91 FRI 15:00
118
DEMOSTHENES.
DEMOSTHENES.
119
by the cowardice of each individual For he who accuses others
might have maintained his own post, and if each had done no,
IN POLITICAL TRANSACTIONS THE POWERFUL PRESCRIBE
success must have been the result.
P.04
TO THE WEAK.
Pro Rhod. 29.
WE READILY BELIEVE WHAT WE WISH.
Two per γdp islar Sikalcov TWP Èr Tais woderelass ol vouor KOLPH
Olynth. iii. 19.
Tip perovolar Édooav kal long xal TOiS dovevéor Kal Tois loxupois
Дльжер фаоток dndrews torir airdo Hawarnow 8 rap Bob
TWV δ' блкаішь of кратойнтеs дрета! Tois Arroo γlγ-
VONTAL
Aeral, TOÛO' Exactos Kal обета, rà õè xpdyuara worddxis oùx обты
жёфикен.
For in civil society the rights of individuals, without reference
to their power or weakness in the state, are determined by the
So that nothing is so easy as to deceive one's self; for what we
laws. But in national concerns the powerful always prescribe to
wish, that we readily believe; but such expectations are often in-
the weaker.
consistent with the real state of things.
We find the same idea In Achilles Tatius de Loucippes et Obtophontis
THE PRAISING OF A MAN'S SELF IS BURDENSOME.
Amoribus" (lib. vi. 17)-
De Cor. 3.
Abyes yap EAwlsos els TO TUXEÎR Epurros is wedd páðws. To yap
FAX NO. 2027071820
ovupaxov, 8 Iden Ларши. éyelpes The Exxioa.
"ETepoB 3', 8 фúrel whow dropwrous indpxes, TWF LLEV Логдоридъ kal
For the words which show the hope of obtaining the wished-for object
TWV катпуоридъ акойєм notws, TOIS éwarvoûor δ' abroús
are readily believed ; which arises from this, that the simple desire aiding
the wishes excites the hope."
It is the natural disposition of all men to listen with pleasure to
And again, in Heliodorus" (lib. vill.), we find--
abuse and slander of their neighbour, and to hear with impatience
those who utter praises of themselves.
"A rdp yuxh, kal фелей.
So Proverbs (xxvil, 2)- Let another man praise thee, and not thine own
For what the mind wishes, that it also believes."
mouth; a stranger, and not thine own lips."
See (Lat.) Belleve, men.
See (Lat) Bragging.
THE TRUE BOND OF FRIENDSHIP.
Low PURSUITS ENGENDER Low SENTIMENTS.
De Cor. 35.
Olynth. iii. 31.
Oi yap +à Дпиата ràs olkewrnras tpn ВеВагодя, µdra repres
"Eore 8' oùdéror, otuar, utya kal фромпиа AaBeîr шкра
drouds dAAd TÒ тайта
kal файла wpárrovras ówoû aTTa yap as rà éxirnõevuara TWH
For it is not words that give strength to friendship, but a simi-
i, TOLOÛTOV dráykn Kal TO фромуна EXEW.
larity of interests.
It is impossible for those who are engaged in low and grovelling
So Proverbs (xvil. 24)-"A man that hath friends must show himself
pursuits to entertain noble and generous sentiments. No; their
friendly; and there is a Friend that sticketh closer than a brother."
See (Lat.) Friendship.
LAW LIB OF CONGRESS
thoughts must always necessarily be somewhat similar to their
employments.
A TRAITOR.
De Cor. 47.
LET THE PROSPEROUS SHOW KINDNESS TO THE UNHAPPY.
Obdels ydp, i3 dropes 'Atnaior, TÒ TOÛ кробідбутов отифёров
Pro Rhod. 21.
Xpnuar dradiones, oid éweldar in as wpinras Kúpcos
TW тробогу ovuBoury repl TWV Aurwor ETL Xpirac oùõèv rap ar fjv
Деî yap TOÙS eirexoûrras wepl TWV del фаӏгеодал Tà
проботоч. 'AAA' OUK ходек; жоллой 'ye
BEATIOTA Bourevouérous, don/or 70 HEXAOP draow
Kal δeî. 'AAA' éweidar TWP прауратыч δ Snrw apxew
KaTaoTi, kal Two raûra deawbrns dori, Tiju & Nornplas
Those enjoying prosperity should always be ready to assist the
cibios TOTE 8n, TOTE Kai kal drioreî kal
unfortunate, for no one can say what the future may bring forth.
It is not the benefit of the traitor that is looked to by the man
who bribes him, nor, after he has obtained what he bargained for,
JUL- 5-91 FRI 15:01
124 DIONYSIUS HALICARNASSENSIS.
DIONYSIUS HALICARNASSENSIS. 125
P.05
THE Gods.
THE WORKS OF AN AUTHOR ARE THE IMAGE OF HIS MIND.
De Cor. 2S9.
i.l.
Mndev &uapreiv tori BEWY kal wdvra каторводъ
'Exelx&s zdp awarres voulsovors eixóvas elvas TTTS Exdortou tuxns
év Biornj, poïpav δ" of TC фиуєї Emoper.
TOUS Adyous.
Chance to despise, and fortune to control.
For the general observation is strictly correct, that the works of
Doth to the immortal gods alone pertain
an author may be considered the representation of his mind.
Their jovs unchanged, in endless currents roll ;
But mortals combat with their fate in vain.
SUPERIORS GOVERN INFERIORS.
i. 5.
THE VIRTCOUS CITIZEN.
De Cor. 321.
Púoews rap on vouos dware kowds, Do oùdels каталбоег Xpbros,
apxew del TWV irrovwv TOUS KPELTTOVAS.
FAX NO. 2027071820
Avo 8', & dropes 'Adnvaios, TOO THE wordeno EXES Bef,
to MÈN rais &Fovolars The TOÛ yerralou kal TOD spwrelov rjj works
It is a common law of nature, which no time will ever change,
wpoalpeow бифилаттеш, & navel δ2 кагрф kal mpáfel The EUVOLUP
that superiors shall rule their inferiors.
See (Lat) The weakest go to the wall.
TOÚTOU yap if púocs kupia, 70û Súvaaðas dè kal loxúew Erepa.
There are two qualities which ought always to distinguish a
virtuous citizen : he ought, in the high offices of state, to maintain
A NATION IMPROVED BY SUFFERINGS AND DIFFICULTIES.
the honour and pre-eminence of his country, and in all times and
i.9.
circumstances to show kindly feelings; these are dependent upon
nature, but abilities and success are the gifts of another power.
"Twèp raûra õè xávra, кооры TOÛ польтейнатов, 8F Ex wordws
watnudrev, Ex navròs кагрод TO Xphore-
407.
But, above all these, by their form of government, which they
improved by learning wisdom from the various misfortunes which
happened to them, always extracting something useful from every
occurrence.
80 Romans (v. 3)-" Knowing that tribulation worketh patience; and
DIONYSIUS HALICARNASSENSIS.
patience, experience; and experience, hope."
See (Lat) Experience.
LAW LIB OF CONGRESS
FLOURISHED FROM B.C. 29 TO B.C. 7.
EVERYTHING INVOLUNTARY DESERVES FORGIVENESS.
DIONYSIUS, & celebrated writer on Latin antiquities, was a native
i. 58.
of Halicarnassus, and came to Rome about B.C. 29, at the close of
"Awav 8è ovyrrwings &Eiov Td drovotor.
the civil wars. Here he continued for twenty-two years, making
Everything that is involuntary deserves to be forgiven.
himself acquainted with the customs and transactions of the
Romans. His work is entitled 'Roman Antiquities," and goes
back to the origin of the nations of Italy. It closed with the year
Gop.
B.C. 265, the year before the first Punic war, when the history of
i. 77.
Polyhius properly begins. It contains many details on the laws
Mnod> as TOÛ GEOD Лестобрупра rijs &p0dprov nal макарӏая pirews
and customs of Rome, which are valuable, as they are nowhere
else to be found. It was contained in twenty books, of which
God is incapable of doing anything which is unworthy of a pure
eleven only have come down to us, with some fragments of the
and happy nature.
others. They bring the history of Rome down to B.O. 440.
So Pealm (exvi. 5)-" Gracious is the Lord, God is merciful."
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NEWS BRIEFS
snenspoper
the Gulf region, there is no longer any need
From Eleftherotypla
to advise Greek nationals to avoid travell-
ing to countries in the region, with the ex.
WHY WAS
BECAUSE
ception of Iraq for which the advisory is still
effective."
BARRABAS SET
BARRABAS HAD
FREE AND CHRIST
LYKOUREZOS AS
REAL ESTATE
CONVICTED?
HIS LAWYER
European Community
The European Commission on Wednesday
threatened to take legal action against
Greece unless it abolished laws barring
foreigners from buying houses and land in
border regions.
European Commissioner Martin
Bangemann said Greece, an EC member,
was violating rules in the founding treaties
of the European Community which
guaranteed freedom of movement and
establishment for EC citizens.
He made the statement in a written reply
to a European Parliament member who aks-
ed the Commission, the executive body of
the 12-nation EC, why a German working
bachev would visit Greece, Slusar replied:
tions in Albania on Sunday.
half the year in Greece was not allowed to
"For the time being we only discussed the
"The reports (claiming) that the tactic of
buy a house there.
Soviet Foreign Minister's visit."
the Greek government divides the ethnic
The Commission could decide to bring
Greeks of Northern Epirus (Southern
Greece before the European Court of Justice
HUMAN RIGHTS
Albania) are unfounded," said government
if it ignores the call to scrap the laws, which
spokesman Vyron Polydoras.
ban foreign property ownership in areas
Kurds in Iraq
The spokesman added that "Greece does
covering 55% of the country.
not interfere in the domestic affairs of other
Greece on Thursday expressed concern
FOREIGN RELATIONS
countries as a matter of principle. It ex-
over the reported use in Iraq of "weapons
presses the hope that the elections in
of mass destruction" against the Kurdish
Soviet Minister
Albania will be held under democratic cir-
population and called on Baghdad to exer-
cumstances and with the best conditions.
cise self-restraint.
Details of Soviet Foreign Minister Alexander
We want the democratization process in
A Foreign Ministry announcement said:
Albania to proceed and succeed."
Bessmertnykh's forthcoming three-day visit
"Greece views with concern and regret
to Greece were discussed at a meeting bet-
the recent developments in Iraq and the
ween Prime Minister Constantine Mitsotakis
ENERGY
reported use, for the second time, of
and Soviet Ambassador in Athens Anatoly
weapons of mass destruction against its Kur-
Slusar.
dish citizens. It appeals to the Iraqi
Natural gas pipeline
"We discussed details of preparations for
authorities to exercise self-restraint so as to
the forthcoming visit of Mr. Bessmertnykh's
avoid the further deterioration of the situa-
The Soviet Union has accepted a Greek re-
to Greece," Slusar told reporters after the
tion in the region."
quest that part of Moscow's financial par-
meeting.
The Greek government, the announce-
ticipation in the construction of a natural gas
The Soviet Foreign Minister is expected to
ment said, has "repeatedly expressed its op-
pipeline be paid in Greek products.
visit Greece from April 8.10 for talks with
The head of Moscow's commercial
position to the use of force and particularly
the Greek government leadership on issues
military methods for the settlement of
representation in Athens, Plaksin, handed
ranging from bilateral relations to the situa-
domestic problems, in the belief that com-
a memorandum to National Economy
tion in the Balkans and the Cyprus problem,
monly accepted lasting solutions can only
Undersecretary Aristides Tsiplakos Friday on
as well as Greek-Turkish relations and
be achieved through dialogue and
the paying off of the construction of the
Soviet-European Community relations.
democratic procedures".
main pipeline to carry Soviet natural gas to
Greece.
The talks will also focus on the recent na-
With this move, the Soviet side has ac-
tionalist unrest in the region, developments
FOREIGN AFFAIRS
in Eastern Europe and the situation in the
cepted a Greek request that 75% of the
Middle East.
Albania
valve of the Soviet participation in the pro-
"We also discussed the substance of
ject be covered by Greek products which
(Bessmertnykh's) visit and relations between
would be decided between the Greek and
The Greek government on Thursday re-
Greece and the Soviet Union, about which
Soviet sides and the remaining 25% be paid
jected press reports that its policy aimed to
! am very optimistic," Slusar said.
in free currency, a ministry statement said.
divide ethnic Greek-Albanians in Northern
Asked whether Soviet leader Mikhail Gor-
The $1.3-billion pipeline, scheduled for
Epirus in view of the first free general elec-
completion by 1993, will be built from the
April B, 1991
GREECE'S WEEKLY/41
JUL-17-91 WED 14:15
LAW LIB OF CONGRESS
FAX NO. 2027071820
P. 03
Kassandra's diary
The dispute between the
poration DEP from the com-
with his daily Epikerotita
Ambassador Jacques
owners of KathimerIni
pany Diamandouros Bros,
while it seems that in order
Thubau has expressed his
publishing group and the
representatives of the grain
to give a "better hand" will
concern for the way French
government continues and
group Cargill, which accor-
publish a new morning
companies were treated in
Is taking on dimensions of a
ding to the paper has
paper which will back the
the purchases of OTE - the
political thriller. The story
damaged the state with
government (to offset the
state-controlled telephone
goes this way. Kathimerini
several billion drachmas
damage of Kathimerini) call-
company. 1 am of the opi-
daily and "Sky" radio net-
because of the oil price fluc-
ed either Eleftheria
nion that should he have
work, were purchased by
tuations between the
(Freedom) or Anagnostis
acted on time as other am-
shipowner Aristides
delivery and the Invoicing
(Reader). The picture is im-
bassadors do, he would not
Alafouzos from the tem-
day. The issue, which under
plemented by the entrance
only have helped the French
porary administrator of
normal circumstances would
in the game of the Var.
company acquire for 24
"Gramml S.A." (the
have been considered a
dinoyannis group.
billion drs., a contract that
publishing company of the
regular oil transaction
two other companies ac-
fugitive bnaker George
(which sometimes results in
Growing problems are fac-
quired for more than 70
Koskotas,) Harry
profits and sometimes in
ed by the neofascist Moon
billion drs., but he would
Bousbourelis. A few days
losses) would have thus
publishing group (Greek
have also assisted certain
after Bousbourells was ap-
passed unnoticed, but was
News and Athens Shopper).
people from ending up in
pointed by Koskotas as ad-
given emphasis because one
After they were visited by
jall.
ministrator of the company,
of the members of the
tax auditors, they were also
the latter escaped to Latin
Diamandouros Bros com-
visited by the Labor office.
A few remarks about the
America and afterwards was
pany was a witness against
You see, It happens that if
arrested in the United
you employee a foreigner in
new, forthcoming scandal. It
Nikos Athanassopoulos (the
seems that against the opi-
States. Subsequently,
PASOK minister who babtiz-
"White Africa" you have to
nion of the Tourism Minister
Alafouzos had also rented
ed the Yugoslavian corn,
get him a working permit
Yannis Kefaloyannis, the
from Bousbourelis one
Greek and was jalled for
and pay for his Social
Ministry of Civilization has
building and some printing
smuggling it into the EEC),
Security contibutions.
cancelled a Tourlsm
facilities in order to publish
and consequently the oil
his daily. At the same time,
I read with Interest the
Organization project to
deal was Interpreted as a
Bank of Crete - which has
sort of compensation for the
high performances of British
develop the Anavyssos area,
where Instead of foreign in-
substantial claims over
services rendered in the
Airways. Seventy crew
vestment of $108 million for
"Grammi" (debts towards
Athanassopoulos trial
members died in the last
a tourist complex employing
the Bank exceeding by far
which, in our view, Is not
three years from AIDS while
the case. To the general
dozens of AIDS virus af-
800 people, an Athenian
the net worth of the com-
pany) - was trying to take
confusion and while a court
fected British Airways staff
horse riding course will be
built, so as not to lose track
under its control the
decision for the legitimacy
are flying domestic and
of our Byzantine roots
management of "Gramml"
of the Kathimerini and
European fligths. Another
where in the Ippodrome, the
but In spite of reasons pro-
"Sky" sales is due soon, the
high performance of the
bably related, the bank was
Eleftherotypia daily entered
company is that most of its
Blues (Veneti) were com-
not using very convincing
staff, is engaged in
peting against the Greens
Into the game supporting
arguments, and was losing
homosexual activities. Under
(Prassini). Yet, at the bottom
the government, and the
all the court cases called on
Kathimerini accused the
the circumstances British
line it might not be a scan-
dal, but a wise move, if you
the occasion. All except,
owner of Eleftherotypia Kit-
appears to be the safest
that of last week the ap-
airline. Indeed, who will
think that the only ensured
SOS Tegopoulos as not be-
income of the state
pointment of Harry
ing the owner of the paper
think to hijack a British
Bousbourelis was ruled il-
aircraft?
nowadays is the collection.
as he pretends to be, having
from Lotto and the national
legal (and thus all his ac-
sold it secretely to Socratis
tions including the sales of
Kokkalls. The latter is the
News from the Mayor of
lottery. Cash money for Yan-
nis Paleokrassas coming all
Kathimerini and "Sky", not
owner of the Intracom com-
"Baghdad" Antonis Tritsis.
to mention rent contracts), a
His latest peace initiative
from the underground
pany and is the man who
new administrator was ap-
achieved 50 years after the
actually found no followers.
economy.
pointed by the bank. The
civil war, national concilla-
After he solved all of
reaction of Alafouzos, who
tion in Greece, convincing
Athens' problems (garbage,
It is not a joke but real,
realizes that the next step
(he only knows how) all
pollution, traffic jams, etc.),
genuine conversation. "The
will be the nullification of
political leaders to unite and
he called all the EEC am-
governmment is acting not
the purchases he made from
was awarded huge contracts
bassadors in the office the
as a power administrator
"Grammi", came first in an
of the state-contolled
Municipality of Athens has
but like the administrator of
attack against all political
telephone company, over-
allowed him to use in order
a condominium apartment
leaders in the form of a
priced about 250-300% than
to discuss the problems of
building" a friend of mine,
commissioned opinion poll
current market prices. Of
the Middle East. Unfor-
- businessman - said to
which has shown that the
course Kokkalis, who
tunately only two am-
an other friend, - cabinet
majority of the Greeks are
besides being the owner of
bassadors, out of 12,
minister - but he was Inter-
convinced that all political
any company in Greece star-
appeared at the meeting,
rupted by a third friend who
leaders are thleves. Next
ting with the word Intra (I.e.
the French and the Italian.
asked the first, "You mean
came the revelation by
Intracom, intrasoft, Intratec,
All the others declined the
that they steal on crude
Kathimerini of a "scandal"
etc.), has taken advantage
honor.
oil?"
related to oll purchases by
of the opportunity to "give a
the Public Petroleum Cor-
hand" to the government
Rather late, the French
C
March 25, 1991
GREECE'S WEEKLY/7
JUL-17-91 WED 14:17
LAW LIB OF CONGRESS
FAX NO. 2027071820
P.04
NEWS BRIEFS
, verspaper
Strofades group of islands south of Zakyn-
From Eleftherotypla
thos (Zante).
Tsipiras, who is also spokesman for the
"Greek anti-hunting initiative", charged that
WHOM SHALL WE
dozens of hunters, among them prominent
CRUCIFY ? MITSOTAKIS
shipowners and industrialists using speed-
OR ANDREAS?
boats and private helicopters bearing forg-
ed "Olympic Airways" markings, were
responsible for the slaughter.
The Strofades group is the first point of ar-
(PAPANDREOU) IS THERE NO
rival for the turtle-doves as they migrate in
THIRD ROAD TO
the spring from North Africa to Europe.
"It is a disgrace to the Greek people," said
GOLGOTHA?
Tsipiras, stressing that the hunting period
ended on March 10.
"If the killing does not stop, we shall go
next week and confront the hunters
dynamically," Tsipiras said.
According to figures given at the press
conference, the ratio of one hunter for every
28 Greeks, or 3.5% of the population, is a
European record. The corresponding ratio
The first two explosions went off outside
tlement of the Cyprus problem.
for Spain is 1:39, Great Britain 1:162, Ger-
a bank branch on Drossopoulou and Ha-
The government spokesman made the
many 1:235 and Holland 1:445.
nion Streets in the Kypseli residential district
statement in reply to press questions on an
Also addressing the press conference,
and a third one at the Citibank branch on
interview with Cyprus President George
Carlo Consiglio, Professor of Zoology at the
Panormou Street in Ambelokipi.
Vassiliou which appeared in the Greek Sun-
University of Rome, said that Greece should
The blasts shattered windows in nearby
day newspaper To Vima.
shorten its hunting period or risk conviction
apartments and heavy damage to cars park-
by the European Court.
ed in the vicinity.
In the interview, Vassiliou said that Turkey
should improve its relations with the United
Consiglio said that in Italy and Greece,
No one immediately claimed responsibili-
"the scientific regulation of hunting is not
ty for the attacks, but police said an uniden-
States and Europe in order to pave the way
possible since many hunters are ignorant
for its future entry to the EC. He said that
tified woman telephoned a private radio
if Turkey adopted "what we call the Euro-
and unable to distinguish. between pro-
station warning that the bombs would go
pean way of life, this will be to the benefit
tected and unprotected species."
off, but gave no further details.
of our region".
He said that last year 18 million Italians
voted for the abolition of hunting in a
"The Greek government is not opposed
SMUGGLING
referendum which was however invalidated
to Turkey's European orientation, but it is
because the total number of voters was
up to Ankara to show its goodwill and take
lower than the compulsory 50%.
Captain cleared
those steps for the shaping of conditions for
Serge Boutinot, Professor of Biology and
a settlement of the Cyprus problem,"
A Danish ship's captain charged with smug-
Vice-President of the Anti-Hunting
spokesman Vyron Polydoras said, noting
gling arms through Greece was acquitted by
Organization of France, said that he was op-
that "the positions of Athens and Nicosia are
a Greek court on Monday, court sources
identical".
timistic about an end to hunting in his coun-
said.
try since "for the last 15 years the number
Erik Petersen, 45, was arrested and his
CYPRUS ISSUE
of hunters has continuously dropped while
396-ton Danish-registered ship Pegasus was
those opposed to hunting have increased."
confiscated on March 20 for carrying
In Greece however, according to Tsipiras,
Damanaki
through Greek waters 273 tons of explosives
the number of hunters is increasing.
and five containers of arms without Greek
Now that the Gulf war has ended and the
On the indirect results of hunting, Tsipiras
official permits.
said that hunters were responsible for
post-war agenda has opened, there is a uni-
The court acquitted Petersen saying the
polluting the Greek countryside with 5,600
que opportunity to activate international
ship's agent was responsible for getting per-
tons of lead annually, while between August
public opinion so that the Cyprus problem
mits for the arms, which had been sent by
may be solved on the basis of all the United
20, 1990 and March 10 this year, 19 persons
the British government to Hong Kong and
Nations resolutions, Coalition of the Left and
were killed and 70 injured in accidents.
Brunei.
Progress President Maria Damanaki said
TERRORISM:
Saturday on her return from a visit to
FOREIGN AFFAIRS
Cyprus.
Bombs
During her three-day stay in Cyprus, at the
Greece on Turkey
head of a Coalition delegation, Damanaki
Three bombs exploded outside two bran-
held talks with President George Vassiliou,
ches of the American Citibank at dawn Sun-
The Greek government said on Monday that
Archbishop Chrysostomos, President of the
it was not opposed to Turkey's European
day causing damage but without casualties,
House of Representatives Dr. Vassos
orientation but that it was up to Ankara to
police said.
Lyssarides and the leaders of the five
show goodwill and take steps towards a set-
parliamentary parties.
April 8, 1991
GREECE'S WEEKLY/43
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05 PAGES WERE SENT
(INCLUDING THIS COVER PAGE)
DICTIONARY
OF
QUOTATIONS
(Classical)
By THOMAS BENFIELD HARBOTTLE
11
With Author and Subject Indexes
FREDERICK UNGAR PUBLISHING CO.
NEW YORK
TEΓONAMEN-TENOT.
343
" Teyóvaµev yap πpòs ovvepyiav, ws πóδes, ins XEÎPES, ws βлéфара,
ws oi отоїхог Twv avw каì kátw oδóvtwv."
MARCUS AURELIUS. Quod sibi ipsi scripsit, II., 1.
"We are born for co-operation, like the feet, the hands, the eyelids, and
the upper and lower jaws."
'he Servant.)
" Гела δ δ µûpos, kãv TL un γєлоїоv n."
MENANDER. Monosticha, 108.
"The fool will laugh though there be nought to laugh at."
S. Way.)
" Гєлоїоv yàp, in δ' ős, TÓV γε фú́ака фú́akos δeîoΘai."
PLATO. Republic, III., 13. (Stephens, p. 403, E.)-(Glauco.)
"That a guardian should require another guardian to take care of him is
ridiculous indeed."-(Jowett.)
Watchman.)
ght;
" Téxws akaipos év ßротоîs δelvòv како́ѵ."
lumptre.)
MENANDER. Monosticha, 88.
"How terrible is ill-timed merriment."
.-(Chorus.)
" Téxws un πodùs EOTW, un Éπì πoAdoîs, undè áveluévos."
EPICTETUS. Enchiridion, XXIII., 4.
"Do not laugh much or often or unrestrainedly."
wsticha, 98.
" Tevvêvrás TE каì éktpéфovtas πaîδas, кадáтер Харлаба Tòv ßíov
πapaðiðóvtas allois & aXXwv."
3ns, δeotóras
PLATO. Laws, VI., 18. (Stephens, p. 776, B.)-(The Athenian.)
"They shall beget and rear children, handing on the torch of life from one
generation to another."-(Jowett.)
I., 6, 4, 92.)
station you will
" Tévolto kav èv Tipais ávnp."
SOPHOCLES. Fragment 718.
"Though one be poor his fame may yet stand high."-(Plumptre.)
ragment 105.
" Tévos ovδèv Eis "Ершта"
σoфín, трó́тоs πateital.
µóvov apyupov βXénovour."
ANACREON. Odes, XXIX. (XXVII., B), 5.
"Love for lineage nothing cares,
2.-(Orestes.)
Tramples wisdom under foot,
Worth derides, and only looks
For money."
" Tévous δ' énaivós ÉOTIV áopaléotaros
XXVII., 24.
KaT' avδp' éttalveîv, ÖOTLS âv δíkalos n
Tpóπous T' ăpiotos, TOÛTOV evyevn калеîv."
ASTYDAMAS. (Stobaeus, Florilegium, LXXXVI., 3.)
"Tis best the man to study ere you praise
nosticha, 81.
High lineage; in whome'er ye justice find
And righteousness, him call ye nobly born."
TTNH ПОЛТТЕЛНЕ-ДЕ TO.
349
"Tuvn πodutedns ÉOT' oxynpòv, ouδ' èa
STIV TÒV XaßóvΘ' ws Boúler'. áll' ěveotí TL
ayadòv àπ' aúrns, πaîδes. éXΘóvr' Eis vóσov
agment 29.
TOV ěxovra raúrnv étipedws,
áruxoûvte ovprapépeivev, áπođavóvta TE
¿даџе, ttepiéoteldev oikeíws."
MENANDER. Misogenes, Fragment 1, 7.
"How burdensome a wife extravagant;
Not as he would may he who's ta'en her live.
osticha, 99.
Yet this of good she has: she bears him children;
She watches o'er his couch, if he be sick,
With tender care; she's ever by his side
When Fortune frowns; and should he chance to die,
XVII., 14.)
The last sad rites with honour due she pays."
" Дакрибек yedáoaoa."
HOMER. Iliad, VI., 484.
"Smiling through tears."-(Lord Derby.)
δè отóµшоv ws veoluyns
πwdos Biásei каì πpòs nvías µáxel."
"ragment 5.
AESCHYLUS. Prometheus Vinctus, 1009.-(Hermes.)
"Like a colt
Fresh harnessed, thou dost champ thy bit, and strive
And fight against the reins."-(Plumptre.)
" Laipóvioe, TÍ δè kepδòs δ uvpíos čvδobi Xpvoòs
keluevos; oux words фpovéouou ovaous."
THEOCRITUS. Idylls, XVI., 22.
"Fools, what avail thy coffers brimming o'er
With gold ? not thus do wise men use their wealth."
agment 13.
" Дей γε πpòs µèv TOÙS oikeíous πpáous aúroùs eival, πpòs δè TOÙS
πodepíous халетойs."
PLATO. Republic, II., 15. (Stephens, p. 375, B.)-(Socrates.)
"They ought to be gentle to their friends and dangerous to their enemies."
-(Jowett.)
"Aєî δè XpnµáTwv, каì ävev TOÚTWV ovδèv EOTL yevéoðai Twv δεóvtwv."
-(Creon.)
DEMOSTHENES. Olynthiaca, I., 20.
"Money we must have, for without it we cannot accomplish any of our
1. S. Way.)
desires."
"Дей картереîv éπì TOiS πapovor каì Aappeiv πері Twv
ISOCRATES. Archidamus, XX., 48. (Stephens, p. 125, D.)
"We must meet our present troubles with fortitude, and be of good cheer
with regard to the future."
-(Medea.)
"Дей Tò βÉXTIOTOV áeì, un Tò paotov aπavras Xéyelv."
DEMOSTHENES. Chersonesus, 72.
S. Way.)
"It behoves us all to say what is best, not what is easiest."
420
MHAE OATEEINON-MHAEHOTE.
"Mnδè πodušeívov und açeivov калéебал."
HESIOD. Works and Days, 715.
"Be not too lavish nor too mean in hospitality."
"Mnδè Tpioi TOÎS ágvupopwtátois Tn àpxn, оїктш каì noovn loywv
каì èttieikeía åpapráveiv."
THUCYDIDES. History, III., 40, 2.
"Avoid the three errors which are most disastrous to empire, namely, pity,
placability, and clemency."
"Mnδè йтèр Tòv πóδa EOTW Tò "vróðnua."
LUCIAN. Pro Imaginibus, 10.
"Let not the shoe be too large for the foot."
"Mnδeís ME файлпу vouišétw
µnd' novxaíav, állà Aatépov трó́тоv,
Bapeiav ¿XOpois каì фíлouow evuevn."
EURIPIDES. Medea, 807.-(Medea.)
"Let none account me impotent, nor weak,
Nor meek of spirit ! Nay, in other sort,
Grim to my foes, and kindly to my friends." -(A. S. Way.)
"Mndeis Tà OEWV ovóoairo."
THEOCRITUS. Idylls, XXI. (XXVI.), 38.
"Let none blame things divine."
"Mnδèv åpapreîv ÉOTI θεwv."
DEMOSTHENES. De Corona, 289.
"Only the gods make no mistakes."
(Ek филооофías ěpnoev avrw πepiyeyovévai тò) Mₙδèv bavpágen."
PYTHAGORAS. (Plutarch, de Recta Audiendi Ratione, XIII.)
"It was through philosophy, he said, that he had come to be surprised at.
nothing."
"Mnδèv Xpnµárwv ěveka πpáttelv."
PERIANDER. (Diogenes Laertius, I., 7, 4, 97.)
"Do nothing for the sake of money."
"Mnδéπore Soûxov noovns σavròv TTOLEî.
Aáyvns yvaikós ÉOTIV ouk ávδpòs tóδε."
ANAXANDRIDES. Fabulae Incertae, Fragment 9.
"Ne'er make thyself a slave of pleasure; that
Befits a wanton woman, not a man."
"Mnδénore undèv aiσxpòv Tounjoas EXTTISE Anjoev. каì yap âv TOÙS
allous XáOns, oavrw ovvelδńoeis."
ISOCRATES. Ad Demonicum, IV., 16. (Stephens, p. 5, B.)
"If you do aught of which you are ashamed, hope not to hide it; 'for,
though you hide it from others, it will be known to your own
conscience."
460
OTAEN ANAPEIA-OTAEN O.
"Ovδèv ávδpeías Xpnsouev, éav πávtes wµev δíкагоi."
AGESILAUS. (Plutarch, Agesilai Apophthegmata, 3.) (190, F.)
"We should have no need of courage, if justice were universal."
"Ovδèv yap oiov apyupos
какòv vóuiou' ёвлаоте. тоûто каì πórels
πopΘєî. тóδ' avδpas égavíotnow δóµwv,
тóδ' ékδiδáokel каì πapaAAáooei pévas
xpnoràs, πpòs aioxpà πpáyµaΘ' їотаодал ßротши."
SOPHOCLES. Antigone, 295.-(Creon.)
"Nothing in use by man, for power of ill,
Can equal money. This lays cities low,
This drives men forth from quiet dwelling-place
This warps and changes minds of worthiest stamp
To turn to deeds of baseness. "-(Plumptre.)
"Ovδèv yàp ÉK TOÛ µndevòs ёрхетаі, шотер µnδ' Eis Tò ouk ôv аπép-
хетал." MARCUS AURELIUS. Quod sibi ipsi scripsit, IV., 4.
"Nothing proceeds from nothingness, as also nothing passes away into
non-existence."
"Ovδèv yàp oūTws ÉσTIV avOpwnois уликú
ws тойкЛаЛеîv та́Лóтріа."
MENANDER. Fabulae Incertae, Fragment 496.
"There's nothing gives more pleasure to mankind
Than chattering of other folk's affairs."
"Oûδèv yàp, ws фаµèv, µátnv n þúois πoleî."
ARISTOTLE. Politica, I., 2. (Cf. de Partibus Animalium, II., 13,
7, and IV., 12, 4.)
"Nature, as we say, does nothing without an object."
"Ovδév γε unv ёлеуе Tò πapáπav èv TW Biw xwpis a'oknows KaTop-
дойодаг, Suvarinv δè тайтпу πâv
DIOGENES. (Diogenes Laertius, VI., 2, 6, 71.)
"Nothing in life can be brought to perfection without care, which, indeed,
is capable of overcoming every obstacle."
"Ovδév ME AUTTEÎ µâ^Лov n xpnotòs трóπos
Eis халетòv őtav n ovykekdelopévos Biov."
MENANDER. Fabulae Incertae, Fragment 124.
"There's nothing sadder than a noble nature
Imprisoned in the bonds of a hard life."
"Ovδèv δ µáyelpos TOÛ толутой Siapépel.
δ voûs yáp ÉOTIV Ékatépw TOÚTWV Téxvn."
EUPHRON. Fabulae Incertae, Fragment 1, 15.
"Your true cook differs nothing from a poet;
For both have mind, and both-make it their trade to show it."
-(F. A. Paley.)
TE пот' AOHNAIAN-$ET, ФЕТ.
525
"Ev µèv cipnývn πapéxw Tà тéрπvа, év de πodépois veupa.
TWV πpášewv yívouai."
CRANTOR. (Sextus Empiricus, Adversus Ethicos, XI., 53.)
"In peace provide enjoyment, and in war become the sinews of:
action."
"Tòv πÀOÛTOV (ELTTE) veûpa праура́тши."
BION OF BORYSTHENES. (Diogenes Laertius, IV., 7, 3, 48.)
"Riches are the sinews of affairs."
"Tà xṕ́HaTa veupa TWV
CLEOMENES. (Plutarch, Cleomenes, XXVII.)
"Money is the sinews of affairs."
"Ys пот' 'AOnvaíav Epiv "npure."
THEOCRITUS. Idylls, V., 23.
"The SOW once was fain to rival Athene."
" Páppakov δè какши акест́ргоv, Anon."
APPIANUS. De Rebus Punicis, LXXXVIII.
"The drug that heals our sorrows, forgetfulness."
"Файдо Вротди yàp TOÛ πoveiv noowpevol
Oaveiv 'pwow."
AGATHON. (Aristotle, Ethica Eudemia, III., 1, 26.)
"Small men, by toil o'ercome, desire to die."
" Paúlov ávδpòs, када́тер kvvòs какой, µâlÀov беî Tip oryn, n Tip
DEMOPHILUS. Similitudines ex Pythagoreis, 9.
"From a mean man, as from a worthless dog, we would sooner have
silence than sound."
" Феû . TOÛ θavóvtos ws taxeîá TLS ßporoîs
Xápis Suppeî каì πрободо аліокетал."
SOPHOCLES. Ajax, 1266.--(Teucer.)
"Alas ! how soon the credit of the dead
Flits and is gone, and proves but treacherous stay." '-(Plumptre.)
"Феû, феû, TÒ puval πatpòs evyevous ăπo
öonv EXEL фpó́vₙow açíwuá TE.
kav yap πévns wr Tvyxávn XPNOTÒS yeyws,
runing EXEL Tív', ávapetpoúpevos δé πws
TÒ TOÛ πarpòs yevvaiov шфелеї тро́тш."
EURIPIDES. Temenidae, Fragment 15.
"Lo, how a man gains credit and renown,
If he but be of noble parents born !
Though he be poor, yet if of high descent
His rank's assured, and his own character
He purifies by taking as his measure
His sire's nobility."
524
TMNOI ДE-TПOTETMHTAI.
""Yuvoi δè каì áðavárwv yépas airw."
THEOCRITUS. Idylls, XVII., 8.
"Song doeth honour even to the gods."
"Yπv' ódvvas àdans, UTIVE δ' ålyéwv,
evadès nuiv EXдois,
evaíwv evaíwv, was." SOPHOCLES. Philoctetes, 827.-(Chorus.)
"Come, blowing softly, Sleep, that know'st not pain,
Sleep, ignorant of grief,
Come softly, surely, kingly Sleep, and bless."-(Plumptre.)
"Xπve, avaç Távrov TE AEwv, πávrov T' åvΘpwπwv."
HOMER. Iliad, XIV., 233.
"Sleep, universal king of gods and men. "-(Lord Derby.)
"Ynvos yàp δₙ πodùs OŪTE TOÎS owpaow OUTE raîs nuwv,
ovd ai raîs πpáźeoi Tais πері тайта πávra åppórrov éσTÌ катà
фúow."
PLATO. Laws, VII., 13. (Stephens, p. 808, B.)-(The Athenian.)
"Much sleep is not required by nature, either for our souls or bodies, or
for the'actions in which they are concerned."-(Jowett.)
""Yπvos δè ráons éσTìv vyíeia vóσov."
MENANDER. Monosticha, 522.
"Sleep is a remedy for every ill."
"Avárávois ÉOTL TWV какши πávtwv UTVOS."
MENANDER. Monosticha, 596.
"From every ill sleep doth some respite bring."
""Yπvos Tà µикрà TOÛ Aavárov uvotnpia."
MNESIMACHUS. Fabula Incerta, Fragment.
"Sleep, the lesser mysteries of death."
"Yπò yàp Xóywv δ voûs TE
étaíperaí T' avApwros."
ARISTOPHANES. Aves, 1447.-(Peisthetaerus.)
"For both the mind by words is elevated,
And man exalted."-(Wheelwright.)
(Tnv πapoiuíav δ énaivê,
TNV πadaiav) йπò XíA₂ γàp
πavrí TOU XPn
µₙ δákn prótwp abpeîv."
ARISTOPHANES. Thesmophoriazusae, 527.-(Chorus.)
"I praise the wisdom
Of that old proverb- Under every stone
"Tis right to peep, lest in some secret corner,
Ready to bite you, lurk an orator "(Wheelwright.)
"Yπorétuntal Tà veupa TWV прауна́тши."
DEMOSTHENES. (Aeschines, In Ctesiphontem, 166.)
"The sinews of affairs are severed."
GREEK CONSTITUTION
THE LIBRARY
OF CONGRESS
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GREECE
n
War I.
(
nstit-
1940.
CONSTITUTIONS
len-
OF THE
pare.
of
COUNTRIES
OF THE
ag
WORLD
tary
Editors
ALBERT P. BLAUSTEIN & GISBERT H. FLANZ
Greece.
(
81
GREECE
Le
Le
by GISBERT H. FLANZ
Constitutional Chronology 1975-1988
the
by GISBERT H. FLANZ & LOUIS PAGONIS
L and
Translation of the Amended Text of the Constitution
Revised and Updated by LOUIS PAGONIS
Issued December 1988
Oceana Publications, Inc.
Dobbs Ferry, New York
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THE PRESIDENT
OF THE GREEK REPUBLIC
Pursuant to Resolution No 12 of the Fifth Revisionary Parliament of the Hellenes on
athe enactment and putting into force of the country's new Constitution», dated 7th
June 1975, we decide:
A. The publication in the Government Gazette of the final Constitution of Greece, pur
into force on the basis of this Resolution, and which is as follows:
THE CONSTITUTION OF GREECE
IN THE NAME OF THE HOLY AND CONSUBSTANTIAL AND INDIVISIBLE TRINITY
THE FIFTH REVISIONARY PARLIAMENT OF THE HELLENES
RESOLVES
synodal canons and sacred tradi-
PART ONE
tions. It is autocephalous and is
administered by the Holy Synod of
BASIC PROVISIONS
serving Bishops and the Permanent
Holy Synod originating thereof and
SECTION I
assembled as specified by the Statu-
THE FORM OF GOVERNMENT
tory Charter of the Church in com-
pliance with the provisions of the
Article 1
Patriarchal Tome of 29 June 1850
and the Synodal Act of 4 September
1. The form of government of
1928.
Greece is that of a parliamentary
republic.
2. The ecclesiastical regime existing
2. The sovereignty of the People is
in certain districts of the State shall
the foundation of Government.
not be deemed contrary to the pro-
8. All powers are derived from the
visions of the preceding paragraph.
People and the Nation; they shall
3. The text of the Holy Scripture
be exercised as specified by the
shall be maintained unaltered Of-
Constitution.
ficial translation of the text into any
other form of language, without
Article 2
prior sanction by the Autocephalous
1. Respect and protection of the
Church of Greece and the Great
value of the human being constitutes
Church of Christ in Constantinople,
the primary obligation of the State.
is prohibited.
2. Greece, adhering to the generally
acknowledged rules of international
law, pursues the strengthening of
peace, and of justice and the de-
velopment of friendly relations be-
tween peoples and States.
PART TWO
SECTION 11
INDIVIDUAL AND SOCIAL RIGHTS
RELATIONS
Article 4
OF CHURCH AND STATE
1. All Greeks are equal before law.
Article 3
2. Greek men and women have equal
rights and equal obligations.
1. The prevailing religion in Greece
8. All persons possessing the quali-
is that of the Eastern Orthodox
fications for citizenship as specified
Church of Christ. The Orthodox
by law are Greek citizens. Withdraw-
Church of Greece, acknowledging our
at of Greek citizenship shall be
Lord Jesus Christ as its head, is
permitted only in case of voluntary
inseparably united in doctrine with
acquisition of another citizenship or
the Great Church of Christ in Con-
of undertaking service in 2 foreign
stantinople and with every other
country contrary to the national
Church of Christ of the same doc.
interests, under the conditions and
trine, observing unwaveringly, as
procedure more specifically provid-
they do, the holy apostolic and
ed by law.
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4. Only Greek citizens shall be eli-
2. A person who is arrested while
gible for public service, except as
committing a criminal act or on a
otherwise provided by special laws.
warrant shall be brought before the
5. Greek citizens contribute without
competent examining magistrate
distinction to public charges in pro-
within twenty-four hours of his
portion to their means.
arrest at the latest; should the arrest
6. Every Greek capable of bearing
be made outside the seat of the
arms is obliged to contribute to the
examining magistrate, within the
defence of the Fatherland as provid-
shortest time required to transfer
ed by law.
him thereto. The examining magis-
7. Titles of nobility or distinction
trate must within three days from
are neither conferred upon Greek
the day the person was brought to
citizens nor recognized.
him either release the detaines or
issue a warrant of imprisonment.
Article 5
Upon application of the person
brought to him or in case of force
1. Every person shall have the right
majeure confirmed by decision of
to develop freely its personality and
the competent judicial council, this
to participate in the social, economic
time-limit shall be extended by two
and political life of the country, in-
days.
sofar as it does not infringe upon the
3. Should either of these time-limits
rights of others or violate the Con-
elapse before action has been taken,
stitution and moral values.
any warden or other officer, civil or
2. All persons living within the
military servant, responsible for the
Greek territory shall enjoy full pro-
detention of the arrested person
tection of their life, honour and free-
must release it immediately. Non-
dom, irrespective of nationality, race
compliants shall be punished for il-
or language and of religious or polit-
legal detention and shall be liable to
ical beliefs. Exceptions shall be per-
restore any damage caused to the
milted only in cases provided for
sufferer and to compensate him
by international law.
with an amount of money for moral
The extradition of aliens proseculed
damage, as specified by law.
for their action as freedom-fighters
4. The maximum duration of deten-
shall be prohibited.
tion pending trial shall be specified
3. Personal liberty is inviolable. No
by law; such detention may not
one shall be prosecuted, arrested,
exceed a period of one year in the
imprisoned or otherwise confined
case of felonies or six months in
except when and as the law provides.
the case of misdemeanours. In en-
4. Individual administrative mea-
tirely exceptional cases, the maxi-
sures restrictive of the free move-
mum durations may be extended
ment or residence in the country and
by six or three months respectively,
of the free exit and entrance therein
by decision of the competent judicial
of every Greek shall be prohibited.
council.
Such measures may be Imposed In
exceptional cases of emergency and
only in order to prevent the commit-
Article 7
ment of punishable acts, following
a criminal court ruling as specified
1. There shall be no crime, nor shall
by law. In extremely urgent cases the
punishment be inflicted unless spec-
ruling may be issued after the ad-
ified by law in force prior to the
ministrative measure has been im-
perpetration of the act, defining the
posed and within three days at the
constitutive elements of the act. In
latest, otherwise it is lifted ipso jure.
no case shall punishment heavier
of that specified at the time of the
Interpretative clause;
perpetration of the act be inflicted.
Paragraph 4 does not preclude the
2. Torture, any bodily injury, im-
prohibition of exit from the country
pairment of health or the use of
for persons being proseculed on crim-
psychological violence, as well as
inal charges by act of the public
any other offence against human
proseculor, or the imposition of mea.
dignity, are prohibited and puni-
sures necessary for the protection of
shed as provided by law.
public health or the health of sick per-
3. General confiscation of property
sons, as specified by law.
is prohibited. The death sentence
shall not be imposed for political
Article 6
crimes, unless these are composite.
4. A law shall provide for the condi-
1. No person shall be arrested or
tions under which the State, follow-
imprisoned without a reasoned ju-
ing a judicial decision, shall indemni-
dicial warrant which must be served
fy persons unjustly or illegally con-
at the moment of arrest or detention
victed, detained pending trial, or
pending trial, except when caught
otherwise deprived of their personal
while committing a criminal act.
liberty.
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Article 8
substantial provision of its statutes,
except by court judgement.
No person shall against its will be
3. The provisions of the preceding
deprived of the judge assigned to
him by law.
paragraph shall apply as the case
may be, to unions of persons not
Judicial committees or special courts,
constituting an association.
under any name whatsoever, shall
not be constituted.
4. Restrictions on the right of civil
servants to associate may be impos-
Article 9
ed by law. Restrictions on this right
may also be imposed on employees
1. Every person's home is a sanctu-
of local government agencies or
ary. Personal and family life of the
other public law corporate bodies or
individual is inviolable. No house
public corporations.
search shall be made except when
5. Agricultural and urban coopera-
and as specified by law and always
tives of all types shall be self-govern-
in the presence of representatives
ed according to the provisions of the
of the judicial power.
law and of their statutes; they shall
2. Non-compliants to the preceding
be under the protection and super-
provision shall be punished for vio-
vision of the State, which is obliged
lating the sanctuary of the home and
to provide for their development.
for abuse of power, and shall be Lia-
6. Establishment by law of com-
ble to full damages to the sufferer,
pulsory cooperatives serving pur-
as specified by law.
poses of common benefit or public
interests or common exploitation
Article 10
of farming areas or other wealth
producing sources shall be permit-
1. Each person, acting on his own
ted, on condition however that the
or together with others, shall have
equal treatment of all participants
the right, observing the laws of the
shall be assured.
State, to apply in writing to public
authorities, who shall be obliged to
Article 13
take prompt action in accordance
with provisions in force, and to give
1. Freedom of religious conscience is
a written and reasoned reply to the
inviolable. Enjoyment. of individual
applicant as provided by law.
and civil rights does not depend on
the Individual's religious beliefs.
2. Prosecution of an applicant for
punishable acts contained in the ap-
2. All known religions shall be free
plication shall be permitted after
and their rites of worship shall be
performed unhindered and under the
the final decision of the authority to
protection of law. The practice of
which the application was addressed
rites of worship is not allowed to
has been served and permission of
offend public order or moral prin-
this authority has been obtained.
ciples. Proselytism is prohibited.
3. A request for information shall
3. The ministers of all known reli-
oblige the competent authority to
gions shall be subject to the same
reply, provided the law thus stip-
supervision by the State and to the
ulates.
same obligations toward it as those
of the prevailing religion.
Article 11
4. No person shall be exempted
1. Greeks shall have the right to
from discharging its obligations to
the State or may refuse to comply
assemble peaceably and unarmed.
with the laws by reason of its reli-
2. The police may be present only
glous convictions.
at open-air public assemblies. Open-
5. No oath shall be Imposed except
air assemblies may be prohibited by
by law determining the form the-
a reasoned police authority decision
reof.
in general if a serious threat to
public security is imminent and, in
Article 14
a specific area, if a serious disturb-
ance of social and economic life is
1. Every person may express and
threatened, as specified by law.
diffuse his thoughts orally, in writing
and through the press in compliance
Article 12
with the laws of the State.
1. Greeks shall have the right to
2. The press is free: Censorship and
all other preventive measures are
form non-profit associations and
unions, in compliance with the law,
prohibited.
which, however, may never subject
3. The seizure of newspapers and
the exercise of this right to prior per-
other publications before or after
mission.
circulation is prohibited.
2. An association may not be dis-
Seizure by order of the public prose-
solved for violation of the law or of
cutor shall be allowed exceptionally
after circulation and in case of:
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a. an offence against the Christian or
qualitative level of programs shall
any other known religion;
be assured in consideration of their
b. an insult against the person of the
social mission and the cultural devel-
President of the Republic;
opment of the country.
c. a publication which discloses in-
formation on the composition, equip-
Article 16
ment and set-up of the armed forces
or the fortifications of the country,
1. Art and science, research and
or which aims at the violent over-
teaching shall be free and their devel-
throw of the regime or is directed
opment and promotion shall be an
against the territorial integrity of
obligation of the State. Academic
the State;
freedom and freedom of teaching
d. an obscene article obviously of.
shall not exempt anyone from his
fensive to public decency, in the
duty of allegiance to the Constitu-
cases stipulated by law.
tion.
4. In all cases specified under the
2. Education constitutes a basic
preceding paragraph, the public
mission for the State and shall aim
prosecutor must, within twenty-four
at the moral, intellectual, professional
hours from the seizure, submit the
and physical training of Greeks, the
case to the judicial council which,
development of national and religi-
within the next twenty-four hours,
ous conscience and at their forma-
must rule whether the seizure is to
tion as free and responsible citizens.
be maintained or lifted; otherwise
3. The number of years of compul-
it shall be lifted ipso jure. An appeal
sory education shall not be less than
and a recourse to the supreme Court
nine.
may be launched by the publisher of
4. All Greeks are entitled to free
the newspaper or other printed mat-
education on all levels at State edu-
ter seized and by the public prose-
cational institutions. The State shall
cutor.
provide financial assistance to those
5. The manner in which full retrac-
who distinguish themselves, as well
tion shall be made in cases of inaccu-
as to students in need of assistance
rate publications shall be determined
or special protection, in accordance
by law.
with their abilities.
6. After at least three convictions
5. Education at university level
within five years for punishable acts
shall be provided exclusively by in-
defined under paragraph 3, the
stitutions which are fully self-gov-
court shall order the definite ban or
erned public law corporate bodies.
the temporary suspension of publi-
These institutions shall operate
cation of the printed matter and, in
under the supervision of the State
severe cases, shall prohibit the con-
and are entitled to financial assist-
victed person from practising the
ance thereof; they shall operate on
profession of journalist as specified
the basis of their statutory laws.
by law. The ban or suspension of
Merging of splitting of university
publication shall be effective as of
level institutions may take place
the date the court order becomes ir-
notwithstanding any contrary pro-
revocable.
visions, as a law shall provide. A
7. Press offences shall be subject to
special law shall define all matters
immediate court hearing and shall
pertaining to student associations
be tried as provided by law.
and the participation of students
therein.
8. The conditions and qualifications
requisite for the practice of the pro-
6. Professors of university level in-
fesion of journalist shall be specified
stitutions shall be public officers.
by law.
The remaining teaching personnel
9. The law may specify that the
likewise perform a public function,
means of financing newspapers and
under the ditions specified by law.
perjodicals should be disclosed.
The statutes of respective institu-
tions shall define matters relating
to the status of all the above.
Article 15
Professors of university level Insti-
1. The protective provisions for the
tutions shall not be dismissed prior
press in the preceding article shall
to the lawful termination of their
not be applicable to films, sound re-
term of service, except in the case of
cordings, radio, television, or any
the substantial provisions under arti-
other similar medium for the trans-
cle 88 paragraph & and following a
mission of speech or images.
decision by a council whose ma-
2. Radio and television shall be
jority is constituted by highest
under the Immediate control of the
judicial functionaries, as specified
State and shall aim at the objective
by law.
transmission, on equal terms, of in-
The retiring age of professors of uni-
formation and news reports as well
versity level institutions shall be
as works of literature and art; the
defined by law; until such law is is-
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sued professors on active service
Prior to payment of the final or pro.
shall retire ipso jure at the end of
visional compensation determined
the academic year at which they
by the court, all rights of the owner
have reached the age of sixty.
shall be maintained intact and oc-
seven.
cupation of the property shall not be
7. Professional and any other form
allowed.
of special education shall be provid-
Compensation in the amount deter-
ed by the State, through schools of
mined by the court must in all cases
a higher level and for a time period
be paid within one and one-half
not exceeding three years, as specif-
years at the Ialest from the date of
ically provided by law which also
promulgation of the decision regard-
defines the professional rights of
ing provisional determination of
graduates of such schools.
compensation payable and in cases
8. The conditions and terms for
of a direct request for the final deter-
granting a license for the establish-
mination of compensation, from the
ment and operation of schools not
date of promulgation of the court
owned by the State, the supervision
ruling, otherwise the expropriation
of such and the professional status
shall be revoked ipso jure. The com-
of teaching personnel therein shall
pensation as such is exempt from
be specified by law.
any taxes, deductions or fees.
The establishment of university in-
5. A law provides for cases of com-
stitutions by private persons is pro-
pulsory compensation of the benefi-
hibited.
ciaries for lost income from expro-
9. Sports shall be under the protec-
priated property until the time of
tion and the ultimate supervision of
payment of the compensation.
the State.
6. In the case of execution of works
The State shall make grants to and
serving the public benefit or for the
shall control all types of sporting
benefit of the economy of the coun-
associations, as specified by law. The
try,a law may allow the State to ex-
use of grants, in accordance with the
propriate other additional zones be-
purpose of the associations receiving
yond the areas necessary for the
them shall also be specified by law.
construction of the works. The said
law shall specify the prerequisite
Article 17
conditions and terms of such expro-
priation as well as the manner of
1. Property is protected by the
disposal for public or public utili-
State; rights deriving therefrom,
ties purposes in general of areas
however, may not be exercised con-
expropriated in excess of those PO-
trary to public interest.
quired for the works under cons-
truction.
2. No one shall be deprived of his
property except for the public bene-
7. The digging of underground tun-
fit, which must be duly proven, when
nels at the required depth without
and as specified by law and always
compensation, may be allowed by
following full compensation cor-
law for the execution of works of
responding to the value of the SI-
evident public utility for the State,
propriated property at the time of
public law corporate bodies, local
the court hearing on the provisional
government agencies, public utility
determination of compensation. In
agencies and public enterprises, on
cases in which a request for the final
condition that theusual exploitation
determination of compensation is
of the property situated above shall
made, the value at the time of the
not be hindered.
court bearing of the request shall be
considered.
Article 18
3. Any change in the value of 8X.
propriated property occurring after
1. The ownership and disposal of
promulgation of the act of expro-
mines, quarries, caves, archaeological
priation and resulting exclusively
sites and treasures, mineral, running
therefrom shall not be taken into
and underground waters and under-
account.
ground resources in general shall be
4. Compensation shall in all cases be
regulated by special laws.
determined by civil courts. Such
2. The ownership, exploitation and
compensation may also be determin-
administration of lagoons and large
ed provisionally by the court after
lakes, as well as of the general dis-
hearing or summoning the beneficia-
posal of areas resulting from the
ry, who may be obliged, at the dis-
draining thereof, shall be regulated
cretion of the court, to furnish B
by law.
commensurate guarantee for collect-
ing the compensation as provided
3. Requisitions of property for the
needs of the armed forces in case of
by law.
war or mobilization, or for the pur-
23
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pose of facing an immediate social
cation shall be absolutely inviolable.
emergency that may endanger public
The guarantees under which the ju-
order or health shall be regulated by
dicial authority shall not be bound
special law.
by thesecrecy for reasons of national
4. Redistribution of agricultural a.
security or for the purpose of Inves-
reas for the purpose of exploiting the
tigating especially serious crimes,
land more profitably, as well as the
shall be specified by law.
adoption of measures to prevent
Article 20
excessive parcelling or to facilitate
rehabilitation of small parcelled
farm holdings, shall be allowed in
1. Every person shall be entitled 10
receive legal protection by the courts
accordance with the procedure spec-
ified by special law.
and may plead before them his views
concerning his rights or interests, as
5. In addition to the cases specified
specified by law.
in the preceding paragraphs, any
other deprivation of the free use and
2. The right of a person to a prior
usufruct of property required owing
hearing shall also be enforced in any
to special circumstances may be
administrative action or measure
provided for by law. The law shall
adopted at the expense of his rights
specify the obliger and the pro-
or interests.
cedure of payment to the obligee of
Article 21
the equivalent for the use or usu-
fruct, which must be commensurate
to conditions prevailing on each
1. The family, as the foundation of
occasion.
the preservation and the advance.
ment of the Nation, as well as mar-
Measures imposed in accordance with
riage, motherhood and childhood,
this paragraph shall be lifted as soon
shall be under the protection of the
as the special reasons that required
State.
them shall have ceased to exist. In
case of undue prolongation of the
2. Families with many children,
measures, the Council of State shall
persons disabled in war and peace-
decide on their revocation, by cate-
time victims, war widows and or-
gories of cases, upon recourse by any
phans, as well as persons suffering
person having a legitimate interest.
from incurable bodily or mental dis-
ease are entitled to the special care
6. A law may regulate the disposal
of the State.
of abandoned lands for the purpose
3. The State shall care for the health
of revalorizing them to the benefit
of citizens and shall adopt special
of the national economy and the re-
measures for the protection of youth,
habilitation of destitute farmers. The
same law shall provide for the mat-
old age, the disabled and for the re-
ters of partial or full compensation
lief of the needy.
of owners, in case of their reappear.
4. The acquisition of a home by the
ance within a reasonable time limit.
homeless or those inadequately shel-
tered shall constitute an object of
7. Joint compulsory ownership of
special State care.
adjoining properties in urban areas
may be introduced by law If inde-
Article 22
pendent rebuilding on the said pro.
perties or some of them does not
conform with the operative or
1. Work constitutes a right and
prospective building regulations in
shall enjoy the protection of the
the area.
State, which shall care for the estab-
lishment of conditions of employ-
8. Farmlands belonging to the Patri-
ment for all citizens and of the moral
archal Monasteries of Aghia Anasia-
and material advancement of the
sia Pharmacolytria in Chalkidiki, of
rural and urban working population.
Vlatadhes in Thessaloniki and loan-
All working people, irrespective of
nis the Evangelist Theologos in Pat-
sex or other distinctions, shall be
mos, but not the dependencies the-
entitled to equal pay for work of
reof, cannot be subject to expropria-
equal value rendered.
tion. Likewise the property in Greece
of the Patriarchates of Alexandria,
2. General working conditions shall
Antiocheia and Jerusalem and that
be determined by law, supplemented
of the Holy Monastery of Mount
by collective labour agreements con-
Sinai cannot be subject to expro-
tracted through free negotiations
priation.
and, in case of the failure thereof; by
rules stipulated by arbitration.
Article 19
3. Any form of compulsory work is
Secrecy of letters and all other forms
prohibited.
of free correspondence or communi-
Special laws shall determine the re-
quisition of personal services in case
24
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80 'd
able.
e ju-
bund
of war or mobilization or to face
pansion of towns and residential
one!
defence needs of the country or
areas in general shall be under the
Ives-
urgent social emergencies resulting
regulatory authority and the control
mes,
from disasters or liable to endanger
of the State, in the aim of serving
public health, as well as the offer
the functionalism and the develop-
of personal work to local government
ment of settlements and of safegu-
agencies to satisfy local needs.
arding the best possible living con-
4. The State shall care for the social
ditions.
d to
security of the working people, as
3. For the purpose of designating an
urls
specified by law.
area as residential and of activating
lews
its town plans, property included
as
Interpretative clause:
therein must participate, without
The general working conditions com-
compensation from the respective
rior
prise the definition of the manner of
agencies, in the disposal of land nec-
collection and the obligation to collect
essary for the creation of roads,
any
and return to trade unions member-
squares and public utility areas in
ture
general, and in contributing the
this
ship fees, specified in their respective
expenses for the execution of basic
statutes.
public utility town planning works,
as specified by law.
Article 23
4. The law may provide for the
1 of
1. The State shall adopt due mea-
participation of property owners of
sures safeguarding trade union free-
an area designated as residential in
ice.
dom and the unhindered exercise of
the revalorisation and general ac-
iar-
od,
related rights hereto within the
commodation of that area OD the
the
limits of the law, against any in-
basis of an approved town plan, in
fringement.
exchange for real estate of horizon-
2. Strike constitutes a right, and is
tal storeys of equal value, in the
en,
exercised by lawfully established
area that shall finally be designated
as suitable for construction or the
ice-
trade unions in order to protect and
buildings of such areas.
or.
promote the financial and the gen-
ing
eral labour interests of the working
5. The provisions of the preceding
3is-
people.
paragraph shall also be applicable
are
Strikes under any form whatsoever
in the rehabilitation of existing re.
are prohibited in the case of judicial
sidential areas. Spaces remaining
functionaries and those serving in
free after rehabilitation shall be dis-
Jth
Tal
the security corps.' The right to
posed for the creation of common
strike shall be subject to the specific
utility areas or shall be sold to cover
th,
limitations of the law regulating this
expenses incurred forthe town-plan-
re-
right in the case of public servants
ning rehabilitation, as specified by
law.
and employees of local government
the
agencies and of public law corpo-
6. Monuments and traditional areas
el-
rate bodies as well as in the case of
and elements shall be under the
of
the employees of all types of enter-
protection of the State. A law shall
prises of public nature or of public
provide for measures restrictive of
utility, the operation of which is
private ownership deemed necessary
of vital importance in serving the
for protection thereof, as well as
basic needs of the social entity. These
for owners.
nd
limitations cannot be carried to the
he
point of abolishing the right to strike
Article 25
b.
or hindering the legal exercise of
y.
this right.
1. The rights of man as an indivi-
dual and as member of the social
al
he
Article 24
entity are guaranteed by the State
and all agents of the State shall be
n.
1. The protection of the natural and
obliged to ensure their unhindered
of
cultural environment constitutes a
exercise.
be
duty of the State. The State is bound
2. Recognition and protection of the
of
to adopt special preventive or re-
fundamental and inalienable rights
pressive measures for the preserva-
of man by the State alms at the
all
tion of the environment. Matters
achievement of social progress in
ed
pertaining to the protection of forests
freedom and justice.
and forest areas in general shall be
è
3. Abusive exercise of rights is not
regulated by law. Alteration of the
as
permitted.
use of State forests and State forest
y
4. The State shall have the right to
areas is prohibited, except where
claim of all citizens to fulfill the
agricultural development or other
is
uses imposed for the public interest
duty of social and national solidar-
prevail for the national economy.
ity.
e-
2. The master plan restructuring of
se
the country, and the reshaping, de-
velopment, town planning and ex-
25
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PART THREE
interest, does not infringe upon the
rights of man and the foundations
ORGANIZATION
of democratic government and is
effected on the basis of the principles
AND FUNCTIONS
of equality and under the condition
of reciprocity.
OF THE STATE
Article 29
1. Greek citizens possessing the right
SECTION I
to vote may freely found and join
political parties, the organization
STRUCTURE OF THE STATE
and activity of which must serve the
free functioning of democratic gov-
ernment.
Article 26
Citizens who have not yet acquired
1. Legislative power shall be vested
the right to vote may participate in
in Parliament and the President of
youth sections of parties.
the Republic.
2. The financial support of parties
2. Executive power shall be vested
by the State and the publicity of
in the President of the Republic and
electoral expenses of parties and
the Government.
parliamentary candidates may be
provided by law.
3. Judicial power shall be vested in
8. Manifestations of any nature
the courts of law, the judgements of
whatsoever in favour of political
which shall be executed in the name
parties are absolutely prohibited to
of the Greek People.
judicial functionaries, the military
Article 27
in general, members of the security
corps and public servants, as well
1. No change In the boundaries of
as the operative activities in favour
the State can be made without a law
of a party to employees of public
passed by the absolute majority of
law corporate bodies, public enter-
the total number of members of
prises and local government agencies.
Parliament.
2. Foreign military forces are not
acceptable in the Greek territory,
SECTION II
nor may they remain in or traverse
IL, except as provided by law voted
THE PRESIDENT
by the absolute majority of the total
OF THE REPUBLIC
number of members of Parliament.
Article 28
Chapter One
1. The generally acknowledged rules
Election of the President
of international law, as well as inter-
national conventions as of the time
Article 30
they are sanctioned by law and be-
come operative according to the
1. The President of the Republic
conditions therein shall be an integ-
adjusts the function of the institu-
ral part of domestic Greek law and
tions of the Republic. He shall be
shall prevail over any contrary pro-
vision of the law. The enforcement of
elected for a term of five years, as
specified in articles 32 and 33.
the rules of international law and of
International conventions to aliens
2. The office of the President shall
does always depend on the condi-
be incompatible with any other of-
tion of reciprocity.
fice, position or function.
2. To serve an important national
3. The presidential tenure com-
interest and promote cooperation
mences upon the swearing in of the
with other States authorities under
President.
the Constitution may be vested by
4. In case of war, the presidential
& convention or agreement In agen-
tenure shall be extended until ter-
cies of an international organization.
mination of the war.
A majority of three-fifths of the
5. Re-election of the same person
total number of members of Parlia-
28 President is permitted only once.
ment shall be necessary to vote the
law sanctioning the treaty or agree-
Article 31
ment.
3. Greece shall freely proceed by law
A person is eligible to the presidency
voted by the absolute majority of
if, as the descendant of a Greek fa-
the total number of members of
ther, he has been a Greek citizen for
Parliament, to limit the exercise of
at least five years; has attained
national sovereignty, insofar as this
the age of forty and is legally en-
is dictated by an important national
titled to vote.
26
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he
18
is
Article 32
5. Should Parliament be absent, a
special session shall be convened to
1. The President of the Republic
elect the President of the Republic,
shall be elected by Parliament
as specified in paragraph 4.
through secret ballot in a special
In the event of a dissolution in what-
session called for the purpose by the
ever way of Parliament, the election
speaker at least one month before
of the President of the Republic
it
the expiration of the tenure of the
shall be postponed until the new
n
incumbent President, as specified
Parliament shall have been constitu-
n
by the Standing Orders.
ted as 8 body and within twenty days
e
In case of definite Incapacity of the
at the latest thereof, as specified in
President of the Republic to dis-
paragraphs 3 and 4 and in adherence
charge his duties as specified in
with the provisions of paragraph 4
d
paragraph 2 of article 34, as well as
of article 34.
n
in case of his resignation, death, or
6. Should the procedure specified
removal from office in accordance
under the preceding paragraphs for
is
with the provisions of the Consti-
the election of a new President not
if
tution, Parliament shall be assem-
be completed in time, the Incumbent
d
bled to elect a new President within
President of the Republic shall con-
e
ten days at the latest from the
tinue the discharge of his duties even
premature termination of the tenure
after his term of office has expired,
e
of office by the previous President.
until a new President of the Repub-
d
2. The election of a President shall
lic shall be elected.
0
in all cases be made for a full term.
y
3. The person receiving a two-thirds
Interpretative clause:
y
majority of the total number of
A President of the Republic who has
members of Parliament is elected
resigned prior to the expiration of his
r
President of the Republic.
tenure may not be a candidate in the
c
In the event of said majority
elections resulting from his resignation.
not being attained, the ballot is re-
peated after five days.
Article 33
Should the second ballot fail to
1. The President elect shall enter
attain the required majority, the
office on the day following the expi-
ballot shall once more be repeated
ration of the term of the outgoing
after five days; the person receiving
President or, in all other cases, on
& three-fifths majority of the total
the day following his election.
number of members of Parliament
2. Before entering office, the Presi-
shall be elected President of the
dent of the Republic shall take the
Republic.
following oath before Parliament:
6. Should the third ballot fall to
«I do swear in the name of the Holy
attain the said raised majority, Par-
and Consubstantial and Indivisible
liament shall be dissolved within ten
Trinity to guard the Constitution
days and elections for a new Parlia-
and the laws, to care for faithful
ment shall be called. The appropriate
observance thereof, to defend the
decree shall be signed only by the
national independence and territo-
incumbent President of the Repub-
rial integrity of the Country, to pro-
lic and If such does not exist by the
tect the rights and liberties of the
Speaker in his capacity as acting
Greeks and to serve the general
President.
interests and progress of the Greek
As soon as Parliament thus elected
People.n
shall have been constituted as & body,
3. A law shall provide for the civil
it shall proceed through secret ballot
list of the President of the Republic
to elect the President of the Repu-
and the functioning of services nec-
blic by a three-fifths majority of the
essary for the discharge of his
total number of members of Parlia-
duties.
ment.
Should the said majority not be at.
Article 34
tained, the ballot shall be repeated
within five days and the person re-
1. In the event of the President of
celving the absolute majority of the
the Republic departing abroad for
votes of the total number of mem-
more than ten days, or in the event
bers of Parliament shall be elected
of his death, his resignation, his re-
President of the Republic. Should
moval from office or his incapacita-
this majority also fail to be attained,
tion on any ground for the discharge
the ballot shall once more be repeat-
of his duties, he shall be temporarily
ed after five days between the two
replaced by the Speaker of Parlia-
persons with the highest number of
ment; or if there is no Parliament,
votes and the person receiving a rel-
by the Speaker of the preceding Par-
alive majority shall be deemed ele-
liament and should the latter refuse
cted President of the Republic.
or not exist by the Government col-
lectively.
27
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During the term of the substitution
circumstances, in accordance with
of the President, the provisions con-
paragraph 3 of article 44.
cerning the dissolution of Parliament
8. The staff appointments to the
shall not be applicable except in the
administrative services of the Pres-
case specified in article 32 paragraph
idency of the Republic.
4, as well as the provisions relating
3. The decree concerning the pro-
to the dismissal of the Government
mulgation of a popular referendum
and recourse to a referendum as
pertaining to a legislative bill, in ac-
specified in article 37 paragraph 4
cordance with Article 44 paragraph
and article 44 paragraph 2.
2. shall be countersigned by the Presi-
2, Should the incapacity of the Pre
dent of Parliament.
sident of the Republic to discharge
the dulies of his office be prolonged
Article 36
for a period exceeding thirty days,
Parliament shall be compulsorily
1. The President of the Republic
convoked even if it has been dis.
complying in any case to the pro-
solved, for the purpose of resolving,
visions of article 35 paragraph 1,
by a three-fifths majority of the to-
shall represent the State internation-
tal number of its members, if the
ally, declare war, conclude treaties
situation calls for the election of a
of peace and alliance, of economic
new President. In no case however
cooperation and of participation in
may the election of a new Presi-
international organizations or unions
and he shall announce them to Par-
dent of the Republic be delayed for
more than six months from the com-
liament with the necessary explana-
tions whenever the interest and the
mencement of his replacement due
to his incapacity.
security of the State thus allow.
2. Agreements on trade, as well as
taxation, economic cooperation and
Chapter Two
participation in international orga-
nizations or unions and any other
Powers and liability
containing concessions for which
from the acts of the President
under provisions of this Constitution
no provision can be made without a
Article 35
law, or which may be onerous to the
Greeks, as individuals, shall not be
1. No act of the President of the
operative without ratification by a
Republic shall become operative nor
law voted by Parliament.
be executed unless it has been coun-
tersigned by the competent Minister,
3. Secret articles of an agreement or
who, by his signature alone,shall be
treaty may in no case reverse the
rendered responsible, and unless it
open ones.
has been published in the Govern-
4. The ratification of international
ment Gazette.
treaties may not be the object of
If the Government has been dis-
legislative authorization as speci-
missed and the Prime Minister has
fied in article 48 paragraphs 2 and 4.
not countersigned the relative de-
cree, it shall be countersigned by the
Article 37
new Prime Minister.
2. Exceptionally the following acts
1. The President of the Republic
do not require countersigning:
shall appoint the Prime Minister and
a. the appointment of the Prime
on his recommendationshall appoint
Minister.
and dismiss the other members of
b. the issuance of an order of inquiry
the Government and the Under
according to Article 37 paragraphs 2,
Secretaries.
3 and 4.
2. The leader of the party which has
c. the dissolution of Parliament ac-
an absolute majority of the seats in
cording to Article 32 paragraph 4
Parliament shall be appointed Prime
and according to Article 41 para-
Minister. If no party has an absolute
graph I, if the Prime Minister has
majority of seats in Parliament, the
not countersigned it, and it is not
President of the Republic shall assign
countersigned by the Council of Mini-
to the leader of the party with a
sters according to Article 53 para-
relative majority an exploratory
graph 1.
mandate to determine the possibility
d. the sending back to Parliament of
of forming a government enjoying
a draft law or a legislative proposal it
the confidence of Parliament.
has passed according to Article 42
paragraph 1.
3. If this possibility does not exist,
the President of the Republic shall
e. The powers specified in article 32
issue a new exploratory mandate to
paragraph 4, article 37 paragraph
the leader of the second strongest
3, article 41 paragraphs 1 and 4 and
party. If this does not succeed, the
article 44 paragraph 2.
President of the Republic shall assign
1. The messages addressed to the
an exploratory mandate to the leader
nation under totally extraordinary
of the third strongest party. Every
28
FAX NO. 2027071820
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with
the
Pres.
mandate shall be completed within
Article 39
three days. If all mandates are not
pro-
successful the President of the Repub-
dum
lic shall summon the leaders of all
[Article 39 Abrogated)
ac-
political parties 10 explore the possi-
raph
bility of forming a government con-
resi-
sisting of (members) of all political
Article 40
parties represented in Parliament for
the implementation of elections. If
the formation of a government which
1. The President of the Republic
would enjoy the confidence of the
shall convene Parliament to & regu-
olic
Parliament is impossible, or if it fails,
lar session once a year as specified
ro-
the President shall entrust to the
in article 64 paragraph 1 and to an
1,
Presidents of the Council of State or
extraordinary session whenever be
on-
of the Court of Cassation or the
shall judge this to be reasonable,
ies
Court of Accounts the task of forming
and he shall proclaim the commence-
nic
a government on the broadest possible
ment and termination of each parlia-
in
basis 10 carry out the election and to
mentary term in person OF through
dissolve Parliament.
the Prime Minister.
ns
4. In cases in which according to the
2. The President of the Republic
a-
above articles a mandate for the
may suspend a parliamentary ses-
formation of a government or an
sion only once, either by postponing
exploratory mandate should have
its commencement or adjourning it.
LS
been entrusted and the party does
not have a leader or a deputy leader
3. Suspension of a session may not
d
or if he has not been elected to be a
be extended beyond a period of
:-
deputy in Parliament. the President
thirty days, nor way such suspen-
r
of the Republic shall issue a mandate
sion be repeated during the same
b
to the person who has been proposed
session without the consent of Par-
1
by the parliamentary fraction. The
liament itself.
a
proposal for the mandate must be
:
made within three days from the day
that the President of the Parliament
Article 41
or his deputy informed the President
of the Republic of the strengths of
1. The President of the Republic may
the parties in Parliament. This must
dissolve Parliament if two govern-
be presented before a notification of
85
ments have either resigned or have
any mandate is issued.
been voted down and if the composi-
tion of the government does not assure
Article 38
stability. The elections are admin-
istered by the government, which has
the confidence of the Parliament to
I. The President of the Republic
be dissolved. In all other circum-
dismisses the government of its duties
stances sentence 3 paragraph 3 of
on its resignation or if the Parliament
Articles 37 applies correspondingly.
has withdrawn its confidence, in
accordance with Article 84.
2. The President of the Republic may
dissolve Parliament on the proposal
In such cases paragraphs 2, 3 and 4
of the government, which has received
of Article 37 shall be applied corre-
a vote of confidence by Parliament in
spondingly.
order to resolve an issue of extra-
If the Prime Minister of the resigned
ordinary national significance for the
government is the leader or deputy
purpose of reviewing a popular man-
leader of the party which controls an
date. The dissolution of the Parlia-
absolute majority of deputies, Article
ment for the same reason is excluded.
37 paragraph 3 sentence 3 shall be
applied correspond
3. The decree concerning the disso-
ingly.
lution of Parliament, countersigned
2. If the Prime Minister resigns or
in the case of the preceding par-
dies, the President of the Republic
agraph by the Council of Ministers,
must at the same time contain a
shall appoint to [the post of] Prime
proclamation of elections within
Minister the person who has been
thirty days and the convocation of
proposed by the parliamentary frac-
tion of the party to which the Prime
the new Parliament within thirty
Minister belonged, within a maximum
days of the elections.
of three days. Until the nomination
4. A Parliament elected following the
of the Prime Minister, the dutes of
dissolution of a Parliament may not
the Prime Minister shall be carried
be dissolved before the expiration of
out by the ranking Vice Minister or a
one year from the opening of its
Minister.
activity except in cases specified in
Interpretive clause: The provision of
Article 37 paragraph 3 or in paragraph
paragraph 2 shall also be applied in
I of this article.
the event that the President of the
Republic is being replaced
5. Dissolution of Parliament shall
[ANAPLIROSIS] in accordance with
be compulsory in the case specified
Article 34.
in article 32 paragraph 4.
29
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Article 42
days from the convocation of & parli-
amentary session. Should such acts
I. The President of the Republic shall
not be submitted to Parliament
promulgate and publish the laws voted
within the above said time-limits or
by Parliament within one month. The
if they should not be ratified by
President of the Republic may. within
Parliament within three months
the time limit stipulated in the preced-
from their submission, they will
ing sentence, send back a bill voted
by the Parliament stating the reasons
henceforth cease to be operative.
for returning it.
2. The President may, upon the pro-
2. A bill or legislative proposal which
posal of the Council of Ministers,
has been returned by the President of
following a vote by an absolute
the Republic shall be presented to the
majority of the deputies. order a refer-
plenary session: if it is voted again by
endum on crucial national issues.
an absolute majority of the deputies
The President of the Republic may,
according to the procedure [stated]
by decree. order a referendum on
in Article 76 paragraph 2. the Presi-
important societal issues, concerning
dent is obligated to promulgate and
already voted legislative proposals,
publish it within 10 days of the
except for matters concerning public
[second] voting.
finance, if approved by three-fifths of
the total number of deputies on the
proposal of two-fifths. in accordance
Article 43
with the rules of parliamentary pro-
cedure and with the law for the Imple-
1. The President of the Republic
mentation of this paragraph. During
shall issue the decrees required for
the legislative period of the Parliament
the execution of laws; he may never
[there may be} no more than two
suspend the application of laws nor
referenda concerning legislative pro-
exempt anyone from their execution.
posals.
2. On the proposal of the compe-
If a legislative proposal is accepted,
tent Minister, the issuance of regula.
the term for the implementation of
tory decrees shall be permitted by
Article 42, paragraph I, begins with
the execution of the referendum.
virtue of special authorization by
law and within the limits of such
3. The President of the Republic
authorization. Authorization for the
shall, on totally exceptional circum-
purpose of Issuing regulatory acts
stances, address messages to the na-
by other administrative agents shall
tion, which shall be published in the
be permitted in cases concerning the
Government Gazelle.
regulation of specific matters or
matters of local interest or of 2
Article 45
technical and detailed character.
The President of the Republic shall
be the head of the Nation's Armed
[Paragraph 3 -- repealed]
Forces, whose command shall be
exercised by the Government, as
4. Under laws voted by the plenary
specified by law. The President shall
sitting of Parliament, authorization
bestow ranks on those serving there-
may be granted for the issuance of
in, as specified by law.
regulatory decrees for the regula-
tion of matters specified by such
Article 46
laws. These laws shall outline the
general principles and directives of
1. The President of the Republic
the regulation to be followed and
shall appoint and dismiss public
shall set time-limits within which
servants, in accordance with the
the authorization must be used.
law, except in cases specified by law.
5. Matters which, as specified in
2. The President of the Republic
article 72 paragraph 1, pertain to the
shall confer the established decora-
authority of the plenary sitting of
tions in accordance with the provi-
Parliament cannot be the object of
sions of relevant laws.
authorization as specified in the
preceding paragraph.
Article 47
Article 44
1. The President of the Republic
shall have the right, on a recom-
1. Under extraordinary circumstan-
mendation by the Minister of Justi-
ces of an urgent and unforeseeable
ce and after consulting with a coun-
necessity, the President of the Re.
cil composed in its majority of
public may, on the proposal of the
judges, to grant pardons, to com-
Cabinet, issue acts of legislative con-
mute or reduce sentences Inflicted
tent. Such acts shall be submitted
by the courts, and to revoke all con-
to Parliament for ratification, as
sequences at law of sentences Infli-
specified in the provisions of article
cted and served.
72 paragraph 1, within forty days
from their issuance or within forty
2. The President of the Republic
30
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11 'd
rui
its
ent
shall only with the consent of Parlia-
or
These [legislative decrees] shall be
ment have the right to grant pardon
by
presented within 15 days from their
the
to a Minister convicted as provided
in article 86.
issuance or the meeting of Parliament
will
for consent [KYROSIN]. If they are
3. Amnesty may be granted only for
not presented within the time limits
ive.
political crimes. requiring a majority
specified above or if they are not
ro-
of three-fifths vote of the total number
approved within 15 days following
ers.
of deputies.
their presentation. they cease 10 be in
ute
4. Amnesty for common crimes can-
effect. The law concerning the state
fer-
not be granted even by a law.
of siege cannot be amended during
its application.
lay.
Article 48
6. The decisions referred 10 in para-
on
graphs 2 and 3 are taken by a majority
ling
1. In case of war or mobilization.
of the total number of deputies. A
als,
owing to external dangers or im-
decision concerning paragraph I must
blic
mediate threat to national security
be taken by a two-thirds majority of
S of
and an armed movement to overthrow
the total number of deputies.
the
the democratic regime, Parliament
7. During the entire period of the
nce
shall. on the proposal of the govern-
effectiveness of the measures taken
iro-
ment, decide 10 put the entire territory
pertaining to the state of siege accord-
ple-
of the State or part thereof under a
ing to this Article, the provisions of
ring
state of siege [KATASTASEOS
Articles 61 and 62 of the Constitution.
nent
POLIORKIAS] and put into effect
shall be in effect automatically. even
two
the Law on the state of siege.
if the Parliament has been dissolved
oro-
It establishes exceptional courts
or if its legislative term has expired.
[EXAIRETRIKA DIKASTHRIA]
ted,
and suspends all or some of the pro-
visions of Article 5 paragraph 4,
Chapter Three
1 of
with
Articles 6, 8. 9. 11, 12 paragraphs I
to 4; Article 14, 19, 22 paragraph 3,
Special Responsibilities
iblic
Articles 23. 96 paragraph 4 and Article
of the President of the Republic
97.
um-
In the decision of the Parliament the
Article 49
na-
the
duration of the effectiveness of the
measures taken must be specified
1. The President of the Republic
[and] is not 10 exceed 15 days.
shall in no case be held responsible
2. If the Parliament is not in session
for any acts performed in the course
or [if] there is an objective impossibil-
of the discharge of his duties, except
shall
ity of its convening on time, the
only for high treason or intended vio-
med
measures referred to in the previous
lation of the Constitution. For acts
be
paragraph shall be taken by presiden-
not related to the discharge of his
tial decree, on the proposal of the
duties, prosecution shall be su-
as
shall
Council of Ministers. The government
spended until the expiration of the
shall present the decree to Parliament
presidential term.
here.
for its consent as soon as it can
2. A proposal to bring charges a.
convene, regardless of whether the
gainst and commit for trial the Pre-
term of the legislature has ended or
sident of the Republic shall be sub-
whether the Parliament has been
mitted to Parliament signed by at
dissolved, but in any case, within
least one-third of its members and
ublic
fifteen days.
shall require for its adoption a reso-
ublic
3. The effectiveness of the measures
lution by two-thirds majority of the
the
specified in the preceding paragraphs
total number of its members.
law.
can only be extended by fifteen days
3. If the proposal is adopted, the
ublic
by a decision of the Parliament, which
President of the Republic shall be
cora-
is to be summoned even if its legisla-
committed for trial before the court
rovi-
tive term has ended or if it has been
dissolved.
specified in article 86, the provisions
of which shall be accordingly ap-
4. The effectiveness of the measures
plicable in this case.
specified in the preceding paragraphs
4. From commitment for trial the
shall cease, [LHXIN TOY
ublic
CHRONOY], at the end of the time
President of the Republic shall ab-
com-
periods specified in paragraphs 1. 2
stain from the discharge of his du-
(usti-
and 3, except if they are extended by
ties, and shall be replaced as speci-
:oun-
a decision of Parliament; [but] in any
fied in article 34. He shall resume
y of
case with the termination of war, if
his duties if his term has not expired,
they were taken for that reason.
as of the issuance by the court speci-
com-
5. From the time that the measures,
fied in article 86 of the judgement
leted
con-
referred to in the previous paragraphs
acquitting him.
infli-
come into effect, the President may
5. The implementation of the pro-
on the proposal of the government,
visions of the present article shall
ublic
issue legislative decrees, for the dis-
be provided by law enacted by Par-
position of urgent matters or for the
liament in plenary session.
restoration of the constitutional order.
31
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P.01
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inues and
ring year.
erpendi-
One or more of the Ministers may be
within fifteen days of the date the
the an-
appointed Deputy Prime Ministers
Prime Minister shall have been
atement.
by decree initiated by the Prime
sworn in, and may also do 30 at any
id before
Minister.
other time. If at the time the Gov.
BT of Fi-
A law shall regulate the status of
ernment is formed, Parliament has
h before
Alternate Ministers and Ministers
suspended its works, it is summoned
year; it
without portfolio and Under-Sec-
to express its opinion on the motion
retaries who may be members of
of confidence within fifteen days.
ified by
also shall
the Government, as well as the sta-
2. Parliament may decide to with-
political
tus of permanent service Under-
draw its confidence from the Gov-
press its
Secretaries.
ernment or from a member of the
2. No person may be appointed
Government. A motion of censure
n of rev.
member of the Government or
may not be submitted before the
provided
Under-Secretary if he does not pos-
lapse of six months from the rejec-
berative,
sess the qualifications required for
tion by Parliament of such a motion.
accord.
members of Parliament as specified
A motion of censure must be signed
enacted
in Article 55.
by at least one-sixth of the number
quire.
3. Any professional activity whatso.
of members of Parliament and must
author-
ever of members of the Government,
explicitly state the subjects on which
Under-Secretaries and the Speaker
the debate is to be held.
3 special
of Parliament shall be in absyance
3. A motion of censure may, by
g para.
Parlia-
during the discharge of their duties.
exception, be submitted before the
eness of
4. The incompatibility of the office
lapse of six months, if it is signed by
of Minister and Under-Secretary
the majority of the total number of
just en-
with other functions may be estab.
members.
ided for
I on the
lished by law.
4. A debate on a motion of confi-
net.
dence or censure, shall commence
5. In the absence of # Deputy Prime
two days after the motion was sub-
budgets
Minister, the Prime Minister shall
mitted, unless the Government, in
may be
appoint, whenever the need arises,
the case of a motion of censure. re-
one of the Ministers as his provision-
quests immediate commencement;
nd gen-
al Deputy.
teshall
the debate may not be prolonged for
" later
Article 82
more than three days from Its com-
mencement.
of each
1. The Government shall define and
5. A vote on a motion of confidence
amined
direct the general policy of the Coun-
OF censure is held immediately upon
)mmit-
isy, in accordance with the provi-
the termination of the debate; it
ent as
gions of the Constitution and the
may, however, be postponed for
ders.
laws.
forty-eight hours if the Government
iial de-
2. The Prime Minister shall safe-
so requests.
in the
ecified
guard the unity of the Government
6. A motion of confidence cannot
and he shall direct the actions of the
be adopted unless it is approved by
Government and of public services
the absolute majority of the mem-
in general for the implementation of
bers present, which however can-
Government policy within the frame-
not be less than two fifths of the
work of the laws.
total number of members. A mo.
or re-
tion of censure shall be adopted
in the
36 it is
Article 83
only if It is approved by the abso-
lute majority of the total number
onal or
1. Each Minister shall exercise the
of members.
authority specified by law. Min-
7. Ministers and Under-Secretaries
urren-
isters without porfollo shall exerci-
who are members of Parliament
se the authority vested in them by
shall vote on the above motions.
decision of the Prime Minister.
Article 85
2. Under-Secretaries shall exercise
the authority vested in them by
The members of the Cabinet and the
joint decision of the Prime Minister
Under-Secretaries shall be collecti-
and the competent Minister.
vely responsible for general Govern-
ment policy, and each of them for
r the
the actions or omissions within his
Chapter Two
authority, according to the provi-
sions of laws on the liability of Min-
Relations between Parliament
isters. A written or oral order of the
and the Government
President of the Republic may in no
If the
case whatsoever relieve Ministers
sed of
Article 84
and Under-Secretaries of their res-
sters.
ponsibility.
on of
1. The Government must enjoy the
law.
confidence of Parliament. The Gov-
Article $6
ernment shall be obliged to request
a vote of confidence by Parliament
1. Parliament shall have the right to
39
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prefer charges on serving or former
me Court; Public Prosecutors shall
members of the Government and
be supervised by Supreme Court
on Under-Secretaries, in accordance
judges and Public Proseculors of a
with the laws on the liability of
superior rank, as specified by law.
Ministers, and to arraign them befo-
re an ad hoc court presided over by
Article 88
the Chief Justice of the Supreme
Court, which shall be composed of
1. Judicial functionaries shall be
twelve judges chosen by lot by the
appointed by Presidential decree in
Speaker of Parliament in public sit-
compliance with a law specifying
ting from among the members of
the qualifications and the procedure
the Supreme Court and the Presi-
for their election; the appointment
dents of Courts of Appeal who held
shall be for life.
office prior to the preferment of the
2. The remuneration of judicial fun-
charges, as specified by law.
clionaries shall be commensurate
2. Prosecution, judicial enquiry or
with their office. Matters concerning
preliminary examination of the per-
their rank, remuneration and their
son specified in paragraph 1 for
general status shall be regulated by
actions or omissions committed
special laws.
during the discharge of their duties
8. A training and trial period of up
shall not be permitted without a
to three years prior to their appoint-
prior resolution of Parliament.
ment of regular judges may be pro-
If in the course of an administrative
vided by law. During this period they
inquiry evidence should arise ade-
may also discharge the duties of a
quale to establish responsibility of
regular judge, as specified by law.
a member of the Government or an
4. Judicial functionaries may be
Under-Secretary in accordance with
dismissed only in compliance to a
the provisions of the law on the re-
court judgment for criminal convict-
sponsibility of Ministers, those in
ion or a grave breach of discipline
charge of the Inquiry shall forward
or illness or disability or profession-
the evidence to Parliament through
al inadequacy, confirmed as speci-
the Public Prosecutor, after the ter-
fied by law and in compliance with
mination of the administrative en-
the provisions of article 93 para-
quiry. Only Parliament shall be en-
graphs 2 and 3.
titled to suspend criminal prosecu-
5. Retirement from the service of
tion.
the judicial functionaries shall be
3. Should the procedure on a motion
compulsory upon attainment of the
against a Minister or Under-Secre-
age of sixty-five years for all fun-
tary be discontinued for any reason
ctionaries up to and including the
whatsoever, including by reason of
rank of Court of Appeal judge or
barring by limitation, Parliament
Deputy Prosecutor of the Court of
may at the request of the accus-
Appeals, or a rank corresponding
ed person, resolve the establishment
thereto. For judicial functionaries
of a Special Committee of members
holding a rank higher than the stated
of Parliament and highest judicial
or corresponding thereto, retire-
functionaries to investigate the
ment shall be compulsory upon at-
charges, as specified by the Stand-
tainment of the age of sixty-seven
ing Orders.
years. For the application of this
provision, the 30th of June of the
SECTION FIVE
year of retirement shall in all cases
be taken as the date of allainment
THE JUDICIAL POWER
of the above age limit.
6. Transfer of judicial functionaries
Chapter One
into another branch is prohibited.
Exceptionally, the transfer of regu-
Judicial Officers and Staff
lar judges shall be permitted to fill
up the half of the posts of deputy
Article 87
prosecutor in the Supreme Court as
well as to fill up posts of associate
1. Justice shall be administered by
judges or Public Prosecutors of the
courts composed of regular judges
lower courts; the transfer shall be
who shall enjoy functional and per-
permitted upon request as specified
sonal independence.
by law,
2. Judges shall in the discharge of
2. The courts or councils especially
their duties be subject only to the
provided by the Constitution and
Constitution and the laws; in no ca-
composed of members of the State
Be whatsoever shall they be obliged
Council and the Supreme Court shall
to comply with provisions enacted
be presided over by the member
in abolition of the Constitution,
having seniorily in rank.
3. Regular judges shall be super-
vised by judges of a superior rank
and by the Public Prosecutor and
the deputy Prosecutor of the Supre-
40
FAX NO. 2027071820
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80 'd
utors shall
Interpretative clause :
by law. A judicial functionary 0.
me Court
In the true interpretation of article 88,
mitted for promotion has also the
cutors of a
right of recourse to this plenum,
d by law.
appointment to the position of depu-
lies and councillors to the Comptrollers
under the conditions specified by law.
Office shall be permitted, as specified
4. The decision of the plenum on a
by law.
matter referred to II as well as
shall be
the decisions of supreme judicial
decree in
Article 89
councils with which the Minister has
specifying
not disagreed, shall be binding upon
1. Judicial functionaries shall be
procedure
him.
pointment
prohibited from performing any
5. Promotion to the office of the
other salaried service or prastising
President or Vice-President of the
any other profession.
dicial fun-
Council of State, the Supreme Court
2. Exceptionally, judicial function-
nensurate
and the Comptrollers Council shall
aries may be elected members of
oncerning
be effected by presidential decree
and their
the Academy or professors or as-
issued on the proposal of the Cabinet
ulated by
sistant professors of institutes of
upon selection among the members
University schools and they may sit
of the respective highest court, as
iod of up
on special administrative courts and
specified by law.
appoint-
on councils and committees, but not
Promotion to the office of Supreme
on the Boards of Directors of enter-
y be pro-
Court Prosecutor shall be effected
eriod they
prises or business concerns.
by similar decree and upon selection
ities of a
3. Judicial functionaries may be
from among the members of the
by law.
assigned administrative duties either
Supreme Court and the Deputy
along with their main duties or ex-
Public Prosecutor of this Court.
may be
clusively for a certain period of time,
nce to a
as provided by law.
6. Decisions or acts in compliance
convict-
to the provisions of the present arti-
liscipline
4. Participation In the Government
cle shall not be subject to contesta-
ofession-
of judicial functionaries shall be
tion before the Council of State.
IS speci-
prohibited.
nce with
5. The establishment of an associa-
Article 91
13 para-
tion of judicial functionaries shall
be permitted, as specified by law.
1. Disciplinary authority over ju.
dicial functionaries from and above
rvice of
shall be
Article 90
the rank of member of the Supreme
Court or & rank corresponding there-
it of the
1. Promotions, appointments, trans-
to shall be exercised by a supreme
all fun-
fers, detachments, and reassign-
disciplinary council, as specified by
ding the
ments of judicial functionaries shall
law.
judge or
Court of
be effected by presidential decree,
Disciplinary prosecution shall be ini-
ponding
promulgated after prior decision by
tiated by the Minister of Justice.
ionaries
the supreme judicial council. This
council shall be composed of the
2. The Supreme Disciplinary Coun-
e stated
president of the respective highest
cil shall be composed of the Presi-
retire-
court and members of the same court
dent of the Council of State as
pon at.
chosen by lot from among those hav-
Chairman, two Vice-Presidents or
y-seven
of this
ing served in it for at least two years,
Councillors of the Council of State,
of the
as specified by law. The Prosecutor
two Vice-Presidents or members
at cases
of the Supreme Court participates in
of the Supreme Court, two Vice-
the supreme judicial council on civil
Presidents or Councillors of the
inment
and criminal justice, while the Gen-
Comptroller's Council and two ordi-
eral Commissioner of State to the
nary professors of law of the Law
onaries
Comptrollers Council shall partici-
Schools of the country's universities,
hibited.
pale to the judicial council of it.
as members. The members of the
if regu-
Council shall be chosen by lot from
2. In the case of judgments concern-
1 to fill
among those having at least three
ing promotions to the positions of
deputy
years of service In the respective
Councillors of State, Supreme Court
ourl as
highest court or law school. Members
Judges, Deputy Proseculors of the
sociale
belonging to the court of which the
Supreme Court, President Judges
of the
conduct of one of the judges, prose-
of Appeals, Prosecutor of Appeals
hall be
culors or commissioners of which
and Councillor to the Comptrollers
ecified
the Council has been called on to
Council, the council prescribed in
judge, shall be excluded.
paragraph 1 shall besupplemented by
ecially
additional members, as specified by
When disciplinary action against
law. The provision of the last passage
members of the Council of State is
on and
: State
of paragraph 1 shall be applicable In
taken, the Supreme Disciplinary
rt shall
this case.
Council shall be presided over by
member
the President of the Supreme Court.
3. If the Minister of Justice should
disagree with the decision of a su-
3. The disciplinary authority over
preme judicial council, he may refer
all other judicial functionaries shall
the matter to the plenum of the
be exercised, in the first and second
instance by councils composed of
competent high court, as specified
regular judges chosen by lot, as
41
P.04
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specified by law. Disciplinary action
special reasons call for the protec-
may also be initiated by the Minister
tion of the private or family life of
of Justice.
the litigants.
4. Disciplinary decisions taken in
3. All court judgments must be
accordance with the provisions of
specifically and thoroughly reasoned
this article shall not be subject to
and they shall be pronounced in
contestation before the Council of
a public sitting. Publication of the
State.
minority opinion shall be compul-
sory. A law shall specify matters
Article 92
concerning the entry of any minority
opinion into the minutes as well as
1. The secretarial staff of all courts
the conditions and prerequisites for
and prosecutor's offices shall con-
the publicity thereof,
sisl of permanent employees. They
&. The courts shall be bound not to
may be dismissed only in compliance
applyilaws the contents of which are
with a court judgment for criminal
contrary to the Constitution.
conviction or by decision of a judi-
cial council on account of a grave
Article 94
breach of discipline, illness or disa-
bility, or professional inadequacy,
1. The trial of substantial adminis-
attested to in the manner specified
trative contestations belongs to the
by law.
jurisdiction of existing ordinary
2. The qualifications of secretarial
administrative courts. Contestations
staff employees of all courts and pro-
of this category which have not yet
secutors' offices and their general
come under the jurisdiction of such
courts must compulsorily be sub-
status shall be provided by law.
jected to this jurisdiction within five
3. Promotions, details, detach-
years from the date this Constitution
ments and transfers of all judicial
shall enter into force; this time limit
employees shall be effected with
may be extended by law.
the concurring opinion of a judicial
2. Until the remaining categories of
council; disciplinary authority
substantial administrative contes-
over them shall be exercised by
tations come under the jurisdiction
the judges, prosecutors of commis-
sioners who are their superiors in the
of ordinary administrative courts,
either as a whole or by category, they
hierarchy and by the judicial coun-
shall continue to be under the juris-
cils, as specified by law.
diction of civil courts, with the ex-
Recourse against decisions on pro-
ception of those for which special
motions as wall as disciplinary deci.
laws have established special admin-
sions shall be permitted, as speci-
istrative courts, at which the provi-
fied by law.
nions of paragraphs 2 to 4 of article
4. Notaries public, registrars of mort-
93 are observed.
gages and transfers, and directors
3. Civil courts shall have jurisdic-
of cadastral offices shall be perma-
Lion in all private disputes, as well as
nent as long as corresponding ser-
on cases of voluntary jurisdiction
vices and positions exist. The prov.
assigned to them by law.
isions of the preceding paragraph
4. Any other administrative com-
shall be correspondingly applicable
petence as defined by law may be
in this case.
assigned to civil or administrative
5. Retirement shall be compulsory
courts.
for Dotaries public and unselaried
registrars of mortgages and trans.
Interpretative clause:
fers upon attainment of the age of
seventy years; for the others retire-
Only the ordinary taxation courts
ment shall be compulsory upon at.
astablished by oirtue of legislative de-
tainment of the age specified by law.
cree 3845/1958 are considered as or.
dinary administrative courts.
Chapter Two
Article 95
Organization and Jurisdiction
1. The jurisdiction of the Council
of the Courts
of State pertains mainly to:
Article 93
a. The annulment upon petition of
executive acts of administrative au-
1. The courts are distinguished into
thorities for excess of power or viola-
administrative, civil and criminal
tion of the law.
courts, and they are organized by
b. The reversal upon petition of final
special laws.
judgments of administrative courts
2. The sittings of all courts shall be
for excess of power or violation of
public, except when the court de-
the law.
cides that publicity would be det-
c. The trial of substantial admin-
simental to good morals or that
istrative contestations submitted
42
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thereto by the Constitution and the
pertaining to the application of pro-
laws.
visions of this paragraph, as well as
d. The elaboration of all decrees of
the time upon which they shallenter
a regulative character.
into force, shall be specified by law.
2. The provisions of article 93 par-
agraphs 2 and 8 hereinabove shall
Article 97
not be applicable in the exercise of
the authority specified under sub-
1. Felonies and political crimes shall
paragraph (d) of the preceding
be tried by mixed jury courts com-
paragraph.
posed of regular judges and jurors, as
3. The trial of categories of cases of
specified by law. The judgments of
these courts shall be subject to the
the jurisdiction of annulment of the
legal remedies specified by law.
Council of State may by law come
under ordinary administrative courts
2. Felonies and political crimes
of another degree, the jurisdiction
which prior to the date of this Con-
of the Council of State in the highest
stitution coming into force have, by
instance being, however, reserved.
constituent acts, motions and spe-
cial laws, been subjected to the
4. The jurisdiction of the Council
jurisdiction of courts of appeal shall
of State shall be regulated and exer.
continue to be tried by the said
cised as provided more specifically
courts, as long as a law does not
by law.
transfer them to the jurisdiction of
5. The administration shall be bound
mixed jury courts.
to comply with the annulling judg-
ments of the Council of State. A
Other felonies may be subjected In
violation of this obligation shall
the jurisdiction of the same courts
originate the liability of any culpa-
of appeal by law.
ble functionary as specified by law.
3. Crimes of any degree committed
through the medium of the press
Article 96
shall be under the jurisdiction of
ordinary criminal courts,as specified
1. To the jurisdiction of regular
by law.
criminal courts belong the punish-
ment of crimes and the taking of all
Article 98
measures provided by criminal laws.
1. The jurisdiction of the Comptrol-
2. By a law provision may be made:
lers Council pertains mainly to:
(a) to assign also to authorities
a. The audit of expenditures of the
exercising police duties the trial of
State, and of local government agen-
police order violations punishable by
cies or other public law corporate
fine, (b) to assign to agrarian secu-
bodies subject to its audit by special
rity authorities the trial of petty of-
laws.
fences related to landed property and
private disputes emanating there.
b. The presentation to Parliament
from. In both cases judgments shall
of the financial report and balance
be subject to appeal before the com-
sheet of the State.
petent ordinary court; such appeal
c. Counsel concerning laws on pen-
shall have power to suspend the
sions or on the acknowledgement of
execution of the judgment.
service for granting of the right to a
pension in accordance with article
3. Special laws shall regulate mal-
73 paragraph 2, as well as on all
ters pertaining to juvenile courts.
other matters specified by law.
The provisions of articles 93 para-
graph 2 and 97 may not apply to
d) The audit of the accounts of ac-
countable officials and of the local
juveniles.
government agencies and public law
The judgments of these courts may
corporate bodies specified in section
be pronounced in camera,
(a).
4. Special laws may provide for:
e) The trial of legal in contes-
a. Military, naval and air force
tations arising from pension grants
court-martials, which shall have no
and from the audit of accounts in
jurisdiction over civilians.
general.
b. Prize courts.
1) The trial of cases related to liabi-
5. The courts specified under section
lity of civil or military public ser-
(a) of the previous paragraph shall.
vants and local government agency
be composed in majority of members
servants for any loss, through fraud
of the judicial branch of the armed
or negligence incurred to the State
forces, invested with the guaranties
or on the above agencies and corpor-
of functional and personal independ-
ate bodies.
ence specified in article 87 paragraph
2. The authority of the Comptrol-
1 of this Constitution. The provisions
lers Council shall be regulated and
of paragraphs 2 to 4 of article 93
exercised as specified by law. The
shall be applicable to the sittings and
provisions of article 93 paragraphs
judgments of these courts. Matters
2 and 3 shall not be applicable in the
43
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cases specified in sections (a) through
Supreme Cort or the Comptrollers
(d) of the preceding paragraph.
Council.
3. The judgments of the Compirol-
f. The settlement of controversies
lers Council in the cases specified in
related to the acknowledgement of
paragraph 1 shall not be subject to
rules of international law as general-
the control of the Council of State.
ly accepted, in accordance with arti-
cle 28 paragraph 1.
Article 99
2. The Court specified in peragraph
1. Suits of wrongful judgment a-
1 shall be composed of the Presidents
of the Council of State, the Supreme
gainst judicial functionaries shall
Court and the Comptrollers Council,
be tried, as specified by law, by a
four Councillors of State and four
special tribunal composed of the
President of the Council of State as
members of the Supreme Court
chosen by lot for a two-year term.
President, and one Councillor of
The Court shall be presided over by
State, one Supreme Court judge, one
either the President of the Council of
Councillor of the Comptrollers Coun-
State or the President of the Supre-
cil, two ordinary law professors of the
me Court depending on seniority.
law schools of the country's univer-
In the cases specified under sections
sities and two barristers among the
members of the Supreme Disciplina-
(d) and (e) of the preceding para-
ry Council for barristers, all of whom
graph, the composition of the spe-
shall be chosen by lot.
cial court shall be expanded to in-
clude two ordinary law professors of
2. Any member of the special tribu-
the law schools of the country's
nal who belongs to the Judicial body
universities, chosen by lot.
or branch of justice whose officer's
actions or omissions the tribunal
3. The organization and function of
is called upon to Judge shall be
the Court, the nomination and re-
exempted. In the case of such a suit
placement of and the assistance to
against a member of the Council of
its members, as well as the procedure
State or a functionary of the ordi-
Lo be followed shall be determined
nary administrative courts, the spe-
by special law.
cial tribunal shall be presided over by
4. The judgments of the special
the President of the Supreme Court.
Court shall be irrevocable.
3. No permission shall be required
Provisions of law declared uncon-
to institute a auit for wrongful
stitutional shall be invalid as from
judgment.
the day of publication of the re-
spective judgment, or as from the
Article 100
date specified by the judgment.
1. A Special Highest Court shall be
SECTION SIX
established, to whose jurisdiction
shall belong:
ADMINISTRATION
a. The trial of objections in accord-
ance with article 58.
Chapter One
b. Verification of the validity and
Organization of the Administration
results of a referendum held in
accordance with article 44 para-
Article 101
graph 3.
c. Judgment in cases involving the
1. The administration of the State
incompatibility or the forfeiture of
shall be organized on the basis of
office by 2 member of Parliament.
decentralization.
in accordance with article 55 para-
2. The administrative division of
graph 2 and article 57.
the Country shall be modelled on
d. Settlement of any conflict be-
geoaconomic, social and transporta-
tween the courts and the admin-
tion conditions.
Istrative authorities; or between the
3. Regional State functionaries
Council of State and the ordinary
shall have general decisive authority
administrative courts on one hand
on matters of their region, while the
and the civil or criminal courts on
central services shall in addition to
the other hand; or between the
special authorities have the general
Comptrollers Council and any
guidance, coordination and super-
other courts.
vision of the regional functionaries
e. Settlement of controversies on
as specified by law.
whether a law enacted by Parlia-
ment is fundamentally unconstitu-
Article 102
tional, or on the interpretation of
provisions of such law when con-
1. The administration of local affairs
flicting judgments have been pro-
belongs to the local government &-
nounced by the Council of State. the
gencies, the first level of which con-
sists of municipalities and communi-
44
LAW LIB OF CONGRESS
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FAX NO. 2027071820
ties. Other levels shall be specified
specific guarantees under which this
by law.
personnel shall dwell shall be speci-
2. Local government agencies shall
fied by law.
enjoy administrative independence.
4. Civil servants holding organic
Their authorities shall be elected by
posts shall be permanent so long as
universal and secret ballot.
these posts shall exist. Their salaries
2. The law may provide for com-
shall evolve in accordance with the
pulsory or voluntary associations of
provisions of the law; except when
local government agencies to execute
retiring upon attainment of the age
works or render services; they shall
limit or when dismissed by court
be governed by a board of elected
judgment, civil servants may not
representatives of each municipality
be transferred without an opinion
or community participating and
or lowered in rank or dismissed
shall be taken in proportion to their
without a decision of 8 service
population.
council consisting of at least two-
thirds of permanent civil servants.
4. The law may provide for the
Against the decisions of these coun-
participation in the administration
cils recourse may be sought before
of local government agencies of the
the Council of State, as specified by
second level of elected representa-
law.
tives of local professional, scientific
or cultural organizations and of the
5. Highest administrative servants
State administration not exceeding
holding posts outside of the civil
one-third of the total number of
service hierarchy, persons directly
appointed on an ambassadorial rank,
members.
employees of the Presidency of the
5. The State shall supervise local go-
Republic and the offices of the
vernment agencies, without infring-
Prime Minister, Ministers and Un-
ing upon their initiative and free-
der-Secretaries may by & law be
dom of action. The disciplinary pun-
exempted from permanency.
ishments of suspension and dismis-
sal from office of elected agents of
6. The provisions of preceding para-
local government agencies, with the
graphs shall apply to employees of
exception of cases involving ipso
Parliament, which in other aspects
shall be totally subject to the Stand-
jure forfeiture of office, shall be pro-
nounced only with the consent of a
ing Orders, as well as to employees
86
of local government agencies and
council composed in its majority of
other public law corporate bodies.
regular judges.
6. The State shall be concerned for
Article 104
the securing of necessary funds for
the fulfilment of the mission of local
1. None of the employees men-
government agencies. Matters per-
tioned in the preceding article may
taining to the yield and distribution
be appointed to another post of the
among local government agencies of
civil service or of local government
the taxes or duties provided for in
agencies or of other public law cor-
their favour and collected by the
bodies, or of public enterprises
State shall be specified by law.
or public utility agencies. As an
exception appointment to a second
Chapter Two
post may be permitted by a special
law, in compliance with the provi-
Status of the Administrative Agents
sions of the following paragraph.
2. Additional salaries or emoluments
Article 103
of any kind of employees mentioned
1. Civil servants shall be the execu-
in the preceding article may not
exceed each month the total salary
tore of the will of the State and
shall serve the people, owing al-
received from their organic post.
legiance to the Constitution and de-
3. No prior permission shall be
votion to the Fatherland. The qual-
required to bring to trial civil ser-
ifications and the manner of ap-
vants as well as employees of local
pointment of civil servants shall be
government agencies or other public
specified by law.
law corporate bodies.
2. No one may be appointed to a
Chapter Three
post not provided by legislation.
Special laws may provide for excep-
tions to cover unforeseeable and
Regime of Aghion Oros
urgent needs with personnel hired
(Mount Athos)
for a certain period of time on a pri-
Article 105
vate law contract.
3. Organic posts of specialized scien-
1. The Athes peninsula extending
tific as well as technical or auxiliary
beyond Megali Vigla and constitut-
personnel may be filled by personnel
ing the region of Aghion Oros shall,
hired on a private law contract.
in accordance with its ancient privi-
The terms of employment and the
leged status, be a self-governed part
45
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of the Greek State, whose sovereign-
and coordinate economic activity
ly thereon shall remain intact. Spir-
In the Country aiming at safe-guard-
Ilually Aghion Orosshall come under
ing economic development of all
the jurisdiction of the Oecumenical
sectors of the national economy. The
Patriarchate. All persons leading a
State shall take all measures requ-
monastic life thereon acquire Greek
ired to develop sources of national
nationality without further formal-
wealth in the atmosphere, in under-
ities, upon admission as novices or
ground and undersea deposits, and
monks.
to promote regional development
2. Aghion Oros shall be governed in
and to further especially the
accordance with its regime by its
economy of mountainous, insular
twenty Holy Monasteries among
and border areas.
which the entire Athos peninsula is
2. Private economic initiative shall
divided; the territory of the penin-
not be permitted to develop at the
sula shall be exempt from expro-
expense of freedom and of human
priation.
diguity, or to the detriment of the
Administration of the Aghion Oros
national economy.
region shall be exercised by repre-
8. While reserving the protection
sentatives of the Holy Monasteries,
provided in article 107 in connection
constituting the Holy Community.
with the re-export of foreign cap-
No change whatsoever shall be per-
ital, a law may regulate the acqui-
mitted in the administrative system
sition by purchase of enterprises or
or in the number of Monasteries of
the compulsory participation there-
Aghion Oros, orin their hierarchical
in of the State or other public agen-
order, or in their position to their
cies in the event these possess the
subordinate dependencies. Hetero-
character of a monopoly or are of
dox or schismatic persons shall be
vital importance to the development
prohibited from dwelling thereon.
of sources of national wealth or are
3. The determination in detail of the
intended primarily to offer services
regimes of Aghion Oros and the man-
to society as a whole.
ner of operation thereof is effected by
4. The cost of purchase or the coun-
the Charter of Aghion Oros, which,
terpart to the compulsory partici-
with the cooperation of the State re-
pation of the State or other public
presentative, shall be drawn up and
agencies must indispensably be fixed
voted by the twenty Holy Monaste-
by a court and must be full, corre-
ries and ratified by the Oecumenical
sponding to the value of the pure-
Patriarchate and the Parliament of
hased enterprise or the partici-
the Greeks.
pation therein.
4. Faithful observance of the reg-
5. A shareholder, partner or owner
imes of Aghion Oros shall in the
of an enterprise the control of which
spiritual field be under the supreme
devolves upon the State or upon an
supervision of the Oecumenical Pa-
agency controlled by the State as &
triarchate, and, in the adminis-
result of compulsory participation
trative, under the supervision of the
in accordance with paragraph 3
State, which shall also be exclusive-
shall be entitled to request the
ly responsible for safeguarding pub-
purchase of his share iu the on-
Lic order and security.
terprise, as specified by law.
5. The aforementioned powers of
6. The law may provide on the par-
the State shall be exercised through
ticipation in the expenditure by the
a governor whose rights and duties
State of those benefiting from the
shall be determined by law.
execution of public utility works or
The law shall likewise determine the
works of a more general significance
judicial power exercised by the mo-
to the economic development of the
nastic authorities and the Holy Com-
Country.
munity, as well as the customs and
taxation privileges of Aghion Oros.
Interpretative clause:
The value specified in paragraph
PART FOUR
4 does not include such value
due to the monopolistic character of
SPECIAL,
the enterprise.
FINAL AND TRANSITORY
PROVISIONS
Article 107
SECTION A
1. Legislation of a higher formal ya-
lidity enacted before 21 April 1967,
SPECIAL PROVISIONS
pertaining to the protection of for-
eign capital shall continue to pos-
Article 106
sess such validity and shall be ap.
plicable to capital imported hen-
1. In order to consolidate social
ceforth.
peace and protect the general Inter-
The same validity is possessed by
est, the State shall drait a program
the provisions of Chapters A through
46
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60 'd
D of Section A of Law 27/75 «onthe
resolution of Parliament adopted at
taxation of ships, compulsory con-
the proposal of not less than fifty
tributions for the development of
members of Parliament by a three-
the merchant marine, establishment
fifths majority of the total number
of foreign shipping companies and
of its members In two ballots held
regulation of related matters.»
with at least one month in between
2. A law, to be promulgated once
them. This resolution shall define
(
and for all, shall within three months
the provisions to be revised.
of the date of the coming into force
3. Upon a resolution by Parliament
of this Constitution specify the terms
on the revision of the Constitution,
and the procedure for the revision
the next Parliament shall in the
or cancellation of administrative
course of its first session decide on
acts or agreements contracted on
the provisions to be revised by an
investment of foreign capital by
absolute majority of the total num-
virtue of legislative decree 2687/1953
ber of its members.
that were promulgated in any form
4. Should a proposal for revision of
whatsoever between April 21, 1967
the Constitution receive the majori-
and July 23, 1974, with the excep-
ty of the votes of the total number
tion of those pertaining to the regis-
of members but not the three-fifths
tration of ships under the Greek
majority specified in paragraph 2,
flag.
the next Parliament may, in its
first session, decide on the provisions
Article 108
to be revised by a three-fifths major-
ity of the total number of its
as
The State shall care for Greeks resid.
members.
ing abroad and for the maintenance
5. Every revision of provisions of
of their ties with the Mother Home-
the Constitution voted shall be pub-
land. The State shall also attend to
lished in the Government Gazette
the education and social and profes-
within ten days from its vote by
sional advancement of Greeks work-
Parliament and shall come force
ing outside the State.
through a special parliamentary
resolution.
Article 109
C
6. Revision of the Constitution is
d
1. The alteration of the contents or
not permitted before the lapse of
terms of a will, codicil or donation
five years from the completion of a
insofar as its provisions in favour of
previous revision.
the State or for a public utility pur-
pose are concerned, is prohibited.
IT
2. By exception it shall be permitted
SECTION III
n
to dispose of & bequest or donation
in favour of the same or for another
TRANSITORY PROVISIONS
public utility purpose in the area
3
designated by the donor or the tes-
Article 111
18
tator or in the wider region thereof,
as specified by law, when It is certi-
fied by a court judgment that the
1. Any provision of a law or of an
will of the donor or the testator can-
administrative act of a regulatory
not be fulfilled for any reason
character which is contrary to the
18
whatsoever, either as a whole or in
Constitution is abolished as from
its major content as well as If it
the date of its coming into force.
or
can be more fully satisfied by the
ce
2. Constituent acts promulgated be-
change of use.
ne
tween July 24, 1974 and the convo-
cation of the Fifth Revisionary Par.
liament as well as Resolutions there.
SECTION 11
of shall continue to be in force and
this is to apply even to provisions
ph
REVISION
therein contrary to the Constitution.
we
Their amendment or abolition by
of
OF THE CONSTITUTION
law is permitted. As from the date
of the coming Into force of the Con-
Article 110
stitution, the provision of article 8
of the 3rd constituent act of Septem-
1. The provisions of the Constitu-
ber 3, 1974 concerning the retire-
12-
tion shall be subject to revision,
ment age limit for professors of
57,
except those which designate the
institutions of university level is
or-
form of government as a Parliamen-
abolished.
08-
tary Republic and those of articles
ap-
2 paragraph 2, 4 paragraphs 1, 4 and
3. Article 2 of presidential decree
7, 5 paragraphs 1 and 3, 13 para-
700 of October 9/9,1974 *OD partial
on-
graph 1, and 26.
reenactment of articles 5, 6, 8, 10,
2. The need for a revision of the
12, 14, 95, and 97 of the Constitu-
by
igh
Constitution shall be confirmed by a
Lion and lifting of the law on a state
47
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FAX NO. 2027071820
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JUL- 9-91 TUE 12:17
of siege» as well as the Legislative
be extended to include teaching, re-
Decree 167 of November 16/16, 1974
search, authorship, and scientific
won granting of the legal remedy of
work in laboratories of respective
appeal against the judgments of the
schools; but the participation of
military tribunals shall remain in
these professors in the administra-
force allowing for their amendment
tion of schools and in the election of
or abolition by law.
teaching personnel in general or in
4. The resolution of April 16/29 1952,
the examination of students shall be
shall remain in force for six months
excluded.
from the date of the coming into
4. The application of article 16
force of this Constitution. Within
paragraph 3, on the number of years
this time-limit, the amendment,
of compulsory education, shall be
implementation or abolition of the
applied in its entirety by & law with-
constituent acts and resolutions re-
in five years of the coming into
ferred to in article 3 paragraph 1
force of this Constitution.
of the aforementioned resolution
shall be permitted, as well as the
Article 113
remaining in force of some of the
se, as a whole or in part, even
The Standing Orders of Parliament,
after the lapse of this time-limit
the resolutions pertaining thereto,
with the restriction that the provi-
and the laws specifying the manner
sions amended, implemented or re-
in which Parliament shall function,
maining in force cannot be contra-
shall continue to be in force Lill the
ry to this Constitution.
new Standing Orders enter into
5. Greeks deprived in any manner
force, except for the provisions
whatsoever of their citizenship up to
which are contrary to the provisions
the coming into force of this Consti-
of this Constitution.
tution shall recover il upon deci-
For the function of the Sections of
sion by special committees of judi-
Parliament provided by articles 70
cial functionaries, as specified by
and 71 of the Constitution, the pro-
law.
visions of the last Standing Orders
6. The provision of article 19 of
regulating the work of the Special
legislative decree 3370/1955 «on
Legislative Committee of article 35
sanctioning of the Code of Greek
of the Constitution of January 1,
citizenship» shall remain in force
1952 shall be supplementary applied
as provided by article 3 of the reso-
until it is repealed by law.
lution A dated December 14, 1974.
Until the new Standing Orders come
Article 112
into force the Committee of article
71 of the Constituion shall be com-
1. On matters where provisions of
posed of sixty regular members and
this Constitution explicitly require
thirty substitutes, to be selected by
the promulgation of a law to regu-
the Speaker from among all parties
late them, the laws and administra-
and groups, in proportion to their
tive acts of aregulatory character, as
strength. In case of dispute prior
the case may be, in force at the time
to the publication of the new Stand-
this Constitution comes into force,
ing Orders on provisions to be ap-
with the exception of those which
plied the Plenum or the Section of
are contrary to provisions of the
Parliament in reference to the
Constitution, shall remain in force
operation of which the question has
until the law shall be promulgated.
arisen shall decide.
2. The provisions of articles 109 pa-
ragraph 2 and 79 paragraph 8 shall
Article 114
enter into force as from the date of
the coming into force of each of the
1. The election of the first President
laws especially provided by each of
these provisions. The above law
of the Republic must take place at
the latest within two months from
must be promulgated at the latest
by the end of the year 1976. Until
publication of this Constitution In &
the law provided for in article 109
special session of Parliament, to be
called at least five days In advance
paragraph 2 comes into force, the
by the Speaker: the provisions of
constitutional and legislative set-up
in force at the time this Constitution
the Standing Ordersa to theelection
of the Speaker shall be observed.
enters into force shall continue to be
applied.
The President-elect shall assume the
3. The Constituent act of 5 October
discharge of his duties upon being
sworn in, at the latest within five
1974, which shall remain in force,
days of his election.
shall be construed as meaning that
the suspension of the exercise of the
The law specified in article 49 para-
duties of professors as from their
graph 5 on the regulation of matters
election as members of Parliament
related to the responsibility of the
shall not, throughout the duration
President of the Republic must be
of the present parliamentary period,
promulgated before December 31,
1975.
48
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Until the law specified in article 33
4. Until the coming into force of the
paragraph 3 comes into force, mat-
law provided under article 87 para-
ters defined therein shall be admin.
graph 3 and until the establishment
istered by the provisions pertaining
of the judicial and disciplinary com-
to the provisional President of the
mittees provided under article 90
Republic.
paragraphs1 and 2 and article 91, the
2. As from the coming into force of
relevant provisions existing at the
the Constitution and until the Pre-
time when this Constitution enters
sident of the Republic to be elected
into force shall continue to be in
shall assume the discharge of his
force. The laws on the above matters
duties, the provisional President of
must be promulgated not later than
the Republic shall exercise the au-
one year from this Constitution com-
thority vested in the President of
ing into force.
the Republic by the Constitution,
5. Until the laws provided for in
with the restrictions specified in ar-
article 92 come into force, the provi-
ticle 2 of resolution B dated Decem-
sions existing at the time when
ber 24, 1974 of the Fifth Revisio-
this Constitution enters into force
nary Parliament.
shall continue to be in force. The said
laws must be promulgated not later
Article 115
than one year from the date of this
Constitution coming into force.
1. Until the law provided in article
86 paragraph 1 is promulgated the
6. The special law under article 57
standing provisions on prosecution,
paragraph $ must be promulgated
within six months from the date of
interrogation and trial of acts and
omissions specified in article 49
this Constitution coming into force.
paragraph 1 and article 85 shall be
Article 116
applied.
2. The law provided by article 100
1. Existing provisions contrary to
must be promulgated within one
article 4 paragraph 2 shall remain in
year at the latest from the coming
force until their abolition by law not
into force of the Constitution. Pend-
later than December 31, 1982.
ing promulgation of the said law and
the function of the Special Highest
2. Divergencies from the provisions
Tribunal to be established:
of article 4 paragraph 2 shall be per-
mitted only for sufficiently justified
a. Disputes on the matters specified
reasons, in the cases specified by the
in article 55 paragraph 2 and article
law.
57 shall be solved by parliamentary
3. Ministerial decisions of a regula-
resolution, in accordance with the
provisions of the Standing Orders on
tory character as well as provisions
of collective agreements or arbitra-
personal issues.
tion decisions pertaining to the set-
b. The examination of the validity
Liement of remuneration for labour
and the returns of a referendum
which are contrary to the provisions
held in accordance with article 44
of article 22 paragraph 1 shall con-
paragraph 2, as well as the trial of
tinue to be in force until they are
objections to the validity and the
replaced not later than three years
returns of parliamentary elections
from the date of the coming into
in accordance with article 58 shall
force of this Constitution.
be assigned to the Special Court
provided by article 73 of the Consti-
Article 117
tution of January 1, 1952; the pro-
cedure of articles 116 seq. of presi-
1. Laws promulgated before 21
dential decree 650/1974, shall be ap-
April 1967, in application of article
plied.
104 of the Constitution of January 1,
c. The settlement of conflicts speci-
1952 shall be deemed not Lo be
fied in article 100 paragraph 1 sec-
contrary to this Constitution and
tion (d) shall come under the juris-
shall remain in force.
diction of the Court specified in
2. Notwithstanding article 17 the
article 65 of the Constitution of
legislative regulation and dissolu-
January 1, 1952; laws related to the
tion of existing leases of farms and
organization, functioning and pro-
other land onuses, the purchase of
cedure before the said Court shall
bare ownership by longleases of long
remain temporarily in force.
leased plots and the abrogation of
3. Until the coming into force of the
peculiar real estate relationships
law provided by article 99 suits for
shall be permitted.
wrongful judgment shall be tried
3. Public or private forests or forest
by the court provided for under arti-
expanses which have been destroyed
cle 110 of the Constitution of Janu-
or are being destroyed by fire or
ary 1, 1952 and in accordance with
have otherwise been deforested or
the procedure effective at the time
are being deforested, shall not there-
of publication of the Constitution.
by relinquish the character they pos-
49
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sessed before and shall compulsorily
grade and died may exercise all the
be proclaimed reforestable, the pos-
rights accorded to persons under
sibility of their disposal for other
disciplinary trial before the Highest
uses being excluded.
Disciplinary Council.
4. The expropriation of forests and
forest expanses owned by individ-
3. Until the law provided for in
article 101 paragraph S is promul-
uals or by private or public law cor-
gated provisions in force pertaining
porate bodies shall be permitted on-
to the distribution of authority be-
ly in favour of the State, in accor-
tween central and regional services
dance with the provisions of article
shall continue to be applied. These
17, for reasons of public utility; but
their character as forests shall be
provisions may be amended by the
retained unaltered.
transfer of special authority from
central to regional service.
5. The expropriations which have
been declared or are being declared
Article 119
until the existing laws on expro-
priation have been adapted to this
1. A law may lift the bar in force in
Constitution, shall be governed by
any way whatsoever on petitions for
provisions In force at the time of
annulment of acts issued between
their declaration.
April 21, 1967 and July 23, 1974,
6. Paragraphs 3 and 5 of article 24
irrespectively of whether or not a
shall apply to residential areas which
petition had been submitted; in no
have been recognized as such as
case, however, may wages related
from the coming into force of laws
to the past be paid to persons who
provided therein.
shall eventually succeed through
this legal remedy.
Article 118
2, Military or civil servants who
by law have been restored ipso jure
1. As of the date this Constitution
to the public posts they occupied
enters into force judicial function-
and who have become members of
aries from the rank of president or
Parliament, may within an eight.
public presecutor of the Court of
day time-limit state their choice
Appeals upwards or of corresponding
between parliamentary office and
ranks, shall retire from service as
their public post.
before that time, upon attainment
of the age of seventy years; this age
SECTION IV
limit shall annually be lowered by
one year beginning at 1977 up to
FINAL PROVISION
the age of sixty-seven years.
2. Highest judicial functionaries
Article 120
who were not in service at the time
when the constituent act of Septem-
1. This Constitution, voted by the
ber 4/5, 1974 "on the restoration of
Fifth Revisional Parliament of the
order and harmony in the judicial
Hellenes, is signed by its Speaker
branch» came into force and whose
and published by the provisional
grade was lowered on the basis there-
President of the Republic in the
of due to the time at which their
Government Gazette by decree
promotion was made and against
countersigned by the Council of
whom the disciplinary prosecution
Ministers; it shall enter into force
specified in article 6 of the said con-
on the eleventh of June 1975.
stituent act was not initiated shall
2. Respect for the Constitution and
be compulsorily committed by the
the laws concurring thereto, and
competent Minister to the Highest
devotion to the Fatherland and to
Disciplinary Council within three
the Democracy constitute a funda-
months of the date of the coming
mental duty of all Greeks.
into force of the Constitution.
3. Usurpation in any way whatso-
The Highest Disciplinary Council
ever of popular sovereignty and of
shall decide on whether the condi-
powers deriving therefrom shall be
tions of promotion have reduced the
prosecuted upon restoration of the
prestige and the special position in
lawful authority; the limitation from
the service of the promoted person
which punishment for the crime is
and shall by final decision rule on
barred shall begin from the restors-
reacquisition or not of the automat-
tion of lawful authorities
ically forfeited grade and the rights
4. Observance of the Constitution is
attached to the grade, the retroa.
entrusted to the patriotism of the
clive payment of salary or pension
Greeks, who shall have the right
being however excluded.
and the duty to realst by all possi-
The decision must be issued within
ble means whomever attempts the
three months of committel.
violent abolition of the Constitu-
The closest living relatives of a judi-
tion.
cial functionary having lost his
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