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Antiochian Orthodox Church Annual Convention, Crystal City, VA 7/25/91 [OA 8326] [1]
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Folder Title:
Antiochian Orthodox Church Annual Convention, Crystal City, VA 7/25/91 [OA 8326][1]
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26
21
5
4
THE WHITE HOUSE
REVISED
WASHINGTON
LAM
MEMORANDUM
TO:
David Demarest
FROM:
KATHY SUPER
SUBJECT:
APPROVED PRESIDENTIAL ACTIVITY
EVENT:
Attend Antiochian Orthodox Christian Archdiocese Convention
DATE:
Thursday, July 25, 1991
TIME:
-10:00-a.m.- 11:00 a.m. *
DURATION:
30 minutes
LOCATION:
Crystal Gateway, Crystal City, Virginia
ATTIRE:
Business Suit
REMARKS REQUIRED:
Yes
MEDIA COVERAGE:
Open
FIRST LADY PARTICIPATION: Is Invited
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION:
CONTACT: Father George Rados
TELEPHONE: 301 365-0932
NOTE:
PROJECT OFFICER, SEE ATTACHED CHECKLIST
Ed Rogers
Marlin Fitzwater
Ede Holiday
Phil Brady
David Demarest
David Valdez
Fred McClure
Fran Norris
USSS-PPD
Susan Porter Rose
Sig Rogich
Gary Walters
Patty Presock
Jay Parmer
WHCA Audio/Visual
Dorrance Smith
Bill Farish
WHCA Operations
Laurie Firestone
C. Boyden Gray
William Kristol
Paul Bateman
Laura Melillo
Jackie Kennedy
Debra Romash
John Herrick
Deb Anderson
Richard Trefry
Ron Kaufman
Tony Snow
Gregg Petersmeyer
Rose Zamaria
AJM 6/14/91
*AJM 6/14/91
ANTIOCHIAN ORTHODOX CHRISTIAN CHURCH ANNUAL CONVENTION
CRYSTAL CITY, VIRGINIA
JULY 25, 1991
11:00 A.M.
THANKS, ALL OF YOU, FOR THIS WARM WELCOME. /
[SA - LEE - BA]
ARCHBISHOP SALIBA: IT'S MY PLEASURE TO SEE YOU AGAIN
-- AND CONGRATULATIONS TO YOU, SIR, ON CELEBRATING
TWENTY-FIVE YEARS AS THE LEADER OF THIS CHURCH. //
JUST THREE DAYS AGO, I RETURNED FROM TURKEY, THE
NATION THAT IS HOME TO THE ANCIENT CITY THAT GIVES YOUR
CHURCH ITS NAME. ANCIENT ANTIOCH IS WHERE THE NAME
"CHRISTIAN" FIRST CAME INTO USE -- A CITY WHERE A
TRADITION OF TOLERANCE TOOK SHAPE AROUND A FAITH THAT
WOULD ONE DAY LIGHT THE LIVES OF MILLIONS. THE
STRENGTH OF YOUR FAITH -- AND THE WELCOME IT HAS FOUND
IN AMERICA -- IS TESTIMONY THAT THE SPIRIT OF ANTIOCH
LIVES TODAY. 11
- 2 -
THE SPIRIT OF ANTIOCH AND THE SPIRIT OF AMERICA
HAVE MUCH IN COMMON. FOR MANY YEARS NOW, I'VE BEEN
BLESSED WITH THE PRIVILEGE TO REPRESENT THIS GREAT
COUNTRY. WHEREVER I'VE GONE -- ON EVERY CONTINENT, IN
EVERY CORNER OF THE WORLD -- I FIND PEOPLE WHO HAVE
TREMENDOUS ADMIRATION FOR AMERICA AND ALL IT STANDS
FOR. YES, PART OF IT GROWS OUT OF A FASCINATION WITH
OUR MUSIC AND OUR MOVIES, WITH THE CLOTHES WE WEAR OR
THE CARS WE DRIVE -- BUT WHAT ATTRACTS PEOPLE TO
AMERICA MORE THAN ANY MATERIAL THING IS AN IDEA -- AND
THAT IDEA IS FREEDOM. //
WE MUST REMEMBER -- ESPECIALLY IN THIS, THE
BICENTENNIAL YEAR OF OUR BILL OF RIGHTS -- THAT A
CENTRAL PART OF THAT AMERICAN IDEA IS FREEDOM OF FAITH:
THE RIGHT OF EVERY MAN AND WOMAN TO WORSHIP, TO WITNESS
GOD, AS THEY SEE FIT. // FROM THE SETTLERS AND
SEEKERS WHO LANDED AT PLYMOUTH ROCK -- TO THE PILGRIMS
OF OUR OWN DAY -- AMERICA HAS LONG BEEN A SAFE HAVEN, A
WELCOME REFUGE FROM PERSECUTION. //
- 3 -
THEY COME TO OUR SHORES TO TRADE TYRANNY FOR
TOLERANCE. ALL FAITHS ARE WELCOME HERE. TOLERANCE IS
OUR WAY OF RECOGNIZING THE LIMITS OF OUR OWN EARTH-
BOUND UNDERSTANDING. TOLERANCE TESTIFIES TO THE FACT
THAT WE ARE HUMAN -- ONLY HUMAN: THAT BEFORE GOD, OUR
VAST KNOWLEDGE, ALL OUR SCIENCE, ALL THE WISDOM OF THE
AGES, IS A SINGLE DROP OF WATER -- AND OUR IGNORANCE /
AN OCEAN. //
FAITH HAS A POWER OF ITS OWN. AS IN THE EARLIEST
DAYS AT ANTIOCH, THE MEANS OF MOVING MEN REMAINS THE
SAME: THE POWER OF EXAMPLE, OF LIFE LIVED IN HARMONY
WITH AN IDEAL.
THE IMAGE OF THE GOOD SHEPHERD WAS PRESENT IN
PETER'S MIND WHEN HE WROTE: "TEND THE FLOCK OF GOD
THAT IS YOUR CHARGE, NOT BY CONSTRAINT BUT WILLINGLY,
NOT FOR SHAMEFUL GAIN BUT EAGERLY, NOT AS DOMINEERING
OVER THOSE IN YOUR CHARGE, BUT BEING EXAMPLES TO THE
FLOCK."
- 4 -
THE SAME ETHIC GOVERNS NOT SIMPLY MEN, BUT NATIONS.
WHEN AMERICA ACTS IN THE WORLD, WE MUST ACT AS A MORAL
AGENT -- AS A FORCE FOR GOOD. MANY TIMES, THE PATH
FORWARD IS FULL OF OBSTACLES -- THE CHOICES WE CONFRONT
NEITHER BLACK NOR WHITE, IN A WORLD OF LESSER EVILS.
AND STILL, WE MUST CHOOSE. TO ADVANCE AMERICAN IDEALS
-- WE MUST ACT. //
NOWHERE ARE THE CHOICES MORE DIFFICULT THAN IN THE
PERSIAN GULF AND THE MIDDLE EAST. MANY OF YOU CAME TO
THIS COUNTRY FROM THIS REGION, LEAVING FRIENDS AND
FAMILY -- LEAVING A PART OF YOURSELVES BEHIND. FOR
YOU, THE SUFFERING AND TURMOIL IN THAT PART OF THE
WORLD IS NOT SIMPLY POLITICAL, BUT PERSONAL. / I
CANNOT SHARE YOUR PRIVATE ANGUISH, BUT I CAN SAY FROM
THE HEART, IT PAINS ME DEEPLY TO SEE THE MIDDLE EAST
-- SACRED GROUND OF THREE GREAT FAITHS -- RIVEN BY
HATRED AND CONFLICT. //
- 5 -
IN IRAQ, WE CONFRONTED A COUNTRY UNDER THE RULE OF
A MAN OF BRUTAL MEANS AND UNMITIGATED EVIL -- A MAN WHO
MADE WAR ON HIS OWN PEOPLE, MENACED HIS NEIGHBORS, AND
THREATENED THE WORLD'S PEACE.
I BELIEVED THEN -- AND I BELIEVE NOW -- THAT WHAT
WE AND OUR COALITION PARTNERS DID TO STAND UP AGAINST
SADDAM HUSSEIN'S AGGRESSION WAS RIGHT AND JUST. //
WHO CAN DOUBT THIS NOW -- KNOWING AS WE DO JUST HOW
CLOSE SADDAM HUSSEIN WAS TO POSSESSING NUCLEAR WEAPONS
AND THE MEANS TO DELIVER THEM AGAINST DEFENSELESS MEN,
WOMEN AND CHILDREN. //
WE FOUGHT NOT FOR NARROW INTEREST -- BUT FOR A
NOBLE IDEAL. WE FOUGHT TO LIBERATE A NATION, TO DEFEAT
AN AGGRESSOR WHO BROUGHT MISERY -- WHO BRINGS IT STILL
-- TO MANY MILLIONS OF INNOCENT PEOPLE. // I'VE SAID
OVER AND OVER AGAIN THAT WE HAVE NO QUARREL WITH THE
PEOPLE OF IRAQ -- BUT IRAQ WILL NOT REALIZE ITS
POTENTIAL AS A NATION SO LONG AS SADDAM STAYS IN POWER.
//
- 6 -
AT EVERY POINT DURING THE GULF CONFLICT, I HELD OUT
HOPE THAT OUT OF THE HORRORS OF WAR MIGHT COME NEW
PROSPECTS FOR PEACE. THAT HOPE IS EVEN STRONGER NOW.
IN LEBANON, WE SEE THE FIRST TANGIBLE SIGNS OF
POLITICAL PROGRESS -- OF DOMESTIC RECONCILIATION AND
RESTORED ORDER -- AFTER A DECADE AND A HALF OF
NIGHTMARISH CIVIL WAR. THANKS TO THE TAIF ACCORD, A
TRULY SOVEREIGN LEBANON -- ONE FREE OF ALL ARMED
MILITIAS AND FOREIGN FORCES -- IS NO LONGER JUST A
DREAM. //
- 7 -
JUST LAST WEEK, SECRETARY BAKER UNDERTOOK HIS FIFTH
MISSION TO THE MIDDLE EAST SINCE THE GULF WAR. HIS
PURPOSE: TO BRING ABOUT A PEACE CONFERENCE DESIGNED TO
LAUNCH DIRECT NEGOTIATIONS BETWEEN ISRAEL AND ITS ARAB
NEIGHBORS. BUILDING ON THE POSITIVE RESPONSE FROM
SYRIA, WE HAVE GAINED THE AGREEMENT OF EGYPT, JORDAN,
LEBANON AND THE 6-STATE GULF COOPERATION COUNCIL TO
ATTEND A PEACE CONFERENCE, TO WITH ISRAEL. /
AS A RESULT, WE KNOW THAT THE ISRAELIS ARE
STUDYING OUR PROPOSAL SERIOUSLY. WE HOPE THAT THEY
WILL RESPOND FAVORABLY TO THIS HISTORIC OPPORTUNITY FOR
PEACE AND SECURITY. I KNOW THE PALESTINIANS ARE
CLOSELY EXAMINING THEIR CHOICES; HERE TOO I WOULD ASK
ONLY THAT THEY DO EVERYTHING POSSIBLE TO TAKE ADVANTAGE
OF THIS UNPRECEDENTED SITUATION TO ATTAIN THEIR
LEGITIMATE RIGHTS -- AND AT THE SAME TIME FURTHER THE
CAUSE OF PEACE.
- 8 -
WE ALSO HAVE THE PUBLIC COMMITMENT OF SEVERAL ARAB
STATES -- INCLUDING EGYPT, JORDAN AND SAUDI ARABIA --
TO SUSPEND THE ECONOMIC BOYCOTT OF ISRAEL, IF ISRAEL
SUSPENDS SETTLEMENT ACTIVITY IN THE OCCUPIED
TERRITORIES. IN THE MIDDLE EAST AS IN LEBANON, OUR
OBJECTIVE REMAINS A PEACE THAT IS FAIR TO ALL PARTIES
-- A PEACE THAT PROMOTES THE SECURITY OF OUR FRIENDS
AND TRUE STABILITY IN THE REGION. //
AT THE SAME TIME, ALL OF US MUST UNDERSTAND THE
CHALLENGES TO COME AND THE LIMITS TO WHAT WE CAN DO.
NO ONE -- NOT THIS PRESIDENT, NOT THE UNITED STATES,
NOT THE U.S.S.R. OR THE U.N. OR OUR EUROPEAN ALLIES --
NO ONE CAN IMPOSE A SOLUTION THAT THE PARTIES IN THE
MIDDLE EAST DO NOT WELCOME AND CANNOT LIVE WITH. //
BUT THE DIFFICULTIES MUST NEVER STAND IN OUR WAY. WE
CAN AND WILL BE CATALYSTS FOR PEACE. ///
JUST AS THE CHRISTIANS OF ANTIOCH LED BY EXAMPLE
-- so, Too, WE WHO WOULD ASK OTHERS TO FOLLOW MUST
BEGIN BY ASKING MORE OF OURSELVES. AS PAUL WROTE TO
THE ROMANS, "LET US THEREFORE FOLLOW AFTER THE THINGS
WHICH MAKE FOR PEACE." //
- 9 -
ONCE AGAIN, MY THANKS TO YOU FOR THIS WARM WELCOME.
/ MAY GOD BLESS THIS CHURCH IN ALL ITS WORK -- AND MAY
GOD BLESS THIS GREAT NATION, THE UNITED STATES OF
AMERICA.
# # #
McGroarty/Simon
July 19, 1991
91 JUL 19 AMII: 51
11:30 am
[ANTIOCH]
PRESIDENTIAL REMARKS: ANTIOCHIAN ORTHODOX CHRISTIAN CHURCH
ANNUAL CONVENTION
CRYSTAL CITY, VIRGINIA
JULY 25, 1991
11:00 A.M.
[Introductory acknowledgements.] Thanks, all of you, for
this warm welcome. / Archbishop Saliba: it's my pleasure to
see you again -- and congratulations to you, sir, on celebrating
twenty-five years as the leader of this Church. //
returned 7/22
Just three days ago, I returned from Turkey, the nation that
Harper's
is home to the ancient city that gives your church its name.
Bible
Dictionary Ancient Antioch is where the name "Christian" first came into use
P. 33
Acts 11:26 -- a city where a tradition of tolerance took shape around a
faith that would one day light the lives of millions. The
strength of your faith -- and the welcome it has found in America
-- is testimony that the spirit of Antioch lives today. //
The spirit of Antioch and the spirit of America have much in
common. For many years now, I've been blessed with the privilege
to represent this great country. Wherever I've gone -- from
Turkey to [xxx] -- I find people who have tremendous admiration
for American and all it stands for. Yes, part of it grows out of
a fascination with our music and our movies, with the clothes we
wear or the cars we drive -- but what attracts people to America
more than any material thing is an idea -- and that idea is
freedom. //
2
world
almanac
We must remember -- especially in this, the Bicentennial
year of our Bill of Rights -- that a central part of that
1791
American idea is freedom of faith: the right of every man and
woman to worship, to witness God, as they see fit. // From the
settlers and seekers who landed at Plymouth Rock -- to the
pilgrims of our own day -- America has long been a safe haven, a
welcome refuge from persecution. //
They come to our shores to trade tyranny for tolerance. As
in Antioch, all faiths are welcome here. Tolerance is our way of
recognizing the limits of our own earth-bound understanding.
Tolerance testifies to the fact that we are human -- only human:
that our vast knowledge, all our science, all the wisdom of the
ages, is a single drop of water -- and our ignorance / a sea. //
Faith has a power of its own. As in the earliest days at
Antioch, the means of moving men remains the same: the power of
example, of life lived in harmony with an ideal.
The image of the Good Shepherd was present in Peter's mind
I peter
when he wrote: "Tend the flock of God that is your charge, not
5:2-3
by constraint but willingly, not for shameful gain but eagerly,
not as domineering over those in your charge, but being examples
to the flock."
The same ethic governs not simply men, but nations. When
America acts in the world, we must act as a moral agent -- as a
force for good. Many times, the path forward is full of
obstacles -- the choices we confront neither black nor white, in
3
a world of lesser evils. And still, we must choose. To advance
American ideals -- we must act. //
Nowhere are the choices more difficult than in the Middle
East. Many of you came to this country from nations in the
Middle East, leaving friends and family -- leaving a part of
yourselves behind. For you, the suffering and turmoil in that
part of the world is not simply political, but personal. / I
cannot share your private anguish, but I can say from the heart,
it pains me deeply to see the Middle East -- sacred ground of
three great faiths -- riven by hatred and conflict. //
In Iraq, we confronted a country under the rule of a man of
brutal means and unmitigated evil -- a man who harmed his own
people, menaced his neighbors, and threatened the world's peace.
I believed then -- and I believe now -- that what we and our
coalition partners did to stop this man was right and just. //
We fought not for narrow interest -- but for a noble ideal.
We fought to liberate a nation, to defeat an aggressor who
brought misery -who brings it still -- to many millions of
innocent people. //
At every point during the Gulf conflict, I held out hope
that out of the horrors of war might come new prospects for
on
peace. That hope remains strong now. Just last week, I sent
S-16-
91
Secretary Baker to Syria -- his fifth mission to the Middle East
-- to explore signs that that nation was ready to join its
neighbors in the region at a peace conference. I continue to
believe that the solution to the Arab-Israeli conflict will begin
4
when Israel and its Arab neighbors sit down at the same table.
//
All of us must understand the limits to what we can do. No
one -- not this President, not the United States, not the UN or
our European allies -- no one can impose a solution that the
parties in the Middle East do not welcome and cannot live with.
// But the difficulties must never stand in our way. We can and
will be catalysts for peace. ///
Just as the Christians of Antioch led by example -- so, too,
we who would ask others to follow must begin by asking more of
Romans
ourselves. As Paul wrote to the Romans, "Let us therefore follow
14:19
after the things which make for peace." //
Once again, my thanks to you for this warm welcome. / May
God bless this Church in all its work -- and may God bless this
great nation, the United States of America.
# # #
McGroarty/Simon
July 18, 1991
5:30 pm
[ANTIOCH]
PRESIDENTIAL REMARKS:
ANTIOCHAN ORTHODOX CHRISTIAN CHURCH
ANNUAL CONVENTION
CRYSTAL CITY, VIRGINIA
JULY 25, 1991
11:00 A.M.
[Introductory acknowledgements. Patriarch Ignatius IV?. ]
Thanks, all of you, for this warm welcome. / Archbishop Saliba:
it's my pleasure to see you again -- and congratulations to you,
sir, on celebrating twenty-five years as the leader of this
Church. //
Just three days ago, I returned from Turkey, the nation that
is home to the ancient city that gives your church its name.
Ancient Antioch is where the name "Christian" first came into use
-- a city where a tradition of tolerance took shape around a
faith that would one day light the lives of millions. The
strength of your faith -- and the welcome it has found in America
-- is testimony that the spirit of Antioch lives today. //
The spirit of Antioch and the spirit of America have much in
common. For many years now, I've been blessed with the privilege
to represent this great country. Wherever I've gone -- from
Turkey to XXX -- I find people who have tremendous admiration for
American and all it stands for. Yes, part of it grows out of a
fascination with our music and our movies, with the clothes we
wear or the cars we drive -- but what attracts people to America
2
more than any material thing is an idea -- and that idea is
freedom. //
We must remember -- especially in this, the Bicentennial
year of our Bill of Rights -- that a central part of that
American idea is freedom of faith: the right of every man and
woman to worship, to witness God, as they see fit. // From the
settlers and seekers who landed at Plymouth Rock -- to the
pilgrims of our own day -- America has long been a safe haven, a
welcome refuge from persecution. //
They come to our shores to trade tyranny for tolerance. As
in Antioch, all faiths are welcome here. Tolerance is our way of
recognizing the limits of our own earth-bound understanding.
Tolerance testifies to the fact that we are human -- only human:
that our vast knowledge, all our science, all the wisdom of the
ages, is a single drop of water -- and our ignorance / a sea. //
Faith has a power of its own. As in the earliest days at
Antioch, the means of moving men remains the same: the power of
example, of life lived in harmony with an ideal.
The image of the Good Shepherd was present in Peter's mind
when he wrote: "Tend the flock of God that is your charge, not
by constraint but willingly, not for shameful gain but eagerly,
not as domineering over those in your charge, but being examples
to the flock.' "
The same ethic governs not simply men, but nations. When
America acts in the world, we must act as a moral agent -- as a
force for good. Many times, the path forward is full of
3
obstacles -- the choices we confront neither black nor white, in
a world of lesser evils. And still, we must choose. //
Nowhere are the choices more difficult than in the Middle
East. Many of you came to this country from nations in the
Middle East, leaving friends and family -- leaving a part of
yourselves behind. For you, the suffering and turmoil in that
part of the world is not simply political, but personal. / I
cannot share your private anguish, but I can say from the heart,
it pains me deeply to see the Middle East -- sacred ground of
three great faiths -- riven by hatred and conflict. //
In Iraq, we confronted a country under the rule of a man of
brutal means and unmitigated evil -- a man who harmed his own
people, menaced his neighbors, and threatened the world's peace.
I believed then -- and I believe now -- that what we and our
coalition partners did to stop this man was right and just. //
We fought not for narrow interest -- but for a noble ideal.
We fought to liberate a nation, to defeat an aggressor who
brought misery who brings it still -- to many millions of
innocent people. //
At every point during the Gulf conflict, I held out hope
that out of the horrors of war might come new prospects for
peace. That hope remains strong now. Just last week, I sent
Secretary Baker to Syria -- his fifth mission to the Middle East
-- to explore signs that that nation was ready to join its
neighbors in the region at a peace conference. I continue to
believe that the solution to the Arab-Israeli conflict will begin
4
when Israel and its Arab neighbors sit down at the same table.
//
All of us must understand the limits to what we can do. No
one -- not this President, not the United States, not the UN or
our European allies -- no one can impose a solution that the
parties in the Middle East do not welcome and cannot live with.
// But the difficulties must never stand in our way. We can and
will be catalysts for peace. ///
[[TRANS: scripture passage on peace ??]]
Once again, my thanks to you for this warm welcome. / May
God bless this Church in all its work -- and may God bless this
great nation, the United States of America.
# # #
with making unauthorized loans to Iraq,
willingly negotiate with a joint Jordan-
Bessmertnykh was Soviet for-
it was reported in the Financial Times
ian-Palestinian delegation, and that such
eign minister and the highhest-ranking So-
April 26. Kissinger April 25 confirmed
a delegation could include former resi-
viet official ever to visit Issrael. During his
A
that he had served on BNL's international
dents of East Jerusalem. (Palestinian
visit, he did not announcee the renewal of
advisory board until February 1991, but
leaders who met with Baker May 15 had
full diplomatic relations between the
he denied having had any knowledge of
told him that the formation of their dele-
U.S.S.R. and Israel, as ssome diplomats
the bank's ties to Iraq before they were
gation was "the concern solely of the Pal-
had expected he might doo. [See p. 311D3]
reported publicly. [See p. 217B1]
estinian people.") [See p. 256B3]
Baker, Bessmertnykh, Mubarak Meet-
Two journalists and three Indian work-
Baker May 16 expressed optimism as
Secretary Baker May 113 met in Cairo
ers were killed in an oil field in Kuwait
he left Israel to return to Washington. "I
with Foreign Minister Beessmertnykh and
April 24, when their vehicles caught fire
am not disappointed, because I do think
Egyptian President Hosnii Mubarak to dis-
after skidding into a burning pool of oil.
we are making progress," he told report-
cuss Middle East regional issues. Baker
The journalists were natural-resources ed-
ers. "There are many, many more areas of
enlisted Mubarak's assisstance in soften-
itor David Thomas and photographer
B
agreement
than there are areas of dis-
ing Syria's stance on proposals for an
Alan Harper, both of the Financial Times.
agreement.'
Arab-Israeli peace conference, it was re-
They and the workers, whom oil-field au-
Gulf States Ready to Participate-
ported May 14-15. Baker also discussed
thorities declined to identify, were the
Saudi Foreign Minister Prince Saud al-
the Kurdish refugee crisiss with Bessmert-
first reported to have died as a result of
Faisal Al Saud May 11 announced that the
nykh. [See p. 349G1]
Kuwait's oil-well fires. [See p. 231C2]
members of the Gulf Cooperation Coun-
Impasse On U.N. Role Stalls
cil (Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Oman, Bah-
Other Middle East News
Baker's Mideast Peace Bid
rain, Qatar and the United Arab Emirates)
Egyptian Named Head of Arab League.
were ready to participate in an Arab-Is-
The Arab League, at a meeting in Cairo,
No Concessions From Syria, Israel.
raeli peace conference. The gulf states
May 15 unanimously elected Egyptian
U.S. Secretary of State James A. Baker
proposed that the GCC secretary general
Foreign Minister Esmat Abdel Meguid as
C
3rd returned to the Middle East May 10-
represent them as an observer. [See p.
its new secretary general. Meguid re-
16, for the fourth time in 10 weeks, in an
311A2]
placed Chedli Klibi, a Tunisian who had
attempt to reach an Arab-Israeli agree-
Secretary Baker and other U.S. offi-
resigned from the post in September
ment on the terms of a U.S.- and Soviet-
cials reportedly hoped that the GCC com-
1990. [See 1990, p. 650D1]
sponsored peace conference. During Bak-
mitment to take part in a peace confer-
Meguid's election marked the first time
er's tour, both Israel and Syria rejected
ence, which appeared to represent a thaw
that an Egyptian had held the office of
compromises proposed by the secretary
in the gulf states' attitudes toward Israel,
secretary general since the Arab League
on how such a conference should be or-
would encourage Syria and Israel to reach
had voted to cut ties with Egypt in March
ganized and what role would be played by
compromises that would bring them to
1979 for signing a peace treaty with Is-
the United Nations. [See p. 310B3]
the negotiating table. Israeli officials May
rael. [See 1979, p. 248B2]
In talks with Syrian and Israeli leaders,
12 dismissed the development, however,
Meguid had served as Egypt's foreign
D
Baker suggested that the U.N. be repre-
saying it "contributes nothing to the
minister since July 1984. He had also
sented in an initial Arab-Israeli confer-
peace process."
served as Egypt's representative to the
ence by an "observer" who would have
United Nations from 1972 to 1983.
no functional role in the talks. Baker also
Soviet Envoy Tours Region-Soviet
proposed that the parties to the initial con-
Foreign Minister Aleksandr A. Bessmert-
U.S. Sends Military Goods to Lebanon.
ference reconvene periodically, so long as
nykh May 9-14 toured the Middle East to
The U.S. State Department Jan. 24 had
the participating countries agreed. Syrian
support Secretary Baker's efforts to pro-
ordered the resumption of shipments of
mote an Arab-Israeli peace conference.
military equipment to Lebanon, the Wash-
President Hafez al-Assad May 12 rejected
the compromise, after meeting with Bak-
[See p. 311E1]
ington Post reported April 20. The ship-
er in Damascus. According to U.S. offi-
After a meeting with King Hussein of
ments included goods that had been or-
cials, Assad reiterated Syria's insistence
Jordan May 9, Bessmertnykh told report-
dered and paid for by the Lebanese
that the U.N. play a significant role and
ers that Israel's recent policy of building
government but not delivered due to a
E
new Jewish settlements in occupied terri-
1987 cutoff of U.S. military aid to the
that the peace-conference participants
meet on an ongoing basis, calling on the
tory was jeopardizing the peace process.
country. [See 1987, p. 44D3]
superpower cosponsors for help if neces-
"I cannot foresee, conceive or accept a
The equipment ordered delivered by
sary. [See p. 311B1]
situation where a peace conference is in
the State Department consisted of $3.9
Israeli Premier Yitzhak Shamir and
session while the settlements are being
million worth of "nonlethal" military
other ministers told Secretary Baker in Je-
built," Bessmertnykh said. [See p. 311E2]
equipment such as radio equipment, vehi-
(In a related development, a pro-Pales-
cle parts and unarmed personnel carriers.
rusalem May 15 that Israel continued to
tinian group based in Jerusalem claimed
Rep. Lawrence J. Smith (D, Fla.) April
oppose any U.N. role in proposed peace
talks. The Israeli officials also restated
that the Israeli government had seized at
19 protested the resumption of the ship-
their condition that any regional confer-
least 7,500 acres (3,000 hectares) of West
ments in a letter to U.S. Secretary of State
F
ence involving outside observers or me-
Bank farmland traditionally claimed by
James A. Baker 3rd. Smith charged that
diators be a one-time-only session, to be
Arab families, it was reported May 14.
"anything we ship to the Lebanese is
followed by direct Arab-Israeli talks.
The group claimed that the seized land
going to wind up with the Syrians," who
was to be set aside for new Israeli settle-
maintained a military presence in Leba-
[See p. 311C1]
With differences between Israel and
ments.)
non. [See p. 312B1]
Syria at an apparent impasse, the Bush
Syrian and Israeli officials May 9-10
World Trade
administration was considering conven-
reported that Bessmertnykh had expres-
ing an Arab-Israeli conference without
sed support for the Syrian view that the
Bush Gains on 'Fast Track' Powers.
Syria on such secondary issues as water
U.N. be involved in peace talks and that
President Bush's quest to obtain a free
rights, arms control and economic rela-
any regional conference be periodically
hand in international trade talks over the
tions, it was reported May 15. U.S. offi-
reconvened. Disagreements over condi-
next two years won the approval of two
cials reportedly hoped that such a confer-
tions for peace talks were not discussed
key congressional committees May 14.
G
ence would establish a dialogue that
in meetings May 10 between Bessmert-
[See p. 335E3]
could pave the way for later peace talks.
nykh and Israeli officials in Jerusalem.
Legislation that would have curtailed
Secretary Baker and the Israelis May
Bessmertnykh May 10-13 repeatedly
Bush's so-called fast-track authority to
16 reached a compromise on the issue of
expressed optimism about resolving
negotiate agreements with minimal con-
representation of the Palestinians at a
Arab-Israeli disagreements over peace-
gressional input was defeated by the com-
peace conference. Israel said it would
talk terms.
mittees by unexpectedly large margins.
May 16, 1991
FACTS ON FILE
351
CLITAN
PRIMATE
Antiochian Orthodox Christian Archdiocese
OF NORTH AMERICA
SILVER JUBILEE CELEBRATION
METROPOLITAN PHILIP
March 7, 1991
THE CHIEF of STAFF
has seen
HONORARY COMMITTEE
Archbishop MICHAEL
President George Bush
The White House
Bishop ANTOUN
1600 Pennsylvania Avenue, N.W.
Governor John Sununu
Washington, D.C. 20500
White House
Chief of Staff
Dear Mr. President:
Ambassador
Clovis Maksoud
John D. Rockefeller, IV
Greetings and best wishes to you, Mrs. Bush and the family. I
Senator, WV
hope that this letter will find you enjoying some well earned rest
Nick J. Rahall. II
after Operations Desert Shield and Desert Storm.
Congressman, WV
Mary Rose Oakar
Mr. President, your bishop, His Grace Edmond Browning, many other
Congresswoman, OH
American religious leaders and I supported the basic objectives of
Danny Thomas
Desert Shield which were articulated by you, mainly: (a) to defend
Casey Kasem
Saudi Arabia, (b) to liberate Kuwait, and (c) to get foreign hostages
CO-CHAIRMEN
out of Iraq. We were, however, perplexed about a military confron-
tation in the Middle East which would be long and cost us many pre-
V. Rev. Joseph Allen
Vicar-General
cious American lives. Your brilliant conduct of the war proved other-
wise. You were right in your assessment of the situation and this is
Ernest J. Saykaly
Vice-Chairman
precisely why you are the president.
Board of Trustees
COMMITTEE MEMBERS
Mr. President, last night, the entire nation along with congress and I
V. Rev. George S. Corey
were just elated by your dynamic and hopeful speech. In one of my
Editor, THE WORD
editorials published in THE WORD Magazine, I said: "I am afraid that
V. Rev. George Rados
we will win the war and lose the peace in the Middle East. What you
Host Pastor
Archdiocese Convention
said last night eased my fear and gave me hope after many years of
frustration and despair. I was eighteen years old when the first Arab-
Archdiocese Clergy
Israeli War took place. Then I lived through the Suez War of 1956, the
Parish Council
June War of 1967, the October war of 1973, the Iraq-Iran War of 1980,
Chairpersons
the 1982 invasion of Lebanon and this war which was just triumphantly
Theodore R. Mackoul
Financial Advisor
concluded. I pray, from the depth of my heart, that your conduct of
peace in the Middle East will not be less vigorous, less determined and
Adeeb Sadd
Order of St. Ignatius
less dynamic than your conduct of the war.
of Antioch
Elinor Bourjaily
I agree with you wholeheartedly when you say: "On the night I announ-
AOCWNA
ced Operation Desert Storm, I expressed my hope that out of the horrors
David Franciosi
NAC SOYO
of war might come a new momentum for peace. We have learned in the
modern age, geography cannot guarantee security and security does
Julie Dakdouk
NAC TEEN SOYO
not come from military power." And you went on to say: "By now,
#
the Shepherd calls his own sheep by name and he leads them." John 10:2
President George Bush
page 2
March 7, 1991
it should be plain to all parties that peace making in the Middle East requires
compromise. At the same time, peace brings real benefits to everyone. We
must do all that we can to close the gap between Israel and the Arab states
and between Israelis and Palestinians. The tactics of terror lead absolutely
no where; there can be no substitute for diplomacy."
These are most encouraging words, Mr. President, and bring much hope to
Arabs and Israelis alike and as you said, "there must be compromise on both
sides." You made me feel, for the first time in my life, that just and lasting
peace is possible in the land which gave the world its three monotheistic
religions. If we as a nation, let this opportunity for peace slip away from
us, we might have, God forbid, not only one Saddam, but a few of them to
cope with in the future. It is often said, "strike while the iron is hot."
Therefore, it is time to act now and we are with you all the way. If I may
borrow a phrase from your illustrious predecessor, President Ronald Reagan,
"If not you, who? And if not now, when?"
Mr. President from July 22 to July 28, 1991, the Antiochian Orthodox Christian
Archdiocese of North America will be holding its biennial convention in Wash-
ington, D.C. The main banquet will be held at 7:00 PM Saturday, July 27th.
My Archdiocese consists of one hundred seventy parishes and missions and
the faithful are comprised of many Americans from non-Middle Eastern back-
ground and many are Lebanese Americans, Syrian Americans, Jordanian and
Palestinian Americans, Egyptian Americans, etc. I would like to extend to
you a very sincere invitation to attend our banquet and speak to our people
on Your Vision for Peace in the Middle East. We will indeed be honored by
your presence.
Praying that your response will be positive, I remain
Sincerely yours,
Metropolitan PHILIP Saliba
Primate
Antiochian Orthodox Christian Archdiocese
of North America
MP :km
ACTS 10
122
Peter Rescued from Prison
123
Peter Is Accused
the Lord Jesus Christ, who was I that kept in prison;
but
earn
"Stand up; I too am a man." 27And as the Holy Spirit fell on all who heard
I could withstand God?" 18 When they
him was made to God b
he talked with him, he went in and
the word. 45And the believers from
found many persons gathered; 28 and
heard this they were silenced. And
6 The very night whe
among the circumcised who came with
he said to them, "You yourselves
they glorified God, saying, "Then to
about to bring him 01
know how unlawful it is for a Jew to
Peter were amazed, because the gift of
the Gentiles also God has granted
sleeping between two S
the Holy Spirit had been poured out
repentance unto life."
with two chains, and S
associate with or to visit any one of
another nation, but God has shown me
even on the Gentiles. 46 For they heard
I9 Now those who were scattered
the door were guardin
that I should not call any man com-
them speaking in tongues and extolling
because of the persecution that arose
7 and behold, an angel
God. Then Peter declared, 47 "Can
mon or unclean. 29 So when I was sent
over Stephen traveled as far as Phoé-
appeared, and a light
for, I came without objection. I ask
any one forbid water for baptizing
ni'či.á and Cyprus and An'ti-och,
cell; and he struck Pet
then why you sent for me."
these people who have received the
speaking the word to none except
and woke him, sayiı
Holy Spirit just as we have?" 48And
he commanded them to be baptized in
Jews. 20 But there were some of them,
quickly." And the chai
30 And Cornelius said, "Four days
men of Cyprus and who on
hands. 8And the angel
ago, about this hour, I was keeping the
ninth hour of prayer in my house; and
the name of Jesus Christ. Then
coming to An'ti-och spoke to the
"Dress yourself and
they asked him to remain for some
Greekst also, preaching the Lord
sandals. And he did S(
behold, a man stood before me in
days.
bright apparel, 31 saying, 'Cornelius,
Jesus. 1And the hand of the Lord was
to him, "Wrap your n
11
Now the apostles and the
your prayer has been heard and your
with them, and a great number that
you and follow me.' 9A1
brethren who were in Judea heard
believed turned to the Lord. 22 News
and followed him; he
alms have been remembered before
that the Gentiles also had received the
God. 32 Send therefore to Jop'pà and
of this came to the ears of the church
that what was done by
ask for Simon who is called Peter; he
word of God. 2 So when Peter went up
to Jerusalem, the circumcision party
in Jerusalem, and they sent
real, but thought he
to An'ti-och. 23 When he came and
vision. 10 When they h
is lodging in the house of Simon, a
tanner, by the seaside.' 33 So I sent to
criticized him, 3 saying, "Why did you
saw the grace of God, he was glad; and
first and the second gua
go to uncircumcised men and eat with
you at once, and you have been kind
he exhorted them all to remain faithful
to the iron gate leading
them?" 4 But Peter began and ex-
enough to come. Now therefore we are
to the Lord with steadfast purpose;
It opened to them of 11
plained to them in order: 5 "I was in
all here present in the sight of God,
24 for he was a good man, full of the
and they went out a
to hear all that you have been com-
the city of Jop'pà praying; and in a
trance I saw a vision, something
Holy Spirit and of faith. And a large
through one street; an
manded by the Lord."
company was added to the Lord. 25 So
the angel left him. 11A1
descending, like a great sheet, let down
34 And Peter opened his mouth and
Bär bàs went to Tär'sùs to look for
to himself, and said,
said: "Truly I perceive that God shows
from heaven by four corners; and it
Saul; 26 and when he had found him,
that the Lord has sent
no partiality, 35 but in every nation
came down to me. 6 Looking at it
he brought him to An'ti-och. For a
rescued me from the h
closely I observed animals and beasts
any one who fears him and does what
of prey and reptiles and birds of the
whole year they met with the church,
and from all that the
is right is acceptable to him. 36. You
know the word which he sent to
air. And I heard a voice saying to me,
and taught a large company of people;
were expecting.
and in Antioch the disciples were for
I2 When he realized
Israel, preaching good news of peace
Rise, Peter; kill and eat. 8 But I said,
'No, Lord; for nothing common or un-
the first time called Christians.
to the house of Mary,
by, Jesus Christ (he is Lord of all),
37 the word which was proclaimed
clean has ever entered my mouth.'
27 Now in these days prophets
John whose other nar
came down from Jerusalem to An'ti-
where many were gati
9 But the voice answered a second time
throughout all Judea, beginning from
och. 28And one of them named Ag'à-
and were praying.
from heaven, 'What God has cleansed
Galilee after the baptism which John
you must not call common. 10 This
bus stood up and foretold by the Spirit
knocked at the door of
preached; 38 how God anointed Jesus
happened three times, and all was
that there would be a great famine over
maid named Rho da ca
of Nazareth with the Holy Spirit and
with power; how he went about doing
drawn up again into heaven. 11At that
all the world; and this took place in the
14 Recognizing Peter
very moment three men arrived at the
days of Claudius. 9And the disciples
joy she did not open
good and healing all that were op-
determined, every one according to his
in and told that Peter
house in which we were, sent to me
pressed by the devil, for God was with
ability, to send relief to the brethren
the gate. 15 They said
him. 39And we are witnesses to all that
from Caes-à-rë'à. 12And the Spirit told
who lived in Judea; 30 and they did so,
mad. But she insisted
he did both in the country of the Jews
me to go with them, making no distinc-
sending it to the elders by the hand of
They said, It is his
tion. These six brethren also accom-
and in Jerusalem. They put him to
Bär/nå bàs and Saul.
Peter continued knock
death by hanging him on a tree; 40 but
panied me, and we entered the man's
house. 13And he told us how he had
12
About that time Her the king
they opened, they saw
God raised him on the third day and
seen the angel standing in his house
laid violent hands upon some who
amazed. 17 But motic
made him manifest; 41 not to all the
belonged to the church. 2 He killed
with his hand to be siler
people but to us who were chosen by
and saying, Send to Jop'pà and bring
God as witnesses, who ate and drank
Simon called Peter; 14 he will declare
James the brother of John with the
to them how the Lor
to you a message by which you will be
sword; 3 and when he saw that it
him out of the prison
with him after he rose from the dead.
pleased the Jews, he proceeded to
"Tell this to James an
42And he commanded us to preach to
saved, you and all your household.
arrest Peter also. This was during the
ren.' Then he departe
the people, and to testify that he is the
15As I began to speak, the Holy Spirit
fell on them just as on us at the begin-
days of Unleavened Bread. 4And when
another place.
one ordained by God to be judge of
the living and the dead. 43 To him all
ning. 16And I remembered the word
he had seized him, he put him in
I8 Now when day
the prophets bear witness that every
of the Lord, how he said, 'John bap-
prison, and delivered him to four
no small stir among th
tized with water, but you shall be
squads of soldiers to guard him,
what had become of
one who believes in him receives for-
intending after the Passover to bring
when Her od had soug
baptized with the Holy Spirit.' 17 If
giveness of sins through his name."
him out to the people. 5 So Peter was
could not find him, he
then God gave the same gift to them
44 While Peter was still saying this,
as he gave to us when we believed in
1 Other ancient authorities read Hellenists 10r were guests of
11.4-17: Acts 10.1-48. 11.16: Acts 1.5.
11.19: Acts 8.4.
antioch was home base to the
1st
missionaries to the Gentiles.
Ref
BS440
H3
wet
Harper's
Bible
Dictionary
GENERAL EDITOR
Paul J. Achtemeier
11
ASSOCIATE EDITORS
Roger S. Boraas
Michael Fishbane
Pheme Perkins
William O. Walker, Jr.
With the Society of Biblical Literature
1817
Harper & Row, Publishers, San Francisco
Cambridge, Hagerstown, New York, Philadelphia
London. Mexico City, São Paulo, Singapore, Sydney
ANTICHRIST, THE
ANTI-LEBANON
ANTIOCH
he NT, and in narrative or prophetic rather
every age, both within and outside of its mem-
och, where "for a whole year they met with the
han in priestly or wisdom materials. When
God appears to Abraham, he seems to be one of
bership. See also Apocalyptic Literature: Belial;
church" (Acts 11:22-26). Along with Symeon
John, The Letters of; Man of Lawlessness.
Niger, Lucius of Cyrene, and Manaen (a child-
aree "men" (Gen. 18-19). He speaks with
L.R.B.
hood companion of Herod Antipas), they
eople in articulate human speech. He smells
formed a leadership group of "prophets and
crifice. He regrets what he has done. On the
ther hand, many passages emphasize the great
Anti-Lebanon, the name sometimes given to
teachers" (Acts 13:1). This group sent Barnabas
the range of mountains running north-south and
and Saul on their first missionary journey (Acts
ifference between God and humans, his con-
located east of the Litani Valley in Lebanon,
13:2-14:28).
stency and lack of change (1 Sam. 15:29, in-
between that valley and the eastern desert. It is
Around A.D. 49, objections to Antioch's cir-
restingly a passage where God has in fact just
anged his mind, rejecting Saul whom he
parallel to (hence "anti-") the Lebanon range
cumcision-free mission were raised by some
mself had chosen).
standing west of the valley, between the valley
Jerusalemite Christians. Paul, Barnabas, and
Important elements of biblical thought seek to
and the Mediterranean Sea. The height of the
Titus went to Jerusalem for a meeting with Pe-
al with these problems. The "image of God"
Anti-Lebanon range is anchored on the south by
ter, James, John, and other leaders. This "Coun-
humans may establish a proper relation be-
Mount Hermon (elevation 9,332 feet above sea
cil of Jerusalem" decided that Gentiles did not
level) and drops as the ridge runs northward. Its
have to be circumcised (Acts 15:1-19; Gal. 2:
een God and humans while avoiding the
crevices hold snow well into May on northward
1-10). Some time after this meeting, Peter visit-
gestion that God is a larger man. Speech
ed Antioch. At first he practiced table fellow-
ough intermediaries like prophets reduces
slopes.
ship with Gentile Christians, but then
difficulties presented by direct speech by
Antioch (an'tee-ahk) (Syrian), a city (modern
withdrew under pressure from members of the
d. In the NT the centrality of Jesus leaves the
ather" more transcendent and yet makes God
Antakya in Turkey) founded by Seleucus Nica-
James party, recently arrived from Jerusalem.
tor in 300 B.C. and conquered by Rome in 64 B.C.
Paul, fearing that Gentile converts would think
pear" in human form.
Located on the Orontes River in the northwest-
that circumcision was necessary to be fully
Later exegesis relates these ideas to the
ern corner of the Roman province of Syria, it was
Christian, publicly rebuked Peter for hypocrisy
:co-Roman philosophical tradition, which
I also sought to reconcile anthropomorphic
the province's capital, the third largest city of
(Gal. 2:11-21). Since Paul soon left Antioch
the empire, a center of Greek culture, and a com-
without Barnabas (who sided with Peter), and
ictions with the universal and eternally
mercial hub. Jews inhabited Antioch from its
since Paul never mentions Antioch again in his
sistent being of deity.
J.B.
foundation and enjoyed the right to observe
letters, returning there only briefly, it may be
tichrist, the, the final opponent of Christ
their own customs. The various synagogues of
that Paul lost the argument. Luke smooths over
the city sent representatives to a council of el-
this painful incident by omitting all reference
thus of God. This designation is found only
ders presided over by a "ruler." Large numbers
to Paul's clash with Peter. He assigns Paul's
ne Letters of John. The author supposes that
of Antiochene Gentiles were attracted to Jewish
break with Barnabas to a squabble over Bar-
audience has heard the term before (1 John
worship. Nicolaus of Antioch, one of the seven
nabas' cousin, John Mark (Acts 15:36-40). Af-
), and he suggests that it now refers to indi-
Hellenist leaders in Jerusalem (Acts 6:5), was
ter Paul's departure, the tension within the
als ("antichrists") whose religious influ-
among those Gentiles who became Jewish prose-
Antiochene church may have been relieved by
is already a danger to the church (1 John 2:
lytes. The first Jewish war (A.D. 66-73) occa-
9; 4:1-6; 2 John 1:7-11). It is unclear
sioned anti-Jewish riots in Antioch, but on the
her such leaders, whose errors are both
whole Judaism enjoyed a peaceful life at Anti-
Plan of ancient Antioch that highlights the
stological and moral, are to be identified
och and thus provided early Christians a stable
city in the early Christian period.
Gnostics or with some other group.
matrix. Public order, a prosperous urban cul-
rlier, Jewish thinkers, amidst persecution
To Beroea
ture, a Judaism used to contacts with Gentiles,
e Greeks (second century B.C.), believed
an intellectual and religious milieu open to
he blasphemous "little horn" (Antiochus
many currents, interest in mystery cults, fine
Circus
Orontes
ould be vanquished by the sudden rule of
Seleucid
roads and lines of communication-all these
Palace
saints of the Most High" (Dan. 7). Soon
CITY
factors favored Antioch as an energetic center
after it was believed that a coming Mes-
Eastern Gate
for Christian missionary outreach.
Wall of
would terminate persecution, whether it
Christianity at Antioch: Christianity was
NEW
Tiberius
nflicted by Greece or Rome. The hostile
brought to Antioch ca. A.D. 40 by Hellenists who
Wall of
was often given the name Belial/Beliar
fled from Jerusalem after the martyrdom of Ste-
Justinian
Wall of
"worthless one").
phen (Acts 11:19-20). Thus began the first
Seleucus
Aqueduct
Christianity continued the practice of
Christian generation at Antioch (A.D. 40-70). At
ng the enemy as an individual or beast
Association
Antioch Hellenists from Cyprus and Cyrene
Theater
would be defeated at the Messiah's
made the momentous decision to begin, as a
of Caesar
's) return. The enemy is variously re-
SLO
Citadel
matter of policy, to convert Gentiles without cir-
of
to as "the lawless one" (2 Thess. 2:8),
cumcision. This striking difference from Jewish
Wall
of
EPIPHANIA
MOUNT
2 Cor. 6:15), and Gog and Magog (Rev. 20:
proselytism set these believers apart, and so it
state
SILPIUS
Amphitheater
To
nal attack upon the church is sometimes
was at Antioch that they received a new name,
Seleucia
ed with the reappearance of the emperor
"Christians" Acts 11:26). The Jerusalem church
Daphne
Reservoir
sought to control this new development by
Gate
Wall of Justinian
Christian
Antioch
nay be the background for the expected
sending Barnabas, a fellow Cypriote, to guide
Cemetery
ist," which the author of 1 John rede-
0
600
1200 Yds
the Antiochene community. To aid him in
religious terms. The church has con-
0
600
1200 M
teaching this "large company" of believers, Bar-
To Daphne
Copyright HAMMOND INC., Maplewood, N.J.
use this designation for its enemies in
nabas brought Saul (Paul) from Tarsus to Anti-
33
ISBN 0-06-069863-2
{IND}
ISBN 0-06-069862-4
4/30/8 $24 'oughs
ANTIOCH
ANTIPATRIS
the compromise enshrined in the "Apostolic
Matthew, Ignatius sought unity through bal-
Letter" of Acts 15:23-29. The circumcision-free
ance. He synthesized strains of Matthean, Paul-
al p
mission was confirmed, but the Gentiles had to
ine, and Johannine traditions to strengthen the
way
observe certain "kosher laws" mentioned in
emerging "catholic church"-a phrase first used
pas
Leviticus 17-18, laws considered incumbent
by Ignatius. Matthew's Gospel and the triple hi-
Yar
on Gentiles living in the Holy Land. Such ob-
erarchy were Antioch's twin gifts to this catholic
tific
C
servance would make possible common life
church. See also Barnabas: James: Matthew, The
1).
with Jewish Christians. Amid the tensions be-
Gospel According to: Paul: Peter.
the
tween the Hellenist left and the Jamesian right,
Bibliography
Peg
Peter probably represented a centrist position
Brown, R., and J. Meier. Antioch and Rome.
The
Ci
around which various groups could rally; but
New York: Paulist Press, 1983.
bet
of
the James party had the upper hand.
Downey, G. A History of Antioch in Syria from
Jev
Second Christian Generation at Antioch: There
Seleucus to the Arab Conquest. Princeton, NJ:
od
wł
is practically no source of information for the
Princeton University Press, 1961.
nis
an
Meeks, W., and R. Wilken. Jews and Christians
to
second Christian generation at Antioch (A.D. 70-
sen
100), with the possible exception of Matthew's
in Antioch. Missoula, MT: Scholars Press, 1978.
Gospel. If, as many think, Matthew does come
J.P.M.
field
from Antioch, we may gather that the Antio-
A
H
chene church continued to feel strains between
Antiochus (an-ti'uh-kuhs), a name borne by
the Jamesian right and the Hellenist left. How-
thirteen kings or pretenders of the Seleucid
SC
port
ever, the Jewish war, the martyrdom of James,
dynasty (Hellenistic inheritors of Syria, south-
Je
ble,
the destruction of Jerusalem, and the eventual
ern Asia Minor, and other portions of the empire
C
break with the local synagogue(s) had weakened
of Alexander the Great). The land of Israel fell
h
peop
the conservative Jewish element in the Antio-
under Seleucid rule in 198 B.C., when Antiochus
P
from
chene church. Meanwhile, the success of the
III (the Great) defeated the Ptolemies of Egypt.
and M
Gentile mission both pointed the way to the
Antiochus IV (Epiphanes) ruled from 175 until
church's future and created new problems for
164 B.C. (see 1 Macc. 1:10). The Maccabean re-
ment
the Christian reformation of pagans. It was Mat-
volt was the response of pious and nationalistic
topics
thew's task to reinterpret and synthesize the
Jews to Antiochus Epiphanes' efforts to helle-
competing traditions at Antioch to provide a
nize them and to suppress Judaism. See also
Hamm
smooth transition from a Jewish past to a Gentile
Alexander: Maccabees; Ptolemy; Seleucids, The.
lical И
future. Matthew's Gospel takes the form of a
and mı
"foundation story," to give a pastoral answer to
Antipas (an'ti-puhs). 1 See Antipater. 2 Herod
the crisis of identity the Antiochene church
Antipas, tetrarch of Galilee and Perea (4 B.C.-
By e:
faced in the second generation as it strove to
A.D. 39) after the death of his father, Herod the
about G
define itself over against both Judaism and pa-
Great. See also Herod. 3 Christian martyr from
ganism. Jewish roots, fulfillment of prophecy,
Pergamum (Rev. 2:13).
customs
and large blocks of Jewish moral teaching serve
present-
to anchor an increasingly Gentile church in the
Antipater (an-tip'uh-tuhr), also known as An-
sacred past. But the norm of morality, the center
tipas, an Idumean with strong connections to
tionary
of faith, is now Jesus Christ, who validates a
Rome who, as procurator of Judea (55-43 B.C.),
message
universal, circumcision-free mission at the end
governed most of Palestine; father of Phasaelus
Bible Dic
of the Gospel (Matt. 28:16-20). This balancing
and Herod the Great. See also Herod: Idumaea;
act allows Matthew to preserve both "new and
Phasaelus.
ence book
old" (Matt. 13:52). Hence he extols Peter, Anti-
libraries-
och's centrist figure, as the "chief rabbi" of the
Antipatris (an-tip'uh-tris), a town on the coast-
church (Matt. 16:18-19). Yet, while admitting
one seekir.
the need for Christian leaders, Matthew is wary
View of Antipatris; OT Aphek during the
ble and its
of the trappings of power and titles (Matt. 23:
time of the Philistines. rebuilt by Herod the
1-12).
Great in 9 B.C.
Third Christian Generation at Antioch: In the
third Christian generation (after A.D. 100), the
new pressures of imperial persecution and gnos-
ticising tendencies overrode Matthew's dislike
of titles. The need for clearer church structures
to defend church discipline and teaching called
forth the triple hierarchy of one bishop, a coun-
1027508!
cil of elders, and deacons. The first testimony
we have of this development is from Ignatius of
Antioch (d. ca. A.D. 117). Ignatius inherited An-
tioch's problem of opposing tendencies in the
form of a weak Judaizing movement on the right
and a more dangerous Docetism on the left. Like
34
Theme : Jesus, the True Shepherd
1 PETER 5
Encouragement amid persecutions
ing your love for one another, since
5
So I exhort the elders among you,
love covers a multitude of sins. 9 Prac-
as a fellow elder and a witness of
tice hospitality ungrudgingly to one
the sufferings of Christ as well as a par-
another. 10 As each has received a
taker in the glory that is to be revealed.
gift, employ it for one another, as good
2 Tend the flock of God that is your
stewards of God's varied grace:
charge,k not by constraint but willingly!
11 whoever speaks, as one who utters
not for shameful gain but eagerly, 3 not
oracles of God; whoever renders serv-
as domineering over those in your
ice, as one who renders it by the
charge but being examples to the flock.
strength which God supplies; in order
4 And when the chief Shepherd is man-
that in everything God may be glori-
ifested you will obtain the unfading
fied through Jesus Christ. To him be-
crown of glory. 5 Likewise you that are
long glory and dominion for ever and
younger be subject to the elders. Clothe
ever. Amen.
yourselves, all of you, with humility to-
12 Beloved, do not be surprised
ward one another, for "God opposes
at the fiery ordeal which comes
the proud, but gives grace to the hum-
upon you to prove you, as though
ble."
something strange were happening to
6 Humble yourselves therefore un-
you. 13 But rejoice in so far as you
der the mighty hand of God, that in
share Christ's sufferings, that you may
due time he may exalt you. 7 Cast
also rejoice and be glad when his glory
all your anxieties on him, for he cares
is revealed. 14 If you are reproached
about you. 8 Be sober, be watchful.
for the name of Christ, you are blessed,
Your adversary the devil prowls
because the spirit of glory' and of God
around like a roaring lion, seeking
rests upon you. 15 But let none of you
some one to devour. 9 Resist him, firm
suffer as a murderer, or a thief, or a
in your faith, knowing that the same
wrongdoer, or a mischief-maker; 16 yet
experience of suffering is required of
if one suffers as a Christian, let him
your brotherhood throughout the
not be ashamed, but under that name
world. 10 And after you have suffered
let him glorify God. 17 For the time
a little while, the God of all grace, who
has come for judgment to begin with
has called you to his eternal glory in
the household of God; and if it begins
Christ, will himself restore, establish,
with us, what will be the end of those
and strengthen" you. 11 To him be
who do not obey the gospel of God?
the dominion for ever and ever. Amen.
18 And
"If the righteous man is scarcely
12 By Silva'nus, a faithful brother
saved,
as I regard him, I have written briefly
where will the impious and sinner
to you, exhorting and declaring that
appear?"
19 Therefore let those who suffer ac-
j Other ancient authorities insert and of power
k Other ancient authorities add exercising the oversight
cording to God's will do right and en-
I Other ancient authorities add as God would have you
trust their souls to a faithful Creator.
m Other ancient authorities read restore, establish,
strengthen and settle
sins, Pr.10.12; Lk.7.47; 1 Cor.13.7. 9: Practice hospitality, provide lodging for Christian
travelers (see Heb.13.2 n.; 3 Jn.5-8
4.12-19: Recapitulation of previous exhortations. 12: Fiery ordeal, persecutions (1.6-7).
13: Rom.8.17; 2 Tim.2.12. 14: 2.20; Is.11.2. 16: Phil.1.20. Christian, see Acts 11.26 n. 18:
Pr.11.31 Septuagint. Scarcely, with difficulty. 19: 2.20.
5.1-14: Concluding exhortations and greetings. 1: Elders, church officials. 3: Not domineer-
ing, Mk.10.42. 4: The chief Shepherd, Christ (see 2.25 n.). 5: Clothe yourselves, humility is not
natural to anyone; it must be put on like clothing. The quotation is from Pr.3.34. 7: Ps.55.22.
8: Roaring, the rage of hunger. 9: Resist, the devil (compare Eph.6.11-18). 10: God has called;
PEACE
PEARLS
329
1
I will give peace in the land.
that bringeth good tidings, that publisheth
Old Testament: Leviticus, xxvi, 6.
peace.
I shall have peace, though I walk in the imag-
Old Testament: Nahum, i, 15.
ination of mine heart.
Then did they till their ground in peace, and the
Old Testament: Deuteronomy, xxix, 19.
earth gave her increase, and the trees of the field
2
their fruit.
It will make no peace with thee.
O. T. Apocrypha: I. Maccabees, xiv, 8, 12.
9
Old Testament: Deuteronomy, xx, 12.
The inhabitants of Gibeon had made peace with
Blessed are the peacemakers: for they shall
Israel.
be called the children of God.
Old Testament: Joshua, x, 1, 4; II. Samuel,
New Testament: Matthew, v, 9. The only use
x, 19; II. Kings, xxii, 44; I. Chronicles, xix,
of "peacemakers."
10
19.
Think not that I am come to send peace on
He maketh peace in thy borders.
Old Testament: Psalms, cxlvii, 14.
earth: I come not to send peace, but a sword.
3
New Testament: Matthew, x, 34.
Thus saith the king, Is it peace? And Jehu
Suppose ye that I am come to give peace or
said, What hast thou to do with peace?
earth I tell you, Nay; but rather division.
Old Testament: II. Kings, ix, 18-19.
New Testament: Luke, xii, 51.
Had Zimri peace, who slew his master?
On earth peace, good will to men, see under GOD.
11
Old Testament: II. Kings, ix, 31.
Peace I leave with you, my peace I give unto
Is it not good if peace and truth be in my days?
Old Testament: II. Kings, xx, 19.
you: not as the world giveth, give I unto you.
New Testament: John, xiv, 27.
In those times there was no peace to him that
went out, nor to him that came in.
As much as lieth in you, live peaceably with all
men.
Old Testament: II. Chronicles, XV, 5.
4
New Testament: Romans, xii, 18. The only use
Seek peace, and pursue it.
of "peaceably."
Old Testament: Psalms, xxxiv, 14.
Let us therefore follow after the things which
Abundance of peace so long as the moon endureth.
make for peace.
Old Testament: Psalms, lxxii, 7.
New Testament: Romans, xiv, 19.
12
He will speak peace unto his people, and to his
[He] preached peace to you which were afar
saints.
Old Testament: Psalms, lxxxv, 8.
off, and to them that were nigh.
New Testament: Ephesians, ii, 17.
Great peace have they which love thy law.
Old Testament: Psulms, cxix, 165.
The peace of God, which passeth all understand-
ing.
5
Of
peace there shall be no end.
New Testament: Philippians, iv, 7.
Old Testament: Isaiah, ix, 7.
Let the peace of God rule in your hearts.
Thou wilt keep him in perfect peace, whose mind
New Testament: Colossians, iii, 15.
is stayed on the
Follow peace with all men.
Old Testament: Isaiah, xxvi, 3.
New Testament: Hebrews, xii, 14.
The work of righteousness shall be peace.
Let us, therefore, hold fast to those who reli-
Old Testament: Isaiah, xxxii, 17.
giously follow peace; and not to such as only
There shall be peace and truth in my days.
pretend to desire.
Old Testament: Isaiah, xxxix, 8.
N. T. Apocrypha: I. Clement, vii, 13.
6
Peace offering, see under OFFERING.
Saying Peace, peace; when there is no peace.
Old Testament: Jeremiah, vi, 14; viii, 11;
PEACOCKS
Ezekiel, xiii, 10.
13
They shall seek peace, and there shall be none.
Gold, and silver, ivory, and apes, and pea-
Old Testament: Ezekiel, vii, 25.
cocks.
7
Old Testament: I. Kings, x, 22; II. Chronicles,
We looked for peace, but no good came.
ix, 21.
Old Testament: Jeremiah, viii, 15; xiv, 19.
Gavest thou the goodly wings unto the peacocks?
Ye shall not see the sword;
but I will give
Old Testament: Job, xxxix, 13. The only uses
you assured peace.
of "peacocks."
Old Testament: Jeremiah, xiv, 13.
Ye shall have peace.
PEARLS
Old Testament: Jeremiah, xxiii, 17.
14
Seek the peace of the city
for in the peace
Give not that which is holy unto the dogs,
thereof shall ye have peace.
neither cast ye your pearls before swine, lest
Old Testament: Jeremiah, xxix, 7.
they trample them under their feet, and turn
8
again and rend you.
Behold upon the mountains the feet of him
New Testament: Matthew, vii, 6.
WASH.POST:08-18-90
For Arabs in New Jersey City,
and to threaten Iraq," said Farah Munayor.
49, a Christian Palestinian pharmaceutical
researcher who in 1970 left Israel with his
Saddam Is Mideast Robin Hood
Muslim wife Hanan, who was born in Haifa.
If the oil is the only reason for American
involvement, it is not reason enough. ac-
cording to Archbishop Philip Saliba, primate
Many in Paterson Say U.S. Should Stay Out of Dispute
of the Antiochian Orthodox Christian Arch-
diocese of North America and chairman of
ns
the Standing Conference of American-Mid-
By Keith Kendrick
after settling here in 1953, said Saddam's
dle Eastern Christian and Moslem Leaders,
Washington Post Staff Writer
"harsh" style of leadership is justified be-
which represents the 2 million Americans of
cause it is the only way of governing the
Arab heritage.
PATERSON, N.J.-President Bush and
people in a "very difficult area."
"I cannot conceive in a million years that
many others have compared Saddam Hus-
"If you leave things to a simple approach,
American blood is cheaper than oil, that
sein of Iraq to Adolf Hitler, but here in Pat-
if you had total democracy at this time and
Arab blood is cheaper than oil," said Saliba,
erson a visitor can hear Saddam described
age in the Middle East with all its problems,
who was born in Abou Mizan, Lebanon.
as "a hero," a Robin Hood who has swept
Iraq would have a different government
Another accusation leveled at the Bush
aside the "greedy" Kuwaitis to claim the
every three months. The Middle East needs
administration is that of hypocrisy.
spoils of their country for the poor of the
Saddam for stability," said Azzo, whose sis-
"President Bush is not one to talk about
Arab world.
ter and three brothers still live in Baghad,
naked aggression. We [Americans] com-
The people who describe the Iraqi pres-
which he last visited three years ago.
mitted a similar crime with Grenada and
ident so sympathetically are Arabe who live
The resentment toward the Kuwaitis
here in one of the largest concentrations of
Panama. There is a puppet government in
stems largely from the wealth of their coun-
Middle Eastern settlers in the United
Kuwait, but there is also a puppet govern-
States. Many of them cast the U.S. govern-
try: it has a per-capita income of $13,680
ment in Panama," said Munayor.
ment as the villain in the Persian Gulf: an
compared to Iraq's $1,950. Kuwait is ac-
Kuwaitis in Paterson find themselves
unwelcome intruder into a "family" dispute,
cused of being greedy and of "cheating" the
poorer Arab nations out of a slice of that
Born by the issue. On one hand they attack
which should withdraw its troops, return
wealth by keeping oil prices low through
Saddam for "stealing our land," while on the
home and "mind its own business."
overproduction.
other they believe American involvement
H is difficult to find a dissenting voice to
"The Kuwaitis had it [the invasion] coming
can only make matters worse.
this viewpoint in this bustling community of
about 15,000 Arabe, many of them U.S.
to them," said Ibrahem Allan, 29, a habal meat
T have sisters. over there and I fear for
citizens. Muslims and Christians from vir-
shop owner who left the Middle East in 1978.
their safety if America does not pull out,"
tually every Arab country in the Middle
There are so many hungry people in the
said Kuwait-born Muneer Hussein, 21, who
East live here. Only one-an Egyptian who
Arab world, but the Kuwait royal family flies
has lived here for four years.
has lived here for eight years-out of 28
to the United States in private jets. They go
The lone voice among those interviewed
Arab Americans interviewed would agree to
to Las Vegas and spend thousands on gam-
supporting the American involvement be-
his name being used alongside his condem-
bling. There are people over there who have
longs to an Egyptian, Adel Shafik, 35, who
nation of the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait and
eight cars each-what do they do with
works as a restaurant manager OR the out-
his approval of U.S. involvement in the cri-
them?-whereas their brothers in the coun-
skirts of town. He has lived in the United
try next door don't have anything to eat."
States for eight years.
Many of the storekeepers along Main
Not everyone is enthusiastic about Sad-
"America did right to go out there. They
Street, dubbed "mini-Jerusalem" by one
dam's invasion. There is no doubt in my
- big alles with the Arab countries and
American-born Arab because of its colorful
mind that I would have preferred a different
when they were asked to help they had a
mix of Palestinian bazaars, Jordanian coffee
approach," said Dr. Nadim Kassem, 59, who
duty to help," he said.
shops, Syrian bakeries and Lebanese mar-
with his Lebanese wife has lived in America
"If no action was taken, Saddam would
kets, are afraid to offer any kind of opinion
since 1965. "I would much have preferred
for fear of provoking a boycott of their
that Iraq continue to negotiate to bring Ku-
continue to walk all over the Arab na-
shops by neighbors. However, not every
wait to change its ways of cheating-not
tions and he would not stop at the rich na-
Arab in the Paterson area is reluctant to
only Iraq, but the masses."
tions. He would also try to take over com-
venture his or her viewpoint.
No matter what brutality Iraq it in-
tries like Egypt too."
The community, founded by Syrian silk
flicted on Kuwait, the vast majority of Arabs
workers at the turn of the century, is one of
here, from clergymen to shopkeepers, say
the oldest Arab settlements in the United
America had no right to get involved:
States. More recently it has been swelled
Although many of these Araba have lived
by an influx of thousands of Palestinians and
in the United States for years, they appear to
Lebanese who came to America from the
feel more affinity for their "brothers" in the
Itraeli-occupied territories.
Middle East and say the United States is an
It is this group that is the most vociferous
outsider intruding on a "family dispute."
in calling Saddam a "hero"-the only leader
Businessman Thomas Elhin, 43, a Syrian
with any hope of unifying the Arab nations,
who settled here 20 years ago, said: "The
zgoal Arabs have passionately sought since
Americans should leave now. The U.S. was
the 19th century.
invited into the area and, like guests, one
They feel that Saddam's strong and often
day they will have to leave. But Iraq and
rathless leadership is the only way to bring
Kuwait are part of the same family. They
about that unity. No matter how brutal his
have to live with one another."
actions, the ends justify the means.
Others go further, attacking America for
"I hope Saddam will unite Arab countries
operating "double standards" in its dealings
HV love or by force. It doesn't matter. What-
with the Middle East. They say the United
ever way he finds it will be good." said Awni
States never intervened in such disputes as
Abu Hadba. a real estate agent who came to
the Israeli occupation of the West Bank and
America 19 years ago from Israel.
Gaza Strip and the Iran-Iraq war. and ask
"A united Arab nation would be a great
why it suddenly is so interested in the "fam-
to:ce. a great power comparable to the
ily" conflicts of the region.
Urited States. It is every Arab's dream."
The answer, the Arabs believe, lies in oil.
Mhaid Azzo. 53, an engineer born in
"They didn't go there to help their
Baghdad who now has American citizenship
friends; they went there to help the oil wells
orig -
THE WHITE HOUSE
Please attach
WASHINGTON
to yellow sheet
May 22, 1991
at our comments
MEMORANDUM FOR LEIGH ANN METZGER
FROM:
GREG FITCH YF
the research!
Thanks fn
SUBJECT:
ANTIOCHIAN ORTHODOX CHRISTIAN ARCHDIOCESE
LAM
As we discussed, this is to follow up on the request by
Metropolitan Philip Saliba, Primate of the Antiochian Orthodox
Christian Archdiocese of North America, for the President to
address the church's biennial convention in Washington, D.C. in
July. Metropolitan Saliba has specifically asked that the
President address the convention's banquet at 7:00 p.m. on
Saturday, July 27th on the topic of his vision for peace in the
Middle East.
Unless the Governor, the NSC or another office feels this would
provide an appropriate forum to highlight the President's foreign
policy initiatives in the Middle East, I am not sure that this
would be a good opportunity for the President. This is for
several reasons:
1) The church is small -- only 300,000 members in the
U.S.;
2)
Metropolitan Saliba, a leader within the Orthodox and
Arab-American communities in the U.S., was critical of
Operation Desert Shield early on in the conflict (see
attached) i and
3)
The church has also requested a Presidential message
for the convention, as well as to recognize
Metropolitan Saliba's 25 years as primate of the
church. This request is pending in Linda DeHart's
office. It could be a substitute if necessary.
The mainline churches -- which are akin to the Antiochian
Orthodox church in the sense that they advocate social justice
issues and belong to the National Council of Churches -- may also
request the President for events (i.e., as the Episcopal church
has done for its July conference in Phoenix), and have larger,
more established memberships as well.
40th Antiochian Orthodox Christian
Archdiocese Convention
Silver Jubilee of our Primate Metropolitan PHILIP
July 21-28, 1991
Crystal Gateway Marriott
Arlington, Virginia
March 12, 1991
Mr. George Bush, President
United States of America
The White House
1600 Pennsylvania Ave. N.W.
Hosted by
Washington D.C.
Saints Peter and Paul
Antiocition Orthodox
Christian Church
Dear Mr. President,
Berhesda, Maryland
On behalf of the Antiochian Christian Archdiocese of
North America, I greet you in our Lord's name and pray
God bless all the endeavors of your administration to-
lost Reverend Metropolitan PHILIP
health
ward universal peace and equality.
lost Reverend Ar. hbishop MICHAEL
under
The purpose of my writing at this time is to inform you
in Grace Bishop ANTOUN
under
that our Archdiocese will be holding its 40th bi-ennial
cry Reverend George M. Rades
convention at the Crystal Gateway Marriott Hotel in Cry-
use Pastor
stal City, Virginia from July 22 to July 28, 1991. Thou-
are Youngs
metai Charman
sands of delegates from our parishes throughout the U.S.
the Belies
and Canada will be in attendance to conduct and coordin-
ate the work of our Church in America. This particular
faniones
conclave will be celebrating the 25th episcopal anni-
customer
gene Slvman
versary of our spiritual shepherd Metropolitan Philip
Saliba.
the Massabni
Amount
vid E. Signan
Archbishop Saliba has distinquished himself as an cut-
Plansing Claiman
standing leader of peace and humanitarian efforts not
only in our country but also on an international basis
especially regarding affairs of the Middle East. He has
met with former Presidents Eisenhower, Nixon, Ford, Cart-
er, and Reagan as well as several leaders of foreign states
We would like to request your help in highlighting these
accomplishments at this up-coming convention commemorating
his silver anniversary with a "cameo" appearance from you
preferably at the grand banquet on Saturday evening, July
27th, or by attending the Divine. Liturgy on Sunday morning.
This would not only honor the accomplishments of his leader-
ship in America over the past 25 years but would also give
our faithful an unprecedented opportunity to see and hear
the President of the United States. The privilege of your
presence will certainly give us an opportunity to demon-
state our respect in presenting to you a small token of
our esteem.
"I Am The Good Shephard; I Know My Own, And My Own Know Me." - John 10:14
7108 Bradley Boulevard
Bethesda, MD 20817
(301) 365-0932
Crystal Gateway Marriott (703) 920-3230
Also, the Patriarch of Antioch and all the East (Iraq
and Kuwait included), Ignatius IV, presently residing
in Damascus, Syria, will be attending this celebration
in honor of Archbishop Saliba, and would like to pay
a visit to you in the Oval office anytime during this
week
Praying that you will be able to comply with these re-
quests. and that this letter finds you and your family
well, I remain-
Your Father George Rados
Yours truly,
Roan
Yr.)
OF AMERICAN RELIGIONS, 3rd Edition
e Orthodox
of courses in the humanities, and especially in English as
n Orthodox
a second language. The school also provided the World
nristian. Its
Patriarchs with a seminary.
geles, one to
ricans.
Since the death of Patriarch Uladyslau Ryzy-Ryski in
1980, the work has continued under his brother,
parishes, 3
Archbishop Emigidius J. Ryzy, who holds the title of
Apostolic Administrator of All American World
Patriarchates. He is assisted by Archbishop Adam
ox Catholic
Bilecky, Patriarch II of the American World Patriarchate
:S.
and Archbishop Zurawetsky.
Ozark, MO
Membership: In 1988 the church reported 15,431
members, 15 congregations, and 53 priests in the United
States. There were also one congregation and three priests
American
in Canada. Affiliated work was to be found in 17 foreign
countries.
Educational facilities: Peoples University of the Americas,
American College and Seminary, Bronx, New York;
Universidad de los Pueblos de las Americas, San Juan,
Puerto Rico.
*91*
ANTIOCHIAN ORTHODOX CHRISTIAN
ssian priest,
Walter A.
ARCHDIOCESE OF NORTH AMERICA
: Church as
% Metropolitan Philip, Primate
d the New
358 Mountain Rd.
also met
Englewood, NJ 07631
d Orthodox
lovember 4,
In 1892 the Russian Orthodox Church began a Syrian
ur, elevated
Mission in the United States to provide spiritual guidance
out leaving
for Orthodox Christians from the Eastern Mediterranean
to create
basin. In 1904 the first Orthodox bishop ever consecrated
: group and,
in America, Archimandrite Raphael Hawaweeny, became
ip, to build
the bishop of the Syrian Mission of the Russian Orthodox
al in scope.
Church. Then in 1914 Metropolitan Germanos came to
ictured, and
the United States and began organizing Syrian churches.
patriarchial
These two efforts paralleled each other until 1925 when
ise required
an independent church was created. In 1936,
= under his
Archimandrite Antony Bashir was elected and consecrated
$ before his
bishop by the American Syrian churches. He became
i from the
metropolitan of New York and all America in 1940 and
ction which
provided leadership for almost 30 years.
can World
or Canada,
In the 1936 election in which Anthony Bashir was elected
mbia, Haiti,
to the bishopric, Archimandrite Samuel David of Toledo,
E1 Salvador,
Ohio, polled the second highest number of votes. On the
ormosa, and
same day that Archbishop Anthony Bashir was
ongregations
consecrated in New York, Russian bishops consecrated
ing named.
Samuel David as archbishop of Toledo. Archbishop
m a small
Samuel David was condemned and excommunicated by
Archbishop Antony Bashir in 1938 but then recognized
the following year. The Antiochean Orthodox Archdiocese
archs, Ryzy-
of Toledo, Ohio, and Dependencies that he led existed as
e Americas.
a separate body until 1975.
e needs of
Bronx, New
In 1966 the Most Rev. Philip Saliba succeeded Bashir and
d academic
became primate of the Antiochian Orthodox Christian
wide variety
Archdiocese of New York and all North America.
234
Section 2
EASTERN LITURGICAL FA
Dishop Philip has been a leader in promoting the use
and It Ain't Gon
English in the liturgy. He has given priority to missions
notable among
nd has extended his work to Australia and the South
Sparks, an anticu
Seas.
the Local Chur
volume, and its
In 1958, Archbishop David died, and hope for reunion of
the two Antiochian churches emerged. Archbishop
Sources: The Di
Michael Shaheen succeeded Archbishop David and
Barbara, CA:
conducted talks toward union, which were finally
Barbara Diocese,
consummated in 1975. The new Antiochian Orthodox
No More. Nash
Christian Archdiocese of North America selected
Sparks, The Min
Archbishop Philip as head of the church with the title of
1977.
metropolitan.
*92*
Membership: In 1987 the Archdiocese reported 150
APOSTOLIC C
parishes, 300,000 members, and 200 priests.
AMERICAS
% Most Rev. G
Periodicals: The Word, 52 78th St., Brooklyn, NY 11209;
408 S. 10th St.
Again, Box 106, Mt. Hermon, CA 95041.
Gas City, IN 46
Remarks: In February 1987, the former Evangelical
The Apostolic C:
Orthodox Church (EOC) was received as a body into the
1976 merger of
Antiochian Orthodox Christian Archdiocese of North
Robert S. Zeiger
America, thus ending for its members a pilgrimage that
consecrated in 1
began almost two decades earlier. The Evangelical
of the Old Orth
Orthodox church had its roots in the late 1960s, when a
an Orthodox bi
number of the staff of Campus Crusade for Christ left
Zieger left Zur
their positions. Some launched independent ministries;
American Orth
some affiliated with various independent evangelical
Denver, Colora
churches. In the early 1970s seven of these leaders--Peter
American in its
Gilquist, John Braun, Dick Ballew, Ken Berven, and Jack
practice, and Ca
Sparks--banded together as the New Covenant Apostolic
Order (NCAO).
Gordon I. DaC
Protestant Episc
The formation of the NCAO afforded a context for study
1971 and formed
which led to a concentrated reappraisal of a common view
Indiana. The A
of Evangelical Protestant Christians that the first century
designed to CO
church had become corrupted over the centuries until
structure of, the
restored by Evangelicals in relatively modern times.
in the process (
Gathering in Chicago in 1979, the leaders of the
avoid any confl
movement announced the formation of the Evangelical
Protestant Episc
Orthodox Church to supercede the NCAO and to call
its existence,
Evangelicals back to their historic roots. Special emphasis
Orthodoxy in b
was placed upon ritual, a subject largely neglected in
into the Americ
Evangelical circles. The new church immediately turned
Bishop Zeiger.
its attention to a search for valid Orthodox episcopal
Orthodox Cathc
orders. Initial talks were held with the Orthodox Church
Apostolic Catho
in America. While a major obstacle was overcome when
name became its
the leaders of the EOC professed their belief in the
both names are
Blessed Virgin Mary as theotokos, the Mother of God, the
talks eventually reached a stalemate. Finally, the EOC
Soon after the n
was able to work out an arrangement with the Antiochian
membership in t
Church by which the leaders dropped their designation as
Church as a lay
bishops and were reordained by Archbishop Philip.
DaCosta was el
remains connect
Over the years the leaders of the EOC have written a
The church is
number of books which received wide circulation within
resides in India
Evangelical circles. Most of these were published by
Thomas Nelson, where Gilquist worked as an editor, and
The Apostolic (
included Gilquist's Why We Haven't Changed the World
itself as Weste:
235
Ref.
BR516
5
mt
990
In Memory
HANDBOOK OF
of
nk S. Mead (1898 1992,
DENOMINATIONS
IN THE UNITED STATES
New Ninth Edition
Frank S. Mead
Revised by
Samuel S. Hill
Abingdon Press
NASHVILLE
HANDBOOK OF DENOMINATIONS
used in all worship services, but it receives into Communion and affiliates
with other Eastern Orthodox churches that desire to retain their national
and individual characteristics.
The archbishop does not acknowledge the authority or jurisdiction of
any other church or bishop, but is responsible to the National
Council-the supreme legislative, administrative, and judicial au-
thority-made up of bishops, clergy, and laity, which meets every third
year. Two lower ecclesiastical bodies, the Holy Synod and the Supreme
Ecclesiastical Council, manage the affairs of the church between councils.
The work of the church is religious but also social and educational. It
represents an effort, fairly successful, to draw all those of Eastern
Orthodox faith into one group, regardless of race, nationality, or
language. A provisional synod was set up in 1935 to encourage
coordination between the national groups in the various Eastern
Orthodox churches, and the Orthodox Catholic Patriarchate of America
was fully established in the state of New York in March 1951. The church
and patriarchate have 10 bishops, 25 clergy, 30 churches, and an inclusive
membership of approximately 9,000.
Antiochian Orthodox Christian Archdiocese of North America
This church is made up of two groups that merged in 1975-the
Antiochian Orthodox Christian Archdiocese of New York and All North
America (formerly Syrian Antiochian Orthodox Archdiocese of New York
and North America) and the Antiochian Archdiocese of Toledo, Ohio, and
Dependencies in North America. It is under the jurisdiction of the Greek
Orthodox patriarch of Antioch and has a membership of 500,000 in 160
churches. These figures reflect a substantial increase in membership due
to immigration from the Middle East, and also to the addition of the
American Catholic Church (Syro-Antochian), which was formally
received in 1981. The church contributes to the support of St. Vladimir's
Orthodox Theological Seminary in Crestwood, New York, and to St. John
of Damascus Orthodox Theological Academy near Tripoli, Lebanon.
Bulgarian Eastern Orthodox Church
Before the outbreak of the Macedonian revolution in 1903, very few
Bulgarians immigrated to the U. S.; in 1940, there were only about 60,000
residents. Coming from the Bulgarian Orthodox Church, the state church
of that country, they brought with them memories of the church's long
struggle for independence from Constantinople. In 1872 the church
finally won its freedom.
In 1909 the church was formed in this country as the Bulgarian
Orthodox Mission; it established a bishopric in 1938. Attached directly to
the Holy Synod of Bulgaria, its membership is made up of descendants of
immigrants from Bulgaria, Macedonia, Thrace, Dobruja, and other parts
of the Balkan peninsula. Services are in the Bulgarian and English
languages, and doctrine is in accord with that of other Eastern Orthodox
churches.
182
B-196
1976
WH
E
THE NEW
ANSLATION
itives of
ENGLISH BIBLE
RITAIN AND IRELAND
NGLAND
WITH THE APOCRYPHA
COTLAND
OXFORD STUDY EDITION
HES FOR WALES
,F CHURCHES
MEETING OF
FRIENDS
OF GREAT BRITAIN
SAMUEL SANDMEL
GENERAL EDITOR
IC CHURCH IN
) WALES
M. JACK SUGGS
ARNOLD J. TKACIK
NEW TESTAMENT EDITOR
APOCRYPHA EDITOR
HURCH IN IRELAND
OLIC CHURCH
,AND
Introductions, Annotations, Cross-References
RMED CHURCH
Special Articles, Maps, and Indexes
EIGN BIBLE SOCIETY
OCIETY OF SCOTLAND
Bible. English. 1976. New English
he Apocrypha in this translation pre-
int Committee on the New Translation
NEW YORK OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS
'e bodies represented on the Joint Com-
on the canonical status of these books.
ACTS 10, 11
The church moves outwards
After that they asked him to stay on
tized with water, but you will be bap-
with them for a time.
tized with the Holy Spirit." God gave 17
11
News came to the apostles and the
them no less a gift than he gave us
members of the church in Judaea that
when we put our trust in the Lord
Gentiles too had accepted the word of
Jesus Christ; then how could I pos-
2 God; and when Peter came up to Jeru-
sibly stand in God's way?'
salem those who were of Jewish birth
When they heard this their doubts 18
3 raised the question with him. 'You
were silenced. They gave praise to God
have been visiting men who are un-
and said, 'This means that God has
circumcised,' they said, 'and sitting at
granted life-giving repentance to the
4 table with them!' Peter began by laying
Gentiles also.'
before them the facts as they had hap-
pened.
MEANWHILE THOSE WHO HAD BEEN 19
5
'I was in the city of Joppa', he said,
scattered after the persecution that
'at prayer; and while in a trance I had
arose over Stephen made their way to
a vision: a thing was coming down that
Phoenicia, Cyprus, and Antioch, bring-
looked like a great sheet of sail-cloth,
ing the message to Jews only and to no
slung by the four corners and lowered
others. But there were some natives of 20
6 from the sky till it reached me. I looked
Cyprus and Cyrene among them, and
intently to make out what was in it and
these, when they arrived at Antioch,
I saw four-footed creatures of the earth,
began to speak to Gentiles as well, tell-
wild beasts, and things that crawl or
ing them the good news of the Lord
7 fly. Then I heard a voice saying to me,
Jesus. The power of the Lord was with 21
8 "Up, Peter, kill and eat." But I said,
them, and a great many became be-
"No, Lord, no: nothing profane or un-
lievers, and turned to the Lord.
9 clean has ever entered my mouth." A
The news reached the ears of the 22
voice from heaven answered a second
church in Jerusalem; and they sent
time, "It is not for you to call profane
Barnabas to Antioch. When he arrived 23
10 what God counts clean." This hap-
and saw the divine grace at work, he
pened three times, and then they were
rejoiced, and encouraged them all to
11 all drawn up again into the sky. At that
hold fast to the Lord with resolute
moment three men, who had been sent
hearts; for he was a good man, full of 24
to me from Caesarea, arrived at the
the Holy Spirit and of faith. And large
12 house where I wasa staying; and the
numbers were won over to the Lord.
Spirit told me to go with them.ᵇ My
He then went off to Tarsus to look 25
six companions here came with me and
for Saul; and when he had found him, 26
13 we went into the man's house. He told
he brought him to Antioch. For a whole
us how he had seen an angel standing
year the two of them lived in fellow-
in his house who said, "Send to Joppa
ship with the congregation there, and
14 for Simon also called Peter. He will
gave instruction to large numbers. It
speak words that will bring salvation
was in Antioch that the disciples first
15 to you and all your household." Hardly
got the name of Christians.
had I begun speaking, when the Holy
During this period some prophets 27
Spirit came upon them, just as upon
came down from Jerusalem to Antioch.
16 us at the beginning. Then I recalled
a Some witnesses read we were.
b Some witnesses add making no distinctions; others add
what the Lord had said: "John bap-
without any misgiving, as in 10. 20.
11.1-18: Peter in Jerusalem. 2: Of Jewish birth (or, of the circumcision party): compare
Gal.2.12. 12: These companions are apparently to help Peter in his presentation. 15: At the
beginning: i.e. Pentecost; compare 2.1-4 (and nn.); 10.44-46 (and n.). 16: See 1.5 n. 18: Repen-
tance is also used as a synonym for faith in 5.31.
11.19-30: Expanding missionary activity among Gentiles. 19: Antioch, the third largest city in
the Roman Empire, was the official residence of the Roman administrator of the province of
Syria. Here, it now becomes the center of the Gentile mission. 20: For the first time, Gentiles
are evangelized as a general practice. Vv. 19-20 reflect Acts' missionary scheme: first to Jews, then
to Gentiles. 22: They sent Barnabas, apparently because the Gentile mission was still regarded
with suspicion; compare 15.1; Gal.2.11-14. 26: The name of Christians, coined by outsiders, was
not necessarily derisive in intent, as some interpreters assert. 27: Prophets: compare 13.1;
156
The church moves outwards
The church moves outwards
ACTS 11, 12
ized with water, but you will be bap-
28 One of them, Agabus by name, was in-
leading out into the city, which opened
ized with the Holy Spirit." God gave 17
hem no less a gift than he gave us
spired to stand up and predict a severe
for them of its own accord. And so
and world-wide famine, which in fact
they came out and walked the length of
hen we put our trust in the Lord
29 occurred in the reign of Claudius. So
one street; and the angel left him.
esus Christ; then how could I pos-
the disciples agreed to make a contribu-
Then Peter came to himself. 'Now I 11
bly stand in God's way?'
tion, each according to his means, for
know it is true,' he said; 'the Lord has
When they heard this their doubts 18
the relief of their fellow-Christians in
sent his angel and rescued me from
ere silenced. They gave praise to God
30 Judaea. This they did, and sent it off
Herod's clutches and from all that the
nd said, 'This means that God has
to the elders, in the charge of Barnabas
Jewish people were expecting.' When 12
ranted life-giving repentance to the
and Saul.
he realized how things stood, he made
Gentiles also.'
for the house of Mary, the mother of
MEANWHILE THOSE WHO HAD BEEN 19
12 IT WAS ABOUT THIS TIME THAT KING
John Mark, where a large company was
Herod attacked certain members of the
at prayer. He knocked at the outer 13
cattered after the persecution that
2 church. He beheaded James, the brother
door and a maid called Rhoda came to
rose over Stephen made their way to
3 of John, and then, when he saw that
answer it. She recognized Peter's voice 14
'hoenicia, Cyprus, and Antioch, bring-
the Jews approved, proceeded to arrest
and was so overjoyed that instead of
ig the message to Jews only and to no
Peter also. This happened during the
opening the door she ran in and an-
thers. But there were some natives of 20
4 festival of Unleavened Bread. Having
nounced that Peter was standing out-
'yprus and Cyrene among them, and
secured him, he put him in prison under
side. 'You are crazy', they told her; 15
hese, when they arrived at Antioch,
a military guard, four squads of four
but she insisted that it was so. Then
egan to speak to Gentiles as well, tell-
men each, meaning to produce him in
they said, 'It must be his guardian
1g them the good news of the Lord
5 public after Passover. So Peter was
angel.'
esus. The power of the Lord was with 21
kept in prison under constant watch,
Meanwhile Peter went on knocking, 16
hem, and a great many became be-
while the church kept praying fervently
and when they opened the door and
evers, and turned to the Lord.
for him to God.
saw him, they were astounded. With a 17
The news reached the ears of the 22
6 On the very night before Herod had
movement of the hand he signed to
hurch in Jerusalem; and they sent
planned to bring him forward, Peter
them to keep quiet, and told them how
Barnabas to Antioch. When he arrived 23
was asleep between two soldiers, se-
the Lord had brought him out of
nd saw the divine grace at work, he
cured by two chains, while outside the
prison. 'Report this to James and the
ejoiced, and encouraged them all to
doors sentries kept guard over the
members of the church', he said. Then
old fast to the Lord with resolute
7 prison. All at once an angel of the
he left the house and went off elsewhere.
earts; for he was a good man, full of 24
Lord stood there, and the cell was
When morning came, there was con- 18
he Holy Spirit and of faith. And large
ablaze with light. He tapped Peter on
sternation among the soldiers: what
umbers were won over to the Lord.
the shoulder and woke him. 'Quick!
could have become of Peter? Herod 19
He then went off to Tarsus to look 25
Get up', he said, and the chains fell
made close search, but failed to find
or Saul; and when he had found him, 26
8 away from his wrists. The angel then
him, so he interrogated the guards and
e brought him to Antioch. For a whole
said to him, 'Do up your belt and put
ordered their execution.
ear the two of them lived in fellow-
your sandals on.' He did so. 'Now
Afterwards he left Judaea to reside
hip with the congregation there, and
wrap your cloak round you and follow
for a time at Caesarea. He had for some 20
ive instruction to large numbers. It
9 me.' He followed him out, with no idea
time been furiously angry with the
as in Antioch that the disciples first
that the angel's intervention was real:
people of Tyre and Sidon, who now by
ot the name of Christians.
10 he thought it was just a vision. But
common agreement presented them-
During this period some prophets 27
they passed the first guard-post, then
selves at his court. There they won over
ime down from Jerusalem to Antioch.
the second, and reached the iron gate
Blastus the royal chamberlain, and sued
Some witnesses read we were.
Some witnesses add making no distinctions; others add
without any misgiving, as in 10. 20.
15.32; 21.9. 28: Agabus: see 21.10-12. Claudius was emperor of Rome in 41-54 A.D. Although
there was a famine in Palestine about 46-48, there is no other record of a world-wide famine.
29: There is some confusion as to when the contribution was sent. According to this account,
h (or, of the circumcision party): compare
help Peter in his presentation. 15: At the
it was sent prior to the Apostolic Council (ch. 15). According to Gal.2.10, it occurred after the
10.44-46 (and n.). 16: See 1.5 n. 18: Repen-
Council, as is implied in Acts 24.17; compare Rom. 15.25-29. The reference to Claudius (v. 28)
makes either time possible.
Gentiles. 19: Antioch, the third largest city in
12.1-25: Herod's persecution. 1: Herod Agrippa I ruled as king of Judea 41-44 A.D., by the
he Roman administrator of the province of
appointment of the Emperor Claudius. 2: James, John: see Mk.1.19. On the fate of John, the
tile mission. 20: For the first time, Gentiles
NT is silent. 10: The wondrous opening of locked doors is a widespread theme in Hellenistic
ct Acts' missionary scheme: first to Jews, then
stories. 12: John Mark: 12.25; 13.5,13; Col.4.10; Philem.24; 2 Tim.4.11. 15: In popular thought,
cause the Gentile mission was still regarded
each person had a guardian angel who was identical in appearance to the person. 17: From this
name of Christians, coined by outsiders, was
point on, James, Jesus' brother, emerges as the leader of the church in Jerusalem (compare
reters assert. 27: Prophets: compare 13.1;
Gal.1.19; 2.12), and there is no further mention of the Twelve. Peter reappears only at 15.7.
20: Since the time of Solomon, Phoenicia drew its supplies from Judea; see 1 Kgs.5.9-11;
157
ACTS 12, 13
The church moves outwards
for peace, because their country drew
Governor, Sergius Paulus, an intelli-
its supplies from the king's territory.
gent man, who had sent for Barnabas
18
21 So, on an appointed day, attired in his
and Saul and wanted to hear the word
royal robes and seated on the rostrum,
of God. This Elymas the sorcerer (so 8
19
22 Herod harangued them; and the popu-
his name may be translated) opposed
lace shouted back, 'It is a god speak-
them, trying to turn the Governor
23 ing, not a man!' Instantly an angel of
away from the Faith. But Saul, also 9
20
the Lord struck him down, because he
known as Paul, filled with the Holy
had usurped the honour due to God;
Spirit, fixed his eyes on him and said, 10
he was eaten up with worms and died.
'You swindler, you rascal, son of the
24
Meanwhile the word of God con-
devil and enemy of all goodness, will
21
tinued to grow and spread.
you never stop falsifying the straight
25
Barnabas and Saul, their task ful-
ways of the Lord? Look now, the hand 11
filled, returned from Jerusalem,ᶜ taking
of the Lord strikes: you shall be blind,
22
John Mark with them.
and for a time you shall not see the
a
sunlight.' Instantly mist and darkness
h
came over him and he groped about
h
The church breaks barriers
for someone to lead him by the hand.
r
When the Governor saw what had 12
23
C
13 THERE WERE AT ANTIOCH, IN THE
happened he became a believer, deeply
fi
congregation there, certain prophets
impressed by what he learned about
15
and teachers: Barnabas, Simeon called
the Lord.
24
J
Niger, Lucius of Cyrene, Manaen,
Leaving Paphos, Paul and his com- 13
b
who had been at the court of Prince
panions went by sea to Perga in Pam-
r
2 Herod, and Saul. While they were keep-
phylia; John, however, left them and
25
Is
ing a fast and offering worship to the
returned to Jerusalem. From Perga they 14
el
Lord, the Holy Spirit said, 'Set Bar-
continued their journey as far as Pisid-
W
nabas and Saul apart for me, to do the
ian Antioch. On the Sabbath they
C
work to which I have called them.'
went to synagogue and took their
u
3 Then, after further fasting and prayer,
seats; and after the readings from the 15
26
they laid their hands on them and let
Law and the prophets, the officials of
st
them go.
the synagogue sent this message to
y
4
So these two, sent out on their mis-
them: 'Friends, if you have anything
p
sion by the Holy Spirit, came down to
to say to the people by way of exhorta-
27
sa
Seleucia, and from there sailed to
tion, let us hear it.' Paul rose, made a 16
Je
5 Cyprus. Arriving at Salamis, they de-
gesture with his hand, and began:
re
clared the word of God in the Jewish
'Men of Israel and you who worship
W
our God, listen to me! The God of this 17
Sa
synagogues. They had John with them
6 as their assistant. They went through
people of Israel chose our fathers.
fil
the whole island as far as Paphos, and
When they were still living as aliens in
28
TI
there they came upon a sorcerer, a Jew
Egypt he made them into a nation and
th
who posed as a prophet, Bar-Jesus by
C Some witnesses read their task fulfilled, returned to
29 to
Jerusalem; or, as it might be rendered, their task at
7 name. He was in the retinue of the
ha
Jerusalem fulfilled, returned.
sa
Ezek.27.17. 23: Josephus (a first-century Jewish historian) confirms Herod's sudden death
fr
(Ant. xix, 8.2) and the detail that he was acclaimed as divine. After the death of Herod Agrippa I,
30
Bt
Judea reverted to an imperial province, ruled by governors; see 23.24.
31 an
13.1-14.28: Paul's missionary travels (first journey). 1-3: Barnabas and Saul set apart. 1:
du
Niger means black. Prince Herod is Herod Antipas, the Tetrarch, not the Herod of 12.1. 2:
Acts' conviction that the Holy Spirit guided the Church is again evident here. 3: The laying on
ha
of hands commissioned persons for special tasks; compare 6.6. 4-12: Elymas confounded. 4:
Jei
Travelers at that time sailed on any available boat; passenger ships plying regular routes were
unknown. 6: Paphos was the capital of Cyprus. 8: The meaning of Elymas is unknown. 9: Paul
a Latin name, would be appropriate for a Roman citizen (22.25-29); but see 1.23 n. 11: Acts'
the
opposition to magic is clear here; compare also 8.9-11; 19.13-20. 13-15: To Pisidian Antioch.
20:
13: There was some altercation accompanying John's leaving, as 15.38 makes clear. 14: Pisidian
not
Ps.
Antioch, a remotely situated Roman colony (see 16.12 n.), was in the southern part of the prov-
ince of Galatia, as were the other cities visited on this "journey." 16-41: Paul's sermon.
ogy
42-
17: As did Peter (13.25) and Stephen (7.2-50), Paul recounts the origins of the Jewish people as
158
ACTS 15, 16
The church breaks barriers
and the Gentiles, whom I have
So they were sent off on their jour- 30
2
claimed for my own.
ney and travelled down to Antioch,
Thus says the Lord, whose work it is,
where they called the congregation
3
18
made known long ago."
together, and delivered the letter. When 31
it was read, they all rejoiced at the en-
19
'My judgement therefore is that we
couragement it brought. Judas and 32
should impose no irksome restrictions
Silas, who were prophets themselves,
on those of the Gentiles who are turn-
said much to encourage and strengthen
20 ing to God, but instruct them by letter
the members, and, after spending some 33
4
to abstain from things polluted by con-
time there, were dismissed with the
tact with idols, from fornication, from
good wishes of the brethren, to return
anything that has been strangled, and
to those who had sent them.¹ But Paul 35
21 from blood.r Moses, after all, has
and Barnabas stayed on at Antioch,
5
never lacked spokesmen in every town
and there, along with many others, they
for generations past; he is read in the
taught and preached the word of the
synagogues Sabbath by Sabbath.'
Lord.
6
22
Then the apostles and elders, with
the agreement of the whole church,
Paul leads the advance
resolved to choose representatives and
send them to Antioch with Paul and
AFTER A WHILE PAUL SAID TO BARNABAS, 36
7
Barnabas. They chose two leading men
'Ought we not to go back now to see
in the community, Judas Barsabbas
how our brothers are faring in the
23 and Silas, and gave them this letter to
various towns where we proclaimed
8
deliver:
the word of the Lord?' Barnabas want- 37
9
'We, the apostles and elders, send
ed to take John Mark with them; but 38
greetings as brothers to our brothers
Paul judged that the man who had
of gentile origin in Antioch, Syria, and
deserted them in Pamphylia and had
24 Cilicia. Forasmuch as we have heard
not gone on to share in their work was
10
that some of our number, without any
not the man to take with them now.
instructions from us, have disturbed
The dispute was so sharp that they 39
you with their talk and unsettled your
parted company. Barnabas took Mark
25 minds, we have resolved unanimously
with him and sailed for Cyprus, while 40
to send to you our chosen representa-
Paul chose Silas. He started on his
11
tives with our well-beloved Barnabas
journey, commended by the brothers
26 and Paul, who have devoted them-
to the grace of the Lord, and travelled 41
12
selves to the cause of our Lord Jesus
through Syria and Cilicia bringing new
27 Christ. We are therefore sending Judas
strength to the congregations.
and Silas, who will themselves confirm
He went on to Derbe and to Lystra, 16
28 this by word of mouth. It is the de-
and there he found a disciple named
13
cision of the Holy Spirit, and our
Timothy, the son of a Jewish Christian
decision, to lay no further burden
h Some witnesses omit from fornication; others omit
29 upon you beyond these essentials: you
from anything that has been strangled; some add (after
are to abstain from meat that has been
blood) and to refrain from doing to others what they
would not like done to themselves.
offered to idols, from blood, from any-
i
Some witnesses read have gone out and
14
j
Some witnesses omit from anything that has been
thing that has been strangled,⁵ and
strangled.
from fornication. If you keep your-
k
Some witnesses omit and from fornication; and some
add and refrain from doing to others what you would
selves free from these things you will
not like done to yourselves.
/ Some witnesses add (34) But Silas decided to remain
be doing right. Farewell.'
there.
13.1 in connection with Antioch, a center for the Gentile mission, Luke clearly refers here to
Peter. 20: Paul does not mention any such compromise (see Gal.2.6,9-10); he seems to contra-
dict it in 1 Cor.8.8; 10.27. 24-29: The apostolic letter. 24: Without any instructions: a different
impression is given in Gal.2.12 ("from James"). 29: Observance of these rules would make
possible table-fellowship with law-observing Jewish-Christians; see Lev. chs. 17-18.
15.36-18.22: Paul's further missionary travels (second journey). 36-41: Paul and Barnabas
separate. 36: See 14.28 n. 38: See 13.13. 39: In Gal.2.13, Paul's dispute with Barnabas turned
on the more basic issue of table-fellowship between Jewish and Gentile Christians. 16.1-5:
Timothy chosen. 1: Timothy was a trusted associate (2 Cor.1.19; Rom.16.21), whom Paul
162
Faith and freedom
GALATIANS 1, 2
OF PAUL TO THE
me, in order that I might proclaim him
me: God does not recognize these
among the Gentiles. When that hap-
personal distinctions)-these men of
ATIANS
pened, without consulting any human
repute, I say, did not prolong the con-
being, without going up to Jerusalem
sultation," but on the contrary acknowl- 7
to see those who were apostles before
edged that I had been entrusted with
important letter. The immediate issue is whether
me, I went off at once to Arabia, and
the Gospel for Gentiles as surely as
i's churches in Galatia (perhaps at Iconium, Lystra,
afterwards returned to Damascus.
Peter had been entrusted with the
by Christian Jews who preached at least a partial
Three years later I did go up to
Gospel for Jews. For God whose action 8
umcision (5.2; 6.12) and the ritual calendar (4.10).
Jerusalem to get to know Cephas. I
made Peter an apostle to the Jews, also
and Paul as subject to the authority of the Jerusalem
stayed with him for a fortnight, with-
made me an apostle to the Gentiles.
n and complete freedom from Jerusalem, giving us
1.10-2.14). He attacks "legalism" as a denial in
out seeing any other of the apostles,
Recognizing, then, the favour thus 9
ification") which can depend only on utter trust
except James the Lord's brother.
bestowed upon me, those reputed
: Law is for "slaves," whereas Christians are God's
What I write is plain truth; before God
pillars of our society, James, Cephas,
,
love supersedes the law (5.13-6.10). Sarcastically,
am not lying.
and John, accepted Barnabas and my-
ve Christianity the appearance of a Jewish sect only
Next I went to the regions of Syria
self as partners, and shook hands upon
:
and Cilicia, and remained unknown by
it, agreeing that we should go to the
:
of the same issues (and phrases) appear in Romans,
sightd to Christ's congregations in
Gentiles while they went to the Jews.
was not great. Because these issues are more urgent
Judaea. They only heard it said, 'Our
All they asked was that we should keep 10
:
former persecutor is preaching the good
their poor in mind, which was the very
news of the faith which once he tried to
thing I made it my business to do.
gospel at variance with the gospel
destroy'; and they praised God for me.
But when Cephas came to Antioch, I 11
which you received, let him be outcast!
:
Next, fourteen years later, I went
opposed him to his face, because he was
BY
Does my language now sound as if I
againe to Jerusalem with Barnabas, tak-
clearly in the wrong. For until certain 12
an
were canvassing for men's support?
ing Titus with us. I went up because it
persons¹ came from James he was tak-
ion
Whose support do I want but God's
had been revealed by God that I should
ing his meals with gentile Christians;
the
alone? Do you think I am currying
do so. I laid before them-but at a
but when theyk came he drew back and
d.I favour with men? If I still sought men's
private interview with the men of repute
began to hold aloof, because he was
me favour, I should be no servant of Christ.
-the gospel which I am accustomed to
afraid of the advocates of circumcision.
re-
I must make it clear to you, my #
preach to the Gentiles, to make sure
The other Jewish Christians showed 13
friends, that the gospel you heard me
that the race I had run, and was run-
the same lack of principle; even Barna-
iod
preach is no human invention. I did not c
ning, should not be run in vain. Yet
bas was carried away and played false
1
st,a
take it over from any man; no man
even my companion Titus, Greek
like the rest. But when I saw that their 14
to taught it me; I received it through a
though he is, was not compelled to be
conduct did not square with' the truth
of revelation of Jesus Christ.
circumcised. That course was urged
of the Gospel, I said to Cephas, before
er
You have heard what my manner of B
only as a concession to certain⁴ sham-
the whole congregation, 'If you, a Jew
nd life was when I was still a practising
Christians, interlopers who had stolen
c
Or but only. d Or unknown personally.
Jew: how savagely I persecuted the
in to spy upon the liberty we enjoy in
e
Some witnesses omit again.
f
Or The question was later raised because of certain
.
ng
church of God, and tried to destroy it:
the fellowship of Christ Jesus. These
g
Or, following the reading of some witnesses, Yet
even is, was under no absolute compulsion to be
ed
and how in the practice of our national 14
men wanted to bring us into bondage,
circumcised, but for the sake of certain of Christ
nt
religion I was outstripping many of my
but not for one moment did I yield to
Jesus, with the intention of bringing us into bondage,
I yielded to their demand for the moment, to ensure
er
Jewish contemporaries in my boundless
their dictation; I was determined that
that gospel truth should not be prevented from
reaching you.
in- devotion to the traditions of my an-
the full truth of the Gospel should be
h Or gave me no further instructions.
ort cestors. But then in his good pleasure IT
maintained for you.
Or had made, or have made.
j Some witnesses read a certain person.
if God, who had set me apart from birth
But as for the men of high reputation
k Some witnesses read he.
/ Or I saw that they were not making progress
en, and called me through his grace, chose
(not that their importance matters to
towards
th to reveal his Son to me and through
all
a Some witnesses read God our Father and the Lord
birth: see Jer.1.5. To me and through me: lit. "in me" (see V. 12 n.). 17: Paul denies that he is a
I
Jesus Christ.
Jerusalem apostle.
b Some witnesses read from Christ who called you by
a
grace, or from him who called you by grace of Christ
1.18-24: Paul's first visit to Jerusalem. 18: Cephas: see 1 Cor.1.12 n. 19: James: see Mk.6.3;
Acts 15.13.
2.1-10: Paul's second visit to Jerusalem confirms his apostolic freedom (compare Acts
From the first line Paul emphasizes again and again
15.2-29). 1: Barnabas: see Acts 4.36. Titus: see Introduction to 2 Cor. 2: Men of repute: see
an authority. 3-5: See Rom.1.7 n. and 1.8-15 n.
9.3-9: Conservative Jewish-Christians demanded that Titus be circumcised, but the Jerusalem
-8n.
apostles did not make circumcision a requirement for Gentiles. 9: John: see Mk.1.19. 10: This
d. 8-9: Angel: see 2 Cor.11.14. Outcast: compare
request probably inaugurated the "collection" for the poor (see Introduction to Rom.).
9.19-23.
2.11-21: Paul argues with Peter over table-fellowship between Jewish and Gentile Christians,
nan. 12: Compare 1 Cor.15.8 and 2 Cor.12.1-4
asserting that God's acceptance comes through trust (faith) and not by legal observances.
d compare Acts 8.3; 22.3-5; 26.4-11. 15-16: From
12: James: see 1.19 n. Circumcision: see vv. 3-5. 13: Other Jewish Christians: those at Antioch.
230
231
3
WH
THE
FACTS ON FILE
DICTIONARY
OF
Religions
EDITED BY
John R. Hinnells
FACTS ON FILE INC.
NEW YORK
44
45
'Aqida
iculture,
in 1978 of members of the PEOPLE'S
known as a 'blood libel', was often the
Apocalyptic [XI.A] A genre of Jewish
TEMPLE has provided a particularly
excuse for Christian pogroms against
and Christian literature, called after
nown as
potent cause for anxiety for the move-
Jews, ending in pillage, rape, and mass-
the Apocalypse, the New Testament
i-Christ
ment.
acre [26: 171; 31: 402]. During the
Revelation to John. The word means
IC escha-
Groups in the movement disseminate
Middle Ages Jews were expelled from
'unveiling', and apocalyptic literature
the false
anti-cult propaganda through news-
almost every country of Christian
undertakes to disclose matters inaccess-
n earth
letters and the media. They can also
Europe. They were forbidden to own
ible to normal knowledge, such as the
rld and
employ various degrees of persuasion to
land or engage in the crafts but were res-
mysteries of outer space or (more
is pic-
remove persons from the cults. These
tricted to lending money at interest or
especially) those of the future, often
$ absent
range from informal counselling to
to peddling. The influence of Christian-
in symbolic language. The heyday of
ed mon-
illegal kidnapping and the 'deprogram-
ity on anti-Semitism may be seen by
apocalyptic was the period 175 BCE to
eliever')
ming' of 'victims' [1; 15: V; 34]. In the
comparing the situation of Jews in
135 CE. Apocalyptic frequently takes the
ho will
U.S.A. there have been several attempts
Christian lands with that of Jews in
form of visions allegedly seen by a
sources
(some of which have been successful) to
Islamic countries. In the latter they
figure of the past, like Enoch or Ezra.
tablish a
institute legal proceedings which allow
were second-class citizens, having to pay
(FRASHOKERETI; MESSIAH) [16: XXXII]
or years
cult members to be held against their
special taxes, but they were rarely forced
Apostles [XI.A] In early Christianity
ESUS or
expressed wishes (by, for example, con-
to convert to another faith, or to live at
the designation 'apostles' (from the
yria. [10
servatorship orders).
the mercy of mob rule. Jewish attitudes
Greek word meaning 'to send out') was
lasibu'd-
Main targets for attack have included
to GENTILES have been shaped by the
first given to the twelve DISCIPLES,
the CHILDREN OF GOD, HARE
history of anti-Semitism, culminating
whom JESUS CHRIST sent two by two
a] The
KRISHNA, SCIENTOLOGY, TRANSCEN-
in the Nazi HOLOCAUST of 1939-45
throughout Galilee as an extension of
covers
DENTAL MEDITATION, and the
[25: VII; 52: XIV].
his own ministry. In the first days of
dividuals
UNIFICATION CHURCH, but almost all
Antioch, Early Christianity at [XI.A]
the JERUSALEM church they were its
he NEW
the new religions have been critically
There was a substantial Jewish settle-
leaders. The designation later included
nerically
examined by the anti-cultists and
ment in Antioch on the Orontes from
others whom Jesus after his resurrection
pt across
deprogramming attempts have been
its foundation in 300 BCE. In the disper-
commissioned to preach in his name,
he 1970s
extended to converts to Catholic,
sal of Hellenistic Christians from Judaea
such as his brother James and, pre-
ovement
Episcopal, and BAPTIST churches.
after Stephen's death (33 CE), many
eminently, PAUL.
converts
Since the late 1970S there has been a
came to Antioch and spread their mes-
Among the original apostles Peter
are also
further development, particularly in the
sage there, first among the Jews and
was outstanding. After leading the
sts, 'con-
U.S.A., in the rise of an anti-anti-cult
then also among Greek-speaking
Jerusalem church for some twenty years
of more
movement. The membership of this is
pagans. Many of these embraced
he embarked on a wider ministry in the
nts (par-
composed of some members of the cults
CHRISTIANITY; Antioch thus became
eastern Mediterranean which brought
ns) who
themselves and of various bodies and
the headquarters of the first Gentile
him ultimately to ROME, where he was
cal error
persons concerned with civil liberties
CHURCH and the centre from which
martyred under the Roman Emperor
il aspects
and/or religious freedom.
Cilicia, Cyprus, and central Asia Minor
Nero (54-68 CE). John, another leading
26; 37;
Anti-Semitism [XVII] Antagonism to
were evangelized in the following
apostle, was associated in later life with
legations
Jews on religious, economic, or racial
decades. [4: 129-33, 175-87]
EPHESUS. His brother James was
ly made
grounds [9 vol. 3: 87]. Prejudice against
Anukampa [IX.B] The motivation
executed by Herod Agrippa I about 43 CE.
ly con-
Jews was widespread in the pre-
which impels a BUDDHA and his
Of the later career of most of the orig-
(e.g.
Christian era, but active persecution of
ARAHAT disciples to teach. Anukampa,
inal apostles nothing is known. [3: 168-
JDAISM,
Jews is inextricably bound up with
'sympathy', which leads them to give
9, 200]
ovement
Christian attitudes towards them. They
help to the world at large, is dis-
'Aqida [XIV] 'Creed', in ISLAM. The
Criti-
were accused of being deicides, collec-
tinguished from karuna, 'compassion',
profession of faith in the unity of God
d at the
tively responsible for the death of
which refers to the meditational practice
and the prophethood of MUHAMMAD
legations
JESUS. They were thought to desecrate
of extending compassion to all living
(SHAHADA) provides a simple basic creed
; up of
the consecrated wafer used in the
beings. In later Buddhism, especially
for believers, and it is this alone which is
ices, the
EUCHARIST, and to perform the ritual
the MAHAYANA, karuna is used for both
used liturgically in the Muslim worship
r leaders
murder of Christian children whose
purposes and the concept of the wider
(SALAT). However, as Islam has devel-
sion, and
blood went into the unleavened bread
compassion (mahakaruna) of a Buddha is
oped, various theological schools and
S suicide
eaten at Passover. This latter accusation,
introduced. [39]
conflicting sects (FIRQA) have embodied
Oro
242
almost independent deities, each with its
viduals were initiated privately by
own cult centres, praise songs (oriki),
priests using Orphic texts, and followed
and prayers. In general Orisha are char-
a vegetarian Orphic bios to earn a
acterized both as nature spirits and as
happy afterlife. The Bacchic/Dionysiac
historical figures, the myths describ-
MYSTERIA, whose doctrine was
ing them highly anthropomorphically.
Orpheo-Pythagorean, promised atone-
Among the most important are Obatala
ment, escape from reincarnation, and
(Orisha-nla), originally deputed to create
happy afterlife through initiation, ritual
the natural world and, in some accounts,
rules, and ecstatic rites. The Orphic/
father of all other Orisha; Orunmila,
Eleusinian strand (MYSTERIA) omits
patron of IFA divination; Eshu, the
metempsychosis. Both strands contain
unpredictable trickster, dangerous or
a trend offering salvation by ritual means
evil and therefore important to con-
and an ethical trend (ETHIKE). Orphic
ciliate; Ogun, patron of iron and steel
literature bloomed in Hellenistic times -
work; Shango, author of thunder
much of it learned, some connected
and lightning but also ancestor of
with local cults and continued to be
the kings of Oyo. There is almost end-
associated with the Pythagorean sect, re-
less variety in Orisha mythology and
vived in the Ist century BCE (Neo-
devotion; it would be mistaken to re-
pythagoreans) after a decline. [1; 2:
duce it to a single unchanging system,
VI.2, 3]
where place and time produce such
Orthodox Church [XI.D] A commun-
major differences [37].
ion of self-governing churches follow-
Oro [XXII] A war-god, first worshipped
ing the doctrine of the seven
as the son of Ta'aroa (TANGAROA) at
Ecumenical COUNCILS 26-50]. The
Ra'iatea in the Society Islands (Tahiti).
Orthodox communion includes the
Oro became the supreme god, largely
four ancient patriarchates: Alexandria
displacing Ta'aroa and TANE, the
Antioch, Constantinople, andJerusalem
ancient Polynesian ATUA. (POLY-
It includes the churches of Bulgaria,
NESIAN RELIGIÓN) Oro was patron
Cyprus, Georgia, Greece, Romania,
god of the ARIOI cult, whose travel-
RUSSIA, and Serbia, in each of which it
ling dancers spread his name to islands
is the major religious group. It includes
further away. [16; 22; 30]
the Orthodox Churches of Albania,
Orpheus, Orphism [XII] Orpheus was
CHINA, Czechoslovakia, Finland,
a legendary singer, credited, from the
Japan, Poland, and the U.S.A. Orthodox
6th century BCE, with poems containing
communities exist in Western Europe,
theogonic, cosmogonic, and eschato-
in AFRICA (especially Uganda), and in
logical teachings. Orphism is the broad,
Australia.
multifarious current of sectarian think-
Since the separation of the Nestorian
ing they contain. One strand originated
and Monophysite (CHRISTOLOGY)
with Pythagoras, a Samian sage and
churches, and the loss of COMMUNION
'miracle-worker' who founded a sect in
with the Western church, the Orthodox
southern Italy. He expounded the theory
Church is predominantly representa-
of reincarnation (metempsychosis), the
tive of developments of the Byzan-
kernel of Orpheo-Pythagoreanism. The
tine (CHRISTIANITY, HISTORY AND
Pythagoreans governed Kroton for a
CHARACTER OF) tradition of Christian-
time. They studied music and mathema-
ity. [3; 4; 26; 38; 44]
tics. Their way oflife (bios) involved rigid
Orthodox theology is strongly tri-
rules with many ritual TABUS. They
nitarian (TRINITY) [35: 32-70], and
sought to purify their soul, atone for
apophatic [23: 13-43]. In his essence
the Titans' crime (KAKON), and escape
God is utterly unknowable, but is pres-
the cycle of reincarnation. Certain indi-
ent in all creation in his energies. The
Owner of the Animals
242
243
each with its
ongs (oriki),
viduals were initiated privately by
energies are God and can be experienced
As Osiris' avenger, Horus fought Seth
sha are char-
priests using Orphic texts, and followed
[24; 47: 217]. Man is created in the im-
[23]. The divine judges found in his
pirits and as
a vegetarian Orphic bios to earn a
age of God. By the SIN of Adam, the
favour, and he became king of Egypt,
ths describ-
happy afterlife. The Bacchic/Dionysiac
first man in Christian mythology,
while Osiris, resurrected as divine judge
MYSTERIA, whose doctrine was
human nature is damaged; the image of
of the dead in the Underworld, became
norphically.
Orpheo-Pythagorean, promised atone-
God remains but the likeness fades.
the symbol of immortality. His wor-
are Obatala
ted to create
ment, escape from reincarnation, and
Adam's sin brings death into the world,
shippers sought individual resurrection
happy afterlife through initiation, ritual
and because of death sin multiplies [23;
through righteous lives. The cult gained
1e accounts,
Orunmila,
rules, and ecstatic rites. The Orphic/
26: 140-46]. JESUS CHRIST conquers
popular support from the Middle King-
Eshu, the
Eleusinian strand (MYSTERIA) omits
death by his death and resurrection,
dom period on, C. 1900 BCE.
metempsychosis. Both strands contain
undermines the rule of sin, and pours
Owner of the Animals [III] Among
ngerous or
a trend offering salvation by ritual means
nt to con-
out the gift of new life, sending down
North American Indian hunting-tribes,
n and steel
and an ethical trend (ETHIKE). Orphic
the HOLY SPIRIT [26: 151-79]. En-
particularly those in the north, the
of thunder
literature bloomed in Hellenistic times -
livened by the Holy Spirit, the CHURCH
notion is widespread that animal species
much of it learned, some connected
ncestor of
already shares in the life to come [35:
are governed by a supernatural owner.
Imost end-
with local cults - and continued to be
70-97].
This prototypical figure, often men-
ology and
associated with the Pythagorean sect, re-
Orthodox religious life centres on the
tioned in myth, may also be arranged in
ken to re-
vived in the Ist century BCE (Neo-
MYSTERIES (SACRAMENTS), in which
a hierarchical order with other owners
pythagoreans) after a decline. [I; 2:
the acts of God in history become pres-
of other animal species. A close parallel
ig system,
VI.2, 3]
duce such
ent realities by the power of the Spirit.
usually exists between the social struc-
Orthodox Church [XI.D] A commun-
The Mysteries enlighten and transform
tures in such hunting groups and those
ion of self-governing churches follow-
not only the individual but also the
believed to be present in the animal
orshipped
ing the doctrine of the seven
;AROA) at
whole community, and are effective
world [11]. Over all other owners a
Ecumenical The
symbols of the apocatastasis, the res-
universal ruler may be placed (e.g.
$ (Tahiti).
d, largely
Orthodox communion includes the
toration of the whole of creation to
Sedna among the ESKIMO). Success in
ANE, the
four ancient patriarchates: Alexandria,
God. [7; II; 30; 39]
hunting is frequently based upon achiev-
(POLY-
Antioch, Constantinople, and Jerusalem.
Osirian Triad (Osiris, Isis, Horus)
ing a favourable relationship with the
It includes the churches of Bulgaria,
[IV] Osiris, a mythical Egyptian human
'owner', either through collective rituals
IS patron
se travel-
Cyprus, Georgia, Greece, Romania,
king and the bringer of civilization, was
(including abstinence from eating the
to islands
RUSSIA, and Serbia, in each of which it
murdered by his brother SETH [13; 14].
flesh of the species), or perhaps on an
is the major religious group. It includes
His dismembered body was reassem-
individual level in those cases where
heus was
the Orthodox Churches of Albania,
bled by his wife, Isis, who then post-
the owner is identified with a person's
from the
CHINA, Czechoslovakia, Finland,
humously conceived their son, Horus.
GUARDIAN SPIRIT.
Japan, Poland, and the U.S.A. Orthodox
ontaining
eschato-
communities exist in Western Europe,
e broad,
Australia. in AFRICA (especially Uganda), and in
in think-
Since the separation of the Nestorian
riginated
ige and
and Monophysite (CHRISTOLOGY)
churches, and the loss of COMMUNION
1 sect in
with the Western church, the Orthodox
theory
is), the
Church is predominantly representa-
m. The
tive of developments of the Byzan-
1 I for a
tine (CHRISTIANITY, HISTORY AND
thema-
CHARACTER OF) tradition of Christian-
ity. [3; 4; 26; 38; 44]
edrigid
They
Orthodox theology is strongly tri-
ne for
nitarian (TRINITY) [35: 32-70], and
apophatic [23: 13-43]. In his essence
escape
n indi-
God is utterly unknowable, but is pres-
ent in all creation in his energies. The
1982
WH
The New
Encyclopædia
Britannica
in 30 Volumes
MICROP/EDIA
Volume I
Ready Reference
and
Index
FOUNDED 1768
15 TH EDITION
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
William Benton, Publisher, 1943-1973
Helen Hemingway Benton, Publisher, 1973-1974
Chicago/Geneva/London/Manila/Paris/Rome
Seoul/Sydney/Tokyo/Toronto
Antinous 422
Crusades and Latin Kingdoms 5:300a; map
while in Lebanon it is second only to
302
Maronite Church. Since World War II, an
Diaspora community in Hellenistic
dership in the lea.
tive youth movement has provided new
the Nile, near modern al-Minyã in al-Minyã
era 10:312d
muhãfazah ("governorate"). The Roman em-
growth under Seleucids 8:379g
school has church Bal-
peror Hadrian officially founded the city Oct.
Ignatius' Christian community concern 9:199g
map, Turkey 18:784
mand, near Tripoli, Lebanon, while several
30, AD 130, naming it after his favourite Anti-
mosaic art historical development 12:467f
bishops and theologians have been active
nous, who had drowned in the Nile near the
the World Council of Churches.
patristic theological centre 13:1083d
site earlier that year. The Via Hadriana,
Paul's and Peter's dispute 14:155g
Antioch, Principality of, a state centred
which led to the Red Sea, began at An-
Sasanian territorial expansion 9:847b; maps
tinoöpolis. Papyri found there have provided
842
the city of Antioch, founded by the Musing
Christians in territory
information about its constitution, based on
Seleucid recreation of Alexandrian city 9:840d
that of Naukratis. The citizens were consid-
St. Chrysostom's role in 387 riot 4:583d
in 1098, during the First Crusade. It survived
ered Greeks, though they could marry Egyp-
St. Paul's apostolic journeys 13:1091d; map
as a European outpost in the East nearly
two centuries.
tian women. The city survived at least to the
1092
Antioch's territory included the well-for-
8th century AD.
Antioch, city, Contra Costa County, western
tified, predominantly Christian city, the lead.
27°49' N, 30°53' E
California, U.S., on the San Joaquin River.
ing commercial centre of the Latin East, and
Antinous (b. c. AD 110, Bithynium, near pre-
Founded as Smith's Landing in 1849, it was
an area that stretched north into Cilicia, east
sent Bolu, Turkey-d. 130, near Mallawi,
renamed (1851) for the biblical Antioch and
to the frontiers of Edessa and Aleppo, and
Egypt), favourite of the Roman emperor Ha-
developed from a small agricultural com-
south into central Syria. Its first prince, Bohe-
drian, who was deified by the emperor after
munity into a major industrial complex. Many
mond I (ruled 1098-1111), and regents, Tan-
his death. Antinous, with whom Hadrian had
national manufacturers have large plants
cred (1104 to 1112) and Roger, prince of Anti-
a homosexual relationship, accompanied him
there-including Crown Zellerbach Corpora-
och (regent from 1112 to 1119), were success
on his many journeys throughout the Mediter-
tion, Fiberboard Paper Products, Kaiser Gyp-
ful in their attempts to expand the state, but
ranean world. While the two were visiting
sum, E.I. du Pont de Nemours, Dow Chemi-
the Muslims thwarted their campaigns to con-
Egypt, Antinous drowned in the Nile. Hadrian
cal, and U.S. Steel. Immediately to the north-
quer Aleppo. Antioch's princes often died in
erected temples to him all over the empire and
west, at the mouth of the Sacramento, is the
battle, leaving heirs too young to rule; succes.
founded a city, named Antinoöpolis in his
Delta Region with its fruit orchards and facili-
sion disputes were frequent, and the king of
honour, near the place of his death. Many
ties for water sports, fishing, and hunting. Inc.
Jerusalem, the princes' feudal overlord, often
sculptures, gems, and coins survive depicting
1872. Pop. (1950) 11,051; (1980) 43,559.
intervened to restore order.
Antinous as a model of youthful beauty.
38°01' N, 121°49' W
The state prospered economically despite
relationship to Hadrian and cultic
Antioch, Council of (AD 341), a non-
domestic unrest and Muslim onslaughts. Be-
worship 8:540e
ecumenical Christian Church council held at
cause trade was vital to Christian and Muslim
Antioch (modern Antakya in southeastern
alike, agreements were reached that enabled
anti-novel, avant-garde novel of the mid-
20th century marking a radical departure
Turkey) on the occasion of the consecration of
trade to continue despite religious differences.
from the conventions of the traditional novel.
Constantine's Golden Church there. It was
Spices, dyes, silk, and porcelain came on cara-
vans from the East and were shipped to Euro-
Starting from the premise that everything in
first of several 4th-century councils that at-
the novel has been done-that whole societies
tempted to replace orthodox Nicene theology
pean markets. Nearby orchards and olive
have been portrayed in panorama and that in-
with a modified Arianism (q.v.). Attended by
groves supplied sweet lemons and olive oil for
dividual psychologies have been probed min-
the Eastern emperor Constantius II and about
export, and wood from the forests of Lebanon
was traded to the Egyptians in return for fine
pero
utely-the anti-novelists seek to discover new
100 Eastern bishops, the council developed
avenues of fictional exploration. In their
four creeds as substitutes for the Nicene, all of
cloth.
efforts to overcome literary habits and to re-
them to some degree unorthodox and omit-
In 1187 Bohemond III (reigned 1163-1201)
of Antioch obtained guarantees for the princi-
educate the readers' responses, they deliber-
ting or rejecting the Nicene statement that
Christ was "of one substance" (homoousios)
pality from the Muslim leader Saladin
ately frustrate conventional literary expecta-
with the Father. The disciplinary 25 canons of
(reigned 1169-93), after Saladin had con-
tions. They avoid any expression of an au-
thor's personality, preferences, or values.
Antioch are generally thought to have come
quered a large part of the kingdom of Jerusa-
from this council, but some scholars believe
lem. After Bohemond's death, Antioch was
Ant
They dispense with biographical details of
character, dramatic progress, dialogue that
they were the work of an earlier council (330)
torn by wars over the succession, and, though
peace was restored, these disputes gave the
reveals character or furthers plot, and even
at Antioch.
Muslims time to gather their forces. By 1268
plot itself.
Antioch, Orthodox Church of, an auto-
Antioch's territory had been severely dimin-
pres
The term anti-novel was first used in 1957 by
cephalous (ecclesiastically independent) East-
ished, and the city itself surrendered to the at-
Jean-Paul Sartre in an introduction to
ern Orthodox patriarchate, third in honorific
tacking army of Baybars I (1260-77), Mam-
An
Nathalie Sarraute's Portrait d'un inconnu
rank after the churches of Constantinople and
lük sultan of Egypt and Syria.
(first published 1947; Portrait of a Man Un-
Alexandria; it is the largest Arab Christian
known, 1958). It is usually associated with the
Antioch, school of, a Christian theological
church in the Middle East.
thre
French nouveau roman ("new novel") of the
The authority of the "Greek Orthodox pa-
institution in Syria, traditionally founded c. AD
1950s and '60s, but works of other writers,
triarch of Antioch and all the East" was limit-
200, that stressed the literal interpretation of
such as the German novelist Uwe Johnson's
ed after the Council of Chalcedon (451) to the
the Bible and the completeness of Christ's
app
Mutmassungen über Jakob (1959; Specula-
community known as Romans or Melchites
humanity, in opposition to the school of Alex-
dam
tions About Jacob, 1963), reveal the same
(emperor's men), because they were in com-
andria, which emphasized the allegorical in-
thre
vaguely identified characters, casual arrange-
munion with the Byzantine, or east Roman,
terpretation of the Bible and stressed Christ's
ment of events, and uncertainty of meaning.
emperor. The literary language of this com-
divinity. Flourishing in the 4th-6th century,
pati
See also nouveau roman.
the School of Antioch produced several sig-
munity was Greek, but from the 9th century
ploi
avant-garde novel characteristics 13:287g
onward there were parishes where Arabic was
nificant theologians, including Diodore of
Af
French novel development 10:1235a
the only language generally known, and there-
Tarsus, Theodore of Mopsuestia, St. John
chu
Antioch 1:992, Turkish ANTAKYA, town in
fore parts of the church services were trans-
Chrysostom, and Theodoret of Cyrrhus.
southeastern Turkey, was a populous city of
lated into Arabic. In modern times the growth
Arian controversy and Neoplatonism 4:485h
Aristotelian influence on Christianity 4:468d
ancient Syria.
of nationalism, the breakup of the Ottoman
mo
Empire, and the disappearance of Greeks
Christian icon controversy 4:503d
The text article recounts Antioch's founding
Christological rivalry in 4th century 4:541c
in 300 BC by the Greeks and its role as the cen-
from Asia Minor have caused the Orthodox
Gr
tre of the Seleucid Kingdom until 64 BC, when
Church of Antioch to assume the character of
exegetical rivalry with Alexandria 7:66h
Ga
patristic rivalry with Alexandria 13:1082b
the Romans made it the capital of their prov-
an Arab Eastern Orthodox institution.
ince of Syria. The city was one of the earliest
Since the 14th century the patriarch has re-
Antioch, See of, one of the most important
pro
centres of Christianity, serving as the head-
sided in Damascus, and since 1899 he and all
centres of nascent Christianity, said to have
quarters of the missionary St. Paul in C. AD
had St. Peter as its first bishop. By the 4th
Ga
of his bishops have been Arabs. There are
47-55. Antioch prospered in the 4th and 5th
metropolitans under his jurisdiction in Syria
century it ranked as the third most important
centuries from nearby olive plantations and in
(Homs, Hama, Aleppo, Al Lädhiqiyah, and
patriarchiate after Rome and Alexandria.
the
pre
the 6th developed a silk industry. That cen-
As Suwaydã); Lebanon (Beirut, Tripoli, Al
Antioch College, institution of higher learn-
tury also brought a fire and earthquakes; the
Hadath, Halbã, Zahlah, and Marj 'Uyūn);
ing in Yellow Springs, Ohio, founded in 1852.
city changed hands among Arabs, Byzantines,
Baghdad, Iraq; and New York City. There is
It is noted for its experimental curriculum and
Turks, and crusaders, finally falling under Ot-
also an archbishop in Toledo, Ohio, and a pa-
its combination of study and work.
toman Turkish control from 1517 until World
triarchal delegate in Buenos Aires. The princi-
founding and development 13:520g
War I. Important archaeological discoveries
pal liturgical language is now Arabic, though
progressive reform program 6:382e
have been made there.
Greek is still used, and English has been
36°14' N, 36°07' E
adopted in the United States.
Antiochene rite, sometimes called WEST
The number of faithful in the Orthodox
SYRIAN RITE, the system of liturgical practices
REFERENCES in other text articles:
Church of Antioch approaches 300,000; in
and discipline observed by Syrian Monophy-
Antiochus IV building construction 1:994h
Bohemond I's conquest and rule 2:1201g
Syria it is the largest Christian community,
sites (Jacobites), the Malabar Christians of
Administration of George Bush, 1990 / July 12
spectfully in the Oval Office, and that I
revered pilgrim on this mission of peace
W
have an opportunity to tell him that I see
We are especially blessed to be part of this
faith of people as a driving force for change
historic journey: the first time in the 1,400-
d
in the world today and have an opportunity
year history of the Patriarchate that the
to salute him for his principles and leader-
successor to St. Andrew has visited the
ship.
Western Hemisphere.
So, it's been a joy to have you here, a joy
Greetings to all of you, the members of
to have you here. And to have the various
the 30th Clergy-Laity Conference from 555
metropolitans [ecclesiastical officials] here,
parishes across the sweep of the Americas. I
too, is special. Thank you all.
-
still remember the outpouring of warmth
e
that you gave me when I had the privilege
d
Note: The President spoke at 11:50 a.m. in
of addressing you 2. years ago and 2 years
the Rose Garden at the White House.
before that. It is a delight to see you again
)
because I feel that we do have a special
bond. In particular, I cherish the Greek-
American legacy of putting family values
Remarks to the 30th Biennial Greek
first. This is the finest example of what our
Orthodox Church Clergy-Laity
country needs in order to be strong and
Congress
wise and flourishing. We admire your un-
July 12, 1990
flinching devotion to the passing on of clear
moral values and your emphasis on the im-
Thank you all very much. Who would
portance of a good education.
have thought that I would be introduced by
I noted that in the census returns for the
Peter Jennings before a beautiful evening
last three decades, you have ranked the
like this? It's just wonderful. Ted, thank you
highest of any community in education.
very, very much. Barbara and I are delight-
And I'm not just saying that because John
ed to be here this evening. When Ted said
Brademas is here, either. Also, you stress
that a person we hold in such reverence, I
hard work and the individual initiative that
was ready. You see, I'm used to it now. I
creates opportunity and, thus, have become
thought he was talking about Barbara, not
the backbone of small businesses through-
the All Holiness. [Laughter]
out this country. And statistics show that
I am so pleased to be with you. Your All
through your shining example of love and
Holiness, once again, welcome to the Cap-
faith and, of course, family tradition, you've
ital of our great nation. It was an honor
almost no crime and drug problems. And
and, I think, an appropriate honor for us to
how wonderful that 3,000 of your young
greet you in the Oval Office today. And I
people this week took part in a forum about
was proud to be at your side in the Rose
the bitter plague of drugs.
Garden. It's an extraordinary privilege to-
I also admire your strength as a commu-
night to be with you and your distinguished
nity in which your Greek Orthodoxy means
delegation, and also to be with our respect-
your deeply rooted spiritual beliefs, as well
ed and revered friend, Archbishop Iakovos,
as the richness of your cultural life. In any
who has distinguished himself in the 30
age when so many challenges threaten the
years that he's been the spiritual leader of
fabric of our society, your intense devotion
your church in the Americas. I apologize
to your faith and traditions have made you
for the order of the program and speaking
messengers of hope. You share the richness
before dinner, but Archbishop Iakovos said
of your ancient, undivided faith. You've im-
you were having broccoli, and I figure I
pressed us with the vibrant ethnic vitality
have to get out of here. [Laughter]
of your immigrant parents and grandpar-
But to more serious things, Your All Holi-
ents-I love what Ted Koppel said about
ness, meeting with you earlier today was a
that earlier-and with your commitment to
rare and an inspiring opportunity. Once
Christian service both here and in the lands
again, I want to express my profound re-
of your ancestors' birth. They were drawn
spect. You are a holy man of great spiritual-
here by the beacon of Liberty's torch. And
ity and vision and humility, a gentle and
now, you are shining your own beacon of
1087
United States
July 12 / Administration of George Bush, 1990
promise back to your homelands, always re-
know with certainty that day will come be-
tonight. Barbara
membering the words of the Greek national
cause, as a persecutor of Orthodoxy admit-
your guests. Th
anthem: "Now as ever valor prizing/Hail,
ted: "Religion is like a nail. The harder you
all hail sweet Liberty!"
hit it, the deeper it goes into the wood."
Note: The Presi
And what a splendid place Washington is
But while the events of this past year have
the Sheraton I
for you to meet. Here in his hometown, you
been a glorious beginning, there is still
Washington Hc
can proudly tell the story of your Greek-
much to do-because peace is more than
President joking
American predecessor, Constantino Bru-
just the absence of war.
of ABC News,
midi-Brumidi, the Michelangelo of the
As we continue the struggle for liberty
ABC News. The
U.S. Capitol. More than 100 years ago, Bru-
for all, our way will be lit with the inner
His All Holines:
midi produced those eloquent friezes show-
radiance of pastoral pilgrims of peace like
mitrios I, His En
ing scenes from American history and said
Your All Holiness. I've often spoken of hope
of the Greek
with reverence: "My one ambition is that I
as a Thousand Points of Light ablaze in the
North and Souti
may live long enough to make beautiful the
black sky, and so, I was struck by this con-
mas, president
Capitol of the one country on Earth in
ference's theme: "Walk as children of
tape was not a.
which there is liberty."
light." I noticed how this first began in
the content of th
In Washington, you can rejoice in the
Ephesians: "For you were once darkness
magnificence of your Cathedral of St.
but now you are light."
Sophia. When I was Vice President, I used
Eastern Europe was once in dark bond-
to live just down the road from Hagia
age and now begins to see by the pale glow
Sophia: the Cathedral of Holy Wisdom.
of a new dawn. It's like your own Easter
Executive Ord
How impressive is its rich Byzantine style;
midnight service. As the priest calls, "Come
Commission 01
how moving the sight of its candlelit icons
and receive the light," he brings a candle,
Appointment
and those astonishing mosaics. It must have
I'm told, from the altar into the unbroken
July 11, 1990
been a place of rare beauty much like this
blackness of the church. And then he passes
that, back in the 10th century, inspired the
the flame to each worshiper's own individ-
By the authc
envoys of Prince Vladimir to bring your Or-
ual candle until the church is ablaze with
dent by the C
thodox faith to Kiev. For they said that,
flickering lights proudly shining together to
United States of
upon their first glimpse inside an Orthodox
defeat the dark.
203 of the Et
church in Constantinople: "We knew not
Your All Holiness, you are that candle.
(Public Law 10
whether we were in heaven or on Earth."
Your faithful here and around the world are
tablish an advis
Your All Holiness, you are today trying to
that congregation which takes the light of
best means of
bring the peace of heaven to this earthly
your vision and spreads it through all lands.
appointment p
life. Your global vision is one of hope, hope
I was touched to hear that, during this trip,
as follows:
for what we can do with and for your 250
you will be walking across the Peace Bridge
Section 1. E
million spiritual children, so many of whom
that links our great country, the United
hereby establis
have lived in the chilled darkness of reli-
States, and Canada. And really, if you think
mission on the
gious persecution. The world rejoices that
about it, what a wonderful symbol of what
ess" ("Commiss
the new freedoms of the past year mean
all individuals and nations must do: build
comprise 14 m
that your Orthodox followers in so many
peace bridges that link-not separate-na-
and employees
lands are now once again able to follow
tions, and then walk upon those bridges to
Federal Govern
freely and openly the road of holy light.
meet others halfway in order to celebrate
be appointed t
We celebrate the dawn of hope for these
our similarities, not to battle our differ-
bers shall be
people, particularly those for whom you
ences.
leader of the S
speak in Eastern Europe. We also celebrate
Together, we ask your prayers, Your All
appointed by
the tremendous strength of spirit which has
Holiness, that God will guide us in our ef-
Senate, one me
sustained them through these generations
forts for peace and that the wide arms of
the Speaker of
of repression, spirit like that of the 50 mil-
faith and forgiveness will one day soon em-
tives, and one
lion Russian Orthodox believers who still
brace a world with justice and compassion
by the minority
dream of the day when they can worship
for all.
resentatives. A:
openly in their faith which is, after all, 930
God bless you, Your All Holiness, and
sion shall be fi
years older than communism itself. We
God bless every one of you gathered here
the initial appo
1088
THE OXFORD
DICTIONARY OF
SAINTS
S
DAVID HUGH FARMER
not nat why
them but the
A
CLARENDON PRESS . OXFORD
OF LINCOLN
IGNATIUS OF ANTIOCH
is honour. His feast became one of
crucified. They tried to bury the body, but
lier he had visited Rome, presumably with
name occurs in the Durham Liber Vitae;
thest tank in Charterhouses from
the earth refused to receive it and it was
Ceolfrith or Benedict Biscop. To Hwaet-
it has been conjectured by D.C.B. that
'his fostered interest in him in Flan-
thrown down a well. Koppin is supposed
bert were dedicated Bede's commentary on
his monastery was Bardney. Feast: 14
d the Rhineland, in France, Italy,
to have confessed: he and eighteen other
the Apocalypse and his De Temporum
December (in I 1th-century martyrology of
ain as well as in England. His prin-
Jews were executed, while others were
ratione, concerned with chronology. He
Exeter).
ult was at Lincoln, where the rose
imprisoned in London and released by
was called 'Eusebius' because of his holi-
V called the Dean's Eye records his
the intervention of the Friars and fined
Bede, H.E., iv. 3; Stanton, pp. 451, 688;
ness. No record of a feast-day or of a
R.P.S.
and where his relics were trans-
heavily. It is likely that the cult of 'Little St.
liturgical cult seems to have survived.
a new shrine in the famous Angel
Hugh' was the expression of anti-Semitic
in 1280. His shrines here attracted
envy and that the story had little, if any,
C. Plummer, Baedae Opera Historica, i, 364-
HYDROC (Hydoc), Cornish saint, pos-
ilgrims; his feast was kept in the
foundation in fact. The general charge of
404 for the Lives of the abbots of Wearmouth
sibly a hermit, and titular of Lanhydrock.
and Jarrow by Bede and the anonymous writer;
calendar.
Feast: 5 May. Attempts to identify him
ritual murder on the part of the Jews has
the latter work is also translated in E.H.D., i.
many times been refuted by Christian as
with the Irish Huydhran or Odran lack
usual iconographical attribute is his
697-708. Letter from Boniface to Hwaetbert in
wan (from his manor at Stow) or a
plausibility.
well as Jewish writers. But the calumny
M. Tangl, no. 76 and E.H.D., i. 759.
with the infant Jesus on it, as on the
stuck in the Middle Ages, perhaps because
Baring-Gould and Fisher, iii. 286-8.
ce from the Charterhouse at Thui-
it was what people wanted to believe, and
I in Zurbaran's portrait at Cadiz. A
the Legend of 'Little St. Hugh' is best
HYA, see IA.
HYWN (Henwyn, Hewyn), Welsh monk
of him in the Paris Charterhouse
known through the Prioress's Tale in
and possibly bishop. Trained at Llantwit,
a centre of pilgrimage for mothers
Chaucer's Canterbury Tales. The cult was
HYACINTH, see PROTUS AND HYA-
he eventually became abbot of Bardsey. He
ck children.
never official, although miracles were
CINTH.
is the patron of Aberdaron on the Lleyn
shrine was dismantled at the Re-
claimed at his intercession. Feast: 27
peninsula, where pilgrims used to embark
on, but searches for his body in
August.
HYBALD (Hibald, Higbald) (7th
for Bardsey. His feast is in no ancient
d in 1956 proved unsuccessful. His
H. R. Luard (ed.), Matthew Paris, Chronica
century), abbot in Lincolnshire. He is
calendars known to Baring-Gould, but
inen stole, formerly at the Grande
mentioned by Bede as being very holy and
wakes were held in his honour at Aber-
Majora (R.S., 1880), v, 516-19; B.T.A., iii.
use, survives in the Charterhouse
421-2.
abstemious in connection with a vision of
daron on I or 6 January. Churches in Bris-
minster (West Sussex). Feast: 17
the
death of Cedd by Egbert. Four Lin-
tol, Gloucester, and Hereford, dedicated to
ber; translation, 6 October.
HUNA (7th century), priest and monk. He
colnshire churches were dedicated to him
Ewen, have been dubiously claimed as
ouie and D. H. Farmer, Magna Vita S.
lived under Etheldreda, whom in fact he
and Hibaldstow takes its name from his
his.
(1961-2); J. F. Dimock, Giraldi Opera
buried. He retired soon afterwards to the
grave there, also recorded by R.P.S. His
Baring-Gould and Fisher, iii. 263-5.
ii. 67-147 and 39-42; id., Metrical Life
life of a hermit at Huneya in the Fens. Here
ugh of Lincoln (1860); for the canoniza-
he died; later his relics were translated to
ort, D. H. Farmer in Lincs. Arch. and
Thorney, where they were venerated in the
1. Soc. Papers, vi (1956), 86-117. Lives
11th century or before. Feast: 13 Feb-
Thurston (1898) and R. M. Woolley
see also M.O., pp. 375-91 and C. R.
ruary.
I
Hubert Walter (1967).
Stanton, p. 67; R.P.S.
I OF LINCOLN (2) (Little St.
HWAETBERT (Huaetberct) (716-c.
(d. 1255), 'martyr'. He was a boy of
747), abbot of Wearmouth and Jarrow.
IA (Hya, Ives), patron of St. Ives, Corn-
St. Ives, Hunts. Feasts: 3 February and 27
ne years old who met a violent death
Like Bede, Hwaetbert had been offered to
wall, according to local tradition was an
October.
ands of persons unknown; his body
the monastery in childhood and educated
Irish virgin who sailed across the Irish Sea
covered in a well and buried in the
there in ecclesiastical and monastic learn-
G. H. Doble, The Saints of Cornwall, i (1960),
on a leaf. She was said to be a sister of
al near the tomb of Grosseteste.
ing. He had been ordained priest before he
89-94. William Worcestre, p. 115.
Euny. Leland saw a Life of her at St. Ives
story circulated and became im-
was unanimously chosen as abbot and con-
which made her a noble disciple of St. Bar-
y popular that his death was due to
firmed by Acca. Letters to him from Pope
ricus; a church was built at her request by
IDE, see ITA.
nurder practised by the strong and
Gregory II and from Boniface survive,
Dinan, a great lord of Cornwall. Breton
Jewish community in Lincoln. It
the latter being a request for the works of
tradition, however, makes her a convert of
IGNATIUS OF ANTIOCH (d. c. 107),
erted that the Jew Koppin enticed
Bede and for a bell, accompanied by a gift
Patrick 'the Elder': she came to Armorica
bishop and martyr. Of Syrian origin, Igna-
into his house on 31 July, was kept
of a goat's hair bed-covering. A letter of
with 777 disciples and was martyred there.
tius became bishop of Antioch C. 69. No-
until 27 August, when he was
Hwaetbert to Gregory commending his
She is the eponym of Plouyé, near Carhaix.
thing is known of his early life or even of
d, crowned with thorns, and finally
predecessor
Ceolfrith also survives: ear-
She should not be confused with
Yvo of
his episcopate before his last journey from
200
201
IGNATIUS OF LOYOLA
Antioch to Rome, which took place under
was brought up to be a soldier. I
military guard because he had been con-
the French in Castile, but was W(
demned to death in Trajan's persecution
the siege of Pamplona in 1521. H
for being a Christian. On this journey he
leg was badly set, was broken agai
wrote seven revealing letters, which make
set: the impact of the cannon-b.
him a significant witness to Christianity in
worse by bad surgery, left him
sub-apostolic times. Four of them were
and with a limp for the rest of
written at Smyrna, where he had been re-
During his convalescence he aske
ceived with great honour by Polycarp
knightly romances; instead he wa
and many other Christians. They were
Life of Christ and some Legen
addressed to the churches of Ephesus,
Saints. His conversion followed;
Magnesia, Tralles, and Rome. At Troas
for a year in prayer and penance
he wrote his remaining letters to Polycarp
resa, close to the famous abbey
and to the churches of Philadelphia and
serrat. Here he experienced bot
Smyrna.
tion and consolation, and wrote
The letters show their author as
draft of his famous Spiritual
ardently devoted to Christ, whose Divinity
which incorporated some of the ti
and Resurrection from the dead they
teaching of Montserrat. In 1523 I
clearly affirm. They urge unity, in and
pilgrimage to Jerusalem, begging
through the Eucharist and its president,
like many before him. Francisc:
the local bishop. Ignatius described the
persuaded him to renounce a pi
Church of Rome as the one founded by
converting the Muslims, so he re
Peter and Paul, and therefore worthy of
Spain, still without a clear plai
special reverence. He called himself both a
life.
disciple and the 'bearer of God' (theopho-
He decided to study Latin in
ros), so convinced was he of the presence of
work for souls. He went to B
Christ within him, and whom he longed to
Alcala, Salamanca, and lastly Par
see soon after death.
where he also studied philosophy
Describing himself as the 'wheat of
years, graduating in 1534 as mast
Christ', he was thrown to the lions in the
He had lived in austere holiness
Colosseum and died almost at once. His
though still a layman, had given
works were soon translated into Latin and
to those in trouble, especially W
some Oriental languages; one was cited by
varied backgrounds. In Spain thi
Gildas.
to his imprisonment as a suspecte
Antioch kept his feast on 17 October as
In Paris he gathered six disciples,
the Roman Church has done since 1969.
he gave the Spiritual Exercises;
Formerly his feast in the West was on I
they took VOWS of poverty and cha
February, but Bede, the Roman Martyr-
promised to serve the Church
ology, and B.C.P. keep 17 December, his
preaching in Palestine or in other
translation day. The Eastern Churches
the pope thought fit. In 1537 the
generally prefer 20 December.
Venice: unable to reach the Ho
AA.SS. Feb. I (1658), 13-37; J. B. Lightfoot,
they went to Rome and resolved to
The Apostolic Fathers (part II, 1885); J. H.
a new religious Order. By now, the
Srawley, The Epistles of St. Ignatius (1935); C.
been ordained priests. Vows of 0
C. Richardson, The Christianity of St. Ignatius
and readiness to go anywhere the
of Antioch (1935); B. H. Streeter, The Primitive
them were added to the others.
Church (1929).
charity such as teaching the yo
uneducated, as well as missiona
IGNATIUS OF LOYOLA (1491-1556),
prises, were among their earlies
founder of the Jesuits. The youngest of
The choral celebration of the
eleven children of a Basque nobleman, he
Office was abolished so as to le:
202
SPAIN
Scale
200
300 Mi
100
400 Km
against Chile began, Iglesias was minister of
pan. ly Yet 1
200
war under President Nicolás de Piérola. As a
arose an inface
ATLANTIC
colonel and then as a general, he participated in
ily. viously paid your the
atteng
much of the war, eventually being appointed
MADEIRA
commander of the northern departments. With
d one
ISLANDS
MOROCCO
the war lost and Chilean troops occupying Lima,
the capital, Iglesias decided that Peru had to sign
gainst n
a peace treaty.
public of this founded know
OCEAN
With Chilean support he appointed himself
n
IFNI
president of the republic for the 1883-1886 term
and on Oct. 20, 1883, signed the Treaty of An-
ally
the
CANARY
ALGERIA
cón, which ended the war by ceding the province
N
of Tarapacá to Chile and giving Chile control of
itsasterming -
ISLANDS
the provinces of Tacna and Arica for 10 years.
PROVIDER
SAHARA
Iglesias began the postwar reorganization that
SPANISH
Peru needed and remained in power as long as
idetada the -
M. ENVO
MAURITANIA
the Chilean troops remained in Lima. They left
MALI
Peru in 1884, and Iglesias was overthrown in
he most
ensure a women
1885 by the army, led by Andrés A. Cáceres
and Hidetada
ent until bis death
(q.v.). On Dec. 25, 1886, Iglesias left Peru for
History. Spain claimed Ifni on the basis of an
Spain, where he resided until he died, in 1901,
Inc. be
9880 agreement with the Sultan of Morocco, but
in Madrid. He was important for having recog-
many decades exercised only nominal control
nized that Peru had to sign a peace treaty, no
United
the titioned into French and Spanish protectorates
Canary Islands. When Morocco was
matter how unjust, in order to get the Chilean
troops out of Peru.
1912, the Spanish claim to Ifni was confirmed.
HARRY KANTOR, Marquette University
D'IF.
Elective Spanish occupation dates from 1934.
After Morocco became independent in 1956,
IGLOO, ig'loo, is the Eskimo word for "house."
ern Nigeria, is
Ait Ba Amran
It applies both to snowhouses and to other
he Yoruba program
the return of Ifni. Follow-
shelters. See Eskmos-Way of Life.
Ife is the point
prolonged negotiations,
it flood. which the and
Scain finally withdrew on Jan. 4, 1969, and
IGNATIEV, ig-nà'tyef, Nikolai Pavlovich (1832-
Morocco resumed control.
1908), Russian diplomat and statesman, whose
tate. Before 10%
BENJAMIN E. THOMAS
career is linked with Russian territorial expansion
1 ruled by a down
University of California, Los Angeles
in the Far East and the Balkans. Count Ignatiev
lominance of Ope
was born in St. Petersburg on Jan. 17, 1832.
Yoruba civil was
CARKA, i-gär'ke, in the Soviet Union, is a city
Before beginning his diplomatic career he served
nost of the security
Siberia. It is situated north of the Arctic
in the army. In 1856 he was made military
Orcle on the Yenisei River, 425 miles (685 km)
attaché in London, and in that capacity he served
ts art, particulars
with of the river's mouth in the Arctic' Ocean.
with Russian negotiators at the Congress of Paris
at date as far bad
Administratively, it is part of Krasnoyarsk krai
after the Crimean War. In 1858 he led a diplo-
singdom's bronzens,
(territory) in the Russian SFSR.
matic mission to Khiva and Bukhara, which re-
SS, and terra-com
Igarka is a major sawmilling center and tim-
sulted in a trade agreement with Bukhara.
finest naturalas
Ser-exporting port. Its mills operate throughout
In 1859, Ignatiev was sent to China to nego-
iter Benin broom
the year, but shipping is limited by the harsh
tiate a delimitation of the Russo-Chinese frontier
g the founding of
winter to a brief summer navigation season.
along the Amur and Ussuri rivers. His nego-
n Ife.
Small shipyards serve the visiting timber carriers.
tiations were successful. By the Treaty of Peking
gns of its gloriom
The city, which was founded in 1931, is built
(Nov. 2, 1860), Russia's claim to all territory
the grounds of de
mainly of wood, with log cabins and wooden
along the left bank of the Amur as far as the
mples of Ife's 19
mad surfaces. Population: (1968 est.) 18,000.
Ussuri were confirmed and Russia was granted
versity founded is
THEODORE SHABAD, Editor, "Soviet Geography"
possession of all the territory between the Amur
050.
and Ussuri and the Pacific. The agreement per-
HARRY A. GARLS
ISBIRA, ig'ba-re, a Nigerian people, numbering
mitted Russia to proceed with the building of
Jose State College
dose to 200,000. They live north and east of the
Vladivostok and to become a Pacific power.
confluence of the Niger and Benue rivers in south
From 1864 to 1877, Ignatiev served as am-
t of southwesters
central Nigeria. Their language belongs to the
bassador to Constantinople. His diplomacy,
tered by Space
Iwa group of the Congo-Kordofanian family.
which was aimed at bringing the Balkans under
Ifni has an area
Both Islam and Christianity have a considerable
Russian domination, led to war between Russia
km).
following among the Igbira.
and Turkey in 1877. He was also the architect
lation (1967) d
Agriculture is the main occupation of most
of the controversial Treaty of San Stefano
are Berbers who
Igbira. Yams are their staple food crop, and
(March 3, 1878) that followed. After serving
other Moroccars.
palm kernels, cotton, and tobacco are exported.
for one year as minister of internal affairs, Igna-
(1960 population
The Igbira began migrating southward to
tiev retired from regular government service in
nish military and
their present homeland from the Jukun empire
1882. He died in St. Petersburg on June 20, 1908.
in the mid-18th century.
PETER CZAP, Amherst College
S are the major
ROBERT A. LYSTAD
ural people, many
Johns Hopkins University
IGNATIUS OF ANTIOCH, ig-nã'shes, ant'ē-ok,
nds in the north
Saint, bishop of Antioch in the 1st century. A
meters), provide
IGLESIAS, ē-glä'syäs, Miguel (1822-1901), Peru-
prisoner, condemned to be devoured by wild
along the coasts
vian military and political leader. Born on Aug.
beasts in Rome, he was taken under guard from
ion, but the and
18, 1822, in Cajamarca, Peru, he was educated
Syria through Asia Minor. On that journey he
rict agriculture to
as a lawyer. He managed his family's vast estates
wrote seven letters from which our knowledge
;mall quantities &
until 1861 when he became a member of Con-
of his personality and teachings is derived. The
CO.
gress. After the War of the Pacific (1879-1883)
authenticity of the seven letters is now almost
749
750
IGNATIUS OF ANTIOCH-IGNATIUS OF CONSTANTINOPLE
universally accepted, although for some time sev-
kon-stan-ta-no Saint ig-ns
IGNATIUS OF CONSTANTINOPLE,
eral others were erroneously attributed to him.
Representatives from the Christian commu-
Constantinople. Originally
nities of Ephesus, Magnesia, and Tralles came to
born in Constantinople, the youngest
greet Ignatius as he traveled northward from
Emperor Michael I Rhangabe, who was
Syria. Letters 1 to 3, written at Smyrna, are
addressed to the Christians in Ephesus, Magnesia,
by Leo V the Armenian in 813. After
4
deposition of his father, the boy was
and Tralles. He thanks them for their great kind-
eunuch to prevent his ever becoming a
ness and sympathy, urges them to obey their
to the throne and was imprisoned in a
ecclesiastical superiors, and warns them against
the dangers of heretical teaching. Letter 4, also
monastery. He became a monk, taking the
Ignatius, and about 840 he was made an
written from Smyrna, is addressed to the church
at Rome. Its members are asked not to intercede
cred images were destroyed, he was a
During the iconoclastic persecution, when
in his behalf and thus perhaps deprive him of
what he desired most-to die for Christ. At Troas
defender of images, or icons, and their place
Christian worship.
he received the welcome news that the persecu-
tion of the church at Antioch had ended.
On the death of the patriarch Methodius
natius was elected to the patriarchal
Letters 5 to 7, written at Troas, are addressed,
From the outset he exhibited courage and
respectively, to the Christians of Philadelphia, to
but also a lack of tact and prudence.
those of Smyrna, and to Polycarp, the young
bishop of Smyrna. All are urged to send repre-
Gregory Asbestas, archbishop of Syracuse, deposit
sufficient investigation of charges, he
sentatives to congratulate their fellow Christians
at Antioch, to avoid contention and heretical
was then living at Constantinople. Gregory
pealed to Rome, and Pope Leo IV and his
teachings, to follow the guidance of their bishops,
cessor Benedict III refused to confirm
and to preserve unity of faith. In his letter to
action and insisted that there should be
PAINTING BY SANCHEZ
Polycarp he gives specific advice on the duties
hearing of both parties. Meanwhile, at the
Saint Ignatius of L
of the episcopal office and bids him have cour-
of the Epiphany in 858, Ignatius had denoum
age: "Do not let them disturb you. Stand firm
Bardas (who since 856 had been exercising
like an anvil under the hammer. A great boxer
imperial power) for the dissolute life that he
OF LOYOLA, ig-nã's
will take a beating and yet win through."
After further conflicts between them,
religi
The letters are written from the heart in a
was deposed and subsequently banished to
Society Jesus
simple and unadorned but lively style. They
island of Terebinthus.
in the Loyola,
reveal the inmost soul of Ignatius as a man filled
Photius, first imperial secretary, and
im que region of Spain, an
with a true religious enthusiasm, eager to die for
mander of the imperial bodyguard, the most
but later signed himse
Christ, whom he loves with a consuming love,
tinguished scholar and teacher of his age
with ligo, he served as a page in
yet also a zealous pastor, deeply concerned to
author of Bibliotheca, was elected to success
the age of 25 he was in
the last with the moral and spiritual welfare of
Ignatius in 858. His position was a most diff
eroy of Navarre. During
Christians everywhere.
one, because Ignatius had resigned, apparents
only under duress, the office from which Bardan
plona by the French, he was
On the dogmatic side, the letters are among
May 20, 1521.
the most precious documents preserved from the
had deposed him. When Basil the Macedonism
During his convalescence
early church. Ignatius teaches that Christ is born
made himself emperor by a coup d'etat in 867,
Loyola, for want of books or
and unborn, timeless and invisible, and hence
deposed triarchate. Photius and restored Ignatius to the
lives of Christ and of
Docetism (q.v.) is a heresy. The Church is
mad aploits inspired him with the
"the place of sacrifice," and "the Eucharist is the
The Eighth Ecumenical Council (also known
deeds for Christ. As soon a
Flesh of our Saviour Jesus Christ." Ignatius is the
as the Fourth Council of Constantinople,
first to use the term "Catholic Church" for desig-
870) was called to deal with the crisis occasioned
made a pilgrimage to Montser
all-night vigil (March 24
nating Christians collectively. He states that the
by Photius' attack on certain matters of doctrine
celebrated statue of the \
bishop represents Christ, the presbyters are an
and discipline. As a result of the council, Pho
himself as a knight in
apostolic council, and the deacons serve as min-
tius was declared illegal, and the latter
almost a year he remained
isters of Christ. The bishop is the authorized
reconfirmed as patriarch (see CONSTANTINOPLE,
COUNCILS OF).
Montserrat, where he underw
teacher of the Christian community, the high
priest of the liturgy, and the dispenser of the
Ignatius took stern measures against Photise
experiences. Origins of the Jesuits. In F
sacred mysteries. Matrimony reflects the bond
and his supporters but strove especially to extend
this left for the Holy Land
that exists between Christ and His Church, but
his ecclesiastical authority over the Bulgarians,
there. Prevented from remai
virginity is recommended to those who can re-
although this was in conflict with papal policy
returned to Europe and sp
main continent. He acknowledges the superior
He ignored or evaded the repeated warnings of
Bg, in an effort to make him
position and authority of the Church of Rome,
Pope John VIII (reigned 872-882), went
Christ's service. Because of h
and he bears witness to the sojourn of Peter and
Bulgaria himself, and consecrated an archbishop
spected of heresy and brie
Paul in Rome.
and a number of bishops for the Bulgarians. He
1534 he received his master
Ignatius was martyred in Rome during the
died in Constantinople on Oct. 23, 877, before
Paris, and on August 15, wit
reign (98-117) of Emperor Trajan.
the arrival of Pope John's final letter threatening
duding Francis Xavier, he VO
MARTIN R. P. McGuire
him with excommunication and deposition. His
arty and chastity and to retur
Formerly, The Catholic University of America
feast is celebrated on October 23.
1 year later, with three m
Bibliography
Modern research in the history of the Byzan
gain made the same vows.
Brown, Raymond E., and Meier, John, Antioch and Rome
tine Church, and the era of Ignatius and Photis
the Holy Land should pi
(Paulist Press 1983).
in particular, has given scholars a better under-
hand resolved to offer itself fo
Goodspeed, Edgar J., A History of Early Christian Litera-
standing of the period and has caused a basic
ture, (ed. by Robert M. Grant, rev. ed. (Univ. of Chicago
the Pope. Since their pil
Press 1966).
evaluation of their respective roles. The work
prove impossible, in 1538 t
Meeks, Wayne A., and Wilkens, Robert L., Jews and Chris-
of František Dvorník and Émile Amann especially
themselves at the disposal of
tians in Antioch in the First Four Centuries of the Com-
has contributed greatly to the knowledge of the
mon Era (Scholars Press 1978).
They referred to themsel
Schoedel, William, Ignatius of Antioch: A Commentary on
period.
panions of Jesus," and on S
the Seven Letters of Ignatius (Fortress Press 1985).
MARTIN R. P. McGum
solemnly approved their
Wiles, Maurice, and Santer, M., eds., Documents in Early
Formerly, The Catholic
Christian Thought (Cambridge 1976).
mary rule was drafted, wh
University of America
much group prayer and refle