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Ukraine 8/1/91 [OA 8326]
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Ukraine 8/1/91 [OA 8326]
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Records of the White House Office of Speechwriting (George H. W. Bush Administration)
Speech Backup Chronological Files
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Originally Processed With FOIA(s):
FOIA Number:
S
S
FOIA
MARKER
This is not a textual record. This is used as an
administrative marker by the George Bush Presidential
Library Staff.
Record Group/Collection:
George H.W. Bush Presidential Records
Collection/Office of Origin:
Speechwriting, White House Office of
Series:
Speech File Backup Files
Subseries:
Chron File, 1989-1993
OA/ID Number:
13766
Folder ID Number:
13766-011
Folder Title:
Ukraine 8/1/91 [OA 8326]
Stack:
Row:
Section:
Shelf:
Position:
G
26
21
5
5
08/01/91
10:47
NO. 702
P001/003
United States
Information
Agency
Washington, D.C 20547
91 JUL I A10: 53
USIA
OFFICE OF RESEARCH
UNITED STATES INFORMATION AGENCY
301 4TH STREET, S.W., Room 352
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20517
(202) 619-4965
PLEASE DELIVER THE FOLLOWING PAGE(S) IMMEDIATELY TO:
NAME: JENNIFER GROSSMAN - - DEPT.OF COMMUNICATIONS
FROM: Scott RIGHETTI - USIA (202)619-5132
DATE: AUGUST 1, 1991
TIME: 10:45 AM
TOTAL NUMBER OF PAGES INCLUDING THIS COVER PAGE: 3
WE ARE TRANSMITTING TO: 456-6218
WE ARE TRANSMITTING FROM: (202) 619-6977
If you don't receive all of the pages please call (202) 619-4965.
Telecopier operator for this transmission:
Message:
WHILE IT'S NOWA PROBABLY Too LATE TO USE THIS MATERIAL,
PERHAPS SOMEBODY THERE WOULD LIKE IT FOR
FUTURE. REFERENCE. PLEASE KEEP ME IN MIND
FOR ANY FUTURE INFORMATION REQUESTS ON
THE SOVIET UNION. Best regards,
Swtt Righett
08/01/91
10:47
NO. 702
P002/003
July 31, 1991
MEMORANDUM FOR:
Jennifer Grossman - White House
FROM:
Scott Righetti - USIA/R/SU
SUBJECT:
Request for Information on Men Assassination
This is in response to your July 23 fax request to VOA's Serge Markov for material on the
assassination of Orthodox priest Aleksandr Men. The following is based on a series of
articles published this May, June, and July in the Communist Party weekly, Glasnost.
...
Father Aleksandr Men was killed by a blow to the head on September 9, 1990, near the
Semkhoz train platform in suburban Moscow (Zagorsk district).
In May 1991, Glasnost reported the following: Ivan Leshchenkov heads the Moscow oblast
procuracy's investigation of the murder. His detectives have checked out over 500 persons
and questioned about 2,000. The investigation has gathered a large quantity of videotapes
and documents and is now searching for a specific individual. Several witnesses saw the
murder suspect both the day before and on the day of the attack. Unfortunately, not all
potential witnesses have come forth with testimony. A fellow named Bobkov confessed to
the crime, but he proved to be mentally unbalanced; all his statements were refuted. No
motive is yet known for the murder. The priest had enemies. An ethnic Jew, Men was a
well-known Orthodox priest who actively championed ecumenism.
Glasnost reported in June: New details have emerged. Two assailants committed the
murder. One distracted Men while the other sneaked up from behind and hit the priest with
a sharpened blade. Men dropped his glasses and clutched his head, but remained standing.
The wound bled profusely. The attackers took Men's briefcase and fled. Men, still bleeding,
but not losing consciousness, started walking home. Local residents recognized him and
offered help. Had Men immediately been hospitalized, he would have survived. But he
refused help, walked another half kilometer, and died at the gate in front of his house -
before an ambulance arrived. Glasnost also reported that an unidentified woman called
investigators after the May article in the weekly. She said she knew where the murderer
was, that he was close to repenting, and that he was ready to give himself up, but was still
afraid to do so.
On July 25, 1991, Glasnost published the following information: Although the investigators
had told the woman caller they were interested in dialogue, she never telephoned back. The
murderers are evidently still afraid, but eventually they will come forward. Father Men
could have been saved had he immediately been hospitalized, but he refused help and did
not identify who attacked him. Men lived at least for 30 minutes after the attack. His was a
conscious choice not to accept help; he preferred to bleed. Reports that the murder
investigation has reached a dead end are erroneous. Time is working on the side of the
investigators.
***
[NOTE: This material was published in Glasnost, a weekly founded and controlled by the Central Committee of
the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and, as such, presumably reflects the interests of the Party.]
08/01/91
10:48
NO. 702
P003/003
Major autumn
commemoration
at Babi Yar
THE 50th suniversary of the
Babi Yar massacre this autumn
is to be marked by a major
commemeration in the Ukrain-
ian capital Klev.
An organising committee, set
up by the Ukrainian govern-
ment, is sponsoring a wide
range of international events
Babl Yer
including 8 conference on the
Ukrainian authorities have
genocide against Jews in
Europe during the Second
begun work to reconstruct the
site at Babi Yar where the
World War, exhibitions, a
Nazis executed thousands of
chess tournament and a film
festival.
Jews during the Second World
War.
The results of the all-Union
"Babi Yar became the
competition for the design of a
Babl Yar memorial will also be
symbol of Jewish martyrdom
and at the same time a
announced at the commemor-
ation at the end of September.
common grave," said
"Babl Yar became the
Alexander Shlayen, chairman
symbol of Jewish martyrdom,"
of the memorial centre, which,
chairman of the Babi Yar
he hopes will develop into an
Public Centre Alexander
international focus for remem-
Shlayen told the Ukrainian
bering the crimes of fascism."
press agency.
"But at the same time it is a
huge common grave. The Nazis
executed thousands of people of
different nationalities. We hope
this tragic anniversary will de-
velop Into an international
action of protest against geno-
cide, recism and fasciam," he
said.
SOVIET WEEKLY, JUNE 27, 1991
Don't think THS serious
problem
Engine spees need to
be adjusted
Enjing belt
Trueg
better not to
he was Russia not Okramian
- everything PONS will say will
be analyzed over exacutivating
make sure not to be taing sicks
Research Inst
luco Hay da, Hanv UKr Studies
Din
-musical political satine
B
2228-862
-Mf any 5591
Capital steps Chelsea's, 6782 7:30
E
Wisconsin
Cireplex Ddean
been
= Robinhood 4:15,7
1222 Wisc
Shit '01:5
Key Theaty
Cyrano de Benguae
495-1000
Ukrania 1495 4065
495 4053
Ula. Reseat
Director
(617)5
235-
9238
Prof Pritzate
Prof Separ (Hist) 495
2545
trob Shauchenko
Reflipes Rof Pipes
in
492-0727
603 827 3487
Ukramizer sou Unin sou
scane woody Allen film
-Metropocitan
Videos did liter reseet
National Park service
gen info. 619-7222
22nd & 23rd P St NW
Auth by Act of congress
on Sep. 13 1960 FOR Erection shev.
com of Am MC.
14 Ft bronze high- excepts of poetry
June 27 1964
Leo MOL =sculptor
3622-9310 sculpture
Paula stokey placement
Runs the
office
International Soulpture
center - 965-6066
Services of Mead Data Central, Inc.
PAGE
1
(c) 1991 TASS, June 15, 1991
THE COAL MINERS' CITY OF DONETSK IS ONLY ONE OF TEN REGIONAL CENTRES OF THE
REPUBLIC WHERE THE AMERICAN UKRAINIANS HAVE ALREADY GIVEN OR WILL GIVE CONCERTS.
THE AMERICAN UKRAINIANS WHO CAME TO THE LAND OF THEIR FOREFATHERS TOGETHER
WITH THEIR FAMILIES FAMILIARISED THEMSELVES WITH THE PLACES OF INTEREST IN THE
INDUSTRIAL CENTRE AND MET ACTIVISTS OF THE REGIONAL BRANCH OF THE UKRAINIAN
CULTURE FOUNDATION THAT HAD ARRANGED THEIR ARRIVAL IN DONETSK.
BEFORE THE CONCERT THE PERFORMERS LAID FLOWERS AT THE MONUMENT TO GREAT
UKRAINIAN POET TARAS SHEVCHENKO.
LEVEL 1 - 2 OF 131 STORIES
Copyright (c) 1991 Reuters
May 24, 1991, Friday, AM cycle
LENGTH: 408 words
HEADLINE: ISRAEL'S AMBASSADOR SEEKS BEN-GURION MONUMENT IN WASHINGTON
BYLINE: By Jim Wolf
DATELINE: WASHINGTON
KEYWORD:
ISRAEL-USA-MEMORIAL
BODY:
commemorated in Washington are the Marquis de Lafayette, the French
general and statesman who championed the American Revolution; and Taras
Shevshenko, the Ukrainian poet.
Ben-Gurion, known for his charismatic personality and fighting spirit, was
born in what is now Poland in 1886 and died
LEXIS'NEXIS'LEXIS'NEXIS
JUL 30 '91 11:11AM COVE NEW YORK USA
P.1
Vera Von Wiren- Garczynski, Ph.D.
Professor of Slavic & Russian Area Studies
The City College of the City University of New York
President, Slavic American Cultural
Chairman, Slavic American National
Association, Inc.
Republican Heritage Council
President, American Russian Heritage
Recipient, Congressionally sponsored Ellis
Association
Island Medal of Honor for Russian
US Delegate, AIMAV/UNESCO
ancestry on the 100th anniversary
Commissioner, US NC HOLOCAUST COMMISSION
of the Statue of Liberty
FACSIMILE TRANSMISSION
TO: Jenifer Grossman
FAX NO
:
202 456 6218
DATE: July 30,91
FROM: prob. era Von Wiren-Garczynski
FAX: 516 759 4614
No. 06 Pages Including Cover Sheet: 1
MESSAGE:
Коли Mu дінсдемося
Вашинутона
3 новим i праведним 3aKoHoM?
A діждемось Taku Колись !
When shall we get ourselves a Washington, To produlgate his new and
righteous
When shall we get ourselves
To promulgate his new
a Washington
Yes,
some
day,
we
shall surely and find nighteous the man! law ?
Yes, someday we shall surely
find the man !
~Dear Jenifer:
July 30, 1991
MEMORANDUM FOR TONY SNOW
DAN McGROARTY
SUBJECT:
PROVERBS, QUOTES FOR UKRAINE SPEECHES
The following was imparted to me by the retired eminence
grise of Harvard's Ukrainian Studies Institute:
UKRAINIAN PROVERBS
"A man who is already wet is not afraid of the rain. "
"Your tongue will lead you all the way to Kiev. "
"When you enter a great enterprise, free your soul from
weakness."
"Before age, silence; before wisdom, attention. " (Possib.
self deprec. joke? POTUS: "of course, this doesn't mean you
shouldn't applaud. ")
QUOTES
1)
From Alexander Dovzhenko (d. 1956), famous Ukrainian poet
and filmmaker:
"The city of Kiev is an orchard. Kiev is a poet. Kiev is
an epic. Kiev is history. Kiev is art."
2)
More from Shevchenko (d. 1861) :
"Struggle and you will vanquish, for God is your succor. On
your side is strength. On your side is freedom and holy
truth."
"In your own house there prevails your own truth and
strength and freedom."
3)
From Ukrainian poet Vasil Simonenko (1935-63) :
"Whoever said that all has been discovered? If so, what
reason for our birth in truth? How could we ever then in
simple living find room enough for all our hopes of youth?"
USIA
call front yor
1
I
Steve Schaelfe
619-4965
Double check
-there
are sensitiviles no
upquoting
Men
Extended Page 1.1
These lines are from a poem by Taras SHEVCHENKO, The poet of Ukraine. It
is from the poem called "YURODYVYJ" or in English "Simple minded." These
lines are engraved in stone on the Shevchenko stature in Washington, D.C.
What Shevchenko had in mind when he wrote this poem, he expressed the
desire to have somebody like George Washington in Ukraine who will be able
to built a democracy like George Washington did in United States. What is
very a pro pos, that pres. Bush at a Republic meeting gave us all a book
called "From George to George" perhaps this can be worked out into the
speech as well - he is not a Washington but a Goerge who is visiting
Urkaine. this poem, is not controversial and I believe perfect for the
occasion.
good luck, let me know if you like it. Vera
JUL-30-'91 TUE 11:44 ID: INT'L SCULPTURE CTR TEL NO: 202/965-7318
#587 P01
JUL-30-'91 TUE 10:20 ID:WISCONSIN ARTS BOARD TEL NO:608/267-0380
#959 P06
Post-It™ brand fax transmittal memo 7671
# of pages 2
Co. To Amy WEINBERG
From MATT RIDFAND
Co.
ISC
Dept 91 JUL 30 All: 5
Phone 202-965-6066 #
Fax # 202-456-6218
Fax 202-965-7318 #
Copyright c 1974 James M. Goode
Smithsonian Institution Press Publication Number 4829
Designed by Elizabeth Sur
Printed in the United States by Stephenson Lithograph, Inc.
Distributed in the United States and Canada by George Braziller, Inc.
Distributed throughout the rest of the world by Feffer and Simons, Inc.
First adition
Second printing
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Date
Goode, James M.
The outdoor sculpture of Washington, D.C.
Bibliagraphy: p.
2. Washington, DC-Monuments.
1. Title.
N8235 W3G66
917.53
74-5111
ISBN 0-87474-135-6
ISBN 0-87474-149-1 (pbk)
Cover: The Court of Neptune Fountain by Roland Hinton Perry
Frontispiece: Navy-Marine Memorial by Ernesto Begni del Platta
Support for the publication of this volume was provided by
The Barra Foundation, Inc.
Any. I'm AFRAID THE INFORMATION IN
THE autoor SCULPTURE CF WASHINGTON DC
is NOT QUITE WHAT you NEED.
TUDGING From THE CONTRONERSY GENERATED
BY ITS INSTALLATION, THE PRESS COVERAGE
ON OR NEAR 6-27-64 must REFER TO
THE INSCRIPTIONS ON THE MEMORIAL
Sorry / CAN'T BE of GREATER
PASSISTANCE
Cooss LUCK !
JUL-30-'91 TUE 11:45 ID:INT'L SCULPTURE CTR TEL NO: 202/965-7318
#587 P02
JUL-30-'91 TUE 10:13. ID:WISCONSIN ARTS BOARD TEL NO:608/267-0380
#959 P02
H-21
Title TARAS SHEVCHENKO
Title SUPFALORS and IND
MEMORIAL, 1964
Location P Street between 22nd
Location Dumbar
and 23rd Streets, NW
carries Que Street,
Sculpter Leo Mel
Rock Creel
Architect Radoslav Zuk
Sculptor Alexander
Medium Bronze and granite
Proctor (Buffalous): G
(Indi
Architest Glann 1
Bedf
Medium Bronze (Buff
sandstone (Indi
A happier solution might be found for this triangular park than for the
placement of this portralt status and relief panel. These two sculptures
are unrelated In shape or size to the park, and serve to block the view of
the avenues and sub the area of spatial grace.
There la a touch of irony, perhaps, about this memorial of a Ukraintan
national poel, on Soviet hero chosen by Americans #1 is symbol of op-
pressed people. Tares Shevehenko (1624-1861) was sentenced to prison
for ten years for his erdent patriolic and freedom-minded writings. (The
Ukraine was then controlled by Cenvist Russians.) He died after four
years of confinement. Born & surf, his freedom purchased, Shevchenko
18 adored IN the Sovlet Union for his poetry. Although he is not well
known in the United States, since there 18 only one incomplete Ameri-
can edition of his poems, hundreds of towns, collective farms, factories,
public buildings, and streets bearing his name are to be found in the
Soviet Union today.
The memorial, sponsored by a group of Ukrainian nationalists, was
erected amid controversy. The opposition argued: the Ukrainian poet Is
known to only A few Americans, he Is an idol of the Suvlet Communist
Party, he was enti-Senitic and anti-Polish, and the only reference to
American nationalism in his poetry 14 an overworked quotation ex-
pressing the wish that the Likraine might have a George Washington.
Those who favor the memorial insist he was 4 champion of freedom,
inspired by George Washington and the American Revolution, and that
his anonymity is due not to lack of genius but the failure of his struggle
to achieve freedom
On June 27, 1964, estimated 100,000 people Jammed the park area
for the dedication. President Dwight Eisenhower unveiled the memorial.
an immense 24-fout-tall bronze figure and pedestal together with A
granite stole showing the martyred Prometheus in Bas-relief.
Extended Page
2.1
290 Massachusetts Avenue, NW
" our SOUI shal L never perish
Freedom knows mo dying
And the Greedy cannot harvest
fields where seas are lying."
cannot bind the living spirit
nor the living word,
cannot smirch the sacred glory
of thalmighty Lord.
The cancasus 1845
1814-1861
Bard of Ukraine
dedicated to the liberation, freedom
and independence of all captive
nations DR,
150th
Anu. of Ah. birth
STATEMENT
X
THE GRAND JUNCTION HILTON 77.79
743-Horizon Drive
Grand Junction, Colorado 81506
(303) 241-8888
706 GROSSMAN JENN
88.00 06/05/91 20:19 ACCT#
10599
DDD WHITEHOUSE
06/04/91
22 RM 1
WASHINGTON DC
DB
PLEASE RETURN THIS PORTION WITH YOUR REMITTANCE
$
AMOUNT PAID
MEMO
DATE
REFERENCE
CHARGES
CREDITS
BALANCE DUE
06/04 CHRSTIES CK#- 167
20.29 REST
06/04 VID-COMM 2
7.50 MOVES
06/04 ROOM
706, 1
88.00
06/04 RM TAX
706, 1
9.64
06/05 CASH
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06/05 TRANSFER CL 261
125.43
125.4
RoomTax Adjust
9.64
Bal
115.7
pm 88.00
ARS 27.79
CURRENT
30 TO 60 DAYS
60 TO 90 DAYS
OVER 90 DAY
TOTAL DUE
115.79
TERMS: Payment due upon receipt. A FINANCE CHARGE of 11/2% per month (18% PER ANNUM) will be
added to amounts over 30 days past due. Payment will be applied against unpaid FINANCE CHARGES
first.
THE GRAND JUNCTION HILTOI
GRAND JUNCTION, COLORADO 8150
- Russia
priest
- Relis:
Rursia Orthodos
Chuch has
Ulaania
been see
as a
imperial
this okay
Church.
Perently,
Ula check
Ded name
to Ulerain
Onthodox
Chunch.
Swin of
Services of Mead Data Central, Inc.
serious dry political +
PAGE
6
(c) 1990 The Independent, September 23, 1990
In 1958, when Alexander Men was ordained, it would have been much safer to
keep silent and not to declare his faith. But that would be impossible for a
Russian priest. ''What would have happened if Christ's disciples, instead of
preaching the Gospel to all creatures, had locked themselves in their houses?
he wrote in his book The Sources of Religion. And for 32 years, until the day of
his murder, he worked in the churches around Moscow, taking upon himself all the
humiliations of the church so ingeniously perpetrated by the communist powers.
In that relatively mild time known as the ''Khrushchev thaw'', censorship of
the church was in the hands of the Council for Religious Affairs, specially set
up by the Ideology Section of the Central Committee of the Communist Party.
However, this body immediately began to implement its powers. Not a single issue
of the Journal of Moscow Patriarchs, which Father Alexander wrote for, ever
appeared; nor any that had not been cleared in advance with the council. The
church was repressed (as it is even now) by extortionate taxation, and whatever
means were left to it were strictly controlled. If the roof of a church
collapsed, it was forbidden to repair it except with special official
permission. For weddings and christenings the priest had to demand the
participants' identity papers, and the details were entered in the church
register. By checking these books, the authorities could easily discover
''offending'' citizens. How many times were young people expelled from
university for nothing other than getting married in church! If you were a
(c) 1990 The Independent, September 23, 1990
Christian, the State decreed that you could not aspire to higher education.
But the people came to the places of worship none the less - and Russian
Orthodoxy stood its ground. Father Alexander interpreted his responsibility as a
priest much more widely than was permitted at the time. Educated from childhood
in the Christian faith, he knew that it seemed remote and inaccessible to his
fellow citizens. Many adults of his generation knew nothing about Christ, except
what they read in the compulsory atheistic propaganda: there was no God, it
claimed, and science proved this; Christians were at best backward thinkers, at
worst deliberate liars and obscurantists.
Alexander Men opened seminaries for adults searching for a way to Christ.
These seminaries were immediately popular: they allowed everyone access, but the
level was far from primitive. Father Alexander taught biology before he became a
theologian, and even to doubters it was clear that his faith was in no sense a
consequence of ignorance of the latest scientific achievements. People whom
Father Alexander prepared for baptism learnt the principles of Christianity
firmly; they knew that if people move away from God they inevitably move towards
idols; they had a deep knowledge of the most important thing - love for their
Creator. Such people could not be kept down by mocking anti-religious
propaganda.
LEXIS'NEXIS LEXIS'NEXIS
Services of Mead Data Central, Inc.
PAGE
7
(c) 1990 The Independent, September 23, 1990
In 1982 and 1983 the KGB turned its attention to these seminaries. There were
searches and interrogations, of Father Alexander and his spiritual children.
They threatened the priest that they would falsify criminal charges against him.
'Close the seminaries'' was the official command. And the second command: stop
publishing in the West, where up to that time he had produced six books. As a
rule the sole means by which a Christian author could convey his work to a
Soviet readership was to publish his books abroad in Russian, 50 that they could
be brought back into the country. What Soviet publisher would have dared to
publish, for instance, a book called Heralds of the Kingdom of God? The title
alone would have been enough to make the censor ban the whole book.
Disregarding all these bans and threats, Father Alexander continued both his
seminaries and his publishing activities. At the time many people didn't
consider his problems exceptionally severe: surely they wouldn't arrest him,
like so many other priests? It wouldn't be a camp - just searches and
interrogations - and who hadn't had those? Everyone who experienced the
uncontrolled authority in the country was under pressure. Those who could not
stand it dropped out, the rest took the strain: ''Never mind, we'll be
stronger!''
Father Alexander had his critics. They reproached him for his ecumenicalism:
he was in sympathy with all Christian sects. He visited Pentecostalists and
(c) 1990 The Independent, September 23, 1990
Baptists, and prayed with them. He was accused of pretentiousness: how could he
accept that some of his flock had left the Orthodox faith for the Baptists? He
suffered over this himself, but he understood: they had not gone away from
Christ, but moved from one persecuted group to another no less persecuted.
If the authorities allowed the Orthodox Church to exist, albeit with a series
of belittling restrictions, groups of Baptists and Pentecostalists and 50 on had
no such rights. Under Soviet law, only registered religious groups were
permitted, but registration was solely at the discretion of the authorities.
Some groups were refused registration, and some decided themselves that they did
not want to be registered, feeling that under atheist control they would forfeit
the purity of their faith, accepting restrictions and making compromises. These
sects existed illegally, gathering for prayer in someone's apartment, often
raided by the militia who would break up the meeting and impose fines for
'unlawful'' worship.
The Ukrainian Catholic Church, which numbers millions of believers, received
official sanction of its existence only last year. Countless Presbyterians and
Pentecostalists have been killed or arrested. Sometimes the children of Baptists
have been taken into state children's homes: for bringing up their children in
their faith, the parents were deprived of their natural rights.
LEXIS'NEXIS'LEXIS'NEXIS
Services of Mead Data Central, Inc.
PAGE
8
(c) 1990 The Independent, September 23, 1990
In 1980 a samizdat passed through my hands: a school exercise book with a
pink cover and a howl of despair inside. It was written by Martin Yegle, a
13-year-old, who together with his brothers and sisters had been taken away from
his parents. The boy had run away from the children's home and in his naivety
decided to make his way to Moscow, to the American Embassy. There he would ask
for protection for his family: he had already given up hope of help from anyone
else. They arrested him on the road. He didn't want to give his name, and so
cause his parents harm. But the police beat him until he told them. Then he was
returned ''to his place of domicile''.
In conditions unusual within Christianity, a person who moves from one sect
to another can hardly be judged straightforwardly.
It is painful for us Orthodox believers that some of our brothers do not find
salvation in the bosom of our church, but surely they should not be strangers to
us because of that. That is why Father Alexander strove for a close relationship
with other churches. He succeeded in founding the Bible Society. This society
was set up to spread the Christian faith, achieve confessional unity, promote
joint study of holy writings and publish the Bible in Russian.
In recent years, when the communist government began to lose control over the
country, pressure on the church started to weaken. But we are not under any
(c) 1990 The Independent, September 23, 1990
illusions that things have changed much. For the last three years the believers
of Kertsa have been asking for the church of St Joan to be returned to them: it
is the oldest Orthodox church on Soviet soil, turned into a museum by the state.
They have already appealed to Gorbachev - to no avail. And how many such
churches across Russia have already been turned into potato stores, warehouses,
even colonies for the young offenders the authorities have managed to
accumulate? And for a child's Bible, parents have to pay an average month's
salary - at the official price. Even then, it might not be possible to find one:
in Moscow they can sometimes be bought on the street, but not in the provinces.
However, new possibilities have materialised, and Father Alexander had
already appeared on television to a steadily growing audience. Metropolitan
Anthony Surozhsky said of him: ''He attracted people with the directness and
truth that was in him, and with his openness to each individual. He was always
surrounded by a crowd of people to whom he opened the doors of faith.
At Easter this year, several thousand people gathered in the Olympic stadium
in Moscow to hear a lecture by Father Alexander. And next week, on 30 September,
a Russian Orthodox University was due to be founded - with Alexander Men as its
Rector. He could have achieved much else - he was only 55.
LEXIS'NEXIS'LEXIS NEXIS
Services of Mead Data Central, Inc.
PAGE
9
(c) 1990 The Independent, September 23, 1990
Who killed him and why is still unknown. Four parallel organisations are
investigating: the Procurator's office, a parliamentary commission of the
Russian Federation, a social commission composed of volunteers, and the KGB.
Apparently the time has come in Russia when one cannot hack a priest to death
and go free. The killers are in hiding, and they won't get a medal
for it.
But all the same, the killing was possible. Someone orphaned Father
Alexander's family and flock. There is still no guarantee for our priests that
this killing will be the last. Yet the people crowd into the churches, and find
there defenceless rural and urban priests teaching the word of God to the best
of their talents and abilities.
The Bible Society will now be headed by Father Alexander Borisov, a friend
and follower of Alexander Men. It seems that he has also taken on the parish
left without a priest. And the Bibles will be disseminated in Russia. They are
needed more than ever: the limited supply available from the Moscow Patriarchy,
and from the West, is not enough. Believers will win back the places of worship
confiscated by the state - sometimes with hunger strikes, as recently in
Ivanovo, sometimes with the help of the Press, as in Optino.
(c) 1990 The Independent, September 23, 1990
The religious revival in Russia does not promise to be easy. But the first
turning point has already been reached. Today more than ever the words of Paul
the Apostle, spoken 2,000 years ago, ring out: 'They counted us among the dead,
but look - we are alive'. That is what Father Alexander Men wrote.-
Copyright Irina Ratushinskaya 1990
Translated by Jan Dalley
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Copyright (c) 1990 Agora, Ltd.
Gazeta International
July 26, 1990
LENGTH: 2386 words
HEADLINE: A conversation with Czeslaw Milosz A conspiracy of poets
BYLINE: Roma Przybylowska
BODY:
You have spent a month in Poland in rather unusual times. What are your
impressions, especially after a six-month absence?
Well, rather mixed. I was fortunate enough to have the opportunity to
experience with others the extraordinary moment which has always been the
communists' nightmare, that is, when doctrinaire people seize power. They seized
it without overt enthusiasm, but with sufficient force.
As the poet prophesized: "The Lord shall give strength to His people." Will
He also give them wisdom and a sense of purpose at this critical moment?
(c) 1990 Gazeta International, July 26, 1990
I, myself, do not understand everything. There are beautiful things alongside
the sad things. On one hand, I see widespread social apathy; on the other, I
observe a hurried search for a substitute enemy: the peasant, the intellectual,
the non-Pole or Jew. Such nationalistic and xenophobic overtones are not to
Poland's credit.
I am told that this is the work of agents provocateurs. This raises the
question whether the Polish people, who have studied so many lessons in history,
will summon enough wisdom not to drag the old illnesses into new times.
We are all taking difficult exams. What do you think about the conflict
currently taking place on the political scene?
I would prefer not to comment. However, I am an observer with the perspective
of a person living abroad, and in my mind's eye, I can see their newspaper
headlines. I was just thinking about how I am going to explain all this to my
American friends. It will not be easy. A monk, who is a friend of mine, made a
very telling comment to me after returning from Poland: "I have never seen so
many angels and so many devils at one time," he said.
But over there, people sometimes wage even sharper struggles.
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(c) 1990 Gazeta International, July 26, 1990
Indeed. But, they have a traditional framework. They have programs, and
everything fits into a convention. Whereas here, it is really difficult to tell
what is going on. The world responds to Poland with a certain hypersensitivity.
Poland's peculiar situation is that its heros are "saints."
I have seen people who are embarrassed because they had to decide not between
programs, but, rather between the people whom they chose to oppose. They
respect their leaders and expect them to show respect for their roles, even if
they differ basically among themselves. I do not think that, in a country
hungering for democracy and peace, an autocratic style in politics would be very
appealing.
Coming back to the angels (since it is not proper to ask about devils) -where
do you see them?
I have the impression that the angelic feeling in the government is a bit too
strong. Naturally, you must rely on public morality, but perhaps not too much.
The $communist/ system educated people and pressed them into its cogs for so
many years that this past is still with them, whereas the state, which is
exposed to various evil forces, cannot be left defenseless.
(c) 1990 Gazeta International, July 26, 1990
You are not suggesting rule by the fist, by any chance?
God forbid. There is a big difference between a strong fist and justice and
law. I am not calling for the violent settling of accounts, as in Ceausescu's
country, nor for a great purge. I was the one who praised Andrzej Drawicz
$president of Polish radio and TV/ in the New York Times for his moderation in
purging Polish television. But the people have a deep craving for justice, which
is still unsatisfied, and often even aggravated.
Often this is just what we want to see because they are not implacable.
It is interesting. I remember Poland as a country which cherishes its
memories. I often wondered what would have happened if, in 1945, General Anders
had unexpectedly ridden into Poland on his white horse. What would have befallen
all those confidantes, collaborators, volksdeutseches, and secret service men?
Something has changed. For example, the memory of national betrayal - such a
powerful idea, shaped and preserved by literature - has it waned? Sometime ago,
after an article published in Tygodnik Powszechny about Oskar Milosz $Czeslaw
Milosz's uncle/, the editors received a letter accusing them of betrayal,
because in the article he had referred to himself as a Lithuanian.
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(c) 1990 Gazeta International, July 26, 1990
The lecture which you gave with Tomas Venclova $a Lithuanian poet/ at the
Jagiellonian University in Krakow was received enthusiastically. What were the
later reactions?
Excellent. I think that these young people - who are 50 close to me in their
way of thinking - are free of certain biases we talked about during a conference
of historians in Rome, which was devoted to the difficult patrimony of the
Eastern European nations.
From what I know, that conference was attended by Lithuanians, Byelorussians,
Ukrainians, and Poles. Was it an attempt to broaden the family of European
nations?
A few nations were missing, but even in that group, we had things to confess.
Perhaps a time will come when we will be able to create a happy family of
nations in this part of Europe, if we can purge ourselves of history's tragic
complications. I am sure that we have a lot in common, a spiritual heritage and
experiences not familiar to other European nations. However, before this
happens, we must rid ourselves of a lot of things we hold inside and forgive
many things. In this regard, the conference was an important first step.
(c) 1990 Gazeta International, July 26, 1990
We are doomed to reconciliation for thousands of reasons. One is that the
world is afraid of a collision with a new wave of nationalisms. The thought that
such a thing could happen in this part of Europe is so frightening to Americans
that they are willing to accept Moscow in its role as policeman.
Is the presence of a poet at a congress of historians proof that, when it
comes to painful issues, a magnifying glass and an eye do not suffice?
Three poets were invited, among them, Iwan Dracz, a Ukrainian poet, with
whom I found a common language, speaking in our mother tongues. We also read our
poems aloud in their original versions. Venclova was to attend this conference,
but for some reason, he could not make it.
But you did meet in Krakow, where Stanislaw Baranczak also turned up. Is this
a conspiracy of poets or a time for the "intervention" of poetry?
Well, a crowd of poets does not make poetry, but our chance meeting was nice.
We had arranged earlier that Venclova would go to Vilnius with me in June. But,
he was refused a visa. So, we met in Krakow.
Your friendship could be a model solution for Polish-Lithuanian relations.
How did you arrange it between yourselves, and who owes what to whom?
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(c) 1990 Gazeta International, July 26, 1990
It is simple: He is pro-Polish and I am pro-Lithuanian. At least, this is
what WE are accused of. I was ashamed of the pro-Soviet option chosen by some
Poles living in Lithuania, and he admonished Sajudis for its nationalism which
pushes Poles into the communists' arms. Years ago, we made spiritual contact,
even though we did not know each other personally, by reading each other's
works, which were smuggled across the border. I read his book of poetry, A Sign
of Language (Znak Mowy), and he, my Native Realm (Rodzinna Europa), which was
smuggled out of Poland in letters, page by page. I heard about him for the first
time from Josef Brodsky, who used to say, "Litowcy eta samaja charoszaja nacja W
imperii," $Lithuania is the best nation of the empire/. When I learned that
Venclova had to emigrate because of his work with the Helsinki human rights
movement, we invited him to lecture at Berkeley. Soon after, the border was
closed behind him, leaving a lot of time for discussions.
In Krakow you had an important dialogue about Vilnius.
Yes, and also about Central Europe - an attempt at visualizing our nations.
That was recorded on video for television. I hope it will be broadcast.
You said somewhere that no one has absolved poetry of its duty to evaluate
and warn. So poets must continue to fulfill the role of bards. What is the
source of your anxiety today?
(c) 1990 Gazeta International, July 26, 1990
We are probably in for a great paradox. Polish culture, despite its
misadventures under the communists, despite the bondage of many minds, by some
miracle managed to save its patrimony and preserve its continuity. Today, now
that it has at last regained its independence, its continuity is threatened. At
least for the artists, who saved the identity of this nation, very hard times
are coming. The sharp process of selection, imposed by the rules of the market,
will eliminate many, and those who survive will not necessarily be the best. The
role of the state at this moment cannot be overestimated.
The Ministry of Culture and Arts should not feel released from its obligation
just because it does not have money. There are ways to facilitate the formation
of foundations, and, as is the custom in other countries, funds spent on culture
should be tax-free. What I hear is absurd, that money donated to foundations is
double-taxed, and visual artists are told to pay rents for their studios, which
equal the rent for a laundromat.
We also hear that, first, we must overcome the economic crisis.
Well, you can build a dazzling civilization, but live in an internal
landscape that resembles ruins. Western civilization's cultural shabbiness is
little recognized. The wealthier it is, the more nihilistic it becomes. We also
do not know where it is heading and whether art, which expresses fundamental
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(c) 1990 Gazeta International, July 26, 1990
values, will defend itself. Perhaps the only thing that remains is some
"apparel," a few fine clothes and some despair. A symptom of the disintegration
of the human subject is best seen in the poetry where extreme subjectivism and
detachment from reality lead to superficial impressions and loss.
Although it may sound immodest, perhaps it is the art of the unhappy nations,
subjected to the pressures of history and inhumane doctrines, which preserved
the categories of good and evil. Today, they should remind the world of
universal values, and even infuse a new sense of purpose into post-industrial
and post-ideological civilization.
We speak of the "Polish school" in poetry, recognizing such names as Herbert,
Wat, Rozewicz, Szymborska, Baranczak, Zagajewski. They have been gaining more
readers, which is due to the fact that they, with their moral tension, strike at
the hunger for values. It is not the worst way to be present in the world. That
is why, when opening up itself to technology and the achievements of science,
Polish culture should guard its sovereignty, even if that is not easy.
Translated by Katarzyna Gorska
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Copyright (c) 1991 Globe Newspaper Company;
The Boston Globe
March 31, 1991, Sunday, City Edition
SECTION: BOOKS; Pg. 75
LENGTH: 633 words
HEADLINE: BOOKMAKING;
BOOKMAKING
BYLINE: By Robert Taylor, Special to the Globe
KEYWORD: BOOK
BODY:
... Martin Nolan.
These are a few calendar highlights of a crowded week. Tomorrow night at 8, a
leading Ukrainian poet, Bohdan Boychuk, will read with an accompanying English
translation by poets David Ignatow and Mark Rudman at
...
LEVEL 1 - - 4 OF 131 STORIES
Copyright (c) 1991 Chicago Tribune Company;
Chicago Tribune
March 1, 1991, Friday, NORTH SPORTS FINAL EDITION
SECTION: CHICAGOLAND; Pg. 8; ZONE: C
LENGTH: 767 words
HEADLINE: Religious press wary of Soviets
BYLINE: By P. Davis Szymczak
...
might find themselves at odds not only with Communists but also with the
Russian Orthodox Church, said Mizenko, a Ukrainian poet who describes himself
as a "free Protestant."
In April, Morgulis, Deyneka and his wife will travel to the Soviet Union to
TERMS: SUBURB; BUSINESS; MEDIA; RELIGION; SOVIET UNION; AGREEMENT; TRADE; ISSUE;
CHANGE
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Copyright (c) 1991 The Washington Post
January 27, 1991, Sunday, Final Edition
SECTION: BOOK WORLD; PAGE X4
LENGTH: 1273 words
HEADLINE: Letters to the Editor, Soviet Style
SERIES: Occasional
BYLINE: Abraham Brumberg
BODY:
... country's most audacious and widely read magazine soon after Gorbachey's
rise to power, when its editorship was taken over by the Ukrainian poet and
writer, Vitaly Korotich. In the past, Ogonyok, like many other Soviet
publications, would occasionally run some letters,
...
LEVEL 1 - - 6 OF 131 STORIES
Copyright (c) 1990 The Telegraph Agency of the Soviet Union;
TASS
November 22, 1990, Thursday
LENGTH: 384 words
HEADLINE: ELECTIONS BEGIN IN THE DNIESTER REPUBLIC
BYLINE: TASS CORRESPONDENTS ANATOLY GOLYA AND ALEXANDER TANAS
DATELINE: KISHINEV, NOVEMBER 22
BODY:
COMMANDERS IN THE DNIESTER REPUBLIC, HE SECURED THEIR AGREEMENT TO
REFRAIN FROMTAKING PART IN ELECTIONS TO THE SUPREME SOVIET OF THE DNIESTER
REPUBLIC.
UKRAINIAN POET BORIS OLEINIK, WHO IS DEPUTY CHAIRMAN OF THE SOVIET OF
NATIONALITIES OF THE SOVIET PARLIAMENT, IS VISITING UKRAINIAN VILLAGES IN THE
DNIESTER REPUBLIC
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(c) 1990 The Current Digest of the Soviet Press, October 31, 1990
Deputy B. Oleinik, a well-known Ukrainian poet, also expressed his
viewpoint on A. I. Solzhenitsyn's article that day. Everyone who is in favor of
a fundamental revolutionary
(c) 1990 The Toronto Star, October 6, 1990
if he reads from his fifth novel, The Knight Has Died. A.B. Yehoshua is an
Israeli writer with an international reputation as a novelist, short story
writer and essayist. He reads on Oct. 14.
Australia has more than its fair share of fine writers and David Malouf is
one of them. His 1989 novel, The Great World is based on Australia's involvement
in other countries' wars. From Japan, the festival has invited Michiko Yamamoto
(Oct. 14), a writer who articulates the struggles of Japanese women in her
fiction and poetry. And from South Korea, journalist and novelist Ahn Junghyo
(Oct. 14) will read from his fiction about life in that often troubled country.
Three writers come from countries that have been the focus of the news this
year. Samira Al-Mana, an Iraqi writer who has lived in England for the last 20
years, unable to return home because of her outspoken views, reads on Oct. 12.
Romanian poet Marin Sorescu (Oct. 19) has had to work around the authorities on
more than one occasion. Last year he was unable to attend the festival after
being detained by the Ceaucescu government. Ihor Kalynets (Oct. 12) is a
Ukrainian poet. Kalynets and his wife were both interned in the Soviet Union
in 1972, but in the glasnost era his poetry will presumably enjoy the
circulation it deserves.
New and newish talent will also be heard from at this year's festival.
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Copyright (c) 1990 Newspaper Publishing PLC
The Independent
September 23, 1990, Sunday
SECTION: THE SUNDAY REVIEW PAGE; Page 3
LENGTH: 1937 words
HEADLINE: Who killed the faithful Father?; Father Men is the latest of countless
victims since Lenin declared war on the church. But, a celebrated dissident poet
writes, there is no shortage of people
BYLINE: By IRINA RATUSHINSKAYA
BODY:
IF THERE were a list of all the Russian priests murdered in the twentieth
century, how many names would it have on it? But there is no such list, and we
are left to pray for all the many thousands of innocent victims. Ever since
Lenin, as soon as he came to power, declared ' 'war without mercy'' on the
Russian Orthodox Church, a series of killings began, and Tikhon, Patriarch of
All Russia, was the first victim. But then their sweep grew wider, and they
(c) 1990 The Independent, September 23, 1990
hardly bothered to keep track of the ''liquidated undesirable elements''. In
Mordovksaya, to the east of Moscow, they killed 6,000 people in a single
monastery: priests, monks and novices.
Six thousand - and the birch trees stood witness -
Gunned down and taken away in the night
Of the young nuns' holy tears
You, the forest soil, must tell the story!
so wrote a Ukrainian poet in a Mordovian camp. That camp, built on the
bones of the murder victims, stands there to this day, and to this day the
forest soil tells its story: when they are digging the foundations for new
prison buildings they find crosses and all the other remains of that slaughter.
The church was barely able to survive first Stalin, then Hitler, then Stalin
again, this time with the applause and encouragement of the West, and all those
opposed to it. The church held out, but at the cost of losing the finest of its
children.
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Qualation's of shevelieuho
Страшно впасти y кайдани
Pray, heed me:
Умірать B невол,
In your house, your own, you'll find them-
A ще гірше - спати, спати
Truth and strength and freedom.
I спати Ha волц
Strashno vpasty u kaidany,
Umirat nevoli
I shone hirshe 'spaty, spaty
spaty u nevoli
ВИ Україну ховайте
He дайте матери, He дайте
B pyKax y KaTa пропадать!
A vis Ukrainu khovaite:
Ne daite matery, ne daite
V rukakh u kata propadat
Свою Україну любіть,
Любіть III. Bo время люте,
Love your dear Ukraine, adore her,
B останню, тяжкую MiHyTy
Love her in fierce times of evil,
3a неї Господа моліть!
In the last dread hour of struggle,
Fervently beseech God for her.
Svoiu Ukra™ nu liubit'
Liubit' II. Vo vremia lute,
V ostanniu, tiazhkuiu minutu
Za nei Hospoda molit.
B своїй xari - CBOE правда
Find them -
I сила i воля!
In your house, your own, you will
V svoil khati - svoia pravda
find truth and strength and freedom.
I syla i volia.
VOICE OF AMERICA
USSR DIVISION
330 INDEPENDENCE AVENUE
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20547
FAX COVER SHEET
DATE 30 July 91
TO
JENNIFER GROSSMAN
456 6218
FROM
SERGE re-ARKO
VOA USSR RESEARCK UNIT
NO. OF PAGES, INCLUDING COVER SHEET
6
FAX NO. HERE IS (202) 619-2925
P 0 1
07. 30. 91 02:33PM *VOA USSR DIV.
Basic Ukrainian Cultural Facts
Language
Written in a form of the Cyryllic alphabet the Ukrainian language is
closely related to Russian and Belorussian, from which it was
undistinguishable until the 12th or 13th century. Modern literary
Ukrainian emerged at the end of the 18th century.
Americans of Ukrainian descent prefer calling the country in English
Ukraine rather than The Ukraine.
Ukrainian Diaspora
A great number of Ukrainians emigrated to the US and Canada (there a
now about 2 million persons of Ukrainian descent in North America)
and western Europe between 1880 and 1914 and again after Wolrld
War II.
History
Ukraine was not widely called Ukraine until the 19th century.
In the 9th century Kiev became eastern Europe's major political and
cultural center. Byzantine Christianity was adopted in 988 and in the
11th century Kievan Rus reached the height of its power. The Mongol
conquest in the mid-13th century marked the end of Kievan power.
In the 14th century Lithuania annexed most of the Ukrainian lands
except for the Galicia, which passed to Poland; southern Ukraine
remained under Mongol control.
The "Union" of Brest-Litovsk in 1596 created the eastern-rite Ukrainian
Catholic Church and resulted in the division of the Ukrainian into
Catholic and Orthodox faithful. After the Union of Lublin in 1569, the
Ukraine was transferred from Lithuania to Poland.
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2
From their stronghold on the lower Dniepr in 1648 the Zaporozhian
Cossacks led by Hetman Bohdan Khmelnitsky rose against the Poles
and formed a quasi-independent if short-lived state. Needing help
against the Poles Khmelnitsky signed an agreement with the Muscovite
tsar in 1654, which was considered an act of submission by the
Muscovites. Ukrainian lands east of the Dniepr came under the Russian
Empire's control and the Cossack Hetmanate was gradually absorbed
into the Russian Empire.
In the 18th-century partitions of Poland, the Russian Empire obtained
the Ukrainian lands west of the Dniepr, except from Galicia which went
to Austria.
A Ukrainian national movement developed in the 19th century. In the
Russian Empire the movement faced political repression and restrictions
against the Ukrainian language. In Austria-Hungary conditions were
more favorable.By World War I Ukrainians in Galicia had set up a
network of cultural, political, and religious institutions.
After the the Russian Revolution of February 1917 a Ukrainian Central
Rada (council) was formed in Kiev, and after the Bolshevik Revolution in
October the Russian communist government set up Ukrainian Soviet
Socialist Republic in Kharkov. After the collapse of the Austro-
Hungarian Empire, a Western Ukrainian National Republic was
proclaimed in Lviv in November 1, 1918, which united with the
Ukrainian National Republic of Symon Petlura in January 1919. Several
governments struggled for control of Ukraine during 1917-21, when the
Soviet governement emerged victorious. In 1924 the Ukrainian SSR
became one of the constituent republics of the Soviet Union.
In the interwar period the Soviet government carried out a policy of
rapid industrialization and collectivization of agriculture.
Collectivization met with peasant resistance and an artificially created
famine in the early 30's took an estimated five million lives. Political
repression increased and the policy of introducing the Ukrainian
language into all aspects of the republic's life ended.
P03
AID ussn VOA* NE:0 16 08 '20
3
The Molotov-Ribbentrop pact of 1939 brought the Polish territories of
eastern Galicia and western Volhynia into the Ukrainian SSR. The
German attack on the Soviet Union in June 1941 led to rapid conquest of
the Ukraine. After the Germans' defeat all the ethnically Ukrainian
lands became partof the Soviet Union. In the western Ukraine
collectivization in the late 1940's and the abolition of the Ukrainian
(Eastern-rite) Catholic church (1946) caused dissatisfation L and
prolonged the wartime guerilla resistance.
Controls were relaxed after Stalin's death in 1953 but government
policy continued to emphasize ties to Russia. During Gorbachev's era of
perestroika and glasnost Ukraine has made progress toward greater
autonomy and, more recently, pro-independence sentiments have been
growing spurred in part by the Chernobyl disaster. In March 1990, for
the first time in 70 years, relatively free elections to republican and local
legislatures were held. As a result the Ukrainian Supreme Soviet
(parliament) has a strong opposition, which constituted itself under the
name Narodna rada (People's Council). In Western Ukraine political
forces opposed to the communist party and aiming for the full
independence of Ukraine have captured majorities in regional and
local legislatures. Last year the Rukh opposition movement declared as
its ultimate goal a fully independent Ukraine and on July 16, 1990 the
Ukraine's Supreme Soviet adopted a declaration of sovereignty, stating
the same ultimate goal (Last June July 16 was proclaimed Ukrainian
Independence Day). Last July 8 Ukrainian Supreme Soviet Chairman
Kravchuk said Ukraine would not sign the Union Treaty in its present
draft form and last week the Ukrainian parliament postponed debate
on the treaty for at least two months.
In the spiritual realm a dramatic development was the legalization in
1990 of the Ukrainian Catholic Church and the Ukrainian Autocephalous
Orthodox Church, after decades of persecution.
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07. 30. 91 02:33PM *VOA USSR DIV.
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American -Ukrainian Exchanges
A noteworthy development in the past year was the
proliferation of American-Ukrainian exchanges within the framework of
overall US/Soviet Exchange Programs. Now there are regular visits of
leading representatives of Ukraine in the field of political, economic,
cultural, scientific and civic activities taking place. These exchanges,
which, after the advent of perestroika began as a mere trickle, during past
year turned into a virtual stream. VOA's Ukrainian Branch on a regular
basis interviews visiting Peoples Deputies. Among those interviewed
recently were two Vice-chairmen of the Supreme Soviet of Ukrainian
SSR, as well as economists, writers, artists, composers, movie directors,
actors, scientists and leaders of official and unofficial civic organizations.
For the first time in the history of Ukrainian Branch of VOA government
officials, including two cabinet ministers and the Permanent
Representatve of Ukrainian SSR at UN willingly gave interviews to OHI
UOA
staffers.
American Culture in Ukraine: basically the same as for Russia
American consumer culture:
Jeans, Mickey Mouse, MTV, Top 20, Rambo, skateborads, Velcro, T-shirts
with slogans, Keds, Rock, and now Rap Music.
Michael Jackson, Madonna, Schwartzernegger, Stalone, Bruce Lee,
Jhoon Rhee, Dustin Hoffman, Robert Redford, Jack Nicholson
Shown on Central TV during America Week (week of July 1): Dallas,
Little House on the Prairie, Love Boat, Beverly Hills, 90210, The Jetsons,
The Flintstones, Barnaby Jones. Dallas was maybe the most watched
Also on Central TV: Disney Presents, Adam Smith's Money World, Phil
Donahue, Muppet show, Geraldo, MTV in general, CNN clips on TSN late
night newscast
On pirated videocassettes: Tango and Cash, Total Recall, Police
Academy, Rambo, among many others
PO5
07. 30. 91 02:33PM *VOA USSR DIV.
In movie theaters: Gone with the Wind
American Literature in Translation:
Fenimore Cooper, Jack London, Hemingway, Salinger, Anderson,
Tennessee Williams etc
Ukrainian Proverbs
The neighbor's garden is always greener
A day's work on land in the Summer feeds you all Winter
Basic Slogans Now
Down with the Communist Party!
ahi how diplomatic!
No to the Union Treaty!
Give the Ukrainian Sovereignty Declaration Real Meaning!
Save Our Land from Ecological Disaster!
The Ukraine -- Home to All the Nationalities Living There!
National Unity or Slavery!
PO9
07. 30. 91 02:33PM *VOA USSR DIV.
Jul. 30 '91 9:41
0000 HURI
TEL 617-495-8097
P. 1/ 2
Harvard University
UKRAINIAN
48
1583 Massachusetts Avenue
Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138
Tel. 617/495-4053
vine residential Speech ner
The White House
1600 Pennsylvania Avenue
Washington, DC
Fax number: 202-456-6218
From:
Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute
1583 Massachusetts Avenue
Cambridge, MA 02130
Fax number: 617-495-8097
Jul. 30 '91 9:42
0000 HURI
TEL 617-495-8097
P. 2/ 2
Taras Shevchenko, National Poet of Ukraine
UKRAINIAN:
HeMa Ha cBiTi України,
Нсмає другого Дніпра
Nema na sviti Ukrajiny
Nemaje druhoho Dnipra
PHONETIC TRANS( RIPTION (FOR THE PRESIDENT TO READ [if 80 desired]):
Neh-ma na svee-tee Oo-kra-yee-neh
/
Neh-ma-yeh droo-ho-ho Dnee-pra
FREE TRANSLATION:
There is nothing [quite so beautiful] on Earth like Ukraine,
Their is nothing quite to compare with the Dnieper
From the poem My Loving Episite 10 My Dead, and Living, and As Yet Unborn
Countrymen in Ukraine and Outside Ukraine
Whatever else the President might choose to quote or allude to. a quotation from
Shevchenko would be exceedingly important and well-received. Because this quote is
short, the President might wish to add that he would go on, but that he is still working on
his Ukrainian.
About Shevchenko:
National poet of Ukraine (1814-1861) [Opera house University. one of the main
boulevards and many, many other institutions in Kiev and throughout Ukraine are named
fin him J Washington, D.C. has in monument to Shevehenko. The Dante of Ukraine.
OTHER MATERIAL
At the close of his speech it would be good for the President to say:
Многая літа! [Mno-ha-ya lee-ta]
which Ukrainians. means "Long life" and evokes great feelings of comradeship and goodwill among
No. 1: Hamilton
AFTER an unequivocal experience of the inefficacy of
the subsisting federal government, you are called upon
to deliberate on a new Constitution for the United States
of America. The subject speaks its own importance;
comprehending in its consequences nothing less than the
existence of the UNION, the safety and welfare of the
parts of which it is composed, the fate of an empire in
many respects the most interesting in the world. It has
been frequently remarked that it seems to have been re-
served to the people of this country, by their conduct
and example, to decide the important question, whether
societies of men are really capable or not of establishing
good government from reflection and choice, or whether
they are forever destined to depend for their political
constitutions on accident and force. If there be any truth
in the remark, the crisis at which we are arrived may
with propriety be regarded as the era in which that de-
cision is to be made; and a wrong election of the part
we shall act may, in this view, deserve to be considered
as the general misfortune of mankind.
This idea will add the inducements of philanthropy to
those of patriotism, to heighten the solicitude which all
considerate and good men must feel for the event. Happy
will it be if our choice should be directed by a judicious
estimate of our true interests, unperplexed and unbiased
by considerations not connected with the public good.
But this is a thing more ardently to be wished than seri-
ously to be expected. The plan offered to our delibera-
tions affects too many particular interests, innovates upon
too many local institutions, not to involve in its discussion
a variety of objects foreign to its merits, and of views,
passions, and prejudices little favorable to the discovery
of truth.
Among the most formidable of the obstacles which the
new Constitution will have to encounter may readily be
distinguished the obvious interest of a certain class of
men in every State to resist all changes which may
33
72
THE FEDERALIST PAPERS
No. 9: Hamilton
73
felicity open themselves to view, we behold them with
cellencies of republican government may be retained
a, mixture of regret, arising from the reflection that the
and its imperfections lessened or avoided. To this cata-
pleasing scenes before us are soon to be overwhelmed
logue of circumstances that tend to the amelioration of
by the tempestuous waves of sedition and party rage. If
popular systems of civil government, I shall venture, how-
momentary rays of glory break forth from the gloom,
ever novel it may appear to some, to add one more,
while they dazzle us with a transient and fleeting bril-
on a principle which has been made the foundation of
liancy, they at the same time admonish us to lament that
an objection to the new Constitution; I mean the EN-
the vices of government should pervert the direction
LARGEMENT of the ORBIT within which such systems are to
and tarnish the luster of those bright talents and exalted
revolve, either in respect to the dimensions of a single
endowments for which the favored soils that produced
State, or to the consolidation of several smaller States
them have been so justly celebrated.
into one great Confederacy. The latter is that which im-
From the disorders that disfigure the annals of those
mediately concerns the object under consideration. It
republics the advocates of despotism have drawn argu-
will, however, be of use to examine the principle in its
ments, not only against the forms of republican govern-
application to a single State, which shall be attended to
ment, but against the very principles of civil liberty.
in another place.
They have decried all free government as inconsistent
The utility of a Confederacy, as well to suppress fac-
with the order of society, and have indulged themselves
tion and to guard the internal tranquillity of States as
in malicious exultation over its friends and partisans.
to increase their external force and security, is in reality
Happily for mankind, stupendous fabrics reared on the
not a new idea. It has been practised upon in different
basis of liberty, which have flourished for ages, have, in
countries and ages, and has received the sanction of the
a few glorious instances, refuted their gloomy sophisms.
most applauded writers on the subjects of politics. The
And, I trust, America will be the broad and solid founda-
opponents of the PLAN proposed have, with great as-
tion of other edifices, not less magnificent, which will be
siduity, cited and circulated the observations of Mon-
equally permanent monuments of their errors.
tesquieu on the necessity of a contracted territory for a
But it is not to be denied that the portraits they have
republican government. But they seem not to have been
sketched of republican government were too just copies
apprised of the sentiments of that great man expressed
of the originals from which they were taken. If it had
in another part of his work, nor to have adverted to
been found impracticable to have devised models of a
the consequences of the principle to which they subscribe
more perfect structure, the enlightened friends to liberty
with such ready acquiescence.
would have been obliged to abandon the cause of that
When Montesquieu recommends a small extent for re-
species of government as indefensible. The science of
publics, the standards he had in view were of dimen-
politics, however, like most other sciences, has received
sions far short of the limits of almost every one of these
great improvement. The efficacy of various principles is
States. Neither Virginia, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania,
now well understood, which were either not known at
New York, North Carolina, nor Georgia can by any
all, or imperfectly known to the ancients. The regular
means be compared with the models from which he rea-
distribution of power into distinct departments; the in-
soned and to which the terms of his description apply.
troduction of legislative balances and checks; the insti-
If we therefore take his ideas on this point as the cri-
tution of courts composed of judges holding their offices
terion of truth, we shall be driven to the alternative
during good behavior; the representation of the people
either of taking refuge at once in the arms of monarchy,
in the legislature by deputies of their own election:
or of splitting ourselves into an infinity of little, jealous,
these are wholly new discoveries. or have made their
clashing, tumultuous commonwealths, the wretched nurs-
principal progress towards perfection in modern times.
eries of unceasing discord and the miserable objects of
They are means, and powerful means, by which the ex-
universal pity or contempt. Some of the writers who
84
THE FEDERALIST PAPERS
No. 11: Hamilton
85
sentiments render them superior to local prejudices and
There are appearances to authorize a supposition that
to schemes of injustice? It will not be denied that the
the adventurous spirit, which distinguishes the commer-
representation of the Union will be most likely to possess
cial character of America, has already excited uneasy
these requisite endowments. Does it consist in the greater
sensations in several of the maritime powers of Europe.
security afforded by a greater variety of parties, against
They seem to be apprehensive of our too great inter-
the event of any one party being able to outnumber and
ference in that carrying trade, which is the support of
oppress the rest? In an equal degree does the increased
their navigation and the foundation of their naval
variety of parties comprised within the Union increase
strength. Those of them which have colonies in America
this security. Does it, in fine, consist in the greater ob-
look forward to what this country is capable of becoming
stacles opposed to the concert and accomplishment of the
with painful solicitude. They foresee the dangers that may
secret wishes of an unjust and interested majority? Here
threaten their American dominions from the neighbor-
again the extent of the Union gives it the most palpable
hood of States, which have all the dispositions and would
advantage.
possess all the means requisite to the creation of a power-
The influence of factious leaders may kindle a flame
ful marine. Impressions of this kind will naturally indicate
within their particular States but will be unable to spread
the policy of fostering divisions among us and of depriving
a general conflagration through the other States. A re-
us, as far as possible, of an ACTIVE COMMERCE in our own
ligious sect may degenerate into a political faction in a
part of the Confederacy; but the variety of sects dispersed
bottoms. This would answer the threefold purpose of pre-
over the entire face of it must secure the national coun-
venting our interference in their navigation, of monopo-
cils against any danger from that source. A rage for paper
lizing the profits of our trade, and of clipping the wings by
money, for an abolition of debts, for an equal division
which we might soar to a dangerous greatness. Did not
prudence forbid the detail, it would not be difficult to
of property, or for any other improper or wicked
project, will be less apt to pervade the whole body of the
trace, by facts, the workings of this policy to the cabinets
A!
of ministers.
Union than a particular member of it, in the same propor-
tion as such a malady is more likely to taint a particular
If we continue united, we may counteract a policy so
county or district than an entire State.
unfriendly to our prosperity in a variety of ways. By
In the extent and proper structure of the Union, there-
prohibitory regulations, extending at the same time through-
fore, we behold a republican remedy for the diseases most
out the States, we may oblige foreign countries to bid
incident to republican government. And according to the
against each other for the privileges of our markets. This
degree of pleasure and pride we feel in being republicans
assertion will not appear chimerical to those who are able
ought to be our zeal in cherishing the spirit and support-
to appreciate the importance to any manufacturing nation
ing the character of federalists.
PUBLIUS
of the markets of three millions of people-increasing in
rapid progression, for the most part exclusively addicted to
agriculture, and likely from local circumstances to remain
in this disposition; and the immense difference there would
No. 11: Hamilton
be to the trade and navigation of such a nation, between a
direct communication in its own ships and an indirect con-
THE importance of the Union, in a commercial light, is
veyance of its products and returns, to and from America,
one of those points about which there is least room to
in the ships of another country. Suppose, for instance, we
entertain a difference of opinion, and which has, in fact,
had a government in America capable of excluding Great
commanded the most general assent of men who have
Britain (with whom we have at present no treaty of com-
any acquaintance with the subject. This applies as well to
merce) from all our ports; what would be the probable
our intercourse with foreign countries as with each other.
operation of this step upon her politics? Would it not
enable us to negotiate, with the fairest prospect of suc-
86
THE FEDERALIST PAPERS
No. 11: Hamilton
87
cess, for commercial privileges of the most valuable and
least be of respectable weight if thrown into the scale
extensive kind in the dominions of that kingdom? When
at of either of two contending parties. This would be more the
these questions have been asked upon other occasions,
West Indies. A few ships of the line, sent opportunely
particularly the case in relation to operations in to
they have received a plausible, but not a solid or satis-
factory answer. It has been said that prohibitions on
reinforcement of either side, would often be sufficient
our part would produce no change in the system of
the to decide the fate of a campaign on the event of which
Britain, because she could prosecute her trade with us
interests of the greatest magnitude were suspended. Our
through the medium of the Dutch, who would be her im-
position is in this respect a very commanding one. And of
mediate customers and paymasters for those articles
if to this consideration we add that of the usefulness
which were wanted for the supply of our markets. But
supplies from this country, in the prosecution of military
would not her navigation be materially injured by the loss
operations in the West Indies, it will readily be per- to
of the important advantage of being her own carrier in
ceived that a situation so favorable would enable us
that trade? Would not the principal part of its profits be
bargain with great advantage for commercial privileges. but
intercepted by the Dutch as a compensation for their
A price would be set not only upon our friendship,
agency and risk? Would not the mere circumstance of
our neutrality. By a steady adherence to the Union,
freight occasion a considerable deduction? Would not so
we upon hope, erelong, to become the arbiter of Europe of
circuitous an intercourse facilitate the competitions of
in America, may and to be able to incline the balance
other nations, by enhancing the price of British commod-
European competitions in this part of the world as our
ities in our markets and by transferring to other hands
interest may dictate.
the management of this interesting branch of the British
But in the reverse of this eligible situation, we shall
commerce?
discover that the rivalships of the parts would make them
A mature consideration of the objects suggested by
checks upon each other and would frustrate all the tempt-
these questions will justify a belief that the real disadvan-
ing advantages which nature has kindly placed within our
tages to Great Britain from such a state of things, conspiring
reach. In a state so insignificant our commerce would be
with the prepossessions of a great part of the nation in
a prey to the wanton intermeddlings of all nations at war
favor of the American trade and with the importunities of
with each other, who, having nothing to fear from us,
the West India islands, would produce a relaxation in her
would with little scruple or remorse supply their wants
present system and would let us into the enjoyment of
by depredations on our property as often as it fell in their
privileges in the markets of those islands and elsewhere,
way. The rights of neutrality will only be respected when
from which our trade would derive the most substantial
they are defended by an adequate power. A nation, des-
benefits. Such a point gained from the British govern-
picable by its weakness, forfeits even the privilege of
ment, and which could not be expected without an equiv-
being neutral.
alent in exemptions and immunities in our markets, would
Under a vigorous national government, the natural
be likely to have a correspondent effect on the conduct of
strength and resources of the country, directed to a com-
other nations, who would not be inclined to see them-
mon interest, would baffle all the combinations of Euro-
selves altogether supplanted in our trade.
pean jealousy to restrain our growth. This situation
A further resource for influencing the conduct of Eu-
would even take away the motive to such combinations
ropean nations towards us, in this respect, would arise
by inducing an impracticability of success. An active
from the establishment of a federal navy. There can be
commerce, an extensive navigation, a flourishing marine
no doubt that the continuance of the Union under an
would then be the inevitable offspring of moral and phys-
efficient government would put it in our power, at a pe-
ical necessity. We might defy the little arts of little poli-
riod not very distant, to create a navy which, if it could
ticians to control or vary the irresistible and unchangeable
not vie with those of the great maritime powers, would
course of nature.
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THE FEDERALIST PAPERS
No. 11: Hamilton
89
But in a state of disunion, these combinations might
lated the principles of navigation in the several States,
exist and might operate with success. It would be in the
will become a universal resource. To the establishment
power of the maritime nations, availing themselves of our
of a navy it must be indispensable.
universal impotence, to prescribe the conditions of our
To this great national object, a NAVY, union will con-
political existence; and as they have a common interest
tribute in various ways. Every institution will grow and
in being our carriers, and still more in preventing our
flourish in proportion to the quantity and extent of the
being theirs, they would in all probability combine to
means concentered towards its formation and support. A
embarrass our navigation in such a manner as would
navy of the United States, as it would embrace the re-
in effect destroy it and confine us to a PASSIVE COM-
sources of all, is an object far less remote than a navy of
MERCE. We should thus be compelled to content our-
any single State or partial confederacy, which would only
selves with the first price of our commodities and to see
embrace the resources of a part. It happens, indeed,
the profits of our trade snatched from us to enrich our
that different portions of confederated America possess
enemies and persecutors. That unequaled spirit of en-
each some peculiar advantage for this essential establish-
terprise, which signalizes the genius of the American
ment. The more southern States furnish in greater abun-
merchants and navigators and which is in itself an inex-
dance certain kinds of naval stores-tar, pitch, and
haustible mine of national wealth, would be stifled and
turpentine. Their wood for the construction of ships is
lost, and poverty and disgrace would overspread a coun-
also of a more solid and lasting texture. The difference
try which with wisdom might make herself the admira-
in the duration of the ships of which the navy might be
tion and envy of the world.
composed, if chiefly constructed of Southern wood, would
There are rights of great moment to the trade of
be of signal importance, either in the view of naval
America which are rights of the Union-I allude to the
strength or of national economy. Some of the Southern
fisheries, to the navigation of the lakes, and to that of
and of the Middle States yield a greater plenty of iron,
the Mississippi. The dissolution of the Confederacy would
and of better quality. Seamen must chiefly be drawn
give room for delicate questions concerning the future
from the Northern hive. The necessity of naval protec-
existence of these rights, which the interest of more
tion to external or maritime commerce, and the condu-
powerful partners would hardly fail to solve to our dis-
civeness of that species of commerce to the prosperity
advantage. The disposition of Spain with regard to the
of a navy, are points too manifest to require a particular
Mississippi needs no comment. France and Britain are
elucidation. They, by a kind of reaction, mutually bene-
concerned with us in the fisheries, and view them as of
ficial, promote each other.
the utmost moment to their navigation. They, of course,
An unrestrained intercourse between the States them-
would hardly remain long indifferent to that decided mas-
selves will advance the trade of each by an interchange
tery of which experience has shown us to be possessed
of their respective productions, not only for the supply
in this valuable branch of traffic and by which we are
of reciprocal wants at home, but for exportation to for-
able to undersell those nations in their own markets. What
eign markets. The veins of commerce in every part will
more natural than that they should be disposed to exclude
be replenished and will acquire additional motion and
from the lists such dangerous competitors?
vigor from a free circulation of the commodities of every
This branch of trade ought not to be considered as a
part. Commercial enterprise will have much greater scope
partial benefit. All the navigating States may, in different
from the diversity in the productions of different States.
degrees, advantageously participate in it, and under cir-
When the staple of one fails from a bad harvest or un-
productive crop, it can call to its aid the staple of an-
cumstances of a greater extension of mercantile capital
other. The variety, not less than the value, of products
would not be unlikely to do it. As a nursery of seamen,
for exportation contributes to the activity of foreign
it now is, or, when time shall have more nearly assimi-
commerce. It can be conducted upon much better terms
AGRIC +COMMERCE NEXIS
90
THE FEDERALIST PAPERS
No. 12: Hamilton
91
with a large number of materials of a given value than
even dogs cease to bark after having breathed awhile
with a small number of materials of the same value,
in our atmosphere. Facts have too long supported these
arising from the competitions of trade and from the
arrogant pretensions of the European. It belongs to us
fluctuations of markets. Particular articles may be in
to vindicate the honor of the human race, and to teach
great demand at certain periods and unsalable at others;
that assuming brother moderation. Union will enable us
but if there be a variety of articles, it can scarcely
to do it. Disunion will add another victim to his tri-
happen that they should all be at one time in the latter
umphs. Let Americans disdain to be the instruments of
predicament, and on this account the operations of the
European greatness! Let the thirteen States, bound to-
merchant would be less liable to any considerable ob-
gether in a strict and indissoluble Union, concur in erect-
struction or stagnation. The speculative trader will at
ing one great American system superior to the control
once perceive the force of these observations, and will
of all transatlantic force or influence and able to dictate
acknowledge that the aggregate balance of the com-
the terms of the connection between the old and the
merce of the United States would bid fair to be much
new world!
PUBLIUS
more favorable than that of the thirteen States without
union or with partial unions.
It may perhaps be replied to this that whether the
States are united or disunited there would still be an
No. 12: Hamilton
intimate intercourse between them which would answer
the same ends; but this intercourse would be fettered,
THE effects of Union upon the commercial prosperity of
interrupted, and narrowed by a multiplicity of causes,
the States have been sufficiently delineated. Its tendency
which in the course of these papers have been amply
to promote the interests of revenue will be the subject
detailed. A unity of commercial, as well as political, in-
of our present inquiry.
terests can only result from a unity of government.
The prosperity of commerce is now perceived and ac-
There are other points of view in which this subject
knowledged by all enlightened statesmen to be the most
might be placed, of a striking and animating kind. But
useful as well as the most productive source of national
they would lead us too far into the regions of futurity,
wealth, and has accordingly become a primary object of
and would involve topics not proper for a newspaper
their political cares. By multiplying the means of grati-
discussion. I shall briefly observe that our situation in-
fication, by promoting the introduction and circulation
vites and our interests prompt us to aim at an ascendant
of the precious metals, those darling objects of human
in the system of American affairs. The world may po-
avarice and enterprise, it serves to vivify and invigorate
litically, as well as geographically, be divided into four
all the channels of industry and to make them flow with
parts, each having a distinct set of interests. Unhappily
greater activity and copiousness. The assiduous mer-
for the other three, Europe, by her arms and by her
chant, the laborious husbandman, the active mechanic,
negotiations, by force and by fraud, has in different de-
and the industrious manufacturer-all orders of men look
grees extended her dominion over them all. Africa, Asia,
forward with eager expectation and growing alacrity to
and America have successively felt her domination. The
this pleasing reward of their toils. The often-agitated
superiority she has long maintained has tempted her to
question between agriculture and commerce has from
plume herself as the mistress of the world, and to con-
indubitable experience received a decision which has si-
sider the rest of mankind as created for her benefit.
lenced the rivalship that once subsisted between them,
Men admired as profound philosophers have in direct
terms attributed to her inhabitants a physical superiority
and has proved, to the entire satisfaction of their friends,
that their interests are intimately blended and inter-
and have gravely asserted that all animals, and with
them the human species, degenerate in America-that
"Recherches philosophiques sur les Américains."
92
THE FEDERALIST PAPERS
No. 12: Hamilton
93
woven. It has been found in various countries that in
uniformly disappointed, and the treasuries of the States
proportion as commerce has flourished land has risen
have remained empty. The popular system of adminis-
in value. And how could it have happened otherwise?
tration inherent in the nature of popular government,
Could that which procures a freer vent for the products
coinciding with the real scarcity of money incident to a
of the earth, which furnishes new incitements to the culti-
languid and mutilated state of trade, has hitherto defeated
vators of land, which is the most powerful instrument in
every experiment for extensive collections, and has at
increasing the quantity of money in a state-could that,
length taught the different legislatures the folly of at-
in fine, which is the faithful handmaid of labor and in-
tempting them.
dustry in every shape fail to augment the value of that
No person acquainted with what happens in other
article, which is the prolific parent of far the greatest part
countries will be surprised at this circumstance. In so
of the objects upon which they are exerted? It is astonish-
opulent a nation as that of Britain, where direct taxes
ing that so simple a truth should ever have had an ad-
from superior wealth must be much more tolerable, and
versary; and it is one among a multitude of proofs how apt
from the vigor of the government, much more practicable
a spirit of ill-informed jealousy, or of too great abstraction
than in America, far the greatest part of the national
and refinement, is to lead men astray from the plainest
revenue is derived from taxes of the indirect kind, from
paths of reason and conviction.
imposts and from excises. Duties on imported articles form
The ability of a country to pay taxes must always be
a large branch of this latter description.
proportioned in a great degree to the quantity of money
In America it is evident that we must a long time de-
in circulation and to the celerity with which it circulates.
pend for the means of revenue chiefly on such duties.
Commerce, contributing to both these objects, must of
In most parts of it excises must be confined within a
necessity render the payment of taxes easier and facili-
narrow compass. The genius of the people will ill brook
tate the requisite supplies to the treasury. The heredi-
the inquisitive and peremptory spirit of excise laws. The
tary dominions of the Emperor of Germany contain a
pockets of the farmers, on the other hand, will reluc-
great extent of fertile, cultivated, and populous territory,
tantly yield but scanty supplies in the unwelcome shape of
a large proportion of which is situated in mild and luxu-
impositions on their houses and lands; and personal prop-
riant climates. In some parts of this territory are to be
erty is too precarious and invisible a fund to be laid hold
found the best gold and silver mines in Europe. And yet
of in any other way than by the imperceptible agency of
from the want of the fostering influence of commerce
taxes on consumption.
that monarch can boast but slender revenues. He has
If these remarks have any foundation, that state of
several times been compelled to owe obligations to the
things which will best enable us to improve and extend
pecuniary succors of other nations for the preservation
so valuable a resource must be the best adapted to our po-
of his essential interests, and is unable, upon the strength
litical welfare. And it cannot admit of a serious doubt
of his own resources, to sustain a long or continued war.
that this state of things must rest on the basis of a gen-
But it is not in this aspect of the subject alone that
eral Union. As far as this would be conducive to the in-
Union will be seen to conduce to the purposes of rev-
terests of commerce, so far it must tend to the extension
enue. There are other points of view in which its in-
of the revenue to be drawn from that source. As far as
fluence will appear more immediate and decisive. It is
it would contribute to rendering regulations for the col-
evident from the state of the country, from the habits
lection of the duties more simple and efficacious, so far
of the people, from the experience we have had on the
it must serve to answer the purposes of making the same
point itself that it is impracticable to raise any very con-
rate of duties more productive and of putting it into the
siderable sums by direct taxation. Tax laws have in vain
power of the government to increase the rate without prej-
been multiplied; new methods to enforce the collection
udice to trade.
have in vain been tried; the public expectation has been
The relative situation of these States; the number of
96.
THE FEDERALIST PAPERS
the morals, and to the health of the society. There is, per-
haps, nothing so much a subject of national extravagance
as this very article.
What will be the consequence if we are not able to
No. 13: Hamilton
avail ourselves of the resource in question in its full ex-
tent? A nation cannot long exist-without revenue. Desti-
As CONNECTED with the subject of revenue, we may with
tute of this essential support, it must resign its inde-
propriety consider that of economy. The money saved
pendence and sink into the degraded condition of a
from one object may be usefully applied to another, and
province. This is an extremity to which no government
there will be so much the less to be drawn from the
will of choice accede. Revenue, therefore, must be had
pockets of the people. If the States are united under one
at all events. In this country if the principal part be not
government, there will be but one national civil list to
drawn from commerce, it must fall with oppressive weight
support; if they are divided into several confederacies,
upon land. It has been already intimated that excises in
there will be as many different national civil lists to be
their true signification are too little in unison with the
provided for-and each of them, as to the principal
feelings of the people to admit of great use being made
departments, coextensive with that which would be
of that mode of taxation; nor, indeed, in the States
necessary for a government of the whole. The entire sep-
where almost the sole employment is agriculture are the
aration of the States into thirteen unconnected sovereign-
objects proper for excise sufficiently numerous to permit
ties is a project too extravagant and too replete with
very ample collections in that way. Personal estate (as
danger to have many advocates. The ideas of men who
has been before remarked), from the difficulty of tracing
speculate upon the dismemberment of the empire seem
it, cannot be subjected to large contributions by any
generally turned towards three confederacies-one con-
other means than by taxes on consumption. In populous
sisting of the four Northern, another of the four Middle,
cities it may be enough the subject of conjecture to oc-
and a third of the five Southern States. There is little
casion the oppression of individuals, without much ag-
probability that there would be a greater number. Ac-
gregate benefit to the State; but beyond these circles it
cording to this distribution each confederacy would com-
must, in a great measure, escape the eye and the hand
prise an extent of territory larger than that of the
of the tax-gatherer. As the necessities of the State, never-
kingdom of Great Britain. No well-informed man will
theless, must be satisfied in some mode or other, the
suppose that the affairs of such a confederacy can be
defect of other resources must throw the principal
properly regulated by a government less comprehensive
weight of the public burdens on the possessors of land.
in its origins or institutions than that which has been pro-
And as on the other hand the wants of the government
posed by the convention. When the dimensions of a State
attain to a certain magnitude, it requires the same energy
can never obtain an adequate supply, unless all the
of government and the same forms of administration
sources of revenue are open to its demands, the finances
which are requisite in one of much greater extent. This
of the community, under such embarrassments, cannot be
idea admits not of precise demonstration, because there
put into a situation consistent with its respectability or
is no rule by which we can measure the momentum of
its security. Thus we shall not even have the consola-
civil power necessary to the government of any given
tions of a full treasury to atone for the oppression of
number of individuals; but when we consider that the
that valuable class of the citizens who are employed in
island of Britain, nearly commensurate with each of the
the cultivation of the soil. But public and private dis-
supposed confederacies, contains about eight millions
tress will keep pace with each other in gloomy concert
of people, and when we reflect upon the degree of au-
and unite in deploring the infatuation of those counsels
thority required to direct the passions of so large a so-
which led to disunion.
PUBLIUS
ciety to the public good, we shall see no reason to doubt
97
No. 34: Hamilton
209
208
THE FEDERALIST PAPERS
the world. Observations confined to the mere prospects
essary to guard the body politic against these two most
of internal attacks can deserve no weight; though even we
mortal diseases of society. The expenses arising from
these will admit of no satisfactory calculation: but if
those institutions which are relative to the mere domes-
mean to be a commercial people, it must form a part of
tic police of a state, to the support of its legislative,
our policy to be able one day to defend that commerce
executive, and judiciary departments, with their differ-
The support of a navy and of naval wars would involve
ent appendages, and to the encouragement of agricul-
contingencies that must baffle all the efforts of political
tare and manufactures (which will comprehend almost
the subjects of state expenditures) are insignificant in
arithmetic. Admitting that we ought to try the novel and absurd
comparison with those which relate to the national de-
experiment in politics of tying up the hands of govern-
fense,
ment from offensive war founded upon reasons of state,
In the kingdom of Great Britain, where all the ostenta-
yet certainly we ought not to disable it from guarding
tions apparatus of monarchy is to be provided for, not
the community against the ambition or enmity of other
above a fifteenth part of the annual income of the na-
nations. A cloud has been for some time hanging over
tion is appropriated to the class of expenses last men-
the European world. If it should break forth into d $
tioned; the other fourteen fifteenths are absorbed in the
storm, who can insure us that in its progress a part -
payment of the interest of debts contracted for carrying
its fury would not be spent upon us? No reasonable
on the wars in which that country has been engaged,
would hastily pronounce that we are entirely out of in
and in the maintenance of fleets and armies. If, on the
reach. Or if the combustible materials that now security
hand, it should be observed that the expenses in-
to be collecting should be dissipated without coming
curred in the prosecution of the ambitious enterprises
maturity, or if a flame should be kindled without
and vainglorious pursuits of a monarchy are not a proper
tending to us, what security can we have that our tran-
standard by which to judge of those which might be
quillity will long remain undisturbed from some other
necessary in a republic, it ought, on the other hand, to
cause or from some other quarter? Let us recollect
be remarked that there should be as great a dispropor-
that peace or war will not always be left to our optice;
time between the profusion and extravagance of a wealthy
that however moderate or unambitious we may be,
kingdom in its domestic administration, and the fru-
cannot count upon the moderation, or hope to extin-
nity and economy which in that particular become the
guish the ambition of others. Who could have imagined
modest simplicity of republican government. If we bal-
at the conclusion of the last war that France and Brit-
ance a proper deduction from one side against that
ain, wearied and exhausted as they both were, would
which it is supposed ought to be made from the other,
so soon have looked with so hostile an aspect upon
the proportion may still be considered as holding good.
each other? To judge from the history of mankind,
But let us take a view of the large debt which we
shall be compelled to conclude that the fiery and destruc-
luve ourselves contracted in a single war, and let us
tive passions of war reign in the human breast with
only calculate on a common share of the events which
much more powerful sway than the mild and beneficent
disterb the peace of nations, and we shall instantly per-
sentiments of peace; and that to model our political
crive, without the aid of any elaborate illustration, that
tems upon speculations of lasting tranquillity would be
there must always be an immense disproportion between
calculate on the weaker springs of the human character.
the objects of federal and state expenditure. It is true
What are the chief sources of expense in every
that several of the States, separately, are encumbered
ernment? What has occasioned that enormous accumile-
considerable debts, which are an excrescence of the
tion of debts with which several of the European astion
war. But this cannot happen again, if the proposed
are oppressed? The answer plainly is, wars and
be adopted; and when these debts are discharged,
lions: the support of those institutions which
only call for revenue of any consequence which the
212
THE FEDERALIST PAPERS
No. 35: Hamilton
213
There are persons who imagine that it can never be
attended with inequality, from a different cause, between
the case; since the higher they are, the more it is alleged
the manufacturing and the non-manufacturing States.
they will tend to discourage an extravagant consumption
The States which can go furthest towards the supply of
to produce a favorable balance of trade and to promote
their own wants by their own manufactures will not,
domestic manufactures. But all extremes are pernicious
according to their numbers or wealth, consume so great
in various ways. Exorbitant duties on imported articles
1 proportion of imported articles as those States which
would serve to beget a general spirit of smuggling; which
are not in the same favorable situation. They would not,
is always prejudicial to the fair trader, and eventually
therefore, in this mode alone contribute to the public
to the revenue itself: they tend to render other classes
treasury in a ratio to their abilities. To make them do
of the community tributary in an improper degree to the
this it is necessary that recourse be had to excises, the
manufacturing classes, to whom they give a premature
factures. New York is more deeply interested in these
proper objects of which are particular kinds of manu-
monopoly of the markets; they sometimes force industry
out of its more natural channels into others in which it
considerations than such of her citizens as contend for
flows with less advantage; and in the last place, they op-
Emiting the power of the Union to external taxation
press the merchant, who is often obliged to pay them
may be aware of. New York is an importing State, and
himself without any retribution from the consumer. When
from a greater disproportion between her population
the demand is equal to the quantity of goods at market,
and territory is less likely, than some other States, speedily
the consumer generally pays the duty; but when the mar-
to become in any considerable degree a manufacturing
kets happen to be overstocked, a great proportion falls
State. She would, of course, suffer in a double light from re-
upon the merchant, and sometimes not only exhausts his
straining the jurisdiction of the Union to commercial imposts.
profits, but breaks in upon his capital. I am apt to think
So fas as these observations tend to inculcate a danger
that a division of the duty, between the seller and the
of the import duties being extended to an injurious ex-
buyer, more often happens than is commonly imagined.
treme it may be observed, conformably to a remark
It is not always possible to raise the price of a commod-
made in another part of these papers, that the interest of
ity in exact proportion to every additional imposition laid
the revenue itself would be a sufficient guard against
upon it. The merchant especially, in a country of small
such an extreme. I readily admit that this would be the
commercial capital, is often under a necessity of keep-
case as long as other resources were open; but if the
sale. ing prices down in order to make a more expeditious
avenues to them were closed, HOPE, stimulated by ne-
cessity, might beget experiments, fortified by rigorous
The maxim that the consumer is the payer is so much
precautions and additional penalties, which, for a time,
oftener true than the reverse of the proposition, that it
might have the intended effect, till there had been leisure
is far more equitable that the duties on imports should
to contrive expedients to elude these new precautions.
go into a common stock than that they should redound
The first success would be apt to inspire false opinions,
to the exclusive benefit of the importing States. But it is
which it might require a long course of subsequent expe-
not so generally true as to render it equitable that those
rience to correct. Necessity, especially in politics, often
duties should form the only national fund. When they
occasions false hopes, false reasonings, and a system of
are paid by the merchant they operate as an additional
measures correspondingly erroneous. But even if this
tax upon the importing State, whose citizens pay their
supposed excess should not be a consequence of the
proportion of them in the character of consumers. In
limitation of the federal power of taxation, the inequali-
this view they are productive of inequality among the
ties spoken of would still ensue, though not in the same
States; which inequality would be increased with the in-
degree, from the other causes that have been noticed.
creased extent of the duties. The confinement of the
Let us now return to the examination of objections.
national revenues to this species of imposts would be
One which, if we may judge from the frequency of its
348
THE FEDERALIST PAPERS
No. 56: Madison
349
stance. The representatives of each State will not only
other States. The changes of time, as was formerly re-
bring with them a considerable knowledge of its laws,
marked, on the comparative situation of the different
and a local knowledge of their respective districts, but
States, will have an assimilating effect. The effect of time
will probably in all cases have been members, and may
on the internal affairs of the States, taken singly, will be
even at the very time be members, of the State legisla-
just the contrary. At present some of the States are little
ture, where all the local information and interests of the
more than a society of husbandmen. Few of them have
State are assembled, and from whence they may easily
made much progress in those branches of industry which
be conveyed by a very few hands into the legislature of
give a variety and complexity to the affairs of a nation.
the United States.
These, however, will in all of them be the fruits of a more
With regard to the regulation of the militia, there are
advanced population; and will require, on the part of
scarcely any circumstances in reference to which local
each State, a fuller representation. The foresight of the
knowledge can be said to be necessary. The general face
convention has accordingly taken care that the progress
of the country, whether mountainous or level, most fit for
of population may be accompanied with a proper in-
the operations of infantry or cavalry, is almost the only
crease of the representative branch of the government.
consideration of this nature that can occur. The art of
The experience of Great Britain, which presents to
war teaches general principles of organization, move-
mankind so many political lessons, both of the monitory
ment, and discipline, which apply universally.
and exemplary kind, and which has been frequently con-
The attentive reader will discern that the reasoning
sulted in the course of these inquiries, corroborates the
here used to prove the sufficiency of a moderate number
result of the reflections which we have just made. The
of representatives does not in any respect contradict what
number of inhabitants in the two kingdoms of England
was urged on another occasion with regard to the exten-
and Scotland cannot be stated at less than eight millions.
sive information which the representatives ought to
The representatives of these eight millions in the House
possess, and the time that might be necessary for acquir-
of Commons amount to five hundred and fifty-eight. Of
ing it. This information, so far as it may relate to local
this number, one ninth are elected by three hundred and
objects, is rendered necessary and difficult, not by a dif-
sixty-four persons, and one half, by five thousand seven
ference of laws and local circumstances within a single
hundred and twenty-three persons.* It cannot be sup-
State, but of those among different States. Taking each
posed that the half thus elected, and who do not even
State by itself, its laws are the same, and its interests but
reside among the people at large, can add anything either
little diversified. A few men, therefore, will possess all the
to the security of the people against the government, or
knowledge requisite for a proper representation of them.
to the knowledge of their circumstances and interests in
Were the interests and affairs of each individual State per-
the legislative councils. On the contrary, it is notorious
fectly simple and uniform, a knowledge of them in one
that they are more frequently the representatives and in-
part would involve a knowledge of them in every other,
struments of the executive magistrate than the guardians
and the whole State might be competently represented
and advocates of the popular rights. They might there-
by a single member taken from any part of it. On a com-
fore, with great propriety, be considered as something
parison of the different States together, we find a great
more than a mere deduction from the real representa-
dissimilarity in their laws, and in many other circum-
tives of the nation. We will, however, consider them in
stances connected with the objects of federal legislation,
this light alone, and will not extend the deduction to a
with all of which the federal representatives ought to
considerable number of others who do not reside among
have some acquaintance. Whilst a few representatives,
their constituents, are very faintly connected with them,
therefore, from each State may bring with them a due
and have very little particular knowledge of their affairs.
knowledge of their own State, every representative will
have much information to acquire concerning all the
Burgh's Political Disquisitions.