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Kiev Arrival Statement 8/1/91 [OA 8327]
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Kiev Arrival Statement 8/1/91 [OA 8327]
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Originally Processed With FOIA(s):
FOIA Number:
S
S
FOIA
MARKER
This is not a textual record. This is used as an
administrative marker by the George Bush Presidential
Library Staff.
Record Group/Collection:
George H.W. Bush Presidential Records
Collection/Office of Origin:
Speechwriting, White House Office of
Series:
Speech File Backup Files
Subseries:
Chron File, 1989-1993
OA/ID Number:
13766
Folder ID Number:
13766-013
Folder Title:
Kiev Arrival Statement 8/1/91 [OA 8327]
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Section:
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G
26
21
5
5
staffed
Grant / Simon
A: KIEV.ARR Draft three
July 25, 1991
BRIEF REMARKS: ARRIVAL STATEMENT IN KIEV
AUGUST 1, 1991
andy
Barbara and I are delighted to visit Kiev, the city of
Fritay
golden domes -- we saw so many beautiful hilltop churches from
614-644-
the window of Air Force One as we landed.
0992
see file
Ukraine is the motherland of thousands of Americans. In
fact, back home in Washington, D.C., stands a statue of the
see
memo in file Ukrainian poet and painter, Taras Shevchenko. Once, reflecting
see
on the democratic experiment in America, he wrote: "When will we
file
have a Washington with a new and righteous law? One day we shall
have him."
I am here to tell you: the day of new and righteous law is
approaching. Together, we stand committed to a new world order
based on the rule of law and the guarantee of freedom. Yes, the
world is changing profoundly. But with change comes opportunity,
and hope for the future.
The American people are hopeful. They are looking forward
to a new Soviet Union, one turning toward free markets and free
people. To offer help and hope where needed, we recently opened
State Dept.
aroft a Consulate General in this city.
We've just concluded two long days of very productive work
in Moscow, which included the signing of an historic treaty that
will, for the first time, reduce nuclear forces between our
countries.
2
The American people are sincere. In the aftermath of the
Chernobyl tragedy, we shared the pain of those who were hurt.
American citizens and private relief organizations responded with
deep concern and generosity to that sad event. American
see
physicians are helping Ukrainian officials to study the long-
letter in
file
term health effects of the accident -- in fact, a team is
arriving this fall to examine children.
You are a strong people, with a rich and glorious past
spanning centuries of change and upheaval. You first brought
Eerdmans'
Hundbook
Christianity to this part of Europe, over 1000 years ago -- in
to
the
the days of Prince Vladimir of Kiev. The Prince sent emissaries
History
first to explore all the great religions of the world. After
Christmants
of
hearing about their inspirational visit to the Hagia Sophia in
Istanbul --- ((I was there two weeks ago myself)) -- Prince
p.3"
Vladimir decided on the Orthodox faith. When he baptized his
followers in the Dnieper River, Christianity took hold in Eastern
Europe.
in 40 years
Now, for the first time since the Russian Revolution, the
Catholic
Reuters patriarch of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church has returned to Kiev
10-20-90- and a spiritual renewal has begun. A new day, in some ways, is
5-26-91
already here.
Again, it's a pleasure to be here. To Chairman Kravchuk --
thank you for your warm hospitality. To all the Ukrainian people
andy -- Slava Ukraini [SLAH-va 00-kra-YEE-nee] ! Glory to Ukraine!
Futay
Services of Mead Data Central, Inc.
PAGE
2
1ST STORY of Level 1 printed in FULL format.
Copyright (c) 1991 Reuters
May 26, 1991, Sunday, AM cycle
LENGTH: 227 words
HEADLINE: UKRAINIAN CATHOLIC PATRIARCH SAYS KIEV MASS AFTER PROTESTS
DATELINE: MOSCOW
KEYWORD:
SOVIET-CHURCH
BODY:
The patriarch of the Ukrainian Catholic church held his first service in the
republic's capital Kiev Sunday after an ugly confrontation with protesters
from the rival Orthodox church.
The Catholic church's press office said singing and shouting demonstrators
prevented Cardinal Miroslav Lubachivsky from preaching in St. Andrew's church as
originally planned.
Eventually he took the service in St. Nicholas Pretyska in another part of
Kiev.
No comment on the allegation was immediately available from the Orthodox
church, which is subordinated to the Moscow Patriarchate.
Dictator Josef Stalin merged the Ukrainian Catholic Church, which is closely
linked with the Ukrainian independence movement, with the Russian Orthodox
Church in 1946.
Since then the patriarch had been in exile in Rome, to which the church
owes allegiance. But Lubachivsky returned this year and celebrated Mass March 31
in the church's seat in the west Ukrainian city of Lvov.
The press office said the Catholics had been petitioning Kiev city council
for use of a church for more than a year. The council finally offered the vacant
church of St. Andrew.
But when the patriarch arrived, a crowd of Orthodox believers blocked the
stairs leading to the church, chanting prayers, the Catholics' account said.
Negotiations through police and local militia failed to shift the crowd.
LEXIS NEXIS'LEXIS NEXIS
Services of Mead Data Central, Inc.
PAGE
2
3RD STORY of Level 1 printed in FULL format.
Copyright (c) 1990 Reuters
October 20, 1990, Saturday, AM cycle
LENGTH: 237 words
HEADLINE: THOUSANDS GREET RETURN OF UKRAINIAN CHURCH LEADER
DATELINE: KIEV, Soviet Union
KEYWORD:
SOVIET-CHURCH
BODY:
Thousands of Ukrainians, many in national costume, greeted the head of the
Ukrainian Autocephalous church when he returned to Kiev after more than four
decades abroad.
Metropolitan Mstislav, 92, obviously in frail health, was welcomed in a city
square Saturday by about 5,000 well-wishers, some of them in tears.
He was taken most of the way through the city in a wheelchair, attended by
groups of young women wearing ribbons in the yellow and blue Ukrainian national
colors.
"The patriarch has come from Egyptian exile and is now in Nazareth," Acting
Patriarch John told the crowd.
The Autocephalous Church, a branch of the Orthodox faith, was founded in
the 17th century and made subservient to the Moscow Patriarchate in 1686.
Repressed by Russia's czars, it regained its independence in 1921 and had
about 2,000 churches. But 1,500 of its priests fell victim to Josef Stalin's
purges in the 1930s.
Like the Ukrainian Catholic Church, banned by Stalin in 1946, it remained
underground until it was re-established this year under new Soviet laws
guaranteeing freedom of religion. Most of its adherents live in the western
Ukraine.
Mstislav, whose real name is Stepan Srypnik, was jailed by the Nazis during
World War II and left for Canada in 1947.
He has directed the Autocephalous Church in North America since 1949 and
later also became responsible for Europe and Australia. He now lives in New
Jersey.
LEXIS'NEXIS'LEXIS NEXIS
KIEV ARRIVAL REMARKS
It is a delight to visit a region which is the ancestral
home of millions of my countrymen. Decendants of your soil
have enriched the history, culture and well-being of the United
States.
I am especially excited to be here at a time when Ukraine
and the Soviet Union as a whole are undergoing the most
important and fundamental changes since Prince Vladimir and his
people adopted Christianity on the banks of the Dnieper in 988.
We have taken satisfaction in the growth of contacts with
Ukraine in recent years -- a growth symbolized by the recent
opening of our Consulate General in this city.
In the aftermath of the Chernobyl tragedy, we shared the
pain of those people who were hurt. American citizens and
private organizations responded with concern and generosity to
that sad event.
And now, after two days of productive work in Moscow, which
included the signing of an historic treaty that will for the
first time reduce nuclear forces, I look forward to seeing the
lovely and historic city of Kiev.
I would like to extend my appreciation in advance to
Chairman Kravchuk and the Ukrainian people for their
hospitality.
07/25/91
14:15
REED SMITH/PGH 412-288-3131
001
REED SMITH SHAW & McCLAY
Pittsburgh
Philadelphia
Harrisburg
Washington D.C.
McLean Va.
91 JUL 25 P2: 22
To: Robert A. Snow, Esq.
Fax Machines-Group 111
412-288-3063
Firm/Company:
412-288-3064
Fax Machine No.: 202-456-6218
Telex Number
From: Andrew N. Farley
277871 (via RCA)
P.O. Box 2009, Pittsburgh, PA 15230
(412) 288- 8592
Date: July 25, 1991
Total Number of Pages, Including Cover Page: 11
Copies to:
Name
Firm/Company
Fax No.
Time Sent
Mr. David F. Demarest, Jr.
202-456-2983
/
/
/
/
/
/
NOTES:
PLEASE NOTE: The information contained In this facsimile message is privileged and confidential, and is intended only for the
use of the individual(s) or entity named above who have been specifically authorized to receive it. If the reader
is not the intended recipient, you are hereby notified that any dissemination, distribution or copying of this
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immediately by telephone and return all pages to the address shown above. Thank you.
If You Do Not Receive All Of The Pages, Please Call (412) 288-
Please Transmit Before: 91011 12 12345678
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07/25/91
14:15
REED SMITH/PGH 412-288-3131
002
nf3234/docs/rs7.251e
hu Jul 26 13:47:50 1991
REED SMITH SHAW & McCLAY
MELLON SQUARE
WASHINGTON, DC
MAILING ADDRESS:
435 SIXTH AVENUE
P.O. BOX 2009
PHILADELPHIA, PA
PITTSBURGH, PA 15230-2009
PITTSBURGH, PA 15219-1886
HARRISBURG, PA
TELEX 277571 (BCA)
412-280-3131
FAX 412-288-3063
McLEAN, VA
WRITER'S DIRECT DIAL NUMBER
(412) 288-3234
July 25, 1991
VIA TELECOPY
Robert A. Snow, Esq.
Deputy Assistant to the President
and Director of Speechwriting
122 old Executive Office Building
17th and Pennsylvania Avenues, N.W.
Washington, DC 20500
Re: President's Speech - Kiev, Ukraine
Dear Tony:
The President frequently refers to "people-to-people"
projects.
The Pittsburgh-Chernobyl Collaborative Study of Eye
Pathology in Children deserves consideration for mention in the
President's speech before the Ukrainian parliament.
The Pittsburgh-Chernobyl Committee, with the approval
and cooperation of Dr. Jurii Spizhenko, Minister of Health of the
Ukraine, has commenced a medical/scientific study of eye pathology
in children exposed to ionizing radiation, the result of the 1986
Chernobyl nuclear accident which released radioactive materials
into the atmosphere.
In this collaborative study, the Ukrainian Ministry of
Health is funding the US medical/scientific team's in-country
transportation, food and housing costs; the Pittsburgh, PA and
tri-state Ukrainian-American community, together with the support
of area health professionals and Pittsburgh-based corporate and
private foundations (such as The Allegheny Foundation), are
funding the purchase of necessary equipment, film and processing,
travel of the medical/scientific team and related costs.
The on-site visit by an advance party of the medical/
scientific team was completed in April, 1991. The Pittsburgh-
Chernobyl Committee's four-week in-country physical and
ophthalmological examination of children will begin in
mid-October, 1991.
07/25/91
14:16
REED SMITH/PGH 412-288-3131
003
REED SMITH SHAW & McCLAY
Robert A. Snow, Esq.
-2-
July 25, 1991
Attached is a brief summary of the Study to date with
supporting documentation.
If additional information is required, please contact me
at the telephone number above or via FAX (412-288-3069).
This medical/scientific collaborative effort presents
President Bush with an unique opportunity, before the Ukrainian
parliament, to stress our mutual interest in the Ukraine and the
continuing willingness of US citizens and organizations to be of
assistance.
Very truly yours,
ANF/1bc
Enclosures
CC: Mr. David F. Demarest, Jr.
Assistant to the President for Communications
07/25/91
14:16
REED SMITH/PGH 412-288-3131
004
CHILDREN OF CHORNOBYL RELIEF FUND
RJX
TRI-STATE COMMITTEE
Rev. 24 July 91
Pittsburgh-Chernobyl Collaborative Study
of Eye Pathology in Children
1. Research Objectives
1. Determine the prevalence of lens opacities (including subclinical changes)
and retinal pathology among children (6-16 years-old) residing in the
exposed (Narodychi, Polesskoye) and unexposed (Trostianets) study sites.
2. Statistically compare the prevalence of eye disease in two pediatric
populations which differ significantly with respect to their exposure to low
levels of ionizing radiation; and
3. Investigate the evidence, using dosimetric and residential data, for a dosc-
response relationship between cumulative exposure to low levels ionizing
radiation from the Chernobyl accident and the prevalence of eye pathology
among school-aged Ukrainian children.
2. Background and Significance
Radiation-induced cataracts and retinopathy have been well described for acute,
high dose exposures in adults occurring under therapeutic, occupational and
wartime conditions. The sensitivity of the same tissues in children, particularly under
conditions of long-term exposure to low levels of ionizing radiation, is less well
known. The contamination from the Chernobyl nuclear accident has created a
unique natural laboratory for the investigation of this important issue in a human
population.
The Chernobyl nuclear accident, which occurred in the early morning hours of April
26, 1986, resulted in the largest release of radioactive materials into the atmosphere
ever recorded, contaminating more than 25,000 Km in three Soviet Republics with
radioactive nuclides of iodine, caesium, strontium, and plutonium. One of the most
important consequences of the accident was the long-term exposure to low levels of
ionizing radiation of four million Ukrainian, Byelorussian and Russian citizens,
including more than one million children. There have been numerous anecdotal
reports of an increased incidence of radiation-related medical conditions, such as
leukemia, thyroid cancer, and cataracts among the members of exposed populations.
Soviet attempts to objectively evaluate these reports have been largely unsuccessful
due to ineffectiveness of the health care system, the lack of trained epidemiologists
and biostatisticans, and the mistrust of the medical establishment by the members of
the general public living in the contaminated areas.
The need for an epidemiological study of ophthalmic complications in this
population is supported by the recently released finding of the International
1
07/25/91
14:17
REED SMITH/PGH 412-288-3131
005
Chernobyl Project, a study of the radiological consequences of the accident
conducted by the International Atomic Energy Agency. The interim technical report
of the IAEA Advisory Committee concludes that an absorbed dose of ionizing
radiation as small as 0.2 Sv (20 rem) to a child's eye might have important
physiological consequences. Given the known levels of contamination in affected
rural regions of the Ukraine (≥ 40 Ci/Km²), the report suggests that detailed
epidemiological studies of ophthalmic complications should be considered for the
residents of the contaminated areas who were infants at the time of the accident.
3. Progress Report
The impetus for this study originated in June 1990 as a follow-up to reports from
Ukrainian ophthalmologists and physicians concerning an increased incidence of
eye pathology among children living in the areas affected by the Chernobyl accident.
In response to these reports, a member of the executive board of the Tri-State
Committee of the CCRF consulted with scientific and medical representatives from
the University of Pittsburgh's Graduate School of Public Health and the Eye and
Ear Institute of Pittsburgh regarding the possibility of organizing an inquiry into the
validity of these reports.
These initial consultations were followed by a November 1990 meeting, hosted by a
representative of the National Cancer Institute, with Dr. Juri Spizhenko, Minister of
Health for the Ukrainian S.S.R. Dr. Spizhenko agreed that a pilot study should be
carried out to assess the validity of the reports of increased eye pathology among
children residing in contaminated areas of the Ukraine. The Ukrainian government
agreed to provide all of the in-country housing, food and transportation for the
research team. It was agreed that all equipment used in the study would be donated
to the Health Ministry upon completion of data collection. Finally, it was agreed
that all records, film and results would return to the United States and there are to
be no restrictions on the analyses or publications of the group's findings.
Since the pilot study needed to be of sufficient scope and complexity to meet
American standards of sensitivity, reliability and validity, the Minister issued a
formal invitation for the members of the research team to visit the affected areas of
the Ukraine to assess the feasibility of the study. A two-week site visit was
undertaken in April 1991 with the following key results: (i) A working group within
the Health Ministry was established to coordinate Ukrainian collaboration on the
project; (ii) two exposed sites (Narodychi, Polesskoye) and a comparison site
(Trostianets) were selected; (iii) all three sites were visited by the team and assessed
for physical facilities and administrative cooperation; (iv) independent radiation
dosimetry was carried out and soil samples were taken for transport back to the
United States; (v) complete lists of all children residing within the boundaries of
each town were obtained for sampling purposes; and (vi) arrangements were made
with local genetic research institutes which would have responsibility for processing
biological samples. The field team also attempted to validate local reports of
radiation-induced cataracts among individuals exposed to fallout from the
Chernobyl accident. Using a portable slit lamp, the team ophthalmologist was able
to examine a sample of 30 selected cases. He confirmed that at least two of these
individuals had cataracts of a type that are consistent with the classic descriptions of
the radiation-induced lens opacities provided by Cogan and the Hiroshima
investigators. Based on the results of this on-site visit the study was deemed feasible
and planning for the data collection phase of the project was begun.
2
07/25/91
14:17
REED SMITH/PGH 412-288-3131
006
4. Research Methods
4.1 Epidemiological Methods
Selection of Study Sites - Based upon current knowledge of the geographic
dispersion of products of the Chernobyl accident, Narodychi and Polesskoye were
selected as the exposed study sites (see attached map). The town of Trostianets,
located 300 km to the east of Chernobyl, was chosen as the control site because of
its similarity to Narodychi and Polesskoye with respect to rural location, local
economy, diet, and ethnic composition, while measuring only normal background
levels of radiation. All three study locations have been visited and determined to
have adequate physical facilities (e.g., electricity, transportation, examination space,
food, housing) and administrative support for the research teams.
Sampling Procedures - At each study site, an age-stratified, random sample of 600
children between the ages of 6 and 16 years will be selected from comprehensive
medical and school lists of all children living within the administrative boundaries of
the town. Age distributions at all three sites will be similar. In order to insure that
the sampling frame lists provided by the Ukrainian authorities are comprehensive,
random sections of each town will be selected for a door-to-door survey by project
staff to cross-check and verify the names of resident children against the sampling
frame lists. Random samples will also be collected from the local pediatric clinics to
insure that chronically ill children who are not attending school are not excluded.
Sample Size and Power Analysis - The attached table presents power estimates for
various age-specific sample sizes and true prevalence rates of pathology. The entries
on this table should be interpreted as the probability of observing at least a single
case of radiation-induced eye pathology within a five-year age group, given a specific
sample size and prevalence rate. The dotted line on the table is the boundary for
80% power across various entries. The projected sample sizes would permit us to
detect with 80% power site-specific prevalence rates of > 2-3 per 1000.
Core Data Analysis - The sample sizes allow us to estimate a maximum prevalence
rate that could exist without the investigators identifying a single case. Hence, we
could not claim to have proven that there are no radiation-induced cataracts in the
populations sampled, but we could claim to have determined, with a high
probability, what the upper limit on the true prevalence rate could be. In the event
that one or more cases of radiation-induced cataracts are identified in the
populations studied, then 95 percent confidence intervals will be placed on the
observed rate(s) using exact (Poisson) methods.
4.2 Ophthalmic Methods
It is estimated that 200 subjects can be screened daily by three ophthalmologists.
Three complete days will be required at each of the three test sites in order to
complete a total of 1200 examinations of the exposed population and 600 control
examinations.
Acuity and Refraction - The ophthalmic evaluation has been carefully designed to
allow for rapid assessment of a large number of participants while taking into
consideration the difficulties of poorly controlled examination conditions. A
cycloplegic refraction with an autorefractor and visual acuity assessment made with
the standardized target of the instrument (the autorefractor will be modified to
display Cyrillic characters) will provide the most consistent and rapid assessment of
3
07/25/91
14:18
REED SMITH/PGH 412-288-3131
007
refractive error and acuity at minimal cost and with the most effective use of
manpower. A streak retinoscope and a skiascopy rack will be taken as a backup
system for the autorefractor.
Lens and Fundus Examination - After the children are dilated and autorefracted,
they will be seen by one of the two American ophthalmologists on active duty. A slit
lamp examination including anterior segment, lens, and fundus examination with a
78 D lens will be performed. Standardized forms will be developed to record lens
and retinal pathology. The two primary slit lamps will be fitted with beam splitters
and observer optics so that the third ophthalmologist can simultaneously observe
the examination. In this fashion, approximately 1/3 to 1/2 of all participants will be
seen by two observers. This provides a critical assessment of reliability for both false
negative and false positive evaluations as well as to insure examination consistency.
All lens opacities will be classified according to the LOCS (Lens Opacity
Classification System) method developed by Dr. L. Chylack of Boston, MA.
Photographic Documentation - Photography will be relied upon to provide
documentation of pathology rather than serving as a diagnostic tool. Lens opacities
will be documented by slit lamp photography and retroillumination slit lamp
photographs. Fundus photography will be employed for all retinal lesions and
fluorescein angiography will be available on a limited basis for specific vascular
lesions.
4.3 Dosimetric Methods
Dosimetry will involve computer-automated determination of dicentric chromosome
aberration frequency. The technique involves drawing 0.5 ml of venous blood from
selected subjects. These blood samples must be transported on a daily basis to the
Laboratory of Cytogenetics, Institute of Experimental Radiology in Kiev where they
will be prepared as slides. All prepared slides will be transported back to the
University of Pittsburgh where the automated analysis of the slides will be carried
out. The number of subjects that can be examined is limited by the complexity of the
procedure. It will be possible to test all of the study subjects determined to have
ophthalmic pathology, in addition to a random sample of 50 non-pathological
subjects at each site.
4.4 Additional Information
Detailed residential histories and limited dietary information (e.g., consumption of
local food items) will be collected on all of the participants in the study. Detailed
medical information, including a medical history and a pediatric examination, will
be collected on all subjects determined to have ophthalmic pathology.
5. Composition of Study Field Team
The study is organized such that all data will be collected by American investigators.
Ukrainian investigators will be limited to observer and consultant status. The
project field team will be composed of the following 16 American trained personnel,
all of whom have donated their professional services without charge:
3
ophthalmologists, two bilingual
1
ophthalmological photographer
1
ophthalmic technician for autorefractor
6
bilingual nurses and/or medical technicians
4
07/25/91
14:19
REED SMITH/PGH 412-288-3131
008
1
bilingual pediatrician
1
radiation safety officer
1
biostatistician/epidemiologist
1
consulting scientist
1
project coordinator
6. Current Funding
The initial phase of project development Project relied upon funds donated by
Pittsburgh's Ukranian-American community and grant received from Pittsburgh's
Allegheny Foundation. of Pittsburgh. The data collection phase of the project will
also draw upon grant funds from private and governmental sources, as well as
corporate donations of supplies and equipment.
7. Timeframe
The time available to complete this pilot study is limited due to the stated intention
of the Soviet government to relocate the members of the exposed population. The
relocation program is beginning and is scheduled to be completed within two to
three years. The selection of the study series from the exposed areas and initial
screening must be completed prior to resettlement. Once the study participants have
been selected, the Ukrainian government has agreed to undertake the necessary
tracking so that future longitudinal studies will be feasible. Our current plan is to
carry out the study from October 27 through November 17, 1991.
Attachments:
a. Map of Ukraine and Radiation Exposure
b. Table of Power Estimates by Sample Size and True Prevalence Rate
C.
Data Collection Flow Chart
d. List of Key American and Ukrainian Study Personnel
5
07/25/91
14:19
REED SMITH/PGH 412-288-3131
009
0
20 AM
Shoiniki
Elsk
Narovila
Bragin
di
BYELORUSSIAN SSR
$ Ovruch
Vilcha
Prioyat
Gden
UKRAINIAN SSR
Nuclear Plant
Chemobyl
Narodichi
Polesskoye
15 - 40 Ci/km2
A 40 Cvkm2
Bober
5 mRn on
30 km total
Kiev
May 10 1986
exclusion zone
Reservoir
Areas of heavy contamination around the exclusion zone (marked by a 30 km radius circle) with the caesium- 137 as
measured during 1988. Only TWO levéls are indicated. The contour marked by isolines indicares the territory which was
contaminated above 5 mR/h of gamma radiation on 10 May, 1986.
-A-
POWER ESTIMATES
BY SAMPLE SIZE AND TRUE PREVALENCE RATE
Sample
True Prevalence Rates
Size
n
.001
.005
.01
.02
.03
.04
.05
50
0.048794
0.221687
0.394994
0.635830
0.78193
0.87011
0.92306
100
0.095207
0.394229
0.633967
0.867380
0.95245
0.98313
0.99408
150
0.139355
0.528521
0.778548
0.951704
0.98963
0.99781
0.99954
200
0.181349
0.632042
0.866020
0.982412
0.99774
0.99972
0.99996
250
0.221294
0.714392
0.918941
0.993595
0.99951
0.99996
1.00000
300
0.259290
0.777707
0.950959
0.997667
0.99989
1.00000
1.00000
350
0.295432
0.826987
0.970330
0.999151
0.99996
1.00000
1.00000
400
0.329811
0.865342
0.982049
0.999691
0.99999
1.00000
1.00000
450
0.362512
0.895194
0.989140
0.999887
1.00000
1.00000
1.00000
500
0.393617
0.918428
0.993429
0.999959
1.00000
1.00000
1.00000
25/91
14:20
REED SMITH/PGH 412-288-3131
010
DATA COLLECTION FLOW CHART
(revised 1 June 1991)
INTAKE
DILATE EYES
(collect residential history)
AUTOREFRACTION
SLIT LAMP EXAMINATION
(no pathology)
(pathology)
RETINAL AND/OR LENSE
PHOTOGRAPHY
(random sample of
50 subjects)
BLOOD DRAW
COLLECTION OF DETAILED
MEDICAL HISTORY
EXIT CONFERENCE
WITH PARENTS
-C-
07/25/91
14:20
REED SMITH/PGH 412-288-3131
011
LIST OF KEY AMERICAN AND UKRAINIAN
SCIENTIFIC AND ADMINISTRATIVE PARTICIPANTS
Ophthalmology
Michael B. Gorin, M.D., Ph.D., Assistant Professor, Department of
Ophthalmology and Human Genetics, School of Medicine and Graduate School
of Public Health, he Eye and Ear Institute, University of Pittsburgh
Andrew W. Eller, M.D., Assistant Professor, Department of Ophthalmology,
School of Medicine, The Eye and ar Institute, University of Pittsburgh
Ihor G. Zachary, M.D., Medical Eye Associates, Inc., Clinical Professor, Case
Western University, Cleveland, OH
Nikolai Sergienko, M.D., Director, Eye Microsurgery Center, Kiev, Ukraine
Zoya F. Veselovskaya, M.D., Chief, Department of Lens Pathology and
Refractive Surgery, Eye Microsurgery Center, Kiev, Ukraine
Serhi A. Rykov, M.D., Chief Pediatric Ophthalmology, Eye Microsurgery
Center, Kiev, Ukraine
Biostatistics and Epidemiology
Richard Day, Ph.D., Assistant Professor, Department of Biostatistics, Graduate
School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh
Biological Radiation Dosimetry
Neil Wald, M.D., Professor of Radiation Health, Department of Environmental
and Occupational Health, Graduate School of Public Health, University of
Pittsburgh
Maria A. Pilinskaya, M.D., Head, Laboratory of Cytogenetics, Institute of
Experimental Radiology, All Union Scientific Center of Radiation Medicine,
USSR Academy of Sciences, Kiev, Ukraine
Coordination and Administration
Marta Pisetska Farley, M.P.A., Trustee, Tri-State Committee of the Children of
Chernobyl Relief Fund, Pittsburgh, PA
Ihor Masnyk, Ph.D., Deputy Director, Division of Cancer Biology, Diagnosis
and Centers, National Cancer Institute
A. Kartysh, Deputy Minister, Ministry of Health of the Ukrainian S.S.R., Kiev,
Ukraine
Helena Steppaniuk, M.D., Director, Division of Ophthalmology, Ministry of
Health of the Ukrainian S.S.R. Kiev, Ukraine.
-D-
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IN THE REPUBLICS| JUL 25 P12 02
UKRAINE
The Changing Political Landscape
in Ukraine
Roman Solchanyk
Ukraine's declaration of sovereignty has had a visible impact on politics in the
republic. Most important, perhaps, is the fact that Chairman of the Ukrainian
Supreme Soviel Leonld Krauchuk has made the sovereignty issue the key element
in bts policies, particularly insofar as relations with the center are concerned. The
state soupreignty of Ukraine also has broad support among the population of the
republic, as became clear after the referendum on March 17. One of the conse-
quences has been a realignment of political forces in the Ukrainian Supreme
Soviet.
T
he declaration on state sovereignty adopted
July 23, 1990, replacing Volodymyr Ivashko, who left
almost unanimously in July, 1990, by the Ukral-
for Moscow as Mikhail Gorbachev's deputy in the CPSU,
nian Supreme Soviet is one of the most important
he held the position of second secretary of the Central
political developments in the recent history of Ukraine.
Committee of the Communist Party and member of its
Hardened "realists" would probably argue that, given the
Politburo.' Al the time, the predominant view within
current political circumstances in the Soviet Union, this
the democratic opposition was that the newly elected
document, like similar declarations in the other republics,
head of the Supreme Soviet would follow in the footsteps
is largely of symbolic value. For example, although the
of his predecessor and defend, first and foremost, the
Ukrainian declaration states that the repub-lic has the
interests of his backers-i.e., the Communist Party of
right to its own military forces, the bloody events in
Ukraine. This was to be expected, given his background;
Vilnius and Riga in January clearly show that implement-
previously, Kravchuk had served as the Party's ideologi-
ing this right is quite another matter. Nonetheless, it is
cal secretary and had played a very prominent role in
clear that the sovereignty declaration has had a significant
the Party's campaign against "Rukh" at the end of 1988
Impact on the political situation in Ukraine. For some
and in early 1989. On the eve of the election, Mykola
time now, virtually every speech and interview given by
Horyn', a "Rukh" activist, voiced the opposition's general
Leonld Kravchuk, the chairman of the Ukrainian Supreme
assessment of Kravchuk when he told a Western corre-
Soviet, has had as its principal focus the sovereignty of
spondent: "It is only natural that Kravchuk will be elected,
Ukraine as the point of departure for Ukrainian politics,
because he represents the Communist majority in parlia-
especially insofar as the question of future arrangements
ment." The opposition demonstrated its dissatisfaction
with the center are concerned. Kravchuk's position has,
with Kravchuk by withdrawing its candidate and boy-
in turn, resulted in an interesting realignment of political
forces in the Ukrainian Supreme Soviet, particularly within
1
Kravchuk was elected second secretary of the Party at
the Communist majority. Moreover, if the results of the
Its Central Committee plenum on June 23, 1990, directly after
republican poll on March 17 that was conducted simul-
the first stage of the Twenty-eighth Congress of the Communist
tancously with the all-Union referendum on the future of
Party of Ukraine, held on June 19-23, 1990 (see Materialy
the USSR is to bc taken as a yardstick, state sovercignty
XXVIII z"izdu Komunistychnoi partii Ukrainy 19-23 chervnya
has won the backing of the overwhelming majority of the
1990 roku (persbyi etapl, Kiev, Politvydav Ukrainy, 1990,
voters in Ukraine.
P. 137). He was relieved from this post at the plenum of the
Central Committee in September, 1990, in connection with his
The Kravchuk Phenomenon
election as chairman of the Ukrainian Supreme Soviet (see
When Kravchuk was elected chairman of the Ukrainian
Radyans ka Ukraina, September 29, 1990).
Supreme Soviet during the second round of voting on
3
The Independent, July 24, 1990.
20
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cotting the second round of voting. A statement read by
during the recent sessions of the parliament and
Dmytro Pavlychko from the Narodna Rada (People's
decided to thank him in advance for his desire to
Council), which groups together members of the demo-
pursue a more constructive position."
cratic opposition in the Supreme Soviet, declared that
the election results had shown that the Party placed its
Soverelgnty, the Union Treaty,
interests above those of the people and added that the
and the Referendum
opposition "relinquishes responsibility for the activities
The explanation for this turnaround must be sought in
of the newly elected chairman of the Supreme Soviet
Kravchuk's position on such issues as Ukrainian sower-
of the Ukrainian SSR."5 In a recent interview, Kravchuk
eighty, the new Union treaty, and his handling of the
recalled:
referendum conducted on March 17 on the future of
the Sovlet Union.
Ivashko's departure [from Kiev] was taken negatively
In a relatively short period, Kravchuk has established
above all by the parliamentary majority. The opposi-
himself as the representative of the interests of a sover-
tion also utilized the opportunity to emphasize: Look
eign Ukrainian state both vis-à-vis the center in Mostow
at these CPSU members! In difficult times they aban-
and in the international arena. His stance as a champion
don Ukrainel And Kravchuk is from the same mold!
of these interests was reflected by his reaction to an
Is It really possible to trust him-that is, me? My
announcer's sarcastic remarks on Soviet Central
candidacy was proposed by the Communist majority
Television's main news program, "Vremya," regarding
in the Supreme Soviet.
the insistence by a Ukrainian delegation during a recent
visit to Germany that Ukrainian rather than Russian be
At the time, Kravchuk's remarks in his acceptance speech
used In the official negotiations with the German side.
to the effect that his policies, would be guided by "the
Kravchuk, who headed the delegation, promptly char-
principles of a democratic society, Soviet power and
acterized the announcer's remarks as "an insult to Ukraine
the Socialist choice, and also' by the approved declaration
and its statchood" and instructed the Ukrainian minister
on the state sovereignty of Ukraine" did not provide
of foreign affairs to lodge a protest with the Moscow
much ground for optimism.⁵
television authorities.¹⁰
Today, the situation has changed dramatically. A
Kravchuk stated his position on state sovereignty
recent poll shows that Kravchuk's popularity rating has
forthrightly during his visit to Lvov:
soared from an initial 3-4 percent to 45 percent in Kiev
and 30 percent in the republic as a whole.6 Another sur-
The president (Gorbachev], when he issues his
vey, conducted by the newspaper Holos Ukrainy, placed
decrees, forgets that there is our declaration, that
Kravchuk at the top of the popularity list of politicians
there is a republic, that there is a road to sovereignty,
in Ukraine.⁷ By comparison, a survey conducted in Kiev
that this is now not just a slogan, that it is entering
last November found him to be in twenty-first place
Into the conciousness and psychology [of the people].
among the most popular politicians, one notch above
And no one can now change this, regardless of how
the first secretary of the Communist Party of Ukraine,
much they would like to
When I voted for sover-
Stanislav Hurenko.8 Even in Western Ukraine, which is
eignty (and I did!), I said that 1 would fight for it to
regarded as a bastion of uncompromising anticommunism
the end. We will not diverge from this path."
and deep-rooted nationalism, popular opinion appears
to have shifted towards Kravchuk, as was evident during
That these remarks were not specifically tailored to
his successful visit to Lvov in early March. A press
his Lvov audience was made clear in an interview with
release of the Ivov Oblast Soviet commented:
Holos Ukrainy several weeks later, where Kravchuk
emphasized once again that there would be no turning
And now Chairman of the Supreme Soviet L. M.
back from the sovereignty declaration:
Kravchuk was in (our) ancient city, Could the former
Party Ideologist of the republic have Imagined that
There is no road back from sovereignty. There never
"the center of extremism in Ukraine" would greet
will be, because this has entered into the blood of the
him so kindly? Probably not. But the citizens of Lvov
people; it is now not just someone's desire, which can
immediately sensed the changes (albeit not signifi-
be this today and that tomorrow. The people have
cant ones) in the chairman's lactics and conduct
taken this road, they supported us, and, regardless of
what happens-whatever kinds of storms, whatever
3 Vechirnit Kyiv, July 21, 1990.
4 Komsomol'skaya pravda, April 27, 1991.
9 Cited by Komsomol'skaya pravda, April 27, 1991. See
$ Quoted by Reuters, July 23, 1990.
also Holos Ukrainy, March 7, 1991, and Radio Kiev, March 13,
6 Komsomol'skaya prauda, April 27, 1991.
1991.
7 Nezavisimaya gazeta, April 16, 1991.
10 Die Well, April 22, 1991; Komsomol'skoe znamya, May 6,
a Nezavisimaya gazeta, January 12, 1991; Visli z Ukrainy,
1991; Pravda Ukrainy, May 7, 1991.
No. 11, 1991.
11 Za vil'nu Ukrainu, March 5, 1991.
21
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kinds of turbulent political procedures we cannot di-
sion of property, the delineation of the powers of the
verge from this path, we do not have the ebt. This is
republics and those of the center, and the republic's
the order that we have been given by the peopre 12
contribution to the all-Union budget." In a subsequent
interview, Kravchuk remarked that be had objections to
Kravchuk adhered to his position on Ukrainian sov-
pradically every paragraph" in the draft and that these
ereignty no less adamantly during his recent trips to
had been disseminated among the Ukrainian people's
Switzerland, Germany, and Hungary. Indeed, in
deputies."
Budapest, he characterized the accords signed with
Perhaps his most successful political maneuver was
Hungary as constituting "a real recognition of Ukraine
his proposal that a republican survey be held simulta-
as a sovereign state."
neously with the all-Union referendum on March 17.
At the plenum of the CPSU Central Committee in
The referendum issue, as was 10 be expected, was
December, 1990, the Ukrainian leader expressed his
emotionally charged. The democratic opposition argued
reservations about the draft Union treaty that had been
that the decision to hold a referendum had been made
published that autumn. The draft, he said, could serve
in Moscow without consulting the republics and was
as a basis for further work, noting that in some respects
therefore "illegal." Ukrainian Communists, of course,
the treaty of 1922 was more democratic than the docu-
supported the referendum. On February 13, the pre-
ment now under consideration. "Our point of departure,"
sidium of the Ukrainian Supreme Soviet Introduced a
Kravchuk maintained, "is that the Union is not the center;
draft resolution on the referendum for a vote in the
rather, it is the republics that make up the Union in the
Supreme Soviet. It criticized the wording of the refer-
interests of all the people." Given the present realities,
endum question ("Do you consider necessary the pres-
he continued, the task ahead consists of "building a
ervation of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics as a
new Union of sovereign, states."" He outlined the con-
renewed federation of equal sovereign republics, in
tours of that "new Union" in an Interview in mid-February
which the rights and freedoms of an individual of any
following his return from the meeting of the World
nationality will be fully guaranteed?") as unclear and
Economic Forum in Switzerland:
confusing and proposed that the USSR Supreme Soviet
deliberate the addition of a second question for voters
Today I am in favor of a Union. But only as a Union
in Ukraine ("Do you consider it necessary that the
of sovereign states. Sometimes one hears that
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics become a Union of
Kravchuk is supposedly against a Union. I am against
Soviet sovereign states In which each people will decide
the Union that now exists. I am against the kind of
its own fate?")." The Communist majority in the par-
Union in which, for example, the deputy chairman
liament had its own draft resolution, which contended
of the USSR Council of Ministers can nullify a decree
that voters should be asked only one question-the
of a republican Supreme Soviet There must be a
one formulated by the center. Neither draft was
very clear delineation of powers between the Union
approved by the lawmakers; the presidium's draft reso-
and the republics. Our fate, the fate of Ukraine,
lution received 135 votes, and the majority's alternative
should not depend on who Is the deputy chairman
was supported by 188 deputics.20 Proposals that the
of the Council of Ministers, the head of the cabinet,
referendum be boycoued altogether and that a referen-
and
so
on
And no one has the right to interfere
dum on full independence be held instead were also
in our affairs. But if we give (the center) any kinds of
turned down.
rights, that does not mean that It Is forever."
At this juncture, Kravchuk proposed that the center's
question bc left as it was but that a republican survey
The revised draft of a new Union treaty that was
be conducted at the same time. The formulation of the
published in March of this year also met with a negative
additional question was to be considered by the appro-
response from Kravchuk, Within several days of its pub-
priate parllamentary commissions. Kravchuk's proposal
lication, he told Ukrainian television viewers: "I want to
was carried by 288 votes." Two weeks later, on Febru-
emphasize that this is not the draft treaty that we need
ary 27, the Supreme Soviet passed, by a vote of 277 in
and that would reflect the interests of the people of
the republic." Later, he characterized the draft as "polit-
17
Ukrinform-TASS, March 28, 1991.
ically and juridically inconsistent," saying that both he
18 Holos Ukrainy, April 3, 1991. For the text of Kravchuk's
and the Ukrainian Supreme Soviet had "a number of
remarks and proposals on the revised draft of the new Union
substantial critical remarks" to make concerning the docu-
treaty, see Prykarpats' "ka pravda, April 11, 1991. Kravchuk had
ment, which had not resolved such issues as the divi-
announced in February, 1991, that he was working on his
own version of a draft Union treaty (Radio Kiev, February 11,
12 Holos Ukrainy, April 3, 1991.
1991).
" Radio Budapest, May 31, 1991.
19 Molod' Ukrainy, February 11, 1991; Komsomol'skoe
14 Radyans'ka Ukraina, December 13, 1990.
znamya, February 15, 1991.
15 Komsomolskoc znamya, February 13, 1991.
20 Komsomol'skoe znamya, March 2, 1991.
16 Holos Ukrainy, March 16, 1991.
21 Komsomol'skoe znamya, February 15, 1991.
22
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favor and thirty-two against, a resolution approving a
recent Interview, Hurenko, responding to a question
republican survey question to be worded: "Do you agree
about the diversity of views within the Communist
that Ukraine should be part of a union of Soviet sover-
majority in the Ukrainian Supreme Soviet concerning
eign states on the principles of the declaration on the
the new republican constitution, tried to play down
state sovereignty of Ukraine?"22 On March 17, 70.2 per-
his differences with Kravchuk:
cent of the voters who participated responded to the
center's referendum question in the affirmative, and
I feel that it is in connection with precisely this
80.2 percent answered "yes" to the question posed in
issue that attempts are being made by all possible
the republican survey. Although the results are subject
means to split the Communists. But I do not want
to various interpretations, Kravchuk has argued force-
to divide Communists into good ones and bad ones.
fully that the voting reflects mass support for Ukrainian
It is true that I do not always find common ground
sovereignty and that it constitutes a mandate for his
with Leonid Makarovych Kravchuk, but we both
policies.²
have one major thing in common: we both act in
the mainstream of the political line of the Communist
"Imperial Communists"
Party of Ukraine; from time to time we check this
and "Soverelgnty Communists"
line. We do not have any fundamental differences.
The failure of the parliamentary majority to push through
It's another matter that the emphasis on some issues
its position on the referendum in February, taken
is not the same.28
together with Kravchuk's success in gaining approval
for his compromise resolution, showed clearly that the
Kravchuk has been much more forthright regarding
Communist majority could no longer be viewed as a
his differences with the Communist Party leadership.
monolithic bloc and that a parliamentary center unof-
He sees these differences as having two sources. The
ficially led by Kravchuk was in the process of being
first, in his words, is a "root" issue:
formed. In the words of Deputy Chairman of the
Supreme Soviet Vladimir Grinev, the voting revealed
I am convinced that Ukraine should be a sovereign,
that the majority was no longer the majority. Increas-
full-fledged, and full-blooded state. I do not hide this
ingly, observers of the Ukrainian political scene are
from the plenum of the Central Committee of the
referring to two groups of Communist deputies in the
Communist Party of Ukraine, nor from the Politburo,
Supreme Soviet-"the imperial Communists" and "the
nor from the plenum of the Central Committee of
sovereignty Communists."26
the CPSU, nor at home, nor at the Supreme Soviet. I
From the standpoint of the Communist Party lead-
see that this approach does not suit everyone."
ership, Kravchuk has turned out to be a disappoint-
ment. Although not in direct confrontation with the
The second problem is the inability of the Communist
Party, he has assumed a distinctly independent position
Party to understand that the chairman of the Supreme
with regard to relations with the center. This became
Soviet must stand above parties, including his own.
clear at the plenum of the Central Committee of the
"Many [Communists]," Kravchuk notes, "have not parted
Ukrainian Party in February, 1991, which dealt primarily
with the illusion that it is not a [Supreme Soviet) session
4
with the referendum to be held in March. In his speech
in which they are participating, but a Party plenum."
at the plenum, Kravchuk addressed the question of
This psychological barrier, he says, will require time to
delineation of powers between the center and the
overcome.
republics and questioned the timing of the referendum.
Not long ago, a Western correspondent wrote that
Ukrainian Party leader Stanislav Hurenko, Izvestia
the biggest political mystery in Ukraine was the identity
reported, "did not support L. Kravchuk's proposals."
of its leader. Is he the Leonid Kravchuk who patiently
According to the newspaper: "For the first time in
worked his way up through the apparatus of the
recent years, the participants [in the plenum) witnessed
orthodox Communist Party of Ukraine, or is he a hid-
differences of opinion within the republic's leadership
den Ukrainian nationalist whose true colors are now
regarding how to solve the present difficulties." In a
emerging? Kravchuk himself suggested as a third pos-
sibility what would be a new phenomenon in the
22 Vechirnil February 28, 1991. For the text of the resolu-
Soviet Union: that he is a politician who trics to repre-
tion, see Vidomosti Verkbounoi Rady Ukrains 'kot Radyans %oi
sent his constituents."
Sotsialistychnot Respubiliky, No. 12, 1991, PP. 312-13.
23 Radyans "ka Ukraina, March 23, 1991.
tuitously, coverage of the plenum in the republican press was
24 See the Interviews with Kravchuk in Holos Ukrainy,
minimal.
March 29, 1991, and le Monde, May 28, 1991.
20 Molod' Ukrainy, May 18, 1991.
25 Molod' Ukrainy, April 16, 1991.
29 Komsomol 'skaya pravda, April 27, 1991.
26 See 110los Ukrainy, March 15, 1991; Nezavisimaya
30 lbid.
gazeta, April 25, 1991; Moskouskie novosti, April 28, 1991.
31 The Christian Science Monitor, April 2, 1991.
27 Izvestia, February 20, 1991. Perhaps not altogether for-
(RL 222/91, June 3, 1991)
JUNE 14, 1991
23
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May by the Vienna-based International Atomic Energy
misleading and unacceptable.⁴ The meeting concluded
Agency. Worried that the IAEA's conclusions, which
with an agreement to strengthen cooperation between the
denied the existence of serious health problems, would
USSR and republican foreign ministries on the matter of
mean less support from potential Western benefactors,
secking international aid for Chernobyl's victims.
the republican foreign ministers complained that the
Five years after the accident, it is clear that controversy,
world still did not know the truth about the impact and
contradictions, and unsolved mysteries still plague efforts
scale of the Chernobyl' disaster. On June 27, moreover,
to deal with the problems created by Chernobyl", which in
the Belorussian Supreme Soviet Issued an appeal to the
Belorussia alone left approximately 2 million people,
European Parliament for additional financial and human-
including 800,000 children, living in contaminated areas.
itarian aid, stating that
The Soviet authorities, for understandable reasons, are
more interested in focusing attention on the problems of
only now, five years after the Chernobyl' tragedy, Is the
today than in shedding light on the political decisions
world coming to terms with the global and regional
taken after April 26, 1986, that in all likelihood exposed
problems It engendered and the unprecedented and
many more people than necessary to radiation. Moreover,
unforeseeable consequences the accident has had on
the Belorussian people's deputy whom Navumchyk quoted
the health of millions of people."
as saying that "certain forces are interested in not letting
this information get out to the public" might have had not
Similar conclusions were reached by a meeting of the
only high Party and government officials in mind but also
foreign ministers or the USSK and the Union republics that
the KGB, which is responsible for preserving nuclear
took place on June 28 In Minsk, at which the Chernobyl'
secrets. The question remains how much and what kind of
dilemma occupied center stage, On that occasion, Alcksandr
information is still being concealed from the world com-
Bessmertnykh added his voice to the chorus of complaints
munity whose assistance is now being solicited.
about the IAEA's findings, stating that he found them
4
TASS, June 29, 1991; Bessmertnykh was quotedi in a report
2 TASS, June 19, 1991.
to the Belorussian service of Radio Liberty on June 29.
&
TASS, June 27, 1991.
(RL 248/91, July 2, 1991)
UKRAINE
Cardinal Lyubachivs'ky Takes Up
Permanent Residence in Ukraine
Kathleen Mihalisko
Thanks to relegalization, Ukrainian Catholicism is once again the predominant
religious denomination in the LVOV, Ivano-Frankousk, and Ternopol Oblasts of
Western Ukraine. The Church's position has been strengthened further by the
recent decision of Myroslav Ivan Cardinal Lyubachtus'kyi to move from Rome to
Luov. These developments, together with the revival of the Ukrainian Attocephalous
Orthodox Church, have reduced to a minimum the influence of the Russian
Orthodox Church in the area.
T
he office of Myroslav Ivan Cardinal Lyubachivs'kyi,
cardinal's return to the seat of Greek Catholicism and his
the head of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church,
subsequent decision to remain mark the final stage in the
announced on June 12 that the cardinal and arch-
full restoration of the rights of the Church after its forty-
bishop major of Lvov had decided to take up permanent
five-year existence in the catacombs. Soon after the
residence In Ukraine.
announcement of Lyubachivs'ky's intention to stay, the
Lyubachivs'ky, a US citizen, returned to his homeland
Ukrainian government registered the Greek Catholic Church
on March 30 for the first time after fifty-two years in exile
as a religious organization in accordance with the republic's
in North America and Rome, receiving a jubilant welcome
two-month-old law on freedom of conscience.
from tens of thousands of Ukrainian Greek Catholics who
In one of his first pronouncements after arriving in
flocked to see him during his first days in Lvov. The
Ukraine, Cardinal Lyubachivs'ky declared "invalid and
20
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uncanonical" the synod of 1946 that resulted in the
terms such as "the reanimation of Unlatism" and "the mes-
liquidation of his Church on Stalin's orders and the transfer
siahs of national enmity" in their discourses on develop-
of its assets to the Russian Orthodox Church. On March 31,
ments in Western Ukraine. Now that those efforts have
Lyubachivs'ky became the first head of the Greek Catholic
proven futile, a new set of ecumenical issues is waiting to
Church since that fateful year to say Mass In the Cathedral
be addressed. The past month or SO has witnessed a more
of St. George, the seat of the Church and, until recently, the
temperate public attitude towards Greek Catholics on the
object of a bitter property dispute between Catholic and
part of Russian Orthodox hierarchs. Metropolitan Filaret of
Orthodox believers.
Kiev, at a press conference for foreign journalists a few
Though property is still the most contentious issue,
days after Lyubachivs'ky's arrival in Lvov, characterized
disputes about it have tapered off, because the majority of
the state of Orthodox-Greek Catholic relations as ridden
priests and their parishes have had sufficient time to establish
with tension:
their affiliation with one or another faith. During his recent
trip to Poland in connection with the visit of Pope John
The Churches are called upon to 50W peace,
That
Paul II, Cardinal Lyubachivs'ky told Gazeta Wyborcza that
is why the [Orthodox] Church Is in favor of good
the number of Greek Catholic parishes currently stood at
relations with all Churches, including the Greek Catholic.
2,000-the largest number of congregations of any single
Instead, however, antagonisms are mounting between
Christian denomination in Western Ukraine.'
the Orthodox and Greek Catholic Churches, especially
The number of parishes loyal to the Russian Orthodox
nowadays. Let us take the example of Sambor, In Lvov
Church in the Lvov, Ivano-Frankovsk, and Ternopol
Oblast, where aggressive-minded Greek Catholics are
Oblasts had dropped, in contrast, to approximately 500 by
waging a battle against the Orthodox for possession of
simultaneously, there was a dramatic rise in Orthodox
a Church building, using force.
congregations opting for affiliation with the Ukrainian
Autocephalous Onhodox Church, which does not recognize
Commenting further, Metropolitan Filaret alleged:
the authority of the Moscow Patriarchate. The Patriarchate
has lost so much ground to Greek Catholicism and to the
There are forces that find it useful to stir up hos-
Autocephalous Church that it is possible to say that the
tility between believers. Unfortunately, Cardinal
Russian Orthodox Church no longer has control over
Lyubachive'ky's arrival in Ukraine is contributing to
religious life in that region. What is more, the fate of Its
this.*
remaining 500 parishes is an open question. Until 1946,
according to Greek Catholic Bishop Volodymyr Sternyuk,
These remarks, made In April, stand in marked contrast to
the Russian Orthodox Church had only one parish in
a more recent pronouncement by Metropolitan Filarct
Galicia,
before a public audience on June 18, when he maintained
that the state of interfaith relations in Ukraine was "not a
which was In Lvov, on Korolenko Street. Today, the
cause for serious concern."6
newly created Ukrainian Orthodox Church, which claims
What does, however, sccm to be a cause for concern
to be separate from the Russian Orthodox Church, Is
for the Russian Orthodox Church in Ukraine is its perva-
attempting to selze the remaining partshes, as is the
sive reputation as an instrument of Russification and an
revived Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church.
institution out of step with the burgeoning Ukrainian
The dispute Is over 400-500 churches, the majority of
national consciousness. This is to the benefit of the
which historically belonged to the Greek Catholic Church
increasingly visible Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox
and must be returned to it accordingly.'
Church, which considers itself the true heir of the Christian
tradition of Kievan Rus'. The challenge by national-
The Russian Orthodox Church, as the prime benefi-
minded Ukrainians to the Russian Orthodox Church
clary of the ban on Greek Catholicism, sought to prevent
became serious enough to warrant an Important step by
its relegalization. Spokesmen commonly used derisive
the Moscow Patriarchate: last year, the Exarchate of
Ukraine was raised to the status of Ukrainian Orthodox
1
Gazeta Wyborcza, June 8, 1991. Statistics for all religious
Church. Metropolitan Filaret has set about the task of
organizations in Ukraine as of January, 1991, are provided in
shoring up his Church's Ukrainian image, adding words
Dovidka pro kilkist' relibiinykh orhanizatsii v Ukrains RSR.
like "independence" and "soverelgnty" to his vocabulary."
Stanom na 01.01.91 r. (a document propared for the Ukrainian
Supreme Soviet).
4
See, for instance, the Interview with Metropolitan Filarct
2 The Agure of 500 was cited by Metropolitan Filaret of Klev
in Nedelya, No. 8, 1989.
in a press conference summarized by, inter alia, Sil'ski visit,
,
Sil'ski visit, April 6, 1991.
April 6, 1991. That already represents a sharp drop from January,
6
Radio Kiev-3, June 18, 1991, 2225.
when, according to the Dovidka, there were a total of 734 Russian
, For instance, at a ceremony on June 1 at a Cossack grave
Orthodox parishes In the Lvov, Ivano-Prankovsk, and Temopol
she in Volyn, Metropolitan Filarct said the warriors had died "for
Oblasts.
the independence of our Ukraine and for the holy Orthodox
3
Idieraturnaya gazela, June 19, 1991.
faith." The statement was intended to impress upon listeners the
JULY 12, 1991
21
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In the western oblasts, too, as Bishop Sternyuk's
Speaking on behalf of the Lvov Oblast Soviet, Chairman
comment above suggests, many Greek Catholics are
Vyacheslau Chornovil justified the action on the grounds
piqued by, and not a little suspicious of, the Inroads
that "we did not sanction the new archdiocese. This event
made by the newcomer to the area, the Autocephalous
could become a catalyst for anti-Polish feelings in the Lvov
Orthodox Church, which has already established 1,000
area." An official protest forwarded to the Presidium of the
parishes there. Some feel that the Autocephalous Church
Ukrainian Supreme Soviet, the Ukrainian Ministry of
is encroaching on Catholic territory, when it should be
Foreign Affairs, and the Polish Consulate General in Kiev
concentrating on the traditionally Orthodox eastern
repeated the claim that the creation of the archdiocese
region.
would cause "scrious tension" in Ukrainian-Polish rela-
Such resentment is not only an Inter-Ukrainian matter;
tions and charged that the Vatican's decision had been
Polish-Ukrainian altercations are beginning to take place
motivated less by concern for the needs of Catholics than
on both sides of the border, in his latest trip to Poland,
by political considerations.¹⁰
Pope John Paul II personally intervened to try to seule a
As the facts attest, religious and national disputes are
conflict over ownership of a church In Przemysl that had
not only a matter of Russian Orthodox versus "Uniate." "The
pitted the large Ukrainian population there against Polish
religious landscape of Ukraine, where Western and Eastern
Roman Catholics. Earlier this year, moreover, the demo-
Christian traditions meet and blend, remains charged with
cratically elected authorities in Lvov Oblast lodged what in
emotions. The presence of Cardinal Lyubachivs'ky should,
Western countries would be considered a highly irregular
however, speed the process of harmonization, since he
protest against both the establishment of a Roman Catholic
has pledged to work towards the establishment of good
archdiocese in Lvov Oblast and the pope's appointment of
relations with all faiths.
Bishop Marion Jaworski, a citizen of Poland, to head it.8
de Weydenthal, "The Pope Appeals in Poland for a Christian
fact that Ukraine's Cossack herges had fallen In battle against
Europe," Report on Eastern Europe, No. 25, 1991, pp. 18-22.
nations not of the Orthodox faith (such as Catholic Poles).
5 Ratusha, March 1-2, 1991.
#
See Oxana Antic, "New Structures for the Catholic Church
to Za vilness Ukrainu, March 5, 1991.
in the USSR," Report on the USSR, No. 21, 1991, pp. 16-19; Jan
(RL 249/91, June 26, 1991)
22
REPORT ON THE USSR
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KIEV
Kiev is the political, economic and cultural capital of the Ukrainian
Republic of the USSR. The Soviet Union's third most important city
(after Moscow and Leningrad), Kiev is situated on the banks of the
Dnepr River, some 500 miles southwest of Moscow and just north of
the Ukraine's geographical heart. Kiev is slightly farther north
than Winnipeg, Manitoba, and has a moderate continental climate
(including hot humid summers and cold winters) similar to that of
St. Louis, Missouri. Kiev's January 1986 population stood at
2,495, 000, comprising Ukrainians (about two-thirds), Russians
(roughly one-quarter), and Jews (about one-tenth). Kiev's 1989 population
was 2.59 million.
History
For centuries before the Christian era the Dnepr River was a major
north-south trade artery. Chronicles from the 6th and 7th centuries
first mention Kiev as a center where forest- and plains-dwelling
Slavic tribes engaged in trade with the Greek world to the south.
By the 9th century, what historians call "Kievan Rus" had emerged,
uniting various eastern Slavic principalities under Kievan leader-
ship.
In 988, Kiev's sovereign adopted Byzantium's Orthodox Christianity
for himself and his people. Byzantium went on to exert powerful
influence on Kiev's subsequent political and cultural development.
The 11th century has been called Kiev's golden age: the arts
flourished; trade prospered; outstanding churches were constructed.
Kievan Rus domination extended from the Black Sea to Lake Ladoga,
and from the Western Bug and San Rivers to the upper Volga,
In 1240, a Mongol-Tatar invasion which resulted in the capture and
destruction of the city decisively ended the Kievan Rus era. For
the next century and more, Kiev was a vassal of the Golden Horde.
Subsequently, rule over this area passed to Lithuania and later to
Poland, with resulting strong influences on the politics, language
and culture of the Ukraine. Permanent settlers filtering into the
territory from the north, fleeing crop failure and feudal obliga-
tions, also notably influenced the course of Ukrainian events. Early
in the 17th century Ukrainian revolts against Polish rule increased
in scope and intensity; in 1648 the Ukrainians turned to Moscow for
help. Kiev and surrounding Ukrainian lands entered into a special
relationship with the Tsarist Empire which lasted more than a century
before Catherine the Great terminated their special institutions and
limited autonomy. Virtual annexation to the Tsarist Empire ensued.
The Ukraine was in the forefront of the empire's expansion to the
south and southwest; much of the territory of the present-day
Ukrainian Republic was not acquired until late in the 18th century
or afterward, as a result both of military showdowns with Turkey and
of partitions of Poland.
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By 1800, Kiev had become a provincial center of some 35,000
inhabitants with a wide variety of small workshops. Kiev's rise to
national prominence was due in part to the rapid development of the
rich coal, manganese and iron ore deposits of the southern Ukraine
as well as the expansion of the rail network connecting this region
and Black Sea ports to the European center. By 1890 Kiev had an
electric power station and two years later the city boasted the
country's first electric streetcars, On the eve of World War I,
Kiev had established itself as the Tsarist Empire's third most
important city, in political, economic and cultural terms,
World War I and the aftermath of the two revolutions in 1917 wreaked
disruption and destruction on Kiev and the Ukraine in general. The
years 1917-1921 were marked by violent changes: German occupation;
independent but short-lived Ukrainian governments; Civil War between
"Whites" and "Reds" complicated by "foreign intervention;' war with
Poland; and famine, In 1922, the Soviet Ukraine signed a treaty
with Russia, Transcaucasia and Belorussia to form the Soviet Union.
The Soviet Ukraindan republic was developed during the 1920s and
1930s as one of the USSR's principal industrial and agricultural
bases. The Ukraine was the site both of the first giant factories
and of Moscow's revolutionary collectivization of agriculture.
Capturing the mineral and agricultural resources of the Ukraine was
one of Hitler's major aims in attacking the Soviet Union in 1941.
During World War II Kiev was occupied by German forces for 26 months;
hundreds of thousands of inhabitants were killed or deported to
German factories, ("Babiy Yar" is on the city's outskirts.) Postwar
reconstruction and expansion has been rapid; local officials have
made a point of restoring historic edifices and providing trees and
green spaces.
The Ukraine and Ukrainians
The Ukrainian SSR, the third largest Soviet republic, occupies an
area of 232,000 square miles -- making it larger than France and
almost as big as Texas, It is the USSR's second most populous
republic (50,973,000 in January 1986), trailing only the far-flung
Russian Republic, (RSFSR). The Ukraine is one of the most productive
agricultural areas in the USSR, as well as a major mining and indus-
trial power. It has abundant and easily accessible deposits of iron
ore, coal, manganese and natural gas.
As of the 1979 USSR Census, the number of Ukrainians in the USSR was
42,347,387. Roughly three-quarters of the Okrainian Republic's
inhabitants are of Ukrainian nationality. well over five million
Ukrainians live in Soviet republics other than the Ukraine. More
than one million Americans and Canadians claim Ukrainian ancestry.
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-3-
Ukrainians are Eastern Slavs with a distinct history. They share
many traditions and sentiments with Russians, but also reject "Great
Russian chauvinism." The Ukrainian language is distinct from
Russian, although quite similar; many Ukrainians read and speak
Russian and are thoroughly versed in Russian culture. At the same
time, most Ukrainians are proud of a national culture rich in
peasant folkways. Folk music and dances, traditional embroidery,
wood carving, pottery and ornately ornamented Easter eggs are the
background of a national culture which finds its contemporary
expression in music, poetry and the theater.
Kiev the City
Kiev is the historical and emotional center of the Ukraine and
Ukrainian nationalism. The city lies on the Dnepr River ("Dnipro"
in Ukrainian), about 500 miles southwest of Moscow and some 300
miles north of Odessa and the Black Sea. The greater part of Kiev
lies on the high western bank; the eastern bank now sports a rapidly
growing massif of prefab high-rise apartment buildings. The older
section of Kiev, which contains the main administrative offices and
cultural institutions as well as many monuments from the city's
distant past, lies on a series of hills along the western bank.
Once known as the city of golden cupolas, Kiev's unusual panorama
features gold-topped cathedrals and television towers against a
background of huge trees and green areas preserved even in the
center of the city.
Industry
Kiev is a major industrial city with a wide range of products and
activities that reflect both the nearby productive agricultural
areas and the major mining and industrial activities of the
Ukrainian Republic. The city's factories turn out a variety of
machine tools and heavy construction equipment. Kiev is the
Ukraine's chief producer of motorcycles, record players, washing
machines and such other consumer goods as silk textiles and leather
goods. The city produces specialized goods of more than local
importance, such as movie cameras, hospital equipment, precision
instruments, and computers and electronic equipment.
Culture
Kiev is the cultural center of the Ukraine. Ukrainian is the city's
chief language, but Russian is not far behind, The city is the
traditional center of Ukrainian scholarship with standards equal to
or closely approaching those of Moscow and Leningrad. Kiev's
educational system is an extensive pyramid whose apex is Shevchenko
State University (enrollment approx. 20,000), which is named after
Taras Shevchenko (1814-61), a poet who symbolizes the 19th-century
Ukrainian cultural renaissance and whose statue -- dedicated by
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President Eisenhower -- stands at the corner of 22nd and P Street,
N.W., in Washington, D.C. Kiev also is the home of the Ukrainian
Academy of Sciences and of over 200 scientific research institutes,
including the Cybernetics Institute, which has played a leading role
in introducing computerization to the Soviet economy.
The city has six major theaters, including a Ukrainian and a Russian
drama theater. It also has a wide range of art and historical
museums. The Golden Gates of Kiev and the partial remains the
defensive wall that surrounded the city in the 11th century are
preserved as monuments. The St. Sophia Cathedral, with its
Byzantine frescoes and mosaics, is of special interest, as is the
Pecherska Lavra, a complex of churches, monasteries and catacombs.
Media
Kiev's inhabitants have equal access to the central press from Moscow
and to newspapers and journals published in Kiev in both Ukrainian
and Russian. Radyanskaya Ukraina, Raduga and Vecherniy Kiev are
publications with the greatest local orientation. The city has an
ultramodern television center; local viewers have the choice of three
channels -- with programs produced in Moscow as well as locally.
Recent Developments
For the past several years, the U.S. has been negotiating with the
Soviets over establishment of a U.S. consulate at Kiev, with a
reciprocal Soviet consulate to be based in New York. The status of
these negotiations has mirrored the vicissitudes of U.S. -Soviet
relations; the USSR's shootdown in September 1983 of a South Korean
airliner, for example, set the talks back. Progress on opening the
Kiev consulate has been evident in recent months, however.
The tangible consequences of the Chernobyl nuclear catastrophe in
April 1986 may have subsided, but Ukrainian politics are swirling
with turmoil. Vladimir V. Shcherbitskiy, long-time first secretary
of the Ukrainian Communist Party, has come under indirect but sharp
criticism in recent months for his handling of the economy and the
Chernobyl disaster. Soviet General Secretary Gorbachev is evidently
trying to oust Shcherbitskiy, who was a protege of the late Soviet
leader, Leonid Brezhnev.
April 1987
The Moravian mission of Cyril
brothers' Slavonic influence
stimulated the growth of their
THE RUSSIAN
311
CHURCH
and Methodius met with success
appeared when the pagan prince
native culture.
in its first three years. But any
of Kiev, Vladimir, officially
Vladimir's son and successor,
long-term results were lost when
Adopted Orthodoxy as the religion
Yaroslav the Wise, who began to
the invading Magyars destroyed
of his state. The magnificent
rule in 1019, cemented the bonds
the state of Moravia. The church
legend of the conversion of the
between the Russian church and
of this area eventually developed
Russians narrates how Vladimir,
Byzantine Orthodoxy by accept-
along Western Catholic lines.
around 988, decided that the
ing for his realm a bishop
The brothers' work did not disap-
interests of his realm required
appointed by the Ecumenical Pat-
pear, however, because their fo].
that he take up one of the major
riarch. In this way he acknow-
lowers carried their message and
religions. According to the Rus-
ledged Constantinople as the
Slavonic books southward to the
sian Chronicle, Vladimir sent
overseer of the Russian church.
Bulgarians, who became fer.
envoys to investigate Islam,
Yaroslav provided the bishop,
vently attached to Byzantine
Judaism, Latin and Byzantine
consecrated as the Metropolitan
Orthodoxy.
Christianity. The first three failed
of Kiev, with a cathedral which
The Bulgarian Czar Boris, who
to suit Vladimir, but he was won
he dedicated as St Sophia's in
accepted Christianity for his
over by the report of those who
imitation of the mother church.
people, prevailed upon the
returned from Constantinople,
For most of the next four
Emperor and Patriarch of Con-
who declared that when they
hundred years, the head of the
stantinople to recognize, in 870,
attended the mass in the great
Russian church was a Greek
the Bulgarians' right to have an
appointed by the Patriarch of
Saint Sophia cathedral,
church of St Sophia they could
Kiev-named after Saint
independent church organization,
not tell whether they were on
Constantinople.
Sophia, Constantinople.
under the Ecumenical Patriarch.
earth or in heaven. Vladimir then
The Bulgarians also won
ordered the mass baptism of the
approval for their liturgy to be
Russians according to the
conducted in the Slavonic lan-
Orthodox form. Orthodoxy thus
guage. In this way a distinctive
became the state religion of Rus-
form of Orthodoxy was estab-
sia, which it was to remain until
lished in Eastern Europe: state
1917.
churches employing local lan-
Although the details of the
guages. In 927, the chief bishop
legend probably do not record
of the Bulgarian church was
actual history, they do reflect one
raised to the rank of patriarch.
of the most significant features of
From Bulgaria, the Old Church
Russian Christianity. The forms
Slavonic liturgical language and
of worship have always been
Byzantine Christianity were
more important than other
transplanted to Serbia, the third
aspects-such as theology or
Slavic nation to be Christianized
ethics. The primary appeal of
in the second half of the ninth
Orthodoxy was aesthetic rather
century. The Serbian church
than intellectual or moral.
remained in the shadow of the
Indeed, the name of the religion
Bulgarians until the time of the
in Slavonic, Pravoslavie, means
most celebrated Serbian Christ-
'true worship' or 'right glory',
ian, Sava. In 1219, he was conse-
reflecting the pre-eminence of the
crated Archbishop of Serbia, The
liturgy to the Russian mind.
Serbian archbishopric was prom-
After Vladimir's conversion,
Yaroslav's death coincided
oted to a patriarchate in 1346, at
the Slavonic books of Cyril and
with the year traditionally re-
the height of the Serbian Empire
Methodius were brought to Kiev.
garded as marking the final rup-
under King Stefan Dushan. Bul-
The Russians received a benefit
ture between the Latin and Greek
garian influence also drew the
which Christians of the Latin-
churches (1054). The newly-
church of Romania into the
using Western church did not
converted Russians quickly
Orthodox fold.
enjoy. Their religious liturgy and
learned to despise the Catholics
writings existed in a language
as 'heretics'. Their hatred of the
Vladimir's choice
which was intelligible to all of
Latin Christians was greatly rein-
them. Thus the church both
forced when German knights
The most illustrious fruit of the
civilized the Russian tribes and
tried to take advantage of the
EERDMANS' HANDBOOK TO
e
M.D
successful school for radio announcers of
U.S. feature of its kind. In 1930 he
sque prov.
477
Vladimir I, Saint
1 of 583
Broadcasting System; rejecting
vas vested
he insisted on Ameri-
ward back to their native habitat. This theory
1379, by
cites the major role the Vlachs played in the
dependers had diffy
Vizianagaram, also spelled VIZIANAGRAM,
formation and development of the Second
Vishãkhapatnam district,
Bulgarian Empire (also known as the Empire
some form
state, southern
of Vlachs and Bulgars; founded 1184) as evi-
ed to the
of the Eastern
dence that the centre of the Vlach population
notably R
Ghats, is a rail junction and
had shifted south of the Danube.
shipping centre for sunn hemp (jute substitute)
By the 13th century the Vlachs were re-es-
'C exchequez. Accord:
jute products. Manganese is mined near-
tablished in the lands north of the Danube, in-
ever, after
and The town has four colleges. Pop. (1971
cluding Transylvania, where they comprised
crelim.) by. N, 86,548. 83°25'
the bulk of the peasant population. From
the north
E
Transylvania they migrated to Walachia
it the easy
(Land of the Vlachs) and Moldavia, which
iffs and is
15"07' map. India 9:278
became independent principalities in the 13th
re its most
vizier, Arabic and modern Persian WAZIR,
and 14th centuries and combined to form Ro-
.), the pro-
Turkish VEZIR, (from old Iranian Pahlavi vçir,
mania at the end of the 19th century.
S enviroes
"judge"), a title of ministers of state since ear-
Other groups of Vlachs migrated to other re-
Islamic the highest office in the administra-
times; in the Ottoman Empire it
chemicals) which his
gions of the Balkan Peninsula. The Macedo-
Hungarian vizsla
Vlachs or Tzintzars settled on the mountains
ly Sparms
die hierarchy.
Sally Anne Thompson-EB Inc.
of Thessaly. According to the 12th-century
;uernica
The office of vizier began in the early 'Ab-
Byzantine historian Anna Comnena, they
of Basque
Misid period and was probably inherited from
dish-gold or sandy-yellow coat. It stands 53 to
founded the independent state of Great Wa-
by Picasso
# Sasanian Empire of Persia. Under the ear-
61 centimetres (21 to 24 inches) and weighs 18
lachia, which covered the southern and cen-
during the
v Ottoman sultans, the office was called per-
to 27 kilograms (40 to 60 pounds).
tral Pindus Mountain ranges and part of
io Nervice
were ("advice"), a usage inherited from the
Vizzetelli (family): see Vizetelly.
Macedonia. (After the establishment of the
mounts's
Seljuqs of Anatolia. The title vizier was first
Latin Empire at Constantinople in 1204,
m]) and by
conferred on a military commander c. 1380.
Vlaams: see Netherlandic language.
Great Walachia was absorbed by the Greek
innects new
Thenceforth until the conquest of Istanbul
Vlaanderen, plateau in Belgium.
Despotate of Epirus; later it was annexed by
Navarress
(1453), it denoted the highest rank in the rul-
physical geography and cultural
the Serbs and in 1393 it fell to the Turks.)
tural region
is institution and could be held simultane-
significance 2:817c
Another Vlach settlement, called Little Wa-
e cultivated
ously by several persons, including the minis-
lachia, was located in Aetolia and Acarnania
is famous
yrs of state. In this period members of the
Vlaardingen, municipality (gemeente), Zuid-
(i.e., southwest of Great Walachia). In addi-
n district
powerful Candarli family served periodically
Holland province, southwestern Netherlands,
tion, Vlachs known as Morlachs or Mavrovla-
Burgos, is
15 ministers and held the rank of vizier.
on the Nieuwe Waterweg, just west of Rotter-
chi inhabited areas in the mountains of Mon-
isturage for
Under the sultan Mehmed II (reigned 1451-
dam. An early Dutch naval victory was won
tenegro, Hercegovina, and northern Albania
bughout the
$1). the Ottomans assumed the old Islãmic
nearby when Dirk IV defeated Emperor
as well as on the southern coast of Dalmatia,
illages),
practice of giving the title vizier to the office of
Henry III in 1037; the victories of Count Wil-
the chief minister, but they had to use the dis-
liam V (1351) near the town established the
where among other settlements they founded
arranza and
Ragusa (modern Dubrovnik). In the 14th cen-
of hamlets
enguishing epithet "great" (or "grand"). A
Bavarian line of Holland. Vlaardingen has de-
tury some Morlachs moved northward into
number of viziers, known as the "dome vi-
veloped in the 20th century from a small
Croatia, causing much of northern Dalmatia
pers," were appointed to assist the grand vi-
fishing village into the third largest seaport of
The Netherlands. The completion of the larg-
to acquire the name Morlacchia; and in the
rier, to replace him when he was absent on
est shipyard in Holland, on nearby Rozenburg
15th century others, later called Cići, settled
campaign, and to command armies when re-
Europe): us
Island in 1958, greatly increased the town's in-
in the Istrian peninsula.
quired. Later the title vizier was granted to
Moldavia and Walachia 2:620a
provincial governors and to high officials such
dustrial importance. Economic facilities in-
i, family of
as the defterdar (finance officer).
clude herring fisheries, dairies, and metallurgi-
Vlacic, Matija: see Flacius Illyricus,
;m and pub-
The grand vizier was the absolute represen-
cal and chemical (phosphates) works. Historic
Matthias.
y in England
tative of the sultan, whose signet ring he kept
landmarks include the town hall (1650), the
nd the US
as an insignia of office. He presided over the
Grote Kerk (1643), the weigh bridge (1156),
Vlacq, Adrian (1600?-67), Dutch math-
8) published
and the fish market (1779). Pop. (1972 est.)
ematician; published tables of common loga-
Imperial Divan (state council), controlled all
and other
appointments in the army and in the central
81,579.
rithms of numbers between 20,000 and
ary Richard
and provincial administration, commanded
51°54' N, 4°21' E
90,000.
man, profis-
map, The Netherlands 12:1060
history of calculatory device and table 11:650f
the armies in war, was responsible for main-
int of Uncle
taining law and order in Istanbul, and repre-
Vlachs, European people constituting the
Vladimir (ruled 889-893), tsar of Bulgaria,
elist Harrier
sented the sultan as the chief dispenser of jus-
major element in the populations of Romania
son and successor of Boris I of Bulgaria.
iblished inex-
tice. The actual power of the grand viziers,
however, varied with the vigour of the sul-
and the Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic
policies and deposition 3:43h
Mermaid Se-
Vladimir I, Saint (b. c. 956, Kiev-d. July
and transis-
tans; the tenures of the powerful viziers
as well as smaller groups located throughout
the Balkan Peninsula, south and west of the
Sokullu Mehmed Pasa (served 1560-79), and
15, 1015, Berestova, near Kiev), grand prince
Tolstoy, and
the two Köprülüs (served 1656-76), for exam-
Danube River. Although their Slav neigh-
of Kiev and first Christian ruler in Russia,
)rs. For pub-
bours gave them the name Volokh, from
plc, coincided with a period of retiring sultans.
through whose military conquests the prov-
Vizetelly was
In 1654 the grand vizier acquired an official
which the term Vlach is derived, the Vlachs
inces of Kiev and Novgorod were consolidat-
on charges of
call themselves Romani, Romeni, Rumeni, or
permanently
residence known as the Bab-1 Ali (Sublime
ed into a single Russian state, and whose
Aromani; they are also referred to as
Byzantine baptism determined the direction of
other Frank
Porte), which replaced the palace as the effec-
Romanians or Rumans.
Christianity in Russia.
857) the Pars
the centre of Ottoman government. Under
The Vlachs traditionally claim to be de-
ich he edited
the sultan Ahmed III (reigned 1703-30), the
Son of the Norman-Russian prince Svyato-
scendants of the ancient Romans who in the
24 years as I
abolition of the dome viziers further increased
slav of Kiev by one of his courtesans, in the
2nd and 3rd centuries AD occupied Dacia, a
rated Londos
the grand viziers' powers. Beginning in the
Rurik lineage dominant from the 10th to the
ritish militari
19th century they presided over the council of
Roman province located in the regions of
13th centuries, Vladimir was made prince of
ministers, appointed by the sultan; and after
Transylvania and the Carpathian Mountains
Novgorod in 970. On the death of his father in
1903), son d
1908 they acquired the right to appoint the
of modern Romania. A more generally ac-
972, he was forced to flee to Scandinavia,
Cabinet ministers. The title disappeared with
cepted theory suggests that their ancestors
where he enlisted help from an uncle and
age, also "
the collapse of the empire.
were a Thracian tribe, native to the Roman
London Daily
overcame Yaropolk, another son of Svyato-
His brother
Egyptian administration of law 6:502a
province of Dacia, which intermarried with
slav, who attempted to seize the duchy of
a translater
Islam and caliphal rule 9:921h
the Roman colonists and assimilated their lan-
Novgorod as well as Kiev. By 980 Vladimir
New Kingdom office and function 6:471h
guage and culture.
had consolidated the Russian realm from the
nd the author
political evolution and importance 13:776a
After the Romans evacuated Dacia (AD 271)
Ukraine to the Baltic Sea and had solidified
ry from 1852
and the area was subjected to a series of bar-
nk) Vizetes
Second Intermediate Period power 6:470f
the frontiers against incursions of Bulgarian,
only son by $
unprecedented power in Teti's reign 6:467g
barian invasions, the Romanized Dacians
Baltic, and Eastern nomads.
to the US
vizsla, sporting dog whose ancestors were
probably took refuge in the Carpathian
Although Christianity in Kiev existed before
Mountains. They remained there for several
r of the pot
Hobably brought to Hungary by the Magyars
Vladimir's time, he had remained a pagan, ac-
centuries as shepherds and primitive farmers,
gnalls (190%
cumulated about seven wives, established
more than 1,000 years ago. The vizsla can
n's New Start
until conditions settled and they returned to
temples and, it is said, taken part in idolatrous
Emerally work both as a pointer and a retriev-
th (1912) of
the plains.
c. Developed on the open plains of Hungary,
rites involving human sacrifice. With insurrec-
Another theory suggests that the Romanized
exicographer ce column in
t was bred to be a swift and cautious hunter,
tions troubling Byzantium, the emperor Basil
Dacian or Vlach population moved south of
very of alerting its quarry. It is a graceful,
II (976-1025) sought military aid from Vladi-
ibly the met
the Danube when the Romans left Dacia, and,
aunter-like dog and has a short, smooth, red-
mir, who agreed, in exchange for Basil's sister
after the invasions subsided, migrated north-
Anne in marriage. A pact was reached c. 987,
Vladimir II Monomakh 478
relatives
revived,
11
only
clining strength of Kievan Rus. He was also
VLADIMIRSKAYA BOGOMATEY (c.
noted as a builder, who founded the city of
=
when Vladimir also consented to the condition
Vladimir on the Klyazma River in northeast-
important role
the school of Constantine
that he become a Christian. Having under-
ern Russia, which by the end of the 12th cen-
Umilenic type of icon.
gone baptism, assuming the Christian patron-
tury replaced Kiev as the seat of the grand
Byzantine visual art developments
al name Basil, he stormed the Byzantine area
prince.
tempera on wood depiction, illus., 19:Viscal 19:335g
of Chersonesus (modern Korsun, Ukrainian
-early education document 6:331d
Arts, Western, Plate III
S.S.R.) to eliminate Constantinople's final
Rus reunification and institutions 16:41a
Vladimirescu,
reluctance. Vladimir then ordered the Chris-
Vladimir, oblast (administrative region),
Walachia, now in
tian conversion of Kiev and Novgorod, where
western Russian Soviet Federated Socialist
idols were cast into the Dnieper River after lo-
Republic, centred on Vladimir city; it has an
cal resistance had been suppressed. The new
area of 11,200 sq mi (29,000 sq km) and lies
lachia. er of the popular uprising of 1821 in
Tirgoviste), national by
Russian Christian worship adopted the Byz-
east of Moscow in the basin of the Oka River.
A former officer in the Russian
antine rite in the Old Slavonic language. The
The greater part is a low plain, with extensive
Vladimirescu was
/
story (deriving from the 11th-century monk
swamps in the south. The oblast has a natural
mist movement in Serbia.
Jacob) that Vladimir chose the Byzantine rite
vegetation of spruce, pine, and oak, but much
himself with the Greek revolutionary aline
over the liturgies of German Christendom, Ju-
of the forest has been cleared. The oblast is
-the Philikí Etairia-that social
daism, and Islãm because of its transcendent
part of the central manufacturing region, pro-
Turkish rule throughout
beauty is apparently mythically symbolic of
his determination to remain independent of
ducing textiles, engineering goods, timber
with the Etairist rising in Moldavia &
external political control, particularly of the
goods, and glassware. Of lesser importance,
Prince Alexander Ypsilantis (March 18211. who
Germanic Goths. The Byzantines, however,
agriculture is concentrated chiefly in the
northwest, where there is considerable market
tion in the Romanian principalities. He
disavowed the Greek leadership of the revelue by
maintained ecclesiastical control over the new
Russian Church, appointing a Greek Met-
gardening. Much land reclamation has taken
nized a popular rising in Walachia to evict on the
ropolitan, or archbishop, for Kiev, who func-
place in the swamps. Pop. (1970) 1,511,000.
predominantly Greek administration of
Turkish government and as
tioned both as legate of the patriarch of Con-
Vladimir, city and administrative centre of
of the native Romanian
stantinople and of the emperor. The Russian-
Vladimir oblast (region), western Russian
His movement at first
Byzantine religio-political integration checked
Soviet Federated Socialist Republic, on the
popularity, but his eventual accommoda:
the influence of the Roman Latin Church in
to the provisional aristocratic government
the Slavic East and determined the course of
Bucharest eroded his support. When Your
Russian Christianity, although Kiev ex-
tis suspected Vladimirescu of conspiring on
changed legates with the papacy. Among the
the Turks to cut off the retreat of the Grode
churches erected by Vladimir was one in Kiev
revolutionary forces from the Bucharest
(designed by Byzantine architects and dedicat-
gion, he ordered the arrest of the Romanas is
ed c. 995 to "The Virgin Mother of God")
leader, who was court-martialled and execus
that became the symbol of the Russian con-
ed.
version. The expansion of education, judicial
-uprising of 1821 2:625h
institutions, and aid to the poor were other
legacies of the Christian Vladimir.
Vladimir-Suzdal school, school of RUSSIER
A marriage, following the death of Anne
medieval mural and icon painting that flows.
(1011), affiliated Vladimir with the Holy Ro-
ished in the 12th and 13th centuries around
man emperors of the German Ottonian dynas-
the neighbouring cities of Vladimir and Suze
ty and produced a daughter, who became the
in the Suzdal region of northeastern RUSER
consort of Casimir I the Restorer of Poland
Vladimir-Suzdal, along with the city of Non
(1016-58). The Kiev Cycle of Russian legen-
gorod in northwestern Russia, was one of the
dary epic verse celebrates Vladimir's founda-
two areas that inherited the Byzantine artiste
traditions of Kiev, Russia's first capital, who
tional deeds.
Basil II conditional alliance 2:749b
lost pre-eminence to Vladimir in 1157. Like
Byzantine Christian influences 6:153g
-conversion to Orthodox Christianity 3:561g
Kievan expansion and institutions 16:40e
Vladimir II Monomakh (b. 1053-d. May
19, 1125, near Kiev), grand prince of Kiev
from 1113 to 1125. The son of Grand Prince
Vsevolod I Yaroslavich (ruled Kiev 1078-93)
and Irina, the daughter of the Byzantine em-
Cathedral of St. Dmitry at Vladimir, Russian S.F.S.R.
peror Constantine IX Monomachus, Vladimir
Shostal
became actively engaged in Russian politics,
helping his father and uncle Izyaslav I (ruled
Klyazma River. Vladimir was founded in
at Kiev intermittently 1054-78) defeat his
1108 by Vladimir II Monomakh. It became
cousins Oleg Svyatoslavich and Boris Vya-
the centre of a princedom, deriving impor-
cheslavich at Chernigov (1078) and succeed-
tance from trade along the Klyazma. In 1157
ing his father as prince of Chernigov when
Prince Andrew Bogolyubsky moved his capi-
Vsevolod became grand prince of Kiev. Vladi-
tal there from Kiev. In 1238 the city was dev-
mir ruled Chernigov from 1078 to 1094, re-
astated by the first Tatar invasion, and in 1293
storing order among his cousins in Volhynia
it was again sacked by the Tatars; on each OC-
(1084-86) and assuming a leading role among
casion it rapidly recovered. In 1300 the Ortho-
Russian princes at the conferences held to
dox metropolitan was established there, but in
avert perpetual warfare among themselves
1325 the church authority and in 1328 tempo-
(1097 and 1100). In 1113, when his cousin
ral authority were transferred to Moscow.
Grand Prince Svyatopolk II (ruled Kiev
Thereafter the city, suffering several further
1093-1113) died, the veche (city council) of
Tatar attacks in the 15th century, became a
Kiev named him the successor to the throne
minor local centre, although in 1796 it was
of Kiev.
made a seat of provincial government.
During his reign, as prior to it, Vladimir was
Post-Revolutionary Vladimir has grown
almost constantly involved in wars, fighting a
chiefly on the basis of its textile, light-engi-
variety of enemies, but primarily against the
neering, and chemical industries. The city has
Polovtsy, who had settled in the steppe region
many surviving buildings of its long history,
southeast of the Kievan state and had been
including some superb examples of early Rus-
raiding the Russians since 1061. In his "Testa-
sian architecture. Especially noteworthy are
ment, which he wrote for his sons and which
the kremlin; the Cathedral of the Assump-
constitutes the earliest known example of
tion, built in 1158 and several times rebuilt or
Russian literature written by a layman, Vladi-
restored; the Cathedral of St. Dmitry (1197,
mir recounted participating in 83 noteworthy
restored 1835); and the triumphal Golden
military campaigns and recorded killing 200
Gate of 1158, restored under Catherine II the
Polovtsy princes. In addition to his martial
Great. Pop. (1970 prelim.) 234,000.
"The Archangel Michael," icon by an anonymous artist
qualities, Vladimir Monomakh was known as
56°10' N, 40°25' E
of the Vladimir-Suzdal school, egg tempera on panel
an adept administrator, whose ability to cur-
Alexander Nevsky's historical relation 1:478f
1300; in the Tretyakov Art Gallery, Moscow
tail the internecine warfare among his princely
map, Soviet Union 17:322
Novosti Press Agency. Moscow
The IN AMERICA Series
THE UKRAINIANS IN AMERICA
MYRON B. KUROPAS
Published by
Lerner Publications Company
Minneapolis, Minnesota
scho
city
bish
trad
Kiev
Vol₉
squa
A
ceec
and
nize
Chu
the 1
Volodymyr the Great, who adopted
Jaroslav the Wise was known as the
rulei
Christianity as the state religion of
"father-in-law of Europe" because his
daug
Kievan Rus in 988
daughters married the kings of Hun-
gary, Norway, and France.
A
tion
The first recorded Slavic tribe in Ukraine were the Antae. They
cont
came as permanent settlers and in time their tribal descendants, each
the
of which came to be known by a different name, had established tribal
coun
communities throughout Ukraine. By the ninth century, the most
peop
powerful of the Ukrainian-Slavic tribes were the Rus, who settled in
days
the vicinity of the Dnieper River and founded the city of Kiev.
In 879, Kiev was captured by the Varangians (Vikings), and the
Rus came under the rule of the Scandinavian royal family of Rurik.
Adopting the language, customs, and traditions of the people they
conquered, the new Rus rulers began to develop a powerful state.
In time the Rus were able to unite all of the Ukrainian-Slavic tribes
and to build a vast and powerful empire which came to be known
as Kievan Rus.
2. Kievan Rus
Kievan Rus reached the height of its power in the 10th century.
Under the wise and popular Volodymyr the Great, the first Ukrainian
state was expanded and consolidated. In 988, Volodymyr adopted
This 1
summ
Christianity as the state religion. He began a massive church and
counci
12
school building program in Kiev, and in time the ancient Ukrainian
city became a place of splendor and beauty. In 1017 a visiting German
bishop recorded that city possessed over 100 churches and eight
trading centers. At the time of Volodymyr's death the empire of
Kievan Rus stretched from the Black to the Baltic seas and from the
Volga River to the Carpathian Mountains, an area of some 1.2 million
square miles.
Another great ruler of Kievan Rus was Jaroslav the Wise, who suc-
ceeded Volodymyr. He strengthened Christianity by building churches
and monasteries throughout the provinces and by having Kiev recog-
nized as a Metropolitan See (or Archdiocese) by the Eastern Christian
Church. Jaroslav also wrote the opening section of the Ruska Pravda,
the first written code of laws in the Slavic world. Recognized as the
ise was known as the
ruler of a powerful and cultured state, Jaroslav was able to have his
F Europe" because his
daughters marry the kings of Hungary, Norway, and France.
led the kings of Hun-
nd France.
At this time, the people of Kievan Rus enjoyed an unusual combina-
tion of monarchic, aristocratic, and democratic government. Political
the Antae. They
control of the state was shared by the Prince (the head of the state),
escendants, each
the Druzhina (a body of royal landowners), and the Veche (local
established tribal
councils of representatives elected by free citizens). For the Ukrainian
entury, the most
people, this element of democracy is a cherished inheritance from the
IS, who settled in
days of Kievan Rus.
ty of Kiev.
'ikings), and the
family of Rurik.
the people they
1 powerful state.
nian-Slavic tribes
ne to be known
1
ne 10th century.
e first Ukrainian
odymyr adopted
This 14th-century woodcut shows citizens being
summoned by a bell to attend the Veche, a local
sive church and
council of representatives.
Ukrainian wood carving
is country is
d extensively
4. Music
t is practiced
There is an old saying among Ukrainians, "when two Ukrainians
the acknowl-
meet, we have the start of another choir." For Ukrainians the song is a
it, an expert
second language. The first Ukrainian choir in America was organized
in Carpatho-
in 1887 by Volodymyr Simenovych in Shenandoah, Pennsylvania.
ed hundreds
From that time on each Ukrainian community has established its own
es, curtains,
church choir almost as soon as the community was organized. Early
choral ensembles sang only during church services, but gradually
van times, is
they expanded. their repertoires to include folk songs as well. Even-
merica. The
tually a number of choirs began to produce their own musicals.
mous for its
America came to know Ukrainian music soon after the arrival of
nian women
the Ukrainian National Chorus, which was formed in the days of the
e each year,
Ukrainian National Republic. Under the direction of Professor Alex-
ncluded are
ander Koshetz, the chorus toured Europe and the United States
ag in 1915),
in 1922 and 1923 and was very well received. So popular did the
Detroit, and
Koshetz choir become that it was not long before Ukrainian songs
n Ukrainian
were being translated into English. By 1935, Witmark Educational
ing among
Publications had put out 20 Ukrainian songs. One of these, the beauti-
Mills.
ful "Carol of the Bells" by Nicholas Leontovych, has since become
) been con-
an American Christmas classic. It was first sung in the United States
rst to intro-
by the Ukrainian National Chorus.
ina Parylla,
After the Ukrainian Republic fell and was replaced by Soviet rule,
Koshetz and his entire chorus elected to remain in America. Many
73
Ref
PN6081
G24
1990
WH
Political
Quotations
A Collection of Notable Sayings on Politics from Antiquity through 1989
Daniel B. Baker, Editor
Gale Research Inc.
DETROIT
NEW YORK
LONDON
11
Political Quotations
Political Quotations
MAJORITY AND MINORITIES
jectives. A major objective is the
work of a private economy. The
2287. When a faction in a state attempts to nullify a constitutional law of congress, or to destroy
1, insists that the individual must
the union, the balance of the people composing this union have a perfect right to coerce them
yman Morse, New Republic, Jul
to obedience. This is my creed. -Andrew Jackson, letter to Gen. John Coffee, Dec 14, 1832
2288. The tyranny of the majority. [La tyrannie de la majorité.] -Alexis, Comte de
Tocqueville, sub-heading, Democracy in America, 1835
nions are held, but in how they
tively, and with a consciousness
2289. The blessings of Liberty which our Constitution secures may be enjoyed alike by
idonment. -Bertrand Russell,
minorities and majorities. -James K. Polk, inaugural address, Mar 4, 1845
2290. No society in which eccentricity is a matter of reproach, can be in a wholesome state.
or are our equals in every sense
-John Stuart Mill, Principles of Political Economy, 1848
ess Casamassima", The Liberal
2291. A wise man will not leave the right to the mercy of chance, nor wish it to prevail through
the power of the majority. There is but little virtue in the action of masses of men. -Henry David
10 tells other people what to do
Thoreau, Civil Disobedience, 1849
ve cents", Home, 1966
2292. It is quite plain that your government will never be able to restrain a distressed and
ave known through the last two
discontented majority. For with you the majority is the government, and has the rich, who are
IOW on which side they will be
always a minority, absolutely at its mercy. -Lord Macaulay, letter to Henry Stephens Randall,
Unbought and Unbossed, 1970
May 23, 1857
towards autobiography, equals
2293. Governments exist to protect the rights of minorities. The loved and the rich need no
d After, 1978
protection: they have many friends and few enemies. -Wendell Phillips, speech in Boston,
Massachusetts, Dec 21, 1860
-James Q. Wilson, Time, Jan
2294. If by the mere force of numbers a majority should deprive a minority of any clearly
written constitutional right, it might, in a moral point of view, justify revolution-certainly
would if such a right were a vital one. -Abraham Lincoln, first inaugural address, Mar 4, 1861
le to be misapplied, and which,
2295. The majority rules. If they want anything, they get it. If they want anything not right,
he interest of the majority is the
they get it, too. -Sojourner Truth, speech in Rochester, New York, 1871
to James Monroe, Oct 5, 1786
2296. Let us not fall into the pernicious error that multitude is divine because it is multitude.
en for injustice and inhumanity
-James A. Garfield, speech at Hudson College, Jul 2, 1873
ory of the whole world. -John
2297. The most certain test by which we judge whether a country is really free is the amount
the United States, 1787-88
of security enjoyed by minorities. -Lord Acton, lecture on "The History of Freedom in
Antiquity" at Bridgnorth, England, Feb 26, 1877
rbulence, violence, and abuse of
ty, have produced factions and
2298. The one pervading evil of democracy is the tyranny of the majority, or rather of that
an any other cause, produced
party, not always the majority, that succeeds, by force or fraud, in carrying elections. -Lord
on on the adoption of the U.S.
Acton, lecture on "The History of Freedom in Antiquity" at Bridgnorth, England, Feb 26, 1877
2299. The minority is always right. [Minoriteten har altid retten.] -Henrik Ibsen, An Enemy
1, that will, to be rightful, must
of the People, 1882
equal laws must protect, and to
naugural address, Mar 4, 1801
2300. In the majority beat many hearts, but it has no heart. [Die Majorität hat viele Herzen,
aber ein Herz hat sie nicht.] -Prince Otto von Bismarck, speech in the Reichstag, Jun 12, 1882
not sufficiently respect the rights
tutional convention, Richmond,
2301. Desperate courage makes One a majority. -Andrew Jackson, quoted by James Parton,
The Life of Andrew Jackson, 1888
and practice of submitting to the
2302. So long as a minority conforms to the majority, it is not even a minority. They must throw
count. -James Madison, letter
in their whole weight in the opposite direction. -Mohandas K. Gandhi, Indian Opinion, Sep
14, 1907
il against the voice of a nation.
2303. You can not have a decent, popular government unless the majority exercise the self-
2, 1831
restraint that men with great power ought to exercise. -William Howard Taft, speech in Fresno,
California, Oct 10, 1909
139
FEDERALIST PAPERS, NUMBER 10, MADISON
"By a faction, I understand a number of citizens whether
amounting to a majority or minority of the whole, who are united
and actuated by some common impulse of passion, or of interest,
adverse to the rights of other citizens, or to the permanent and
aggregate interests of the community."
"The latent causes of faction are thus sown into the nature
of man; and we see them everywhere brought into different degrees
of activity, according to the different circumstances of civil
society."
"The regulation of these various and interfering interests
forms the principal task of modern legislation and involves the
spirit of party and faction in the necessary and ordinary
operations of government."
"The interference to which we are brought is that the causes
of faction cannot be removed and that relief is only to be sought
in the means of controlling its effects."
"From this view of the subject it may be concluded that a pure
democracy, by which I mean a society consisting of a small number
of citizens, who assemble a administer the government in person,
can admit no cure for the mischiefs of faction. A common passion
or interest will, in almost every case, be felt by a majority of
the whole; a communication and concert results from the form of
government itself
"The influence of factious leaders may kindle a flame within
their particular States but will be unable to spread a general
conflagration through the other States."
FEDERALIST PAPERS, NUMBER 51, MADISON
"In framing a government which is to be administered by men
over men, the great difficulty lies in this: you must first enable
the government to control the governed; and in the next place
oblige it to control itself."
"If a majority be united by a common interest, the rights of
the minority will be insecure. There are but two methods of
providing against this evil: the one by creating a will in the
community independent of the majority -- that is, of the society
itself; the other, by comprehending in the society so many separate
descriptions of citizens as will render an unjust combination of
a majority of the whole very improbable, if not impracticable."
"In a free government the security for civil rights must be
the same as that for religious rights."
QUOTES ON MINORITY RIGHTS, RESPECTING MINORITIES
"The most certain test by which we judge whether a country is
really free is the amount of security enjoyed by minorities."
-- Lord Acton
The History of Freedom and Other Essays, Ch. 1
1907 1877 Feb 26
"What is a minority? The chosen heroes of this earth have
been a minority. There is not a social, political, or religious
privilege that you enjoy today that was not brought for you by the
blood and tears and patient suffering of the minority."
"It is the minority that have
achieved all that is noble
in the history of the world."
-- John Bartholomew Gough
Sunlight and Shadow
1880
"All, too, will bear in mind this sacred principle, that
though the will of the majority is in all cases to prevail, that
will, to be rightful, must be reasonable; that the minority possess
their equal rights, which equal laws must protect, and to violate
which would be oppression."
-- Thomas Jefferson
First Inaugural Address
March 4, 1801
"Men are respectable only as they respect."
-- Emerson
Lectures and Sketches: Sovereignty of Ethics
"Neither our national nor our local civic life can be what it
should be unless it is marked by the mutual kindness, the mutual
respect, the sense of common duties and common interests, which
arise when men take the trouble to understand one another, and to
associate together for a common object."
-- Theodore Roosevelt
Century
January, 1900
"To be patronized is as offensive as to be insulted. No one
of us cares permanently to have some one else conscientiously
striving to do him good; what we want is to work with that some one
else for the good of both of us -- any man will speedily find that
other people can benefit him just as much as he can benefit them. "
-- Theodore Roosevelt, 1913
"We cannot possibly do our best work as a nation unless all
of us know how to act in combination as well as how to act each
individually for himself."
-- Theodore Roosevelt
September 2, 1901
"I ask in our civic life that we.
pay heed only to the man's
quality of citizenship, to repudiate as the worst enemy that we can
have whoever tries to get us to discriminate for or against any man
because of his creed or his birthplace."
-- Theodore Roosevelt
Milwaukee, Wisconsin
October 14, 1912
"No democracy can long survive which does not accept as
fundamental to its very existence the recognition of the rights of
its minorities."
-- Franklin Delano Roosevelt
January 8, 1938
"The moment a mere numerical superiority by either states or
voters in this country proceeds to ignore the needs and desires of
the minority, and for their own selfish purpose or advancement,
hamper or oppress that minority, or debar them in any way from
equal privileges and equal rights -- that moment will mark the
failure of our constitutional system.'
-- Franklin Delano Roosevelt
Radio Address
March 2, 1930
"On a candid examination of history, we shall find that
turbulence, violence, and abuse of power, by the majority trampling
on the rights of the minority, have produced factions and
commotions which, in republics, have, more frequently than any
other cause, produced despotism."
-- James Madison
Speech in the Virginia Convention
June 16, 1788
"If by mere force of numbers a majority should deprive a
minority of any clearly written constitutional right, it might in
a moral point of view, justify revolution -- certainly would if
such a right were a vital one."
-- Abraham Lincoln
Inaugural address
March 4, 1861
"Minorities are the stars of the firmament; majorities, the
darkness in which they float."
-- Martin H. Fischer (1879- )
FREE TRADE/ADAM SMITH
"[T]hat trade which, without force or constraint, is naturally
and regularly carried on between any two places, is always
advantageous, though not always equally so, to both.
-- Adam Smith
Wealth of Nations, IV, 3
"By opening a more extensive market for whatever part of the
produce of their labour may exceed the home consumption, it
encourages them to improve its productive powers, and to augment
its annual produce to the utmost, and thereby to increase the real
revenue and wealth of the society. These great and important
services foreign trade is continually occupied in performing to all
the different countries between which it is carried on."
-- Adam Smith
Wealth of Nations, IV, 1
"We have learned that we cannot live alone, [at peace]; that
our own well-being is dependent on the well-being of other nations,
far away."
-- FDR
Fourth Inaugural Address
January 20, 1945
"Every individual endeavors to employ his capital so that its
produce may be of greatest value
He intends only his own
security, only his own gain By pursuing his own interest he
frequently promotes that of society more efficiently than when he
really intends to promote it."
-- Adam Smith
Wealth of Nations
Vol. II, bk. IV, ch. 2
UKRAINE COLOR
Ukraine means "frontier".
Jaroslav the Wise, son of Vladimir and ruler of Kievan Rus in
the 11th century, wrote some of the "Ruska Pravda", the first
written code of laws in the Slavic world. It served Russian
law-makers as a source and model for years to come.
Under Jaroslav, local representatives of the people were
elected by free citizens.
Jaroslav built dozens of churches, including the gold-domed
St. Sophia, the most revered church in Kiev, which still
stands.
For hundreds of years, monks lived underneath Kiev in a
labyrinth of tunnels known as the Monastery of the Caves.
Most of the caves are man-made. People could sometimes hear
the eerie sound of the monks singing beneath their feet.
Ukrainians are known for their singing. There is an old
saying, "When two Ukrainians meet, we have the start of
another choir.'
The most famous folk art is Easter Egg painting, which dates
back to ancient times. Known as "pysanka", the eggs are
painted with intricate geometric patterns."
The Pecherskaya Lavra is the most important and the most
famous historical site in Kiev. Most of its buildings have
been turned into museums, though some still function as
churches. The bell tower, the highest in the USSR, was built
in 1731-45; it has been completely restored, and the dome
reguilded. Local legend speaks of the belfry being built by
12 brothers so saintly that heaven aided them -- as they
worked, the bell tower sunk deeper and deeper into the earth,
needing no scaffolding, and when it was finished, it rose
again to its full height in a single night.
THE WHITE HOUSE
WASHINGTON
July 25, 1991
MEMORANDUM FOR TONY SNOW
FROM:
BOB SIMON
Dd
SUBJECT:
SHEVCHENKO QUOTE
The Ukrainian guys at VOA say this quote will bring down the house
if the President says this Shevchenko quote in Ukrainian:
"U svoyi khati, svoya pravda i syla i volya." "
[oo SVO-yee KAH-tee, svo-ya PRAV-da ee silla ee VOL-nya]
Only in your own house, can you have your truth, your strength and
freedom.
THE WHITE HOUSE
WASHINGTON
July 25, 1991
MEMORANDUM FOR SPEECHWRITERS
FROM:
BOB SIMON Pet
SUBJECT:
RUSSIAN PROVERBS
Even if Truth is buried in a gold box, it will break out and come
to light.
Walk fast and you can overtake misfurtune; walk slowly and it will
overtake you.
The bear dances, but the gypsy collects the kopecks. (In other
words, the Soviet people have been doing all the work, but the
government decides how much they make.)
Don't drive your horse with the whip; use the oatbag.
(Source: Peter Pauper Press, 1960 PN6505.S5R8)
NOW PLAYING IN MOSCOW THEATERS:
Working Girl
Cocoon
Lambada
National Lampoon's Vacation
Alien
Gone with the Wind
Source (USIA 619-5057)
Working to learn, young women at a
vocational school attached to a tractor
factory in Kharkov operate a drill press
(left) one day a week. In the same school
math students operate rudimentary com-
puters. Moscow seeks to place 500,000
new computers in Soviet high schools
by 1990.
ago) a vast, nearly peopleless realm. Open
land, mostly steppe, reached a thousand
miles from the Carpathian Mountains in the
west to the Rivers Don and Volga.
In Shevchenko's century (and until 1918)
it belonged to Russia and Austria-Hungary.
In earlier times Poland and Lithuania pos-
sessed large parts; the Mongols, Tatars, and
Ottoman Turks carved off slices.
In the 17th century Ukrainian Cossacks
-very much frontiersmen, in the Daniel
Boone mold-wrought a short-lived inde-
pendent state. In the chaos that followed the
1917 Russian Revolution and the collapse of
Austria-Hungary, freedom was again in the
air. Some Ukrainians wanted to cling to
Russia, but free governments sprang up in
Kiev and the western city of Lvov (Lviv, as
Ukrainians spell it). The westerners then
united with the Kievans in 1919.
Though Lenin had promised to recognize
an independent Ukraine, the Red Army in-
"We do not have a count," replied Father
vaded. The free forces also faced Polish
Ivan Chernenko when I asked the size of the
troops and anti-Bolshevik White Russians.
St. Vladimir flock. No priest in any other
There were battles and massacres. But by
church ever answered the question either.
1920 most of Ukraine was Bolshevik ruled,
("We do not have a five-year plan for church
destined to become a Soviet republic. A
membership," one declared.)
western area with eight million people went
No doubt priests fear that they will pro-
largely to Poland, with pieces to Czechoslo-
voke official wrath if they seem to be brag-
vakia and Romania.
ging about growth. Nevertheless, Father
So, one must ask: What, despite shifting
Ivan told me that fifty to a hundred children
boundaries, holds together the 50 million
are baptized every week at St. Vladimir's.
people of this realm larger than France?
"Some of them leave the church,' he conced-
Language, yes, and old songs about Cos-
ed, "and come back only when they are old.
sacks and love, and a body of literature
Some become atheists." And the Baptists,
(especially poetry), and a few art forms.
courting trouble by their aggressiveness,
Ukrainians excel at embroidery, and creat-
"probably catch some in their webs."
ed exquisitely decorated Easter eggs until
"Ukraine" means frontier; hence many
the Communists frowned.
Westerners say the Ukraine. (Some expatri-
And one thing more: faith. The people of
ate Ukrainians dislike the construction,
the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic are
since it implies their homeland is merely a re-
among the most devout in the Soviet Union.
gion.) Like the 19th-century U.S. frontier,
How many believe? By one guess, half. The
much of Ukraine was once (say, 450 years
number who attend services is only a small
606
National Geographic. May 1987
Latter-day Viking, a youth takes to the
water in Minsk, the home of several
Olympic-class rowers for the U.S.S.R. By
oar or sail, Viking vessels ruled northern
waterways for some three centuries.
Perhaps to further ties with Byzantium,
Vladimir chose the Orthodox Church to
minister the Christian faith to his people. *
His reign saw adoption of Slavonic for the
liturgy in place of Greek, a step that helped
preserve his independence from Byzanti-
um. On a day in 988 his subjects walked into
the Dnieper and submitted to mass bap-
tism-it was that or risk his certain displea-
sure (painting, pages 284-5). Today's
Kievans know the road they took. It is
Kreshchatic, Christening Street, the main
thoroughfare.
And Kiev, where the far-reaching steppe
begins, has become the Soviet Union's third
largest city, capital of the bountiful Ukraine.
It is a stately city of hills and undulating ave-
nues arched with poplars and chestnuts. In
summer, from the bluff upon which the old-
est section rests, one watches swift hydro-
foils and leisurely passenger ships cleave the
broad, slate-blue Dnieper. Sunseekers clut-
ter a beach on the far bank. Over all this soar
church domes resplendent in gold leaf. Here
rose the important monastery and cultural
center called Pecheryskaia Lavra, now a
state museum (page 312).
And beneath this splendor lies a fearful
nether world of labyrinthine catacombs.
"There is a legend," said museum director
Yuri Kibalnik, "that the Varangians hid
cargoes and foodstuffs in the caves. For
hly
hesitant. At once the old woman grasped her
hundreds of years monks lived here in un-
SS.
head and led her into the tent.
derground cells. People were attracted by
lh,
Inside the tent the girl died beside her
the eerie sound of the monks singing beneath
)g,
master by stabbing and strangling: Then the
their feet. Most of the caves are man-made.
ship was fired. "Soon it was burning bright-
We are still finding new passages."
rd
ly-first the boat, then the tent and the man
Down the centuries a cult of holy relics de-
re-
and the maiden and everything in the boat.'
veloped as religious hermits lived out their
lives in the chill labyrinths. Hunching my
in-
RONICALLY, THE MAN who eventu-
way cautiously through small, dank tun-
rd
ally ended such savagery in the East,
nels, I wondered how many eremites had
to
Prince Vladimir of Kievan Rus, himself
contributed their bones to this charnel
m-
had been an idol worshiper and a libertine
house. Thousands, judging from the evi-
till
of Solomon's stature. If the Primary Chron-
dence on all sides.
dh
icle is to be believed, Vladimir had 800
*See "Byzantine Empire, Rome of the East," by
nd
concubines-"He was insatiable in vice."
Merle Severy, in the December 1983 GEOGRAPHIC.
'85
Viking Trail East
Nat'l Geo. March 85 307
TOO 0210
1
G. Krawciw/VOA Ukrainian Branch
TWO POSSIBLE UKRAINIAN QUOTES
1) As your great poet Taras Shevchenko said: "U svoyi khati, svoya pravda i syla i volya" ("V
своїй xari, своя правда i сила i воля") [00 SVO-yee KAH-tee, svo-ya PRAV-da
ee silla ee voL-nya]
PRONOUCIATION: "U (flat, as in Gunther Toody's "U-U") SVO-YÉE KHÁ-TEE (the KH is the
slavic "X" sound), SVO-YÁ PRÁV-DA EE SYLA (the "Y" as the "I" in silly) EE VÓ-LYA
(the LYA as the NYA in Tanya Tucker)."
Translation: "Only in your own house, can you have your truth, your strength and freedom.
The president would bring the house down if he could say this in Ukrainian. The poet Taras
Shevchenko has the same stature in Ukraine, as George Washington in the United States, and its
a widely known quote. The implication of mentioning "freedom" may be softened by putting the
quote in an "economic sovereignty" context.
3)
Another Shevchenko quote: "U kozhnoho svoya dolya i sviy shlakh shyrokiy" ("B кожного своя
доля i свій шлях широкий").
/
PRONOUNCIATION: "U KOZH-NOHO (the "ZH" is the slavic "Ж" sound) SVO-YA DO-LYA
(the LYA as the NYA in Tanya Tucker) EE SVEE SHLAKH (the KH is the slavic "X" sound)
SHY-RO-KEE ("SHY" sound as in "ship").
Translation: "Everyone has his own fate, and his broad path (to tread)." Comes in as a poor second
to the first quote.
PO2
07. 25. 91 03:47PM *VOA USSR DIV.
21:2-4
U.S. IN AN INTERDEPENDENT WORLD
178
179
Uneasy Peace-
But the peace of the world must be assured during the whole period
5 / I cannot with candor tell you t
of disarmament and I, therefore, propose
outside the borders of the United St:
That all the nations of the world should enter into a solemn and
I believe, however, that our O'
definite pact of non-aggression; that they should solemnly reaffirm the
toward other nations is coming to 1
obligations they have assumed to limit and reduce their armaments, and,
maintenance of international peace is
provided these obligations are faithfully executed by all signatory powers,
unselfishly concerned.
individually agree that they will send no armed force of whatsoever nature
There is no ground for appre
across their frontiers.
nation will be otherwise than peacefu
Common sense points out that if any strong nation refuses to join
the people of most nations seek relief
with genuine sincerity in these concerted efforts for political and economic
to the false theory that extravagan
peace, the one at Geneva and the other at London, progress can be ob-
limited by international accord.
structed and ultimately blocked. In such event the civilized world, seeking
State of the Union Message, Jan. 4, 19:
both forms of peace, will know where the responsibility for failure lies.
I urge that no nation assume such a responsibility, and that all the nations
joined in these great conferences translate their professed policies into
action. This is the way to political and economic peace.
6 / It is the policy of this governn
between other nations, but it is a fac
Message to the nations of the world appealing for peace by disarmament, May 16,
1933
can foresee all possible future situation
situations that call for some flexibility
tions may arise in which the wholly
2 / I have made it clear that the United States cannot take part in political
this [Neutrality] Act might have e:
arrangements in Europe, but that we stand ready to cooperate at any time
which was intended. In other words, 1
in practicable measures on a world basis looking to immediate reduction
into war instead of keeping us out
of armaments and the lowering of the barriers against commerce.
definitely committed to the maintenar
State of the Union Message, Jan. 3, 1934
entanglement which would lead us
the policy of the government by ev
tanglement to cooperate with othe
3 / A deep love of peace is the common heritage of the people of both
promote peace.
our countries [the Soviet Union and the United States] and I fully agree
Statement on approval of neutrality le
that the cooperation of our great nations will inevitably be of the
highest importance in the preservation of world peace. The successful ac-
complishment of this mutual task will be of immediate and lasting benefit
7 / [Foreign war is a] potent dan
not only to the peoples of our countries but to all peace-loving peoples
civilization. It is not surprising that n
everywhere.
FDR
of apprehension lest some of the nati
Remarks to the first ambassador of the U.S.S.R. on presentation of credentials,
twenty years ago and drag civilizatio
Jan. 8, 1934
recovery may be all but impossible.
In the face of this apprehension
4 / The peoples of many countries are being taxed to the point of poverty
one concern-the American people
and starvation in order to enable governments to engage in a mad race
what happens in continents overseas.
in armament which, if permitted to continue, may well result in war.
and must remain, as long ago the Fathe
Message to Congress on the menace of uncontrolled manufacture and sale of arms
remain-unentangled and free.
and munitions, May 18, 1934
Address, San Diego Exposition, San D
THE UKRAINE AND MOLDAVIA
Breadbasket of the U.S.S.R.
The Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic borders on Hungary, Czecho-
slovakia, Poland, Romania, and the Byelorussian, Moldavian, and Rus-
sian Soviet Republics. The Black Sea forms its southern frontier; the resort
area is described in our chapter on the Crimea and Southern Russia.
With an area of 232,046 square miles and a population of more than
50 million in 1983, the Ukraine is the second largest republic in population
and the third in size in the U.S.S.R. Forty-six percent of the population
is urban; three-quarters are Ukrainian, 21 percent Russians, the remainder
Jews, Byelorussians, Moldavians and others. Ethnographically the Ukrai-
nians are Eastern Slavs. They have a strong national consciousness and
an independent history. Kiev is the capital.
Ever since the Kievan period of history, the Ukrainian regional dialect
has had distinctive features, and Ukrainian is now a separate language-
although Russian is also spoken to a greater or lesser extent in all the big
cities except Lvov.
It was in Kiev that Christianity first found a foothold in the European
part of the present U.S.S.R. (in Armenia and Georgia, Christianity is con-
siderably older), when Prince Vladimir had his people baptized in the river
Dnieper in A.D. 988. After the Tatar invasion and the decline of the Kiev
Principality (13th and 14th centuries), the Ukraine was held by Poland
and Russia, with sovereignty repeatedly changing hands; it was devastat-
ed, sometimes completely and sometimes in parts, by the Crimean Tatars.
In the mid-17th century the Cossacks, the most militant of the Ukrainian
population, led by their Hetman, Bogdan Khmelnitsky, won independence
270
River
Lublin
Dnieper
Chernigov
Kovel
POLAND
Chernobyl
Sumi
Lutsk
Belgorod
N
Rovno
KIEV
KHARKOV
Zhitomir
Tripolye
Peryaslav
LVOV,
Rzhishchev
Khmelnitsky
Belaya Tserkov
Kanev
Poltava
Ternopol
UKRAINE
S.S.R.
Cherkassy
Khmelnitskiy
Kremenchug
Kremenchug
Ivano-
Vinnitsa
Reservoir
Uzhgorod
Frankovsk
Misurino
Mukachevo
Dneprodzerzhinsk
Chust
Chernovtsy
Kirovograd
DNEPROPETROVSK
THE UKRAINE AND MOLDAVIA
Rahov
KRIVOY ROG
ZAPOROZHYE
THE UKRAINE
MOLDAVIA ROMANIA S S
Nikopol
Beltsy
Kamenka
AND MOLDAVIA
Kakhovka
Sea
KISHINEV
republic borders
major roads
Nikolayev
Melitopol
republic capitals
main railways
Tiraspol
Kherson
0 miles
100
Benderi
Novaya Kakhovka
R.
Black
0 kilometers 100
ODESSA
See
Askania Nova
271
272
SOVIET UNION
from Poland and established their own state, occupying the central part
of the modern Ukraine. In 1654 the new state was annexed to Muscovy.
Ukrainian nationalism, with its demands for autonomy, had a strong re-
vival early in the 20th century. During the Civil War of 1918-22, Ger-
mans, white Russians, Communists and various separatist groups strug-
gled for control of the rich Ukrainian agricultural lands. Proclaimed the
Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic in December 1917 the Ukraine was
one of the four original republics to form the Soviet Union in 1922. In
1939 the western part of the Ukraine, together with Lvov, until then a
part of Poland, was returned to the republic, followed in 1945 by Transcar-
pathia, which had belonged to Hungary and Czechoslovakia. In 1954 the
Crimea was transferred from the Russian Federal Republic and annexed
to the Ukraine.
The huge Ukrainian Soviet Republic can be roughly divided into three
zones: the forests bordering on Byelorussia in the north; the wooded steppe
with oak and beech forests; and the treeless steppe zone with its fertile
black soil. The climate is much warmer than that of central Russia. Both
industry and agriculture are well-developed; there are also rich deposits
of coal, iron ore, natural gas and oil.
The major cities are Kiev, Kharkov, Lvov, Dnepropetrovsk, Lugansk,
Uzhgorod, and Mukachevo.
Kiev
Kiev, the capital of the Ukrainian S.S.R., has a population of over two
million and is one of the most important industrial and cultural centers
in the Soviet Union. It lies on both sides of the Dnieper River; the right
bank (western) is hilly, the left an extensive flat plain.
Kiev has developed rapidly in recent decades, absorbing several sub-
urbs, and on the eastern bank of the river a whole new industrial area,
the Darnitsa, has sprung up. Machinery plants are the chief industry, with
light industries and chemicals coming second in importance. Kiev is also
a major road and rail junction, a great river port and a busy airport; and
a traditional cultural center with excellent colleges and universities. It is
the seat of the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences and numerous research
institutes. Its museums are richly endowed, and the city abounds in the-
aters, opera, ballet and other cultural institutions and entertainments. It
is one of the most ancient of "Russian" cities, the original settlement prob-
ably dating from the late fifth century, in the chronicles it is described as
the "Mother of Russian cities."
Kiev suffered severely during World War II; many irreplaceable archi-
tectural and art treasures were destroyed and the city center systematically
demolished. Extensive restoration and a 1500th anniversary in 1982 put
Kiev firmly back on the map. But the city hit the headlines for all the
wrong reasons in April 1986 when the nuclear reactor at nearby Cherno-
byl exploded. Scientists generally accept that the city is now safe for nor-
mal-length tourist visits.
First Tour-The Kreshchatik
Exploring Kiev is best done in four installments. The starting point of
the first tour is the Hotel Dnieper, where many Intourist groups are
lodged. It stands at the eastern end of Kreshchatik, Kiev's main boulevard;
THE UKRAINE AND MOLDAVIA
273
POBEDA
Su.
CHKALOV UL
NSKY
SPUSK
PODOL
12,
KRASNAYA
SHEVCHENKO BUL
16
13
4
BOG
SAKSAGANSKY
SO.
KALININ
SVERDLOV
UL
HEROES OF so THEREVOL ANDRE
KALININ
KHMELNITSKY
Funicular
ADIMIRSK
15
2
REPIN
LENINUL
OCT.
VLADIMIRSKY SPUSK
REVOL
Post SQ.
REPIN
14
Office
SQ.
11
6
5
KRESHCHATIK
Hotel
17
Onieper
GORKY
SQ.
ZHOVINEVOI
8
BESSARABSKAYA
7
NEW
ORD 2HO
3
LIEBKNECHT
UL
KARL
CHEKIST
BUL
AIROV
UKRAINKA
SPUSK
1
EMBANKMENT HIGHWAY
Dnieper River
LESYA
KIROV
KIROV SPUSK
MODNOVOKAYAU
SUVOROV UL 3
KIEV
SPUSK
(NOT ALL STREETS SHOWN)
Points of Interest
10
1 Askold's Grave
2 Central Lenin Museum
3 Former Marinsky
Palace
4 Golden Gate
5 Museum of Oriental and
Western Art
6 Museum of Russian Art
7 Museum of Ukrainian Art
NOVO- VAVASIINOOAVNOWIS
8 October Palace of
Dnieper River
N
Culture
9 Opera
10 Pecherskaya Lavra
11 Philharmonic Society
FRIENDSHIP
12 St Andrew's Church
BUL
13 St Sophia's Cathecral
14 Shevchenko Museum
15 Shevchenko University
16 State History Museum
PATON BRIDGE
17 Tchaikovsky
Conservatory
DARNITSA
274
SOVIET UNION
its entrance is on Lenkomsomol Square, a central location from which the
main streets branch off like the points of a star. Opposite is the continua-
tion of the Kreshchatik, the Vladimirsky Spusk, leading down to the river
bank; the street to the north, named after the Heroes of the Revolution,
leads to the famous St. Andrew's Church, and Kirov Street, leading south,
also starts from this square. Lenkomsomol Square is an important traffic
center and the terminus of several tram, trolley-bus and bus lines. The
Kreshchatik subway station is nearby. An underpass with several branches
crosses beneath the square. Opposite the Hotel Dnieper, left of the
Vladimirsky Spusk, you can see the building of the Philharmonia (1882).
If you are staying at the Hotel Moskva, you can walk down to the
Kreshchatik and turn right, and you will soon reach the Hotel Dnieper.
From the old Intourist Hotel on Lenin Street you can get to the Dnieper
Hotel via Lenin Street; and from the Hotel Ukraine, via Shevchenko Bou-
levard, walking downhill and then along the Kreshchatik.
The main street of the Ukrainian capital and its busiest thoroughfare
are in a valley (there was once a deep ditch along here) and hills rise steeply
on the left-hand side.
Clinging to the hill on this side is the 16-story Hotel Moskva; alongside
the hotel October Revolution Street (Zhovtnevoi Revolutsii in Ukrainian)
leads up to the top of the hill where the government buildings are situated.
At the beginning of October Revolution Street, already a steep slope, you
will find the October Palace of Culture. Constructed in 1838-42 as a finish-
ing school for young ladies of the nobility, it was restored and enlarged
in 1953-57; its main hall seats over 2,000 and is chiefly used for concerts.
On the other side, the Kreshchatik broadens into Kalinin Square, once
the site of the southeastern gate of the city wall, built by Yaroslav the Wise.
House No. 2 was once the Noblemen's Diet; today it is a Teachers' Club.
The large and elaborate building on the corner of the square and Kresh-
chatik is the main Post Office.
On the left of the Kreshchatik, Karl Marx Street leads uphill, with the
Tchaikovsky Conservatory on the corner. If you turn into Karl Marx
Street and follow it up the hill, you come to Ivan Franko Square. Here
stands the Ivan Franko Ukrainian Drama Theater (built in 1898 and
named after the great Ukrainian poet), which has followed the ideas and
spirit of the Moscow Arts Theater in its presentation of modern Ukrainian
plays.
Back down on the Kreshchatik, you will notice that the odd-numbered
side has been made into a sort of parkway with trees, flower beds and
benches. The buildings on this side are mostly apartment houses, cinemas,
restaurants and hotels-while the other side consists mainly of public
buildings and offices. The Kreshchatik underground station (center of the
public transport network) is on the odd-numbered side; the largest restau-
rant in Kiev is in the same building. There is an escalator leading to the
booking hall of the Metro (it costs five kopeks to use and this also gives
you access to the trains). The escalator on the far side travels a much lon-
ger distance and takes you to the hill that rises above the river bank and
forms Kiev's administrative district.
Continuing along the Kreshchatik, with its uniformly designed facades,
you come to the passage which links the Kreshchatik and Zamkovetskaya
Street. The entrance is under an arcade between two wings of a huge build-
ing. The building on the far side of the Kreshchatik (with the tall antenna)
is the Kiev Radio and Television. On the passage side are Kiev's best
THE UKRAINE AND MOLDAVIA
275
shops, among them the Children's Department Store (Nos. 15-17).
Sverdlov Street starts on the opposite side; carrying on farther along the
Kreshchatik you come to the Ukrainian Ministry of Culture and then the
tall City Council building. A little farther on is the Central Department
Store, at the corner of Lenin Street.
Lenin Street climbs the hill rather steeply. Opposite the Central Depart-
ment Store is the Pervomaiskaya Hotel. At No. 5 Lenin Street is the Rus-
sian Drama Theater, which is named after the Ukrainian poetess Lesya
Ukrainka. Next comes the Teatralnaya Hotel, and across the street, on
the corner of Pushkin Street, the technical bookshop; No. 26 is the Intour-
ist Hotel.
Returning to the Kreshchatik you will see an impressive stairway lead-
ing up the hillside to the Druzhba cinema. Then you come to the vast Cen-
tral Market (Krity Rinok). You are now in Bessarabskaya Square, one
of the most important in Kiev. The avenue on the right is the wide Shevc-
henko Boulevard, with Lenin's statue at the entrance.
The Kreshchatik continues as Chervonoarmiiska (Red Army) Street,
another busy main thoroughfare. No. 12 is a permanent exhibition hall
for Ukrainian artists. Passing Saksagansky Street you come to the Operet-
ta Theater and then the massive block of the Central Stadium and Sports
Palace. It has a covered swimming pool as well as facilities for ice hockey,
handball, tennis, football and athletics. The Druzhba Narodov (Friend-
ship of the Peoples) Boulevard, which starts here, leads to the mile-long
Paton Bridge. This bridge links the historical quarters of Kiev with the
Darnitsa district on the far side.
Second Tour-Monastery of the Caves
Again using Lenkomsomol Square as a starting point, begin this tour
by walking south on Kirov Street. Next to the Hotel Dnieper is the sociolo-
gy department of the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences. The building also
houses the Institute for the History of Literature and the ground floor is
the Academic Bookshop. Still on Kirov Street, climb the slopes of the hill
that rises above the Dnieper. The right side of Kirov Street is built-up,
while the left is a series of large, well-kept parks. No. 1 Kirov Street, set
in one of these parks, is the Republican Library. On the right-hand side,
No. 6 Kirov Street, is the Museum of Ukrainian Art. Built in 1898-1900
on the lines of an ancient Greek temple with huge granite steps and a six-
columned portico, the museum has a collection of Ukrainian art of the
15th to 19th centuries and of Soviet artists.
Next you pass the headquarters of the Ukrainian Council of Ministers
and, a few hundred yards further up, on the left, the Supreme Soviet of
the Ukraine with its entrance in the adjoining square. No. 5 across the
street is the former Marinsky Palace designed by Rastrelli and built in
1747 as a local residence for the Czar. The upper wooden story, which
burned down in 1819, was reconstructed in 1870 and has survived in its
18th-century Baroque form. Outside the palace stands the memorial to
the Civil War, with black marble and red granite decorating the mass
grave.
On your left, in a park, is the entrance (No. 3 Kirov Street) to the Dyna-
mo Stadium. The other side of the stadium faces on to the Petrovsky
Promenade. A bridge divides the former Petrovsky Park into two parks;
the northern part is called Pioneer Park and the lower, southern part, Per-
vomaisky.
276
SOVIET UNION
In Karl Liebknecht Street (the sidestreet opposite the Supreme Soviet),
you will see the headquarters of the Znaniye Educational Society, and in
Rosa Luxemburg Street (Nos. 15-17), the Youth Theater. Chekist Street
crosses both these streets further west; here is the Ukrainian Foreign Min-
istry, and the headquarters of the Composers' Union. The writers, too,
have their home nearby at No. 2 Ordzhonikidze Street, which runs parallel
with Liebknecht Street towards the Kreshchatik. The editorial offices of
several literary reviews are also here. Ordzhonikidze Street passes behind
the Ukrainian Drama Theater (the Ivan Franko Theater), and you can
see a statue of Ivan Franko himself by Suprun (1956) in the square beyond
the theater.
Reaching the end of Kirov Street you come to Moskovskaya Street on
your right. This leads eventually into Lesya Ukrainka. On your left, at
the corner of Kirov Street and Sichneve Povstannya Street, stands the
monument to the Arsenal Workers, commemorating their dead in the
Civil War. Sichneve Povstannya Street is named after the January 1917
rising in Kiev. Suvorov Street begins on the right; its left side is a large
park in memory of the dead of World War II. A street called Dneprovsky
Spusk leads downhill on the left from the park. Here stands the monument
to the Unknown Soldier.
To the left of Sichneve Povstannya, Tsitadelnaya Street leads to the Pe-
cherskaya Lavra, the Monastery of the Caves. Founded in 1051 by the
monks Anthony and Theodosius, Monastery of the Caves comprises a
whole series of churches, cathedrals and monuments. Outside the complex
of buildings stands the ancient church of the Redeemer of Berestovo, built
early in the 12th century by Prince Vladimir Monomakh as a burial place
for the princes of Kiev. The founder of Moscow, Yury Dolgoruky, was
buried here in 1157. The church is built in characteristic late 11th- and
early 12th-century style: a crossdome with six pillars. Its eastern wing,
which faces the Dnieper, was added in 1640-44. In 1947 a marble sarcoph-
agus was installed here in memory of Yury Dolgoruky.
The Pecherskaya Lavra is the most important and most famous histori-
cal site in Kiev. Most of its buildings have been turned into museums,
though some still function as churches. They include the Trinity Church,
built over the entrance gate (today 21 Sichneve Povstannya Street), which
dates from 1108, and has 18th-century wooden iconostases; the walls of
the Upper Monastery, built between 1698 and 1701, stretch from this gate-
way around the compound. Another gateway is topped by the five-domed
All Saints' Church (17th century). The main court of the Upper Monas-
tery centers around the ruins of the Assumption Cathedral, built 1073-
89 and destroyed by the Nazis in 1941. The majority of the surrounding
houses are 18th century. The bell tower, the highest in the U.S.S.R. (316
ft.), was built in 1731-45; it has been completely restored and the dome
regilded. Local legend speaks of the belfry being built by 12 brothers so
saintly that heaven aided them-as they worked, the bell tower sunk de-
eper and deeper into the earth, needing no scaffolding, and when it was
finished, it rose again to its full height in a single night!
Of the various museums in the Monastery, the Historical Museum is
particularly interesting. Among its exhibits are 17th to 20th-century fab-
rics, 16th to 19th-century handicrafts, wood carvings, metal work, ceram-
ics-all examples of Ukrainian folk art. Highlights are the delicately paint-
ed krashenki, Easter eggs.
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The St. Anthony Caves contain 73 tombs and three underground
churches. In the St. Theodosius Caves there are 47 tombs and another
three churches. The two series of caves are quite separate from each other,
and are reached by way of a covered gallery. The belfry of the St. Theodo-
sius or Further Caves was built in the 18th century by the architect Stefan
Kovnir. The most famous tomb is that of the chronicler Nestor, who died
in 1115. Near the refectory walls are the graves of the Cossack leaders
Kochubei and Iskra, executed by Ivan Mazepa in 1708.
If you leave the Lavra and walk along Tsitadelnaya Street you come
to Novo-Navodnitskaya Street, which leads to Staro-Navodnitskaya Street
and then on to the broad highway of the People's Friendship.
Cross the highway and you will find yourself in the Botanical Garden,
which covers some 500 acres and affords beautiful views of the Dnieper
and Kiev itself. Here, too, on the bank of the Dnieper, you will see the
ruins of the Vydubetsky Monastery which you can also reach by taking
trolleybus 15 to "Botanichesky Sad" stop. According to archeologists,
there was a river ferry here in earliest times. In 1070-77 Vsevolod Yaros-
lavich, Prince of Kiev, had a monastery built on this spot; only the western
side of a part of it, St. Michael's Cathedral (1070-88), has survived, but
there are fine murals. In 1701, following a landslide, St. George's Church,
a five-domed masterpiece of Ukrainian architecture, was built in its place.
Nearby is the Museum of the Second World War, topped by the gigantic
and controversial steel statue of "Mother Russia" which dwarfs the mon-
astery domes on the river bank.
From the Paton Bridge you can return to the hotel by tram or trolley-
bus. Or you can walk along the quay until you reach the Dneprovsky
Spusk, mentioned earlier. This is one of the sloping roads leading along
the riverside parks. Askold's Grave, erected in 1809-10, is a rotunda
where, according to legend, a Prince of Kiev was buried in 882. This is
perhaps the most picturesque spot in Kiev and a favorite promenade.
One of the park roads leading north will take you to the open-air theater;
its sloping amphitheater seats 4,000 people and is used for musical and
dance shows and rallies. Nearby is the Kukushka open-air restaurant.
Descending to the quay again, you can cross by the footbridge (Peshek-
hodny Most or Parkovy Most) to the parks on Trukhanov Island and the
city's bathing beach. Near the bridge is the monument built by Molensky
in 1802-8 to commemorate the charter of the city of Kiev.
You can go back to the Hotel Dnieper by ascending the Vladimirsky
Spusk. Nearby is the St. Vladimir Monument. Vladimir holds aloft a cross
commemorating the conversion of Kievan Russia to Christianity.
Third Tour-St. Sophia's Cathedral
To explore the northern and western sections of Kiev, start at October
Revolution Square (Zhovtnevoi Revolutsii). Follow Kalinin Street to the
north to reach Bogdan Khmelnitsky Square. Here you'll see the statue
of the Cossack Hetman who freed the Ukraine from the Poles and later
subjugated it to the Russian state. St. Sophia's Cathedral (Sofisky Sobor)
stands in Vladimirskaya Street, behind the statue; like the major part of
the Monastery of the Caves, St. Sophia's has also now become a museum
(open 10-5, closed Thursday).
The cathedral was dedicted in 1037 by Prince Yaroslav the Wise as a
mark of gratitude for the battle he won against the Pechenegs, an invading
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tribe from the east. Here the first Russian library was founded and the
2, 9 or 47. Close to it is the Medical Faculty of the University and the
earliest chronicles were written. St. Sophia is a stylistic combination of
Dovzhenko Film Studio.
the traditional wooden church and the principles of stone building, with
interesting mosaics and frescos in the central part and on the main dome.
Fourth Tour
In the northeast part is the marble tomb where Yaroslav the Wise was
buried in 1054. The iconostasis dates from the 18th century.
For your final walk, start again at Lenkomsomol Square but follow the
The bell tower (256 feet) was erected between 1744 and 1852. The Za-
Street of the Heroes of the Revolution until you reach Kalinin Square.
vorovsky Gate is the main entrance to the Metropolitan's residence and
At No. 2 Vladimirskaya Street is the Historical Museum. From there turn
is decorated with elaborate stucco ornamentation. The cathedral's sur-
northeast, down Andreyevsky Spusk. Here at No. 23 is St. Andrew's
rounding wall was built in the 1740s. The whole complex is now a museum
Church, designed by Rastrelli and built by the Russian architect Michurin
which also displays architectural models of other ancient Ukrainian and
between 1744 and 1753, an important example of Russian Baroque archi-
Russian towns, and local archeological discoveries. The entire precincts,
tecture. This is the highest point of Old Kiev, overlooking the Podol dis-
as an "ancient monument," are maintained under a preservation order.
trict, the river and the plain to the east where, tradition says, the Apostle
Leaving St. Sophia's, walk along Streletsky and Polupanov Streets until
Andrew, who first preached the Gospel in Kievan Russia, erected a cross.
you reach a small garden containing the Golden Gate, once a part of
Built at the command of Elizaveta, the pious daughter of Peter the
Kiev's fortifications. The gate consists of two parallel walls built of brick
Great, St. Andrew's Church stands on a terrace at the top of a broad flight
and stone in 1037 by Yaroslav the Wise to guard the main entrance into
of steps. Its proportions are perfect. Today the domes are restored in sil-
the city. The arch was topped by the tiny Church of the Annunciation.
ver-gilt and the walls painted in turquoise and white. The iconostasis was
The Golden Gate was restored for the city's 1,500th anniversary in 1982.
painted by Antropov and local masters. The church is now a museum,
You can reach it from the bus terminal by trolleybus 4 or 12, from the
open 10-6 except Thursday.
railroad station by trolleybus 2, and from the river station by bus 71.
Behind the church you can descend the Andreyevsky Spusk into the
The far side of the square is the continuation of Vladimirskaya Street.
Lower Town, the Podol. At the foot of the hill turn left into Zelinsky Street
Walking southwest along it you come to the Opera House, then, at No.
and a few steps will take you to Krasnaya (Red) Square. The House of
57, on your left, to the Kiev branch of the Central Lenin Museum.
Contracts (Kontraktovy Dom), built here in 1817 expressly as a headquar-
At the junction with Shevchenko Boulevard, on your left, is Shevchenko
ters for the negotiating and signing of agreements, is an interesting exam-
Park, where you can see a statue of the great Ukrainian classical writer
ple of the early 19th-century Russian classicist style.
erected in 1939 on the 125th anniversary of his birth. The large and im-
The building on the corner of Red Square and Naberezhno-Nikolskaya
pressive building opposite the park, on Vladimirskaya Street, is Shevc-
Street (designed by Sedel and built in 1735) is a branch of the Academic
henko University, founded in 1834.
Library. The courtyard wall has Baroque decorations. The building used
The far side of Shevchenko Park borders on Repin Street, which runs
to be the home of the Kiev Academy, which was founded in 1701 at the
parallel with Vladimirskaya. Here there are two museums: No. 9 is the
command of Peter the Great, to replace the former Kiev College. It had
Museum of Russian Art and No. 15 the Museum of Oriental and Western
many distinguished graduates in its time.
Art. The former covers the 12th to the 17th centuries and includes icons
Also on Red Square are the ruins of the Bratsky Monastery; the old
of the Novgorod, Moscow and Stroganov schools; the 18th- and 19th-
house in the northwestern corner was Peter the Great's headquarters in
century rooms also have works by outstanding Russian artists. There is
1706 when he prepared the attack on the Swedes, who had advanced to
a fine collection of 18th-20th-century china, glass and crystal. The Muse-
within 25 miles of Kiev.
um of Oriental and Western Art has a collection that includes works by
East of the square, at No. 15 Kreshchatik Quay, which curves in from
Bellini, Franz Hals, Rubens and Velasquez.
the river, is the former dormitory of the students of the Kiev Academy,
Continue south along Shevchenko Boulevard. Between Repin and Push-
the "Bursa." The ground floor was built in 1778; in 1809-11 two stories
kin Streets, at No. 12, you will find the Shevchenko Museum, which is
were added, with a four-columned gate, and the facade was remodeled
devoted to the life and work of the poet. Turn back to cross Vladimirskaya
in the style of the early 19th-century classicism.
Street again and walk on further northwest and you come to one of the
Turning along Kreshchatik Quay towards the harbor, you can see Truk-
newer but important monuments in Kiev, the Vladimir Cathedral. Built
hanov Island on the far side. The island has been developed as an aquatic
in the 19th century, designed by Beretti and Bernhardt, it has seven gilded
sports center. A wide promenade lines the riverbank where railway lines
domes, three naves and several striking murals. It is still used for worship.
and warehouses once stood. Behind the harbor is Pochtovaya Square, a
Further along Shevchenko Boulevard on the left you will see the Univer-
traffic center and terminus for the funicular which links the Lower and
sity Botanical Gardens. Then after a short distance, the boulevard arrives
Upper Cities. Take the funicular to the Upper City terminal and you are
at Peremogi (Victory) Square. Here you can visit the circus, and shop in
back at Kalinin Square.
the Ukraine State Department Store. Here also is the newest Intourist
Hotel (Lybed), one of the country's best.
Excursions around Kiev
From here on, the Shevchenko Boulevard continues as the Brest-
Litovsk Highway. Along it you will find the Kiev Zoo, which can be
The permanent Ukrainian Exhibition of Economic Achievements cov-
reached from Victory Square by trolley-buses No. 5, 6 or 7 and trams No.
ers 750 acres on Sorokichya Zhovtnya Prospekt, to the south of the city.
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It can be reached by No. 11 trolley-bus directly from Lenkomsomol
Square.
Rinok Square
Pushcha-Voditsa, about 13 miles from the city center, is one of the finest
parks in Kiev's green-belt. Extending over 1,875 acres, the park used to
Rinok (Market) Square is like an architectural sampler of the centuries,
be a hunting preserve and also a refuge from enemies who attacked Kiev.
so we will describe it in some detail. The old City Hall (now the City Sovi-
It can be reached by tram No. 25 from the railway station or No. 12 from
et) stands in the center, and almost all the buildings around the edges of
the square are worth close inspection. Of the 44 houses none is less than
the Red Square in Podol.
200 years old.
An interesting excursion is to the open-air Folk Architecture Museum
on the outskirts of Kiev, near Pirogovka village, which consists of 400 old
No. 2 is a Gothic one-storied house dating from the 16th century, with
homes, mills, forges and other structures from all over the Ukraine.
a sculpture by Bellon and dolphin-reliefs on its façade. In 1627 this was
the home of the first Lvov post office. No. 4, built in 1577 and known as
the Black House (Chornaya Kamonica), houses a section of the Historical
Lvov
Museum. (The museum occupies several buildings, including also Nos.
Lvov is a regional capital, the traditional economic, transport, cultural
6 and 24 in Market Square.)
and administrative center of the western Ukraine. For six centuries it was
No. 6 has also had a varied past. It is called the Korniakt or Sobieski
the scene of much strife and war between hostile powers, irreconcilable
house; it was built at the end of the 16th century by one of Lvov's richest
nations and opposing religions. Yet the monuments of the past, their dif-
burghers, a Greek merchant, who had special permission to erect a broad
ferent styles ranging from Ukrainian traditional to Italianate Renaissance,
facade with six windows instead of the usual narrow frontage. In the 17th
German Baroque and Polish, today form a unique whole. In Ukrainian,
century the Polish King Jan Sobieski bought the house. No. 8 was built
the city's name is Lviv.
at the end of the 18th century in Classicist style but its front, stylistically
The statue of the great Polish poet Adam Mickiewicz (by Popiel and
a survival from the 16th century, was later decorated with balconies,
Farashcuk, 1905) stands in Mickiewicz Square and has come to be a sym-
wrought-iron railings and reliefs symbolizing shipping and trade.
bol of Lvov. Also in the square is the Intourist hotel, built in 1901, and
No. 12 has also acquired Renaissance features during its long life; the
ornamentation shows the plump-cheeked faces and bold moustaches of
close by, the shady promenade of the Shevchenko Prospekt to Rosa Lux-
emburg Square. The most important monument here is the Roman Catho-
contemporary Polish figures. The portals of No. 14 display a winged lion,
lic Cathedral, dating from 1270-1480, but never completed. It is still used
the symbol of Venice, denoting that this was once a diplomatic dwelling;
Antonio di Massari, the Venetian consul, lived here in 1600.
today for services. The old Gothic houses in the square burned down in
No. 17, built in Louis Quinze style, is noteworthy for its elegance and
1527 but their foundations, ground floors and, here and there, parts of
air of serene luxury. No. 18 dates from 1523 and was one of the most rich-
their first floors have survived and been incorporated into more modern
ly-decorated mansions of its age. Under the balcony of No. 19 there are
dwellings. The cathedral has 18th-century frescos and many decorative
fantastic, half-human, half-animal masks.
carvings and statues dating from the 17th and 18th centuries. The chapels
No. 23 is massive, almost oppressive in its effect. The details, and deco-
and the 214-feet-high Gothic tower were added between the 16th and 18th
rative elements, the splendid masks, the stylized lions' and angels' heads
centuries. The Boim Chapel, built 1609-17 in Baroque style, belonged to
belong to the traditions of the Italian Renaissance but their excessive use
a family of Hungarian origin, whose ancestor was private secretary to
and the heaviness of the whole ornamentation betrays German and Flem-
King Stephen Batory of Poland and Transylvania.
ish influences.
No. 2 Rosa Luxemburg Square (with its classicist facade) was built in
No. 24 is the third section of the Historical Museum; it dates from the
the 18th century. No. 3 dates from 1630.
16th century but its front was rebuilt in the 20th. In 1707 Peter the Great
You entered Rosa Luxemburg Square from the southwest; now you
received a deputation of the Stavronigy Brotherhood here and granted
leave it at its northeastern corner, where it is crossed by Russkaya (Rus-
them a charter to sell their books freely in the Ukraine.
sian) Street, the only street where Russian Orthodox believers were al-
No. 28 is a real architectural anthology: its left side still displays the
lowed to live at the end of the Middle Ages.
Gothic arches and flying buttresses of 1510, its Renaissance portico and
No. 2 Russkaya Street dates from the 16th century and has Gothic de-
window frames are 17th century, while its second story dates from the
tails. No. 8 is 18th century; notice the four relief carvings symbolizing the
Baroque period. Built by an anonymous architect, it has a particular grace-
occupant's trade. But the most important landmark is the Church of the
fulness and charm.
Assumption, one of the most beautiful in Lvov. After two previous
No. 29, in Classicist style, was built by peasant rebels captured at the
churches had burned down, the present one was built in 1590-1629. In
end of the 18th century; as soon as it was finished, they were executed.
the courtyard there is a bell tower 226 feet high, dated 1572-78, with a
Almost the entire northern side of Rinok Square dates from the second
bell called Cyril, cast locally in 1783 and weighing almost five tons. The
half of the 18th century, but some buildings have earlier elements. The
outside walls of the church are decorated with a sculptured frieze depicting
decorations are especially interesting, ranging from a laurel-wreathed,
Biblical scenes; the interior contains 18th-century sculptures and 17th-
bearded head with a lion's body, to the hermit figures supporting the
and 18th-century icons. Russian Orthodox services are held here regular-
balcony of No. 40, and the grinning stone face with a huge mustache on
the façade of No. 41.
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283
1600 and 1630 in Renaissance style by Paolo Romano and Ambrogio. It
contains valuable 17th and 18th century artworks.
Elsewhere in Lvov
Greek Catholics also built a cathedral in Lvov, sited on a hill in the
Leaving Rinok Square at one of the northern corners, you come next
southwestern part of the city: the St. George Church, designed in 1743-
to Armyanskaya (Armenian) Street, which is also filled with historical as-
60 by Bernardo Meretini; it is a rich storehouse of Ukrainian Baroque,
sociations. Its most interesting building is the Armenian Cathedral,
with a splendid equestrian statue of St. George on its roof. Its bell tower
founded in 1363, with a bell tower dating from 1571. It includes the house
contains one of the oldest bells in the Ukraine, cast in 1341.
where the Armenian Archbishop lived in the 16th century. A 16th-century
The Museum of Ukrainian Art, with its fine collection of 14th-
column topped by a statue of St. Christopher stands in the courtyard.
18th-century icons, is housed at 42 Dragomanov Street, while the Ivan
There are many other interesting buildings in the street, especially No.
Franko Museum in Franko Street is in the house where the poet spent
23, dating from the 18th century, with a Classical façade bearing the signs
the last 14 years of his life.
of the zodiac and the symbols of the four seasons.
An interesting open-air Museum of Wooden Architecture has been set
From Armyanskaya Street, turn into Krakovskaya, which crosses it be-
up in a park in a Lvov suburb (open 11-7, closed Mondays; ask Intourist
hind the Armenian Cathedral. On your right is Daniel Galitsky Street,
for directions)
named after the founder of Kiev. On the square named after the 300th
anniversary of the Russian-Ukrainian union stands the Church of the Vir-
gin of the Snows, once the oldest Catholic church in Lvov. It dates from
Kharkov
the end of the 13th century.
A regional capital with a population of almost one-and-a-half million,
Reaching Bogdan Khmelnitsky Street, you will notice the Church of
Kharkov is an economic and cultural center accessible by rail, road and
St. Nicholas, constructed between the 13th and 18th centuries. Russian
air. It is characterized by a preponderance of monumental buildings erect-
Orthodox services are now held here. At No. 63 in the same street, there
ed in the last few decades, but it has also several important historical and
is another Orthodox church, the Pyatnitskaya, built in 1645, with a very
artistic monuments.
old iconostasis. No. 34 is the St. Onufri Monastery, with a 17th-century
The Lopan River cuts through the city from north to south; near the
church in which Orthodox services are still held; the bell tower and walls
upper city the little Kharkov River runs into it from the east. The Intourist
are 17th to 19th century. Ivan Fyodorov, the first Russian printer, is bur-
ied here. He died in 1583, having produced his first book in 1563 in Mos-
Hotel is at the beginning of Sverdlov Street. Turning left out of the hotel
cow, shortly after which he fled from persecution to continue his work
you soon reach the traffic and architectural heart of the city, the huge
Dzerzhinsky Square. Part of it is a regular square, opening on to Sumskaya
in Lithuania and Poland.
This quarter is called Podzamese (Precincts of the Castle); on Bogdan
Street, which leads towards Moscow in a northeasterly direction, while
Khmelnitsky Street there is a railway station of the same name. To get
the remainder is a circle from which Lenin Prospekt opens.
Among the huge buildings in the square, the Palace of State Industry
to the castle, turn to the right, uphill.
Zamkovaya Gora (Castle Hill) is the name of the former Prince's Hill
catches the eye. Built between 1925 and 1928, it was the first skyscraper
where a fortress was built in the second half of the 13th century. Only
in the Soviet Union. The building of the Gorky University, dating from
parts of the southwestern walls remain today. The fortress survived many
the 30s, was almost totally wrecked during the war but was rebuilt with
sieges and occupations; in 1957 Lvov's television mast was erected here
new ceramic decorations. The Party Headquarters stands at the corner
of the square and Sumskaya Street. The seven-storied Hotel Kharkov is
in the middle of a park and a playground.
If you have any more time and energy for exploration, you may like
on the corner of Dzerzhinsky Square and Trinkler Street.
to walk down Lenin Prospekt, the most important thoroughfare in Lvov.
To the northeast of the main square lies another of Kharkov's main
At No. 15 you can visit the Ethnographical and Handicraft Museum,
squares, the Tevelev, which was designed in the 1890s by the architect
which has an extremely rich folklore collection. No. 20 the Lenin Muse-
Beketov. The City Hall (now the City Soviet) was erected in 1885 on the
um. At the end of the boulevard, you come to the Lenin statue by
corner of what is now Moskovsky Prospekt. Here too is the Tsentralny
Merkurov (1952). Behind it stands the large and impressive Opera House,
Restaurant, and several shops.
built between 1897 and 1900.
Kharkov's historical buildings are best approached from Tevelev
Another place well worth visiting is the Heroes' Cemetery in Lenin Park
Square. The fortress that formed the nucleus of the city once stood in the
(No. 2 tram). Not far from Rinok Square, going eastwards, there is a fine
triangle formed by this square, Rosa Luxemburg Square and Proletarian
Baroque building, the Church of the Dominican Monastery (1748). Near-
Square. Of its 12 cannon, two can still be seen in the courtyard of the His-
by stands the former Royal Arsenal (1630), now used to house the Histori-
torical Museum. The Pokrovsky Cathedral on the bank of the Lopan River
cal Archives (13 Podvalny Street), and the City Arsenal (5 Podvalny
was built in 1689. The Uspensky Cathedral (1777) on Universitetskaya
Street) which was built in 1554-56. Another medieval monument is the
Gorka has also survived. Situated on top of a hill, it can be seen from every
Gunpowder Tower, opposite the Archives, built in 1554, with walls nine
part of the city, by virtue of its prominent bell tower (1841), which com-
feet thick, now the headquarters of the Architects' Union. All these sights
memorates the 1812 victory over Napoleon and has a fine carillon.
can be reached by trams Nos. 1, 2, 4, 7, 9 or 12.
Kharkov University was established in the 19th century on the former
To the south, on Vechevaya Square, stands the former Benedictine Con-
castle hill. It is now surrounded by a park. The Historical Museum illus-
vent, looking rather like a fortress, and its church, which was built between
trating Kharkov's story is at 10 University Street and is served by trolley-
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Kremenchug is a district capital and a railway junction. Its fortress was
built in 1590 against the Tatar marauders and peasant rebels.
Transcarpathia
The next stop is Misurino, one of the Ukraine's agricultural centers.
On the left bank is the port of Perevolochno, where the remnants of the
The Transcarpathian Region (Zakarpatskaya Oblast) is part of the
defeated Swedish army tried to cross the Dnieper after the Battle of Polta-
Ukraine and was established on January 22, 1945 as an administrative
va (which Peter the Great won). Only King Charles XII and his ally, the
unit. It extends from the basin of the Tisza River to the ridge of the Carpa-
Cossack hetman Mazeppa succeeded.
thians; it is surrounded by Romania, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Poland
Now the Dnieper reaches the environs of Dneprodzerzhinsk, and traffic
and the Lvov and Ivano-Frankovsk regions of the Ukrainian Republic.
on the river becomes much heavier. Dneprodzerzhinsk is a center of the
Until 1914 it was a part of Hungary, between 1918 and 1939 of Czechoslo-
iron and steel industry. It has an interesting Museum of Local History.
vakia. When Hitler carved up the Czechoslovak state, Transcarpathia
passed partly to Ruthenian and partly to Hungarian rule. It was occupied
Dnepropetrovsk, Zaporozhye and Kherson
by the Soviet Army in the autumn of 1944. Its population is just over a
million, and includes Ukrainians, Russians, Hungarians, Romanians and
Dnepropetrovsk is the next main stop. A regional capital and major rail-
Slovaks. Its capital is Uzhgorod.
road junction, it has a large mechanized harbor and an airport. Founded
The region can be explored by following the valleys of the various rivers
in 1784 by Catherine II and originally called Yekaterinoslav, it has been
from the Tisza basin to the Watershed Range mountains and springs with
an industrial town almost since that time. In 1990 Dnepropetrovsk was
their many cataracts and falls. The highest peaks do not rise abruptly but
added to Intourist's list of cities open to foreign visitors; it was formerly
unfold slowly as you gradually climb out of the plain. Your tour will take
only open to tourists on Dnieper cruises.
you through a wonderful region of hills, ravines, steep cliffs, wide valleys,
Its main thoroughfare is the Karl Marx Prospekt, lined with a double
and, in the upper parts, mountain lakes.
row of shady trees. The Shevchenko Park, the favorite recreation area of
After the Caucasus, the Black Sea and the Crimea, Transcarpathia is
the city, is on a hill where you can see the poet's statue and the so-called
one of the most popular holiday areas in the Soviet Union. Much of it
Student Palace, built on the ruins of the former Potemkin Palace (1787-
can be reached by car, but in the mountains the best way is to hike or
89). The Preobrazhensky Cathedral (1830-35), designed by Zakharov, is
use whatever local transport is available.
also here.
After Dnepropetrovsk, the ship enters Lenin Lake, which covers what
Uzhgorod
used to be dangerous rapids and whirlpools. On the left bank is the Lenin
Uzhgorod is the largest town in Transcarpathia. It is an important rail
Harbor, close to the great dam of Dneproges, one of the largest hydroelec-
and road junction and the best base for exploring the region. Situated on
tric installations in the world.
Zaporozhye, a city with a large mechanized port, is the next stop. This,
either side of the River Uzh, in the midst of a wine-growing region, Uzhgo-
rod is mentioned in chronicles as early as in the eighth century.
too, is a largely industrial community, built on the site of the former Fort
Teatralnaya Square with the Intourist (Verkhovina) Hotel and the
Alexandrovsk. Since 1927 its population has increased tenfold. The Dnie-
opera and drama theater is about halfway between Lenin Square and the
per Power Plant was built next to Khortitsa Island, where the famous Za-
castle. Nearby is the Philharmonia Concert Hall, a former synagogue. The
porozhskaya Sech, a self-governing Cossack Community, was established
square also has an Art Gallery where you can buy souvenirs and gifts made
in the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries.
by local artists.
In Zaporozhye itself, the main street is the Lenin Prospekt, linking the
Behind the theater is the river Uzh embankment and a foot-bridge. Turn
old and new quarters of the city. There are few historical buildings, but
right here towards Lenin Quay. At the next bridge, turn right into Lenin
many modern apartment blocks and offices, large parks and gardens.
Square. On either side of the huge City Hall there are other public build-
After Zaporozhye the left bank of the river opens out into a plain
ings; on the eastern side the Trade Union house, on the corner of Lenin
crossed by many small streams and dotted with copses and woods. Belenka
Quay the medical faculty of the University.
has a large camping ground for Pioneers (rather like Boy Scouts). After
Turning back along Kalinin Street, you pass the Central Post Office
this, the river enters one more huge reservoir, the Kakhovka Sea. The next
overlooking Pochtovaya Square, then reach Koryatovich Square, with its
stop is Kamenka, on the left bank, the center of a large irrigation area.
colorful local market. Suvorov Street will take you back to Teatralnaya
Crossing the reservoir you come to Nikopol on the right bank. Nikopol,
Square and the Verkhovina Hotel.
a district center, has a Museum of Local History: a settlement on the site
You can make another excursion in the opposite direction to climb Cas-
was first mentioned in 1530. Between 1638 and 1652 it was the capital
tle Hill. The castle dates from the ninth century; Slav Prince Laborets lived
of the Zaporozhskaya Sech.
here until his murder in 903 by invading Hungarians. In 1312 Uzhgorod
Kherson is your final stop on the Dnieper. Founded as a fortress in 1778,
was presented by the Hungarian Anjou King Charles Robert to an Italian
it is both a river and sea port. From here you can visit the new town of
nobleman, whose family held it until 1692, when it passed to a Hungarian
Novaya Kakhovka and see the hydraulic power plant, or make an excur-
count. After that, it changed hands several times in the course of religious
sion to the steppe preserve at Askania Nova, with its ostriches, bisons,
and national wars.
antelopes and wild horses. This is where you leave the Dnieper. From here
The castle as it stands today has a 16th-century facade; it was recon-
you can take a hydrofoil to Odessa, which is only two hours' ride.
structed in 1598 and in 1775 was given to the local bishop, after which
284
SOVIET UNION
THE UKRAINE AND MOLDAVIA
285
buses Nos. 1, 2 and 4. Kharkov's other great museum is the Fine Arts
Many tragic and triumphant episodes in Ukrainian history have been
Museum at 11 Sovnarkomovskaya Street; tram Nos. 5, 7, 10, 11, 20 and
connected with this river; Ukrainian poets, painters and composers have
A will take you there, as will the trolley-buses 1, 2 and 4. It has 19 halls
devoted innumerable works to its moods and landscapes; not surprisingly,
devoted to Russian and Ukrainian pre-revolutionary art, icons of the Nov-
it has become a national symbol.
gorod, Pskov and other schools of the 16th century. There is a good collec-
There are ample facilities for excursions along the huge river and its
tion of paintings by Repin, who was born at nearby Chuguyev, and Soviet
tributaries. Cruises from Kiev northwards are unlikely to run for some
artists are well represented.
time in the wake of the 1986 disaster at Chernobyl nuclear power station,
about 95 km. (60 miles) north of Kiev. The most popular, most interesting
Poltava
cruise covers the 965 km. (600 miles) from the Ukrainian capital to the
mouth of the river, to the city of Kherson on the Black Sea. Comfortable
Lying 129 km. (80 miles) to the southwest of Kharkov, this is the admin-
fast or slow passenger steamers ply regularly to Kherson; at major points
istrative center of the Poltava Region of the Ukraine. The city is of ancient
en route there is time for short excursions. Even the express steamers stop
origins; its first mention dates back to the late 12th century.
for two hours in Dnepropetrovsk and an hour in Zaporozhye, about two-
In 1709 Russian troops, led by Peter I and aided by Ukrainian Cossack
thirds of the way to Kherson.
detachments, routed the invading army of Charles XII of Sweden near
Leaving Kiev, a boat first starts upstream, then swings south. On the
the city. The 17th-century Holy Cross Monastery and the Savior Church
right bank, huge public buildings rise above the parkland, and then you
still stand, and there are some fine examples of 19th-century public build-
glimpse the domes of the ancient Monastery of the Caves. You pass under
ing, notably the administrative offices encircling Round Square.
the Navodnitsky and Paton bridges-to the left lies the district of Darnit-
Poltava has an interesting Museum of Local Lore. The largely rebuilt
sa-and finally under the railroad bridge, the last landmark of Kiev.
city has several fine parks, theaters and a philharmonic society.
The villages of Osokorki on the left and Korchevatoye on the right are
still part of Greater Kiev, but Visenka, on the left, and the vacation settle-
Vinnitsa
ment of Plyuyi on the right are outside its boundaries. The hills on the
right bank begin to rise more steeply. The village of Tripolye takes its name
Vinnitsa, 241 km. (150 miles) south of Kiev, is the administrative and
from archeological finds discovered there dating from the Bronze Age to
cultural center of the region of the same name. It lies in an area famous
the so-called Tripolye culture of the fourth-to-second millennium B.C.
for folk handicrafts: pottery, embroidery, weaving and carpet-making. Be-
After Stayki and Kalnoye, you come to the first stop-Rzhishchev. This
neath Mayakovsky Street are the ruins of a fortress 600 years old. The
is the town where in 1654 the envoys of the Czar negotiated the union
origins of Vinnitsa, however, go back much earlier-archeological excava-
of Russia and the Ukraine with the Cossack hetman (commander), Bog-
tions have proved that Slav tribes inhabited the area in very ancient times.
dan Khmelnitsky.
During the war of 1648-54, Cossack troops routed Polish royal forces near
Khodorov, on the right bank, is a small town, founded in 1506; Trakhti-
Vinnitsa. A commemorative obelisk has been erected on the site of the
morovo is dominated by the cone-shaped Mount Baturin which rises oppo-
battle.
site the harbor of Peryaslav-Khmelnitsky, some eight miles from the river;
Although Vinnitsa, like many cities in the Ukraine, suffered terribly
it was here that on January 8, 1654, the union was approved by a council
during World War II, some remnants of early 17th-century architecture
assembly of Ukrainian nobles.
remain. The city is the birthplace of Ukrainian writer M. Kotsiubinsky,
Grigorovka (another stop) is on the right bank. It was here that, in the
(1864-1913), and the house where he was born and lived is now a museum.
autumn of 1943, the Russian troops crossed the Dnieper, in a bitterly con-
Modern Vinnitsa has a Museum of Local Lore, a musical drama theater,
tested battle. On the right you will see Kanev, about one mile from the
and a philharmonic society.
river. This is the home town of the great Ukrainian poet, Taras Shev-
chenko; he is buried here and there is a large museum devoted to his life
Down the Dnieper from Kiev to the Black Sea
and work.
Prohorovka follows on the left bank; a former mansion where both
The great Dnieper River flows through three Soviet republics-the Rus-
Shevchenko and Gogol were visitors is now the holiday rest home of the
sian, the Ukrainian and the Byelorussian-and is the third largest river
Ukrainian Academy of Sciences.
in Europe (after the Volga and the Danube). Rising to the north of Smo-
Some 10 km. (six miles) beyond Prohorovka, the river widens into what
lensk, in the Valday Hills, it runs past Smolensk, then continues southwest
looks almost like a sea-it is the reservoir of Kremenchug. At the far end
till it reaches White Russia. Here it flows through the town of Mogilyov;
is a huge hydroelectric plant. The ship stops on the right, at the mouth
its first great tributary is the Berezina. Later it is swollen by the waters
of the Olshanka River.
of the Sozh and the Pripyat (Pripet), the latter gathering the waters of
Cherkassy, one of the greenest cities in the Ukraine, is a major adminis-
the huge Pripet marshes. After that for some 885 km. (550 miles), more
trative and cultural center. Highways and railway lines converge here and
than half its length, it traverses Ukrainian territory. This is its widest sec-
there is an airport. The Museum of Local History displays the develop-
tion and it flows through such important cities as Kiev, Dnepropetrovsk
ment of the city since the 16th century, through the Cossack-Tatar wars
and Zaporozhye; its waters are exploited to the full for hydroelectricity
and later vicissitudes. Since the great reservoir was completed, Cherkassy
with immense dams and power plants.
has become an important river port as well.
288
SOVIET UNION
THE UKRAINE AND MOLDAVIA
289
it housed a seminary until 1945. A statue of the mythological Hungarian
starts earlier and the autumn lasts longer, so April and October are pleasant months
Turul bird stands in the garden. The Museum of Local History is at 27
for a visit. However, most of the Dnieper river cruises run in the summer months
only. There are winter sports facilities in the Carpathians.
Kremlyovskaya Street, inside the castle.
The slope between the castle and the river is the Gorky Park, with a
GETTING THERE. By train. From the West via Czechoslovakia or Hungary
swimming pool. Turning towards the river bank and walking towards the
to Uzhgorod and then to Kiev and points east and south. From Moscow and Lenin-
city center you pass the Botanical Garden and the Pioneer (Children's)
grad to Kiev. From the southwest via Romania. Trains from Eastern Europe to
Railway, then reach the theater and your hotel.
the Ukraine are always full so reservations are advisable, indeed vital if you want
For your third walk, you might like to climb up the Hill of Glory. Turn-
sleeping-car accommodation.
ing into Kladbishchenskaya Street at the corner of Koryatovich Square,
By air. Regular connections from Moscow and Leningrad to Kiev.
near the Hotel Kiev, follow a road that climbs the hill. After passing under
By car. No. 3 tourist route begins at the Czechoslovak-Soviet frontier and contin-
a monumental arch, you enter the Cemetery of Heroes, where victims of
ues via Uzhgorod, Mukachevo to Strij, Rovno, Zhitomir and Kiev. Route No. 7
takes you from Kiev to Kharkov and No. 8 from Moscow directly south to the
the last war lie.
Black Sea. No. 6 route runs from Kiev to Odessa. (These are the authorized routes
There are many long and short excursions and hikes you can take start-
for tourists; Intourist will have up-to-date news about changes.)
ing from Uzhgorod. The local Intourist office will provide guides, maps
By boat. Regular sailing to Kiev via Kanev, Cherkassy, Zaporozhye from Kher-
and information.
son and Odessa. Intourist cruises include air travel from London to Kiev and back
via Moscow (15 days). Several of these cruises were cancelled in 1990 because the
Mukachevo, Khust and Rakhov
boats were being used as hotels in Moscow. It's best to check with Intourist in ad-
vance for the latest details.
Mukachevo is a lively town and is another good base for excursions.
Standing on the river Latoritsa, it was first mentioned in history in A.D.
TOURS. Intourist organizes tours to Kiev, Kharkov, Lvov, and Uzhgorod with
903 when the Hungarians arrived as invaders. After 1919 it became part
various stopovers, either as separate excursions or as part of general tours. It also
of Czechoslovakia; it returned to Hungary in 1938, but joined the Soviet
offers a special river cruise down the Dnieper.
Union in 1946.
The most interesting sight is Palanok Castle, on the top of a hill just
HOTELS AND RESTAURANTS. A note on Ukrainian food: Ukrainian special-
south of the city. Dating from the 14th and 15th centuries, this 200-foot-
ties include soups like borshch (beet base) and cutlets of meat fried in egg and bread-
crumbs. Chicken Kiev was born here-the white meat of fat hens or capons stuffed
high building has served as a prison since 1782. A wooden Russian Ortho-
with garlic and butter. Kolbasa, a long, thick, circular sausage, is always a reliable
dox Church stands in Bogomoltsa Street. This was brought from a nearby
choice, and ask for vareniki, small dumplings filled with sugared sour cream. Ukrai-
village in 1927 as an example of early architecture (1777).
nian dishes make lavish but skillful use of garlic, pepper, and vinegar. The wines
Khust (Huszt) is a district center and a busy road junction. The moun-
of Livadia and Massandra are perfectly drinkable, and you may come across a spar-
tain rising above the town is topped by the ruins of a 16th-century castle
kling wine somewhat misleadingly called champagne. Experts also recommend
built to protect the nearby salt mines. The castle was destroyed in 1766
medivnyk (spiced honey cake) and kartoflia solimkoi (deep-fried matchstick pota-
when a bolt of lightning caused gunpowder stored in a tower to explode.
toes).
The town's Gothic church dates from 1459.
Tyachev is another district center lying on the Tisza River (Theiss) near
Chernovtsy (formerly Cernauti when part of Romania). Bukovina, 141 Lenin
the frontier with Romania. The road here follows the river through Solot-
Street (tel. 3-8274), five-story, is best, followed by any of following: Kiev, 46 Lenin
Street; Radyanska, 34 Universitetskaya Street; Dniester, Kobylianskaya Street;
niva, the site of a large salt mine and some interesting caves.
Verkhovina, 7 Central Square. Motel: two miles east of city.
Rakhov is at the heart of the Hutsul region. The Hutsuls are a Slav tribe
Campsite at 3 Novoselitskaya Street; 3 small hotels, restaurant, bathing beach.
of great antiquity and colorful folk customs. Rakhov is an industrial and
Restaurants. Aside from hotels, try Teatralny, Kotlyarevskaya Street; Zatyshok,
tourist center. The highway and railway lines lead from here along upper
6 Zelyonaya Street.
reaches of the Tisza towards its source. On the right is Kvasi, a spa known
for its mineral waters. Yasina is 549 meters (1,800 feet) up (in a broad
Kharkov. Intourist, 21 Prospekt Lenina (tel. 32-0508), moderate. Mir, 27a
valley) on the bank of the Black Tisza. It has a 200-bed hotel, open in
Prospekt Lenina (tel. 30-5543). Kharkov, 2 Trinkler Street. Motel Druzhba, 185
the tourist season, and Hutsul folk art (woodcarvings, embroidery) is on
Gagarin Prospekt (tel. 52-2091).
sale here. After this rather large village comes the Yablonitsky Pass (822
Campsite Lesnaya at Vysoky Village (tel. 22-5200).
Restaurants. Tsentralny, Tevelev Square, and Teatralnaya at 2 Sumskaya Street,
meters, 2,700 feet), from where the road continues towards Delatin and
share top billing. Then either of these: Lux, Rosa Luxembourg Street or Vareniki
Kolomiya.
Café, 14 Sumskaya Street, specializing in the Ukrainian national dish, a small
dumpling with various fillings.
Kiev. Rus, 21 Kuibyshev Street (tel. 20-4255/4266). 22-story, 477 rooms. Fairly
PRACTICAL INFORMATION FOR THE UKRAINE
new. Lybed, Victory Square (tel. 74-0063). Reported good, with fair service, in
1990. Intourist, 26 Lenin Street. Officially classed as deluxe but we call it first-class.
Only 43 rooms at last look.
WHEN TO GO. As we have indicated, the climate of the Ukraine (except for
Of equal rank are: Dnieper, Lenkomsomol Square (tel. 91-6569/4829). 200
the mountainous Carpathian region) is much milder than that of Russia. The spring
rooms, very good restaurant (closed Mon.), moderate facilities. Moskva, 4 October
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United States Department of State
Washington, D.C. 20520
Bureau of European and
Canadian Affairs
URGENT!!!
OFFICE OF SOVIET UNION AFFAIRS (EUR/SOV)
FAX COVER SHEET
RETURN FAX NO. (202) 647-3506
DATE:
7/24/91
TO:
BOB SIMON 456-7750
URGENT!!!
FAX NO.
456-6218
RICHARD MILLS 647-6757
FROM: EUR/SOV -
SUBJECT:
ATTACHED BACKGROUND ON UKRAINE
REMARKS:
MR. SIMON--HOPE THAT THIS WILL BE HELPFUL. I HAVE A ONE
PAGE CLASSIFIED SHEET, BUT I DON'T THINK IT ADDS MUCH THAT IS NOT
IN THE TWO PAGER ATTACHED- GIVEN DIFFICULTY OF FAXING CLASSIFIED TO
YOU I WILL NOT SEND UNLESS I HEAR FROM YOU. YOU SHOULD CHECK
THE SCENESETTER SENT OVER FOR THE PRESIDENT'S MEETING WITH UKRAINIAN
PRESIDENT AS WELL, IF YOU CAN GET A COPY. RICK MILLS
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BACKGROUND INFORMATION
Ukrainian Sovereignty
Ukrainian views are sharply divided on the question of
whether Ukraine should sign a new union treaty with Moscow.
Pro-independence sentiment is strong in Western Ukraine, the
bulk of which was joined to the USSR after 1940. The people of
this region, numbering about one-fourth of the republic's
population, have retained a distinct identity; they are more
likely to be Uniate (Catholic) than Orthodox and they are more
likely to speak Ukrainian. The opposite end of the spectrum is
represented by Crimea, which was transferred from the Russian
to the Ukrainian republic in 1953. Ethnic Ukrainians are in a
minority there and many Crimean residents have expressed fears
that they would not fit into an independent Ukraine.
The populous eastern Ukraine generally opposes separatism.
Not only are there many ethnic Russians who live in the area,
but much of the Ukrainian population is "Russified." Some
large cities, such as Kharkov, are economically dependent on
the All-Union market, given the kinds of industry located there.
31.5 million Ukrainians (83 percent of eligible voters)
took part in the March 17 Union referendum. 70.5 percent voted
in favor of the Union referendum question, and 80 percent
supported an additional republic plebiscite question on
Ukraine's adhering to a Union of Sovereign States only on the
basis of the Ukrainian Sovereignty Declaration of July 1990.
Residents of three western provinces voted overwhelmingly in
Ukraine. favor of a third plebiscite calling for a fully independent
Prime Minister Vitold Fokin represented Ukraine at the
April 23 9-plus-1 talks with Gorbachev and Yeltsin. Supreme
Soviet Chairman Leonid Kravchuk maintains that he will sign a
new union treaty, although he has criticized the current draft
union treaty for failing to adequately confirm the principles
of republics' sovereignty.
One out of every five Soviets lives in Ukraine. Without
the cooperation of that republic as well as Russia, Gorbachev's
plans to reconstitute the USSR cannot succeed.
Multiparty Politics
New political parties are multiplying in Ukraine as a
result of the increasing political awareness and national
consciousness of the republic population. The Ukrainian
government has tolerated, if not encouraged, the emergence of
political parties since the official recognition of Rukh, the
nationalist movement, in September 1989. The legal environment
for political parties is fluid, without clearly established
guidelines on registration and legalization.
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Rukh
Rukh is a nationalist umbrella organization of various
political and cultural organizations. Over the past 18 months,
Rukh ("movement" in Ukrainian) has emerged as a powerful
political force, holding at least one-third of the seats in the
Ukrainian Supreme Soviet, one half in the Kiev City Council,
and solid majorities in several key cities in Western Ukraine.
According to Rukh sources, the March 1990 legislative
elections were manipulated by the Ukrainian Communist Party
(UCP) to impede the nationalists and ensure a communist
majority. The communist republic leadership has also taken
steps recently to control the opposition forces' influence in
the legislature and media and has passed a resolution
curtailing public demonstrations.
Economic Reform
The republic leadership supports economic autonomy from the
central government and cautious steps toward a market, codified
in the legislature's July 1990 resolution on economic
sovereignty. It has passed an economic reform program that
includes privatization of property, issuance of a national
currency, and entry in the IMF, IBRD and other international
organizations, but the mechanisms for implementing it are still
lacking.
Coal miners in the Donbass region, an important political
force in Ukraine, joined other miners in a two-month nationwide
coal strike that ended in early May. The miner's rejected
Moscow's solutions to their economic problems but also, because
their mines require subsidies to function, remain opposed to a
true market economy.
Kiev Consulate
The U.S. Consulate General in Kiev began full-time
operations in March 1991. Consul General Jon Gundersen and
Second Secretary John Stepanchuk are working initially out of
three leased apartments. They will be joined later this year
by an Administrative Officer and a Press and Cultural Affairs
Officer. We presently are negotiating with Kiev city officials
for lease of additional temporary office and residential space
to house the consulate.
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Ukraine
O
President: Leonid Kravchuk
o
Prime Minister: Vitold Fokin
Political Complexion: Republic Supreme Soviet is split
between communists and "Rukh/Narodna Rada" nationalists, but
communists retain majority. The republic government has taken
thunder. an increasingly nationalist stance, in part to steal Rukh's
0
Opposition: "Rukh" is one of the largest and best organized
of the nationalist popular fronts. It controls most of
western Ukraine and has about 25 percent of the seats in the
Supreme Soviet.
Key Trends/Issues: Autonomy/independence; economic reform;
environmental problems/Chernobyl cleanup.
Uzbekistan
President: Islam Karimov
Prime Minister: Islam Karimov
Political Complexion: Republic government is dominated by
old-style CP machine; Karimov abolished Council of Ministers
in November 1990 and took direct control over ministries.
Opposition: The "Birlik" nationalist movement has attracted
substantial support but remains in the minority. Islamic
fundamentalism on the rise.
Key Trends/Issues: Autonomy; economic reform; environmental
problems; Russian minority's domination; Islamic revival.
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UNCLASSIFIED
- 2 -
-- Violence flared in May between Armenia and Azerbaijan,
with Soviet troops apparently taking the side of the
Azerbaijanis in shelling Armenian villages and
depopulating the area surrounding the disputed area of
Nagorno-Karabakh in Azerbaijan.
Moldova
o
Moldova (formerly known as Moldavia) does not consider
itself to be legally part of the USSR as it was annexed
from Romania after World War II as part of the peace
settlement with Romania, which had backed the Axis cause.
0.
The Moldovan government has had tense relations with its
two largest ethnic minorities -- Russians and Gagauz
(Turkic Christians) which seek to remain in the USSR and
fear the consequences of Moldovan independence.
o
Moldova is seeking independence, rather than reunification
with Romania, but it is assumed by most observers that it
neighbors. could not survive independently of one of its two large
o
In recent months, Moldova has taken a less confrontational
stance toward Moscow, but it is still refusing to
participate in union treaty talks. Moldova has postponed a
referendum on secession several times under pressure from
both Moscow and its ethnic minorities.
Nine-Plus-One
O
Of the nine republics that have agreed to participate in a
new union, only Ukraine and Azerbaijan have sizable
independence movements at present.
--- In the western provinces of Ukraine, which were
transferred from Poland, Romania and Czechoslovakia to
the USSR after World War II, independence sentiment is
very high.
- Elsewhere in Ukraine, there is substantial support for
independence but it appears to be a minority view:
approximately two-thirds of Ukrainians Voted for a new
Gorbachev. union in the March 17 national referendum sponsored by
-- Nonetheless, the future status of Ukraine, and the
future attitudes of its people on the question, must be
considered uncertain.
UNCLASSIFIED