Ask the Scholar
Document scope · 1 page
Scholar
Ask about this object, its catalog metadata, its source description, or the page inventory.
For page-specific OCR and visual context, open one of the page chats.
Scholar Source Context
Document identity
localId
323153498
label
Solar Energy Research Institute 9/16/91 [OA 8327] [2]
core
doc
dtoType
document
citationUrl
pageCount
1
Source metadata
id
323153498
contentType
document
title
Solar Energy Research Institute 9/16/91 [OA 8327] [2]
citationUrl
identifierLocal
13769-001
collections
Records of the White House Office of Speechwriting (George H. W. Bush Administration)
Speech Backup Chronological Files
imageCount
1
hasImages
yes
source
import
hasTranscription
no
Source extras
naId
323153498
levelOfDescription
fileUnit
recordType
description
ocrSource
nara-archive
Single page context
seq
1
pageIndex
0
type
document
mediaId
839afb9e9078ff31
ocrText
Originally Processed With FOIA(s):
FOIA Number:
S; 2011-1613-F[1]
S
FOIA
MARKER
This is not a textual record. This is used as an
administrative marker by the George Bush Presidential
Library Staff.
Record Group/Collection:
George H.W. Bush Presidential Records
Collection/Office of Origin:
Speechwriting, White House Office of
Series:
Speech File Backup Files
Subseries:
Chron File, 1989-1993
OA/ID Number:
13769
Folder ID Number:
13769-001
Folder Title:
Solar Energy Research Institute 9/16/91 [OA 8327] [2]
Stack:
Row:
Section:
Shelf:
Position:
G
26
21
6
1
NSF
Recipients of the
National Medal of Science for 1991
Behavioral/Social Sciences
Robert W. Kates
1
For his fundamental contributions to the understanding of natural and man-made hazards,
and the global problem of world hunger.
1
George A. Miller
For his innovative leadership in the scientific study of language and cognition, and for
his commitment to improved education for literacy.
Biological Sciences
3
Mary Ellen Avery
For her discovery of the major cause of respiratory distress syndrome of premature
infants and the strategies for treatment and prevention.
4
G. Evelyn Hutchinson
For his role in the emergence of ecology as a modern science, and introducing American
geochemists to the importance of living organisms in the cycles of the elements. His
work has proved the importance of environmental studies for society in general.
Elvin A. Kabat
For his seminal contributions in the field of immunology, and for bringing the field to
its present prominence.
Salvador E. Luria* 6
For a lifetime devoted to applying genetics to viruses and bacteria, and for guiding the
development of generations of students who have helped create the modern power of
molecular biology.
Paul A. Marks 7
For his contribution to hematology in defining the genetic basis for G6PD deficiency and
thalassemia, the genetic control of human cancer cell proliferation.
Folke K. Skoog⁸
For his pioneering achievements in the chemical induction and regulation of organ
formation in plants; and for contributions to the development of tissue culture as an
experimental technique of fundamental importance in biotechnology.
Paul C. Zamecnik 9
For his pioneering research of protein biosynthesis to biochemical attack, paving the way
for dissection of the genetic code; and for introducing the concept and method of
"antisense DNA" as an approach to viral gene inhibition and chemotherapy.
Chemistry
10
Ronald Breslow
For his incisive work on enzyme mimics that has built bridges between chemistry and
biochemistry, and for his seminal work on novel conjugated molecules and a new class
of anticancer agents.
*Awarded Posthumously
Gertrude B. Elion If
For her basic research in chemistry which revolutionized our understanding of
immunosuppression, and enhanced the sciences of chemistry and medicine by elucidating
fundamental principles of drug-receptor interactions.
Dudley R. Herschbach 02
For his seminal contributions to the fundamental understanding of reactions of atoms and
molecules, collision by collision.
Glenn T. Seaborg 13
For his outstanding work as a chemist, scientist and teacher in the field of nuclear
chemistry.
Engineering
George H. Heilmeier 14
For his major contributions to the technological competitiveness of the United States and
to the cause of national defense.
Luna B. Leopold 15
For his influence on the course of hydrology, for outstanding service in converting a data
gathering agency into a progressive research operation, and for a distinguished academic
career.
H. Guyford Stever 16
For his scientific and engineering leadership in applying new results of scientific research
and technological development to the purpose of government, industry, and academe.
Mathematics
Alberto P. Calderón 17
For his ground-breaking work on singular integral operators and the application to
important problems in partial differential equations, including the Atiyah-Singer index
theorem and the propagation of singularities of non-linear equations.
Physical Sciences
Arthur L. Schawlow
For his role in the conception of the laser and in advancing its applications, especially in
laser spectroscopy.
19
Edward C. Stone, Jr.
For his outstanding leadership as project scientist for the Voyager space mission and its
experiments in the outer Solar System.
Steven Weinberg 20
For his contributions to the discovery of the structure of the fundamental forces of nature;
the development of the standard model, and the unification of the weak and
electromagnetic forces.
Recipients of the
National Medal of Technology for 1991
COMMERCENT
Advanced Manufacturing Technology
Geoffrey Boothroyd and Peter Dewhurst
For their concept, development, and commercialization of Design for Manufacture and
Assembly (DFMA), which has dramatically reduced costs, improved product quality and
enhanced the competitiveness of major U.S. manufacturers.
F. Kenneth Iverson
For his concept of producing steel in minimills using revolutionary slab casting
technology that has revitalized the American steel industry.
Product and Process Innovations
Gordon C. Bell
For his continuing intellectual and industrial achievements in the field of computer
design; and for his leading role in establishing cost-effective, powerful minicomputers
which serve as a significant tool for engineering, science and industry.
John Cocke
For development and implementation of Reduced Instruction Set Computer (RISC)
architecture that significantly increased the speed and efficiency of computers, thereby
enhancing U.S. technological competitiveness.
Carl Djerassi
For his broad technological contributions to solving environmental problems; and for his
development of insect control products that are harmless and biodegradable.
Frederick Jones and Joseph A. Numero
For revolutionizing the preservation and distribution of food and other perishables
through their development of refrigeration technology for trucks, trailers, boxcars, ships
and planes; and for the development of a worldwide sales and service network.
The Pegasus Team
For their invention, development, and production of the Pegasus rocket, the world's first
privately-developed space launch vehicle that opened the door to significantly increasing
payloads in space.
Charles E. Reed
For his management risk-taking in continuous innovation leading the General Electric
Company to world class production of advanced engineering materials.
Technology Management
Stephen D. Bechtel, Jr.
For outstanding leadership in applying modern technology management principles within
the Bechtel Group, a world-class engineering and construction firm.
Robert W. Galvin
For advancement of the American electronics industry through continuous technological
innovation, establishing Motorola as a world class electronics manufacturer.
Technological Manpower Development
James J. Duderstadt
For his excellence in the development and implementation of strategies for engineering
education; and for his successes in bringing women and minorities into the Nation's
technological workforce.
Grace M. Hooper
For her pioneering accomplishments in the development of computer programming
languages that simplified computer technology and opened the door to a significantly
larger universe of users.
Technology Transfer
John P. Stapp
For his research on the effects of mechanical force on living tissue leading to safety
developments in crash protection technology for automobiles, aircraft, trains, manned
space flight and other modes of transportation.
09/05/91 17:54
1
002
The
National
Medal Of
Technology
United States Department of Commerce
Washington, D.C. 20230
AWARDED BY THE
PRESIDENT OF THE
UNITED STATES
or AMERICA
Proposed 1991 National Medal of Technology Recipient
minicomputer
NOMINEE(S)/ORGANIZATION:
Chester Gordon Bell
Ardent Computer Company
880 Maude Avenue
Sunnyvale, CA 94086
NOMINATOR(S):
Erich Bloch, Director
National Science Foundation
1800 G. Street, N.W.
Washington, D.C. 20550
CONTACT PERSON:
Erich Bloch
(202) 357-7748
CITATION:
Intellectual and industrial achievements in the field of computer design, leading role in
establishing the "minicomputer" (small, relatively inexpensive, powerful class of computer) as
a significant tool for science, engineering and industry, and continuing contribution to the
development of the U.S. computer science and industry.
FURTHER BACKGROUND:
C. Gordon Bell is widely recognized for seminal and continuing contributions to the design,
development, and commercialization of the "minicomputer." Bell lead the engineering teams
that designed a series of innovative computers beginning with the PDP 4-8 which
revolutionized computing and computing applications. The PDP-8 formed the basis for
company growth from $25 million in 1966 to over $1 Billion in 1977. These achievements
were duplicated in the role Bell played in the creation, development, and business
exploitation of Digital's VAX line of minicomputers. Bell has displayed more vision than any
computer designer in the field, in the area of understanding how a particular architecture, as
yet not created, could address an important set of requirements of a board community. In
recent years this has led him to help start two new companies with innovative potentially
"breakthrough" technologies which could radically advance both the industry and the
applications to which the computers are applied.
09/05/91
17:55
003
The
National
Medal Of
Technology
United States Department of Commerce
Washington, D.C. 20230
AWARDED BY THE
PRESIDENT or THE
UNITED STATES
OF AMERICA
Proposed 1991 National Medal of Technology Recipient
MEDMLOF BCP ELENCEWINER 73
NOMINEE(S)/ORGANIZATION:
Dr. Carl Djerassi
first oral
Department of Chemistry
Stanford University
contracoptive
Stanford, CA 94305-5080
NOMINATOR(S):
Dr. Rose Ann Dabek
Chairman of the American
Chemical Societies Committee on
Patents and Related Matters
American Chemical Society
1155 Sixteenth Street, NW
Washington, D.C. 20036
(513) 245-2885
CONTACT PERSON:
Nominator
(513) 245-2885
CITATION:
For his technological contribution to environmental problems, including population and insect
control. He has brought both creative science and technology and their application to these
endeavors.
FURTHER BACKGROUND:
A major part of Carl Djerassi's scientific and social effort has been directed toward the
solution of critical human problems. He invented not only the first oral contraceptive (for
which he received the National Medal of Science in 1973), he also synthesized Cortisone at
Syntex, and started a new company (Zoecon Corporation) based on new methods for insect
control. He made millions of dollars in business while continuing to publish over 1000
articles. He was an a model for combining academics and industrial pursuits. He was a part
of the new wave of faculty-university relationships that encouraged private sector activity.
The transfer of technology from Wayne State University and Stanford to the private sector
was very impressive.
The direct economic benefit of his first synthesis of an oral contraceptive must be reckoned in
the billions of dollars. Worldwide the effect has passed the $trillion mark.
09/05/91
17:55
004
The
National
Medal Of
Technology
United States Department of Commerce
Washington, D.C. 20230
AWARDED MY THE
PRESIDENT or THE
UNITED STATES
or AMERICA
Proposed 1991 National Medal of Technology Recipient
invented term
NOMINEE(S)/ORGANIZATION:
oldest 890.90
Grace Murry Hopper
U.S. Navy, Retired
"bng" for
1400 Joyce Street A 1614 computers
Arlington, VA 22202
work w/firs
NOMINATOR(S):
Ms. Jill S. Baylor
Secretary
large scare computer
receiving on
Society of Women Engineers
MARK 1
behalf of Adm.
7377 S. Hudson Way
Littleton, Colorado 80122
COBOL
CONTACT PERSON:
Hopper
programming languge
Ms. Jill S. Baylor
(303) 741-7937
CITATION:
For her pioneering efforts in the development of programming languages and the expansion
people. of our knowledge and expertise in using them which made computers accessible to many
FURTHER BACKGROUND:
Admiral Hopper's major achievements include: 1) working with the first large-scale digital
computer - Mark I; 2) wrote the programming manual for the Mark I which resolved some the
early programming bugs; 3) led the development of the first English language compiler which
was actually used, and which was a major input to COBOL; 4) came up with the term "bug" for
something that makes a program run awry; and 5) a life time of continued work on standards
such as the standardization of computer languages.
The development of compilers as well as the various commuter languages have
revolutionized the work place as we know it. She gave leadership to need to train individuals
in the required new skills to use the computers. The merit of the advancement represented
by a computer language which enabled non mathematicians to use computers is without
doubt. She helped move the state of the art from programming in assembly language and
computer. higher level languages such as COBOL thereby greatly increasing the application of the
09/05/91
17:56
005
The
National
Medal Of
Technology
United States Department of Commerce
Washington, D.C. 20230
AWARDED BY THE
PRESIDENT or THE
UNITED STATES
or AMERICA
Proposed 1991 National Medal of Technology Recipient
NOMINEE(S)/ORGANIZATION:
Robert W. Galvin
Chairman
Motorola Inc.
1303 East Algonquin Road
Schaumburg, IL. 60196
to both Award
(602) 965-1722
NOMINATOR(S):
Clovis R. Haden, Dean
College of Engineering and Applied
Sciences
Arizona State University
Tempe, AZ 85287-5506
CONTACT PERSON:
and
Clovis R. Haden
(602) 965-1722
George Grimsrud
Motorola, Inc.
(312) 576-0642
CITATION:
Advancement of the American electronics industry through the continuous technological and
management innovation required to maintain its international competitiveness.
FURTHER BACKGROUND:
He is known worldwide for his advancement of the American electronic industry through
continuous technological and management innovation required to maintain its international
competitiveness. Since becoming President of the Motorola company in 1956, he has
guided the company through dramatic changes in its technology base, its management
approach, and it national international posture.
He has developed one of the world's leading manufacturers of electronic systems, cellular
telephones, integrated circuits, discrete semiconductors, defense and aerospace electronics,
automotive and industrial systems, data communications, information processing and
handling equipment, and what is a seemingly endless list of new and innovation products. In
short, he established Motorola as one of the top semiconductor companies in the world, with
sales of over $8 billion. He also led the company to the first Malcolm Baldrige Award.
To
Jeannie
Date 9/11
Time 11:05
WHILE YOU WERE OUT
M
John Sargent
of
Phone
377-1397
Area Code
Number
Extension
TELEPHONED
PLEASE CALL
CALLED TO SEE YOU
WILL CALL AGAIN
WANTS TO SEE YOU
URGENT
RETURNED YOUR CALL
Message
266A
Jan 23-023 CARBONLESS
AMPAD
EFFICIENCY®
when did POTUS So on computer?
Prto
WILL
State
THE
330 301
ON
RAS
15
09/05/91
17:56
006
The
National
Medal Of
Technology
United States Department of Commerce
Washington, D.C. 20230
AWARDED BY THE
PRESIDENT or THE
UNITED STATES
or AMERICA
Proposed 1991 National Medal of Technology Recipient
NOMINEE(S)/ORGANIZATION:
The Pegasus Team
Space
NOMINATOR(S):
Goungst 4's
Richard DalBello
Pegasus Rocket
Director
&
John F. Mitchell
- DAVID W. THOMPSON
Vice Chairman
Committee Office of Space Commerce
- ANTONIO L. ELLAS
Motorola, Inc.
1303 East Algonquin
- DAVID S. HOLLINGSWORTH
Schaumberg, IL 60176
- ROBERT R. LOVELL
(708) 576-6500, and
U.S. Department of Commerce
Office of Space Commerce
(202) 377-8125
CONTACT PERSON:
launch rocaets from of
David W. Thompson, Orbital Sciences
airplanes instead
Corporation
(703) 631-3600
CITATION:
ground
For the invention, development, production and cooperation of the Pegasus rocket, the
world's first privately-developed space launch vehicle.
FURTHER BACKGROUND:
The Pegasus air-launched rocket, the world's first commercially-developed and operated
Earth-to-space vehicle, sets new standards for launch vehicle performance, flexibility, safety
and affordability against which other rockets will be measured for decades to come. The
product of a two and one half years of collaborative effort by Orbital Sciences Corporation
and Hercules, Inc., Pegasus is the first all-new unmanned launch vehicle to be developed in
the U.S. in 20 years. By enabling the economical launching of new satellite-based global
personal communications networks, worldwide environmental monitoring systems, low-
gravity materials and pharmaceutical processing laboratories and smaller, more flexible
space industry.
scientific and military spacecraft, Pegasus has opened a low-cost gateway to space and the
09/05/91 17:57
007
The
National
Medal Of
Technology
United States Department of Commerce
Washington, D.C. 20230
AWARDED BY THE
PRESIDENT or THE
UNITED STATES
OF AMERICA
Proposed 1991 National Medal of Technology Recipient
NOMINEE(S)/ORGANIZATION:
John Cocke
IBM 801
IBM Thomas J. Watson
Research Center
Yorktown Heights, NY 10598
NOMINATOR(S):
Dr. John A. Armstrong
Corporate Officer of IBM Corporation
IBM Vice President,
Science and Technology
Old Orchard Road
Armonk, NY 10504
CONTACT PERSON:
Dr. L.A. Kasprzak,
IBM Corporation
2B-73, 500 Columbus Ave.
Thornwood, NY 10594
(941)742-5926
CITATION:
Architecture. For development and implementation of Reduced Instruction Set Computer (RISC)
FURTHER BACKGROUND:
Dr. Cocke invented the concept the Reduced Instruction Set Computer (RISC) and led the
development of the first RISC machine, the IBM 801. RISC architecture minimizes complexity
and uses simple instructions which execute in one machine cycle, producing systems
significantly more efficient than possible with complex computer designs; RISC is particularly
efficient when combined with Dr. Cocke's work on optimize compilers. RISC architecture
implemented in current technology offers more computing power at lower cost than ever
performance computing accessible to new types of users.
before., This changes the slope of the performance/cost curve, thus making high
Today RISC is almost universally the base architecture for engineering work stations
other throughout the information processing industry. Even now RISC forms the basis for
the architecture of choice for such systems.
very-high-performance microprocessor system designs and is rapidly being adopted many as
will In 12987, John Backus, the father of Fortran, made two observations; "The RISC paradigm
come to be the standard for future machines..." and "I believe that Dr. Cocke has done
more to improve the speed and efficiency of computation in general than any living person..."
09/05/91
17:58
008
The
National
Medal Of
Technology
United States Department of Commerce
Washington, D.C. 20230
AWARDED BY THE
PRESIDENT or THE
UNITED STATES
OF AMERICA
Proposed 1991 National Medal of Technology Recipient
role in reconstruct
NOMINEE(S)/ORGANIZATION:
Stephen D. Bechtel, Jr.
of KUWMI
50 Beale Street
San P.O. Francisco, Box 3965 CA 94119 chm. Nat'l
NOMINATOR(S):
Dr. Ralph Landau
Acaclemy of Eng.
Consulting Engineer
Stanford University (ANS)
c/o Listowel Incorporated
Two Park Avenue
New York, NY 10016
(212) 683-8660
CONTACT PERSON:
Diane Aldridge
(415) 768-0104
CITATION:
For outstanding leadership in the engineering profession as chairman of the National
Academy of Engineering and as leader of the world renowned primary engineering and
construction organization in the United States.
FURTHER BACKGROUND:
As a civil engineer and the leader of one of the nation's foremost engineering and
construction firms for the past 30 years, he directly contributed to building America's industrial
base and improving the quality of life at home and abroad. His vision has required
harnessing the best in technology to provide premier technical and management services to
support the capital investments of industry and government. During his career he has
directed tens of thousands of engineers and support staff in building some of the most
significant engineering projects of this century projects that have provided electricity, fuels,
minerals, chemicals and other vitally needed resources to communities through the world;
projects that have also significantly enhanced U.S. exports of goods, products, and services.
Some of his notable projects include the James Bay hydroelectric project--the largest civil
engineering project ever undertaken in Canada--which merges two rivers to generate more
than 210.5 million kilowatts of powder; Jubail Industrial City in the Arabian desert, which
consisted of infrastructure for several basic industries and a population of 250,000; some of
the first production platforms in the North Sea, LNG complexes in Indonesian forests, the
world's largest cooper project in New Guinea; and presently a major role in the
reconstruction of Kuwait.
09/05/91
17:58
5
009
The
National
STATE
Medal Of
Technology
United States Department of Commerce
Washington, D.C. 20230
AWARDED BY TITL
PRESIDENT OF THE
UNITED STATES
OF AMERICA
Proposed 1991 National Medal of Technology Recipient
NOMINEE(S)/ORGANIZATION:
Charles E. Reed
plastics
3200 Park Avenue
engineering
Bridgeport, Conn. 06604
NOMINATOR(S):
John F. Welch Jr. Chairman & CEO
General Electric Company
3135 Easton Turnpike
Fairfield, Conn. 06431
(203) 373-2971
CONTACT PERSON:
George Wise
GE R&D Center
P.O. Box 8
Schenectady, NY 12301
(518) 387-7915
CITATION:
World leadership in Advanced Engineering Materials.
FURTHER INFORMATION:
In management positions where he could have settled for the exploitation of existing
technologies, he was a risk taker. urging the move ahead to the next breakthrough: for
example, as General Manager of GE's Chemical and Metallurgical Division, he was not
satisfied to stand pat with winning product, Lexan polycarbonate, but he championed the
development of Noryl resin, a major extension of the product line, in spite of extreme
technical and market challenges. He demonstrated vision: where others saw engineering
plastics as a minor sideline of an electrical manufacturing company, he foresaw that it could
one of GE' S major business areas, and that GE could compete
head-to-head with the world's giant chemical companies.
09/05/91
17:59
010
The
National
Medal Of
Technology
United States Department of Commerce
Washington, D.C. 20230
AWARDED BY THE
PRESIDENT or THE
UNITED STATES
OF AMERICA
Proposed 1991 National Medal of Technology Recipient
lead to
FORCE
NOMINEE(S)/ORGANIZATION:
Colonel John Paul Stapp
testing
"taking it to the limit"
1413 Rockwood
Alamagordo, New Mexico 88311 he has had
NOMINATOR(S):
George D. Aravosis
the most shock
1988 SAE President
b/c did testing 84
400 Commonwealth Drive
minselt; his
Warrendale, PA 15096
(412) 776-4841
students wouldn't
do
CONTACT PERSON:
Max E. Rumbaug
Executive Vice President
SAE
(412) 776-4841
CITATION:
Research on the effects of mechanical force on living tissue leading to safety developments
in crash protection technology and further developments in manned space flight.
FURTHER BACKGROUND:
Colonel Stapp's career is an outstanding example of achievements in technology transfer.
He believed that limits set for human tolerance were not accurate and set out to discover the
real limits. When experiments with dummies and animals limited him, he become a "subject"
of his own experiments. His personal involvement demonstrated his willingness to take risks
to insure the safety of others.
Because of the technology transfers from public to the private sector, the dreams of going
faster and further have become the realities of modern technology. His research led to
discoveries of new design for all vehicles and an awareness of the possibilities for manned
space exploration a realistic goal. His impact on modern technology is immeasurable when
viewed in terms of the contributions of the space program and to all vehicles.
and carrying out thousands of experiments. He organized and founded two laboratories for
His career involved more than twenty years of research in the Air Force, planning, designing
the US Air Force, the Aero Medical Facility of Edwards Air Force Base and the Aeromedical
National Highway Safety Administration for several years. He has published more than 50
Field Laboratory of Holloman Air Force Base. He Continued to serve his country with the
original papers on medical and aero-space medical research and related subjects and has
acceleration, deceleration and space flight.
published over twelve chapters in textbooks and encyclopedias on aerospace medicine,
09/05/91 18:00
011
The
National
Medal Of
Technology
United States Department of Commerce
Washington, D.C. 20230
AWARDED BY THE
PRESIDENT or THE
UNITED STATES
or AMERICA
Proposed 1991 National Medal of Technology Recipient
NOMINEE(S)/ORGANIZATION:
Dr. Kenneth Iverson
revitalized the
Chairman and CEO
Nucor Corporation
domestic specialty
4425 Randolf Road
North Carolina 28211
steel industry
NOMINATOR(S):
Dr. William B. Street, Dean
College of Engineering
Cornell University
Carpenter Hall
Ithaca, NY 14850
CONTACT PERSON:
Dr. William B. Street
(607) 255-6088
CITATION:
Mr. Iverson Is a leading innovator in the U.S. steel industry. His concept of making steel in
minimills using revolutionary slab casting technology has revitalized the domestic specialty
steel Industry.
FURTHER BACKGROUND:
Mr. Iverson has long been a leading innovator in the steel industry. Four years after joining
Nucor, he led the company into making it own steel in bold effort to remain competitive.
However, instead of taking the traditional approach, Mr. Iverson turned to the use of new
technology. He built non-unionized mini-mills, usually in rural areas, installed modern
electronic arc furnaces which melted scrap, and began to continuously cast and roll slab
instead of pouring ingots and re-rolling them the old-fashioned way. As a result, Nucor
makes steel for about two man-hours per ton, compared to four-to-five man hours per ton for
large integrated companies, and at 50% lower cost.
A more recent gamble is his $400 million dollar investment to build two new plants which will
be the first commercial application of new technology to cast thin (2") continuous slabs of
steel. If it works, Nucor will move to the 7th largest producer in the U.S.
09/05/91 18:00
012
The
National
Medal Of
Technology
United States Department of Commerce
Washington, D.C. 20230
AWARDED BY THE
PRESIDENT or THE
UNITED STATES
OF AMERICA
Proposed 1991 National Medal of Technology Recipient
NOMINEE(S)/ORGANIZATION
Dr. James Johnson Duderstadt
2068 Fleming Administration Building
Ann Arbor, Michigan
48109-1340
NOMINATOR(S):
Charles M. Vest
education
Provost and Vice President
for Academic Affairs
(President -elect of MIT)
CONTACT PERSON:
Patricia DuCharme
(313) 936-2254
CITATION:
For distinguished service as an engineering educator and leader of higher education
devoted to relevant education of the highest quality and to the full participation of young men
and women of all races in the benefits and responsibilities of the engineering profession.
FURTHER BACKGROUND:
Dr. Duderstadt, as Dean of Engineering, was directly responsible for a revolutionary change
in the quality of faculty, facilities, research, computational infrastructure and education at the
University of Michigan's College of engineering in the early 1990's. These changes
benefitted thousands of students. As Provost and President of the University of Michigan, he
introduced strategic planning processes that led to major commitments to the basic sciences,
and to an institutional commitment to developing a diverse faculty and student body of the
type so essential to the fabric of U.S. society. These effective local actions are consistent with
his more global influence as he has emerged as a national leader through service on the
National Science Board and numerous other panels where he has emphasized development
of human resources. Because of his leadership many Michigan students and faculty work
regularly with industrial colleagues on the "factory floor" and in process design facilities, and
graduate with a good working knowledge of industrial software.
At the national level, Dr. Duderstadt has focussed on the critical need to attract increasing
Task Force on Demographic Trends and the Committee on Education and Human Resources
numbers of women and minority students into the field of engineering. He has chaired the
Engineering Education.
of the National Science Board and served on the Task Force on Undergraduate Science and
09/05/91 18:01
013
The
National
Medal Of
Technology
United States Department of Commerce
Washington, D.C. 2
AWARDED BY THL
PRESIDENT OF THE
UNITED STATES
OF AMERICA
Proposed 1991 National Medal of Technology Recipient
NOMINEE(S)/ORGANIZATION:
Dr. Goeffrey Boothroyd
Dr. Peter Dewhurst
NOMINATOR(S):
Hermann Viets
Dean, College of Engineering
University of Rhode Island
Bliss Hall
Kingston, RI 02881
(401) 792-2186
CONTACT PERSON:
Miles Parker III
(401) 751-7270
CITATION:
For the discovery, development and commercialization of Design for Manufacture and
Assembly (DFMA) principles.
BACKGROUND:
With the exception of the early work done at Hitachi on a Japanese version, called the
Assembly Evaluation Method (AEM), Drs. Boothroyd and Dewhurst are the only individuals in
the world, it is believed, to have successfully devised a comprehensive method for early
design analysis (DFA). Moreover, it is believed, there is no other known group offering
quantified, early DFM costing and process selection information at this time.
Several major companies, including Ford, General Motors, Allied-Signal, Xerox and Digital
Equipment Corporation, have already established in-house training program for their
engineers on the Boothroyd-Dewhurst method. Ford Motor Company, for example, has
trained over 10,000 designers and manufacturing engineers in these methods. Boothroyd-
Dewhurst are currently being featured in several major magazines.
8/27/91
Nobels
Mary Ellen Avery
Thomas Morgan Rotch Professor of Pediatrics
Harvard Medical School
voyash
Boston, MA
laser
Citation:
For her discovery of the major cause of respiratory
and
distress syndrome of premature infants and the
strategies for treatment and prevention.
bio
sTems
ecology
Summary of Achievements
Dr. Avery's studies have pursued the site of synthesis, chemical
raclos
composition and hormonal regulation of pulmonary surfactants;
established the linkage between diabetes and hyaline membrane disease;
genetic
provided the necessary background for the use of glucocorticoids given
code
to mothers to accelerate lung maturation in their offspring; provided
the background for the development of surfactant replacement therapy;
and played a significant part in the nearly 50 percent reduction in
deaths from respiratory distress syndrome.
universe
Avery is one of the founders of neonatal intensive care, and a major
to
advocate of improving access to care for all premature and sick
aton
infants. She promoted regionalization of care throughout the 1960's
and 1970's; traveled widely as an advocate for perinatal medicine; and
has had a leading role in national and international settings.
Dr. Avery's investigative career and work is both the bridge and the
supporting structure linking the laboratory and the bedside. Her
book, The Lung and Its Disorders in the Newborn Infant, was "to serve
the clinician and the investigator, whose common aims are sometimes
obscured by their different approaches."
Avery pursued her initial observation that absence of surfactant was
responsible for hyaline membrane disease. Her group determined that
inactivation of the surface properties of the lung occurred in
pulmonary edema, the process which became known as adult respiratory
syndrome (ARDS) She led the team of investigators who determined
that surfactant was synthesized in alveolar lining cells; that it was
composed of a variety of phospholipids; that its appearance was linked
to lung development; and that this development could be influenced and
accelerated by multiple factors including administration of
corticosteroids. These observations on lung development and its
regulation were tenaciously pursued by Avery and colleagues to
establish the linkage between material diabetes and hyaline membrane
disease, and to provide the necessary background for human studies
involving the administration of glucocorticoids to mothers to
accelerate lung maturation in their offspring.
The amplification of teaching by her students, and now in turn their
own students, has surely had a significant role in the nearly 50
percent reduction in deaths from respiratory distress syndrome in the
United States from the early 1970's to the early 1980's, from
approximately 10,000 deaths per year in 1970 to 5,300 deaths per year
in 1980. From the late 1960's to the present it can be estimated that
approximately 52,000 infants have been saved due to improvements in
respiratory distress syndrome care. Finally, the advent of surfactant
replacement therapy, now being evaluated world-wide (and licensed in
Japan) promises further reduction in respiratory distress syndrome.
The impact of Avery's research and teaching is attested to by the more
than 50 trainees who have worked in her laboratories, and the several
hundreds who have participated in the care of infants in nurseries in
institutions where she had a leadership role. Of her trainees, at
least 10 have had leadership positions in neonatology divisions in
this country and Canada, and second generation trainees now number at
least 50 at Harvard alone. In addition, they have contributed to
major scientific achievements in neonatology in the areas of
respiratory control, lung development, and lung injury.
This discovery showed the hyaline membrane disease was due to
immaturity of the developing lung in these infants. Their pulmonary
epithelial cells were not developed sufficiently to be able to
synthesize and secrete adequate amounts of surfactant. Thus, this
study was probably the first to demonstrate that a disease could be
caused by inadequate extent of normal development. Consequently, this
discovery marked not only a milestone in deciphering a major clinical
problem, but also showed that there were important medical
applications to an understanding of basic developmental biology.
Thus, Avery's work initiated today's extensive and widespread analyses
of developmental biological approaches to disease.
BRINGING 84 810 DAD MONO
Ronald Breslow
S. L. Mitchell Professor of Chemistry
Columbia University
New York, NY
Citation:
For his incisive work on enzyme mimics that has built
bridges between chemistry and biochemistry, and for his
seminal work on novel conjugated molecules and a new
class of anticancer agents.
Summary of Achievements
Ronald Breslow stands with a select few American organic chemists who
have made landmark contributions, and achieved recognition in a wide
range of disciplines related to organic chemistry. Breslow's research
has changed our understanding of chemistry phenomena from enzymes and
enzyme mimics to organic magnets and anti-cancer agents.
Dr. Breslow pioneered the notion that the complex and highly selective
chemical reactions catalyzed by enzymes can be understood in simple
mechanistic terms. Moreover, Breslow's concept of biomimetic
chemistry, a term which he introduced, has now led to devising
completely synthetic catalysts which draw analogy from biological
strategies. The results of this kind of thinking have been that
enzymes are no longer considered as magical black boxes and that the
lessons of biochemistry can be applied to chemical problems far
outside that field.
Breslow coined the term anti-aromaticity and obtained the first
quantitative evidence for the existence of anti-aromatic molecules
such as cyclopropenyl anion and cyclopentadienyl cation; he was one of
the few individuals to obtain quantitative estimates of the molecular
destabilization that results from enforced interaction of 4n π-
electrons in planar conjugated molecules. In the 1950's and 1960's,
Dr. Breslow played a major role in establishing the chemistry of the
nonbenzenoid aromatic compounds. His work established experimentally
the stability of molecules that simple theories had predicted would be
stable. His recognition of aromatic stabilization and antiaromatic
destabilization provided the basis for later theories, such as the
Woodward-Hoffman rules which classified a complete field of chemical
reactivity.
Much of modern organic chemistry is involved in the application of the
techniques and strategies developed during this period to the solution
of problems in other fields. Dr. Breslow was the pioneer in the
development of this approach to problem solving. He combined growing
understanding of reactivity with new synthetic methods and
instrumentation to address problems in biochemistry, and provided the
leadership that popularized this approach. He demonstrated his
ability to extract the essential basic chemical features of complex
problems ranging from enzyme reactions to magnetism and to design a
simple, easily synthesized model or straightforward mechanistic study
to demonstrate the key principles. The students and postdoctoral
fellows that have been trained in his laboratory have carried on this
tradition, and are involved in areas of research ranging from
biomedical through biomimetric and synthetic organic chemistry to
inorganic and polymer chemistry.
Dr. Breslow also applied organic chemical insight to another field he
helped to define, one which is now generally referred to as biomimetic
chemistry. His first contribution came in the area of enzyme and
coenzyme mechanisms, where he discovered the chemical mechanism used
by thiamine in biochemical reactions. Following that, he carried out
some of the most important work in molecular recognition. His studies
on cyclodextrin binding and catalysis, and in remote functionalization
of steroids, were among the first to demonstrate that the concepts of
molecular recognition could be used in a rational way to control
molecular reactivity in synthetic systems. He has personified and
defined the field of biomimetic chemistry, and he has trained a large
cohort of former students and associates who are now scientific
leaders here and around the world.
His enthusiasm for chemistry and dedication to the ethics of science
has made him stand out not only as a premier research contributor, but
also as a thoughtful and rational proponent of the development of
chemistry and science research and education in the United States.
Alberto P. Calderón
Professor of Mathematics Emeritus
The University of Chicago
Chicago, IL
Citation:
For his ground-breaking work on singular integral
operators leading to their application to important
problems in partial differential equations, including
his proof of uniqueness in the Cauchy problem, the
Atiyah-Singer index theorem and the propagation of
singularities of non-linear equations.
Summary of Achievements
Alberto P. Calderón's work in harmonic analysis, ergodic theory,
partial differential equations, interpolation of operators,
transference methods, and other topics has led the way for many others
to follow. His ideas have had a significant influence on parts of
mathematics in which he has not worked himself, and his influence on
colleagues outside his realm of research has often been crucial to
their mathematical work.
Dr. Calderón's contributions to mathematical analysis center on the
theory of singular integral operators in n-dimensions and their
application to the theory of linear partial differential equations.
His contributions have a decisive character, both in the introduction
of the sharpest technical tools in the singular integral theory and in
the most imaginative attack on major problems in partial differential
equations using that theory.
Dr. Calderón's contributions to the development of singular integral
operators began with his celebrated paper on the existence of certain
singular integrals. With Antoni Zygmund, he proved the important
theorem on the LP boundedness of such operators for p > 1. The
significant concept of the Calderón-Zygmund decomposition of
functions, which became a near-universal tool of real-variable
analysis, was introduced at this time. Beginning a systematic attack
on problems in partial differential equations, Calderón proved the
first general uniqueness result for the Cauchy problem for higher
order partial differential operators and systems. He demonstrated the
factorization of such operators in terms of singular integral
operators. This approach was the major stimulus to the analytical
substructure for the proof of the Atiyah-Singer Index Theorem and gave
rise to the subsequent development of various theories of pseudo-
differential operators. Calderón also applied his machinery to obtain
general results on local solvability for linear partial differential
equations.
Dr. Calderón made an important attack on the theory of elliptic
boundary value problems by establishing the first general method of
reducing such problems to systems of singular integral equations on
the boundary. He obtained very sharp results in the theory of Sobolev
spaces and introduced the complex method of interpolation of operators
in general Banach spaces.
Dr. Calderón introduced a new level of attack upon the theory of
singular integral operators with his celebrated theorem on the first
commutator established in 1965. He also posed the problem of showing
the boundedness of the higher commutators, developing important
consequences of such results. He applied these ideas in obtaining
sharper results in the theory of pseudo-differential operators and,
after the first proof of the higher commutator theorem was given by
Coifman and Meyer, he established a significant and much more general
result. This led to broad development and application of this sphere
of ideas, including the study of propagation of singularities for
solutions of nonlinear partial differential equations.
The impact of Calderón's work on the post-Second-World-War development
of Fourier analysis and its application to partial differential
equations is second to none. Through the influence of the basic ideas
he introduced, he has made lasting contributions to contemporary
mathematics. The various programs he has launched have been the base
for the work of numerous other researchers.
pioneering work helped develop drugs TO combat
leukemia, malana, herpes, and immuno system disorders, NOBEL
techniques she helped duise led to development of the
AIDS drug A2T.
Co-winner
Gertrude B. Elion
Scientist Emeritus
Burroughs Wellcome Company
Research Triangle Park, NC
Citation:
For her basic research which enhanced the sciences of
chemistry and medicine by elucidating fundamental
principles of drug-receptor interactions for nucleic
acid antagonists.
Summary of Achievements
Gertrude Elion was awarded the 1988 Nobel prize with George H.
Hitchings and Sir James Black for the development of a highly
innovative biochemical approach to the rational design of drugs,
leading to the development of a series of uniquely valuable
therapeutic agents. In these discoveries the fundamental principles
of differential enzyme biochemistry and of synergistic interactions of
two drugs blocking a common metabolic pathway were established.
In 1946 Elion joined George Hitchings' project of probing nucleic acid
biosynthesis with analogs of the purine and pyrimidine bases. By the
early 1950's she was the leader of the antipurine effort with
6-mercaptopurine and soon found it to be superior in immunosup-
pression, and the earliest agent to support organ transplantation in
the presence of genetic differences.
She documented the action of allopurinol as an inhibitor of xanthine
oxidase in animals.
As head of the Experimental Therapy Division at Burroughs Wellcome,
she developed the antiherpetic agent acyclovir through an
investigation which included discovering the mechanism by which the
drug is activated to destroy the virus while avoiding toxicity to the
human heart.
The manner in which these important drugs were discovered, namely a
rational course of molecular design based on drug-receptor and drug-
enzyme classification, has done much to revolutionize the way in which
novel drugs are designed. The differentiation of major subclasses of
adrenergic and histamine receptors and of evolutionary differences in
the dihydrofolate reductases of various species have been an important
by-product of her research.
Dr. Elion's contributions to biomedical research span an enormously
productive career of nearly 50 years, and there are few areas of
medicine and therapeutics which have not been profoundly affected by
her work. She pioneered the field of purine and pyrimidine chemistry
and metabolism, and her discoveries have directly or indirectly led to
important drug treatments for organ transplantation, leukemias and
other cancers, gout, malaria and viral diseases.
Dr. Elion has been an extremely effective spokesperson for
communicating the nature and importance of science to the lay public.
Society and the public have benefitted tremendously from the creative,
productive and dynamic qualities of Dr. Elion's life and career.
FORMER WHITE HOUSE FELLOW 1970-71
SERVING AS SPECIAL ASSISTANT n THE
SECRETARY OF DEFENSE
George H. Heilmeier 55 YOUNGEST END
Senior Vice President and Chief Technical Officer
Texas Instruments Incorporated
Dallas, TX
Citation:
For his major contributions to the technological
competitiveness of the United States and to the cause of
national defense.
Summary of Achievements
George Heilmeier is one of the Nation's most imaginative and
innovative engineers. He is an enormously competent individual who
has a reputation for challenging the "accepted." His technical work
over the years has been very significant and has focused on the areas
of solid state electronics. He has made a number of personal
contributions in that regard such as his pioneering work on liquid
crystal displays at RCA. His contributions to management have
included serving as Director of the Defense Advanced Research Projects
Agency which oversees much of the most advanced technological work
conducted by the Department of Defense. At Texas Instruments, he has
had management responsibility for the technological prowess of that
corporation.
Dr. Heilmeier has voluntarily contributed his expertise and time to a
number of important undertakings and has been a long-time member of
the Defense Science Board. In that capacity, he was a significant
contributor to the Defense Science Board Task Force on semiconductor
competitiveness. He has himself chaired a number of Defense Science
Board Task Forces as well as served on advisory committees to NASA and
a number of universities.
Dr. Heilmeier has been recognized for his personal technical
contributions as well as his management expertise by a number of
organizations, including his selection for membership in the National
Academy of Engineering. Dr. Heilmeier is considered to be one of the
most distinguished managers of high technology that this country has
produced in the last two decades.
Dr. Heilmeier has also been a powerful force in building effective
bridges between research universities and the semiconductor industry.
He has been especially helpful in getting U.S. research universities
to think about long-range research problems related to semiconductor
manufacturing. This is truly a rare event. The path that was created
to cause this reorientation of faculty interests toward long-term
industrial issues will serve the Nation well.
Dudley R. Herschbach
Frank B. Baird, Jr. Professor of Science
Harvard University
Cambridge, MA
Citation:
For his seminal contributions to the fundamental
understanding of reactions of atoms and molecules,
collision by collision.
Summary of Achievements
The very basis of chemistry, reactions between molecules, has been
brought to a new level of understanding by research which was
initiated in 1961-1962 by Dudley R. Herschbach and coworkers. The
study of chemical reactions by scattering of precisely defined beams
of atoms or molecules against other beams of molecules or ions has
yielded information about chemical reactions at an entirely new level
of detail. Dr. Herschbach's analysis of the mechanics of reactive
scattering made possible the first detailed description of the now-
classic K + HBr experiment, and has influenced all of the later
reactive molecular beam studies. Herschbach's students enhanced the
power of the method by combining crossed beams with the universal
method of detection by mass spectrometry, and by introducing laser
induced fluorescence into the crossed beam experiments.
The past twenty-five-year period has witnessed a rapid maturation of
this field from a few novelty experiments in the mid 1960's to the
most powerful means we now have at our disposal to understand the
dynamics of reactive scattering. Dr. Herschbach's deep physical
insight into the information that can be obtained from such molecular
beam experiments and his enthusiastic championing of the significance
of this type of research has brought about a new major sub-discipline
in chemical physics whose practitioners populate nearly every
university in the country.
Dr. Herschbach's research has focused on the dynamics of molecular
reactions. He developed molecular beam and spectroscopic techniques
which allow the observation of reaction products immediately after the
single collision events in which the new molecules are formed. He
applied quantum theory and statistical methods to a variety of
problems in molecular structure and reaction rate theory and is
particularly concerned with electronic structure and reaction rate
dynamics. His research group aims to elucidate the molecular dynamics
of chemical reactions and the underlying forces, both in single
collision and in condensed phases. His theoretical work on a new
approach to electron correlation energy calculations has raised hopes
for evaluating multielectron correlation energies.
Herschbach's work provides a detailed picture of the transfer of
energy and angular momentum during the formation and decomposition of
chemical bonds and the interconversion of energy among different kinds
of molecular motion. He has had outstanding success in correlating
electronic structure with reactions dynamics. His recent work has
found examples of reactions that require exchange of two or three
pairs of bonds in a single collision event, yet proceed with
practically no activation energy. Herschbach also discovered
interconversion among translational, vibrational, and electronic
energy. Processes akin to liquid phase reactions are now also being
studied in his laboratory using beams of van der Waals clusters,
permitting the investigation of isolated solvated molecules. These
studies include exchange reactions, inelastic scattering and
collisional dissociation of the solute molecules contained in small
solvent clusters.
Subsequent to the "rebound mechanism" in reactions of K with CH₃I and
the "harpoon mechanism," Herschbach and his students have made many
other discoveries. These include the "long lived complex" mechanisms,
exchange reactions, stripping mechanisms, direct (or impulsive)
mechanisms, flame mechanisms, reactive and non-reactive transfer
processes, rotational to electronic energy transfer, persistent
collision complexes, loose and tight complexes, preferred reaction
geometries, osculating complexes, dependence on the number of degrees
of freedom, trihalogen complexes, a remarkable analogy of H + C 2 and
K + CH₃I rebound reactions, orbital asymmetry effects, the FOF
intermediate in the O + F2 reaction, migratory effects in vinylic and
allylic reactions, facile bimolecular and termolecular reactions of
diatomics, and several types of reactions with van der Waals
complexes.
In addition to these contributions to the chemical aspects,
Dr. Herschbach has been a leader in the development of experimental
and theoretical techniques for the study of mechanisms of reactions in
the gas phase. Dr. Herschbach's boundless creativity, irrepressible
enthusiasm and remarkable imagination have enabled him to play a
leading role in every aspect of major developments in the field of
reaction dynamics since its inception. The field of chemical
dynamics, especially the understanding of the detailed dynamics of
elementary chemical reactions, would not have experienced such a
dramatic advancement were it not for the pioneering work and special
leadership of Dr. Herschbach.
(POSTMMONS)
HUTCHINOON
FROM
G. Evelyn Hutchinson
Sterling Professor Emeritus of Zoology
Senior Research Biologist
Yale University
New Haven, CT
Citation:
For his role in the emergence of ecology as a modern
science, and introducing American geochemists to the
importance of living organisms in the cycles of the
elements. His work has proved the importance of
environmental studies for society in general.
Summary of Achievements
G. Evelyn Hutchinson has been called the "father of modern ecology. "
His extraordinarily broad knowledge of living organisms - animals,
plants, protists, fungi and monerans; his deep understanding of the
physical and chemical basis of living organisms and of the earth on
which they live; and his not inconsiderable mathematical ability have
all served him well in fostering his important contributions to the
field of ecology. His early ecological work centered on the study of
the limnology, a discipline to which he was led through an early
interest in the systematics and natural history of water bugs. Early
studies of the limnology of South African inland waters were followed
by more than a decade of concentrated work on Lindsley Pond,
New Haven, Connecticut. Critical analyses of intermediary metabolism
in this lake, of the relationship of phytoplankton periodicity to
chemical changes, of a quantitative radiochemical study of the
phosphorus cycle; and of the history of plankton populations in the
lake all provided data for subsequent theoretical work and for his
synthetic A Treatise on Limnology. Professor Hutchinson has always
regarded lakes as ideal habitats for the study of ecological
principles since input and output measurements are so readily made.
In the 1940's Hutchinson's interests embraced biogeochemistry. He
made outstanding contributions to the study of the biogeochemistry of
aluminum and phosphorus, and essentially introduced this discipline to
America, where it now flourishes. Also of great significance are his
geochemical writings on atmospheric gases in which he emphasized the
probable continual production, though at a decreasing rate, of
nitrogen, hydrogen, oxygen and carbon dioxide from the interior of the
earth through geological time.
There followed an increasing interest on Hutchinson's part in
theoretical ecology with concern over competition between species and
niche differentiation. It was his formulation of a generalized theory
of the niche in 1957 that more than any other piece of work changed
the course of modern ecology. His subsequent interests in diversity
and size distributions among species extended and confirmed the trends
toward quantitative theoretical ecology.
In Hutchinson's later work he manifested an interest in human
evolution, in the relationship of ecology to society, and in
completing syntheses of the fields of limnology and theoretical
ecology.
Professor Hutchinson's greatness in science follows from a remarkable
capacity to see resemblances in very diverse objects and to draw
theoretical conclusions from these perceptions. During the course of
his active teaching career at Yale University he trained a large
number of students who, with their students, comprise a substantial
fraction of the top ecologists of America today. He has also, through
his provocative and broadly ranging published essays, enlightened a
wide body of readers about the interrelationship of science and the
humanities as well as the significance of our environmental resources.
former students include one Nobel Laureate
Elvin A. Kabat
Higgins Professor of Microbiology Emeritus
Columbia University
New York, NY
Citation:
For his seminal contributions in the field of
immunology, and for bringing the field to its
present prominence.
Summary of Achievements
No one else in immunology has contributed as much as Elvin Kabat has
over a span of more than 50 years to our understanding of the
structure and function of antibodies and the operation of the immune
system.
Dr. Kabat's work has been characterized by the development of new
fundamental concepts that he has been able to document and validate
with elegant experimental evidence. Thus, as a dividend from his
studies on the chemical basis for the specificity of carbohydrate
antigens, including the blood group substances, he defined the nature
of the antigenic epitope. From this beginning he was able to deduce
the size and structure of the antibody combining site. This renewed
interest in antibodies, which had been the focus of some of his early
research, led to his extensive molecular studies that have done much
to clarify the basis for antibody diversity.
He studied the mechanism of bacterial agglutination as a precipitin
reaction at the surface of the pneumococcus. In 1937-38 he first
determined molecular weights and electrophoretic properties of horse,
COW, pig, rabbit, monkey and human anti-pneumococcal antibodies. He
showed that antibodies were gamma globulins; studied chicken tumor
viruses; and developed a quantitative immunochemical method for
determining gamma globulin in cerebrospinal fluid used in diagnosing
multiple sclerosis and neurosyphilis. Using brain tissue emulsions in
Freund adjuvants, he produced acute disseminated encephalomyelitis and
established this experimental disease as an acute form of multiple
sclerosis.
In 1945, Dr. Kabat began a study of water soluble blood group A, B, H,
Le, I and i antigens, determined the structures of isolated
oligosaccharides, and established a composite structure for these
complex blood group glycoproteins. He demonstrated the antigenicity
of dextran in humans proposed for use as a plasma expander during the
Korean War, and established how to prepare dextran so that allergic
reactions would be negligible. He used the system of human
anti-α (1->6) dextran, α (1->6) dextran and its oligosaccharides as a
molecular ruler for determining the sizes and shapes of anti-α(1->6)
dextran combining sites, principles now used in characterizing all
kinds of antibody combining sites.
He and T. T. Wu developed an equation to examine heavy and light
chains of amino acid sequences of the variable regions of
immunoglobulins and antibodies, showed that each chain had three
hypervariable regions, and predicted that these would contain the
amino acids contacting the antigen and fold to form the antibody
combining site. This was several years before any x-ray structures of
antibody combining sites were known. This prediction has been
confirmed by x-ray structures now termed complementarily determining
regions (CDRs) He formulated the minigene hypothesis to account for
antibody diversity, a hypothesis confirmed by studies in the chicken
and by the presence of D and J minigenes in heavy and J minigenes in
light chains of all antibodies and T-cell receptor chains. His
cloning and sequencing studies on antibodies to α (1->6) dextrans
established that the antibody forming studies was highly protected
against major germ-line gene loss. The CDRs are now used in
attempting to make molecular models of different types of antibody
combining sites and design antibodies for therapeutic use.
Robert W. Kates
University Professor and
Director, Alan Shawn Feinstein
World Hunger Program
Brown University
Providence, RI
Citation:
For his fundamental contributions to the understanding
of natural and man-made hazards, global environmental
change, and the prevalence and persistence of world
hunger.
Summary of Achievements
Robert W. Kates has been primarily responsible for developing new
methods and new theory used by research workers and policymakers in
investigating the interactions of perturbed human, technological, and
environmental systems. These are being applied to reduce the human
distress caused by hazardous events.
He pioneered in methods of measuring human perception of the
probability and magnitude of extreme events in nature, and of the
intervening role of technology in shaping those perceptions of
environment as well as of possible ways of coping with them. He is a
leading international expert on risk assessment of the hazards caused
by extreme geophysical events such as floods, earthquakes and
prolonged drought. He has pioneered in the extension of methods for
analyzing natural hazards to those created or exacerbated by human
action, such as dam failures, automobile and industrial accidents, and
chemical spills. He has few, if any, peers in the international
scientific community on human perception of risk and hazard and
strategies to cope with extreme events or to mitigate their harmful
consequences. Dr. Kates' efforts have improved fundamentally the way
that risk assessments are carried out and comparisons are made of
different types of hazards. His many books and papers are
internationally recognized as the seminal theoretical studies and as
the essential prerequisites for formulating sound policy
prescriptions.
Dr. Kates has sustained a long-term interest in the environmental,
cultural, political, and technological causes of world hunger. He was
instrumental in the establishment of two university research programs,
the Center for Technology Environment and Development at Clark
University, and the Hunger Program at Brown University. The Clark
Program was the first to investigate disruptive natural and
technological events in an integrated fashion. The Nation's first
Hunger Program at Brown University examines the phenomenon of world
hunger in the context of human perception and coping processes. Both
programs are leading to new insights and new approaches. His research
is instrumental on the topic, and encouragement of rigorous cross-
disciplinary study of the problems is providing a long overdue focus
on this most significant Third World issues.
The taxonomies and analytic methods emerging from his work have become
standard tools among a wide range of international practitioners and
teachers dealing with extreme events in nature and society. They have
had a major influence on the approaches taken in the current wave of
studies on climate impact related to the greenhouse effect.
His scientific work is distinguished by originality in method and the
engagement of basic problems confronting the global environment. His
persistent concern for the welfare of common people who might benefit
from applications of new findings is evident in the ways in which
research results could be used to help improve the plight of residents
of a Tennessee floodplain, a Managua slum, or a Tanzanian farm.
Luna B. Leopold
Professor of Geology
University of California
Berkeley, CA
Citation:
For his contribution to the hydromechanics of rivers,
for influencing the direction and content of physical
geography, and for outstanding service to the field of
water resources.
Summary of Achievements
Luna B. Leopold's contributions to the earth sciences span a lifetime
and their influence has been pervasive. Through his work in
meteorology, hydrology, geomorphology, and natural resources, and on
the interrelations among them, he has profoundly influenced both the
study of the surface of the earth and, in a broader context, the
process of environmental management which depends upon this scientific
foundation. His influences and accomplishments are recognized
throughout the world.
From the outset, Dr. Leopold's work has been creative and pioneering.
His early work on the meteorological conditions in southern California
included specific reference to conditions associated with pollution in
the Los Angeles area. Similarly, his cloud seeding experiments in
Hawaii in 1948 were among the first. From the beginning, his research
consistently related meteorology and climatology to landscape
processes, a conceptual framework which has now become a central
feature, not only of geomorphology, but of the current exploration of
the potential impacts of climatic change.
Dr. Leopold's greatest impact on earth sciences began with publication
in 1953 of the classic paper "The Hydraulic Geometry of Stream
Channels,' which received the first Kirk Bryan Award of the Geological
Society of America, initiated a new era of quantitative study of
rivers, and stimulated quantitative approaches in the broader field of
geomorphology. Revealing an orderly framework of river behavior, it
provided a basis for observations of rivers throughout the world. The
text in geomorphology based upon this and subsequent work extended the
influence of these studies. From mapping in the field to theoretical
and laboratory studies of sediment transport and flow in open
channels, Leopold's breadth of inquiry stimulated comparable inquiries
by scholars in this country and abroad. Not only does his work on
rivers cover a remarkable range from field to laboratory, but includes
the introduction to the field of concepts of statistical mechanics and
energy distribution which stimulated fresh approaches throughout the
discipline of geomorphology. The present state of the science of
rivers and landscape development is largely the result of his
leadership.
While serving as Chief Hydrologist of the U.S. Geological Survey, in
addition to developing a major research effort in the field of water
resources, Leopold demonstrated remarkable foresight in establishing
two unique observational networks on rivers; one a group of nearly
pristine river benchmark basins, the other a set of river channel
reaches, both designed to provide baselines against which to measure
both natural and anthropogenic changes. Decades later, these drainage
basins are among the few available providing benchmarks for the study
of airborne contaminants of surface waters.
The goal of defining the scientific basis for water-resource
management has extended throughout Leopold's career with more than 30
publications on drought, constraints on water supply, and the
ecological consequences of water-resource development. He continues
to be a major force introducing rigorous scientific concepts into
discussions of water and land management.
Leopold's publishing career has also included other intellectually
provocative streaks on the value of and methods for quantifying visual
characteristics of landscapes; ethical issues in resource management;
the value of data collection; and the promotion of scientific
creativity. He was one of the first hydrologists, and certainly the
first geomorphologist, to anticipate the influence of urbanization on
water resources and on river channels in particular.
Throughout an extraordinarily productive career, Luna B. Leopold has
been a creative scientist contributing a succession of new and
fundamental ideas to the study of earth surface processes. Moreover,
this same creativity is manifested in his work on environmental issues
reflecting a superb combination of scientific inquiry and public
policy.
(positumons)
WIDOW, DR. ZELLA LURIA
PROF. OF PSYCH @ TUFTS WILL ACCEPT AWARD
Salvador E. Luria
Institute Professor Emeritus
NOBEL
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Cambridge, MA
PHYSIOLOGY
Citation:
For a lifetime devoted to applying genetics to viruses
and bacteria, and for guiding the development of
generations of students who have helped create the
modern power of molecular biology.
Summary of Achievements
Salvador E. Luria, one of the founders of molecular biology,
understood that genetics had the power to revolutionize the world if
only we could apply it to a very simple organism. He joined with "the
phage group,' a small band of men who saw the future possibilities in
a virus of bacteria, a phage. Luria's most extraordinary contribution
was to show that mutations occurred spontaneously and randomly,
independent of the selection by the environment. Other contributions
include the visualization of phage in the electron microscope,
characterization of "restriction" systems in bacteria--giving rise to
the restriction enzymes, one of the most powerful tools of
biotechnology--and the study of proteins that kill bacteria.
In 1969 he was jointly awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or
Medicine with Drs. Max Delbruck and Alfred Hershey for scientific
contributions in the replication and genetic structure of viruses.
However, his influence on modern science is much broader. He is a
great teacher and has trained many of the leading figures in today's
biology. As an administrator, he helped bring into existence the
Cancer Center at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, which is a
leading site for the molecular analysis of cancer. His influence was
remarkable because he was always looking ahead, sensing where biology
was heading and positioning MIT in the lead; and it is to Luria's
credit that MIT biology ranks as one of the leading departments in the
world.
Luria has influenced students and the public through his writings.
In 1953 he wrote General Virology, a textbook used by generations of
students. He supports good science whenever he finds it and is
uncompromising in his devotion to the ideals of science.
Paul A. Marks
President
Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center
New York, NY
Citation:
For his contribution to hematology in defining the
genetic basis for G6PD deficiency and thalassemia, and
discovery of an approach to control cancer cell
proliferation with new inducers of differentiation.
Summary of Achievements
Paul Marks has made important discoveries that have impacted on cell
regulation and differentiation. He recognized early the importance of
biochemistry and molecular biology in attacking clinical problems
related to his training as a hematologist. His early studies
described the decrease in activity of enzymes critical to the life
span of human red blood cells. He demonstrated that a genetically
determined deficiency in the enzyme glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase
(G6PD) predisposed individuals to hemolytic anemia.
While at the Pasteur Institute, Dr. Marks isolated globin mRNA and
demonstrated its relative stability compared to mRNAs of prokaryotic
cells. He showed that mRNA was translated on polyribosomes, providing
important evidence for the function of ribosomes in protein synthesis.
Building on these important observations, he showed that the genetic
defect in the thalassemia syndromes selectively decreased the
expression of one or another of the globin genes, which resulted in a
hemoglobin deficiency and anemia. His laboratory was among the first
to demonstrate the molecular heterogeneity in the genetic defects
leading to the thalassemia syndromes.
Dr. Marks' research has provided major new understanding of the
cellular and molecular aspects of cell differentiation. Focusing
primarily on erythroid cell differentiation of normal and transformed
cells, he and his colleagues discovered polar planar compounds,
exemplified by hexamethylene bisacetamide, which are potent inducers
of differentiation of various transformed cells. These agents induce
transformed cells to express normal products of the differentiated
cells and to lose their oncogenic properties and the capacity to
divide. These studies characterized the multistep process involved in
induced terminal differentiation, including the loss of cell division
and the modulation of expression of various genes related to cell
cycle progression, such as proto-oncogenes metabolic functions and
various differentiated characteristics. He defined alterations in the
structure of chromatin containing the alpha and beta globin genes
associated with inducer-mediated onset of active transcription of
these genes. Clinical studies have been initiated to evaluate the
potential of the cytodifferentiation agent, hexamethylene
bisacetamide, in controlling human cancer cell proliferation -- a new
approach to treating the disease.
Paul Marks has provided outstanding leadership as a researcher,
teacher, clinician and academic administrator. His leadership of two
major institutions in the academic biomedical area, Columbia
University College of Physicians and Surgeons and the Memorial Sloan-
Kettering Cancer Center, has been marked by outstanding institutional
development. His example has been a powerful factor in the
development of student interest in medical science.
George A. Miller
Professor of Psychology
Princeton University
Princeton, NJ
Citation:
For his innovative leadership in the scientific study of
language and cognition, and for his commitment to
improved education for literacy.
Summary of Achievements
George A. Miller has an extraordinary record of innovative leadership
in scientific psychology and cognitive science. Several times in each
phase of a long, productive career, he has been among the initiators
of a new direction of investigation that later became a major focus of
research. To initiate just one of these new fields would ordinarily
be considered a major, lifetime scientific contribution.
His first such contribution was to the rise of mathematical
psychology. He explored in particular the potential of information
theory as an approach to the quantification of psychological
phenomena. His paper, "The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two,"
is one of the most frequently cited papers in all of psychology.
In 1960 he helped to found the Center for Cognitive Studies at
Harvard, an interdisciplinary research group with an extensive program
of post-doctoral fellows and visiting researchers. Its impact on
cognitive psychology and cognitive science was powerful. Nearly every
current senior figure in those fields was a fellow or visiting
researcher at the Center.
Later, creating a laboratory at Rockefeller University, Miller was
among the first to argue for language acquisition as a significant
research area. He turned his lifelong interest in human language to
an emphasis on the lexicon, semantics and vocabulary. At the time,
acquisition was considered of little scientific interest, but Miller
proved once again to be a pioneer in linguistics, psychology and the
computer science of natural language.
In addition to his research contributions, Dr. Miller has been
concerned throughout his career with both effective communication of
the ideas of scientific psychology and application of his research
field to improvement of the human condition, particularly through
education. At Harvard, he was among that exceptional group of
professors who paired their research contributions with effective
teaching at the introductory, general education level. Consistent
with that commitment, he has written a number of highly readable,
accessible books that bring these ideas to wider audiences.
In the early 1970's he played a central role in developing the initial
National Institute of Education* research agenda, that turned the
talents of many of the Nation's outstanding cognitive researchers to
the problem of reading comprehension and other educational problems,
laying the foundation for effective innovations now in development.
Miller has not only been a major, and original, contributor to the
research literature of cognitive psychology and psycholinguistics, he
has also been a science statesman of great importance. The single
most important development in psychology during the second half of
this century was its transformation from a strictly behavioral science
into a cognitive science. He redefined psycholexicology, the study of
words and their meanings in the language user's mental lexicon. The
foundations were laid in a voluminous book, Language and Perception,
which set the theoretical and formal standards for a rapidly expanding
subdiscipline in psycholinguistics. The mental lexicon has been
Miller's main interest ever since. His publications have ranged from
children's acquisition of word meanings to the long-range project
WordNet, which aspires to computer model human lexical memory, and
which has reached the stage of representing the meanings of over
64,000 words.
Miller's impact on "the science of mental life" is due to the
brilliance of his ideas, and effectiveness in mediating these ideas.
He has been a thorough experimentalist, which was important to win
hard-core psychologists for his new views. He always provided a
formal-mathematical foundation for his work, which opened the doors to
computer scientists and theoreticians.
*The National Institute of Education is now known as the Office of
Educational Research and Improvement, Department of Education.
NOBEL
LASER
PHYSICS
Arthur L. Schawlow
J. G. Jackson and C. J. Wood Professor of Physics Emeritus
Stanford University
Stanford, CA
Citation:
For his role in the conception of the laser and in
advancing its applications, especially in laser
spectroscopy.
Summary of Achievements
Arthur Schawlow has had an outstanding career as a physicist. He
has made an extraordinary contribution to all scientific fields
through his invention of the laser, and has followed this major
discovery with many years devoted to the application of lasers in
the field of optical spectroscopy, for which he was awarded a
Nobel Prize in Physics in 1981.
Dr. Schawlow made contributions in the fields of microwave
spectroscopy, nuclear quadrupole resonance, and
superconductivity. He coauthored the first paper on the theory
of lasers and ways of constructing them; coauthored the book
Microwave Spectroscopy, and developed the optical maser, now
called a laser.
Schawlow has been extremely productive in the field of
spectroscopy and electromagnetic radiation and has been a key
figure in the development of the new field of quantum
electronics. This involves lasers, quantum optics, and the
resulting laser applications, new optical possibilities, and new
communications technology. Schawlow proceeded to open up other
new physics and engineering possibilities in the field of
exceedingly high spectral resolution and precision measurements.
These involved the cooling of atoms or molecules to very low
temperature and the resulting exceedingly high precision in
frequency measurement.
Schawlow has also been active in spanning the gap between
universities and industry by serving on a number of boards, and
as a national leader in the field of physics. He has trained a
large number of students, many of whom have important positions
in the world of optics and quantum electronics.
VERY WELL KNOWN
NOBEL
Glenn T. Seaborg
CHEMSTRY
Associate Director, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory
University of California
Berkeley, CA
Citation:
For his outstanding work as a chemist, scientist and
teacher in the field of nuclear chemistry.
Summary of Achievements
Glenn T. Seaborg has been a leader in the study of transuranium
elements for the past 60 years. His co-discoveries of ten
transuranium elements and numerous isotopes have benefitted scientific
research, medicine and industry for years. Throughout his career he
has served as a scientific advisor to the U.S. Government in the
national and international arenas and worked to improve math and
science education in the United States.
Following the discovery of nuclear fission in 1939, Seaborg turned his
attention from radiochemical research to identifying the transuranic
elements resulting from neutron bombardment of uranium. By February
1940, he and his co-workers positively identified a new element with
atomic number 94. He and his team further demonstrated that plutonium
239 was fissionable by slow neutrons, a key step in the events leading
to the development of controlled nuclear fission.
Dr. Seaborg won the 1951 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his work on the
chemistry of transuranium elements. During World War II he headed the
group at the University of Chicago's Metallurgical Laboratory which
devised the chemical extraction processes used in producing plutonium
for the Manhattan Project. He and his co-workers have since
discovered nine more transuranium elements: americium, curium,
berkelium, californium, einsteinium. fermium, mendelevium, nobelium,
and element 106. Dr. Seaborg holds more than 40 patents, including
those on elements americium and curium, making him the only person to
ever hold a patent on a chemical element.
He formulated the actinide concept of heavy element electronic
structure which accurately predicted that the heaviest natural
occurring elements, together with synthetic transuranium elements,
would form a transition series of lanthanide elements. This concept,
one of the most significant changes in the periodic table since
Dimitri Mendeleev's 19th century design, shows how the transuranium
elements fit into the periodic table and thus demonstrates their
relationships to other elements.
His co-discoveries include many isotopes that have practical
applications in research, medicine and industry, (such as iodine-131,
technetium-99m, cobalt-57, cobalt-60, iron-55, iron-59, zinc-65,
cesium-137, manganese-54, antimony-124, californium-252, amer-
icium-241, plutonium-238) as well as the fissile isotopes plutonium-
239 and uranium-233.
Dr. Seaborg continues as a research scientist searching for new
isotopes and elements at the upper end of the periodic table,
including the "superheavy" elements. He is investigating the
mechanism of reactions of heavy ions with heavy element target nuclei
and is concerned with determining the chemical properties of the
heaviest chemical elements.
Dr. Seaborg has authored 23 books, more than 500 scientific articles,
and guided the graduate studies of more than 60 successful Ph. D
candidates. Work by Seaborg and coworkers accounts for nearly 10
percent of the entire known periodic table of the chemical elements,
an almost unbelievable achievement. He is one of the true scientific
giants of the 20th century.
83 GIDEST
Folke K. Skoog
C. Leonard Huskins Professor of Botany Emeritus
University of Wisconsin
Madison, WI
Citation:
For pioneering work on plant hormones, including
discovery of cyotkinins (a major clas), chemical
induction of organ formation and regulation of
morphogenesis in plants, and contributions to the
development of plant tissue culture as an experimental
technique of fundamental importance in biotechnology.
Summary of Achievements
Folke Skoog is one of the foremost plant scientists of this century.
Among his achievements is his discovery of a major class of plant
hormones, the cytokinins, and his systematic exploration of their
chemical relationships and biological activity; his demonstration that
plant growth and organ formation in tissue cultures can be chemically
regulated; and his extensive contributions to the development of
tissue cultures as experimental material. Over the past 25 years,
Skoog has been the most frequently cited plant scientist in the
worldwide scientific literature.
Following his pioneering research in the 1930's on the newly
discovered plant hormone, auxin, Skoog began investigating factors
controlling organ differentiation in plant tissue cultures, i.e., the
formation of roots and shoots from undifferentiated callus. Working
with excised tobacco pith tissues, he and his associates found that
the cells failed to divide and grow unless some vascular tissue was
left attached or an extract of it was added. This led to the
detection of cell-division activity in several natural products and to
the isolation in 1954 of "kinetin" from aged herring sperm DNA.
Collaborative work in the laboratories of Skoog and F. M. Strong led
to the identification of Kinetin and other compounds of related
structure with biological activity. These were generically named
"cytokinins."
Discovery of the cytokinins triggered a flood of publications that has
continued to the present from laboratories around the world. Skoog's
and N. J. Leonard's laboratories in more than 20 years of
collaborative work synthesized hundreds of cytokinins and antagonists,
and established the principles that govern their structure-activity
relationships. Meanwhile, work in several laboratories, including
Skoog's, demonstrated that a number of cytokinins occur naturally and
that one or more of these compounds occur in every tested organism
from bacteria to man. It is now recognized that the cytokinins
comprise one of the major classes of hormones known to regulate plant
growth and development. The discovery and rapid expansion of
knowledge of the cytokinins rank as one of the major advances made in
the plant sciences in the past half-century.
Early studies by Skoog established that variations in the proportions
of cytokinins and auxins and interactions between these and
nutritional factors in the culture media decisively influence organ
initiation. He showed that organ formation could be chemically
controlled to an astonishing degree: tissues could be made to develop
as undifferentiated masses of cells, or to differentiate with
proliferation of roots only, shoots only, or roots and shoots to give
complete plants. His concept that regulatory control is exerted by
the relative levels of hormones and other factors has modified
physiological concepts and horticultural practices. Skoog's adoption
of plant tissue cultures for the study of organ differentiation, his
thorough exploration of conditions needed for optimal growth of plant
tissues on media of defined composition, and his demonstration that
whole plants can be generated from cultured cells have been crucial to
the production of transgenic plants and other advances in
biotechnology.
Folke Skoog served as the major professor for more than 60 Ph.D.
students and as the mentor for 40 postdoctoral associates. Owning to
his widely acknowledged insight into biological phenomena, high
professional standards, incisive views and leadership qualities, he
has had an exceptional impact on the course and quality of research in
the plant sciences internationally for the past 50 years.
To AWARD
H. Guyford Stever
Corporate Director and Science Consultant
Washington, DC
Citation:
For his scientific and engineering leadership in
applying new results of scientific research and
technological development to the purposes of
government, industry, and academe.
Summary of Achievements
H. Guyford Stever, a scientist, engineer, educator, and
administrator, has served universities, government and industry.
This broad experience, combined with his research and teaching in
a number of different fields in which he was engaged in the first
two decades of his professional life, served as the base of both
his institutional leadership and his science policy work of the
last three decades. He has made contributions in aeronautical,
missile, and spacecraft engineering, cosmic rays, electronics and
radar, gas discharge and gas dynamics, compressible aerodynamics
and two phase flow, science and engineering education, and
science policy.
Dr. Stever's presidency of Carnegie Mellon University was marked
by significant change and growth in the institution, including
the merger of Carnegie Institute of Technology and Mellon
Institute to form CMU; the addition of the School of Urban and
Public Affairs; the formation of a Department of Computer
Science; and a Transportation Research Center. His work at CMU,
two decades of service on the Massachusetts Institute of
Technology faculty, government sponsored research, headship of
two MIT departments, and extensive advising of several government
agencies prepared him for the Directorship of the National
Science Foundation.
As Director of the NSF, he strengthened its highest priority
mission as supporter of basic research, primarily conducted in
universities by peer-reviewed principal investigators. A
secondary NSF role emerged, resulting from the OPEC Oil Embargo
of 1973. He rapidly increased NSF's non-fossil and renewable
energy sources research, later transferred to the Energy Research
Development Agency. Energy systems studies were increased,
conducted by an energy policy group enlarged to handle the NSF
Director's dual role as Science Advisor, especially his
Chairmanship of the White House Energy R&D Advisory Committee.
A
new science policy group, Science and Technology Policy Office
addressed newly emerging issues, such as loss of international
competitive strength.
As the Science Advisor, President Ford directed him to
reestablish the White House science structure. The 1976 Science
and Technology Act created the Office of Science and Technology
Policy with the Presidential Advisor as Director. Dr. Stever was
appointed the first director.
Much of Stever's contributions to the Air Force and Defense
Department in various fields cannot be detailed, but he has
played a personal and significant role in many new scientific and
technological areas such as radar, structural dynamic problems,
supersonic and hypersonics, ballistics missiles, and anti-
ballistic missiles. He has combined original work with major
system management developments and then made important
contributions to policy realizations. He has been one of this
country's most powerful leaders in science, technology, and
engineering affairs.
In international science exchange, Stever began in World War II
in London with radar and guided missile liaison with British
ministries, labs, and armed services.
Few individuals have been called upon to serve so broadly in the
national science-society arena and few have accomplished so well
the task of ensuring that wisdom, experience, and creativity be
applied.
Edward
C.
Stone
55
YOUNGEND
Professor of Physics
California Institute of Technology
Pasadena, CA
Citation:
For his outstanding leadership as project scientist
for the Voyager space mission and its observation
in the outer Solar System.
Summary of Achievements
Edward Stone is for both scientists and the intelligent public,
representative of the most successful recent NASA mission, the
exploration of the outer solar system by Voyager spacecrafts.
Since 1972 he coordinated the science programs of eleven teams of
experimenters on both Voyagers. Costing under $700 million,
Voyagers I and II were ingeniously reprogrammed in midcourse to
take advantage of gravitational boosts to attain sufficient
velocity to travel outwards to otherwise inaccessible Uranus,
Neptune and their satellites. Dr. Stone was central in
coordinating new goals with the experimenters. As communications
and computer programs improved during 12 years in space, the
spacecraft became a more sophisticated scientific tool. Dr.
Stone showed outstanding ability in coordinating the work of the
science teams, seizing opportunities as new phenomena were
recognized. The Voyager mission has drawn international acclaim
for its outstanding scientific discoveries. It has established
new standards of sophistication for planetary science as a richly
rewarding field of scientific study. On several occasions
during its twelve year tour, Voyager was challenged by life
threatening problems which were masterfully overcome by Edward
Stone. In addition, he interpreted to the media and to
scientists under the pressure of short flyby times, the
discoveries and their first scientific interpretations.
Conscious of the need for communication with the public, he has
also been active in television science program planning.
During the years of this responsible leadership position, he
carried out space experiments on the composition and propagation
of cosmic rays as principal investigator on 9 of 14 spaceflights.
He has specialized in solar and flare cosmic rays, obtaining the
otherwise unknown isotopic compositions of light and heavy
elements at different energies.
His individual scientific accomplishments link astronomy with
planetary science, geochemistry, plasma and cosmic-ray physics,
representing a basis for a new area of broad scientific
synthesis.
NOBEL
PHYSICS
Steven Weinberg
Josey Regental Professor of Science
Department of Physics
University of Texas
Austin, TX
Citation:
For his contributions to the discovery of the
he's
structure of the fundamental forces of nature; the
bad.
development of the standard model, and the
unification of the weak and electromagnetic forces.
Summary of Achievements
Since early in his scientific career in the late 1950's, Steven
Weinberg has been recognized as one of the dominant voices in
American physics and is considered one of the world's foremost
theoretical physicists. He has contributed seminal ideas to
almost every development of contemporary elementary particles
physics. From his publication list of over 200 papers, one can
construct a history of the development of our understanding the
fundamental structure of matter.
Steven Weinberg is the most cited physicist of the last fifty
years. He authored in 1967 one of the most cited physics papers,
A Model of Leptons which proposed the unification of the weak and
electromagnetic forces. For this work, Dr. Weinberg shared the
1979 Nobel Prize with Drs. Sheldon L. Glashow and Abdus Salam.
Although this unification is one of the most important
discoveries of the last thirty years, it is a part of the pattern
of development inspired by the work of Dr. Weinberg which led to
the realization that all of the fundamental forces are based on
non-abelian gauge field theories. Dr. Weinberg is the leading
architect of the other aspects of this discovery: the elementary
particles fit into a simple pattern called the standard model
which combines the theory of strong interactions with the
electroweak theory.
Although Dr. Weinberg's work has been concentrated in the theory
of elementary particles, he has also made significant
contributions to astrophysics, cosmology, and magneto
hydrodynamics. He is the author of the prize-winning The First
Three Minutes: A Modern View of the Origin of the Universe, a
widely read book making the modern ideas of the origin of the
Universe understandable to a broad public.
Beyond his original research, Weinberg has been influential with
his magnificent 1972 treatise Gravitation and Cosmology, a
textbook that has introduced generations of young physicists and
astrophysicists to general relativity and its applications to
cosmology.
Paul C. Zamecnik
Principal Scientist
Worcester Foundation for Experimental Biology
Shrewsbury, MA
Citation:
For his pioneering research on protein biosynthesis
opening the door to biochemical attack, and paving
the way for dissection of the genetic code; and for
introducing the concept and method of "antisense
DNA" as an approach to viral gene inhibition and
chemotherapy.
Summary of Achievements
Paul Zamecnik has shown an outstanding ability to identify
important problems and acquire the biochemical knowledge required
to pursue them. He has played a large role in identifying the
key features of protein synthesis. Together with a group of
young investigators that he led with great skill, he achieved the
first successful synthesis of protein in vitro, recognized its
coupling to energy utilization, identified the presence of both
particulate and soluble components, identified transfer RNA
(initially called soluble RNA) as the set of carriers of
activated amino acids, and developed the soluble protein-
synthesizing system from Escherichia coli.
In the early 1950's Zamecnik described his unexpected
observations that small RNA's showed finite separate capacities
to bind specific amino acids and transfer them into
biosynthesized proteins. This work moved progressively into the
collaboration with Dr. Mahlon Hoagland on the in vitro
biosynthesis of proteins, which proved fundamental in all
subsequent analysis of protein synthesis, making possible the
discovery of the mode of genetic coding of synthesis, the
ribosome, and the accessory accelerating and other controlling
factors. The physician-turned-biochemist turned the scalpel with
which he teased apart the finely-integrated steps of protein
synthesis and now trained it to block one of those steps.
As early as 1977 he recognized the possibility of inhibiting RNA
virus replication by binding of a complementary (antisense)
oligodeoxynucleotide. This recognition came to him as the result
of his joint discovery with Walter Gilbert of the terminal
repetitive sequences in the genomic RNA of a retrovirus, Rous
sarcoma virus, and his proposal that the function of these
sequences in viral replication might be blocked by a
complementary oligodeoxynucleotide. This prescient idea was
confirmed experimentally and has stimulated an active research
field in the use of "anti-sense" nucleic acids as probes or
inhibitors of cellular or viral gene expression.
In summary, Paul Zamecnik's work carried protein synthesis from
the theater of physiological and metabolic studies into a precise
biochemical science, paving the way for illumination of the
process of genetic translation. His subsequent introduction of
the "anti-sense" hybridization approach to the inhibition of
viral gene expression has stimulated the emergence of an
intensely active research field, with both therapeutic and
experimental potential.
1126
Chapter 17. Philosophy, Science, and Mathematics
appeal to history till your metaphysics has assured
our own desires, tastes, and interests as affording a
conclusion-final, that is
you that there is a history to appeal to; and like-
key to the understanding of the world. Stated thus
ment, though liable to b
wise your conjectures as to the future presuppose
baldly, this may seem no more than a trite truism.
still wider law at a later
some basis of knowledge that there is a future al-
But to remember it consistently in matters arous-
ready subjected to some determinations. The diffi-
Rus
ing our passionate partisanship is by no means
culty is to make sense of either of these ideas. But
easy, especially where the available evidence is
unless you have done so, you have made nonsense
uncertain and inconclusive.
123 The view is often defende
of induction.
Russell, Place of Science in a Liberal Education
built up on clear and sh
You will observe that I do not hold induction to
cepts. In actual fact no S
be in its essence the derivation of general laws. It
120 Man has existed for about a million years. He has
exact, begins with such
is the divination of some characteristics of a par-
ticular future from the known characteristics of a
possessed writing for about 6,000 years, agricul-
ginning of scientific activ
ture somewhat longer, but perhaps not much
scribing phenomena ano
particular past. The wider assumption of general
longer. Science, as a dominant factor in determin-
group, classify, and corr
laws holding for all cognisable occasions appears a
ing the beliefs of educated men, has existed for
stage of description, it is
very unsafe addendum to attach to this limited
about 300 years; as a source of economic tech-
plying certain abstract
knowledge.
nique, for about 150 years. In this brief period it
hand, ideas derived from
Whitehead, Science and the Modern World, III
has proved itself an incredibly powerful revolu-
tainly not the fruit of t
tionary force. When we consider how recently it
Still more indispensable
116 The progress of science consists in observing these
has risen to power, we find ourselves forced to be-
will later become the b
interconnections and in showing with a patient
ence-as the material is
lieve that we are at the very beginning of its work
ingenuity that the events of this evershifting world
in transforming human life.
must at first necessarily
are but examples of a few general connections or
Russell, Science and Tradition
uncertainty; there can be
relations called laws. To see what is general in
delimitation of their con
what is particular and what is permanent in what
121 The effect of science upon our view of man's place
main in this condition,
is transitory is the aim of scientific thought. In the
in the universe has been of two opposite kinds; it
standing about their me
eye of science, the fall of an apple, the motion of a
ences to the material of
has at once degraded and exalted him. It has de-
planet round a sun, and the clinging of the atmo-
we seem to have deduce
sphere to the earth are all seen as examples of the
graded him from the standpoint of contemplation,
and exalted him from that of action. The latter
which is, in point of fac
law of gravity. This possibility of disentangling
the most complex evanescent circumstances into
effect has gradually come to outweigh the former,
strictly speaking, they ar
but both have been important.
tions; although everythir
various examples of permanent laws is the con-
chosen in no arbitrary m
trolling idea of modern thought.
Russell, Science and Tradition
the important relations t
Whitehead, Introduction to Mathematics, I
material-relations that
122 The way in which science arrives at its beliefs is
we can clearly recognize
117 All mathematical calculations about the course of
quite different from that of mediaeval theology.
It is only after more sear
nature must start from some assumed law of na-
Experience has shown that it is dangerous to start
field in question that V
from general principles and proceed deductively,
ture.
Accordingly, however accurately we
both because the principles may be untrue and
with increased clarity tl
have calculated that some event must occur, the
derlying it, and progres
doubt always remains-Is the law true? If the law
because the reasoning based upon them may be
concepts that they becor
states a precise result, almost certainly it is not
fallacious. Science starts, not from large assump-
at the same time consis
precisely accurate; and thus even at the best the
tions, but from particular facts discovered by ob-
servation or experiment. From a number of such
deed, it may be time to
result, precisely as calculated, is not likely to OC-
facts a general rule is arrived at, of which, if it is
tions. The progress of SC
cur. But then we have no faculty capable of obser-
a certain elasticity even
true, the facts in question are instances. This rule
vation with ideal precision, so, after all, our inac-
curate laws may be good enough.
is not positively asserted, but is accepted, to begin
Freud, In
with, as a working hypothesis. If it is correct, cer-
Whitehead, Introduction to Mathematics, III
tain hitherto unobserved phenomena will take
124 It is a mistake to believe
place in certain circumstances. If it is found that
nothing but conclusively
118 In science the man of real genius is the man who
they do take place, that so far confirms the hy-
it is unjust to demand
invents a new method. The notable discoveries are
pothesis; if they do not, the hypothesis must be
mand only made by the
often made by his successors, who can apply the
discarded and a new one must be invented. How-
authority in some form
method with fresh vigour, unimpaired by the pre-
ever many facts are found to fit the hypothesis,
religious catechism by SC
vious labour of perfecting it; but the mental cali-
that does not make it certain, although in the end
a scientific one. Science
bre of the thought required for their work, howev-
er brilliant, is not so great as that required by the
it may come to be thought in a high degree proba-
few apodictic precepts;
ble; in that case, it is called a theory rather than a
ments which it has dev
first inventor of the method.
hypothesis. A number of different theories, each
of probability. The cap
Russell, Place of Science in a Liberal Education
built directly upon facts, may become the basis for
these approximations to
a new and more general hypothesis from which, if
to carry on constructive
119 The kernel of the scientific outlook is a thing so
true, they all follow; and to this process of gener-
final confirmation are a
simple, so obvious, so seemingly trivial, that the
alization no limit can be set. But whereas, in me-
entific habit of mind.
mention of it may almost excite derision. The ker-
diaeval thinking, the most general principles were
nel of the scientific outlook is the refusal to regard
the starting point, in science they are the final
SCHOLAR
SCIENCE
1763
1
And use that weapon which they have, their
He [the scholar] must be a solitary, laborious,
modest, and charitable soul. He must embrace
pen.
POPE, The Wife of Bath: Prologue, 1. 369.
solitude as a bride.
That he may become
9
an.
acquainted with his thoughts.
He was a scholar, and a ripe and good one;
Lady, 1. 188.
EMERSON, Nature, Addresses, and Lectures:
Exceeding wise, fair-spoken and persuading:
rcy on me here
Literary Ethics.
Lofty and sour to them that loved him not,
1 at every word,
To talk in public, to think in solitude, to read
But to those men that sought him sweet as
dal. Act ii, SC. 2.
and to hear, to inquire and to answer inquiries,
summer.
is the business of a scholar.
SHAKESPEARE, Henry VIII. Act iv, SC. 2, 1. 51.
SAMUEL JOHNSON, Rasselas. Ch. 8.
A scholar and a soldier.
Where should the scholar live? In solitude, or in
SHAKESPEARE, The Merchant of Venice. Act
society? in the green stillness of the country,
i, SC. 2, 1. 124.
Study
where he can hear the heart of Nature beat, or
Gentleman and scholar.
lawyer ride,
in the dark, gray town, where he can hear and
feel the throbbing heart of man?
BURNS, The Twa Dogs. See also under GENTLE-
it by their side.
LONGFELLOW, Hyperion. Bk. i, ch. 8.
MAN.
nianus honores,
2
ire pedes.)
Hell is paved with the skulls of great scholars.
SCHOOL, see Education
Melancholy. Pt.
GILES FIRMIN, The Real Christian. See also
A footnote refers
HELL: ITS PAVEMENT.
SCIENCE
3
The world's great men have not commonly
I-Science: Definitions
r poor;
10
long to the boor.
been great scholars, nor its great scholars
Science is the labour and handicraft of the
Melancholy. Pt.
great men.
mind; poetry can only be considered its
O. W. HOLMES, The Autocrat of the Breakfast-
recreation.
Table. Ch. 6.
assail,
4
FRANCIS BACON, Description of the Intellectual
d the jail.
The classic scholar is he whose blood is
Globe. Ch. 1.
nity of Human
most nuptial to the webbed bottle.
Port
Science is for those who learn; poetry, for those
hymns to his conservatism.
who know.
ne love of com-
GEORGE MEREDITH, The Egoist. Ch. 19.
JOSEPH Roux, Meditations of a Parish Priest.
a scholar.
5
Pt. i, No. 71.
The ink of the scholar is more sacred than
11
, ch. 3.
the blood of the martyr.
What we might call, by way of eminence,
MOHAMMED, Tribute to Reason.
the dismal science.
ulation to the
white lot in life.
6
THOMAS CARLYLE, The Nigger Question. Re-
A mere scholar, a mere ass.
ferring to political economy and "social
aphical Sketches:
ROBERT BURTON, The Anatomy of Melancholy.
science."
Pt. i, sec. ii, memb. 3, subsec. 15.
The science of sciences. (Scientia scientiarum.)
iomeless despond-
A mere scholar is a mere-you know the old
S. T. COLERIDGE, Biographia Literaria. Ch. 12.
raphical Sketches:
proverb.
Referring to philosophy. See also under
SUSANNAH CENTLIVRE, Stolen Heiress. Act i.
PHILOSOPHY.
A scholar at court is an ass among apes.
The science of fools with long memories.
ntially, and does
JOHN CLARKE, Paræmiologia, 145.
PLANCHÉ, Preliminary Observations: Pursui-
vant of Arms. Speaking of Heraldry.
much as this of
This scholar, rake, Christian, dupe, gamester,
12
and poet.
What art was to the ancient world, science
raphical Sketches:
DAVID GARRICK, Jupiter and Mercury.
is to the modern.
He was a rake among scholars, and a scholar
BENJAMIN DISRAELI, Coningsby. Bk. iv, ch. 1.
the true scholar?
among rakes.
Science and art belong to the whole world, and
is my master in
MACAULAY, Essays: Aikin's Life of Addison.
the barriers of nationality vanish before them.
n of him.
Referring to Sir Richard Steele.
7
GOETHE, Remark, to a German historian, 1813
l Aims: Greatness.
He is yet a scholar, than which kind of man
13
Science distinguishes a man of honour from
o cheer, to raise,
there is nothing so simple, so sincere, none
one of those athletic brutes whom undeserv-
wing them facts
better.
edly we call heroes.
PLINY, of Isœus, the Greek sophist. (BUR-
DRYDEN, Fables: Prejace. See also under
es, and Lectures:
TON, Anatomy of Melancholy, i, ii, 3,
GAME.
15.)
14
8
the world; and of
Love seldom haunts the breast where learn-
Men love to wonder, and that is the seed of
id with what em-
ing lies,
our science.
man, such is the
And Venus sets ere Mercury can rise.
EMERSON, Society and Solitude: Works and
holar.
Days.
Those play the scholars who can't play the
15
ies, and Lectures:
men,
Geometry, which is the only science that it
1764
SCIENCE
SCIENCE
SCIEN
hath pleased God hitherto to bestow on man-
Science is madness if good sense does not cure it.
1
kind.
(Ciencia es locura Si buen senso no la cura.)
Knowledge is not happi
THOMAS HOBBES, Leviathan. Pt. i, ch. 4.
UNKNOWN. A Spanish proverb.
But an exchange of igno
9
And Lucy, dear child, mind your arithmetic.
Which is another kind 0
Science is a cemetery of dead ideas.
What would life be without arithmetic, but
BYRON, Manfred. Act ii,
a scene of horrors?
MIGUEL DE UNAMUNO, The Tragic Sense of
2
SYDNEY SMITH, Letters: To Miss
22
Life, p. 90.
0 star-eyed Science, }
10
July, 1835.
To define it rudely but not inaptly, engineer-
there,
1
To waft us home the m
Science is the topography of ignorance.
ing is the art of doing that well with one
CAMPBELL, Pleasures of
O. W. HOLMES, Medical Essays, p. 211.
dollar which any bungler can do with two
after a fashion.
When Science from Creati
Equipped with his five senses, man explores the
Enchantment's veil with
universe around him and calls the adventure
ARTHUR M. WELLINGTON, The Economic
What lovely visions yield
Science.
Theory of Railway Location: Introduction.
To cold material laws!
amica
EDWIN POWELL HUBBLE, Science.
THOMAS CAMPBELL, To
Human science is uncertain guess.
II-Science: Apothegms
3
MATTHEW PRIOR, Solomon. Bk. i, 1. 740.
11
Why does this magnific
While bright-eyed Science watches round.
which saves work and m
True science teaches, above all, to doubt and to
THOMAS GRAY, Ode for Music, 1. 11.
us so little happiness?
be ignorant.
MIGUEL DE UNAMUNO, The Tragic Sense of
Like truths of Science waiting to be caught.
runs: Because we have
Life, p. 93.
TENNYSON, The Golden Year, 1. 17.
make sensible use of it.
12
ALBERT EINSTEIN, Addre
A series of judgments. revised without ceas-
Every science has been an outcast.
of Technology, Feb.,
ing, goes to make up the incontestable prog-
R. G. INGERSOLL, The Liberty of Man, Woman
4
ress of science.
and Child.
"Tis a short sight to lim
DUCLAUX, Pasteur, p. 111.
13
to those of gravity, of c
3
Science is
like virtue, its own exceeding
and so forth.
Science is nothing but perception.
great reward.
EMERSON, Conduct of L
PLATO, Theætetus. Sec. 182.
CHARLES KINGSLEY, Health and Education:
5
4
Science.
0 Timothy. keep that
Economics, the science of managing one's
14
to thy trust. avoiding pr
own household. administrandæ
One Science only will one genius fit,
blings, and oppositions
familiaris rei scientiam.)
So vast is Art. so narrow human wit.
called.
SENECA, Epistulæ ad Lucilium. Epis. 89, sec. 10.
POPE, Essay on Criticism. Pt. i, 1. 60.
New Testament: / Time
5
15
[We] do not learn for want of time
The humble knowledge
Science is the great antidote to the poison of
enthusiasm and superstition.
The sciences which should become our coun-
way to God than the deepe
THOMAS À KEMPIS, De 11
ADAM SMITH, The Wealth of Nations. Bk. v,
try.
ch. 3.
pt. 3, sec. 3.
SHAKESPEARE, Henry V. Act v, SC. 2, 1. 58.
6
6
16
Science robs men of wisd
Technocracy.
Only when genius is married to science, can
verts them into phanto
WILLIAM H. SMYTH. Used first by him in In-
the highest results be produced.
with facts.
dustrial Management, March, 1919.
HERBERT SPENCER, Education. Ch. 1.
MIGUEL DE UNAMUNO, 1
Scientific reorganization of national energy and
17
resources, coördinating industrial democracy to
Science moves, but slowly, slowly, creeping
p. 55.
7
effect the will of the people.
on from point to point.
But beyond the bright se
WILLIAM H. SMYTH, definition of technocracy.
ALFRED TENNYSON, Locksley Hall, 1. 134.
Out of sight of the WI
(Concerning Irascible Strong, 1926.)
Mystics always hope that science will some day
Old riddles still bid us (
Scientific management.
overtake them.
Old questions of Why
FREDERICK W. TAYLOR. Evolved as name for
BOOTH TARKINGTON, Looking Forward, p. 112.
W. C. D. WHETHAM, R
the "Taylor system" about 1910. (SULLIVAN,
Physical Science, p. 10
Our Times. Vol. iv, p. 77.)
III-Science: Its Shortcomings
8
7
18
The higher we soar on t
Science is organized knowledge.
"Twas thus by the glare of false science be-
the worse our feet seem
HERBERT SPENCER, Education. Ch. 2.
tray'd,
the wires.
8
That leads. to bewilder; and dazzles, to blind.
UNKNOWN. (The New ]
Science when well digested is nothing but
JAMES BEATTIE, The Hermit. St. 5.
good sense and reason.
19
IV-Science: T
STANISLAUS, King of Poland, Maxims. No. 43.
The atoms of Democritus,
9
Science is a first-rate piece of furniture for a
And Newton's particles of light
He would pore by the h
man's upper-chamber, if he has common-sense
Are sands upon the Red Sea shore,
flower,
on the ground floor.
Where Israel's tents do shine so bright.
Or the slugs that come
O. W. HOLMES, The Poet at the Breakfast-
WILLIAM BLAKE, Mock On, Voltaire, Rous.
shower.
Table. Ch. 5.
seau.
R. H. BARHAM, The Knig
Mosbacher, Brong 1 Massey
on Podium
protocol alixander
8:30 aim.
per Damar Hawkins
9/16/91
Dept. Sec. @
commerce
Rocky Schnabel;
cluck w/ Clair Sechler
SEC. Alexander
Sr. 4 tech hos. /Promly
Massay read citatins
9/16/91
computer
a brout 9:05 am her read T8b screen to Damar got
of mtg and read from Dalis
test and the proved
founton
McGroarty/Bunton
September 13, 1991
10:30 am
[AWARDS]
PRESIDENTIAL REMARKS: NATIONAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY AWARDS
SEPTEMBER 16, 1991
THE ROSE GARDEN
10:30 A.M.
It's my pleasure to welcome all of you to the Rose Garden.
[Introductory acknowledgements: Secretaries Mosbacher and Lujan.
Dr. Bromley. Dr. Walter Massey, Director of NSF. Henson Moore,
Deputy Secretary of Energy.]
With us today are five Nobel laureates; leading engineers
of the information age; authors of some of this century's world-
changing discoveries and inventions -- men and women who compress
quantum leaps of learning within a single lifetime of
achievement. // From the first moments of creation -- to the
frontiers of the solar system and, now with Voyager, beyond: The
scope of your knowledge spans the canvas of human endeavor. //
Some of you are not only experts in your field -- you are
the inventors of your field, the ones whose quest and questions
turned to knowledge. //
Today, your nation recognizes your monumental
accomplishments -- honors the difference you have made:
Advancing human understanding, improving the human condition,
helping mankind conquer ignorance and illness, helping this
Nation compete and prosper. //
Today's award-winners range in age from the Pegasus Team --
a group of precocious 40-something scientists and one 37 year-
old who designed and built the world's first private space rocket
2
-- to Admiral Grace Hopper, born in 1906, who pioneered the
revolution that put personal computers on the desks of millions
of Americans -- [ [and dragged even this President into the
computer age. It's been almost six months since my first
computer lesson, and I'm making progress: I make the same
mistakes -- but five times faster. ]]
The men and women we honor exemplify not simply the life of
the mind -- but the spirit of adventure and risk that accompanies
the quest for advancement. / Take Stephen Bechtel, whose vision
helped a city spring from the Saudi desert, helped turn the
arctic waters of James Bay into a source of energy for millions
of North Americans -- and who's now helping Kuwait rise up from
the ashes of war. / Consider Colonel John Paul Stapp, expert on
the human impact of G-force stress. When his experiments became
too dangerous to impose on others, Colonel Stapp became his own
subject. As an old naval aviator, I can hardly believe he's
withstood 40-G's: that's the same as going from 632 miles per
hour to a dead stop in 1.4 seconds. / Colonel Stapp put himself
on the line -- and made flying safer for everyone from passengers
on commuter shuttles to astronauts now orbiting on the shuttle
Discovery. //
From the work of a single individual come benefits that can
banish suffering -- and prolong life -- for many millions of
people. Consider the career of Gertrude Elion, Nobel Prize
winning biochemist. Her life's work spans the quests to defeat
3
leukemia and malaria -- to today's battle against AIDS and other
immune system disorders. //
Together, your efforts transformed our world. Yet as a
Nation, our honor for all you've done falls short if we fail to
sustain your forward march. / This Administration has proposed
what progress demands: record funding levels for research and
development -- with funds channeled to the individual
investigator and small research teams that so often redefine the
state-of-the-art. To advance technology, we've focused funds on
the areas of energy and aeronautics, biotechnology and advanced
materials, high performance computing and communications. To
advance science and engineering research, we've urged Congress to
approve an 18 percent increase in funding for the National
Science Foundation -- keeping us on track with our commitment to
double spending on that vital research arm by the year 1994. //
Our commitment to science and technology proves beyond doubt we
will not shortchange the future. //
In the words of astronomer Edwin Powell Hubble: "Equipped
with his five senses, man explores the universe around him, and
calls the adventure Science." Science and technology hold open
the hope of infinite possibility -- of answers that eluded
Einstein, of a new world free from fear and want. That same
shining future -- that new world of possibility -- exists within
every child. // In the end, the progress of enlightenment comes
down to education: what are we doing to cultivate the children
sitting today in classrooms around the country -- the generation
4
we'll ask to provide solutions to the challenges of a new
century, answers to questions that haven't yet been asked. /
Unless we act immediately, the next generation may not be
equipped to follow in your footsteps. / All of you know our
National Education Goals, and the strategy I call America 2000 -
- our challenge to everyone with a stake in our schools to
literally re-invent American education. / Well right now, in
some studies of math and science aptitude, U.S. students rank
dead last among the industrialized nations. That one statistic
alone should shake us out of our complacency -- and show us the
scope of the challenge we face. //
If we're going to be first in the world in math and science
by the year 2000, there's not a moment to waste. Because we're
serious, next year's budget targets $661 million for pre-college
math and science education -- a one-year increase of 28 percent.
Today, I salute every one of you who has taken the time to
share your wisdom in the classroom. I mentioned earlier we have
five Nobel laureates in our midst today. Let me recognize
another medal-winner for a singular distinction: Elvin Kabat,
who's had the satisfaction of seeing one of his students go on to
win a Nobel. //
We must preserve the vital connection between teaching and
research. / That's the idea behind the Commerce Department's
Technology Heroes program -- to turn Medal of Technology winners
into role models for our children. / And that's why, today, I
am pleased to announce the establishment of the Presidential
5
Faculty Fellows program -- to provide 5-year grants totaling
$500,000 to as many as 30 young faculty members each year. These
grants will support young scholars in their path-breaking work in
science and technology -- and their teaching in the classroom. /
Perhaps years from now, some of those Presidential Faculty
Fellows will have their own day here in the Rose Garden. //
In honoring each of you, this Nation honors the boundless
horizons of the human mind -- the soaring spirit of inquiry --
the special genius of the architects who fashion today's
fantastic idea into tomorrow's usable tools. Your work stands as
its own reward -- so let me simply add your nation's thanks. //
Once again, welcome to the White House, and congratulations
on your well-earned honors. // Now, with the help of Dr.
Massey, Secretary Mosbacher and Dr. Bromley, we will present the
awards.
# # #
THE WHITE HOUSE
WASHINGTON
September 10, 1991
MEMORANDUM TO THE PRESIDENT
THROUGH:
DAVID DEMAREST
TONY SNOW TS
FROM:
BETH HINCHLIFFE
BH
SUBJECT:
ADDRESS TO PHILADELPHIA DRUG TREATMENT CENTER
On Thursday, September 12, you will be addressing an
audience of approximately 250 at the V.A./Penn Addiction
Treatment Center in Philadelphia. Secretary Derwinksi and
Director Martinez are expected to attend. The audience will
consist primarily of health professionals involved in drug
research and treatment at this center.
Your remarks (10 minutes, cards) begin with a reflection on
the Administration's progress since the National Drug Strategy
was released. They then focus on the ways to deal with drug
abuse -- treatment at centers like this for the already-addicted;
conscience. and prevention through the development of a national moral
THE WHITE HOUSE
WASHINGTON
September 9, 1991
91 SEP 9 .4:28 0
MEMORANDUM FOR THE PRESIDENT
THROUGH:
DAVID DEMAREST
TONY SNOW TS
FROM:
CURT SMITH
S
SUBJECT:
REPUBLICAN EAGLES LUNCHEON
On Thursday, September 12th, at noon, you will deliver
remarks (approximately 14 minutes/on cards) at the Republican
Eagles luncheon in the Mayflower Hotel. Guests are generous
contributors to the Republican National Committee, annually
donating fifteen thousand dollars. 270 to 300 attendees are
expected. Acknowledgements include Larry Bathgate, Bobby Holt,
Jeanie Austin, and Bill McManus; also in the audience is
Ambassador Kirkpatrick.
Your remarks focus on leadership; on the distinct functions
of executive, judicial, and legislative powers; and on the
distinction between executive administration in foreign and
domestic policy. Your speech then elaborates on the various
obstacles to executive will in the domestic arena --
specifically, congressional recalcitrance and delay.
McGroarty/Bunton
September 11, 1991
3:00 pm
[AWARDS]
PRESIDENTIAL REMARKS: NATIONAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY AWARDS
SEPTEMBER 16, 1991
THE ROSE GARDEN
10:30 A.M.
It's my pleasure to welcome all of you to the Rose Garden.
[Introductory acknowledgements: Dr. Bromley. Secretary
Mosbacher. Dr. William Massey, Director of NSF.]
With us today are five Nobel laureates; leading engineers
of the information age; authors of some of this century's world-
changing discoveries and inventions -- men and women who compress
quantum leaps of learning within a single lifetime of
achievement. // From the first moments of creation -- to the
frontiers of the universe and, now with Voyager, beyond: The
scope of your knowledge spans the canvas of human endeavor. //
Some of you are not only experts in your field -- you are
the inventors of your field, the ones whose quest and questions
turned to knowledge. //
Today, your nation recognizes your monumental
accomplishments -- honors the difference you have made:
Advancing human understanding, improving the human condition,
helping mankind conquer ignorance and illness, helping this
Nation compete and prosper. //
Today's award-winners range in age from the Pegasus Team --
a group of precocious 40-something scientists and one 37 year-
old who designed and built the world's first private space rocket
-- to Admiral Grace Hopper, born in 1906, who pioneered the
2
revolution that put personal computers on the desks of millions
of Americans -- [[and dragged even this President into the
computer age. It's been almost six months since my first
computer lesson, and I'm making progress: I make the same
mistakes -- but five times faster. ]]
The men and women we honor exemplify not simply the life of
the mind -- but the spirit of adventure and risk that accompanies
the quest for advancement. / Take Stephen Bechtel, whose vision
helped a city spring from the Saudi desert, helped turn the
arctic waters of James Bay into a source of energy for millions
of North Americans -- and who's now helping Kuwait rise up from
the ashes of war. / Consider Colonel John Paul Stapp, expert on
the human impact of G-force stress. When his experiments became
too dangerous to impose on others, Colonel Stapp became his own
subject. As an old naval aviator, I can hardly believe he's
40
withstood 26-G's: that's the same as going from 632 miles per
hour to a dead stop in 1.4 seconds. / Colonel Stapp put himself
on the line -- and made flying safer for everyone from passengers
on commuter shuttles to astronauts on our space shuttle. //
Together, your efforts transformed our world. Yet as a
Nation, our honor for all you've done falls short if we fail to
sustain your forward march. / This Administration has proposed
what progress demands: record levels for research and
development -- with funds channeled to the individual
investigator and small research teams that so often redefine the
state-of-the-art. To advance technology, we've focused funds on
3
the areas of energy and aeronautics, biotechnology and advanced
materials, high performance computing and communications. To
advance science, we've urged Congress to approve an 18 percent
increase in funding for the National Science Foundation --
keeping us on track on our 7-year commitment to double spending
on that vital research arm by the year 1994. // Our commitment
to science and technology proves beyond doubt we will not
shortchange the future. //
In the words of astronomer Edwin Powell Hubble: "Equipped
with his five senses, man explores the universe around him, and
calls the adventure Science." Science and technology hold open
the hope of infinite possibility -- of answers that eluded
Einstein, of a new world free from fear and want. That same
shining future -- that new world of possibility -- exists within
every child. In the end, the progress of enlightenment comes
down to education: what are we doing to cultivate the children
sitting today in classrooms around the country -- the generation
we'll ask to provide solutions to the challenges of a new
century, answers to questions that haven't yet been asked.
/
Unless we act immediately, the next generation may not be
equipped to follow in your footsteps. Right now, in some
studies of math and science aptitude, U.S. students rank dead
last among the industrialized nations. That one statistic alone
should shake us out of our complacency -- and show us the scope
of the challenge we face. //
4
All of you know our ambitious goal to be first in the world
in math and science by the year 2000. Because there's no time to
waste, next year's budget targets $661 million for pre-college
math and science education -- a one-year increase of 28 percent.
Today, I salute every one of you who has taken the time to
share your wisdom in the classroom. I mentioned earlier we have
five Nobel laureates in our midst today. Let me recognize
another medal-winner for a singular distinction: Elvin Kabat,
who's had the satisfaction of seeing one of his students go on to
win a Nobel. //
We must preserve the vital connection between teaching and
research. That's the idea behind the Commerce Department's
Technology Heroes program -- to turn Medal of Technology winners
into role models for our children. That's why I am announcing
today the establishment of the Presidential Faculty Fellows
program, to provide grants totaling $500,000 to up to 30 young
faculty members. This money will support their path-breaking
work in science and technology. Perhaps years from now, some of
those Faculty Fellows will have their own day in the Rose Garden.
//
In honoring each of you, this Nation honors the boundless
horizons of the human mind -- the soaring spirit of inquiry ---
the special genius of the architects who fashion today's
fantastic idea into tomorrow's usable tools. Your work stands as
its own reward -- so let me simply add your nation's thanks.
//
5
Once again, welcome to the White House, and congratulations
on your well-earned honors. {Now, Dr. Bromley and Secretary
Mosbacher will present the awards.}
# # #
002
09/11/91 14:52
BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH
UPDATED THROUGH MARCH, 1991
JOHN PAUL STAPP, M.D., PH.D., Sc.D.
BORN: 11 July 1910, in Bahia, Brazil, first of four sons of
Rev. Charles Franklin Stapp, native of Burnet, Texas,
and Louise Shannon Stapp of Burleson Texas, both South-
ern baptist foreign missionaries. Rev. Stapp was presi-
dent of the American Baptist College in Bahia from
1909 to 1918.
EDUCATION: Grammar school subjects until 1922 taught at home
by parents and tutors. In 1922-23 one year of Brown-
wood Texas High School.
1923-26 San Marcos Baptist Academy, Texas, High School
Diploma
1926-27 San Marcos Baptist Academy, Texas, Business School
1927-3] Baylor Univ., Waco Texas, B.A., Zoology and Chemistry
1931-32 Baylor Univ., Waco Texas, M.A., Zoology and Chemistry
1934-40 Univ, of Texas, Austin Texas, Ph.D.; Biophysics
1939-44 Univ. of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis; M.D.
and rotatinginternship
1944-AUS Medical Field Service School, Carlisle Barracks, Penn
1944-45 Residency in Military Medicine, Lincoln Army Air Base
Regional Hospital, Nebraska
1945- Flight Surgeon's Course. Randolph Air Force Basc. Texas
1946- Industrial Medical Course, Kelly AFB, Texas
1955- Diplomate, American Board of Preventive Modicine
1956- D.Sc. (hon.) Baylor University, Waco Texas
1980 D. Sc. (hon.) New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, N. Mex,
MILITARY CAREER:
1942-43 2Lt. MAC AUS Reserve in Medical School
1943- Private and PFC Army Student training program, Med. Schol
1943- 1Lt. Medical Corps, AUS Reserve (internship)
-1944 A Oct. 4 called to active duty AUS-Schools and general du'
medical officer, Pratt Army Air Base, Kansas
1946- Captain, MC AUS industrial medical officer, flight
surgeon, Tinker AFB, Oklahoma
1946- Project officer, Aeromedical Laboratory, Wright Patters
Army Air Base, Ohio
1947- Project officer, Air Crew deceleration, Muroc Army Air
Base, California
1948- Major AUS, Chief, Aeromidical Field Laboratory, Muroc
Army Air Base, California
1952- Lt.Col. USAD (MC) Section Chief, Aeromedical Lab, Wright
Patterson AFB, Ohio
1953- Senior Flight Surgeon and Chief, Aeromedical Field Lab.,
Holloman AFB, New Mexico
1954- Lt. Col. USAF, Chief Aeromedical Field Lab., Holloman AFF
1957- Col. USAF, Chief Aeromedical Field Lab., Holloman AFB
1958- Chief, Aerospace Medical Lab, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohic
1960- Chief Scientist, Aerospace Medical Division. Brooks
APB, Texas
1960- Colonel Medical Corps, Regular Air Force
1962- Chief Flight
09/11/91 14:53
003
IT BY:THE SPACE CENTER
: 8-12-91 : 14:21
THE SPACE CENTER-
12023774498.5 J
John P. Stapp
Page two
1965- Accident Pathology, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology,
1967- Detached Service, Dept. of Transportation, Highway and Traff
Washington, D.C.
Safety, Washington D.C.
1970- Retired USAF
ACADEMIC CAREER:
1932-34 Instructor, Decatur Baptist College, Decatur, Texas
1934-39 Tutor and Fellow, University of Texas, Austin, Texas
1939-43 Fellow, graduate and medical student, U of Minnesota Medic.
1956 COMMENCEMENT SPEAKER, BAYLOR UNIVERSITY, D. Sc. (HON.)
1970-72 Consultant, DOT
1972-74 Adjunct Prof. USC, Institute of Safety and Systems Managem
consultant
1975- Prof. USC, Safety and Systems Management Institute: Consulta
1980 NEW MEXICO STATE UNIVERSITY, D. SC. (HON)
PUBLICATIONS:
1. More than 50 original papers on medical and aerospace medical
research and related subjects.
2. More than 12 chapters in textbooks and encyclopedias on accele
stion, deceleration, aerospace modicine, space flight, etc.
3. Numerous articles for news media on subjects related to his re
search and experiences.
CAREER CONTRIBUTIONS:
Colonel Stapp began as a general duty medical officer, served as a:
industrial medical officer, flight surgeon, research project office
laboratory chief, chief medical scientist of a research division 1:
the Air Force Systems Command, on detached service to the U.S. Dep:
ment of Transportation as a chief scientist, and as as consultant t:
the Surgeon General USAF and to the National Aeronautical and Spaci
Administration.
He organized and founded two laboratories for the U.S. Air Force:
The Acromedical Facility of Edwards Air Force Base, California and
the Aeromedical Field Laboratory of Holloman Air Force Base, N.M.
From 1946 through 1963, Colonel Stapp pioneered in research on the
effects of mechanical force on living tissues. Several thousand e:
periments in the course of these investigntions explored a quantit:
tive stress analysis of the human body to limits of voluntary tole:
ance of crash type impacts and decelorations. Injurious and lethal
end points for these forces were determined on suitably anesthetize
chimpanzees, swine and black bears within the human weight range.
These dynamic stress analyses provide criteria for aircraft, space
cabin and ground vehicle crash protection design; for tolerance lir
of trajectorles for aircraft ejection seats and escape capsules throt
the subsonic to hypersonic flight range; and basic data applicable
impact forces of launch and ram decoloration expected in space ball
tic flight. Concurrently, effects of windblast were studied by ex.
posures of volunteers on high speed rocket sleds and during jet ai:
craft flights with canopy removed. Colonel Stapp was his own volui
teer subject for 20 rocket slod exporiments. which included crash
004
09/11/91 14:53
NT BY:THE SPACE CENTER
: 8-12-91 : 14:21
;
THE SPACE CENTER-
12023774498:# 4
John P. Stapp
Page three
gravity, including 40 gravity peaks, and windblast of 1105 pounds
per square foot. This exposure was achieved by accelerating a
rocket slod to 632 milcs por hour in 5 seconds in 2910 feet, then
decelerating it in 690 feet and 1.4 seconds to a stop. This last
experiment of the sories occured on 10 December 1954.
Following a tour as Chief of the Aerospace Medical Laboratory of
Wright Air Development Center in 1958-60, and as Chicf Scientist at
CORRECT THE
the Aerospace Medical Division, 1960-65, Brooks Air Force Basc.
Texas, Colonel Stapp served at the Armed Forces Institute of Patholc
G-FACTORI
in Washington, D.C., until 1967, when his services, as a Medical Scie
tist were requested by Secretary Boyd of the newly organized Depart-
ment of Transportation. He was on detached service with the National
Highway Traffic Safety Administration until his retirement from the
Air Force in August 1970, continuing as a consultant until April,
1972, when he joined the faculty of the University of Southern Calif
ornin as Adjunct Professor in the Systems Management Center.
HONORS:
National Air Council Award for outstanding research contribution by
an Air Force Officer in 1951.
in 1952.
Legion of Merit for research in human tolerance to abrupt deceloration
John Jeffries Award of the Institute of Aeronautical Sciences, for
outstanding contributions to aeronautics through medical research,
in 1953.
AST Power Award for Science, from the Air Force Association in 1954.
Flight Safety Foundation Award for contributions to commercial air
transport safety, in 1954.
to the Legion of Merit.
In 1955, the Air Force Chency Award for Valor, and an Oak Leaf Clusto
The Wilde Award of the American Rocket Society in 1956.
The Gorgas Award, Association of Military Surgeons, in 1957.
The Liljencrantz Award of the Aerospace Medical Association in 1957.
Modical School, 1958.
The Distinguished Alumni Service Award, University of Minnesota
Purkinie Award, Czechoslovakian Medical Association in 1966.
The Golden Plate Award of the Academy of Achievement, in 1962.
Distinguished in 1963. Service Award, National Reserve Officers Association,
Distinguished Alumnus Award, San Marcos Baptist Academy, on the
ment Exercises.
occasion of delivering a baccalaureate address at the 1963 Commence-
Medical Tribune Award for contributions to automotive safety, in 1965.
in Distinguished 1972. Service Award, American Association for Automotive Med.
Distinguished Services Medal, United States Air Force, in 1971.
Elliot Cresson Medal, Franklin Institure 1973
HONDA MEDAL, AMERICAN SOCIETY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERS 1984
SAFETY ENGINEERING EXCELLENCE AWARD, U.S. DEPARTMENT OF TRANSP. 1979
Member, Flying ORGANIZATIONS: Snfety, National 1955-58. Advisory Committee for Aeronautics Subcommittee on
President, American
09/11/91 14:51
001
U.S. Department of Commerce
Washington, D.C. 20230
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
THE UNDER SECRETARY
A
FOR TECHNOLOGY
TECHNOLOGY ADMINISTRATION
TECHNOLOGY ADMINISTRATION
FACSIMILE TRANSMITTAL SHEET
Number of Pages (including cover sheet): 4
Telephone Number: 202/377-1575
Fax Number: 202/377-4498
Date: 11 Sept 1991
Room: HCHB 4824-C
To:
JEANNIE BUNTON
Agency/Company: RESEARCH
FAX number: 456-1651
Telephone number:
From:
John F. Sargent
Division:
Director of Public Affairs
Telephone:
202/377-1397
SPECIAL INSTRUCTIONS/MESSAGE
Please note 40Gs
on page Zofthe bio
Dr. Nassey reads the
citations, and assisted by Dr.
Bromley and See. Shasbacher,
the Present presents the medals
entro. acknowleyemits
Henson Shoore
Sic. Lujan
/
McGroarty/Bunton
September 10, 1991
5:45 pm
[AWARDS]
PRESIDENTIAL REMARKS: NATIONAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY AWARDS
SEPTEMBER 16, 1991
THE ROSE GARDEN
TIME?? 10:30 AM
It's my pleasure to welcome all of you to the Rose Garden.
[Introductory acknowledgements: Dr. Bromley. Secretary
Mosbacher. Dr. William Massey, Director of NSF.]
With us today are five Nobel laureates; leading engineers
of the information age; authors of some of this century's world-
changing discoveries and inventions -- men and women who compress
quantum leaps of learning within a single lifetime of
achievement. // From the first moments of creation -- to the
frontiers of the universe and, now with Voyager, beyond: The
scope of your knowledge spans the canvas of human endeavor. //
Some of you are not only experts in your field -- you are
the inventors of your field, the ones whose quest and questions
turned to knowledge. //
Today, your nation recognizes your monumental
accomplishments -- honors the difference you have made:
Advancing human understanding, improving the human condition,
helping mankind conquer ignorance and illness, helping this
Nation compete and prosper. //
Today's award-winners range in age from the Pegasus Team --
a group of precocious 40-something scientists and one 37 year-
old who designed and built the world's first private space rocket
-- to Admiral Grace Hopper, born in 1906, who pioneered the
2
revolution that put personal computers on the desks of millions
of Americans -- [[and dragged even this President into the
computer age. It's been almost six months since my first
computer lesson, and I'm making progress: I make the same
mistakes -- but five times faster. ]]
The men and women we honor exemplify not simply the life of
the mind -- but the spirit of adventure and risk that accompanies
the quest for advancement. // Take Stephen Bechtel, whose
vision helped a city spring from the Saudi desert, helped turn
the arctic waters of James Bay into a source of energy form
&
millions of North Americans -- and who's now helping Kuwait rise
up from the ashes of war. // Consider Colonel John Paul Stapp,
expert on the human impact of G-force stress. When his
experiments became too dangerous to impose on others, Colonel
Stapp became his own subject. As an old naval aviator, I can
26
hardly believe he's withstood 36-G's: that's the same as going
from 632 miles per hour to a dead stop in 1.4 seconds. /
Colonel Stapp put himself on the line -- and made flying safer
for everyone from passenger Check w/ John sargeant
es to astronauts
on our space shuttle. // 36G=
Together, your efforts
Nation, our honor for all
[632 to ort rld. if Yet we as fail a to
sustain your forward march
mi 1.4 pecrids ation has proposed
what progress demands: re not 36.65, but arch
and
development -- with funds
dividual
26-Gs
investigator and small re
often redefine the
3
state-of-the-art. To advance technology, we've focused funds on
the areas of energy and aeronautics, biotechnology and advanced
materials, high performance computing and communications. To
advance science, we've urged Congress to approve an 18 percent
increase in funding for the National Science Foundation --
keeping us on track on our 7-year commitment to double spending
on that vital research arm by the year 1994. // Our commitment
to science and technology proves beyond doubt we will not
shortchange the future. //
QUOTE
Science and technology hold open the hope of infinite
possibility -- of answers that eluded Einstein, of a new world
free from fear and want. That same shining future -- that new
world of possibility -- exists within every child. In the end,
the progress of enlightenment comes down to education: what are
we doing to cultivate the children sitting today in classrooms
around the country -- the generation we'll ask to provide
solutions to the challenges of a new century, answers to
questions that haven't yet been asked. /
Unless we act immediately, the next generation may not be
equipped to follow in your footsteps. Right now, U.S. students
rank 12th in math and science -- dead last among the
industrialized nations. That one statistic alone should shake us
out of our complacency -- and show us the scope of the challenge
we face. //
All of you know our ambitious goal to be first in the world
in math and science by the year 2000. Because there's no time to
Doyou remember
which ed. speech
you used this in
before?
4
waste, next year's budget targets $661 million for pre-college
math and science education -- a one-year increase of 28 percent.
//
Today, I salute every one of you who has taken the time to
share your wisdom in the classroom. I mentioned earlier we have
five Nobel laureates in our midst today. Let me recognize
another medal-winner for a singular distinction: Elvin Kabat,
who's had the satisfaction of seeing one of his students go on to
win a Nobel. //
We must preserve the vital connection between teaching and
research. That's the idea behind the Commerce Department's
Technology Heroes program -- to turn Medal of Technology winners
into role models for our children. That's why I am announcing
today the establishment of the Presidential Faculty Fellows
program, to provide grants totaling $500,000 to up to 30 young
faculty members to support their path-breaking work in science
and technology. Perhaps years from now, some of those Faculty
Fellows will have their own day in the Rose Garden. //
In honoring each of you, this Nation honors the boundless
horizons of the human mind -- the soaring spirit of inquiry --
the special genius of the architects who fashion today's
fantastic idea into tomorrow's usable tools. Your work stands as
its own reward -- so let me simply add your nation's thanks. //
Once again, welcome to the White House, and congratulations
on your well-earned honors. {Now, Dr. Bromley and Secretary
Mosbacher will present the awards.}
McGroarty/Bunton
September 10, 1991
10:00 am
[AWARDS]
PRESIDENTIAL REMARKS: NATIONAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY AWARDS
SEPTEMBER 16, 1991
THE ROSE GARDEN
TIME??
It's my pleasure to welcome all of you to the Rose Garden.
[Introductory acknowledgements: Dr. Bromley. Secretary
Mosbacher. Dr. William Massey, Director of NSF.] // Seldom has
there been in one place a collection of individuals with such
tremendous impact on the state of science and technology.
With us today are five Nobel laureates;. leading engineers
of the information age; authors of some of this century's world-
changing discoveries and inventions -- men and women who compress
quantum leaps of learning within a single lifetime of
accomplishment. // Some of you are not only experts in your
field -- you are the inventors of your field, the ones whose
quest and questions turned to knowledge. //
[[Surely, among all this incandescent intellect, there is
even someone who knows how to set the clock on a VCR. ]]
From the first transatlantic cable to the age of the
satellite link and the fax machine -- from the frontiers of the
universe and, now with Voyager, beyond -- to the first moments of
creation: The scope of your knowledge spans the entire canvas of
human endeavor. //
Today, your nation recognizes your monumental
accomplishments -- honors the difference you have made:
ASICALLY BELTS ON
WORILLING ON CONFIRMAT
OF AGES/EXACT DOB(s)
WORKING ON #
AVED FROM
airplane 1903
USE/
automobile 1885
JOHN
gas engine
SEARGANT
COMMERCE
[SOTOPE
1913
LABELING
TELEVISION 1926
Advancing human understanding, improving the human condition,
helping mankind conquer ignorance and illness, helping this
Nation compete and prosper. //
Today's award-winners range in age from the Pegasus Team --
a group of precocious young 40-year olds who designed and built
the world's first private space rocket -- to Admiral Grace
Hopper, born in 1901, the days before the airplane and
automobile, who pioneered the revolution in computer languages
that put computers on the desks of millions of Americans -- even
my own. //
The men and women we honor exemplify not simply the life of
the mind --- but the spirit of adventure and risk that accompanies
the quest for advancement. // Take Stephen Bechtel, whose
vision helped a city spring from the Saudi desert, helped turn
the arctic waters of James Bay into a source of energy form
millions of North Americans -- and who's now helping Kuwait rise
up from the ashes of war. // Consider Colonel John Paul Stapp,
expert on the limits of human endurance. When his experiments on
G-Force stress became too dangerous to impose on others, Colonel
Stapp became his own subject. He put himself on the line -- and
made flying safer for everyone from passengers on commuter
shuttles to astronauts on our space shuttle. //
Your efforts transformed our world. Yet as a Nation, our
honor for all you've done falls short if we fail to sustain your
forward march. / This Administration has proposed what progress
demands: record levels for research and development -- with
funds targeted on the individual investigator and small research
Draim-Infiration Assessmt
1988
OF EDUCATIONAL PROG.
IV
vance Grant- -
Focus on 6 coutries/
OFFICE OF ED, RESEARC
students
6 nations/4 Canadi
Provences
AW8RID OF DIFFERENCE
istenty come
1989 ED. TEST SERVICE
last or near
in math malics
Byrs. old 12 countries
or partsof
science in the
UNDER ACITULIVNS
IS 12th outof 12
when compared
CIRRINICUM 1987
in math
8th 20 grade countris fvl particyt
9th of 12 in Scune
idents in other
stral ged
1988
us Arith 10 of go
Achivement 17 countrus
ons.
algebra 12/20
Ninter SEO of 0D
10/M/HighScholl ages
12" graders 15 cointris
16: 8/15
grom
12/15
14:15/17
tied
advance algebra
14/15
Tschool School
Bio' 13/13
JUST MATH
chem /13
physics.96
teams that are so often the leading edge of scientific
enterprise. To advance technology, we've focused funds on the
areas of energy and aeronautics, biotechnology and advanced
materials, high performance computing and communications. To
advance science, we've built into our budget an 18% increase in
funding for the National Science Foundation -- keeping us on
track on our 7-year commitment to double spending on that vital
research arm by the year 1994. //
In technology and science, each challenge is a world of
possibility. So, too, is every child. In the end, the progress
of enlightenment comes down to education: what are we doing to
cultivate the children sitting today in classrooms around the
country -- the generation we'll ask to provide solutions to the
challenges of a new century, answers to questions that haven't
yet been asked. /
Unless we act immediately, the next generation may not be
equipped to follow in your footsteps. Right now, the U.S.
students rank 12th in math and science -- dead last among the
industrialized nations. I can think of no other single statistic
that should shake us out of our complacency -- show us the scope
of the challenge we face to prepare right now for the century
ahead. //
All of you know our ambitious goal to be first in the world
in math and science by the year 2000. Because there's no time to
#661
(total Funders)
waste, next year's budget targets $622 million for pre-college
math and science education -- a one-year increase of 28%.
//
Today, I salute every one of you who has taken the time to
share your wisdom in the classroom -- to see that part of your
quest to advance your corner of knowledge is to help spark this
nation's young minds. I mentioned earlier we have five Nobel
laureates in our midst today. Let me recognize another medal-
winner for a singular distinction: Elvin Kabat, who's had the
satisfaction of seeing one of his students go on to win a Nobel.
//
We must preserve the vital connection between teaching and
research. That's the idea behind the Commerce Department's
Technology Heroes program -- to turn Medal of Technology winners
into role models for our children. That's why I am announcing
today the establishment of the Presidential Faculty Fellows
program, to provide up to 30 young faculty members in science and
engineering five-year grants totaling $500,000 to support their
path-breaking work in science and technology. Perhaps years from
now, some of those Faculty Fellows will have their own day in the
Rose Garden. //
In honoring each of you, this Nation honors the boundless
horizons of the human mind -- the soaring spirit of inquiry --
the special genius of the architects who fashion today's
fantastic idea into tomorrow's usable tools. Your work stands as
its own reward -- so let me simply add your nation's thanks. //
Once-again, welcome to the White House, and congratulations
on your well-earned honors. [NOW, Dr. Bromley and Secretary
Mosbacher will present the awards.
# # #
EXECUTIVE OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENT
OFFICE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY POLICY
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20506
September 6, 1991
MEMORANDUM FOR TONY SNOW
DAN McGROARTY
JEANNIE BUNTON
FROM:
STEVE OLSON AUC
SUBJECT:
PRESIDENTIAL REMARKS
Attached are some talking points for the President's remarks on September 16 to
honor the recipients of the Medals of Science and Medals of Technology.
The talking points include the announcement of a new program called the Presidential
Faculty Fellows Program, and I've included a draft press release and fact sheet that
describe the program. The release and fact sheet were prepared in August when it
appeared as if the program might be announced then. Other events intervened, and
the announcement has been delayed until now.
Both the press release and the fact sheet have been cleared through staffing, and
Andy Card has approved announcing the program in September. I don't know if the
press office will want to issue a separate press release with the program being
announced in a speech, but we are going to send the draft release to them as input
for whatever they chose to do.
cc: Allan Bromley
Ken Yale
Steve Olson
Sept. 6, 1991
OUTLINE AND TALKING POINTS FOR PRESIDENTIAL REMARKS
AT MEDALS OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY CEREMONY
September 16, 1991
I. Introduction and Welcome
Throughout the history of this nation, scientists and
engineers have been welcomed to the White House -- both to
provide information and advice on issues of national importance
and to be honored for their contributions to society. It is a
privilege for me to be a part of that tradition.
II. Importance of Science and Technology to Society
Today we stand in the midst of a scientific and
technological revolution unparalleled in history. Scientific
research has given us a profound new understanding of ourselves
and of the universe in which we live. It has taught us about the
first moments of creation and about the Earth under our feet,
about the nature of living things and about the treatment of
disease. It has pulled back the curtain of ignorance to reveal a
world of great elegance and grandeur.
And in technology, new devices and new processes are
sweeping through American life, transforming our factories, our
offices, our schools, and our homes. Computers and
telecommunications help us manage vast amounts of information.
High technology has revolutionized manufacturing, giving us
better products that are less expensive. And just a few months
ago, in Operation Desert Storm, technology demonstrated its
ability to preserve freedom while safeguarding the precious lives
of American men and women.
Science and technology have been remaking America, but
their influence does not stop at our borders. In Eastern Europe,
in the Soviet Union, throughout the world, science and technology
have been at the root of momentous changes. Modern
communications technologies have not given us George Orwell's
vision of a Big Brother peering over every shoulder. They have
given us many new channels and sources of information, so that it
becomes impossible for governments to control the most powerful
force in modern society -- the force of an idea. The radio, the
2
television, the videotape recorder, the fax machine -- all have
played a part in the revolutions of the past few years, and all
will continue to reshape our world.
It is not surprising that science, technology, and
freedom have prospered together. Science and technology are the
products of free men and women going wherever their curiosity and
ingenuity will take them. As Thomas Huxley once wrote, "Science
commits suicide when it adopts a creed. " Or in the words of
Robert Oppenheimer, "As long as men are free to ask what they
must -- free to say what they think -- free to think what they
will -- freedom can never be lost and science will never
regress. If
III. Challenges and the U.S. Response
As dramatic as past advances have been, the revolution in
science and technology is just beginning. An understanding of
the fundamental laws of nature, new forms of energy and
transportation, the conquest of illness -- including mental
illness -- these are all now within our reach. In the process,
science and technology will generate new opportunities and new
markets throughout the world.
Other countries recognize the potential of science and
technology, and they are working hard -- as we are -- to realize
that potential. As a result, our researchers, our firms, and our
workforce are being tested. New technologies, foreign
competition, and rapidly changing global markets are reshaping
virtually every product, service, and job in America. We must
aggressively manage those changes if we are to go head-to-head
with the competition.
This Administration is committed to seeing that science
and technology continue to prosper in this country. We have
proposed record levels of research and development and have
focused specifically on the individual investigator and small-
team research that is at the heart of the scientific enterprise.
In technology, we are proposing special efforts in biotechnology
and advanced materials, in energy technologies and aeronautics,
in high performance computing and communications.
For much of this century, the United States has led the
world in science and technology. Now, as we prepare for the 21st
century, our lead in creating new knowledge and new technologies
isn't enough. We must continuously improve our ability to use
the new science and new technologies that we have created.
3
IV. The Link to Education
In the long run, the only way to ensure that this country
will lead the world in science and technology is through
education. Right now -- among America's young faculty members,
are
in its colleges and universities, and in its secondary and
elementary schools -- are the young people who will someday fill
your shoes. We need to give them the opportunity to excel.
them teaching h fill
That is why I am today announcing a new Presidential
awards program to be administered through the National Science
Foundation called the Presidential Faculty Fellows Program. It
will provide up to 30 young faculty members in science and
engineering with $100,000 each for five years to support
innovative and far-reaching developments in science and
technology.
By establishing this new program, I hope to encourage
outstanding young scientists and engineers who demonstrate
exceptional promise in research, teaching, and academic
leadership. These awards recognize one of this nation's most
precious resources -- our young scientists and engineers at the
leading edge of their fields. They also demonstrate the vital
interdependence of teaching and research, an interdependence that
will be critical for America to continue to lead the world in
science and technology.
The Commerce Department is also contributing to
Georgent of this Rathbar
mathematics and science education. In its Technology Heroes
program, it is using the recipients of the National Medal of
will
Technology as role models to inspire our young people. At
the
andin
same time, the private sector Foundation for the National
Technology Medal is fostering a greater understanding of the
vital role that technology plays in our global economy. I offer
my appreciation to the foundation's chairman, George Rathmann,
for his leadership in founding this organization.
V.
Conclusion
In honoring you today, we honor the twin American ideals
of innovation and entrepreneurship. No nation is better prepared
to lead the world into the technological frontiers of the 21st
century. That is our heritage, and the men and women we honor
today prove that innovation and excellence are still vital parts
of American life.
Through your work and your ambitions, you have pointed
the way to the future. We may not know exactly what that future
will bring, but we know that it holds great promise for all of
humanity.
DRAFT
THE WHITE HOUSE
Office of the Press Secretary
For Immediate Release
August TK, 1991
ESTABLISHMENT OF PRESIDENTIAL FACULTY FELLOWS PROGRAM
FACT SHEET
The President today announced a new award program that will
recognize, honor, and support outstanding young scientists and
engineers in America's colleges and universities. Known as the
Presidential Faculty Fellows (PFF) Program, it will provide
awardees with $100,000 each year for five years.
By supporting young faculty members in science and engineering,
the program will foster innovative and far-reaching developments
in science and technology, increase the attractiveness of careers
in science and engineering, recognize the interdependence of
teaching and research in achieving excellence, and highlight the
importance of science and technology to the nation's future.
The program has the following features:
Nominees will be judged on the basis of their competence
and leadership in research, as demonstrated by their research
accomplishments, publications, recognition by the community, and
other noteworthy achievements, and on the basis of their
competence and leadership in teaching, as evidenced by the design
of new courses and curricula, published books and articles,
service to the community, and other important educational
contributions.
Up to 30 PFF awards are planned each year, to be divided
equally between engineering and science disciplines. Nominees
may work in any discipline of science or engineering normally
supported by the National Science Foundation. Recipients may use
the awards for research and teaching purposes as they decide.
The President or Chief Academic Officer of any U.S.
university or college offering a baccalaureate or graduate degree
in science or engineering may nominate up to two young faculty
members who have received their first faculty position within the
last four years.
DRAFT
2
The National Science Foundation will manage the program,
administer the evaluation process, and fund the awards, with
final award decisions being made by the White House. The first
awards will be made in Fiscal Year 1992.
#
DRAFT
THE WHITE HOUSE
Office of the Press Secretary
For Immediate Release
August TK, 1991
The President today announced a new award program to recognize
and support the scholarly activities of some of the nation's most
promising young scientists and engineers.
The program will provide awardees with $100,000 each year for
five years. Known as the Presidential Faculty Fellows (PFF)
Program, it will represent the Federal government's most
prestigious award for young U.S. science and engineering faculty.
"By establishing this new program, I hope to encourage
outstanding young scientists and engineers who demonstrate
exceptional promise in research, teaching, and academic
leadership," the President said. "These awards recognize one of
this nation's most precious resources -- our young scientists and
engineers at the leading edge of their fields. They also
demonstrate the vital interdependence of teaching and research,
an interdependence that will be critical for America to continue
to lead the world in science and technology."
Up to 30 PFF awards are planned each year, with nominees to be
judged on the basis of their competence and leadership in
research and teaching. Nominees may work in any discipline of
science or engineering normally supported by the National Science
Foundation. Recipients may use their awards for research and
teaching purposes as they decide.
The National Science Foundation will manage the program,
administer the evaluation process, and fund the awards, with
final award decisions being made by the White House. The first
awards will be made in Fiscal Year 1992.
#
9 September 1991
MOT OIDEST YOUNGES
STAPP BASICALLY
SEAT BELB IN
MEMORANDUM FOR DAN MCGROARTY
AUTOS
#lives SAVED
FROM:
JEANNIE BUNTON
R
SUBJECT:
NAT'L MEDAL OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
GENERAL INFO:
0
284 National Medals of Science awarded since Kennedy named
Dr. Theodore von Karman first recipient in 1962; 8
posthumous awards, (Kennedy remarks enclosed) i
0
50 individuals and 2 companies have received the MoT, first
medals awarded in 1985, (Reagan remarks enclosed) ;
THIS YEARS RECIPIENTS INCLUDE:
0
recipients are well-published, hold honorary degrees, are
visiting professors at universities int he United States,
England and Europe, have teaching experience, and continue
to be involved in the classroom
0
five Nobel Laureates -- Elion (1988 co-winner) i Luria deceased
(1969) Schawlow (1981), and Seaborg (1951), , Weinberg
(1979)
deceased yes add Herschbach (1968 co-winner)
0
seven MOS recipients were nominated for the Medal for the
first time,
O
Four recipients are Phi Beta Kappa;
NEAT IDEAS YOU TOSSED OUT:
0
"not only are they inventors, but they invented their own
fields, some have invented their own languages (Hopper -
COBOL, and Breslow - "anti-aromaticity";
0
comparisons or parallels - atmosphere (ecologically) to
atmosphere (outer space) i computers to G-force testing to
Voyager missions
MEDAL OF TECHNOLOGY:
0
18 recipients (2 posthumous) awarded by Commerce;
0
Oldest - Admiral Grace Hopper, 89 or 90 years old, (may not
be attending), invented the term "bug" as relates to
computer programming problems, worked with first large-
scale digital computer - Mark 1, wrote its programming
manual, led the development of the first English language
compiler which was a major input to COBOL;
0
Youngest - the Pegasus Team, mid 40s, invented, developed
and produced the Pegasus Rocket, the world's first privately
developed space launch vehicle. First all-new unmanned
launch vehicle to be developed in the U.S. in 20 years;
OTHER NOTABLE INFO:
0
Dr. Carl Djerassi invented the first oral contraceptive for
which won the National Medal of Science in 1973;
0
Robert Galvin - first to win both the Malcolm Baldridge
award and the National Medal of Technology;
0
Stephen Bechtel - presently playing a major role in the
reconstruction of Kuwait;
0
Col. John Stapp - G-force testing for manned space flights,
was subject of his own experiments because students wouldn't
do it;
0
Dr. Kenneth Iverson - revitalizing the domestic specialty
steel industry;
MEDAL OF SCIENCE:
0
20 MOS recipients (1 posthumous) awarded by NSF;
o
Oldest - Folke Skoog, 83, C. Leonard Prof. of Botany
Emeritus, Univ. of Wisconsin, awarded for pioneering work on
plant hormones, discovered a major class of plant hormones;
0
Youngest (s) - George H. Heilmeier, 55, former White House
Fellow (70-71) served as special assistant to the Secretary
of Defense, Sr. VP and Chief Technological Officer at Texas
Instruments, awarded for technological competitiveness,
pioneered work on liquid crystal displays at RCA, Director
of the Defense Advanced Research projects, served on
advisory committee to NASA, twice received the DOD
Distinguished Civilian Service Medal - the highest civilian
award in DOD;
and -
Edward Stone, 55, Prof. of Physics, CIT (commencement
address there), for the Voyager Space mission, also active
in television science program planning;
OTHER NOTABLE INFO:
0
Mary Eden Avery - cutting trip to Crimea short to receive
award;
0
Ronald Breslow - bringing 84 year old dad along, introduced
the concept of BIOMETIC CHEMISTRY, a term he introduced,
coined the term "anti-aromaticity"
0
Gertrude B. Elion - 1988 NOBEL (co-winner), will be named to
the Women's Hall of Fame in a November ceremony to be held
in the District for her pioneering work that helped develop
drugs to combat leukemia, malaria, herpes, and immune system
disorders. Techniques she helped devise led to the
development of the AIDS drug AZT, Presidential appointee on
National Cancer Advisory Board;
0
G. Evelyn Hutchinson (posthumous) nephew flying in from
London to accept award;
0
Elvin A. Kabat - former students include one Nobel Laureate;
0
Arthur Schawlow - invented the laser, for which won a Nobel
prize in Physics 1981, 73 California Scientist of the Year,
2 awards established in his name
0
H. Guyford Stever - former director of NSF, former
President's science advisor (76-77 Nixon and Ford) "nice to
be on receiving end instead of handing them out", chair the
White House Energy R&D Advisory Committee;
0
Glen T. Seabory - member, President's Science Advisory
Committee (59-61) ;
0
Paul Marks - former member of the President's Biomedical
Research Panel;
TALKING POINTS FROM OSTP:
0
Neato quotes by Huxley and Oppenheimer
o
para on administration commitment is pretty good
0
para on new Fellows announcement: first awards will be made
in fiscal 92, up to 30 PFF planned each year, Federal
Government is most prestigious award for young U.S. science
and engineering faculty, $100,000 a year for five years to
be used for research or teaching;
0
para on Heroes program - the foundation president (George
Rathman) will be in the audience
OMB:
6601
a
0
Budget includes a $662 million (28%) increase over 91
see
funding for precollege math and science ed. programs;
next
0
$76 billion in 92 for research and development, including
R&D facilities;
pase
0
18% increase for NSF to a total of $2.7 billion, continuing
the commitment to double the NSF budget between 1987 and
1994;
0
$638 million (increase of $149 million or 30%) over 91 for
new initiative in high performance computing and
communications;
0
increase of $225 million or 13%, to $1,941 million for math
and science education. 28% of $146 million targeted to
precollege level;
of the total increase, # 146 million,
POTUS REMARKS FROM 89 and 90:
a 28% increase, is targetzel toward the
precokege level.
0
in each speech recognizes four recipients - that's all.
MEDAL OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Notes 9/9/91
Pending Acknowledgements:
Bromley, Mosbacher (both on dias with POTUS)
Dr. William Massey, dir. NSF will sit with medalist, unless he is
asked to present (Mosbacher doens't what to do it this year)
extremely tentative
would be nices: (mentions that is)
George Rathman, president of the private sector foundation Heroes
program (Commerce lobbied hard for a mention - brought up
volunteerism and POLs)
[66] Feb. I5
Public Papers of the Presidents
NOTE: The President's letter to Secretary of Health,
was planning to use demonstration funds in its 1964
have been outst:
Education, and Welfare Anthony J. Celebrezze was
budget as a first step in financing one or more model
indebted to you
also made public. In the letter the President asked
comprehensive community mental health centers
the Secretary to provide every possible help to the
in the promotic
operated by the District of Columbia health
Commissioners in order that Washington might
department.
tion in science
become an example and a showplace to the rest of
For the President's special message to the Con-
It is hard to
the world. He also stated that he was pleased to
gress on mental illness and retardation, see Item 50.
would be like
learn that the National Institute of Mental Health
pulsion, or with
entering the re
space. I am es
first National M
67 Statement by the President on the Science Advisory Committee
pioneers who ha
Report "Science, Government, and Information."
and exciting age
February 17, 1963
[ Released February 17, 1963. Dated January 10, 1963 ]
69 Letter t
ONE of the major opportunities for enhanc-
quate communication is a prerequisite for
House
ing the effectiveness of our national scientific
strong science and technology.
and technical effort and the efficiency of
The observations of the Committee de-
Act. ]
Government management of research and
serves serious consideration by scientists and
Dear Mr.
development lies in the improvement of our
engineers engaged in research and develop-
I am submit
ability to communicate information about
ment and by those administering the large
bill, the "Urba
current research efforts and the results of past
Government research and development
efforts.
of 1963," to est
programs.
of assistance to
This report of the Science Advisory Com-
JOHN F. KENNEDY
mass transport:
mittee draws attention to the importance of
NOTE: Excerpts from this statement, the text of which
based on the m
good communication to modern scientific
is printed in the report, were released by the White
which I propos
and technical endeavor. It makes a welcome
House on February 17, 1963. The release also listed
formally report
contribution to better understanding of the
the members of the Panel on Science Information,
which conducted the year-long study under the
of the full M
problems of scientific and technical com-
munication both within the Government and
chairmanship of Alvin M. Weinberg, Director of
Urban mass
the Oak Ridge National Laboratory.
most urgent pr
outside of Government and of the steps that
The report "Science, Government, and Informa-
this Congress.
can be taken to meet these problems.
tion" is dated January IO, 1963 (Government Print-
ing Office, 52 pp.).
sage on the Stat
As the report points out, strong science and
fourths of our
technology is a national necessity and ade-
which occupy
JFK
and if mass tr:
the congestion
stimulation an
68 Remarks Upon Presenting the National Medal of Science to
It is a Feder.
Theodore von Karman. February 18, 1963
this field, to (
modes of trans
Gentlemen:
This Nation, and indeed the entire free
may be satisfa
Dr. von Karman, it is a great pleasure for
world, holds you in the highest esteem and
A long-range
me to select you as the first recipient of the
respect for your devoted service, for your
for mass transj
National Medal of Science. I know of no one
scientific achievements, and for your warmly
that local com
else who more completely represents all of
human gifts as a teacher and counselor.
the areas with which this award is appro-
Your assistance to the United States Air
priately concerned-science, engineering,
Force and to the NATO Advisory Group
and education.
for Aeronautical Research and Development
182
John F. Kennedy, 1963
Feb. 18 [69]
ion funds in its 1964
have been outstanding. We also are deeply
The citation says: "The National Medal
J one or more model
indebted to you for your continuing efforts
of Science is awarded by the President of the
ental health centers
in the promotion of international coopera-
United States to Theodore von Karman for
Columbia health
tion in science and in engineering.
his leadership in the science and engineering
lessage to the Con-
It is hard to visualize what the world
basic to aeronautics, for distinguished coun-
dation, see Item 50.
would be like without aircraft and jet pro-
sel to the Armed Services and for promoting
pulsion, or without the vision we have, just
international cooperation in science and
entering the realm of reality, of exploring
engineering."
space. I am especially glad to present this
NOTE: The President spoke at noon before an in-
first National Medal of Science to one of the
vited audience in the Flower Garden at the White
ommittee
pioneers who has helped make all of this new
House. The text of Dr. von Karman's response
and exciting age possible.
was also released.
69 Letter to the President of the Senate and to the Speaker of the
prerequisite for
House Transmitting a Proposed Urban Mass Transportation
gy.
Act. February 18, 1963
e Committee de-
a by scientists and
Dear Mr.
:
themselves the proper balance of local public
arch and develop-
I am submitting with this letter a draft
investment in highways and in mass trans-
istering the large
bill, the "Urban Mass Transportation Act
portation systems, whether rail or bus.
and development
of 1963," to establish a long-range program
As indicated in the attached letter from
of assistance to urban areas in solving their
the Housing and Home Finance Adminis-
IN F. KENNEDY
mass transportation problems. The bill is
trator, language is being prepared dealing
with the subject of protecting the rights and
nent, the text of which
based on the mass transportation legislation
released by the White
which I proposed last year and which was
interests of employees who might be ad-
The release also listed
formally reported-but not brought to a vote
versely affected by projects undertaken or
Science Information,
of the full Membership-in both Houses.
assisted by the mass transportation program
ng study under the
Urban mass transportation is one of the
and will be transmitted to the appropriate
Veinberg, Director of
atory.
most urgent problems facing the Nation and
committees at the earliest possible oppor-
nment, and Informa-
this Congress. As I said in my recent Mes-
tunity. It is our expectation that the Secre-
3 (Government Print-
sage on the State of the Union, "Nearly three-
tary of Labor will discuss this very important
fourths of our citizens live in urban areas,
subject in detail in testimony on the bill.
which occupy only 2 percent of our land,
Enclosed also are a section-by-section sum-
and if mass transit is to survive and relieve
mary of the bill and an outline of its major
the congestion of these cities, it needs Federal
features.
stimulation and assistance."
Sincerely,
ience to
It is a Federal responsibility, particularly in
JOHN F. KENNEDY
this field, to encourage balanced use of all
NOTE: This is the text of identical letters addressed
modes of transportation to the end that there
to the Honorable Lyndon B. Johnson, President of
ed the entire free
may be satisfactory service at minimum cost.
the Senate, and to the Honorable John W. McCor-
highest esteem and
A long-range program of Federal assistance
mack, Speaker of the House of Representatives. The
draft bill and the section-by-section summary were
service, for your
for mass transportation is urgently needed, so
not made public.
d for your warmly
that local communities may freely decide for
er and counselor.
United States Air
) Advisory Group
I and Development
183
NATIONAL MEDAL OF SCIENCE: Established by P.L. 86-209 of
August 25, 1959, as amended (42 U.S.C. 1881), to provide recogni-
tion to individuals who make outstanding contributions in the
physical, biological, mathematical, engineering, behavioral, or
social sciences.
Not more than twenty individuals shall be awarded the Medal in
any one calendar year. The President's Committee on the National
Medal of Science receive, on behalf of the President, the recom-
mendations made by the National Academy of Sciences.
The President. recipient receives a medal and a citation signed by the
2024566218:# 1
SENT BY:Xerox Telecopier 7021 ; 9- 5-91 ; 17:54 ;
Administration of Ronald Reagan, 1985 / Feb. 19
ertaining them-
The Congress of the United States, by
In Witness Whereof, I have hereunto set
anything, waiting
House Joint Resolution 655, has designated
my hand this sixteenth day of February, in
orgotten all about
February 16, 1985, as Lithuanian Independ-
the year of our Lord nineteen hundred and
n sneakers and a
ence Day and authorized and requested the
eighty-five, and of the Independence of the
king down at my
President to issue a proclamation in observ-
United States of America the two hundred
-if I'd missed
ance of this event.
and ninth.
Now, Therefore, I, Ronald Reagan, Presi-
uh?
RONALD REAGAN
dent of the United States of America, do
t was the end
hereby proclaim February 16, 1985, as Lith-
uanian Independence Day. I invite the
[Filed with the Office of the Federal Regis-
'rs and the rock,
people of the United States to observe this
ter, 11:06 a.m., February 19, 1985]
night be interest-
day with appropriate ceremonies and to re-
Note: The proclamation was released by the
em, it seems to
affirm their dedication to the ideals which
Office of the Press Secretary on February
unite us and inspire others.
19.
n at 11 a.m. on
ute to California.
Remarks at the Presentation Ceremony for the National Technology
for verification of
view, which was
Awards
he Press Secretary
February 19, 1985 No MENTION OF SPECIFIC RECIPIENTS
The President. Thank you very much. I
nings of a second transformation, a quan-
hope you haven't said everything. [Laugh-
tum technological leap that's making possi-
ter]
ble still greater prosperity and individual
85
Secretary Baldrige. No, I haven't. [Laugh-
fulfillment than we've ever known. This
ter]
new technology is affecting every aspect of
The President. All right.
our lives. In manufacturing, lightweight and
Well, Secretary Baldrige and ladies and
inexpensive materials like fiber composites
gentlemen, good afternoon and welcome to
and ceramics are taking the place of costly
nuania refuse to
the White House.
metals. In transportation, cars and airplanes
of thousands of
You know, one of the last times that this
are being equipped with inexpensive micro-
tions demanding
grand old mansion played host to an event
chips that keep track of maintenance needs
other human and
concerning technology was back in 76-
and enable engines to run better on less
rground publica-
1876. President Rutherford B. Hayes was
fuel. In the home, computers are putting
rth issue of the
Church in Lith-
shown a recently invented device. "That's
art, literature, and vast sums of information
an amazing invention," he said, "but who
at families' fingertips.
of "The Dawn,"
would ever want to use one of them?" He
Perhaps the most exciting advances are
to the West, con-
was talking about a telephone. I thought at
taking place in medicine. A diagnostic proc-
of ongoing perse-
the time that he might be mistaken.
ess, for example, has been made faster,
[Laughter]
safer, and more accurate by the advent of
in an enduring
But in those days, most Americans were
technologies like cat scanning and the use
S to live in free-
tied to the land. And the most familiar
of soundwaves. Biotechnology is enabling us
S refused to rec-
means of transportation were the sailing
to produce human growth hormones more
ration of Lithua-
ship and the horse. Then, advances like the
easily and inexpensively-a godsend to chil-
Ve must be vigi-
telephone and the electric light, the inter-
dren whose growth might otherwise be im-
is ideal because
nal combustion engine, transformed our
paired. Research is advancing against
eedom is denied
nation, enabling us to achieve the highest
cancer, and new drugs are combating high
are here.
standard of living in the world; to lead
blood pressure, diabetes, and heart disease.
y of Lithuanian
longer, richer, and fuller lives; and to share
Countless medical breakthroughs have
ewed hope that
our bounty with millions beyond our bor-
meant that, for the past decade, the life
I be restored to
ders.
expectancy of Americans has gone up.
Today we see all around us the begin-
As technology goes on providing new
183
Feb. 19 / Administration of Ronald Reagan, 1985
goods, services, and techniques of produc-
elimination of nuclear weapons. Our Strate-
Stulen of John :
tion, our entire economy is expanding and
gic Defense Initiative represents, perhaps,
and Stephen G.
worker productivity is up. At one semicon-
the most dramatic and wide-reaching re-
er, Inc.; Ralp
ductor plant in Pennsylvania in 1957, work-
search effort to explore the means for
ers produced five transistors a day for $7.50
making nuclear weapons obsolete.
apiece. And they now produce over a mil-
Let me make one thing plain: The Strate-
lion for less than a penny apiece.
gic Defense Initiative is not a bargaining
Remarks to
Perhaps the best news of all concerns
chip. It's an historic effort on behalf of our
new job formation. Employment in the
national defense and peace throughout the
February 19,
computer industry has skyrocketed. Com-
world, and we intend to see it through.
puters and robotics are also bringing new
The story of American technology is long
Thank you V
efficiency to our older industries, helping
and proud. It might be said to have begun
ception for a h
them modernize their plants and compete
with a blacksmith at his bellows, hammer-
flyboy. [Laught
better. And today American cars are once
ing out fine tools, and the Yankee craftsman
Well, at daw
again as advanced as those built anywhere
using simple wood planes, saws, and mallets
United States T
on Earth.
to fashion the fastest sailing ships on the
island in the F
Economic growth is our most powerful
ocean. And then came the railroad men,
heard of the p
tool for reducing poverty and fostering
driving spikes across our country.
by 2½ miles, a
vigor and self-esteem among the millions in
And today the story continues with the
extinct, unknow
America's work force. I expect today's bur-
workers who built the computer in a child's
0700 hours to :
geoning technology to work hand in hand
room; the engineers who designed the com-
to the ships: Lai
with the incentives in our tax reform plan
munications satellite that silently rotates
No one, not
to keep our economy growing and creating
with the Earth, shining in the sunlight
the Navy corp
ever-wider opportunities for all Americans.
against the blackness of space; and the men
from the Amt
Our administration has made a firm com-
and women of skill and determination who
knew that wh
mitment to technological progress. Both of
helped to put American footprints on the
would forever
them are probably true, but one we view as
Moon.
Jima, and the
nothing less than a commitment to human
creativity and imagination. While we're cut-
In a few moments, 14 Americans will
American histo
ting back, wherever possible, unnecessary
become the first recipients of the National
Today Iwo
government spending, we're continuing our
Technology Awards, and you are heroes,
other names lik
strong commitment to basic research and
each one of you, just as surely as were
tysburg-remer
Thomas Edison and Alexander Graham
Americans wer
development.
We have cut personal income tax rates;
Bell. You sing the songs of a people using
in battle, but b
we plan to cut them again. This could spur
their hands and minds in freedom, the
upon to endur
savings, and higher savings could, in turn,
songs of Americans at work making their
the sake of free
boost the capital formation so important in
lives even more full. And it's only fitting
Every one of
funding new high-technology ventures. And
that our nation should pay you honor. And
you 40 years
we've rolled back needless government reg-
on behalf of the American people, I con-
our nation's he
ulations to help provide the freedom
gratulate you.
in every gener
needed by those at the frontiers of technol-
Thank you, and God bless you. And, Mac,
themselves so
ogy to experiment with new hypotheses
you take over.
freedom and
and techniques.
and endure. T
In space, we're opening the way to pri-
Note: The President spoke at 1:33 p.m. in
ance-as captu
vate enterprise; the space shuttle program
the East Room at the White House. Follow-
of your flag-ra
is already working closely with private in-
ing his remarks, the President and Secretary
mains a beac
dustry. And in 1985 NASA is scheduled to
of Commerce Malcolm Baldrige presented
America's you
deploy eight commercial communications
the awards to Joseph F. Sutter of Boeing
future Americ:
satellites. Space technology will continue to
Commercial Airplane Co.; Bob O. Evans,
grow even more rapidly as we pursue our
Frederick P. Brooks, Jr., and Erich Bloch,
plans to launch a permanently manned
formerly of IBM Corp.; Allen E. Puckett
space station-and to do so within a decade.
and Harold A. Rosen of Hughes Aircraft
In defense, we're putting technology at
Co.; Marvin M. Johnson of Phillips Petrole-
the service of a decade's old dream: the
um Co.; John T. Parsons and Frank L.
184
Administration of Ronald Reagan, 1985 / Feb. 19
pons. Our Strate-
Stulen of John T. Parsons Co.; Steven P. Jobs
Halson S.D. Group, Inc.; and Ian Ross and
resents, perhaps,
and Stephen G. Wozniak of Apple Comput-
William O. Baker of AT&T Bell Laborato-
vide-reaching re-
eT, Inc.; Ralph Landau, formerly with
ries, Inc.
the means for
bsoléte.
plain: The Strate-
not a bargaining
Remarks to Veterans of the Battle of Iwo Jima
on behalf of our
e throughout the
February 19, 1985
e it through.
echnology is long
Thank you very much. That's quite a re-
The other day, I came across a descrip-
id to have begun
ception for a horse cavalryman and a Navy
tion of Iwo written by the then-Private
bellows, hammer-
flyboy. [Laughter]
First Class Russell Werts. And it ended in
Yankee craftsman
Well, at dawn, 40 years ago today, 450
the following note:
our troopship start-
saws, and mallets
United States Navy ships stood off a tiny
ed to pull away from Iwo and head for
ling ships on the
island in the Pacific. Few Americans had
Guam. As I stood by the rail and watched
he railroad men,
heard of the place. It measured 4% miles
the little island fade in the distance, a feel-
ountry.
by 2½ miles, ash-covered beaches and one
ing of loneliness came over me. It was as if
ontinues with the
extinct, unknown volcano. And at 7 o'clock,
a part of me was left behind, as if an Iowa
aputer in a child's
0700 hours to you, a command was passed
farm boy was waving goodbye. We would
designed the com-
to the ships: Land the landing force!
never meet again. Somewhere in that
t silently rotates
No one, not even you, the marines and
jagged jungle of rocks, he forever walked
in the sunlight
the Navy corpsmen who stepped ashore
with the ghosts of Iwo.
ace; and the men
from the Amtracs at 2 minutes after 9,
Well, I would like to say to Russell, and to
etermination who
knew that what you were about to do
each of you who willingly gave your youth
footprints on the
would forever enshrine the island, Iwo
to the Nation, that you receive in kind a
place in the American heart and the nation-
Jima, and the volcano, Mount Suribachi, in
4 Americans will
al memory that endures so long as this
American history.
nation and the ideals for which it stands
ts of the National
Today Iwo Jima is remembered with
endure. We're very grateful to you.
you are heroes,
other names like Saratoga, the Alamo, Get-
And we're deeply honored to have you
S surely as were
tysburg-remembered, not simply because
exander Graham
here today. The White House really belongs
Americans were again conspicuously gallant
to the American people. And I couldn't
of a people using
in battle, but because our sons were called
help but reflect today that seldom in history
in freedom, the
upon to endure unspeakable hardship for
has any President been in the company of
ork making their
the sake of freedom.
more deserving Americans.
d it's only fitting
Every one of you present today, and all of
I hope that each of you enjoyed being
y you honor. And
you 40 years ago, have a special place in
here as much as Nancy and I am delighted
an people, I con-
our nation's heart, reserved only for the few
to have you. And on behalf of all Ameri-
in every generation called upon to sacrifice
cans, we salute today, you, the men of Iwo.
ess you. And, Mac,
themselves so that a great nation's ideals of
God bless all of you.
freedom and peace may live and prosper
and endure. The manner of your perform-
Note: The President spoke to former mem-
3 at 1:33 p.m. in
ance-as captured in Joe Rosenthal's photo
bers of the 28th Marine Regiment at 4:45
ite House. Follow-
of your flag-raising at Mount Suribachi-re-
p.m. in the East Room at the White House.
lent and Secretary
mains a beacon, indeed a birthright, for
In his opening remarks, the President re-
aldrige presented
America's young people and for every
ferred to his own and the Vice President's
Sutter of Boeing
future American.
military service.
; Bob O. Evans,
and Erich Bloch,
Allen E. Puckett
Hughes Aircraft
f Phillips Petrole-
:S and Frank L.
185
The National Medal of Technology:
Inspiring a New Generation of American Innovation
For when it comes to leadership in science and technology,
best in America means best in the world."
-President George Bush
America and technology. For decades they have been synonymous. Today,
however, technological innovation - the development and commercialization of
new technologies - has accelerated to unprecedented levels and has become
increasingly complex, integrated, costly and time sensitive. As a result, it has
created the opportunity for foreign countries to become major players in the global
economy.
In short, technological innovation has created a new industrial competition.
This competition is changing many things - the way firms are managed, the way
industries are structured, the way in which nations deploy their resources, the way
in which wealth is created, and ultimately, the balance of power among nations.
For America to maintain and strengthen our historic leadership in science
and technology, U.S. companies must continue not only to create, new technologies,
but learn to translate more effectively those technologies into commercial products
as part of a seamless and continuous innovation cycle. To do this, it is essential
that we identify and emulate those individuals and companies that have
demonstrated how best to develop and commercialize new technologies.
To honor those that embody the American spirit of technological innovation,
Congress established the National Medal of Technology. Presented annually since
1985 by the President of the United States, the National Medal of Technology has
been awarded to 50 of the nation's top technologists and to two of America's most
exemplary companies.
The Medal itself symbolizes the spirit of innovation. With hand outstretched,
we see the face of a man observing as a diffuse ray of light strikes his hand and is
transformed into a denser, more focused beam. This transformation reflects the
role that technologists play in synthesizing many diverse and abstract ideas,
harnessing them through their wisdom and intellect, to serve society.
The
National
FACT SHEET
Medal Of
Technology
United States Department of Commerce
Washington, D.C. 20230
AWARDED BY THE
PRESIDENT OF THE
UNITED STATES
OF AMERICA
50 awarded
WHAT IS THE NATIONAL MEDAL OF TECHNOLOGY?
The National Medal of Technology is the highest award bestowed upon American technologists
by the President of the United States. Presented annually, the Medal is awarded to provide
recognition of extraordinary individuals and companies for their outstanding contributions to
improving the well-being of the United States, either through the development or commercialization
of technology, or for their contributions to the establishment of a technologically-trained workforce.
WHEN WAS THE MEDAL ESTABLISHED?
The National Medal of Technology was signed into law in 1980 as part of the Stevenson-Wydler
Technology Innovation Act. The first Medals were awarded in 1985.
WHO IS ELIGIBLE TO RECEIVE THE MEDAL?
Any U.S. citizen or U.S.-owned company is eligible to win the Medal. Persons connected with
Technology Administration or who serve on the the Medal's Nomination Evaluation Committee are
not eligible during the period of their service and for a period of five years thereafter.
HOW MANY MEDALS HAVE BEEN AWARDED? HOW MANY ARE GIVEN EACH YEAR?
Fifty individuals and two companies have received the National Medal of Technology. Beginning
in 1991, a maximum of six awards will be given per year.
WHO ADMINISTERS THE MEDAL?
The National Medal of Technology is a program administered by the Department of Commerce's
Technology Administration and managed by the Assistant Secretary for Technology Policy.
WHAT IS THE NOMINATION/EVALUATION PROCESS?
A steering committee, chaired by the Under Secretary of Commerce for Technology, oversees the
solicitation of nominations. In addition to the Under Secretary, the steering committee consists of
the Assistant Secretary for Technology Policy, the Director of the National Institute of Standards
and Technology (NIST), and the Assistant Secretary/Commissioner of Patents and Trademarks.
Nominations can be made either by individuals or by companies. The nominations are then
evaluated by the National Medal of Technology Nomination Evaluation Committee which is
appointed by the Secretary of Commerce. Committee members are selected from U.S. industry,
government, professional organizations and academia to serve three-year terms. The terms are
staggered to ensure continuity of operations.
After evaluating the nominations, the committee recommends a list of recipients in priority order
to the Secretary of Commerce. The Secretary then makes his recommendations to the President
who, in turn, makes the final selection.
WHEN IS THE DEADLINE FOR SUBMITTING NOMINATIONS?
Nominations for the 1992 Medal must be submitted by September 30, 1991. Nomination
applications can be obtained by writing to: Dr. Paul V. Braden, Manager, National Medal of
Technology, Room 1418, U.S. Department of Commerce, 14th Street and Constitution Avenue, N.W.,
Washington, DC 20230, or by calling, (202) 377-5572.
The
National
Medal Of
Technology
United States Department of Commerce
Washington, D.C. 20230
AWARDED BY THE
PRESIDENT OF THE
UNITED STATES
OF AMERICA
NOMINATION CRITERIA
A nominee for the National Medal of Technology must:
be a U.S. citizen;
consist of up to four U.S. citizens who share an award jointly; and,
be a U.S.-owned company, defined as a partnership or corporation which carries
out a commercial or industrial enterprise, and which is substantially owned by
citizens of the United States.
Nominations are solicited in two distinct separate areas:
contributions to the promotion of technology; and,
contributions to the promotion of technological manpower (i.e., a technically
competent workforce).
PROMOTION OF TECHNOLOGY
The impact of the contribution on the economy, environmental or social well-being of the
United States will be in the areas of:
technology transfer from public organizations;
promotion of advanced manufacturing technology;
companies best embodying technology management principles; and
general product and process innovations.
Nominations submitted for promotion of technology will be judged by:
1. Demonstrated. successful accomplishments. The contribution results in a
competitive advantage in domestic and/or foreign markets, provides economically
feasible environmental protection, or improve health care or safety. Key
considerations will be the breadth of influence on a number of industrial sectors
and the extent of communications.
2. Technological merit. Technology is critical to the contribution. The contribution
is ingenious in the use of technology, either new or well established.
3. Role of the nominee. Considerations will include risk-taking vision, persistence,
management skills, and entrepreneurial or organization skills.
PROMOTION OF TECHNOLOGICAL MANPOWER
Nominations submitted for the promotion of technological manpower will be judged
on the basis of the contribution made to strengthening a technologically competent
workforce.
This achievement will be judged by:
1. alleviation of technical workforce shortages: and,
2. motivation and improved performance of the existing workforce.
09.06.91 07:56 AM *NAT'L SCIENCE BOARD P10
PRESIDENT'S COMMITTEE ON THE NATIONAL MEDAL OF SCIENCE
NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20550
FACT SHEET
What is the National Medal of Science?
It is the Nation's highest scientific honor bestowed by the President of the United States.
How was it established?
By Public Law 86-209, 86th Congress, August 25, 1959. The law also provides that the design of the Medal is based on
recommendations by the National Science Foundation and that no more than 20 medals can be awarded in any given
calendar year.
How are recipients selected?
Executive Order 10961, signed on August 23, 1961 by President Kennedy, established the Committee on the National
Medal of Science. The Committee receives nominations from the National Academy of Sciences and other scientific and
engineering sources. The Committee selects its candidates from among these nominations and transmits its
recommendations to the President for final decision.
What are the selection criteria?
The total impact of an individual's work on the present state of physical, biological, mathematical, engineering,
behavioral or social sciences. In addition, achievements of an unusually significant nature are considered and judged in
relation to the potential effects of such achievements on the development of scientific thought. Also, consideration is
given to distinguished service in the general advancement of science and engineering when accompanied by substantial
contributions to the content of science at some time.
Who provides nominations?
Letters are sent to approximately 150 universities and colleges, approximately 160 scientific, engineering, and other
professional societies and organizations, members of the National Academy of Sciences and National Academy of
Engineering. Approximately 3,500 letters of invitation are sent each year.
How many new nominations/renominations are received each year?
Approximately 150. Candidates remain eligible for three years following the year of nomination.
How many have been reviewed to date?
Approximately 3,500
How many Medals have been awarded?
284 since 1962.
How are the activities carried out?
The National Science Foundation (under E.O. 10961) provides staff and administrative services necessary for the
performance of the functions of the Committee.
12/14/90
09. 06. 91 07:56 AM *NAT'L SCIENCE BOARD P11
Arthur L. Schawlow-
1973 California Scientist of the Year
two awards established in his name; (1) the Laser Institute
of America in 1982 for laser applications, to be awarded
annually; (2) American Physical Society in 1990 for laser
science.
Glenn T. seabory-
over 50 honorary degrees
member, President's Science Advisory Committee, 1959-61
H. Guyford Stever -
former President's Science Advisor, 1976-77 (Nixon and
Ford) ; and Chairman, FCCSET.
commented that it would be nice to be receiving an award
[where he has been presenter in the past].
Steven Weinberg -
numerous honorary degrees
09. 06. 91 07:56 AM *NAT'L SCIENCE BOARD P12
The following are highlights from some of the 1991 MOS
recipient's biographical sketches. All recipients are well-
published, hold honorary degrees; are visiting professors at
universities in the United States, England and Europe. They all
have teaching experience and continue to be directly involved in
Summary
the classroom.
There are five Nobel Laureates -- Elion (1988 co-winner); Luria
(1969) (deceased) ; Schawlow (1981), and Seaborg (1951) ; Weinberg
(1979).
Seven recipients were nominated for the 1st time for the Medal.
Four are members of Phi Beta Kappa (note: number subject to
tentature
change as I look more closely into bio sketches).
Mary Ellen Avery -
shortening a trip to Russia to attend ceremony.
Ronald Breslow -
Sloan Fellow, 1961-63
Phi Beta Kappa
over 80 honorary
Belle
"techniques degrees and she helped devised plenary led to lectures the development of the aids drug A2T."
Gertrude B. Elion
-
See Washington Post Article, attached.
1988 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine (shared)
over 10 honoray degrees
Presidential appointee on National Cancer Advisory Board
3 years as chairman of Steering Committee, scientific
Working Group on Chemotherapy of Malaria, World Health
Organization
Member, National Inventors Hall of Fame
George H. Heilmeier -
*
White House Fellow, 1970-71, serving as Special Assistant to
the Secretary of Defense
Received 26th Arthur Flemming Award as Outstanding Young Man
in Government (1974)
Twice received DOD Distinguished Civilian Service Medal,
highest civilian award in DOD.
Elvin A. Kabat -
former students include one Nobel Laureate
Paul Marks-
In 1970's, member of President's Biomedical Research Panel;
Cancer Panel; Commission on the Accident on Three Mile Island.
09.
06.
91
07:56
AM
SCIENCE BOARD
P13
THE WASHINGTON POST
MONDAY, AUG 26, 1991
ven have any real villains. Despite the biting
the, the inescapable conclusion of this book is
at new technologies and market forces, not
Personalities
reed or stupidity, are killing off network tele-
ision.
The other problem is Auletta's anti-histori-
After a judge reduced his ball by half, funk
al approach. Over and over, he laments the
star Rick James posted $500,000 Saturday
assing of the old order, when the owners
and was released from a Los Angeles jail,
upposedly saw the networks as a public trust.
three weeks after being arrested on charges of
like a lot of other people, Auletta has suc-
imprisoning, torturing and sexually assaulting
urnbed to a nostalgia for a time that never
a woman in his Hollywood home. "I just hope
vas. The so-called "golden age" of television,
the phrase 'innocent until proven guilty' is
when Paddy Chayefsky was writing master-
true," James said on his release. "I've kind of
ieces like "Marty" for the small screen, exist-
found since I've been in here it's like guilty
d mostly because television sets cost so
until proven innocent." James, 43, and his
nuch. Only the affluent, who were likely to be
companion, Tanya Hijazi, 21, are charged with
educated, could afford to buy them, so pro-
assault with a deadly weapon (a hot cocaine
tramming aimed higher.
pipe), aggravated mayhem, torture, false im-
Even then, news remained a pitiful step-
prisonment and sexual assault. The unidenti-
:hild, just as it was on radio except during
fied woman claimed the couple suspected her
World War II. It was not until the quiz show
of stealing drugs from James's home. James's
scandals of the late '50s and a suddenly zeal-
lawyer, Robert Sheahen, has said the woman
was a would-be starlet who was using James's
ous Federal Communications Commission un-
ler Newton (television is "a vast wasteland")
name to further her career.
Minow in the '60s that real money was budg-
Baker Home From Surgery
eted for documentaries and domestic bureaus,
and the evening news grew from 15 minutes
Howard Baker, former White House chief
GERTRUDE
to half an hour.
of staff for Ronald Reagan, was released Sat-
The heyday of news was the '70s, when the
urday from the Mayo Clinic after back surgery
technology improved and the networks were
and returned home to Huntsville, Tenn., a
Elion is being recognized for her pioneering
Knopfle
10 profitable they didn't care how much mon-
spokesman said. The 65-year-old former sena-
work that helped develop drugs to combat
tour coi
ey their news divisions spent. (The idea actu-
tor underwent surgery Aug. 16 at the clinic in
leukemia, malaria, herpes and immune system
Straits E
ally was to lose money on news; the owners
Rochester, Minn., to correct a herniated disc.
disorders. Techniques she helped devise led to
thought it made a better impression on Con-
Spokesman Ron MacMahon said Baker was
the development of the AIDS drug AZT.
Citizen
gress.)
doing well and will recuperate at home. Bukes
was Senate Majority leader when he retired in
The Dire Tour
Holly
In the end, of course, it was not possible to
Newswe
hide the profits the news divisions were mak-
1985, and came out of retirement to serve as
The British rock group Dire Straits put on
clear the
ng by the late 70s, and executives learned to
chief of staff under President Reagan.
its first show in five years in Dublin Friday
had fail
like the extra revenue. Thus network news
night, opening the first leg of a mammoth tour,
proache
began its slow but steady decline into the
Women's Hall of Fame
scheduled to stop in 24 countries over two
movie O
realm of entertainment, several years before
Gertrude Belle Elion, co-winner of the 1988
years. "No other band has ever undertaken a
Yeltsin.
the barbarians reached the gate.
Nobel Prize for medicine, will be named to the
tour of this magnitude," said a spokesman for
of the
The wonder is how much solid fare still gets
National Women's Hall of Fame in a ceremony
the tour's organizers. The group's last tour
coordin:
on the air. "CBS Evening News With Dan
to be held here in the District in November.
five years ago, supporting the 20-million-seller
et Unic
Rather" no doubt could draw a larger audience
The Hall of Fame, based in Seneca Falls, N.Y.,
"Brothers in Arms," ended with lead singer
works
of it copied "A Current Affair." But despite
will make Elion the 47th woman to be induct-
and guitarist Mark Knopfler saying he was not
Robert
apses in taste from time to time, all three
ed, joining such notables as Harriet Tubman,
sure the band would continue. "There is a lot
biker m
evening newscasts retain a serious, informa-
Emily Dickinson, Eleanor Roosevelt, Pearl
more to life than being in Brussels on a gray
tive cast-to the extent that a 75-second re-
Buck and Billie Jean King. The 73-year-old
day with a gig to do," said the 42-year-old
port can qualify as serious. Still, there is a
sense that these are fragile enterprises and
DOONESBURY
that sleazy programs like NBC's "Exposé" will
By G.B. Trudeau
increasingly monopolize the schedule.
Perhaps the old owners would have fretted
more about introducing such cheap fare, but
THE VICE PRESIDENT RECEIVES
I'M MR. JAY! I
NO! WE'VE
who could doubt that they too would have
A LATE-NIGHT VISIT.
UNDERSTAND we
NEVER MET!
MET BACK IN 71!
THAT'S JUST
thrown journalistic principles to the wind giv-
en the dwindling audiences and plunging prof-
'EVENING,
A RUMORI
OH.
DANOI
THERE'S
its facing network television today?
NOTHING
And yes, it is sad. For all the drivel on
TO IT!
prime-time television, it came as a shock to
=HUMPH?<
earn that ABC is weighing the possibility of
WHA...?
st programming a full three hours of prime
WHO'S
THERE?
me every night. It isn't easy to imagine
merica without the Big Networks.
nostalais
September 12, 1991
MEMORANDUM FOR THE PRESIDENT
THROUGH:
DAVID DEMAREST
TONY SNOW
FROM:
DAN McGROARTY
SUBJECT:
NATIONAL MEDAL OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY CEREMONY
On Monday, September 16, you will deliver remarks to an
audience of approximately 210 at the National Medal of Science
and Technology ceremony in the Rose Garden. Secretary Manuel
Lujan and Deputy Secretary Henson Moore are expected to attend.
The audience will consist primarily of recipients and their
family members.
Your remarks (approximately 8 minutes/on cards) highlight
the recipients and their cumulative achievements. Then they
focus on federal funding for science, technology, and research
and development; and the importance of education to our national
math and science goals.