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Originally Processed With FOIA(s):
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26
21
6
1
IV. C. ENHANCING RESEARCH AND
DEVELOPMENT AND EXPANDING
THE HUMAN FRONTIER
Jeanie- -
Please see Table II, page
39 . This is the government
summary of R& D.
See discussion begming
on previous page (38) fort
trends. Call of you need name to,
Reprint of pages Two-35 through Two-76 of
the Budget of the United States Government,
Fiscal Year 1992
IV.C. ENHANCING RESEARCH AND
DEVELOPMENT AND EXPANDING THE
HUMAN FRONTIER
Since the beginning of civilization, mankind
R&D facilities, in 1992. This is an increase
has sought to explore the frontier and increase
of over $8 billion, or 13 percent over 1991 lev-
its knowledge of the world. Today's frontiers
els. Within this total, the budget proposes over
are in space, communications, transportation,
$13 billion for basic research, an increase of
energy, manufacturing and materials, and bio-
$1 billion, or 8 percent, over 1991.
technology. This chapter discusses a range of
The budget also proposes to allocate over
programs and issues that are related to these
$16 billion for major space activities. This is
frontiers: Federal research and development
an increase of $2 billion, or 15 percent, over
activities; space; and biotechnology. These en-
1991 enacted levels.
deavors are among America's most important
investments in the future.
The budget proposes several crosscutting in-
vestments that will build the base for the con-
The budget proposes to allocate about $76
billion for research and development, including
tinuing expansion of the frontier of knowledge:
Table C-1. ENHANCING RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT AND
EXPANDING THE HUMAN FRONTIER-HIGHLIGHTS
(Dollar amounts in millions)
Budget Authority
1991
1992
Dollar
Percent
Enacted
Proposed
change
change
Basic Research
Doubling the NSF budget
2,316
2,722
+406
+18
Increasing Basic Biomedical Research at NIH
4,634
4,968
+334
+7
Human Genome Project
135
169
+35
+26
Agricultural Research Initiative
73
125
+52
+71
Superconducting Super Collider
243
534
+291
+120
Applied Research
High Performance Computing and Communications
489
638
+149
+30
Energy R&D
676
903
+227
+34
Advanced Manufacturing and Materials
1,316
1,310
-6
-
HIV/AIDS
1,152
1,210
+58
+5
Moving Fusion Energy from Science to Engineering
275
337
+62
+23
Aeronautics R&D
482
543
+61
+13
Expanding R&D at the National Institute of Standards
and Technology
215
248
+33
+15
Maintaining National Security: Defense R&D
37,783
43,247
+5,464
+14
Expanding the Geographic Frontier: Space Exploration
Space Transportation Infrastructure
4,801
5,517
+716
+15
Space Science
1,774
2,141
+367
+21
Mission to Planet Earth (Global Change)
954
1,186
+232
+24
Mission From Planet Earth
2,199
2,470
+271
+12
Expanding the Human Frontier through Biotechnology
3,788
4,107
+319
+8
35
36
THE BUDGET FOR FISCAL YEAR 1992
a new initiative to advance America's high per-
Lastly, the budget proposes to allocate $4.1
formance computing capacity; an increased em-
billion as the Federal investment in bio-
phasis on mathematics and science education;
technology. This is an increase of $319 million
and a further installment in the U.S. effort
or 8 percent over 1991 enacted levels.
to lead the world to a greater understanding
of global change.
HIGHLIGHTS
The budget contains a number of new and
Superconducting Super Collider (SSC).-The
expanded programs and initiatives. Examples
budget proposes a $291 million increase for
include:
the SSC to a total of $534 million. This will
support continued work toward the transition
from prototype superconducting magnets to
BASIC RESEARCH
production and to begin construction of facili-
An 18 Percent Increase for the National
ties. The funding level maintains the 10-year
Science Foundation (NSF).-The budget pro-
design and construction schedule.
poses an increase of 18 percent overall for
NSF, including a 16 percent increase for basic
APPLIED RESEARCH AND
research. This will continue the Administra-
DEVELOPMENT
tion's commitment to double NSF's budget be-
tween 1987 and 1994. This increase is targeted
High Performance Computing and Commu-
primarily toward individual investigators at
nications.-The budget proposes an increase of
universities, who are essential to the U.S. sci-
$149 million, or 30 percent, (to a total of $638
entific enterprise. In addition, a new program
million) for a new interagency program to help
is proposed to provide state-of-the-art research
establish American pre-eminence in the fields
instrumentation to academic researchers.
of high performance computing and commu-
nications. This major initiative, involving eight
Increasing the Investment in Basic Bio-
Federal agencies (in addition to the private
medical Research at the National Institutes of
sector), will focus on the underlying research
Health.-The budget proposes an increase of
and the academic training needed to signifi-
$334 million, or 7 percent over 1991, for basic
cantly accelerate the availability of the next
research supported by the National Institutes
generation of high performance computing sys-
of Health (NIH). The overall increase of $498
tems and digital communications networks.
million for all of NIH would allow an increase
The goal is to assist in the development of
of 9 percent in funding of research project
computing capability with roughly 1,000 times
grants. This would permit over 600 additional
improvement over current systems by 1996.
grants to be funded.
Energy R&D.-The budget proposes an in-
Human Genome Project.-The budget pro-
crease of $227 million, or 34 percent for invest-
poses an increase of $35 million, or 26 percent,
ments in targeted high-payoff technologies and
to a total of $169 million in the Departments
strategies to increase the efficiency of energy
of Energy and Health and Human Services
use, to develop alternatives to petroleum and
(National Institutes of Health).
to advance new electricity technologies. This
National Agricultural Research Initiative.-
investment is guided by the National Energy
The budget proposes a 71 percent increase
Strategy.
($52 million) to a total of $125 million as the
Advanced Manufacturing and Materials
next installment in a new program in agricul-
R&D.-The budget includes over $1 billion for
tural research, which will be competitive,
R&D on advanced manufacturing technologies,
based on merit, and designed to enhance pro-
including an increase of 15 percent for
duction efficiency, food safety and environ-
nondefense-related manufacturing R&D. In ad-
mental quality.
dition, the budget proposes $84 million for the
IV.C. ENHANCING R&D AND EXPANDING THE HUMAN FRONTIER
37
National Science Foundation for a new ini-
credit permanent, and to reformulate the cred-
tiative in materials synthesis and processing,
it to increase its effective rate.
which will take advantage of new opportuni-
Encouraging R&D by Multinational Compa-
ties in electronic and biomaterials. The budget
nies.-The budget proposes a 1-year extension
also proposes $93 million for R&D on all as-
in the rules for allocation by multinational
pects of superconductivity.
companies of R&D expenditures incurred out-
HIV/AIDS.-The budget proposes a 5 per-
side the U.S.
cent increase to $1.2 billion for biomedical and
behavioral research on Human Immunodefi-
SPACE EXPLORATION
ciency Virus/Acquired Immune Deficiency Syn-
Space Transportation Infrastructure.-The
drome. (The budget also proposes a total in-
budget proposes $5.5 billion, an increase of 15
crease of $558 million, or 15 percent, for HIV/
percent, for the critical elements of space
AIDS research, treatment, prevention and in-
transportation, including the Space Shuttle
come support.)
and expendable launch vehicles. The budget
Aeronautics R&D.-The budget proposes an
also proposes a major new program, jointly
increase of $61 million, or 13 percent, for aero-
funded by NASA and DOD to develop a new
nautics R&D in NASA, not including high-per-
launch system. This new capability was rec-
formance computing. The increase will support
ommended by the Advisory Committee on the
continued high-priority R&D on environmental
Future of the U.S. Space Program.
issues associated with supersonic flight, as
Space Science.-The budget proposes $2.1
well as a new initiative in high-temperature
billion, an increase of $367 million, or 21 per-
propulsion materials. This work is intended to
cent, over 1991. This will support a broad
enable an informed decision by industry on fu-
range of space science activities, including as-
ture high-speed civil transports. In addition,
tronomy, unmanned planetary exploration, ad-
a new program to address the phenomenon
vanced space communications research, and
of aging aircraft will be initiated. Technology
life sciences. These increases are consistent
development for the joint NASA/DOD National
with NASA's space science strategic research
Aerospace Plane program will be continued,
plan and the recent recommendations of the
leading to a future decision on a flight re-
Advisory Committee on the Future of the U.S.
search vehicle.
Space Program.
Expanding R&D at the National Institute of
Mission to Planet Earth and the U.S. Global
Standards and Technology.-The budget pro-
Change Research Program (USGCRP).-The
poses a 15 percent increase to a total of $248
budget proposes a total of $1.2 billion for the
million for NIST. The long-term budget projec-
USGCRP, a $232 million or 24 percent in-
tion will result in a budget for NIST that is
crease over the 1991 enacted level. The 1992
approximately doubled by 1996. The 1992 pro-
increase will be used to continue a broad range
posal will continue an effort begun in 1991
of research efforts, including NASA's Mission
to expand NIST's ability to perform generic
to Planet Earth/Earth Observing System
applied research and technology development
(EOS) and high priority, ground-based pro-
and to address a growing number of important
grams such as the World Ocean Circulation
standards and measurement issues. In addi-
Experiment. EOS is a program designed to de-
tion, the budget proposes $36 million for the
velop and fly a number of Earth-orbiting in-
Advanced Technology Program.
struments that will collect important data
Defense R&D.-The budget proposes a total
from space on critical global change issues
of $43 billion for R&D for national security.
such as global warming, deforestation and
This amount includes more than $40 billion
desertification. During 1991, an external engi-
for R&D supported by the Department of De-
neering review will be conducted on the imple-
fense, and nearly $3 billion for defense-related
mentation of the EOS program.
R&D supported by the Department of Energy.
Mission from Planet Earth.-The budget
R&E Tax Credit.-The budget proposes to
proposes a total of $2.5 billion, a 12 percent
make the Research and Experimentation tax
increase, for activities that will eventually lead
38
THE BUDGET FOR FISCAL YEAR 1992
to exploration of the Moon and the planets,
edented opportunities for improving the Na-
including Space Station Freedom. In 1992, ac-
tion's health, food supply and environment. In
tivities will focus on continued development of
medicine, biotechnology is responsible for a
the Space Station and increased investments
generation of new products that will prevent
in long-lead exploration technologies such as
and treat disease. Significant agricultural ad-
nuclear power, nuclear propulsion and life sup-
vances and environmental techniques are also
port.
underway. Twelve Federal agencies are work-
ing on biotechnology-related R&D and are de-
veloping priorities for future Federal invest-
BIOTECHNOLOGY
ments.
The budget proposes nearly $4 billion for bio-
technology R&D.-Biotechnology offers unprec-
ENHANCING RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
Research and development (R&D) yields new
It is not possible to determine analytically
knowledge, products and processes that, over
the "optimal" level for total national invest-
the long term, result in economic growth and
ment in R&D or the best mix of R&D invest-
an improved quality of life for all Americans.
ments. However, the evidence that increased
Investment in research and development is a
R&D investment adds to the productivity of
top priority for an Administration that believes
the Nation, and that Federal investments are
in investing in the future. Investments in re-
important, provides ample justification for in-
search and development form the foundation
creased Federal investment in R&D as well
for the exploration of all of the new frontiers
as for Federal action to increase the level of
of today and tomorrow.
private R&D investment.
BACKGROUND: INCREASED INVEST-
THE 1992 FEDERAL R&D BUDGET:
MENTS IN R&D PROVIDE BENEFITS
OVERVIEW AND TRENDS
TO THE NATION
The budget proposes to allocate about $76
R&D investment provides both direct and in-
billion for R&D, including R&D facilities. This
direct productivity benefits to society. In addi-
is an increase of over $8 billion, or 13 percent,
tion to the economic benefits associated with
over 1991 levels. Within this total, $13 billion
R&D, many studies suggest that private (in-
will be allocated for basic research, an increase
dustrial) R&D spending has a very high social
of $1 billion, or 8 percent, and $12 billion for
rate of return. This social return appears to
applied research, an increase of $903 million,
be much higher than the rate of return to the
or 8 percent, over 1991. Federal civilian R&D
individual company funding the R&D, giving
will increase by 10 percent while defense-relat-
R&D spending the character of what econo-
ed R&D will increase by 14 percent.
mists call a "public good." One researcher esti-
mated a social rate of return of 56 percent
The ratio of Federal R&D outlays to GNP
and a private rate of return of 25 percent for
has been holding steady in recent years at
a specific group of innovations. Several decades
about 1.2 percent, after a sharp drop in the
of econometric research have demonstrated
1970s due to the end of the Apollo project and
that private sector R&D investments are a
slower growth in defense. During the 1980s,
strong positive stimulus for private productiv-
defense R&D recovered considerably. Federal
ity. There is also evidence that Federal R&D
civilian R&D (excluding defense and space ac-
spending stimulates private R&D. This ap-
tivities) has been nearly level for 30 years at
pears to be especially true for basic research
about 0.4 percent of GNP. The budget provides
or pre-competitive, generic applied research
increases and incentives designed to increase
that contributes to many industrial sectors.
Federal R&D investment as a percent of GNP.
IV.C. ENHANCING R&D AND EXPANDING THE HUMAN FRONTIER
39
Table C-2. THE BUDGET PROPOSES AN $8.4 BILLION INCREASE
IN FEDERAL INVESTMENT IN RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
(Dollar amounts in millions)
Budget Authority
Outlays
1991
1992
Dollar
Percent
1991
1992
Dollar
Percent
Enacted
Proposed
change
change
Enacted
Proposed
change
change
Governmentwide totals:
Conduct of R&D:
Basic Research
12,320
13,320
+1,000
+8
11,597
12,414
+818
+7
Civilian
11,296
12,278
+982
+9
10,623
11,362
+739
+7
Defense¹
1,024
1,041
+17
+2
973
1,052
+79
+8
Applied Research and Develop-
ment
51,791
58,758
+6,967
+13
51,839
55,650
+3,811
+7
Civilian
15,031
16,552
1,521
+10
14,045
15,503
+1,458
+10
Defense¹
36,760
42,206
+5,447
+15
37,794
40,147
+2,353
+6
Subtotal, Conduct of R&D
64,111
72,078
+7,967
+12
63,436
68,065
+4,629
+7
R&D Facilities
3,082
3,545
+464
+15
2,845
3,264
+419
+15
Total, Conduct of R&D and Fa-
cilities
67,192
75,623
+8,431
+13
66,281
71,329
+5,048
+8
Conduct of R&D by Agency:
Defense-military
35,176
40,479
+5,303
+15
36,142
38,421
+2,279
+6
Health and Human Services
9,273
9,836
+564
+6
8,704
9,235
+531
+6
Energy
6,149
6,410
+260
+4
5,810
6,273
+463
+8
National Aeronautics and Space
Administration
7,271
8,602
+1,330
+18
6,974
7,767
+793
+11
National Science Foundation
1,828
2,112
+284
+16
1,675
1,897
+222
+13
Agriculture
1,224
1,261
+37
+3
1,152
1,198
+46
+4
Interior
584
562
-22
-4
572
567
-5
-1
Environmental Protection Agency
433
491
+59
+14
418
450
+33
+8
Commerce
517
538
+22
+4
454
499
+45
+10
Transportation
407
435
+28
+7
373
411
+38
+10
Agency for International Develop-
ment
385
413
+28
+7
337
445
+108
+32
Veterans Affairs
219
219
-
-
215
219
+4
+2
Other Agencies
645
720
+75
+12
611
684
+73
+12
1 Includes military-related programs of the Departments of Defense and Energy.
"Components may not add to totals because of rounding.
"Includes the Departments of Education, Justice, Housing and Urban Development, Labor, the Treasury, the Nuclear Regulatory
Commission, Tennessee Valley Authority, Smithsonian Institution, and the Corps of Engineers.
As a percentage of total Federal domestic
Excluding space R&D, civilian R&D has re-
discretionary spending, total civilian R&D has
mained relatively constant at about 10 percent
declined from a peak of 25 percent in the Apol-
of the domestic discretionary budget. Again,
lo years to about 13 percent in recent years.
the budget seeks to increase this share.
40
THE BUDGET FOR FISCAL YEAR 1992
THE 1992 BUDGET WILL INCREASE THE RATIO OF FEDERAL
CIVILIAN RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT OUTLAYS TO GNP
PERCENT
(OUTLAYS)
1.5
1
0.5
0
1962
1967
1972
1977
1982
1987
1982
Sources: National Science Foundation, Office of Management and Budget.
THE BUDGET WILL INCREASE INVESTMENT IN CIVILIAN
PERCENT
OF BA
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT AS A PERCENTAGE OF
DOMESTIC DISCRETIONARY SPENDING
28
24
ALL CIVILIAN
20
16
12
8
WITHOUT SPACE
4
0
1962
1967
1972
1977
1982
1987
1992
IV.C. ENHANCING R&D AND EXPANDING THE HUMAN FRONTIER
41
The Federal Government currently accounts
over 1990, with Federal investments account-
for about 44 percent of the total U.S. invest-
ing for most of the increase. In total, the U.S.
ment in R&D. Industry, academia, and non-
investment in R&D is about 3 percent of GNP.
profit organizations make up the remaining 56
Trends in industry R&D funding, including ini-
percent. In 1991, it is estimated that total U.S.
tiatives to spur increased industry investment
R&D expenditures, Federal and non-Federal,
through the tax credit for research and experi-
will be $152 billion, an increase of 4 percent
mentation, are discussed later in this chapter.
EXPANDING THE FRONTIER OF KNOWLEDGE THROUGH
BASIC RESEARCH
Basic research provides the new knowledge
will enable the formation of a working im-
that leads to new products and processes.
mune system.
Basic research, especially at universities, is an
NASA's Cosmic Background Explorer
essential investment in the Nation's scientific
made unprecedented measurements of
and technological future, including its future
background radiation, giving scientists
scientists and engineers. For this reason, the
critical new evidence on the origin of the
budget places a major emphasis on increasing
universe.
basic research. In total, the budget proposes
an increase of 8 percent, or $1 billion, above
Biomedical researchers have discovered
1991 for Federal basic research support.
the long-sought gene for cystic fibrosis, a
fatal disease of children and young adults,
The strength of U.S. investment in basic re-
opening the way to a host of new thera-
search is illustrated by several recent achieve-
peutic approaches.
ments:
The NASA/NOAA Antarctic Ozone Expedi-
Key Indicators of the Vitality of Basic
tion, combining satellite, aircraft, and
Research
ground-based research, discovered and
Most basic research is performed in univer-
documented the problem of the "ozone
sities, and more than half of the R&D that
hole" in the Antarctic, and is currently in-
universities perform is basic. The vitality of
vestigating similar phenomena in the Arc-
the "academic research enterprise" has been
tic environment.
nearly impossible to measure. However, in re-
An NSF-supported Presidential Young In-
cent years, scientists and policymakers have
vestigator discovered a way to make large-
expressed serious concerns about its current
pore molecular sieves. These molecular
and future vitality. Many experts argue that
sieves are critical as catalysts for a wide
over the past several years, and despite large
variety of industrial processes, particularly
real increases in Federal funding, the activity
petroleum processing and chemical separa-
level and research productivity of university
tion. The new large-pore sieves have the
researchers have not appeared to increase.
potential to revolutionize the industrial
Funding Trends.-The historical trend in
processing of chemicals.
Federal support for basic research shows that
NIH scientists successfully transferred ge-
during the 1980s such support increased over-
netically engineered cells to human sub-
all by 50 percent in real terms, with signifi-
jects, paving the way for the world's first
cantly larger increases in health-related basic
attempts at human gene therapy. The first
research. The figure below shows that real
gene therapy experiments involved placing
support for basic research has continued to
climb in the early 1990's, particularly in health
a normal gene that helps the immune sys-
and space.
tem develop normally into the white blood
cells of a young girl who lacked this vital
Measuring the Direct Economic Bene-
gene. It is hoped that this inserted gene
fits.-Until recently, there has been no way
42
THE BUDGET FOR FISCAL YEAR 1992
THE 1992 BUDGET PROPOSES EXPANDED
1990$
SUPPORT FOR BASIC RESEARCH
BILLIONS
(BUDGET AUTHORITY)
6
5
HEALTH
4
3
GENERAL SCIENCE
2
ALL OTHER
1
SPACE
DEFENSE
0
1978
1980
1982
1884
1986
1988
1990
1992
Sources: National Science Foundation, Office of Management and Budget.
to gauge reliably the impact of academic R&D
of research grants made to individual research-
on industrial innovation.
ers, a figure that has been growing for two
decades. Since most grants are for periods
Recent work (Mansfield), however, indicates
ranging from 2-7 years, in any given year only
that in several key industrial sectors, notably
a portion (less than 25 percent) of an agency's
information processing, drugs and instru-
grants are competitively renewed, or become,
ments, a significant proportion of new products
for that year, "new grants". Thus, rather than
and processes would not have reached the
using the number of total grants as an indica-
market had it not been for the contribution
tor, some advocates prefer to use a measure
of recent academic R&D. A recent, but very
based on just this "new grant" ratio. This indi-
preliminary, estimate of the average social rate
cator, or "funded rate of new grants" is defined
of return to past investments in academic R&D
here as the number of awards as a percent
was calculated to be 28 percent. It is important
of the number of proposals. By this measure,
to note, however, that this figure must be
the funded rate for new grants for the two
viewed with caution as it is based on a large
largest Federal supporters of university re-
number of assumptions and simplifications.
search, the Department of Health and Human
In any case, the contribution of academic
Services (National Institutes of Health) and
research to industrial innovation in several im-
the National Science Foundation, have de-
portant sectors appears to be considerable,
clined over the 1980's from about 40 percent
even apart from its more traditional benefits
to about 30 percent (adjusted to exclude both
to the education of students, and to the acqui-
multiple submissions by any one individual
sition of knowledge for its own sake.
and for awards for research centers, which
may serve many investigators).
Support for University Researchers.-
One indicator of the Federal Government's
A partial explanation may be that since
commitment to research is the total number
1970, for HHS, the total pool of biomedical
IV.C. ENHANCING R&D AND EXPANDING THE HUMAN FRONTIER
43
researchers (extramural) has grown by 140
all U.S. science and engineering articles in
percent, outpacing the 75 percent growth in
major journals) has increased markedly. By
principal investigators funded by HHS. In fact,
this measure, the U.S. is maintaining its large
it has been estimated that about 80 percent
share of world scientific and engineering lit-
of all the American scientists in all fields who
erature. In all fields, the U.S. has a greater
ever lived are alive today.
percentage of world publications than does any
Funding rates for new grants have also
other country.As an indicator of the impact
dropped because of increases in the amount
that publications have on other research, cita-
tion data are often used. The level of citation
of money per grant (both direct and indirect
cost components) and the average length of
of U.S. papers by foreign researchers suggests
that U.S. researchers continue to exert a sub-
grants. Increasing award sizes, award lengths,
or both, may tend to provide increased stabil-
stantial impact on foreign publications, and
thus on the world's store of scientific knowl-
ity and productivity for a given investigator,
but these actions also depress the number of
edge.
subsequent new grants that are made.
Patents.-University patenting increased
While individual investigator awards are
greatly during the 1980s, due in part to the
still the predominant form of support, awards
1980 change in U.S. law that allowed univer-
to groups of investigators (either small groups
sities and small businesses to retain title to
or larger centers) have been increasing, driven
inventions developed with Federal funds. U.S.
primarily by the need for interdisciplinary ap-
universities received 2 percent of patents
proaches to scientific problems. Each of these
awarded to U.S. inventors in 1988, more than
group or center awards is counted as a single
double the share in 1978.
grant, even though many researchers may be
Nobel and Other Major Prizes.-The U.S.
served. Thus, considering only the absolute
continues to dominate the Nobel lists, and
numbers of awards is somewhat misleading.
Americans often win other major, internation-
A more appropriate consideration should be
ally-recognized prizes such as the Fermi
the total number of researchers supported. By
Award in physics, the Wolf Award in chem-
this measure, there are many more research-
istry and the Lasker Award in medicine. How-
ers supported by research grants today than
ever, care must be taken with this measure
at any previous time.
as these selections are often made on the basis
Although support for university researchers
of research done many years (10-30) before.
is most often cited as the key indicator of the
Thus, this indicator may have more value with
health of overall Federal support for basic re-
respect to past support for research than
search, a number of other measures that have
present or future support.
traditionally been used to measure research
The budget recognizes that support for prin-
output (new knowledge). None of these is, by
cipal investigators is an important measure of
itself, a definitive indicator of the vitality of
the vitality of the Nation's basic research ef-
academic research, and none is universally ac-
fort. Thus, this support is the major theme
cepted as an adequate output measure, since
underlying the initiatives in basic research
the "amount" of new knowledge contained in
proposed for 1992.
a research finding has no natural unit of meas-
ure. Taken together with information on sup-
1992 Budget Initiatives in Basic Research
port for researchers, these measures provide
The budget proposes a number of major in-
some insight into the overall strength of aca-
demic research. Several such measures are (1)
creases or new programs reflecting the Presi-
dent's support for basic research. These in-
numbers of publications, (2) "quality" of pub-
creases are intended to bolster basic research
lications as measured by citation indices, (3)
funding, especially that which supports indi-
patents and (4) Nobel and other prizes.
vidual investigators, and to provide those re-
Publications and Citations.-As an indi-
searchers with state-of-the-art equipment.
cator of overall productivity, the number of
Overall, the budget proposes over $13 billion
science articles published by U.S. academic re-
for basic research, an increase of $1 billion,
searchers (which produce about two-thirds of
or 8 percent, over 1991.
44
THE BUDGET FOR FISCAL YEAR 1992
Table C-3. THE BUDGET INCREASES FUNDING FOR BASIC RESEARCH'
(Dollar amounts in millions)
Budget Authority
Outlays
Department or Agency
1991
1992
Dollar
Percent
1991
1992
Dollar
Percent
Enacted
Proposed
change
change
Enacted
Proposed
change
change
Health and Human Services
5,101
5,477
+376
+7
4,786
5,097
+311
+7
(National Institutes of Health)
(4,634)
(4,968)
(+334)
(+7)
(4,372)
(4,622)
(+250)
+6
National Science Foundation
1,719
1,987
+268
+16
1,560
1,784
+223
+14
Energy
1,726
1,759
+32
+2
1,650
1,654
+3
-
National Aeronautics and Space Ad-
ministration
1,698
1,960
+262
+15
1,612
1,800
+188
+12
Defense-military
992
1,010
+17
+2
942
1,021
+79
+8
Agriculture
563
598
+36
+6
539
553
+14
+3
Other Agencies
521
529
+8
+2
507
506
-1
-
Total
12,320
13,320
+1,000
+8
11,597
12,414
+818
+7
Amounts reported in this table are included in totals for conduct of R&D.
"Includes the Departments of Interior, Commerce, Veterans Affairs, Education, Labor, the Treasury, Justice, the Agency for
International Development, the Smithsonian Institution, Environmental Protection Agency, Tennessee Valley Authority, and the
Corps of Engineers.
Doubling Basic Research Support
Increasing the Investment in Basic Bio-
Through the National Science Founda-
medical Research at NIH by 7 Percent.-
tion.-The President remains committed to
The budget proposes a $334 million increase
doubling the budget of the National Science
for basic biomedical research supported by the
Foundation (NSF) between 1987 and 1994. The
National Institutes of Health (NIH), the pri-
budget proposes an overall increase of 18 per-
mary source of basic biomedical research dis-
cent, which would restore the doubling path
coveries in the world. The overall increase of
for NSF. Over 70 percent of NSF's budget sup-
$498 million, or 6 percent, for all of NIH will
ports basic research, primarily at the Nation's
allow an increase of 9 percent in the funding
colleges and universities. These funds go di-
for research project grants awarded to individ-
rectly, through a competitive, merit-based
ual investigators. This will permit over 600
process, to the best researchers and to the
additional grants to be funded.
most talented young scientists and engineers.
Individual investigators are a key element in
Unlocking the Secrets of Human Hered-
maintaining the U.S. preeminent position in
ity-the Human Genome Project.-The
science and basic research. NSF also plays a
budget proposes a 26 percent increase for the
major role in the governmentwide initiative to
third year of this 15-year effort to decode the
improve the quality of science, mathematics
information locked in the chemical building
and engineering education, particularly at the
blocks that form human genetic inheritance.
pre-college level.
This $35 million increase reflects a commit-
ment to develop "maps" of human chro-
In addition to the large proposed increase
mosomes and human DNA sequence data that
aimed primarily at individual investigators,
will allow scientists to develop new diagnostic
$50 million is proposed to fund a new initiative
tests, therapies, or cures for some of the 4,000
to provide new, state-of-the-art instrumenta-
known disorders in which genes are the domi-
tion to university researchers. This initiative
nant cause. Such diseases include cystic fibro-
will be implemented through a competitive,
merit-based program, and will be targeted to-
sis, sickle cell disease, and muscular dys-
ward instrumentation costing more than
trophy. The genome project also will produce
$200,000, but less than $4 million. The Fed-
increased knowledge about how specific genes
eral funding for this initiative will be matched
function and malfunction, and will help in-
at least 50:50 by non-Federal sources.
crease understanding of diseases characterized
IV.C. ENHANCING R&D AND EXPANDING THE HUMAN FRONTIER
45
by gene-governed chemical reactions, such as
entific human capital development, and farm
heart disease, cancer, and AIDS.
income. The NRI will allow U.S. agriculture
to broaden the science and technology base to
This project is being conducted jointly by the
meet demanding needs and exploit new oppor-
Departments of Energy and Health and
tunities more effectively. These imperatives co-
Human Services. The budget requests a total
incide with recent advances in biological
of $169 million for the project, $59 million at
sciences and other new tools in science that
Energy and $110 million at Health and
present unique research opportunities to im-
Human Services.
prove agriculture nationally.
Concurrent with the project's efforts to ad-
vance the state-of-the-art in genetic "mapping,"
Federal funding for the NRI is necessary be-
the project is also exploring safeguards that
cause: (1) the issues and opportunities are na-
may be necessary as new genetic information
tional in scope; the Nation as a whole is the
is put to practical uses, addressing issues re-
beneficiary, not just individual states or indus-
lated to privacy of such information and fair-
tries; (2) the NRI undertakes research that
ness in its use.
does not, in general, produce specific patent-
able or marketable products, but knowledge
This landmark project will allow the next
that will be broadly applicable; (3) the need
generation to benefit from the knowledge
is urgent; the issues to be addressed require
gained through this investment. Future sci-
action now and cannot be delayed or taken
entists will have tremendous amounts of new
up piecemeal; and (4) there are broader bene-
information about the structure of human ge-
fits, which are difficult to quantify, related to
netic make-up available to assist them in their
protection of the environment and public
search for therapies and cures for the diseases
health.
that afflict this generation. The 1992 budget
ensures that this project is able to forge ahead
The Administration is concerned about re-
expeditiously.
cent Congressional action which placed a cap
of 14 percent on the recovery of indirect costs
Improving the Productivity of the Na-
associated with grants made under the NRI.
tion's Agriculture (the National Research
This action threatens the viability of the ini-
Initiative).-The budget continues the com-
tiative.
mitment to the National Research Initiative
(NRI), first proposed in the 1991 budget, by
Unlocking the Secrets of Matter and En-
proposing $125 million, an increase of $52 mil-
ergy-The Superconducting Supercollider
lion, or 71 percent, over the 1991 enacted level.
and High Energy and Nuclear Physics:
In 1991, $100 million was proposed as the ini-
The Superconducting Super Collider.-The
tial installment, to be expanded by $50 million
Superconducting Super Collider (SSC) will
each year to the extent that funds were award-
provide a collision energy 20 times greater
ed competitively and not earmarked for spe-
than the current capability, resulting in
cific sites or institutions. Six categories of re-
new fundamental knowledge of matter and
search will be funded: natural resources and
energy. The SSC Laboratory, under con-
the environment; nutrition, food quality and
struction in Ellis County, Texas, will com-
health; plant systems (including mapping of
prise a 54-mile circular tunnel in which
plant genomes); animal systems; markets,
superconducting magnets will accelerate
trade, and policy; and processes antecedent to
counter-rotating proton beams. The SSC
adding value and developing new products.
will employ 2,500 scientists, engineers,
Agriculture in the 1990s must emphasize the
and technicians, and host an additional
environment, more rational use of natural re-
500 visiting scientists.
sources, the quality and nutrition of food, and
The budget provides $534 million for the
economically stabilized production systems
SSC, an increase of $291 million over the
which benefit producers as well as consumers.
1991 level. Much of the current effort fo-
The NRI responds to the major issues facing
cuses on research and development of the
agriculture such as food safety, water quality,
superconducting magnets. Work on other
global climate change, pest management, sci-
SSC components is also progressing. The
46
THE BUDGET FOR FISCAL YEAR 1992
first segment of tunnel will be under con-
nological advances emanating from the
struction by the end of 1992.
SSC.
Even though the budget proposes a sub-
High Energy and Nuclear Physics.-Re-
stantial increase for the SSC, this funding
search in high energy and nuclear physics
will not come at the expense of other
is directed at understanding the nature of
science programs. In particular, the budg-
matter and energy at the most fun-
et proposes a 16 percent increase in basic
damental level and the basic forces which
research, principally for individual inves-
govern all processes in nature. Much of
tigators, at the National Science Founda-
the research program is aimed at verifying
tion.
and explaining the particles, or "building
blocks", that comprise the interior of
The total cost of the SSC has been esti-
atoms and the forces acting on them.
mated at $8.2 billion. One-third of the
total is expected to be contributed by non-
Research is conducted at universities and
Federal sources. The State of Texas has
national laboratories. Experiments usually
committed up to $1 billion for construction
involve controlled collisions between par-
of on-site facilities and other SSC systems,
ticles travelling at speeds approaching the
as well as the land required for the SSC
speed of light and examination of the
laboratory.
interactions that occur.
Foreign partners are expected to contrib-
Existing high energy accelerator facilities
ute substantially to the construction and
include the Tevatron at Fermi National
operation of the SSC, as well as to the
Laboratory near Chicago, the Stanford
experimental program. During 1992, fol-
Linear Collider at Stanford University in
low-up delegations will continue discus-
California, and the Alternating Gradient
sions already underway with Japan,
Synchrotron at Brookhaven National Lab-
Korea, Europe and Canada.
oratory on Long Island. Improvements to
the Tevatron will be completed in 1992
The SSC holds the potential for new
which will greatly enhance the capability
breakthroughs in science, technology and
of the machine. Additional improvements
education. Although the primary purpose
in the form of a new Main Injection Ring
of the SSC is to acquire new knowledge,
at Fermilab will be initiated in 1992.
such knowledge has always resulted in de-
velopments in technology and practical
Construction will continue on two nuclear
products which profoundly affect the qual-
physics facilities. The Continuous Electron
ity of life for all Americans and which en-
Beam Accelerator Facility in Newport
hance the economic competitiveness of the
News, VA is on schedule and nearing com-
Nation. U.S. world leadership in high en-
pletion. At Brookhaven National Lab-
ergy physics will be maintained far into
oratory, construction is well underway on
the next century by the scientific and tech-
the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider.
Table C-4. THE BUDGET PROPOSES A 35 PERCENT INCREASE FOR
AN AMBITIOUS PROGRAM IN HIGH ENERGY AND NUCLEAR PHYSICS
(Dollar amounts in millions)
Budget Authority
Percent
1991 Enacted
1992 Proposed
Dollar change
change
Superconducting Super Collider
243
534
+291
+120
High Energy and Nuclear Physics
906
1,015
+109
+12
Total
1,149
1,549
+400
+35
IV.C. ENHANCING R&D AND EXPANDING THE HUMAN FRONTIER
47
APPLIED R&D: EXPANDING THE
volving government, industry and university
FRONTIER OF TECHNOLOGICAL DE-
laboratories; and more informal government/
VELOPMENT
university/industry collaboration). Overall, the
budget provides increased funding for all major
Traditionally, the Federal Government has
civilian applied research and development
supported a broad spectrum of applied civilian
areas.
R&D in support of agency missions. Unlike
basic research, where the Federal role has bee
Increased investments in applied civilian
stable and widely acknowledged, the appro-
R&D will support technology development
priate Federal role in applied civilian R&D has
across a number of agencies and programs in
been the subject of debate and has changed
support of both agency mission needs and a
significantly over time. Past Federal invest-
broad technology base for potential future com-
ments in civilian R&D have led to major tech-
mercial applications. This increased emphasis
nological advances (e.g., computers, new air-
on federally supported technology development
should not be confused with industrial policy.
craft) while others have been major failures
The Administration remains opposed to efforts
(e.g., synfuels plants).
to target specific industries (e.g., consumer
The Administration believes that appro-
electronics) for R&D assistance to develop new
priate Federal investments in applied civilian
products (e.g., high-definition television).
R&D can result in high payoff to the economy,
and the budget provides for R&D funding in-
1992 Budget Initiatives in Applied
creases across a wide range of technology
Research and Development
areas. In total, the budget proposes about $17
billion, an increase of $1.5 billion or 10 per-
High Performance Computing and Com-
munications.-The budget proposes $638 mil-
cent.
lion for Federal support for R&D focused on
The principal strategy for the Federal ap-
high performance computing and
plied civilian R&D programs is to invest in
communciations. High performance computing
R&D areas that support agency mission re-
systems (i.e., hardware, software, networks,
quirements, but also where some of the R&D
etc.) are likely to have a significant positive
has broad applications in the private sector
impact on productivity. For example,
("dual use" technologies), even though these
supercomputers have been credited with bring-
commercial applications would not necessarily
ing the Ford Taurus, currently the best-selling
by funded by the government. In such cases,
American-made car, to market much sooner,
the Government's role is to support generic
with higher quality, and at significantly lower
or enabling technologies at the pre-competitive
cost than would have been possible without
stage of R&D:
them. While the supercomputer industry has
generic or enabling technologies have the
grown from $89 million in worldwide revenues
in 1980 to over $1.1 billion in 1990, it is still
potential to be applied to a broad range
a very small market (less than one percent
of products or processes across many
of the worldwide computer market) and tra-
firms;
ditionally limited to very complex public and
pre-competitive R&D is the stage of the
private high-risk, high-return ventures (e.g.,
R&D process where the results can be
oil and gas exploration, defense and aerospace
shared widely within and between indus-
systems, etc.). A similar situation exists with
trial sectors, without reducing the incen-
high-capacity, high-speed digital networks. Be-
tive for individual firms to develop and
cause of the small scale of the market and
market commercial products and processes
the high-cost of research, high performance
based upon the results.
computing has not attracted the private sector
R&D investments typically seen in the broader
There are a number of different mechanisms
computer industry.
that agencies may use to support generic ap-
plied research and technology development.
The Federal Government has played a sig-
These include: cost-sharing of individual
nificant role in the development of the
projects; creation of R&D consortia (often in-
supercomputer and network industry. A lead-
48
THE BUDGET FOR FISCAL YEAR 1992
THE 1992 BUDGET PROPOSES INCREASED FUNDING
1980$
FOR CIVILIAN APPLIED RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
BILLIONS
(BUDGET AUTHORITY)
6
SPACE
5
ALL OTHER
4
3
ENERGY
HEALTH
2
1
o
1978
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
1990
1982
Sources: National Science Foundation, Office of Management and Budget.
Table C-5. THE BUDGET INCLUDES INITIATIVES IN SEVERAL KEY
AREAS OF APPLIED R&D
(Dollar amounts in millions)
Budget Authority
Initiative
1991
1992
Dollar
Percent
Enacted
Proposed
change
change
High Performance Computing and Communications
489
638
+149
+30
Advancing New Energy Technologies
676
903
+227
+34
Enabling New Products and Processes: Advanced Manufactur-
ing and Materials
1,316
1,310
-6
-
HIV/AIDS Research
1,152
1,210
+58
+5
Moving Fusion Energy from Science to Engineering
275
337
+62
+23
Improving the Air Transport System: Aeronautics R&D
482
543
+61
+13
Expanding Applied R&D at the National Institute of Standards
and Technology
215
248
+33
+15
ing computer industry executive has stated
ing innovative computer technologies has its
that "If it weren't for the U.S. government,
roots in the World War II research that be-
there would be no U.S. supercomputer indus-
came the foundation for the UNIVAC system.
try." The role of government R&D in develop-
Many of today's commercial high performance
IV.C. ENHANCING R&D AND EXPANDING THE HUMAN FRONTIER
49
computing system and network advances are
ations per second) supercomputers. The
attributable to research supported by Federal
budget proposes $157 million.
agencies.
Advanced Software Technology and Algo-
Through the Office of Science and Tech-
rithms (Software): In the long-run, the re-
nology Policy's Federal Coordinating Council
turn to both the Government and the econ-
on Science, Engineering, and Technology
omy generally of software investments
(FCCSET), eight agencies have developed a
may be even greater than that of hard-
new integrated research initiative in High Per-
ware investments. The computational
formance Computing and Communications
model used to simulate the solid rocket
(HPCC). The program focuses on the underly-
booster failure blamed for the Space Shut-
ing research and the human talent needed to
tle Challenger disaster takes roughly 14
develop the next generation of supercomputer
hours to run on a typical research lab
systems (including hardware, software, and
minicomputer. Using a parallel processor
networks).
significantly reduced this time, but opti-
mized software brought it to under five
The goal of the proposed initiative is to
seconds. This component has a large share
meet, by 1996, the needs of Federal research
of the initiative because there is a great
agencies to investigate and understand a wide
need for adequate and affordable software
range of fundamental scientific and engineer-
to address unique fundamental scientific
ing computational problems and, at the same
and engineering problems. The software
time, allow the private sector to "leap frog"
usually represents five times the hardware
over the expected incremental improvements
costs. The budget proposes $265 million.
in conventional supercomputers.
National Research and Education Network
Investments in research and technology de-
(Networks and Communications): The goal
velopment are planned in four HPCC program
of the National Research and Education
components:
Network (NREN) is to enable rapid access
by the Nation's educational and research
High Performance Computing Systems
institutions to a broad range of Federal
(Hardware): Undertaking research in scal-
resources, including libraries, databases,
able computer processors, memory, input/
and scientific facilities (e.g., computers,
output devices and operating systems
telescopes, accelerators). The focus of this
needed for scalable teraflop (trillion oper-
element would be on integrating and up-
Table C-6. THE BUDGET PROPOSES A 31 PERCENT INCREASE FOR
HIGH PERFORMANCE COMPUTING
(Dollar amounts in millions)
Budget Authority
Agency
1991
1992
Dollar
Percent
Enacted
Proposed
change
change
Defense (DARPA)
183
232
+49
+27
National Science Foundation
169
213
+44
+26
Energy
65
93
+28
+43
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
54
72
+18
+33
Health and Human Services (National Library of Medicine)
14
17
+3
+21
Environmental Protection Agency
1
5
+4
+400
National Institute of Standards and Technology
2
3
+1
+50
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
1
3
+2
+200
Total, All agencies
489
638
+149
+30
50
THE BUDGET FOR FISCAL YEAR 1992
grading existing federally supported re-
sharing, with the research performed by
search networks and on research in
industry or universities (except in situa-
gigabit (billion bit per second) network
tions where Government labs have unique
switches, protocols, software, and security
research and testing capabilities). The for-
mechanisms. These improvements would
mation of industry R&D consortia would
be used to enable the transition of the ex-
be encouraged where feasible (e.g., in the
isting Federal research network into a na-
pre-competitive R&D stage). This imple-
tional gigabit research and education net-
mentation approach would maximize the
work. The budget proposes $92 million.
involvement of the ultimate technology
users, enhancing the technology transfer
Basic Research and Human Resources (Re-
process, and would minimize Government
search/Training): This component would
overhead costs.
focus on fundamental "leapfrog" advances
in HPCC technology and the training of
The Department of Energy (DOE) estimates
students in the computational sciences.
that the NES R&D Initiative could lead to a
The budget proposes $124 million.
reduction in oil consumption of 5-8 million
barrels per day by the year 2030, depending
Advancing New Energy Technologies.-
on the success of the proposed R&D programs.
A major element of the Administration's Na-
tional Energy Strategy (NES) will be increased
The NES R&D strategy is intended to foster
investment in energy technology R&D. The
a new, results-oriented approach, and not
budget includes $903 million, an increase of
merely more-of-the-same traditional Govern-
$227 million or 34 percent, for increased in-
ment-funded energy R&D programs. The Fed-
vestments in R&D in support of NES R&D
eral Government has had a substantial, broad-
initiatives Governmentwide. The budget pro-
based energy R&D program since the 1973 oil
poses $653 million for Department of Energy
embargo. From 1980 through 1990, the Gov-
NES-related R&D, an increase of $134 million
ernment has invested about $21 billion in en-
or 26 percent. Over the five year period 1992
ergy technology R&D. This investment has had
through 1996, DOE would invest $3.5 billion
relatively little payoff, for a combination of
in NES R&D initiatives discussed in this sec-
reasons: (1) the inherently high risks of some
tion.
R&D, (2) poor R&D choices (e.g., synfuels,
breeder reactors), and (3) lack of significant
The NES R&D strategy is based on several
key elements:
private sector financial and management in-
volvement linking R&D to successful commer-
an emphasis on R&D areas that, if suc-
cial deployment. The NES energy R&D ini-
cessful, could lead to significant displace-
tiative will take better advantage of the Na-
ment of petroleum;
tion's tremendous university and private sector
selection of R&D areas based on high R&D
technical talent, while avoiding the mistakes
of past Government managed, crisis-born en-
payoff potential-i.e., the potential to
ergy R&D programs.
achieve significant cost and performance
improvements;
The specific components of the NES R&D
initiative are shown in Table C-7. These in-
a comprehensive, interagency R&D pro-
clude:
gram that includes both technology en-
hancements (e.g., more efficient engines)
Improved Vehicle Propulsion Technology
and more fundamental system changes
through research on high temperature die-
(e.g., the potential for high speed rail and
sel and gas turbine engines. Conventional
Maglev systems to displace automobile
spark-ignited and diesel engines have effi-
and air travel);
ciencies of up to 31 percent. More efficient
engines, including gas turbines, could
a collaborative, cost-shared, Government-
university-industry effort. This implemen-
achieve efficiencies approaching 40 per-
cent.
tation approach would rely upon industry-
led, joint Government-industry R&D plan-
Electric Vehicles, including a new joint
ning and management and 50:50 cost
auto industry-government consortium to
IV.C. ENHANCING R&D AND EXPANDING THE HUMAN FRONTIER
51
Table C-7. THE BUDGET PROPOSES A 34 PERCENT INCREASE FOR
NATIONAL ENERGY STRATEGY R&D INITIATIVES
(Dollar amounts in millions)
Budget Authority
Initiative
1991
1992
Dollar
Percent
Enacted
Proposed
change
change
Displacing Oil in the Transportation Sector
302
432
+130
+43
Surface Transportation Efficiency
162
260
+98
+60
Improved Vehicle Propulsion Technology
39
42
+3
+8
Electric/Hybrid Vehicles
30
42
+12
+40
Intelligent Vehicle/Highway Systems
23
60
+37
+161
High Speed Rail/Magnetic Levitation
12
24
+12
+100
Telecommuting
58
92
+34
+59
Air Transportation Efficiency
51
59
+8
+16
Energy-Efficient Aeronautics R&D
16
17
+1
+6
Efficient Air Traffic Control R&D
35
42
+7
+20
New Transportation Fuels
89
113
+24
+27
Fuels from Biomass
33
44
+11
+33
Alternative Fuel Utilization
14
17
+3
+21
Advanced Oil Recovery
42
52
+10
+24
Increased Energy Efficiency in Buildings and Industry
129
157
+28
+22
Targeted Industrial Energy Efficiency R&D
84
102
+18
+21
Targeted Buildings Energy Efficiency R&D
45
55
+10
+22
Advanced Electricity Technology
245
314
+69
+28
Photovoltaics
47
51
+4
+9
Superconductivity
19
22
+3
+16
Advanced Light Water Reactor R&D
29
63
+34
+117
Advanced Reactor Concepts
150
178
+28
+19
Total, All activities
676
903
+227
+34
Total, Department of Energy
519
653
+134
+26
develop battery technology for electric ve-
and allow drivers to choose more efficient
hicles. Improved batteries that could ex-
routes to their destination. DOE projec-
tend vehicle range to 120-200 miles could
tions show a potential 30 percent decrease
enable electric vehicles to capture as much
in average on-the-road fuel efficiency due
as 20 percent of the market by 2030. Fuel-
to increasing congestion under current
cell-powered electric vehicles offer the po-
trends. Unless corrected, this could sub-
tential to achieve up to 50 percent effi-
stantially offset any gains from more fuel-
ciencies.
efficient vehicles. A study by Mobility
2000, a expert group of Federal and State
Intelligent
Vehicle/Highway
Systems
highway officials and corporate and aca-
(IVHS), is intended to increase highway
demic technical experts, estimated that
safety, reduce congestion and decrease
IVHS has the potential to save up to 20
highway fuel consumption. IVHS uses
million gallons per day of gasoline.
state-of-the-art electronics, communica-
tions, and computer technology to improve
High Speed Rail and Maglev (mag-
traffic control systems, warn drivers of
netically-levitated trains), which may offer
dangerous situations, and generally make
transportation and energy efficiency im-
more efficient use of the existing road sys-
provements. Current efforts include inves-
tem. IVHS can reduce congestion, improve
tigations into the economic and technical
traffic flow, reduce idling at traffic signals,
feasibility of high-speed rail and maglev
52
THE BUDGET FOR FISCAL YEAR 1992
as well as research on potential applica-
tiative is the production of ethanol from
tions that would enhance the capacity of
non-food crops at $0.60 per gallon.
the existing transportation network. This
Alternative fuels utilization will continue
work is being performed by the Depart-
vehicle testing activities that will provide
ments of Transportation and Energy and
the database to facilitate greater use of
the Army Corps of Engineers. High speed
alternative fuels.
rail and Maglev transportation may have
potential for trips of 200-600 miles in
Advanced Oil and Gas Recovery Tech-
length, competing with both long distance
nologies will improve reservoir under-
automobile travel and short-haul air trav-
standing for targeted drilling and develop
el.
better instrumentation, chemical inject-
ants and reservoir interpretation tech-
The National Research and Education Net-
niques. Currently, up to two-thirds of oil
work, part of the High Performance Com-
resources remain in the ground after con-
puting and Communications Initiative,
ventional production is completed. It is es-
also will help advance technology to facili-
timated that up to 25 billion additional
tate increased telecommuting, reducing
barrels could be recovered through ad-
both business travel and daily commuting.
vanced recovery techniques by the year
The flex-place workforce has grown over
2030.
the past decade from 300,000 to 3.6 mil-
lion. It is estimated that there are about
Improved Energy Efficiency in Buildings
46 million potential telecommuters. Addi-
and Industry includes targeted R&D to
tional R&D can aid the emergence and
provide cost-effective efficiency improve-
spread of telecommuting networks, by
ments and reduce oil consumption.
linking cable and fiberoptic networks and
Advanced Light Water Nuclear Reactors
enhancing the capability from digital data.
will incorporate passive safety features in
In the absence of major system change,
a standardized design. This will reduce the
the Department of Energy projections
time needed to license new plants, while
show that total vehicle miles traveled
assuring that safety issues are adequately
(VMT) could increase by 50 percent by the
addressed. The Department of Energy is
year 2030. About 50 percent of VMT is
currently supporting first-of-a-kind engi-
work-related.
neering work that will assist companies
Energy-efficient Aeronautics R&D, includ-
in their efforts to have the Nuclear Regu-
ing technologies such as hybrid laminar
latory Commission certify the safety of
flow and large structure composite mate-
new standardized designs.
rials will reduce aircraft friction and lower
Advanced Reactor Concepts will have safe-
aircraft weight. The Department of Energy
ty features that go beyond even the stand-
projects that U.S. air travel will double
ardized designs currently before the Nu-
in the next 20-30 years. New technologies
clear Regulatory Commission. High Tem-
could save millions of gallons of aviation
perature Gas Cooled Reactors use spe-
fuel per year.
cially-coated fuel elements that will not
Energy-efficient Air Traffic Control R&D,
fail even under the high temperatures that
a part of the national effort to modernize
could occur during an accident. Liquid
the air traffic control system, will permit
metal reactors use liquid sodium as the
more direct routing of flights.
heat exchange medium. Researchers have
demonstrated that both reactor types can
Advanced Transportation Fuels from Bio-
shut themselves down safely under condi-
mass will demonstrate use of lignocellu-
tions that would be extremely serious for
losic feedstocks to provide alcohol fuels on
present-day reactors. The Department of
a scale which can verify technology and
Energy continues R&D support for both
commercial costs. The production of etha-
of these advanced concepts.
nol from food crops currently costs $1.20
per gallon or more, requiring large Federal
The NES R&D Initiatives are supported by
tax subsidies. The goal of this R&D ini-
increased investments in related areas of basic
IV.C. ENHANCING R&D AND EXPANDING THE HUMAN FRONTIER
53
research. Basic research in areas such as ad-
additional work is needed in fundamental
vanced materials, superconductors, geo- and
research on the synthesis and processing
biosciences, and catalysis research may help
of novel materials. The budget proposes
accelerate development of petroleum sub-
$84 million for a new initiative in the Na-
stitutes and energy conservation technologies.
tional Science Foundation intended to
Enabling New Products and Processes-
strengthen the competitive position of the
Advanced Manufacturing and Materials
U.S. in developing and using next-genera-
R&D.-The budget proposes $1,310 million for
tion materials and processing methods.
both advanced manufacturing and materials
The 1992 program will focus on two areas
R&D, two key enabling technologies.
recognized as having a high potential pay-
off: electronic and photonic materials, and
Advanced Manufacturing.-The budget
biomolecular materials.
proposes over $1 billion for research and
development on advanced manufacturing
A class of materials that has received
technologies. This includes an increase of
much attention is superconductors. The
over 15 percent for nondefense-related
Federal Government has traditionally sup-
manufacturing R&D. Advanced manufac-
ported the basic science that characterizes
turing R&D includes activities within two
both high temperature (HTS) and low tem-
broad areas: (1) efforts designed to use
perature (LTS) superconducting phenom-
technology to improve the efficency or
ena. The researchers in the U.S. credited
quality by which a product is brought from
with bringing the HTS materials to world-
design to completion; and (2) activities di-
wide attention were all supported for
rected at expanding the technical capabil-
many years by Federal agencies. At the
ity to bring a product (which is new and
fundamentally different in character from
time of the discovery of the phenomenon
existing products) from design to comple-
of HTS, the government was spending
tion. An example of the latter is the effort
about $55 million annually on all aspects
to fabricate high-temperature supercon-
of superconductivity. The budget provides
ducting wires.
$93 million in 5 agencies (Defense, NASA,
Energy, National Science Foundation and
Improvements in U.S. manufacturing tech-
the National Institute of Standards and
nology can increase productivity and qual-
Technology in Commerce) for supercon-
ity, leading to competitive products which
ductivity R&D.
increase market share while supporting a
high standard of living. While industry
Protecting the Public Health Through
has the central role in R&D to improve
Biomedical and Behavioral Research
manufacturing technology, an appropriate
"Progress in the war against disease depends
role in such R&D exists for the govern-
upon a flow of new scientific knowledge. New
ment as well. The Federal role in ad-
products, new industries, and more jobs require
continuous additions to knowledge of the laws of
vanced manufacturing R&D lies in sup-
nature, and the application of that knowledge to
porting (1) generic manufacturing tech-
practical purposes. This essential, new knowledge
nologies and (2) those technologies which
can be obtained only through basic scientific re-
search."1
are directly applicable to the procurement
needs of government programs. About half
Since Vannevar Bush made this statement
of advanced manufacturing R&D proposed
in 1945, federally supported research has
in the 1992 budget falls into each of these
helped Americans live longer, healthier lives
categories.
by improving the quality of medical practice
Materials R&D.-Materials R&D forms
and by developing new preventive measures.
the foundation for many advances in other
The U.S. leads the world in biomedical re-
technological areas such as aeronautics,
search-both the pace of new discoveries and
computers, biotechnology, and manufactur-
America's continued dominance of scientific
ing. The Federal Government funds a sub-
Nobel prizes attest to that pre-eminence.
stantial amount of materials R&D, mainly
"Vannevar Bush. Science, the Endless Frontier: A Report to the
in the area of materials science. However,
President. U.S. GPO, July 1945, p. 1.
54
THE BUDGET FOR FISCAL YEAR 1992
The budget assures that the next generation
clinical trials, through which promising new
will reap similar benefits by seeking substan-
therapies, preventive interventions and cures
tial increases in the country's investment in
are examined for safety and efficacy, will total
biomedical and behavioral research and devel-
over $725 million in 1992. For example, since
opment. In the Department of Health and
pharmaceutical companies traditionally have
Human Services alone, this increase amounts
been slow to develop anti-drug abuse medica-
to $564 million, or 6 percent, over 1991 fund-
tions, the 1992 budget contains a $55 million
ing levels.
initiative for medications development in
Advances in biomedical and behavioral re-
ADAMHA, a 39 percent increase over 1991.
search can improve the quality of health care
This Federal investment in biomedical and
while helping to control health care costs. One
behavioral research has increased as a propor-
example includes the research-induced changes
tion of GNP from 0.12 percent in 1970 to 0.16
in medical practice which reduced coronary
percent in 1992.
heart disease death rates and the duration of
heart diseases-related hospital stays-saving
Although most of HHS funds are utilized
hundreds of thousands of lives and billions of
for basic research which advances knowledge
dollars. Current path-breaking research, such
for combatting many diseases, some research
as the first human gene therapy experiments
can be loosely classified as related to one spe-
conducted at the National Institutes of Health
cific disease or another, as shown on table
(NIH), proffers the hope of similar advances
C-9. By comparing these data with the data
in human health and cost efficiency in the fu-
in Table B-2 in Chapter IV.B., it can be seen
ture. Research at the Alcohol, Drug Abuse, and
that this investment by disease roughly cor-
Mental Health Administration (ADAMHA) into
responds to the toll these afflictions take in
the causes of human addiction to drugs and
terms of death, illness, and human suffering.
alcohol offers hope of finding ways to reduce
Relating Research Investments to Selected
the human and societal toll caused by sub-
Diseases.-Some have argued that a dis-
stance abuse.
proportionate share of health-related research
The Federal investment in biomedical and
dollars are being devoted to HIV/AIDS. It is
behavioral research is large. In total, the budg-
true that spending per death from HIV/AIDS
et proposes $9.8 billion for the Department of
is high compared to that for heart disease,
Health and Human Services, an increase of
cancer, and stroke, the three leading causes
6 percent over 1991. While most of this re-
of death in the country. HIV, however, often
search is basic, considerable sums are invested
strikes early in life. More than 45 percent of
in applied research and development as shown
AIDS victims are younger than 35, and a
in Table C-8. This research helps ensure that
growing number are children. As a result,
basic research discoveries are translated into
some suggest that research spending per year
marketable therapies. Indeed, NIH funding of
of potential life lost before age 65 for HIV and
Table C-8. HEALTH R&D IN THE DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND
HUMAN SERVICES
(Dollar amounts in millions)
Budget Authority
1991
1992
Dollar
Percent
Enacted
Proposed
change
change
Basic Research
5,101
5,477
+376
+7
Applied research
3,161
3,283
+123
+4
Development
1,012
1,076
+65
+6
Total Conduct, HHS R&D
9,273
9,836
+564
+6
IV.C. ENHANCING R&D AND EXPANDING THE HUMAN FRONTIER
55
the three killer diseases is more comparable
will continue to discourage behaviors that lead
than that for spending per death, as shown
to transmission of the virus, and treatment
in the following chart. In addition, a com-
and income support funds will continue to be
prehensive assessment of relative funding lev-
made available to those already afflicted. In-
els must consider other factors, such as mor-
deed, the largest increase related to HIV/AIDS
bidity and quality of life. The charts also show
will come from Federal spending for Medicaid
substantial investments in diabetes, a disease
and Medicare, which are projected to increase
that is a major contributor to disability as well
by a total of 29 percent over 1991. Additional
as the Nation's seventh leading cause of death.
research and education are the best methods
Deaths and years of potential life lost attrib-
for ensuring that future generations will not
utable to the three major killers and diabetes
bear so heavy a burden, and the 1992 budget
are projected to grow, individually and collec-
therefore makes substantial efforts in these
tively, by less than 7 percent over the 4 years
areas.
between 1990 and 1993. In contrast, deaths
Moving Fusion Energy From Science to
and years of potential life lost due to HIV will
Engineering.-Fusion energy offers the po-
increase much more quickly, rising by 40 to
tential to be a clean plentiful fuel for the pro-
80 percent. These projections further support
duction of electricity for the longer term. Com-
the priority given to HIV research in the 1992
pared with the burning of fossil fuels, fusion
budget.
would produce no sulphur or carbon dioxide.
The Budget Includes a Major Investment to
The Fusion Program Advisory Committee
Confront Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Ac-
(FPAC) of the Department of Energy has rec-
quired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (HIV/
ommended a long-range goal-oriented plan for
AIDS).Since the greatest hope for devising
an operating Demonstration Power Plant by
better treatments, or even a cure or vaccines,
2025 and an operating Commercial Power
for HIV/AIDS will come from advances in
Plant by 2040.
knowledge, the budget continues to place a pri-
The budget proposes $337 million for fusion,
ority on biomedical and behavioral research re-
an increase of $62 million (23 percent) over
lated to HIV/AIDS. As shown in table C-10,
the 1991 level. Funding is included for R&D
governmentwide HIV/AIDS funding will in-
and design work at the Plasma Physics Lab-
crease by $558 million or 15 percent. This in-
oratory at Princeton University leading to a
cludes a 5 percent increase for research and
Burning Plasma Experiment to improve the
a 24 percent increase for treatment.
scientific base for magnetic fusion. Over the
The budget would enable the Nation to con-
next year, the Department will be seeking
tinue making progress in the battle against
international participation in this endeavor
HIV/AIDS. Additional candidate therapies will
prior to committing to a specific construction
be screened and tested, education programs
project. Inertial confinement fusion alter-
Table C-9. HHS RESEARCH FUNDING ATTRIBUTED TO SELECTED
CAUSES OF ILLNESS
(In millions of dollars)
Budget Authority
1991 Enacted
1992 Proposed
Cancer
1,566
1,653
Heart Disease
663
711
Stroke
76
84
Diabetes
262
277
Injuries
45
46
HIV/AIDS
1,122
1,185
56
THE BUDGET FOR FISCAL YEAR 1992
RESEARCH INVESTMENTS IN SELECTED DISEASES
DOLLARS
(BUDGET AUTHORITY)
DOLLARS
35,000
2,500
1991 RESEARCH FUNDING PER 1991 DEATH (LEFT SCALE)
30,000
1991 RESEARCH FUNDING PER YEAR OF
POTENTIAL LIFE LOST IN 1991 (RIGHT SCALE)
2,000
25.000
1,500
20.000
15,000
1,000
10.000
500
5,000
o
0
CANCER
DIABETES
HEART
STROKE
HIV
DISEASE
SOURCES: OMB end agency staff estimates, Public Health Service and Centers for Disease Control projections.
Table C-10. THE BUDGET PROPOSES A 15 PERCENT INCREASE IN
FEDERAL FUNDING FOR HIV/AIDS¹
(Dollar amounts in millions)
1991
1992
Dollar
Percent
Enacted
Proposed
change
change
HIV/AIDS:
Research
1,152
1,210
+58
+5
Treatment
1,614
1,999
+385
+24
Prevention
630
637
+7
+1
Income Support
305
414
+109
+36
Total
2
3,701
4,259
+558
+15
"Funds are for programs in the Departments of Health and Human Services, Defense, Veterans Affairs,
Education, Justice, State, Labor, and independent agencies. Total also includes obligations for the Social Security
Administration.
"In addition to the spending identified above, the budget includes other initiatives, most notably those related to
drugs and infant mortality, that contribute to the fight against HIV and AIDS.
natives will also be pursued in the research
Thermonuclear Engineering Reactor. This 6-
program.
year collaboration among four equal partners
The budget proposes that the United States
(U.S., European Community, Japan, and the
continue international participation in the en-
Soviet Union) is a model for international co-
gineering design phase of the International
operation in science and technology. Such a
IV.C. ENHANCING R&D AND EXPANDING THE HUMAN FRONTIER
57
joint project has the advantages of sharing
Expanding Civilian Applied R&D at the
knowledge and personnel, reducing the finan-
National Institute of Standards and Tech-
cial burden for each party, and optimizing the
nology (NIST).-The budget proposes $248
use of special facilities and capabilities for the
million, a 15 percent increase over 1991, for
common goal of achieving energy from fusion.
NIST. NIST carries out R&D which supports
standards development and advances measure-
Improving the Air Transport System-
ment techniques, both of which are critical to
Aeronautics R&D.-The goal of NASA's aero-
nautics research and technology program is
improving product quality, allowing for effec-
based on a strategy that calls for developing
tive use of new technologies, and improving
a broad technology base in support of the com-
public safety. In addition, NIST performs ge-
mercial aviation industry; enhancing the safety
neric applied research and technology develop-
and capacity of the national airspace system;
ment, often in collaboration with industry,
and helping assure U.S. aeronautical superi-
which has potential benefit to broad segments
ority for national security. Aeronautics R&D
of the economy. The budget proposal continues
has traditionally been a highly successful close
an effort begun in the 1991 budget to expand
cooperative effort between the Federal Govern-
NIST's ability to perform generic applied re-
ment and the private sector.
search and technology development and to ad-
dress a rapidly growing number of important
Technologies are being pursued which offer
standards and measurement issues.
major advances in vehicle performance and ca-
pabilities. Research efforts have been ex-
NIST in-house research covers a broad spec-
panded in high-payoff areas associated with
trum of technologies such as electronics, manu-
a broad range of future vehicle applications
facturing, materials science, chemical science
including subsonic and high-speed transport
and information systems. The 1992 increase
aircraft.
will support new projects in many areas in-
cluding: expedited development of measure-
The budget proposes $543 million for aero-
ment standards for intelligent machines; devel-
nautics R&D (excluding High Performance
opment of standards for fiber-optic systems
Computing), an increase of 13 percent over the
and high-temperature superconductors; ex-
1991 enacted level. The budget proposal re-
panded research into intelligent processing of
flects the need to continue to address critical
materials; analysis of the thermophysical prop-
technology barriers to and strengthen tech-
erties of refrigerants that are alternatives to
nology development necessary for future avia-
chlorofluorocarbons; methods to measure the
tion advances. Work in focused high-speed re-
performance of high density recording on mag-
search has been expanded to include a focus
netic films; and development of seismic design
on enabling propulsion materials necessary to
and construction standards to reduce vulner-
develop future aircraft. In addition, the budget
ability to earthquakes.
includes funding for a new program focused
on advanced subsonic aircraft. This program
The budget also includes $36 million for the
will develop nondestructive evaluation tech-
Advanced Technology Program (ATP). This
nology to help ensure the safe operation of
program provides a minority share of funding
aging transport aircraft now in the National
for industry-led high risk R&D on pre-competi-
Airspace System and will also provide the
tive, generic technologies. In a broad sense,
technology base for application and cer-
the goal of the program is to help bridge the
tification of fly-by-light and power-by-wire con-
gap between more fundamental R&D and com-
trol systems.
mercial R&D. ATP is an important, but experi-
mental, program whose results cannot be pre-
In addition to the work proposed above, the
dicted with certainty. Another experimental
budget includes $72 million as NASA's share
program is the Manufacturing Technology
of the joint NASA/Defense National Aerospace
Centers. The budget proposes $10 million for
Plane Program (NASP). Defense will provide
this program to support the continuation of
$233 million in 1992. This program is focused
the five existing Manufacturing Technology
on development of hypersonic technology lead-
Centers and the start of a sixth center. These
ing to a future decision on a flight research
centers are intended to enhance U.S. manufac-
vehicle.
turing by transferring Federal advanced manu-
58
THE BUDGET FOR FISCAL YEAR 1992
facturing technologies and practices to the pri-
and the commitment to development and ex-
vate sector. Three of the centers will undergo
ploitation of advanced technologies. Examples
a review in 1992.
are anti-submarine technologies for detecting
increasingly quiet submarines, improving tor-
MAINTAINING NATIONAL SECURITY:
pedo warheads and delivery mechanisms, and
DEFENSE R&D IN THE 1992 BUDGET
developing nonconventional methods of acous-
tic detection. As discussed in the section of
For all defense-related R&D, including R&D
this chapter on high performance computing
supported by the Departments of Defense and
and communications, Defense will play a lead
Energy, the budget proposes $43 billion, an
role in developing the technology to increase
increase of over $5 billion, or 14 percent, above
computer performance by several orders of
1991. Defense-related R&D will comprise 60
magnitude. This continues the pathfinding ef-
percent of overall Federal R&D funding in
forts of the Department of Defense that have
1992.
led to today's advanced parallel processors. In
addition, DOD technology-base R&D programs
Department of Defense.-A strong defense
have led to civilian applications. These include
R&D program is a key element of United
CATSCAN imaging technology for improved
States national security strategy. This is un-
medical diagnosis, advanced structural mate-
derscored by the fact that R&D funding will
rials for commercial aircraft (aluminum alloys
grow from $35 billion in 1991 to over $40 bil-
and composites) and such common devices as
lion in 1992 while the defense budget overall
microwave ovens. The basic research portion
will decline in real terms. Not only does the
of the DOD technology base supports a wide
Defense R&D program provide for the develop-
range of scientific disciplines, including ocean-
ment of major weapon systems but it also pro-
ography, materials, mathematics and bio-
vides important general benefits to U.S. tech-
chemistry.
nological capabilities.
Development.-The budget proposes nearly
Technology Base.-The budget proposes $3.9
$37 billion for development programs, an in-
billion for the technology base-programs for
crease of over $5 billion, or 16 percent. Within
basic and applied research that provide future
this total, the budget proposes $2.2 billion to
defense options and that advance technologies
fabricate prototype systems and subsystems
with broad applications. It also helps guard
that support defense missions. Some of these
against technological surprise by potential ad-
also have potential commercial applications.
versaries. Investment in the technology base
Defense will provide major support to
provides a broad range of options for future
SEMATECH, the semiconductor industry con-
military capabilities that may be necessary. It
sortium, to advance the manufacturing of inte-
is essential for the U.S. to maintain the tech-
grated circuits. In space, defense is providing
nological superiority in fielded weapon systems
significant support for the National Aerospace
Table C-11. MAINTAINING NATIONAL SECURITY
(Dollar amounts in millions)
Budget Authority
Department
1991
1992
Dollar
Percent
Enacted
Proposed
change
change
Defense-military functions
35,176
40,479
+5,303
+15
Basic research
992
1,010
+17
+2
Applied research
2,754
2,861
+106
+4
Development
31,429
36,609
+5,180
+16
Energy-atomic energy defense programs
2,608
2,768
+161
+6
Total, Conduct of R&D
37,783
43,247
+5,464
+14
IV.C. ENHANCING R&D AND EXPANDING THE HUMAN FRONTIER
59
Plane Program and for development of a new
1992. The complete DOE environmental res-
space launch system.
toration and waste management progam is dis-
The budget proposes nearly $5 billion for
cussed in detail in Chapter IV.E.
preliminary work on subsystems and support-
In addition, DOE develops nuclear reactor
ing technology for defense against ballistic
systems to power Naval vessels. The budget
missiles under the Strategic Defense Initiative.
proposes $678 million for Naval reactors R&D,
These efforts are directed toward a defense
an increase of $26 million over 1991.
against limited attacks from anywhere in the
world against U.S. territory, deployed U.S.
ENCOURAGING INCREASED PRIVATE
forces or our allies.
SECTOR R&D INVESTMENTS
The largest portion of Defense R&D funding
The budget proposes permanent extension of
is allocated to the development of a new gen-
the research and experimentation tax credit
eration of advanced weapons systems and im-
and a one-year extension of the tax rules gov-
provements to currently-deployed systems. The
erning the allocation of foreign and domestic
budget proposes over $29 billion for these ac-
R&D expenditures.
tivities. New weapons systems under develop-
ment include the B-2 bomber, the Advanced
Industry is the largest supporter of R&D in
Cruise Missile, the Advanced Tactical Fighter,
the Nation, providing about 50 percent of the
the SSN-21 attack submarine and advanced
total national R&D investment. It also per-
armored vehicles. In addition, current systems,
forms much of the R&D funded by the Federal
such as the M-1 tank, the F/A-18 fighter and
Government. In total, over 70 percent of all
the F-16 multi-role aircraft will be upgraded.
R&D is performed by industry.
Department of Energy.-The budget pro-
From the early 1960s through the mid-
poses $2.8 billion for Department of Energy
1980s, total real industrial R&D expenditures
(DOE) Atomic Energy Defense programs, an
increased significantly, mostly in development.
increase of $161 million, or 6 percent over
Since the mid-1980s, however, the rate of
1991. The largest component of these R&D ac-
growth in industrial R&D spending has leveled
tivities is the research, development and test-
off, dropping from a rate of 7 percent average
ing of nuclear weapons. The budget proposes
annual percent real growth between
$1.8 billion for that activity, including associ-
1980-1985 to 2 percent between 1985-1990.
ated R&D facilities, an increase of $27 million
For 1990 and 1991, both the National Science
over 1991. The DOE nuclear weapons R&D
Foundation and the Battelle Memorial Insti-
program will increase efforts to improve the
tute project that industrial R&D will, at best,
safety of nuclear weapons and to develop new
keep pace with inflation. The tax incentives
technology to verify arms control treaties. In
can help boost private R&D investment.
addition, the DOE weapons laboratories are
increasing efforts to promote the transfer of
R&E Tax Credit
non-sensitive defense-funded technology to the
The Research and Experimentation (R&E)
private sector. The budget proposes $32 mil-
tax credit was originally adopted in 1981 to
lion to support for such technology transfer
encourage increased private R&D spending.
activities.
The credit was never made permanent, but
The environmental cleanup of atomic energy
was renewed in 1986, 1988, 1989 and 1990
defense facilities is one of the fastest growing
at a lower rate than originally granted. Reduc-
programs in DOE. Technology development ac-
ing the rate of the credit, combined with reduc-
tivities play a major role in the clean-up effort,
tions in corporate income tax rates and the
resolving major technical issues related to ef-
actual calculation of the credit, have the effect
fective waste management and cleanup and
of reducing the incentive effect of the original
advancing technologies to attain and maintain
credit by more than 50 percent.
compliance with current laws and regulations.
R&E tax credits prior to 1989 reduced the
The budget proposes to increase this invest-
cost of increments to R&D for most qualifying
ment in technology development by 60 percent,
firms by about 6 to 9 percent. In 1989 the
from $206 million in 1991 to $330 million in
incentives provided by the credit were im-
60
THE BUDGET FOR FISCAL YEAR 1992
INDUSTRY SUPPORT FOR RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
1990$
HAS LEVELED OFF IN RECENT YEARS
BILLIONS
60
50
1980
1970
1980
1985
1990
%
OF
GNP
0.88
1.03
1.13
1.44
1.37
40
DEVELOPMENT
30
APPLIED
20
RESEARCH
BASIC
10
RESEARCH
0
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1991
Sources: National Science Foundation, Office of Management and Budget.
proved. The version of the R&E credit enacted
cent of U.S. expenditures to be covered rather
in 1989, and extended in the 1990 Omnibus
than the current 75 percent. This proposal
Budget Reconciliation Act, reduces, for most
would apply to all tax years beginning after
qualifying firms, the cost of increments to
August 1, 1990, when the current rules ex-
R&D by 20 percent. Bailey and Lawrence have
pired.
estimated that this version of the R&E tax
credit should increase corporate R&D spending
ENHANCING THE R&D
in the 1990s by about 4 percent. Making the
INFRASTRUCTURE
credit permanent would help reverse the re-
cent trend toward leveling off of corporate
Adequate research facilities and equipment
are essential to the effectiveness of national
R&D spending.
research efforts-collectively an enterprise
The budget proposes two changes in the tax
that supports the search for a basic under-
code designed to provide additional incentives
standing of nature, the missions of government
for industry to increase its R&D expenditures.
agencies, the improvement of industrial prod-
The budget proposes to make the 20 percent
ucts and processes, and the training of future
R&E tax credit permanent by allowing 100
generations of scientists and engineers. To sus-
percent of total research expenses to be used
tain a strong national research capability and
for the computation of the credit for all years
to enable expansion of research capacity, R&D
after December 31, 1990. In addition, the
infrastructure must be maintained and replen-
budget proposes to extend for one year the
ished.
rules, as modified in 1989 and extended in
Overview of Trends and Status of
the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of
National R&D Infrastructure
1990, for the allocation of foreign and domestic
R&D expenditures for companies with foreign
The Federal Government directly funds the
operations. The proposal would allow 100 per-
cost of facilities and equipment necessary for
IV.C. ENHANCING R&D AND EXPANDING THE HUMAN FRONTIER
61
the conduct of R&D at Federal facilities. Pri-
tions in 1990, representing 42 percent of the
vate industry and universities have primary
total 276 million NASF of S/E space at these
responsibility for the R&D infrastructure
institutions. (This figure excludes aca-
under their respective jurisdictions. However,
demically-administered Federally Funded Re-
since the Federal Government does support
search and Development Centers (FFRDCs).)
basic research at universities, it provides sub-
There were no significant changes from 1988
stantial funding for university R&D facilities
to 1990 either in the overall amount of aca-
and equipment:
demic research space or in its distribution
among institution types or research disciplines.
For new facilities and equipment, Federal
agencies provide direct funding where they
Federal Support for University Research
Facilities.-The Federal Government has pro-
are directly related to federally funded re-
vided a significant level of support for univer-
search.
sity research facilities. This includes direct
For repair and renovation, the Federal
support for facilities in support of federally
Government provides indirect funding,
funded research and indirect cost recoveries.
through the payments to universities of
In 1988-89, the latest period for which esti-
use and depreciation allowances for re-
mates are available, private institutions initi-
search facilities as part of the indirect
ated $738 million of new construction and pub-
costs associated with research grants.
lic institutions initiated $1.73 billion of new
construction. The Federal Government pro-
University Research Facilities.-The Na-
vided an estimated 11 percent and 16 percent
tional Science Foundation reported in its 1990
of these funds, respectively.
facilities survey that there were an estimated
116 million net assignable square feet (NASF)
Expenditures for the repair and renovation
of science/engineering (S/E) research space at
of research facilities totalled an estimated $1
the Nation's 525 research-performing institu-
billion in 1988-1989, with private institutions
FEDERAL SUPPORT FOR UNIVERSITY INFRASTRUCTURE THROUGH
INDIRECT COST PAYMENTS HAS GROWN SHARPLY
$ MILLIONS
1,000
800
600
400
200
0
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
62
THE BUDGET FOR FISCAL YEAR 1992
accounting for one-third of this total ($311 mil-
Providing direct grants for academic re-
lion). Direct Federal funding accounted for 9
search facilities repair and renovation
percent of repair and renovation activity at
through the National Science Foundation,
private institutions, and 4 percent at public
funded at $20 million in 1991.
institutions.
The 1992 budget does not contain funding
Indirect Federal support for academic re-
for either of these practices. Earmarking which
search facilities, through the recovery of use
does not involve merit review of any kind, is
and depreciation charges and operations and
an inefficient use of scarce resources. Further,
maintenance charges on Federal grants,
it has the effect of weakening the Nation's
reached almost $1 billion in 1988 (the latest
overall R&D effort. Funds earmarked for aca-
year for which data are available). Almost 20
demic research facilities by Congress in 1991
percent of these charges was for facility depre-
and previous appropriations bills not only were
ciation (which was then intended to be applied
without the benefit of merit-based review, but
by the institutions to renovation or new con-
most often came at the expense of needed in-
struction). The remaining 80 percent was for
creases in support for academic researchers
recovery of operations and maintenance costs.
and in other key activities at Federal lab-
Over the period 1982-1988, the level of indi-
oratories. The Administration will continue to
rect cost recoveries of facilities charges in-
support direct Federal funding for academic
research facilities where such facilities are an
creased over 70 percent in real terms.
integral part of merit-based, competitive re-
However, because indirect cost recoveries are
search projects. For example, the budget pro-
generally credited to the general funds of the
poses $25 million for academic research facili-
institutions, there is no way to determine if
ties associated with the National Research Ini-
the use/depreciation recoveries were actually
tiative of the Department of Agriculture.
applied to research facility construction or re-
Special programs for facilities repair and
pair.
renovation are not warranted because the Fed-
The NSF survey reported an estimated $12
eral Government directly supports only a small
billion in "needed, but unfunded capital
proportion (less than 10 percent) of this activ-
projects" at universities. Each academic insti-
ity. Further, the large amounts of funds recov-
tution must provide a certification that its re-
ered as indirect costs represent a considerable,
search facilities are adequate (to perform the
and continuing, investment in academic re-
research proposed) as a condition of accepting
search facilities.
research grants. This backlog reported by NSF
has not had an apparent effect on the ability
1992 BUDGET PROPOSALS FOR
of universities to accept Federal research
RESEARCH FACILITIES
funds. However, the perception of such a large
"backlog" has led to increased calls from the
The budget proposes nearly $4 billion for
institutions and many members of Congress
construction, repair and modernization of R&D
for a major expansion of Federal support for
facilities and for major research equipment, an
academic research facilities. There has been
increase of $464 million or 15 percent. The
Congressional action in two areas:
major increases in 1992 are due to the initi-
ation of construction of the Superconducting
"Earmarking" of Federal funds to con-
Super Collider and the new instrumentation
struct new facilities at particular institu-
initiative in NSF. This initiative, funded at
tions. The Office of Science and Tech-
$50 million in 1992, will provide state-of-the-
nology Policy, as part of its continuing
art instrumentation to university researchers
evaluation of the state of university re-
through a merit-based competitive process.
search facilities, estimates that about $427
The Federal funding will be matched 50:50
million was appropriated for such projects
from non-Federal sources. In addition, al-
in 1991. (The issue of earmarking is dis-
though total funding for R&D facilities in the
cussed in more detail in a later section
Department of Agriculture (USDA) is proposed
of this chapter.)
to decline, there is a total of $25 million for
IV.C. ENHANCING R&D AND EXPANDING THE HUMAN FRONTIER
63
Table C-12. IMPROVING R&D FACILITIES
(Dollar amounts in millions)
Budget Authority
Outlays
Department or Agency
1991
1992
Dollar
Percent
1991
1992
Dollar
Percent
Enacted
Proposed
change
change
Enacted
Proposed
change
change
Energy
1,199
1,623
+424
+35
1,161
1,442
+281
+24
National Aeronautics and Space
Administration
857
885
+28
+3
722
850
+128
+18
Defense-military
461
538
+76
+17
463
482
+19
+4
National Science Foundation
111
153
+42
+38
155
124
-32
-20
Agriculture
156
128
-27
-18
148
122
-26
-18
Health and Human Services
186
130
-56
-30
111
153
+42
+38
Other Agencies¹
113
88
-24
-22
86
93
+7
+8
Total
3,082
3,545
+464
+15
2,845
3,264
+419
+15
"Includes the Departments of Transportation, Interior, Commerce, Veterans Affairs, Education, the Treasury, the Environmental
Protection Agency, Smithsonian Institution, Tennessee Valley Authority, the Corps of Engineers and the Agency for International
Development.
a facilities program associated with the USDA
where specific earmarking by Congress
National Research Initiative.
has historically been customary.
In other areas, R&D earmarking may be
EARMARKING OF R&D FUNDING
on the rise, with 48 separate actions in
Energy and 20 to 30 each in Defense, Inte-
The hallmark of the Federal Government's
rior, General Services Administration
support for R&D has been the awarding of
(GSA), and the Environmental Protection
R&D grants and contracts through a competi-
Agency. In Defense, $253 million was ap-
tive process. This merit-based approach is in-
plied to R&D earmarks, which were ex-
tended to maximize the potential return on
empted from a previously enacted legal re-
these investments by selecting only the highest
quirement for competition. Also note-
quality research for support.
worthy is the $61 million in a GSA appro-
This merit-based approach, however, has
priation for R&D facilities construction at
been increasingly eroded in recent years due
21 universities and other private institu-
to the Congressional practice of "earmarking",
tions. Neither GSA nor the Treasury-Post-
i.e., requiring that R&D funds be awarded to
al Appropriations subcommittee, where
particular institutions or even to particular re-
these items originated, normally have re-
searchers. This practice is most visible in the
sponsibility for such facilities.
area of new university buildings. However, the
The R&D earmarks have put an extra bur-
practice of earmarking is actually much more
den of at least $332 million on the R&D
pervasive, reaching down to individual re-
programs proposed in the President's 1991
search projects.
budget, because the earmarks were made
As part of an ongoing study of the state
in programs where the overall funding
level was the same or less than the Presi-
of American science, the Office of Science and
dent's 1991 request. The most serious im-
Technology Policy recently completed a de-
tailed analysis of earmarking in the 1991 ap-
pacts appear to be in Energy and Agri-
culture. The other $475 million of R&D
propriation bills. The major findings of the
earmarks were covered, at least in part,
study follow.
by increases in the R&D accounts, which
The study identified 492 such earmarks,
presumably means that a corresponding
totaling $810 million. Of these 325 (total-
burden was applied elsewhere in the budg-
ing $182 million) were in Agriculture,
et.
64
THE BUDGET FOR FISCAL YEAR 1992
At least 25 of the earmarks appear to call
the Congressional reports and bills. Therefore,
for the establishment of new centers, insti-
it did not identify the sponsorship of the ear-
tutions, or other organizations. In most of
marks and does not provide a basis for judg-
these cases, continued Federal support in
ments on the merits of the earmarked items
future years seems clearly implied. Thus,
or on the motivations of the earmarking. A
the 1991 earmarks have put a built-in bur-
more in-depth case-by-case review, with agency
den on the 1992 and future budgets, an
or Congressional staff directly involved, would
effect that will be compounded if addi-
be needed to determine to what degree each
tional earmarks are made in future years.
earmark was (1) a response to advocacy by
a particular institution; (2) a parochial ini-
As the Office of Science and Technology Pol-
tiative in Congress or by a Federal agency;
icy has noted, the study was based only on
or (3) a recognition by Congress of a significant
a review of the often meager information in
national or programmatic need.
Table C-13. CONGRESSIONAL EARMARKING OF R&D FACILITIES AND
RESEARCH IN 1991 APPROPRIATIONS BILLS
(Dollar amounts in millions)
Facilities
Research Projects
Total
Number
Agency
Number
Amount
Number
Amount
Number
Amount
In
Law
Reports
Defense
8
107
20
147
28
253
16
12
Energy
15
104
33
81
48
186
16
32
Agriculture
54
97
271
85
325
182
-
325
Commerce
2
3
12
11
14
14
4
10
Interior
2
1
23
17
25
18
I
25
Health and Human Services
1
*
1
3
2
3
1
1
Education
-
-
5
8
5
8
5
-
General Services Administration
21
61
-
-
21
61
21
-
Environmental Protection Agency
4
37
16
30
20
67
1
19
National Aeronautics and Space
Administration
4
18
-
-
4
18
1
3
Total, All Agencies
111
428
381
382
492
810
65
427
Source: Office of Science and Technology Policy.
Less than $500,000.
EXPANDING THE GEOGRAPHIC FRONTIER: SPACE
EXPLORATION IN THE 1992 BUDGET
The exploration of space provides tangible
missions, is one measure of the vision and ma-
benefits to the Nation in the form of new mate-
turity of the Nation.
rials, scientific and technological discoveries
that will stimulate economic growth and im-
The key to the successful exploration of
prove life on Earth. Space also provides large
space is stable and sustainable funding of a
intangible benefits to the Nation with activi-
balanced program of science, applications and
ties that lift the spirit of people everywhere.
manned space activities. The budget provides
Our will to explore the unknown frontier of
clear evidence of the President's continued
space, both with robotic probes and manned
commitment to his long-term space goals, and
IV.C. ENHANCING R&D AND EXPANDING THE HUMAN FRONTIER
65
Table C-14. THE BUDGET CALLS FOR A 15 PERCENT INCREASE
FOR MAJOR SPACE ACTIVITIES
(Dollar amounts in millions)
Budget Authority
Objective
1991
1992
Dollar
Percent
Enacted
Proposed
change
change
Space Transportation Infrastructure
4,801
5,517
+716
+15
Space Shuttle
4,737
5,167
+430
+9
New Launch System
64
350
+286
+447
NASA
24
175
+151
+629
Defense
40
175
+135
+337
Space Science
1,774
2,141
+367
+21
Mission to Planet Earth
954
1,186
+232
+24
NASA
652
773
+121
+18
Other Agencies
302
413
+111
+37
Mission From Planet Earth
2,199
2,470
+271
+12
Space Station Freedom
2,044
2,214
+170
+8
Space Exploration Initiative
155
256
+101
+65
NASA
37
94
+57
+154
Energy
109
142
+33
+30
Defense
9
20
+11
+122
Other NASA Programs¹
4,600
5,157
+557
+12
Total, All Agencies
14,328
16,471
+2,143
+15
Total, NASA
13,868
15,721
+1,853
+13
¹Includes funding for all other NASA activities including space research and technology, aeronautics,
commercial programs, personnel, construction, and tracking.
to active American leadership in space science
SPACE TRANSPORTATION
and exploration.
INFRASTRUCTURE
The budget proposes to allocate a total of
The foundation of U.S. all space activities
$15.7 billion for the National Aeronautics and
is space transportation. Without adequate
Space Administration (NASA). This represents
transportation, no scientific or exploration ac-
an increase of 13 percent over the 1991 en-
tivities would be possible. Over the last several
acted level. The strategy behind the 1992
years, it has become increasingly evident that
budget has been guided in large part by the
the robustness and the flexibility of the U.S.
findings and recommendations of the Advisory
space launch capability would not be sufficient
Committee on the Future of the U.S. Space
to carry the Nation into the next century. At
Program (the Advisory Committee). This Com-
the present time, the U.S. has one manned
mittee was asked to examine the goals, strate-
space transportation vehicle, the Space Shut-
gies and programs of the current civil space
tle, and a fleet of expendable launch vehicles
program and recommend changes where nec-
with a broad range of payload capability. Sev-
essary. The budget provides increases for space
eral classes of these expendable vehicles are
activities, including research, development,
provided on a commercial basis to the Federal
and operations, to support critical elements of
Government to meet its needs. In addition,
space transportation (that provides the ena-
DOD owns a very large expendable launch ve-
bling infrastructure for all other space activi-
hicle, the Titan IV.
ties), a robust program of space science, to
The strategy reflected in the budget is
meet two major "missions"-a Mission to Plan-
founded on two underlying principles: (1) en-
et Earth" and a "Mission from Planet Earth".
hance the reliability, operability and schedule
66
THE BUDGET FOR FISCAL YEAR 1992
predictability of the Space Shuttle; and (2)
Assured Shuttle Availability (ASA).-With
begin now to develop new launch capability
many operational systems, there is a need
that will relieve the burden now being carried
to establish a well-planned program that
by the Shuttle;
is structured to make continued improve-
ments and to incorporate new technology
Space Shuttle.-The budget recognizes the
where it is cost-effective to do so. Both
importance of the Shuttle to the entire civil
the military services and commercial
space program. The Shuttle is the world's most
transport operators routinely provide for
versatile space transportation vehicle, with the
such programs for their fleets of aircraft
capability to launch and retrieve satellites and
and ships. Up to now, however, no such
to serve as an orbiting laboratory for micro-
structured program has existed for the
gravity and life sciences. However, the Shuttle
Shuttle. Improvements and upgrades were
is also complex and expensive to operate.
approved and funded on an ad hoc basis.
Thus, its use should be limited to payloads
The budget proposes $122 million to initi-
that require manned presence or other unique
ate a new program, Assured Shuttle Avail-
Shuttle capabilities. This strategy recognizes
ability (ASA), that will provide a formal
the Shuttle for what it is-a precious resource
funding mechanism and process for identi-
that should be conserved-and should result
fying and incorporating high-priority im-
in a planned level of activity that is both real-
provements into the Shuttle. Included in
istic and prudent.
this activity will be the ongoing work to
As a consequence, the planned Shuttle flight
develop an Alternate Turbopump for the
rate has been established at 9 missions per
Shuttle main engine.
year in 1992 and 1993, and 10 missions per
New Launch System.-The continued in-
year thereafter. This will allow Shuttle activity
vestment in the Shuttle is coupled with the
to increase from the current level, but will re-
recognition that a new launch system will be
sult in a more stable and attainable flight
needed by the early part of the next century-
schedule, limit operational pressures on the
for a range of payloads including Shuttle-sized
system, reduce long-term risk exposure, and
and larger payloads up to and including a
facilitate implementation of cost containment
"heavy-lift" capability. More capable and more
measures. These objectives are consistent with
cost-effective space transportation systems will
the recommendations of the Advisory Commit-
benefit all space programs, including national
tee.
security, space science and space exploration.
Future space exploration will require a new
Even so, it is clear that the Shuttle will
heavy-lift launch vehicle. In addition, a new
be essential to the civil space program for at
launch system will provide a strong technology
least the next decade. Therefore, investments
base for improvements in the capabilities,
in R&D to maintain and improve the safety,
technology and cost-effectiveness of the U.S.
reliability and performance of the Shuttle are
commercial space sector.
of a high priority. These investments include:
The budget proposes $175 million for NASA
The Advanced Solid Rocket Motor
and $175 million for DOD to continue ad-
(ASRM).-This program is intended to de-
vanced engine development and to initiate a
velop a newer, more capable, more reliable
program that will culminate in the develop-
and safer generation of solid rockets. A
ment of a new space launch system. This new
new state-of-the-art ASRM production fa-
capability was recommended by Advisory Com-
cility is under construction at Iuka, Mis-
mittee on the Future of the U.S. Space Pro-
sissippi. Advances in production learned
gram. It is expected that NASA and DOD will
from the ASRM are expected to be useful
jointly manage and fund this program on a
for solid rockets in other applications (e.g.,
50:50 basis. The program will involve develop-
new unmanned launch vehicles). The
ment of both new propulsion systems and new
budget proposes $350 million to continue
vehicle systems. The two agencies will work
the facility construction and motor devel-
together to develop a strategic plan, including
opment.
budget, program and management options, for
IV.C. ENHANCING R&D AND EXPANDING THE HUMAN FRONTIER
67
Table C-15. THE BUDGET INCLUDES FUNDING FOR 9 SHUTTLE FLIGHTS
AND INVESTMENTS TO IMPROVE THE SHUTTLE
(Dollar amounts in millions)
Budget Authority
1991
1992
Dollar
Percent
Enacted
Proposed
change
change
Space Shuttle
4,737
5,167
+430
+9
Space Shuttle operations
2,790
3,024
+234
+8
Advanced Solid Rocket Motor
401
350
-51
-13
Assured Shuttle Availability
-
122
+122
-
Production and Capability development
1,546
1,671
+125
+8
Expendable launch vehicle (ELV) services
229
342
+113
+49
Tracking and data acquisition
849
943
+94
+11
Total
5,815
6,452
+637
+11
proceeding with new vehicle development and
MISSION TO PLANET EARTH: THE U.S.
will report to the National Space Council.
GLOBAL CHANGE RESEARCH PRO-
GRAM
SPACE SCIENCE
World leaders are taking an increased inter-
est in the economics and social implications
The budget proposes $2.1 billion, an increase
of global environmental changes, both natural
of 21 percent over 1991, for NASA's space
and human-induced. In virtually all these is-
science programs, including astronomy, life
sues, the salient feature is the significant sci-
sciences, planetary exploration, Earth science
entific uncertainty associated with predicting
(other than Mission to Planet Earth), mate-
the behavior of the coupled ocean-atmosphere-
rials research, and other space-based research
land Earth system. The potentially large costs
and flight programs.
associated with addressing environmental
Several exciting flight programs have been
changes (e.g., "greenhouse effect", global cli-
mate change, and ozone depletion) require that
launched in the past year, including the
policy decisions be based on adequate scientific
Galileo mission to Jupiter and the Magellan
knowledge.
radar mapping mission to Venus. There are
over 30 minor and major flight programs that
To provide this knowledge, the U.S. Global
are planned for launch over the next five
Change Research Program (USGCRP) was ini-
years, including Mars Observer, the Advanced
tiated in the 1990 budget. The 1992 USGCRP
Communications Technology Satellite, the
budget again proposes a major expansion of
Gamma Ray Observer, and the Advanced X-
this unprecedented interagency research effort.
Ray Astrophysics Facility.
Funding for global change research will total
$1,186 million, a $232 million, or 24 percent,
The implementation of this broad research
increase over the 1991 enacted level. By 1992,
program is based on a long-range, prioritized
funding for the USGCRP will have nearly dou-
strategic science plan that was developed in
bled since 1990. These activities include a
cooperation with NASA's external science advi-
broad range of monitoring, modeling, and fun-
sory group and is consistent with recent rec-
damental research efforts focused toward pro-
ommendations of the Advisory Committee on
ducing a predictive model of the Earth "sys-
the Future of the U.S. Space Program. These
tem". The U.S. provides 50 percent of the esti-
programs represent nearly 20 percent of the
mated worldwide total of $2 billion spent on
NASA budget total.
global change research.
68
THE BUDGET FOR FISCAL YEAR 1992
The USGCRP has been developed through
Earth Observing System (EOS): EOS is a
the interagency Federal Coordinating Council
series of space platforms and remote sens-
on Science, Engineering and Technology's
ing instruments for monitoring a variety
Committee on Earth and Environmental
of Earth processes, a large data manage-
Sciences (CEES). The program is driven both
ment system, and support to individual re-
by a prioritized science planning framework
searchers to analyze the data. Data collec-
that has been endorsed by the U.S. and inter-
tion will continue for a period of roughly
national scientific communities, and by key sci-
15 years. The Japanese and Europeans
entific questions related to global change policy
will make major contributions by develop-
issues such as the "greenhouse effect", global
ing instruments and platforms which are
climate change, and ozone depletion.
integral elements of the MTPE concept.
To further ensure that the USGCRP contin-
Precursors: A variety of satellite and re-
ues to be relevant to policymakers, the CEES
search programs that will be flown or un-
established a set of integrating themes (i.e.,
dertaken in the next several years de-
climate modeling, global water, carbon, and en-
signed to improve our understanding of a
ergy cycles, ecological systems, and sea level
broad variety of terrestrial, atmospheric,
change) that were based on the recent Sci-
and oceans processes. These are important
entific and Impacts Assessments of the Inter-
precursors to EOS but will not provide the
governmental Panel on Climate Change
critical simultaneity of data collection pro-
(IPCC). In order to improve the Earth system
vided by EOS.
modeling capabilities and support the develop-
ment and implementation of a comprehensive
Earth Probes: This series of very small,
approach to greenhouse gas emission reduc-
simple, and relatively inexpensive sat-
tions, the IPCC assessments concluded that a
ellites will collect data on specific con-
significant reduction in scientific uncertainties
cerns: global ozone, ocean surfaces, and
would have to be achieved in the following
tropical rainfall. There will be five Earth
areas:
Probe missions between the 1993-1997.
sources and sinks of greenhouse gases,
The Earth-based component of the USGCRP
which affect predictions of future con-
is composed of agency activities that support
centrations;
global or very large scale Earth-based observa-
clouds and radiative balance, which
tions (e.g., ship, aircraft, and ground-based re-
strongly influence the magnitude of cli-
search campaigns), and that support fun-
mate change at global and regional scales;
damental research on important geophysical
processes. Many of these Earth-based pro-
oceans, which influence the timing and
grams are dependent on the data collected by
patterns of climate change;
MTPE or provide ground-based data needed
land-surface hydrology, which affect re-
to calibrate MTPE remote sensing instru-
gional climate change and water availabil-
ments. The balance between global space-
ity;
based observations, global Earth-based obser-
vations, and the process studies is essential
polar ice sheets, which affect predictions
to the ultimate development of an integrated
of global sea level changes; and
Earth system model. Within the Earth-based
ecological dynamics, which are impacted
component of the USGCRP:
by and respond to climate change.
NSF and NOAA will provide the con-
Using the science priorities and the integrat-
tinental or global scale Earth-based obser-
ing themes, the CEES developed a balanced
vations by supporting international pro-
and integrated research effort for resolving the
grams such as the World Ocean Cir-
highest priority scientific uncertainties. The
culation Experiment, the Global Energy
space-based component of the USGCRP is com-
and Water Experiment, Joint Global
prised of NASA's Mission to Planet Earth
Ocean Flux Studies, and the Tropical
(MTPE) which includes three elements:
Ocean-Global Atmosphere Program.
IV.C. ENHANCING R&D AND EXPANDING THE HUMAN FRONTIER
69
Table C-16. U.S. GLOBAL CHANGE RESEARCH PROGRAM
(Dollar amounts in millions)
Budget Authority
Department or Agency
1991,
1992
Dollar
Percent
Enacted
Proposed
change
change
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
652
773
+121
+19
Earth Observing System
191
336
+145
+76
Remotely Piloted Aircraft
-
5
+5
-
Precursors/Earth Probes
461
432
-29
-6
National Science Foundation
87
119
+32
+37
Energy
66
77
+11
+17
Agriculture
39
53
+14
+36
Commerce (NOAA)
47
78
+31
+66
Interior
37
46
+9
+24
Environmental Protection Agency
22
26
+4
+18
Smithsonian
5
8
+3
+60
Defense
0
6
+6
-
Total, Budget Authority
954
1,186
+232
+24
NSF, NOAA, NASA, DOE, DOI, EPA,
U.S. policy in the Arctic consists of four ele-
USDA, Smithsonian, and DOD will all
ments: protection of essential security inter-
support the prioritized and important fun-
ests; support for sound, rational development
damental geophysical process studies and
of the region; promotion of scientific research
modeling efforts that are reflected in the
contributing to knowledge about the Arctic;
USGCRP integrating themes.
and promotion of mutually beneficial inter-
In 1990, the National Academy of Sciences'
national cooperation in the Arctic. Federal Arc-
National Research Council conducted a review
tic research is guided by a 5-year research
of the USGCRP and endorsed it "as a sound
plan developed by the Interagency Arctic Re-
national program to reduce the scientific un-
search Policy Committee (IARPC) (in con-
certainties associated with global change is-
sultation with the Presidentially-appointed
sues." The NRC also was asked to examine
Arctic Research Commission and other inter-
many of the underlying EOS assumptions (i.e.,
ested groups) and updated biennially.
the environmental parameters being collected,
the need for data simultaneity, and the data
The budget includes $134 million for Arctic
management approach). For EOS, the NRC en-
research, an increase of about $12 million over
dorsed the science but suggested that other
the 1991 level. Activities included in the
flight alternatives should be examined for
USGCRP account for approximately 50 percent
some of the EOS remote sensing instruments.
of this increase. Within the total for 1992, $60
In response to this recommendation and simi-
million is proposed to implement the four inte-
lar recent recommendations made by the Advi-
grated programs covering the western Arctic:
sory Committee on the Future of the U.S.
oceans research, geodynamics, studies of the
Space Program, an external engineering re-
Bering Sea and land mass, and monitoring and
view will be undertaken during 1991 to look
data collection activities. Approximately $6
at alternative approaches to flying EOS instru-
million of this amount is for ship and aircraft
ments.
support in five agencies, NSF, Transportation,
NOAA, Interior, and DOD/Navy. These pro-
One area that has received special emphasis
is Arctic research, though U.S. activities in the
grams support bilateral and multilateral envi-
Arctic go beyond the range of programs in-
ronmental, space, oceans, and social science
cluded in the USGCRP.
agreements and cooperative activities.
70
THE BUDGET FOR FISCAL YEAR 1992
Table C-17. UNDERSTANDING THE ARCTIC
(Dollar amounts in millions)
Budget Authority
Category
1991
1992
Dollar
Percent
Enacted
Proposed
change
change
Resource development¹
49
56
+7
+14
Arctic as laboratory²
48
50
+2
+4
National security"
25
28
+3
+12
Total
122
134
+12
+10
¹Includes the Departments of Interior, Commerce, Agriculture, Energy, Transportation, State, and the
Environmental Protection Agency.
"Includes the Department of Health and Human Services, and the National Aeronautics and Space
Administration, the National Science Foundation, and the Smithsonian Institution.
"Includes the Department of Defense. The 1991 enacted level includes a one-time increase for Defense of about
$13 million specifically for upper atmosphere research and associated facilities, including the High Frequency
Active Auroral Research Program (HAARP). For the purposes of comparison with 1992 levels, this funding has
been excluded.
Landsat.-Acquisition of data from land re-
that will be needed for future manned explo-
mote sensing satellites is an important ele-
ration of the solar system.
ment in understanding global change. The
Space Station Freedom.-NASA is com-
Admininstration is committed to operating the
Land Remote Sensing Satellites (Landsats 4
pleting a major review of the design of Space
Station Freedom (SSF). The functions of the
and 5) as long as they are the only operational
Landsat satellites, and to completing the de-
Space Station will be focused primarily in two
velopment and launch of the next satellite
major areas: life sciences and microgravity re-
(Landsat 6). The budget proposes $17 million
search. The former will provide needed experi-
within the Department of Commerce, sufficient
ence in studying the effects of weightlessness
to cover the operation of Landsats 4 and 5
and radiation exposure, as a precursor to fu-
through August of 1992 (when Landsat 6 is
ture missions to the Moon and Mars. The lat-
expected to become operational). Landsat 6
ter will provide the initial benefits from SSF
will be operated by, and at the expense of,
and will lay the groundwork for a new spurt
the Earth Observing Satellite Company.
of commercial space activity.
It is expected that the reconfigured design
MISSION FROM PLANET EARTH:
will result in significant advantages over the
MANNED SPACE FLIGHT AND SPACE
current program:
EXPLORATION
it will place the program on a more sus-
tainable budget path;
These activities include the Space Station
Freedom and the space exploration initiative.
it will simplify the design and permit de-
Together these programs support the goal of
velopment in stages, holding closely to cur-
expanding human presence and activity be-
rent schedules for early utilization;
yond Earth's orbit into the solar system. The
strategy underlying these activities is com-
it will require less dependence on the
posed of two major elements: (1) modify Space
Space Shuttle. The restructured program
Station Freedom to focus on two principal ob-
will require fewer Shuttle assembly flights
jectives: life sciences and microgravity, and to
in the near-term, and opportunities to use
reduce its operational complexity; and (2) sup-
expendable launch vehicles to support op-
port the "long pole" technology building blocks
erations will be investigated;
IV.C. ENHANCING R&D AND EXPANDING THE HUMAN FRONTIER
71
Table C-18. SPACE STATION FREEDOM
(Dollar amounts in millions)
Budget Authority
1991
1992
Dollar
Percent
Enacted
Proposed
change
change
Space Station Freedom:
Research and Development (excluding FTS)
1,794
2,029
+235
+13
Flight Telerobotic Servicer1
106
(55)
(-51)
(-48)
Total, Research and Development
1,900
2,029
+129
+7
Facilities and Program Management
144
185
+41
+28
Total, Space Station Freedom
2,044
2,214
+170
+8
¹Proposed to be moved in 1992 to Space Research and Technology.
it will reduce the requirements for extra-
Space Exploration Initiative.-The Presi-
vehicular activity (EVA) for assembly, op-
dent remains firmly committed to his long-
eration, and maintenance, by more careful
term goal, articulated in 1989, of manned and
consideration of operational requirements
unmanned exploration of the solar system. The
in the design, and by emphasizing pre-
budget reflects this commitment by proposing
launch integration and verification of
$256 million, an increase of 65 percent, for
flight systems.
exploration activities in NASA and the Depart-
ment of Energy and for related activities in
participation of the European Space Agen-
the Department of Defense. For 1992, the
cy, Japan, and Canada will, of course, be
budget is based on a strategy of supporting
continued.
activities focused on key, long-lead tech-
nologies that will be necessary for any future
The budget provides $2,029 million for SSF
exploration endeavors. These technologies are:
development, an increase of 7 percent over the
space surface nuclear power, space nuclear and
1991 enacted level. This amount will support
conventional propulsion, and life sciences and
continued progress on development.
life support technologies.
A major change has been made in the Flight
The technology strategy appears consistent
Telerobotic Servicer (FTS) project. FTS was in-
with the evolving approach for space explo-
tended to be one of several systems that would
ration under development by the Space Explo-
provide early robotic assembly and servicing
ration Initiative Synthesis Group. In addition,
capability to the Space Station. However, the
the Synthesis Group will identify at least two
Space Station design review has revealed that
fundamentally different exploration architec-
the importance of having FTS available in the
tures. For the next few years, the Federal Gov-
earliest stages of Space Station operations has
ernment will develop these architectures in
been greatly diminished. FTS no longer rep-
parallel with the technologies which can make
resents a "critical path" item. Even so, the FTS
exploration affordable. Only after the tech-
robotic technologies, particularly the end-effec-
nology and architecture groundwork has been
tor technologies, are of great importance in the
firmly laid, will the Administration propose
long-term for the Space Station and the space
specific new manned and unmanned explo-
program generally. Therefore, the budget pro-
ration missions. This suite of exploration tech-
poses $55 million to focus the FTS project on
nologies will be expanded over time, consistent
technology development, and proposes to move
with the "go-as-you-pay" philosophy rec-
the FTS program to the Space Research and
ommended by the Advisory Committee.
Technology area as part of a broader Automa-
For space surface nuclear power, the budget
tion and Robotics activity.
proposes to continue the joint NASA/DOD/
72
THE BUDGET FOR FISCAL YEAR 1992
DOE SP-100 program, and, in the Department
ing reduced trip times and reduced mass (thus
of Energy, to conduct R&D concurrently on
lower cost). For life sciences and support tech-
radioisotopic thermoelectric generators (RTGs).
nologies, the budget again proposes to initiate
The focus of 1992 efforts will be on design
the Lifesat program. Lifesat will be a series
studies and technology efforts directed at lunar
of reusable satellites designed to carry living
operations using either SP-100 for higher
specimens into orbit, to monitor and study crit-
power levels (10s to 100s of kilowatts) or RTGs
ical parameters such as radiation exposure,
for lower power levels. Nuclear rocket propul-
and to return the living specimens to Earth
sion appears to offer significant advantages
for analysis. First launch is planned for 1996.
over conventional chemical propulsion, includ-
EXPANDING THE HUMAN FRONTIER THROUGH
BIOTECHNOLOGY
Biotechnology holds great promise for new
of the material contained in this section is
life-enhancing discoveries in the fields of medi-
drawn from the forthcoming report.
cine, foods, and environmental cleanup.
SIGNIFICANT ACHIEVEMENTS/NEW
The budget proposes $4,107 million for bio-
TRENDS
technology R&D, an increase of $319 million,
or 8 percent, over 1991. Increasing the Federal
The biotechnology revolution began in the
investment in biotechnology R&D will spur
1970s and 1980s when scientists learned new
further advances in this rapidly growing field.
techniques to alter precisely the genetic con-
In addition, the Administration recently com-
stitution of living organisms. The newer, most
pleted a comprehensive review of all other as-
innovative biotechnologies are tremendously
pects of Federal Government policy affecting
diverse and include gene transfer, embryo ma-
biotechnology. The results of this review will
nipulation and transfer, plant regeneration,
be released in a forthcoming report from the
and perhaps the most widely known, recom-
President's Council on Competitiveness. Much
binant DNA technology (rDNA) or "genetic en-
gineering."
Table C-19. THE BUDGET PROPOSES AN 8 PERCENT INCREASE
IN FEDERAL INVESTMENTS IN BIOTECHNOLOGY
(Dollar amounts in millions)
Budget Authority
Department or Agency
1991
1992
Dollar
Percent
Enacted
Proposed
change
change
Health and Human Services
3,296
3,557
+261
+8
Agriculture
119
139
+20
+17
Energy
110
140
+30
+27
National Science Foundation
130
132
+2
+2
Defense
118
123
+5
+4
Other Agencies¹
17
17
-
-
Total, All agencies
3,788
4,107
+319
+8
(Directly-related activities-non-add)
1,663
1,810
+147
+9
(Broader science-based activities-non-add)
1,998
2,144
+146
+7
(Scale-up activities-non-add)
25
32
+7
+28
"Includes the Department of Veterans Affairs and the Environmental Protection Agency.
IV.C. ENHANCING R&D AND EXPANDING THE HUMAN FRONTIER
73
American researchers developed much of the
with enhanced resistance to specific viruses,
basic science of biotechnology and the United
insect pests, and safer herbicides.
States continues to lead in the commercializa-
An important boost for agricultural bio-
tion of most emerging biotechnology products.
technology is research funded through the De-
The new techniques have spawned an industry
partment of Agriculture's National Research
that has seen rapid growth. Since 1975, more
Initiative. Included within the plant systems
than 400 start-up firms active in biotechnology
category is funding for a plant genome map-
have been founded. In addition, more than 200
ping program to locate genes which control
established firms have diversified into bio-
economically important traits in crop plants
technology and there are more than 200 supply
and forest species. Results will help scientists
firms that support biotechnology with mate-
more rapidly and precisely transfer genes to
rials, equipment and services in the U.S.
address environmental concerns and improve
alone. Just a decade and a half after its begin-
food quality and safety.
nings, the U.S. biotechnology industry pro-
duced pharmaceuticals, diagnostic tests, and
A group of research experts recently con-
agricultural products worth close to $2 billion.
vened by the National Institutes of Health
(NIH) recommended approving the use of bo-
vine somatotropin (BST), a genetically engi-
Human Health
neered version of a naturally-occurring growth
Biotechnology enables the identification, de-
hormone, in the production of milk. When ad-
velopment and manufacture of disease-fighting
ministered to dairy cattle, BST can increase
substances and provides new techniques for
milk production by as much as 20 percent.
delivering medicines to diseased parts of the
body. Remarkable new medicines based on bio-
Environment
technology are beginning to appear daily. The
Biotechnology holds great promise for the
Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has ap-
environment including products that will clean
proved a biotechnology-based vaccine for pre-
up the ecosystem, provide alternatives to
venting hepatitis B and eleven other drugs for
chemicals, and perform other tasks such as
treating various diseases. More than 1000 clin-
mineral recovery. Bioremediation is a process
ical trials of new drugs and biologics are un-
that involves the use of microorganisms for
derway. A majority of these are for cancer or
cleanup of the environment. Certain micro-
cancer-related conditions and more than 15
organisms will feed on and degrade hazardous
percent are for AIDS or HIV-related condi-
or toxic chemicals and produce environ-
tions. In addition, molecular genetics and bio-
mentally safe substances as by-products. Re-
technology techniques have enabled the devel-
cent experiments using bioremediation have
opment of a new generation of methods for
demonstrated the value of microbes for clean-
identifying the genetic causes of disease and
up of oil spills. Bioremediation is also used
aiding medical diagnoses.
for cleansing soil contaminated with gasoline.
Microbial degradation of waste and waste
Agriculture, Foods, and Animal
water forms the basis of a substantial portion
Husbandry
of the waste industry. The availability of new
microbial tools for waste management will pro-
Scientific advances from biotechnology have
vide an opportunity for new advances in pro-
not been limited to medicines. Biotechnology
ductivity in this industry.
is expected to play a major role in improving
U.S. agriculture and protecting the environ-
FEDERAL INVESTMENT
ment. Biotechnology offers modern tools for ag-
riculture that can improve nutrition, taste, ap-
The key to future growth in U.S. bio-
pearance, and productivity of plant, animal
technology industry continues to be strong sup-
and other food products. Enhancements of cer-
port for basic research and research training.
tain characteristics in vegetables are expected
This investment continues to produce the ad-
to provide increased resistance to insects, thus
vances in technology that allow the industry
reducing the need for chemical pesticides.
to thrive. In 1992, the total Federal investment
Companies are field testing a variety of crops
in biotechnology-related research is proposed
74
THE BUDGET FOR FISCAL YEAR 1992
at approximately $4.1 billion. Over 80 percent
cluding a gene therapy for AIDS. Other Fed-
of this investment is supported through NIH.
eral agencies such as the Food and Drug Ad-
One of the most significant endeavors is the
ministration and the Centers for Disease Con-
human genome project-designed to map the
trol are entering into CRADAs.
location of all the genes in the human body-
supported by the Departments of Health and
RESEARCH TRAINING
Human Services and Energy.
The development of biotechnology research
Twelve Federal agencies support programs
and training centers is an additional approach
directly related to or in support of biotechnol-
that may prove effective in promoting inter-
ogy, including the Departments of Health and
disciplinary training and promoting industry/
Human Services, Energy, Commerce, Defense,
university research collaboration. The National
Agriculture, and Veterans Affairs, as well as
Science Foundation now funds two biotechnol-
the National Science Foundation, the National
ogy engineering research centers at the Mas-
Aeronautics and Space Administration and the
sachusetts Institute of Technology and Mon-
Environmental Protection Agency. Most of the
tana State University. There are a number of
support for basic biomedical research essential
other such centers, many established through
to the advancement of biotechnology has come
State initiatives.
from the National Institutes of Health. Many
of the agencies are in fields that are poised
FEDERAL REGULATORY
for substantial growth, such as agricultural
ENVIRONMENT
and environmental research. The private sec-
The 1986 Coordinated Framework estab-
tor also provides about $2 billion for bio-
technology research and development, most of
lished a roadmap for Federal regulation of bio-
which is committed to specific product develop-
technology. The Framework was developed to
address the concerns over the potential ad-
ment.
verse impact of unnecessary regulation on bio-
The United States biotechnology and other
technology research and commercial applica-
industries were greatly assisted by the tech-
tions and possible risks associated with using
nology transfer policies initiated in 1980 and
genetically engineered organisms in the envi-
accelerated in the Bush Administration. These
ronment. The Coordinated Framework focuses
policies fostered joint R&D projects between
on the characteristics and risks of the bio-
industry and federally supported universities.
technology product, not the process by which
More recently, this process was extended to
it is created. This principle allows agencies to
federally owned and operated laboratories by
concentrate resources in areas that may pose
protecting private sector commercial rights to
greater risks and leaves relatively unfettered
subsequent discoveries. Such joint R&D allows
the development of biotechnology products pos-
industry to gain access to the most advanced
ing little or no risk.
government facilities. Implementation of the
Based on the principles outlined in the Co-
recently enacted Technology Transfer Act fos-
ordinated Framework, the Food and Drug Ad-
ters competitiveness in, and commercialization
ministration (FDA) announced that it did not
of, biotechnology. Commercialization of univer-
need to establish new procedures for the re-
sity research in cooperation with U.S. industry
view of new biotech-derived products. FDA's
is an important element of federally supported
review of products based on a case-by-case as-
university research.
sessment of risks would address any risks in-
The Federal Government is providing strong
volved in new biotechnology products. The
encouragement for cooperative precompetitive
FDA established a system of user fees for the
biotechnology efforts among the public sector,
review of drugs and medical devices, including
university sector and private sector. Over the
products that use techniques developed
last five years, scientists at NIH have entered
through biotechnology. User fees will enable
into more than 400 cooperative research and
the agency to speed its review of biotechnology
development agreements (CRADAs) with pri-
products and, in turn, allow firms to bring
vate industry. The majority of these have in-
their products to the marketplace sooner. The
volved the development of biotechnology, in-
other two major regulatory agencies-the En-
IV.C. ENHANCING R&D AND EXPANDING THE HUMAN FRONTIER
75
MAKING BIOTECHNOLOGY RESEARCH DISCOVERIES
AVAILABLE FOR PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT
NUMBER OF
CRADA'S SIGNED
180
160
161
140
137
120
120
100
BO
60
40
43
20
o
1989
1990
1891
1982
vironmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the
Department of Agriculture (USDA)-an-
nounced policies for developing additional rules
and guidelines.
STRENGTHENING SCIENCE AND MATHEMATICS
EDUCATION
There has been much debate about the
cation. The analysis began with an examina-
health of our Nation's science and technology
tion of the science and engineering pipeline.
base and the need to improve this base so
There are few indicators of student pref-
we can continue to compete in the global econ-
erence for math and science prior to the last
omy. This need is embodied in the national
several years of high school. Yet after Grade
education goals that were established by Presi-
5, U.S. students' performance on international
dent Bush and the Nation's Governors.
math and science tests begins to decline until
Since the spring of 1990, the interagency
by Grade 9 students score at the bottom. There
Federal Coordinating Council on Science, Engi-
has been a very stable thirty year pattern of
neering, and Technology's Committee on Edu-
only a few students (5 percent of 22 year olds)
cation and Human Resources has been devel-
earning undergraduate math and science de-
oping a strategy to achieve the national edu-
grees that does not appear to be changing. It
cation goals related to math and science edu-
is estimated that less than 10,000, or 0.3 per-
76
THE BUDGET FOR FISCAL YEAR 1992
cent, of the over 4 million 1972 5th graders
as its highest priority increasing the supply
will eventually obtain a science or engineering
of, and improving the skills of precollege math-
doctorate.
ematics and science teachers. In addition,
there will be increased emphasis on improving
The conclusion from this analysis is that the
curricula, developing new educational tech-
national education goals can only be achieved
nologies, and increasing student interest and
if a balanced investment is made in attracting
performance in mathematics and science. Of
and retaining students throughout the science
the total increase of $225 million, $146 million
and engineering pipeline. However, in light of
is targeted toward the precollege level, a 28
the performance problems mentioned above, it
percent increase over the 1991 enacted level.
appears that there is a need for a special near-
At the undergraduate level, the initiative fo-
term emphasis on properly preparing and at-
cuses on enhancing undergraduate science,
tracting students well in advance of college.
mathematics and engineering through curricu-
The budget proposes $1,941 million for math
lum improvements, faculty enhancement and
and science education as a comprehensive step
student incentives. Graduate education pro-
to help address the problems that limit the
grams are maintained at roughly the 1991
pool and performance of math and science
level. A much more detailed description of this
learners. This represents an increase of $225
math and science education initiative is in-
million, or 13 percent, over the 1991 enacted
cluded in Chapter IV.A., "Investing in Human
level. At the precollege level, the initiative has
Capital and Reforming American Education."
Oct. 18 / Administration of George Bush, 1989
Remarks at the Presentation Ceremony for the National Medals of
Science and Technology
October 18, 1989
Secretary Mosbacher and Secretary Sulli-
discoveries in basic research and vaccine
van, Dr. Bromley, and award-winning re-
creation are combating infectious disease,
cipients and other distinguished scientists,
or Rosalyn Yalow, whose breakthrough di-
ladies and gentlemen and friends: first, a
agnostic technique is helping to save thou-
welcome to the White House. And on
sands of lives.
behalf of every American, thank you for
And think, too, of how another of last
your magnificent efforts on behalf of this
year's recipients has been a trailblazer in
nation and, indeed, the whole world. It's an
the aircraft industry. Since the 1940's, Kelly
honor to address this singularly diverse and
Johnson has designed more than 40 aircraft,
distinguished group of Americans and to
including the world's largest aircraft and
present America's highest honor in the
highest flying jet. And he not only led their
areas of science and technology: the Nation-
development programs but on the maiden
al Medal of Science and the National Medal
flights was the flight test engineer himself,
of Technology.
putting his own life on the line, if you will.
Three decades ago the National Medal of
Like each of you, Kelly Johnson has shown
Science was created by Congress, and its
that progress often comes neither quickly
purpose was to recognize individuals for
nor cheaply. And it demands devotion,
their outstanding contributions to knowl-
sometimes even danger; it knows adversity
edge in the physical, biological, mathemati-
and pain. And like each of you, he knows
cal, or engineering sciences. And then 9
that dreams realized make possible even
years ago the National Medal of Technology
bigger dreams.
was established. Its purpose was to recog-
So, today we celebrate dreams that you
nize scientists and engineers for projects
are making possible-dreams that will keep
that improve the well-being of the United
America competitive, raise our standard of
States through the development or applica-
living, improve our quality of life. And your
tion of technology.
dreams presage a new, golden age of infor-
Over the past several decades these con-
mation, understanding, and technology and
tributions and projects have helped make
show how creativity comes from the human
America a richer and better place. And new
heart and mind. And so, in closing, let me
types of grain and fertilizers have spurred
first salute your achievements and your
greater crop yields. Diagnostic technology
commitment. Many of you have been teach-
has helped combat disease. And progress in
ers, and some have served in the Govern-
biology and biotechnology has begun un-
ment, and all have shown that America has
masking the secrets of heredity. And the
no natural resource more precious than her
work goes on through pioneers like you, for
intellectual resources. And next let me
ours is a pioneering heritage, from Eli Whit-
promise you that our administration will do
ney to Lee DeForest to the Salk vaccine for
its part. And if I fall down, I expect my able
polio. And this year's 27 recipients of the
Science Advisor [D. Allan Bromley], friend
Science and Technology Medals embody
to all in this room, to dust me off and push
promley
the best and brightest of that heritage,
me back into the game so I don't forget.
Americans inspired by the belief that the
We know that scientific knowledge must
trailblazers of today will be the heroes of
be renewed and expanded. And so, we will
tomorrow.
continue the American tradition of strong,
Think just over our shoulder of just a
broad-based support for the basic research
handful of last year's recipients. Think of
and R&D in the areas of science and tech-
Edwin Land, who invented a plastic materi-
nology. The approach is going to be well-
al that absorbed light of a specific polariza-
balanced and fair, and it includes both large
tion, or Maurice Hilleman, whose brilliant
science and technology projects as well as
2
1358
Administration of George Bush, 1989 / Oct. 18
small science principal investigator funding.
tribution in a brilliant way. You've inspired
In large science and technology, look at the
generations to come, as you must. For you
opportunities ahead: the superconducting
are, in essence, our true pioneers, dreaming
supercollider and the human genome initia-
the dreams that enhance our energy and
tives or space station Freedom, which will
health, medicine, and productivity, national
lead us toward the stars. And then the small
security, and education.
science potential is no less dazzling. We
Again, my heartfelt congratulations on
want to stay on the path to doubling the
behalf of each and every citizen to you for
National Science Foundation budget-if
your contributions. And now it is my great
Congress will cooperate-and give our
pleasure to introduce the Secretary of Com-
merce, Bob Mosbacher, and my Assistant
youth a special incentive to excel in science,
math, and engineering through our new
for Science and Technology, Dr. Allan
Bromley, who will describe your achieve-
program of National Science Scholars.
ments. I like my end of the bargain some-
So, ladies and gentlemen, these priorities
how: I get to present you with America's
constitute an investment in our own future,
highest technological and scientific award,
strengthening the education which is cru-
and I also get to shake your hands. So,
cial to that future. This investment in edu-
thank you very much, and thank you for
cation is vital if America is to remain the
your magnificent contribution not just to
leader in a very, very competitive world,
our country but to the people around the
both intellectually and commercially, and if
world.
science and technology are to uplift this
generation, as you already have. You've
Note: The President spoke at 2:09 p.m. in
done that. You've displayed your own con-
the East Room at the White House.
Nomination of Bradley Paul Holmes To Be Coordinator for
International Communications and Information Policy at the
Department of State
October 18, 1989
The President today announced his inten-
ington, DC, 1984-1986; associate with the
tion to nominate Bradley Paul Holmes to be
law firm of Scadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher
Coordinator for International Communica-
and Flom in New York, 1981-1984; law
tions and Information Policy at the Depart-
clerk for the Honorable Mary Johnson
ment of State, with the rank of Ambassador.
Lowe, U.S. District Judge for the Southern
He would succeed Sonia Landau.
District of New York, 1979-1981; and an
Since 1986 Mr. Holmes has served as
associate with Windels, Marx, Davies and
chief of the policy and rules division in the
Ives in New York, 1978-1979.
mass media bureau at the Federal Commu-
Mr. Holmes graduated from Dartmouth
nications Commission in Washington, DC.
College (B.A., 1975) and Georgetown Uni-
Prior to this, he served as legal adviser for
versity Law Center (J.D., 1978). He was
Commissioner Dennis R. Patrick at the Fed-
born September 14, 1953, in Boston, MA.
eral Communications Commission in Wash-
Mr. Holmes resides in Falls Church, VA.
1359
Administration of George Bush, 1990 / Nov. 13
set
mote international understanding and coop-
United States of America the two hundred
er,
eration depends, in large part, on our abili-
and fifteenth.
red
ty to understand the languages, customs,
the
and beliefs of other peoples, as well as the
George Bush
red
physical circumstances in which they live.
Despite the importance of public aware-
[Filed with the Office of the Federal Regis-
ness of world geography, statistics indicate
ter, 2:08 p.m., November 13, 1990]
that many Americans lack basic knowledge
in this field. For example, a survey spon-
gis-
sored by the Federal Government found
that many of the Nation's 12th graders do
Remarks at the Presentation Ceremony
not know that the Mississippi River flows
for the National Medals of Science and
into the Gulf of Mexico. The Department of
Technology
Education reports that one-third of all
adults in the United States cannot name any
November 13, 1990
of the countries that belong to the North
Atlantic Treaty Organization, and a Nation-
Welcome, everybody. Thank you all.
al Governors' Association report approxi-
Please be seated. And delighted to see you
mately two years ago indicated that one in
here. Pleased to see Secretary Mosbacher,
seven adults could not locate the United
our Secretary of Commerce; Secretary Wat-
States on a globe. Although such findings
kins, Secretary of Energy; and of course,
underscore the dire need to improve gener-
Dr. Bromley; Admiral Truly, right here in
al knowledge of the subject, geography as a
front, of NASA. Mike-Governor Castle,
the
distinct discipline has been disappearing
good to see you, sir. And we especially want
eri-
from academic curricula around the coun-
to greet our honored guests, this extraordi-
live
try.
nary gathering of scientific and technologi-
As
Fortunately, however, the Administration
cal genius. Welcome to the White House,
ıral
and the Nation's Governors are working to
and welcome to the presentation of the
are
revitalize America's educational system
1990 National Medals of Science and the
through efforts that include renewed em-
National Medals of Technology.
wl-
phasis on the basics. By raising our expecta-
The timing of these awards is fortuitous.
sur-
tions and reaffirming the value of learn-
A year ago this week, Barbara and I award-
joy
ing-including the study and mastery of el-
ed medals to some of the artistic giants of
ger
ementary geography-we can better equip
our time: Alfred Eisenstaedt and Dizzy Gil-
eo-
young Americans for the challenges and op-
lespie and John Updike, among others. And
ans
portunities of the future.
with all that assembled talent, guess what
age
To focus attention on the importance of
led the evening news: the Rose Garden
on-
the study and mastery of geography, the
presentation of the national turkey. [Laugh-
Congress, by Senate Joint Resolution 323,
ter] So, you're in luck. [Laughter] This year
in
has designated the week of November 11
the turkey doesn't get here until Thursday.
op-
through November 17, 1990, as "Geography
[Laughter]
the
Awareness Week" and has authorized and
And this gathering marks a proud
not
requested the President to issue a procla-
moment for me, just as it was when this
er-
mation in observance of this week.
year's Nobel Prizes were announced and it
uc-
Now, Therefore, I, George Bush, Presi-
turned out that eight of the nine winners in
We
dent of the United States of America, do
science and economics were born in the
ef-
hereby proclaim the week of November 11
United States of America. It is, indeed, a
and
through November 17, 1990, as Geography
tribute to America's frontier spirit and to
er-
Awareness Week. I urge all Americans to
our nation's steadfast resolve and sense of
ies
observe this week with appropriate pro-
the future. For when it comes to leadership
We
grams, ceremonies, and activities.
in science and technology, best in America
tic
In Witness Whereof, I have hereunto set
means best in the world.
illy
my hand this thirteenth day of November,
America's tradition of excellence has long
ice
in the year of our Lord nineteen hundred
been nurtured by a tradition of free inquiry
Γo-
and ninety, and of the Independence of the
aimed at the simple goal of better under-
1807
Nov. 13 / Administration of George Bush, 1990
standing ourselves and the world. In the
eration, whose hard work helped to revolu-
1945 report that led to the founding of the
tionize semiconductors, or Allan Cormack,
NSF, the National Science Foundation, Van-
whose pioneering efforts earned him a
nevar Bush-no relation-wrote that "As
Nobel Prize and made CAT scan a house-
long as scientists are free to pursue the
hold word, and scholars as diverse as Bos-
3
truth wherever it may lead, there will be a
ton's Baruj Benacerraf or Seattle's Donnall
0
flow of new scientific knowledge to those
Thomas, another Nobel laureate, whose
who can apply it to practical problems."
contributions to immunology may lead to
And so it is today. More and more, nearly
new answers in our battle against cancer
every product, from electronics to agricul-
and AIDS. Scientists like you have, indeed,
ture, incorporates the latest in technology.
helped America to understand that AIDS is
And more and more, our nation depends on
a disease, not a disgrace. And scientists like
basic scientific research to spur economic
you who have helped America to appreci-
growth, longer and healthier lives, a more
ate our responsibility to those who are
secure world and, indeed, a safer environ-
living with HIV and AIDS. And they de-
ment.
serve our compassion, they deserve our
Today our government must help carry
care, and they deserve more than a chance:
that research forward and contribute to the
They deserve a cure.
development of generic technologies that
Another legacy of these prestigious
build on basic discoveries. If America is to
medals and the work they honor must be
maintain and strengthen our competitive
the cultivation of excellence in science and
position, we must continue not only to
math in classrooms across America. The Na-
create new technologies but learn to more
tional Science Scholars program we pro-
effectively translate those technologies into
commercial products. In this way, we can
posed soon after taking office has now been
enacted and will encourage budding schol-
help leverage the R&D of the private
sector, helping whole industries advance in
ars of today to become the scientists of to-
an increasingly competitive global market.
morrow. Guiding our efforts is an ambitious
America
The budget highlights our administra-
but critical goal for this decade: By the year
2000
tion's commitment to science and technolo-
2000, U.S. students will be first in the world
in science and math.
( gy. We won double-digit increases for both
NASA and the NSF and expanded funds to
This week is Education Week, and its
investigate global climate change. We
theme is "Educating Everyone Takes Ev-
remain committed to doing even more,
eryone," a fitting motto for the challenges
doubling the NSF budget over 5 years and
that lie ahead. If we are truly to remain a
extending the tax credit for R&E, research
world leader in science and technology,
and experimentation. And we're going to
then we must achieve a renaissance of qual-
keep raising America's sights. Space station
ity in our schools and we must tap the
Freedom will give us a permanent presence
talent, the energy, and the commitment of
in Earth orbit, and the Space Exploration
all our families, businesses, and universities.
Initiative will take us to the Moon and Mars
The people we honor today are American
and beyond-back to space, back to the
trailblazers, real-life pioneers who pressed
future, and this time back to stay.
the very limits of their fields. You have dis-
Thirty years from now, when the Nobel
tinguished not only yourselves but also your
Prizes are announced, I want America to be
nation. And that's why America continues
well represented. And 30 years from now,
to need and want and appreciate your crea-
when the Medals of Science and of Tech-
tivity, your genius, and your diversity.
nology are bestowed, I want to see America
Thank you. Congratulations to all. And
graced by a group as accomplished as that
God bless the United States. Thank you for
here today. Many of today's honorees serve
coming.
as prime examples of how we can effective-
[
ly translate basic science into commercial
Note: The President spoke at 2:01 p.m. in
technology. I think of Millie Dresselhaus, 1
the East Room at the White House. In his
arguably the most important and prominent
remarks, he referred to D. Allan Bromley,
woman physicist and engineer of her gen-
Director of the Office of Science and Tech-
1808
Administration of George Bush, 1990 / Nov. 13
nology Policy: Richard H. Truly. Adminis-
count of circumstances that have changed
trator of the National Aeronautics and
since the quota was proclaimed.
Space Administration; and Goc. Michael
4. After reviewing the facts and taking
Castle of Delaware.
into account the report of the Commission
based upon the investigation that it con-
ducted. I have determined that the circum-
stances requiring the current import quotas
on cotton comber waste do not exist at this
Proclamation 6228-To Suspend
Indefinitely the Import Quota on
time. Accordingly, I find that the quantita-
Cotton Comber Waste
tive restrictions imposed under section 22
of the Act on all imported cotton comber
November 13. 1990
waste should be suspended indefinitely, and
that the staple length restrictions on cotton
By the President of the United States
comber waste should be eliminated.
of America
5. Section 604 of the Trade Act of 1974
A Proclamation
(19 U.S.C. 2483) authorizes the President to
1. Presidential Proclamation No. 2351 of
embody in the HTS the substance of the
September 20, 1939, issued pursuant to sec-
provisions of that Act, of other acts affect-
tion 22 of the Agricultural Adjustment Act
ing import treatment, and actions taken
thereunder.
of 1933, as amended (7 U.S.C. 624) (the
Act). limited the total quantity of cotton
Now, Therefore, I, George Bush, Presi-
waste that may be entered in any 12-month
dent of the United States of America, acting
period beginning September 20 in any year
under authority vested in me by the Consti-
and provided country-specific allocations of
tution and the laws of the United States of
such quantity. This action was taken in
America, including but not limited to sec-
order that the entry of cotton waste would
tion 22 of the Act and section 604 of the
not render or tend to render ineffective, or
Trade Act of 1974 (19 U.S.C. 2483). do
materially interfere with. the programs
hereby proclaim that:
with respect to cotton undertaken by the
(1) In subheading 9904.30.50 of the HTS,
Department of Agriculture.
the title of quota quantity column (A).
2. In accordance with section 22 of the
"Minimum Quota for certain comber
Act, the Secretary of Agriculture has ad-
wastes", is modified to read "Quota for
vised me that he has reason to believe that
cotton comber waste".
the quantitative restrictions on imports of
(2) In subheading 9904.30.50 of the HTS.
cotton comber waste, wherever classified in
the title of quota quantity column (B), "Un-
the Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the
reserved Quota", is modified to read
United States (HTS), should be terminated
"Quota for other cotton wastes".
or modified because the circumstances re-
(3) In subheading 9904.30.50 of the HTS,
quiring the imposition of the restrictions
the quota quantity column (C), with its title
have changed and the quota is being under-
"Total Quota", is stricken.
utilized.
(4) U.S. Note 3(b) to subchapter IV of
3. Based upon this advice. I directed the
chapter 99 of the HTS is deleted, and the
United States International Trade Commis-
words "See U.S. note 3(b) of this subchap-
sion (the Commission) to initiate an investi-
ter" in subheading 9904.30.50 of the HTS
gation under section 22(d) of the Act (7
are deleted.
U.S.C. 624(d)) to determine whether the
(5) The quantitative restrictions on im-
quota on cotton comber waste should be
ports of cotton comber waste, as provided
terminated or modified. including globaliz-
under subheading 9904.30.50 of the HTS, as
ing country quota allocations, eliminating
revised. are hereby suspended indefinitely.
the staple length restrictions on cotton used
(6) Proclamation No. 2351 is superseded
to make cotton comber waste, or distin-
to the extent inconsistent with this procla-
guishing between bleached and unbleached
mation.
cotton comber waste, or whether the quote
(7) This proclamation shall be effective
should otherwise be adjusted to take ac-
with respect to articles entered, or with-
1809
harov - Lear
Lear - - Bernard
551
Two old chairs, and half a candle,
y love,
10 The deep, unutterable woe
One old jug without a handle-
are."
Which none save exiles feel.
Pussycat [1871],
These were all his worldly goods.
The Island of the Scots [1849],
st. I
The Courtship of the Yonghy-
st. 12
Bongy-Bò [1877], st. I
1 elegant fowl!
1 There he heard a Lady talking,
sing!
we have tarried:
To some milk-white Hens of Dorking-
Henry Ward Beecher
ring?"
"Tis the Lady Jingly Jones!
Ib. st. 2
1813-1887
r and a day,
2 "I would be your wife most gladly!"
11 A thoughtful mind, when it sees a nation's
g-tree grows
(Here she twirled her fingers madly),
flag, sees not the flag only, but the nation
gy-wig stood
"But in England I've a mate!"
itself; and whatever may be its symbols, its
is nose.
Ib. st. 5
insignia, he reads chiefly in the flag the gov-
Ib. st. 2
ernment, the principles, the truths, the his-
3 When awful darkness and silence reign
o sell for one shil-
tory which belongs to the nation that sets it
Over the great Gromboolian plain,
forth.
Through the long, long wintry nights.
The American Flag
y, "I will."
The Dong with the Luminous
12 Where is human nature SO weak as in the
Ib. st. 3
Nose [1877], st. I
bookstore!
slices of quince,
4 When storm-clouds brood on the towering
Star Papers [1855]. Subtleties of
ncible spoon;
heights
Book Buyers
edge of the sand,
Of the hills of the Chankly Bore.
13 Now comes the mystery.
of the moon.
Ib.
Ib.
Last words [March 8, 1887]
5 The Pobble who has no toes
Had once as many as we;
Jumblies live;
When they said, "Some day you may lose
Claude Bernard
nd their hands are
them all"-
1813-1878
He replied, "Fish fiddle de-dee!"
14 Observation is a passive science, ex-
a sieve.
The Pobble Who Has No Toes
perimentation an active science.
mblies [1871], st. I
[1877], st. I
Introduction à l'Étude de la Méde-
6 It's a fact the whole world knows,
cine Expérimentale [1865]¹
That Pobbles are happier without their toes.
15 The science of life is a superb and daz-
Ib. 6
zlingly lighted hall which may be reached
7 Ploffskin, Pluffskin, Pelican jee!
only by passing through a long and ghastly
loo!"
We think no Birds SO happy as we!
kitchen.
Ib.
ack to me!
Plumpskin, Ploshkin, Pelican jill!
16
We think so then, and we thought so still.
Science repulses the indefinite.
Ib.
lico Pie [1871], st. I
The Pelican Chorus [1877], chorus
17 Science admits no exceptions; otherwise
there would be no determinism in science, or
rather, there would be no science.
Ib. st. 2
Samuel Smiles
Leçons de Pathologie Expérimen-
or what,
1812-1904
tale [1872]
8
The spirit of self-help is the root of all genu-
18 The stability of the internal medium is a
of Swat [1877], l. I
ine growth in the individual; and, exhibited
primary condition for the freedom and inde-
in the lives of many, it constitutes the true
npetty Tree
pendence of certain living bodies in relation
source of national vigor and strength. Help
at,
to the environment surrounding them.
from without is often enfeebling in its effects,
not see,
Leçons sur les Phénomènes de la
but help from within invariably invigorates.
ver Hat.
Vie Communs aux Animaux et aux
Quangle Wangle's Hat
Self-Help [1859]
Végétaux [1878-1879]²
[1877], st. I
19 All the vital mechanisms, varied as they
andel
William Edmondstoune Aytoun
are, have only one object, that of preserving
mpkins blow,
1813-1865
constant the conditions of life in the internal
the woods
9 Nowhere beats the heart SO kindly
environment.
Ib.
Bonghy-Bò.
As beneath the tartan plaid!
¹An Introduction to the Study of Experimental Medi-
er, if tell me you can, What's
Charles Edward at Versailles
cine, translated by HENRY COPLEY GREENE.
ou folks or to me? EUGENE
2 Lessons on Reactions Common to Animals and Plants,
at [1884]
[1849], l. 219
translated by J. M. D. OLMSTEAD.
552
Bernard - Faber
Faber - Do
1
True science teaches us to doubt and to
John Louis O'Sullivan
How sweet the
abstain from ignorance.
1813-1895
telling
From Bulletin of New York Acad-
emy of Medicine, vol. IV [1928],
Our manifest destiny is to overspread the
Of that new li
13
continent allotted by Providence for the free
p. 997
development of our yearly multiplying mil-
2
Science increases our power in proportion
lions.
Mi
as it lowers our pride.
Ib.
United States Magazine and Demo-
3
IfI had to define life in a word, it would be:
cratic Review [July-August 1845]
1
Life is creation.
Ib.
A Hero of 0
a portrait, but
4
A modern poet has characterized the per-
Richard Wagner
a portrait con
sonality of art and the impersonality of sci-
1813-1883
generation in
ence as follows: Art is I: Science is We.
ment.
Ib.
14 0 thou, my gracious evening star.
Tannhäuser [1845]
5
Man can learn nothing unless he proceeds
from the known to the unknown.
Ib.
15 To be German means to carry on a matter
2 A solitary sail
for its own sake.
6 We must never make experiments to
White in the b
Deutsche Kunst und Deutsche
confirm our ideas, but simply to control them.
What is it in f
Ib.
Politik [1867]
What does it lo
7
The mental never influences the physical.
16 Ride of the Valkyries.
It is always the physical that modifies the
Die Walküre [1876]
3 Beneath, the a
mental, and when we think that the mind is
Above, the gold
17 The pure fool.
Parsifal [1882]
diseased, it is always an illusion.
Rebellious, the
Pensées [1937]
As if the storm
Henry Stevenson Washburn
Georg Büchner
1813-1903
C
1813-1837
18 We shall meet, but we shall miss him,
8
The Revolution is like Saturn-it eats its
There will be one vacant chair.
own children.
Danton's Death [1835]
The Vacant Chair, st. I
4 There's a good
A good time CO
John William Burgon
Thomas Osborne Davis
1813-1888
1814-1845
Edwin
9 A rose-red city half as old as time. 1
19 Come in the evening, or come in the morning,
Petra [1845]
Come when you're looked for, or come with-
5
out warning.
The Welcome, st. I
Now he [Linc
Sören Kierkegaard
20 Sheep without a Shepherd,
1813-1855
When the snow shuts out the sky-
10
Life can only be understood backwards; but
Oh, why did you leave us, Owen?
it must be lived forwards.
Life
Why did you die?
Ott
Lament for the Death of Eoghan
11 All essential knowledge relates to exis-
Ruadh O'Neill, st. 7
6
The great que
tence, or only such knowledge as has an es-
cided by speecl
sential relationship to existence is essential
- that was the
knowledge.
Frederick William Faber
by iron and blo
Concluding Unscientific Postscript
1814-1863
12
The absurd
the fact that with God all
21 Faith of our fathers! holy faith!
things are possible. The absurd is not one of
We will be true to thee till death.
7
Politics is not
the factors which can be discriminated
A Pledge of Faithfulness [1849]
within the proper compass of the understand-
ing: it is not identical with the improbable,
22 Hark! Hark! my soul, angelic songs are swell-
the unexpected, the unforeseen.
ing
'Translated by C.
"Eisen und Blut.
Fear and Trembling [1843]. Proble-
O'er earth's green fields, and ocean's wave-
³Politics is not a S(
mata: Preliminary Expectoration
beat shore;
speech [March 15, 18
Politics is the art
¹See Samuel Rogers, 416:3.
2 German Art and German Politics.
MARCK
872 JOHN KENNETH GALBRAITH
Galbraith - Murrou
Murrow - Roethke
1
The imperatives of technology and organi-
12 We still seek no wider war.
In order to progress, ra
zation, not the images of ideology, are what
Radio television speech [Augu
backward, to the time when
determine the shape of economic society.
4, 1964] on the Gulf of Tonkin res
cials were not allowed on n
Ib.
lution
there was no middle comn
2
We are becoming the servants in thought,
13 This nation, this generation, in this hour
report, when radio was ra
as in action, of the machine we have created
has man's first chance to build a Great Soc
and fast.
to serve us.
Ib.
ety,⁴ a place where the meaning of man's lit.
3
The enemy of the market is not ideology
matches the marvels of man's labor.
Theodore Ro
but the engineer.
Ib. 3
Address, accepting the presiden
1908-196
tial nomination [August 1964
4
The individual serves the industrial sys-
My secrets cry aloud.
tem not by supplying it with savings and the
I have no need for tongue
resulting capital; he serves it by consuming
Otto Kerner, Jr.
My heart keeps open hou
its products.
Ib. 4
1908-1976
My doors are widely flung
Open
5
It was with Malthus and Ricardo that eco-
14 Our nation is moving toward two societies
nomics became the dismal science.
one black, one white-separate and unequal
Thought does not crush t
The Age of Uncertainty [1977], ch. I
Report of the National Advisor
The great sledge drops in
Commission on Civil Disorder
Truth never is undone;
[1968], p. I
His shafts remain.
Lyndon Baines Johnson
The Ad
1908-1973
Abraham Harold Maslow
For something is amiss o
6
Come now, let us reason together. 2
When mice with wings (
1908-1970
face.
T
Saying
15 A musician must make music, an artist
7 I am a free man, an American, a United
must paint, a poet must write, if he is to
This urge, wrestle, resurr
States Senator, and a Democrat, in that
ultimately at peace with himself. What
Cut stems struggling to I
order.
What saint strained so n
man can be, he must be.
Quoted by ADLAI STEVENSON in his
Rose on such lopped lim
Motivation and Personality [1954
introduction to JOHNSON, A Time
Cl
for Action [1964]
Nothing would sleep in 1
Edward Roscoe Murrow
8
All I have I would have given gladly not to
be standing here today.
1908-1965
Nothing would give up 1
First address to Congress as Presi-
16
This-is London.
Even the dirt kept breat]
dent [November 27, 1963]
Opening phrase for broadcast
9
We have talked long enough in this coun-
from London during World War 11
try about equal rights. We have talked for a
[1939-1945]
Tugging all day at perve
The indignity of it!
hundred years or more. It is time now to
17
We must not confuse dissent with disloy
The
write the next chapter-and to write in the
alty.
books of law.
Ib.
See It Now (broadcast). Report
And afterwards I alway
10 Unfortunately many Americans live on
on Senator Joseph R. McCarth
back over the loggir
the outskirts of hope-some because of their
[March 7, 1954]
As if I had broken the na
in that swampland;
poverty, some because of their color, and all
18 We will not be driven by fear into an age
Disturbed some rhythm
too many because of both. Our task is to help
unreason if we
remember that we are
portance,
replace their despair with opportunity.3
not descended from fearful men, not from
By pulling off flesh fron
First State of the Union Message
men who feared to write, to speak, to associ
As if I had committed
[January 8, 1964]
ate and to defend causes which were, for the
scheme of life, a de
moment unpopular.
16
M
11 The challenge of the next half century is
whether we have the wisdom to use [our]
19 I am entirely persuaded that the American
The whiskey on your bi
wealth to enrich and elevate our national life
public is more reasonable, restrained and
Could make a small bo:
-and to advance the quality of American
mature than most of the broadcast industry
But I hung on like deat
civilization.
planners believe. Their fear of controversy
Such waltzing was not
Speech at the University of
not warranted by the evidence.
Michigan [May 22, 1964]
Speech at the Radio and Television
My Papa
News Directors Convention, Chi
I study the lives on a l
'See Carlyle, 474:11.
cago [October 15, 1958]
Sleepers, numb nudger
2See Isaiah 1:18, 28:30.
Beetles in caves, newts
³See Michael Harrington, 908:5.
4See Lippmann, 814:1.
862
Singer - Fulbright
Fulbright- Kuni
passions, the emotions-it becomes sterile,
tyrants, or by ourselves in effective cultural
silly, and actually without substance.
design?
voices of dissent. We
Isaac Bashevis Singer's Universe,
Cumulative Record [thire
about "unthinkable t
interview with Richard Burgin in
edition, 1972]. ch.
things become unthir
the New York Times Magazine
and action becomes m
13
Physics does not change the nature of the
[December 3, 1978]
world it studies, and no science of behavior
The Arrogance of P
1
Man cannot live without self-control.
can change the essential nature of man, even
Ib.
though both sciences yield technologies with
2
When you betray somebody else, you also
a vast power to manipulate their subject mat-
Greta Garbo [(
ters.
betray yourself.
Ib.
16.5
19
3
Doubt is part of all religion. All the reli-
I want to be alone.
gious thinkers were doubters.
Ib.
Jane Ace
4 I never say the universe was an accident.
1905-1974
Dag Har
The word "accident" should be erased from
14 Time wounds all heels. 1
190
the dictionary.
Ib.
From GOODMAN ACE, The Fine Art
Our knowledge is a little island in a great
of Hypochondria; or, How Are You
What gives life it
5
Ib.
[1966]
and lose. But never
ocean of non-knowledge.
above all for "the T1
6
Originality is not seen in single words or
even sentences. Originality is the sum total of
James William Fulbright
The longest journey
a man's thinking or his writing.
Ib.
1905-
Is the journey inwa
15 There is an inevitable divergence, attribut-
Of him who has chc
Burrhus Frederic Skinner
able to the imperfections of the human mind.
between the world as it is and the world as
He who has nothi
1904-
men perceive it.
gift is God's-to Gc
7
The one fact that I would cry from every
Speech in the Senate [March 27.
housetop is this: the Good Life is waiting for
1964
us-here and now!
At this very mo-
Lillia
16 We are handicapped by [foreign] policies
ment we have the necessary techniques, both
based on old myths rather than current reali-
material and psychological, to create a full
ties.
Ib
There are people
and satisfying life for everyone.
Walden Two [1948], ch. 23
17 A policy that can be accurately, though
all the people on it
perhaps not prudently, defined as one of
locusts. And other
8
I remember the rage I used to feel when a
"peaceful coexistence."
Ib.
and watch them ea
prediction went awry. I could have shouted at
The L
18 There is much cant in American moralism
the subjects of my experiments, "Behave,
1b.
:
and not a little inconsistency.
For every man W
damn you, behave as you ought!" Eventually
the rest of us mus
I realized that the subjects were always right.
19 We are inclined to confuse freedom and de-
Watch o
It was I who was wrong. I had made a bad
mocracy, which we regard as moral princi-
prediction.
Ib. 32
ples, with the way in which these are prac-
Lonely people t
We shouldn't teach great books; we should
ticed in America-with capitalism, fed-
make each other 1
9
teach a love of reading.
eralism and the two-party system, which are
The Au
not moral principles, but simply the accepted
From R. EVANS, B. F. Skinner:
I am most willi
practices of the American people.
Ib.
The Man and His Ideas [1968]
about myself
20 The master myth of the cold war is that the
now or in the futu
10 The real problem is not whether machines
Communist bloc is a monolith, composed of
people who, in 1
think but whether men do.
governments which are not really govern-
them, were compl
Contingencies of Reinforcement
ments at all, but organized conspiracies
or any action that
[1969], ch. 9
all equally resolute and implacable in their
Letter t
11
We do not choose survival as a value; it
determination to destroy the free world.
Un-Am
chooses us.
Ib.
1952]
Transcript of television program
21 We must dare to think "unthinkable"
to
I cannot and W
[October 17, 1971]
thoughts. We must learn to explore all the
fit this year's fas
12
We are all controlled by the world in which
options and possibilities that confront us in a
'Garbo maintains 1
we live, and part of that world has been and
complex and rapidly changing world. We
always been misquot
will be constructed bv men. The question is
must learn to welcome and not to fear the
let alone!' -JOHN
Isherwood - - Neruda
Neruda - Singer
861
t, carry us all to destruc-
science in the awareness of being human and
ized and expert technological world, never-
Ib.
of believing in a common destiny.
theless a world of human community.
Toward the Splendid City, upon
Science and the Common
receiving the Nobel Prize [1971]
Understanding [1953]
Day Lewis
What a great language I have, it's a fine
)04-1972
language we inherited from the fierce Con-
e; for I
quistadors
They carried everything off
Sidney Joseph Perelman
ghtning's hour,
and left us everything
They left us the
1904-1979
pride,
words.
8
One Touch of Venus.
ower.
Memoirs (Confieso Que He Vivido:
Title of play [1943] (with OGDEN
Tempt Me No More, st.
Memorias) [1974], 1 ch. 2
NASH)
Night in Valparaiso!
The immense
9
Crazy Like a Fox.
lo Neruda
deserted night set up its formation of colossal
Title of book [1944]
lo Reyes y Basualto]
figures that seeded light far and wide. Al-
04-1973
debaran trembled, throbbing far above, Cas-
siopeia hung her dress on heaven's doors,
Isaac Bashevis Singer
addest poem tonight.
while the noiseless chariot of the Southern
night is starry bright
1904-
Cross rolled over the night sperm of the
bs are shivering far
10
Milky Way.
Ib. 3
When literature becomes overly erudite, it
means that interest in the art has gone and
addest poem tonight.
Poetry is an act of peace. Peace goes into
curiosity about the artist is what's most im-
netimes she loved me too.
the making of a poet as flour goes into the
portant. It becomes a kind of idolatry.
Love Poems and a Song of
making of bread.
Ib. 6
Isaac Bashevis Singer Talks
Veinte Poemas de Amor
I continue to work with the materials I
About Everything, interview with
ción Desesperada) [1924].
have, the materials I am made of. With feel-
Richard Burgin in the New York
Write (Puedo Escribir)¹
ings, beings, books, events, and battles, I am
Times Magazine [November 26,
d of being a man
omnivorous. I would like to swallow the
1978]
tailor shops and movie
whole earth. I would like to drink the whole
11 It seems that the analysis of character is
sea.
Ib. II
the highest human entertainment. And liter-
able, like a felt swan
ter of sources and ashes.
Poetry is a deep inner calling in man; from
ature does it, unlike gossip, without mention-
it came liturgy, the psalms, and also the con-
ing real names.
Ib.
ia en la Tierra (Residence
), series II [1935]. Walking
tent of religions.
Ib.
12
When the writer becomes the center of his
attention, he becomes a nudnik. And a nud-
nik who believes he's profound is even worse
J. Robert Oppenheimer²
than just a plain nudnik.
Ib.
1904-1967
use,
In some sort of crude sense which no vul-
13 We know what a person thinks not when
in.
garity, no humor, no overstatement can quite
he tells us what he thinks, but by his actions.
S III [1947]. I Explain
Ib.
Things (Explico Algunas
extinguish, the physicists have known sin;
and this is a knowledge which they cannot
14 The greatness of art is not to find what is
lose.
common but what is unique.
Ib.
ow of Spain
Physics in the Contemporary
Ib.
World, lecture at Massachusetts
15 Sometimes love is stronger than a man's
Institute of Technology [November
convictions.
Ib.
ne are born bullets
eek out in you
25, 1947]
16 If you write about the things and the peo-
es.
Ib.
The open society, the unrestricted access to
ple you know best, you discover your roots.
the same goal: to convey
knowledge, the unplanned and uninhibited
Even if they are new roots, fresh roots
are. And we must pass
association of men for its furtherance-these
they are better than
no roots.
Ib.
d difficulty, isolation and
are what may make a vast, complex, ever
17 What nature delivers to us is never stale.
o reach forth to the en-
growing, ever changing, ever more special-
Because what nature creates has eternity in
ere we can dance our
Translated by HARDIE ST. MARTIN.
it.
Ib.
sing our sorrowful song
For the passage quoted by Oppenheimer at the explo-
e or in this song there are
of the first atom bomb [Alamogordo, New Mexico,
18 The very essence of literature is the war
ancient rites of our con-
July 16. 1945], see Bhagavad Gita, 94:15. He also
noted Vishnu from the Gita: I am become death, the
between emotion and intellect, between life
:L PHILLIPS.
testroyer of worlds.
and death. When literature becomes too
.D D. WALSH.
See Adlai Stevenson, 851:15.
intellectual-when it begins to ignore the
9 September 1991
MEMORANDUM FOR DAN MCGROARTY
FROM:
JEANNIE BUNTON
SUBJECT:
NAT'L MEDAL OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
GENERAL INFO:
0
284 National Medals of Science awarded since Kennedy named
Dr. Theodore von Karman first recipient in 1962; 8
posthumous awards, (Kennedy remarks enclosed) i
0
50 individuals and 2 companies have received the MoT, first
medals awarded in 1985, (Reagan remarks enclosed);
THIS YEARS RECIPIENTS INCLUDE:
0
recipients are well-published, hold honorary degrees, are
visiting professors at universities int he United States,
England and Europe, have teaching experience, and continue
to be involved in the classroom
6
0
five Nobel Laureates -- Elion (1988 co-winner) ; Luria
deceased
(1969) Schawlow (1981), and Seaborg (1951), Weinberg
(1979) ; Herschbach Cowenner 1968
0
seven MOS recipients were nominated for the Medal for the
first time,
0
Four recipients are Phi Beta Kappa;
NEAT IDEAS YOU TOSSED OUT:
0
"not only are they inventors, but they invented their own
fields, some have invented their own languages (Hopper -
COBOL, and Breslow - "anti-aromaticity";
0
comparisons or parallels - atmosphere (ecologically) to
atmosphere (outer space) ; computers to G-force testing to
Voyager missions
MEDAL OF TECHNOLOGY:
0
18 recipients (2 posthumous) awarded by Commerce;
0
Oldest - Admiral Grace Hopper, 89 or 90 years old, (may not
be attending), invented the term "bug" as relates to
computer programming problems, worked with first large-
scale digital computer - Mark 1, wrote its programming
manual, led the development of the first English language
compiler which was a major input to COBOL;
0
Youngest - the Pegasus Team, mid 40s, invented, developed
and produced the Pegasus Rocket, the world's first privately
developed space launch vehicle. First all-new unmanned
launch vehicle to be developed in the U.S. in 20 years;
OTHER NOTABLE INFO:
0
Dr. Carl Djerassi invented the first oral contraceptive for
which won the National Medal of Science in 1973;
0
Robert Galvin - first to win both the Malcolm Baldridge
award and the National Medal of Technology;
0
Stephen Bechtel - presently playing a major role in the
reconstruction of Kuwait;
0
Col. John Stapp - G-force testing for manned space flights,
was subject of his own experiments because students wouldn't
do it;
0
Dr. Kenneth Iverson - revitalizing the domestic specialty
steel industry;
MEDAL OF SCIENCE:
0
20 MOS recipients (1 posthumous) awarded by NSF;
0
Oldest - Folke Skoog, 83, C. Leonard Prof. of Botany
Emeritus, Univ. of Wisconsin, awarded for pioneering work on
plant hormones, discovered a major class of plant hormones;
0
Youngest (s) - George H. Heilmeier, 55, former White House
Fellow (70-71) served as special assistant to the Secretary
of Defense, Sr. VP and Chief Technological Officer at Texas
Instruments, awarded for technological competitiveness,
pioneered work on liquid crystal displays at RCA, Director
of the Defense Advanced Research projects, served on
advisory committee to NASA, twice received the DOD
Distinguished Civilian Service Medal - the highest civilian
award in DOD;
and -
Edward Stone, 55, Prof. of Physics, CIT (commencement
address there), for the Voyager Space mission, also active
in television science program planning;
OTHER NOTABLE INFO:
0
Mary Eden Avery - cutting trip to Crimea short to receive
award;
0
Ronald Breslow - bringing 84 year old dad along, introduced
the concept of BIOMETIC CHEMISTRY, a term he introduced,
coined the term "anti-aromaticity"
0
Gertrude B. Elion - 1988 NOBEL (co-winner), will be named to
the Women's Hall of Fame in a November ceremony to be held
in the District for her pioneering work that helped develop
drugs to combat leukemia, malaria, herpes, and immune system
disorders. Techniques she helped devise led to the
development of the AIDS drug AZT, Presidential appointee on
National Cancer Advisory Board;
0
G. Evelyn Hutchinson (posthumous) nephew flying in from
London to accept award;
o
Elvin A. Kabat - former students include one Nobel Laureate;
0
Arthur Schawlow - invented the laser, for which won a Nobel
prize in Physics 1981, 73 California Scientist of the Year,
2 awards established in his name
0
H. Guyford Stever - former director of NSF, former
President's science advisor (76-77 Nixon and Ford) "nice to
be on receiving end instead of handing them out", chair the
White House Energy R&D Advisory Committee;
0
Glen T. Seabory - member, President's Science Advisory
Committee (59-61) ;
0
Paul Marks - former member of the President's Biomedical
Research Panel;
TALKING POINTS FROM OSTP:
0
Neato quotes by Huxley and Oppenheimer
0
para on administration commitment is pretty good
0
para on new Fellows announcement: first awards will be made
in fiscal 92, up to 30 PFF planned each year, Federal
Government;s most prestigious award for young U.S. science
and engineering faculty, $100,000 a year for five years to
be used for research or teaching;
0
para on Heroes program - the foundation president (George
Rathman) will be in the audience
OMB:
661
0
Budget includes a $662 million (28%) increase over 91
funding for precollege math and science ed. programs;
0
$76 billion in 92 for research and development, including
R&D facilities;
0
18% increase for NSF to a total of $2.7 billion, continuing
the commitment to double the NSF budget between 1987 and
1994;
0
$638 million (increase of $149 million or 30%) over 91 for
new initiative in high performance computing and
communications;
0
increase of $225 million or 13% to $1,941 million for math
and science education. 28% of $146 million targeted to
precollege level; of the total increase, $146 minion, a 28% increas
POTUS REMARKS FROM 89 and
is targeted 90 toward the precourege Level
0
in each speech recognizes four recipients - that's all.
MEDAL OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Notes 9/9/91
Pending Acknowledgements:
Bromley, Mosbacher (both on dias with POTUS)
Dr. William Massey, dir. NSF will sit with medalist, unless he is
asked to present (Mosbacher doens't what to do it this year)
extremely tentative
would be nices: (mentions that is)
George Rathman, president of the private sector foundation Heroes
program (Commerce lobbied hard for a mention - brought up
volunteerism and POLs)
09. 06. 91 07:56 AM *NAT'L SCIENCE BOARD PO2
The President's
National Medal of Science
TITOR OF OF SCIENCE NATIONAL SCIENCE
April 1991
014
09/05/91
18:02
The
National
Medal Of
Technology
United States Department of Commerce
Washington, D.C. 20230
AWARDED BY THE
PRESIDENT OF THE
UNITED STATES
OF AMERICA
National Medal of Technology
RECIPIENTS
1990 Recipients
JOHN V. ATANASOFF, Iowa State University (Retired)
For his invention of the electronic digital computer, and for contributions toward the development of
a technically-trained U.S. workforce.
MARVIN CAMRAS, Illinois Institute of Technology
For the development and commercialization of magnetic recording resulting in the creation of a new
industry with over 125 licensees producing products such as audio and video cassettes, broadcast sound
video, tapes and discs for computer memories, and magnetic sound for motion pictures.
THE DU PONT COMPANY, Edgar S. Woolard, Jr., COB and CEO
For pioneering the development and commercialization of high-performance man-made polymers
such as nylon, neoprene rubber, "Teflon" fluorocarbon resin, and a wide spectrum of new fibers, films,
mankind. and engineering plastics which have strengthened America's global competitiveness and benefitted
DONALD N. FREY, Northwestem University
senior For his management of a wide range of commercial applications of new technology while serving
Industrial Engineering and Management Science, on the principles of technology commercialization.
executive in different industries; and for subsequent teaching and research, as a Professor as of a
FRED W. GARRY, General Electric Corporation
in For the design, manufacture and commercialization of high performance jet engines that lead the
establishing performance, technical efficiency, life-cvcle cost, and minimal environmental impact; and for his world
continuing global a leadership information in both exchange commercial and and manufacturing military given. alliances assuring the United leadership States in
09/05/91
18:02
015
WILSON GREATBATCH, Wilson Greatbatch, Inc.
For invention, development and introduction into clinical usage of the implantable cardiac pacemaker
resulting in saving over 2 million lives. This subsequently led to the development and commercialization
devices. of lithium batteries which greatly enhanced longevity and reliability of pacemakers and implantable
JACK ST. CLAIR KILBY, Jack Kilby Company
For his invention and contributions to the commercialization of the integrated circuit and the silicon
thermal print-head; for his contributions to the development of the first computer using integrated
circuits; and for the invention of the hand-held calculator, and gate array.
JOHN S. MAYO, AT&T Bell Laboratories, Inc.
For providing the technological foundation for information age communications, and for overseeing the
conversion of the national switched telephone network from analog to a digital-based technology for
virtually all long distance call both nationwide and between continents.
GORDON E. MOORE, Intel Corporation
For his seminal leadership in bringing to American industry the two major postwar innovations in
microelectronics - large-scale integrated memory and the microprocessor - that have fueled the
information revolution.
DAVID B. PALL, Pall Corporation
For patenting and commercializing over 100 filtration and other fluid clarification products which have
contributed significantly to society in safety of flight, upgrading of industrial products and processes and
improved safety of blood transfusions; and for building Pall Corporation into a global company with
60% of sales outside the United States, primarily in Europe and Japan.
CHAUNCEY STARR, Electric Power Research Institute
For his original contributions to energy production and policy; for pioneering in nuclear power; for
developing risk assessment and risk management concepts; for organizing the Electric Power Research
trained U.S. workforce.
Institute, a consortium; for leadership in engineering education and contributions to a technically-
09/05/91
18:03
0 016
1989 Recipients
JAY W. FORRESTER, Massachusetts Institute of Technology &
ROBERT R. EVERETT, The MITRE Corporation
For their creative work in developing technologies and applying computers to real-time applicat
Their important contributions proved vital to national and free world defense and opened a new €
world business.
HELEN EDWARDS, RICHARD A. LUNDY, J. RICHIE ORR, &
ALVIN TOLLESTRUP, Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory
For their contributions to the design, construction, and initial operation of the TEVATRON par
accelerator. This scientific instrument was designed to explore the fundamental properties of ma
The innovative design and successful operation of the TEVATRON has been crucial to the design of
Superconducting Super Collider, the planned next generation particle accelerator.
HERBERT W. BOYER, University of California in San Francisco &
STANLEY N. COHEN, Stanford University Medical Center
For their fundamental invention of gene splicing techniques allowing replication in quantity
biomedically important new products, and beneficially transformed plant materials. This discovery
recombinant DNA technology has transformed the basic science of molecular biology and t)
biotechnology industry.
017
09/05/91
18:04
1988 Recipients
JOHN L. ATWOOD, Rockwell International Corporation
For distinguished leadership, technical competence, and integrity in the technological advancement of
aviation and space travel.
ARNOLD O. BECKMAN, Beckman Instruments and SmithKline Beckman Corporation
For exceptional creativity in designing analytical instruments that are recognized as the best in the world
and for developing a successful business whose products have helped to keep the United States in the
forefront of chemistry, chemical engineering, and biotechnology.
PAUL M. COOK, Raychem Corporation
For his vision and entrepreneurial efforts, his technical accomplishments, and his business and technical
leadership as the key contributor in creating a worldwide chemically based industry.
ROBERT H. DENNARD, IBM T.J. Watson Research Center
For invention of the basic, one-transistor dynamic memory cell used worldwide in virtually all modern
computers.
HAROLD E. EDGERTON, EG&G Corporation and Massachusetts Institute of Technology
For the invention of the electronic stroboscopic flash and for finding a multitude of applications for it
within science, technology and industry.
CLARENCE L. (KELLY) JOHNSON, Lockheed Corporation
For his outstanding achievements in the design of a series of commercial, military, and reconnaissance
aircraft orporateda wide rangeof technological ad lvancements, and for his innovativemanagement
techniques which helped develop and produce these aircraft in record time and at a minimum cost.
EDWIN H. LAND, Polarold Corporation and The Rowland Institute for Science
For the invention, development, and marketing of instant photography.
DAVID PACKARD, Hewlett-Packard Company
For extraordinary and unselfish leadership in both industry and government, particularly in widely
diversified technological fields which strengthened the competitiveness and defense capabilities of the
United States.
RAYMOND DAMADIAN, FONAR Corporation &
PAUL C. LAUTERBUR, University of Illinois
For their independent contributions in conceiving and developing the application of magnetic resonance
technology to medical uses including whole body scanning and diagnostic imaging.
09/05/91
18:04
018
1987 Recipients
JOSEPH V. CHARYK, Communications Satellite Corporation
For employment of the concept of the geosynchronous communications satellite systems as the basis for
a global telecommunications system, established by international agreement, and for his guidance in the
development and growth of the intelsat system, which today services over 150 nations and territories.
W. EDWARDS DEMING, Private Consultant
For his forceful promotion of statistical methodology, for his contributions to sampling theory and for
his advocacy to corporations and nations of a general management philosophy that has resulted in
improved product quality with consequent betterment of products available to users as well as more
efficient corporate performance.
JOHN E. FRANZ, Monsanto Corporation
For his discovery of the herbicidal properties of glyphosates which have had significant consequences
world. upon the production of agricultural food and fiber as well as upon agricultural practices throughout the
ROBERT N. NOYCE, Intel Corporation
For his inventions in the field of semiconductor: integrated circuits for his leading rolein the establishment
of the microprocessor which has led to much wider use of more powerful computers and for his
living, both in the United States and throughout the world.
leadership of R&D in these areas, all of which have had profound consequences upon which aspects of
09/05/91
18:05
019
1986 Recipients
BERNARD GORDON, Analogic Corporation
Father of high-speed analog-to-digital conversion which has been applied to medical, analytical,
computer and communications products; founder of two companies with over 2,000 employees and
over $100 million in annual sales and creator of a new masters level institute located in Massachusetts
to teach engineering leadership and project engineering to engineers.
REYNOLD 8. JOHNSON, IBM Corporation
Introduction and development of magnetic disk storage for computers that provided access to virtually
unlimited amounts of information in fractions of a second and is the basis for time sharing systems and
storage of millions of records. Over $10 billion in annual sales and over 100,000 jobs arose from this
development.
WILLIAM C. NORRIS, Control Data Corporation
Advancement of microelectronics and computer technology and creation of one of the Fortune 500 -
Control Data Corporation - which has over $5 billion in annual sales and over 50,000 employees.
FRANK N. PIASECKI, Piasecki Aircraft Corporation
Development of the tandem rotor helicopter (Flying Banana), the compound aircraft (an innovative
VTOL design), and other contributions to vertical lift aircraft, as well as creation of what has become the
Boeing Vertol Company with annual sales over $500 million and over 6,000 employees.
STANLEY D. STOOKEY, Corning Glass Works
Invention of glass-ceramics (used in Corning Wear, missile nose cones, and capacitors), of photosensitive
glass (used in architectural effects), of photochromic glass (used in eyeglasses which darken and fade
have resulted from his developments.
in response to light), and of photo-etchible glass. Over $500 million in annual sales and over 10,000 jobs
FRANCIS VERSNYDER, United Technologies Corporation
The development and application of directionally solidified and single crystal turbine components
which improve fuel efficiencies and maintenance requirements for jet aircraft engines, both commercial
have saved commercial airlines alone hundreds of millions of dollars.
and military, and which contribute to United States leadership in their production. These developments
020
09/05/91
18:05
1985 Recipients
FREDERICK P. BROOKES, JR., ERICH BLOCH & BOB O. EVANS,
IBM Corporation
For their contributions to the development of the hardware, architecture and systems engineering
associated with the IBM System/360, a computer system and technologies which revolutionized the
data processing industry and which helped to make the United States dominant in computer technology
for many years.
STEVEN P. JOBS & STEPHEN WOZNIAK, Apple Computer, Inc.
For their development and introduction of the personal computer which has sparked the birth of a new
industry extending the power of the computer to individual users.
MARVIN M. JOHNSON, Phillips Petroleum Company
For his discovery and development of metals passivating agents for catalytic cracking catalysts which
have become economically effective methods permitting refineries to process crude oils with higher
metal contents, particularly heavy crudeoil types, and have contributed to United States competiti veness
in this technological area.
RALPH LANDAU, Halcon-Scientific Design Group
For his technical, leadership and entrepreneurial roles in the development of commercially successful
petrochemical processes which have been licensed or jointly developed and have helped maintain U.S.
leadership in petrochemical processing.
JOHN T. PARSON & FRANK L STULEN, John T. Parsons Company
For their development and successful demonstration of the numerically-controlled machine tool for the
production of three-dimensional shapes, which has been essential for the production of commercial
industries. airliners and which is seminal for the growth of the robotics, CAD-CAM, and automated manufacturing
HAROLD A. ROSEN & ALLEN E. PUCKETT, Hughes Aircraft Company
For their technological contributions and leadership in the initiation and development of geostationary
communications satellites, significantly improving worldwide communications and giving the United
States international preeminence in the construction of commercial satellites.
JOSEPH F. SUTTER, Boeing Commercial Airplane Company
For his technical and managerial contributions to the development and introduction of generations of
jet-powered commercial aircraft which have made the United States the predominant supplier of
passenger transport aircraft.
AT&T BELL TELEPHONE LABORATORIES, INC., Ian M. Ross, President
For contributions over decades to modern communication systems.
09/05/91 17:53
001
U.S. Department of Commerce
Washington, D.C. 20230
J.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
THE UNDER SECRETARY
A
FOR TECHNOLOGY
TECHNOLOGY ADMINISTRATION
TECHNOLOGY ADMINISTRATION
FACSIMILE TRANSMITTAL SHEET
Number of Pages (including cover sheet): 20
Telephone Number: 202/377-1575
Fax Number: 202/377-4498
Date: 9/5/91
Room: HCHB 4824-C
To: JEANNIE BUNTON
Agency/Company: WHITE HOUSE RESEARCH
FAX number: 456-1651
Telephone number:
*
#
From:
John F. Sargent
Division:
Director of Public Affairs
I elephone:
202/377-1397
SPECIAL INSTRUCTIONS/MESSAGE: As PROMISED
09.06.91 07:56 AM *NAT'L SCIENCE BOARD P 0 4
THE NATIONAL MEDAL OF SCIENCE
Authority:
Statutory authority for the National Medal of Science is contained in Public Law 86-209 of
the 86th Congress (1959), which among other things states:
"The President shall from time to time award the medal, on the basis
of recommendations received from the National Academy of Sciences
or on the basis of such other information and evidence as he deems
appropriate, to individuals who in his judgement are deserving of
special recognition by reason of their outstanding contributions to
knowledge in the physical, biological, mathematical, or engineering
sciences."
The law also provides that the President shall prescribe the design of the Medal on the basis
of recommendations by the National Science Foundation, that not more than twenty individuals may
be awarded the Medal in any one calendar year, and that the presentation of the award shall be made
by the President with such ceremonies as he may deem proper, including attendance by appropriate
Members of Congress. A copy of Public Law 86-209 is included in Tab A.
Procedure:
Executive Order 10910: On January 17, 1961, President Eisenhower signed Executive
Order 10910 prescribing the design of the National Medal of Science on the basis of recommendations
made to him by the National Science Foundation. The Executive Order also required that each
individual awarded the Medal receive a Presidential citation descriptive of the award. Tab B contains
a copy of Executive Order 10910.
09. 06. 91 07:56 AM *NAT'L SCIENCE BOARD P05
Executive Order 10961: On August 21, 1961, President Kennedy signed Executive
Order 10961 specifying procedures for the award of the Medal. To assist the President this Executive
Order established a President's Committee on the National Medal of Science consisting of not less
than six nor more than twelve members, designated by the President from among appropriately
qualified citizens of the United States representing a cross section of major fields of science, including
engineering.
The procedures provided that the Committee receive the recommendations made by the
National Academy of Sciences regarding the award of the Medal, together with "such similar
recommendations as may be made by any other nationally representative scientific or engineering
organization." The Committee was directed on the basis of such criteria, information, and evidence
as it may deem appropriate to select its candidates for the award from among these recommendations,
and to transmit its own recommendations and views to the President. In addition, the National
Science Foundation was called upon to provide staff and administrative services necessary for the
performance of the functions of the Committee. This Executive Order was revoked and superseded
by Executive Order 11287 on June 28, 1966. Tab C contains a copy of this revoked Executive
Order.
Executive Order 11287: Executive Order 11287, signed by President Johnson on
June 28, 1966, continued the President's Committee on the National Medal of Science, now
composed of twelve appointive members and one ex-officio member, the President of the National
Academy of Sciences. Each appointive member serves without compensation for a term of three
years and members of the Committee may be reappointed to serve one additional three year term.
Terms of membership are staggered so that four new members are appointed (or reappointed as the
case may be) each year. The Chairman of the Committee continues to be designated by the
President.
09. 06. 91
07:56
AM
*NAT'L SCIENCE BOARD PO6
No changes were made in the procedures under which the Committee receives, on behalf of
the President, the recommendations of various nationally representative scientific or engineering
organizations as well as the recommendations of the National Academy of Sciences. Nor were any
changes made in the procedures set up under which the Committee makes and transmits its
recommendations to the President.
The National Science Foundation is authorized to provide such assistance as may be necessary
and appropriate to carry out the award and presentation of the National Medal of Science. The
Foundation continues to provide the services of the Executive Secretary of the Committee. Tab D
contains a copy of Executive Order 11287.
Executive Order 11502: Executive Order 11052 enlarges the membership of the Committee
by designating the President's Science Adviser as an ex-officio member. Signed by President Nixon
on December 22, 1969, the order amends the structure of the Committee so that it now contains
twelve appointive members and two ex-officio members - the President's Science Adviser and the
President of the National Academy of Sciences. Tab E contains a copy of Executive Order 11502.
Public Law 96-516: This public law, which is the NSF Authorization Act, dated
December 12, 1980, amends the original Medal of Science Act (P.L. 86-209, dated August 25, 1959)
to include the behavioral and social sciences in addition to the biological, physical, mathematical and
engineering sciences. No other changes were made. Tab E contains a copy of the appropriate
portion of P.L. 96-516.
*****
09. 06. 91 07:56 AM *NAT'L SCIENCE BOARD P07
THE PRESIDENT'S COMMITTEE ON THE NATIONAL MEDAL OF SCIENCE
Membership:
In February 1962, President Kennedy appointed the first 12 members of the President's
Committee on the National Medal of Science and designated Dr. Frederick Seitz, President of the
National Academy of Sciences and Professor of Physics at the University of Illinois, as Chairman.
In the intervening years there have been a number of changes in the Committee membership.
In 1963, Dr. Frank Brink, Jr., of the Rockefeller Institute was designated as Chairman and at that
time four new committee members were appointed, replacing four of the original members. In 1965,
the President designated Dr. Herbert E. Carter of the University of Illinois as Chairman. In 1966,
with the signing of Executive Order 11287, terms and rotation of membership were established and
new members were appointed. Since 1966 four new members generally have been appointed to the
Committee each year.
A listing of the membership of the Committee by year and a listing by term of the present
Committee are given in Tab G.
In recent years the Committee has met in Washington in the fall for one to two days' duration
to consider the recommendations it has received. In the early years of the Medal the members of the
Committee met in small groups in Washington during the summer to examine and study in detail the
various nominations prior to its regular fall meeting. However, the Committee recently has found
that it can accomplish its work by meeting in a one or two day session in subgroups and as a whole;
therefore, it has not met individually during the summer.
09. 06. 91 07:56 AM *NAT'L SCIENCE BOARD P08
Criteria:
The Committee has established the following guidelines in selecting its candidates for the
National Medal of Science:
(a)
The total impact of an individual's work on the present state of
physical, biological, mathematical, engineering, behavioral or social
sciences is to be the principal criterion. In addition, achievements of
an unusually significant nature will be considered and judged in
relation to the potential effects of such achievements on the
development of scientific thought.
(b)
Distinguished service in the general advancement of science and
engineering, when accompanied by substantial contributions to the
content of science at some time, may be recognized.
These guidelines are essentially those which were established and promulgated by the Committee
during its first year of operation. These guidelines have been reviewed and discussed in detail by
each Committee during each succeeding year. In addition, they have been discussed with each
Presidential Science Adviser.
Sources Solicited:
The Committee has traditionally invited a large number of sources to participate in the
nominating procedures for the National Medal of Science. Letters of invitation are annually sent to
approximately 150 universities and colleges in the country, to approximately 150 leading scientific
and engineering professional societies and organizations, to all members of the National Academy of
Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering.
Each year this solicitation involves about 3500 letters of invitation. A detailed listing of the
organizations solicited is given in Tab H. Tab I contains a copy of the current solicitation letter and
nomination form.
The solicitation has resulted in an average response each year of about 150 nominations.
More than 9,000 nominations have been received since the Committee first came into existence in
1962. In making its recommendations the Committee studies carefully the nominations received for
the current review period as well as all recommendations submitted for the same period.
09.06.91 07:56 AM *NAT'L SCIENCE BOARD PO9
Recipients:
A total of 264 National Medal of Science have been awarded since President Kennedy named
Dr. Theodore von Karman as the first recipient in 1962. A listing of all recipients, by year, together
with their institutional affiliation at the time of the award is given in Tab I. Seven posthumous
awards have been made since the Medal was established.
09. 06. 91 07:56 AM *NAT'L SCIENCE BOARD P03
National Medal of Science
THE NATIONAL MEDAL OF SCIENCE depicts Man,
surrounded by earth, sea, and sky, contemplating and seeking to
understand Nature. The crystal in his hand symbolizes the universal
order and also suggests the basic unit of living things. The formula
he is sketching in the sand symbolizes scientific abstraction.
09/05/91 13:03
1
002
1991 NATIONAL MEDAL OF TECHNOLOGY RECIPIENTS & PHONE NUMBERS
1
STEPHEN D. BECHTEL, JR.
Citation:
For outstanding leadership in applying modern technology management
principles within the Bechtel Group, a world-class engineering and
construction firm.
Phone Number:
415/768-7600
Address:
Chairman
Bechtel Group, Incorporated
50 Beale Street
P.O. Box 3965
San Francisco, CA 94119
CHESTER GORDON BELL
1
Citation:
For his continuing intellectual and industrial achievements in the field of
computer design; and for his leading role in establishing cost-effective,
powerful minicomputers which serve as a significant tool for engineering,
science and industry.
Phone Number:
415/325-2037
Address:
Ardent Computer Company
850 Maude Avenue
Sunnyvale, CA 94086
3
JOHN COCKE
Citation:
For development and implementation of Reduced Instruction Set Computer
(RISC) architecture that significantly increased the speed and efficiency of
computers, thereby enhancing U.S. technological competitiveness.
Phone Number:
914/765-6466
Address:
IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center
P.O. Box 218
Yorktown Heights, NY 10598
CARL DJERASSI
Citation:
For his broad technological contributions to solving environmental
problems; and for his initiatives in developing novel, practical approaches to
insect control products that are biodegradable and harmless.
Phone Number:
415/723-2783
Address:
Department of Chemistry
Stanford University
Stanford, CA 94305-5080
09/05/91 13:03
003
1991 NATIONAL MEDAL OF TECHNOLOGY RECIPIENTS
PAGE 2 OF 4
JAMES JOHNSON DUDERSTADT
5
Citation:
For his excellence in the development and implementation of strategies for
engineering education; and for his successes in bringing women and
minorities into the nation's technological workforce.
Phone Number:
313/764-6270
Address:
President
University of Michigan
2068 Fleming Administration Building
Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1340
ROBERT W. GALVIN
Citation:
For advancement of the American electronics industry through continuous
technological innovation, establishing Motorola as a world class electronics
manufacturer.
Phone Number:
708/576-5300
Address:
Chairman
Motorola Incorporated
1303 East Algonquin Road
Schaumburg, IL 60196
GRACE MURRAY HOPPER 1
Citation:
For her pioneering accomplishments in the development of computer
programming languages that simplified computer technology and opened the
door to a significantly larger universe of users.
Phone Number:
703/521-0029
Address:
1400 S. Joyce Street A1614
Arlington, VA 22202
F. KENNETH IVERSON
8
Citation:
For his concept of producing steel in minimills using revolutionary slab
casting technology that has revitalized the American steel industry.
Phone Number:
704/366-7000
Address:
Chairman & CEO
Nucor Corporation
4425 Randolf Road
Charlotte, NC 28211
09/05/91
13:04
78 old wife
004
Lucille Waccot
1991 NATIONAL MEDAL OF TECHNOLOGY RECIPIENTS
PAGE 3 OF 4
wife 0 is receiving
FREDERICK M. JONES/JOSEPH A. NUMERO
(Parties deceased, call their nominator Paul Lego, Chairman & CEO of Westinghouse Electri
Citation:
For revolutionizing the preservation and distribution of food and other
perishables through their development of refrigeration technology for trucks,
trailers, boxcars, ships and planes; and for the development of a worldwide
sales and service network.
Phone Number:
412/642-4155
Address:
Westinghouse Electric Corporation
11 Stanwix Street
Pittsburgh, PA 15222
THE PEGASUS TEAM 14. if
(Call the four team leaders listed below)
Citation:
For their invention, development, and production of the Pegasus rocket, the
world's first privately-developed space launch vehicle that opened the door
to significantly increasing payloads in space.
DAVID W. THOMPSON
Phone Number:
703/631-3600
Address:
President and CEO
Orbital Sciences Corporation
12500 Fair Lakes Circle
Fairfax, VA 22033
ANTONIO L. ELIAS
Phone Number:
703/631-3600
Address:
Orbital Sciences Corporation
12500 Fair Lakes Circle
Fairfax, VA 22033
DAVID S. HOLLINGSWORTH
Phone Number:
302/655-0373
Address:
Senior Vice President/Engineering
Orbital Sciences Corporation
12500 Fair Lakes Circle
Fairfax, VA 22033
ROBERT R. LOVELL
Phone Number:
703/631-3600
Address:
President, Space Systems Division
Orbital Sciences Corporation
12500 Fair Lakes Circle
Fairfax, VA 22033
09/05/91 13:04
005
1991 NATIONAL MEDAL OF TECHNOLOGY RECIPIENTS
PAGE 4 OF 4
CHARLES E. REED
Citation:
For his management risk-taking in continuous innovation leading the
General Electric Company to world class production of advanced engineering
materials.
Phone Number:
203/374-3445
Address:
3200 Park Avenue
Bridgeport, Connecticut 06604
JOHN PAUL STAPP
Citation:
Research on the effects of mechanical force on living tissue leading to safety
developments in crash protection technology for automobiles, aircraft, trains,
manned space flight and other modes of transportation.
Phone Number:
505/437-2840
Address:
Research Consultant
1413 Rockwood
P.O. Box 553
Alamagordo, New Mexico 88311
GEOFFREY BOOTHROYD & PETER DEWHURST
18
Citation:
For their concept, development, and commercialization of Design for
Manufacturé and Assembly (DFMA), which has dramatically reduced costs,
manufacturers. improved product quality and enhanced the competitiveness of major U.S.
GEOFFREY BOOTHROYD
Phone Number:
401/792-5187
Address:
Director of Graduate Studies
IME Department
University of Rhode Island
Gilbreth Hall
PETER DEWHURST
Kingston, Rhode Island 02881
Phone Number:
401/792-2186
Address:
Director of the DEM Center
University of Rhode Island
Gilbreth Hall
Kingston, Rhode Island 02881
09. 09. 91 03:42 PM *NAT'L SCIENCE BOARD P 0 2
PRESIDENT'S COMMITTEE ON THE NATIONAL MEDAL OF SCIENCE
NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20550
MEMORANDUM
TO:
Jeannie Bunton,
DATE:
September 9, 1991
SUBJECT: Background information - 1991 Medal of Science
Recipients
Corrections from September 6, 1991 FAX:
1. There are six (6) Nobel Laureates among the Medal of
science recipients: Elion (1988 co-winner) ; Herschbach (1986 co-
winner) ; (Luria (1969) (deceased) ; Schawlow (1981) ; Seaborg
(1951) ; and Weinberg (1979).
2. Seabory should be Seaborg.
Dr. Salvador E. Luria (deceased) - Dr. Zella Luria (wife) will be
accepting the award. Dr. Z. Luria is a professor of psychology
at Tufts University.
Dr. G(eorge) Evelyn Hutchinson (deceased) - Mr. Arthur (rancis)
Hutchinson (from London, England), nephew, will be accepting
award. Mr. Hutchinson is a chartered accountant; he has no
scientific background.
Staff Susan Assistant E. Fannoney
THE WHITE HOUSE
Office of the Press Secretary
For Immediate Release
September 16, 1991
REMARKS BY THE PRESIDENT
DURING PRESENTATION OF NATIONAL MEDAL OF SCIENCE
AND NATIONAL MEDAL OF TECHNOLOGY
The Rose Garden
10:30 A.M. EDT
THE PRESIDENT: Thank you. Please be seated, and let me
welcome the dignitaries -- that's almost everybody. I don't know who
is excluded, but -- (laughter) -- first, Secretary Mosbacher and
Secretary Lujan here -- Bob over my shoulder -- Allan Bromley, my
Science Advisor; Henson Moore, I believe is to be here, of Energy;
and, of course, Rock Schnabel of Commerce; Walter Massey, the
Director of the National Science Foundation. And then finally and
perhaps most important today, our honorees and their friends and
families. It's my pleasure to welcome all of you to this steamy Rose
Garden. (Laughter.)
And with us today are five Nobel Laureates, leading
engineers of the Informaton Age, authors of some of this century's
world-changing discoveries and inventions. Men and women whose
quantum leaps of learning compress generations of knowledge within a
single lifetime of achievement. From the first moments of creation
to the frontiers of the solar system and now, with Voyager, beyond:
your knowledge spans the broad canvas of human endeavor.
Some of you are not only experts in your field, you
invented your field. Your quests and questions produced new
disciplines, new knowledge, new ways of looking at our world.
And today, your nation recognizes your monumental
accomplishments, honors the differences you have made: advancing
human understanding, improving the human condition, helping mankind
conquer ignorance and illness, helping this nation compete and
prosper.
Today's award winners range in age from the Pegasus Team
-- a group of precocious 40-something scientists and one 37-year-old
-- who designed and built the world's first private space rocket to
Admiral Grace Hopper, born in 1906, who pioneered the revolution that
put personal computers on the desks of millions of Americans -- and
dragged even this President into the computer age. (Laughter.)
I was asked for a report. It's been almost six months
since my first computer lesson, and I'm making progress. I make the
same mistakes, but I do it five times faster. It's marvelous.
(Laughter.)
The men and women we honor exemplify not simply the life
of the mind, but the spirit of adventure and risk that accompanies
the quest for advancement.
Take Stephen Bechtel, whose vision helped a city spring
from the Saudi desert, helped turn the Arctic waters of James Bay
into a source of energy for millions of North Americans, and who's
now helping Kuwait rise up from the ashes of war.
Consider Colonel Stapp, John Paul Stapp, expert on the
human impact of G-forces stress. When his experiments became too
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dangerous to impose on others, Colonel Stapp became his own subject.
And as a former Naval aviator, I can hardly believe he's withstood 40
Gs: That's the same as going from 632 miles per hour to a dead stop
in 1.4 seconds. Colonel Stapp put himself on the line and made
flying safer for everyone from passengers on commuter shuttles to the
astronauts now orbiting the Earth on Discovery.
From the work of a single individual come benefits that
can banish suffering and prolong life for many millions of people.
Consider the career of Gertrude Elion, Nobel Prize-winning
biochemist. Her life's work spans the quest to defeat Leukemia and
Malaria to today's battle against AIDs and other immune system
disorders.
Together, your efforts transformed our world. And yet,
as a nation, our honor for all you've done falls short if we fail to
sustain your forward march. This administration has proposed what
progress demands: record funding levels for research and
development, with funds channeled to the individual investigator and
small research teams that so often redefine state-of-the-art. To
advance technology, we've focused funds on the areas of energy and
aeronautics, biotechnology and advanced materials, high performance
computing and communications.
To advance science and engineering research, we've urged
Congress to approve an 18-percent increase in funding for the
National Science Foundation, keeping us on track with our commitment
to double spending on that vital research arm by the year 1994. Our
commitment to science and technology proves beyond doubt we will not
shortchange the future.
In the words of Astronomer Edwin Powell Hubble:
"Equipped with his five senses, man explores the universe around him,
and calls the adventure science.' " Well, science and technology hold
open the hope of infinite possibility -- of answers that eluded
Einstein, of a new world free from fear and want. And that same
shining future -- the new world of possibility -- exists within every
child.
In the end, progress of enlightenment comes down to
education, and what are we doing to cultivate the children sitting
today in classrooms around the country -- the generation we'll ask to
provide solutions to the challenges of a new century, answers to
questions that haven't even yet been asked.
Unless we act immediately, the next generation may not
be equipped to follow in your footsteps. All of you know our
national education goals and the strategy that we call America 2000
-- our challenge to everyone with a stake in our schools to literally
reinvent American education. Well, right now, in some studies of
math and science aptitude, U.S. students rank dead last amongst the
industrialized nations. And that one statistic alone should shake us
out of our complacency and show us the scope of the challenge that we
face.
If we're going to be first in the world in math and
science by 2000, there's not a moment to waste. Because we're
serious, next year's budget targets $661 million for precollege math
and science education -- a one-year increase of 28 percent.
And today, I salute every one of you who has taken the
time to share your wisdom in the classroom. I mentioned earlier that
we have five Nobel laureates with us today. Let me recognize another
medal-winner for a singular distinction: Elvin Kabat, who's had the
satisfaction of seeing one of his students go on to win a Nobel.
We must preserve the vital connection between teaching
and research. That's the idea behind the Commerce Department's
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- 3 -
Technology Heroes Program -- to turn Medal of Technology winners into
role models for our kids. And that's why, today, I am pleased to
announce the establishment of the Presidential Faculty Fellows
Program -- to provide 5-year grants totaling $500,000 to as many as
each of 30 young faculty members each year. These grants will
support young scholars in their path-breaking work in science and
technology and their teaching in the classroom. Perhaps years from
now, some of those Presidential Faculty Fellows will have their own
day here in the Rose Garden.
In honoring each of you, this nation honors the
boundless horizons of the human mind, the soaring spirit of inquiry,
the special genius of the architects who fashion today's fantastic
idea into tomorrow's usable tool. Your work stands as its own
reward; so let me simply add your nation's thanks.
Once again, welcome to the White House. Congratulations
on your well-deserved honors. Now, with the help of Dr. Massey and
Secretary Mosbacher and Dr. Allan Bromley, we will present the
awards.
Thank you all very much. (Applause.)
(The awards are presented.)
THE PRESIDENT: Well done to the presenter. I guess
that concludes it, doesn't it?
Thank you all and, again, my congratulations. I think
that concludes the ceremony. And the person that's in charge of the
weather, please meet me inside. (Laughter.) Thank you all very
much. (Applause.)
END
10:40 A.M. EDT
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THE WHITE HOUSE
Office of the Press Secretary
For Immediate Release
September 16, 1991
REMARKS BY THE PRESIDENT
IN SOLAR ENERGY RESEARCH INSTITUTE ANNOUNCEMENT
The Roosevelt Room
10:02 A.M. EDT
THE PRESIDENT: Good to see you all. Please be seated.
Let me just welcome everybody here. And special thanks to Henson
Moore, our Deputy Secretary at Energy, who, along with Jim Watkins,
who's not here today, has been such a driving force for our National
Energy Strategy. Dr. Sunderman, we salute you, sir, the Director of
the Solar Energy Research Institute; Hank Habicht of the EPA
Administration; Mike Deland and, of course, Dr. Bromley, our Science
Advisor.
And may I pay my respects to the members of Congress who
are with us. Senator Johnston has taken a leadership role early on,
on this Senate energy bill. Senator Hank Brown -- very active in it,
and Congressmen Hefley and Schaefer and Skaggs -- all of you, a warm
welcome to the White House.
Before we get started, let me congratulate the Senate
Energy Committee on approving a comprehensive energy bill that
incorporates many of the key elements of our strategy. I urge the
full Senate to act on this bill swiftly. I also hope that the House
Energy and Commerce Committee will complete action on energy
legislation this fall. The country needs an enacted enery strategy.
For seven months now, we've been highlighting the
strengths of our National Energy Strategy -- a comprehensive -- we
feel -- balanced approach to accomplish the goals of continued
economic growth, increased energy efficiency, strong environmental
protection, and a reduced dependence on foreign oil.
One of the most important themes in our National Energy
Strategy is the more efficient use of energy resources. We must keep
America on the cutting edge of new technologies, like alternative
fuels, electric cars, solar and geothermal energy, high-speed rail,
and advanced, even safer nuclear energy facilities. We must
encourage environmentally responsible development of all U.S. energy
resources, including renewable energy.
Renewable energy does reduce demand upon our other
finite natural resources, it enhances our energy security and,
clearly, it protects the environment.
Cost-effective renewable energy technologies can
contribute in their way to a strong and growing economy --
domestically, by spurring competition and innovation in U.S. markets;
and in our balance of trade by displacing more expensive imported
energy and providing new services and products for export.
We saw during the past year how important this is to our
national security.
- 2 -
We don't have to wait for scientific breakthroughs to
capitalize on renewable energy technologies. We just need to
translate our success in the lab into progress in the marketplace.
And we must continue focused, industry-driven R&D to realize the full
potential of these technologies.
In the last two years, we have increased the federal
budget for renewable energy research and development by 78 percent
and have started construction on a new federal lab. This funding has
supported R&D in a number of important areas: photovoltaic cells
that convert sunlight to electricity; advanced turbines that harness
the power of the wind; and new ways of producing ethanol and methanol
for our cars and trucks.
It's easy to criticize and complain that we're not doing
enough in promoting renewable energy. We will leave that to others,
while we quietly here do the hard work which will make renewable
energy technologies a reality in the marketplace.
Much of this progress -- I call it outstanding progress
-- has been accomplished in Golden, Colorado, at the Department of
Energy's Solar Energy Research Institute -- SERI. SERI has excelled
in R&D and in technology transfer. This year SERI scientists have
won four of the prestigious R&D 100 awards.
In recognition of SERI's success and its important role
in strengthening our energy future, I am pleased to announce the
elevation of SERI to the status of a national laboratory. SERI,
which will now be known as the National Renewable Energy Laboratory,
joins an elite group of our nation's finest scientific facilities.
This designation symbolizes our commitment to finding
new ways to produce and use energy that is cleaner, more efficient
and more sustainable.
So once again, thank you all for joining us this morning
to mark this special occasion. And let me end where I began with
congratulations to Secretary Moore -- Henson Moore -- and Dr. Duane
Sunderman. Thank you very, very much. (Applause.)
END
10:07 A.M. EDT
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