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Fujimori Departure Statement 9/17/91 [OA 8328] [2]
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323153501
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Fujimori Departure Statement 9/17/91 [OA 8328] [2]
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Records of the White House Office of Speechwriting (George H. W. Bush Administration)
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Originally Processed With FOIA(s):
FOIA Number:
S
S
FOIA
MARKER
This is not a textual record. This is used as an
administrative marker by the George Bush Presidential
Library Staff.
Record Group/Collection:
George H.W. Bush Presidential Records
Collection/Office of Origin:
Speechwriting, White House Office of
Series:
Speech File Backup Files
Subseries:
Chron File, 1989-1993
OA/ID Number:
13769
Folder ID Number:
13769-004
Folder Title:
Fujimori Departure Statement 9/17/91 [OA 8328] [2]
Stack:
Row:
Section:
Shelf:
Position:
G
26
21
6
1
SEP- 6-91 FRI 18:37
P.01
Office of Andean Affairs
(ARA/AND) - Room 5906
Bureau of Inter-American Affairs
Department of State
Washington, D.C. 20520
Fax: (202) 647-2628
FACSIMILE COVER SHEET
Date: September6
To: Jennifer Grossman
From: Bruce Williamson
Tel: (202) (202) 647-3076
Number of pages including cover sheet: 5
Remarks: Fujimori Speeches
SEP- 6-91 FRI 18:37
P.02
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INFO:
ARA (01)
PPC(81)
OAS
(91)
(91)
PE (02)
DAND
(81)
SPA (01)
IN PERU WE HAVE FORGOTTEN THE EXISTENCE OF A LEGALLY CONSTITUTED
PHC (81) (01)
AUTHORITY. AT SAN MARCOS AND LA CANTUTA UNIVERSITIES WE FOUND
11/2144Z A2 LM
(TOTAL COPIES: 010)
SUBVERSIVE SLOGANS PAINTED ON THE WALLS AND FLAGS OTHERS THAN OURS
ACTION INR-01
HOISTED WITH ABSOLUTE IMPUNITY, WHILE OFFICIALS, PROFESSORS,
WORKERS, AND STUDENTS WERE BEING THREATENED.
INFO
LOG-00
AID-00
ARA-00
DS-00
INRE-00
PA-02
/005W
A CLIMATE OF TERROR PREVAILED THERE, AND THE STATE OF LAW CANNOT
70E1BE 112124Z /38
ADMIT THIS. 1 WANT YOU TO KNOW THAT THE TERRORIST GROUPS IN THESE
R 111823Z JUN 91
UNIVERSITIES HAD SO MUCH POWER THAT THEY EVEN HANDLED THE UNIVERSITY
FM FBIS ASUNCION PA
CURRICULA, THAT IS, THEY DECIDED ON THE COURSES AND CAREERS TO BE
TO AIG 4673
FOLLOWED. THESE ARMED GROUPS, REAL CRIMINAL GANGS, USED FEAR TO
AIG 4681
HAVE THEIR DECISIONS OBEYED, THIS HAS NOW ENDED BECAUSE THE PEOPLE
CDR747THMIBN GALETA ISLAND PM
NO LONGER WANT THEM, BECAUSE THE PEOPLE NO LONGER TOLERATE
FAISA FT BRAGG NC
SUBVERSION. ((APPLAUSE AND SHOUTS) ) ((PASSAGE OMITTED))
XVIII ABN CORPS INTEL CEN FT BRAGG NC
I HOPE PERUVIANS WILL PARDON ME FOR SPEAKING FRANKLY AND OPENLY,
SECSTATE WASHINGTON DC//INR/ISD/DC//
BUT THIS IS BETTER THAN BEING DECEIVED WITH BEAUTIFUL WORDS. WE
AMEMBASSY LIMA
HAVE DEMONSTRATED THAT THE TRADITIONAL POLITICAL SYSTEM IS IN CRISIS
CDR 5-87 INF BN FT DAVIS PM//S-2//
IN PERU, AND WE HAVE DEMONSTRATED THIS TO LATIN AMERICA.
CDR 193D INF BDE (L) FT CLAYTON PM//S-2//
THE ORGANIZED MANIPULATION AND THE SOPHISTICATED ELECTORAL
FBIS CHIVA CHIVA PM
APPARATUS, WHICH ARE AMONG THE TRADITIONAL POLITICAL FORCES, HAVE
USCINCEUR VAIHINGEN GE//ECJ2//
FAILED BECAUSE, DURING THE FIRST 10 MONTHS OF THE FIRST INDEPENDENT
61MAG HOWARD AFB PM/DOY//
GOVERNMENT IN THIS CENTURY, THE PEOPLE HAVE BECOME AWARE OF THE REAL
CDR 1-508 INF BN HOWARD AF8 PM//S-2//
SITUATION OF WHO IS GIVING THEM LIFE AND OF WHAT CAN BE DONE AND CAN
ACCT FBPY-EWDK
BE ACHIEVED IN PERU WHEN THE MINDS AND HANDS ARE CLEAN, WHEN THERE
ARE NO PARTY EXECUTIVE BOARDS ((APPLAUSE, SHOUTS)). OF COURSE, IT
UNCLAS 6R
HAS BEEN VERY DIFFICULT FOR US TO REACH THIS POINT. HOW MANY
GOVERNMENT FORMULAS HAVE BEEN IMPLEMENTED OVER THE PAST 40 YEARS?
SERIAL: PY1106182391
HOW MANY ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL MODELS HAVE BEEN TRIED? THE COMMON
PASS: COPY TO PROD TOT
DENOMINATOR OF ALL THESE EXPERIMENTS HAS BEEN THE POLITICIZED,
COUNTRY: PERU
NONTECHNICAL, AND DEMAGOGIC HANDLING OF NATIONAL PROBLEMS.
SUBJ: TAKE 1 OF 2 :- FUJIMORI COMMEMORATES ELECTION VICTORY
((APPLAUSE, SHOUTS))
AS I SAID, THESE 10 MONTHS OF INDEPENDENT GOVERNMENT HAVE
REF:
PY1106034591 FYI FUJIMORI COMMEMORATES ELECTION VICTORY
DEMONSTRATED WHAT CAN BE DONE WHEN THERE ARE NO BINDING PROBLEMS- OF
THIS NATURE. AND YET, THERE IS AN ATTEMPT TO PLACE US AMONG THE
OTHER TRADITIONAL MODELS.
SOURCE: LIMA RTP TELEVISION NETWORK IN SPANISH 0218 GMT 11 JUN 91
FACED WITH A PROFOUND OVERALL CRISIS, ISOLATION FROM THE
TEXT:
INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL COMMUNITY, DISARRAY IN ALMOST ALL PUBLIC
ENTERPRISES, AND A NATIONAL TREASURY SO BANKRUPT THAT IT COULD ONLY
// (ISPEECH BY PERUVIAN PRESIDENT ALBERTO FUJIMORI BEFORE THE
MAKE MINIMUM PURCHASES FACED WITH ALL THAT REALITY, PRAGMATISM
FIRST NATIONAL CONGRESS OF CHANGE-S0 GRASS-ROOTS ORGANIZATIONS,
HAS POINTED THE WAY TO SOLUTIONS, NOT THROUGH AN ORTHODOX OR A
COMMEMORATING THE FIRST ANNIVERSARY OF HIS ELECTION VICTORY, FROM
HETERODOX ECONOMIC POLICY, NOT THROUGH LIBERALISM OR POPULISM.
THE CRILLON HOTEL IN LIMA :- LIVE; MONITORED IN PROGRESS)
((APPLAUSE, SHOUTS))
( (EXCERPTS) ) (CAPPLAUSE AND SHOUTS) THAT MINORITY GROUP,
WITH PEOPLE LIKE YOU, TEMPERED BY GREAT NEEDS AND GREAT
DISGUISED IN DIFFERENT WAYS, HAS ALWAYS TRIED TO PERPETUATE A STATUS
SACRIFICES, NOTHING AND NO ONE WILL DEFEAT US, NEITHER INTERNAL OR
QUO THAT IS MARKED BY EXPLOITATION, DISREGARD OF THE PEOPLE, AND
FOREIGN FOES. IT IS FOR THIS REASON THAT I AM SO VERY PROUD OF
VIOLENCE. WHAT AT FIRST SEEMED TO BE JUST A VERY FEW TURNED OUT TO
HAVING BEEN ABLE TO TRANSMIT YOUR COLLECTIVE VOICES TO POWER
BE MILLIONS OF SUPPORTERS OF OUR MOVEMENT. ((APPLAUSE AND SHOUTS)
((APPLAUSE)) BECAUSE I DO NOT FEEL SEPARATED FROM THAT SPONTANEOUS
((PASSAGE OMITTED))
SIMPLE PHILOSOPHY THAT NURTURES PERUVIANS LIKE YOU, AND WHICH I
TODAY, POWER IS NOT IN THE HANDS OF ANY FOREIGN INTEREST. WE ARE
TRIED TO SYNTHESIZE IN THIS SLOGAN: HONESTY, TECHNOLOGY, AND WORK.
IMPLEMENTING AN ECONOMIC POLICY THAT DOES NOT IMPOSE MUCH SACRIFICE
((APPLAUSE, SHOUTS) (PASSAGE OMITTED))
AND THAT DOES NOT MAKE THE RICH GET RICHER. THOSE WHO THINK THAT WE
(MORE) 110218 FCC/ELSAM/MDP RRE22166. B3 11/20502 JUN
ARE NOT IMPLEMENTING THAT POLICY ARE ABSOLUTELY MISTAKEN.
WE MUST FIRST BUILD A NEW STATE THAT WILL SERVE SOCIETY AND NOT
ITSELF: A STATE WHICH WILL GAIN THE PEOPLE'S CONFIDENCE; A STATE
WHICH WILL HAVE ITS AUTHORITY RESTORED THROUGHOUT THE COUNTRY. WE
MUST CONTINUE TO CREATE THE CONDITIONS TO FULLY DEMOCRATIZE THE
ECONOMY THROUGH AN AUTHENTIC MARKET ECONOMY. WE NEED TO HARNESS ALL
THE CREATIVE ENERGY OF THE PERUVIAN PEOPLE IN THE QUEST FOR THE
WEALTH THAT IS so DESIRED BY OUR PEOPLE.
THERE ARE MANY ACTIONS AND STEPS YET TO BE TAKEN TOWARD THAT
OBJECTIVE. WE HAVE ALREADY TAKEN SOME IMPORTANT STEPS, DEFEATING
THE RESISTANCE OF POWERFUL INTERESTS. ((PASSAGE OMITTED))
FULLY COMPLYING WITH THE PEOPLE'S DEMANDS, WE HAVE GONE TO THE
UNIVERSITIES, WITH THE SUPPORT OF THE ARMED FORCES ON BEHALF OF
CIVILIANS, TO END THE PREVAILING DISORDER AND THE ATTEMPTS TO
ESTABLISH A TOTALITARIAN REGIME IN THOSE UNIVERSITIES. WE WANT THE
COMMON MAN WHO LIVES OFF HIS DAILY WORK, WHO PAYS HIS TAXES, AND WHO
MAINTAINS HIS CHILDREN AT THE UNIVERSITY, TO FEEL THAT THERE IS A
STATE AND THERE IS AN AUTHORITY. ((APPLAUSE, CHANTING))
SEP- 6-91 FRI 18:38
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11/2144Z A2 LM (TOTAL COPIES: 810)
ACTION INR-01
INFO LOG-00 AID-00 ARA-00 DS-00 INRE-00 PA-02
/005W
70E1E1 112126Z /38
R 111939Z JUN 91
FM FBIS ASUNCION PA
TO AIG 4673
AIG 4681
CDR747THMIBN GALETA ISLAND PM
FAISA FT BRAGG NC
XVIII ABN CORPS INTEL CEN FT BRAGG NC
SECSTATE WASHINGTON DC//INR/ISD/DC//
AMEMBASSY LIMA
CDR 5-87 INF BN FT DAVIS PM//S-2//
CDR 1930 INF BDE (L) FT CLAYTON PM//S-2//
FBIS CHIVA CHIVA PM
USCINCEUR VATHINGEN GE//ECJ2//
61MAG HOWARD AFB PM//DOY//
CDR 1-508 INF BN HOWARD AFB PM//S-2//
ACCT FBPY-EWOK
UNCLAS 6R
SERIAL: PY1106193991
PASS:
COPY TO PROD TOT
COUNTRY: PERU
SUBJ: TAKE 2 OF 2 -- FUJIMORI COMMEMORATES ELECTION VICTORY
REF:
PY1106182391 LIMA RTP TELEVISION NETWORK SPANISH 110218
///SHOUTS)) (PADDAGE OMITTED))
TEXT:
((EXCERPTS)) I KNOW THAT SUBVERSION IS A DANGEROUS, CUNNING, AND
MEAN ENEMY, BUT I AM NOT AFRAID OF IT. LONG AGO I LEARNED THAT THE
PEOPLE ARE ALSO NOT AFRAID. THE ONLY THING THAT WAS MISSING WAS
THAT THE STATE HAD TO MAKE ITS PRESENCE FELT IN AREAS IN WHICH IT
WAS ABSENT. THE PEOPLE ARE NOT AFRAID, BUT THESE CRIMINALS ARE
ARMED AND CAPABLE OF ANYTHING, EVEN THE MOST HORRIBLE CRIMES. THAT
IS WILY WE WILL REESTABLISH AUTHORITY WHERE IT IS NECESSARY.
I KNOW THE PEOPLE WILL CONTINUE TO SUPPORT ME AS THEY DID
THROUGHOUT THE ELECTORAL CAMPAIGN WHEN | ENTERED THE EMERGENCY
ZONES, THE SO-CALLED RED-ZONES, THE ZONES WERE SUBVERSION IS
BELIEVED TO BE BASED: IN AYACUCHO, IN HUANCAVELICA, IN PUNO, IN
LIMA, IN HUAYCAN AND EVEN INTO THE LION'S DEN IN CANTO GRANDE, AND
EVERYWHERE THE PEOPLE PROTECTED US. (CHEERS))
NOW YOU CAN SEE THE SITUATION AT THE SAN MARCOS UNIVERSITY
CAMPUS. NOW THE OLDEST AMERICAN UNIVERSITY IS CLEAN AND IN ORDER.
WE WILL SOON PLANT NEW TREES THERE, IMAGINE IF WE COULD DO THE SAME
ALL THROUGHOUT PERU.
IT IS SAID THAT THE UNIVERSITY IS THE REFLECTION OF SOCIETY AND
OF THE COUNTRY. NOW THAT THE UNIVERSITY IS CLEAN, LET US CLEAN AND
ADORN THE COUNTRY. LET US ADORN IT THE WAY IT DESERVES TO BE, AND
LET US NOT ALLOW FOUR OR FIVE MALADJUSTED INDIVIDUALS TO SPOIL IT.
(CHEERS, CHANTING OF SLOGANS)) ((PASSAGE OMITTED))
I DO NOT WANT TO END WITHOUT ASKING YOU, OR RATHER, WITHOUT
DEMANDING FROM YOU WHO ARE THE PILLARS OF OUR MOVEMENT TO COMPLY
WITH OUR BASIC PRINCIPLES: HONESTY, TECHNOLOGY, AND WORK.
((APPLAUSE, SHOUTS)
I DECLARE THE FIRST NATIONAL CONGRESS OF THE CHANGE-90 GRASS-
ROOTS ORGANIZATIONS CLOSED. ((SHOUTS))
VIVA PERU. ((APPLAUSE, SHOUTS))
(ENDALL) 110218 FCC/ELSAM/MDP RRE22115.04 11/2054Z JUN
P.04
SEP- 6-91 FRI 18:39
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INFO:
ARA (01)
PPC (01)
OAS
(01)
PPA
(01)
(00)
PE (02)
DAND (01)
BUT WHAT WOULD HAPPEN IF OUR DEMOCRACY WERE LESS FORMAL AND MORE
(01) PMC (81) SPA (01)
AUTHENTIC, AS IN MORE DEVELOPED COUNTRIES? THE PEOPLE WOULD
27/20042 A1 LM
(TOTAL COPIES: 010)
COMMUNICATE WITH THEIR GOVERNORS AND PARTICIPATE IN GOVERNMENT
ACTION INR-02
DECISIONS AND IN BUILDING THEIR FUTURE. BUT OUR WEAK DEMOCRACY, WITH
ITS LACK OF CONSISTENCY, GUARANTEES THE CONTRARY: THE POWER OF
INFO
LOG-00
ARA-00
INRE-00
PA-02
/005W
MINORITIES.
46E879 271922Z /38
THIS IS WHY HE HAVE PROTEGES OF POWERFUL POLITICIANS. AS SOON AS
R 271660Z FEB 91
THERE IS A CHANGE IN GOVERNMENT, THESE PROTEGES ARE INSTALLED IN
FM FBIS ASUNCION PA
POWER AND THEY BEGIN AS WE SAY, BOSSING PEOPLE AROUND. THE PEOPLE
TO AIG 4673
HAVE WITNESSED HOW MY GOVERNMENT HAS TRIED TO DO SOMETHING FOR THE
CDR747THMIBN GALETA ISLAND PM
POOR AND THE MASSES. AS SOON AS THE INTERESTS OF SOME PRIVILEGED
SECSTATE WASHINGTON DC//INR/ISD/DC//
MINORITIES WERE TOUCHED HOWEVER, THESE MINORITIES IMMEDIATELY
AMEMBASSY LIMA
STARTED ACTIVATING ALL THEIR RESOURCES TO PREVENT US FROM ADOPTING
CDR 193D INF BDE (L) FT CLAYTON PM//S-2//
ANY MEASURE.
FBIS CHIVA CHIVA PM
IT IS NOT UNUSUAL FOR POWERFUL ECONOMIC INTERESTS, AS IN THE CASE
XMT USCINCSO QUARRY HEIGHTS PM//CMOTF//
OF THE FOOD AND MEDICINE MONOPOLIES, TO ALLY WITH SOME BUREAUCRATIC
CDR470THMIGP COROZAL PM//1AGPP-O-AS//
DECISIONMAKERS TO DEFEND -- AT ANY EXPENSE AND IN OPEN CHALLENGE TO
USCINCLANT NORFOLK VA//J2//
THE GOVERNMENT THEIR INTERESTS. THE PEOPLE ARE MERELY SPECTATORS
SECOND MAFC
IN THIS GOVERNMENT DISPUTE AND THEY ARE NOT ABLE TO DEFEND THEIR
COMUSNAVSO FT AMADOR PM
INTERESTS,
NAVSECGRUACT GALETA ISLAND PM
THROUGHOUT THIS CENTURY THE COUNTRY. SEEN THE DISPUTE BETWEEN
CDRUSASOIC WASH DC//DIS//
RENEWING AND REGRESSIVE POLITICAL PROJECTS TAKING PLACE ON A STAGE
CDR USARSO FT CLAYTON PM//SOBA//
WHERE THE PERVVIAN STATE AND DOMINANT MINORITIES ARE THE PERFORMERS.
USCOMSOLANT
THIS DISPUTE IS WHAT THE PEOPLE, WITH WISDOM AND COMMON SENSE, CALL
USAFSO HOWARD AFB PM//IN//
THE WHITE MAN'S DISPUTE (L10 DE BLANCOS)). THE PEOPLE HAVE ALWAYS
ACCT FBPY-EWOK
BEEN FORCED TO BE SPECTATORS, NEVER PERFORMERS.
ALL THE TRADITIONAL GOVERNMENTS AND MINORITIES SPOKE IN THE NAME
UNCLAS 6R
OF THE PEOPLE, AS IF THE PEOPLE DID NOT KNOW HOW TO SPEAK. THE
SERIAL: PY2702160091
PEOPLE WERE NEVER GIVEN REAL PARTICIPATION IN THE GREAT DECISIONS
THAT AFFECTED OUR NATIONAL LIFE. OUR RECENT DECISION TO PUBLISH THE
COUNTRY: PERU
PENAL CODE DRAFT BILL HAS PRODUCED SEVERAL COMMENTS FROM
SUBJ:
TAKE 1 OF 2 -- FUJIMOR! ON POPULAR PARTICIPATION
INSTITUTIONS AND CONGRESSMEN. WE THEN ASKED OURSELVES WHAT WOULD
HAVE HAPPENED IF THE CONTROVERSIAL LAW ON BANK NATIONALIZATION HAD
BEEN SUBMITTED TO THE PEOPLE AND ALL SOCIAL SECTORS FOR AN OPEN
SOURCE: LIMA RTP TELEVISION NETWORK IN SPANISH 0300 GMT 27 FEB 91
TECHNICAL DISCUSSION. WITHOUT A DOUBT WE WOULD HAVE SAVED OURSELVES
TEXT:
MANY UNNECESSARY CONFRONTATIONS.
AN AUTHENTIC DEMOCRACY SHOULD HAVE A SINGLE STAGE: A NATIONAL
/ ( (CADDRESS TO THE NATION BY PERUVIAN PRESIDENT ALBERTO FUJIMORI;
ONE, WHERE ALL ACTORS HAVE THE SAME OPPORTUNITY. THAT IS WHAT WE
PLACE AND DATE NOT GIVEN -- REGORDED) )
MEAN WHEN WE SPEAK OF THE DEMOCRATIZATION OF GOVERNMENT DECISIONS. I
(ITEXT) GOOD EVENING, DEAR FELLOW COUNTRYMEN. 1 AM ADDRESSING
ASK MYSELF: IS THIS PERHAPS IMPOSSIBLE OR UTOPIAN? DEEP DOWN, THOSE
YOU TO OFFICIALLY ANNOUNCE MY PROPOSAL ON THE DEMOCRATIZATION OF
WHO OPPOSE A TOTAL, MODERN DEMOCRACY ACTUALLY FAVOR AN ILLUSORY
GOVERNMENT DECISIONS, A PROPOSAL YOU HAVE ALREADY HEARD ABOUT
DEMOCRACY WHICH IS ACTUALLY A FORM OF BUREAUCRATIC, ARISTOCRATIC, OR
THROUGH THE MEDIA. THERE HAVE BEEN MANY UNOBJECTIVE AND UNFOUNDED
SIMPLY PARTICRATIC (PARTIDOGRATICA)) DOMINATION.
INTERPRETATIONS AND MUCH SPECULATION BASED ON PREJUDICES FOLLOWING
(MORE) 270300 PAT/HARDY/MDP GJH21272.12 27/1830Z FEB
THE INITIAL ANNOUNCEMENT OF THIS MEASURE.
PEOPLE MAY BE ASKING THEMSELVES HOW THIS PROPOSAL WILL BENEFIT
THEM EXACTLY. I THINK THIS QUESTION MUST BE ANSWERED. IN PERU THERE
ARE THOUSANDS OF LAWS AND REGULATIONS WHICH THE CITIZENRY MUST OBEY
BUT WHICH, ACCORDING TO THE PEOPLE, MUST BE IMPROVED OR ELIMINATED.
I AM REFERRING TO LAWS AND NORMS AFFECTING EVERYONE'S DAILY LIFE.
FOR EXAMPLE, WHAT IS YOUR OPINION ON IMPORTING FOOD? SHOULD FOOD BE
FREELY IMPORTED OR NOT? WHAT ABOUT OUR NATIONAL INDUSTRY? IS IT
NECESSARY TO PROTECT IT? HOW?
THESE DECISIONS ARE CONNECTED WITH THE PRICES OF THE FOOD YOU
EAT. THE SAME THING HAPPENS WITH THE SALE OF MEDICINES. MUST WE
CONTINUE TO RESTRICT THE OPENING OF NEW DRUGSTORES? THIS IS WHY MORE
ACTIVE PARTICIPATION FROM THE PEOPLE IS NEEDED to SOLVE NATIONAL
PROBLEMS.
FOR MOST PEOPLE, DEMOCRACY HAS ONLY MEANT VOTING. AFTER THE
ELECTIONS THE PEOPLE DO NOT PARTICIPATE IN THE DECISIONS. IN
PRACTICE, THEIR REPRESENTATIVES ARE FREE TO DECIDE WHAT IS
CONVENIENT OR NOT FOR THE WELL-BEING AND HAPPINESS OF PERVVIANS. THE
PEOPLE'S ASPIRATIONS MAY OR MAY NOT BE FULFILLED, AND THE PEOPLE
OFTEN FEEL DISAPPOINTED, FORGOTTEN, AND PUSHED ASIDE, ANY OPINION
THAT COMES UP AND REACHES THE CENTERS OF DECISIONMAKING DOES NOT
NECESSARILY REPRESENT THE OPINION OF THE PEOPLE. THIS CAN LEAD TO
DISPUTES BETWEEN THE GOVERNMENT AND THE OPPOSITION, WHICH USES THE
PEOPLE'S DISCONTENT FOR ITS OWN POLITICAL INTERESTS.
UNCI
SEP- 6-91 FRI 18:40
P.05
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INFO:
ARA (01)
PPC (01)
OAS
(01)
PPA
(01)
(00)
PE (02)
DAND
(01)
AND FOREIGN RELATIONS, THAT WILL BE EXCEPTED. YOU WILL BE ABLE TO
(81) PMC (01) SPA (01)
CONVEY TO THE PRESIDENT, THROUGH THE COMMISSION ON DEMOCRATIZATION,
27/20052 A1 LM
TOTAL COPIES: 010)
YOUR COMMENTS, OBSERVATIONS, OR PROPOSALS ON ITEMS THAT THE DECREE
ACTION INR-02
WILL INCORPORATE.
THERE IS ANOTHER IMPORTANT ASPECT: PEOPLE WILL BE ABLE TO
INFO
LOG-00
ARA-00
INRE-00
PA-02
/005W
IDENTIFY PUBLIC OFFICIALS IN CHARGE OF DRAFTING THESE DECREES AND
46E97B 271935Z /38
MAKING DECISIONS; THE PEOPLE WILL BE ABLE TO DEMAND THAT THE
R 2717422 FEB 31
OFFICIALS TAKE RESPONSIBILITY FOR AND ACCOUNT FOR THEIR
FM FBIS ASUNCION PA
ADMINISTRATIVE ACTIONS. THIS IS THE ESSENCE, MY FELLOW COUNTRYMEN,
TO AIG 4673
OF THE SQ-CALLED DEMOCRATIZATION OF GOVERNMENT DECISIONS. YOU WILL
CDR747THM1BN GALETA ISLAND PM
BE TRUE PARTICIPANTS IN OUR DEMOCRACY THROUGH THIS SYSTEM. DEMOCRACY
SECSTATE WASHINGTON DC//INR/ISD/DC//
IS NOT JUST A NICE WORD BUT SOMETHING THAT WE HAVE TO LIVE EACH DAY.
AMEMBASSY LIMA
It IS A REALITY THAT MUST BE DEFENDED FROM ITS ENEMIES. I WANT TO BE
CDR 1930 INF BDE (L) FT CLAYTON PM//S-2//
VERY CLEAR AND I WANT TO STRESS THAT OUR POLICIES AND ACTIONS ARE
FBIS CHIVA CHIVA PM
TOTALLY CONSISTENT.
XMT USCINCSO QUARRY HEIGHTS PM//CMOTF//
THIS PRESIDENTIAL PROPOSAL TO CREATE A MECHANISM TO DEMOCRATIZE
CDR470THMIGP COROZAL PM//IAGPP-O-AS//
GOVERNMENT DECISIONS IS PROOF OF WHAT I AM SAYING, If WILL ALSO BE
USCINCLANT NORFOLK VA//J2//
SUBMITTED TO YOU FOR COMMENTS. THIS IS THE CLEAREST WAY TO ANSWER
SECOND MAFC
DOUBTS ON THE MATTER. LET US MOVE WITHOUT FEAR TO AN ADVANCED
COMUSNAVSO FT AMADOR PM
DEMOCRACY, AS ARE ALL OTHER DEMOCRACIES IN THE WEST, WITHOUT
NAVSECGRUACT GALETA ISLAND PM
ECONOMIC OWNERS OR CAUDILLOS. ALL CITIZENS HAVE EQUAL RIGHTS AND
CDRUSASOIC WASH DC//D/S//
OBLIGATIONS. WE WANT TO MAKE SURE THAT FREEDOMS ARE REAL AND ENJOYED
CDR USARSQ FT CLAYTON PM//SOBA//
BY ALL. WE WANT CLARITY IN THE PERFORMANCE OF PUBLIC OFFICIALS,
USCOMSOLANT
INSTITUTIONS, AND CONTROL AND FILTER MECHANISMS, SO THAT NO ONE IN
USAFSO HOWARD AFB PM//IN//
GOVERNMENT WILL HAVE THE RIGHT TO IMPOSE HIS CONCEPT OF FREEDOM ON
ACCT FBPY-EWDK
THE PEOPLE.
FREEDOM IS ACHIEVED BY LIMITING THE POWER OF THE FEW WHO ARE
UNCLAS 6R
ORGANIZED ENOUGH TO WIELD INFLUENCE. THIS CAN BE ACHIEVED IF THE
SERIAL: PY2702174291
INSTITUTIONAL SYSTEM IS ARMED WITH THE TOOLS TO CONTROL ABUSES, NO
MATTER HOW INFLUENTIAL THE GROUP. THIS IS WHAT WE HOPE TO ACHIEVE BY
COUNTRY: PERU
DEMOCRATIZING GOVERNMENT DECISIONS. THANK YOU AND GOOD NIGHT.
SUBJ:
TAKE 2 OF 2 .. FUJIMORI ON POPULAR PARTICIPATION
(ENDALL) 270300 JMR/HARDY/MDP GJH21272. 27/17322 FEB
REF:
PY2702160031 LINA RTP TELEVISION NETWORK SPANISH 270300
///PARTICRATIC ((PARTIDOCRATICA)) DOMINATION.
TEXT:
((TEXT)) FELLOW COUNTRYMEN, I WAS ELECTED PRESIDENT BECAUSE I
PROMISED A POLITICAL AND MORAL RENEWAL. THIS GOAL IS AT THE CORE OF
MY POLITICAL ACTION. MANY OF YOU BELIEVED MY PROPOSALS WERE THE
NECESSARY ANSWER TO THE POLITICAL CRISIS IN THE COUNTRY. YOU ELECTED
ME BECAUSE I PROMISED CHANGE, AND ONE OF THE MOST IMPORTANT CHANGES
I AM PROPOSING IS TO CHANGE THE PEOPLE'S PASSIVE ATTITUDE. WE DO NOT
WANT DEMOCRACY TO BE JUST A FORMALITY OR THE EXCLUSIVE SPHERE OF
POLITICIZED PEOPLE. WE WANT ALL CITIZENS TO PARTICIPATE.
I WANT TO EXPLAIN TO ALL MY FELLOW COUNTRYMEN, IN SIMPLE TERMS,
THIS VERY IMPORTANT PROPOSAL FOR DEMOCRATIZING GOVERNMENT DECISIONS
SO NO ONE WILL BE FOOLED OR MANIPULATED IN THE FUTURE, $0 EACH
CITIZEN CAN REACH HIS OWN CONCLUSIONS ABOUT GOVERNMENT ACTIONS.
THIS MEASURE WILL ALLOW PEOPLE TO GET ACQUAINTED WITH ALL
IMPORTANT DECREES BEFORE THEY BECOME EFFECTIVE. THERE WILL BE NO
MORE SURPRISES. THE REASONS AND BASES SUPPORTING THE DECISIONS WILL
BE MADE PUBLIC, AND THEIR CONSEQUENCES WILL BE DULY EXPLAINED.
CITIZENS AND INSTITUTIONS WILL BE ABLE TO COMMENT. THE EXECUTIVE
BRANCH WILL EVALUATE THE CRITICISM AND CORRECT POSSIBLE MISTAKES OR
LIMITATIONS. CITIZENS WILL HAVE DIRECT PARTICIPATION IN PUBLIC
FORUMS ON THE TOPICS. ONCE THE DECREE IS PUBLISHED, EVERYONE WILL
KNOW IF AND WHY PEOPLE'S OPINIONS WERE ACCEPTED OR DISMISSED.
LET US CONSIDER A SPECIFIC CASE. A SHORT TIME AGO THE GOVERNMENT
PUBLISHED A DRAFT DECREE AUTHORIZING LIMA'S PROVINCIAL COUNCIL TO
IMPORT 350 USED BUSES TO SOLVE THE SERIOUS PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION
PROBLEM. WE WOULD ASK YOU: DO YOU AGREE, OR DO YOU THINK WE SHOULD
USE LOCALLY MANUFACTURED UNITS?
EACH DECISION ON THESE AND OTHER MATTERS DIRECTLY AFFECTS YOUR
LIFE AND YOUR WELL-BEING. YOU THEREFORE HAVE THE RIGHT TO COMMENT ON
THEM. OF COURSE THERE ARE NATIONAL FIELDS, SUCH AS NATIONAL SECURITY
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1
LEVEL 1 - 2 OF 106 STORIES
Copyright (c) 1991 The Times Mirror Company;
Los Angeles Times
August 25, 1991, Sunday, Home Edition
SECTION: Part A; Page 18; Column 1; Foreign Desk
LENGTH: 1363 words
HEADLINE: IN PERU, ONE TOO MANY DISAPPEARANCES?;
HUMAN RIGHTS: THOUSANDS HAVE BEEN DETAINED. BUT THIS WAS THE STUDENT SON OF A
PERSISTENT BUSINESSMAN.
BYLINE: By WILLIAM R. LONG, TIMES STAFF WRITER
DATELINE: LIMA, Peru
BODY:
Witnesses say police detained Ernesto Castillo last Oct. 21, locked him in
the trunk of a patrol car and drove away. Since then, Castillo has been missing.
(c) 1991 Los Angeles Times, August 25, 1991
Thousands of other Peruvians have disappeared after being detained by
security forces. Most have been poor people in provincial areas where
authorities are fighting a bloody guerrilla war with the fanatical Sendero
Luminoso, the Shining Path rebel army.
But Castillo was different. He was a Lima university student, the son of a
middle-class businessman who refuses to let the disappearance be forgotten. His
case has caught the attention of the press, triggered congressional hearings,
reached the Peruvian Supreme Court and focused unprecedented public concern on
the issue of detainees who disappear here.
It is an extremely sensitive issue for the civilian government of President
Alberto Fujimori and for the Bush Administration, which provides aid to
Peru's police and armed forces.
In the past, U.S. administrations imposed stern sanctions against the former
military regime in neighboring Chile for human rights violations, including
detainee disappearances. Although the number of disappearances has been far
greater in Peru than it was in Chile, the State Department recently determined
that there is no "consistent pattern" of human rights violations by Peruvian
authorities.
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(c) 1991 Los Angeles Times, August 25, 1991
That determination is required by U.S. law for allocation of $95 million in
military and economic aid to Peru to combat cocaine trafficking. It not only
contradicts what human rights groups in Peru say but portrays a more positive
human rights picture than is contained in another State Department report issued
only a few months earlier.
Democrats in Congress, aware of discrepancies, have delayed approval of the
Peruvian aid until Congress reconvenes in September. The delay has ruffled
relations between the governments and cast doubts on whether Fujimori will make
a scheduled September visit to Washington.
Cromwell Castillo, Ernesto Castillo's father, said that Fujimori has been
unresponsive to his pleas to help clear up his son's disappearance. "I believe
it is the president himself who is covering this up," he said.
Fujimori, echoing official police statements, has told Peruvian reporters
that Ernesto Castillo was never detained. But witnesses report seeing police
stop him in Villa El Salvador, a working-class suburb of Lima. Ernesto, a
sociology student at Lima's Catholic University, had gone to see a friend in the
area, where Sendero Luminoso militants were protesting, his father said. Police
soon came looking for guerrillas.
(c) 1991 Los Angeles Times, August 25, 1991
Four police officers stopped Ernesto on the street, pointing a gun at him and
questioning him, according to witnesses who watched from nearby houses. "They
searched him, didn't find anything, handcuffed him and put him in the trunk,"
his father said.
After he learned that his son had been detained, Cromwell Castillo went door
to door looking for witnesses. He checked the morgue and police arrest records.
He obtained a writ from a judge ordering police to produce his son, if he were a
prisoner. Government attorneys later persuaded the Supreme Court to invalidate
the writ on a technicality, Castillo said.
He added that he has "sent two open letters to the president
asking for
an explanation. The president hasn't answered my letters."
Castillo has pressed criminal charges, demanding an investigation of all
police in Villa El Salvador on the morning of Oct. 21.
Until mid-March, Castillo's lawyer in the case was Augusto Zuniga, legal
secretary for the Human Rights Commission, an independent group known by the
Spanish acronym COMISEDH. Because of his efforts on Castillo's behalf, Zuniga
began receiving anonymous threats. On March 14, he received a letter bomb that
blew up, costing him an arm.
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(c) 1991 Los Angeles Times, August 25, 1991
Castillo voiced no hope that his missing son still lives, saying, "We believe
that Ernesto has been killed by the police."
Zuniga received word from a police friend that Ernesto was taken to Lima's
22nd Precinct, which Castillo says is the headquarters of a special
anti-terrorist training unit. "There, they interrogated him, which means they
tortured him," Castillo said. He said Zuniga's police friend also said that
Ernesto's body was taken to a remote area of coastal desert somewhere south of
Lima, destroyed by dynamite and buried. No remains have been found.
Public outrage over the Castillo case has raised Peruvians' awareness of at
least 5,000 other reported disappearances in the 11-year war with Sendero
Luminoso guerrillas. Most of the cases have been blamed on army personnel
fighting senderistas, as the guerrillas are called.
Senderistas are notorious for slaughtering peasants who do not cooperate with
them, so it is unsurprising to Peruvians that excesses are committed by security
forces. Fernando Rospigliosi, an analyst with the Institute of Peruvian Studies,
said that people commonly condone disappearances of suspected guerrillas: "When
it is a senderista, it's OK to kill him."
(c) 1991 Los Angeles Times, August 25, 1991
Rospigliosi said that official excesses are beyond the Fujimori government's
control but that the government is not without blame. "It is the policy of the
military," he said, "but it is the responsibility of the government to the
degree that it has not been able to stop it."
In 1980, when the armed forces returned power to elected civilians after 12
years of military rule, there was a tacit agreement that civilians would not
meddle in military matters, he said. That understanding was reinforced in the
'80s as the Sendero Luminoso war escalated. "The military began to 'disappear'
people in 1983," he said. "Since then, they haven't stopped.'
A human rights report issued Feb. 1 by the U.S. State Department said that
abuses by security forces increased in 1990: "There were widespread credible
reports of summary executions, arbitrary detentions, torture and rape by the
military, as well as less frequent reports of such abuses by the police."
It added that, while human rights groups recorded 302 new cases of
disappearances during 1990, that was markedly less than a record number in 1989.
Most disappearances have been reported in provincial Apurimac and Ayacucho.
"Based on the testimony of survivors, it appears that most victims are taken to
military bases for interrogation," the report said.
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(c) 1991 Los Angeles Times, August 25, 1991
But to meet conditions imposed by Congress for providing Peru anti-drug aid,
the State Department on July 30 determined that security forces "are not engaged
in a consistent pattern of gross violations of internationally recognized human
rights, and the government of Peru has made significant progress in protecting
internationally recognized human rights."
Democrats in Congress, however, have frozen a $94.9-million package of
anti-drug aid to Peru for fiscal 1991, including $34.9 million in military aid.
A ranking Peruvian army officer, who asked not to be identified by name, said
that military commanders are taking measures to safeguard human rights. He
leafed through a sheaf of directives to officers that prohibit abuses and denied
that violations are as widespread as human rights groups contend.
He said a study of reports about those who had disappeared in 1990 showed
that "only 10% had been detained by our forces."
In 1989, government attorneys received 441 formal disappearance complaints.
Pablo Rojas, president of the Commission on Human Rights, said the number
dropped to 251 in 1990 but reached 165 in the first half of 1991. In the first
12 months of Fujimori's administration, which began July 28, 1990, government
attorneys received 238 disappearance complaints; 70 of the missing were later
(c) 1991 Los Angeles Times, August 25, 1991
released from army and police posts, two were transferred to the criminal
justice system, 24 were found dead, and 142 are still missing.
Other human rights groups, using different sources, report greater numbers of
disappeared detainees. Ricardo Villanueva, secretary general in Peru for
London-based Amnesty International, said that 750 Peruvians disappeared in the
Fujimori government's first year.
In the previous 12 months, under former President Alan Garcia, about 1, 400
disappeared.
GRAPHIC: Photo, Ernesto Castillo, Peruvian student who disappeared last fall.
SUBJECT: HUMAN RIGHTS - PERU; MISSING PERSONS; POLICE MISCONDUCT -- PERU;
UNITED STATES FOREIGN AID - PERU; PERU -- REVOLTS
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LEVEL 1 - 4 OF 106 STORIES
Copyright (c) 1991 Chicago Tribune Company;
Chicago Tribune
August 18, 1991, Sunday, FINAL EDITION
SECTION: NEWS; Pg. 25; ZONE: C
LENGTH: 95 words
HEADLINE: Peruvian president to meet with Bush
BYLINE: Associated Press
DATELINE: KENNEBUNKPORT, Maine
BODY:
President Alberto Kenyo Fujimori of Peru will meet with President Bush at
the White House on Sept. 17, the White House announced.
Fujimori's visit will be an official working visit. The presidents will
discuss a range of issues including respect for human rights, development of
democracy in Peru, cooperation on narcotics interdiction, and Peru's economic
(c) 1991 Chicago Tribune, August 18, 1991
development.
The visit comes as Fujimori faces a plethora of problems, including growing
internal violence fostered by the left-wing rebel organization Shining Path and
a deteriorating economic situation.
TERMS: PERU; RELATION; UNITED STATES; OFFICIAL; MEETING TRIP
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The Xinhua General Overseas News Service
The materials in the Xinhua file were compiled by The Xinhua News Agency. These
materials may not be republished without the express written consent of The
Xinhua News Agency.
AUGUST 16, 1991, FRIDAY
LENGTH: 99 words
HEADLINE: peruvian president to visit U.S.
DATELINE: washington, august 16; ITEM NO: 0816010
BODY:
peruvian president alberto fujimori will make an official working visit to
washington on september 17, the white house said today. gary foster, deputy
press secretary of the white house, said during his visit here, fujimori and
U.S. president george bush are expected to discuss "a wide range of bilateral
and regional issues during their meetings, including the developme nt of
democracy and respect for human rights, cooperation on narco tics and the
prospects for economic development in peru." it will be fujimori's first visit
The Xinhua General Overseas News Service, AUGUST 16, 1991
to the white house since he became president of peru.
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LEVEL 1 - 9 OF 106 STORIES
Copyright 1991 Latin American Institute,
University of New Mexico
Chronicle of Latin American Economic Affairs
August 15, 1991
SECTION: PERU
LENGTH: 533 words
HEADLINE: PERU: U.S. SUSPENDS DISBURSEMENT OF $95 MILLION IN MILITARY & ECONOMIC
AID
BODY:
Aug. 6: The Peruvian Interior Ministry announced the creation of special
offices where civilians can report human rights violations committed by members
of the police and armed forces.
During the previous week, President Alberto Fujimori received a letter
signed by 25 members of the US Congress, including Sen. Edward Kennedy, accusing
his government of accomplishing little to prevent army and police excesses in
the on-going war against rebel groups. Senators and Representatives called on
Copr. 1991 Chron of Latin American Econ Affairs, August 15, 1991
the White House to withhold $95 million in economic and military aid earmarked
for anti- narcotics efforts.
Peruvian government figures show that 3,106 people were killed in political
violence during the first year of the Fujimori administration.
A spokesperson for the US Embassy in Lima said the aid retention approved by
Congress did not constitute a sanction, but was the outcome of deliberations
interrupted by the congressional recess.
Aug. 7: Peruvian Foreign Minister Carlos Torres confirmed the suspension of
$95 million in US aid. The minister said the move is temporary: disbursement
will be resumed after the US Congress resumes activities on Sept. 5. Members of
Congress are expected to conclude final revisions on a recently concluded
bilateral anti-narcotics agreement.
A US Embassy spokesperson said the decision to withhold the aid was not
connected to human rights abuses attributed to the Peruvian public security
forces.
Aug. 10: Peruvian Sen. Enrique Bernales said President Fujimori will visit
Washington to personally inform President George Bush of the human rights
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Copyright (c) 1991 Globe Newspaper Company;
The Boston Globe
August 13, 1991, Tuesday, City Edition
SECTION: NATIONAL/FOREIGN; Pg. 2
LENGTH: 698 words
HEADLINE: In Peru, doubts on US aid plan;
Antidrug pact at issue
BYLINE: By Pamela Constable, Globe Staff
DATELINE: LIMA
KEYWORD: PERU US AID DRUG
BODY:
The Bush administration's plan to send military trainers to Peru as part of a
new bilateral antidrug agreement has caused a political firestorm here,
embarrassing the government and producing renewed charges of human rights
(c) 1991, The Boston Globe, August 13, 1991
abuses by the security forces.
The $ 35 million military aid agreement, which was suspended last week by the
US Congress until next month, also raises new questions about the conflict, or
coincidence, of US antidrug policy and Peru's war against leftist guerrillas.
Since last week, civilian and military officials have strenuously denied
published reports that Washington will send up to 50 Special Forces officers
here as part of a campaign to combat coca plant-growing and cocaine trafficking
in Peru's isolated Upper Huallaga valley.
US diplomats, meanwhile, have sought to emphasize that the US trainers will
educate Peruvian forces in jungle warfare and use of equipment but will not
accompany them as military advisers on field operations.
For the first time since US forces began assisting Peru's antidrug war in the
mid-1980s, however, the new pact states that drug trafficking and guerrilla
activities are "inextricably intertwined," and that as a result,
counterinsurgency is a "justifiable component" of antidrug operations.
To critics, such language raises fears that US troops could be drawn into a
protracted guerrilla war in alliance with a corrupt and repressive security
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(c) 1991, The Boston Globe, August 13, 1991
establishment, as occurred in E1 Salvador.
Peruvian human rights advocates argue that US officials have deliberately
overlooked the human rights record of Peru's armed forces in order to win their
cooperation in the antidrug effort.
In the first six months of this year, 138 people have disappeared and 812
have been killed in political violence, according to national human rights
groups. But in a July 30 report to Congress, the Bush administration said that
Peru's security forces "are not engaged in a consistent pattern of gross
violations."
To Francisco Soberon, longtime director of the Peruvian Pro-Human Rights
Association, this assertion is both laughable and tragic. "It is a grave
falsehood,' he said. "With this document, the United States is wiping out its
commitment to human rights."
US diplomats take issue with such charges, pointing out that the new
bilateral pact includes an unprecedented pledge that military and police
officials will be "held accountable" for any abuses occurring under their
command.
(c) 1991, The Boston Globe, August 13, 1991
Peruvian officials, smarting under renewed criticism from US legislators such
as Sen. Edward M. Kennedy of Massachusetts, last week strongly defended the
country's human rights record and delayed President Alberto Fujimori's scheduled
trip to Washington this month.
"The American congressmen have only a partial vision of our reality. Our
government is in the first line of defense of human rights," Prime Minister
Carlos Torres told reporters on Thursday. He said that since Fujimori took
office in July, the number of disappearances has been "reduced by 50 percent."
Human rights groups dispute those figures, as well as Torres' contention that
a number of reported official abuses have been investigated and punished in the
past year.
Yet even government critics acknowledged that the double scourge of guerrilla
violence and drug trafficking has made it difficult to demand kid-glove behavior
by the poorly paid, physically besieged police and armed forces.
In the past decade, tens of thousands of Peruvians have been killed in the
conflicts between the security forces and the Shining Path, a secretive
revolutionary movement. In the past week alone, two Polish priests, two rural
mayors and 11 policemen have been assassinated in attacks attributed to the
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(c) 1991, The Boston Globe, August 13, 1991
rebels.
In the Upper Huallaga Valley, where peasants grow the bulk of South America's
coca bushes, the Shining Path has been battling drug traffickers for political
alliance with the populace, and rebels operate freely in the vast, lawless
frontier zone.
Fujimori, who was initially reluctant to accept US military aid, has
emphasized the need for alternative crop production and economic development as
an antidote to coca farming and rebel influence in rural areas.
LEVEL 1 - 11 OF 106 STORIES
Copyright (c) 1991 Chicago Tribune Company;
Chicago Tribune
August 7, 1991, Wednesday, NORTH SPORTS FINAL EDITION
SECTION: EDITORIAL; Pg. 18; ZONE: C
LENGTH: 492 words
HEADLINE: A carrot and a stick for Peru
BODY:
Peru has plenty of problems:
- Crushing poverty and its attendant calamities, such as the country's
eedisat
recent cholera epidemic.
- A virulent insurgency by Shining Path guerrillas, who have been warring SL
with the authorities since 1980.
-
Government security forces - army and police - notorious for beating,
killing or "disappearing" people they detain.
HR
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(c) 1991 Chicago Tribune, August 7, 1991
- And an illicit industry upon which an estimated 1 million Peruvians depend
but which the U.S. government, among others, would like to see eradicated. This
max
is the growing and processing of coca plants, the source of cocaine.
As part of its war on this scourge, the Bush administration wants to give $94
million in military and economic aid that would be spent primarily on rooting
out coca growing. Some money also would go for balance-of-payments relief.
and
But the aid has been held up by a disagreement in Washington over Peru's
human-rights record, which is universally regarded as lousy.
Nevertheless, the Bush administration, complying with a law that links
rights protection and anti-drug funding, has just certified that the year-old
government of Peruvian President Alberto Fujimori has made improvements and
deserves assistance.
Human-rights groups and lawmakers quickly disputed the administration's
finding, announced July 30, and Sen. Patrick Leahy used his authority as
chairman of the Senate Appropriations subcommittee on foreign operations to
block disbursement. Now the administration and Congress must talk the matter
out.
Meral are
(c) 1991 Chicago Tribune, August 7, 1991
Officials ought to try for a compromise, offering needy Peru some help
without turning a completely blind eye to human-rights abuses. They are serious,
as the State Department has been reporting right along.
The New York Times recently reported that for the fifth consecutive year,
Peru exceeds all other countries in the number of reported "disappearances" from
government custody. An unidentified rights group official told the Times that in
the last three years, one-third of the people of Lima had been stopped and
searched by police officers or army troops.
At the same time, it must be remembered that these forces operate in a
society under attack by vicious rebels and distorted by drug trafficking.
President Fujimori, moreover, has checked some of the excesses by police. (It is
doubtful he has achieved full control, as the administration certified.)
Fujimori also has opened channels of communication among groups not accustomed
For
to talking with each other.
His efforts deserve at least a psychological boost from the U.S. The amount
of money makes the aid largely symbolic, though important nonetheless,
especially if it encourages other countries to kick in.
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(c) 1991 Chicago Tribune, August 7, 1991
The U.S. could show its support for Peru by providing the $60 million
earmarked for economic aid but withholding the $34 million destined for the
military. That approach would reward progress to date and register an
expectation for still more.
TERMS: ISSUE; PERU; FINANCE; AID; STATISTIC
LEVEL 1 - 12 OF 106 STORIES
Copyright (c) 1991 Reuters
The Reuter Library Report
August 7, 1991, Wednesday, BC cycle
LENGTH: 261 words
HEADLINE: U.S WANTS TO SEND MILITARY TRAINERS TO PERU
DATELINE: WASHINGTON, Aug 7
KEYWORD:
PERU-USA
BODY:
The United States wants to send a small number of military trainers to Peru
to help its army in the war against drug traffickers but details are still being
worked out, officials said on Wednesday.
"We can't have a comprehensive Andean anti-drug strategy without operating in
Peru because that's where 60 per cent of the world's coca comes from," said one
official.
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(c) 1991 Reuters; August 7, 1991
Peru's President Alberto Fujimori's government signed an umbrella agreement
with the United States last May to work together against the narcotics trade,
which in Peru is closely linked with Maoist Shining Path guerrillas.
An official said a follow-on agreement was later signed dealing with military
cooperation. The United States has had a small number of trainers helping the
Peruvian police in anti-drugs operations for the past two years.
The official said the trainers would teach basic investigatative techniques
and military skills but would also work on improving the Peruvian army's respect
for human rights.
In the past, Peru's poor human rights record has prevented cooperation with
its military. But U.S. officials believe the situation has improved under
Fujimori.
Officials said the programme was at present on hold because of the
reservations of some in Congress and the Bush administration was talking to
congressmen to convince them that the project was necessary.
The New York Times reported Wednesday that the dispatch of around 50
trainers, including Green Berets and U.S. Navy personnel, would end a break of
(c) 1991 Reuters; August 7, 1991
20 years between the U.S. military and the Peruvian army.
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Copyright (c) 1991 Inter Press Service;
Inter Press Service
August 2, 1991, Friday
LENGTH: 155 words
HEADLINE: PERU: BUSH INVITES FUJIMORI TO REVIEW U.S. ANTI-DRUG WAR
DATELINE: LIMA, Aug. 2
BODY:
President Alberto Fujimori has been invited by President George Bush to
visit the United States and review the two countries' bilateral coordination in
the anti-drug war, it was reported here today.
Foreign Ministry sources said Bush suggested Sept. 17-19 for the proposed
meeting and that environmental protection measures could also be discussed at
the same time.
Peru and the United States signed an anti-drug treaty on May 14, which
includes U.S. financial and other logistic support for the South American
(c) 1991 Inter Press Service, August 2, 1991
country's police.
Washington also agreed to provide certain customs advantages for Peruvian
agricultural products entering the United States.
The purpose of these advantages would be to encourage Peruvian farmers to
switch from the cultivation of the coca plant to vegetables and fruit.
Peru and Bolivia are South America's principal coca producing areas -- the
raw material from which cocaine is processed.
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Copyright (c) 1991 Reuters
August 1, 1991, Thursday, BC cycle
SECTION: Money Report.
LENGTH: 93 words
HEADLINE: PERU'S FUJIMORI TO MEET BUSH IN WASHINGTON IN SEPT
DATELINE: LIMA, PERU, AUG 1, REUTER
BODY:
President Alberto Fujimori has accepted an invitation from President George
Bush to visit the United States in mid-September, Peru's Foreign Ministry
said.
Fujimori's visit will last from September 17 to 19.
Fujimori, who took power a year ago, has improved relations with
Washington. Ties were strained under former president Alan Garcia, who sharply
limited debt repayments in 1986.
(c) 1991 Reuters, August 1, 1991
Fujimori signed an anti-drug pact with the U.S. In May which will provide
about 100 mln dlrs in aid to Peru this year, including 34.5 mln dlrs in military
assistance.
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Copyright (c) 1991 Inter Press Service;
Inter Press Service
July 25, 1991, Thursday
LENGTH: 645 words
HEADLINE: LATIN AMERICA: U.S. DRUG CAMPAIGN SETS OFF NATIONALIST BACKLASH
BYLINE: by Marcela Valente
DATELINE: SAN JOSE, July 25
BODY:
U.S. attempts to gain a carte blanche in dealing with Latin American drug
lords has set off a nationalistic backlash in countries where they are based and
has not substantially curbed trafficking.
The bilateral anti-drug agreements President George Bush signed with his
counterparts from Bolivia, Colombia, Costa Rica, Honduras, Panama, Peru, and
Venezuela last year was seen by many governments as "interventionist."
LEVEL 1 - 21 OF 106 STORIES
Copyright (c) 1991 The Washington Post
May 16, 1991, Thursday, Final Edition
SECTION: FIRST SECTION; PAGE A28
LENGTH: 357 words
HEADLINE: U.S., Peru Sign New Anti-Drug Pact
SERIES: Occasional
BYLINE: Charles Gepp, Special to The Washington Post
DATELINE: LIMA, Peru, May 15, 1991
BODY:
President Alberto Fujimori has announced the signing of an anti-drug
agreement with the United States aimed at reducing cultivation of coca leaves
and drug trafficking.
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(c) 1991 The Washington Post, May 16, 1991
The accord, a copy of which was released today, departs from earlier failed
U.S. strategies that concentrated on forced eradication of the coca crop, which
is refined into cocaine. The new pact recognizes that coca-growing farmers are
not criminals and should have a voice in any decisions concerning their economic
future. Under the agreement the United States pledges to support economic
development to wean Peruvian peasants off growing coca.
Fujimori, in announcing the pact late Tuesday to the Peruvian Congress, said
both parties will adhere to the principle of co-responsibility. Peru produces 60
percent of the world's supply of raw coca leaf, and the United States consumes
80 percent of cocaine and other coca derivatives.
Tonight, Fujimori met with the chief U.S. anti-drug official, Bob Martinez,
visiting Peru as part of a five-nation South American tour. Martinez said the
accord will be complemented within the next six months by separate agreements on
military, police and economic assistance.
The pact, Martinez told a news conference, could provide Peru with $ 60
million in economic aid this year for development projects and crop
substitution. He added that this figure could grow to $ 100 million next year.
(c) 1991 The Washington Post, May 16, 1991
The cooperation of coca growers is crucial to the success of the agreement,
but they are likely to oppose it on grounds that they were never consulted. The
secrecy surrounding the agreement also sparked criticism in the Peruvian
Congress, especially from left-wing politicians.
The agreement was signed by Fujimori and U.S. Ambassador Anthony Quainton
during "a top-secret" meeting an hour prior to the presidential announcement.
The pact, reached after six months of negotiations, brings Peru back into the
campaign against illegal drugs.
Since last September, when Fujimori rejected an initial U.S. offer of $ 34
million in military aid, Peru had been considered the weakest link in President
Bush's Andean initiative against drugs.
TYPE: NATIONAL NEWS, FOREIGN NEWS
SUBJECT: UNITED STATES; PERU; DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS; NARCOTIC AND DRUG
VIOLATIONS; TREATIES; DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS
NAMED-PERSONS: ALBERTO FUJIMORI
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Copyright (c) 1991 Latin American Newsletters, Ltd.;
Latin America Regional Reports: Andean Group
April 18, 1991
SECTION: WASHINGTON LETTER; Peru; RA-91-03; Pg. 8
LENGTH: 368 words
HEADLINE: US approves anti-drug policy
BODY:
The US government 'accepts and supports' President Alberto Fujimori's
anti-drug plan, giving emphasis to encouraging coca-growers to cultivate
alternative crops (RA-90-08 and RA-91-02), with the long-delayed anti-drug
agreement between the two countries expected to be signed within weeks, the US
ambassador to Peru, Anthony Quainton, said in early March. He noted that the
proposed agreement 'does not give priority to military efforts' to curb the
drugs trade in Peru but, rather, reflects Fujimori's view that coca should be
replaced by other crops with an assured market in the US and other countries.
He added that the signing of the agreement would be the first step towards US
participation in Peru's support group, which will seek funds to help the
(c) 1991 Latin American Newsletters, Ltd., April 18, 1991
country meet payments on its external debt and normalise relations with the
international financial community.
President Fujimori himself said in early March that an anti-drugs agreement
with the US was imminent. He also emphasised that it would pave the way for
international financial assistance. US officials had earlier warned that the US
might suspend aid and vote against loans for Peru in multilateral banks if an
anti-drugs agreement was not reached and President Bush was forced to advise
Congress that Peru was not co-operating in the drug war.
Meanwhile, left-wing political groups in Peru are trying to generate support
for a campaign against an anti-drug agreement. Communist senator Jorge del
Prado has said that the Left rejects the Fujimori-Bush deal' because it will
open the door to US intervention in Peruvian internal affairs.
For their part, Peruvian military chiefs have no objections to the agreement,
'especially if, as a result of the agreement, the armed forces obtain support
and equipment from a country with such advanced technology' as the us, the
Peruvian defence minister, General Jorge Torres, said in late March. He
emphasised, however, that the armed forces would not participate directly in the
anti-drug war. 'We will not directly confront the drug-traffickers, but we will
fight the subversion, which is an ally of the drug traffic, at least in the
LEXIS NEXIS'LEXIS`NEXIS
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PAGE 19
(c) 1991 Latin American Newsletters, Ltd., April 18, 1991
parts of the country where coca is produced.'
LEVEL 1 - 23 OF 106 STORIES
Copyright 1991 Latin American Institute,
University of New Mexico
Chronicle of Latin American Economic Affairs
April 2, 1991
SECTION: GENERAL
LENGTH: 3266 words
HEADLINE: RECENT DEVELOPMENTS ON DRUG TRADE POLICY IN ANDEAN NATIONS
BODY:
March 10: About 200,000 Peruvian coca growers approved a decision to
participate in a 72-hour nationwide strike set for March 21-23. Leaders said
the strike is a protest against the signing of an anti-drug accord with
Washington, scheduled to take place in the next few days. US Embassy
spokespersons in Lima said the agreement is currently being revised, and would
not be formalized for several weeks.
Juan Rojas, secretary general of the Peruvian Agrarian Confederation (CCP),
said coca producer representatives would submit a document to President
LEXIS NEXIS'LEXIS'NEXIS
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PAGE 20
Copr. 1991 Chron of Latin American Econ Affairs, April 2, 1991
Alberto Fujimori expressing their opposition, and demanding participation in
decision- making in any government-sponsored effort which directly affects their
livelihood.
Rojas said the CCP and coca producer organizations have prepared a series of
recommendations on necessary steps to eventually terminate the illegal
production and sale of coca.
The coca producers are particularly opposed to clauses of the bilateral
agreement that would create an Autonomous Alternative Development Authority, as
well as the establishment of self-defense units under the control of the police
and the armed forces.
March 13: Fernando Kieffer, president of the Bolivian Chamber of Deputies,
told reporters that at least 10 US trainers were in Santa Cruz to train two
light infantry battalions (about 500 soldiers) in anti-drug operations. They
are the first of about 50 US trainers expected to work in Bolivia under a May
1990 agreement between the US and Bolivian governments.
According to US Embassy sources in La Paz, Washington is providing $33
million in military equipment and training this year contingent upon Bolivia's
increased military role in anti-drug operations. Under the joint accord,
LEVEL 1 - 26 OF 106 STORIES
Copyright (c) 1991 Reuters
The Reuter Library Report
March 26, 1991, Tuesday, BC cycle
LENGTH: 206 words
HEADLINE: PERU'S GARCIA SAYS BUSH FAILED TO DELIVER ON AID PROMISES
DATELINE: LIMA, March 26
KEYWORD:
PERU-DRUGS
BODY:
Peru's former president Alan Garcia accused U.S. President George Bush on
Tuesday of failng to deliver on promises of economic aid for Peru and other
Latin American drug-producing countries.
Garcia said Bush "strung us along" with unfulfilled promises of aid to help
encourage Peru, Bolivia and Colombia wean their economies off the cocaine trade.
LEXIS'NEXIS'LEXIS'NEXIS
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(c) 1991 Reuters; March 26, 1991
"We see that Bush, the victor of the Gulf War, has not fulfilled his promises
(of economic aid)," Garcia told a meeting of the Peruvian Foreign Press
Association.
"He strung us along with the bait of more help to improve our economies,"
said Garcia, who handed power over to his elected successor Alberto Fujimori
last July.
Garcia said Bush held out the promise of econoic aid to Garcia and the
presidents of Colombia and Bolivia at a four-way summit meeting in Cartagena,
Colombia, a year ago.
The Bush adminstration certified earlier this month that Peru was cooperating
sufficiently with U.S. anti-drug efforts, opening the way for 165 million
dollars in economic and military aid earmarked for the impoverished nation.
Peru and Bolivia are the world's largest producers of coca leaf, the raw
material for cocaine, and most of their output is refined into cocaine in
Colombia.
SUBJECT:
POLITICS
LEVEL 1 - 28 OF 106 STORIES
Copyright (c) 1991 Latin American Newsletters, Ltd.;
Latin America Weekly Report
March 14, 1991
SECTION: DEBT ROUND-UP; WR-91-10; Pg. 7
LENGTH: 304 words
HEADLINE: Peru despairs of 'reinsertion';
REACTION TO FAILURE OF BRIDGE LOAN EFFORTS
BODY:
The government of President Alberto Fujimori is beginning to despair of its
efforts to 'reinsert' the country in the international financial community.
Prime minister Carlos Torres has already been complaining publicly that the
country cannot 'go on paying forever' without receiving an inflow of fresh
funds.
He was referring to the Fujimori government's decision to resume debt-service
payments, suspended during the previous administration, in December last year.
Since then the country has reportedly paid around US$ 120m, and according to
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PAGE 22
(c) 1991 Latin American Newsletters, Ltd., March 14, 1991
central bank president Jorge Chavez, it has allocated a total of US$ 511m for
payment this year.
The problem, however, is that Peru has been unable to recover its eligibility
for further lending by the major multilateral lending institutions, because it
has not been able to raise a bridging loan of around US$ 800m to mop up
accumulated arrears with the IMF, the World Bank and the IDB.
The failure to recruit a 'support group' of countries willing to put up the
funds was mentioned by many in Lima as the real reason behind the fall of
Fujimori's first prime minister, Juan Carlos Hurtado Miller (WR-91-08).
On 2 March, his successor, Carlos Torres, announced that 'reinsertion in the
international financial system' had ceased to be a priority for the Peruvian
government. Its new priorities, he said, are internal security, economic
reactivation and an improvement in the level of employment.
In an apparent attempt to prevent Fujimori returning to the attitude that
prevailed during the Alan Garcia administration, the US ambassador in Lima,
Anthony Quainton, said that, following President George Bush's commendation of
Peru's anti-drugs efforts, the US might now decide to take part in the 'support
group' and help put together the needed bridging loan.
LEVEL 1 - 34 OF 106 STORIES
Copyright (c) 1991 The Times Mirror Company;
Los Angeles Times
February 22, 1991, Friday, Home Edition
SECTION: Metro; Part B; Page 6; Column 3; Editorial Writers Desk
LENGTH: 456 words
HEADLINE: PERU: BEYOND THE ANTI-DRUG SHOOTOUT
BODY:
Shortly after taking office last year, Peru's President Alberto Fujimori got
his new government's relations with the United States off to a poor start by
rejecting U.S. military aid that was supposed to help stem the flow of Peru's
most notorious export: cocaine. Fujimori wants to fight the dirty trade, but
disagrees with U.S. strategy in the drug war. Now he and some respected advisers
have an alternative anti-cocaine plan that deserves Washington's support.
Fujimori had valid reasons for turning back $36 million in aid for Peru's
military, who are hard pressed not just by drug traffickers but by fiendishly
effective guerrillas. Like many anti-drug experts in this country, Fujimori
LEXIS NEXIS'LEXIS'NEXIS
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(c) 1991 Los Angeles Times, February 22, 1991
believes it will take more than police pressure to get poor farmers not to grow
the one crop that makes them money -- the coca leaves cocaine is made from.
But by turning down the help Washington offered in the drug war, Fujimori
also put in jeopardy another $100 million in both military and economic aid that
Peru cannot receive under U.S. law unless it cooperates with U.S. anti-drug
efforts. That is money a poor nation deeply in debt can scant afford to lose,
which is why Fujimori and one of Peru's most respected economists, Hernando de
Soto, came up with an alternative anti-drug plan. It was offered to the Bush
Administration last month, in anticipation of the March 1 deadline for cutting
off all U.S. aid.
The Peruvian plan includes the military aid that Washington wants to provide.
But it also includes several free-market mechanisms that are designed to make it
easy, and profitable, for Peru's farmers to grow something besides coca. Among
other things, the Peruvian proposal includes funding for crop substitution, for
rural development programs and even the possibility of a free trade pact between
the United States and Peru.
Such esoteric strategies sound far removed from get-tough approaches like
simply shooting it out with drug smugglers. But they should not surprise anyone
who is familiar with De Soto's reputation as an economist who's willing to
(c) 1991 Los Angeles Times, February 22, 1991
challenge the conventional wisdom of both leftist and rightist ideologues to
create development, and fight poverty, in Latin America.
While there are not many people in this country who've heard of De Soto,
plenty of folks in the State Department have. Those specialists must pull out
all the stops to convince President Bush to sign off on Peru's drug war proposal
before the March 1 deadline. It sounds innovative enough to be worth a gamble.
Or look at it another way: Given the notable lack of success so many other
anti-drug strategies have had in recent years, Fujimori and De Soto's proposal
can hardly do much worse. So why not give it a try?
TYPE: Editorial
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LEVEL 1 - - 37 OF 106 STORIES
Copyright (c) 1991 Reuters
February 16, 1991, Saturday, AM cycle
LENGTH: 619 words
HEADLINE: FUJIMORI SAYS PERUVIAN FORCES ARE CRACKING SHINING PATH
BYLINE: By Roger Atwood
DATELINE: LIMA, Peru
KEYWORD:
PERU-FUJIMORI
BODY:
Peru's security forces have begun to crack the "very nerve center" of one of
Latin America's most ruthless and secretive guerrilla groups, the Maoist Shining
Path, President Alberto Fujimori said Saturday.
But another guerrilla group that has plagued the Peruvian government for
years, the Tupac Amaru Revolutionary Movement (MRTA), has become more active
LEVEL 1 - 40 OF 106 STORIES
The Associated Press
The materials in the AP file were compiled by The Associated Press. These
materials may not be republished without the express written consent of The
Associated Press.
February 9, 1991, Saturday, AM cycle
SECTION: International News
LENGTH: 205 words
HEADLINE: Bush Promises Peru Aid on Drug Plan
DATELINE: LIMA, Peru,
KEYWORD: Peru-Drugs
BODY:
President Bush has promised to continue aiding Peru's war on drugs in
response to a plea for support from Peruvian President Alberto Fujimori, a
government spokesman said Saturday.
LEXIS'NEXIS'LEXIS'NEXIS
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PAGE 25
The Associated Press, February 9, 1991
Bush offered the help in a letter delivered to Fujimori by U.S. Anthony
Quainton, said the spokesman, who spoke on condition of anonymity.
On Jan. 21, Fujimori wrote to Bush asking for a bilateral agreement to
fight drugs, and outlining his plan to fight drugs in Peru, where 60 percent of
the world's coca is grown.
A U.S. Embassy press officer in Lima could not confirm the ambassador's
meeting with Fujimori or give details of the Bush letter.
According to the Peruvian spokesman, Quainton said Bush agrees with
Fujimori's plan to substitute coca plants with other crops, and has pledged
U.S. help to combat the drug problem.
In his letter, Fujimori sent Bush details of the so-called = Fujimori
Doctrine," which advocates crop substitution, credits for farmers, access to
U.S. markets and forgiveness of Peru's foreign debt.
On March 1, U.S. officials will decide if Peru has cooperated with the United
States in the war on drugs. The United States has proposed $$60 million in
economic aid and $$40 million in military aid for Peru.
LEXIS' NEXIS'LEXIS NEXIS
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PERU
POLITICAL CONSTITUTION OF PERU
Preamble
ituyente, invo.
We. representatives in the Constituent Assembly, invoking the
potestad sobe-
protection of God and in the exercise of the sovereign power that
the people of Peru have conferred on us;
sana y en que
BELIEVING in the primacy of the human person and that all
echos de vali-
men. equal in dignity, have rights of universal validity, preceding
and superior to the state;
I y raiz de su
- That the family is the basic unit of society and the root of its
ción y la cul-
greatness as well as the natural focus of education and
culture;
05 hombres y
- That work is the duty and right of every individual and that it
represents the basis of national well-being;
in comunidad
1 bien común
That justice is the primary value of life in a community and
that social order is cemented in the common good and
human solidarity;
viedad justa,
de toda dis-
DECIDED to promote the creation of a just society, free and
dición social.
worshipful, without exploited or exploiters, free from all discrimina-
tion by virtue of sex, race, creed or social condition, in which the
el hombre al
economy is at the service of the individual and not the individual at
as superiores
the service of the economy; an open society with higher forms of
influjo de In
coexistence and apt to receive and take advantage of the influence
1 que trans-
of the scientific, technological, economic, and social revolution
that is transforming the world;
locrático, ba-
DECIDED likewise to establish a democratic State based on
ica consulta,
the popular will and on its free and periodic vote that would
timas, la ple-
guarantee, through stable and legitimate institutions, the full
cia y la uni-
implementation of human rights, the independence and unity of the
ajo; la parti-
Republic, the creative dignity of work, the participation of everyone
relación del
in the enjoyment of wealth, the elimination of underdevelopment
obernantes y
and injustice, the submission of governors and governed to the
responsabl-
Constitution and law, and the effective responsibility of those who
hold public office;
integración
CONVINCED of the need to give incentive to the integration
dependencia
of Latin American people and to assert their independence against
any imperialism;
hombres y
AWARE of the brotherhood of all humans and of the need to
de procurar
shun violence as a means of solving domestic and international
conflicts;
17
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LAW LIB OF CONGRESS
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P.02
ner y consolidar la
los valores egregios
ANIMATED by the purpose of maintaining and consolidating
nto; de defender su
the historic identity of our homeland, a synthesis of the outstanding
o y la preservación
values of diverse origin which have given birth to it. of defending its
cultural heritage and of insuring its control and the preservation of
its natural resources; and
de nuestro pasado
lida durante el vi-
RECALLING the worthy achievements of our native past, the
érica que inició en
cultural and human integration achieved during the period of the
I Martin y Bolívar;
vice-regency. the action of the Liberators of America which Tupac
ión, fundador de la
Amaru initiated in Peru where San Martin and Bolivar ended up,
es y luchadores so-
as did the illustrious spirits of Sanchez Carrion, founder of the
canzar un régimen
Republic, and all our dignitaries, heroes, and social activists, and
the long struggle of our people to achieve a system of freedom and
justice:
IOMULGAR, como
mte:
We have approved and promulgated as indeed we approve and
promulgate the present document:
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EL PERU
POLITICAL CONSTITUTION OF PERU
TITLE I
MENTALES DE
FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS AND DUTIES
OF THE PERSON
CHAPTER I
CONCERNING THE PERSON
el fin supremo de la
ción de respetarla y
ARTICLE 1. The person is the supreme end of society and of
the state. Everyone has the obligation to respect and protect it.
echo:
ARTICLE 2. Every person has the right:
integridad física y
1. To life. to a proper name, physical integrity, and the
rsonalidad. Al que
unrestricted development of one's personality. The one
0 para todo lo que
who is about to be born is considered as delivered with
respect to all his rights.
inación alguna por
2. To equality before the law, without any discrimination by
0 idioma.
virtue of sex, race, religion, opinion, or language.
Persons of both sexes have equal opportunities and
portunidades y res-
responsibilities. The law recognizes that the rights of
mujer derechos no
women are no fewer than those of men.
3. To freedom of conscience and religion in individual or
ión, en forma indi-
collective form. There can be no persecution because of
ción por razón de
ideas or beliefs. The public exercise of al faiths is free as
0 de todas las con-
long as it does not offend morals or disturb the public
enda a la moral o
order.
4. To the freedoms of information, opinion, expression, and
inión, expresión y
diffusion of thought through words, writings, or visual
palabra, el escrito
means, by any mass medium, without previous authoriza-
, comunicación so-
tion, censure, or impediment of any kind subject to sanc-
tions under the law.
ni impedimento al-
ey.
Crimes committed through books, the press, and other
mass media are detailed in the Criminal Code and are
libro, la prensa y
adjudicated in ordinary courts.
se tipifican en el
común.
Crimes committed through books, the press, and other
mass media are detailed in the Criminal Code and are
spende o clausura
adjudicated in ordinary courts.
ide circular libre-
Also considered a crime is any measure that suspends or
omprenden los de
shuts down any organ of expression or hinders its free
circulation.
The rights to inform and express an opinion include those
of establishing communications media.
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intimidad perso-
5. To honor and good reputation. to personal and family
da persona afec-
ada en su honor
privacy. and to appropriate recognition. Any person
affected in his honor by inaccurate or invidious assertions
le comunicación
through publications in any mass medium has the right to
forma gratuita,
a free rectification without prejudice to sanctions under
the law.
tística y clentí-
6. To freedom of intellectual, artistic. and scientific creation.
cultura y la di-
The state encourages access to culture and the diffusion of
same.
e puede ingre-
gistros sin auto-
7. To the inviolability of domicile. No one may enter into or
or mandato ju-
undertake searches or inspections in it without the
de peligro in-
authorization of the individual residing in it or by court
ciones por mu-
order. except in the case of "flagrante delicto" or the
eguladas por la
imminent danger of its perpetration. Exceptions on
account of public health or grave risk are regulated by
law.
apeles privados
8. To the inviolability and secrecy of private papers and
communications. Correspondence can be impounded,
itada, intercep-
intercepted. or opened only by a court order and subject
) del Juez, con
to the guarantees provided by law. Matters other than
rda secreto de
those motivating its examination should be kept secret.
su examen. El
The same principle is to be observed with respect to
a las comuni-
telegraphic and cable communications. Interference and
prohiben la in-
intervention of telephone communications are prohibited.
unicaciones te-
Letter and other private documents obtained through the
obtenidos con
violation of this principle are not admissible in courts of
legal
law.
: contabilidad
Books. vouchers, and accounting documents are subject
de la autori-
to inspection or verification by the competent authority in
accordance with the law.
encia, a tran-
9. To freely choose the place of residence, to transit across
e 61 y entrar
id.
the national territory. and to exit and re-enter it except
for restrictions imposed for reasons of public health.
r de su resi-
licación de la
Not to be expatriated or removed from the place of one's
residence except by court order or through the application
of the law on aliens.
reuniones en
quieren aviso
10. To meet peacefully without weapons. Meetings in private
vías públicas
places or those open to the public do not require previous
la que po-
notification to the authority. which can prohibit it only
bados de se-
because of proven public safety or health reasons.
23
incs lícitos, sin
11. To become members of and create foundations with
lawful goals without previous authorization.
in registro pú-
ución adminis.
Juridical persons are to be listed in a public register. They
cannot be disbanded by administrative decree.
ila el ejercicio
12. To enter into contracts with lawful goals. The law regu-
ncipios de jus-
lates the exercise of this freedom to safeguard the prin-
ciples of justice and avoid the abuse of rights.
con sujeción a
13. To choose and freely hold employment, subject to the
law.
e la Constitu-
14. To property and inheritance in keeping with the Constitu-
tion and the laws.
a asegurar su
15. To achieve a standard of living enabling one to secure
one's well being and that of one's family.
a, en la vida
16. To participate, individually or collectively, in the nation's
ación.
political, economic, social, and cultural life.
políticas. filo.
17. Not to disclose one's political, philosophic, religious, or
C.
any other convictions.
vamente, por
18. To make petitions. individual or collective. in writing
ue está obli.
before the competent authority, which is obligated to give
abién escrita
the petitioner an answer, also in writing, within the legal
el interesado
deadline. Past the latter, the interested party can consider
: sido dene-
the petition to have been denied.
Policiales no
The Armed Forces and the National Police cannot exercise
the right to petition.
do de ella.
e obtener 0
19. To one's citizenship. No one can be stripped of it. Neither
erritorio de
can one be deprived of his right to obtain or renew his
passport within or outside the territory of the Republic.
insecuencia:
20. To personal freedom and security. Consequently:
a) No one is obliged to do that which the law does not
ey no man-
prohibe.
mandate or prevented from doing what it does not
prohibit.
in de la li.
por la ley
b) No form of any restriction of personal freedom is
bre y trata
allowed, except in those cases provided by law.
Slavery, servitude, and traffic in human beings in any
form whatsoever are abolished.
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cipio no limi-
niento de de.
c) There is no debtors' prison. This principle does not
restrict court orders for the nonfulfillment of support
obligations.
or acto u omi-
, esté previa-
d) No one is to be charged or sentenced for an act or
expresa e inc.
omission which at the time it was committed had not
ancionado con
previously been prohibited by law in express and
unequivocal manner as a punishable offense, nor
punished with a sentence not provided by law.
e) The expression of an opinion cannot rate as a felony.
mientras no
onsabilidad.
f) Every person is considered innocent as long as his
guilt has not been judicially established.
ndamiento es-
toridades poli-
g) No one can be arrested without a written court order
with a reason assigned by a judge or by the police
sto, dentro de
authorities in a case of "flagrante delicto."
la distancia, a
de. Se excep-
In all cases the arrested individual must be placed,
,
tráfico ilícito
within 24 hours or in the space of time necessary to
policiales pue-
travel a certain distance at the disposal of the court.
le los presun-
Cases of terrorism, espionage, and unlawful drug
yor de quince
trafficking are excepted. in such cases the police
I
al Ministerio
authorities can effect the preventive detention of the
ir jurisdicción
suspected perpetrators for a period no longer than 15
calendar days subject to accountability for giving
account to the public prosecutor and the judge, who
can assume jurisdiction before that deadline.
amente y por
ención. Tiene
o con un de.
h) Every person will be informed immediately and in
writing of the cause or reasons of his detention. He
do o detenido
has the right to communicate with and be advised by
an attorney of his choice from the time that he is
en caso indis.
charged or arrested by the authorities.
in delito y en
i) No one can be held incommunicado except in a case
ley. La auto-
ación el lugar
indispensable for the investigation of a crime and in
the form and time provided by law. The authorities
bajo responsa-
are obligated to report without delay the place where
the detained individual is held, subject to sanctions.
violencia care.
j) Statements obtained through the use of force are not
e en responsa-
admissible. Whoever makes use of it is subject to
criminal sanctions.
juramento ni
ulpabilidad en
k) No one can be obligated to swear an oath or be
ra su cónyuge
compelled to declare or admit guilt in a criminal case
do de consan-
against himself or his spouse or his kin up to the
fourth level of consanguinity or second level of affinity.
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de la jurisdic.
1) No one may be removed from a predetermined juris-
ometida a pro-
diction by law or subjected to procedures different
ente estableci-
from those previously established or judged by special
epción o comi-
courts [tribunales de excepcion] or special commis-
cualquiera que
sions created for the purpose, whatever may be their
designation. And
ientos definiti-
m) Amnesty. pardon. definitive stays of execution and
efectos de co-
prescriptions are to have the effects of a judgment.
rigen tambien
es son aplica-
ARTICLE 3. Fundamental rights also apply to Peruvian
juridical persons insofar when applicable to them.
chos reconoci-
ARTICLE 4. The enumeration of rights recognized in this
à Constitución
chapter does not exclude others guaranteed by the Constitution or
van de la dig-
others of analogous nature or which stem from human dignity, the
I pueblo. del
principle of the people's sovereignty. the social and democratic rule
ma republica-
of law, and the republican form of government.
CHAPTER II
CONCERNING THE FAMILY
nio y la fami--
ARTICLE 5. The State protects marriage and the family as a
al de la Na-
natural society and fundamental institution of the nation.
The forms of marriage and causes of separation and dissolution
ración y diso-
are regulated by law.
el patrimonio
The law notes the conditions for the establishment of unattach-
herencia.
able, inalienable, family property that can be transmitted through
inheritance.
lad responsa-
ARTICLE 6. The State protects responsible parenthood.
educar y dar
It is the duty and the right of parents to feed, educate, and
ber de respe-
provide security to their children just as children have the duty to
respect and assist their parents.
rohibida toda
All children have equal rights. Any mention concerning the
uraleza de la
personal status of the parents and nature of the filiation of children
alquier docu-
in civil registries and in any identification document is prohibited.
ARTICLE 7. The motion is entitled to the protection of the
rotección del
State and to its assistance in case of need.
29
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FAX NO. 2027071820
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anciuno son pro-
ARTICLE 8. The child, the adolescent, and the aged are
nico, corporal "
protected by the State from economic, physical, or moral neglect.
ARTICLE 9. The stable union of a male and female, free
ón y una majer.
from matrimonial bonds, who establish an effective home over
un hogar de he.
time and under the conditions noted in the law, leads to a
la la ley. da In.
community of property which falls under the regime of joint
gimen de la 50-
property when applicable.
ARTICLE 10. It is the right of the family to enjoy a decent
contar CON 11112
home.
ARTICLE 11. The family which lacks adequate economic
de medios eco-
means has the right to have its deceased members buried free of
tos sean sepul-
charge in public cemeteries.
CHAPTER III
IIENESTAR
CONCERNING SOCIAL SECURITY, HEALTH,
AND WELL-BEING
echo de todos n
sivo a ella y su
ARTICLE 12. The State guarantees the right of everyone to
social security. The law defines the gradual access to it and its
financing.
omo objeto cu-
dez, desempleo,-
ARTICLE 13. Social Security has as its purpose to cover the
juiera otra con-
risks of sickness, maternity, disability, unemployment, accident,
ley.
old age, death, widowhood, orphanhood, and any other contingency
/ descentraliza-
susceptible to be protected in accordance with the law.
y reservas pro-
leadores y ase-
ARTICLE 14. An autonomous and decentralized institution
os trabajadores
with a legal capacity and its own funds and reserves mandatorily
estinados a ft-
provided by the State, employers, and the insured is responsible for
lidad.
the social security of workers and their kin. Said funds cannot be
used for purposes other than those for which they were created,
es del Estado,
subject to sanctions.
mero. La pre-
The institution is administered by representatives of the State,
the employers. and the insured in equal number. It is to be presided
ciales son di-
over by the official chosen from among the representatives of the
State.
orivadas en el
Assistance and medical-social services are direct and free.
encionada ins-
es 0 adiciona.
ley regula su
The existence of other public or private organizations in the
field of insurance is not incompatible with said institution as long
as they offer better or additional services and have the approval of
the insured. The law regulates its operations.
31
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FAX NO. 2027071820
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idades que tengan
le la población no
The State regulates the operations of other entities which are
responsible for the social security of population sectors not included
in this article.
a la protección de
promoción y de-
ARTICLE 15. Everyone has the right to the protection of his
la comunidad.
integral health and the duty to participate in the enhancement and
protection of his health, his family circle, and his community.
la política nacio-
ón. Fomenta las
ARTICLE 16. The executive branch determines national
vidad de los ser-
health policy. It controls and supervises its application. It promotes
measures slated to expand the coverage and quality of the health
services within a pluralistic system.
sistema nacional
coordina la aten-
It is responsible for the organization of a national decentralized
; públicos y pri-
and discreet system which plans and coordinates integral health
I B sus servicios,
services through public and private organs and which facilitates to
lad. La lev nor-
all equal access to its services in adequate quality and free of charge
if possible. The law regulates its organization and functions.
spervisa la pro-
ARTICLE 17. The State regulates and supervises the produc-
tos alimenticios.
tion, quality, consumption, and trade of food, chemicals, pharma-
sanciona el Irá-
ceuticals, and biological products. It fights and sanctions unlawful
drug trafficking.
lemente las ne.
ARTICLE 18. The State takes care preferentially of the basic
materia de ali-
needs of the individual and his family in terms of food, housing,
and recreation.
de acuerdo al
The law regulates the use of urban land in keeping with the
I local.
common good and the participation of the local community.
públicos y pri-
The State promotes the execution of public and private
programs of urban development and housing.
mutuales y en
The State supports and promotes cooperatives, mutual aid
para vivienda
societies, and in general housing mortgage institutions and pro-
nta. Concede
grams of self-built construction and rental-purchase. It grants
atar la cons-
incentives and tax exemptions in order to make construction
0 de créditos
cheaper. It creates conditions for the granting of long-term, low-
interest credits.
velar por sf
ARTICLE 19. The individual unable to take care of himself
lene derecho
because of physical or mental disability is entitled to the respect of
: protección,
his dignity and to a legal system of protection, services, rehabilita-
tion, and security.
los servicios
incapaces a
Nonprofit organizations which provide the services anticipated
1 los gastos
under this system as well as those which are responsible for
disabled individuals need not contribute to the payments to be
applied to the related expenses.
33
20. ine pensions of public and private workers
adores públicos
who relinquish their jobs on a temporary or definitive basis are to
è en el trabajo
be readjusted periodically, taking into account the cost of living
ita el costo de
and the possibilities of the national economy, in accordance with
de acuerdo a
the law.
CHAPTER IV
CONCERNING EDUCATION, SCIENCE, AND
CULTURA
CULTURE
y a la cultura
ARTICLE 21. The right to education and culture inheres in
the individual.
gral de la per-
ocracia social.
The purpose of education is the integral development of his
ianza.
personality. It finds inspiration in the principles of social democracy.
The State recognizes and guarantees the freedom of education.
conocimiento y
y la técnica.
ARTICLE 22. Education promotes knowledge and the
ana, así como
practice of the humanities, art, science, and technology. It promotes
Peruvian and Latin American integration as well as international
solidarity.
odo el proceso
violar la liber-
Ethical and civic training is mandatory in the entire educational
los padres de
process. Religious education is provided without violating freedom
of conscience. It is determined freely by heads of family.
/ de los dere-
The systematic teaching of the Constitution and of human
acación civiles
rights is mandatory in civilian, military and police centers and at all
its levels.
padres de fa-
ARTICLE 23. The State guarantees to heads of family the
tivo de sus hi-
right to intervene in the educational process of their children and to
éstos.
select the type and place of education for the latter.
nular planes y
ARTICLE 24. It behooves the State to formulate plans and
el fin de ase.
programs and to direct and supervise education with the purpose of
cas regionales.
insuring its quality and efficiency according to regional character-
istics and to provide equality of opportunity to everyone.
nal es descen-
The administrative system in the educational field is decentral-
ized.
ARTICLE 25. Primary education, in all its forms, is manda-
das sus moda-
tory. Education provided by the State is free at all levels and has to
por el Estado
meet standards set by the law.
ormas de ley.
In any place whose population requires it. there must be at least
y cuando me-
one primary educational center. The law regulates the application
enta la aplica-
of this principle.
35
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los mismos fi-
Neither do they make grants earmarked for the same purposes.
P.11
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FAX #:
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FROM:
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FACSIMILE TRANSMISSION
Tel: (202) 707-5400
Fax: (202) 707-2005
Date:September 9, 1991
To: Jennifer Grossman. The White House.
Fax: 456-6218
From: Juan M. Pérez, Ref. Libr., Hispanic Division.
JMP
Message: follows. Translation of a statement by Victor Andrés Belaúnde. One page
I will continue to look for Peruvian proverbs and sayings for the next couple
of hours.
09/09/91
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If we are willing to defend independence, we
should also be willing to defend freedom and
democracy for, in a way, independence is but a
means by which we achieve the higher goal, a
democratic organization.
09/09/91 12:43
001
THE LIBRARY
OF CONGRESS
Date: 9/9/91
FACSIMILE COVER PAGE
TO
Name: JENNifER GROSSMAN
Location: White HOUSE
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(202) 456-6218
FROM
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Messages (if any):
1 of 3 pages
LW 3/88 (rev 4/89)
09/09/91 12:43
0002
NATIONAL ANTHEMS
of the
WORLD
Sixth Edition
Edited by
W.L.REED and M.J.BRISTOW
BLANDFORD PRESS
POOLE
DORSET
09/09/91 12:43
"NAtional ANTHEM of PERU"TRANSIATEd
357
Free Translation
CHORUS
We are free; let us always be so,
And let the sun rather deny its light
Than that we should fail the solemn VOW
Which our Country raised to God.
VERSE
For a long time the Peruvian, oppressed,
Dragged the ominous chain;
Condemned to cruel serfdom,
For a long time he moaned in silence.
But as soon as the sacred cry of
Freedom! was heard on his coasts
He shakes the indolence of the slave,
He raises his humiliated head.
09.08.91 08:01 PM *VOA NEWSROOM WASH DC P 0 1
NEWSCAST
DATE: September 7, 1991
TO MISS JENNIFER GOSSMAN
Adaptor/Writer: Fernando M. Cervantes
NOTES FOR SPEECH
Mr. President, I hope your visit was been fruitful. I lament it was
protocolar and short and we can't go to see one of the professional
beisbol games. I know in Peru the japaneses born in Perú are excelent
beisbol players. Maybe the nex time we can throw a ball.
Perú has a glorious history and hopeful future and ever call the
attention of the americamn people. A young american pilot, Elmer J,
Faucett, founded the first aviation company in Peru. Other american,
the historian William Prescott, devote years to study the peruvian
history.
And one american diplomat George Squier, born in New York, wrote,
one of the mpost beutiful books about the ancient life in Peru. His
"Travel for Inca Land", was published by San Marcos University in
1971, to pay homage to one hundred fifthy years of peruvian
independence.
One peruvian, born in Arequipa, Juan Pablo Viscardo y Guzmán, who
meet in England with american minister Rufus King. Viscardo y
Guzman give to King his documents two hundred years ago. In this
papers, King found the Letter to american-spanish, national document
of the american independence in south america.
In one of this letters, Viscardo y Guzmán said: "When to the horrors of
the tirany and oppresion and cruelty, follow the kingdom of
VOA/BRL
09.08.91 08:01 PM *VOA NEWSROOM WASH DC P 0 2
NEWSCAST
justice,faculty of reasoning and the humanity, America will join the
extremes of the Earth and his people will be join for the common
interest of the only one american family of brothers."
Today, after two hundred years from this peruvian dream, United
States is present in te developments in the world history and is ready
for to give birth to "Iniciativa para las Americas" (President Bush'
Iniciative for the Americas). Two Hundred years ago, Perú and US were
getting the independence. Today, que are joing looking the economic
security for the hemisferic countries. Today , like yesterday. US and
Peru walking together in the way of the pace, justice and liberty.
This liberty, well represented by Victor Andres Belaúnde, former
United Nations Assambly President. This great man. said:" If we are in
a common cause of the independence, we must defend the liberty,
democracy, because the independence is only a way for we get the
high level wich is the democratic organization."
As we see. United States is to plerdge himself in to defend this liberty
and democracy and we are steady if we defend de economy of the
hemisferic countries, we reinforce their rigths to live in democracy
VOA/BRL
09. 08. 91 08:01 PM *VOA NEWSROOM WASH DC P 0 3
NEWSCASI
DATE: September 7, 1991
TO MISS JENNIFER GOSSMAN
Adaptor/Writer: Fernando M. Cervantes
NOTES FOR SPEECH
Señor Presidente, espero que su visita en mi país haya sido
fructífera. Lo que lamento es que lo protocolar y lo corto de la
misma, nos haya impedido asistir a uno de los partidos de beisbol
de las grandes ligas. Le digo esto pues se que en el Perú, los
peruanos de origen japones tienen fama de ser excelentes
jugadores de beisbol. A lo mejor la próxima vez Ud. y yo nos
animamos a lanzar una bola.
Perú con su glorioso pasado y su futuro prometedor, siempre ha
llamado la atención de los norteamericanos. Un joven y
emprendedor piloto norteamericano abrió la primera compañía
aérea en los cielos peruanos. Me referiero a Elmer Faucett. Un
historiador norteamericano, Guillermo Prescott dedicó años de
paciente labor a estudiar el pasado del Perú.
Y un diplomático estadounidense, George Squier, nacido en Nueva
York, escribió uno de los más bellos libros sobre el pasado
peruano. Su obra "Un Viaje por Tierras Incaicas" fue publicada en
1971 por la Universidad de San Marcos de Lima, como homenaje a
los 150 años de la Independencia del Perú.
Fue también un peruano, el arequipeño, Juan Pablo Vizscardo y
Guzmán, quien en Inglaterra traba amistad con Rufus King, enviado
diplomático de Estados Unidos en Londres. Es a él a quien le entrega su
VOA/BRL
09. 08. 91 08:01 PM *VOA NEWSROOM WASH DC P04
NEWSCAST
archivo personal con documentos que alentaban a la independencia
de las colonias españolas en América.
Viscardo y Guzmán escribió en uno de sus documentos lo siguiente:
"Cuando a los horrores de la tiranía, la opresión y la crueldad, los
suceda el reinado de la razón, de la justicia y de la humanidad,
América juntará asi los extremos de la tierra, y sus habitantes serán
unidos por el común interés de una sola y Gran Familia de Hermanos."
Hoy en día, transcurridos más de 200 años de aquel sueño de un prócer
peruano, Estados Unidos se halla activo en los acontecimientos que
hacen historia en el mundo, y se apresta a dar empuje a su llamada
Iniciativa para las Américas. Hace 200 años juntos buscábamos la
independencia. Hoy buscamos unidos la seguridad económica para el
continente. Hoy al igual que ayer, Estados Unidos y Perú marchan por
derroteros comunes de paz, justicia, libertad.
Nos referimos a esa libertad que fuera tan bien expresada por el
Doctor Victor Andrés Belaúnde, ex Presidente de la Asamblea de las
Naciones Unidas. Este gran hombre de América dijo una vez: "Si somos
solidarios para defender la independencia debíamos estarlo para
defender la libertad, la democracia, porque en cierto modo la
independencia no es sino un medio para que realicemos nosotros el
fin más alto que es la organización democrática"
Tal como lo vemos, Estados Unidos está comprometido con esa defensa
de la libertad y la democracia y estamos seguros que defendiendo la
economía de los países de la región reforzamos su derecho a vivir en
democracia.
VOA/BRL
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09:11
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THE LIBRARY OF CONGRESS
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20540
THLRASS3
law
library Dr. Rubing
FACSIMILE TRANSMISSION
Medina
Tel: (202) 707-5400
Fax: (202) 707-2005
707690
Date:September 9, 1991
To: Jennifer Grossman. The White House.
Fax: 456-6218
From:
Juan M. Pérez,
Ref. Libr., Hispanic Division.
Message: Background information on Peru. Two pages follow.
I will continue to look for Peruvian proverbs and sayings for the next couple
of hours.
09/09/91
09:11
202 707 2005
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002/003
I.- - Melitón F. Porras (1860-1944).
"The settlement of international disputes does
not rest now on the eventuality of war, but on
the decision of a high court of justice,
which no nation can ignore, lest it declares
itself to be a barbarian state."
Source: Juan Pedro Paz-Soldán, ed., El canciller Porras y sus
p.27. doctrinas internacionales. (Lima, Libreria e Imprenta Gil, 1920),
diplomat to stateman
a) Historical setting.
The above statement was made in December 1918. Peru and Chile
had a long standing territorial dispute and Mr. Porras implied that
if the dispute had not been solved before, it was because of the
lack of appropiate international bodies for discussion and
settlement of conflictive issues between nations. He thought that
the creation of a League of Nations would a new international
situation. [The League was created in 1919].
b) Biographical Sketch.
- Lawyer
- Secretary of the Peruvian Legation to Chile, 1894.
- Minister of Foreign Affairs, 1895.
- Minister Plenipotenciary to Chile, 1896-1898.
- Minister of Foreign Affairs, 1898-1899.
- Minister Plenipotenciary to Bolivia, 1905-1908.
- Minister of Foreign Affairs, 1908-1910, 1919-1920.
- Special Ambassador and Minister Plenipotenciary to
Venezuela, 1911.
- Minister Plenipotenciary to Italy, 1911-1912.
- Member of the Constituent Assembly, 1884.
- Deputy to the National Assambly, 1901.
Sources: Historia diplomática del Perú, 1900-1945. (Lima:
Ediciones Peruanas, 1964), p.379. Paz-Soldán, op.cit., pp.11-15.
II. - Juan Pablo Viscardo y Guzmán (1748-1798).
Peruvian Jesuit priest who wrote a "Letter to the Spanish
Americans", one of the very first documents calling for
independence from Spain.
After listing a series of grievances against Spain, he urged
Spanish Americans to follow the example of the english colonies and
declare independence. He said that the American continent possessed
the right elements for progress and that it would be an example to
the world for the freedom that it would enjoy.
"How many fleeing from oppression or hardship
will come to enrich us with their
industriousness, their knowledge and to
increase our scarce population! In this way,
America will have all the resources of the
09/09/91
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earth and its inhabitants will be joined by
the common interest of [creating] one, great
family of brothers."
Source: Gustavo Vergara Arias, ed., Juan Pablo Viscardo y
Guzmán. Primer precursor de la emancipación hispanoamericana.
(Lima, 1963), pp.161-162.
This great Peruvian while living in exile in London met Rufus
King (1755-1827), the American Minister to England (1796-1803), to
whom he gave his papers.
Source: Merle E. Simmons, Los escritos de Juan Pablo Viscardo y
Guzmán, precursor de la Independencia hispanoamericana. (Caracas:
Universidad Católica Andrés Bello. Instituto de Investigaciones
Históricas, 1983) [The Jesuits were expelled from Spain and Latin
America in the second half of the XVIII century]
background
notes
Peru
United States Department of State
December 1987
Bureau of Public Affairs
Ethnic groups: Indian 45%, mestizo 37%,
Economy
COLOMBIA
white 15%, black, Asian, and other 3%.
Religion: Roman Catholic. Official lan-
GDP (1986): $17 billion. Annual growth
ECUADOR
guages: Spanish and Quechua. Education:
rate (1986): 9%. Per capita GDP (1986):
Years compulsory-10. Literacy-79%.
$839. Inflation rate (1986): 62.9%.
BRAZIL
Health: Infant mortality rate-91/1,000.
Natural resources: Minerals, metals,
PERU
Life expectancy-60.8 yrs. Work force (5.2
petroleum, forests, fish.
million): Agriculture-38%. Industry and
Agriculture (11% of GDP): Products—
Pecific
Ocean
Lima
mining-17%. Government and other serv-
coffee, cotton, cocoa, sugar, wool, corn,
ices-45%.
potatoes.
Industry (23% of GDP): Types-min-
BOLIVIA
eral processing, oil refining, fishmeal, tex-
Government
tile, food processing, light manufacturing,
Type: Constitutional republic. Independ-
automobile assembly.
ence: 1821. Constitution: Took effect
Trade (1986): Exports-$2.5 billion:
CHILE
July 28, 1980, but often referred to as
petroleum, copper, silver, zinc, lead, fish-
the 1979 constitution because constituent
meal, coffee, cotton, canned and frozen
Official Name:
assembly met to write the constitution
fish. Major markets-US (35%), EC,
that year.
Japan. Imports-$2.4 billion: machinery,
Republic of Peru
Branches: Executive-president, two
cereals, chemicals, pharmaceuticals, pe-
vice presidents, Council of Ministers. Leg-
troleum and mining equipment. Major sup-
islative-Senate and Chamber of Deputies.
pliers-US (29%), Andean Pact countries,
Judicial-Supreme Court and lower courts,
EC, Japan.
PROFILE
Tribunal of Constitutional Guarantees.
Fiscal year: Calendar year.
Administrative subdivisions: 24 de-
Official exchange rate (1987): The inti
partments, 1 constitutional province.
replaced the sol in 1986: 1 inti=1,000 sol;
Geography
Political parties: Popular Action (AP),
37.00 intis=US$1. Financial rate-18.98
Area: 1.28 million sq. km. (496,222 sq.
American Popular Revolutionary Alliance
intis=US$1 (May 1987). Devaluation policy
mi.); three times larger than California.
(APRA), Popular Christian Party (PPC),
for 1987-2.2% per month in each rate.
Cities: Capital-Lima (pop. 6 million, 1986
United Left (IU) coalition. Suffrage:
Economic aid received: Total-$4.45
est.). Other cities-Arequipa, Chiclayo,
Universal over 18. (Members of the mili-
billion (1946-86) from US and international
Cusco, Huancayo, Trujillo, Piura, Iquitos,
tary may not vote.)
financial institutions. US aid-$1.15 bil-
Chimbote. Terrain: Western coastal plains,
Central government budget (1987):
lion (1946-86) in loans, grants, PL 480
central rugged mountains (Andes), eastern
$3.9 billion.
programs.
lowlands with tropical jungle forests.
Defense (1987 est.): 4% of GNP.
Climate: Coastal area, arid and mild;
Flag: Three vertical stripes-red,
Membership in International
Andes, temperate to frigid; eastern
white, red-with coat of arms on center
Organizations
lowlands, tropically warm and humid.
stripe.
UN and some of its specialized agencies,
Organization of American States, Andean
People
Pact common market, Latin American Eco-
Nationality: Noun and adjective-Peru-
nomic System (SELA), Latin American In-
vian(s). Population (1986 est.): 20.2 mil-
tegration Association (ALADI), Inter-
lion. Annual growth rate (1986 est.): 2.5%.
American Development Bank, INTELSAT,
Nonaligned Movement, Group of 77, Af-
rican Fund.
0
Rio
Napo
Tumbes
Amazon
Iquitos
4
Talara
Tina
Maranon
Rio
Rio Yauari
Sullana
Piura
Nazareth
Huandabamba
Sab
Ignacio
Yurimaguas
Chachapoyas
Moyobamba
SRio Ucayali
Rlo
Chiclayd
Cajamarce
Juanjuí
Contamana
Pacasmayo
Santiago
Cartavio
de Chuco
Rio
8
Trujillo
Mollebamba
Salaverry
Galgada
Tayabamba
Huallaga
Pucalipa
Hualianca
Chimbote
Huaras
pan
Sania
Huánuco
Pozuzo
Goyllarisquizga
Cerro
Rio Alto Punis
Paramonga
del Pasco
Huacho
American
Rio
ican
La
Oroya
PACIFIC
Ancon
Urubamba
Rio
12
Callao LIMA
Huancayo
Madre
OCEAN
Highway
Yauyos
de
Puerto
1
Luisiana
Dios
Maldonado
Huancavelica
San Vicente de Canete
Rio
Huadquiña
Ayacucho
Apurin
Cusco
Pisco
Abancay
Ica
PERU
pod
Nazca
Ayavir
International boundary
©
National capital
Pan
Juliaca
Railroad
Road
Puno
-16
+
International airport
Arequipa
Highway
Desaguadero
Matarani
Mollendo
Moquegua
Toquepala
o
100
200 Miles
Holl
0
100
200 Kilometers
Tacna
Boundary representation is
80
76
not necessarily authoritative
72
Arica
2
anguages and are ethnically distinct
from those of the sierra (mountains).
The third largest country in South
Some of these tribes still live much as
America, Peru is bordered by Ecuador,
they have since prehistoric times, while
Colombia, Bolivia, Chile, and Brazil.
others have been almost completely
Peru claims a 320-kilometer (200-mi.)
assimilated into the mestizo-Hispanic
territorial sea along its 2,240-kilometer
culture.
(1,400-mi.) Pacific Ocean coastline. The
Under the 1979 constitution, pri-
country has three topographical and cli-
mary education is free and compulsory.
matic regions.
The system is highly centralized, with
The coastal area (the costa),
the Minister of Education appointing all
26-260 kilometers (10-100 mi.) wide,
public school teachers. Private schools,
consists of arid plains and foothills,
especially Catholic, traditionally have
with mild temperatures year round.
exercised a more influential role and
The country's industrial and commer-
enrolled proportionately more students
cial population and political centers are
than private schools in the United
in this region, dependent upon water
States. Eighty-four percent of Peru's
running off the Andes. The contrast be-
students attend public schools at all lev-
tween the desert and the verdant river
els. School enrollment has been rising
valleys along the coast is abrupt and
sharply for years, due to a widening
striking.
educational effort by the government
The Andes Mountains (the
and a growing school-age population.
sierra), about 320 kilometers (200 mi.)
Illiteracy, above 70% in isolated areas
wide, occupy nearly 27% of Peru's land
of the sierra, is estimated at 28% in ur-
area and represent a formidable natural
ban areas. Elementary and secondary
barrier to transportation and communi-
school enrollment is about 5 million.
cation between the coast and the inte-
University enrollment is more than
rior. The highest mountain, Huascaran,
250,000.
is 6,729 meters (22,071 ft.) above sea
level. The climate in the sierra ranges
Cultural Achievements
from temperate to frigid, depending on
elevation and time of day. The sierra
The relationship between Hispanic and
contains major mineral deposits.
Indian cultures determines much of the
The eastern jungle (the selva)
nation's cultural expression. Peru has
accounts for more than half of Peru's
passed through various intellectual
land area. Many rivers descend from
stages, from the implantation of co-
the high jungle on the Andes' eastern
lonial Hispanic culture to an affectation
slopes (the montana) and feed into
of European romanticism after
the Amazon. The climate is warm and
Local market scene.
independence. The beginning of this
humid, with abundant rainfall through-
century brought indigenismo,
out the year. Rainfall normally exceeds
expressed in a new awareness of pre-
254 centimeters (100 in.) annually on
PEOPLE
Hispanic and Indian culture. After
the eastern slopes. The selva is proving
World War II, Peruvian writers, art-
to have moderate petroleum and large
Peru's ethnic structure is primarily
ists, and intellectuals participated in
natural gas deposits.
made up of Indians, mestizos, and His-
worldwide intellectual and artistic
panic Europeans. Some Peruvians are
Lima's climate is often compared to
movements, drawing especially on U.S.
also of African descent, and Lima and
that of San Francisco, except annual
and European trends.
other coastal cities have Chinese and
rainfall on the desert coast totals only
The first phase of the 1968-80 mili-
Japanese communities. Mestizos form a
2.5-5 centimeters (1-2 in.). Lima has no
tary government sought to move away
cultural bridge between the Hispanic-
from European and North American in-
extreme temperatures and little daily
European and Indian societies. White
variation. Summers (January-March)
fluence toward Peruvian indigenous cul-
ea:
Europeans tend to be culturally ho-
are warm (high temperatures rarely
tural forms, including the increased use
mogeneous throughout the country,
above 29°C-85°F) and sunny during
of Quechua in the official media and em-
whereas the mestizos and Indians show
the day and pleasantly cool (mid-60s)
phasis on symbols such as 18th-century
greater cultural diversity. Through edu-
at night. In contrast, during winter
rebel Indian leader Tupac Amaru.
cation and economic development and
(May-November), the city is almost
Nonetheless, Peruvian literature re-
the movement from rural to urban
mained tied to continental and world
constantly covered with a low-hanging
areas, however, a more homogeneous
trends, and such writers as Mario
mist, produced by the cold waters of
national culture is developing, espe-
Vargas Llosa, Alfredo Bryce Eche-
the Humboldt Current (winter tem-
cially in major cities.
nique, and Julio Ramon Ribeyro con-
peratures rarely fall below 10°C-50°F).
Peru has two official languages-
tributed to the Latin American literary
Spanish and the foremost indigenous
boom, achieving an international
language, Quechua. Spanish is the lan-
readership.
guage of government, the media, educa-
tion, and commerce. The Indians of the
selva (forest) speak various dialects and
/
3
government. The most recent period of
The legislative branch consists of a
Public Health-Dr. Ilda Urizar
military rule (1968-80) began when
bicameral Congress with a 60-member
Agriculture and Food-Ing. Remigio
Gen. Juan Velasco Alvarado overthrew
Senate and a 180-member Chamber
Morales-Bermudez Pedraglio
elected President Fernando Belaunde
of Deputies, both elected for 5-year
Labor-Dr. Orestes Rodriguez Campos
Terry of the Popular Action Party (AP).
terms. Constitutionally elected former
Housing and Construction-Ing. Luis
As part of what has been called the
presidents are also designated senators
Bedoya Velez
"first phase" of the military govern-
for life. Congress convenes from July 27
Transportation and Communication-
ment's nationalist program, Velasco un-
to December 15 and from April 1 to
Gen. German Parra Hovera
dertook an extensive agrarian reform
May 31, annually. In addition to passing
Energy and Mines-Abel Salinas
program and nationalized the fishmeal
laws, Congress is empowered to ap-
Izaguirre
industry, some petroleum companies,
prove treaties, authorize government
Fisheries-Ing. Javier Labarthe
and several banks and mining firms.
loans, and approve the government
Correa
As a result of Velasco's economic
budget. Each congressional body has
Industry, Commerce, Tourism and
mismanagement and deteriorating
the power to initiate legislation, which
Integration-Alberto Vero La
health, Gen. Francisco Morales Ber-
is then submitted to the other body for
Rosa
mudez Cerruti replaced Velasco in 1975.
revision. The president has the power
Chief of the National Planning
Morales Bermudez moved the revolu-
to review legislation but may not veto
Institute-Ing. Javier Tantalean
tion into a more pragmatic "second
laws passed by Congress.
Arbulu
phase," tempering the authoritarian
The judicial branch of government
abuses of the first phase and beginning
is headed by a 16-member Supreme
Ambassador to the United States-Ing.
Cesar Atala Nazal
the task of restoring the country's econ-
Court seated in Lima. The Tribunal of
omy. Morales Bermudez presided over
Constitutional Guarantees, a separate
Permanent Representative to the
United Nations-Amb. Carlos
the return to civilian government in ac-
judicial body, interprets the constitu-
cordance with a new constitution drawn
Alzamora Traverso
tion on matters of individual rights. An
up in 1979. In the May 1980 elections,
independent attorney general serves as
Ambassador to the Organization of
President Belaunde Terry was returned
American States (OAS)-Dr. Luis
a judicial ombudsman. Superior courts
to office by an impressive plurality.
sit in departmental capitals and hear
Gonzales Posada Izaguirre
Nagging economic problems left
appeals from decisions by lower courts.
Peru maintains an embassy in the
over from the military government per-
Courts of first instance are located in
United States at 1700 Massachusetts
sisted, worsened by a period of unusual
provincial capitals and are divided into
Avenue NW., Washington, D.C. 20036
weather in 1982-83, which caused wide-
civil, penal, and special chambers.
(tel. 202-833-9860). Peru has consulates
spread flooding in some parts of the
Peru is divided into 24 depart-
in New York; Paterson, N.J.; Miami;
country, severe droughts in others
ments and the constitutional province of
Chicago; Houston; Los Angeles; and
and decimated the schools of ocean
Callao, the country's chief port, adja-
San Francisco.
fish that are one of Peru's major re-
cent to Lima. The departments are
sources. After a promising beginning,
subdivided into provinces, which are
Belaunde's popularity eroded under the
composed of districts. Local authorities
POLITICAL CONDITIONS
stress of inflation, economic hardship,
below the departmental level are
and terrorism. The 1983 municipal elec-
elected.
After a 57-year wait, the American
tions were won largely by opposition
Popular Revolutionary Alliance
party candidates. In 1985, the Ameri-
can Popular Revolutionary Alliance
Principal Government Officials
(APRA), Peru's oldest mass-based polit-
ical party, came to power in 1985 with
(APRA), founded in 1928 by Victor
President-Dr. Alan Garcia Perez
the inauguration of President Alan Gar-
Raul Haya de la Torre, won the presi-
First Vice President-Dr. Luis Alberto
cia Perez. At 36, Garcia became one of
dential election, bringing Alan Garcia
Sanchez y Sanchez
the world's youngest leaders.
Perez to office. The transfer of the
Second Vice President-Dr. Luis Juan
A dynamic orator, now famous for
presidency from Belaunde to Garcia on
Alva Castro*
his hours-long balcony speeches, Garcia
July 28, 1985, was Peru's first exchange
Ministers
mixes populism, pragmatism, and the
of power from one democratically
elected leader to another in 40 years.
Prime Minister-Guiellermo Larco Cox
basic tenets of APRA ideology (anti-
Minister of the Presidency-Nicanor
imperialism and Latin American inte-
Mujica Alvarez Calderon
gration) and occupies a unique position
rea:
in the noncommunist left. In the 1985
GOVERNMENT
Foreign Minister-Dr. Allan Wagner
Tizon
election, the center-right Popular Ac-
The president is popularly elected for a
Economy and Finance-Dr. Gustavo
tion (AP) of President Fernando
Saberbein
Belaunde Terry suffered a disastrous
5-year term and may not be reelected
Interior-Dr. Jose Barsallo Burga
defeat (receiving only 6% of the vote),
to a consecutive term. The first and
second vice presidents also are popu-
Justice-Dr. Carlos Blancas
leaving the United Left (IU) as Garcia's
larly elected but have no constitutional
Bustamante
primary opposition.
functions unless the president is unable
War-Gen. Jorge Flores Torres
In dealing with the Marxist left,
Navy-Vice Adm. Willy Harm
Garcia frequently tries to usurp its
to discharge his duties. The principal
Aeronautics-Lt. Gen. (Ret.) Jose
positions, especially in his appeals to
executive body is the Council of Minis-
Guerra Lorenzetti
the poorest sectors of the society and
ters, headed by a prime minister. Like
Education-Mercedes Cabanillas De
his anti-imperialist rhetoric. His strat-
other cabinet members, the prime min-
ister is appointed by the president. All
Llanos de la Mata
egy appears to have been successful
and led APRA to an upset victory in
presidential decree laws or draft bills
sent to Congress must be approved by
*Holds three positions.
the 1986 municipal elections when
APRA candidate Jorge Del Castillo de-
the Council of Ministers.
feated incumbent Lima Mayor and IU
5
U.S. Economic Assistance
sponsibility for an abysmal economy
Fiscal Years 1946-86
was laid at the feet of Popular Action
in 1985, APRA will most likley be
Cumulative total
judged by the voters on its economic
performance.
US$ millions
US$ millions
AID
615.0
Loans
396.0
ECONOMY
Grants
212.0
ESF grants
7.0
Peru's economy has moved somewhat
PL 480 (Food for Peace)
482.3
erratically in recent years, the result of
Loans (Title I)
219.7
shifts in government orientation and
Grants (Title II)
262.6
policies, fluctuating international prices
Other
98.8
for the country's major exports, and, to
Loans
50.7
a lesser extent, weather patterns that
Grants
48.1
have had particularly negative effects
(Peace Corps $25.2)
on agriculture and fisheries. The gov-
(Narcotics control $16.8)
ernment of former President Belaunde
(Other $6.1)
(1980-85) endeavored to rebuild a mar-
Total direct US economic assistance
1,196.1
ket economy, dismantling structural in-
Other US Government loans/grants
efficiencies inherited from 12 years of
Export-Import Bank loans
military rule. Nonetheless, a swollen
483.5
All other loans
463.4
and corrupt bureaucracy, ill-chosen and
often nonproductive investment pro-
Assistance from international agencies*
3,302.1
jects, a heavy external debt burden, in-
International Finance Corporation
90.1
Inter-American Development Bank
creasing budget deficits, and spiralling
1,466.7
World Bank
1,677.4
inflation inhibited the reformist govern-
UN Development Program
53.3
ment from meeting its goals. Popular
Other UN assistance
14.6
dissatisfaction with the failures of the
*Partially US funded
Belaunde presidency led to its replace-
ment by the more interventionist
Garcia administration in 1985.
President Garcia's initial domestic
President Alfonso Barrantes. Bar-
economic policies sought to stabilize
problems of his last administration, he
rantes' defeat has threatened the sta-
and then reactivate the economy by
remains personally powerful). The PPC
bility of IU's six-party coalition as the
establishing strict price controls and
is led by its founder, former Lima
more radical IU members push for
reducing nonessential government
Mayor Luis Bedoya Reyes. His party
greater confrontation with APRA.
spending to fight inflationary tend-
remains strong among Lima's upper-
encies. Salaries were increased to
Barrantes resigned as IU President
and middle-class residents but has
in May. 1987.
promote consumption and domestic
made few inroads among the urban
Peru's political situation is com-
growth, and in a unilateral, unorthodox
poor or outside the capital. Bedoya ran
plicated by two Marxist terrorist or-
decision, the government redirected
for president in 1985 and mayor of Lima
ganizations-Sendero Luminoso
foreign exchange to local investment by
in 1986, in both cases placing third be-
(The Shining Path) and the MRTA-
strictly limiting external debt service
hind the APRA and IU candidates.
MIR (Tupac Amaru Revolutionary
payments to 10% of exports. In late
Following its successes in the 1985
Movement-Movement of the Revolution-
1985, total external debt stood at $13.7
and 1986 elections, APRA controls both
ary Left). The Maoist Sendero Lumi-
billion, or 81% of GDP. Of that amount,
houses of the Peruvian Congress as
noso began its terrorist violence in 1980
$3 billion represented interest and prin-
well as municipal governments in a ma-
and has concentrated its subversion in
cipal payments past due.
jority of Peru's important cities, includ-
seven mountain departments. In the
The refusal to process debt repay-
ing Cusco, Huancayo, Trujillo, Piura,
past 3 years Sendero has become in-
ments when due has led the Interna-
Iquitos, Huaraz, and Cajamarca. With
creasingly bold, expanding into the
tional Monetary Fund to declare Peru
control of the Congress, Garcia has
capital, where it commits frequent
ineligible for further borrowing and has
been able to fight off legislative attacks
bombings and assassinations of military
created a growing spirit of confronta-
by the opposition and push his own
and police officers and political leaders.
tion between Peru and its other foreign
agenda, which includes decentralization
The MRTA-MIR, a more traditional
creditors. Lower debt payments ini-
of the Peruvian bureaucracy and re-
insurgent group, is concentrated in
tially stimulated the domestic economy
organization of several government
Lima and generally limits its attacks
but will do long-term damage to Peru's
branches.
to property.
ties to the international financial com-
The next municipal elections will
The Popular Action Party (AP) and
munity. According to preliminary gov-
occur in 1989, but the real test of
the Popular Christian Party (PPC)
ernment statistics, the economy grew
APRA's performance comes in the 1990
make up the center-right and right of
by 9% in 1986. The inflation rate, which
the Peruvian political spectrum. Presi-
had risen to some 250% on an annual
dent Belaunde heads AP (despite the
basis during the last months of the
Belaunde government, dropped from
158% at the end of 1985 to 63% in 1986.
6
Much of the growth in 1986 was the
both as a source of badly needed for-
direct result of a boom in industry and
eign exchange as well as employment,
construction. Peru's industrial sector-
U.S. Development
particularly in the impoverished An-
based almost exclusively in the Lima
dean highlands. Peru is one of the
Assistance
metropolitan area-produces a wide va-
world's leading producers of silver, lead,
FY 1986
riety of products primarily for domestic
zinc, copper, gold, and iron ore. None-
consumption. Because family incomes
theless, mining was the only sector to
US $ millions (rounded)
could not keep up with high inflation
experience a poor year in 1986. Largely
Development Assistance
during the early 1980s, local demand
because of the drop in international
Grants
17.6
for consumer goods-and, therefore, in-
prices for mineral products and hydro-
Loans
puts into these goods as well-fell off
carbons, the sector's output contracted
ESF grants
7.0.
considerably, and the country's factories
for 2 consecutive years. Labor unrest in
began to operate well below capacity.
the mines also took a toll on produc-
PL 480 (Food for Peace)
Due to the new government's policy of
tion, and several small and medium-
Title I (loan)
20.0
periodic salary increases accompanied
sized mines have been closed. Peru has
Title II (grant)
13.5
by strict price controls, demand soared
been a net petroleum exporter since
Total
58.1
beginning early in 1986. Manufacturers
1978. Although the country's crude oil
responded by stepping up production at
reserves are not great-only 500-550
little additional cost because of the ex-
million barrels-Occidental Petroleum
isting idle capacity. The net result was
has recently made several substantial
during 1986 turned in a growth rate
an estimated 25% jump in production of
discoveries both in the eastern jungle
of 25%. Although it contributes only
consumer goods industries and a 16%
and on the northern part of the conti-
a small amount to total GDP, Peru's
increase in industry as a whole. Con-
nental shelf. More importantly, Royal
fisheries-producing not only fish for
struction activity also increased as
Dutch Shell has uncovered a major gas
human consumption but also fish-
higher family incomes found their way
deposit near the Brazilian border; the
meal-are of major importance
into new or improved housing.
initial estimate is that the find contains
to the country's foreign trade.
Although industry is the country's
7 trillion cubic feet of gas. Peru's actual
dominant sector in terms of output, ag-
petroleum production, nonetheless, de-
riculture continues to provide a living
clined in 1986.
Foreign Trade
for some 38% of all Peruvians. Large-
Before 1982, Peru was one of the
Foreign trade is critical to Peru's eco-
scale, cooperatively owned irrigated
world's largest fish producers, but the
farms located on the coast produce cot-
nomic well-being. In the past, the coun-
climatic effects associated with the El
try's diverse exports made the national
ton, rice, and sugarcane, as well as
Nino phenomenon killed schools of fish
fruit and vegetables for domestic and
economy less susceptible to the damag-
and forced them offshore into deeper
export sales. Most farmers, however,
ing effects of individual commodity
water. Overfishing has also had nega-
continue to work small subsistence
price fluctuations than that of most
tive effects in some years, but the
plots in the highlands where they grow
other Latin American nations. In spite
sector began to recover in 1985, and
potatoes, corn, and fodder for their
of the economy's rapid recovery in 1986,
small herds. Due to the lack of suitable
land (only 2.2% of the land is consid-
ered arable) and the decreased agri-
cultural productivity in the wake of
largely unsuccessful land reform efforts
during the 1970s, the sector continues
to suffer. The government's high pri-
ority on raising agricultural production
is critical for the country's future, but
inefficiency and low yields continue to
hamper advancement. Following sev-
eral poor crop years in a row caused
by abnormal climatic conditions, low
agricultural prices, and large-scale
migration to the cities, agriculture
experienced a relatively good year in
1986. Partly a result of increased and
concessional farm credit and higher
food prices, agriculture grew by almost
4% in 1986 with record potato, cotton,
and corn crops. Incomes in the coun-
tryside increased as much as 25% in
1986, stemming migration to Lima and
other coastal cities at least temporarily.
Peru has traditionally based its
economy, in large part, on the nation's
rich and varied mineral resources. Min-
ing remains extremely important today.
Vegetable market, Lima.
7
new investment as the only way to keep
Travel Notes
the economy growing in the absence of
access to new external credits. It has,
Climate and clothing: During the damp
able in Lima and in major cities, although
nonetheless, made it clear that inves-
winter (May-November), mediumweight
there are often delays in placing calls. Long-
tors must subordinate their interests to
clothing is suitable; in summer, wear light-
distance telephone and telegraph service to
those of Peru. Potential investors are
weight clothing. Local fashions are similar
the US, via satellite, is fairly good. Peru is
to those in the US.
concerned about the government's price
in the eastern standard time zone.
control policies, the continuing restric-
Health: Community sanitation conditions are
Transportation: Lima is served by several in-
tion on profit remittances, the uneasy
not a serious problem. Lima has several good
ternational airlines, and Peru has economical
situation resulting from the country's
restaurants; however, outside the city it is
domestic air travel. The scenic Central Rail-
best to dine at a tourist hotel and take rea-
unorthodox debt service policies, and
way connecting Lima with the central high-
the lack of a clear set of rules of the
sonable precautions. Although Lima's tap-
lands of the Peruvian Andes is the world's
water is treated, many people drink bottled
game. Potential investors will also
highest standard-gauge railway, crossing the
water, and elsewhere it should be boiled.
main range at above 4,570 m. (15,000 ft.).
watch closely how the Garcia admin-
Yellow fever inoculation and malaria suppres-
The more extensive Southern Railway links
istration follows through with its com-
sants are recommended for jungle travel.
Mollendo on the coast with Arequipa, Cusco,
mitment to compensate the Enron
Health requirements change; check latest in-
and Puno.
Corporation for the assets of its Belco
formation. Gamma globulin is recommended
Taxis are available in Lima and principal
Oil subsidiary, which the state took
against hepatitis. At high altitudes in the
cities; rental cars are available in Lima.
over following the termination of its
Andes, lack of oxygen may cause headaches
and nausea.
Tourist attractions: Lima-cathedral, gold
contract. Finally, investment is also
museum, Larco Herrera Museum (ceramics).
hindered by restrictive Peruvian labor
Security: The cities of Lima and Callao have
Pre-Inca sites-Nazca, Pachacamac (south of
laws. Recently, the government has re-
been under a state of emergency and a
Lima), Chan Chan (north of Trujillo). Inca
instated several tax and other financial
1:00 am to 5:00 am curfew due to terrorism
sites-Cusco, Machu Picchu. Colonial cities
incentives for new investors, with addi-
since February 1986. Tourists arriving at the
(besides Lima and Cusco)-Arequipa, Trujillo,
airport during curfew hours will be issued a
tional incentives for those willing to
Iquitos (on the Amazon River). Callejon de
limited safe-conduct pass. The Peruvian Gov-
establish plants or projects outside
Huaylas (Andean mountain valley). Lake Tit-
ernment continues to designate portions of
metropolitan Lima.
icaca (highest navigable lake in the world).
the departments of Ayacucho, Huancavelica,
Tourists are generally admitted for 60-90
Apurimac, Huanuco, and Pasco as emergency
days without a visa. Business travelers should
The Outlook for the Future
zones, also due to terrorism. Terrorist activity
obtain a visa from a Peruvian consulate in the
is unpredictable.
United States before departure.
The economy is likely to grow consider-
Telecommunications: National and interna-
ably more slowly in 1987 as capacity
tional telephone and telegraph service is avail-
constraints inhibit substantial addi-
tional increases in production; these
production bottlenecks, coupled with
relaxation of price controls, government
the government continues to t ake a rel-
The United States is Peru's largest
pledges to increase wages faster than
atively protectionist line in formulating
trading partner. Bilateral trade be-
the cost of living index, and mounting
trade policy-largely in an effort to
tween the countries has favored Peru
central government budget deficits, in-
conserve reserves now that access to
for the last 5 years. Imports from the
dicate that inflationary pressures will
external credit is threatened by the
United States in 1986 accounted for
intensify. Low prices for Peru's mineral
government's unorthodox and isola-
about 29% of all imports into Peru,
exports, a continuing bias toward do-
tionist stance on servicing its external
while the United States in turn re-
mestic rather than export sales of man-
debt. Import licenses or foreign ex-
ceived about 35% of Peru's exports,
ufactured goods, capital flight, and
change authorizations are currently
the lack of new external credits will
mostly in the form of minerals. Total
required for all products, and the
1986 trade between the United States
contribute to continuing balance-of-
administration has prohibited the im-
and Peru equaled about $1.6 billion.
payments problems during the years
portation of all luxury goods. The gov-
to come.
ernment also makes full use of tariffs
Development momentum may well
and a multitiered system of exchange
U.S. Investment in Peru
have slowed somewhat due to the gov-
rates to promote exports and dis-
Much of the U.S. investment in Peru
ernment's preoccupation with mac-
courage imports considered nonessen-
is concentrated in the mining and
roeconomic issues, insufficient capital
tial to economic reactivation.
petroleum sectors; many other U.S.
investment funds at home, and a dra-
The trade surplus that Peru has
subsidiaries manufacture consumer
matic falloff in foreign credits as a re-
enjoyed for the past several years nar-
products or provide services. Current
sult of Peru's policy of debt service
rowed to only $70 million in 1986,
book value of U.S. investment in the
limitation. Upgrading of education and
partly the result of lower prices for the
country is estimated at $3 billion. The
services, reducing the 2.5% population
country's mineral and petroleum ex-
largest single U.S. investors are the
growth rate through expanded family
ports and partly because the economy's
Southern Peru Copper Corporation-
planning activities, decentralization of
rapid growth demanded more imports
primarily owned by ASARCO-and
the economy, and agricultural develop-
to fuel domestic production. Decreases
Occidental Petroleum, which has im-
ment remain high government pri-
in export receipts have created serious
portant concessions and operations in
orities, as does reducing the high
deficits in Peru's current account and
the northern jungle areas.
unemployment and underemployment
caused an unforeseen drain on foreign
The Garcia administration is in-
rates.
exchange reserves in 1986.
creasingly placing major importance on
8
U.S. Economic Assistance
U.S. bilateral assistance to Peru (in-
Further Information
cluding food aid and disaster relief and
rehabilitation) totaled $327 million dur-
These titles are provided as a general indication of material published on this country.
ing the 1984-86 period. Excluding food
The Department of State does not endorse unofficial publications.
aid, the program averaged about $65
Astiz, Carlos. Pressure Groups and Power
Mason, John Alden. The Ancient Civiliza-
million per year in loans and grants. It
Elites in Peruvian Politics. Ithaca:
tion of Peru. Baltimore: Penguin, 1964.
has been AID's (Agency for Interna-
Cornell University Press, 1969.
Palmer, David Scott. Peru: The Au-
tional Development) largest program in
Bourque, Susan C., and Kay Barbara War-
thoritarian Tradition. New York:
South America. AID has provided valu-
ren. Women of the Andes-Patriarchy
Praeger, 1967.
and Social Change in Two Peruvian
Pike, Frederick B. The Modern History of
able resources for priority development
Towns. Ann Arbor: University of Mich-
Peru. New York: Praeger, 1967.
projects at a time when Peru's own do-
igan Press, 1981.
The United States and the
mestic resources have been severely re-
Chaplin, David, ed. Peruvian Nationalism:
Andean Republics, Peru, Bolivia and
stricted by the need for austerity in
A Corporate Revolution. New Bruns-
Ecuador. Cambridge: Harvard Univer-
public spending and by unprecedented
wick, N.J.: Transaction Books, 1976.
sity Press, 1977.
natural disasters. Projects are concen-
Cleaves, Peter S., and Martin J. Scurrah.
Prescott, William H. History of the Con-
trated in agriculture, health, private
Agriculture, Bureaucracy, and Mili-
quest of Peru. Rev. ed. New York: New
enterprise promotion, and institutional
tary Government in Peru. Ithaca:
American Library, 1961.
Cornell University Press, 1980.
development.
Sigmund, Paul E. Multinationals in Latin
Dietz, Henry A. Poverty and Problem-
America, the Politics of Nationaliza-
AID is assisting Peru in raising ag-
Solving Under Military Rule: The
tion. Ann Arbor: University of Michi-
ricultural productivity through devel-
Urban Poor in Lima, Peru. Austin:
gan Press, 1980.
opment of more rational policies, by
University of Texas Press, 1980.
Stein, Steve. Populism in Peru. Madison:
improving agriculture technology trans-
Einaudi, Luigi R. Revolution From
University of Wisconsin Press, 1980.
fer, and through improved water and
Within? Military Rule in Peru Since
Stepan, Alfred C. The State and Society:
soil conservation practices. Other pro-
1968. Santa Monica: Rand Corp., 1971.
Peru in Comparative Perspective.
jects support Peru's decentralization
FitzGerald, E.V.K. The State and Eco-
Princeton: Princeton University Press,
programs and new development efforts
nomic Development: Peru Since 1968.
1978.
Cambridge: Cambridge University
in the mountainous areas of the jungle.
English-language periodicals published in
Press, 1979.
Peru:
AID is also active in providing
McClintock, Cynthia, and Abraham F.
Andean Report. Economic monthly.
health, nutrition, and family planning
Lowenthal, eds. The Peruvian Experi-
Apartado 2482, Lima.
services, emphasizing preventive health
ment Reconsidered. Princeton: Prince-
Lima Times. Weekly for expatriate
and nutrition interventions for small
ton University Press, 1983.
community. Carabaya 928, Office 304,
children and their mothers.
Gutierrez, Gustavo. A Theology of Libera-
Casilla 531, Lima.
In addition, U.S. economic as-
tion. Mary Knoll, N.Y.: Orbis Books,
sistance is reaching the poor who have
1973.
Available from the Superintendent of Doc-
Hilliker, Grant. The Politics of Reform in
uments, US Government Printing Office,
migrated to Lima and other cities,
Peru; The Apristas and Other Mass
Washington, DC 20402:
many of whom live in squatter settle-
Parties of Latin America. Baltimore:
ments (known as pueblos jovenes) that
American University. Peru: A Country
Johns Hopkins University Press, 1971.
Study. Area Handbook Series, 1981.
surround the city. Specific AID pro-
Kuczynski, Pedro-Pablo. Peruvian Democ-
U.S. Department of Labor. Foreign Labor
jects include food for work programs,
racy Under Economic Stress: An Ac-
Trends.
vocational training, and urban small en-
count of the Belaunde Administration,
U.S. Department of State. "U.S. Policy To-
terprise development programs.
1963-68. Princeton: Princeton Univer-
ward Governments of Peru, 1822-Pres-
sity Press, 1977.
ent." Department of State Bulletin.
Lowenthal, Abraham F., ed. The Peruvian
Vol. LXXI, No. 1947. November 18,
DEFENSE
Experiment: Continuity and Change
1974.
Under Military Rule. Princeton:
Peru Post Report. September 1985.
Princeton University Press, 1975.
Beginning in the early 1970s, Peru
embarked on an arms modernization
For information on economic trends, commercial development, production, trade
program for all military services. Deliv-
regulations, and tariff rates, contact the International Trade Administration, US
eries extended into the late 1980s. The
Department of Commerce, Washington, DC 20230 or any Commerce Department
district office.
purchases included:
Army: Soviet T-55 Tanks, artil-
lery, surface-to-air missile systems,
helicopters; and U.S. self-propelled
These purchases greatly increased
highlands and metropolitan Lima. To
artillery pieces;
Peru's economic burden but have made
date, however, its principal focus is on
Air Force: Soviet supersonic
Peru a formidable military force in the
the external threat.
fighter-bombers, helicopters, assault
region, causing Chile and Ecuador
transport aircraft, surface-to-air mis-
some concern. Peru was the first South
siles, and anti-aircraft guns; U.S. A-37
American country to purchase Soviet
FOREIGN RELATIONS
aircraft, helicopters, and transports;
arms. Peruvian officers, however, feel
Italian advanced training aircraft; and
they can accept material support from
Since his election in 1985, President
French Mirage fighters;
the U.S.S.R. without allowing Soviet
Garcia has actively sought the role of
Navy: West German submarines;
influence.
Third World spokesman-traveling fre-
a converted Dutch helicopter cruiser;
The armed forces are now chal-
quently and courting the nonaligned
Italian missile frigates and helicopters;
lenged by an increasingly violent strug-
movement. He has been a vocal sup-
French missile patrol boats; used Dutch
gle with insurgents in the southern
porter of Nicaraguan sovereignty, vis-
destroyers; and U.S. helicopters.
ited Argentina to personally announce
9
Peru's solidarity against Great Britain
sovereignty, and continuous "anti-
Army Attache-Col. Robert McGarity
in the Falklands/Malvinas dispute, and
imperialist" rhetoric has often put him
Air and Defense Attache-Col. Thomas
contributed $5 million to the African
at odds with the United States. Despite
Crawford
fund to help South Africa's neighbors.
the problems, the United States and
Chief, Military Assistance Advisory
As his APRA political heritage
Peru share the goals of supporting de-
Group (MAAG)-Col. August G.
would suggest, Garcia is a strong pro-
mocracy, curbing the narcotics trade,
Jannarone
ponent of Latin American integration in
and controlling terrorism. Cooperation
Counselor for Agricultural Affairs-
order to break traditional dependen-
in these areas as well as substantial
Kenneth Murray
cies. He has frequently labeled the
U.S. development assistance to Peru
Commercial Attache-Arthur
United States as "imperialist" and has
have allowed the two nations to retain a
Alexander
suggested the creation of an organiza-
working relationship. The principal
Labor Attache-Enrique Perez
tion of American states that would ex-
U.S. interest in Peru continues to be
Consular Agent, Cusco-Dr. Olga
clude the United States. Garcia has
the stability and strengthening of dem-
Villagarcia
been especially critical of U.S. policy in
ocratic institutions.
The U.S. Embassy in Peru is
Central America.
located at Avenidas Garcilaso de la
Peru, historically, has had conflicts
Principal U.S. Officials
Vega and Espana, Lima (tel. 33-8000).
with Ecuador and Chile, although rela-
The consulate is located at Grimaldo
tions with both countries are currently
Ambassador-Alexander F. Watson
Del Solar 346, Miraflores, Lima (tel.
stable. Garcia scrupulously avoids com-
Deputy Chief of Mission-Douglas
44-3621).
menting on the internal affairs of his
Langan
neighbors but was energetic in his de-
Director, AID Mission-Donor Lion
Published by the United States Department
fense of Ecuador's democracy during
Counselor for Public Affairs (USIS)-
of State
Bureau of Public Affairs
Office
the January 1987 kidnaping of President
Charles Loveridge
of Public Communication
Editorial Divi-
Febres Cordero.
Counselor for Political Affairs-John
sion
Washington, D.C.
December 1987
Peru has relations with most com-
Hamilton
Editor: Juanita Adams
munist countries and has allowed the
Counselor for Economic Affairs-
Department of State Publication 7799
Soviet Union a greater presence than
Robert Knickmeyer
Background Notes Series
This material is
any other nation in South America.
Counselor for Consular Affairs-Donna
in the public domain and may be reproduced
Hamilton
without permission; citation of this source
Counselor for Administrative Affairs-
would be appreciated.
U.S.-PERUVIAN RELATIONS
George Lowe Jr.
Naval Attache-Capt. John
For sale by the Superintendent of Docu-
U.S. relations with Peru are generally
Shillingsburg
ments, U.S. Government Printing Office.
Washington, D.C. 20402
good but occasionally have been
strained since APRA came to power in
1985. President Garcia's unilateral deci-
sion to limit Peru's external debt pay-
ment, strong support for Nicaraguan
10
nized as a power in the world, has been discredited
not represent the true level of hostility to Jewish
almost everywhere for its support of Saddam Hussein
settlements.
in the Gulf. And it has just been disarmed in Lebanon.
Still, all indications are that the administration would
The PLO retains only its ability to intimidate concession-
suffer a sound thrashing in direct combat, that Likud
minded Palestinians in the territories.
hawks would be emboldened by the victory, and that
According to scholars such as Elie Kedourie, current-
America's Arab allies (whom the policy-makers seem
ly at the Washington Institute for Near East Policy, the
eager to impress) would be dismayed. So, although
United States and other outsiders should stop attempt-
from Bush on down there is nothing but rage at the
ing to breathe artificial life into the Palestinian move-
Israelis for taking over Arab land, domestic pragmatists
ment and should let Israel and the Palestinians find
in the administration may yet prevail over would-be
their own equilibrium. Kedourie thinks that increasing
Mideast peacemakers. White House chief of staff John
numbers of West Bank Palestinians are willing to defy
Sununu, no friend of Israel, is said to be counseling
the PLO, though he is not sure there are yet enough to
against a battle in Congress. Bush supposedly won't
get useful dialogue started with Israel. In any event, he
decide what to do for another several weeks, but top
says, the historic argument for focusing U.S. diplomacy
aides think he wants a stop to settlements badly enough
on the Palestinian issue-that it offers an opening for
that some linkage plan will result-and hence a bitter
Soviet exploitation-"has fallen to the ground." And
battle with Israel.
Arab radicalism, he says, will always find other causes
around which to rally, even if the Palestinian problem
were solved.
The administration shares the notion that a new Pal-
Peru battles an epidemic.
estinian leadership may emerge, and wants to intervene
to help it by blocking Israeli seizure of more Arab
territory. Administration officials agree that the PLO is
discredited and the Palestinian population is demoral-
ized, but they say that a Palestinian national movement
will continue to exist and the job of the West is to
TIME OF CHOLERA
prevent it from being radical (whether Islamic or secu-
lar) and causing trouble throughout the Arab world.
With the PLO weak and Iraq defeated, the administra-
By Tina Rosenberg
tion thinks that the time is right for a "territory for
peace" trade between Israel and the Arabs, but that
LIM/
Israel's "aggressive" settlements policy forecloses that.
In early May, as cholera began to spread eastward into
Peru's jungle, Health Ministry cholera czar Eduardo Sa
t the moment the administration and Israel are
A
lazar entered the business of motorboat repair. A fev
like two trains on a collision course over settle-
days later sixteen old boats, outfitted with new engines
ments and housing aid. The Israel lobby is
radios, and volunteer doctors from Lima, began to nav
gearing up for a fight that's being compared to
igate the rivers of Peruvian Amazonia, stopping at eacl
the one waged in 1981 over the sale of AWACS planes to
stilt-house hamlet, searching for the sick. The doctor
Saudi Arabia. Israel's government thinks it has the
brought their i.v.s, rehydration packets, and tales o
votes in Congress to beat the administration and is
bacteria and microbes to people who have never seer
reportedly spoiling for a fight, hoping to show the ad-
an electric bulb and never felt the sensation of cold
ministration how powerful it is. Pro-Israeli members of
who drink river water and the potions of curanderos, O:
Congress and most Jewish organizations dislike Israel's
shamans.
settlements policy but can't persuade the Likud govern-
After five months, cholera is spreading to othe:
ment to alter it. Meanwhile, they view housing guaran-
countries in Latin America-and a few cases have beer
tees for Russian émigrés as vital to Israel's future. Isra-
seen in the United States. But although cholera is dis
el's side is ready to accuse the administration of
appearing from Peru for now, it will eventually becom
politicizing the humanitarian issue of Jewish immigrant
endemic, reappearing in weakened form each year
absorption.
This is cholera's normal course. Truly astonishing
On the other end, the administration's Middle East
however, is the Peruvian government's success in treat
policy-makers also seem to want a fight, although they
ing it. Two thousand people have died: less than 1 per
are looking for creative ways to limit West Bank settle-
cent of the roughly 250,000 who got the disease. In the
ments without directly conditioning housing aid. One
world's last huge epidemic, in West Africa in the earl
option might be to cut overall aid to Israel (not hous-
1970s, the death rate was between 20 and 30 percent
ing money) by the amount the government spends on
Cholera has killed 2,000 people, while 40,000 chil
West Bank settlements. A surprise attempt by Texas
dren under 5 die each year from diarrhea in Peru
Democrat John Bryant to do this on June 19, cutting
Yet it is cholera that inspires terror, in part becaus
$82.5 million from aid to Israel, was defeated by a vote
many Peruvians view the disease-never before see:
of 378-44, but administration officials think this does
here-as a metaphor for the country's slide back is
10 THE NEW REPUBLIC JULY 29, 1991
time from modernity. The more appropriate literary
Conditions in rural Peru are even more propitious
allusion for Peru today is not García Márquez but the
for cholera's spread. In some parts of the rural sierra,
book of Exodus: cholera, hunger, earthquake, drought,
the only water comes from rivers, and one doctor serves
state terror, garbage, bombings, guerrillas, cocaine,
25,000 residents. Most rural children do not get the
and the blowing up of electrical towers.
necessary vaccines. Unable to see any value in modern
medicine, rural Peruvians carry on as they have for cen-
T
reating cholera has meant bridging the centu-
turies. Water that looks clear is good enough to drink;
ries separating the two Perus: the white coastal
besides, boiled water tastes funny. To many in the sier-
cities that live precariously in the modern age,
ra, cólera-which also means anger in Spanish-is not a
and "Peru profundo," the largely rural Indian
disease but the wrath of God, provoked by the killing of
sierra and jungle where people live as their ancestors
animals, to be banished through prayer. Three-day
did a millennium ago. In 1987 researchers found a be-
wakes for the dead are an enduring Andean custom:
nign strain of Vibrio cholerae in the water of the Lima
the people who wash the body and clothes of the chol-
slum of Canto Grande. Peru's health infrastructure had
era victim also prepare food for guests, who then get
broken down to the point where a toxic form of the
cholera, producing more wakes.
bacteria could easily spread. On January 23, 1991, the
And there are the curanderos, healers of choice for
inevitable happened: the first cases of cholera ap-
many in the jungle and sierra. Patricio Torres, a 78-
peared, the bacteria probably brought by a fishing boat
year-old curandero I visited in Peru's south, told me he
from Asia. "This is 'Chronicle of an Epidemic Fore-
treated patients with herbs, cards, and animals. "If you
told,' said Alberto Flórez, head of the Lima-based
have an evil thing in your house, I'll come with a guin-
Pan American Center for Sanitary Engineering.
ea pig. We let the animal go, and he goes right to
It would be hard to think of a country worse pre-
where the problem is." He also passed animals over a
pared. Diarrhea and vomiting can kill cholera victims
patient's body. "A chicken is good. You pass it over the
within four hours unless they receive rehydration. But
patient and then kill it and open it up. The sickness will
for many in rural Peru, a health clinic is a day's jour-
show up as a red stain. It works just like the X-ray a
ney on foot, horse, or bicycle, and the clinic is likely
doctor takes."
to stock only the most rudimentary medicines. The
"Some things, like a skin infection, clear up fine with
nurse may be there a few hours a day or not at all; in
herbs," said Fulgencio Llasaca, a doctor who had
April health workers went on strike to protest their
worked in the village of Locumba, where he made
$45 monthly salaries. The streets of downtown Lima are
friends with the two curanderos. "But when I had a seri-
still filled with police turning tear gas and water can-
ously ill patient who preferred a curandero's advice, I
non on striking nurses. Most public hospitals have no
would take the curandero aside and explain the neces-
medicine, sheets, or food. At Lima's Dos de Mayo hos-
sary treatment. He would prescribe it and everyone
pital in April, I waited two hours for a doctor to arrive
would be satisfied."
at the converted tuberculosis ward, which serves as one
of three cholera halls. It was so jammed that men held
T
o citizens of Peru profundo, the curandero's
their i.v. bottles while standing or sitting on benches.
chicken is the familiar medicine they have used
"What I'm doing won't solve this problem," said Dr.
all their lives. It is the doctor's fabulous stories
Julio Ramirez as he checked patients' antibiotic sched-
of invisible bugs and magic needles to ward off
ules. "The solution is getting water and sewers to peo-
disease and the goings-on inside the fortresslike hospi-
ple so they can wash."
tals where people go in but never come out that seem
The cholera bacterium lives in contaminated water
like black magic. And yet in fighting cholera, the
and foods; it infects humans unless it is killed by thor-
Health Ministry managed to find the point at which the
ough cooking. Cholera is a disease of poverty: practical-
two Perus intersect, introducing the benefits of the
ly absent from wealthy neighborhoods, but prevalent
modern state to those left outside for centuries.
among those who do not wash, drink clean water, prop-
Health Ministry officials immediately announced the
erly dispose of waste, or eat cooked food. Every control
epidemic (some other Latin countries have tried to
measure requires water, but a smaller percentage of
cover up. their cholera) and have since kept reliable
people have water and sewers in Peru than practically
statistics on its progress. This did not sit well with every-
anywhere else in the hemisphere.
one; President Alberto Fujimori and his fisheries minis-
Mass migration to the cities has stretched urban wa-
ter, concerned about the impact on industry, ate se-
ter systems to the breaking point. Bathrooms are filthy
viche, a traditional raw fish dish, on TV. A jump in new
even in the Health Ministry. Women living in straw huts
cases followed-possibly including the fisheries minis-
on the bleak sand dunes in the Villa El Salvador shanty-
ter: The New York Times reported rumors that he spent a
town south of Lima said they bought their water from
week in a military hospital with "laryngitis." The agri-
peddlers. The water is foul-some peddlers simply
culture minister went on TV eating unwashed grapes.
scoop it from rivers-and sits in foul tanks. At $4 for a
The health minister, undercut by the government, re-
month's supply, it is so expensive that the average per-
signed. His replacement has been less aggressive, but at
son uses less than four gallons in a day; in the United
least the rest of the government, reeling from criticism,
States the average is 100 gallons.
is no longer making trouble.
JULY 29, 1991 THE NEW REPUBLIC 11
Health officials from international organizations
water and sewers will be hit by pressure on internati
laud the work of Salazar's cholera team. Foreign do-
al lenders such as the World Bank to cut back on loa
nors say their equipment and medicine have gotten to
to the public sector. (The Bush administration is fo
the field undelayed by corruption or bureaucracy. The
most in applying such pressure.) Just as problematic
job was twofold: to reduce the disease's spread by
how to persuade people to keep washing their han
teaching Peruvians about modern hygiene, and to get
and boiling water when the immediate danger of ch
modern medical attention to the stricken. In both ar-
era has passed. The government is beginning an educ
eas the task was compounded by the state's absence
tional campaign on TV and radio with the theme "T
from rural Peru.
Solution to Cholera Is in Your Hands." Health offici:
have printed a million copies of a series of clever
ut ironically, Peru's decay was an asset in fight-
B
written and drawn booklets to teach good hygiene
ing cholera. So many babies die of diarrhea
schoolchildren.
that eight years ago UNICEF and the Pan Ameri-
I asked Salazar where cholera has not become e
can Health Organization began teaching moth-
demic. Spain, Portugal, and Italy, he said. "And in tl
ers to make and use rehydration salts. This most effec-
Third World?" I asked. He smiled. "This is the fourt
tive cholera treatment, then, was already known and
world."
accepted. Perhaps more important, the country boast-
The children's booklets are sitting stacked and tie
ed a network of volunteer health promoters. Thou-
with twine in someone's office. They will be there fc
sands of women knocked on their neighbors' doors,
some time. Though it is now midwinter, school has y
giving hands-on reinforcement to the government's
to begin. Teachers, paid like nurses, are on strike.
educational TV and radio ads. Even the Shining Path
guerrillas' graffiti in the mountains admonishes read-
TINA ROSENBERG is a visiting fellow at the Overseas D
ers to dig latrines and wash their hands.
velopment Council. Her book Children of Cain will b
All over Peru cholera has scared people into adopt-
published in September by William Morrow.
ing health practices they had previously ignored. Villa
El Salvador enjoys running water only two or three
hours a week, woeful even by Peruvian standards. But
Is Clarence a real conservative?
through door-to-door visits and seminars for food han-
dlers, the shantytown of 300,000 people, renowned for
its political organization, suffered only seven cholera
deaths-the second-lowest rate in the country. "In two
weeks this epidemic accomplished what years of work
couldn't," said Rosario Torres, a doctor in Villa El Sal-
DOUBTING THOMAS
vador. "Women sit down in restaurants and order juice
made with boiled water. That never happened before."
In the jungle the Health Ministry sent motorboats to
collect one woman from each village to attend a three-
By Gary L. McDowell
day course in Iquitos, the regional capital, on cholera
prevention and treatment.
he nomination of Clarence Thomas to the Su-
The Health Ministry has distributed 2,200 tons of
T
preme Court has already provoked the predict-
medicines, i.v.s, salts, and plasma among almost every
able racial name-calling. On the eve of Pres-
village in Peru, a logistical nightmare even in countries
ident Bush's announcement, the NAACP's Benja-
with decent roads, reliable trucks, less corruption, and
min Hooks warned that if Thomas were the choice, the
no strikes. In general, the goods arrived-in trucks, on
president was going to face the mother of all confirma-
horseback, by outboard motor. A few bribes to the navy
tion battles. When Thomas was officially nominated,
procured a riverboat, which the Health Ministry fitted
the crescendo increased. "Why nominate a black at
out with hospital beds and sent through the jungle
all," asked Eleanor Holmes Norton, if he is going to be
from Iquitos to the Brazilian border.
a conservative? The appointment was "laughable,"
Yet some people still could not get treatment in time.
Harvard law professor Derrick Bell declared: Thomas
In the jungle the death rate has been 8.5 percent; in the
"doesn't think like a black." Defenders of Thomas in
sierra, 7.8 percent. These victims died because their
turn accused the attackers of racism.
government failed them, as it always has. For the govern-
The real debate, however, is not about race. What
ment, as well as for ordinary Peruvians, cholera has
the opponents of Clarence Thomas are objecting to is
sparked the beginnings of changes that should have
that he does not share Thurgood Marshall's view of the
come centuries ago. The consequences of neglect go
role of the Supreme Court. The true bone of conten-
beyond cholera; it is in Peru profundo where the Shin-
tion here is thus precisely the same as that which arose
ing Path finds an echo in its call to tear down a state that
over the nomination of Robert Bork. It is an argument
has never brought more than promises and trouble.
over the proper role of the Court in American society,
Peru's chances of keeping cholera from becoming
and about the nature and extent of judicial power un-
endemic do not, however, look bright. Investment in
der a written Constitution. The real litmus test for
12 THE NEW REPUBLIC JULY 29, 1991
Feb. 26 / Administration of George Bush, 1991
V
Address to the Nation on the Iraqi
Note: President Bush spoke at 9:48 a.m.
Statement on Withdrawal From Kuwait
from the Rose Garden at the White House.
February 26, 1991
In his address, he referred to President
C
Saddam Hussein of Iraq. The address was
P
I have a brief statement to make today.
broadcast live on nationwide radio and tel-
Saddam's most recent speech is an outrage.
evision.
He is not withdrawing. His defeated forces
are retreating. He is trying to claim victory
in the midst of a rout, and he is not volun-
tarily giving up Kuwait. He is trying to save
the remnants of power and control in the
Remarks Following Discussions With
Middle East by every means possible. And
President César Gaviria Trujillo of
here, too, Saddam Hussein will fail.
Colombia
Saddam is not interested in peace but
February 26, 1991
only to regroup and fight another day. And
he does not renounce Iraq's claim to
President Bush. Mr. President, it has
Kuwait. To the contrary, he makes clear
been a privilege to meet with you and to
that Iraq continues to claim Kuwait. Nor is
share our thoughts on critical challenges
there any evidence of remorse for Iraq's
that our countries must face together.
aggression or any indication that Saddam is
You're a man of courage, the worthy politi-
prepared to accept the responsibility for the
cal heir of your nation's General Santander,
awful consequences of that aggression.
who said, "If the sword gave us independ-
He still does not accept U.N. Security
ence, the law will give us liberty." You're a
Council resolutions or the coalition terms of
man devoted to law and to liberty, and for
February 22, including the release of our
that, you have our admiration and respect.
POW's-all POW's-third-country detain-
Today, we held a thorough and frank dis-
ees, and an end to the pathological destruc-
cussion on a range of issues of mutual con-
tion of Kuwait. The coalition will therefore
cern, particularly the drug war and joint
continue to prosecute the war with undi-
economic matters. I view this as a vital
minished intensity.
meeting. For although there is a crisis de-
As we announced last night, we will not
manding our attention halfway around the
attack unarmed soldiers in retreat. We have
world, we will not neglect the very pressing
no choice but to consider retreating combat
needs and opportunities in our own hemi-
units as a threat and respond accordingly.
sphere.
Anything else would risk additional United
One of the most urgent of these is the
States and coalition casualties.
fierce battle that we're waging against the
The best way to avoid further casualties
scourge of drugs. President Gaviria talked
on both sides is for the Iraqi soldiers to lay
to me in great detail of the efforts, the
down their arms as nearly 30,000 Iraqis al-
heroic efforts that Colombia is making in
ready have. It is time for all Iraqi forces in
this fight. We honor him and his country-
the theater of operation, those occupying
men, knowing they've borne a very difficult
Kuwait, those supporting the occupation of
burden in this war, and knowing that it is
Kuwait, to lay down their arms. And that
their survival that's at stake every day.
will stop the bloodshed.
Our hearts are with the Colombian
From the beginning of the air operation
people who have suffered SO much from
nearly 6 weeks ago, I have said that our
drug-related outlaw violence. This has in-
efforts are on course and on schedule. This
cluded the murder of President Gaviria's
morning I am very pleased to say that coali-
own cousin only days ago by these narco
tion efforts are ahead of schedule. The lib-
terrorists. We want to tell Colombians that
eration of Kuwait is close at hand.
they inspire us by standing up-despite in-
And let me just add that I share the pride
timidation, despite the costs-for justice and
of all of the American people in the mag-
for law.
nificent heroic performance of our Armed
As we spoke today, I made it clear tha
Forces. May God bless them and keep
Colombia is not alone in this fight. Both our
them.
countries recognize that drug production
214
Administration of George Bush, 1991 / Feb. 26
and drug use threaten our futures and our
very lives. We are determined to defeat this
tional investment, freer trade, and greatly
reduced debt burdens.
enemy. Together, I am more and more con-
vinced, especially after these talks, that we
Colombia was the first nation to take up
will win this war.
our offer to negotiate bilateral trade and
investment framework agreements. Well, I
At the Cartagena summit, we said that
told the President today that we are send-
we accepted our responsibility to cut drug
ing to Congress legislation necessary to im-
demand in the United States. I told the
plement the investment, debt, and environ-
President today that our work is succeed-
mental aspects of the Enterprise for the
ing; drug use here in the United States is on
Americas Initiative. And I assured him that
the decline. And also at that summit, we
I am absolutely committed to securing its
pledged to help Colombia and her neigh-
passage.
bors in their struggle to reduce production
and interrupt the transportation of drugs.
The people of our two nations are united
as neighbors. And we are united as societies
And we know that battling the drug war
has indeed meant high costs to the Colom-
threatened by the human misery brought
bian people. And so, I'm glad to report that
by drugs. But we're also united as people
who believe in human rights and in the
on February 25th, our countries signed an
creative power of liberty. We're members
agreement providing the first $20 million of
a total $41 million to help ease the financial
of what is almost the world's first fully free
hemisphere.
damage that the drug war has meant to his
government's programs. And second, we've
We're battling some powerful enemies:
signed an innovative agreement on mutual
drugs, poverty, forces opposed to democ-
judicial cooperation to more effectively
racy. But we have even more powerful re-
prosecute the drug traffickers. And I told
sources. Simon Bolivar wrote in exile: "The
the President that we will sign a multimil-
veil has been torn asunder. We've already
lion-dollar, longterm agreement expanding
seen the light and it is not our desire to be
our support for his bold initiative to
thrust back into darkness."
strengthen the Colombian judicial system.
Well, our nations have seen the light. And
In addition, we know we need to offer
our meeting today was just one more joint
the people of the Andes viable economic
step in the direction of that light. I might
alternatives to coca production. A team led
add that we will always be grateful to Co-
by [U.S.] Ambassador Ed Corr has just com-
lombia for their role at the United Nations
pleted a report on how we can strengthen
as we formulated common opposition to the
our cooperation on agricultural issues and
forces of evil halfway around the world in
make our market more accessible to legal
the Gulf as we stood up to the aggressor,
exports.
Iraq.
Most importantly, we've proposed the
But that proved to me that the goals are
Andean Trade Initiative providing special
clear. Together we will succeed. And so,
and vitally important benefits for the Co-
may God bless your wonderful people, and
lombian producers. And I hope Congress
thank you for coming our way.
will pass this legislation speedily.
President Gaviria. Thank you, Mr. Presi-
As we look ahead to the coming century,
dent. I want first of all to express in the
President Gaviria and I agree that we must
name of the Colombian people how glad
also make trade and economic development
we are all because of the new order we're
essential priorities. Our hemisphere must
building with the coalition, with the coop-
see that its future lies with free markets as
eration of the United Nations. We are very
well as free governments. And that's why
happy for the success you have had in the
we must forge a genuine economic partner-
Persian Gulf and the way we have built in
hip for the future. Last year, we proposed
this new order that will help all the coun-
the Enterprise for the Americas Initiative,
tries, all humanity to fight poverty, to fight
offering the hope of greater prosperity for
narco traffic, and to fight the new problems
all the Americas through greater interna-
we really have in our agenda.
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