Ask the Scholar
Document scope · 1 page
Scholar
Ask about this object, its catalog metadata, its source description, or the page inventory.
For page-specific OCR and visual context, open one of the page chats.
Scholar Source Context
Document identity
localId
323153585
label
Costa Rica Departure Statement 10/10/91 [OA 8330]
core
doc
dtoType
document
citationUrl
pageCount
1
Source metadata
id
323153585
contentType
document
title
Costa Rica Departure Statement 10/10/91 [OA 8330]
citationUrl
identifierLocal
13775-011
collections
Records of the White House Office of Speechwriting (George H. W. Bush Administration)
Speech Backup Chronological Files
imageCount
1
hasImages
yes
source
import
hasTranscription
no
Source extras
naId
323153585
levelOfDescription
fileUnit
recordType
description
ocrSource
nara-archive
Single page context
seq
1
pageIndex
0
type
document
mediaId
43c11462387fb94f
ocrText
Originally Processed With FOIA(s):
FOIA Number:
S
S
FOIA
MARKER
This is not a textual record. This is used as an
administrative marker by the George Bush Presidential
Library Staff.
Record Group/Collection:
George H.W. Bush Presidential Records
Collection/Office of Origin:
Speechwriting, White House Office of
Series:
Speech File Backup Files
Subseries:
Chron File, 1989-1993
OA/ID Number:
13775
Folder ID Number:
13775-011
Folder Title:
Costa Rica Departure Statement 10/10/91 [OA 8330]
Stack:
Row:
Section:
Shelf:
Position:
G
26
21
6
7
THE WHITE HOUSE
WASHINGTON
October 8, 1991
MEMORANDUM FOR THE PRESIDENT
THROUGH:
DAVID DEMAREST
TONY SNOW 15
FROM:
JOSEPH P. DUGGAN
SUBJECT:
COSTA RICA DEPARTURE STATEMENT
I. SUMMARY
On Thursday, October 10, at 1:15 p.m., you will make a
statement with President Calderon of Costa Rica on the South
Lawn.
II. DISCUSSION
The remarks (6 minutes, on cards) praise Costa Rica for
their traditions of democracy and respect for human rights,
and their work as a catalyst for peace in the region.
(Duggan/Simon)
October 8, 1991
Draft Three
Calderon
PRESIDENTIAL REMARKS: CALDERON DEPARTURE
THE SOUTH LAWN
THURSDAY, OCTOBER 10, 1991
1:15 P.M.
Mr. President, I have been honored and pleased to meet with
you today at the White House. I warmly remember my visits to
Costa Rica as Vice President in 1986 and as President in 1989. I
will never forget the cheers, the genuine enthusiasm Costa Ricans
expressed when the United States flag was displayed on my first
visit. And I know Barbara was touched by the warm hospitality
extended by you, Mrs. Calderon, and the Costa Rican people at
your inauguration last May. There can be no doubt, Mr.
President, that the people of Costa Rica and of the United States
have a deep friendship for one another.
Costa Rica and the United States stand shoulder to shoulder
for common values and aspirations. Our friendship is rooted in
shared commitments to human rights, economic and social freedom,
democracy and peaceful foreign relations.
Costa Rica stands tall as a model of courage. // For most
of your lifetime, Mr. President, Costa Rica's neighbors have
suffered from violence and instability, often under dictatorship.
Political violence, border conflicts, "death squads," and
subversion by Marxist guerrillas -- all of these have scarred
2
Central America and the Isthmus. Through this all, without an
army, Costa Rica stood fast.
Costa Rica is a rock of stability in Central America
because its people believe in the permanent things: the sanctity
of the person and of the family, the centrality of human freedom.
Almost half a century ago, the Costa Rican people made a
civilized political and social compact. Costa Ricans strictly
limited the power of government to interfere with civil
liberties. Against all threats, domestic and external, Costa
Ricans have kept faith with their promise. Costa Rica practices
robust competitive politics, peacefully transferring power from
party to party and from person to person. With its independent
judiciary and limited public security forces, Costa Rica is a
model civil society based on the rule of law.
Costa Rica keeps faith with its international commitments,
even when doing so is costly. Through all of the Central
American turmoil during the 1980s, Costa Rica gave safe haven to
refugees and respected universal human rights. //
Mr. President, we support your efforts to renew Costa Rica's
economic strength. You have assembled an effective economic
team. You have shown personal courage and impressive skills of
leadership in advancing such reforms as price deregulation,
privatization of government agencies, and tax reform. I applaud
these efforts which will help assure prosperity for the Costa
Rican people. I encourage you to continue to exercise the
leadership necessary to complete the reform effort. We are
recognizing that leadership today in making available $24 million
3
in Economic Support Funds. I promise to work unceasingly with
you to let the liberating power of free markets help your country
and mine -- and our neighbors as well.
Already our nations are working together to promote the
Enterprise of the Americas Initiative for expanded trade and
investment in the Western Hemisphere. And I thank you, Mr.
President, for your strong support of this initiative. The
framework agreement for trade and investment between our
countries will join with other accords to create new jobs and
improve living conditions throughout the Americas. Our common
efforts will hasten the day when the Americas will become a
flourishing trade area from the Arctic Circle to the Strait of
Magellan. //
Mr. President, Costa Rica is a haven of peace, and Costa
Ricans have always helped to resolve conflicts in your region.
Today, we see the best of the Costa Rican tradition in your
efforts to help bring about a just and peaceful solution to El
Salvador's civil conflict. Fundamentally, all these efforts have
been possible because Costa Ricans have labored for decades to
cultivate the habits of civil society -- habits of freedom and
responsibility. // Because of this abiding faith, Costa Rica is
assisting in a new birth of freedom, prosperity and peace for all
of Central America.
Thank you again for your visit, and may God bless the people
of Costa Rica and of all the Americas.
#
#
#
stated
(Duggan/Simon)
October 4, 1991
Draft Two
Calderon
PRESIDENTIAL REMARKS: CALDERON DEPARTURE
THE SOUTH LAWN
THURSDAY, OCTOBER 10, 1991
1:15 P.M.
Mr. President, I have been honored and pleased to meet with
you today at the White House. I warmly remember my visits to
1989
Costa Rica as Vice President in 1986 and as President in 1990. I
will never forget the cheers, the genuine enthusiasm Costa Ricans
expressed when the United States flag was displayed. There can
be no doubt, Mr. President, that people of Costa Rica and of the
United States have a deep friendship for one another.
Costa Rica and the United States stand shoulder to shoulder
for common values and aspirations. Our friendship is rooted in
shared commitments to human rights, economic and social freedom,
democracy and peaceful foreign relations.
Costa Rica stands tall as a model of courage. // For most
of your lifetime, Mr. President, Costa Rica's neighbors have
suffered from violence and instability, often under dictatorship.
Communal violence, border conflicts, paramilitary "death squads,"
narco-terrorism, and expansionist campaigns by the Soviet empire
-- all of these have scarred and shaken Central America and the
Isthmus. Through this all, with only minimal civil defense
forces, Costa Rica stood fast.
2
Costa Rica is a rock of stability in Central America
because its people believe in the permanent things: the sanctity
of the person and of the family, the centrality of human freedom.
//
Almost half a century ago, the Costa Rican people made a
civilized social compact. Costa Ricans strictly limited the
power of government while strengthening families and free
enterprise. Against all threats, domestic and external, Costa
Ricans have kept faith with their promise.
The Republic of Costa Rica practices robust competitive
politics, peacefully transferring power from party to party and
from person to person. [On a matter that currently is being
debated in my country, I must say I find Costa Rica's success
with term limitations for national legislators most intriguing.]
With its independent judiciary, Costa Rica is a model civil
society based on the rule of law.
Costa Rica keeps faith with its international commitments,
even when doing so is costly. Through all of the Central
American turmoil during the 1980s, Costa Rica was a safe haven
for refugees. // In the judgment of my government and of
independent observers, Costa Rica consistently has practiced full
respect for human rights.
Mr. President, we support your efforts to renew Costa Rica's
economic strength. You have assembled an effective economic
team. You have shown personal courage and impressive skills of
leadership in advancing such reforms as price deregulation,
3
privatization of government agencies, reduction of the government
workforce, and tax reform. I promise to work unceasingly with
you to let the liberating power of free markets help your country
and mine -- and our neighbors as well.
Already our nations are working together to promote the
Enterprise of the Americas Initiative for expanded trade and
investment in the Western Hemisphere. The framework agreement
for free trade between our countries will join with other inter-
American accords to accelerate the creation of jobs and material
resources throughout the Americas. Our common efforts will
hasten the day when the Americas will become a flourishing trade
area from the Arctic Circle to the Strait of Magellan. //
four
was awarded
awarded
Mr. President, three years ago your predecessor accepted the
10-13-87 Nobel Peace Prize for efforts to resolve conflicts in your
region. Today, we see the best of the Costa Rican tradition in
your efforts to produce a just and peaceful solution to El
Salvador's civil conflict. Fundamentally, all these efforts have
been possible because Costa Ricans have labored for decades to
cultivate the habits of civil society -- habits of freedom and
responsibility. // Costa Ricans hold fast to a faith expressed
Bartletts
by another great Nobel laureate, the American man of letters
p.838 William Faulkner.
In his Nobel acceptance speech, Faulkner declared: "I
believe that man will not merely endure: he will prevail. " //
Because of this abiding faith, Costa Rica is assisting in a new
4
birth of freedom, prosperity and peace for all of Central
America. III
Thank you again for your visit, and may God bless the people
of Costa Rica and of all the Americas.
#
#
#
Bob,
This is the official
version. David gave
earlier you an advance diaft
Roseanne
X 3860
(Duggan/Simon)
October 4, 1991
Draft Two
Calderon
PRESIDENTIAL REMARKS:
CALDERON DEPARTURE
THE SOUTH LAWN
THURSDAY, OCTOBER 10, 1991
[TIME]
Mr. President, I have been honored and pleased to meet with
you today at the White House. I warmly remember my visits to
Costa Rica as Vice President in 1986 and as President in 1990. I
will never forget the cheers, the genuine enthusiasm Costa Ricans
expressed when the United States flag was displayed. There can
be no doubt, Mr. President, that people of Costa Rica and of the
United States have a deep friendship for one another.
Costa Rica and the United States stand shoulder to shoulder
for common values and aspirations. Our friendship is rooted in
shared commitments to human rights, economic and social freedom,
democracy and peaceful foreign relations.
Costa Rica stands tall as a model of courage. // For most
of your lifetime, Mr. President, Costa Rica's neighbors have
suffered from violence and instability, often under dictatorship.
Communal violence, border conflicts, paramilitary "death squads,"
narco-terrorism, and expansionist campaigns by the Soviet empire
-- all of these have scarred and shaken Central America and the
Isthmus. Through this all, with only minimal civil defense
forces, Costa Rica stood fast.
2
Costa Rica is a rock of stability in Central America
because its people believe in the permanent things: the sanctity
of the person and of the family, the centrality of human freedom.
//
Almost half a century ago, the Costa Rican people made a
civilized social compact. Costa Ricans strictly limited the
power of government while strengthening families and free
enterprise. Against all threats, domestic and external, Costa
Ricans have kept faith with their promise.
The Republic of Costa Rica practices robust competitive
politics, peacefully transferring power from party to party and
from person to person. [On a matter that currently is being
debated in my country, I must say I find Costa Rica's success
with term limitations for national legislators most intriguing.]
With its independent judiciary, Costa Rica is a model civil
society based on the rule of law.
Costa Rica keeps faith with its international commitments,
even when doing so is costly. Through all of the Central
American turmoil during the 1980s, Costa Rica was a safe haven
for refugees. // In the judgment of my government and of
independent observers, Costa Rica consistently has practiced full
respect for human rights.
Mr. President, we support your efforts to renew Costa Rica's
economic strength. You have assembled an effective economic
team. You have shown personal courage and impressive skills of
leadership in advancing such reforms as price deregulation,
3
privatization of government agencies, reduction of the government
workforce, and tax reform. I promise to work unceasingly with
you to let the liberating power of free markets help your country
and mine -- and our neighbors as well.
Already our nations are working together to promote the
Enterprise of the Americas Initiative for expanded trade and
investment in the Western Hemisphere. The framework agreement
for free trade between our countries will join with other inter-
American accords to accelerate the creation of jobs and material
resources throughout the Americas. Our common efforts will
hasten the day when the Americas will become a flourishing trade
area from the Arctic Circle to the Strait of Magellan. //
Mr. President, three years ago your predecessor accepted the
Nobel Peace Prize for efforts to resolve conflicts in your
region. Today, we see the best of the Costa Rican tradition in
your efforts to produce a just and peaceful solution to El
Salvador's civil conflict. Fundamentally, all these efforts have
been possible because Costa Ricans have labored for decades to
cultivate the habits of civil society -- habits of freedom and
responsibility. // Costa Ricans hold fast to a faith expressed
by another great Nobel laureate, the American man of letters
William Faulkner.
In his Nobel acceptance speech, Faulkner declared: "I
believe that man will not merely endure: he will prevail. " //
Because of this abiding faith, Costa Rica is assisting in a new
4
birth of freedom, prosperity and peace for all of Central
America. III
Thank you again for your visit, and may God bless the people
of Costa Rica and of all the Americas.
#
#
#
Departure Statement for the President
Working Visit of President Calderon
of Costa Rica
It has been a great pleasure and honor for me to visit
today with one of the United States' greatest friends, President
Rafael Angel Calderon of Costa Rica.
Costa Rica and the United States share many of the values
that make a country great: a long tradition of freedom and
democracy; a love of peace; a respect for free markets; and people
who are enterprising and industrious.
Just as these shared values have made the United States a
leader in the world, so they have made Costa Rica a leader in its
region. We all saw how Costa Rica led its neighbors into a new
era of democracy. Now, it is positioned to be a leading force for
economic reforms that will help ensure continued growth and
prosperity for the people of Central America.
Costa Rica has been a leader in bringing peace to a
troubled region. President Calderon has provided strong
leadership at the Puntarenas Summit of Central American Presidents
in pressing for an end to the conflict in El Salvador. We all
hope that Central America will soon be a region of peace, from
east to west and from north to south.
Under President Calderon's leadership, Costa Rica has
provided invaluable cooperation in the war against illegal drugs.
This terrible scourge affects Costa Rica as well. As drug
traffickers are pushed out of other countries, some look to Costa
Rica. But they will find no safe haven there, or anywhere in the
world.
I want to make clear our unwavering support for President
Calderon and his Cabinet as they face the difficult task of
leading Costa Rica toward a better economic future. It's not easy
to make the kinds of reforms that are needed to open up economies
and unleash the productive power of the free market. We applaud
your courage, Mr. President, and we will stand by you as you
deepen the market orientation of the Costa Rican economy.
We have just released another $24 million in Economic
Support Funds for Costa Rica to show our support for the reforms
you have made to date and your plans to hasten your movement
toward a market-oriented system. A strong market orientation for
the Costa Rican economy will be critical as the world moves to a
world-wide market system.
The United States is not alone in helping Costa Rica and
its Central American neighbors. Together with the nations of
Western Europe and Japan, we have formed the Partnership for
Democracy and Development in Central America. This Partnership is
working to deepen the roots of democracy, support vital economic
reforms and build a future of peace and prosperity for all Central
Americans. President Calderon inaugurated the formative meeting
of the Partnership last April and his commitment to this
partnership greatly assisted this cooperative effort.
Mr. President, I wish you all the best as you return to
Costa Rica to continue the important work you are doing. You can
count on the help and friendship of the United States.
(Duggan/Simon)
October 4, 1991
Draft One
Calderon
PRESIDENTIAL REMARKS: CALDERON DEPARTURE
THE SOUTH LAWN
THURSDAY, OCTOBER 10, 1991
[TIME] 1:15 P. p.m.
Mr. President, I have been honored and pleased to meet with
you today at the White House. I warmly remember my visits to
Costa Rica as Vice President in 1986 and as President in 1990.
On those occasions, which I will never forget, the Costa Rican
people made abundantly clear their deep friendship for the United
States. Through you, I wish to return that generous hospitality.
Costa Rica and the United States stand shoulder to shoulder
for common values and aspirations. Our friendship is rooted in
shared commitments to human rights, economic and social freedom,
democracy and peaceful foreign relations.
In the United States we have much to learn from Costa Rica's
example -- because Costa Rica's faithfulness to its commitments
has demanded extraordinary courage. // For most of your
lifetime, Mr. President, Costa Rica's neighbors have suffered
from violence and instability, often under dictatorship.
Communal violence, border conflicts, paramilitary "death squads,"
narco-terrorism, and expansionist campaigns by the Soviet empire
-- all of these have scarred and shaken Central America and the
Isthmus.
2
Through this all, with only minimal civil defense forces,
Costa Rica stood fast. There has never been a more hopeful
example of Providence shining on nations that keep their
commitments. Almost half a century ago, the Costa Rican people
made a civilized social compact. Against all threats, domestic
and external, Costa Ricans have kept faith with their promise.
Costa Rica is a rock of stability in Central America
because its people believe in the permanent things: the sanctity
of the person and of the family, the centrality of human freedom.
//
The Republic of Costa Rica practices robust competitive
politics, peacefully transferring power from party to party and
from person to person. [On a matter that currently is being
debated in my country, I must say I find Costa Rica's success
with term limitations for national legislators most intriguing.]
With its independent judiciary, Costa Rica is a model civil
society based on the rule of law.
Costa Rica keeps faith with its international commitments,
even when doing so is costly. Through all of the Central
American turmoil during the 1980s, Costa Rica was a safe haven
for refugees. // In the judgment of my government and of
independent observers, Costa Rica consistently has practiced full
respect for human rights.
Mr. President, we support your efforts to renew Costa Rica's
economic strength. I promise to work unceasingly with you to let
the liberating power of free markets benefit both your country
and mine -- and our neighboring countries as well. Already our
3
nations are working together to promote the Enterprise of the
Americas Initiative for expanded trade and investment in the
Western Hemisphere. The framework agreement for free trade
between our countries will join with other inter-American accords
to accelerate the creation of jobs and material resources
throughout the Americas. Our common efforts will hasten the day
when the Americas will become a flourishing trade area from the
Arctic Circle to the Strait of Magellan. //
Mr. President, three years ago your predecessor accepted the
Nobel Prize for Peace for the efforts he made as the leader of
Costa Rica's democracy toward resolving the conflicts in your
region. Those efforts were possible only because Costa Ricans
have labored for decades to cultivate the habits of civil society
-- habits of freedom and responsibility. // Costa Ricans hold
fast to a faith expressed by another great Nobel laureate, the
American man of letters William Faulkner.
In his Nobel acceptance speech, Faulkner declared: "I
believe that man will not merely endure: he will prevail. " //
Because of this abiding faith, Costa Rica is assisting in a new
birth of freedom, prosperity and peace for all of Central
America. III
Thank you again for your visit, and may God bless the people
of Costa Rica and of all the Americas.
#
#
#
Departure Statement for the President
Working Visit of President Calderon
of Costa Rica
It has been a great pleasure and honor for me to visit
today with one of the United State's greatest friends, President
Rafael Angel Calderon of Costa Rica.
Costa Rica and the United States share many of the values
that go to make a country great: a long tradition of freedom and
democracy; a respect for free markets; and people who are
enterprising and industrious.
Just as these shared values have made the United States a
leader in the world, so they have made Costa Rica a leader in its
region. We all saw how Costa Rica led its neighbors into a new
era of democracy. Now, it is positioned to be a leading force for
economic reforms that will help ensure continued growth and
prosperity for the people of Central America.
Costa Rica has been a leader in bringing peace to a
troubled region. President Violeta Chamorro acknowledged her debt
to the late President Figueres, who abolished Costa Rica's
military in 1948, when she promised to reduce Nicaragua's army.
President Calderon has fully supported the peace process in
El Salvador and has been active in the Esquipulas process. We
hope that this conflict will be settled very soon, and that no
country in Central America will need to bear the burden of a large
military establishment.
Under President Calderon's leadership, Costa Rica has
provided invaluable cooperation in the war against illegal drugs.
This terrible scourge affects Costa Rica as well. As drug
traffickers are pushed out of other countries, some look to Costa
Rica. But they will find no safe haven there, or anywhere in the
world.
I want to make clear our unwavering support for President
Calderon and his Cabinet as they face the difficult task of
leading Costa Rica toward a better economic future. It's not easy
to make the kinds of reforms that are needed to open up economies
and unleash the productive power of the free market. But we will
stand by you, Mr. President, as you deepen the market orientation
of the Costa Rican economy.
We have just released another $24 million in Economic
Support Funds for Costa Rica because of the reforms you have made
to date and your plans to hasten your movement toward a
market-oriented system. A strong market orientation for the Costa
Rican economy will be critical as the world moves to a world-wide
market system.
The United States cannot go it alone in helping Costa Rica
and its Central American neighbors. Together with the nations of
Western Europe and Japan, we have formed the Partnership for
Democracy and Development in Central America. This Partnership is
working to deepen the roots of democracy, support vital economic
reforms and build a future of peace and prosperity for all Central
Americans. President Calderon's commitment to this partnership
greatly assisted this cooperative effort.
Mr. President, I wish you all the best as you return to
Costa Rica to continue the important work you are doing. You can
count on the help and friendship of the United States.
/IV
Drafted: ARA/P: DGray,ARA/CEN: TLoar x70087
9/30/91 SEARAHOC 4934
Cleared: ARA/CEN: PRomero
ARA/FO : DMalpass
DM
AID
: SRhodesS
P
: DPearce
C
: MFoulon
Diff
S/P
: VMartinez VM
PA
: JSnyder
JS
ARA/FO : JSullivan
ARA/FO : RGelbard
IV. vvilliam raulkner
"
juality of the product stands in the way
merger of interests; and if no agree-
make them, or they will go into the busi-
deal with independent television stations to
is reached, each will be the mortal en
ness themselves. But the spectacular film,
pipe in sporting events and quizzes so they
of the other.
well made, in color (which will not be gen-
will have some form of television to offer.
Hollywood are huge studios, magnifi-
erally available to television for several
The audiences attracted by this combination
equipment, trained technicians, and the
years) is too costly. It may be a risky thing,
of the least significant elements in the two
popular of all entertainers; also a
but if Hollywood chooses to fight televi-
media would not tolerate the best of Holly-
og of several thousand feature films.
sion, competing for the same audience,
wood's current product, and the net result
ed by Hollywood, and not necessarily
these noisy and infantile productions are
would be a further lowering of movie stan-
available; and local theaters may make a
dards.
e credit side at this moment, are the-
buildings all over the country. The stu-
can use what they have to make pic-
for the theaters; or they can; after
revolutionary adjustments, make pic-
10.
for the television industry and bring
the theaters both their own pictures
ertain types of TV studio programs.
WILLIAM FAULKNER: Nobel Prize Acceptance Speech
they can compromise. They can act as
ufacturing unit for television, prepar-
William Faulkner, the author of half a dozen of the most admired, but also the most
ctures to the specifications of broad-
difficult, American novels of the twentieth century, was awarded the Nobel Prize for
;, and at the same time reach out for
Literature for 1949. His acceptance speech, delivered in Stockbolm on December 10,
dience neither Hollywood nor televi-
1950, and reprinted here, was a surprise to some of bis critics and even to some of
tracts. This would follow the pattern
bis devotees. Faulkner bad been better known for complexity than for simplicity of
the theater after the movies came to
language, and for delvings into the evils of buman nature than for affirmations of
vay; the melodrama of the 1890s
man's "bighest" qualities. But the speech was marked by a striking plainness and
cared, and the parlor comedy fol-
fortbrightness, and its message was one of exalted hope rather than despair. All in
when the movies offered their own
all, it is a singularly eloquent statement of the writer's creed.
; some plays were put on in the
f sale to the movies, but for a gener-
he theater survived by attracting a
I FEEL THAT THIS AWARD was not made to
longer problems of the spirit. There is only
ovie-going audience. It was not done
me as a man, but to my work - a life's
the question: When will I be blown up?
t bankruptcies and heartbreak; but
work in the agony and sweat of the human
Because of this, the young man or woman
ater survived long enough for new
spirit, not for glory and least of all for prof-
writing today has forgotten the problems of
it, but to create out of the materials of the
the human heart in conflict with itself
) come into it. Whether the movies
eir enormous overhead can afford
human spirit something which did not exist
which alone can make good writing because
g like this purging experience is
before. So this award is only mine in trust.
only that is worth writing about, worth the
It will not be difficult to find a dedication
1; but if they get a substantial in-
agony and the sweat.
ut of the pictures made for televi-
for the money part of it commensurate with
He must learn them again. He must
ey may have time to reorient them-
the purpose and significance of its origin.
teach himself that the basest of all things is
But I would like to do the same with the
to be afraid; and, teaching himself that, for-
movies may, however, take their
acclaim too, by using this moment as a pin-
get it forever, leaving no room in his work-
and go off into a wilderness of
nacle from which I might be listened to by
shop for anything but the old verities and
is and musical extravaganzas. In
the young men and women already dedi-
truths of the heart, the old universal truths
partments television cannot com-
cated to the same anguish and travail,
lacking which any story is ephemeral and
tworks and sponsors may commis-
among whom is already that one who will
doomed - love and honor and pity and
rt films or cheaply made longer
someday stand where I am standing.
pride and compassion and sacrifice. Until he
they cannot get them from the ma-
Our tragedy today is a general and uni-
does so, he labors under a curse. He writes
os, they will find independents to
versal physical fear so long sustained by
not of love but of lust, of defeats in which
now that we can even bear it. There are no
nobody loses anything of value, of victories
34
The Annals of America: 1950
12. I
without hope and, worst of all, without pity
I refuse to accept this. I believe that man
beyond the use of subversion to conque
or compassion. His griefs grieve on no uni-
will not merely endure: he will prevail. He
dependent nations and will now use a
versal bones, leaving no scars. He writes not
is immortal, not because he alone among
invasion and war. It has defied the orde
of the heart but of the glands.
creatures has an inexhaustible voice, but be-
the Security Council of the United Na
Until he relearns these things, he will
cause he has a soul, a spirit capable of com-
issued to preserve international peace
write as though he stood among and
passion and sacrifice and endurance. The
security. In these circumstances, the OC
watched the end of man. I decline to accept
poet's, the writer's duty is to write about
tion of Formosa by Communist f
the end of man. It is easy enough to say
these things. It is his privilege to help man
would be a direct threat to the securi
that man is immortal simply because he will
endure by lifting his heart, by reminding
the Pacific area and to United States 1
endure; that when the last ding-dong of
him of the courage and honor and hope
performing their lawful and necessary
doom has clanged and faded from the last
and pride and compassion and pity and sac-
tions in that area.
worthless rock hanging tideless in the last
rifice which have been the glory of his past.
Accordingly, I have ordered the Se
red and dying evening, that even then there
The poet's voice need not merely be the
Fleet to prevent any attack on Formos
will still be one more sound: that of his
record of man; it can be one of the props,
a corollary of this action, I am calling
puny, inexhaustible voice, still talking.
the pillars to help him endure and prevail.
the Chinese government on Formo:
cease all air and sea operations agains
mainland. The Seventh Fleet will see
this is done. The determination of th
11.
ture status of Formosa must await the
toration of security in the Pacific, a
HARRY S. TRUMAN: United Nations Police Action in Korea
12.
The failure of the United States and the Soviet Union to create a unified Korea after
World War II left that country divided into two bostile parts by an arbitrary line
drawn east and west at the 38th parallel of latitude. The southern half of the country
HARRY S. TRUMAN: Veto
became the Republic of Korea in 1948, following UN-sponsored elections. The
Democratic People's Republic of Korea was established in the northern part, largely
as a result of Russian urgings; it claimed jurisdiction over the whole country.
A number of federal laws probibiting
Relations between the two balves of Korea became more and more strained as the
by the beginning of 1950, but the onse
Cold War intensified in other parts of the world. American occupation troops were
against Communism and led to dema
withdrawn from South Korea in 1949, leaving the area almost completely unprotected.
responded to these pressures by passing
On June 25, 1950, civil war broke out when North Korean troops invaded the south.
September 20, 1950. The Act require
Two days later President Truman released the following statement of the American
attorney general as either Fascist or C
government's attitude toward the Korean crisis.
Communists and certain Communist
Source: Bulletin, July 3, 1950, p. 5.
Communists the right to enter the cour
law went too far, vetoed it on Septemb
veto the following day. A portion of bis
IN KOREA, the government forces, which
cil called upon all members of the United
Source: 81 Congress, 2 Session, House Doc
were armed to prevent border raids and to
Nations to render every assistance to the
preserve internal security, were attacked by
United Nations in the execution of this res-
invading forces from North Korea. The Se-
olution. In these circumstances, I have or-
I RETURN HEREWITH, without my appi
curity Council of the United Nations called
dered United States air and sea forces to
H. R. 9490, the proposed Internal Se
upon the invading troops to cease hostilities
give the Korean government troops cover
Act of 1950.
and to withdraw to the 38th parallel. This
and support.
I am taking this action only after
they have not done, but, on the contrary,
The attack upon Korea makes it plain be-
most serious study and reflection and
have pressed the attack. The Security Coun-
yond all doubt that Communism has passed
consultation with the security and in
Costa Rica has been an enthusiastic supporter of the
Enterprise for the America's Initiative. They were one of the
first countries to sign a framework agreement for free trade, and
we hope to start negotiations for a free trade agreement soon.
Costa Rica served as our co-hosts for a very successful Central
American Trade and Investment Conference in San Jose this summer,
attended by U.S. Trade Representative Carla Hills.
from
USTR
BLASTS AT CONGRESS
President Reagan often talks about a "shining city on a
hill. He's talking about America, but sometimes I think
there's some folks up on Capitol Hill who think he's talking
about them! It's time Congress starts serving the American
people and not the other way around.
I think it's about time Congress cut the federal budget and
left the family budget alone!
*****
ON THE STRUGGLE AGAINST COMMUNISM
Democratic nations, we all know, don't relish or seek
confrontation or conflict Nor are we interested in power over
others. Our love of peace is not a quality to be ashamed of.
Rather, it's a blessed result of our democratic values and
commitment to freedom.
But as it happens, we face an adversary that considers our
decency and democratic values as weakness. To them, struggle,
violence, and power over others is vital to success. The modern
Soviet regime has been ideologically driven to expand its global
reach, not shrinking from the use or threat of force.
this
There are some who believe that in this contest between East
and West, the West is likely to lose. They expect the
visit
democracies to grow tired of the necessary sacrifice and
ultimately to give way, step by step, to the political or
military drive of the totalitarians. Those doubters have little
confidence in our will, our perseverance.
Yet anyone who looks back over the last 40 years will see
Beginna
that we have stood our ground. We have maintained our
alliances, our defenses, and our economic preeminence, and above
all we have kept the peace.
new decade
-- Vice President Bush at
Annapolis, 5/20/87
new
ON THE APPEAL OF DEMOCRACY
nentery
This past year I attended the inauguration of President
Arias of Costa Rica. The ceremony was held in a stadium that
was filled to capacity with celebrating Costa Ricans. The
delegation from each country walked into the arena behind its
own flag. The representative from Nicaragua preceded me into
the stadium, and was met with whistles and catcalls. I have to
confess that at the time I felt a certain apprehension at what I
might encounter when I walked in.
not
troops
GREAT
Yet when the U.S. delegation came in behind our flag, people
rose to their feet and the stadium erupted into cheers. They
were cheering for the Stars and Stripes; they were cheering for
democracy; and they were cheering for the friendship between our
two countries. I was deeply moved, and I was proud.
-- Vice President Bush at
San Antonio, Texas, 3/23/87
Services of Mead Data Central
PAGE
4
13TH STORY of Level 1 printed in FULL format.
Copyright (c) 1986 Reuters, Ltd.;
Reuters North European Service
MAY 8, 1986, THURSDAY, AM CYCLE
LENGTH: 254 words
HEADLINE: VICE PRESIDENT BUSH MEETS WITH-LATIN AMERICAN LEADERS
DATELINE: SAN JOSE, COSTA RICA, MAY 8
KEYWORD: CENTAM-BUSH
BODY:
U.S. VICE PRESIDENT GEORGE BUSH MET THIS MORNING WITH NINE LATIN AMERICAN
PRESIDENTS ON HAND HERE FOR THE INAUGURATION OF COSTA RICA'S NEW PRESIDENT,
05CAR ARIAS SANCHEZ.
BUSH, WHO ARRIVED HERE AT DAWN, HOSTED A BREAKFAST AT THE RESIDENCE OF U.S.
AMBASSADOR LEWIS TAMBS FOR THE PRESIDENTS OF ARGENTINA, COLOMBIA, GUATEMALA,
HONDURAS, ECUADOR, EL SALVADOR, PANAMA, PERU AND URUGUAY.
AFTER THE BREAKFAST BUSH, ACCOMPANIED BY A LARGE CONTINGENT OF U.S. AND COSTA
RICAN SECURITY AGENTS, THAT LED TO THE RESIDENCE OF PRESIDENT-ELECT ARIAS FOR
PRIVATE TALKS THAT LASTED SOME 55 MINUTES.
ARIAS' HOME WAS SURROUNDED BY PLAINCLOTHES SECURITY GUARDS AND COSTA RICAN
TROOPS BRANDISHING M-16 RIFLES. A HELICOPTER CIRCLED OVER THE RESIDENCE WHILE
BUSH MET INSIDE WITH ARIAS.
WITH BUSH WERE ELLIOT ABRAMS, ASSISTANT SECRETARY OF STATE FOR INTER-AMERICAN
AFFAIRS, AND U.S. SPECIAL ENVOY PHILIP HABIB. BUSH, WHO RETURNS TO WASHINGTON
LATE TODAY, WAS EXPECTED TO FOCUS IN TALKS WITH REGIONAL LEADERS ON THE
CONTADORA GROUP'S CENTRAL AMERICAN PEACE INITIATIVE.
THE UNITED STATES DOES NOT PARTICIPATE DIRECTLY IN THE CONTADORA PROCESS --
SPONSORED SINCE JANUARY 1983 BY MEXICO, COLOMBIA, VENEZUELA AND PANAMA -- BUT
AMERICAN SUPPORT OF NICARAGUAN REBELS HAS BEEN A KEY ISSUE IN THE PEACE PROCESS.
NICARAGUA HAS SAID IT WILL REFUSE TO SIGN THE CONTADORA GROUP'S PROPOSED
PEACE TREATY AT A MEETING SET FOR JUNE 6 IN PANAMA CITY UNLESS THE REAGAN
ADMINISTRATION FIRST AGREES TO STOP SUPPORTING THE NICARAGUAN REBELS KNOWN AS
CONTRAS.
LEXIS® NEXIS® LEXIS® NEXIS
PAGE
2
4TH STORY of Level 1 printed in FULL format.
Copyright (c) 1986 Reuters, Ltd.;
Reuters North European Service
MAY 9, 1986, FRIDAY, AM CYCLE
LENGTH: 606 words
DATELINE: SAN JOSE, MAY 9
KEYWORD: CENTAM-INAUGURATION
BODY:
NINE LATIN AMERICAN PRESIDENTS ENDED A REGIONAL SUMMIT MEETING WITHOUT
REACHING AN EXPECTED CONSENSUS ON HOW TO GIVE IMPETUS TO AMBITIOUS PEACE
PROPOSALS FOR CENTRAL AMERICA.
FOLLOWING HIS INAUGURAL CEREMONY YESTERDAY, COSTA RICA'S NEW PRESIDENT,
OSCAR ARIAS SANCHEZ, MET NINE OTHER LATIN AMERICAN PRESIDENTS IN Á SUMMIT THAT
WAS BILLED AS A NEW FORUM FOR CENTRAL AMERICAN PEACE TALKS BACKED BY THE
SO-CALLED CONTADORA GROUP.
BUT THE MEETING, WHICH INCLUDED THE PRESIDENTS OF ARGENTINA, COLOMBIA,
ECUADOR, URUGUAY, PANAMA, EL SALVADOR, HONDURAS AND GUATEMALA AND COSTA RICA,
APPEARED TO PRODUCE LITTLE MORE THAN A TRIBUTE TO COSTA RICAN DEMOCRACY.
THE LATE-NIGHT SUMMIT HELD AFTER THE INAUGURAL CEREMONY, WAS EXPECTED TO HAVE
PRODUCED A JOINT STATEMENT AIMED AT BREATHING NEW LIFE INTO FALTERING PEACE
PROPOSALS MADE BY CONTADORA -- A GROUPING OF PANAMA, MEXICO, COLOMBIA AND
VENEZUELA WHICH SINCE 1983 HAS LED. EFFORTS FOR REGIONAL PEACE.
NO JOINT DECLARATION WAS ISSUED, HOWEVER, AND EVENTS THAT OCCURRED ON THE
SIDELINES OF THE HEAVILY PUBLICIZED SUMMIT DREW MORE ATTENTION THAN THE
PRESIDENTIAL MEETING ITSELF.
VICE PRESIDENT GEORGE BUSH, REPRESENTING THE UNITED STATES ALONGSIDE THE
NINE VISITING LATIN AMERICAN PRESIDENTS AT YESTERDAY'S INAUGURATION, USED THE
OCCASION AS A FORUM TO CRITICIZE THE RULING SANDINISTA GOVERNMENT IN NICARAGUA.
AT THE SAME TIME THE CONTADORA GROUP ISSUED A COMMUNIQUE CONDEMNING FOREIGN
INTERVENTION IN CENTRAL AMERICA AND CALLING FOR AN IMMEDIATE END TO THE SUPPORT
OF IRREGULAR FORCES FIGHTING IN THE REGION.
AT A NEWS CONFERENCE AT THE END OF HIS ONE-DAY VISIT HERE, BUSH SAID
NICARAGUA'S FAILURE TO SEND A HIGH-LEVEL DELEGATION TO PRESIDENT ARIAS'
INAUGURAL UNDERLINED A GROWING ISOLATION OF THE SANDINISTAS FROM THEIR
U.S.-BACKED NEIGHBOURS.
NICARAGUA WAS REPRESENTED AT ARIAS' INAUGURATION ONLY BY ITS AMBASSADOR TO
COSTA RICA.
BUSH REPEATED THE REAGAN ADMINISTRATION'S PLEDGE TO SUPPORT THE CONTADORA
PROCESS. BUT WHEN ASKED BY REPORTERS ABOUT CONTADORA'S REPEATED CALL TO END
OUTSIDE SUPPORT FOR CENTRAL AMERICAN INSURGENTS, INCLUDING THE U.S.-BACKED
NICARAGUAN REBELS CALLED CONTRAS, BUSH SAID, "THE SUPPORT WE GIVE TO THE CONTRAS
IS TO GIVE DEMOCRACY A CHANCE."
LEXIS® NEXIS® LEXIS® NEXIS R
Data
PAGE
3
(c) 1986 Reuters North European Service, MAY 9, 1986
THE CONTADORA'S PROPOSED PEACE TREATY FOR CENTRAL AMERICA WOULD ALSO BAN THE
PRESENCE OF FOREIGN MILITARY ADVISERS AND THEIR BASES IN THE REGION.
ASKED IF THE UNITED STATES WAS PREPARED TO WITHDRAW ITS MILTIARY ADVISERS
FROM THE REGION, PARTICULARLY FROM HONDURAS WHERE THEY DIRECT FREQUENT
MANOEUVRES NEAJ HOND RAS' BORDER WITB , BUSH SAID, "I CAN'T COMMENT ON A
HYPOTHETICAL QUESTION ABOUT AN AGREEMENT THAT WE HAVEN'T SEEN."
NICARAGUA HAS SAID IT WILL REFUSE TO SIGN THE CONTADORA AGREEMENT UNLESS THE
UNITED STATES FIRST AGREES TO STOP BACKING THE CONTRA INSURGENCY.
SOURCES CLOSE TO ARIAS, WHO ASKED NOT TO BE IDENTIFIED, SAID THE NEW
PRESIDENT PROPOSED AT THE SUMMIT MEETING THAT THEY ENDORSE A COSTA RICAN
STATEMENT CALLING FOR THE DEMOCRATIZATION OF NICARAGUA WITHIN TWO YEARS.
THE STATEMENT INCLUDED A CALL FOR REFORMS OF NICARAGUA'S CONSTITUTION AND NEW
ELECTIONS TO CHALLENGE THE SANDINISTAS' HOLD ON POWER, ACCORDING TO THE SOURCES.
BUT AS THEY EMERGED FROM THE SUMMIT MEETING THE PRESIDENTS SAID NO SUCH JOINT
STATEMENT HAD BEEN PROPOSED.
THEY SAID THE MEETING HAD BEEN AIMED SOLELY AT EXCHANGING POINTS OF VIEW ON
THE CENTRAL AMERICAN SITUATION AND THE PROSPECTS FOR REACHING A NEGOTIATED
SOLUTION OF REGIONAL CONFLICTS.
PRESIDENT ALAN GARCIA RETURNED TO PERU ALSO ATTENDED THE INAUGURATION BUT
RETURNED HOME BEFORE THE SUMMIT MEETING BEGAN.
EXIS® ® NEXIS® LEXIS® ® NEXIS®
Letter from Simon Bolivar to Jose San Martin -- June 1822
"United in heart, in spirit, and in aims, this continent must
overlook the petty quarrels of the revolution and raise its eyes
instead to peer at the centuries which lie ahead. It can them
contemplate with pride those future generations of men, happy and
free, enjoying to the full the blessings that haven bestows upon
this earth and recalling with thanks in their hearts their
protectors and liberators of our day." II
Source: Selected Writings of Bolivar, Vol. 1 1810-1822
Complied by Vicente Lecuna, Edited by Herald A. Bierck,
Jr. 1951, p. 330.
CHARTER OF THE ORGANIZATION
OF AMERICAN STATES
IN THE NAME OF THEIR PEOPLES, THE STATES REPRE-
SENTED AT THE NINTH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE
OF AMERICAN STATES,
Convinced that the historic mission of America is to offer to man a
land of liberty, and a favorable environment for the development of
his personality and the realization of his just aspirations;
Conscious that that mission has already inspired numerous agree-
ments, whose essential value lies in the desire of the American peoples
to live together in peace, and, through their mutual understanding
and respect for the sovereignty of each one, to provide for the better-
ment of all, in independence, in equality and under law;
Confident that the true significance of American solidarity and good
neighborliness can only mean the consolidation on this continent,
within the framework of democratic institutions, of a system of in-
dividual liberty and social justice based on respect for the essential
rights of man;
Persuaded that their welfare and their contribution to the progress
and the civilization of the world will increasingly require intensive
continental cooperation;
Resolved to persevere in the noble undertaking that humanity has
conferred upon the United Nations, whose principles and purposes
they solemnly reaffirm;
Convinced that juridical organization is a necessary condition for
security and peace founded on moral order and on justice; and
In accordance with Resolution IX of the Inter-American Conference
60 Stat. 1847.
on Problems of War and Peace, held at Mexico City,
HAVE AGREED
upon the following
150
CALABRESE
CALABRESE, GUISEPPE, industrialist; b. Monopoli, Bari, Italy, July 3,
U. Venice, 1982; MA in English Lit., NYU, 1986; diploma in romance and
1960-61; cons. staff Kings Mountain (N.C.) Hosp., 1960
modern philology, U. Venice, 1987. Tchr. English lang. and lit. Armenian
faculty obstetric sect. So. Pediatric seminar, Saluda, N.O
1913; S. Lorenzo C.; m. Rosaria de Nicolo; children: Rosa, Laura, Lorenzo,
Vincenzo. Pres. Calabrese V.I. Spa, Bari, 1989, Viberti Spa, Nichelino,
Coll., Venice, 1980-84; tchr. English lang Centro Addestramento Profes-
Gastonia office First-Citizens Bank & Trust Co., 1963-90
1989-, Radaelli Sud, Bari, Calabrese Engring., Bari, dir.
sionale, Venice, 1981-82; tchr. English lang. and lit. Liceo Linguistico,
Co. N.C., 1975-88. Bd dirs. Med. Found. N.C., 1963-66,
Venice, 1982-83; tchr. English lang Centro di Formazione Professionale,
N.C. Med. Peer Rev. Found., Inc., treas., 1973-80; bd. dir
Meccanica Murgiana, Spinazzola, 1989; regent Banca D'Italia. Bari Br.,
Venice, 1983-84, Scuola Media Statale G. Pascoli, Venice, 1985-87; tchr.
Cancer Soc., 1976-77; trustee U. N.C., 1957-65, Gaston
1989- Recipient Cavaliere del Lavoro, Pres. Italian Rep., Rome, 1966.
Mem. Lions (pres. Bari chpt. 1973-74). Office: Calabrese VI Spa, Zona
English lang. and composition Sch. for Interpreters and Translators. Venice,
1960-79, chmn., 1968-79; trustee Gaston-Lincoln Region.
Italy, 1987-; participant conventions in field Contbr. articles to profl.
1967-79; trustee Charlotte (N.C.) Coll., 1963-65, Gasto
Industriale, 70100 Bari Italy
publs. Grantee Fulbright Found., 1984, 89. U.S. Info. Agy., 1984; recipient
1967-70, Gaston Meml. Hosp., 1970-73, Schiele Mus. Natu
Michael Vingiguerra award Inst. Internat. Edn., 1985. Mem. MLA, James
78. Served to capt. M.C., U.S. Army, 1942-45; ETO Deco
CALABRETTA, ALFIO, marketing professional; b. Savona, Italy, Oct. 31,
Joyce Found., Italian Assn. for English Studies, Italian Assn. N. Am.
recipient Disting Service award U. N.C. Sch. Medicine.
1949; S. Mario and Vilma (Gelmini) C.; m. Renata Vigo, Feb. 1, 1975;
Studies, European Assn. for Am. Studies, Italo-Britannic Assn. Home: S
Am. Bd. Ob-Gyn. Fellow ACS, Internat. Coll. Surgeons
child, Andrea. Cert. chem. technician, 1st G. Ferraris, 1968; chemistry
Croce 1213, 30135 Venice Italy also: E 7th St Apt 1 New York NY 10003
com. 1965-78); mem. AMA (N.C. del. 1980-89), N.C.
degree, U. Genova, Italy, 1973; cert. bus. mgmt., U. Bocconi, Italy, 1986.
(councilor 7th dist. 1972-75, pres. 1976-77, mem. mate
Researcher Chemistry Inst. U. of Genoa, 1975-76; responsible customer tech.
1955-75, legis. com. 1958-59, 62-63, 65-66), N.C. Obstet
asst. Montedison-Dipi, Milan, 1976-78. Vitrofil S.p.A., Savona, Italy, 1978-
CALDERON, ALBERTO P., mathematician. educator; b. Mendoza,
South Atlantic Assn. Obstetricians and Gynecologists
86; mktg. mgr., mgr. customer assistance Vetrotex Italia S.P.A. & Vitrofil
Argentina, Sept. 14, 1920; widowed; 2 children. Grad. in civil engring. U.
1961-64), Phi Chi. Democrat. Methodist (mem. ofcl. bd.
S.p.A., Milan, 1986- Lt. Italian Navy, 1973-75. Home: Via Nizza 32/16,
Buenos Aires, 1947; PhD in Math., Chgo., 1950. Assoc. prof. Ohio State
(pres. 1961-62). Club: Gaston Country (dir. 1965-67). (
17100 Savona Italy Office: Vitrofil SpA, Via Piave 29, 17047 Savona Italy
U., 1950-53; vis. mem. Inst. Advanced Study, Princeton, N.J., 1953-55;
gynecology to med. jours. Home: 1307 Park Ln Gastor
assoc. prof. to prof. math MIT, 1955-75; prof. math. U. Chgo., 1959-68,
Louis Block prof., 1968-72, Univ. prof., 1975-85. prof. emeritus, 1985-
CALAMARAS, LOUIS BASIL, lawyer, association executive; b. Peabody,
chmn. dept. math., 1970-72; hon. prof. U. Buenos Aires, from 1975.
CALDWELL, MARY PERI, counseling psychologist, et
Mass., Jan. 6, 1908; Basil James and Margo (Papalexaton) C.: m. Pauline
Recipient Bocher prize, 1978, Wolf Found prize in math., 1989. Fellow Am.
Aug. 21, 1935; d. Francesco and Gerlanda (Gagliano)
Spirrison, May 2. 1937; Basil, Georgia. Prep., L'école-
Acad. Arts and Scis.; mem. NAS, Acad. Sci. Latin Am., Acad Nacional
Joseph Caldwell. 1956 (div. 1962); children: Debora
Metaxa, Athens, Greece: Columbia U., 1931; LL.D., Georgetown U.,
Ciencias Exactus, Third World Acad. Sci. Office: U Chgo Dept Math
Robert. BS in Edn., Kent State U., 1961; MA in Coun
1934; postgrad. student law and commerce, Northwestern U. Dept. commr
Alfred Adler Inst., Chgo., 1981. Cert. clin mental he:
Ind. Securities Commn., 1935-37; supr. III. Labor Dept., 1937-40; counsellor
Chicago IL 60637*
mental health counselor, Fla., clin. counselor, Ohio.
Labor Indsl. Relations, 1940-44; exec sec. Nat. Electronic Distbrs. Assn.,
systems Cleve., 1957-85; pvt. practice as counseling psych
1944-51, exec. v.p., mng. dir. Midwest Elec. Distbrs. Assn.; bd. dirs.,
CALDERON, HERNAN, airline executive: b. La Paz, Bolivia, Sept. 20,
Ohio, 1980-87, Coral Springs, Fla., 1987-; mem. facult
mem. exec. com. Electric Assn.; dir. Montclare Theatre Corp., Elm Theatre
1925; S. Felix and Ernestina (Soria) C.; Aida Osorio, Feb. 27, 1949;
Adlerian Studies, exec. sec., 1978-82. pres., 1982-8
Corp., Geo. A. Davis Co.; trustee Nat Assn. Wholesalers; mgmt. cons.
children: Marita, Hernan, Liliana. BA in Econs., San Andres U., La Paz,
Care Unit. Coral Springs; mem. mental health profl. sta
Lawn and Garden Assn., Suburban Restaurant Assn.: Mem. Wholesalers
Bolivia, 1947, postgrad in fin. auditing, 1948-51. Adminstrv. asst. Pan Am.
Hosp., Tamarac, Fla.: lectr. U.S. and Can. Author
Adv. Com. to Sec. of Commerce: chmn. Radio-TV Industry FTC Trade
Grace Airways Inc., La Paz. 1945-47; acct Braniff Airways Inc., La Paz,
Burnout: Resolving the Puzzle of Stress, 1983: editor: A
Practice Conf.; mem. Electronic Coordinating Com.: established James
1951-55. sr. acct., 1956-60, mgr. acctg. 1961-67, fin. mgr., 1968-75, contr., 1976-
Bull., 1983-86; contbr. articles to profl. jours. Leader
Calamaras scholarship fund at Ind. U. Law sch. Editor, pub.: Nat Elec-
82; country contr. Ea Air Lines Inc., La Paz, 1983-87; area v.p. Aviation
groups, 1981- Jennings Found. grantee, 1979: recipie
tronic Distbrs. Assn Jour: contbr. articles to profl. jours. Chmn. Park-
Svc. & Mktg. Systems Inc., Miami, Fla., 1987; bd. dirs., mem. econ. com.
award N.E. Ohio Tchrs. Assn., 1983, Nat. Disting S1
Recreation Bd., Planning Commn., Zoning Bd., Village of Lincolnwood
Lloyd Aereo Boliviano SAM, La Paz, 1988-: bus rep. Fin. Times, London,
Counseling and Devel., 1990. Mem. N.Am. Soc Adleria
Recipient Disting Service award Nat. Elec. Mfrs. Reps. Assn., 1985; named
1976-78, coord. econ. survey, 1977; bus. rep. Internat. Herald Tribune,
mem., assembly del., Outstanding Woman award 1980).
Man of Yr., Radio Electronic Industry, 1955, Man of Yr., Elec. Industry,
London, 1979-81. Recipient civil aviation medal Bolivian Ministry Aeros.
seling and Devel., Am. Mental Health Counselors Assn
1975, Man of Yr., Elec. Industry Golf Club. Mem. Chgo Exchange, Electric
Mem. Skal Club World Assn., Tennis Club. Home: PO Box 352. La Paz
seling and Devel., Broward County Mental Health As
Assn., Am. Acad. Polit. Sci., Phi Delta Theta Clubs: Variety, Tam
Bolivia
Coral Springs, Am. Bus Women's Assn., Fla Speak
O'Shanter Country, Lake Shore Athletic (Chgo.); Ridgemore Country (v.p.,
Gamma Phi Beta (pres 1967-70). Home: 8208 NW 100th
dir.), Columbia University, Lake Michigan (exec. dir.), Electric Golf, Tower,
CALDERON FOURNIER, RAFAEL ANGEL, Costa Rican government
33321 Office: 3300 University Dr Ste 615 Coral Springs F
Countryside Country. Lodges: Rotary, Masons, KP (Chgo.). Home: 6712 N
official; b. Diriamba, Nicaragua, Mar. 14, 1949; S. Rafael Angel and Maria
Leroy St Lincolnwood IL 60645 Office: 5901 N Cicero Ave Chicago IL
del Rosario Fournier Mora C.; m. Gloria Bejarano Almada; children: Rafael
CALDWELL, OLIVER JOHNSON, educator, former
60646
Angel, Gloria Del Carmen, Maria Gabriela, Marco Antonio. Grad. in law,
b. Foochow, China, Nov. 16, 1904; S. Harry Russell and
U. Costa Rica Sec. elem. sch. affairs Calderonista Party, 1965-67, sec. Univ.
C.; m. Eda Joslin Holcombe, June 29, 1935; children
CALÀS, CARL-ERIC, government agency administrator; b. Helsinki, Fin-
affairs of Youth Movement, 1968-69, pres. Youth Movement, 1969-70, 73-74,
Edmund Becker), Gail Edna (Mrs Roland Smith)
land, Jan. 13, 1924; Jarl Evald and Ester Maria (Liljeström) C.; m. Sarah
pres. nat. exec. com., 1976-78; pres. nat. exec. com United Social Christian
1922-23; A.B., Oberlin Coll., 1926, M.A., 1927; student
Margareta Johanson, 1945 (div. 1973); children: Birgitta, Ann; m. Marja-
Party, 1983-84; min. of fgn. affairs Costa Rica, 1978-80. pres., 1990-; bd.
1927-29; student, Army Civil Affairs Tng. Sch., U. Ch
Leena Mattila, 1974. MS in Aero. Engring., U. Tech., Helsinki, 1953. Chief
dirs. Social Security Inst., 1970-73. Hon. pres. Cath Hosp., 1982-
Coll.; LL.D., Ithaca U., Albright Coll
insp., gen. aviation The Finnish Aero. Assn., Helsinki, 1953-54; insp. avia-
Recipient Great Cross of Quetzal Order, 1979, Great Cross of Isabel the
Cath. Order, 1979, Great Cross of Order Shining Star, 1979, Great Cross of
Harvey Sch., Hawthorne, N.Y., 1929-35: assoc. prof.
tion dept. Ministry Communications, Helsinki, 1954-62, chief tech. div.,
China, 1935-36; prof. English U. Nanking, China, 1936-3
1962-72; dir. flight safety dept. Nat. Bd. Aviation, Helsinki, 1972-77, 80-82,
Order of Merit, 1979, Great Cross of Order of Boyaca, 1980, Band of Aztec
dir. gen., rep. Internat. Civil Aviation Orgn., Montreal, Can., 1977-
Eagle Order, 1980, others. Mem. Costa Rica Bar Assn. Address: Office of
fgn. langs U. Nanking, 1937-38; pub. relations officer A
Colls. in China, 1938-43; chief student br., fed. programs
80. Recipient Paul Tissandier diploma Fedn. Aero. Internat., 1989. Mem.
Pres, San Jose Costa Rica*
of persons Dept. State, 1947-51; chief program devel.
European Civil Aviation Conf. (3d v.p. 1985-86, 2d v.p. 1986-87, 1st v.p.
service U.S. Internat Information Adminstrn., 1951-52
1988-), Order of Lion (comdr.) Home: 07600 Myrskylä Finland Office:
CALDERWOOD, DENIS COMPTON, educator, researcher: b. Belfast,
ternat. edn., dir div. internat. edn. U.S. Office Edn.
Nat Bd Aviation, Ilmailutie 9 Box 50, 01531 Vantaa Finland
Ireland, Oct. 14, 1941; S. Alexander and Ivy Morrow) C.; m. Gilian Cass,
commr., 1952- 64; vis prof. comparative edn. U. Md.
Dec. 2, 1947; children: Lisa, William Gavin. Adam. BA, Open U., 1976;
ternat. services So. III. U., Carbondale, 1965-69; prof. hig
CALASSO, ROBERTO, writer, publisher; b. Florence, Italy, May 30, 1941;
MEd. U. Liverpool, 1988. Cert. tchr. Cloth cutter Grosvenor Mfg. Co.,
1969-73, prof. emeritus, 1973 author. cons. 1973-
S. Francesco and Melisenda (Codignola) C.; m. Fleur Jaeggy D.Litt, U.
Belfast, 1957-60; lathe operator J. Mackie & Sons, Belfast. 1960-62; bus
War-Americans in China 1944-45, 1972; Collaborator
Rome, 1966. Editorial dir. Adelphi Edizioni Pub. Co., Milan. Italy, 1968-
conductor Ulster Transport Authority, Belfast, 1962-66; clerical officer UI-
Universities in a Changing World; Contbr 250 articles to
Author: L'Impuro Folle, 1974, La Rovina di Kasch, 1983, Le Nozze di
sterbus Ltd., Belfast, 1968-69; tchr. Penketh (Eng.) High Sch., 1972- Book
jours., also symposium; govtl. papers and personal pape
Cadmo e Armonia, 1988; contbr. articles to profl. jours. Recipient Ehren-
reviewer Social Science Teacher, 1984 Sec. Sudley Parents Assn.,
for Study of War, Revolution and Peace Mem. sch.
kreuz Litteris et Artibus award, Austria, 1981. Office: Adelphi Edizioni, Via
Liverpool, 1985; chairperson Sudley Residents Assn., Liverpool, 1986; treas.
1952-56; assisted U. Nanking move through gorges
Assn. Tchrs in Social Sci., Liverpool, 1986. Mem. Nat. Assn Schoolmas-
Chengtu after Japanese attack. Served from capt. to ma
S Giovanni sul Muro 14, 20121 Milan Italy
of Women Tchrs. (pres. Warrington dist. 1974-75). Mem. Ch. of
45. Mem. various profl assns. Methodist. Club: Rota
Ireland. Home: 52 Queens Dr, Liverpool OHF. England Office: Penketh
Box 657 Cobden IL 62920
CALAWAY, DENNIS LOUIS, insurance company executive; b. Helena,
Ark., Dec. 10, 1960; S. Carl Jr. and Mary Jean (Taylor) C; m. Elizabeth
High Sch, Heath Rd, Penketh WAS 2BY, England
Anne Suiter, July 16, 1988. BS in Bus. Adminstrn., Ark. State U., 1983,
CALDWELL, THOMAS JONES, JR., lawyer; b. Net
MBA, 1988. Ops. mgr. Churchill Truck Lines, Jonesboro and Litte Rock,
CALDERWOOD, JAMES ALBERT, lawyer; b. Washington, Dec. 4, 1941;
1923; Thomas Jones and Ethel Marie (Lee) C.; B.S. in
Ark., 1983-85; rep. Mut. of Omaha Cos., Jonesboro, 1985-88; pres. Profl.
S. Charles Howard and Hilda Pauline (Dull) m. Joyce M. Johnson, 1987;
Tex., 1944, J.D., 1949; B.S. in Econs., U. Houst
Ins. Svcs., Inc., gen. agt. State Life Ins. Co. of Ind., Time Ins. Co.
B.S., U. Md., 1964; J.D cum laude, George Washington U., 1970; postgrad.
Philosophy, 1976. Admitted to Tex. bar, 1949, since pr
and United Am. Ins. Co., 1988, Security Gen. Life Ins. Co., 1989;
Oxford Center Mgmt. Studies, Oxford U., 1977. Bar: Md. 1970. D.C. 1973,
asso. firm George Red, 1949-50; asso firm Fouts & Mo
century club mem. Life Underwriters PAC. Chief counsellor Columbian
U.S. Supreme Ct. 1974. Trial atty. antitrust div. U.S. Dept. Justice, Wash-
firm, 1950-52, mem. firm, 1952-76, counsel, 1976-86; sec
Squire Cir., state youth dir. KC, Ark., 1989- chmn. state squires,
ington, 1970-73, spl. asst. U.S. atty., Washington, 1973, trial atty. antitrust
Corp., Houston. 1954-69. Treas., Houston Com. on Fgn
1989; mem. pastoral coun. Blessed Sacrament Cath. Ch., 1990-
div., 1973-79; ptnr. Grove, Jaskiewicz, Gilliam & Cobert, Washington, 1979-
chmn., 1970-71; bd. dirs. Tex. Assn. Mental Health, 19
Recipient Rookie of Yr. award Ted A. Rice Agy., 1985. Fellow Life Un-
90, Zuckert, Scoutt, Rasenberger, Washington, 1990-; mem. faculty Transp.
pres., 1973-75; bd. dirs. Child Guidance Center, Hous
derwriters Tng. Coun.; mem. Nat. Assn. Life Underwriters, Jonesboro Assn.
Law Inst. U. Denver: adj. prof. Washington Coll. Law, Am. U., 1983, 86;
sec., 1963-65, pres., 1965-67; bd. dirs. Mental Health A
Life Underwriters 1986-88, 1988-89, pres. 1989), KC
counsel Soc. Govt. Economists. Served to capt. USAF, 1964-68. George
75, v.p., 1970-71; bd. dirs. Nat. Assn. Mental Health.
(treas. 1982-83, 84-87, faithful scribe 1983-84, faithful navigator 1986-88,
Washington U. Law Ctr. scholar, 1969 Mem. ABA (Achievement award
USNR, 1943-46. Mem. Am., Tex., Houston Bar Ass
grand knight 1981-82, 83-84, faithful adm. 1989-), Lions. Home: 512 State
1973), Fed. Bar Assn. (nat. CO chmn council young lawyers 1972-73, chmn.
Soc., Kappa Sigma, Phi Delta Phi, Tau Beta Pi, Pi Ta
St Jonesboro AR 72401 Office: Profl Ins Svcs Inc PO Box 976 Jonesboro
regulated industries com. 1976-79), Fed. Energy Bar Assn. (chmn. antitrust
Phi. Home: 7506 Shoal Creek Austin TX 78757
com. 1985-86), Md. Bar Assn., D.C. Bar Assn., U. Md. Alumni Assn. (pres.
AR 72403
elect 1984-85, pres. 1985-86), Coll. Bus. Alumni Club (pres. 1980-81), Nat.
CALDWELL, WALTER EDWARD, editor, small busi
Press Club, Pi Sigma Alpha, Delta Sigma Pi, Delta Theta Phi, English
CALBOLI, GUALTIERO FEDERICO, linguistics educator; b. Bologna,
Dec. 29, 1941; Harold Elmer and Esther Ann (Fuller)
Italy, Jan. 3, 1932; S. Primo Ettore and Anita Rita (Pignatti) C.; m. Lucia
Speaking Union. Episcopalian. Contbr articles to profl. jours. Home: 5518
Western Ave Chevy Chase MD 20815 Office: Zuckert Scoutt & Rasenberger
Davis, June 27, 1964; child, Arnie-Jo. AA, Riversid
Montefusco, May 10, 1969; children: Irene, Federico, Francesco. BA, U.
Sales and stock professional Sears Roebuck & Co., Rive
888 17th St NW Ste 600 Washington DC 20006-3959
Bologna, 1955, PhD, 1955. Asst. prof. Latin lang. and lit. U. Tübingen, Fed.
dispatcher Rohr Corp., Riverside, Calif., 1965-67; train
Republic Germany, 1962-63; asst. prof. U. Bologna, 1964-69, prof., 1970-,
side, 1967-68; mgr. Aetna Fin., San Bruno, Cal., 1968
chmn. Dipartimento di Filologia Classica Medioevale, 1982-, mem. and
CALDICOTT, (CLIVE) EDRIC, French educator; b. Brecon, Wales, June 1,
Loan, Oakland, Calif., 1970-74; free lance writer San
chmn. faculty bds. Author: A Commentary to Rhet. Her., 1969, M. Porci
1939; S. John David and Lucy Mabel (Jones) C.; m. Elizabeth Anne Ken-
news dir. Sta. KAVA Radio, Burney, Cal., 1977-79;
Catonis, Oratio pro Rhodiensibus, with Historical Survey and Commentary,
nedy, Sept. 9, 1967; children: David, Andrew, Katherine. BA, Trinity Coll.,
Echo, Fall River Mills, Calif., 1979- Contbg author
1978; Papers on Grammar I. 1980, Problemi di Grammatica Latina, 1983,
Dublin, 1963; MA, U. 1964; PhD, Trinity Coll., 1968. Asst.
Poetry, 1976. Del. Farmers and Ranchers Congress,
Papers on Grammar II, 1986, Subordination in Latin, 1989, Papers on
Glasgow, Scotland, 1965-70; asst., then assoc. prof. Trent U.,
ticipant Am. Leadership Conf., San Diego, 1989; pres.
Grammar, 111, 1990, Latin vulgaire-Latin Tardif 11, 1990; contbr. articles,
Peterborough, Ont., Can., 1970-78; prof., head French dept. U. Coll.,
Calif., 1979, co-chmn., 1977, chmn., 1989; disaster reli
revs. to Italian, German, French profl. jours.; author studies on Latin
Dublin, external examiner New U. Ulster, Belfast, Ireland, 1983-85,
ding, Calif., 1988-; bd. dirs. Shasta County Wome
grammar, Roman rhetoric and lit. Mem. Centro di Studi Ciceroniani, Centro
Trinity Coll., Dublin, 1985-87. Author: Marcel Pagnol, 1977; editor:
1988; bd. dirs. Shasta County Econ. Devel Task For
di Studi Varroniani, Linguistic Soc. Am., Internat. Com. on Latin Linguis-
Bouscal-Sanche Pansa, 1981 (prix de Graulhet 1982), Huguenots and Ire-
exec. bd. dirs., 1988; pres. Intermountain Devel. Co
tics. Roman Catholic. Home: Via Riccoboni 12, 40127 Bologna Italy Office:
land, 1987; contbr. to L'Humanité de Molière Decorated Ordre des Palmes
Scouts U.S., San Jose, 1973-76; announcer various
Academique, Order Nat. du Merite, Medaille du Tarn; recipient Prix du
Mosquito Abatement Dist., Burney, 1978-87, chmn.,
Via Zamboni 34, 40126 Bologna Italy
Theatre, Acad. Française, 1989. Mem Modern Humanities Research Assn.,
Fire Protection Dist., 1987-, v.p., 1990-; bd. dirs.
Soc. Study Dix-Septieme Siecle. Clubs: Irish Ramblers, Leprechauns
USMC, 1959-63. Mem. Am. Legion (Community
CALDEIRA, WINSTON RAMON, economist, agricultural consultant; b.
Cricket. Office: U Coll, Dept French, Belfield Dublin 4, Ireland
Burney Basin C. of C. (advt. chmn. 1982, Community
Paramaribo, Suriname, June 4, 1941; Frank Rupert and Elsje Elenora
Fall River Valley C. of C., Rotary (pres. 1977-78, chn
(Karg) C.; m. Ellen Chrisje Comvalius, Oct 19, 1967; children: Boni,
CALDWELL, BILLY RAY, geologist; b. Newellton, La., Apr. 20, 1932; S.
Lions (student speaker chmn. Fall River club 1983-
Ebun. BSc, State U. Wageningen, The Netherlands, 1968, MSc in Agrl.
Econs., 1971. Project economist Ministry of Agr., Suriname, 1971-74, chief
Leslie Richardson and Helen Merle (Clark) C.; m. Carolyn Marie Heath:
chmn. disaster com., newsletter chmn. dist. 4-C1 1989
children: Caryn, Jeana, Craig. BA, Tex. Christian U., 1954, MA, 1970; Cert.
Assn., Moose, Masons. Republican. Home: 20304
agrl. devel. div., 1975-80; dir. Nat. Planning Office, Suriname, 1980-83,
petroleum geologist, Tex., profl. geologist Geologist, Geol. Engring. Svc.
96013 Office: Mountain Echo Main St Fall River
minister fin. and planning, 1983-84; cons. Orgn. Am. States, Washington,
1984-86, project coordinator, 1987-; chmn. Suriname Bauxite com.,
Co., Ft. Worth. Tex., 1954-60; SCI tchr. Ft Worth and Lake Worth Sch.
Paramaribo, 1981-83; gov. World Bank, IMF. 1983-84, nat. ordonnateur
Dists., 1960-63; mgr Outdoor Living, 1963-71; instr. geology Tarrant
CALDWELL, WILLIAM EDWARD, educational ad
European Devel. Fund, 1981-84, mem Dutch-Suriname Council, 1981-83.
County Jr. Coll., Ft. Worth, petroleum and environ. geologist cons.,
arbitrator; b. Providence, Aug. 18, 1928; S. James E. a
Mem. Internat. Assn. Agrl. Econs., Surinam Assn. Econs (founding mem.),
Ft. Worth, Bd. dirs. Ft. Worth and Tarrant County Homebuilders
m. Doris E. Parlee, June 17, 1950; children: William
Progressive Union of Farmers and Workers (exec. sec. 1977-87), Trade
Assn., 1973. Named Dir. of Yr., Ft. Worth Jaycees, 1966-67. Mem. Am.
B.A. in Math., Eastern Nazarene Coll., 1950;
Union Fedn. (bd. dirs. 1976-77). Lutheran. Club: Internat Student. Home:
Inst. Profl. Geologists (cert.), Ft. Worth Geol. Soc., Am. Assn. Petroleum
N.H., 1956; in Ednl. Adminstrn., NYU, 19
9129 Bridgewater St College Park MD 20740
Geologists, Soc. Profl Well Log Analysts, Geol. Soc. Am. Republican Bap-
arbitrator. Tchr. math., dir. music, coach pub schs.,
tist. Avocations: traveling, gardening, ch. work. Home: 305 Bodart Ln Fort
54; tchr. math., supr. pub. schs., Valley Stream, N
Worth TX 76108 Office: 101 Jim Wright Frwy Ste 402 Fort Worth TX
counselor, prin. pub. schs., Manchester, Conn., 1961-
CALDER, ROBERT MAC, aerospace engineer; b. Vernal, Utah, Oct. 16,
1932; Edwin Harold and Sydney (Goodrich) C.; Yoshiko lemura, Feb.
76108
tng U. Hartford, Conn., 1967-69; exec. dir. Pa. Sch
sity Park, 1970-78; prof. ednl. adminstrn. Pa. State
14, 1959; children: Suzanne, Alexis, Irene, John. BSChemE, U. Utah, 1956,
CALDWELL, HOWARD BRYANT, English language educator: b.
1969, pres. faculty council, 1985-86, ombudsmar
M.S. in Math. and Geology (NSF grantee), 1967; postgrad. U. Wash., 1964,
chmn. edn. adminstrn. program, 1987-90, chmn. adm
Utah State U., 1965, U. Iowa, 1966. Cert. secondary tchr., Utah. Tchr. Utah
London, Ky. Jan. 28, 1944; Stratton and Linda Emily (Bryant) C. BA,
Pub. Schs., 1958-79. V.p. Sydney Corp., Bountiful, Utah, 1958-82; sr. engr.
Berea (Ky.) Coll., 1966; MA, U. Calif., Berkeley, 1977. Cert. adult edn.
and internat. edn. 1990-; state dir mediation Comn
aero. div. Hercules Inc., Magna, Utah, 1979-; owner RMC Enterprises,
tchr. Tchr. L.A. Unified Sch. Dist., 1977- Mem. L.A. County Mus Art.
risburg, 1979-80; conciliator, fact finder Pa. Labor
Nations Imports; cons. in field, cultural exchange participant to
L.A. World Affairs Council. With USAF, The Philippines. Mem.
burg, arbitrator AAA, FMCS, Pa. Labor
United Tchrs. L.A. Republican. Baptist.
Author: Collective Negotiation in Public Education,
Israel, Egypt, 1983, 87. Active Boy Scouts Am., 1945-75, instr., Philmont
for Principal/Supervisor, 1983; contbr articles to
Scout Ranch, 1972, asst. scoutmaster Nat. Jamboree Troop, 1973; instr.
hunter safety and survival. Utah Dept. Fish and Game, 1964-74; state ad-
CALDWELL, JESSE BURGOYNE, JR., physician: b. Cherryville, N.C.,
books; author reports. Served to It. col. USMCR. Na
visor U.S. Congl. Adv. Bd., mem. Rep. Nat Com. Capt. USAF,
Sept. 25, 1917; S. Jesse B. and Virginia (Harrill) C.: B.S., U. N.C., 1938;
Adminstrs., Washington, 1976, 77, 79; bd. dirs
M.D., C.M., McGill U., Montreal, Que., Can., 1941: m. Martha McDowell
Manchester, Conn., 1963-67, Appalachian Ednl La
1956-70. Mem. AIAA, NRA (life), Am. Quarter Horse Assn., Internat.
Gunter, Mar. 27, 1948; children-Jesse Burgoyne III. Charles Gunter,
1970-78; examiner Pa. Civil Service Commn., Harrisb
Platform Assn., Oratorio Soc. Utah, The Planetary Soc., Hercules
Lawson Harrill and Martha Clyburn (twins). Intern. Kings County (N.Y.)
Commendation award Pa Sch. Bds. Assn., 1980, Aca
Toastmasters Club (treas. 1980, v.p. edn. 1981, pres. 1982). Mormon.
Home: PO Box 268 Bountiful UT Office: PO Box 98 Magna UT
Hosp., Bklyn., 1941-42, 45-46: asst. resident in pathology Bowman Gray
Ea Nazarene Coll., 1950, NYU, 1969, Outstanding
Sch. Medicine, Winston-Salem, N.C., 1947, instr ob-gyn, 1949-50; asst. re-
of Pa., 1973. Outstanding Service award Pa Dept.
84044
sident in ob-gyn N.C. Baptist Hosp., Winston-Salem. 1947-49, Gastonia, resident N.C., in
Ednl. Research Assn. (presenter), Pa. Assn Seconda
specializing
in
chmn., Commendation award 1983, Edn Excellence
Mar.
State 316 Rackley Bldg University Park PA 16802
A10
L
THE NEW YORK TIMES INTERNATIONAL TUESDAY, FEBRUARY 6, 19
Peace Plan Critic Is Elected President in Costa Rica
defeated and driven from the country.
Under N
His godfather was the Nicaraguan
was amon
dictator Anastasio Somoza García,
Arias's pe
who was assassinated in 1956.
ica. Gover
By LINDSEY GRUSON
cent.
zation, had won five of the last six elec-
The family soon moved to Mexico,
the group
Mr. Calderón, the candidate of the
tions and seemed on the verge of
where Mr. Calderón went to primary
Reagan
Special to The New York Times
and secondary school. He returned
thwart th
SAN JOSE, Costa Rica, Feb. 5 - Ra-
Social Christian Unity Party, is to take
becoming the dominant party.
here and graduated from the Univer-
called for
fael Calderón Jr., a critic of the Central
office May 8. Mr. Arias was constitu-
Born in Nicaragua
sity of Costa Rica. He is married to
United S
American peace efforts of President
tionally prohibited from seeking a sec-
Mr. Calderón's victory also under-
Gloria Bejarano Almada and has four
rebels.
Oscar Arias Sánchez, was elected Sun-
ond term.
children.
day to succeed Mr. Arias, according to
Mr. Castillo bitterly conceded defeat
scored the growing appeal of free-mar-
Di:
He was elected to the National As-
nearly complete returns.
late Sunday night.
ket principles in the region and the re-
Mr. Calderón, the son of a former
"It's a referendum on 40 years of his-
jection of state intervention in the econ-
sembly in 1974 and ran unsuccessfully
The ass
for President in 1982. He then formed
with senio
President who was driven into exile in
tory," a senior adviser to Mr. Castillo
omy. While both major parties prom-
his Social Christian Unity Party from
States ano
1948 after bringing on a civil war by
said.
ised amibitious social programs, ana-
four small parties and ran again. The
document
trying to win a second term, defeated
Exit polls showed that Costa Rican
lysts said the National Liberation
results were closer, but he was once
National
Carlos Manuel Castillo, the candidate
voters feared an excessive concentra-
Party was more strongly identified
again defeated, this time by Mr. Arias.
ternationa
of Mr. Arias's National Liberation
tion of power. Traditionally, the coun-
with a state-managed economy.
After his defeat, he became the exec-
branches
Party. With about 90 percent of the re-
try has alternated governing parties.
Mr. Calderón was born March 14,
utive director of the Costa Rican As-
for Demo
turns counted, Mr. Calderón had 51 per-
But the National Liberation Party, tak-
1949, in Nicaragua, where his family
sociation for the Defense of Democ-
private or
cent of the vote and Mr. Castillo 47 per-
ing advantage of opposition disorgani-
was living in exile after his father was
racy and Liberty, a right-wing group.
from publ
SAVINGS TO MAKE YOU WARN
MINK $1000-$2000
HE NEW YORK TIMES INTERNATIONAL TUESDAY, FEBRUARY 6, 1990
ident in Costa Rica
defeated and driven from the country.
Under Mr. Calderón, the association
States Information Agency.
His godfather was the Nicaraguan
was among the strongest critics of Mr.
Congressional Democrats charged
dictator Anastasio Somoza Garcia,
Arias's peace plan for Central Amer-
that this financing violated the endow-
who was assassinated in 1956.
ica. Government officials charged that
ment's charter prohibiting it from sup-
zation, had won five of the last six elec-
The family soon moved to Mexico,
the group's activities were part of the
porting political candidates.
the
tions and seemed on the verge of
where Mr. Calderón went to primary
Reagan Administration's efforts to
Mr. Calderón, who resigned from the
ake
becoming the dominant party.
and secondary school. He returned
thwart the Arias peace plan, which
association before launching his cur-
titu-
here and graduated from the Univer-
called for the demobilization of the
rent campaign, said the United States
Born in Nicaragua
sity of Costa Rica. He is married to
sec-
United States-financed Nicaraguan
money was used for "political develop-
Mr. Calderón's victory also under-
Gloria Bejarano Almada and has four
rebels.
ment" and that none of it went to his
scored the growing appeal of free-mar-
children.
feat
Dispute Over Financing
presidential effort.
ket principles in the region and the re-
He was elected to the National As-
his-
jection of state intervention in the econ-
sembly in 1974 and ran unsuccessfully
The association had close relations
for President in 1982. He then formed
with senior Republicans in the United
tillo
omy. While both major parties prom-
his Social Christian Unity Party from
States and according to Congressional
ised amibitious social programs, ana-
four small parties and ran again. The
documents was largely financed by the
can
lysts said the National Liberation
Taking a trip?
results were closer, but he was once
National Republican Institute for In-
tra-
Party was more strongly identified
again defeated, this time by Mr. Arias.
ternational Affairs, one of four
Check the Weather Report for
oun-
with a state-managed economy.
After his defeat, he became the exec-
branches of the National Endowment
your destination
from
ties.
Mr. Calderón was born March 14,
utive director of the Costa Rican As-
for Democracy. Although technically a
tak-
1949, in Nicaragua, where his family
Richmond to Riyadh.
sociation for the Defense of Democ-
private organization, its budget comes
ani-
was living in exile after his father was
racy and Liberty, a right-wing group.
from public funds through the United
MAKE YOU WARM ALL OVER
$1000-$2000 OFF ORIG.*
Costa Rica
FREEDOM FROM:
Costa Rica
Human rights
91%
rating:
9 Torture or coercion by the
state
10 Compulsory work permits
Population: 2,693,000
Income per head: US$1,020
conscription of labour
Life expectancy: 74
% of GNP spent on military: 0.62
Infant mortality (0-1 year)
% of GNP spent by state on health: 7.08
11 Capital punishment by the
state
per 1,000 births: 20
% of GNP spent by state on education: 4.88
Form of government: constitutional
12 Court sentences of corpora
40
punishment
democracy
United Nations covenants:
YES
31
13 Indefinite detention withou
ratified - Civil and Political Rights;
charge
Economic, Social and Cultural Rights.
yes
9
14 Compulsory membership of
signed - Convention on equality for
NO
state organisations or parti
women.
no
15 Compulsory religion or stat
ideology in schools
FACTORS AFFECTING HUMAN RIGHTS
16 Deliberate state policies to
As the most democratic country in Central America, Costa Rica is vulnerable to the extreme left
control artistic works
and right-wing politics disrupting the area. Human rights are in general honoured, the
government is answerable to the people, the permanent army was disbanded in 1949 and its
17 Political censorship of press
duties taken over by the police and a civil guard. A worsening economy, however, with possibly
violent consequences, is a disturbing factor. Elements in the government. encouraged by the US
18 Censorship of mail or
government, feel that the relatively undefended frontier with Nicaragua is a reason for
telephone-tapping
reconstituting a professional army.
freedom FOR OR RIGH
FREEDOM TO:
COMMENTS:
19 Peaceful political opposition
1 Travel in own country
Entry of Nicaraguan refugees creating local
YES
difficulties. Many of them armed terrorists which
20 Multi-party elections by sec
require strict police surveillance and occasional
and universal ballot
limits on movements near frontier.
2 Travel outside own country
Rights respected
YES
21 Political and legal equality
women
3 Peacefully associate and
Rights respected
YES
22 Social and economic equal
assemble
for women
4 Teach ideas and receive
Rights respected
YES
information
23 Social and economic equali
Inter-American Court of Human Rights based in
for ethnic minorities
5 Monitor human rights violations
YES
Costa Rica
24 Independent newspapers
6 Publish and educate in ethnic
Rights respected
YES
language
25 Independent book publishi
26 Independent radio and
television networks
FREEDOM FROM:
COMMENTS:
27 All courts to total
7 Serfdom, slavery, forced or child
But a tradition of rural child labour still persists
independence
yes
labour
28 Independent trade unions
8 Extrajudicial killings or
Rights respected
YES
'disappearances'
66
Costa Rica
Costa Rica
FREEDOM FROM:
rights
COMMENTS:
ating:
91%
9 Torture or coercion by the
A few local abuses
state
yes
10 Compulsory work permits or
Rights respected
head: US$1,020
conscription of labour
YES
ent on military: 0·62
ent by state on health: 7.08
11 Capital punishment by the
Abolished 1871
state
YES
ent by state on education: 4.88
12 Court sentences of corporal
Rights respected
punishment
YES
40
YES
31
13 Indefinite detention without
A few long detentions on suspicion of terrorism
charge
yes
yes
9
14 Compulsory membership of
NO
YES
Rights respected
state organisations or parties
no
15 Compulsory religion or state
ideology in schools
YES
Not in government-run schools
16 Deliberate state policies to
Rights respected
ica is vulnerable to the extreme left
control artistic works
YES
e in general honoured. the
y was disbanded in 1949 and its
17 Political censorship of press
YES
Rights respected. but practice of licensing
g economy, however, with possibly
journalists condemned by human rights court
government, encouraged by the US
18 Censorship of mail or
YES
Rights respected
Nicaragua is a reason for
telephone-tapping
FREEDOM FOR OR RIGHTS TO:
COMMENTS:
S:
19 Peaceful political opposition
Rights respected
YES
traguan refugees creating local
lany of them armed terrorists which
20 Multi-party elections by secret
and universal ballot
YES
Independent non-party candidates may not
police surveillance and occasional
stand. President and Legislative Assembly elected
vements near frontier.
every 4 years
cted
21 Political and legal equality for
Traditional male domination still discriminates
yes
women
against women though the position is improving
cted
22 Social and economic equality
The worsening economy is adding to the
for women
yes
difficulties of women in gaining equal pay and
cted
employment status
23 Social and economic equality
for ethnic minorities
YES
Rights respected
can Court of Human Rights based in
24 Independent newspapers
YES
Independence respected
ted
25 Independent book publishing
Rights respected
YES
26 Independent radio and
YES
Privately owned stations are free to criticise the
S:
television networks
government
27 All courts to total
independence
YES
Rights respected
on of rural child labour still persists
28 Independent trade unions
Disputes with ILO over union rights for plantation
ted
yes
workers and certain breaches of ratified
conventions
67
Costa Rica
Costa Rica
LEGAL RIGHTS:
COMMENTS:
Cuba
29 From deprivation of nationality
YES
Rights respected
30 To be considered innocent until
proved guilty
YES
Rights respected
Population: 9,995,000
31 To free legal aid when
Life expectancy: 75
Free aid for the poor but court appoints counsel
necessary and counsel of own
yes
Infant mortality (0-1 year)
choice
per 1,000 births: 2
Form of government: one-party
32 From civilian trials in secret
YES
Rights respected
state
United Nations covenants:
33 To be brought promptly before
To be brought to court within 24 hours
ratified - Convention on equalit
a judge or court
YES
women.
34 From police searches of home
without a warrant
YES
Rights respected
35 From arbitrary seizure of
YES
Rights respected
FACTORS AFFECTING HUMA
personal property
The people are subordinate to the
celebrations marking the 25th an
dominance of the government an
PERSONAL RIGHTS:
COMMENTS:
This hostility has made Cuba depe
a reliance that effectively reduces
36 To inter-racial, inter-religious
YES
Rights respected
are the extending of prison senten
or civil marriage
37 Equality of sexes during
Certain traditional inequalities in favour of the
marriage and for divorce
yes
husband despite constitutional safeguards
FREEDOM TO:
proceedings
38 To practise any religion
YES
Rights respected
1 Travel in own country
39 To use contraceptive pills and
YES
Direct support since 1968
2 Travel outside own country
devices
40 To practise homosexuality
Tolerated
3 Peacefully associate and
between consenting adults
yes
assemble
4 Teach ideas and receive
COMPULSORY DOCUMENTS FOR CITIZENS
information
Legally required at all times:
ID card
For employment in own country:
Work card
5 Monitor human rights violations
When applying for passport:
ID card, birth certificate
Period of validity of passport:
5-10 years
Countries forbidden to holder:
6 Publish and educate in ethnic
None
language
FREEDOM FROM:
7 Serfdom, slavery, forced or child
labour
8 Extrajudicial killings or
'disappearances'
68
145
COSTA RICA
COSTA RICA
Permanent Representative to the UN: Dr. Martin ADOUKI.
In 1948 Costa Rica embarked on the establishment of
what has become one of the world's most progressive wel-
ACCT, Interpol, ADF, NAM, AfDB, OAU, BADEA, UDEAC. BDEAC,
fare states, providing a complete program of health care
and education for workers and their families. Substantial
economic growth, yielding one of the region's highest stan-
dards of living, continued through most of the 1970s before
giving way to depressed prices for coffee, beef, bananas,
COSTA RICA
and sugar exports, accompanied by increased oil import
costs. By the early 1980s the country was experiencing deep
Republic of Costa Rica
recession, marked by high inflation, unemployment, bud-
República de Costa Rica
get deficits and trade imbalances. Bankruptcy was averted
by means of aid from the United States, the World Bank,
and the International Monetary Fund, although several
Political Status: Independence proclaimed September 15,
IMF agreements have been compromised by Costa Rica's
1821; republic established in 1848; democratic constitu-
inability to meet fund conditions. By 1989 austerity mea-
tional system instituted in 1899.
sures had succeeded in reviving the economy, with infla-
tion dropping from 26 percent in 1988 to 10 percent and
Area: 19,575 sq. mi. (50,700 sq. km.).
unemployment stabilizing at less than 5 percent.
Population: 2,416,809 (1984C), 3,199,000 (1990E).
GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS
Major Urban Centers (1988E): SAN JOSE (284,000); Ala-
juela (182,000); Cartago (125,000); Puntarenas (94,000);
Heredia (74,000); Limón (66,000); Liberia (38,000).
Political background. Costa Rica declared its indepen-
dence from Spain in 1821 but accepted inclusion in the
Principal Language: Spanish (there is no "official" lan-
Mexican Empire of 1822-1823. It was a member of the
United Provinces of Central America from 1824 to 1839,
guage).
when its autonomy was reestablished. A republic was for-
Monetary Unit: Colón (market rate April 1, 1990, 86.45
mally declared in 1848 during a period characterized by
colones = $1US).
alternating political conflict and rule by the leading fami-
lies, who monopolized the indirect electoral system. In 1897
President: Rafael Angel CALDERON Fournier (Social
it joined El Salvador, Honduras, and Nicaragua in the
Christian Unity Party); elected February 4 and inaugurated
Greater Republic of Central America, but the federation
May 8, 1990, for a four-year term, succeeding Oscar ARIAS
was dissolved in 1898. A year later, President Bernardo
Sánchez (National Liberation Party).
SOTO sponsored what is considered to be the country's
first free election, inaugurating a democratic process that
First Vice President: Herman SERRANO (Social Chris-
has survived with only two major interruptions, one in
tian Unity Party); elected February 4, 1990, for a term con-
1917 and the other in 1948. Since the uprising led by José
current with that of the President, succeeding Jorge
FIGUERES Ferrer, following annulment of the 1948 elec-
Manuel DENGO Obregón (National Liberation Party).
tion by President Teodoro PICADO, transfer of power has
been accomplished by constitutional means, further secur-
Second Vice President: Arnoldo LOPEZ (Social Christian
ing Costa Rica's reputation as what has been called "per-
Unity Party); elected February 4, 1990, for a term concur-
haps the most passionately democratic country in Latin
rent with that of the President, succeeding Victoria GAR-
America". At the most recent election, held February 4,
RON de Doryan (National Liberation Party).
1990, Rafael Angel CALDERON Fournier of the Social
Christian Unity Party defeated Carlos Manuel CASTILLO
THE COUNTRY
of the National Liberation Party by a 52 to 48 percent
vote.
One of the smallest of the Central American countries,
Constitution and government. The constitution of 1949
Costa Rica lies directly north of Panama and combines
provides for three independent branches of government:
tropical lowlands, high tableland, and rugged mountainous
legislative, executive, and judicial. The legislative branch
terrain. Its people, known as Costarricenses, are over-
enjoys genuinely coequal power, including the ability to
whelmingly of European (predominantly Spanish) descent.
override presidential vetoes. Members of the legislature are
This unusual homogeneity is broken only by mestizo and
elected by direct popular vote and may not be reelected for
Strict
Negro minorities, which are concentrated in the provinces
successive terms. The president serves as chief executive
term
of Guanacaste and Limón, respectively. Roman Catholi-
and is assisted by two elected vice presidents in addition
limitation
cism is the state religion, but other faiths are permitted.
to a cabinet of his own selection. By Latin American stan-
The country's literacy rate, over 90 percent, is one of the
dards the president's powers are limited, and a 1969 consti-
highest in Latin America. In 1987 women constituted 21.7
tutional amendment prohibits the reelection of all previous
percent of the paid work force, concentrated in service and
incumbents.
agricultural occupations; female representation in elected
The judicial branch is independent of the president, its
bodies averages about 6 percent.
members being elected for eight-year terms by the legisla-
11-
COSTA RICA
146
COSTA
ture. The judicial structure encompasses the Supreme
POLITICAL PARTIES
Court of Justice, which may rule on the constitutionality
of legislation; four courts of appeal; and numerous local
Government Parties:
courts distributed among the judicial districts. One of the
Social Christian Unity Party (Partido Unidad Social Cristiana-
unique features of the Costa Rican governmental system
PUSC). A loose alliance of the essentially conservative parties, listed
is the Supreme Electoral Tribunal (Tribunal Supremo de
below, plus the former Democratic Renovation Party (see National Union,
below), the PUSC campaigned prior to the 1978 election as the Partido
Elecciones), an independent body of three magistrates and
Unidad Opositora (PUO) and as the Coalición Unidad in 1978, adopting
three alternate magistrates elected by the Supreme Court
its present name in December 1983. Partly because of conflict within the
of Justice for staggered six-year terms. The Tribunal over-
PLN leadership, it won the presidency in 1978 but was defeated in both
1982 and 1986. It returned to power with a 52 percent presidential man-
sees the entire electoral process, including the interpreta-
date in 1990.
tion of electoral statutes, the certification of parties, and
Leaders: Rafael Angel CALDERON Fournier (President of the
the adjudication of alleged electoral irregularities.
Republic and of the Party), Rodrigo CARAZO Odio (former President
For administrative purposes the country is divided into
of the Republic), Rodolfo MENDEZ (Secretary General).
seven provinces and 81 municipios, the former adminis-
Calderonist Republican Party (Partido Republicano Calderon-
tered by governors appointed by the president. The latter
ista - PRC). Named after former president Rafael Angel Calderón
are governed by councils that have both voting and non-
Guardia, the PRC was formed in 1976 by a breakaway group of the
PUN (below).
voting members, and by executive officials appointed by
Leaders: Rafael Angel CALDERON Fournier (President of the
the president. The executive of ficers may veto council acts,
Republic), Alvaro CUBILLO Aguilar (President of the Party),
but all such vetoes are subject to judicial review.
Gerardo BOLANOS Alpizar (Secretary).
Costa Rica is one of only a handful of countries that con-
Christian Democratic Party (Partido Demócrata Cristiano-
stitutionally proscribes the raising of a national army, save
PDC). The PDC is a traditional Christian Democratic group formed
under strictly limited circumstances of public necessity.
in 1962.
Leaders: Rafael Alberto GRILLO Rivera (President), Claudio
Foreign relations. A founding member of the United
GUEVARA Barahona (Secretary).
Nations and of the Organization of American States, Costa
Popular Union Party (Partido Unión Popular PUP). The PUP
Rica has typically been aligned with the liberal, democratic
is a coalition of right-wing interests.
wing in Latin American politics and has opposed dictator-
Leaders: Cristián TATTEMBACH Yglesias (President), Juan
ships of both the Right and the Left. In May 1981 it broke
Rafael RODRIGUEZ Calvo (Secretary).
relations with Havana after a protest regarding the treat-
Opposition Groups:
ment of Cuban political prisoners had elicited an "insult-
ing" response by Cuba's representative to the United Na-
National Liberation Party (Partido de Liberación Nacional
Founded by former president José Figueres Ferrer in the aftermath of
tions. In 1982 it endorsed proposals for negotiations be-
the 1948 revolution, the PLN has traditionally been the largest and best-
tween the newly installed government in El Salvador and
organized of the Costa Rican parties and is a classic example of the demo-
the insurgent Democratic Revolutionary Front.
cratic Left in Latin America. Affiliated with the Socialist International,
In recent years an overriding external concern has been
it has consistently favored progressive programs. In July 1976 President
Figueres precipitated a crisis within the party leadership by calling for
the Nicaraguan sandinista-contra conflict and associated
revocation of the constitutional requirement that a president may not serve
US involvement in regional affairs. Although formally
more than one term, thereby contributing to the defeat of Luis Alberto
neutral on the issue, San José has at times expressed strong
Monge as PLN presidential candidate in 1978. Subsequently, the cultiva-
criticism of Managua's Marxist orientation, while accept-
tion of a network of predominantly regional and local support, coupled
with a "return to the land" (volver a la tierre) campaign slogan, enabled
ing over $730 million in economic aid from the United
Monge to secure a decisive victory in 1982. Although Oscar Arias Sán-
States since 1982. In early 1987 President Arias introduced
chez won a primary election over the more conservative Carlos Manuel
a peace plan that served as the basis of intensive effort to
Castillo in early 1985, disagreement between their supporters (largely
negotiate an end to fighting in Nicaragua, El Salvador, and
abated during the 1986 campaign) continued in the Assembly. Castillo
was the party's nominee to succeed Arias in 1990, but fell short by obtaining
Guatemala. The initiative earned him the 1987 Nobel Peace
only 48 percent of the vote.
Prize, with his reputation being further enhanced by bro-
Leaders: Oscar ARIAS Sánchez, José FIGUERES Ferrer, Luis Alberto
kering the sandinista-contra ceasefire in early 1988.
MONGE Alvarez, Daniel ODUBER Quirós (former Presidents of the
Current issues. The narrow 1990 victory of the mod-
Republic); Carlos Manuel CASTILLO (1990 presidential candidate);
Guido GRANADOS; Rolando ARAYA Monge; Walter COTO Molina
erately rightist Rafael Angel Calderón in his third bid for
(Secretary General).
the presidency was aided by a major scandal in mid-1989
that resulted from the report of a special congressional
National Union (Unión Nacional UN). The UN was formed in April
1985 by the leader of the previously PUSC-affiliated Democratic Renova-
committee charged with investigating reports of arms and
tion Party (Partido Renovación Democrática PRD), Oscar Aguilar
drug smuggling by members of the Arias administration.
Bulgarelli, who opposed Rafael Calderón's "absolute and anti-democratic its
Among those eventually banned from future public em-
control" of the parent coalition, including an alleged effort to change
ployment was former president Daniel ODUBER Quirós,
posture from social democratic to liberal.
Leader: Oscar AGUILAR Bulgarelli.
who was required to return a sizable political contribution
to Oscar Arias' 1985 campaign that was never formally
National Unification Party (Partido Unificación Nacional
The PUN is a remnant of the Unificación Nacional organized prior to
deposited to the candidate's account. In addition, most of
the 1966 election as a coalition of two conservative groups, the Republican
the US nationals accused of complicity in the US Iran-
Party (Partido Republicano PR) and the National Union Party (Par-
contra affair were barred from future entry into Costa
tido Unión Nacional PUN), which were subsequently joined by the
Rica.
Revolutionary Civic Union (Partido Unión Civico Revolucionaria-
PUCR) and the Authentic Republican Union Party (Partido Unión
147
COSTA RICA
COSTA RICA
The PUN was not registered for the
Popular Vanguard Party (Partido Vanguardia Popular- PVP).
Republicana.
Founded in 1931 as the Costa Rican Communist Party (Partido Com-
VILLALOBOS Arce (President), Rogelio
unista Costarricense- the PVP adopted its present name in
RAMOS Valverde (Secretary).
1943 and regained legal status in 1975, following the lifting of a long-
standing proscription of nondemocratic political organizations. Dur-
National Movement (Movimiento Nacional- An outgrowth
ing the 1978 and 1982 campaigns, it participated in the Pueblo Unido
the former National Union Party (see 3.7 PUN, above), of the the vote MN at is a the conser- 1982
coalition. In 1983 a struggle erupted between the essentially moderate
vative grouping whose leader obtained percent
"old guard" leadership headed by longtime secretary general Manuel
presidential balloting.
Mora Valverde and a younger hard-line group headed by Humberto
Leaders: Mario ECHANDI Jiménez, Rodrigo SANCHO Robles
Vargas Carbonell and Arnaldo Ferreto Segura. In the course of the
(Secretary). Democratic Party (Partido Demócrata- The PD is a small group-
dispute, Mora was "elevated" to the newly created post of party presi-
dent, before withdrawing, in 1984, as leader of the newly formed Costa
that supported the 1982 presidential candidacy of Edwin Retana Chávez.
Rican People's Party (above).
Leaders: Edwin RETANA Chavez (President), Alvaro GONZALEZ
Leaders: Arnoldo FERRETO Segura (President), Humberto Elías
Espinosa (Secretary).
VARGAS Carbonell (Secretary General), Oscar MADRID Jiménez
(Undersecretary General).
People United (Pueblo Unido PU). The PU was organized prior to
the 1978 election as a coalition of left-wing groups that included the Popu-
Broad Democratic Front (Frente Amplio Democrático- FAD).
Vanguard Party (see Popular Alliance, below), the Costa Rican Social-
Initially formed within the PU, the FAD was withdrawn by its founder
Party (PSC), and the Workers' Party (PT). The coalition supported
in May 1985 to enter into the (then) UDP alliance with the PVP.
the presidential candidacy of Dr. Rodrigo Gutiérrez Sáenz in 1978 and
Leader: Dr. Rodrigo GUTIERREZ Sáenz.
1982, but subsequently fell into disarray because of a leadership dispute
Costa Rican Popular Front (Frente Popular Costarricense-
within the PVP, which resulted in the formation by ex-PVP leader Manuel
The FPC is a small anti-Soviet party of the extreme Left. It lost its only
Mora Valverde of the rival Costa Rican People's Party (PPC). In 1985
the PPC, the PSC and the MNR (below) secured official registration under
legislative seat at the 1982 election.
Leaders: Rodolfo CERDAS Cruz (President), Wilbert Ezequiel
the PU inscription, the PVP charging the PPC with involvement in the
SOLANO Rojas (Secretary).
"theft" of the rubric.
Leaders: Daniel CAMACHO (1990 presidential candidate), Alberto
National Christian Alliance Party (Alianza Nacional Cristiana). The
SALOM Echeverría (Secretary).
National Christian Alliance Party was one of the four minor parties to
contest the 1986 presidential election.
Costa Rican People's Party (Partido del Pueblo Costarricense-
Leaders: Victor Hugo GONZALEZ Montero (President), Alejandro
PPC). The PPC originated as a Havana-oriented Popular Vanguard
MADRIGAL (1986 presidential candidate), Juan RODRIGUEZ Venegas
splinter led by Manuel Mora Valverde; the group initially presented
(Secretary).
itself as the "real" PVP, but was rebuffed in February 1984 when the
Civil Registry recognized the mainstream (Vargas-Ferreto) faction
Costa Rican Ecology Party (Partido Ecológico Costarricense- PEC).
as being in legitimate possession of the traditional party name. In 1984
The PEC was formed in June 1984, participating without success in the
it joined with the MNR and a number of other groups as the Patriotic
1986 balloting.
Alliance (Alianza Patriótica) a name that was also claimed briefly
Leader: Alexander BONILLA.
by the PVP and its allies in 1985 (see Popular Alliance, below).
General Union Party (Partido Unión Generaleña- Organiz-
Leaders: Manuel Enrique DELGADO Cascante, Manuel MORA
ed in 1981, the PUG secured one Assembly seat in 1990.
Valverde (former Secretary General), Lenín CHACON Vargas (Sec-
Leaders: Dr. Carlos A. FERNANDEZ Vega, Hugo SAENZ Marín
retary General), Eduardo MORA Valverde (Undersecretary General).
(Secretary).
Costa Rican Socialist Party (Partido Socialista Costarricense-
There are about a dozen other minor parties; in addition, limited
PSC). The PSC is a pro-Cuban Marxist party, which was a member
legislative representation is occasionally secured by regional or provin-
of the 1978-1982 PU electoral alliance.
cial groups. Thus the Cartago Agricultural Union (Unión grícola Car-
Leaders: Alvaro MONTERO Mejía (President of the Party and
taginesa- UAC) won a single seat in 1978 and 1990, as did the Alajuela
1986 PU presidential candidate), Alberto SALOM Echeverría
Democratic Party (Partido Alajuela Demócrata PAD) in 1982 and the
(Secretary).
Independent Cartago (Cartago Independiente) in 1986.
New Republican Movement (Movimiento Nueva Republica-
MNR). The MNR is a moderate splinter of the MRP (see Workers'
Extremist Groups:
Party, below).
In early 1981 the government claimed to have evidence of a new left-
Leader: Sergio Erick ARDON Ramírez.
extremist organization called the Carlos Aguero Echeverría Command,
Workers' Party (Partido de los Trabajadores- The PT has long
named after a Costa Rican who had been killed while participating in the
been the political wing of the Revolutionary People's Movement (Movi-
sandinista insurgency in Nicaragua. Subsequently, it was reported that
miento Revolucionario del Pueblo MRP), a Maoist extremist group that
the group had claimed credit for a bazooka attack on a US embassy car
endorsed revolutionary activity in 1978-1980, although its leadership
on March 17. In 1984 there were reports of activity by a right-wing group
appeared to moderate its position in mid-1981, declaring that "popular
known as the Army of the Costa Rican People (Ejército del Pueblo
struggles can
be waged [in Costa Rica] without the unjust violence
Costarricense-EPC).
of terrorist actions".
Leaders: José Francisco ARAYA Monge (President), Ilse ACOSTA
Polonio (Secretary).
LEGISLATURE
Radical Democratic Party (Partido Radical Demócrata). The Radical
Democratic Party was formed in mid-1982 by a number of avowedly left-
of-center members of the former Carazo Odio administration.
The Legislative Assembly (Asamblea Legislativa) is a
Leaders: Juan José ECHEVERRIA Brealey, Rodrigo ESQUIVEL
unicameral body whose 57 members, representing the
Rodriguez (Secretary).
provinces in proportion to population, are elected for four-
Popular Alliance (Alianza Popular). The Popular Alliance was launched
year terms by direct popular vote and may not be immedi-
prior to the 1986 balloting with the former PU standard bearer, Dr. Rodrigo
ately reelected. Following the election of February 4, 1990,
Gutiérrez Sáenz of the FAD (below) as its presidential candidate. At its
formation, denied access to the old People United label, the group styled
the Social Christian Unity Party held 29 seats; the National
itself the Popular Democratic Union (Unión Democrática Popular- UDP)
Liberation Party, 25; and the People United, the General
and for a time in 1985 presented itself as the Alianza Patriótica in an apparent
Union Party, and the Cartago Agricultural Union, 1 each.
effort to cloud the electoral prospects of the PPC.
President: Juan José TREJOS.
COTE D'IVOIRE
148
COTE D'IVOIRE
CABINET
Political Status: Independent since August 7, 1960, under
one-party presidential regime; present constitution adopted
President
Rafael Angel Calderón Fournier
October 31, 1960.
First Vice President
Herman Serrano
Second Vice President
Arnoldo López
Area: 124,503 sq. mi. (322,463 sq. km.).
Ministers
Population: 6,709,600 (1975C), 12,586,000 (1990E).
Agriculture
Juan Rafael Lizano Sáenz
Culture
Mercedes López de Gordienko
Economy and Industry
Gonzalo Fajardo
Major Urban Centers (1979E): ABIDJAN (1,423,000);
Marvin Herrera Araya
Bouaké (273,000), Yamassoukro (designated as future
Education
Foreign Affairs
Bernd Nichaus Quesada
capital in March 1983). In 1987 the population of Abid-
Foreign Trade
Roberto Rojas López
jan was estimated at 2 million.
Health
Carlos Castro Charpentier
Housing
Cristóbal Zawadski
Official Language: French.
Interior
Luis Fishman
Justice
Elizabeth Odio Benito
Monetary Unit: CFA Franc (market rate April 1, 1990,
Labor
Erick Thompson Piñeres
Hernán Bravo Trejos
284.90 francs = $1US).
Natural Resources
Planning
Helio Fallas
Presidency
Rodolfo Méndez Mata
President: Félix HOUPHOUET-BOIGNY; first elected
Public Works
Guillermo Madriz de Mezerville
1960; most recently reelected October 27, 1985, for a sixth
Reorganization of the State
Johnny Meoño
five-year term.
Science and Technology
Orlando Morales
Security
Victor Emilio Herrera Alfaro
Tourism
Luis Manuel Chacón Jiménez
THE COUNTRY
President, Central Bank
Jorge Guardia
A land of forests and savannas, with a hot, humid
mate, the Côte d'Ivoire is the richest and potentially the most
NEWS MEDIA
nearly self-sufficient state of former French West Africa
Indigenous peoples fall into five principal ethnic groups:
All news media are free of censorship.
Ashanti-Agni-Baoule, Kru, Malinké, Mandé, and Lagoos
Press. Except as noted, the following are published daily at San José:
dwellers, while as much as 30 percent of the population COST
Diario Extra (100,000), independent; La Nación (91,000), conservative;
sists of migrant workers, mostly from Burkina Faso, Ghara
La República (60,000), independent; La Prensa Libre (50,000), indepen-
and Mali. There is also a sizable White population that
dent; Eco Católico (15,500), Catholic weekly; Libertad (14,000), pro-
1988 included about 120,000 Lebanese and 40,000 French
Moscow Communist weekly; La Gaceta (5,300), official government
Although a majority of the people adhere to traditional
gazette.
News agencies. There is no domestic facility. Agence France-Presse,
religious practices, about 20 percent is Muslim and 15 per
Deutsche Presse-Agentur, Prensa Latina, and Tass maintain offices at
cent Christian. Women constitute nearly 40 percent of the
San José.
adult labor force, primarily in agriculture; female represed
Radio and television. Broadcasting is supervised by the government's
tation on government and party levels is minimal.
Departamento Control Nacional de Radio-televisión. Television and radio
stations are commercial, except for several offering religious or cultural
The economy experienced rapid growth following
programming. The Sistema de Radio y TV Cultural network was organized
pletion in 1950 of the Vridi Canal, which transformed
by the government in 1978 to transmit news and cultural programs. There
Abidjan into a deepwater port. An impressive average
were 470,000 television receivers in 1987.
growth rate of 7.5 percent was reported in 1960-1980, X
a variety of factors led to a severe five-year recession the
after. Although agriculture now accounts for only
INTERGOVERNMENTAL REPRESENTATION
fourth of total GDP, the Côte d'Ivoire is the world's leader
producer of cocoa and Africa's primary exporter of coll-
Ambassador to the US: Danilo JIMENEZ Veiga.
fee, bananas and tropical woods. the
US Ambassador to Costa Rica: (Vacant).
image as a model African economy (the annual per cassi
Permanent Representative to the UN: Dr. Carlos José GUTIERREZ.
income of approximately $700 is one
IGO Memberships (Non-UN): BCIE, CACM, CCC, IADB, Intelsat,
highest) has been tarnished by debts attributed to exted
Interpol, IOM, OAS, OPANAL, SELA.
sive government borrowing in the 1970s for construction
of modern infrastructure and unproductive offshore
exploration. In recent years sagging cocoa prices,
decimation of lumber producing forests,
ment's inability to make debt payments
COTE D'IVOIRE
economic diversification efforts.
République de Côte d'Ivoire
GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS
Note: In November 1985 the United Nations responded firmatively to
a request from the Ivoirian government that Côte Ivoire be recognized
as the sole official version of what had previously been rendered in English
Political background. Established as a French Federal protes
as Ivory Coast and in Spanish as Costa de Marfil.
torate in 1842, the Côte d'Ivoire became part of the
seaports
transport.
COSTA RICA
2048,
ty; Dir JEANN
711,
ort authority Points
Introductory Survey
TRAM):
Climate, Language, Religion, Flag, Capital
supporters were arrested in September. In addition, some
Republic of Costa Rica lies in the Central American
82 guerrilla camps were dismantled by the Civil Guard. In
with Nicaragua to the north, Panama to the south,
November 1983 President Monge declared Costa Rica's neu-
to the east and the Pacific Ocean to the
trality in an attempt to elicit foreign support for his country.
warm and damp in the lowlands (average
This declaration was opposed by the USA and led to the
through
resignation of the Costa Rican Minister of Foreign Affairs.
twork
THE The cooler on the Central Plateau
where two-thirds of the
In May 1984 there were reports of an air raid by the
y roads,
is Spanish. Almost all of
Nicaraguan Air Force on a border village in Costa Rica and
ire, in the
Abitants profess Christianity, and the overwhelming
of an increasing number of incursions by the Sandinista forces.
adhere to the Roman Catholic Church, the state
Public opposition to any renunciation of neutrality was emphas-
aux
ineering.
Public
The national flag (proportions 3 by 2) has five horizon-
ized by a demonstration in support of peace and neutrality,
of blue, white, red, white and blue, the red stripe
held in San José and attended by over 20,000 people. An
NVENU
scripes, the width of the others. The state flag, in addition,
attempt was made to defuse the tense situation with the
Lurice the red stripe (to the left of centre) a white oval
establishment of a commission, supported by the Contadora
the national coat of arms, showing three volcanic
group (Colombia, Mexico, Panama and Venezuela), to monitor
Maya
between the Caribbean and the Pacific. The capital is
events in the border area. In late May, however, the attempt
May
to assassinate Edén Pastora Gómez near the Costa Rican
An
led
Sust.
border exacerbated the rift within the Cabinet concerning
the
government policy towards Nicaragua.
Rica History was ruled by Spain from the 16th century until
Relations with Nicaragua deteriorated further in December
operating
when independence was declared. The only significant
1984, following an incident involving a Nicaraguan refugee at
the country's constitutional government since
the Costa Rican embassy in Managua. Subsequently, diplo-
BP 128,
February 1948, when the result of the presid-
matic relations were reduced to a minimal level. Reports of
LBERT
election was disputed. The legislature annulled the elec-
clashes between Costa Rican Civil Guardsmen and Sandinista
March but a civil war ensued. The anti-Government
forces along the joint border became increasingly frequent. In
telex
is
led by José Figueres Ferrer, were successful, and a
1985 the Government's commitment to neutrality was disputed
LAUDE
Jonary junta took power in April. Costa Rica's army
when it decided to establish an anti-guerrilla battalion, trained
Bolished in December 1948. After the preparation of a
by US military advisers.
ngolaines
constitution, the victorious candidate of the 1948 election
During 1983 there were signs of increasing urban unrest in
-66; teles
office in January 1949.
response to the Government's austerity measures and to the
il netural
Preseres, who founded the socialist Partido de Liberación
agrarian crisis, which had produced high levels of unemploy-
ICQUES Only
(PLN), dominated national politics for decades, hold-
ment, principally among workers on banana plantations. By
28-1000,
presidential office in 1953-58 and 1970-74. Under his
August 1984 the Government's position was regarded as
Maship, Costa Rica became one of the most democratic
unstable. The division within the Cabinet over policy towards
autries in Latin America. Since the 1948 revolution, there
Nicaragua, coupled with the effects of the unpopular austerity
been frequent changes of power, all achieved by consti-
programme and a protracted strike by banana plantation work-
school are means. Figueres' first Government nationalized the
ers, which had resulted in two deaths, led to fears of a coup.
was and instituted a comprehensive social security system.
At President Monge's request, the Cabinet resigned, and in
is a short
residential election of 1958, however, was won by a
the subsequent reshuffle four Ministers were replaced.
m and
arvative, Mario Echandi Jiménez, who reversed many
At presidential and legislative elections in February 1986,
chain is
policies. His successor, Francisco Orlich Bolmarich (Presi-
Oscar Arias Sánchez, the candidate of the PLN, was elected
here are
from 1962 to 1966), was supported by the PLN but
President, with 52% of the votes cast. The PLN also obtained
An
requed the encouragement of private enterprise. Another
a clear majority in the Legislative Assembly. The new Govern-
survative, José Joaquín Trejos Fernández, held power in
ment was committed to the development of a 'welfare state',
P 456,
70. In 1974 the PLN candidate, Daniel Oduber Quirós,
whereby 25,000 new jobs and 20,000 new dwellings were to
FÉLIX
dected President. He continued the policies of extending
be created each year. In addition, the Government planned to
welfare state and of establishing friendly relations with
renegotiate the country's external debt and to reach agreement
mainist states. Communist and other left-wing parties were
on a social pact with the trade unions. Furthermore, President
engined in 1975. In 1978 Rodrigo Carazo Odio of the conserv-
Arias Sánchez was resolved to maintain and reinforce Costa
Partido Unidad Opositora (PUO) coalition (subsequently
Rica's policy of neutrality, a decision which was expected to
Coalición Unidad) was elected President. During Carazo's
antagonize relations with the US administration.
am of office the worsening instability in Central America led
In February 1986 diplomatic relations with Nicaragua were
Infomatic tension, and in 1981 the President was criticized
fully restored, and it was decided to establish a permanent
his alleged involvement in illegal arms trafficking between
inspection and vigilance commission at the common border. In
and El Salvador.
accordance with the Government's pledge to protect neutrality,
& presidential and legislative elections in February 1982,
Costa Rica objected to the allocation of US $100m. in US aid
Alberto Monge Alvarez of the PLN gained a comfortable
to the Contra forces in mid-1986. In addition, the Government
Micrity when his party won 33 of the 57 seats in the Legislat-
embarked on a series of arrests and expulsions of Contras
Assembly. Following his inauguration in May, President
resident in Costa Rica. In October, however, an aeroplane
announced a series of emergency economic measures,
crash in Nicaraguan territory, involving four US citizens,
attempt to rescue the country from near-bankruptcy. A
caused considerable embarrassment to the Costa Rican Govern-
My of neutrality towards the left-wing Sandinista Govern-
ment and encouraged scepticism about Costa Rica's participa-
of Nicaragua was continued. However, after a number
tion in the anti-Sandinista campaign.
border raids, a national alert was declared in May. The
Throughout 1986 and 1987 President Arias became increas-
Nicaraguan leader, Edén Pastora Gómez, was expelled so
ingly involved in the quest for peace in Central America.
to
reduce Costa Rican involvement in the Nicaraguan
In February 1987 President Arias' first peace proposal was
Relations with Nicaragua worsened as guerrilla
discussed at a meeting of Central American Presidents, but
antity spread to San José.
was not endorsed. In May President Arias began a tour of
broughout 1983, President Monge came under increasing
Western Europe, in an attempt to secure international support
from liberal members of the Cabinet and PLN sup-
and in the hope of overcoming US reservations concerning
to adopt a more neutral stance in foreign policy. Three
certain aspects of the peace plan. In August, at a summit
members of the anti-Sandinista (Contra) movement
meeting in Esquipulas, Guatemala, President Arias presented
expelled from Costa Rica in May, and 80 of Pastora's
a modified plan which was accepted and signed by the Presi-
795
COSTA RICA
Introductory
WETA
RI
dents of El Salvador, Nicaragua, Guatemala, Honduras and
Costa Rica. The plan incorporated a 90-day timetable for the
widely believed that the decline in public support for the
was partly a result of the party's involvement in the
ernmen
implementation of various measures aimed at promoting the
the
establishment of peace in the region. The crucial provisions of
scandal in the previous year. On assuming office in
President Calderón was faced with the problem of
Preside
the proposals were simultaneous cease-fires in Nicaragua and
deficit of US $150m. and was therefore forced to renere a
circu
El Salvador, a halt to foreign assistance to rebel groups,
Ti
democratic reform in Nicaragua, and a ban on the use of
his pre-election promise of improvements in welfare and
foreign territory as a base for attack. National reconciliation
distribution. The deficit, equivalent to 3.3% of GDP, was
at
1
commissions were also to be formed in each of the Central
double the limit of 1.7% stipulated by the IMF in
American nations, including Costa Rica, to monitor the pro-
to ensure financial support from the Fund. Principal
eli
gress of the plan. This peace proposal was regarded as the
contributing to the increasing deficit were rising importa
most promising yet to be formulated and as a personal triumph
fall in the price of coffee on the world market, and
for President Arias, who was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize
imposed wage increases for a steadily expanding public
have
in October 1987. In September the Central American Vice-
(70% of public expenditure in 1989 was spent on salaries
and
Presidents had agreed on the future creation of a unified
an attempt to reduce the deficit, the Government introduced
ba
parliament, in which each country was to hold 20 seats.
adjustment programme of austerity measures, which include
for
Despite the efforts of President Arias, the 90-day timetable
rise in the price of fuel by 30% and of many goods and
for implementation of the proposals made at Esquipulas had
by as much as 20%, and proposed tax increases. However,
to be extended until January 1988 before the second phase of
initially, the IMF refused to release funds for Costs Be
2068,
at
verification and monitoring of progress could begin. In January
insisting that approval of a stand-by loan would depend OG
gro-
President Arias brought Nicaraguan government officials and
Legislative Assembly's approval of the tax measures. In
N pr
Contra leaders together in San José for their first discussions
October 70,000-100,000 public- and private-sector employer
Duri
concerning the implementation of a cease-fire. Prior to this
participated in a one-day national strike to protest against
terms,
meeting, President Arias ordered three Contra leaders to leave
Government's economic policies. In the same month the Costal
grew
Costa Rica or cease their military activities; subsequently,
Bank imposed credit restrictions on all private and state
qualition
Alfredo César and Pedro Joaquín Chamorro agreed to leave,
in an attempt to curb rising inflation. In late October
gro:
while Alfonso Robelo remained and agreed to modify his
Government reached an agreement with the IMF for 2
hereased. 1
campaign. President Arias maintained his independent position
by loan of $55m. On 30 October the Minister of Labour,
and
by supporting discussions between the Contras and Sandin-
Thompson Piñeres, resigned, stating that his decision to
gricultur
istas, held in Nicaragua in March, and by condemning any
reflected the rift between 'economic and social groups'
an
continuation of aid to the Contras. In November a border
the Cabinet.
procipal ca
agreement was signed with Nicaragua.
In February 1989 the Presidents of Costa Rica, El Salves
Export €
In 1988 there were renewed indications of internal unrest as
Guatemala, Honduras and Nicaragua met and agreed to
also S.
a result of the Government's economic policies. In March there
a plan to remove the Contra forces from base caste
were two one-day stoppages by public employees, to protest
Honduras, in exchange for the introduction of political
annu:
against concessions made to the IMF and the World Bank. In
and the holding of free elections in Nicaragua. The plan
listry
June UNSA, the co-ordinating organization for agricultural
ratified at a second 'summit' meeting, held in August
em:
unions, proposed a week-long protest against the Government's
Honduras, with the signing of the Tela Agreement.
of G
agricultural policies. In August there were strikes by farmers
proposals for El Salvador and Guatemala were also elaber
t
who were aggrieved at the Government's 'Agriculture for
as was an agreement on co-operation in the campaign
Change' policy of promoting the cultivation of cash crops,
the trafficking and use of illicit drugs. In November,
20.7
and thereby sacrificing the interests of many smallholders, to
the conflicts in Nicaragua and El Salvador intensive
21%
appease the IMF. The Government established a commission
December the deadline for the disbanding of Contra
the
to consider the farmers' complaints.
agreed at Tela, passed unfulfilled, and the Presidents
Produc
During 1989, however, there was increased labour unrest
throughout the country. In August a coalition movement of
five Central American countries, meeting in Costa Rica,
regional trade unions, professional bodies and civic groups in
on measures to revive the regional peace process. In
I
1990, after being defeated in elections, Nicaragua's
Sanday
por
the province of Limón called a strike that paralysed shipping
Government decreed an immediate cease-fire. The
cor
on the Caribbean coast for four days. Trade union, farmers'
and other mass organizations along the Atlantic coast continued
accepted this, and a cease-fire agreement was conds
to protest against the Government's policies of structural
April.
The first inter-American 'summit' meeting for 22 years
enti
adjustment. In September teachers demanding higher pay and
professional status held a one-day strike. Workers in the
held in San José in October 1989, to celebrate a centeision d
1
Ministry of Transport also went on strike, demanding salaries
democracy in Costa Rica. The 17 participating Heads
comparable to those of staff in other ministries. The dispute
discussed issues of democracy, development and drug the
ended in mid-September, after the Government had agreed to
ing, but no final document was produced, owing to
a
revise their salary scale. Private-sector workers negotiated a
ingness of President Bush of the USA to align
Me)
6.4% increase in wages in 1989. Moreover, President Arias
promised that proportional wage increases would be awarded
producing nations agreed on proposals for the reintral
Nicaraguan President, Daniel Ortega. In addition, the
of
whenever the annual rate of inflation exceeded 7%. In Septem-
of export quotas, suspended by the International Coffee in
of
ber the Minister of Finance resigned, as his efforts to impose
ization in July. It was estimated that the decline
stringent austerity measures were being undermined by the
resulting from the suspension would cost Costa Rica US
increase in the budgetary deficit. He also opposed the
in lost export earnings in 1989. The successful renegal
Government's plan to reduce a tax on coffee production, claim-
of Costa Rica's debt to foreign banks, which would
ing that, without the tax, the government deficit would exceed
annual interest payments from US $150m. to $50m,
US $145m., which might jeopardize agreements with the IMF.
In September 1989 the Legislative Assembly's commission
announced. In October 1989 Costa Rica announced that it would
of enquiry into the extent of drug-trafficking and related
new diplomatic efforts against Panama (where the Gord
activities published its findings. As a result, a number of public
had declared the results of elections to be
figures were asked to resign. Among these were the former
following an apparent victory by its
President (then a senior PLN official), Daniel Oduber Quirós,
OAS. Costa Rica criticized the OAS
a PLN deputy, Leonel Villalobos, the general manager of a
Panamanian Government directly in its most recent
OTHER
***)
leading bank and the head of the Civil Aviation Authority. A
In December, however, a US military offensive
S
former Minister of Public Security, Benjamín Piza, was to be
Gen. Manuel Noriega's regime in Panama.
tried on corruption charges, and a Supreme Court Justice,
In April 1990 an extradition treaty
One
Jesús Ramírez, was accused of perjury.
the USA was approved by the
CATT
At presidential and legislative elections in February 1990,
treaty, which does not Costa
Rafael Angel Calderón Fournier, the candidate presented by
trafficking. Negotiations international
aimed at combating crime,
May
the Partido Unidad Social Cristiana (PUSC), was elected Presi-
dent, with 51.3% of the votes cast. The PUSC obtained a clear
between Costa Rica and the USA
majority in the Legislative Assembly, with 29 seats. It was
in early 1991.
796
Swint
COSTA RICA
Introductory Survey
limit of 1.7% of GDP as stipulated by the IMF. In late
the
of 1949, executive power is vested in
October, following the implementation of a number of austerity
the
by two Vice-Presidents (or, in excep-
measures by the Government, the IMF agreed to extend a
in
dircumstancesident one Vice-President) and an appointed
stand-by loan of $55m. to Costa Rica. President Calderón
of
a
Seal
is elected for a four-year term by
stated that the agreement committed his administration to a
erage
and a successful candidate must
reduction in the public-sector deficit from a projected 5% of
id
insured
votes. The legislative organ is the
GNP in 1990 to 1.4% in 1991. In June 1989 Costa Rica's debt
as
in
al
a Community years.
with 57 members who are
to the 'Paris Club' of Western creditor governments was
rescheduled over 10 years. In October 1989 the Legislative
Assembly approved two credits, to the value of US $200m.,
imported
and
blie
have have Civil Guards totalled 7,800 men. In 1985 an anti-
from the World Bank and the Japanese Government, which
been no armed forces since 1948. In June 1989,
were to fund the second phase of Costa Rica's structural
1 was formed, composed of 750 Civil Guards.
adjustment plan, SAL II. By late 1990, however, $120m. of
that total were still being withheld. In March 1990 Costa Rica
advers
the security forces was estimated at 5,740m.
secured an agreement to repurchase $1,150m. of its $1,800m.
debt to commercial banks at 16% of its nominal value. In
d
early October the US Agency for International Development
to estimates by the World Bank, Costa
released $27m. in aid to Costa Rica to help to support the
product (GNP), measured at average
balance of payments, thus averting a foreign-exchange crisis
and
8
$8 prices, was US $4,690m., equivalent to $1,760 per
at the Central Bank.
S. In
During 1980-88, it was estimated, GNP increased, in
terms, at an average annual rate of 2.6%, while GNP per
Social Welfare
gave
he
grew by only 0.2% per year. Over the same period, the
Costa Rica possesses one of the world's most advanced social
increased by an annual average of 2.3%. Costa
welfare systems, which provides a complete programme of
tate
extion gross domestic product (GDP), at purchasers' values,
care and assistance for all wage-earners and their dependants.
letaber
real terms, by an annual average of 2.4% in
All social services are co-ordinated by the National Develop-
for
a
by 5.0% in 1989.
ment Plan, administered by the Ministry of National Planning
hour,
priculture (including forestry and fishing) contributed 17.9%
and Economic Policy, and are organized by state institutions.
on to
IGDP. and employed 25.9% of the labour force, in 1989. The
The Social Security Fund provides health services and general
ups'
percipal export earnings in 1989), bananas (about 19% of export
cash crops are coffee (which accounted for about 20%
social insurance, the National Insurance Institute provides
professional insurance, and the Ministry of Health operates a
Sale
sugar cane and cocoa. Cattle and meat exports
preventive health programme through a network of health
eed to
150 significant. Maize, rice, beans and potatoes are also
units throughout the country. Benefits include disability and
Grated. During 1980-88 agricultural production increased
retirement pensions, workers' compensation and family assist-
ical
annual average of 2.5%.
ance. In 1979 there were 1,506 registered physicians, not all
he plus
Mustry a (including mining, manufacturing, construction and
resident and working in Costa Rica. In 1982 there were 28
Ang
guient) employed 26.1% of the labour force, and provided
hospitals and 76 health centres, with a total of 7,706 beds. Of
nent.
of GDP, in 1989. During 1980-88 industrial production
total expenditure by the central Government in 1986,
elaboes
increased by an annual average rate of 2.3%. Mining and
12,595.5m. colones (19.1%) was for health services, and a
aign
infacturing employed 18.7% of the labour force, and contri-
further 12,525.6m. colones (19.0%) for social security.
er,
seed 20.7% of GDP, in 1989. The mining sector employed
tensified
0.1% of the labour force in 1989. In terms of the value of
Education
ontra
and the principal branches of manufacturing in 1984 were
Education at all levels is available free of charge, and elemen-
dents
of
products (42.4%), chemical products (9.3%) and petroleum
tary education is officially compulsory for children between six
Rica,
Maries (7.8%).
and 13 years of age. Official secondary education consists of a
In Peter
Energy is derived principally from petroleum and hydro-
three-year basic course, followed by a more highly specialized
.'s
atric power. By the late 1980s hydroelectric power provided
course of two years. Attendance figures are very high: in 1987
The
of commercial energy consumption. The Arenal hydro-
an estimated 95% of children aged six to 11 years were enrolled
concluded
Actricity project was inaugurated in 1979, and, at its full
at primary schools, while 70% of those aged 12 to 16 received
overating capacity of 1,974MW, was expected to fulfil Costa
secondary education. There are six universities, one of which
22 years
the entire electricity requirements. Imports of petroleum
is an 'open' university. In 1985, according to estimates by
centerary
ther fuels accounted for 9.3% of the value of total imports
UNESCO, the average rate of adult illiteracy was only 6.4%
eads
of
(males 6.0%; females 6.8%). Costa Rica has the highest adult
drug-
Dr services sector employed 46.1% of the labour force, and
literacy rate in Central America. Expenditure on education by
to the
wrided 55.3% of GDP, in 1989. The output of this sector
the central Government in 1987 was 11,860.5m. colones (21.6%
gn will
treased at an average annual rate of 2.5% during 1980-88.
of total spending).
1989 Costa Rica recorded a visible trade deficit of
n, the
eintrods
$54.5m. and there was a deficit of $446.9m. on the current
Public Holidays
Coffee
amount of the balance of payments. In 1989 the principal
line in
anites of imports were the USA (40.1%), followed by Vene-
1991: 1 January (New Year's Day), 19 March (Feast of St
.ca US
(8.3%) and Central America (8.0%). The USA was the
Joseph), 28 March (Maundy Thursday), 29 March (Good Friday),
paticipal recipient of Costa Rica's exports (38.0%), followed by
11 April (Anniversary of the Battle of Rivas), 1 May (Labour
rene
Federal Republic of Germany (13.1%) and Central America
Day), 30 May (Corpus Christi), 29 June (St Peter and St
would
(E). The principal exports in 1989 were coffee and bananas.
Paul), 25 July (Anniversary of the Annexation of Guanacaste
0m,
principal imports were primary commodities, consumer
Province), 2 August (Our Lady of the Angels), 15 August
extrables, machinery and equipment.
(Assumption), 15 September (Independence Day), 12 October
would
1989 there was an estimated budgetary deficit of 7,405m.
(Columbus Day), 1 December (Abolition of the Armed Forces
2 Goven
names (equivalent to some 1.7% of GDP). Costa Rica's total
Day), 8 December (Immaculate Conception), 25 December
to be
debt was US $3,531m. at the end of 1988. In that
(Christmas Day), 28-31 December (San José only).
.), outside
the cost of debt-servicing was an estimated $715m.,
1992: 1 January (New Year's Day), 19 March (Feast of St
ndems
walent to 58.9% of total revenue from exports of goods
Joseph), 16 April (Maundy Thursday), 17 April (Good Friday),
ent
services. The annual rate of inflation averaged 26.9% in
1 May (Labour Day), 18 June (Corpus Christi), 29 June (St
.ve
and 16.5% in 1989. The rate increased to 17.7% in the
Peter and St Paul), 25 July (Anniversary of the Annexation of
to September 1990. An estimated 3.8% of the labour force
Guanacaste Province), 2 August (Our Lady of the Angels), 15
osta Rive
memployed in 1989.
August (Assumption), 15 September (Independence Day), 12
Assembly.
October 1990 Costa Rica became a full contracting party
October (Columbus Day), 1 December (Abolition of the Armed
citizen
GATT (see p. 57). It is also a member of the Central
Forces Day), 8 December (Immaculate Conception), 25
national
Common Market (CACM, see p. 110).
December (Christmas Day), 28-31 December (San José only).
e-trads
May 1989 the IMF granted Costa Rica a stand-by credit
d to
42m. In February 1990, however, disbursements were
Weights and Measures
maded because Costa Rica's fiscal deficit had exceeded the
The metric system is in force.
797
Oct. 27 / Administration of George Bush, 1989
expanded the circumstances in which Fed-
any way.
eral funds could be used to pay for abor-
I am, therefore, compelled to disapprove
in
tions. Moreover, unlike Public Law 100-
H.R. 3026.
S
462, H.R. 3026 would also permit payment
for abortions with local funds, which under
GEORGE BUSH
current law must be appropriated by the
The White House,
a
Congress. Thus, H.R. 3026 would not re-
October 27, 1989.
strict the use of such funds for abortion in
E
Advance Text of Remarks Upon Departure for the Centennial
Celebration of Costa Rican Democracy in San José
October 27, 1989
This morning we are traveling to San
democracy through this hemisphere.
José, at the invitation of President Arias, to
I believe history will show that this hemi-
celebrate a century of democracy in the
sphere's democratic resurgence helped set
Republic of Costa Rica. As with our trip in
the stage for today's electrifying changes in
July, when we traveled to Paris to com-
the Communist world. When people re-
memorate their bicentennial, we will carry
place dictatorships with popular rule across
with us the warm congratulations of the
an entire continent, the world takes notice.
American people to a nation that has been
The news is irrepressible and inspiring for
those with democratic dreams of their own.
both a good friend, a good neighbor, and a
pillar of democracy.
Here in the Americas, we have the oppor-
tunity to create the world's first completely
Three years from now, we will celebrate
democratic hemisphere, where free mar-
the 500th anniversary of Columbus's first
kets and the marketplace of ideas can pros-
great voyage of discovery; 8 years after
per hand in hand.
that, the beginning of a new century. As we
And so, we journey today to advance this
approach these landmarks, the people of
new world of freedom and to salute the
the Western Hemisphere have strongly af-
traditions of a nation and a people that, in
firmed their democratic ideals. In nation
many ways, represents the model for our
after nation, courageous people voted new
entire hemisphere. Thank you, and I hope
leaders into office and marked the end of
you all have a pleasant weekend.
autocratic rule. Today many who blazed the
path to democracy are transferring the peo-
Note: The President spoke at 6:22 a.m. on
ple's mandate to elected successors. Costa
the tarmac at Andrews Air Force Base,
Rica is no longer one of a few lonely de-
Camp Springs, MD. The remarks as deliv-
mocracies. Indeed, today there are only a
ered were not released by the Office of the
few lonely holdouts against the sweep of
Press Secretary.
Remarks at the Welcoming Ceremony in San José, Costa Rica
October 27, 1989
Mr. President, thank you, sir. And it is a
one of the wonderful traditions of this great
great pleasure for me to be here and to
country: the tradition of greeting foreign
greet all who are here to celebrate democ-
visitors not with the guns of military salutes
racy in Costa Rica. Gathered before us is
but with the cheers of those schoolchildren.
1404
Administration of George Bush, 1989 / Oct. 27
And I think you have another marvelous
must do more. I believe we can create here
disapprove
institution, that is a band that can play "The
in the Americas the world's first completely
Star-Spangled Banner," a difficult anthem,
democratic hemisphere. And I also believe
without a flaw.
that the Americas can become the model
:E BUSH
A few years ago, I was privileged to
for the rest of the world for a true partner-
attend the inauguration of President Arias.
ship between the developed and the devel-
And the stadium where the celebration was
oping world, where trade is free, prosperity
held was filled to capacity. And when our
is shared, and the benefits of technology are
United States delegation entered behind
harnessed for all.
the United States flag, the Costa Rican
Mr. President, in that regard, I join you
people rose to their feet, and the arena
in celebrating the announcement you just
al
erupted in cheers. And they were cheering
made regarding the debt. I salute those pri-
for the friendship between our countries,
vate interests in the United States that co-
and they were cheering for democracy.
operated. I salute our leaders who worked
And this welcome today also has me deeply
with yours to achieve this marvelous exam-
moved and very proud.
ple of what cooperation can bring. And I
ere.
They asked me, why are we coming? We
congratulate Costa Rica on this significant
this hemi-
are back in San José to honor a nation,
step.
helped set
Costa Rica; a leader, President Oscar Arias;
And lastly, I do believe that here in the
changes in
and an idea, democracy. On behalf of your
Americas we can and will unite to confront
people re-
neighbors in the United States, I congratu-
and defeat the new slayers of the democrat-
rule across
late the people of Costa Rica on the 100th
ic dream-the narco traffickers who poison
kes notice.
anniversary of your democracy. The Costa
our children, murder elected officials, and
spiring for
Rican model is an example and an inspira-
wage war on civil society.
their own.
tion in Central America, to this entire
I believe that the democratic leaders of
the oppor-
hemisphere, to the world: a nation in which
the Americas are reaching out to the
completely
the people rule through the ballot box, a
United States, just as we are to them, offer-
free mar-
nation whose economy is being freed from
ing a new partnership of mutual respect
S can pros-
the shackles of the state and whose people
and mutual responsibility. And I'm here in
are sharing in the fruits of economic
San José to make it clear to the democratic
Ivance this
growth, a nation that lives in peace with its
leaders of this hemisphere that we embrace
salute the
neighbors because it threatens none with
this new partnership.
ble that, in
aggression or subversion.
To you, President Arias, my esteemed
lel for our
One hundred years ago, the constitutional
friend, and to all the officials who have
and I hope
democracy that we honor today was the
made these arrangements, I express to you
exception in the Americas. Today it is the
my gratitude on the one hand and my joy
rule. And today the nations still oppressed
at being here on the other. Thank you very,
2 a.m. on
by what John F. Kennedy, speaking here in
very much.
orce Base,
San José, called the last vestiges of tyranny
S as deliv-
can be counted on one hand.
Note: President Bush spoke at 10 a.m. at
fice of the
I believe we can do more. I believe we
Juan Santamaria International Airport.
Exchange With Reporters in San José, Costa Rica, on the Situation
a
in Nicaragua
October 27, 1989
this great
Q. Do you regard the Sandinista leader
mocracy. And I want to see Nicaragua
ig foreign
Daniel Ortega as a popularly elected leader,
become a democratic country, and I don't
ary salutes
sir?
want to see them swimming against the
olchildren.
President Bush. We're here to salute de-
tide of democracy that is sweeping this
1405