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The Hague 11/9/91 [OA 7564] [7]
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323153642
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The Hague 11/9/91 [OA 7564] [7]
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Records of the White House Office of Speechwriting (George H. W. Bush Administration)
Speech Backup Chronological Files
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Originally Processed With FOIA(s):
FOIA Number:
S
S
FOIA
MARKER
This is not a textual record. This is used as an
administrative marker by the George Bush Presidential
Library Staff.
Record Group/Collection:
George H.W. Bush Presidential Records
Collection/Office of Origin:
Speechwriting, White House Office of
Series:
Speech File Backup Files
Subseries:
Chron File, 1989-1993
OA/ID Number:
13779
Folder ID Number:
13779-011
Folder Title:
The Hague 11/9/91 [OA 7564] [7]
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Section:
Shelf:
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G
26
21
7
4
The biennial presentation of the
Franklin D Roosevelt Four Freedoms Awards
since 1982 and
the foundation of the
Roosevelt Study Center
in Middelburg. the Netherlands. have been made possible
through generous donations by the following contributors:
Province of Zeeland
Van Hengel Family Fund
Netherlands Ministry of Education and Science
Manufacturers Hanover Trust Company
Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt Foundation
Mr Shelby Cullom Davis
Franklin D.Roosevelt Four Freedoms Foundation
The Armand G Erpf Fund
Theodore Roosevelt Association
Miss Katrina vanden Heuvel
Peter Stuyvesant Ball
Mr and Mrs Robert D Dalziel
Dow Chemical Nederland BV
Doubleday International
DJ van der Have B:V.
Mr Curtis Roosevelt
Vroon B.V.
Akzo N.V.
Nationale Nederlanden N.V.
Nederlandse Stikstof Maatschappy BiV
Koninklyke Nedlloyd Groep N.V.
Getronics N.V.
CPC Nederland B:V.
Vendex International N:V.
C.Meijer B.V.
Dyas B.V.
Shell Nederland B.V.
Philip Morris Holland B:V.
Stichting Algemene Lotery Nederland
Esso Nederland B:V.
NV Philips Gloeilampenfabricken
Hoechst Holland N.V.
AT & T Foundation
Texaco Petroleum Maatschappij Nederland B.V.
Time Life International B:V.
American Express International Inc.
Heineken N.V.
Mobil Oil B.V.
The Vetlesen Foundation
Eleanor Roosevelt Institute
Continental Netherlands Oil Company
General Electric Plastics N.V.
CBS Inc.
Time Inc.
Pierson, Heldring en Pierson
Morgan Guaranty Trust Company of New York
General Mills Foundation
Companies and individuals wishing to make a contribution are invited
to contact Mr. Arend C. de Ru, Executive Secretary of the Franklin
and Eleanor Roosevelt Foundation, P.O.Box 6001, 4330 LA
Middelburg, the Netherlands. Tel. (01180) 31011.
On behalf of the Roosevelt family Mr. Franklin Delano Roose-
velt, Jr. addresses the guests of the 1986 Four Freedoms
Awards ceremony.
Her Majesty the Queen welcomes the American Fo
Netherlands (including Ambassador William J. van
singer, Jr., Mr. Curtis Roosevelt, Mrs. Margaret T1
H.R.H. Princess Margriet of the Netherlands and the recipients
ken, and Mrs. Jean Kennedy Smith) at Palace 'Hui
of the 1986 Four Freedoms Awards. From left to right :
Mr. Juan Luis Cebrián, Ambassador William J. vanden Heu-
vel, President of the Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt Institute,
Mr. Joachim Palme, Mrs. Lisbeth Palme, H.R.H. Princess
Margriet, Mr. Bradford Morse, Ambassador Ludovici Carducci
on behalf of the Hon. Alessandro Pertini, Monsignor H.C.A.
Ernst on behalf of Bernardus Cardinal Alfrink, Dr. Cornelis
Boertien.
A combined pa
ple's Republic
Center exhibits
left are : Mr. I
of the Hungari
Vice-Chairman
States-General.
Two laureates of the Four Freedoms
The Honorable John Shad, Ambassador
Awards : H.R.H. Princess Juliana of the
of the United States of America to the
Netherlands (1982) and Unicef Ambassa-
Netherlands, to the right, visits the Roose-
dor Liv Ullmann (1984) meeting each
velt Study Center in December, 1987, and
other after the Awards ceremony in 1984.
is greeted by Dr. Cornelis Boertien,
Queen's Commissioner in the Province of
Zeeland.
Professor Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., Chairman of the Franklin
and Eleanor Roosevelt Institute, between former Prime
Minister of the Netherlands, Dr. Joop M. den Uyl, and Prime
Minister of the Netherlands since 1982, Mr. Ruud F.M. Lubbers,
at the presentation of the 1986 Four Freedoms Awards in Mid-
delburg.
reedoms Awards delegation to the
Heuvel, Professor Arthur M. Schle-
an Daniel, Mrs. Irene Roosevelt Ait-
n Bosch' in October, 1982.
YTHAY
TEXEST THEIARTS
In April 1985 the 'Statenzaal' is the site of the first conference
organized by the Roosevelt Study Center to commemorate
'FDR's Place in Past and Present' forty years after his death.
The guests include Dr. Wisse Dekker, President of N.V. Philips
Gloeilampenfabrieken and Dr. Wim F. van Eekelen, State Se-
cretary of Foreign Affairs.
mentary delegation from the Hungarian Peo-
the Netherlands visits the Roosevelt Study
April, 1987. The first and second from the
a nup donc 'min in a
in Sarlós, President of the National Assembly
People's Republic, and Mr. Huib Eversdijk,
the Second Chamber of the Netherlands
Dr. Soedjatmoko, former Ambassador of the Republic of Indo-
nesia to the U.S.A. and former Rector of the U.N. University
in Tokyo, delivers a lecture at the RSC-symposium
'The Decolonization of Indonesia. International Perspectives' in
September, 1987.
ROOSEVELT STUDY CENTER PUBLICATIONS
The Roosevelt Study Center has published in its series 'Roosevelt Study Center Publications' (edited by Cornelis
A. van Minnen) the following volumes :
No. 1 THE FRANKLIN D.ROOSEVELT FOUR FREEDOMS AWARDS.
Speeches delivered on the occasion of the presentation of the Four Freedoms Awards in Middelburg on
June 23, 1984 (Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., William J. vanden Heuvel, et al.). Middelburg, 1985.
No. 2 FDR'S PLACE IN PAST AND PRESENT. AN EVALUATION FORTY YEARS AFTER HIS DEATH.
Lectures delivered in Middelburg on April 12, 1985, by .W.Schulte Nordholt and Leon Gordenker.
Middelburg, 1986.
No. 3 THE MANY-SIDED THEODORE ROOSEVELT : AMERICAN RENAISSANCE MAN.
Lecture delivered in Middelburg on December 3, 1985, by John A. Gable.
Middelburg, 1986.
No. 4 THE ROOSEVELTS : NATIONALISM, DEMOCRACY AND INTERNATIONALISM.
Lectures delivered by David K. Adams, Carl-Ludwig Holtfrerich, Edmund Morris, and Arthur M. Schle-
singer, Jr. on the occasion of the inauguration of the Roosevelt Study Center on September 19, 1986.
Middelburg, 1987.
No. 5 THE FRANKLIN D. ROOSEVELT FOUR FREEDOMS AWARDS 1986.
Speeches delivered on the occasion of the presentation of the Four Freedoms Awards in Middelburg on
September 20, 1986 (Arthur-M. Schlesinger, Jr., William J. vanden Heuvel, et al.). Middelburg, 1987.
No. 6 A BOUQUET FROM THE NETHERLANDS.
Liber amicorum présented to Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr. on the occasion of his seventieth birthday (contri-
butions by Rob Kroes, Alfons Lammers, Cornelis A. van Minnen, J.W. Schulte Nordholt). Middelburg,
1987.
No. 7 THE DECOLONIZATION OF INDONESIA. INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVES.
Lectures delivered at the Roosevelt Study Center on September 2, 1987, by P.J. Drooglever, Leon Gorden-
ker, J.J.P. de Jong, and Soedjatmoko.
Middelburg, 1988.
Copies can be ordered from : Roosevelt Study Center P.O. Box 6001, 4330 LA Middelburg, the Netherlands
THE ROOSEVELT STUDY CENTER
A DUTCH MEDIEVAL ABBEY BECOMES
A MONUMENT TO DEMOCRACY IN
MIDDELBURG, ZEELAND, THE NETHERLANDS
The Roosevelt Study Center was established in Middelburg Abbey to
commemorate the historic links between the Province of Zeeland and
the Roosevelt family. The cloister of the Abbey dates from the early
16th century.
The coat of arms of the Van Rosevelts of Oud-Vossemeer on the
island of Tholen in Zeeland, the family from which the American
Roosevelts trace their descent.
VELT
THE ROOSEVELTS AND ZEELAND
When Claes Maertenszoon van Rosevelt and his wife
Three of their descendants are ranked among the great
Jannetje sailed from The Netherlands in the 1640s for the
figures of American and world history:
New World, they could not have known that they would
Theodore Roosevelt (1858-1919), the 26th President of
become the founders of a great American family. They
the United States of America; Franklin Delano Roosevelt
settled in the Dutch colony of Nieuw Nederland in the
(1882-1945), the 32nd President and architect of the
city of Nieuw Amsterdam. The colony later became the
United Nations victory in World War II; and Eleanor
states of New York and New Jersey, and the city became
Roosevelt (1884-1962), the wife of Franklin and a niece of
New York City.
Theodore, herself a great humanitarian and leader in the
is
ZELANDIE
struggle to define and protect human rights.
All three were extremely proud of their
Dutch heritage.
Zee
Zeeland, about 1650. Tholen lies to the right of center.
THE ROOSEVELTS HONORED IN ANCESTRAL ZEELAND
With the opening of the Roosevelt Study Center in 1986,
expressed his dream of a world founded upon four essen-
the legacy of TR, FDR, and Eleanor Roosevelt has
tial human freedoms: freedom of speech and expression,
become part of a living memorial in Middelburg, Zeeland's
freedom of worship, freedom from want, and freedom
capital city. The Roosevelt Study Center has been
from fear. Each year the FDR Four Freedoms Foundation
established by the Franklin D. Roosevelt Four Freedoms
presents 'Four Freedoms Medals' to distinguished world
Foundation, the Theodore Roosevelt Association, and the
citizens whose achievements have demonstrated a lifetime
Province of Zeeland.
commitment to these principles. The presentation
ceremonies are held in Middelburg in the even years, and
On January 6, 1941, President Franklin D. Roosevelt
in Hyde Park, New York, in the odd years.
Middelburg originated as a fortress, constructed in the 9th Century as
a defense against Norman attacks. The settlement was extended
about 1150 A.D. by the foundation of the Abbey, one of the 1,100
historical buildings which the city claims. The Abbey is situated in the
eastern part of the very heart of Middelburg.
Middelburg Abbey
The entrance to the
Roosevelt Study Center,
housed within the Abbey.
During the Bicentennial
celebration of two hundred
years of diplomatic relations
between the United States of
America and The Netherlands
in 1982, the Franklin D.
Roosevelt Four Freedoms
Foundation presented a bust
of FDR by Jo Davison to Her
Majesty Queen Beatrix of The
Netherlands. Queen Beatrix has loaned the bust to the Governor of the
Province of Zeeland for a place of honor in the Roosevelt Study Center.
Shown here with Queen Beatrix and H.R.H. Prince Claus are Professor
Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr. and Ambassador
William J. vanden Heuvel, Chairman and
President respectively of the FDR Four
Freedoms Foundation.
Franklin D. Roosevelt Library
THE ROOSEVELT STUDY CENTER
The Roosevelt Study Center will have the largest collec-
Library at Hyde Park, Harvard University, the Library
tion outside of the United States of books, documents,
of Congress and the National Archives.
films, and memorabilia relating to the Roosevelts and their
2. To provide audio-visual facilities for students and the
era. The objectives of the Roosevelt Study Center are:
general public, SO they can see an important period of
1. To provide to European scholars and students of
American history as it is reflected in the films, docu-
American history research facilities, including direct
mentaries, video and film stills.
access to source materials relating to the Roosevelt era
3. To reach out to the teachers of American history in
in the Center's collection, and accessibility through find-
European schools and universities to encourage the use
ing aids, microform and computer to the Roosevelt
of the Center's facilities, both for themselves and
ARMENTIÈRES-ARMINIUS
339
ENTIÈRES, ár-män-tyår', a town in France,
ARMINIUS (c. 18 B.c.-19 A.D.), är-min'ē-as, was
ted in the department of Nord, on the Lys
a brilliant leader of German revolts against Rome.
9 miles (14 km) northwest of Lille. A
A chief of the Cherusci, Arminius was an officer
and industrial center, it produces table
in the Roman auxiliary army and a Roman citizen
cotton goods, velvet, hosiery, lace, hemp,
of the equestrian order.
beer.
In 9 A.D., Publius Quintilius Varus was sent
During most of World War I, Armentières
to Germany to increase Roman taxation and juris-
only two miles behind the British lines. The
diction. Arminius united many of the recently
ans captured the town in 1918 during the
conquered German tribes in rebellion. Luring
of the Lys. The town's name became
Varus with three legions along an unfamiliar
us during the war through the marching
route, he annihilated 20,000 Romans in the
about the legendary "Mademoiselle from
Teutoburger forest. Varus committed suicide,
entières." Rebuilt as a modern town after
and all the Roman captives were massacred.
Id War I, Armentières was occupied by Ger-
Varus' defeat terrified Rome. The grief-
forces for over four years during World War
stricken emperor, Augustus, promptly raised
Population: (1962) 23,168.
troops and halted the advancing Germans at the
Rhine. Thus the Rhine became Rome's frontier,
MIDALE, är'ma-dãl, is a town in Australia, in
altering Rome's policy of unlimited expansion
South Wales, 240 miles (386 km) north
into Germany.
Sydney. It is on the New England Plateau,
In 15 A.D., Tiberius' nephew Julius Caesar
an elevation of 3,313 feet (1,009 m). Cattle
Germanicus again campaigned against the Ger-
sheep are raised nearby and there are some
mans. Allied with Segestes (Arminius' father-in-
vial gold diggings. The town became a
law), Germanicus captured Arminius' wife,
icipality in 1863. It has Anglican and Roman
Thusnelda. In the next year Germanicus, com-
tholic cathedrals, and New England University
manding eight legions, reached the Teutoburger
ollege and St. Patrick's College are located
forest and buried Varus' dead. He scored limited
Population: (1961) 12,884.
successes at high cost, and was recalled to Rome
after part of his army narrowly escaped ambush
RMINIANISM, är-min'ē-a-niz-em, is the religious
by Arminius. To win raiding victories without
ching of Jacobus Arminius, a Dutch reformed
permanent occupation appeared useless for Rome.
ologian who challenged Calvinist orthodoxy
Tiberius, like Augustus, judged Germany lost.
the crucial point of free will. After his death
Thereafter Tiberius intrigued to keep the German
followers, led by Episcopius, presented an
tribes divided by civil war.
panded formulation of Arminius' beliefs to the
In 17 A.D., Arminius and his allies crushed
therlands States-General in 1610. The docu-
the powerful Maroboduus of Bohemia. But Ar-
nt, called The Remonstrances, asserted: (1)
minius' ambition was too great. Aiming at ab-
who believe in Christ can be saved; (2) atone-
solute power, he was slain by his own kinsmen.
ent is universal, making it possible for all to
He has survived in German legend as a bold
saved; (3) man cannot be saved without the
warrior and a champion of German nationalism
race of God; (4) God's grace is not irresistible;
and liberty.
5) whether grace, once granted, can be lost was
ELEANOR HUZAR, Michigan State University
question demanding further study.
The "Remonstrants," as those who adhered to
ARMINIUS, är-min'ē->s, Jacobus (1560-1609),
this the document were called, thereby questioned
Dutch theologian who founded Arminianism.
very foundations of Calvinism, and the Synod
The Dutch form of his name is Jacob Harmensen
Dort (1618-1619) was summoned to deal
(or Hermansz). Born at Oudewater on Oct. 10,
with them. Although it aspired to be an inter-
1560, he entered the University of Leiden at 15.
national council of the Reformed churches, the
The Merchants' Guild of Amsterdam acknowl-
ynod of Dort was predominantly Dutch. Under
edged his brilliance by financing his ministerial
the ultra-Calvinist leadership the synod wasted
education, thus permitting him to study at Geneva
No time in condemning Arminianism. In refuta-
with the eminent Calvinist Théodore de Bèze, as
Non of of The Remonstrances it issued the Canons
well as at Basel and Padua. After a prolonged
Dort (the "Five Points of Calvinism").
stay in Rome he returned to Holland in 1588,
Although Arminianism is properly a Dutch
controversy, the term twice came into conspicu-
where he was ordained and appointed pastor of
the Reformed Church at Amsterdam.
Ous in England. Under James I and
Charles I the Calvinistic Puritans considered the
When the teachings of Calvin were severely
Canons of Dort the touchstone of orthodoxy and
questioned, Arminius, as de Bèze's disciple, was
described their Anglican opponents as "Arminian."
asked to defend supralapsarianism-the Calvinist
The Grand Remonstrance adopted by the House
theory of predestination, which holds that even
before the Creation and Fall, God elected some
of party." Commons in 1641 attacked the "Arminian
men to be saved without consideration of their
worthiness. After careful consideration Arminius,
During thed frequently as a description of the
18th century the term "Arminian-
recoiling against a teaching that he could not
common Anglican position of the period. John
reconcile with the love and justice of God, re-
Wesley it in his controversy with the
versed his theological views. Despite strong
opposition to his new views, Arminius was
of the Evangelicals, and called
awarded a professorship at the University of
journal that he founded in 1778
Leiden in 1603, where he and Franciscus Go-
Arminian Magazine.
marus, a fellow professor and zealous Calvinist,
sionally to theologians, especially Protestant, who
The word "Arminian" is still applied occa-
clashed on the questions of predestination and
defend, against any kind of determinism, the free
free will and twice debated before the States-
General of Holland. After Arminius' death at
response also of man to the gift of divine grace. See
Leiden on Oct. 19, 1609, his followers codified his
ARMINIUS, JACOBUS; EPISCOPIUS, SIMON.
beliefs in The Remonstrances (see ARMINIANISM).
580
ROBINSON
ROBINSON, James Harvey (1863-1936), Amer-
among them A Justification of Separation works,
Robinson wrote a number of Separatist
ican historian. He was born in Bloomington, Ill.,
on June 29, 1863. A graduate of Harvard (B. A.,
1887; M. A., 1888), he received a Ph. D. at the
the Church of England (1610), Of Religious from
University of Freiberg, Germany, in 1890. In
servations Divine and Morall
Communion, Private and Public (1614), and Ob.
1891 he began teaching European history at the
tise of the Lawfulnes of Hearing
University of Pennsylvania, and in 1895 was ap-
in the Church of England (1624;
pointed professor at Columbia University.
In Introduction to the History of Western
he opposed And
fellowship
Europe (1903) and other writings, he was in-
Robinson was widely respected as
novative in the attention he gave to the develop-
ment of progressive ideas rather than to the tradi-
modest, learned, and devoted to his assck. Pious,
tional concern with political and military history.
and some members of his congregation
died in Leiden on March 1, 1625. His family
In The New History (1912), he called for a
modernization of methods and focus in historical
to Plymouth, but most of them eventually were
absorbed into the Dutch Reformed Church.
research that would broaden the study of history
to include the social sciences. His position that
Further Reading: Burgess, W. H., John Robis
Pastor of the Pilgrim Fathers (1920); Burrage.
the study of the past was important primarily
lin, New Facts Concerning John Robinson (1910);
in guiding the development of modern institutions
ler, William, Liberty and Reformation in the Puritan Rev. Hall
was criticized by many colleagues but was in-
olution (Oxford 1954); Plooij, Daniel, Pilgrim Father
from a Dutch Point of View (AMS Press 1970).
fluential in enlarging the scope of the teaching
of history.
ROBINSON, Joseph Taylor (1872-1937), Ameri-
In 1919, Robinson resigned from Columbia
can legislator. He was born near Lonoke, Ark
to help to found the New School for Social
on Aug. 26, 1872. He attended the University
Research.
Arkansas, studied law with a judge, and was ad. of
His later books include The Mind in the
mitted to the bar. He served in the state legisla-
Making (1921), The Humanizing of Knowledge
ture and ten years in the U.S. House of Repre-
(1923), and The Ordeal of Civilization (1926).
sentatives (1903-1913). He was briefly governor
Robinson was president of the American His-
of Arkansas in 1913 before being elected to the
torical Association in 1929. He died in New
U.S. Senate to fill a vacancy. In the Senate be
York City on Feb. 16, 1936.
was Democratic leader from 1923 until his death,
Further Reading: Hendricks, Luther V., James Har-
in Washington, D. C., on July 14, 1937.
vey Robinson, Teacher of History (Oxford 1946).
Robinson supported President Woodrow Will
son's policies, including approval of the Treaty of
ROBINSON, John (1575 or 1576-1625), English
Versailles without reservations. In the 1920's
Separatist clergyman, who was pastor to the
he generally opposed policies of Republican
19
Pilgrims in Holland. Robinson was born at
presidents. He favored greater veterans' benefits,
Sturton-le-Steeple, Nottinghamshire. He studied
a strong navy, and flood control for the Missis-
and held a fellowship at Corpus Christi College,
sippi River system. In 1928 he was the Demo-
Cambridge. Ordained in the Church of England,
cratic nominee for vice president on the losing
he was a curate in Norwich for a time, but in
ticket headed by Gov. Alfred E. Smith of New
10!
1606 or 1607 he joined a Separatist, congrega-
York. From 1933 he worked effectively for the
tionalist church at Scrooby. In 1608 he and Wil-
programs of President Franklin D. Roosevelt. He
liam Brewster led members in a migration to Am-
died while leading the fight, ultimately unsue-
sterdam in search of religious liberty. The next
cessful, to win approval of Roosevelt's plan to
year, partly as a result of disagreements with
"pack" the U.S. Supreme Court.
other Separatist emigrants, Robinson, Brewster,
and their followers moved to Leiden, where Rob-
ROBINSON, Lennox (1886-1958), Irish play.
inson was ordained pastor.
wright, who was a major figure, as dramatist,
Information about Robinson's life in Leiden
manager, and director, of the Abbey Theatre
in
comes largely from works by two members of his
Dublin. Esmé Stuart Lennox Robinson was born
flock, William Bradford and Edward Winslow,
in Douglas, County Cork, Ireland, on Oct.
and later by Cotton Mather. He seems to have
1886. His first play, The Clancy Name, was pro-
and
debated publicly with Dutch Calvinist leaders,
duced at the Abbey in 1908, and thereafter
upholding the strict Calvinist position against the
was associated with the theater. He served
more liberal Arminian view. He entered the Uni-
manager in 1910-1914 and 1919-1923 and
versity of Leiden as a student in 1615. Under his
director from 1923 until his death, in Dublin,
guidance his hard-working, God-fearing congre-
Oct. 14, 1958.
gation increased from 100 to 300. Robinson prob-
A brilliant commentator on Irish life and
ably suggested that they flee Dutch influence to
character, Robinson wrote both comedies of
settle permanently in America and, if a majority
which The Whiteheaded Boy (1916) and The
had voted to go, would have accompanied them.
Far-Off Hills (1928) are probably the best
Disappointed that only a minority chose to be Pil-
known-and patriotic dramas, including The
grims, he preached a memorable farewell sermon
Dreamers (1913) and The Lost Leader (1918)
shortly before they departed on the Speedwell
Among his other plays are Is Life Worth Living?
in July 1620. In it, according to Winslow in Hy-
(1933; also titled Drama at Inish); the tragi-
pocrisie Unmasked (1646), he stated confidently
comedy Church Street (1934); and Killycregs
that, contrary to the opinions of Lutherans and
Twilight (1937).
other Calvinists, "the Lord hath more truth and
Robinson served for a time as a drama critic
light yet to break forth out of His Holy Word."
and was a frequent lecturer on the theater. He
He wrote to the Pilgrims before the Mayflower
also wrote a novel, A Young Man from the South
sailed, and he corresponded faithfully with the
(1918), two volumes of stories, the autobio
"church of God at Plymouth, New England," al-
graphical Curtain Up (1941), and A History
though he lost hope of ever joining them.
the Abbey Theatre (1951).
Roosevelt Study Center
Roosevelt Study Center logo
Harvard University
SC
Library of Congress
National Archives
their students.
The administration of the Center has been entrusted to
4. To offer programs, exhibits, publications, lectures, and
the Roosevelt Study Center for Europe Foundation. This
conferences relating to the Roosevelt era and the con-
foundation is connected with the Roosevelt Foundation, a
temporary meaning of the 'Four Freedoms'.
society dedicated to supporting this unique Center in
every way.
The Roosevelt Study Center is supported by prominent
scholars, political figures, government officials, and leaders
in business, both in Europe and in the United States. Its
facilities are open to the public.
TRUSTEES OF THE ROOSEVELT FOUNDATION
Cornelis Boertien, President
William J. vanden Heuvel, Vice-President
Pieter van der Veen, Treasurer
Arend C. de Ru, Executive Secretary
Robert R. Bumb
Willem Burger
Robert D. Dalziel
William R. Emerson
Johan P. Erbé
Henry H. Fowler
Leon Gordenker
Alexander C. Helfrich
Sybold van Ravesteyn
Hugo Scheltema
Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr.
Jan Willem Schulte Nordholt
André Spoor
Theodore Roosevelt
Brian Urquhart
H. Johannes Witteveen
A Roosevelt Family Committee is in the process of
formation.
THE ROOSEVELT STUDY CENTER FOR
EUROPE FOUNDATION
Executive Committee:
J. Paul Boersma, President
Willem D. de Bruine, Secretary
Sierd Knigge, Treasurer
Aad Westhoff-Hubee
Pieter G. van den Bosse
J. Gert van Zwieten
Advisory Board:
Eleanor Roosevelt
David K. Adams, University of Keele
Wallace F. Dailey, Harvard University
William R. Emerson, F.D. Roosevelt Library
John A. Gable, Theodore Roosevelt Association
Leon Gordenker, Princeton University
Rob Kroes, University of Amsterdam
Alfons Lammers, University of Leiden
Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., City University of New York
To be joined by additional scholars.
Correspondence:
Cornelis A. van Minnen, Executive Director
Roosevelt Study Center
P.O. Box 6001, 4330 LA Middelburg, The Netherlands
Tel. (01180) 31011 - Telex 37786 svcmb nl
Franklin D. Roosevelt
Surroundings
Leiden
english
OEGSTGEEST is the birthplace of the
history within walking distance.
well-known Dutch writer Jan Wolkers. Ma-
Walking through Leiden, it is as if the rich history of the town
ny of his short stories are set in this pleasant
comes back to life. The proud homes of patricians on the famous
small town. Among the main places of in-
canal Rapenburg, the two town gates, and 35 inner courtyards, they
terest are the castle 'Oud Poelgeesť, now in
use as a congress centre, and the so-called
all tell their part of the history of Leiden. Many a house has a
Green Church ('Groene Kerkje'), which was
memorial plaque, set into the façade, reminding us of famous
first built in the 11th century. The fine res-
past inhabitants of the town. Thus, we can find the spot where
taurants, the numerous pleasant shops in
Rembrandt was born, the house where the famous physician
'De Kempengerstraat'
Boerhaave spent his last days, and the house where
and along the
Descartes used to live. Elsewhere, the splendid
'Lange Voort' are
surely worth visiting.
churches Pieterskerk, Hooglandse Kerk,
Hartebrugkerk and Marekerk give us a good
WARMOND likes to
impression, too, of what Leiden must have
call itself, and rightly
been like.
so, a recreational
town of museums.
town. The 'Kager-
plassen' lakes, which
The numerous museums in Leiden are certainly
almost surround Warmond, provide the guarantee: fine out-door
worth visiting. The precious and unique collections
recreation, varied watersports, and scenic beauty can be enjoyed.
that can be seen, enjoy an international reputation.
An important annual event is the 'Kaag-week' in July, during
In addition to the National Museums of Antiquities
which regattas and socializing alternate. Warmond can be viewed
(Rijksmuseum van Oudheden) and of Ethnology (Rijks-
so, do drop by!
as the beginning of the flower district 'Bollenstreek', because here,
museum voor Volkenkunde), Leiden has e.g. the Municipal
during Spring one can admire flowering tulip fields.
Museum De Lakenhal, in which work by famous Dutch
VVV Warmond. Phone: 01711-10631.
ALKEMADE consists of Roelofarendsveen, Oude Wetering, and
painters such as Rembrandt, Jan Steen, Lucas van Leyden
a few smaller villages. Due to the 'Braassemermeer' and 'Kager-
and Gerard Dou can be admired.
plassen' lakes it has become a very popular area for water sports.
university town.
The numerous yachting harbours give a sociable sphere with their
The ambiance in Leiden is characterized to a large extent by the
bustling activity. From Leiden, special boat trips are possible
presence of the university and its students. Leiden University,
along the many windmills that embellish the Alkemade territory.
founded in 1575, is the oldest one in the Netherlands. It was
VVV Oude Wetering. Phone: 01713-5600.
originally offered as a present to the town by Prince William of
LEIDERDORP once a quiet village, has gone trough a period of
Orange as a reward for the courage shown by the citizens against
explosive growth, and has become something of a satellite town.
the Spanish during a prolonged siege. Since then, Leiden Univer-
Characteristic are at present the pleasant residential quarters,
the modern shopping centre, and a very popular 'Furniture Squaré'
sity has evolved into a scientific centre of world fame.
(Meubelplein), where one can find a concentration of large
very friendly and sociable.
furniture shops. But in Leiderdorp one can
Being a university city, Leiden has an extra large number of
enjoy nature, too. If you have a bike, the
pleasant cafés and restaurants of all kinds,
surroundings offer excellent cycle paths.
spread throughout the town. There are also
many terraces, which attract many visitors
ZOETERWOUDE has a pretty centre,
as soon as the sun appears. It is precisely
built up along a small stream. It breathes
rural tranquility. The overall character of
the intermingling of past and present,
this village has two aspects. On one hand
which lends Leiden its distinctive charac-
there is the unique dutch polder landscape
ter. Whether you wish to walk along the
VVV Leiden e.o.
of 'Weipoort', with old rustic farmhouses.
numerous historical monuments or to
On the other hand there is an interesting industry: Heineken beer,
spend an afternoon shopping; whether you long for an evening
Stationsplein 210
which is known and sold all over the world, is brewed here.
out with music or at the theatre or in an attractive restaurant,
2312 AR Leiden
Leiden has got it all.
Tel (071) 14 68 46
VOORSCHOTEN is a many-sided small town with its old centre
in the heart of Hollands 'Randstad'.
still intact. The castle Duivenvoorde, which is open to the general
Fax (071) 12 53 18
public, has a sumptuous interior, and it is surrounded by a
Leiden is centrally located between Amsterdam, Rotterdam and
beautiful estate. For those who like horses Voorschoten organizes
The Hague (Den Haag). It can be easily reached by train, car or
tourist
an annual horse market on July 28. Bordering Voorschoten is the
bus. From Leiden, the beach with sand dunes behind, extensive
information office
Holland
new recreational area Vlietland.
lakes, and in Spring the richly coloured tulip fields are
close at hand.
so, do drop by!
AMSTERDAM
AMSTERDAM/LEIDERDORP
ALPHEN/UTRECHT
LEIDEN - GENERAL INFORMATION
(0)71-
Lage
Rijn
Rijndijk
UTRECHT
ZIJL
SINGEL
HOGE
ZIJL
RIJNDIJK
Fruinlaan
Leiderdorp
Zoeterwoude-
THE
SINGEL
© VVV Leiden
VVV Leiden
Tourist Information Centre.
Stationsplein 210, 2312 AR Leiden. Phone 146846
Open: Monday-Friday 9h.-17.30h. Saturday 9h.-16h.
Leids Congres Bureau
organization of congresses and seminars
Leiden
Rijndijk
Willem de Zwijgerla
HERENSINGEL
Oosterkerkstraat
Postbus 16065, 2301 GB Leiden. Phone 275299.
Haven
Emergency
144444 police (alarm)
Merenwijk
SINGEL
phone numbers
258888 police (other departments)
212121 ambulance, fire brigade
Hoge
Hoge Woerd
122222 medical service
SCHIPHOL
Zuid
LEVENDAAL
Change
'Grenswisselkantoor':
Herengracht
In the hall of Leiden Railway Station, Stationsplein.
Open Monday-Saturday 8h.-20h., Sunday 10h.-17h.
Oegstgeest
Lammen
R'DAM/DEN HAAG
Rijn
Herengracht
Rijn
Boattrips, boats for hire
During the summer season boat trips on the Leiden
Zuid-
Driessen
canals. Departures from Beestenmarkt and Hoogstraat.
west
straat
In the afternoons and evenings boat trips to the Kager-
Mors
KLOK
STR
PELIKAAN
AMS ERDAM
HOIGHACH
ST Niewwe
Woerd
plassen lakes (wind-mill cruise). Information: Slinger-
land. Phone 134938/413183. Rowing boats for hire at the
bridge Rembrandtbrug.
Information: Jac. Veringa. Phone 149790.
A444
Stevens
hof
HAME DENNE
Voorschoten
LANGE GRACHT
Oude Singel
Oude Vest
Oude Rijn Haarlemmerstraat
Bibliotheek
JORISSTG
Bowling
Holiday Inn, Haagse Schouwweg 10. Phone 355200
M4
M6
Bill
Hoge
singel
Swimming-pools
De Vliet, Voorschoterweg (open-air)
MEM WILLEM DE DE LAAN ZWIJGER
Nieuwe
straat
Werf park
HOUTKADE
ZOETERWOUDSE
Hans Menken Bowling, Boshuizerlaan 1. Phone 765041
Korevaarstr
Sauna
Vijf Mei Sauna, Boshuizerlaan 1. Phone 720520
DEN HAAG
Squash & tennis
Holiday Inn Racket Center. Phone 355100
Ice-skating rink
IJsbaan Leiden, Vondellaan 41. Phone 769344
Burcht
Vijf Meibad, Boshuizerlaan 1 (indoor)
museum
Groenoordhallen
J.V.
De Zijl, Paramaribostraat 66 (open-air and indoor).
Mare
Waag
Theaters, concert halls
Groenoordhallen, W. de Zwijgerlaan 2. Phone 212521
parking-house
LANGE GRACHT
Bree
brug
Steenschuur
Kapelzaal K & O, Hazewindsteeg. Phone 141141
parking
L.Mare
Stadsgehoorzaal
Stadhuis
Lange
LAK-theater, Cleveringaplaats 1. Phone 124890
Haarlemmer
Rijnsburger
singel
PLAMMER
Oude Singel
Oude Vest
Schouwburg
1
burg
brug
Boisotkade
Leids Vrijetijdscentrum, Breestraat 66. Phone 146449
Rapenburg
Microtheater Imperium, Oude Vest 33a. Phone 141035
strater
MARKT
Pieterskerk
Leidse Schouwburg, Oude Vest 43. Phone 131941
P
Rapen
Waaggebouw, Aalmarkt 21. Phone 140580
Bree
Lange
M7+12
markt
Rapenburg
Hortus
Botanicus
VELD SCHUTTERS
Rapenburg
WITTE SINGEL
Stadsgehoorzaal, Breestraat 60. Phone 131704
Pieterskerk, Kloksteeg 16. Phone 124319
Shops, markets
Late night shopping on thursday till 21 h.
Beesten
1+2
Wednesday and Saturday Market
MN
9-17 along the canal Nieuwe Rijn
Special Events
Leidse Lakenfeesten Annual touristic summer festival
Steenstraat
Boerhaaulan
Stationsweg
Morsstraat
3 October Festivities (The relief of Leyden)
ANWB
NOORDEINDE
LAK-theater
during the week of July 15.
E
Morssing
SINGEL
&
Leiden has a rich variety of historical monuments: beau
STATONSP
WITTE
monuments
tiful patrician houses along the canal Rapenburg, the
Academy Building of the University, the Weigh House,
Univ.
Bibliotheek
the Town Hall, the Gravensteen, two old town gates,
14 museums, splendid churches, the Citadel, and 35
shopping and market area
RIJNSBURGERWEG
MORS SINGEL
inner courtyards enclosed by historical houses.
MORSWEG
Churches
The following churches are open to the general public:
Pieterskerk, Hooglandse Kerk, Lodewijkskerk, Harte-
important building
brugkerk. The synagogue can be visited too. Please as
main road
Leiden
A.Z.L.
VVV for opening hours.
PLESMAN
Gardens
Botanical garden of the University
HAAGWEG
Entrance at Rapenburg 73; phone 275188. It is one of
M14
LAAN
Europe's oldest botanical gardens with e.g. tropical
IJsbaan
greenhouses and, from 1990 onwards, a Japanese gar-
den dedicated to Von Siebold.
DEN HAAG/AMSTERDAM A44
VOORSCHOTEN
For museums, hotels and restaurants are special leaflets available.
12
RIJKSMUSEUM HET KONINKLIJK PENNINGKABINET
NATIONAL MUSEUM OF ETHNOLOGY
bezoekadres: Rapenburg 28, Leiden, correspondentieadres: Postbus 11028,
Artefacts from all territories outside Europe: Asia Minor, India, Eastern Asia, Indonesia,
2301 EA LEIDEN tel. 071-120748.
LEIDEN
Pacific, polar territories of America and Asia, Northern-, Central- and Latin America,
di t/m za: 10-17 uur; zon- en feestdagen 12-17 uur; tuesday till saturday 10-17h; sundays
Surinam and Africa.
and holidays 12-17h; mardi-samedi 10-17 h; dimanches et jours fériés Gesloten/
closed/fermé: 1/1 en 3/10.
MUSÉE NATIONAL D'ETHNOLOGIE
f 3,50; tot 18 en boven 65 jaar f2,-; gezinskaart 7,50; Museumjaarkaart: speciale regeling.
MUSEUM
Des objets d'art et d'usage des quatre coins du monde: l'Asie Mineure, le territoire de la
Scholieren in groepsverband f1,- p.p.
civilisation indienne, l'Extrême Orient, l'Indonésie, L'Océan Pacifique, les territoires
Het museum beheert de nationale collectie munten, papiergeld, penningen, gesneden
polaires de l'Amerique et de l'Asie, l'Amerique du Nord, Central et du Sud, l'Afrique.
stenen en zegelstempels. In de tentoonstellingsruimte zijn thematische exposities inge-
STAD
richt.
10
STEDELIJK MUSEUM 'DE LAKENHAL'
STATE MUSEUM OF COINS AND MEDALS
The museum contains the national collection of coins, paper money, medals, engraved
Oude Singel 28-32, 2312 RA LEIDEN 071-254620
gems and seals. The exhibitions are thematically arranged.
di t/m za 10-17 uur; zon- en feestdagen 13-17 uur; tuesday till saturday 10-17 h; sunday
1
and holidays 13-17 h; du mardi au samedi 10-17 h;
MUSÉE NATIONALE DE LA MONNAIE ET DES MÉDAILLES
ACADEMISCH HISTORISCH MUSEUM
le dimanche et les jours de fête 13-17 h.
Le musée contient la collection nationale des monnaies, des papiers monnaies, des
Rapenburg 73, 2311 GL LEIDEN 071-272742
Gesloten/closed/fermé: 3 okt (10-12 uur) 25/12 en 1/1.
médailles, des pierres gravées et des estampes. Les expositions traitent des thèmes de
Volwassenen 2,50, 6-16 jaar en boven 65 jaar 1,25; museumjaarkaart gratis.
l'histoire des monnaies et des médailles.
WO, do en vr. 13-17 uur. Gratis rondleidingen op aanvraag
wednesday, thursday and friday 13-17 h. Admission free. Conducted tours on request
Bibliotheek geopend: di t/m vr. 10.30-12.30 uur, WO. 14-17 uur. Spreekuur: 1ste woensdag
le mecredi, le jeudi et le vendredi 13-17h. Entrée gratuite. Visites guidées sur demande.
van de maand 14-16 uur. Rondleidingen op aanvraag.
13
MUSEUM DE LEIDSE WAGENMAKER
Gesloten/closed/fermé: 8/2, 3/10 en erkende feestdagen
Verzameling van schilderijen (Lucas van Leyden, Rembrandt, Jan Steen, Jan van Goyen
Het museum bevat voorwerpen en documentatie betreffende de universitaire geschiedenis
e.a.). Stijlkamers uit de 17de-19de eeuw. Beeldhouwkunst: kunstnijverheid (o.m. stadszil-
Oude Varkenmarkt 15, 2311 YN LEIDEN tel. 071-120072
en het studentenleven.
ver uit de 17de eeuw); bodemvondsten. Historische afdeling. Tijdelijke tentoonstellingen
zo: 13-17; sunday: 13-17h; gesloten van december t/m maart;
op gebied van oude- en moderne kunst.
closed from december till march. Toegang gratis; admission free.
UNIVERSITY HISTORY MUSEUM
Het museum herbergt een wagenmakerij uit het begin van deze eeuw. In de expositieruimte
MUNICIPAL MUSEUM 'DE LAKENHAL'
The museum contains objects and documentation regarding University history and
worden met enige regelmaat kleine tentoonstellingen gehouden.
student-life.
Paintings by Lucas van Leyden, Rembrandt, Jan Steen, Van Goyen, Bakker Korff, Verster.
Sculptures, decorative arts (glass and silver from the 17th century), rooms in styles of the
THE LEIDEN CARTWRIGHT MUSEUM
MUSÉE DE L'HISTOIRE DE L'UNIVERSITÉ
17th-19th centuries.
The museum contains a cartwright's shop dating from the beginning of this century. Small
Le Musée dispose d'objets et d'une riche documentation sur l'histoire de l'université et la
exhibitions are held regularly in the exhibitionroom.
vie des étudiants.
MUSÉE MUNICIPAL 'DE LAKENHAL'
14
ANATOMISCH MUSEUM
2
Collection de peintures (Lucas van Leyden, Rembrandt, Jan Steen, Van Goyen, Bakker
HORTUS BOTANICUS DER RIJKSUNIVERSITEIT
Korff, Verster), de sculptures d'art décoratif (argenterie du 17e siècle), des chambres
Wassenaarseweg 62 2333 AL LEIDEN Postbus 9602 2300 AC LEIDEN 071-276671
d'epoque (17e au 19e siècle).
Ingang: Rapenburg 73, Universiteitsplein Correspondentie-adres: Nonnensteeg 3,
Uitsluitend voor groepen op afspraak te bezichtigen. Toegang gratis
2311 VJ LEIDEN 071-275188/275144
Het Anatomisch Museum herbergt een grote collectie preparaten en modellen betreffende
Van april oktober: Tuin/garden/le jardin ma t/m za 9-17 uur zo 10-17 uur
het menselijk lichaam en de ontwikkelingsprocessen van het embryo. Deze collectie is
Kassen/hot-houses/les serres: ma t/m Vr. 9-16.30 uur za en zo 10.30-15 uur
11
PRENTENKABINET DER RIJKSUNIVERSITEIT
gedurende meer dan 300 jaar tot stand gekomen en dient vooral als ondersteuning voor het
Clusiustuin: ma t/m Vr 10-12.30 uur en 13.30-16 uur
medisch onderwijs.
Van oktober 1 april: Tuin/garden/le jardin: zaterdag gésloten. Clusiustuin gehele week
Rapenburg 65, 2311 GA LEIDEN 071-272795
gesloten. 8/2, 3/10, 25/12 t/m de 1e maandag in het nieuwe jaar gesloten. Feestdagen
di t/m vr. 14-17 uur. Gratis rondleidingen voor groepen op aanvraag, ruim van
BIBLIOTHEEK LEIDEN
geopend als op zondag. Dagkaart 1,-, kinderen t/m 12 jaar en 65+ f 0,50, jaarkaart f 5,-
te voren; tuesday till friday 14-17h; Admission free. Conducted tours on request
C.J.P. en museumjaarkaart gratis. Studenten op vertoon van collegekaart: gratis toegang.
du mardi au vendredi 14-17h. Entrée gratuite. Visites guidées sur demande.
Nieuwstraat 4, 2312 KB LEIDEN 071-149943
Rondleidingen voor groepen na schriftelijke of telefonische afspraak.
Gesloten/closed/fermé: 8/2, 3/10 en erkende feestdagen.
ma 10-17 en 19-21 uur
De Hortus Botanicus dateert van 1590 en is één van de oudste botanische tuinen van
Bezichtiging van kleine permanente tentoonstelling van de collectie
di 10-17
Europa. Het oudste gewas in de tuin is de Gouden Regen, rechts naast de ingang, geplant
'Geschiedenis van de fotografie', die een overzicht geeft van de Nederlandse fotografie en
WO 10-17 en 19-21 uur
in 1601. In de kassen zijn allerlei tropische planten te vinden, waaronder de Victoria regia
foto's en camera's toont. Na voorafgaande afspraak is het mogelijk de fotocollectie te
do 10-17 en 19-21 uur
bestuderen en gebruik te maken van de bibliotheek en het documentatiesysteem van
VI 10-17
BOTANIC GARDEN OF THE UNIVERSITY
Nederlandse fotografen.
za 10-16
The garden dates back to 1590 and is one of the oldest botanic gardens in Europe. A large
De Centrale van de bibliotheek Leiden is gehuisvest in het onder monumentenzorg fraai
part of the collection, including items such as orchids, ferns and Victoria regia, is to be found
PRINTROOM OF THE UNIVERSITY
gerestaureerde Heerenlogement (uit 1659). In het gebouw worden regelmatig tentoonstel-
in the hot-houses.
Collections of prints and drawings, and the history of photography, with a permanent
lingen georganiseerd. Ook heeft de bibliotheek een speciale collectie boeken en documen-
Conducted tours on request
exhibition of photographs and camera's.
tatiemateriaal over Leiden (Leidse Collectie). Voorts is er in de Centrale een speciaal
leescafé met vele kranten en tijdschriften ingericht voor lezers en bezoekers.
JARDIN BOTANIQUE DE L'UNIVERSITÉ
Le Jardin Botanique a été crée en 1590 et il est un des plus vieux jardins botaniques de
CABINET DES ESTAMPES DE L'UNIVERSITÉ
VVV LEIDEN
l'Europe. Une grande partie de la collection est cultivée dans les serres chaudes, comme
Des collections de dessins et d'estampes et une documentation sur l'histoire de la
les orchidées, les fougères et la Victoria regia.
photographie avec une exposition permanente de photos et de caméras.
Stationsplein 210 2312 AR LEIDEN tel. 071-146846 fax. 071-125318
Visites guidees sur demande.
Geopend: ma t/m VT. 9-17.30; za 9-16 uur; monday till friday 9-17.30 h.; saturday 9-16 h.
du lundi au vendredi 9-17.30 h.; le samedi 9-16 h.
3
STEDELIJK MOLENMUSEUM 'DE VALK'
MUNICIPAL RECORD OFFICE LEIDEN
MUSÉE NATIONAL DE GÉOLOGIE ET DE MINÉRALOGIE
The Record Office preserves the records of the city from about 1300 onward and those of
Minéraux et leur fluorescence, tectiles, météorites, pierres précieuses. La géologie des
2de Binnenvestgracht 1, 2312 Leiden (vlakbij station) 071-254639
the institutions which were under supervision of the city as well as those of private
Pays-Bas; l'histoire géologique de la vie avec fossiles des plantes et animaux; les
di t/m za: 10-17 uur; zon- en feestdagen: 13-17 uur tuesday till saturday: 10-17h; sunday
institutions.
processus géologiques.
and holidays: 13-17h du mardi au samedi: 10-17h; le dimanche et les jours de fête: 13-17h
There is a library and a collection of drawings, photographs etc., both concerning Leiden
Gesloten/closed/fermé: 25/12 en 1/1.
and the surrounding villages.
Volwassenen 3,-; kinderen 6-16 jaar en boven 65 jaar f 1,50; museumjaarkaart gratis.
Once or twice a year an exposition will be held on a theme of the Leiden history in the own
7
RIJKSMUSEUM VAN OUDHEDEN
Stenen stellingkorenmolen uit 1743. Op de begane grond molenaarswoning met inrichting
exposition room at Vliet 45.
uit omstreeks 1900; molenmakerswerkplaats en smederij. Bovenverdiepingen met expo-
Rapenburg 28: postadres: Postbus 11114 2301 EC LEIDEN 071-146246
sitieruimten.
ARCHIVE MUNICIPAL DE LEYDE
di t/m za 10-17 uur; zon- en feestdagen 13-17 uur tuesday till saturday 10-17 h; sunday and
L'archive communal de Leyde contient les archives de la ville et des institutions surveillées
holidays 13-17h; du mardi au samedi: 10-17h; le dimanche et les jours de fête 13-17 h.
WINDMILL MUSEUM 'DE VALK'
par la commune aussi bien que les archives déposés là par des institutions indépendentes.
Gesloten/closed/fermé: 1/1/, 3/10.
Stone corn windmill built in 1743. Miller's house with furnishing circa 1900, mill-builder's
II y a un librairie et une collection des gravures etc. concernants la ville de Leyde et les
3,50; tot 18 jaar en boven 65 jaar 2- gezinskaart 7,50; Museumjaarkaart gratis
workshop and forge. Exhibition of models of mills and the original mill driving mechanism
villages circonvoisins à l'usage des visiteurs. Une ou deux fois l'an une exposition est faite
Scholieren in groepsverband f 1,- p.p. Toelichting door dia-klankbeelden en films.
relativement à un thème de l'histoire de Leyde dans la salle d'exposition Vliet 45.
Het museum herbergt bodemschatten uit Egypte, het Oude Nabije Oosten, uit Griekenland,
MUSÉE DU MOULIN 'DE VALK'
LEIDSE PILGRIM COLLECTIE
Italië en het Romeinse Rijk. De archeologie van ons eigen land wordt vertegenwoordigd
5
door vondsten uit de prehistorie, de Romeinse tijd en de Middeleeuwen. In de Taffeh-zaal
Moulin à blé à vent en brique de 1743 avec la maison du meunier et l'atelier du constructeur
-vrij toegankelijk- een Egyptische tempel uit Nubië (Zuid-Egypte).
de moulins et la forge. Des modèles de moulins et des accessoires.
Vliet 45, Leiden; postadres: Boisotkade 2a, 2311 PZ LEIDEN 071-120191 en 134421
ma t/m vr. 9.30 - 16.30 monday till friday encl.9.30-16.30 h du lundi au vendredi 9.30 16.30
NATIONAL MUSEUM OF ANTIQUITIES
h. Gesloten/closed/fermé: 3/10; weekend, le samedi et le dimanche. Admission free,
4
PIJPENKABINET MUSEUM VOOR DE TABAKSPIJP VAN K.LEI
entrée gratuite.
The temple of Taffeh and archaeological treasures from Egypt and the ancient near East,
De Leidse Pilgrim Centrum Collectie betreft een groep Engelsen, vluchtelingen omwille van
from Greece, Italy and the Roman Empire. Archaeology of the Netherlands: Prehistory,
hun religieuze overtuiging, die zich in 1609 in Leiden vestigden. In 1620 vertrokken zij voor
Roman Period and Middle Ages.
Oude Vest 159a, 2312 XW LEIDEN 071-121340
zondag: 13-17 uur en volgens afspraak. Rondleidingen op aanvraag sunday: 13-17h.
een deel met de Mayflower naar Amerika, waar zij op 10 november landden op Cape Cod.
MUSÉE NATIONAL DES ANTIQUITÉS
Conducted tours on request le dimanche: 13-17 h. Visités guidées sur demande 2,- per
In dit museum zijn foto's van archiefstukken en stadsgezichten uit die tijd tentoongesteld,
die een beeld geven van hoe en waar in het toenmalige Leiden deze mensen geleefd
Temple de Taffeh, trésors archéologiques de l'Egypte, du Proche-Orient ancien, de la
persoon.
hebben.
Grèce, de l'Italie et de l'Empire Romain. Archéologie des Pays-Bas jusq'au Moyen Age.
Het Pijpenkabinet is gevestigd in de stijlvolle Regentenkamer van het Hof Meermansburg.
Naast regentenportretten herbergt het museum een unieke collectie tabakspijpen van klei.
LEIDEN PILGRIM COLLECTION
De pijpen overspannen een periode van twintig eeuwen en zijn uit alle delen van de wereld
Concerns a group of Englishmen, refugees because of their religious conviction, who
8
MUSEUM BOERHAAVE
afkomstig. Een verzameling gereedschappen belicht het fabricageproces van de kleipijp.
Na voorafgaande afspraak is het mogelijk de studiecollectie pijpen (ruim 10.000 stuks) en
settled down in Leiden in 1609. In 1620 they departed on board of the Mayflower for
de bibliotheek te bezoeken. Gratis determinatie van pijpen.
America. The collection shows (photo's of) records and prints of Leiden in the 16th century,
Rijksmuseum voor de Geschiedenis van de Natuurwetenschappen en van de Geneeskun-
when the Pilgrims were living here.
de, Lange St. Agnietenstraat 10 2312 WC LEIDEN 071-214224.
Correspondentieadres: Postbus 11280, 2301 EG LEIDEN
COLLECTION CONCERNANTE LES PILGRIM FATHERS
In verband met de inrichting van de nieuwe behuizing zal het Museum Boerhaave twee jaar
MUSEUM OF CLAY TOBACCO PIPES
Smokingpipes made from clay from more than 40 countries, covering a period of 2000
Documents concernants un groupe d'Anglais, réfugiés à cause de leur conviction religieu-
niet voor het algemene publiek toegankelijk zijn.
years. Pipemaking tools illustrate the manufacturing processes of the clay tobacco pipe.
se, qui ont habité à Leyde depuis 1609 jusqu'au leur départ en 1620 pour l'Amerique Des
De bibliotheek is wel te bezoeken. Openingstijden: ma t/m Vr. 9.00-17.00.
The library and study collection of more than 10.000 pieces are to be visited on special
photos et des vues de ville de ce temps.
MUSEUM BOERHAAVE
request.
6
RIJKSMUSEUM VAN GEOLOGIE EN MINERALOGIE
The National Museum for the History of Science and Medicine will be closed for the general
public for some two years. The library is open: monday to friday 9.00-17.00.
MUSÉE DES PIPES EN TERRE
Hooglandsekerkgracht 17, 2312 HS LEIDEN 071-143844
Collection de pipes en terre de plus que 40 differentes pays, qui se varie en date plus de
ma t/m vr. 10-17 uur; zo 14-17 uur. Rondleiding van groepen na tijdige aanvraag
MUSEUM BOERHAAVE
vingt siècles. Outils pour la manufacture des pipes. Collection d'étude qui compte plus de
monday till friday 10-17h; sunday 14-17h. Conducted tours on request; du lundi au vendredi
Le Musée National d'Histoire des Sciences Naturelles et de la Medicine est fermé pour le
10.000 pipes est à visiter sur demande.
10-17h; le dimanche 14-17h. Visités guidées sur demande. Gesloten/closed/fermé: op
public general pour deux ans. La bibliothèque est ouverte: du lundi au vendredi 9.00-17.00
erkende feestdagen en op 3/10
3,-; tot 18 jaar en boven 65 jaar 1,50; gezinskaart 6,-; museumjaarkaart + scholieren
9
RIJKSMUSEUM VOOR VOLKENKUNDE
5
GEMEENTEARCHIEF LEIDEN
in groepsverband gratis.
Het museum laat de verscheidenheid aan natuurlijke materialen op aarde zien: mineralen
Ingang: Steenstraat 1; postadres: Postbus 212, 2300 AE LEIDEN 071-211824
(ook fluorescerende), edelstenen, meteorieten en gesteenten. De geschiedenis van de
Boisotkade 2a, 2311 PZ LEIDEN 071-120191 en 134421
di t/m za 10-17 uur, zon- en feestdagen 13-17 uur; tuesday till saturday 10-17 h; sunday
aarde en de ontwikkeling van het leven op aarde worden met afbeeldingen, kaarten,
ma t/m Vr 9.30-17.00 uur, za. 9.00-12.15 uur monday till friday 9.30-17.00 saturday 9.00-
and holidays 13-17 h; du mardi au samedi 10-17 h;
fossielen en gesteenten verduidelijkt, waarbij speciaal aandacht geschonken wordt aan de
12.15 h du lundi au vendredi 9.30-17.00 h, samedi 9.00-12.15 h. Gesloten/closed/fermé:
le dimanche et les jours de fête 13-17 h. Gesloten/closed/fermé: 1/1, 3/10.
geologie van Nederland.
3/10 en erkende feestdagen gratis, admission free, entrée gratuite.
3,50; tot 18 jaar en boven 65 jaar, CJP f 2,-; gezinskaart 7,50; Museumjaarkaart gratis.
Het archief beheert de oude archieven van de stad en van diverse Leidse instellingen,
Gratis voor scholieren in groepsverband; begeleiding van groepen op aanvraag.
alsmede een bibliotheek en een grote hoeveelheid beeldmateriaal. Al dit materiaal is in de
NATIONAL MUSEUM OF GEOLOGY AND MINERALOGY
Het museum bevat kunst- en gebruiksvoorwerpen uit alle buiten-Europese gebieden: Voor-
studiezaal te raadplegen. Enkele malen per jaar wordt een historische tentoonstelling
Minerals, meteorites, tektiles and gemstones. The regional geology of the Netherlands, the
Azië, Indisch cultuurgebied, Oost-Azië, Indonesië, Stille-Zuidzee, polaire gebieden van
gehouden in de eigen expositieruimte, ingang Vliet 45.
history of life, the geological processes.
Amerika en Azië, Noord-, Midden en Zuid-Amerika, Suriname en Afrika.
- 8 -
SOCTORER
VERSUMBING
other activites and celebrations take
place all over the town.
The culmination is the Great Parade which
1886
sets off at the beginning of the after-
noon and winds its way through the town
for two hours. After that everyone
celebrates the occasion in his own way,
enticed by the presence of the funfair
and the hospitable cafes. So in years to
THE THIRD OF OCTOBER
come the occasion will continue to be
celebrated with little variation, because
FESTIVITIES IN LEIDEN
anyone who has participated in it once or
twice simply cannot stop.
Former inhabitants of Leiden come back to
the city in large numbers especially for
3 October. Those who are not able to do
this, celebrate privately with friends.
It is, of course, mainly due to the
students who after they have finished
their studies, and have swarmed all over
the country, or even over the world, that
the sense of festivity is maintained
outside Leiden. Finally further informat-
ion about each annual celebration can be
found in Dutch in the "Feestwijzer" of
On 3 October there is a flurry of
the 3 October Association, which is
activity in Leiden. The city is immersed
available from the VVV-office (The
in various festivities and nearly
Tourist Information Office).
everybody in the area has the day off. 3
October does not receive much attention
outside Leiden, although many of those
1) Hutspot is a stew of onions, carrots
born in Leiden, but now living elsewhere,
and meat. The present day variety of
still have the traditional "hutspot-
"hutspot" also has potatoes in it.
meal" 1) in the evening. This is also
said to be the case in at least fifty
Dutch colonies all over the world. What
follows is an explanation of the histori-
cal background, the whys and wherefores
of the day's celebration for those who do
not know anything about the festivities
Information provided by :
and for those who have not been in Leiden
- The 3 October Association;
on 3 October for a long time.
- The City Authority of Leiden and
- The University of Leiden.
- 2 -
- 7 -
The events leading up to the Siege
ation Minerva) infused new life into it.
On 10 May 1886 the 3 October Association
3 October marks the commemoration of the
was founded, whose coucil currently bears
city's siege by the Spaniards and, in
a major part of the responsibility for
particular, the subsequent relief on
the organisation. In that year the
Sunday 3 October, 1574. In 1555 the
festivities took the form in which we
Spanish-Habsburg King Phillip II succeed-
find them today.
ed his father Charles V as king of an
Following is a summary of the traditional
extensive empire, which covered half of
programme items which are not likely ever
western Europe, including the Low
to disappear. In practice the celebra-
Countries, i.e. the southern Netherlands
tions begin on 2 October. Towards the
(now Belgium) and the northern Nether-
evening the funfair is opened, being a
lands (now Holland). The king, being a
developement of the former festive
faithful Roman-Catholic, tried to uphold
market. In the early evening all the
Roman-Catholicism throughout his empire
Leiden associations meet at a pre-deter-
at all costs, and suppressed any leanings
mined point in the town for an evening
towards reformation. Non-Catholics were
parade, called a "taptoo", which moves
relentlessly persecuted. But it was not
via the statue of Van der Werf to the Jan
only religion which caused the people of
van Hout-monument, and at each of these
the Netherlands to rebel; Catholics and
wreaths are laid. Subsequently, the
non-Catholics alike participated. The
town-council receives a number of guests
struggle for old privileges and new
at the townhall, where a medal of honour
ideals united many who, without the
is presented to a Leiden citizen who has
common enemy, would never have been
done a special service to the town.
united.
In the meantime the festivities continue,
The first sign of rebellion was a
around the funfair, in the streets and
protest-march of Dutch noblemen in front
later in the cafés, until the small
of the house of the Spanish Governess in
hours.
Brussels, where a petition was presented
On 3 October itself festivities begin
with a view to obtaining alleviation from
remarkably early, at 7 a.m. with a
the oppressive measures. This petition
reveille on the townhallsteps and shortly
was not accepted and the noblemen were
afterwards a start is made with the
named "Les Geux (in Dutch Geuzen), an old
distribution of herring and white bread
French word meaning "beggars". Later the
in the Weigh-house. Every inhabitant of
rebelling troops were to use this name as
Leiden can receive these, but in order to
a title of honour.
participate they must have been regis-
The struggle for freedom, which, with a
tered. Date and place for this registra-
few intermissions, would last 80 years,
tion are announced in the local daily
really began in 1568, when a number of
newspapers. In the morning people gather
noblemen abjured the king by proclama-
before the Van der Werf-statue for
tion. William of Orange (1553-1584) soon
community singing of (old) patriotic
became the most important leader of the
songs, referred to as Choral-music,
Resistance. He was also known, because of
followed by the memorial service, a
his diplomatic aloofness, as William the
ceremony in which people reflect on the
Silent. Nevertheless, in 1559, the
freedom achieved, which our country is so
Spanish king had appointed him as
proud of. In the meantime all sorts of
- 6 -
- 3 -
addition there is the Doezastraat, named
after Jan van der Does, the commander of
Stadtholder of Holland, Zeeland and
the marksmen, the Boissotkade, after the
Burgundy.
commander of the "watergeuzen", who
From Germany he tried to raise an army.
brought relief to the city. Paintings
Several Dutch cities, such as Leiden,
depicting the conditions and circumstan-
Alkmaar, Haarlem and Naarden, took the
ces during the Siege and the Relief are
Prince's side openly and expelled
to be seen in the muncipal museum "de
Spanish-sympathizers from their towns.
Lakenhal".
Then the Spanish Duke of Alva and his
The history of the Relief of Leiden has
first officer Valdez at the head of a
been written over and over again and has
large army began to wage a battle in
sometimes been heavily romanticized. One
order to regain the rebellious towns.
important and trustworthy source of
Initially the modest forces of the Prince
information is a written dinner-speech
of Orange offered scarcely any resist-
given by a Leiden citizen, fifty years
ance. On 31st October, 1573 Valdez began
after the Relief. In this speech, which
the Siege of Leiden by building a large
was given to his childeren during a
ring of entranchements round the town.
"hutspot-meal" on one particular 3
The city was well-prepared and did not
October, he related the history exten-
yield. On 21st March, 1574 Valdez gave up
sively. It proves that people in Leiden
the siege, but on 26th May 1574 Leiden
had already begun to commemorate 3
was again confronted by the Spanish
October from the beginning. A service of
troops.
thanksgiving for example, which is now
The siege
the memorial service, has been repeated
every year from 1575 until today.
This time the town was not well-prepared.
In May 1575 Jan van Hout officially
The provisions brought inside the
announced that every year a festive
city-walls were not sufficient. The men
market would be held in commemoration,
were badly armed and they had failed to
and this market continues to this very
destroy the trenches of the first siege.
day.
Because of this Valdez had no difficulty
in hermetically sealing off the town.
The celebrations today
Nevertheless, one or two men were able to
Many of the present day celebrations
slip between the trenches and send
bring us back to the Siege and the
carrier-pigeons to the Residence of the
Relief, such as the eating of "hutspot",
Prince of Orange at Delft, who in this
the distribution of herring and white
way could give heart to the citizens of
bread, and the memorial service.
Leiden by letting them know of his
It is probable that the festival was
attempts to relieve the siege.
encouraged by the town-council during the
But also traitors, "glippers", secretly
first two centuries, but in any case it
left the town; Spanish-sympathizers who
was a completely spontaneous celebration
told Valdez about the pitiful circum-
by the citizens without any organisation
stances in which the people lived. Famine
behind it. When at the beginning of the
struck, and so did the Plague, leaving
19th century the enthusiasm began to wane
thousands of victims after the siege.
a little, the students of the Leids
Valdez used tempting promises to try and
Studenten Corps (now the Student Associ-
persuade the besieged to give up, and
- 4 -
- 5 -
this caused several of those who had lost
have left in extreme haste, because in
hope to waver. But the loyal townclerk
the trench still on the fire, was a
Jan van Hout and the troop-commander Jan
ready-made meal of carrots, onions and
van der Does would not hear of betrayal.
meat, which was later to be called
A legend even started that the mayor Van
"hutspot". And at about 8 o'clock in the
der Werf offered his own body for food. A
morning of 3 October the "watergeuzen"
dramatic moment, to be immortalized
entered the town by boat via the river
several times in painting. Resistance
the Vliet, bringing with them herring and
went on.
whitebread for the starving citizens. The
The towncouncil replied to the besieger's
relief had become a fact. The people
promises to spare the people if they
flocked to the Pieterskerk to thank God
surrendered, by sending a note, in Latin,
for the deliverance from the Spanish
saying :
yoke.
"The fowler's pipe sounds sweet till the
The commemoration
bird is caught."
Salvation had to come from the Prince of
We shall pursue the developments of the
Orange, who had decided to cut the dykes,
80 years war no further, but be content
by which all the low-lying parts of the
with the statement that the relief of
country, including the environs of
Leiden, in which the perseverance of the
Leiden, would be flooded. This should
inhabitants and the water proved to be
drive out the Spaniards. A radical
the most powerful weapons, was an
decision, since a great deal of fertile
important milestone in the struggle for
land was to be lost for a long time. But
independence of the Republic.
at first the water did not rise; there
In permanent recognition the Prince of
was only a small difference from the
Orange gave the city its "Highschool",
level of the overflow, and the wind
now the university, which was inaugurated
remained in the wrong direction for a
on 8 February 1575, four months after the
long time. But nevertheless at the
Relief. During the Siege the town had
beginning of October, the water approach-
already chosen the motto "Haec Libertatis
ed Leiden. And, over that very same water
Ergo", everything for the sake of
came men with flat-bottomed boats, the
liberty. The university chose "Praesidium
"sea-beggars" (watergeuzen).
Libertatis", and indeed the university
The relief
came to be a bastion of liberty. Many
scholars abroad whose liberty was
During the night, between 2 and 3
curtailed in their own countries, found
October, a part of the weakened city-
refuge at the university of Leiden.
walls at the end of the present Doeza-
There are other monuments in the city
straat spontaneously collapsed. The
which also recall the glorious year
Spaniards, fearing an attack as well as
1574 : the statue of mayor Van der Werf
the rising water, fled. The people could
(1884) in the Van der Werfpark and the
not believe it at first; a young boy,
Jan van Hout-monument on the Jan van
Cornelis Joppenszoon, sneaked to the
Houtkade. There is no separate monument
Lammen-trench (the present Lammenschans)
for William of Orange, but the Willem de
and discovered that this trench had
Zwijgerlaan was named after him. In
indeed been deserted. The besiegers must
LORD'S SUPPER-LORENZ
743
hour rather than at the main hour of worship.
LORELEI, lôr'e-li, a large rock in the Rhine River
An exception is a somewhat Calvinist denomina-
near Sankt Goarshausen, Germany. The rock,
tion, the Disciples of Christ, which has a weekly
which produces an echo, inspired the story of a
sacrament as the main act of worship. Among
beautiful maiden, Lorelei (meaning "rock elf"),
Presbyterian, Reformed, Congregational, Metho-
whose song lures boatmen to their doom. The
dist, and Baptist churches the usual frequency of
legend was invented by Clemens Brentano in the
the Lord's Supper is four times a year, although
ballad Die Lore Lay in his novel Godwi (1802).
monthly celebrations are also to be found, es-
Many later 19th century authors adopted it, and
pecially in Lutheran congregations. Ironically,
it is now a part of German folklore. A 20th cen-
the quarterly pattern was forced upon an un-
tury version appeared in Alcools (1913) by the
willing Calvin by the Geneva magistrates, and
French poet Guillaume Apollinaire.
accepted by John Knox in Scotland simply be-
-The best-known adaptation of the legend is
cause of a shortage of clergy.
Friedrich Silcher's song Die Lorelei (1838), set
New Directions. The vast changes in the the-
to the poem of that name by Heine. The poem
ology and administration of the Roman Catholic
first appeared in Heine's Buch der Lieder (1827).
Church since Vatican Council II have affected
The song became so famous that the Nazis, who
not only its worship but that of Protestant com-
wished to remove it from the anthologies in the
munions as well. Just as the Roman Catholic
1930's because Heine was born a Jew, were
Church began stressing the importance of publicly
thwarted, and the work was left under the
reading and preaching the Word at the Sacra-
"anonymous" rubric. Operas on the theme were
ment, so also Protestantism began taking much
composed by Ignaz Lachner (1846) and Max
more seriously the necessity of celebrating the
Bruch (1863).
Sacrament as the constant response to the Word.
W. T. H. JACKSON
However, this development in Protestantism
Author of "Medieval Literature"
was not altogether a response to developments in
Catholicism. In most churches deriving from the
LORENTZ, lõ'rents, Hendrik A. 1853-1928),
Reformation there has been a growing liturgical
Dutch physicist who shared the 1902 Nobel Prize
movement. It initially directed attention to the
in physics for his explanation of the Zeeman
denomination's own liturgical heritage, as the
effect. Lorentz was born in Arnhem on July 18,
Church Service Society of the Church of Scotland
1853. He obtained his doctorate at the Uni-
did from its inception in 1865, and the Oxford
versity of Leiden in 1875 and in 1878 was ap-
Movement in the Anglican Church. These move-
pointed professor of theoretical physics there. In
ments subsequently opened ecumenical and evan-
1912 he resigned his professorship at Leiden to
gelical questions as well. Instances of this latter
become director of the Teyler Institute in Haar-
tendency are the Iona Community in Scotland,
lem. His modesty, kindness, and great personal
founded by George Macleod in 1938; the Taizé
warmth endeared him not only to his close
Community in France, founded in the early
friends, such as Albert Einstein and the Austrian
1940's by Roger Schutz; and Dietrich Bonhoef-
physicist Paul Ehrenfest, but also to other phys-
fer's Confessing Church Seminary/Brotherhood
icists throughout the world. Lorentz died in
at Finkenwalde in Germany (1935-1937).
Haarlem on Feb. 4, 1928.
The effect of this movement has been to in-
In his masterly doctoral dissertation, Lorentz
troduce throughout Protestantism more "catholic,"
showed how the reflection and refraction of light
traditional texts for worship and to encourage
could be understood according to Maxwell's elec-
sacramental worship. More recently, the style of
tromagnetic theory. His greatest scientific achieve-
celebrating Word and Sacrament has been in-
ment was undoubtedly his theory of electrons
fluenced by the use of modern translations of the
(1892-1904), which postulated a stationary elec-
Bible and the introduction of contemporary
tromagnetic ether in which the electrons moved
musical instruments and texts. The more tra-
and gave rise to all electric, magnetic, and op-
ditional denominations, such as the Lutherans and
tical phenomena. This work formed the back-
Presbyterians, are realizing the importance of the
ground for Einstein's special theory of relativity.
freedom and enthusiasm of such groups as the
ROGER H. STUEWER
Baptists, Methodists, and Pentecostals, while at
University of Minnesota
the same time adopting the structure of Word
and Sacrament associated with the Eastern Or-
LORENTZ TRANSFORMATION. See RELATIVITY
thodox and Roman Catholic churches. In turn,
-Einstein's Relativity of Space and Time.
the Methodist, Reformed, and Baptist churches
are reconsidering their nonsacramental worship.
LORENZ, lõ-rents', Konrad Zacharias (1903-
See also EUCHARIST; MASS.
), Austrian zoologist. The founder of mod-
HORACE T. ALLEN, JR.
ern ethology, he promoted the comparative
United Presbyterian Church in the U. S. A.
zoological study of animal and human behavior.
and Presbyterian Church in the U.S.
Lorenz began his scientific work by elaborat-
ing and applying earlier concepts of animal
Bibliography
behavior to his own detailed observations of the
Allmen, Jean-Jacques von, The Lord's Supper (John
Knox Press 1969).
behavior of several animals, including birds, dogs,
Brilioth, Yngve, Eucharistic Faith and Practice, Evan-
and fish. He introduced a number of important
gelical 1930). and Catholic, tr. by A.G. Herbert (SPCK
concepts, including the idea of action-specific
Clarke, William K. L., and Harris, Charles, eds., Liturgy
energy-that is, energy for the performance of
and Worship: A Companion to the Prayer Books of
specific action.
The The Words of Jesus, tr.
London, 1932).
Studying the evolution of animal behavior, he
from 1966). 3d German ed. by Norman Perrin (Scribner
developed concepts of behavioral homology, ritu-
alization of behavior patterns for specific func-
Development and Forms (Oxford 1940).
of Christian Worship: Its
tions, and the simultaneous interaction of two or
hompson, Bard, Liturgies of the Western Church
more basic drives. Working with the Dutch ethol-
(World 1961).
ogist Niko Tinbergen, he also developed the
SCALIGER-SCALLOP
331
was attacked in 1607 by Caspar Scioppius, a
Jesuit spokesman. Scaliger replied in Confutatio
fabulae Burdonum (1608), but this work failed
to establish his claim to noble lineage.
SCALIGER, skal'a-jer, Julius Caesar (1484-
1558), French classical scholar of Italian birth,
who gained a wide reputation for learning
through his works on grammar, literary criticism,
and natural science. Scaliger was born in Riva,
on Lake Garda, on April 23, 1484. He claimed
descent from the Della Scala family that ruled
Verona in the 13th and 14th centuries, but the
claim is suspect. Little is known of his early life.
He left Italy in 1525 and was appointed physician
to the bishop of Agen (ancient Aginnum),
France. He married a French woman and became
a French citizen. The scholar Joseph Justus Scali-
ger was the 10th of his 15 children. Scaliger
died in Agen on Oct. 21, 1558.
He became known as a scholar in literary
matters through his attacks in 1531 and 1536 on
Erasmus' Ciceronianus, a satire ridiculing the
stylistic excesses of Ciceronians. In De causis
linguae Latinae (1540), Scaliger made one of
GRANT HEILMAN
the earliest attempts to analyze the principles of
A twig infested with terrapin scale, a soft scale
Latin grammar. In Poetices libri VII, published
posthumously in 1561, he used Greek and Latin
than soft scales, and the bodies of adult females
poetics and rhetoric as a basis for literary criti-
cism. In the natural sciences, his contributions
are more highly modified for a sessile life.
took the form of commentaries on the works of
Shortly after they are established on a host plant,
standard authors. These included the dialogue
the females lose their legs, and their antennae
De plantis (1556), on a book of plants wrongly
are reduced. Their bodies are hidden by a pro-
attributed to Aristotle; and two incomplete com-
tective scale made up of secreted wax and the
skins cast off in molting.
mentaries, one on Aristotle's Historia animalium
and another on Theophrastus' Peri phyton his-
With their close relatives the mealybugs, the
scale insects make up the family Coccidae.
toria, both published posthumously.
SCALIGER, skal'a-jer, Joseph Justus (1540-
SCALLION, skal'yen, a type of onion that has a
1609), French scholar and author, whose works
thick basal portion. It is also known as a green
onion. The term scallion is also applied to leeks
on ancient chronology greatly influenced modern
historical scholarship. He was born in Agen,
and shallots. See also ONION.
France, on Aug. 4, 1540, the son of Julius Caesar
Scaliger. He learned Latin from his father and
SCALLOP, skal'ap, any of a group of marine bi-
began the study of Greek at the University of
valve mollusks in which the soft body is enclosed
Paris but was largely self-taught in Greek lan-
by circular hinged shells that are characteristic-
ally ridged radially and have wavy edges. Scal-
guage and literature. He also acquired a reading
knowledge of Hebrew and Arabic.
lops are found throughout the world and are
me
highly esteemed for their edible adductor muscles,
are
In 1563, Scaliger became the tutor of a young
French nobleman, Louis d'Abian, who was to be
also often called scallops.
his patron for the next 30 years. He traveled
throughout Europe with his patron. During this
period he became a Protestant, a fact that proba-
bly hindered his advancement in France. To
Scallops with their shells open, revealing the tentacles
ma
ined
escape the religious upheavals there, he went
and beadlike eyes that fringe the shell
to Geneva in 1572 and taught in the academy of
ROBERT C. HERMES. FROM NATIONAL AUDUBON SOCIETY
uced
Geneva for two years. He then returned to
are
France, where he resided with his patron's family
Jults
and produced much famous. In 1593 he became a professor of history
of the work that made him
held at the University of Leiden, a position that he
until his death in Leiden on Jan. 21, 1609.
In De emendatione temporum (1583), Scaliger
reconstructed the ancient system of chronology,
tages
subjecting classical views to the judgment of
very
sound historical scholarship. His Thesaurus tem-
porum (1606) was an enlargement of his earlier
they
the work, and on the basis of both he has been called
sualls
nealy
also founder of the science of chronology. He
authors, especially his editions (1579, 1600) of
was noted for his textual criticism of Latin
Manilius' poem Astronomicon. Scaliger's claim
mallet
descent from the Della Scala family of Verona
134
BOEHM-BOETHIUS
BOEHM, bûm, Theobald (1794-1881), German
BOER WAR. See SOUTH AFRICAN WAR.
flutist, who developed the Boehm flute, which is
now the standard flute. Boehm (also spelled
BOERHAAVE, boor'ha-ve, Hermann (1668-1738),
Böhm) was born in Munich on April 9, 1794.
Dutch physician and medical educator, who was
Beginning in 1818, he was principal flutist of the
one of the great teachers of medicine. Regarded
Munich court orchestra and gave concerts in
as the founder of clinical medicine, Boerhaave
London and Paris. Impressed by the perform-
introduced the practice of teaching medical stu-
ance of the English flutist Charles Nicholson,
dents at the patient's bedside. Under his leader.
Boehm sought to develop a flute with more pow-
ship the University of Leiden medical school be-
erful tones. He producel the first Boehm flute in
came famous throughout Europe. Among the
1832 and an improved version in 1847. He died
great physicians who studied under Boerhaave
in Munich on Nov. 25, 1881.
were Albrecht von Haller, Pieter Camper, and
The innovations in the earlier Boehm flute in-
Julien de la Mettrie.
cluded a series of large tone holes placed close
Boerhaave was the first to establish the exact
to their acoustically correct positions, and a new
site of pleurisy and to describe rupture of the
ring-key device for fingering, which is now the
esophagus. He also provided the first description
standard fingering mechanism. Boehm's later flute
of the sweat glands and showed that smallpox is
became the standard modern version. In addi-
spread only through bodily contact.
tion, Boehm developed a clarinet that incorpo-
Boerhaave's principal work, the Institutiones
rates the ring-key system of his flute.
medicae (1708), in which he emphasized the
empirical, clinical side of medicine over the theo.
BOEHME, Jakob. See BÖHME, JAKOB.
retical, is not highly regarded by contemporary
medical historians. His Elementa chemiae
BOEOTIA, bē-ö'shē-a, is a nomos (department) in
(1724) was the best chemical text of the 18th
central Greece. It has an area of 1,225 square
century. His Bijbel der natuure (1737), con-
miles (3,174 sq km). The capital is Levádhia.
taining both natural history and scientific theory,
Other important towns are Arákhova, where rugs
has anatomical detail so accurate as to be useful
and woolens are manufactured, and Thebes
even today.
(Thévai). The main crops are corn, cereals, leg-
Boerhaave was born in Voorhout, Holland, on
umes, olives, grapes, and tobacco. Cattle rais-
Dec. 31, 1668, the son of a country parson.
ing is an important industry.
After first studying theology, he graduated in
Boeotia is separated from Attica on the south
philosophy from the University of Leiden and
by Mt. Cithaeron (Kithairón) and Mt. Parnes
then took a degree in medicine at the University
(Párnis). To the north are Mt. Parnassus, the
of Harderwijk. In spite of his lifelong poor
district of Locris, and the Gulf of Euboea, which
health, Boerhaave had unfailing energy and
also lies to the east. On the west are the Gulf of
amassed a large fortune through his medical
Corinth and Mt. Helicon (Elikón). The very
practice. He died in Leiden, on Sept. 23, 1738.
fertile land of the interior consists of two flat
ALFRED NOVAK
basins separated by low-lying hills. The northern
Stephens College
plain is watered by the Cephissus (Kiphissós)
River, which with other streams formed Lake
BOERS, bõ'arz, the European pioneers who began
Copais. This lake was drained in the late 19th
to settle in southern Africa in the mid-17th cen-
century by means of tunnels passing through Mt.
tury and who, molded by isolation on a moving
Ptoüm. There are also natural channels through
frontier, became a separate people, the Afrika-
the mountains. But they were never adequate
ners. They are mainly of Dutch, German, and
for proper drainage, and attempts were made
French Huguenot descent. By the early 18th
even in antiquity to empty the lake through the
century these settlers began to call themselves
use of tunnels. The southern basin of Boeotia is
Afrikaners, and today the term "Boers"
watered by the Asopus River and smaller streams
is the Dutch word for "farmers"- only his-
but has a direct outlet to the Gulf of Euboea.
torical significance.
The first Paleolithic remains discovered in
During the Great Trek that began in 1836
Greece were found in Seidi Cave in the Copaic
the Boers left the predominantly British settle-
Basin during World War II. Among the numer-
ments and established the independent republics
ous Neolithic and Bronze Age sites in Boeotia are
of the Transvaal (1852) and the Orange Free
Eutresis, Orchomenus, Gla (Late Bronze Age)
State (1854). At the conclusion of the second
and Thebes. At Orchomenus, Heinrich Schlie-
South African War (1899-1902) the Boer repub-
mann (1822-1870) excavated the so-called Trea-
lics were included in the Union of South Africa.
sury of Minyas, an elaborate tholos tomb of a
Since 1914 they have largely supported the Na-
Mycenaean ruler dating from about 1250 B. C.
tional party, which eventually established the
Thebes, the home of Cadmus and Oedipus in
Republic of South Africa on May 31, 1961. See
mythology, was the leader of the Boeotian
also AFRIKANERS; SOUTH AFRICA, REPUBLIC OF.
League in the 4th century B. C. Under the lead-
F.A. VAN JAARSVELD
ership of Epaminondas and Pelopidas, the league
Rand Afrikaans University
defeated the Spartans in the plain of Leuctra in
371 B. C., thereby bringing Spartan hegemony
BOETHIUS, bõ-ē'thē-as, Anicius Manlius Severi-
in Greece to an end. Other important battles in
nus (c. 480-524 A. D.), Roman philosopher,
Boeotia were fought at Plataea (479 B. c.), in
statesman, and Christian theologian. His writings
which a united Greek army defeated the Per-
express both his classical and his Christian heri-
sians, and at Chaeronea in 338 B. C., when the
tage. The last of the important Roman thinkers,
Macedonians defeated the Greeks, and in 86 B. C.,
he prepared the way for the great philosophers
when the Romans won a major victory over Pon-
and theologians of medieval Scholasticism by
tus. Population: (1961) 114,256. See also CHAER-
developing Latin as a philosophical language and
ONEA; ORCHOMENUS; THEBES.
preserving much of the classical past and by his
JAMES R. WISEMAN, University of Texas
own positive doctrines.
542
HUIA-HULA
HUIA, hoo'ye, an extinct forest bird related to
starlings, bowerbirds, and birds of paradise. The
In 1919, Huizinga published Herfsttij
huia was restricted to the dense forest of the
middeleeuwen (Eng. tr., The Waning of
southern part of North Island, New Zealand.
of Huizinga's view of history, opposing
Middle Ages, 1924). This book was a manifesta
It probably became extinct around 1907, chiefly
dimensional character of most of
because the native Maoris used the birds' tail
feathers for ceremonial headdresses.
The huia was about 20 inches (50 cm) long.
literature of crisis his of own fascism of time. his brought day. His During him In de to a schaduwen the
It had a fleshy orange-colored wattle beneath
its mouth and an ivory-colored bill. The bill
morgen (1935; Eng. tr., In the Shadow of
was long, slender, and down-curved in the female,
aesthetician, bewildered by the
morrow, 1936) was the reaction of revolutions
and short, straight and sharp in the male. Both
his day. Huizinga's other chief works
sexes had glossy black plumage, long white-tipped
Erasmus (1924), a sympathetic critical include
tails, rounded wings, and powerful legs and feet.
of play in human culture.
and Homo Ludens (1938), a study of the e element
Huias were weak fliers. They fed in a
unique, cooperative way: the male chiseled into
decayed logs to expose beetle grubs, and then the
JACOB W. SMIT, Columbia University
female probed with her long bill to extract them.
The female huia laid two or three speckled eggs
of an illegal Communist-led peasant organization
HUK, hook, is the popular name for a member
in a shallow twiggy nest and incubated them for
in the Philippines. Since
about 21 days.
has called itself the Hukbo
The huia, Heteralocha acutirostris, along with
Bayan, or People's Liberation
the wattled crow and saddleback, make up the
and more familiar name was Hukbalahap, which
family Callaeidae of the order Passeriformes.
CARL WELTY, Beloit College
stands for Hukbo ng Bayan Laban sa Hapon,
People's Anti-Japanese Army.
The Hukbalahap was organized in 1942
HUIDOBRO, we-thõ'bro, Vicente (1893-1948),
World War II guerrilla force, but its roots
Chilean writer, who was the founder of
be traced to widespread agrarian unrest in Luzon
creacionismo, a short-lived literary movement that
during the 1920's and 1930's. This peasant
emphasized the fashioning of new kinds of
content was tapped by Luis Taruc, the Huk
imagery and assigned a godlike role to the poet.
mander in chief, and other Communist leaders
His controversial poems, in French and Spanish,
the organization. The Huks fought the Japaness
earned him a reputation as an enfant terrible.
bravely, gaining control of much of central Luma
Huidobro was born in Santiago, Chile, on
from them. When the war ended, the Philippine
Jan. 27, 1893. In 1916 he went to Paris, where
government agreed to compromise on Huk
he and the French poets Guillaume Apollinaire
mands for agrarian reforms, but fighting broke
and Pierre Reverdy founded the avant-garde re-
out when it insisted that the guerrillas should
view Nord-Sud. In 1919, he established the daily
disarm and submit to its authority. Many Huk
journal Acción in Chile. His volumes of poetry
leaders were arrested, and the six (including
include El espejo de agua (1916), Tour Eiffel
Taruc) who were elected to the House of Repm
(1917), Saisons choisies (1921), Automne régulier
sentatives in 1946 were denied their seats.
(1924), El ciudadano del olvido (1941), and
Outlawed in 1948, the Huks began a revuls
Últimos poemas (1948). He also wrote novels,
that turned central Luzon into a no-man's land.
stories, plays, and film scripts. Huidobro died
Attempts to crush them had little success until
in Santiago on Jan. 2, 1948.
1950, when the army took over operations from
the police and the government promised free
HUITZILOPOCHTLI, wë-tsë-lõ-põch'tle, was a
land in Mindanao to Huks who gave themselves
major Aztec deity worshiped as a war god and
up. Since Taruc's surrender in 1954, the Huls
sun-god. He was also called Tezcatlipoca the
have posed no critical security threat.
Blue. As the sun, Huitzilopochtli battled the
DONN V. HART, Syracuse University
night gods and required the sacrifice of human
hearts. See also AZTECS.
HULA, hoo'le, a traditional Hawaiian dance that
is an essential part of Hawaiian culture. The
HUIZINGA, hoï'zing-à, Johan (1872-1945),
hula's main function is to illustrate and accors
Dutch historian, who made his greatest contribu-
pany chants, both old and newly composed.
tion as a cultural historian, especially in The
According to myth, Hi'iaka, the sister of
the
Waning of the Middle Ages, a penetrating study
volcano goddess Pele, introduced the hula
of cultural forms in the Netherlands and France
Hawaii. At first the hula was performed
in the 15th century. Huizinga was born in
by authorized persons who had undergone disc.
Groningen on Dec. 7, 1872, and was educated at
plined schooling in the hälau (hall of learning
the universities of Groningen and Leipzig. He
dedicated to Laka, the patron deity of the buis.
was professor of history at Groningen from 1905
After several weeks of training, the students
to 1915, when he moved to Leiden University.
ritually graduated ('uniki) and only then
Arrested as a hostage by the Nazis in 1942, he
permitted to perform the dance in public.
died at De Steeg in Gelderland on Feb. 1, 1945.
Standing hula posture is generally called
Huizinga's works encompassed several genres.
'ōlapa; a stationary posture (kneeling, sitting,
His inaugural lecture at Groningen revealed his
reclining) for the special purpose of playing
interest in the philosophy of history, maintain-
of a variety of idiophones and chanting is
ing the neohistoricist position that historical
ho'opa'a. The style of dance is often classified
knowledge is essentially aesthetic, intuitive, and
and named after the accompanying idiophone
subjective, against the views of positivist his-
the subject matter of the chant. The selection
torians. The aesthetic strand remained important
the dance to be performed is determined by
in his theoretical and practical work despite his
occasion.
later interest in the social sciences.
JOANN W. KEALINOHOMOKU, Anthropology
evidence.
Treaty of alliance untre am & 7r - - (p.152)
wh recognize d
Johannes Coccejus
Pilgrims
John Robinson
Lucas van Leyden -
Philips Marnix van St. Aldegonde 0
Philips van Leyden
Ann Johannes Polyander à Kerkhoven-
Anna van Berchem
Edward Paige lot Boston)-
Hermannus Boerhaave
Josephus Justus Scaliger
Johan + Gerard Meerman-
Palls
Johan ,Luzac
Jacobus Arminius
Victor de Stuers -
bells removed -town have +univ
by yes (?)
Hugo de Groot (Grotius)v
Kamerlingh Onnes -
Lorentz ?
Huizingav Snouck Hurgronje- -
Treaty of alliance untre am & 7r - (p.152)
wh recognize d
Johannes Coccejus
Pilgrims
John Robinson
Lucas van Leyden
Philips Marnix van St. Aldegonde
Philips van Leyden
Ann Johannes Polyander à Kerkhoven
Anna van Berchem
Edward Paige lot Boston)
Hermannus Boerhaave
Josephus Justus Scaliger
Johan + Gerard Meerman
Johan ,Luzac
Jacobus Arminius
Victor de Stuers
bells removed - -town have + unio
by yes (?)
Hugo de Groot (Gotius)
Lorentz Kamerlingh Onnes
Huizinga Snouck Hurgronje
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J5
LEIDEN UNIVERSITY
HISTORY OF LEIDEN UNIVERSITY
Leiden University owes its existence, among other factors, to the fact
that Prince William of Orange "The Silent' wished to reward Leiden on
account of the heavy and prolonged siege of the town by the Spaniards
in 1574. The Relief of Leiden was one of the first successful feats of
arms to have led to the formation of the present-day Netherlands. And
although a final victory was as yet by no means certain, the foundation
of this University was effectuated to meet the demands for an
independent theological training of clergymen in the new Protestant
Netherlands. The University became a Bulwark of Freedom, or as the
University Seal has it, 'Praesidium Libertatis'.
The new University, opened with Renaissance pomp and circumstance on
February 8, 1575, attracted a great variety of scholars: world-famous
Scaliger (1540-1609), who became Professor of Latin, but also printers
such as e.g. Plantijn and his son-in-law François van Ravelingen who
was a printer and Professor of Hebrew.
In the history of the University it is naturally the culminating-points
that arrest the attention. Great names such as those of the physician
Boerhaave (1668-1738), the physicists Kamerlingh Onnes (1835-1926)
and Lorentz (1853-1928), the Arabist Snouck Hurgronje (1857-1936) and
the historian Huizinga (1872-1945) may give an impression of how
diverse its scholarly activities have been. Diversity is still
characteristic of
this university: research in the fields of immunology and photo-
synthesis, a historical inquiry into European Expansion, as well as
contributions to information-theory and psycho-linguistics.
The first Professors brought their own collections of books to Leiden,
as did their successors: valuable collections of rare manuscripts and
prints were thus added to the growing University Library. A Library
which, incidentally, had been begun with the donation of a Bible by
William the Silent.
During the more than four hundred years of its existence the expanding
University has come into possession of various buildings all over the
town that are of historic interest. This process of interweaving of town
and university is becoming ever more intensive and meaningful in this
century: the new Witte Singel-Doelen Complex is an example of that.
Among the oldest buildings the best-known is the Nunnery of the White
Nuns on the Rapenburg, the present Academy Building with its
remarkable little steeple dominating the venerable canal. Somewhat
further on, there is the broad 19th century façade of the Kamerlingh
Onnes Laboratory, which owes its renown especially to its research in
the field of low-temperature physics.
As a result of the active pursuit of learning various important collec-
tions have come into being. The collections of manuscripts from all over
the world in the University Library have already been mentioned.
Beside those there are also the Prints and Drawings Collection and the
live collection of the Hortus Botanicus. The history of the University is
rendered pictorially in the University Museum in the Academy Building.
LEIDEN, CENTRE OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH AND EDUCATION
For as many as four centuries has Leiden University been a respected
internationally orientated university of high standing. This is
emphasized by its widely branched network of scientific contacts and
participation maintained with other institutions throughout Europe, the
Arab world, the United States of America and Japan. The university
has institutions in Tokio and Cairo. Some hundred of foreign teachers
being linked to the university either for shorter or longer periods.
273 professors and 33 head teachers staff the university's eight
faculties comprising 43 fields of study. Leiden University stands out
from other universities by the relatively large number of approximately
500 Assistenten-in-Opleiding (AIO's) (Trainee Assistents) who will be
placed in the university.
Total number of undergraduates
Academic year '85/'86
:
18.000, of which 8.950 were
women
Number of foreign undergraduates
:
529, of which 206 were women
58 nationalities, 2.9% of the
total number of undergraduates
UNIVERSITY AND INDUSTRY
Leiden University makes a conscious effort towards intensive cooperation
with industry. Among other aspects, this is expressed in the strong
increase in research commissioned by third parties, which tripled in the
period between 1979 and 1984. Policy pursued by the university aims
towards an even stronger continuation of this trend.
The university's Leeuwenhoek complex is one of the main locations in
the Netherlands where the concept of cooperation between university,
government and industry has actually taken shape. Besides the faculty
of medicine and the beta-faculty, this complex also houses the:
*
Academische Bedrijven Centrum (Academic Industrial Centre)
offering industrial space and laboratory facilities.
Transfer Office - the link between University and Industry.
Bio-science Parh comprising high-tech companies and research
centres in the field of biotechnology.
In addition to the extensive institute for academic biopharmaceutical
research (a third of the financing thereof comes from industry itself),
two internationally operating bio-technological companies (Centercor and
Molecular Genetics) have also established themselves here. The main
TNO Medical Research group will also establish itself in the Leeuwenhoek
complex in the near future. Illustrative of the significance Leiden
University attaches to close relations with industry is the Biotechnologie
Delft Leiden combine. From here, contact is maintained with a few
prominent European research centres, biotech companies already esta-
blished in Leiden and a number of very large multinationals, including
the Rockefeller Foundation, Akzo, DSM, Gist-Brocades, Unilever,
Heineken and others.
The Bio-science Park will expand to become a Centre of Excellence on a
European scale, leading to integrated industrial training courses in
biotechnology. According to the plans, these courses should commence
in 1987.
As the top training centre in Europe, this will enable industry to
compete on par with the United States and Japan. A parallel with the
objectives set by the Informatics University is self-evident.
Attention devoted to the interests of industry is not only manifested in
the beta-faculty and faculty of Medicine, sufficient expertise is also
available in the faculty of Social Sciences in the field of organization
sociology, organization research and organization psychology. A course
in Public Administration will also be on the curriculum.
The faculty of literature holds a special position in Europe through its
specialist knowledge of Japan, China, S.E. Asia, Indonesia, the Arab
world and Latin America.
ORGANISATION
The governing bodies of the university are the Executive Board and the
University Council.
The composition of both governing bodies has changed under the new
Scientific Education Act, which was enacted on September 1st 1986. The
Executive Board will comprise (after a transitional period, during which
the Board will comprise four members) three members, including the
Rector Magnificus, instead of the present five.
In respect of the University Council, this will mean a reduction in
number from a maximum of 40 seats to 25 seats. A maximum of 5 seats
may be allocated to extramural members. The period term for student
members is one year and two years for the other university members.
The Executive Board has - by law - the authority to manage and
administer the affairs of the university in its entirety, unless such
affairs fall within the scope of the University Council.
The Committee of Deans has the task, either at the request of others,
or at their own initiative, to advise the Executive Board and University
Council on matters of education and science, to compile a select list for
the conferment of the rectorship and also the conferment of (honorary)
degrees.
The Rector Magnificus chairs the Committee of Deans.
UNIVERSITY BUILDINGS
Only a small part of Leiden University's oldest buildings is still intact:
a part of the Faliede Bagijnekerk chapel, located in the immediate
vicinity of the Rapenburg. In 1581 the university moved into the Witte
Nonnenklooster chapel, also in the Rapenburg. This building, the
Academiegebouw, is still regarded as the university's main building. It
is where the Senaatskamer is to be found, the hall in which the inaugu-
rations take place and also the Groot-Auditorium, where inaugural
speeches and valedictory lectures are held.
On the 1st of January 1982, Leiden University premises were spread
over no less than 159 buildings of various sizes totalling 199,413 m² in
functional area, 76 of these building, with a total functional area of
66,253 m², being located in the old part of the town.
One of the main objectives of the university's housing policy has always
been to maintain the faculties of Theology, Literature and Law in the
centre of the town and to situate the faculties of Medicine and Mathe-
matics and Natural Sciences on the outskirts of the town, to the west of
the Amsterdam-Rotterdam railway line and adjacent to Leiden Academic
Hospital. Besides the medical laboratories, this location also houses the
Bio-chemical Laboratory, the Gorlaeus Laboratories (chemical
laboratories), the Huygens Laboratory (natural science, bio-physics,
astronomy and astrophysics), the Centraal Rekeninstituut (Leiden
University Computing Centre) and the Mathematisch Instituut (Institute
of Mathematics).
Seeing that large sections of the university have problems concerning
lack of space, the constrution of a new complex in the old part of the
town was started in 1978. It is here that the University Library, the
faculties of Theology and Literature, the central interfaculty
(Philosophy) and the faculty of Geography and Prehistory are housed.
This so-called Witte-Singel/Doelencomplex is 40.000 m² and reached
completion in 1983.
FACULTIES
Under the new Education Act, Leiden University will comprise the
faculties listed below.
*
Faculty of Theology
*
Faculty of Law
*
Faculty of Medicine
*
Faculty of Mathematics and the Natural Sciences
(applied mathematics and informatics, astronomy and physics,
chemistry, biology)
*
Faculty of Literature
(classical languages and literaturem western and non-western
linguistics and literature, history and the arts)
*
Faculty of Social Sciences
(sociology, political science, public administration, anthropology,
psychology and pedagogic studies)
*
Faculty of Philosophy
(
*
A definitive decision on the interfaculty of geography and
prehistory has not yet been taken.)
Veterinary medicine, dental surgery, agricultural and technical studies
are not taught in Leiden.
Message with you. In view of the fact that there have been pub-
licity leaks concerning several previous Messages, I am request-
ing that the Message not be referred to staff members or other
persons without the specific approval of the Director of the
Budget. I want all leaks stopped.
F.D.R.
F.D.R. to Queen Wilhelmina in London (letter in F.D.R.L.)
THE WHITE HOUSE,
DEC. 8, 1942
My dear Queen Wilhelmina:
Mackenzie King was here at the White House over last week-
end and he told me that everything has been arranged in
regard to the "great event" and an Order in Council has been
issued.
This makes me very happy.
He also told me, in great confidence, that the Governor
General mentioned to him that you yourself might decide to
come over toward the end of this month.
On this I am very much of two minds. On the one hand, I
think I know your own feelings and if I were in your place I
would want to do the same thing. Furthermore, it would give
me a very welcome opportunity of seeing you again.
On the other hand, I want you to think of yourself just a
little. I know your courage but, at the same time, you must
realize that the northern route is not by any means a safe one
at this time of year in either direction. And also, even though
you are far too brave to think of your own personal safety, you
do have a very great responsibility, not only to The Netherlands
but to all of us who are working together in the common cause.
Will you forgive me for writing you thus? I do so as an old
personal friend of yours and your children. I feel that I am all
that by this time-and I would not have you do anything that
had a substantial element of risk.
1377
Refers to birth of H.R.H. Princess Margriet
I think I know that your heart tells you to come, but I do
hope that you will think of the other side of the picture.
As Juliana has doubtless told you, she has asked me to be a
Godfather and this has made me very happy.
My heart goes out to the good people in The Netherlands
who are suffering so much-but at least we can be encouraged
by the thought that things in Germany are going badly, not
only in their battles but also within their own home economics.
Truly, I feel that we have turned the corner even though kill-
ings and suffering must continue for sometime to come.
Eleanor has told me how happy she was in seeing you in
England. I think her trip had a good effect both here and over
there.
I hope you will take very good care of yourself.
With warm regards,
Your very sincere friend,
P.S. I do hope you will forgive the typewriting but it is in-
finitely better than my handwriting!
The "Order in Council" related to a grant of extraterri-
toriality to the Canadian hospital where Princess Juliana's
child would be born, to assure the infant's Netherlands
nationality.
F.D.R. miscellany (memorandum in F.D.R.L.)
THE WHITE HOUSE,
DEC. 9, 1942
FUNNY OR SAD!
I wonder how one's philosophy should act under certain con-
ditions? Here is the problem:
As far back as 1933 I found that on my trips to Hyde Park
from Washington, it was almost impossible to have any time to
myself in the big house. The trips were intended primarily for
a holiday-a chance to read, to sort my books, and to make
plans for roads, tree plantings, etc. This was seemingly impos-
sible because of
(a) visitors in the house
1378
The Leiden Pilgrim Documents Center of the Leiden Municipal Archives. A permanant
exhibition about the Pilgrims in Leiden and about Leiden in the time of the Pilgrims.
STATION TO
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THE
THE ROTTERDAM
THE PILGRIMS IN
LEIDEN, 1609-1620
The Pilgrims in Leiden, 1609-1620
Quincy Adams, in 1781, and many after
war (Europe's 'Thirty Years' War' of
them, some also family members,
1618-1648), Americans and others
others with a more general interest in
through the last three centuries have
their history.
learned to prize individualism, mercy,
B. N. Leverland and J. D. Bangs
The Pilgrim influence in America has
peace and freedom above national or
Leiden Pilgrim Documents Center of the Municipal Archives,
been more important. Exiles for consci-
individual comfort bought at the ex-
Boisotkade 2A, 2311 PZ Leiden
ence' sake, they were morally con-
pense of violence or of subordination to
vinced that the equality proclaimed in
nationalism or religious despotism.
the Bible requires that each individual
The 'Pilgrims' were a group of Eng-
act in justice and mercy towards others;
lish Calvinist religious dissenters who
and that each individual has the respon-
fled persecution under Queen
sibility to censure and resist church and
Elizabeth I and her successor King
government superiors whenever their
James I, taking up residence in Leiden
in 1609. Many of the group emigrated
to America on the Mayflower (1620),
HIBERNIA
actions are evil. The Pilgrims saw them-
selves as called to 'prophesy' - to speak
REVJOHNROBINSON.M.A
out - against injustice and ungodliness
the Fortune (1621), the Anne and the
during their pilgrimage on earth. From
Little James (1623), and the second
the Pilgrim's stay in Leiden, America
THE FATHERS
Mayflower (1629). They provided the
first gained its separation of church and
leadership in the establishment of the
colony 'New Plymouth' as well as about
ET
state, with a church whose members
term used in 1596 in the Confession of
MAGNA
were equally expected to provide vigil-
half the colony's population. These dis-
ant and biblical criticism of the state.
senters are now known as 'Pilgrims', a
FRANC
And from the Pilgrims' active press
campaign against King James I's op-
faith they adopted and in later refer-
A.D.1891
pressive politics regarding the suppres-
ences to their own idea of life on earth
sion of minority opinion, as well as
as a pilgrimage towards heavenly bliss.
from the Pilgrims' decision to emigrate
Elizabeth I intended all her subjects
to the wilds of an unknown land rather
to conform with the Church of Eng-
Memorial to Rev. John Robinson,
than involve themselves in a religious
Pieterskerk.
land, the Anglican Church. She pur-
ABOVE: King James I of England (and VI
of Scotland). His opposition to
sued not only Roman Catholics, gradu-
nonconformity forced the Pilgrims to flee to
ally organizing themselves, but also
Holland. COVER: The sixteenth-century
'Puritans' who were agitating for a
façade of Leiden's City Hall.
further reformation within the Angli-
can Church to 'purify' it of Roman-
tant to Separatists like the Pilgrims was
seeming ceremonies and practices.
the quasi-independent position in Eng-
Since 1593, people who urged separa-
land of congregations of foreign Protes-
tion from the Anglican Church, the
tants. Many Dutch refugee churches
Separatists, were banished if they re-
existed in East Anglia and Kent, where
fused to conform.
half the Leiden Pilgrim congregation
Congregational separation, existant
originated.
since ca., 1550, had been publicized in
James I, crowned in 1603, turned out
the 1580's by the Rev. Robert Browne,
to be an even greater opponent of Puri-
an English minister who had fled to
tan and Separatist ideas than Elizabeth
Middelburg in The Netherlands, where
had been. William Bradford, later gov-
he was influenced by contact with the
ernor of New Plymouth, described the
congregationally organized Dutch
situation as one in which separatists
Mennonites who existed outside the
Book copyright © 1984 J.D. Bangs and Leiden Pilgrim Documents Center
'were hunted & persecuted on every
Photographs: B.L. Blair, p. 17 below left; The Hermitage, p. 8 below; L. Jonges, p. 13; all
Dutch Reformed Church. Also impor-
side, so their former afflictions were
others J.D. Bangs or Leiden Pilgrim Documents Center - copyright reserved.
LVGDVN BATAVOR
Lepden IN Pollande
Leiden in 1600 from the Vliet River.
Scrooby Manor, home of William Brewster, where the Pilgrim congregation met in secret.
After Robinson's death the members
house across the street from the
of his congregation- were helped by
Pieterskerk on the north side, as they
but as flea-bitings in comparison of
the captain brought his ship into Am-
Rev. Hugh Goodyear of Leiden's Eng-
themselves met in a house on the south
these which now came upon them.'
sterdam's harbor. The abandoned
lish Reformed Church. Goodyear also
side. Some people would like to see a
The Separatists living in the Scrooby
group captured in England was sent
helped the American Pilgrims wind up
Leiden influence on the Pilgrims'
area in northern Nottinghamshire de-
from one jail to the next but eventually
their Leiden affairs through corres-
Thanksgiving Day: it was a long-estab-
cided to leave England for The Nether-
was allowed to leave for Holland,
pondence.
lished custom for Leiden city officials
lands, where, as they had heard, religi-
where the Scrooby Separatists were
to declare three days of feasting and
ous toleration prevailed, and where
reunited in Amsterdam.
Dutch influence on the Pilgrims is
prayer on October 3, to give thanks for
many other English people had already
Among the last to arrive were John
hard to pinpoint. Bradford, married in
the lifting of the siege of 1574; and the
settled for that reason. The Scrooby
Robinson and Willam Brewster. With
a Leiden civil ceremony, introduced
city declared other days of fasting,
group's first attempt in the autumn of
Bradford, they were to play the leading
civil marriage registration to America
prayer, thanksgiving, or festivity from
1607 failed when the English ship cap-
roles in the history of the Pilgrims.
citing Dutch legal precedent. The elec-
time to time.
tain who had agreed to take them bet-
John Robinson was born ca. 1576 in
tion of governing officials by the colon-
The Pilgrim influence on Leiden was
rayed them. The second attempt, in the
Sturton-le-Steeple (Nottinghamshire),
ists as stipulated in the Mayflower
not extensive. An old map from the
spring of 1608, succeeded, although
and died in 1625 in Leiden. He studied
Compact recalls the election of neigh-
mid-seventeenth century shows Robin-
with difficulties. A Dutch captain was
theology at Cambridge, famous as a
borhood governing officials by the resi-
son's house with the words, 'De En-
willing to pick them up offshore along
center of Puritanism. He was ordained
dents of each of Leidert's little neigh-
gelsche Poort' ("The English Close'),
the coast between Grimsby and Hull.
in the Anglican Church in 1602. Robin-
borhoods. The congregational form of
but Robinson's house was rebuilt in
When most of the men were on board,
son left the university, where he had
church organization owed something to
1683 as an almshouse, the Jean Pesyn-
however, he saw troops approaching.
been a Fellow of Corpus Christi Col-
Browne's contact with Dutch Menno-
shof. Since their departure in 1620,
He hoisted sail immediately and de-
lege, shortly before his marriage on
nites; and there can be no doubt that
however, the Pilgrims and their descen-
parted, abandoning the women and
February 15, 1604, to Bridget White, of
the Pilgrims in Leiden knew of the
dants have been returning to Leiden.
children waiting in a stranded boat with
Gainsborough (near Scrooby). Soon af-
Leiden Mennonites (with whose ideas
There was Thomas Prince in 1713, John
a few of the men. Despite terrible
ter, he became 'teacher' (assistant
they disagreed) who gathered in a
and Abigail Adams, and their son John
storms that drove him far off course,
minister) of St. Andrew's Church in
ABOVE LEFT: Rijnlandshuis (1598), seat of the government f
waterways surrounding Leiden. ABOVE RIGHT: The Pietersk
Robinson and other Pilgrims are buried. BELOW LEFT: The
to
Pieterskerk. Pilgrim Christopher Ellis lived in this alley, where o
1609 by the Jesuits. BELOW RIGHT: City wall tower 'Oostenr
medieval town.
ABOVE: Site of
Robinson's house, De
Groene Poort ('The
Green Close'), since
1683 the Jean Pesijn
Almshouse
(Pesijnshof). LEFT:
Leiden's medieval
Burcht (castle) was
thought in Pilgrim
times to be Roman. It
is one of many
buildings still to be
seen in Leiden which
were present before
and during the Pilgrim
period.
Speedwell and they sailed together
PSALME 100,
Norwich. The Bishop of Norwich de-
from Southampton to Plymouth (De-
posed Robinson that same year after
von), where they both took on provi-
Robinson denied the New Testament
sions for the trip to America and then
origins of the authority of bishops, de-
departed. When the Speedwell proved
Howe to Iehovah all the earth.
1
nied the efficacy of the Anglican sacra-
unseaworthy, the two boats turned
ments, and refused to sign the Book of
back and the Pilgrims who were to go
Canons as demanded of all clergy. The
to America all went on board the May-
Robinsons left Norwich for Notting-
flower. The Speedwell was sold; several
Serve ye Iehovah with gladnes: be fore
hamshire, where John Robinson came
discouraged Pilgrims returned to
into contact with Puritan ministers
Leiden and went to America on later
John Smyth of Gainsborough and
boats. The Mayflower departed again
Richard Clifton of Babworth, and with
alone, reaching Cape Cod on Novem-
him come with finging-m rth. Know
the postmaster of Scrooby, William
ber 9, 1620, after sixty-five days at sea.
Brewster.
William Brewster, born ca. 1566,
As the Pilgrims had foreseen, many
welcomed Separatist meetings in his
of those who remained in Leiden (and
that Iehovah he God #:
home, Scrooby Manor. The Scrooby
the majority did remain) became as-
Separatists formed their own covenant
similated into Dutch society. John
BELOW LEFT: Seal on a letter sent from
America to Leiden by Thomas Willett.
in 1606, with Clifton and Robinson as
Robinson died in 1625, having stayed
ABOVE: 'Old Hundredth' in Ainsworth's
their ministers. As a young government
with his flock but hoping to go with a
Psalter, used in Pilgrim services. BELOW:
employee Brewster had been in Leiden
later group to America. His son Isaac
The steps on the Rapenburg whence the
Pilgrims embarked on the first stage of their
in 1586 accompanying Sir William
was one of the last Pilgrims to emigrate,
journey to America. They stopped briefly in
Davison in the retinue of the Earl of
ABOVE: The 1609 document granting
in 1632. Other late emigrants included
Delfshaven, Southampton and Plymouth
Leicester, who was at that time Gover-
permission to reside in Leiden. BELOW: De
Richard Masterson and Thomas Wil-
(England).
nor of The Netherlands. Later, again in
Groene Poort seen on a map from 1600.
lett. Willett, born into a Pilgrim family
Leiden, Brewster was an Elder (leading
in Leiden about 1610, became assistant
layman) of the Pilgrim congregation;
governor of Nieuw Amsterdam under
and he was the major figure in the
Pieter Stuyvesant. He went on to be-
publishing activities of the Pilgrims dur-
come the first 'English' mayor of New
ing their Leiden stay. Forced into hid-
York in 1664.
ing at the suppression of the Pilgrim
Press in 1619, Brewster turns up again
as a Mayflower passenger. In America
he was a religious leader for the colony
for many years, and died on April 20,
1644, in Duxbury near Plymouth.
William Bradford was born ca. 1588-
1590 at Austerfield (Yorkshire) near
Scrooby. Orphaned, he was taken into
Brewster's household in 1602, and he
joined the Scrooby Separatists. One of
the leading laymen in the Leiden
period, he emigrated on the May-
flower. He was governor of the colony
for many years. His manuscript book
Of Plimoth Plantation is the major
souce of information about the Pil-
grims. Bradford died in Plymouth on
May 9, 1657.
ABOVE: The Latin
School, one street
north of the
Pieterskerk, where
Rembrandt was a
student in Pilgrim
times. ABOVE
LEFT: The
Lodewijkskerk, a
Roman Catholic
church on the
Steenschuur. In the
early seventeenth
century it was
Leiden's cloth hall.
William Bradford was
a member of the guild
that met here.
BELOW LEFT:
Nearby on the
Steenschuur are two
large houses whose
façades have changed
little since the Pilgrims
saw them. An early
detail is the cross-
frame window design
seen in the house on
the right, formerly the
most common
window type in
Leiden. Stepped
gables like these
dominated the streets
in Pilgrim times.
The Pilgrim Press published theolog-
with increasing poverty predictable; the
ical tracts from ca. 1617 until it was
children were overworked, and when
Lubbonfos prodication
suppressed in 1619. One was a report
not working were exposed to the licen-
find
on King James' plans to reintroduce the
tiousness of Dutch youth - some were
episcopal form of church government
even leaving home to become soldiers
in Scotland. The book aroused the
or sailors; the Dutch did not sufficiently
Hark
kindows
king's wrath when it was smuggled into
respect the Sabbath; there was a likeli-
Britain. The British Ambassador in
hood of assimilation and inevitable dis-
droron
formal
The Hague discovered that the anony-
persion if the group stayed in Holland;
Facobil
mous piece had been printed in Leiden,
and there was the threat of war. Soon
but Leiden's city officials frustrated his
the Twelve Years' Truce (1609-1621)
Olrarija gardy disfirmit
attempts to have the Pilgrims punished.
would be over and King James was
They jailed Brewster in the city hall
expected to send English soldiers to
briefly but released him and detained
help the Dutch against Spain. He might
Brewer, instead. Brewer, being a stu-
find ways to oppress the Pilgrims. Fi-
dent, was not subject to ordinary city
nally, there was the hope of converting
ABOVE: Robinson's family as listed in a tax record of 1622: John Robinson, his wife Bridget,
courts. (He was released under terms
the Indians in America, 'for the prop-
their children Jannes (John), Brigitta, Isaac, Mercy, Ferer (Fear), and Jacobus (James) and
he himself set, which allowed him to
agating and advancing the gospel of the
their servant maid Marya Hardy. BELOW LEFT: Signatures of John Robinson, William
Jepson and Thomas Brewer. BELOW RIGHT: View in the garden of the Pesijnshof, showing
lecture King James at the expense of
kingdom of Christ in those parts of the
the Pieterskerk, as it could be seen from De Groene Poort in Pilgrim times.
the English government.) Then
world
Leiden's officials sent Polyander, who
had written the preface to one of the
After much discussion and negotia-
books published by Brewster, to ex-
tion the Pilgrims bought one ship, the
amine the Pilgrim Press publications
Speedwell, and chartered another, the
for orthodoxy. Polyander reported
Mayflower. The Pilgrims left Leiden by
favorably. While not delivering up the
inland boat and travelled along the
Pilgrims, the city officials did confiscate
Vliet River to Delfshaven, where the
the printing material, apparently be-
emigrants embarked on the Speedwell,
cause the Pilgrims had failed to obtain a
leaving The Netherlands on July 31,
local permit. Within a few months
1620. The group included people who
Robinson was having pieces printed in
had joined in Leiden, like Captain
Amsterdam.
Miles Standish and Philippe de la Noy,
The emigration in 1620 had various
Leiden ancestor of the Delano family,
motivating reasons: potential converts
and thus of Franklin Delano Roosevelt.
to the Pilgrims' ideas were put off by
the hard work necessary to earn a living
Bringing more English passengers the
in Leiden; old age was approaching,
Mayflower from London met the
My Brance
OPPOSITE: Leiden's City Hall façade designed by Lieven de Key and Luder van Bentheim
John Robmfor
(1595). Here the city government granted the Pilgrims permission to reside in Leiden. Here,
Milliam
too, Pilgrims came to register marriages and property transactions and to nominate
procurators for their Leiden business affairs when planning to leave for America.
Members of the
following religious
groups lived in Leiden
with more or less
toleration in the
ABOVE: Numerous
period 1450-1700:
examples of typical
Roman Catholics,
weavers' houses from
Eastern Orthodox,
the seventeenth
Jews, Gypsies,
century can be seen in
Lutherans, Dutch
Leiden. LEFT: The
Mennonites, Dutch
painting by Jan Steen
Reformed, German
(in The Hermitage,
Reformed, Walloon
Leningrad) seems to
Reformed, English
show an even smaller
and Scottish
house, like the houses
Reformed, English
most of the Pilgrims
Separatists (the
had, having a single
Pilgrims),
room and a loft.
'Libertines',
Remonstrants,
Rijnsburger
Collegiants, Moslems,
Moravians, Quakers,
Huguenots. Among
university students
were also:
Scandinavian
Lutherans, German
Lutherans, Polish-
Russian Mennonites,
Polish Reformed,
Czech Reformed,
Hungarian Reformed,
Polish Socinians
(Unitarians),
Anglicans, American
Puritans.
LEFT: Title page of one of Brewster's
To avoid involvement in a scandal
they formed about one quarter of the
publications. ABOVE RIGHT: The
brewing among the leaders of the vari-
English community in a city where
PLAINEAND
Academiegebouw, main building of the
FAMILIAR EXPOSI-
University of Leiden. Robinson attended
ous other English Separatist groups in
nearly a third of the population (total
theology debates in this building, where
Amsterdam, most of the Scrooby group
ca. 40,000) were refugees, most from
TION OF THE TENNE
COMMANDEMENTS.
Arminius, Gomarus, Episcopius and
left Amsterdam in 1609 for Leiden, the
Belgium.
WITH A METHODICALL
Polyander lectured. BELOW RIGHT:
second largest city in Holland and seat
In 1611 Robinson, William Jepson,
(hort Catechifine, containing briefly all the
principall grounds of Chriftian
Brewster's house in William Brewster Steeg,
RELIGION.
of the famous University of Leiden.
Henry Wood and Jane White (rep-
off the Pieterskerk Choorsteeg.
According to the laft corrected and inlarged Copie
This scandal, about improper behavior
resented by her husband Raynulph
by the Authour, M. Do D.
by an Elder during Sunday School,
Thickens) bought the property 'De
To which now prefixed three pro-
fitable
strengthened the Pilgrims' conviction
Groene Poort' ('The Green Close' of-
10.
that matters of belief and ethics should
entrance into the themeth light, and
giuth underftanding to the jimple.
be discussed before the entire congre-
gation and not left to be hushed up by
an élite of ministers and elders. Be-
cause Clifton remained in Amsterdam,
Robinson became the minister of the
Pilgrims in Leiden.
John Robinson and about 100 other
Printed Anno Dom. 1617.
Pilgrims submitted a written request for
permission to reside in Leiden, dated
February 12, 1609. The city's permis-
ten imprecisely translated as "The
glover, hosierer, shoemaker, carpenter,
sion states that Leiden 'refuses no hon-
Green Gate'), which became Robin-
block and tackle maker, twinemaker,
est people free entry to come live in the
son's house. In this house, across the
leather worker, cooper, cabinetmaker,
city, as long as they behave honestly
street from the ancient Pieterskerk, the
brewer's employee, mason, printer,
and obey all the laws and ordinances,
congregation held its services, twice on
watchmaker, mirror-maker, tobacco-
and under those conditions the applic-
Sunday and on Thursday evening.
pipe maker, tobacco-seller, and mer-
ants' arrival here would be pleasing and
Twenty-one small houses were built
chant, besides Robinson, the theolo-
welcome.' Putting inaction to fine
around the garden for other Pilgrim
gian and minister. The first Leiden to-
words, the city refused the British am-
families. Other Pilgrims lived nearby,
bacco-pipe makers were Pilgrims.
bassador's request that the Pilgrims be
in the Nonnensteeg, in the Nieuwsteeg,
(King James was an anti-smoker.)
extradited as banished Brownists, in-
on the Groenhazengracht, on the
Robinson became a member of the
forming him that the city had heard
Langebrug. Still others lived across
university in 1615. His neighbor and
nothing of their being either banished
town, like the Mastersons on the Uiter-
friend Thomas Brewer, who financed
or Brownists, but rather that they were
stegracht or Bradford on the Achter-
the Pilgrim Press, also was inscribed as
honest people of the Reformed religion
gracht. A few eventually bought houses
a 'student' that year. Although not en-
- and would His Excellency please ex-
in the 'Nieuwe Stad' or New Town,
rolled as a 'student' Brewster, formerly
cuse them to the King in this matter.
built on the north side of the city in
a Cambridge student, had university
It was not necessary to request per-
1611. The alley where William Brew-
contacts, too, teaching English to
mission to come live in Leiden. By
ster operated: the Pilgrim Press is now
Leiden university students. Robinson
obtaining official permission, the Pil-
named William Brewster Steeg ('Steeg'
attended theology lectures, siding with
grims ensured that, if necessary, their
= alley).
the Contra-Remonstrants against the
children would fall under the care of
The occupations of many pilgrims
Arminians in the heated controversies
Leiden's orphanage and not be sent
are given in the city's betrothal records.
of the period, and becoming friends
back to their parents' place of origin, as
It is clear that few were well off. About
with Johannes Polyander, the Leiden
was customary for immigrants' or-
half worked in the city's booming tex-
professor who supervised translation of
phans. It may be concluded that in 1609
'Weaving' and 'Spinning' from a series of
tile industry, as weavers, woolcombers,
the Old Testament for the Staten Ver-
the Pilgrims were planning to stay in
Leiden drawings, ca. 1600-1610, based on
paintings by Leiden burgomaster Isaac van
carders, cloth-fullers, etc. Other occu-
taling ('States' Translation') of the
Leiden. The Pilgrims lived peacefully
Swanenburgh (print collection, Leiden
pations known are: tailor, hatmaker,
Bible.
and unobtrusively in Leiden, where
Municipal Archives).
LEFT: The house,
now demolished, on
the Uiterstegracht that
belonged to Richard
Masterson and Sarah
Wood, as it was ca.
1890. It is left of the
lamp post, with flat
gable and dormer
window. Nearby was
one of the inns
frequented by the
English, called 'In the
Sign of Sandwich' ('In
Sandwitz'). Several
Pilgrims came from
Sandwich in England.
BELOW: Leiden in
Pilgrim times had
open space behind
many houses, with
gardens, orchards,
haystacks, barns,
stables and pigpens.
The effect is seen by
ABOVE: The
the Clusius Garden of
Coornbrug and
the University.
Vismarkt (Corn
Bridge and Fish
Market) behind the
City Hall, in the first
half of the seventeenth
century. In the
distance is the city
crane, where goods
brought to market
were weighed, and the
spire of St. Mary's
Church (the O.L.
Vrouwekerk),
demolished in 1819.
RIGHT: Seventeenth-
century houses on the
Langebrug, around
the corner from
Brewsters's house.
The ornate dorway
(1607) was to the
Penshal (Tripe
Market), where
cheaper meat, rabbits
and chickens were
sold.
IN THE FOOTSTEPS OF WILLIAM BRADFORD.
Start at the:
Leiden Pilgrim Documents Center, Vliet 45,
(founded in 1958) The Center is open:
Monday till Friday from 9.30 till 16.30.
Leaving the Pilgrim Center you go to the
left, along the Vliet untill the Rapenburg.
The Vliet is a canal where the first group
of Pilgrims (The Mayflower-group) left for
Delfshaven in 1620. This Canal is a historical site for the people of
Leiden: after the besiege by the Spaniards in 1574, the troops of Prince
William of Orange-Nassau (William the Silent) entered here, the town
with thier boats loaded with herring, bread and chee'se on October 3rd 1574.
At the end of the Vliet you go to the right across the St. Jeroenbridge
and over the Rapenburg. Go left after about 100 yards across the
Nieuwsteegbridge. From this bridge you will see the Lodewijkskerk on
your right.
The Lodewi jkschurch is a Roman catholic church named after St. Louis
(Steenschuur 19). Originally it was a hostel for the Pilgrims to Santiago
de Compostella in Spain, which was turned into a controll-hall for the
say-guild after the Reformation in 1572. William Bradford, the second
governor of Plymouth colony , was a member of this guild, which had
its meetings in this building.
Over the Nieuwsteegbridge to the left along the Rapenburg (other side),
you pass the house of Professor Jean Luzac, at Rapenburg nr. 112.
Professor Jean Luzac, (1746-1807), who published the principles of the
American Revolution in this news-paper "Gazette de Leyde", John Adams
and John Quincy Adams (Second and sixth president of the U.S.A.) stayed
in his house on the Rapenburg. (John Adars was a descendant of John Alden
of the Mayflower)
Walking along the Rapenburg till you come to the Begijnhof (after
Rapenburg 79), you turn in to this alley and you will see a gate at the
end. This gate is locked, but through it you can see a white building,
the former beguinage-chapel.
This former chapel is the place where the Pilgrims were allowed to hold
services in the years after 1617. permission for this was given by the
University-board, because after the Reformation the chapel belonged to
the University. On the ground-floor were the dessecting-room (used only
in winter), the fencing-school for students and the Pilgrimchurch
(" the poor English Congregation "), on the first floor was the Univer-
sity's librabry.
Return to the Rapenburg untill you reach the Kloksteeg and your left you
see the Academy-building.
The Academy-building is the old main building of the Leiden University,
originally a nunnery of the Order of St. Dominic (untill 1572). Nowadays
the laboratories and institutes of the University are scattered all
over town.
Don't cross the bridge, but turn right into the Kloksteeg. Walk along
untill you see the Jean Pesijnhofje on your right hand at nr. 21.
The Jean Pesijnhofje is an almhouse, built in 1683 on the site where the
Rev. John Robinson lived from 1611 till his death in 1625 and where
several members of his church lived in small houses (like the small one-
room house that is rebuilt in our Center) in the garden behind John
Robinson's house, built by the carpenter William Jepson, one of the
members of the Pilgrim church. The Green Close (now the Jean Pesijnhofje)
was known as the If Engelse Poort "(" The English Close ") in 1640.
Leaving the Jean Pesijnhofje you will see on your right hand, a memorial
tablet in the outer wall of the baptistry of the St. Peter's Church,
commemorating the Pilgrims who sailed on the Mayflower to the New World
in 1620.
Walk straight over the Pieterskerkplein, leaving the Church at your
right hand, you will see the Gravensteen (The Count's stonehouse).
Originally the Gravensteen was built as a exile of the Counts of
Holland in the twelfth ans tirteenth centery. From the fifteenth century
on it was the town's prison; since the second Wold War it is the
library of the University's Law School.
Go to the right, to the north entrance of the St. Peter's Church and
enter the Church by the North-transept. (the church is open from
13.30 till 16.00; if it is not open, ring the doorbell at Kloksteeg 16
the entrance-fee is f 1.50 p.p.)
St. Peter's Church is the oldest parish-church of Leiden, already recorded
in 1121. The nave and choir of the present church were built between
1390-1440, although the transept was not finished before 1500. In the
south-west corner of the church is a memorial tablet for the Rev. John
Robinson of the Pilgrim Church, who, according to an old tradition, was
buried in or near the former baptistry (the exact site of the grave was
not registered, because it was a rental grave). Other members of the
Pilgrim congregation were buried in the St. Peter's Church as well.
Professor Jean Luzac, at whose house on the Rapenburg father and son Adams
lodges, has a monument in the church, placed there by his friends in 1809,
although he was buried in Our Lady's Church.
When leaving St. Peter's Church, go to the right across the Pieterskerkhof
round the corner and opposite the choir of the church you turn into the
Lange Pieterkerkkoorsteeg. Between the numbers 17 and 19 (at your left
hand site) is the William Brewstersteeg.
Halfway down this alley (on your right) you will see William Brewster's
house and printing office.
Follow the Lange Pieterkerkkoorsteeg and cross the Langebrug into the
Korte Pieterkerkkoorsteeg, untill you reach the Breestraat.
On your left is the little tower of the Walloon Church, the former
Catharina Gasthuis (Catherina Hospital), where Myles Standish was nursed
when he was wounded in 1602.
On the zebra-crossing you see the Blue Stone which marks the place where
in the late Middle-ages executions were performed and unqualified prodects
of the cloth-industry were destroyed, so that they could not damage the
export-market.
Between Breestraat 101 and 103 you will find the Penshal (The tripe-hall),
which used to be the marked for cheap meat, bought by the poor.
The other end of this market-place is at the Langebrug.
Opposite the Penshal is the Stadhuis (Townhall) the front of wich is from
1597. The front was designed by Lieven de Key, town master builder of
Haarlem; the parts like the staircase and the sculptures were delivered
by Ludolf van Benthem, the town master stonecarver of Bremen.
The townhall itself burned down in the winter of 1929. Behind the old
front a new building was erected between 1932-1939.
Follow the Breestraat an go pass the townhall left, into the Korenbrug--
steeg and cross the Koornbridge.
This bridge across the south-branch of the river Rhine is one of Leiden's
oldest bridges. The present bridge dates from 1642/3 (with the exception
of the 19th-centery collonade). It is named the Cornbridge after the
Cornmarket held here from 1443 till 1899.
On your left you can see the Visbrug (Fishbridge). of which records go
back to 1200. The present bridge dates from 16th centery.
Go straight into the Burgsteeg At the end of this alley is the gate
to the Burcht.
This Burcht (former stronghold), is a mote and bailey type, built on an
artificial hill and is dating from the 11th-centery. Untill 1651 it was
the private property of the Viscount of Leiden (at that time a nobleman
living in Brussels). In that year the Burcht and the Viscountship were
bought by the town of Leiden.
Turn to the right in the Nieuwstraat and to the left in to the Hooge-
landsekerkgracht. you pass the Hooglandse or St. Pancras Church.
The earliest St. Pancras Church was built in 1315 as a wooden chapel.
the present church dates from the second half of the 15th-centery. Since
the Reformation it is a Reformed church. People were buried in churches
untill 1828. Some members of the Pilgrim church were buried here.
(the church is open for public on Monday from 13.00 till 15.30 and
Tuesday to friday from 11.00 till 15.30 from April till October).
On the Hoogelandsekerkgracht number 17 you pass the former Orphanage
enlarged in 1607 and used untill 1961. Now it is the Museum of Geology
and Mineralogy. Over the entrance is a relief showing a group of
orphans protected by the Holy Spirit (symbolized by a dove).
Cross the Kerkbridge a draw-bridge over the Rhine and turn into the
Hooglandsekerksteeg and turn to the right into the Haarlemmerstraat;
take the third alley to the left, the Bouwe Louwensteeg (Baldwin
Laurens lived here in the 15th-centery). At the end of this alley is
the Van der Werfstraat.
In William Bradford's time it was a canal, which was filled up in 1861.
The houses of the Grevenstraat and the Druckerstraat were built half a
century ago, replacing the 17th-centery houses in one of which William
Bradford lived. He bought his house in 1611 and sold it in 1619.
Turn to the left into the Van der Werfstraat, cross the Lange Mare
and turn into the Vrouwenkerkkoorstraat (after the Hartebrugkerk the
second street on your left) At the end you will see the remains of
Our Lady's Church.
This Church was built originally about 1330. The 15th-century church was
demolished in 1820. In this church Pillipe de Lannoy, a ancester of
the Delano-famely (Delano-Roosevelt), born of Walloon parents, was baptized
in 1603. In 1621 he went to Plymouth, New England, on board the Fortune.
Walk across the Vrouwenkerkhof in to the Lange Agnietenstraat, along
which street (at your right hand) you see the Boerhaavezalen.
The Boerhaavezalen or Caecilia Gasthuis (Caecilia Hospital) was originally
a nunnery. After the Reformation it was used as a hospital for the
mentally ill. In the 18th-centery it was the University's hospital where
famous physicians, like Herman Boerhaave, taught their students medicine.
Having passed the Boerhaavezalen, you see on your left the Sionshof
and go over the Klooster to the right into the Lijsbethsteeg. After
abouth 40 yards you see at your left hand (at the corner of the Caecilia
straat and Lange Lijsbethsteeg) the chapel of the Elisabeth Gasthuis.
The Elisabeth Gasthuis (St. Elisabeth Hospital), founded in 1428, was a
hospital for waman. In 1773 it was merged with the St. Catharina Gasthuis
situated on the Breestraat( the hospital where Myles Standish was nursed
when he was wounded in the Low Counties). In the years 1966-1970 the
building was restored and now it is used as a nursing-home for the
chronically ill.
Coming out the Lange Lijsbethsteeg you can see the Lakenhal on the other
side of the water on the Oude Singel.
The Lakenhal (Cloth-hall) is now the Municipal museum with paintings of
Lucas van Leiden, Rembrandt van Rijn and Jan van Goyen and many others.
It was built between 1639 and 1640 as a control-station and saleshall
for the Cloth-merchants. After quality control the cloth was stamped
with the Leyden Hallmark.
Going to the left along the Oude Vest and turning again to the left
across the Turfmarkt you return to the town's center. Going to the right
over the Turfmarktbridge you pass the corn-mill "the Falcon" and you
return to the Central Station.
Copyright 1987: Leiden Pilgrim Documents Center. Drs. B. N. Leverland and
miss Joh. W. Tammel. No part of this publication may reproduced, stored
in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means,
electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the
prior permission of the Leiden Pilgrim Documents Center, Postal address:
Boisotkade 2a 2311 PZ. Leiden, the Netherlands. Phone 071-120191
PRESS RELEASE
THE VICE PRESIDENT
OFFICE OF THE PRESS SECRETARY
FOR RELEASE: 11:00 a.m., Austrian time
CONTACT: 202/456-6772
Wednesday, September 21, 1983
ADDRESS BY GEORGE BUSH
VICE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES
VIENNA, AUSTRIA
SEPTEMBER 21, 1983
It is a pleasure for me to come here and speak to you today;
and it is appropriate that the setting be the Ceremony Hall of the
Hofburg, a hall which has witnessed both the full horror of
dictatorship and the glistening promise, the abundant actuality of
freedom. This beautiful country of Austria is now in the full bloom
of democracy; but others are not so fortunate. I have Just come
from the countries to your East, and I have seen in the faces of the
people there a yearning for the same freedoms and democratic rights
enjoyed by the people of Austria. I know that this is a subject of
particular concern to Chancellor Cinowatz, whose home in the
Burgenland sits only a few miles from Austria's eastern border.
Last January I travelled to Germany, and in the course of my
trip pald what for me will always be an unforgettable visit to the
small village of Moedelreuth. Down the main street ran a high
concrete wall topped with densely packed barbed wire. On the near
side, the villagers were peacefully going about the ordinary
business of their daily lives. On the far side, soldiers stood
watch with machine guns and attack dogs ran along the wall on
chains.
As I looked out to the East, I had the momentary Impression
that I was standing in a lonely outpost on the edge of Western
civilization. Given the harsh reality of the wall, the Impression
is perhaps understandable; but how true is it?
Historically, of course, it couldn't have been more false.
That wall, that wound which in one form or another spans the breadth
of the continent, runs not along the edge, but cuts through the very
heart of Europe. The diverse and complex region through which I
have Just travelled, a region so rich in history and culture, has
always been a part of the European mainstream.
You Austrians so aptly call this part of the world
Mitteleuropa -- Central Europe. Can a wall, can guard dogs and
machine guns and border patrols deny hundreds of years of European
history? Can they create and enforce this fictitious division down
the very center of Europe?
When we think of that monstrous wall, we think first of the
very personal violence it expresses: Familles divided, a people
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held prisoner in their own country. But what of the violence --
just as real -- it does to our history and traditions?. What of the
violence It does to Europe?
Czeslaw Milosz, the Nobel Prize-winning Polish poet, Is one
of the many dissident artists, writers, and Intellectuals, who were
forced to choose exile from the language and country they loved,
rather than be exiled from their history and cultural traditions
within their own country. In Mllosz's famous book, The Captlve
Mind, he writes about the "extingulshment" he sees in the face of
Eastern European Intellectuals. Their countries, they know, are
rightfully part of an ancient civilization, one that is derived of
Rome rather than Byzantium. "It Isn't pleasant," he writes, "to
surrender to the hegemony of a nation which is still wild and
primitive, and to concede the absolute superiority of its customs
and Institutions, science and technology, literature and art. Must
one sacrifice so much. .?", he asks.
Over a hundred years ago, some Tsarist historians spoke with
a contempt born of envy of the "decadent West.' One example of such
decadence was, no doubt, the music of Frederic Chopin. In a recent
essay, the Czechoslovakian author, Milan Kundera, tells of how 14
years after Chopin's death, Russian soldiers on the loose In Warsaw
hurled the composer's plano from a fourth-floor window. "Today,"
writes Kundera, "the entire culture of Central Europe shares the
fate of Chopin's plano."
It has often been remarked that of the three great events in
European history -- the Renaissance, the Reformation, the
Enlightenment -- Russla took part in none. But Mitteleuropa, the
region that gave birth to Jan Hus, took part in them all. This
region has always looked west, not east. I was struck by the close
ties in even Its easternmost quarter when I heard the beautiful
romance language, so similar to French and Itallan, spoken by the
people of Romania.
Fortunately, we are beginning to see fissures in the wall.
During my visit I saw that, more and more, the natural forces which
bring people closer together, rather that push them apart, are
beginning to reassert themselves.
We in America feel strong and unbreakable ties with the
people of Central Europe. So many Americans came to our country
from this region to escape poverty and religious and political
persecution. Many still do. America was built in great part
through the industry of Hungarlans, Germans, Czechs and Poles.
Across the street from my office in the White House stands a statue
of Tadeusz Kosciuzko, a hero of our revolutionary war, whose
brilllance as a military engineer helped free my country from
foreign domination. The United States, in fact all of the civilized
world, remembers with the deepest gratitude the part played by the
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free Pollsh forces in World War II, the brave fighters who rejected
Hitler's and Stalln's Infamous pact to partition their country. And
we will never forget the courage of the Poles who, after years of
suffering the ravages of war and the ruthless suppression of their
people, rose up again in Warsaw -- they fought to the end, while
those who they called themselves their allies cooled their heels on
the east bank of the Vistula river.
The ties of my country to Central Europe are many, our
histories are often intimately Intertwined. The founder and
President of the first Czechoslovak Republic, Thomas Masaryk,
married an American. Sixty-five years ago this October, he wrote
the Czechoslovak Declaration of Independence, a document founded on
the same "historic and natural" rights that guided our own
forefathers in writing our Declaration of Independence. To quote
from that document written by Masaryk: "We accept and shall adhere
to the ideals of modern democracy, as they have been the Ideals of
our nation for centuries." The "nation of Comenius," he sald,
accepts "the principles of liberated mankind, of the actual equality
of nations, and of governments deriving all their Just power from
the consent of the governed."
The Czechoslovak Republic, which lasted from 1918 until 1938,
was one of the most prosperous countries in Europe; Its charter
guaranteed "complete freedom of conscience, religion and science,
literature and art, speech, the press, and the right of assembly and
petition.'
Today, according to their own constitution, the Czechs are
promised the same freedoms; so, too, by written law and Internation-
al treatles to which the Soviet Union and the governments of Eastern
Europe are signatories, are the people of other countries in the
reg!on promised these basic human rights. But we have seen how
often governmental deeds diverge from official promises. The people
in many parts of Eastern Europe must now carry on their culture,
their traditions, underground and in fear.
But there are groups, such as the Charter 77 movement in
Czechoslovakla, and Solidarity in Poland which have sought to
persuade their government to abide by their own laws and
international commitments. Because of these Individuals, who
courageously demand their human rights, and because of the more
ImagInative leaders in some of these countries who have listened to
the just wishes of their people and have sought to democratize their
social and economic systems; European culture on the eastern side
of the continent will never die.
The United States shares with these people a vision of
Eastern Europe in which respect for human rights becomes the norm
and not a rare concession to International pressure, where
prosperity and advancement replace economic backwardness, and
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4
openness overcomes barriers to human contacts and economic
cooperation. In approaching the problems of the region, United
States policy is guided by certain constants: First, we recognize
no lawful division of Europe. There is much misunderstanding about
the substance of the Yalta conference. Let me state as clearly as I
can: There was no agreement at that time to divide Europe up Into
"spheres of Influence;" on the contrary, the powers agreed on the
principle of the common responsibility of the three allies for all
the liberated territories. The Soviet Union pledged itself to grant
full Independence to Poland and to all other states In Eastern
Europe, and to hold free elections there. The Soviet violation of
these obligations is the primary root of East-West tenslons today.
A similar misunderstanding exists about the Helsinki Accord.
Some argue that Helsinki endorses the status quo, the present
division of Europe. We reject this notion. At review sessions in
Belgrade, Madrid, and the upcoming session here in Vienna in 1986,
we have stated and will continue to Insist that the heart of
Helsinki Is a commitment to openness and human rights.
Let me stress here that the United States does not seek to
destabllize or undermine any government, but our attitude toward the
region is informed by a sense of history -- of European history.
For this reason we support and will encourage all movement toward
the social, humanitarian and democratic Ideals which have
characterized the historical development of Europe. We appreciate
the special role of countries such as Yugoslavia and Austria which
have contributed so much to restoring historic patterns of trade and
communications.
We share with the people of Eastern and Central Europe three
basic aspirations; freedom, prosperity, and peace. We recognize the
diversity and the complexitv of the region. Of Austria's nelghbors
to the East, some have shown a greater measure of Independence in
the conduct of their foreign policy. Some have introduced greater
openness in their societles, lowered barriers to human contacts, and
engaged. in market-orlented economic reforms. Others, unfortunately,
continue to toe the Sovlet line. Their foreign policy is determined
in Moscow, and their domestic policies still flagrantly violate the
most fundamental human rights.
In our relations with the countries of Eastern Europe, we
take these differences Into account. Our policy is one of
differentlation that is, we look to what degree countries pursue
autonomous foreign policies, Independent of Moscow's direction; and
to what degree they foster domestic liberalization -- politically,
economically and in their respect for human rights. The United
States will engage in closer political, economic and cultural
relations with those countries such as Hungary and Roman which
assert greater openness or Independence. We will strengthen our
dialogue and cooperation with such countries.
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We are not saying that countries must follow policies
Identical to those of the United States. We will not, however,
reward closed societies and belligerent foreign policies --
countries such as Bulgaria and Czechoslovakia, which continue to
flagrantly violate the most fundamental human rights; and countries
such as East Germany and, again, Bulgaria, which act as proxies to
the Soviets in the training, funding and arming of terrorists, and
which supply advisors and military and technical assistance to armed
movements seeking to destabilize governments in the developing
world.
Let me stress once more that our hopes for Eastern Europe are
peaceful. But we believe that reform is essential. Over the span
of many years the United States has provided hundreds of millions of
dollars of loans and credits for the Polish economy in the hope that
this aid would help build a more plentiful and open soclety. We
cannot, however, be expected to shore up a nation's economy when the
government refuses to institute the most basic economic reforms. If
countries insist on following the Soviet economic model, even
dollars, francs and marcs cannot prevent the certain failure of
their economies.
It is by now abundantly clear that highly centralized,
command economies cannot fulfill the basic needs of their
populations, let alone remain competitive in world markets or keep
pace with technological advancement. Just as retarded Industrial
development relegated much of nineteenth century Central Europe to a
backwater of agricultural poverty, there is ample evidence that the
unfolding Information revolution will sweep past an unprepared
Soviet Union and much of Eastern Europe -- unless there is basic
change. For example, Hungary's relative prosperity demonstrates the
practical, positive results that follow on social and economic
liberalization.
The countries of Eastern Europe have a choice to make. They
can close themselves off, or they can open up and Join the world
economy positively, as traders rather than debtors. Think about
this: 25 percent of all Soviet farm output comes from private plots
that occupy less than 3 percent of the Soviet Union's agricultural
land. It's doubtful whether Sovlet agriculture could survive
without this concession to private enterprise.
Freedom is the essential component of progress -- the freedom
of each Individual to bring his knowledge and wisdom to bear on the
economic decisions that will directly affect his life. This
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requires freedom of Information, the free flow of Ideas and the free
movement of people. We take these freedoms to be fundamental, moral
precepts; but they are also practical necessitles. If a society
revises history to suit ideological needs; If It censors informa-
tlon; if it punishes imaginative and creative Individuals and
discourages Initiative in its people -- that society condemns itself
to Ignorance and backwardness and poverty.
Just as freedom and prosperity go hand In hand, so, too, are
freedom and prosperity linked to peace. I know that the people of
Central Europe, who have such an Intimate experience of the waste
and horror of war, ardently yearn for peace. President Reagan and I
and the American people share in your hopes and desires. Our
commitment to nuclear arms reduction -- not just arms control, but
the reduction of these terribly destructive weapons -- Is
unshakeable. The United States has already unilaterally withdrawn
1,000 nuclear warheads from Europe. The Implementation of the 1979
NATO decision to deploy INF will not Increase by even one the number
of nuclear weapons in Europe. But while we've been withdrawing
nuclear weapons, t'he Soviets have been engaged in an unprecedented
and relentless military buildup in conventional and nuclear arms.
One of the most dangerous and destabilizing new elements is
the Soviet Union's monopoly of Intermediate-range nuclear missiles
-- missiles which can strike any target in Europe within a few
minutes. The Soviets have already more than sufficient INF weapons
INF
in place to meet their security requirements, and yet they seek to
further Intimidate the people of Europe by dire warnings of
counter-deployments in Eastern Europe should NATO go ahead with
deployments in December
It is our hope that the Sovlet leadership will have the
courage and vision to reverse their dangerous arms buildup. If they
show some flexibility at the bargaining table and a balanced
approach is adopted, and agreement in Geneva is still possible
before the end of this year. Here in Vienna, at the negotlations
for Mutual and Balanced Force Reduction, after many years of
stalemate, there are some signs of movement for veriflable reduction
in conventional forces in Central Europe.
But a prerequisite for peace is respect for International
law. Regrettably, the Soviet Union and most of the Warsaw Pact
countries continue to flout the human rights agreements to which
they are all signatories. And the world is still in shock from the
brutal murder of 269 civillans aboard a commercial airliner which
strayed off course and was unlucky enough to pass over Soviet
territory.
Let me ask you this question: Would the United States, would
Austria, ever wantonly shoot down a commercial airliner? Never.
But the Soviets resolutely state they would it again. These are not
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7
the actions and words of a civilized system. The European tradition
stresses above all things a respect for human life. Those
traditions, sadly, are not universal.
What are we to think of leaders who compound such brutal
deeds with bald and careless lies and who respond to the just
inquiries of the International community with utter contempt? This
use of brute force is exactly the kind of Soviet behavior in Eastern
Europe that the United States has been protesting for years.
Recognition of the true nature of the Soviet system doesn't
make our desire for peace any less strong. If anything, it makes It
stronger. But we enter all negotlations with the Soviets with our
eyes open. We will never give up in our attempts to use reason and
whatever reassurances we can give to persuade the Soviets to truly,
constructively Join the community of nations. Our desire for peace
is strong and unfalling. With your help, with the help of all
nations, I'm certain we can make that hope a reality.
I'd like to close with the words of a great Mitteleuropean,
His Holiness Pope John Paul II. In Just three lines he pointed out
the road toward a better future;
Persons over Things
Ethics over Technology
Spirit over Matter.
I have visited four Important nations in Central Europe --
nations rich In culture and history; nations with differing systems
and perspectives. But in my talks with the leaders and people of
these countries, I've become convinced that we all share a common
goal -- to heal the wounds that separate us, to remove the
artificial barrlers which divide us, and to reduce the level of fear
and terror in the world through arms reduction.
I come away from Eastern Europe with a strong sense of Its
diversity, a strong sense of the unlqueness of each country. With
some, our ties are already greatly improved -- my visit is one
Indication of that. But we are not about to write off a single
country. We are ready to respond to each to the extent that they
are meeting their own people's aspirations, are pursuing their own,
Independent foreign policy, and are willing to open up to the rest
of the world.
I am an optimist. I see a brigh future for Central Europe
-- a future of peace, prosperity, and freedom. I am positive the
barriers will come down and that the desire of our neighbors to the
East to once more become a full part of Europe will finally, after
many hard bitter years, be fulfilled. In this spirit of
reconclliation, we must all work together to make this optimistlc
vision a reallty -- to once again make Europe whole.
Thank you.
# # #
HONORARY DEGREE J. PEREZ DE CUELLAR
SECRETARY-GENERAL OF THE UNITED NATIONS
LVCDVNO
J5
75
Leiden University
7 september 1988
Photo frontpage: The Great Seal of the University,
embroidered on the cappa of a Doc-
tor Honoris Causa of Leiden Uni-
versity.
HONORARY DEGREE J. PEREZ DE CUELLAR
SECRETARY-GENERAL OF THE UNITED NATIONS
Leiden University
7 september 1988
Foreword
5
Prof.dr. J.J.M. Beenakker
Rector Magnificus
Introduction to the ceremony
7
mr. H.G. Schermers
Professor of Public International Law
Laudatio
11
mr. P.H. Kooijmans
Professor of Public International Law
Address on receiving
an honorary degree
15
J. Pérez de Cuéllar
Secretary-General of the United Nations
We celebrate this year the fact that some nine-
continuous promotion of these ideas.
hundred years ago the European University was
In mr. Pérez de Cuéllar we honour not only a
born. The teaching of law was a focal point in
man for his contributions to the application and
its first activities. The first official documents
development of international law, we also renew
of the existence of a doctor of law dates back to
our commitment to the furthering of peace
Bologna in 1067.
through international justice.
This is understandable in view of the central role
of a legal system in every human society of some
Prof.dr. J.J.M. Beenakker
complexity.
Rector Magnificus
Since those early years many things have changed
but the study and the teaching of law have
remained an important task for every university.
It was Hugo de Groot (Grotius) who in 1625 in
his "De iure belli ac pacis" introduced a new
dimension. It is not strange that these ideas
originated in the Netherlands, a country that was
always characterized by its open attitude towards
the world around it.
History made it clear that international law to
function required more then its study and
teaching. It needs an international gremium with
the task to guarantee its application.
Around the change of the century it was in our
university Van Vollenhoven who pleaded in this
direction and even advocated the formation of an
international police force. The history of our
century, up to recent years testifies to the
importance of a truly functioning international
organisation for the future of mankind.
The honorary degree conferred by our university
to the Secretary-General of the United Nations
is fully in line with the Dutch tradition in general
and of Leiden university in particular in the
5
AD LVGD BAT.
INTRODUCTION TO THE CEREMONY
the United Nations rightly observed in his report
Prof.mr. H.G. Schermers
of 9 September 1987 that the Organization
should be sensitive to the studies of the intellec-
Ladies and Gentlemen,
tual community of the world and that the United
Nations must associate more with scientists from
Having been asked to say a few words about the
around the world¹.
United Nations on this festive occasion, I think it
Today I want to draw your special attention to
appropiate to speak about the relations between
that other task of the universities: education.
that organization and the academic world in
That task is much the same all over the world.
general. Those relations are important both for
the UN and for the universities.
In the universities our main responsibility is the
education of the next generation. That is a long
It may seem a bit presumptuous for me to speak
term task. It may take 20 to 40 years before the
on behalf of all universities of the world, but I
students of today become the leaders of the
take that liberty on the authority of the Secre-
world. But it is an important task.
tary-General of the United Nations. Yesterday, at
The United Nations plays a role in university
the celebration of the 75th anniversary of the
education in two ways. Firstly, we get UN
Peace Palace the Secretary-General mentioned
support. We are grateful for the opportunities
Hugo Grotius as the father of international law.
which the UN internship program offers by
As Hugo Grotius was educated at our law faculty
enabling students to experience the functioning
we have some grounds for acting as the fathers of
of the organization, to participate in its work
the world's international law faculties.
during their studies. In particular the students
from universities in the developing countries
Many links exist between the UN and the uni-
benefit from the program. They need it most as
versities. UN-law and politics are taught all over
they often suffer from the handicap of insufficient
the world. Universities provide experts to the
libraries and poorer academic facilities.
UN, such as our professor of Public International
Law, Professor Kooijmans, who is the special
rapporteur of the UN Commission on Human
1)
Report of the Secretary-General on the
Rights to examine questions relevant to torture.
Work of the Organization 1986-1987, UN
Research is done on many aspects of the UN and
document A/42/1, p. 8. See also e.g. the
many studies are published. Perhaps these studies
present Secretary-General's first report in
could be better used. The Secretary-General of
1982, p. 3.
7
The second role of the UN in university education
overlapped and produced too many mediocre
is of a different character. I have been teaching
reports which did not lead to any practical
the law of the United Nations for more than 25
effect; too many staff-members were insufficient-
years and I have noted ups and downs in the level
ly competent for their jobs; promotions in the
of interest among students.
Secretariat depended on nationality more than
For young people who still know rather little
on capacity and devotion. In addition, some
about our world it is difficult to decide in what
Member States were insufficiently cooperative.
branches of law or politics they want to specialize.
Organs were used for propaganda, lawfully
Whether or not they opt for the United Nations
established contributions remained unpaid. When
largely depends on the image of the organization.
American law students learned that their own
When the image is good many will study the UN,
government took an interest in international law
when the image is poor they may turn to other
only when it operated to its benefit and that
fields.
essential legal commitments were set aside over-
night, then they might have taken that as a
The image is not the same as the achievements.
signal that international rules might not be worth
Even if an organization is powerless it may
studying.
appeal to students. The underdog may well
arouse sympathy and support. Most students
In his report Bertrand concludes that all these
accept challenges. They are prepared to devote
shortcomings may not be so relevant. With some
time and effort and sometimes their entire career
competent top people the Secretary-General of
to fight for the improvement of the UN. There is
the UN can perform his peace-keeping role and
a tremendous amount of idealism and willingness
the success of the rest of the UN depends on the
to cooperate amongst the young generation. But
will of the Member States, more than on the
they must be convinced that it is worth while.
machinery itself.
And that conviction cannot be established when
the image is poor.
Only a few years ago the image of the United
Nations was rather negative, and the real interest
of students suffered. Maurice Bertrand described
2)
Maurice Bertrand of the Joint Inspection
the reasons in his report to the Joint Inspection
Unit, Some Reflections on Reform of the
Unit²).
United Nations, UN document JIU/REP/
The machinery had become too complex; hun-
85/9, Geneva 1985, in particular paras
dreds of commissions and committees often
37-40.
8
If the Member States want to cooperate, they
development, and for human rights. They do see
can do SO even when the UN machinery is
a Secretary-General taking initiatives, working
defective. This may be true; it propably is true,
hard to promote peace and security, and achiev-
but it is a short-term view. In the long term the
ing a cease-fire in the Gulf-war. Such observations
image of the organization is of vital importance.
make it worth their while to study the United
Those who study the UN today will be, to a
Nations.
greater or lesser extent, the UN experts of the
next generation. Maybe only one of them will
However, if we balance the positive against the
ever become Secretary-General of the United
negative image, the negative one is still significant.
Nations, but certainly many more will aim at a
If I make an appeal to the Member States and to
position of that kind. Moreover, the number of
the Secretary-General of the United Nations on
them who will finally become international
behalf of the world's universities, then that
policy-makers may be small but for the future of
appeal would be: Make the organization more
the Organization it is of equally great importance,
efficient, bring into the Secretariat more idealism,
that sympathy and support is built up among
expertise and devotion. Let appointments
other groups of society. Businessmen, journalists
depend on capacities rather than on political
and immigration officials should also support the
pressures. Then we can mobilize goodwill and the
UN.
investment of thinking and knowledge in the
next generation. Then we can help to secure our
Fortunately, positive aspects of the United
future.
Nations' image are not lacking. We find them in
each of the three main tasks of the Organization:
peacekeeping, development and human rights.
All efforts to reach a harmonious development
throughout the world help to diminish the
world's tensions during the lives of the next
generation. In recent months, in particular, the
UN's work for peace-keeping has promoted
its positive image. On human rights the Secre-
tary-General will say a few words himself.
What may stimulate young people most is the
dedication of men and women. They do notice
that there are people fighting for peace, for
9
LAUDATIO
With hindsight, however, it can be said that your
Prof.mr. P.H. Kooijmans
life and your career took a decisive turn in 1971;
in that year you were appointed Permanent
Representative of your country to the United
Mr Secretary-General,
Nations and from then onwards your life was
dominated by multilateral diplomacy, that high-
Your life seems to have been determined by a
ly fascinating and at the same time extremely
constant interplay of law and international
frustrating part of international politics. In July
politics.
1974, as President of the Security Council you
After having obtained your law degree in Lima
had to deal with the outbreak of hostilities in
you decided to become a diplomat. At the very
Cyprus, that hot-bed of conflict, with which
young age of 20 you joined the Peruvian Ministry
subsequently you would become so familiar after
of Foreign Affairs to start a diplomatic career
Secretary-General Waldheim had appointed you
which led you from 1944 onwards to several
as his Special Representative in that island-state.
foreign capitals. In 1961 you returned to Lima
From September 1975 until December 1977 you
and then, to a certain extent, international law
sought formulas to solve a problem which now
seemed to get the upperhand. Although you
has been dead-locked for more than 25 years.
continued to serve your country in the Ministry
In 1979 the United Nations seemed to take
of Foreign Affairs in various important functions
control of your life and career completely when
- occupying amongst others the posts of Director
you were appointed to the post of Under Secre-
of the Legal Department, Director of Political
tary-General for Special Political Affairs. In 1981
Affairs and finally, in 1966, that of Secretary-
the Secretary-General once more asked you to
General and Acting Deputy Minister - you had
act as his Personal Representative in trying to
the opportunity at the same time to pursue your
find solutions for a seemingly unsolvable pro-
academic interests. As a reflection of that con-
blem, viz. the situation in Afghanistan. In that
stant interplay of international law and inter-
same year you decided to return to your country,
national politics, which determined your life,
where you acted as Legal Advisor to the Minister
you were appointed Professor of International
of Foreign Affairs (obviously your interest in
Law at the Academia Diplomatico and Professor
solving legal problems had not suffered from
of International Relations at the Academia de
your experiences in multilateral diplomacy, may-
Guerra Aérea. This academic part of your life
be it was even strengthened by it); however, you
resulted in 1964 in the publication of a book:
continued to represent the Secretary-General in
Manual de Derecho Diplomatico.
the Afghanistan question. A few months later
11
you were elected Secretary-General of the
however, seems to have taken. off under more
United Nations after the Security Council had
propitious auspices than the first one. Thanks to
been rather ignominiously deadlocked for a
the changing international climate and to your
considerable time on other candidates.
relentless efforts to convince goverments of the
You accepted a post you had not sought in a
indispensibility of the United Nations and its
year which former Under Secretary-General
peace-making machinery the world organization
Urquhart in his memoirs rightly called "a dismal
has regained its relevance, at least in the field of
year" and which he remembers as one of the
the maintenance of international peace and
most disagreable years of his 40-year long United
security. Promising developments are underway
Nations career. The world organization had fallen
with regard to issues which for years seemed to
into near total disrepute after the exaggerated
evade a solution and in all of these cases the
expectations vested in it in the nineteen seventies
United Nations and its Secretary-General have
and politicians and scholars alike spoke of the
been attributed a role: an arrangement with
"decline of multilateralism". Political conflicts
regard to Afghanistan was' realised under the
increased in intensity, the United Nations stand-
auspices of the United Nations, peace talks
ing helpless aside since virtually no governments
between Iran and Iraq are held under your
looked to the United Nations for help.
personal surveillance and recently concluded
Apart from this situation, but not unrelated to it,
arrangements with regard to Angola and Namibia
the organization was gradually confronted with a
and with regard to the Western Sahara provide
evermore severe financial crisis with deep politi-
for a role of the world organization; even a new
cal undertones. Although a financial crisis is not
round of talks on the Cyprus question has been
always a disaster since it enables the leadership to
agreed upon. You were the first in trying to stem
cut away the barren branches and to attune the
unbridled optimism, knowing quite well that if
organization in a more appropriate way to present-
such optimism would come to no avail, the
day needs, it cannot be said that the political
blame could, and probably would, be put on the
organs of the United Nations gave you clear
United Nations.
guidelines how to carry out this difficult task.
Because nobody will be more aware of the deep
It was under such circumstances that you were
truth of the at first sight rather cynical description
asked to serve the world organization for a
of the function of the Secretary-General of the
second term. Although you did not seek re-
world organization given by Sir Brian Urquhart:
election, you accepted a. second term when
"The SecretaryGeneral of the United Nations has
requested to do so, though maybe with strong
none of the sovereign powers or economic and
personal reservations. This second term of office,
military influence of a government, so that his
12
negotiating efforts are often frustrating unless
organization recently has developed some in-
governments are desperate for assistance. He
teresting and unorthodox mechanisms in the
does, however, provide a useful way of filling in
latter field. The financial problems have not yet
gaps and maintaining momentum
"
been solved either and the ensuing task of pruning
Filling in gaps and maintaining momentum: it
the organization and its secretariat consequently
does not sound very heroic, but having an in-
has not yet been fully carried out for lack of
dependent, international official with the capa-
means. This may sound contradictory but it is a
city to do so is of priceless value in this world of
fact of life that disinvestment without re-invest-
sovereign states. When you and I first met more
ment finally leads to destruction; however,
than a decade ago (you will not remember the
member states may be more willing to meet their
occasion), you told me that it is of utmost
financial obligations as the organization is regain-
importance that a Secretary-General, when trying
ing its relevance.
to solve disputes, recognises the moment when
Scholars of the future will scrutinise the nineteen
he has to throw in his personal prestige in order
eighties to see whether the United Nations came
to force a break-through. In this regard you gave
out of that period as a rejuvenated organization,
me a tragic example of how a Secretary-General
rejuvenated in the political as well as in the in-
regrettably failed to do so, either because he did
stitutional field, and geared to the solution of the
not recognise the moment or lacked the courage
needs and problems of the nineties. The way in
to take the risk of incurring blemishes on his
which you have led the organization in those
personal prestige.
initially dark years and have determined its
Little did you know at the time that you your-
profile, will provide basic material for that
self would be called to that high office, but it is
evaluation.
my sincere wish that - in the challenging times
In order to honour you for your unswerving
ahead - you will recognise such moments and will
dedication to and tireless efforts for the cause of
be prepared to throw in your personal prestige
international peace and justice, which can and
and I am quite confident that you have already
should be the end-product of the interplay of
done so and will do so.
international law and international politics, the
Although the prospects for the future are rosier
University of Leiden, acting through its com-
than they have been for a long time, this does
petent organs, has decided to grant you the
not mean that the crisis of the decline of multi-
degree of Doctor Honoris Causa.
lateralism has been solved. The gap between rich
and poor is still there, human rights are still
And now I have the honour to confer on you
violated throughout the world, although the
that degree by reading the diploma.
13
CAD LVGD
OF
ADDRESS ON RECEIVING AN HONORARY
We at the United Nations are truly the inheritors
DEGREE
of Grotius' outstanding work on international
J. Pérez de Cuéllar
law. The objectives he defined for the orderly
conduct of international affairs remain the in-
spiration and the foundation of our efforts to
Mr. Rector, Excellencies,
resolve disputes - as the Charter affirms - "in
Ladies and Gentlemen,
conformity with the principles of justice and
international law".
It gives me great pleasure to join you today and
Compared with Leiden University's four centuries
to address this most distinguished gathering. I am
of history, the United Nations is but an infant of
deeply moved by the decision of Leiden Univer-
four decades. It is still striving to develop the
sity, this renowned centre of scholarship and
most effective working methods for achieving its
academic excellence, to bestow an honorary
goal of a better world where peace and security
degree upon me. I accept the honour as a tribute
may prevail. Nevertheless, I believe we may take
to the United Nations global enterprise for peace
some satisfaction in the progress achieved since
and justice. Let me also express my appreciation
1945, not least in the realm of international law.
to a most accomplished member of the Univer-
The United Nations and its family of organizations
sity and a highly valued colleague in our human
now comprise a framework for the international
rights endeavours, Professor P.H. Kooijmans, for
consideration of practically every field of human
his very kind words.
endeavour.
Your University is indeed a venerable institution,
In our attempt to provide a suitable response to
laying claim to more than four centuries of learn-
the ever-changing challenges before international
ing and intellectual distinction.
society, the United Nations can be vastly assisted
As one of your most recent - if honorary - gra-
by the academic community. Universities such as
duates, I am proud to follow in the tradition of
yours have made a tremendous contribution to
one of the earliest - Hugo Grotius.
the advancement of human understanding and
knowledge. Together, we can help to create an
environment in which there is greater respect for
law and justice, for mutual understanding and
peace.
Prof.dr. A. van Staden, dean of the faculty of laws,
The world is rich enough to provide everyone
J. Pérez de Cuéllar, bedell D. Spierenburg
with food, shelter and education. We ourselves
and prof.mr. P.H. Kooymans.
should be wise enough to preserve our very
15
existence through disarmament, protection of
only a tragedy that directly affects individuals.
the environment and a more equal and just
The Charter also recognized that respect for
distribution of the available resources. I would
human rights and peace were inseparable. Just as
urge you and your academic colleagues to meet
the violation of human rights leads to conflict, so
this common challenge by directing increasingly
conflict and war lead, all too often to the sup-
your thoughts and your intellectual energies
pression of human rights.
toward solving the many problems which continue
Indeed, it was with the memories of war fresh in
to stand in the way of peace and progress.
their minds that the drafters of the Universal
Declaration of human rights clearly affirmed in
Mr. Rector,
its opening words that "recognition of the
At the heart of the international community's
inherent dignity of the equal and inalienable
endeavours to construct a sure framework for
rights of all members of the human family is the
peace, stability and well-being lies the cause of
foundation of freedom, justice and peace in the
human rights. The United Nations unremitting
world".
striving for development, security, disarmament,
That seminal document, the Universal Declara-
justice, the preservation of the environment,
tion, was adopted by the United Nations General
all of these aim to enhance human dignity and, in
Assembly 10 December 1948. As we comme-
the profoundest sense, human rights. The Charter
morate its Fortieth Anniversary this year, we
of the United Nations accords a very high pri-
acknowledge the Declaration's continuing vitality
ority to human rights, expressing on behalf of
and validity. It remains the beacon that lights our
the people of the United Nations - immediately
path in the pursuance of human rights. Its drafters
after the first objective to "save succeeding
knew only too well the suffering, the appalling
generations from the scourge of war" - their
carnage engendered by a systematic violation of
determination "to reaffirm faith in fundamental
human rights. They determined that this should
human rights, in the dignity and worth of the
never be permitted again. They set standards of
human person", The Charter makes clear that
achievement which speak to all members of the
human rights and fundamental freedoms are
human family, standards that must be attained.
inherent to the nature of all human beings with-
The preamble and the 30 articles of the Declara-
out any distinction as to race, sex, language or
tion, which cover a broad spectrum of rights and
religion.
freedoms, have served as a source of guidance
Moreover, their relevance pervades the Charter's
and direction for the preparation of two inter-
purposes and principles. Lack of respect for
national covenants, on civil and political rights
human rights and fundamental freedoms is not
and on economic, social and cultural rights; as
16
well as a host of other international and regional
the Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural
instruments. Similarly, many States have drawn
Rights, 87 States to the Covenant on Civil and
upon the Declaration as a model for their natio-
Political Rights, and 40 States to the Optional
nal constitutions and other legislative acts. In-
Protocol of the latter Covenant. I am less happy
deed, its gradual and growing acceptance and
to admit that there are, obviously, still many
evidence of general practice by the international
States which have not yet become Parties to
community have led to the conclusion that the
these instruments, but we are continuing with
Declaration constitutes binding law as inter-
our efforts to secure a broader basis of acceptance
national custom, in accordance with Article 38
and I am confident that the list of State Parties
of the Statute of the International Court of
will keep growing.
Justice.
Furthermore, the Universal Declaration continues
Accession to international instruments is in itself,
to be a framework for our ongoing standard-
of course, no guarantee of respect for human
setting and implementation activities in the
rights. Yet it is frequently a first step. Universal
human rights field. It was drafted with very con-
ratification of human rights instruments is there-
siderable foresight and is an unceasing source of
fore of the utmost importance. I would urge all
inspiration.
Governments to consider adhering to those
Such has been the case in the drafting of a series
human rights instruments to which they have not
of subsequent instruments which have more fre-
yet acceded. There could be no more appropriate
quently drawn upon the Declaration than any
observance of the Declaration's anniversary.
other single text. It has become, as the preamble
In addition to these texts which make up the
says, "A common standard of achievement for all
International Bill of Human Rights, there are a
peoples and all Nations".
large number of other instruments which clarify
and crystallize substantive rights and duties,
The two major international Covenants spell out
mostly in the form of minimum standards. Some
in greater detail, in a complementary and sup-
of the instruments are of a general nature covering
portive manner, most of the rights laid down
a wide spectrum of rights while others establish
in the Universal Declaration. The Covenants, as
an international response in specific areas.
you are aware, are treaties subject to ratification
or accession by States. They were adopted by the
This is not the occasion to discuss all the many
General Assembly in 1966 and entered into force
instruments and standards now in existence. I
in 1976. I am happy to report that, as of the end
would, however, make special mention of two
of last year, 91 States had ratified or acceded to
texts. One is a treaty which has just come into
17
being, the other is a draft treaty near completion.
personal responsibility: United Nations staff
The Convention against Torture and Other Cruel,
members, who themselves are not infrequently
Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment
victims of human rights violations and abuses.
entered into force in 1987 and had, at the end
The list of our staff detained in various duty
of that year, 27 State parties. It has its own
stations is depressingly long. Such treatment of
implementation organ, the Committee against
those engaged in the impartial pursuit of human
Torture, which held its first session in Geneva
well-being is totally unacceptable. I am also
earlier this year. We welcome this reinforcement
concerned at the situation of a United Nations
of our existing capacity which includes a Special
human rights rapporteur, Professor Mazilu,
Rapporteur on Torture - your own very disting-
Special Rapporteur on Human Rights and Youth
uished colleague Professor Kooijmans - and a
for the Sub-Commission on the Prevention of
Voluntary Fund for the Victims of Torture.
Discrimination. I would urge that Professor
They have established a sound international
Mazilu be permitted to discharge the functions
basis for the fight against this particularly outra-
entrusted to him without delay.
geous affront to human rights and dignity.
It is, inevitably, where they are on the weakest
Likewise, we hope to welcome soon to our
footing that human rights must most be pro-
growing body of human rights law a new Con-
moted. Where no political or economic power
vention on the Rights of the Child, which is
protects, a legal structure of rights and freedoms
currently going through the final drafting stages
is crucial. Where prejudice and intolerance
in a working group established under the auspices
threaten, discrimination must be resisted. And as
of the Commission on Human Rights. That the
we fight ancient prejudices, we must be on our
most vulnerable and the most innocent should
guard against new ones.
receive specific protection is crucial.
For example, in this context I believe the human
rights of AIDS victims merit special attention.
The legislative process is by no means completed.
The standard-setting, then, must and does con-
Projects are underway for the drafting of additio-
tinue. The Human rights corpus - just as the
nal standards focussed, again, upon particularly
entire body of law, both domestic and inter-
vulnerable groups. Hence, we would aim to
national - must and does evolve, a living law
define and protect the rights, among others, of
responding to a living society.
indigenous peoples, minorities, migrant workers,
the mentally ill, and human rights defenders.
The rapid advancement of the standard-setting
The last category brings me to make a special
process nevertheless prompts a legitimate ques-
appeal on behalf of a group for which I have a
tion: Do practice and performance respond to
18
these rules? Do States comply with their inter-
Among these treaty bodies are the Human Rights
national obligations? Have the rights of indivi-
Committee, the Committee on Economic, Social
duals and groups, the conditions of their lives,
and Cultural Rights, the Committee on the
been improved as a result of the Organization's
Elimination of Racial Discrimination and the
commitment?
Committee against Torture. These bodies are
The development of international human rights
composed of independent experts - based fre-
standards is certainly a historic accomplishment.
quently in the academic world - who serve in
It has not been easy to establish ground rules
their personal capacities. We have every reason to
largely accepted by all countries and peoples.
place a great deal of confidence and trust in these
Today, any evocation of human rights is likely to
dedicated experts and in their decisions.
take as its frame of reference United Nations
The treaty bodies have an appreciable impact
yardsticks. The media measures governmental
upon national human rights practice. Through
compliance with our standards. These also form
their various procedures for studying national
the basis of efforts undertaken by intergovern-
reports or for reviewing complaints, whether
mental and non-governmental organizations to
from another State party or as an individual
encourage better and more humane societies.
communication, they hold up to international
The setting of standards, however, is only the
scrutiny the signatory States' human rights
first corner on our road. The next stage - the key
performance. This is in itself a remarkable step,
test - is to see to it that the rights are actually
one unthinkable only decades ago. The most
put into practice. The fortieth anniversary of the
striking aspect of the treaty framework is doubt-
Universal Declaration provides a good oppor-
less where an individual may submit alleged
tunity to hasten the course of implementation.
violations by his or her government directly to
The entire human rights community must con-
the international body. The Optional Protocol to
tribute to this process through debate, the
the Civil and Political Covenant provides - in
heightening of awareness and the consideration
closed meetings - for consideration of such com-
of new frameworks.
plaints. The Committee has presented its views
University educators, researchers and students
on numerous such communications, with a good
have a crucial role to play in this endeavour.
rate of success as to the willingness of States to
Implementation procedures and machinery, of
follow its quasi-judicial findings.
course, already exist: we are actively engaged in
Treaty mechanisms, of course, apply only to
efforts to strengthen and expand them. As you
signatory States, and many communications
know, several international human rights con-
procedures are optional. The widest accession
ventions provide for formal monitoring systems.
and adherence to these instruments is therefore,
19
let me reiterate, of cardinal importance. Other
The key elements in strengthening respect for
procedures, however, are applicable to all States:
human rights at the national level are knowledge
the best-known is named after the resolution that
by the individual citizens of their basic human
designed it, Economic and Social Council resolu-
rights and how to protect them and the existence
tion 1503. Here information is considered by the
of adequate national laws, procedure and prac-
human rights bodies if it appears to reveal a
tice in human rights matters. The twin goals guid-
"consistent pattern of gross and reliably attested
ing our current priority activities therefore com-
violations of human rights".
prise the widest dissemination of information on
In many such situations of flagrant violations, for
human rights and the provision of advisory ser-
example summary executions, torture, slavery,
vices and technical assistance to Governments.
mistreatment of prisoners or religious intolerance,
There are few spheres where information and
the United Nations employs a broad range of
communication play a more essential role than
methods for bringing these and similar practices
human rights. The very existence of international
to an end. Special Rapporteurs or representatives
standards is insufficiently known, the option of
may be appointed to examine the situation in
recourse to international bodies still less. Aware-
certain countries, or to carry out world-wide
ness of universal principles, of minimum stan-
surveys of violations on specific themes. The
dards of treatment, is the prerequisite for pro-
Organization thus enters into a direct dialogue
gress in human rights. Welcome assistance in our
with the Government concerned. It is particular-
efforts to create such awareness has been given us
ly encouraging that the United Nations has in
by the General Assembly's request to consider
recent years developed a growing capacity to
launching, at its next session, a world informa-
look into human rights violations wherever - in
tion campaign for human rights.
whatever region - they may occur.
The non-governmental organizations make an in-
It is indeed national Governments which con-
dispensable contribution in this key area. They
tinue to determine matters most closely affecting
inform and educate on human rights in all
the lives and well-being of their citizens. Conse-
regions, conveying information on a scale beyond
quently, the enjoyment of human rights depends
our limited capacities.
in the final analysis upon conditions and circum-
At the same time they submit communications
stances at the national level. A new focus has
and provide essential information to the meetings
accordingly emerged within our human rights
of our intergovernmental or expert bodies.
programme aiming to bring human rights to the
They are truly our partners in the human rights
people, enabling people throughout the world to
endeavour. We rely upon their input and upon
claim and defend their own rights.
their commitment. In paying tribute to them, I
20
should emphasize our intention of enhancing the
steadily more effective. The national infrastruc-
co-operation between them and the Centre for
tures are gradually being strengthened. I would,
Human Rights in Geneva.
then, answer the questions I raised earlier in a
The twin objective at the national level con-
largely positive spirit. I am certainly convinced
stitutes the creation or the strengthening of
that international human rights efforts can and
adequate human rights infrastructures. Where
do make a vast difference to individual lives and
governments demonstrate a sincere desire to
well-being the world over. For my own part, the
ensure, or to restore, the enjoyment of human
pursuance of human rights constitutes a constant
rights and fundamental freedoms in their coun-
and urgent priority. In that context I might
tries, the United Nations must be in a position to
mention - in addition to the more institutionalized
provide advisory services or technical assistance.
methods for human rights protection - my own
The possibility adds a valuable dimension to the
role in providing good offices and quiet diploma-
Organization's human rights dialogue with govern-
cy when particularly pressing cases are brought
ments. A most encouraging recent development
to my attention. It is in the nature of such activi-
has been the establishment of a Voluntary Fund
ty that I cannot give publicity to it. But I can
for such services, thus enabling the United
testify to its success on numerous occasions. I
Nations to respond more fully and adequately to
shall continue to raise good office cases in my
the ever-growing demands.
talks with Governments and my visits to Member
States. I have no doubt that the response will
Mr. Rector,
afford us further encouragement in giving effect
The state of human rights in the world today can
to international standards for human rights.
give us no cause for rejoicing. Every day, every
hour, abuses and violations occur. Arbitrary
Mr. Rector,
execution, torture, detention without trial, these
This audience is well suited for a consideration of
and other such assaults upon justice and human
human rights issues. I have emphasized the special
dignity continue to beset us. Evidently, there can
responsibility of the academic world for the
be no relenting in our endeavours. We must be
further advance of human rights. But it is also
both vigilant and persistent. Yet I firmly believe
most appropriate to address this crucial question
that we are on the right path.
in the Netherlands, a country known through the
The framework, as I stressed, is extensive in its
ages for its commitment to justice and its sense
scope and universal in its application. The im-
of international solidarity.
plementation machinery, albeit dependent more
The Dutch people have long distinguished them-
upon consensus than compulsion, is growing
selves by their compassionate and humanitarian
21
spirit. In the continuing struggle for the universal
realization of human rights, I know we will
remain staunch and steadfast partners.
Mr. Rector,
I have emphasized that human dignity, worth
and well-being are in their deepest sense the heart
of the United Nations endeavour. Under the
often abstract cloak of politics and economics
are individual concerns, individual lives, needs
and passions. We strive to bring a halt to cruel
regional conflicts with one paramount aim - to
save lives.
We want the young men sent to war to return
bringing joy to their families, not a bitter memory
of death far from home. We work for an end to
hunger and disease that mothers may see their
children grow in health and happiness. We pro-
mote development that all men and women may
take full part in a life of promise, not of want
and ceaseless struggle.
These are our goals. We seek to help realize the
boundless potential of men, women and children
the world over. There was a painter born in
Leiden whose life and work for me symbolize
this quest. Rembrandt celebrated the triumph of
the human spirit. In his art we see our birth-right,
a profound humanity that transforms all adver-
sity. May his legacy continue to inspire us.
This is truly a fitting city to speak of human
rights and dignity. It is thus a very special honour
for me to receive this degree from you today and
I thank you for it.
22
Production : Press and Information Services
Leiden University
Photos
: frontpage: Klaas Koppe
page 6 and 14: Loek Zuyderduin
THE WHITE HOUSE
Office of the Press Secretary
(Frankfurt, Federal Republic of Germany)
For Immediate Release
May 31, 1989
REMARKS BY THE PRESIDENT
AT RHEINGOLDHALLE
Rheingoldhalle
Mainz, Federal Republic of Germany
1:16 P.M. (L)
THE PRESIDENT: Thank you, Chancellor Kohl. At the
outset, let me teil you that lest you think that he has forgotten his
home state because he is the Chancellor of the Federal Republic, I
will only tell you that in the last 24 hours, Chancellor Kohl has
been convincing me that when I came to this state and to Mainz, I
would be coming to heaven. And having gotten here, I think he may
just about be right, I'll tell you. (Laughter.) Thank you all very
much. (Applause.)
Dr. Wagner and Lord Mayor, distinguished hosts -- I want
to also thank these two bands -- West German and American -- for that
stirring music. And Chancellor Kohl, I especially want to thank you
again for inviting me to this beautiful and ancient city on my first
presidential trip to the Republic of Germany -- the Federal Republic.
And Herr Kohl and I have concluded now our deliberations at the NATO
summit in Brussels -- an excellent start to our working partnership
as Chancellor and President.
And here in Mainz, by the banks of the Rhine, it's often
said that this heartland of mountain vineyards and villages embodies
the very soul of Germany. So Mainz provides a fitting forum for an
American President to address the German people. (Applause.)
Today I come to speak, not just of our mutual defense,
but of our shared values. I come to speak, not just of the matters
of the mind, but of the deeper aspirations of the heart.
Just this morning, Barbara and I were charmed with the
experiences we had. I met with a group -- a small group of German
students, bright young men and women who studied in the United
States. Their knowledge of our country and the world was impressive
to say the least. But sadly, too many in the West, Americans and
Europeans alike, seem to have forgotten the lessons of our common
heritage and how the world we know came to be. And that should not
be, and that cannot be. We must recall that the generation coming
into its own in America and Western Europe is heir to gifts greater
than those bestowed to any generation in history peace, freedom
and prosperity. (Applause.)
This inheritance is possible because 40 years ago the
nations of the West joined in that noble, common cause called NATO.
And first, there was the vision, the concept of free peoples in North
America and Europe working to protect their values. And second,
there was the practical sharing of risks and burdens, and a realistic
recognition of Soviet expansionism. And finally, there was the
determination to look beyond old animosities. The NATO Alliance did
Belind
nothing less than provide a way for Western Europe to heal
centuries-old rivalries, to begin an era of reconciliation and
smill
restoration. It has been, in fact, a second Renaissance of Europe.
(Applause.)
As you know best, this is not just the 40th birthday of
the Alliance. It's also the 40th birthday of the Federal Republic --
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- 2 -
a Republic born in hope, tempered by challenge. And at the height of
the Berlin Crisis in 1948, Ernst Reuter called on Germans to stand
firm and confident, and you did -- courageously, magnificently.
And the historic genius of the German people has
flourished in this age of peace. And your nation has become a leader
in technology, and the fourth largest economy on Earth. But more
important, you have inspired the world by forcefully promoting the
principles of human rights, democracy and freedom. The United States
and the Federal Republic have always been firm friends and allies.
But today we share an added role partners in leadership.
of course, leadership has a constant companion --
responsibility. And our responsibility is to look ahead and grasp
the promise of the future.
I said recently that we're at the end of one era, and at
the beginning of another. And I noted that in regard to the Soviet
Union, our policy is to move beyond containment.
For 40 years, the seeds of democracy in Eastern Europe
lay dormant, buried under the frozen tundra of the Cold War. And for
40 years, the world has waited for the Cold War to end. And decade
after decade, time after time, the flowering human spirit withered
from the chill of conflict and oppression. And again, the world
waited. But the passion for freedom cannot be denied forever. The
world has waited long enough. The time is right. Let Europe be
whole and free. (Applause.)
To the founders of the Alliance, this aspiration was a
distant dream, and now it's the new mission of NATO. If ancient
rivals like Britain and France, or France and Germany, can reconcile,
then why not the nations of the East and West?
In the East, brave men and women are showing us the way.
Look at Poland, where Solidarity -- Solidarnosc and the Catholic
Church have won legal status. The forces of freedom are putting the
Soviet status quo on the defensive.
In the West, we have succeeded because we've been
faithful to our values and our vision. And the other side of the
rusting Iron Curtain, their vision failed.
The Cold War began with the division of Europe. It can
only end when Europe is whole. (Applause.) Today, it is this very
concept of a divided Europe that is under siege. And that's why our
hopes run especially high, because the division of Europe is under
siege not by armies, but by the spread of ideas that began here,
right here. It was a son of Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg, who liberated
the mind of man through the power of the printed word.
And that same liberating power is unleashed today in a
hundred new forms. The Voice of America, Deutsche Welle allow us to
enlighten millions deep within Eastern Europe and throughout the
world. Television satellites allow us to bear witness from the
shipyards of Gdansk to Tiananmen Square. But the momentum for
freedom does not just come from the printed word or the transistor or
the television screen. It comes from a single powerful idea --
democracy. (Applause.)
This one idea -- this one idea is sweeping across
Eurasia. This one idea is why the communist world, from Budapest to
Beijing, is in ferment. of course, for the leaders of the East, it's
not just freedom for freedom's sake. But whatever their motivation,
they are unleashing a force they will find difficult to channel or
control the hunger for liberty of oppressed peoples who have
tasted freedom.
Nowhere is this more apparent than in Eastern Europe, the
birthplace of the Cold War. In Poland, at the end of World War II,
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- 3 -
the Soviet Army prevented the free elections promised by Stalin at
Yalta. And today, Poles are taking the first steps toward real
elections, so long promised -- so long deferred. And in Hungary, at
last we see a chance for multi-party competition at the ballot box.
As President, I will continue to do all I can to help
open the closed societies of the East. We seek self-determination
for all of Germany and all of Eastern Europe. (Applause.) And we
will not relax and we must not waver. Again, the world has waited
long enough.
But democracy's journey East is not easy. Intellectuals
like the great Czech playwright Vaclav Havel still work under the
shadow of coercion. And repression still menaces too many peoples of
Eastern Europe. Barriers and barbed wire still fence in nations. So
when I visit Poland and Hungary this summer, I will deliver this
message: There cannot be a common European home until all within it
are free to move from room to room. (Applause.)
And I'll take another message: The path of freedom leads
to a larger home -- a home where West meets East, a democratic home
-- the commonwealth of free nations.
And I said that positive steps by the Soviets would be
met by steps of our own. And this is why I announced on May 12th a
readiness to consider granting to the Soviets a temporary waiver of
the Jackson-Vanik trade restrictions, if they liberalize emigration.
And this is also why I announced on Monday that the United States is
prepared to drop the "no exceptions" standard that has guided our
approach to controlling the export of technology to the Soviet Union
-- lifting a sanction enacted in response to their invasion of
Afghanistan. (Applause.)
And in this same spirit, I set forth four proposals to
heal Europe's tragic division, to help Europe become whole and free.
First, I propose we strengthen and broaden the Helsinki
process to promote free elections and political pluralism in Eastern
Europe. As the forces of freedom and democracy rise in the East, so
should our expectations.
And weaving together the slender threads of freedom in
the East will require much from the Western democracies. In
particular, the great political parties of the West must assume an
historic responsibility to lend counsel and support to those brave
men and women who are trying to form the first truly representative
political parties in the East, to advance freedom and democracy, to
part the Iron Curtain. (Applause.)
In fact, it's already begun to part. The frontier of
barbed wire and minefields between Hungary and Austria is being
removed, foot by foot, mile by mile. Just as the barriers are coming
down in Hungary, so must they fall throughout all of Eastern Europe.
Let Berlin be next. (Applause.) Let Berlin be next. (Applause.)
Nowhere is the division between East and West seen more
clearly than in Berlin. And there this brutal wall cuts neighbor
from neighbor, brother from brother. And that Wall stands as a
monument to the failure of communism. It must come down.
(Applause.)
Now, glasnost may be a Russian word, but openness is a
Western concept. West Berlin has always enjoyed the openness of a
free city. And our proposal would make all Berlin a center of
commerce between East and West == a place of cooperation, not a point
of confrontation. And we rededicate ourselves to the 1987 allied
initiative to strengthen freedom and security in that divided city.
This, then is my second proposal -- bring glasnost to East Berlin.
(Applause.)
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- 4 -
My generation remembers a Europe ravaged by war. And of
course, Europe has long since rebuilt its proud cities and restored
its majestic cathedrals. But what a tragedy it would be if your
continent was again spoiled, this time by a more subtle and insidious
danger -- the Chancellor referred to it -- that of poisoned rivers
and acid rain.
America has faced an environmental tragedy in Alaska.
Countries from France to Finland suffered after Chernobyl. West
Germany is struggling to save the Black Forest today. And
throughout, we have all learned a terrible lesson -- environmental
destruction respects no borders. (Applause.)
So my third proposal is to work together on these
environmental problems, with the United States and Western Europe
extending a hand to the East. Since much remains to be done in both
East and West, we ask Eastern Europe to join us in this common
struggle. We can offer technical training, assistance in drafting
laws and regulations, and new technologies for tackling these awesome
problems. And I invite the environmentalists and engineers of the
East to visit the West, to share knowledge so we can succeed in this
great cause.
My fourth proposal -- actually, a set of proposals --
concerns a less militarized Europe, the most heavily armed continent
in the world. Nowhere is this more important than in the two
Germanys. And that's why our quest to safely reduce armaments has a
special significance for the German people.
To those who are impatient with our measured pace in arms
reductions, I respectfully suggest that history teaches us a lesson
-- that unity and strength are the catalyst and prerequisite to arms
control. We've always believed that a strong Western defense is the
best road to peace. (Applause.) Forty years of experience have proven
us right.
But we've done more than just keep the peace. By
standing together, we have convinced the Soviets that their arms
buildup has been costly and pointless. Let us not give them
incentives to return to the policies of the past. Let us give them
every reason to abandon the arms race for the sake of the human race.
(Applause.)
In this era of both negotiation and armed camps, America
understands that West Germany bears a special burden. of course, in
this nuclear age, every nation is on the front line. But not all
free nations are called to endure the tension of regular military
activity, or the constant presence of foreign military forces. We
are sensitive to these special conditions that this needed presence
imposes.
To significantly ease the burden of armed camps in
Europe, we must be aggressive in our pursuit of solid, verifiable
agreements between NATO and the Warsaw Pact.
On Monday, with my NATO colleagues in Brussels, I shared
my great hope for the future of conventional arms negotiations in
Europe. I shared with them a proposal for achieving significant
reductions in the near future.
And as you know, the Warsaw Pact has now accepted major
elements of our Western approach to the new conventional arms
negotiations in Vienna. The Eastern Bloc acknowledges that a
substantial imbalance exists between the conventional forces of the
two Alliances. And they've moved closer to NATO's position by
accepting most elements of our initial conventional arms proposal.
These encouraging steps have produced the opportunity for creative
and decisive action, and we shall not let that opportunity pass.
(Applause.)
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- 5 -
Our proposal has several key initiatives.
I propose that we "lock in" the Eastern agreement to
Western-proposed ceilings on tanks and armored troop carriers. We
should also seek an agreement on common numerical ceiling for
artillery in the range between NATO's and that of the Warsaw Pact,
provided these definitional problems can be solved. And the weapons
we remove must be destroyed.
We should expand our current offer to include all
land-based combat aircraft and helicopters, by proposing that both
sides reduce in these categories to a level 15 percent below the
current NATO totals. Given the Warsaw Pact's advantage in numbers,
the Pact would have to make far-deeper reductions than NATO to
establish parity at those lower levels. Again, the weapons we remove
must be destroyed.
I propose a 20 percent cut in combat manpower in
U.S.-stationed forces, and a resulting ceiling on U.S. and Soviet
ground and air forces stationed outside of national territory in the
Atlantic-to-the-urals zone, at approximately 275,000 each. This
reduction to parity, a fair and balanced level of strength, would
compel the Soviets to reduce their 500,000-strong Red Army in Eastern
Europe by 325,000. And these withdrawn forces must be demobilized.
(Applause.)
And finally, I call on President Gorbachev to accelerate
the timetable for reaching these agreements. There is no reason why
the five-to-six year timetable as suggested by Moscow is necessary.
I propose a much more ambitious schedule. And we should aim to reach
an agreement within six months to a year, and accomplish reductions
by 1992, or 1993 at the latest. (Applause.)
In addition to my conventional arms proposals, I believe
that we ought to strive to improve the openness with which we and the
Soviets conduct our military activities. And therefore, I want to
reiterate my support for greater transparency. I renew my proposal
that the Soviet Union and its allies open their skies to reciprocal,
unarmed aerial surveillance flights, conducted on short notice, to
watch military activities. Satellites are a very important way to
verify arms control agreements. But they do not provide constant
coverage of the Soviet Union. An Open Skies policy would move both
sides closer to a total continuity of coverage, while symbolizing
greater openness between East and West.
These are my proposals to achieve a less militarized
Europe. A short time ago they would have been too revolutionary to
consider. And yet today, we may well be on the verge of a more
ambitious agreement in Europe than anyone considered possible.
But we are also challenged by developments outside of
NATO's traditional areas of concern. Every Western nation still
faces the global proliferation of lethal technologies, including
ballistic missiles and chemical weapons. We must collectively
control the spread of these growing threats. So we should begin as
soon (Applause.) as possible with a worldwide ban on chemical weapons.
Growing political freedom in the East, a Berlin without
barriers, a cleaner environment, a less militarized Europe -- each is
a noble goal, and taken together they are the foundation of our
larger vision -- a Europe that is free and at peace with itself. And
so let the Soviets know that our goal is not to undermine their
legitimate security interests. Our goal is to convince them, step by
step, that their definition of security is obsolete, that their
deepest fears are unfounded. (Applause.)
When Western Europe takes its giant step in 1992, it will
institutionalize what's been true for years -- borders open to
people, commerce and ideas. No shadow of suspicion, no sinister fear
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- 6 -
is cast between you. The very prospect of war within the West is
unthinkable to our citizens. (Applause.) But such a peaceful
integration of nations into a world community does not mean that any
nation must relinquish its culture, much less its sovereignty.
This process of integration, a subtle weaving of shared
interests, which is so nearly complete in Western Europe, has now
finally begun in the East. We want to help the nations of Eastern
Europe realize what we, the nations of Western Europe, learned long
ago. The foundation of lasting security comes, not from tanks,
troops or barbed wire. It is built on shared values and agreements
that link free peoples. (Applause.)
The nations of Eastern Europe are rediscovering the
glories of their national heritage. So let the colors and hues of
national culture return to these grey societies of the East. Let
Europe forego a peace of tension for a peace of trust, one in which
under
the peoples of the East and West can rejoice; a continent that is
diverse, yet whole.
"Democ-
Forty years of Cold War have tested Western resolve and
Each
the strength of our values. NATO's first mission is now nearly
complete. But if we are to fulfill our vision -- our European vision
free
to
-- the challenges of the next 40 years will ask no less of us.
Together, we shall answer the call. The world has waited long
enough.
own
disting Long live the friendship between Germany and the United States.
Thank you for inviting me to Mainz. May God bless you
Thank you and God bless you. (Applause.)
END
1:45 P.M. (L)
FROM:
MONUMENTS IN THE PIETERSKERK (St Peter's Church)
Although it is often heard that the Pieterskerk is only sparsely
ornamented one will nevertheless find many monuments. The average
churchgoer, however, is not familiar with the many persons to whom
these monuments were erected. Fame is only transitory. In a
country that is not given to idolize heroes there are only few
persons whose names stand up to the ages. Yet these monuments are
intended to keep the memory of beloved and admired deceased
persons vivid. For that reason attention will be paid in this and
in the coming letters to our friends, to some of these heroes of
past ages. Perhaps those dead monuments will start to convey some
meaning.
I. Monument to Jean Luzac
In the south transept of the church there are two monuments that
draw the attention. The most striking one is that to Herman
Boerhaave in the so called south chapel near the vault of the
Boerhaave family. Just opposite it on the east side one will find
the memorial to Jean Luzac. Just in the middle, in a medallion,
there is a picture of him. The front of the base features the
text : TO OUR FRIEND JOHAN LUZAC, PROFESSOR. HE WAS THE SCARE TO
THE OPPRESSORS, THE CONSOLATION TO THE OPPRESSED. On the sides :
HE DIED DUE TO THE LEYDEN DISASTER ON 12TH JANUARY, 1807 AT THE
AGE OF 60. One could imagine that Luzac is buried in the
Pieterskerk. However, he found his last resting place in the
Vrouwekerk (Our Lady's church) on 20th February, 1807. The
monument to him in the Pieterskerk was erected by the end of 1809
by some of his friends. The text : "The scare to the oppressors,
the consolation to the oppressed" refers to the great
international influence that Luzac had acquired. Luzac was born in
Leiden on 2nd August, 1746 as a son of a bookseller, journalist
and publisher, Jean Luzac, and Anna Valckenaer. Grandfather Jean
came from France and settled in Amsterdam as a merchant. Jean
studied law and graduated in 1763 on a thesis about Cicero's
address to Lucius Murena. He subsequently settled in The Hague as
a lawyer although he was offered a lectureship in Groningen and a
professorship in Leiden. Luzac mainly became reputed due to his
being the editor of the Leiden Gazette. Initially, he assisted his
uncle Etienne, who was the publisher and owner of this newspaper
that appeared in 1677, but as from 1775 he was the editor in
chief. In 1783 Jean and his brother Etienne became the owners of
the newspaper.
Under Jean's management the Leiden Gazette became famous
throughout the world and particularly in North America. Luzac
could rely on excellent sources of information (often prominent
politicians) so that he became famous for his reliable reporting
about international matters. Besides, his political observations
were much valued. However, his articles were not appreciated by
everybody. Foreign rulers sometimes lodged a complaint with the
States General, and also in his own country he was sometimes
threatened by prosecutions. Luzac was very sympathetic to the
Americans who rebelled against Great Britain in 1774. By paying
attention in his newspaper to the American side of the struggle he
became a great comfort to the Americans. He saw their struggle for
independence as a justified resistance to oppression and slavery.
He hoped that his ideas about an "aristo-democracy" could be
realized in America. In his opinion history had shown that neither
a monarchy nor an aristocracy nor a democracy guaranteed the
welfare of a nation. He preferred a society in which everybody was
equal, ruled by a government consisting of people possessed of
utmost integrity, that is to say, with a sincere character,
selfless, averse to deviously achieved honourary posts, and strong
of spirit with a capacity to distinguish good from evil. Luzac
came to meet the great of the American revolution : George
Washington, Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Jefferson and John Adams. He
advised them when they were in the process of formulating the
American constitution, and when this was completed he published it
in the Leiden Gazette. Luzac was very much befriended with John
Adams, the first envoy from The United States in The Hague, and
later on the second president. For years they exchanged letters
and Adams and his family were regular guests in Leiden.
Since 1785 Luzac was a professor in Greek in Leiden, as the
successor of his uncle Valckenaer, and in national history. During
his lectures he paid much attention to the text about the Athens
state administration, and, furthermore, to Xenophon and Plato.
When he was a Vice-Chancelor (1794-1795) he got mixed up with
factional squabbles in the town and at the university. His speech
of 21st February, 1795 just after the invasion of our country by
Pichegru and his troops, was considered to be anti-patriotic, and
the governors of the university deprived him of his professorship
in national history. Subsequently, he surrendered his
professorship in Greek. It was not until 1802 that he was
rehabilitated.
In the meantime in 1798, the Executive of the Batavian Republic
forbade the publication of the Leiden Gazette.
In these years Luzac was not spared personal suffering : he lost
his spouse and eldest son, and due to an eye disease his eyesight
was seriously impaired.
On 12th January, 1807 he wanted to visit his friend, Dr. Bennett
at Rapenburg. Time and place became fatal to him because he lost
his life due to the explosion of the powdership. It was not until
after a few days that his body was found in the water.
Although the memory of Luzac was not kept vivid in The Netherlands
the Americans always continued to appreciate Luzac. In 1909 out of
gratitude a plaque was placed in the house at Rapenburg 112 where
he lived for some years. This plaque realized by The Netherlands
Society of Philadelphia,PA, defines him as a "Friend of
Washington, Adams and Jefferson, Champion of Truth and
Righteousness and of the Cause of the United States of America in
the Leiden Gazette 1772-1785.'
John Adams called him "a good part of the salt of the earth" and
added "were it not for the few Lots like him, I believe that all
of Sodom would soon burn".
Drs. J.J.M. Hooghuis.
15/06/89
17:15
AMERICAN EMBASSY STATE
001
"FAX COVER SHEET"
AMERICAN EMBASSY, THE HAGUE
GENERAL SERVICES OFFICE
APO NEW YORK, N.Y. 09159
TELEPHONE: 011-3170624911
FAX: 011-3170614688
DATE: June 15, 1989
TO
: OEOB
ATTN
: Peggy Dooley, Room 111
FROM
: Jim McGee, General Services Office
SUBJECT
:
Information Binnenhof
NUMBER OF PAGES + FRONT:
6
NOTE: PLEASE CONTACT THE AMERICAN EMBASSY WHEN TOTAL PAGES ARE NOT
RECEIVED OR WHEN MESSAGE IS UNREADABLE,
15/06/89
17:15
AMERICAN EMBASSY STATE
002
The Trêveszaal
In medieval times the Binnenhof was the residence of the Counts
of Holland. From the late sixteenth century onwards, it was the
seat of the States-General of the Republic of the United Nether-
lands, the Republic's supreme governing body, which assembled
and held audience in the Trêveszaal. The name derives from the
French word for a truce. because between February and Septem-
ber 1608, the hall was the site of the preliminary talks leading to
the Twelve Years' Truce, which called a temporary halt to Euro-
pean hostilities in the eighty years' war to secure the independen-
ce of the Netherlands from Spain (1568-1648).
Johan van Oldenbarnevelt. Advocate of Holland, was the leading
negotiator on the Dutch side, while the Spanish delegation was
led by a prominent general, Don Ambrosio Spinola.
The Trèveszaal was later rebuilt in Louis XIV style. by the French
architect DANIEL MAROT. According to an inscription in the frieze.
the work was completed in 1697, the year of the treaty of Rijswijk
which concluded the Nine Years' War.
The domed ceiling, painted by THEODOOR VAN DER SCHUER. depicts
Unity, with the United Provinces' motto of Concordia res parvae
crescunt' or "Unity is strength'. surrounded by the seven United
Provinces and their coats of arms.
The ceiling rests on a coving with brown monochrome panels.
and is supported by a cornice bearing twelve caryatids carved in
wood by JOHAN BLOMMENDAAL The female figures in grisaille at
the of the writg and allegorical representations of the
eight principal virtues:
North side: Prudence (with a mirror and a serpent)
Fortitude (with a sieve and a whip)
East side:
Fidelity (with keys and a hound)
Justice (with scales and a sword)
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AMERICAN EMBASSY STATE
003
South side: Chastity (with a dove)
Temperance (with a bridle and 4 chalice)
West side: Vigilance (with a lamp and a cock)
Strength (with a club and a lion's skin).
The rectangular painting above the bay windows depicts the Re-
public on a trone. flanked by Hercules on the left and Mars on
the right. being greeted by the continents, who are presenting
their treasures to her.
The large painting on the opposite wall shows representatives of
the seven provinces in Roman dress, swearing on the altar of the
Republic. which is decorated with a sheaf of arrows, to defend
Religion (the female figure to the left) and Liberty (to the right).
The medallions on either side of both paintings represent the
four continents.
The two chimneypieces were sculpted by ANTHONIE BEGEMAKER.
The painting by VAN DER SCHUER above the hearth on the west wall
represents Peace. Liberty and Abundance.
The portrait in the eastern chimneypiece is of William III of
Orange (1650-1702). Stadholder of the United Provinces and King
of Great Britain. The portraits on the south wall are of:
Prince William of Orange (William the Silent) (1533-1584);
Maurice of Nassau, Prince of Orange (1567-1625). with the Battle
of Nieuwpoort (1600) in the background:
Prince Frederick Henry of Orange (1584-1650). with the siege of
's-Hertogenbosch (1629) in the background:
Prince William II of Orange (1626-1650).
All the portraits are by J. H. BRANDON.
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AMERICAN EMBASSY STATE
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AMERICAN EMBASSY STATE
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Rijksvoorlichtingsdienst
THE HALL OF KNIGHTS
The Hall of Knights was inaugurated by a great banquet on Christmas
Day in the year 1295. Since then it has been the setting of many of
the most important events in the history of the Netherlands. It was
from this princely hall that the Counts of Holland held sway. It was
here that they administered justice. In 1432 and 1456, the Knights of
the Golden Fleece gathered in the Hall. The Hall fell into disuse in
the 17th century, ironically enough Hollend's Golden Age, though it
long served as a ceremonial hall of honour, where the standards and
flags captured from the Spaniards during the Eighty Years' War were
proudly hung aloft. In the 18th century the Hall was used merely as
an antechamber of the Court of Holland and the States-General, or
Parliament, and gradually fell into disrepair. During the French
occupation, Napoleon had this imposing edifice with its illustrious
history converted into a military hospital. In 1894, the Hall of
Knights was restored, in accordance with old drawings, to its former
glery. On the third Tuesday in September, 1904, the State opening of
Parliament was performed by Queen Wilhelmina for the first time in
the Hall of Knights, a ceremony in which the Queen delivers in this
Hall the Speech from the Throne, that takes place there every year
on the same day. The ceremony is attended by 1100 persons among them
ministers, members of parliament, ambassadors, press, etc.
Other momentous events that have taken place within its walls include
the Second International Peace Conference of 1907, the first meeting
of the Western European Union in 1947, which marked the beginning of
the present process of European integration, and the Round-Table
Conference that resulted in the independence of Indonesia.
On 15th November, 1954, the Charter for the Kingdom, proclaiming the
equal status of the Netherlands, Surinam and the Netherlands Antilles
within the Kingdom, was solemnly ratified in the Hall of Knights.
The hall is 26 metres high. The mighthy oak roof is a true copy of
the one built in the Middle Ages and resembles the construction of
a ship turned upside-down. On both sides of the large beams small
wooden heads, the so-called eavesdroppers, are visible, dating back
to medieval times, when justice was administered here. The people,
superstitious at the time, spoke the truth for fear that the
eavesdroppers might be listening.
The flags represent the twelve provinces of the Netherlands. The yellow
one with the red lion belongs to this province (Zuid-Holland). The flag
of the province Friesland shows the leaves of the water-lily. The
Frisians speak the Frisian language as well as Dutch.
The leaded-glass windows shows the coats of arms of the principal Dutch
cities among them Den Haag (The Hague) with a stork.
The carpet was handmade in Deventer (a city in the east of the
Netherlands) some 85 years ago.
The tapestries over the fire-places, on loan from the Rijksmuseum in
Amsterdam, were made in Flandres in the 17th century.
The large rose window shows the coats of arms of counts and dukes, who
were important in the history of the Netherlands.
408991LC
James D. McGeo
Second Secretary of Embassy
The United States of America
LANGE VOORHOUT 102
TEL. 070-624911
2514 EJ THE HAGUE
EXT. 282
NETHERLANDS
TELEX 31016 NL
From: "The Netherlands in Perspective" by William Z. Shetter,
Indiana University
11
1 Approaches
'When you leave the Netherlands, it disappears!' That was a remark made not
long ago by someone who returned to the U.S. after having lived for several
years in the Netherlands, and was dismayed to see the country quickly recede
into the status of a remote place where little of importance ever seemed to be
worth reporting. A minute or two in a TV news program a couple of times a year
gives the impression that mainly disorderly or outlandish things go on there,
and occasional coverage in a weekly news magazine may offer more detail but
seldom has time to relate the glimpse into the country to anything else there. In
1985 the New York Times published 23 articles devoted mainly or exclusively to
the Netherlands, and the Washington Post just 17. The Wall Street Journal car-
ried, excluding corporate news and frequent statistical notes, 64 general news
items on the Netherlands, with some emphasis on the economic aspects of the
country: Information does seem to become fuller with closer proximity: in the
same year the London Times published 97 articles on the Netherlands, a few of
them feature stories. But for the average person living in a distant country, the
daily newspaper offers very little, and he is left with a set of stereotype images
some of which come from school days.
Recent comparative studies of school textbooks in both Europe and the U.S.
showed a similar picture of information that tends to be sketchy, as often as not
dated, and a mixture of facts and stereotypes.* Maps of the country often show
it as part of the large mass of northwestern Europe; where it is reduced to a
shapeless wedge the geographical contours of which are impossible to sense.
Windmills are still given a role in water management, the percentage of the land
below sea level is vague or grossly inaccurate, the size of dikes is overdramati-
zed, 'Dutch' is not clearly distinguished from 'German' or 'Holland' from 'Ne-
therlands', and information on cities and society tends to favor the touristic. Pos-
sibly no country in the world is so firmly fixed in the minds of outsiders in the
*
In Search of Mutual Understanding. A Final Report of the Netherlands/United States Textbook
Study. Bloomington: Indiana University, 1984. Social Studies Development Center, in coope-
ration with the National Institute for Curriculum Development (Enschede) and the Information
and Documentation Centre for the Geography of the Netherlands (Utrecht).
Henk Meijer, 'Dutch water in foreign classrooms. The Dutch battle against water in geography
teaching abroad'. Land and Water International, no. 42 (1980).
George Bush Presidential Library
Transfer Sheet
COLLECTION:
ACCESSION NUMBER:
George H. W. Bush Presidential Records
FOIA/SYSTEMATIC
Speechwriting, Office of
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The following material was transferred to:
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Book Collection
Museum Collection
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DESCRIPTION:
Book: La Pyramide du Louvre
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material to the
museum
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collection,
complete the
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Speech File - Backup
Folder Title:
OA/ID Number:
The Hague 11/9/91
08317
Transferred by:
GMF
Date of Transfer:
7/15/1996
Received by:
Doug Campbell
Date Received:
8/1/2017
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History
In 1574 Prince William of Orange granted Leiden the right to found a
university as a reward for the town's brave resistance to the Spanish
besiegers. The University of Leiden, the first university in the northern
Netherlands, was founded on 8 February 1575. It received as its motto
'Praesidium Libertatis', the bulwark of liberty. Through the centuries
many great scholars have given the University an international reputation.
JAVGDVNO
Famous Leiden names from the past include Lipsius, Boerhaave, Kamer-
lingh Onnes and Huizinga.
Organisation
The University's duties are the provision of education, research and
social services. A wide range of courses are offered in 42 disciplines
within eight faculties.
The new University Education Act, which largely became effective on 1
September 1986, governs the responsibilities and authority of the Univer-
sity's administrative bodies. The University is run by its departmental
boards, the Faculty councils and boards, the University Council and the
Board of Administration.
Orientation
The University of Leiden has an international outlook. It holds contacts
with many academic establishments outside the Netherlands and several
hundred foreign lecturers are attached to the University for various
periods of time.
The University of Leiden is proud of its reputation in many areas, inclu-
ding the courses it offers in non-Western studies and in the very diverse
faculty of law.
Many types of research are performed at the University, from immuno-
logy and photosynthesis, to the history of European expansion, contribu-
tions towards research into data theory and health psychology. The
University also works in close contact with the University of Technology
in Delft (in the field of biotechnology) and with the Erasmus University in
Rotterdam (in the field of public administration).
The Academic Industrial Centre (Academisch Bedrijven Centrum ABC)
rents laboratory space to companies whose work has a clear relation to
LEIDEN UNIVERSITY
the academic research performed by the University.
In cooperation with the Leids Universiteits-Fonds, the University pursues
an active alumni policy.
Postbox 9500
2300 RA Leiden
Getting to know the University of Leiden
The Netherlands
The Public Relations and Information Office (Dienst Interne en Externe
Betrekkingen), Stationsweg 46, Postbus 9500, 2300 RA Leiden, tel.
071-278026 can inform you a.o. about activities and publications, answer
administrative questions and help you find your feet in the University.
The Transfer Office (Transferpunt), Niels Bohrweg 11-13, 2333 AC
Leiden, tel. 071-275996/7/8 acts as an intermediary between the Univer-
sity and industry.
The Information Centre (Informatiecentrum), Stationsplein 20, 2312 AK
Leiden, tel. 071-278011 provides information on studying in Leiden.
The Research Information Centre (De Wetenschapswinkel), Kloksteeg
25, 2311 SK Leiden, tel. 071-277250 mediates between University
researchers and groups which do not have the opportunity to carry out or
allow others to carry out their research projects.
Production: Public Relations and Information Office
Leiden University - facts and figures
Number of staff in 1987
Total number of students 1987-1988:
University
University
18.312, of whom 9.735 (53%) are female
funding direct
funding by
from govern-
carrying out
Distribution of students according to faculty:
ment
research pro-
total:
female:
jects under
Theology
158
82
contract
Law
5.371
2.436
Scientific staff
1.923
378
Medicine
1.382
709
Administrative staff
960
153
Mathematics and the Natural Sciences
1.943
540
Technical staff
198
13
Arts
5.365
3.410
Analytical staff
293
141
Social Sciences
3.929
2.499
Others
569
175
Philosophy
108
37
Total
3.943
860
Prehistory and Protohistory
56
22
Total
18.312
9.735
Growth in jobs funded direct from government
1900
129
Average age of the total number of students
25 year
1910
269
Modal age of the total number of students
21 year
1940
436
Number of students above 30 years of age
2.907
1960
1.751
1980
3.720
Number of foreign students:
1985
3.551
530, 51 nationalities
1986
3.582
from:
1987
3.488
Europe
320
Africa
32
The University's total annual budget is approximately Dfl. 430 million, 25
Asia
54
million of which is for the purpose of investments in buildings and land.
Central/South-America
69
The volume of research, expressed in Dutch guilders for personnel costs
USA/Canada
46
alone, is approximately Dfl. 140 million. Added to this, and representing
Oceania
6
about 230 researchers, is a figure of Dfl. 15 million, which is paid for by
Stateless
3
ZWO (Dutch Organization for Academic Research).
Growth in number of students
Growth in the size of contract research
1600
105
1700
324
1800
99
1900
789
1920
1.424
36 million
1940
2.410
guilders
1960
5.370
30 million
1980
15.978
guilders
1985
17.933
1986
17.527
20 million
1987
18.312
guilders
Total academic examinations 1986-1987
2.069
10 million
First year examinations
'Doctoraal' examinations
2.750
guilders
Final examinations in medicine/pharmacy
307
Number of doctorates
202
1979
81
83
87
mayflower
Model built by H.V. Groeneveld, Papendrecht, 1971.
Pilgrim Fathers Documents Centre
Boisotkade 2a, 2311 PZ Leiden.
8309
FB
HOLLAND
1078
THE MAYFLOWER
1620
IN MEMORY OF
JOHN ROBINSON
PASTOR OF THE ENGLISH CHURCH IN LEYDEN
1609
1625
HIS BROADLY TOLERANT MIND
GUIDED AND DEVELOPED THE RELIGIOUS LIFE OF
THE PILGRIMS OF THE MAYFLOWER
OF HIM THESE WALLS ENSHRINE ALLTHAT WAS MORTAL
HIS UNDYING SPIRIT
STILL DOMINATES THE CONSCIENCES OF A MIGHTY NATION
IN THE LAND BEYOND THE SEAS
THIS TABLET WAS ERECTED BY THE GENERAL SOCIETY OF MAYFLOWER
DESCENDANTS IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA A.D. 1928
LEIDEN,
Pieterskerk.
13450
Uitgave: Stichting Vrienden van de
Pieterskerk.
jos-pé.
Foto: Lies Jonges.
amhem
085-453251
686
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Now England with New Dlumouth and Cane Cod From the man hy lan and Willem Blaeu (Amsterdam 00 e 1650)
New England with New Plymouth and Cape Cod.
From the map by Jan and Willem Blaeu
(Amsterdam, ca. 1650).
8309
FJ
es
ARNHEM
HOLLAND
1078
Pilgrim Fathers Documents Centre.
Boisotkade 2a, 2311 PZ Leiden.
EXTERIOR
8309
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ARNHEM
HOLLAND
1078