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Omiya Palace--Remarks to Exchange Students 1/92 [OA 7565]
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Originally Processed With FOIA(s):
FOIA Number:
S; 2004-2265-S
S
FOIA
MARKER
This is not a textual record. This is used as an
administrative marker by the George Bush Presidential
Library Staff.
Record Group/Collection:
George H.W. Bush Presidential Records
Collection/Office of Origin:
Speechwriting, White House Office of
Series:
Speech File Backup Files
Subseries:
Chron File, 1989-1993
OA/ID Number:
13790
Folder ID Number:
13790-013
Folder Title:
Omiya Palace--Remarks to Exchange Students 1/92 [OA 7565]
Stack:
Row:
Section:
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G
26
22
2
1
Matsumota
zaz Att mee 1363-
Jap antist
ZE AMI
1443
-in - his book
Clined in kyoto)
The Mimer of the Flower
- master
SHO SHIN WA SURU
of classic
tweater
BEKARAZU
"Be always as maive as
you are when you begin,"
Croflecting about life,
keeping a youthful
perspective"
(Duggan/Grossman)
December 12, 1991
Draft One
Students
PRESIDENTIAL REMARKS:
JAPANESE AND U.S. STUDENTS
OMIYA PALACE
KYOTO, JAPAN
[date]
[time]
[Acknowledgments]
It is a great pleasure to be with you students from Japan
and the United States. To the students, professors, and
administrators with Stanford Japan Center and in the Japan
English Teaching Program: I am proud of your work. I want to
commend and encourage all efforts such as yours in international
student exchange.
Over the past five years, (X number) of Japanese students
have attended undergraduate and graduate school in the United
States. Over the same period, (Y number) of students from the
United States have studied in comparable programs in Japan. More
than a thousand Americans now are teaching in Japanese schools
through the Japan English Teaching Program. We all should
welcome initiatives such as the Abe [AH-bay] Fund's effort to
promote exchanges. I hope all of you will do everything you can
to promote greater and greater participation in exchanges in
years to come.
Student exchanges shape young men and women into leaders.
For an example of this, we need look no farther than to Prime
2
Minister Miyazawa. When he was your age, he was an exchange
student in the United States.
Like trade in goods and services, student exchanges yield a
bounty for all who participate -- and for third parties, too.
Exchanges help each side better understand one another's markets.
Exchanges lift technical progress to new heights, raising
everyone's standards and benefitting consumers throughout the
expanse of the global marketplace.
But more than this, exchanges can enrich the individual
spirit and nourish the cultures of communities and nations.
While we need exchanges that promote efficiency in the market, we
must not neglect exchanges in the humanities -- in history, the
fine arts, philosophy, the study of religion, and in languages
and literature. Octavio Paz, the 1990 Nobel Prize winner for
literature, put it well when he wrote, "If human beings forget
poetry, they will forget themselves."
I honor all of you for your spirit of scholarship and
adventure. Gakumon ni kokkyo nashi. [Japanese proverb meaning:
"there are no national frontiers to learning."
#
#
#
Jasa
Thelate
Hyland momint pushap Fund - of Abe
on ForMin
if
Owner
Shintarr most
was
was the have
a
dhe
areat
of
the
Arlington, VA 22206
2805B S. Woodrow Street
1991 New Year's Eve Countdown Ball
The Millenium Society
Lisa G. Rudolph, Chairperson
the
the Abr Find)
- Pres knew Abe
CONFIDENTIAL
DECL: OADR
VISIT TO JAPANESE HIGH SCHOOL
SCENESETTER
PURPOSE
Your visit to the Japanese High School is an excellent occasion
to reaffirm your commitment to superior, universal education,
which has been the basis for U.S. strength and competitiveness.
THE SETTING
You will visit Mita High School and be greeted by Education
Minister Hatoyama and other officials. You will tour
classrooms for 15-20 minutes, including a science laboratory
and an English or math class. There will be media coverage of
your conversations with students in these classes. You will
proceed to a small auditorium to meet with about 200-300
students, parents and teachers and will make brief remarks and
take questions from the audience with simultaneous
interpretation. There will be live television coverage.
The economic achievements of the U.S. and Japan are rooted in
the universality and competence of their respective educational
systems. As we enter an era in which cooperation between the
two countries becomes increasingly crucial to world stability,
our need to learn about each other and from each other takes on
major new significance.
Our respective strengths can assist each other as we reform and
improve our educational systems. The strong community sense
and high level of achievement that are features of elementary
and secondary level Japanese education are balanced by the
extraordinary creativity and scholarship of post-secondary
American education.
The high school visit and town meeting with parents, teachers
and children offers a unique framework within which to focus on
the positive benefits our close bilateral relationship can
provide to both nations.
PARTICIPANTS
US
Japan
President Bush
Minister of Education Hatoyama
Mrs. Bush
Other MOFA and Education
Ambassador Armacost
officials
Japanese students, teachers,
parents
CONFIDENTIAL
DECLASSIFIED
Department of State Guidelines
E.O. 12958, SEC 3.4 (B), July 21, 1997
By
It
NARA, Date 06/07/23
VISIT TO JAPANESE HIGH SCHOOL
12-5-91
SEJEC 6684
Drafted: EAP/J: HKenworthy 7-4459
Cleared: EAP/J: RLudan, RDeming
EAP: JAndre, Acting
EAP: DAnderson
EB/DCT: SWickman
E: WWhyman
P: MMcMillion
S/P: MO Neal
D: JWarlick
East
HKL
C: RWilson
USTR: EEndean
Commerce: TEthridge
Treasury: HWalsh
TOAST TO MIYAZAWA
In 1939, a young, 20 year old Japanese was chosen to
participate in the sixth Japan-America Student Conference. On
his way to the United States he met a young woman who helped
him with his English, so well that she later became his wife.
That young man still speaks excellent English, and he has just
become the 49th Prime Minister of Japan.
The Japan-America Student Conference, which first brought prime
Minister Miyazawa to the U.S., is now in its 43rd year. It is
the longest-running exchange program between the United States
and Japan. Planning for the 44th conference, to be held in the
United States, is already underway. This year, the 80
participants explored the challenges of global citizenship.
This year - for the first time - the White House and this
pioneer exchange organization have, in a way launched a new
program together which will involve 15 Presidential Management
Interns now with the U.S. government and 15 Japanese
counterparts from various Japanese ministries. Each will work
in his counterpart ministry or department for three weeks.
Thus, Mr. Prime Minister, exchanges of the past between us are
ever blossoming into new programs to deepen understnading
between our people and our governments.
Below is a start on some "local color" for the President's
speeches in Japan. This is just a beginning; we will continue
coming up with other materials asap. Regards.
Differences and similarities
There are a lot of differences between our two countries
-- you drive on the left side of the road, we drive on the right
-- you pull the saw, we push it
-- you soap up outside of the bathtub, we do it in the bathtub
-- your traffic lights are horizontal, ours are vertical
-- your unlucky number is 4, ours is 13
-- you see a rabbit in the moon, we see a man.
-- Yes, there are many differences, but there are perhaps even
more similarities
-- we both face the Pacific
-- we both have extremes of climate, hot and cold, from
Hokkaido to Okinawa or from Minnesota to Texas
-- we both came to world prominence in this century
-- we both have capitalist, market economies
-- we both enjoy democratic countries with a vigorous, free
press
we both have modern, fast changing societies
-- we both have superior educational systems
-- we are both crazy about baseball -- in fact, your Seibu
Lions and our Minnesota Twins both won the championships in the
last game of their respective tourneys
-- and our political leaders are generally poor linguists--few
Americans can speak Japanese and few Japanese can speak
English--except for Mr. Miyzawa
-some say of
can't even spea X my
Manjiro
own language
There is an example in the life of Manjiro Nakahama, the
14-year old youth who 150 years ago was rescued at sea by
American whalers before the Meiji Restoration and taken to the
United States via Hawaii, landing there in 1841, then sailing
into the U.S. and Fair Haven, Mass. After several years of
education he returned to Japan where he advised the offices of
the Tokugawa government and became the interpreter to Japan's
first good will mission to the U.S. in 1860. He also
interpreted for important visitors, taught in Tokyo and served
as a bridge between Japan and the United States in the earliest
years of our relationship.
The Manjiros of the 20th century may be those young Japanese
and Americans who have volunteered to go to the other country
to teach in high schools. These people play an important role
in cultivating good relations between our two countries thanks
to their participation in the JET program in Japan, and the REX
and TAP programs in the United States. These adventurous young
Japanese and Americans live in the smaller communities across
our countries, teaching their own language and learning the
other, immersing themselves in the local culture, and making
lifelong friends. They return home with a new dedication to
and enthusiasm for cordial US-Japanese ties.
(Duggan/Grossman)
December 12, 1991
Draft One
Students
PRESIDENTIAL REMARKS:
JAPANESE AND U.S. STUDENTS
OMIYA PALACE
KYOTO, JAPAN
[date]
[time]
[Acknowledgments]
It is a great pleasure to be with you students from Japan
and the United States. To the students, professors, and
administrators with Doshisha University, the Stanford Japan
Center, Japan English Teaching Program and other institutions
represented here: I am proud of your work. I want to commend
and encourage all efforts such as yours in international student
exchange.
Gakumon ni kokkyo nashi. [Japanese proverb meaning: "there
are no national frontiers to learning. "]
About two thousand American students now attend
undergraduate and graduate programs in Japan. Many Japanese
students are enrolled in comparable programs in the United
States. More than a thousand Americans now are teaching in
Japanese schools through the Japan English Teaching Program. We
all should welcome initiatives such as the Abe [AH-bay] Fund's
effort to promote exchanges. I hope all of you will do
everything you can to promote greater and greater participation
in exchanges in years to come.
2
Student exchanges shape young men and women into leaders.
For an example of this, we need look no farther than to Prime
Minister Miyazawa. When he was your age, he was an exchange
student in the United States.
Like trade in goods and services, student exchanges yield a
bounty for all who participate -- and for third parties, too.
Exchanges help each side better understand one another's markets.
Exchanges lift technical progress to new heights, raising
everyone's standards and benefitting consumers throughout the
expanse of the global marketplace.
But more than this, exchanges can enrich the individual
spirit and nourish the cultures of communities and nations.
While we need exchanges that promote efficiency in the market, we
must not neglect exchanges in the humanities -- in history, the
fine arts, philosophy, the study of religion, and in languages
and literature. Octavio Paz, the 1990 Nobel Prize winner for
literature, put it well when he wrote, "If human beings forget
poetry, they will forget themselves."
I honor all of you for your spirit of scholarship and
adventure. In the words of the great dramatist Zeami, "Shoshin
wasuru bekarazu." "May you always be as fresh in your outlook as
when you are young. "
#
#
#
UNCLASSIFIED
MEETING WITH AMERICAN STUDENTS IN KYOTO
SCENESETTER
PURPOSE
To highlight the importance of educational and research
exchanges in increasing mutual understanding and forging a
strong partnership between our two nations.
THE SETTING
You will have an informal exchange with a group of American
(and Japanese?) students at the Imperial Palace (or Stanford
Japan Center) in Kyoto.
The American students participating in this event attend
several different universities in the Kyoto area. The majority
of the students are from the Stanford Japan Center and Doshisha
University. The Stanford Center, established two years ago in
Kyoto, features an undergraduate program with courses in
Japanese language, culture, history and politics and is
co-sponsored by nine US universities. There is also a graduate
program for engineers focusing on technological exchange and a
graduate research program. Doshisha University has
longstanding ties to Amherst College. Approximately fifty
students from various US universities are currently enrolled in
the exchange program which features intensive language training
and area studies.
The setting of the event in the Imperial Palace provides an
excellent opportunity to showcase to both US and Japanese
publics our appreciation for the history and traditions of the
Japanese people and the strong efforts Americans are making to
gain firsthand knowledge of Japanese language and culture. It
also underscores the importance we place on the next generation
to maintain and strengthen the US-Japan relationship.
The setting of the event at the Stanford Japan Center will
underscore for both the US and Japanese publics the commitment
on the part of American universities and students to improve
our understanding of Japan, its culture, economy, history,
technology and, most importantly, people.
PARTICIPANTS
US
Japan
President Bush
TBD
Mrs. Bush
Ambassador Armacost
POINTS TO BE MADE
MEETING WITH AMERICAN STUDENTS IN KYOTO
I am pleased to see so many of you here today.
Your efforts to learn firsthand about this fascinating and
important country and its people are truly commendable. I
look around me at the beautiful and historic city of Kyoto
and fully understand what drew you to study here.
I applaud your efforts to forge strong personal ties with
the Japanese people. I hope each of you will take every
opportunity to learn about Japan's culture and society and
share your own personal, family and regional experiences
with your colleagues and friends here.
It is these personal ties and the increased understanding
that flows from them that form the foundation of the
partnership that has grown between our two nations.
Too often we hear complaints that Americans are too
ethnocentric, unwilling to invest the time and effort
needed to understand other cultures, languages, and
business and scientific practices. Your presence here
tells a different story.
But these programs are more than an exercise in cross
cultural communication. To compete in today's world we
need academics, professionals, scientists and engineers
who are able and committed, linguistically and personally,
to operate in key countries such as Japan. To this end, I
recently signed a bill establishing a $180 million trust
fund for language, area, and international studies.
We now have about 2,000 American students studying at the
post-secondary level in Japan. These figures suggest what
you already know: the US is committed to a strong,
personal, and lasting US-Japan relationship; from these
students and their successors will come the next
generation's leaders in a wide variety of fields, and
their familiarity with Japan will form a strong bond
between our two countries.
I note with special pleasure the growing number of US
science and engineering students and researchers working
in Japan. To promote this exchange, we and the Japanese
government sponsor a Summer Institute to provide US
science and engineering graduate students with experience
working in a Japanese laboratory and in language study.
As evidence of how deeply I value US-Japan cooperation in
this area, the Prime Minister and I will endorse a package
of joint S&T and environmental projects during my visit.
I am proud of your efforts and I urge you all to make the
most out of your stay in Japan. And please bring back
what you have learned and share it with your fellow
Americans. The benefits of mutual understanding are
amplified when they are spread as widely as possible.
MEETING WITH AMERICAN STUDENTS IN KYOTO
Drafted: EAP/J: PHanigan Scroggs
Cleared: EAP: LDAnderson
11/5/91 SEJEC 6600 7-3152
EAP/J:RDeming
EAP/J: RLudan
D: JWarlick
P:MMcMillion
E : WWhyman
S/P: LKeene
USIA:DHitchcock
PA/PRS: : JSnyder
EAP/P:KBailes
OES/S: JBoright
OSTP: SBowden
(Duggan/Grossman)
December 12, 1991
Draft One
Students
PRESIDENTIAL REMARKS:
JAPANESE AND U.S. STUDENTS
OMIYA PALACE
KYOTO, JAPAN
[date]
[time]
[Acknowledgments]
It is a great pleasure to be with you students from Japan
and the United States. To the students, professors, and
administrators of Stanford Japan Center: I am proud of your
work. I want to commend and encourage all efforts such as yours
in international student exchange.
Over the past five years, (X number) of Japanese students
have attended undergraduate and graduate school in the United
States. Over the same period, (Y number) of students from the
United States have studied in comparable programs in Japan. I
hope you will do all you can to promote greater and greater
participation in such exchanges in years to come.
Student exchanges shape young men and women into leaders.
For an example of this, we need look no farther than to Prime
Minister Miyazawa. When he was your age, he was an exchange
student in the United States.
Like trade in goods and services, student exchanges yield a
bounty for all who participate --Ωnd for third parties, too.
Exchanges help each side better understand one another's markets.
Exchanges lift technical progress to new heights, raising
2
everyone's standards and benefitting consumers throughout the
expanse of the global marketplace.
But more than this, exchanges can enrich the individual
spirit and nourish the cultures of communities and nations.
While we need exchanges that promote efficiency in the market, we
must not neglect exchanges in the humanities -- in history, the
fine arts, philosophy, the study of religion, and literature.
Octavio Paz, the 1990 Nobel Prize winner for literature, put it
well when he wrote, "If human beings forget poetry, they will
forget themselves."
I honor all of you for your spirit of scholarship and
adventure. Gakumon ni kokkyo nashi. [Japanese proverb meaning:
"there are no national frontiers to learning."
#
#
#
12/20/91
09:34
NO. 926
P001/003
FACSIMILE TRANSMITTAL
U.S. Information Agency
Office of East Asian and Pacific Affairs (EA)
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20547
FAX (202) 619-6684
DATE
:
December 20, 1991
MEMORANDUM FOR:
Jennifer Grossman
Office of Research and Speechwriting
The White House
FAX NUMBER
:
456-6218
FROM
:
Greta Morris, HAM Policy Officer
SUBJECT
:
Information for Kyoto Speech
REFERENCE
:
Morris - Grossman Telcon
TOTAL PAGES, INCLUDING COVER PAGE: 3
Attached is a copy of a fax we received from USIS Tokyo this
morning, responding to your questions about the President's speech
in Kyoto. We asked Robin Berrington and his deputy Charles Walsh to
take a look at the entire speech in addition to answering your
specific questions, which they did.
Please give me a call if any of this is not clear, or if you have
additional questions. My number is 619-5831.
12/20/91
09:34
NO. 926
P002/003
DEC 20 '91 03:34PM CULTURAL DIV. /USIS TOKYO
P.1
DATE
: December 20, 1991
MEMORANDUM FOR : Mr. John M. Reid, EA, USIA
Fax: (202) 619-6684
FROM
1 Charles Walsh, DCAO, USIS Tokyo
Fax: (813) 3588-0749
an
SUBJECT
$ President's Speech in Kyoto
REFERENCE
: Your Fax on the same subject dated
December 19, 1991
John,
Robin has asked me to follow up on this with you. The specific
information which Jennifer needs is as follows:
Paragraph 1, Sentence 2: There are no individuals he need
acknowledge unless Former Prime Minister Kaifu participates, and
then it's a White House call. Participants will be:
a) American students from the Stanford Center
(Kyoto Center for Japanese Studies) which includes students from
Brown, Columbia, Cornell, Harvard, Princetion, Stanford,
Michigan, Chicago and Yale Universities.
b) Associated Kyoto Program (AKP) students at
Doshisha University. These students hail from Amherst, Bowdoin,
Bucknell, Carleton, Colby, Connecticut, Middlebury, Mount
Holyoke, Oberlin, Pomona, Smith, Wesleyan, Whitman, and Williams.
c) If approved, students may also be included
from the Graduate School of American Studies at Doshisha
University.
No participants from the Japan Exchange and Teaching Programme
(this is the official name and spelling) are expected to attend.
Paragraph 1, Sentence 3: The term "international student
exchange" can probably correctly describe what groups a & b
(above) are doing.
Paragraph 2, Sentence 1: The most accurate number we can come
up with of American students studying full-time at the
undergraduate and post-graduate university level here in Japan
is 1,180 as of 1990. It is probably greater than that since
students at American branch campuses (which are not recognized
by the Ministry of Education, the source of the statistics, as
genuine colleges or universities) are not included. 2,000 is
probably too high.
12/20/91
09:35
NO. 926
P003/003
-REC_20 '91 03:35PM CULTURAL DIV. /USIS TOKYO
P.2
- 2 =
Paragraph 2, Sentence 3: The correct number of current American
JET teachers of English is 1,440.
Paragraph 4, Sentence 21 You did not ask about this, but the
Center for Global Partnership really does very very little, if
programs it supports which do have such activities, but it seems
anything, in supporting direct student exchange. There are some
to me to be stretching the truth a bit to describe in the way
they have.
All the best and Merry christmas, Sorry I can't put it in Thai.
(4470j)
The New York Times
Book Review
December 8, 1991
CHISH
Section 7 Copyright 1 1991 The New York Times
"What Work Is": poems by
Philip Levine, National Book
Award winner, page 7.
Adventure, Greed
Or Even Altruism
THE SCRAMBLE FOR AFRICA
1876-1912.
By Thomas Pakenham.
Illustrated. 738 pp: New York:
Random House. $32.
By Peter Stansky
N 1979, Thomas Pakenham published his mammoth study
"The Boer War," about that turn-of-the-century conflict
between two groups of whites, the Boers and the British, to
decide who would rule the southern part of Africa. The
British seemingly won; but after the war the Boers, gradually
and with British cooperation, reasserted their control. The true
losers were the blacks, whose rights were sacrificed to keep the
whites happy. Today the further stages of that history are being
played out. To understand the present, we need to know about
the past- a truism that is all too often forgotten.
Now, covering quite a few more years than he did in his
carlier work and taking the entire continent as his canvas, Mr.
Pakenham has painted a picture of heroism and horror.
What is deeply impressive about "The Scramble for
Africa" - which might be seen as a companion volume -
is that he writes both with compassion and with an
effective combination of detachment and judgment. Now-
adays it is easy enough to be a basher of the West, and
plenty of material is presented here that would allow it.
But the object is to understand the past, not to condemn it. Mr.
Pakenham has provided the means for us to do so.
He steers a middle course between the old and the new
sorts of African history. The old was heavily Eurocentric and
concentrated on tales of exploration and diplomacy. It was
written as if those who lived in Africa were hardly there. The
continent was considered vacant, or at best populated by a
colorful group of savages who figured in the adventure stories
Continued on page 44
Peter Stansky teaches modern British history at Stanford
University. He is the author of "Gladstone" and, with William
"The Rhodes
Abrahams, of "The Unknown Orwell" and "Orwell: The Trans-
Colossus, by Linley
formation."
Sambourne, from
Punch, about 1895.
FROM*THE SCRAMBLE FOI ASTICA"
Poetry and the Free Market
By Octavio Paz
R
ECENTLY I have been recalling, not with-
and the boot. Later, the debate over "committed"
out sadness, the struggles that certain of us
circular, impersonal, impartial, inflexible. Some will
literature. If Sartre's idea of la littérature engagée
poets, writers and artists have waged for
tell me that this is as it should be. Perhaps. But the
was confused, the interpretations it gave rise to, in
many years and in different countries. In
market, blind and deaf, is not fond of literature or of
Latin America in particular, were actually harmful.
my youth; the struggle against "socialist realism,"a
risk, and it does not know how to choose. Its censor-
It was necessary to fumigate them through criti-
doctrine that subjected literature to the dictates of a
ship is not Ideological: it has no ideas. It knows all
state and a party that, in the name of the liberation
cism. I do not regret those battles; they were
about prices but nothing about values.
worthwhile.
of mankind, was erecting monuments to the whip
It is impossible to fight, I know, against the
Today literature and the arts are exposed to a
market economy, or to deny its benefits. But now
different danger: they are threatened not by a doc-
Octavio Paz, a poet, essayist and philosopher,
trine or a political party but by a faceless, soulless
that totalitarian socialism, by all indications, is
received the 1990 Nobel Prize in Literature.
falling apart and has ceased to be a threat to
and directionless economic process. The market is
Continued on page 36
Three Who Made a Russian Revolution/3
Photocopy-Preservation
Octavio
Poetry and the Free Market
Continued from page 1
democra societies, a new political and social way
Paz
of thinking may perhaps permit less onerous forms
of exchange.
This is my ardent hope. Now that the cruel
utopias that bloodied our century have vanished,
the time has come at last to begin a radical, more
A new
human reform of liberal capitalist society. And a
collection
reform, too, of the peoples on the periphery,
grouped together under the dubious title of the third
The
of essays. on
world. Perhaps these impoverished nations - vic-
tims of a succession of archaic tyrannies and astute
modern
demagogues, of rapacious oligarchies and delirious
Other
intellectuals enamored of violence - severely
poetry
chastised as they have been by the disasters of
by the 1990
recent decades, will find their political salvation
Voice
and, with it, a modicum of well-being.
Nobel
one in his right mind can think that
Laureate
N
the crisis that today brings chaos to
Essays On Modern Poetry
the countries that have lived under the
despotism of bureaucratic Commu-
Translated by Helen Lane
nism will not spread to the rest of the
world. We are living through a change of times: not
"Octavio Paz is one of
a revolution but, in the longstanding and profoun-
the most brilliant and
dest sense of the word, a revolt - a return to the
PALE 00/70/20
original essayists in any
origin, to the beginning. We are witnessing not the
liberty but unaware of true compassion.
language."
end of history, as a certain professor the United
Given the natural differences between human
States has claimed, but a rebeginning. The resur-
beings, equality is.an ethical aspiration that cannot
-The Washington Post Book World
rection of buried realities, the reappearance of
be realized without recourse either to despotism or
Photo by Doniz
what was forgotten and repressed, which can lead,
to an act of fraternity. My liberty fatally comes
as it has at other times in history, to regeneration.
face to face with the liberty of the other and seeks
HBJ
Returns to the origin are almost always revolts:
to destroy it. The one and only bridge that can
renovations, renaissances.
reconcile these two brothers, continually at sword's
HARCOURT-BRACE-JOVANOVICH
It is true that the capitalist system has shown a
point with each other - a bridge made of inter-
Available at bookstores everywhere
tremendous capacity for renewal: while increasing
linked arms - is fraternity. In the days to come, a
its efficiency many times over, it has reformed and
new political philosophy could be founded on this
humanized itself. Abundance reigns in the West,
humble, simple, evident truth. Only fraternity can
and a large, prosperous middle class now includes
dispel the circular nightmare of the market.
much of the old proletariat. But this prosperity
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reaches only a fraction of the human species. And
who can deny the injustice and the inequality that
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FROM CAMBRIDGE
Between revolution and
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dance has not made Europeans or North Ameri-
cans more kindhearted or wiser or happier. To
religion, poetry is the
The Cambridge Encyclopedia of
THE CAMBRIDGE
measure our esthetic impoverishment, our moral
ORNITHOLOGY
other voice.
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Romans, medieval clerics, courtiers of the Baroque
dates the questions these people asked themselves.
age, intellectuals belonging to the bourgeoisie. In
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF
The time is coming for us to ask ourselves these
some cases these readers were actually rulers,
same questions. Our answers, almost: certainly,
great rulers like Pericles, Augustus and Hadrian;
LANGUAGE
will be different; this is only natural: But they will
or weak but sensitive like Philip IV of Spain ("our
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first volume of poems, "Alma") and the unfortu-
WWID CRYSTAL
ENCYCLOPEDIA
appear with the birth of the modern era, and in
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OF LANGUAGE
them lies, like a kernel, the entire history of our
lightened despots like Frederick the Great.
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The big change takes place in the modern age:
David Crystal
tions and Illuminations. At the risk of vastly over-
since the Romantic era, the readers of poems have
"A treasure trove to language lovers.
simplifying them, they can be summarized by the
been, like the poets themselves, loners and dissi-
Robert MacNeil
three cardinal words of modern democracy: lib-
dents. Bourgeois poets and readers, but in rebellion
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erty, equality, fraternity. The relation between
against their background, their class and the ethics
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contain a mutual contradiction. Where is the bridge
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to link them?
TO
ID
took power with the weapon of critical thought and
ENCYCLOPEDIA
As I see it, the central word of the triad is
has never stopped using it to analyze itself and its
THE CAMBRIDGE
fraternity. The other two are intermeshed with it.
works. The examination of conscience and the
OF SPACE
ENCYCLOPEDIA
Liberty can exist without equality, and equality
remorse that accompanies it, a legacy from Chris-
"[Combines] the best of two worlds
without liberty. Liberty, in isolation, makes In-
tianity, have been and are the most powerful reme-
"Thousands of enlightenments.
the large format and Lavish illus-
equalities more profound and provokes tyrannies;
dy against the ills of our civilization.
Time Magazine
trations of coffee table book and the
equality oppresses liberty and in the end destroys
In modernity's tradition of criticism and rebel-
depth and scholarship of serious
With 1,500,000 words in 1,500 pages,
it. But fraternity is the nexus that connects them,
lion, poetry occupies a place at once central and
reference work.
The Cambridge Encyclopedia is the most
the virtue that humanizes and harmonizes them.
eccentric. Central because, from the beginning, it
complete and comprehensive one-vol-
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Its other name is solidarity, a living heritage:of
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Christianity, a modern version of the venerable
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word charity, which was known to neither the
20th centuries. Almost all our great poets have
At bookstores or from
Greeks nor the Romans, who were enamored of
participated, at one time or another, in these move-
CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS
36
ments of emancipation. But the
Never the voice of here and now,
uniqueness of modern poetry lies
which is the modern voice, but
in its having been the expression
the voice from beyond, the other
of realities and dreams rooted
one, the one of the beginning.
"A WEL
DESERVED
more deeply in the past than in
In a world ruled by the logic of
the intellectual geometries of the
the marketplace, or in Commu-
revolutionaries and the concep-
nist countries by state planning,
tual prisons of the utopians.
poetry is an activity that brings
At one of its extremes, poetry
no return whatsoever. Its prod-
touches the electric border of re-
ucts are scarcely salable and
ligious. vision. For this reason it
very nearly useless. To the mod-
SPIRITUAL EARTHQUAKE..."
has been alternately revolution-
ern mind, even though it will not
ary and reactionary. It is not
admit this to itself, poetry is en-
surprising, then, that all its loves
ergy, time and talent turned into
have ended in divorce, and its
superfluous objects. Yet against
conversions in apostasy. Poetry
all odds, poetry circulates and is
has continually been a stubborn,
read. Rejecting the marketplace,
intractable heterodoxy. An in-
costing almost nothing at all, it
cessant zigzagging rebellion
against doctrines and churches.
But at the same time, a no less
constant love of humiliated reali-
ty, scorning the manipulations of
All of poetry's
fideism and speculations of ra-
STEPHEN
tionalism. Poetry: the stone of
loves end in
scandal of modernity.
Between revolution and reli-
divorce, all its
gion, poetry is the other voice, Its
voice is other, because it is the
conversions in
THEGOSPEL GUIDE
voice of the passions and of vi-
sions. It is otherworldly and this-
apostasy.
worldly, of days long gone and of
this very day, an antiquity with-
out dates. Heretical and devout,
innocent and perverted, limpid
goes from mouth to mouth, like
and murky, aerial and subterra-
air and water. Its value and use-
ACCORDING TO
nean, of the hermitage and of the
fulness cannot be measured; a
corner bar, within hand's reach
man rich in poetry may be a
and always beyond.
beggar. Nor can poems be hoard-
ed: they must be spent. That is,
HE oddness of the
T
they must be voiced. A great
poet becomes more
TO JESUS <<<< FOR BELIEVERS AND
mystery: the poem contains po-
emphatic when we
etry only if it doesn't keep it; the
consider his social
poetry must be given, shared,
background.
All
poured out like the wine from a
modern poets, aside from a half-
bottle and water from a pitcher.
TAO TE CHING AND THE BOOK of 108
dozen aristocrats, have belonged
Today, we do not know whether
to the middle class. They have all
we are experiencing the end of
had a university education. Some
modernity or its renewal. What
were lawyers, journalists, doc-
will be the function of poetry this
"If there is
"Jesus the liberator
tors, professors and diplomats,
time around? If, as I hope and
others were public relations and
such a thing as spiritual
believe, a new form of political
is being liberated
advertising executives, bankers,
entertainment-something that
thought is coming into being, its
at long last."-Robert Funk,
businessmen, important or un-
creators will be obliged to listen
delights to the degree that it instructs—
founder of the Jesus Seminar
important bureaucrats. A few,
to the other voice. That voice was
that is exactly what Mitchell has given
"An extraordinary book that offers
such as Verlaine and Rimbaud,
not heeded by the revolutionary
us.
The reader not only can follow
were parasites and fugitives
Jesus' life, his personal mission and
ideologues of our century, and
from the law. But Verlaine had a
the textual and spiritual evidence
this explains, in part at least, the
his powerful, ethnically charged
small investment income, and
cataclysmic failure of their.
through which he feels his way into
message."
Rimbaud was a dropout from the
plans. It would be disastrous if
Jesus' central truths but also can find
-Robert Coles, M.D., author
provincial bourgeoisie.
the new political philosophy
many offhand interpretive gems."
of The Spiritual Life of Children
Because they were all prod-
were to ignore those realities
-Joseph Coates,
ucts of that great historical cre-
"A masterpiece of immense power
that have been hidden and buried
ation of modernity, the bourgeoi-
Chicago Tribune Books
by the men and women of the
and permanence"-"Jim Harrison
sie, they were all, without excep-
modern age. The function of po-
tion, violent enemies of moderni-
etry for the last 200 years has
Now in its third printing!
ty. Enemies and victims. Hence
HarperCollinsPublishers
been to remind us of their exist-
- yet another paradox - they
Aso anilable from HarperCollisCanadalLed.
ence; the poetry of tomorrow
were fully modern. Heterodox
cannot do otherwise. Its mission
when they bestowed their bless-
will not be to provide new ideas
ing on the established order, like
but to announce what has been
T.S. Eliot, or when they crossed
obstinately forgotten for centu-
DUCATION
themselves, like Paul Claudel, or
ries. Poetry is memory become
NEED HELP
EVERYBOOK. MOST
when they recited Leninist lit-
image, and image become voice.
anies, like Bertolt Brecht and
DISCOUNTE
The other voice is not the voice
WITH YOUR
Pablo Neruda; libertarian when
from beyond the grave: it is that
Call for ANY book whatsoever.
they waved their censers to per-
of man fast asleep in the heart of
hearts of mankind. It is a thou-
COMPUTER?
Most discounted 8%-30%!
fume a demagogue disguised as
Quick delivery. All credit cards.
Caesar, like Ezra Pound.
sand years old and as old as you
Call toll-free any time-
All of them, whether in uni-
and I, and it has not yet been
800/444-2524
form or in rags, female poets and
born. It is our grandfather, our
See the
FAX813/753-9396-INFQINTL813/758-8094
male, poets of every sex and of
brother, our great-grandchild.
Bookworld, 1933 Whitfleld Loop, Sarasota, FL 34243
none, of every profession, belief,
Computer Services Guide
We cannot know, of, course,
party and sect, poets wandering
what direction the societies and
every Tuesday.
over the four corners of the earth
the peoples of the 21st century
and poets who never left their
will take. Perhaps the new phi-
city, neighborhood, room: all of
losophy to answer the generous-
them heard, not outside but in-
hearted questions with which the
The New York Times
side themselves, the other voice.
The New York Times
Continued on next page
Advertisers:
Nobody buys just one copy
Call 1-800-421-4572.
Hardback: $16.95
Paperback: $10.95
37
Photocopy-Preservation
The true dawn of civilization
Poetry and the Free Market
MARIJAGIMBUTAS
Continued from preceding page
CIVILIZATION
modern age began is no more than a fond hope.
teaches us to recognize differences and discover
That would be terrible, for now in many parts of the
similarities. The universe is a live tissue of affini-
world there are ominous signs of the return of old
ties and oppositions, and each poem is a practical
OF THE GODDESS
religious passions, nationalist fanaticisms and wor-
lesson in harmony and concord, even when its
ship of the tribe. Beliefs and passions that were
subject is the wrath of the hero, the loneliness of an
THE WORLD OF
OLD EUROPE
suppressed both by liberal rationalism and by re-
abandoned young girl or the plunging of a mind into
gimes that flaunted the mask of "scientific social-
the still waters of the mirror. Poetry is the antidote
ism" are reappearing. They were deadly before
to technology and the market. What poetry's func-
and will become so once again, if we cannot absorb
tion might be, in our time and in the time to come, is
or sublimate them.
reduced to this. Nothing more than this? Nothing
No matter what the future holds, one thing
less.
seems certain to me: the institution of the market
The question posed earlier - how many and
economy, in its heyday now, will change. It is not
what kind of people read poems? - is inevitably
eternal; no human creation is. I do not know wheth-
bound up with the question of the survival of poetry
er it will be modified by human wisdom or de-
in the modern world. And that question, in turn, is
stroyed by its excesses and contradictions. In the
bound up with one of greater urgency and graver
latter case, it could drag democratic institutions
down with it a possibility that makes me tremble
import: the survival of humanity itself. The poem,
with fear, since we would then enter a dark age, as
has happened more than once in history.
World-renowned archaeologist Marija Gimbutas presents the most
Whatever happens, it is clear that the im-
comprehensive account yet written of the carliest Western civiliza-
mense, stupid and suicidal waste of natural re-
The market is not fond
tion: the matrifocal, Goddess-centered culture of Neolithic Europe
sources must come to an immediate end if the
whose peaceful, earth-respecting values have much to teach us
human species wishes to survive on this earth. The
of literature or risk; it
today. "A monumental, truly encyclopedic book, a work that can
cause of the colossal squandering of riches of our
present and future life - is the circular process of
change history."-Riane Eisler, author of The Chalice and the Blade
has no ideas and its
the market. The market is highly efficient, but it
"A dramatic story of paradise lost and now rediscovered."
has no goal; its sole purpose is to produce more in
-The New York Times on Gimbutas's Life Work
order to consume more. The obtuse economic poli-
censorship is not
Hardcover; 544 pages; 8-page color insert;
MARIJAGIMBUTAS
cies of the governments of most underdeveloped
over 600 black-and-white illustrations
countries, in Latin America, Asia and Africa, have
ideological.
GODDESS
Now in paperback.
also contributed to the universal destruction and
THE LANGUAGE OF THE GODDESS
contamination of lakes, rivers, seas, valleys, for-
"A benchmark in the history of civilization."
ests and mountains. No civilization of the past was
ever ruled by such a blind, mechanical, destructive
founded on the fraternity of the elements, forms
HarperSanFrancisco
-Ashley Montagu
fatality.
and creatures of the universe, is a model of surviv-
drvision
al. Victor Hugo said it in a magnificent phrase: Tout
Absoundable from
HE crisis, whatever our political and
cherche tout, sans but, sans trêve, sans repos -
NEW YORK» UNIVERSITY
T
social institutions may be and inde-
Everything seeks everything, without purpose,
pendent of our beliefs and opinions, is
without end, without cease.
already upon us, making itself felt. in
The relationship between man and poetry is as
increasingly peremptory and threaten-
old as our history: it began when human beings
ing terms. It can even be said, without exaggera-
began to be human. The first hunters and gatherers
GALLATIN
tion, that the main theme of the last days of this
looked at themselves in astonishment one day, for
an interminable instant, in the still waters of a
PUBLISHING
century is not the political organization or reorga-
nization of our societies, but the urgent question:
poem. Since that moment, people have not stopped
STUDIES
How are we to insure the survival of humanity?
looking at themselves in this mirror. And they have
In the face of this reality, what can the function
seen themselves, at one and the same time, as
of poetry be? What does the other voice have to
creators of images and as images of their cre-
say? Confronted with the question of the survival of
T
ations. For that reason I can say, with a modicum
he Gallatin Division of New York University
the human species on a poisoned and devastated
of certainty, that as long as there are people there
planet, the influence of poetry can only be indirect:
will be poetry. The relationship, however, may be
offers a Master of Arts Degree with a concentra-
reminding us of certain buried realities, restoring
broken. Born of the human imagination, it may die
tion in Publishing Studies.
them to life, presenting them, intimating, suggest-
if imagination dies or is corrupted. If human beings
ing, inspiring. Not logically demonstrating, but
forget poetry, they will forget themselves. And
The curriculum is designed for people already working in
showing.
return to original chaos.
the industry as well as recent college graduates. Specific
The operative mode of poetic thought is imag-
emphasis is placed on book and magazine publishing
ining, and imagination consists, essentially, of the
This essay was adapted from "The Other Voice: Essays
with an introduction to educational, electronic, and
ability to place contrary or divergent realities in
on Modern Poetry" by Octavio Paz, translated by Helen
relationship. All poetic forms and all linguistic
Lane and published by Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.
miscellaneous publishing.
figures have one thing in common: They seek, and
Courses are taught by experienced publishing profession-
often find, hidden resemblances. In the most ex-
treme cases, they unite opposites. Comparisons,
als and may be taken on a part-time or full-time basis.
analogies, metaphors, metonymies and the other
Authors' Queries
Gallatin students may have an opportunity to apply their
devices of poetry - all tend to produce images in
course work through internships in major publishing
which this and that, the one and the other, the one
and the many are joined. The poetic process con-
houses. Fellowships in Publishing Studies are available.
ceives of language as an animated universe tra-
For a book on cloth children's books, I would
For an application or more
versed by a dual current of attraction and repul-
like to hear from anyone who has handmade or
NEWYORK
sion. In language, the unions and the divisions, the
hand-screened cloth books for children, especially
information call
love affairs and the separations of stars, cells,
those from the period 1930-70.
UNIVERSITY
1-800-248-4NYU, ext. 526,
atoms and men are reproduced. Each poem, what-
ANNE PELLOWSKI
or send in the coupon.
ever its subject and form and the ideas that shape
3032 North Frederick
it, is first and foremost a miniature- animated
Milwaukee, Wis. 53211
cosmos. The poem unites the "ten thousand things
Gallatin Division o New York University.
that make up the universe," as the ancient Chinese
For a book on the life and career of Helen
715 Broadway, 6th Floor, New York, N.Y. 10003
put it.
Morgan, the torch singer, speakeasy hostess and
Please send me information on Publishing Studies.
Mirror of the fraternity of the cosmos, the
stage and film star of the 1920's and 30's, I would
poem is a model of what human society might be. In
apppreciate hearing from anyone who worked with
the face of the destruction of nature, it offers living
her or has personal or professional recollections.
NAME
proof of the brotherhood between the stars and
CHRISTOPHER CONNELLY
elementary particles, between chemicals and con-
ADDRESS
706 North Grand Avenue
sciousness. Poetry, exercising our Imagination,
National Park, N.J. 08063
CITY
STATE
ZIPCODE
New York University is an affirmative action/equal opportunity institution.
PM
38
Photocopy-Preservation
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Document No.
9255
WHITE HOUSE STAFFING MEMORANDUM
DEC 20 P12: 08
DATE: December 18, 1991 ACTION/CONCURRENCE/COMMENT DUE BY: 4:00 P.M., THURS., 12/19
PRESIDENTIAL REMARKS: JAPANESE AND U.S. STUDENTS
SUBJECT:
OMIYA PALACE -- KYOTO, JAPAN
ACTION FYI
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VICE PRESIDENT
HORNER
SKINNER
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REMARKS:
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PHILLIP D. BRADY
Brent Scowcroft
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CC: Phillip Brady
Ext. 2702
(Duggan/Grossman)
December 18, 1991
01 DEC 18 P4: 37
Draft Two
Students
PRESIDENTIAL REMARKS:
JAPANESE AND U.S. STUDENTS
OMIYA PALACE
KYOTO, JAPAN
[date]
[time]
[Acknowledgments]
It is a great pleasure to be with you students from Japan
and the United States. To the students, professors, and
administrators with Doshisha University, the Stanford Japan
won't be
Center, (Japan English Teaching Program and other institutions
there nor
will
represented here: I am proud of your work. I want to commend
need to
and encourage all efforts such as yours in international student
get from
advance
exchange.
where
About two thousand American students now attend
Japonese
undergraduate and graduate programs in Japan. Many more Japanese
student
will be
from
students take part in comparable programs in the United States.
More than a thousand Americans now teach in Japanese schools.
through the Japan English Teaching Program.] I hope all of you
will do everything you can to promote greater and greater
participation in such exchanges in years to come.
Student exchanges open new intellectual and cultural
horizons for young men and women -- and these experiences help
shape young people into leaders. For an example of this, we need
look no farther than to Prime Minister Miyazawa. When he was
your age, he was an exchange student in the United States.
something about he'll
Kaitu
be there
2
Another leader who recognized the value of exchanges was my
friend, the late Foreign Minister of Japan, Shintaro Abe. The
Global Partnership Fund, which he was so instrumental in
organizing, carries on his good work today in supporting student
exchanges.
Like trade in goods and services, student exchanges yield a
bounty for all who participate. They help each side better
understand one another's markets. Exchanges lift technical
progress to new heights, raising everyone's standards and
benefitting consumers throughout the expanse of the global
marketplace.
But more than this, exchanges can enrich the individual
spirit and nourish the cultures of communities and nations.
While we need exchanges that promote efficiency in the market, we
must not neglect exchanges in the humanities -- in history, the
fine arts, philosophy, the study of religion, and in languages
and literature. Octavio Paz, the 1990 Nobel Prize winner for
literature, put it well when he wrote, "If human beings forget
poetry, they will forget themselves."
I honor all of you for your spirit of scholarship and
adventure. As the great dramatist Zeami [zay-AH-mee] put it:
"May you always be as fresh in your outlook as when you are
young. "
#
#
#
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COMMENTS
Plo look at Stevenson's Blger on strengths of Fag.
education/ us weaknesses. Be frank aboutproblems and
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Draft Two
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PRESIDENTIAL REMARKS: JAPANESE AND U.S. STUDENTS
KYOTO IMPERT OMIYA PALACE
KYOTO, JAPAN
John Reid, EA,
[date] [time] TUES JAN 7
USIA
2:10 PM
[Acknowledgments]
It is a great pleasure to be with you students from Japan
and the United States. To the students, professors and
administr with Doshisha University, the Stanford Japan
the Assoc, Kyoro Pr/so for Doshisha U.
Center, Japan English Teaching Program and other institutions
represented here: I am proud of your work. I want to commend
and encourage all efforts such as yours in international student
exchange.
1,180
Ministry of Educ, might not cover Those doing
over , About two thousand American students now attend
research
will Horis 93% 96762
undergraduate and graduate programs in Japan. Many Japanese
students take part in comparable programs in the United States.
More than a thousand Americans now teach in Japanese schools,
on
Exchanged
through the Japan English Teaching Program. I hope all of you
will
do everything you can to promote greater and greater
participation in such exchanges in years to come.
= 1,500
Student exchanges open new intellectual and cultural
horizons for young men and women -- and these experiences help
shape young people into leaders. For an example of this, we need
look no farther XXX than to Prime Minister Miyazawa. When he was
your age, he was an exchange student in the United States.
2
Another leader who recognized the value of exchanges was my
friend, the late Foreign Minister of Japan, Shintaro Abe. The
Global Partnership Fund, which he was so instrumental in
organizing, carries on his good work today in supporting student
exchanges.
Like trade in goods and services, student exchanges yield a
bounty for all who participate. They help each side better
understand one another's markets. Exchanges lift technical
progress to new heights, raising everyone's standards and
benefitting consumers throughout the expanse of the global
marketplace.
But more than this, exchanges can enrich the individual
spirit and nourish the cultures of communities and nations.
While we need exchanges that promote efficiency in the market, we
must not neglect exchanges in the humanities -- in history, the
fine arts, philosophy, the study of religion, and in languages
and literature. Octavio Paz, the 1990 Nobel Prize winner for
literature, put it well when he wrote, "If human beings forget
poetry, they will forget themselves."
I honor all of you for your spirit of scholarship and
adventure. As the great dramatist Zeami [zay-AH-mee] put it:
"May you always be as fresh in your outlook as when you are
young. "
#
#
#
DEC-13-1991 14:40 FROM LC AFR ME
TO
94566218
P.01
LC LIBRARY
OF CONGRESS
Date: 12/13/91
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1 of 26 pages
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blood for the cause of justice. This has been such at traumatic experience that we have not
often dared to ask ourselves whether we should shed our blood for any cause, even when
that cause is freedom. People living in a Christian nation or a Western democracy have
asked themselves this question many times, but I think we Japanese consider this
question as a kind of raboo" (Nihon Keizai Shimbun, 1990).
"By nature, we tend to take freedom for granted when nothing threatens it. We are
conscious of freedom when fighting communism or resisting oppression. But when there
is no common threat, freedom may degenerate into complete license, and even if it does
not, there is the danger it could um into lethargy" (interview on domestic affairs, 1991).
A Free Ride on Defense
"Europeans and Americans have a history of shedding blood in the name of freedom,
revolution, and independence. From the viewpoint of these Westerners, the way the
Japanese have lived since the war appears as if we consider peace to be the one supreme
value and consider fighting an evil, even in the name of freedom or independence. They
frequently ask whether peace is worth having at any price. I feel that this is a legitimate
question. During this long period since the war, the Japanese people have, indeed,
renounced war at any cost. The Japan Teachers Union's appeals to the nation to oppose
war and support peace have doubtlessly bad a major influence. There have been many
times when I wanted to challenge this position by raising the question of whether peace
is the supreme value under any circumstances. I have refrained from doing so, however,
out of the following consideration: In the past, Japan sent its soldiers into China and
other Asian countries to "strike down injustice in the name of heaven." Our postwar
pacifism was bom of repentence for this. I feared if I were to criticize our pacifism
carelessly, I would be encouraging Japan to rush to repeat its prewar errors. This is why,
up until now, the Japanese have resigned themselves to criticism that they are economic
animals or are enjoying a free ride on defense" (Sengo seiji no shogen [Witness to
Postwar Politics), 1991).
Making an International Contribution
"Nobody objects to the pursuit of peace. However, there is a question of the extent to
which it is permissible for a member of the international community to remain an idle
spectator to disruptions of international justice when such disruptions do not directly
-2-
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affect that country. A national consensus emerged during the Gulf crisis to the effect that
Japan should let some sweat flow and not just money. I believe this indicates that the
awareness of the Japanese of their place in the international community has reached a
higher plane. I would like to see this trend go one step further, although I may be overly
idealistic. I feel that the time has come to discuss at length what Japan can do in the event
that a permanent U.N. force is created in the future (ibid).
The Economy
"The pace of economic activity is further accelerated when people from all segments of
society share a specific goal and consciously move in that direction from day to day
(Utsukushii Nihon'e no chosen [Challenges Toward a Beautiful Japan], 1984).
"To be sure, economic activity is important, but I believe it is, in the end, simply a means.
That is, I see it as a kind of expedient enabling human beings to pursue lives that are
really worth living" (response to a question during a House of Councillors Budget
Committee session, 1987)_
The "Culture of Shame"
"In the West, in particular, there are a great many people who believe that God is a single
entity and that each individual has a personal relationship with God. For we Japanese,
however, God is not one entity and there is little sense in having a special relationship
with a divine force. Thus we are highly sensitive to criticism from those around us.
Herein lies the source of the homogeneity found in Japanese society. Rather than being
concerned about whether something is sinful in the eyes of God, we are more concerned
about in not being a source of embarrassment in the eyes of our neighbors. We have
internalized this 'culture of shame' and attempt to blend in with others so as to avoid
shame" (interview on domestic affairs, 1991).
Rice
"Rice is a very difficult cTop to cultivate, and the task is made more difficult by typhoons
and other acts of nature. A people for whom rice has been the staple of their diet for
3 -
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thousands of years probably would have been unable to survive if they had not been very
pragmatic" (Shakaiso to no taiwa [Dialogue with the Japan Socialist Party], 1965).
"Three generations back, we Japanese-including myself-were for the most part
farmers. The influences we have received from our farming ancestors probably will not
suddenly disappear. An agricultural people are less influenced by elements of chance
than are hunters. Weather, however, remains an unpredictable factor. Still, we have
managed to cope by imitating the way our elders have done things. This has facilitated
the development of folk wisdom and knowledge born of habit" (Utsukushii Nihon e no
chosen [Challenges Toward a Beautiful Japan], 1984).
- 4
DEC-13-1991 14:43 FROM LC AFR ME
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94566218
P.05
MIYAZAWA'S CAREER DEFINED BY VARIETY, PERSEVERANCE.
Kiichi Miyazawa recently called himself a careful, stubborn leader who will listen to
others. traits in marked contrast to his predecessor as prime minister.
The late Prime Minister Hayato Ikeda said Miyazawa, then his secretary, was the
most courageous politician among his colleagues. Miyazawa's background and career
are noted for their diversity as well as their political fortitude.
Miyazawa was born on Oct. 8, 1919, in Tokyo, the eldest son of House of
Representatives member Yutaka Miyazawa. His mother hired an English-language tutor
for him in junior high school, and Miyazawa continued his study at Musashi Senior
High School and the Imperial University of Tokyo. In 1939, while participating in an
international student conference in the United States, Miyazawa met Yoko Ijichi, a
student at Tokyo Women's Christian University. The couple married in 1943.
Miyazawa, known as the best English speaker in the Diet, began his government
career in the Finance Ministry in 1942. He was elected to the House of Councillors
from Hiroshima in April 1953, and held his first Cabinet position in 1963 as director-
general of the Economic Planning Agency: Miyazawa had risen to the position of
deputy prime minister in 1989 when the Recruit scandal forced him to resign and wait
for a chance to return to leadership.
Miyazawa has a number of hobbies such as golf and watching noh masked dance
dramas. He often listens to Japanese music but does not like karaoke. His favorite book
is "The Completed Works of Fukuzawa Yukichi, a Meiji-era philosopher who helped
introduce American and European civilization to Japan. When Miyazawa signs
important documents, he often adds the phrase "Large Trees with Deep Roots."
Miyazawa quit smoking when he was chief Cabinet secretary in the administration of
Prime Minister Zenko Suzuki in 1980, but still enjoys sake. Long-time Miyazawa
watchers say his criticism of fellow politicians is more merciless as his drinking
progresses.
JAPANESE NEWS
PRINCE AKISHINO AND PRINCESS KIKO NAME IMPERIAL BABY MAKO.
The newborn daughter of Prince Akishino and Princess Kiko has been named Mako,
the Imperial Household Agency reported Oct. 29.
The name was announced after a five-minute naming ceremony at the
Imperial Household Agency Hospital, where Princess Kiko and the baby
are staying.
According to the agency, the couple decided on the name, with help
from scholars, in hopes the princess would lead a pure life. "Ma" means
"pure and natural" and "ko" means "child."
Mako
YOMIURI REPORT FROM JAPAN In Japan, call (03) 3217-8238
4
DEC-13-1991 14:43 FROM LC AFR ME
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94566218
P.06
THE FAMILY TREE OF PRIME MINISTER KIICHI MIYAZAWA
Yutaka Miyazawa
Koto
Heikichi Ogawa
House of Representatives member
(mother)
railway minister
(father)
Yasushi Miyazawa
ambassador to West Germany
(brother)
Ippei Ogawa
Kiichi.Miyazawa
Yoko
House of Representatives member
Heiji Ogawa
Gen Ogawa
education minister
House of Representatives member
Heishiro Ogawa
Keiko
Christopher LaFleur
ambassador to China
(daughter)
U.S. State Department official
Shojiro Ishibashi
Ichiro Hatoyama
chairman of Bridgestone Corp.
prime minister
Yasuhiro Go
Keiko
Yasuko
lichiro Hatoyama
adviser of Mitsui Liquefied
House of Councillors member
Gas Co.
Yukio Hatoyama
Hiroo Miyazawa
Etsuko
House of Representatives member
design office owner
(son)
Kunio Hatoyama
(new) education minister
Hiroshi Miyazawa
Reiko
Fumitake Kishida
House of Councillors member
House of Representatives member
(brother)
Shigeru Yoshida
prime minister
Heigo Tsutsumi
Tomen France S.A.
Takakichi Aso
Kazuko
president of Aso Cement Co.
Zenko Suzuki
prime minister
Taro Aso
Chikako
House of Representatives member
Shunichi Suzuki
Atsuko
Nobuko
Mikasanomiya Tomohito
House of Representatives member
(son of Prince Mikasa)
child
*Italic letters denote former positions.
marriage
10
sibling
DEC-13-1991
14:44
FROM
LC
AFR
ME
TO
apan's slowing
manager "He could put political pressure on the
94566218
P.07
Miyazawa,
who
onen
CA
Finance Ministry and the Bank of Ja-
for being inexperienced, must now dem-
In fact, Miyazawa nas
the official dis-
financemini
pan," which more or less set their own
onstrate his effectiveness in handling a
away somewhat from his pledge, saying
arly orisider
course under the Kaifu administration,
number of domestic matters.
consultations with the opposition par-
he said. "Kaifu was an amateur in
The most vital among these is politi-
ties will first be necessary.
te of active
finance but Miyazawa is not.
cal reform, the very issue which brought
But analysts say it will be impossible
"may take dras-
"If the LDP wants to win the upper
Kaifu down.
for Miyazawa to drag his feet on political
house election next summer, the Miya-
Miyazawa's faction, along with fac-
reform because of lingering public mem-
the egonomy,"
zawa administration is going to have to
tions headed by former Finance Minis-
ories of his involvement in the Recruit
homic Planning
project an image to the public that it is
ter Michio Watanabe and former For-
scandal, which forced him to resign as
head of the
actively working to boost the economy."
eign Minister Hiroshi Mitsuzuka, were
finance minister in 1988.
The new prime minister will also
united in their opposition to political
Miyazawa is also in the unenviable
July 1986 to
have to deal with a projected budget
reform bills introduced in the last ses-
position of following Kaifu, who despite
official discount
record-low 2.5%.
deficit of ¥3 trillion in the current fiscal
sion of the Diet. This was a calculated
his lack of support in the Diet remains
year, largely due to a drop in tax reve-
and ultimately successful attempt to
popular with the public. Said Toshio
its reduction to
d and adjust the
nue because of the slowing economy.
destroy Kaifu's chances for another
Yamaguchi of the Watanabe faction,
Tax revenue from April through August
term in office.
"After Kaifu, any leader is going to be
ly as B result of
fell 2.8% from the same period a year
After Kaifu announced Oct. 5 that he
less popular."
ence to faction boss
QUOTES FROM MIYAZAWA
"A leader must stand in front of the rank and file, but he cannot function as
a leader if he is totally detached from his troops.
- FROM HIS BOOK *DIALOGUE WITH THE JAPAN SOCIALIST PARTY.' 1985
es democratic process
"I am not good at coining phrases, but 1 want to emphasize as issues for the
1970s the following: To create an economy for the benefit of mankind. and to
challenge the unknown."
JAN. 15. 1870 INTERVIEW FOLLOWING HIS APPOINTMENT
AS MINISTER OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE AND INDUSTRY
DS AT HOME, SERFS IN THE DIET
"We have to stop any movement that attempts to make Japan into a military
BY MASAO-KANAZASHI
power again. We must not abolish the peace Constitution. MAY 28. 1984 INTERVIEW
Senior staff writer
"As the Chinese proverb states, One should be recognized for doing his best.'
The basic function of a faction is to
1 will do my best."
JULY 8, 1984 INTERVIEW IN CHINA, PRIOR TO HIS UNSUCCESSFUL
icularly Diet mem-
BID FOR THE LDP PRESIDENCY THE FOLLOWING AUTURIN
the ruling Liberal
win power, especially the party presi-
are often referred to
dency. Conversely, history shows that
"I don't take money. Politicians are there to serve the people. I was told since
factions tend to split up or go into
childhood that politics is not about the pursuit of profits, like business."
Rs." Many like the
MAY 28, 1985 CAMPAIGN SPEECH
stirs their pride at
decline after they lose the party helm or
and being chosen
a promising candidate they field for the
"No comment means no comment."
JULY 8. 1988, WHEN THE RECRUIT SCANDAL WAS REVEALED
constituents.
party presidency is defeated.
ds in the Edo period,
When factions become entrenched, as
"Since half the population of this country is women, half of the Diet mem-
lence in Tokyo as well
is now the case in the LDP, their charac-
bers could be women.
- JAN. 5, 1990 INTERVIEW
districts. They also
ter as mutual-assistance organizations
for like-minded politicians emerges
"At the age of 19, I went to the U.S. for the first time to participate in a
of private secretaries
clearly. They are factions for the sake of
student conference. It was just after Japan's invasion of China, which was
hetimes numbering in
factions. Inter-factional rivalry is sup-
severely criticized by the international community, and I tried hard to defend
also lordly, involving
planted by a struggle to secure coveted
Japan's position. What was quite shocking to me was that American students
guarding the interests
cabinet posts and protect vested
stated freely what they thought was right. Some agreed with my opinion,
others even criticized America. I assumed at that time that if Japan were to
ties, dealing
interests.
The factions have virtually
fight a war with a country like the U.S., there would be no chance of
and raising
COMMENT
given up active policy creation
winning."
FROM HIS BOOK POSTWAR TESTIMONY." JUNE 1991
paign war
for passive reaction to the po-
"I have decided to run for the presidency of the Liberal Democratic Party
odern terms, Japanese
sitions of the others, in particular the
because I want to help solve both domestic and international problems my
resemble nothing SO
largest faction.
country faces."
- OFFICIAL DECLARATION OF HIS CANDIDACY ON OCT. 5, 1991
iy presidents of small
"I will, for the rest of my life, take the precaution of not committing the
Quasi-parties
same mistake (as he did in the Recruit scandal)."
- OCT. 5. 1991
1 proportion of LDP
is of individualists who
If factions can serve any useful func-
"It is quite an honor. I will do my best to live up to their expectations."
:ious of their status at
tion, it is in their role as quasi-parties,
DCT. 11, 1991, AFTER THE TAKESHITA FACTION DECIDED
TO SUPPORT MIYAZAWA FOR THE LDP PRESIDENCY
parliamentary roster
creating an indispensable tension in a
my who, unlike former
political system that has for decades
overnment bureaucrats
been dominated by a single party, the
up political careers, are
LDP.
rful characters with
That small merit is lost, however,
MIYAZAWA
ties.
when factions fail to act as quasi-parties
and instead meekly follow the lead of
duality fades
the largest faction. The government
then is increasingly controlled by that
QUICK ACTION NEEDED ON TRADE, REFORM, DEFENSE
ame individualists who
faction's leader.
and-ready capability in
This situation may be termed a
Continued from Page 1
eir home constituencies
dual-power structure. It is by no means
ready to fall into line
a positive development when one politi-
Now, say analysts, comes the real
islands northeast of Hokkaido.
affairs come to the fore.
cian in a given faction holds the de-facto
test. Even before Miyazawa becomes
Yeltsin is expected to have more
obedience is readily evi-
power to appoint and dismiss the na-
prime minister, some party members
authority to discuss the islands with
behavior of members of
tion's prime minister.
and government officials are speculat-
Miyazawa than Soviet President Mik-
ring the name of former
When politicians, elected to represent
ing that the veteran politician may be
hail Gorbachev did when be met Kaifu
Noboru Takeshita. Nary
the people, snap to obey every command
forced to step down before his term as
in Tokyo last April.
far
removed
nartv leader expires in September 1993.
"We are hoping for a major break-
in the territorial dispute (talks)
9456
THE JAPAN TIMES WEEKLY INTERNATIONAL EDITION @ NOVEMBER 4-10. 1991
MIYAZAWA PROFILE
TO
Who is the real Miyazawa?
y YUKIO SUZUKI
While a stu-
PECIAL TO THE JAPAN TIMES
dent at Impe-
iichi Miyazawa has become the
K
rial University
next president of the governing
of Tokyo's
Liberal-Democratic Party and
law faculty in
therefore Japan's next prime
1941, a young
minister - finally. He has been nominat-
LC AFR ME
Miyazawa
d more than once for the post during the
(second from
ast decade and more, but failed each
right) cele-
ime. At the age of 72, he got his last
brates with
hance and seized it.
friends.
Miyazawa has an impeccable political
record. After entering the Finance Minis-
y in 1942, he became secretary to the
inance minister of the Higashikuni Cabi-
DEC-13-1991 15:01 FROM
net and later secretary to Finance Minis-
er Hayalo Ikeda in the Yoshida Cabinet,
before turning to politics. He was direc-
lor general of the Economic Planning
Agency in the Ikeda Cabinet, minister for
international trade and industry in the
Sate Cabinet, foreign minister in the Miki
Cabinet, again EPA director general in
the Fukuda Cabinet and chief Cabinet
secretary in the Suzuki Cabinet. During
the Nakasone administration, he was
chairman of the LDP's General Council,
later becoming finance minister, and lat-
er deputy prime minister and concur-
rently finance minister in the Takeshita
with his secretary's involvement in the
Recruit shares-for-favors scandal. But no
one questions his administrative and bu-
reaucratic abilities. Il is said that he is
unrivaled in the political world for his
Miyazawa shortly
sharp grasp of international relations
after birth.
and his prompt and profound political
P.24
judgment. He is certainly superior in this
regard to Michio Watanabe and Hiroshi
Mitsuzuka, the other two candidates in
the LDP presidential race.
His command of English is excellent.
PHOTOS
94566218
As a student, Miyazawa was always at
COURTESY
the top of his class in both junior and se-
nior high schools and in the law faculty of
OF
the Imperial University of Tokyo. He
MIYAZAWA
comes from a family of politicians, bu-
reaucrats and academics; his father was
OFFICE
a member of parliament.
With this record and background, why
then did Miyazawa fail in his earlier bids
for the LDP presidency and the nation's
premiership? The reason is because be
has too strong a sense of elitism. Simply
Miyazawa (left), at the age of 8, poses for a family portrait with his parents and brothers in 1928.
TO
put, Miyazawa lacks the common touch.
His younger brother, Hiroshi (center), went on to serve as governor of Hiroshima and Is currently
This elitism, and his individualistic atti-
a member of the House of Councilors. Yasushi (right) Is a former ambassador to W. Germany.
tude toward life, deeply ingrained since
his school days, did not agree with the
mising Noboru Takeshita.
must surely seem odd to the larger world.
such an extreme choice. His predecessor,
hard soil of Japanese politics.
Still, the choice of Miyazawa is quite
Toshiki Kaifu, much inferior to Miyaza-
For a long time he showed little inter-
The Takeshita faction has an over-
appropriate, given the domestic and in-
wa in experience and intellect, was
est in his own constituency and made few
whelming superiority of numbers in the
ternational problems now facing Japan.
forced to dance to the tune played by Ka-
efforts to work for its interests. Neither
LDP yet it could not field its own candi-
But Miyazawa surely appears servile to
nemaru, Takeshita and Ozawa. Kaifu
was he skillful in the handling of party
date for a combination of reasons. There-
many of those who saw him on television
was a model student, as it were.
affairs.
fore, Kanemaru and Takeshita decided,
Due to his brilliance, others looked like
although reluctantly, to back Miyazawa,
calling on the much younger Ozawa to
Miyazawa is likely to be different. In
who enjoys a high enough public approv-
explain his policies, all the while with a
1939, while he was still at university, he
fools next to him. He opened his heart to
al rating, SO as to preserve their influence
flattering smile for Kanemaru and Take-
visited the United States to attend a Ja-
only a handful of bosom friends, who date
back to his student days. Miyazawa has
within the party and the Cabinet.
shita, Many of those Japanese who ad-
panese-U.S. student conference. He saw
mire the "samurai style" probably got a
American society in its heyday. He
had no real brain trust and very few col-
The decision to support Miyazawa was
bad impression from this scene.
learned how to conduct a debate on intel-
DEC-13-1991 15:02 FROM LC AFR ME
leagues with whom he consults in full
made behind closed doors by Kanemaru,
lectual terms. In 1950 he revisited the
confidence.
Takeshita and former party Secretary
Miyazawa presumably felt grateful to
In this regard, he is vaguely similar to
General Ichiro Ozawa, a factor that has
Kanemaru and Takeshita, his one-time
United States, this time accompanying
Finance Minister Ikeda who was on a
President George Bush. Yet he cannot
aroused strong criticism, even within
foes, for giving him the last chance of his
mission for Prime Minister Shigeru
match Bush in broad mindedness and
Keiseikai (the Takeshita faction). While
lifetime. Though a proud man, Miyazawa
Yoshida.
public popularity. Within the LDP, he
LDP members of the Diet and party
is, after all, like any other politician: He
does not get along with the crafty Shin
members nationwide will observe the for-
seeks power and he does not mind surren-
The two future prime ministers jour-
Kanemaru, who lacks a certain interna-
mality of electing a party president, the
dering appearances to obtain it. His true
neyed to Washington to extend peace
tional sense, nor are his relations much
party head had already been practically
character was invisible until now, as he
treaty feelers and also to seek relaxation
better with the pragmatic and compro-
decided before the Oct. 27 election. This
had no opportunity to be confronted with
of the Dodge Line (an austerity program
94566218
THE JAPAN TIMES WEEKLY INTERNATIONAL EDITION
NOVEMBER 4-10, 1991 7
MIYAZAWA PROFILE
TO
DEC-13-1991 15:04 FROM LC AFR ME
I Minister Miyazawa (third from the left) relaxes with U.S. President Gerald Ford (right)
Ime Minister Takeo Mikl (third from the right) while in Puerto Rico's San Juan for a
nation economic summit In 1976.
Taking a break in 1949 while serving as an aide to Finance
Minister Hayato Ikeda, Miyazawa (feft) plays mah-jong with his
political mentor, who became prime minister in 1960.
PERSONAL HISTORY
zittle
Kiichi Miyazawa was born on Oct. 8, 1919, in Tokyo
as the eldest son of Lower House member Yutaka
Miyazawa and his wife Koto.
He joined the Ministry of Finance in 1942, one year
after graduating from the Imperial University of To-
TOKY
kyo's law faculty.
MEDICAL
Miyazawa married Yoko Ijichi, daughter of a Wa-
seda University professor, in November 1943: He triel
8. - Background: U.S.-Japan Cultural Interactions
Japan-U.S. Cultural and Educational Interchange - 9
the Rockefeller Foundation and the Ford
I remember at Christmastime of 1968
Foundation for the reorganization and en-
watching the flight of the spaceship Apollo
largement of university libraries in Japan,
VIII being televised. We Japanese were as
including the Tokyo University Library. I
much excited and impressed as the Ameri-
The Shape
know well that highly competent advice
cans. I was particularly struck at that time
P.03
Japan-U.S. Cultural
and guidance were given in particular for
by the words of the space pilot-that the
of International
the modernization of the Tokyo University
sight of the earth viewed from the moon,
and Educational
Library by Dr. Keyes D. Metcalf, former
seen as a luminous ball, inspired with fresh
Cooperation
realization the idea that on earth there is
Interchange
University Librarian of Harvard Univer-
94566218
sity, and by Mr. Douglas Bryant, the pres-
just one world.
Yoshikatsu Kono
ent librarian, who is in attendance today.
Returning to our subject of librarianship,
Tatsuo Morito
Director, National Diet Library
These are only a few of the numerous in-
we might say that the Shared Cataloging
President, Japan Library
stances which might be mentioned.
Program is our nearest approach to the
Association
II is an impressive sight to see the highest
It is well known that Japanese libraries
pilot's feeling. All international cooperation
authorities of American university and TC-
are in many ways indebted to those of the
ought to be supported by this idea of the
In April 1968 the Fourth Japan-U.S.
search libraries meeting here in Japan. I
United States. It is gratifying to note that
oneness of humanity. At the same time,
Conference on Cultural and Educational
confess that I was greatly surprised when
in recent years cooperation between the
obviously enough, the multiplicity of the
Interchange was held in Washington. The
looking at the list of American participants,
libraries of the two nations has become
differences of nations must be fully recog-
theme was "Education and Development
and even feared that with this galaxy of
more and more extensive. NDL is exchang-
nized. Proper respect for individual dignity
in Advanced Societies." On that occasion,
eminent people coming to Japan, the func-
ing full sets of official publications with
and the appreciation of personality are in-
it was hoped that both our nations, which
TO
tions of the American libraries might be
the Library of Congress and the University
dispensable conditions for the progress of
represent the modern societies on either
paralyzed. As everyone is well aware, an
of California at Berkeley. It is worth re-
free societies. In the same way, proper re-
side of the Pacific Ocean, would do their
enormous effort was made by librarians and
membering, however, that the Japanese
spect for the traditions and civilizations of
utmost for the furtherance of friendly rela-
library organizations of the United States to
effort for international exchange of official
all nations is the first prerequisite for the
tions between us and for the establishment
assist the recovery and development of Japa-
publications dates back to the year 1875,
development of a better international so-
of peace in Asia within the framework o:
nese libraries during the postwar period.
when such exchanges were first conducted
ciety,
education and culture. Nevertheless, WI
You are, of course, well aware that the
between the Smithsonian Institution and
Those of you from the United States,
discovered that some discrepancies and dif
establishment of the National Diet Library
the Foreign Ministry of Japan. If we reflect
1 am sure, would enjoy the beauty of the
ficulties in realizing these objectives existed
(NDL) was directly planned on the rec-
that nearly a century has-elapsed since that
Imperial Palace. I hope that when you visit
particularly among university professors il
ommendation of the U.S. Library Mission
time, perhaps we must say that the present
there you will look closely at the walls.
both countries.
consisting of two eminent American librar-
state of exchanges is still not wholly satis-
The walls are made of rock of widely dif-
The final communiqué adopted by th
ME
ians, Mr. Verner W. Clapp and the late
factory. Be that as it may, there are now
ferent sizes and shapes, piled one on top
Third Japan-U.S. Conference, held il
Dr. Charles Brown. To express our grati-
104 U.S. institutions with which NDL has
of another. They form a remarkable con-
Tokyo, noted the presence of "a numbe
tude, we invited Mr. and Mrs. Clapp in
exchange relations for selected official and
trast with the practice of Western architec-
of obstacles that hinder full and accurat
the fall of last year to the ceremony in
nonofficial publications.
ture, which would generally employ a
understanding of the cultures of Japan an
which we celebrated the completion of the
It is a great pleasure for me that we are
straight line of bricks, uniform either in
the United States on the part of the schol
DEC-13-1991 14:41 FROM LC AFR
National Diet Library building and the
engaged in close and conscientious coopera-
size or in shape. Castles are found in many
arly communities, such as the differen
twentieth anniversary of the opening of
tion with the Library of Congress in the
localities of Japan, and most of them are
university traditions, differences in scholarl
the library.
project known as Shared Cataloging, a plan
more than 300 years old. The stone walls
methodology and learning techniques, an
Shortly after the establishment of NDL,
of global proportions for the acquisition of
have survived to this day in their elegant
in the subtleties of political outlook the
Dr. Robert B. Downs of the University of
books and their central cataloging. The
form despite the frequent earthquakes for
may modify or color joint scholarly objec
Illinois Library came to Japan to give
Tokyo Office of the Library of Congress,
which Japan is so famous. This is because
tives and influence or even inhibit thei
detailed recommendations on technical serv-
established exactly a year ago to further
proper respect has been paid to the indi-
accomplishment."
ices; he made invaluable contributions to
this project, is functioning well. In Febru-
vidual peculiarities of the rocks that, in
Personally, as the president of the Japa
the development of the library. This kind
ary 1967, when was told of this ambitious
their turn, have served to strengthen the
Library Association, I believe we owe
of help was not confined to NDL alone.
project by Mr. John Lorenz, Deputy Li-
wall as a whole. To me the rocks and the
great deal to the suggestions and assistanc
For example, the cooperation of the Ameri-
brarian of Congress, I felt that this was
Imperial Palace itself seem to suggest
extended by the United States in fosterin
can Library Association was largely instru-
precisely the work in which a dream of all
the ideal pattern for our international co-
the remarkable progress in the organizatio
mental in the establishment of the library
librarians throughout the world would be
operation.
of Japanese libraries after World War I!
science department at Keiō University and
realized. My feeling was confirmed in dis-
the growth and arrangement of universit
its subsequent enlargement to include a
cussion with Quincy Mumford, Librarian
ention the liberal assistance extended by
the United States.
AMRKono
libraries, public libraries, school librarie:
graduate program. And I must not fail to
of Congress, in August 1968 when I visited
and special libraries; the progress of librar
science and the establishment of trainin
DEC-13-1991
14:51
FROM
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94566218
P.13
(13) ORANGELES TIMES
CT100
LOS ANGELES TI
INTERVIE
Look at Japan Miyazaw as a contr butor. Being
The Western governmen
a leader, taking initiative and doing
that from now on, if there is
something-that kind of thing is not
money somewhere, Japan Wi
part of this country's culture.
source. Weare being respect
Kiichi
Miyazawa
Japan's Next Prime Minister
Sees His Country as a Team Player'
By Leslie Helm
TOKYO
K
iichi Miyazawa, 72. has emerged as the man virtually certain to replace
Toshiki Kaifu as prime minister following party elections later this month.
A small man. unremarkable but for large. intense eyes that peer out of his
benign face. Miyazawa is one of the last of the powerful bureaucrats-turned-
politicians who played a key role in guiding Japan's postwar economic miracle.
After graduating from the elite Imperial University of Tokyo's Department of
Law in 1941. Miyazawa worked in the Ministry of Finance for 12 years before
taking the highly unusual step of leaving that powerful position. at age 33, to
take a seat in Japan's upper house of Parliament. He was elected to the lower
house in 1967. and has since served as minister of international trade and
industry. as foreign minister. as deputy prime minister and, most recently, as
finance minister, from 1986 to 1988. He was then slated to become prime
minister. but was implicated in the Recruit bribery scandal and forced to resign.
along with most other leading party members.
Memories of Miyazawa's involvement in the scandal, particularly after
repeated denials of having played a role, continue to make him unpopular with
the public at large. Japan's powerful business leaders and bureaucrats,
however. have consistently voted him their first choice for his intelligence and
his grasp of international affairs.
Miyazawa's greatest weakness in the close-knit world of Japanese politics is
standoffishness-widely interpreted as arrogance. Colleagues see Miyazawa as
something of a showoff. They derided him once for reading an English book in
public-that was seen as a vain display of his language abilities. Yet he recently
held his own in a debate on world affairs with Henry A. Kissinger. He spoke in
English while the audience listened to a translation through earphones.
Miyazawa is viewed by many as pro-American, but others say he is, at best,
ambivalent. "He understands America but would be independent of America,'
national civil servants. There is r
says Masaya Itoh. a well-respected commentator. When Miyazawa's daughter
wrong with Japanese joining such a
married an American diplomat in Japan about 10 years ago, Miyazawa didn't
It would not be Japan's war. it wo
attend the ceremony and suggested their different cultural backgrounds would
be Japan's military strength. T
make union difficult.
DEC-13-1991
14:52
FROM
LC AFR ME
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94566218
P.14
Leslie Helm
K
iichi Miyazawa, 72. has emerged as the man virtually certain to replace TOKYO
Toshiki Kaifu as prime minister following party elections later this month.
A small man, unremarkable but for large, intense eyes that peer out of his
benign face, Miyazawa is one of the last of the powerful bureaucrats-turned-
politicians who played a key role in guiding Japan's postwar economic miracle.
After graduating from the elite Imperial University of Tokyo's Department of
Law in 1941, Miyazawa worked in the Ministry of Finance for 12 years before
taking the highly unusual step of leaving that powerful position. at age 33, to
take a seat in Japan's upper house of Parliament. He was elected to the lower
house in 1967, and has since served as minister of international trade and
industry. as foreign minister. as deputy prime minister and, most recently. as
finance minister, from 1986 to 1988. He was then slated to become prime
minister, but was implicated in the Recruit bribery scandal and forced to resign,
along with most other leading party members.
Memories of Miyazawa's involvement in the scandal. particularly after
repeated denials of having played a role, continue to make him unpopular with
the public at large. Japan's powerful business leaders and bureaucrats,
however. have consistently voted him their first choice for his intelligence and
his grasp of international affairs.
Miyazawa's greatest weakness in the close-knit world of Japanese politics is
standoffishness-widely interpreted as arrogance. Colleagues see Miyazawa as
something of a showoff. They derided him once for reading an English book in
public-that was seen as a vain display of his language abilities. Yet he recently
held his own in a debate on world affairs with Henry A. Kissinger. He spoke in
English while the audience listened to a translation through earphones.
Miyazawa is viewed by many as pro-American, but others say he is, at best,
ambivalent. "Hc understands America but would be independent of America."
national civil servants. There is nothing
says Masaya Itoh. a well-respected commentator. When Miyazawa's daughter
wrong with Japanese joining such a force.
married an American diplomat in Japan about 10 years ago, Miyazawa didn't
It would not be Japan's war, it would not
attend the ceremony and suggested their different cultural backgrounds would
make the union difficult.
be Japan's military strength. That is
desirable, and Japan could contribute in
Miyazawa asked to speak in Japanese during a recent conversation, saying he
hadn't used his English all day and it was rusty. After a question, he would often
such a situation. At first, it may be largely
a symbolic force.
pause to think, crossing his arms, tapping his shiny black shoes and staring off
into the corner of his cluttered office.
Q: America is enmeshed in many prob-
lems of its own. What is your advice?
A: What I most want to say to America
is your country is an admirable country.
uestion: You have watched Japan go
with admirable values, and a strong
It was very helpful to us that the
through many changes. Is Japan now
economy and military. You are the finest
United Nations came out in front on this
at a turning point?
country, so you should have confidence.
issue. If it was just America, it would have
I just can't see America as a weak
Answer: Yes, for the first time we are
been very difficult for Japan to respond.
beginning to feel we have a global
economy. When a company (like Chrys-
Bush was very smart to have the U.N.
responsibility. Japan is trying its best in
ler] is in the red and its president triples
stand out in front. That made it possible
the Structural Impediments Talks, the
his bonus-in any country, a company
for Japan to make its contribution. We
Gulf talks.
like that will have problems. That isn't
had that experience, and in the future we
America's fault; it is the fault of that
Q: Should Japan take more leadership.
will know what we can do and what we
individual company. There is a big debate
A: The question of leadership is a
can't do more quickly.
in America about its educational system
problem. It is better to look at Japan as a
At the London summit, I think Japan's
and how to become competitive-that is
contributor. Being a leader. taking initia-
view was respected because of its Gulf
the great thing about America. You can't
tive and doing something-that kind of
contribution. They realize that, from now
fail.
thing is not part of this country's culture.
on, if there is need for money somewhere,
We are more the kind of country where
Japan will be a source. In that sense, we
Q: This was a summer of scandals in
everybody gets together and says let's
are being respected. There is nothing
Japan. What is the reason?
wrong with that.
move in this direction. Collective leader-
A: I have long worried about "money
ship is comfortable to Japan. As a coun-
(U.S. Secretary of State] Jim Baker
games." In America, you had Michael
try, we are a team player
says burden-sharing means we should
Milken and Ivan Boesky
A
danger-
carry some of the weight America has
ous aspect to the money game is the
Q: Japan is putting out a growing share
carried up until now-that is his concept.
frustration of manufacturers. To have
of the world's foreign aid, as in the Gulf
But our view is that everybody has a
sound economic development, you have
War. Is Japan being consulted enough?
global responsibility and, within that
to produce things with your sweat.
A: The Gulf War situation was a new
situation. each should do what they can
Instead, people with just an MBA have
experience in our some 40-year postwar
do.
been making more money than Paul
history. Our decision-making was slow
Q: But doesn't that mean it will always be
Volcker. It couldn't last. The gold plating
and often ambiguous. We are reflecting
on these things. Nevertheless. while con-
America putting out the military force and
has just rubbed off. It isn't just Japan. You
Japan putting out the money? Won't that
had it in Wall Street and now BCCI.
sidering the constraints of our constitu-
invite criticism?
tion. we put out money and sent mine
Q: Is a more independent institution to
sweepers. We must do what we can; what
A: We can't have a Japanese military
regulate financial services necessary?
we can't do can't be helped. It has been
because of our constitution. You can't
A: The Ministry of Finance is in the
about a year now. and we have come to
change that. You have to think about
position of fostering the financial-servic-
realize this.
[burden] sharing with that in mind.
"es industry and
also of penalizing the
Q: You have said you wouldn't mind
industry. Having the two functions per-
Leslie Helm is a correspondent in Tokyo for
contributing to a U.N. force.
formed by the same institution is like
The Times. He interviewed Küchi Miyaza-
A: Well, if the U.N. has its own
putting the prosecutor and the lawyer in
the same role.
The (Japanese) stock
DEC-13-1991
14:54
FROM
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94566218
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SUNDAY, OCTOBER 13, 1991
M3
LOS ANGELES TIMES
INTERVIEW
[The Western governments] realize
TU dependence) has gotten so that a
hat from now on. if there is need for
major portion of U.S. production--even
noney somewhere, Japan will be a
military production-depends on
ource. We are being respected.
Japanese imports.'
And then there's training.
Japan
should use its [foreign-aid budget) to set
up technical training programs in each
country. The main obstacle to [creating a
regional economy] is the question of
currency and finance
1 believe the
yen will become a more commonly used
currency [in the region]. but whether that
is good or bad, I think it is better to let
thir.gs develop naturally.
Q: What about Japan's role in China
since the Tien An Men Square massacre?
A: Looking at the debate in America
[on China]. my opinion is closer to
President Bush's. Americans who oppose
[trade] are too puritan, too idealistic. For
a people with a history of just 200 years to
tell a people with a 3.000-year history
what to do-the concept of time is
different.
Whenever you go to China,
you feel this. They talk of 100 years or 200
years as if it were nothing, while Ameri-
ca's entire history fits into that span.
So when people keep talking
about human rights-well, in China there
weren't any human rights until about 30
years ago. Little by little, they are trying
to
change. To remove [China's]
most- favored-nation status because they
didn't [improve human rights) in two
years, to penalize them [isn't right]. You
have to think of the longer term.
Q: is America asking too much of Japan
on trade?
A:
A lot of Japanese may feel
[U.S. demands] interfere with Japan's
structure and society
We have both
tried our best (at shrinking the trade
imbalance). Japan's trade surplus was 4%
(of GNP} and now is down to 1%
The
problem is that Japan's trade surplus is
likely to increase again. and the trade
balance with America is likely to get
worse.
Since America's [overall]
trade deficit is shrinking, unless the
NOBORO HASHIMOTO / Sygms
relationship with Japan improves, Japan
DEC-13-1991
14:56
FROM
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AFR
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94566218
P.16
you reel this. They taik or IW years or 200
years as if it were nothing, while Ameri-
ca's entire history fits into that span.
16
So when people keep talking
about human rights-well, in China there
weren't any human rights until about 30
years ago. Little by little, they are trying
to
change. To remove [China's]
most- favored-nation status because they
didn't [improve human rights) in two
years, to penalize them [isn't right]. You
have to think of the longer term.
Q: Is America asking too much of Japan
on trade?
A:
A lot of Japanese may feel
(U.S. demands] interfere with Japan's
structure and society
We have both
tried our best [at shrinking the trade
imbalance). Japan's trade surplus was 4%
(of GNP] and now is down to 1%
The
problem is that Japan's trade surplus is
likely to increase again, and the trade
balance with America is likely to get
worse.
Since America's [overall]
trade deficit is shrinking, unless the
NOBORO HASHIMOTO / Sygms
relationship with Japan improves, Japan
will get a larger share of the blame.
The cause [of the trade imbal-
national civil servants. There is nothing
better understood internationally
wrong with Japanese joining such a force.
ance] is that while Japanese exports to
The economy moves globally and Japan is
It would not be Japan's war, it would not
America include consumer products, ex-
a "key station" in that economy, so
be Japan's military strength. That is
ports are largely made up of goods
wherever possible, you have to adjust to
desirable, and Japan could contribute in
required by American factories. [U.S.
international standards. This [scandal]
such a situation. At first, it may be largely
dependence) has gotten so that a major
presents a good opportunity to do that
a symbolic force.
portion of America's production-even a
With the manufacturing and service sec-
portion of military production-depends
Q: America is enmeshed in many prob-
tor, you are dealing with visible things.
on these Japanese imports. In electronics,
lems of its own. What is your advice?
Money is invisible and, to that extent, you
in robots, in workstations, in consumer
A: What I most want to say to America
need some independent authority capable
products, if you stop (Japanese imports].
is your country is an admirable country,
of scrutinizing [its movement].
America's economy would grind to a halt.
with admirable values, and a strong
America must decide whether it
Q: On Japan's international role, Europe
the
economy and military. You are the finest
wants to start making those (essential)
is moving toward a true common market in
his
country, so you should have confidence.
1992, while America is working on a North
components in America or to keep buying
ave
1 just can't see America as a weak
them from Japan.
American free market. You have spoken of
nd.
economy. When a company [like Chrys-
Asia as the "third pillar" of the world
Q: This year marks the 50th anniversary
N.
ler} is in the red and its president triples
economy. Can you explain?
of Pearl Harbor. What are your memories
ble
his bonus-in any country, a company
A: Recently. 1 traveled to several Asian
of that war? Do you believe Japan has done
We
like that will have problems. That isn't
countries. It is really amazing the incred-
enough to apologize for its actions?
we
America's fault; it is the fault of that
we
individual company. There is a big debate
ible economic growth that is taking place;
A: I first went to America in 1939, as a
in America about its educational system
the region is roaring. I believe that by
student. U.S.-Japan relations were get-
2010, Japan
and how to become competitive-that is
(and) the 10 [East Asian)
ting worse and worse; I expected Ameri-
the great thing about America. You can't
countries will surpass North America in
cans to say it is unforgivable that Japan
fail.
GNP {gross national product]. By 2015,
invaded China. I wondered how I should
we will surpass EC and EFTA [European
respond, and talked with my friends about
re,
we
Q: This was a summer of scandals in
Free Trade Assn.]. We [in East Asia] will
it on the ship on the way over. But I found
Japan. What is the reason?
grow at a 5% rate. North America at 2.5%
American students would criticize their
ng
A: I have long worried about "moriey
and EC and EFTA at 3%
The
own country. Sometimes they would say,
games." In America, you had Michael
essential thing at that point is to make
"Japan is right." They really spoke freely.
Milken and Ivan Boesky
sure this region doesn't become a fortress.
So I thought: This is what democracy is.
ld
A danger-
ous aspect to the money game is the
Even if we try to create a fortress-
If we ever went to war with this
as
ot.
frustration of manufacturers. To have
[we] once tried that and it was a mis-
country, we would lose.
a
sound economic development, you have
take-there aren't that many common
I was just 19, but I was very impressed.
to produce things with your sweat
elements or bonds [to hold the region
I was a student at Tokyo University and
at
Instead, people with just an MBA have
together]
I don't worry too much
we were going to USC campus for a
an
been making more money than Paul
about North America [becoming protec-
debate. Japan's leaders thought that,
Volcker. It couldn't last. The gold plating
tionist), because America is the core
because America is in such disarray. they
be
has just rubbed off. It isn't just Japan. You
country. But the EC. since it will be led by
could beat America. That was a mistake.
had it in Wall Street and now BCCI.
France for a while, is likely to remain
Individual thinking is often much bet-
at
inward-looking for some time. Since Ger-
ter than collective thinking. We are a
Q: is a more independent institution to
many has its problems integrating East
consensus society so we have our weak-
"y
regulate financial services necessary?
Germany. it is more convenient for them
nesses. Not that we are slow to move.
't
A: The Ministry of Finance is in the
to have France leading the group.
When we move, we all move in one
position of fostering the financial-servic-
direction.
es industry and also of penalizing the
Q: Japan seems to feel it has a special role
industry. Having the two functions per-
in Asia.
Q: But group thinking has been c
formed by the same institution is like
strength for Japan over the past 30 years.
A: Our role is to nurture the region: For
putting the prosecutor and the lawyer in
one thing. we have to help develop a
A: Well, we are meeting some years
n
the same role
The (Japanese) stock
regional infrastructure with communica-
after Pearl Harbor. Once is enough for
market
Anuntey
a
DEC-13-1991
14:50
FROM
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P.12
JN Jaban
International Outlook
EDITED BY STANLEY REED
KIICHI MIYAZAWA COULD MAKE HIS MARK
-BY TALKING BACK
A
lthough he won't be formally elected until Oct 27,
this fall, just before the highly charged 50th anniversary of
Kiichi Miyazawa is already acting like Japan's Prime
Pearl Harbor. Bush will likely warn Miyazawa about congres-
Minister. On Oct. 15, for instance, he stopped by the
sional anger over Japan's bulging trade surpluses with the
shabby offices of the ruling Liberal Democratic Party's Ko-
U.S., which hit a record $9.8 billion in September. Miyazawa
moto faction in central Tokyo to sketch out plans for his
will respond with an offer to help recycle the surpluses by
coming two-year term. Miyazawa, whose selection by the LDP
pumping more money abroad in the form of aid and invest-
is virtually certain, told assembled pols he wanted to beef up
ment. But he's not going to follow Kaifu's example and let
Japan's international clout while stimulating the flagging
Bush relegate him to signing checks. And he won't let the
economy. The Komoto stalwarts liked what
Americans push him around on trade issues.
they heard. "It's about time to change the mon-
"He might even argue [with Bush]" says Ya-
etary and fiscal operation of the economy," said
sunori Sone, a political scientist at Keio Univer-
legislator Tetsuo Kondo.
sity. "That's something an American President
While Japan's political system makes even
would never expect from a Japanese Prime
the most powerful Prime Ministers weaker
Minister."
than their counterparts elsewhere, Miyazawa
Miyazawa won't have such an easy time dis-
may turn out to be the most forceful spokes-
tinguishing himself at home. Despite his senior-
man for Japan in recent memory. He's certain-
ity, Miyazawa, 72, isn't popular with most LDP
ly likely to make more of a mark than his
politicians, who consider him aloof and pedan-
politically impotent predecessor, Toshiki Kaifu.
tic. "In domestic politics, Miyazawa will be in a
Miyazawa, who has held all the prestigious
similar situation to Kaifu," says Mayumi Mor-
Cabinet posts, from finance to foreign affairs,
iyama, an LDP member of the Upper House.
can match President Bush as an international-
Miyazawa will be dependent on the faction led
ist and is well-regarded in Washington. The
by former Prime Minister Noboru Takeshita,
new Prime Minister will play a key role in
which has dominated Japanese politics for
redefining the S.Japan relationship, which
years. Takeshita men will probably claim sever-
many Japanese want put on a more even foot-
al key ministries-including finance, the most
ing in the aftermath of the cold war. "He'll try
PRIME MIMISTER-TO-BE:
powerful.
hard to influence other countries by using our
A LOUDER VOICE ON TRADE
Such arrangements could complicate the
economic power," says Takeshi Sasaki, political science profes-
Keynesian Miyazawa's ability to nudge the conservative fi-
sor at the University of Tokyo.
nance bureaucrats toward more stimulative policies, which are
BULGING SURPLUSES. Miyazawa may try to use massive aid to
favored by the U.S. But with Japan's growth projected to dip
win back the disputed Kuril Islands from the Soviets. He'll
below 3% next year, Miyazawa may make some headway in
also use offers of economic help to try to ease tensions with
speeding up the $3.3 trillion in sewers, parks, housing, and
North Korea. And he may team up with the Foreign Ministry
other projects slated for this decade. Big spending could be the
in pursuing Japan's cherished dream of a permanent seat on
ticket to mollify an electorate angry over the ouster of the
the U.N. Security Council and a bigger voice at the World
popular Kaifu. But, like Bush, Miyazawa is more likely to
Bank and the International Monetary Fund.
leave a mark internationally than at home.
Miyazawa's first big test will come when Bush visits Japan
By Robert Neff in Tokyo
GLOBAL WRAPUP
CRS MAIN FILE COPY
MEXICO
© Copyright Claimant
the
sti-
EUROPE
resident Carlos Salinas de
Reproduced with Permission
to
ne powerful symbol of the single
tari's recent removal of two state
step down.
market liter 1992 was going to
governors shows how much political
The battle that lies ahead will be
be elimination of duty-free shops for
trouble he's willing to risk at home to
inside the PRI, which has ruled since
travelers on trips within Europe. But
win a free-trade pact with the U.S. and
1929. There are forces in the party that
like the auto and steel industries, duty-
Canada
are opposed to Salinas' pro-American
free shops now seem likely to win a
To get his way, Salinas needs to
policies. Many of these-people are also
stay of execution from the European
project a democratic image north of
pushing for an opening up of the presio
Community - until at least 1996. They
the border. And with hopes of luring
dential selection process in 1994. It has
will offer passengers exemptions from
foreign investors to Mexico, he can ill
traditionally been the privilege of Mexi-
value added tax and excise taxes on
afford political upheaval. That's what
can Presidents to tap their successors.
Dom Pérignon champagne, Toblerone
he faced in Guanajuato and San Luis
But, facing increasing pressure at
chocolate, and other goodies The
Potosi, as opposition leaders mounted
home and abroad to democratize, Sali-
shops will owe their survival to heavy
steady marches and sit-down strikes to
nas may have to give up that luxury in
lobbying from European governments)
protest alleged fraud in the Aug 18
1994 especially if the economy loses
which depend on their revenues to fi-?
elections. In the end, Salinas relented.
momentum.
nance money-losing airports
TEJESA ZABALA/PICIURE GROUP
FROM
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P.10
CRS MAIN FILE COPY
CTIOD
NEW YORK TIMES
Reproduced with permission of the
New York Times c 1991
OCT 2 8 1991
p. Al,A6 A6
Undaunted Leader for Japan
Kiichi/Miyazawa
F
By STEVEN R. WEISMAN
Special to The New York Times
TOKYO, Oct. 27 - At the height of
another question. American officials
the oil shortages of the 1970's, a Cabi-
are wondering whether Mr.
net minister in Japan caused a furor
Miyazawa will be more effective than
Man
when he accused the
Prime Minister Toshiki Kaifu in ac-
in the
United States of poor
commodating Washington, or more
leadership, mismanage-
willing to tell the United States off.
News
ment of its economy and
"He knows America and he speaks
"dragging its feet" on
English extremely well," an admir-
energy.
ing Japanese diplomat said. "But that
Today, that official, Kiichi
does not mean he is pro-American.
Miyazawa, was chosen to become
He might be more blunt than Ameri-
Prime Minister at a time when grum-
cans are used to. It's something he is
bling over American policies is loud-
going to have to watch."
er than ever. The triumph was sweet
Mr. Miyazawa effectively assumed
for this courtly but shrewd veteran of
leadership of Japan when he was
countless political wars, who had
elected president of the ruling Liberal
tried for years without success to
Democratic Party, succeeding Mr.
attain the top job.
Kaifu, whose term expires on
This evening, Mr. Miyazawa said
that the coming 50th anniversary of
Continued on Page AB Column 5
the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor
would be a "meaningful moment" for
strengthening ties with the United
States, and that his first goal would be
to issue a new declaration of shared
purpose when President Bush visits
Tokyo next month.
"The United States and Japan
share the same values and bear a
heavy responsibility for world or-
der," Mr. Miyazawa, who is 72 years
old, said at a news conference. "Be-
cause we share the same values, we
are allowed to discuss everything
freely with each other. I hope Presi-
dent Bush and I can do that."
Most politicians expect Mr.
Miyazawa to bring more self-assur-
ance to the job than has been seen in
the Prime Ministership in many
years. Moreover, his excellent com-
mand of English will most likely en-
able him to communicate more can-
didly to Americans than any recent
predecessor.
But what will be communicated is
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Unbowed Tokyo Leader
Those scandals eventually foreed
Continued From Page Al
the resignation of Prime Minister No-
boru Takeshita. The party decided to
Wednesday. His formal installation in
put its leadership in the hands of Mr
Parliament as Prime Minister is to
Kaifu, an untested but "clean" for
mer Education Minister who re:
occur in about a week.
mained popular among voters despite
His selection, in a vote of Liberal
widespread disrespect from profes
Democratic members of Parliament
sionals.
and local party leaders, was by a
Mr. Kalfu's reputation for indeci
comfortable margin but not as wide
Isiveness and willingness to do the
as some had expected. Mr. Miyazawa
bidding of a few top power brokers
received 285 votes out of 496 cast,
finally caught up with him last
with the remainder going to Michio
month. Mr. Miyazawa had meanwhile
Watanabe and Hiroshi Mitsuzuka,
maintained good relations with party
both heads of other factions in the
Insiders so that he was in a position 10.
ruling party.
pick up the pieces when Mr. Kaifu's
Political experts will be watching
base collapsed.
to see how much Mr. Miyazawa is
Kilchi Miyazawa was born Oct. 8,
influenced by the faction of former
1919, in Tokyo and graduated from
Prime Minister Noboru. Takeshita,
the Imperial University in Tokyo
which abandoned Mr. Kaifu and then
fore serving as a bureaucrat in
endorsed Mr. Miyazawa, apparently
in return for wide latitude in running-
the party political machinery.
Policies in Japan tend to be decided
A patient politician
by consensus among politicians, bu-
reaucrats and powerful interest
builds his base and
groups; and on most issues, Mr.
Miyazawa's views are a product of
is ready when the
that consensus. He is opposed to open-
ing Japanese markets to rice im-
chief falters.
ports, as demanded by Washington.
He supports the constitutional ban on
military force, preservation of mili-
tary ties with the United States and
Finance Ministry, getting his baptism
promotion of trade.
in negotiations over & peace treaty
But in several key respects, Mr.
with the United States in 1951.
Miyazawa could bring a fresh ap-
He got his start in politics the same
proach. He seems more éager for
way about a third of his ruling party
Japan to play a forceful role in inter-
colleagues in Parliament have, by
national financial problems, includ-
running for his father's seat, in Hiro.
ing aiding the Soviet Union.
shima, in western Japan.
Memories of U.S. Occupation
Mr. Miyazawa, helped negotiate a
major textile accord with the United
Friends say Mr. Miyazawa has a
States in 1971 and as Finance Minis-
deep affection for the United States
ter worked closely Treasury Secre-
and its leadership but is harshly criti-
tary Nicholas F. Brady in 1988 on
cal of what he feels has been a recent
debt bail
practice of letting its economy wors-
outs for Latin American countries.
en and blaming Japan.
He and his wife, Yoko, have a son,
Others note that he has never shak-
Hiro, an architect, and a daughter
en the bad memories of American
Keiko, who is married to Christopher
behavior after the war, when as a
J. Lafleur, a diplomat in the East
junior aide in the Finance Ministry he
Asian and Pacific Affairs section of
had to listen to imperious lectures by
the State Department. Mr. Miyazawa
Gen. Douglas A. MacArthur and other
has two younger brothers, one
occupation leaders.
member of the upper house of Parlia-
In his recently published memoirs,
ment and the other a retired Ambas-
Mr. Miyazawa wrote that "it may be
sador.
hard for young people today to under-
stand how unpleasant st was to live
under the occupation."
In many ways, the ascension of Mr.
Miyazawa marks a return to old-style
politics, revealing what is widely seen
to be the party's indifference to the
reforms to which party leaders, in-
cluding Mr. Miyazawa, give lip serv-
ice.
He is not widely popular, and has a
reputation as an aloof, autocratic
backroom maneuverer. In December
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A Collection of Comments
by Klichi Miyazawa
Conservatism
"From ancient times, innumerable statues have been exected to honor the heroes of
revolutions, but none have been crected for heroes of conservatism" (Shakaito to NO aiwa
[Dialogue with the Japan Socialist Party], 1965).
"One may consider conservatism to be a philosophy of common sense" (ibid.).
"Conservatism deas not LOORN maintaining the status quo but rather represents an attitude
that stops to consider what needs to be done to make desired improvements without
destroying the balance of the whole" (ibid.).
United States
"I first went to America at the age of 19. It was a time when the world was beginning to
censure Japan harshly for invading China. I l'endeavored to defend Japan's position, and
among the American students with whom but debared. there were some who agreed with
my opinions and some who argued that America was also in the wrong. This was my first
exposure to & free society. and I was started by this experience. Young though I WAS, I
folt that we could never win a war with such a country. Slightly over two years later,
Japan and the United States were at war" (Sengo seift no shogen [Witness to Postwar.
Politics]. 1991).
Freedom
"From the time we were defeated in World War II down to the present day. we have
seriously mulled over the fact that we were mistaken in believing we were shedding our
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blood for the cause of justice. This has been such a traumatic experience that we have not
often dared to ask ourselves whether we should shed our blood for any cause, even when
that cause is freedom. People living in a Christian nation or a Western democracy have
asked themselves this question many times, but I think we Japanese consider this
question ES & kind of taboo" (Nihon Keizai Shimbun, 1990).
"By nature, we tend to take freedom for granted when nothing threatens it. We are
conscious of freedom when fighting communism or resisting oppression. But when there
is no common threat, freedom may degenerare into complete license, and even if it does
not, there is the danger it could am into lethargy" (interview on domestic affairs, 1991).
A Free Ride on Defense
"Europeans and Americans have a history of shedding blood in the name of freedom,
revolution, and independence. From the viewpoint of these Westerners, the way the
Japanese have lived since the war appears as if we consider peace to be the one supreme
value and consider fighring an evil, even in the name of freedom or independence. They
frequently ask whether peace is worth having at any price. I feel that this is a legitimate
question. During this long period since the war, the Japanese people have, indeed,
renounced war at any COSL The Japan Teachers Union's appeals to the nation to oppose
war and support peace have doubtlessly had 2 major influence. There have been many
times when I wanted to challenge this position by raising the question of whether peace
is the supreme value under any circumstances. I have refrained from doing so, however.
out of the following consideration: In the past, Japan sent its soldiers into China and
other Asian countries to "strike down injustice in the name of heaven." Our postwar
pacifism was born of repentence for this. 1 feared If I were to criticize our pacifism
carelessly, I would be encouraging Japan to rush to repeat its prewar orrors. This is why,
up until now, the Japanese have resigned themselves to criticism that they are economic
animals or are enjoying a free ride on defense" (Sengo sciji no shogen [Witness to
Postwar Politics]. 1991).
Making an International Contribution
"Nobody objects to the pursuit of peace. However, there is a question of the extent to
which it is permissible for a member of the international community to remain an idle
spectator to disruptions of international justice when such disruptions do not directly
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affect that country. A national consensus emerged during the Gulf crisis to the effect that
Japan should let some sweat flow and not just money. I believe this indicates that the
awareness of the Japanese of their place in the international community has reached a
higher plane. I would like to SCC this trend go one step further, although I may be overly
idealistic. I feel that the time has come to discuss at length what Japan can do in the event
that a permanent U.N. force is created in the future (ibid).
The Economy
"The pace of economic activity is further accelerated when people from all segments of
society share a specific goal and consciously move in that direction from day to day
(Utsukushil Nihone no chosen [Challenges Toward a Beautiful Japan]. 1984).
"To be sure, economic activity is important, but I believe it is, in the end, simply a means.
That is. I see it as a kind of expedient enabling human beings to pursue lives that are
really worth living" (response to a question during a House of Councillors Budger
Committee session. 1987).
The "Culture of Shame"
"In the West, in particular, there are a great many people who believe that God is a single
entity and that each individual has a personal relationship with God. For we Japanese,
however, God is not one entity and there is little sense in having a special relationship
with a divine force. Thus we are highly sensitive to criticism from those around us.
Herein lies the source of the homogeneity found in Japanese society. Rather than being
concerned about whether something is sinful in the eyes of God, we are more concerned
about it not being a source of embarrassment in the eyes of our neighbors. We have
internalized this "culture of shame' and attempt to blend in with others so as to avoid
shame" (interview on domestic affairs, 1991).
Rice
"Rice is a very difficult crop to cultivate, and the task is made more difficult by typhoons
and other acts of nature. A people for whom rice has been the staple of their diet for
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thousands of years probably would have been unable to survive if they had not been very
pragmaric" (Shakalto 20 no taiwa [Dialogue with the Japan Socialist Party], 1965).
"Three generations back, we Japanese-including myself-were for the most part
farmers. The Influences we have received from our farming ancestors probably will not
suddenly disappear. An agricultural people are less influenced by elements of chance
than are hunters. Weather. however, remains an unpredictable factor. Still, we have
managed to cope by imitating the way our elders have done things. This has facilitated
the development of folk wisdom and knowledge born of habit" (Utsukushii Nihon & no
chosen [Challenges Toward a Beautiful Japan], 1984).
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Vimalakirti described in the sutra bearing his name (Skt: Vimalakir-
tinirdesa; J: Yuimagyō). There he lived in quiet elegance awaiting
death, a few rolls of scripture, poetry, and music on his shelves, and
with a koto (13-stringed Japanese zither) and lute to while away the
hours when he was not invoking the name of the Buddha AMIDA or
MR Miyazawa often
observing nature in his solitude. Chômei immortalized this experi-
ence and defined for later generations the ideal of the literary recluse
quotes passages
(much as his contemporary, Saigyō, created the model of the itiner-
ant poet) in his most famous work, the Hōjōki (1212, The Ten Foot
from this book.
Square Hut or An Account of My Hut). Chömei's brief "jottings"
(zuihitsu) begin with $ Buddhistic lament on the world's inconstancy
(MU)O) and on the vanity of human projects, proceeding with de-
scriptions of the natural and human calamities of the times sur-
rounding the epic struggles between the Taira and Minamoto
families during the last decades of the 12th century. Similarities in
style and content suggest that the work may have been modeled on
a short essay in Chinese, the Chiteiki (982, Pond Bower Notes) by
YOSHISHIGE NO YASUTANE (ca 931-1002). But whatever its anteced-
Kamo no Chomel
ents, literary or religious, Chômei's short commentary on life has
Detail of an imaginary portrait by Tosa Hirokane. Hanging scroll. Colors
become a landmark in Japanese literary and philosophical con-
on paper. St 36 cm. 15th century. lingo Bunko. Ise, Mie Prefecture
sciousness.
Chômei's last work was probably the collection of Buddhist ex-
emplary tales (setsuwa; see SETSUWA BUNGAKU) known as the Hos-
TSURAGAWA. When the palace at the new capital city of HEIANXYO
shinshû (ca 1214, Collection of Religious Awakenings), 102 stories of
(now Kyōto) was constructed at the end of the 8th century the riv-
persons who abandoned the world or whose lives illustrated some
er's course was altered to flow east of the palace It was a line of
popular moral. This collection and the Höjöki both reflect a Tendai-
defense for Kyōto in andent times and waslused for river transport
oriented Amidism which relies on good works as well as faith, un-
tation and dyeing (yäzen-zome). Parks have been constructed on the
like the PURE LAND BUDDHISM of HONEN and SHINRAN which was
dry areas of the riverbed. Length: 35 km (22 mi).
about to sweep the country. And, as literary Buddhists had been
arguing for centuries, Chômei saw poetry and music as possible
avenues to religious realization. Kamo no Chômei died in his little
Kamo no Chōmei (1156?-1216)
hut in 1216, a bright lingering aftergion from the radiance of Heian
Poet, critic, and essayist in the troubled transitional years between
culture.
the Helan (794-1185) and Kamakura (1185-1333) periods. Kamo no
Hilds Katō, "The Mumyöshö of Kamo no Chômei and its
Chomei has come to typify the literary recluse who abandons the
Significance in Japanese Literature (together with an English transia-
world for a life of refined tranquillity in a small mountain hut.
tion of the Mumyōshō)," Monumenta Nipponica 23.3-4 (1968).
Poet and Literary Critic Chômei's early skill in music and
Donald Keene, ed, Anthology of Japanese Literature (1955). A. L.
poetry ushered him into the literary world of FUJIWARA NO TOSHI-
Sadler, The Ten Foot Square Hut and Tales of the Helke (1928).
NARI, FUJIWARA NO SADATE, and SAIGYO. A poetic disciple of the
Marian Ury, "Recluses and Eccentric Monks: Tales from the Hos-
priest SHUN'E (1113-ca 1190?), the son of MINAMOTO NO TOSHI-
shinshü by Kamo no Chômei," Monumenta Nipponica 27.2 (1972).
YORI, Chômei cultivated a complex style, examples of which appear
Yanase Kazuo, ed, (Köchü) Kamo no Chômei zenshü (Fuzambô,
in the SHIN KOKINSHÜ (1205, New Collection of Ancient and Mod-
1940; repr Kazama Shobô, 1956).
Robert E. MORRELL
em Times) and other imperial anthologies, as well as in his personal
collection of verse (SHIKASHÜ), the Kamo no Chômel shû.
In 1200 Chômei presented to ex-Emperor GO-TOBA (1180-1239)
a 100-poem sequence entitled Shoji ninen nido hyakushu (Second
Hundred-Poem Sequence of the Shôji Era). In the following year
Go-Toba appointed Chômei to the newly established Bureau of Po-
etry (Wakadokoro).
It was, however, as a literary critic and aesthetician that Chômei
truly excelled. His Mumyöshö (post-1211, Nameless Notes) consists
of 78 chapters of varying length covering a wide range of topics: the
history and nature of the WAKA (classical Japanese poetry) tradition,
current usages, personal behavior, and aesthetic principles. In the
manner of most poetic treatises (karon), it is written in the question-
and-answer format and informs by illustrative example rather than
by sustained argument. Noteworthy is Chômei's advocacy of the
aesthetic ideal of YOGEN (literally, "mystery and depth"). The qual-
Ity of yügen exists, Chômei says, when much feeling is expressed
through few words, when the ordinary suggests elegance and rare
beauty through a style of surface simplicity, and when "an unseen
world hovers in the atmosphere of the poem."
The Elderly Recluse Temperamentally, Chômei seems al-
ways to have been a solitary and peripatetic individual. In his early
30s he left his ancestral home to live in a small cottage near the river
Kamogawa in Ohara, northeast of Kyoto. From his travels a frag-
mentary poetic diary, Iseki (ca 1186, Accounts of Ise), remains. His
name has also been spuriously linked to two later travel accounts,
the Kaidoki (ca 1223, Sea Route Journal) and Tōkan kiko (ca 1242,
Trip to the Eastern Barrier), attributions resting perhaps on Chomel's
trips to Kamakura to visit the shögun-poet MINAMOTO NO SANE-
TOMO (1192-1219).
Chômel's taste for worldly success seems to have paled alto-
gether when in his late 40s he was denied a hereditary post at the
KAMO SHRINES, and in 1204 he became a Buddhist monk and se-
cluded himself in the mountains of Ohara. In 1209 he removed to
Toyama on Mt. Hino (Hinoyama), south of Kyōto near Uji, where he
constructed a small hut reminiscent of the abode of the Indian sage
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Fukuzawa Yukichi (1835-1901)
Prominent educator, writer, and propagator of Western knowledge
during the Meiji period (1868-1912); founder of Keio Gijuku (now
KEIO UNIVERSITY), of the newspaper JIJI SHIMPO, and of the art of
public speaking in Japan. His collected works, written over a period
of 30 years, fill 22 large volumes and cover a variety of subjects
ranging from philosophy to women's rights.
Born into the family of an impoverished low-ranking samurai of
the Nakatsu domain (now part of Óita Prefecture) in Kyüshü,
Fukuzawa from an early age hated what he regarded as the "narrow
stiffness" of the feudal domain. To escape from its restrictions, he
went to Nagasaki in 1854 to study Western gunnery and to Osaka in
1855 to join the Tekijuku, the celebrated school for Dutch studies
One neoking b aformant N
run by the scholer OGATA KOAN. There he studied the Dutch lan-
guage with tireless enthusiasm, together with any branch of Western
science-chemistry, physics, or anatomy-for which there were
textbooks in the meager school library.
in 1858 he was summoned to Edo (now Tokyō) by his domainal
authorities to start a school for the study of Dutch, He lost no time
in visiting the new foreign trading community in Yokohama, only to
discover to his chagrin that the foreign merchants spoke not Dutch,
but English, and that he must set to work to learn the latter language.
Undaunted, in 1860 he joined the first Japanese mission to America.
Enkuzawao
sailing in the small vessel KANRIN MARU to San Francisco, where the
party was lavishly entertained. Two years later he joined the first
japanese mission to Europe, visiting France, England, Holland, Rus-
sia, and Portugal, and learning all he could of Western civilization.
The information he collected on this journey later formed the
basis of his celebrated work SEIYO njô (Conditions in the West;
published in three volumes in 1866, 1868. and 1870). This book
gave a simple readable account of everyday Western customs and
institutions, and proved so popular that in 1866 the sales of volume
1 reached the huge figure of 150,000. Fukuzawa's reputation as an
authority on things Western was thenceforth made. It was only after
the Meiji Restoration of 1868, however, that he came to realize his
true mission in life. This was nothing less than to educate his coun-
trymen to an entirely new way of thinking based on the principles of
Western civilization. Japan was weak and backward, he decided,
because her culture lacked two things possessed by Western nations:
science and the spirit of independence. Inculcate these things into
the Japanese nation and it would soon grow in power and wealth so
as to rival Great Britain and be secure from any threst of Western
attack and exploitation.
To the task of enlightening (keimõ) the Japanese people in this
manner Fukuzawa devoted the rest of his life. In his teaching at
Keio Gijuku (already one of the largest schools in the country),
through the policy of his newspaper, in his personal life. and above
all in his voluminous and lucid writings, he constantly strove to
show that traditional Japanese ideas and values were wrong and to
replace them with others detived from Western positivism and liber-
alism. To this end, he defined a new concept of jitsugaku, or practi-
cal knowledge. and propounded new views of history, ethics,
politics, and international relations. He proposed a new scheme of
family relationships, championing particularly the cause of women.
Fukuzawa never accepted any government post, remaining a pri-
vate citizen all his life. By the time of his death he was a national
figure, with former pupils in all walks of life, and revered as one of
the founders of the new Japan.
His principal works include GAKUMON NO SUSUME (1872-76), tr
David A. Dilworth and Umeyo Hirano as An Encouragement of
Learning (1969), a collection of essays criticizing old ways of thought
and promoting new; BUMMEIRON NO GAIRYAKU (1875), tr David A.
Dilworth and G. Cameron Hurst as An Outline of & Theory of Civi-
lization (1973), a longer work inquiring into the nature of Western
civilization: Tsüzoku minken for (1878), a treatise on the question of
people's rights; several essays on the position of women, notably
Onna daigaku hyöron and Shin onne daigsku (1898); two collections
of essays on miscellaneous subjects, Fukuō hyakuwa and Fukuō
hyakuyowa (1897); and finally his vivid and lively autobiography
Fukuō jiden (1698), to Eiichi Kiyooka as The Autobiography of Yuki-
chi Fukuzawa (rev ed, 1966).
Fukuzowa Yukichi zenshü, 22 vols (Iwanami Shoten,
1958-71). Carmen Blacker, The Japanese Enlightenment: A Study of
the Writings of Fukuzawa Yukichi (1964).
Carmen BLACKER
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15
1 November 1991
Mr. Miyzazawa has so far said that his first priority in
Senior Japanese bureaucrats are graduates of the Uni-
political policy issues is "political reform." But what lies
versity of Tokyo and other prestigious higher educa-
at the core is the problem of anomalies within the Liberal
tional institutions who hurdled the barrier of the
Democratic Party, the ruling party, as witnessed in the
national public servants examination with excellent
course of the recent presidential election, even though
form. Otherwise, they would not have gotten into the
Mr. Miyazawa won it. There were factions, but no party.
Finance Ministry, the Ministry of International Trade
The questionable acts were ubiquitous-backbiting,
and Industry and other government institutions in
intimidation, sycophancy. When they were supposed to
charge of economics.
be fighting with each other, they were in fact putting
These bureaucrats believe it is their duty to formulate
insurance on each other. 1 must say it was the most shady
and unsound event in the history of the party's factional
policy, and they detest meddling by lawmakers. They are
aware of their limits and know how to twist legislators
struggle.
around their fingers when allocating budgetary pies,
It should be Mr. Miyazawa, rather than anyone else, who
quarreling over jurisdiction with other ministries and
realizes best how empty the party guideline on political
agencies, and doing groundwork in approaches to polit-
reform is. The guideline declares the party shall "trans-
ical parties.
form itself into a party which can prepare and implement
In a nutshell, they think lawmakers are puppets, not
policies enabling Japan to lead the world."
people to be served.
What is requested of Mr. Miyazawa is that he sever ties
with all the means which helped him realize the objective
A man like Miyazawa, who has a philosophy of his own
of gaining power, and advance ahead, declaring himself
is considered by senior government bureaucrats to be
"the last faction politician." That is the political reform
hard to deal with. Particularly, the Finance Ministry,
which is poised to step up a belt-tightening policy, and
demanded of Mr. Miyazawa.
the Bank of Japan, which wants to keep the tight money
policy as long as possible, are cautious about Miyazawa,
Miyazawa Economics Said To Worry Bureaucrats
a Keynesian economist who has assumed the post of
OW2910182691 Tokyo ASAHI EVENING NEWS
prime minister. Having once propounded an asset-
in English 28 Oct 91 P 8-FOR OFFICIAL USE
doubling program, he is known as a proponent of
ONLY
growth-weighted economic policy.
Miyazawa has committed blunders. With Japan now
[By Atsushi Yamada]
troubled by the after-effects of overinflated land and
[Text] As Kiichi Miyazawa was elected president of the
stock prices, it was then Finance Minister Miyazawa who
ruling Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) on Sunday,
plunged the nation into pandemonium with skyrocketing
banking and financial policy-makers of the Finance
land prices and an erratic stock market. He forced a
Ministry and the Bank of Japan are concerned that the
hesitant Bank of Japan into lowering the official dis-
policy measures they have worked out might not remain
count rate twice. With the rate set at 2.5 percent, the
lowest in the postwar years, he made money easy to get,
intact.
leading to massive investments in land, stocks and golf
Having come from the ministry, Miyazawa is a promi-
course memberships.
nent economist among the Liberal Democrats, many of
whom are not well-versed when it comes to policy in the
In addition, he steamrollered over objections from
banking and financial sectors. The successful LDP pres-
senior Finance Ministry officials in coming out with an
idential candidate has seasoned himself to economic
additional budget of Y6 trillion [yen] ($45 billion) for
policy as he has served as chief of the Economic Planning
public works, fanning a real estate boom and stirring up
Agency, minister of international trade and industry and
consumption. The result was that the Japanese economy
looked like a man on pep pills.
finance minister.
A regular reader of the International Herald Tribune, he
Miyazawa embarked on that series of policy measures in
leads a lifestyle different from many lawmakers who
response to calls from U.S. Secretary of Treasury James
scrounge for tips around the Tokyo equivalent of Capitol
Baker. Well versed in international affairs, he led Japan
Hill but do little else. He does not need interpreters when
to forge ties of cooperation with the United States,
being interviewed by English-speaking correspondents.
according to his own judgment, thrusting aside views set
Once, his English-speaking ability was rated excellent,
forth by bureaucrats and fiscal policy-makers.
while former Prime Minister Yasuhiro Nakasone's
In retrospect, Miyazawa's policy measures were self-
ability was rated just good.
defeating. He had to render cooperation to Washington
But talent of Miyazawa's sort is not necessarily wel-
because his internal political power base was fragile.
comed by senior government bureaucrats, who cling to
Political analysts say Miyazawa, taking advantage of his
the notion that their job is policymaking and that all
important post as finance minister, apparently wanted to
lawmakers have to do is to behave themselves according
impress Washington as a reliable LDP leader. The way of
to a prescribed scenario.
making up for the weak power base with support from
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
DEC-13-1991
14:46
FROM
LC
AFR
ME
TO
94566218
P.09
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
FBIS-EAS-91-212-A
16
ANNEX
1 November 1991
the United States is something that has been employed
posts: secretary general and chairman of the Policy
by successive prime ministers, including Toshiki Kaifu
Research Council and General Council.
Within the framework of rule by former Prime Minister
Noboru Takeshita's faction, the biggest in the ruling
Miyazawa's Strengths
party, the Miyazawa government is again pinning its
hopes on Washington's support. Money and fiscal pol-
Miyazawa is a far different case. He is strong in diplo-
icy-makers suspect Miyazawa might duplicate the blun-
macy, finance and economic policies. He also had a lot of
ders he committed when he was finance minister.
lessons from great political mentors such as former
Prime Ministers Shigeru Yoshida and Hayato Ikeda.
Miyazawa's Attitude to Political Reform Examined
He long has been involved in important diplomatic
OW2810120791 Tokyo THE DAILY YOMIURI
negotiations with the United States and other countries.
in English 28 Oct 91 P 2-FOR OFFICIAL USE
He has enough experience to make him look like the man
ONLY
qualified to assume the prime minister and LDP presi-
dent posts. It is perhaps no exaggeration to say that
[Article by political editor Kenji Kitahara from the
Japan finally has its ace at the helm.
"Political Reform Follows Miyazawa to Nation's
Helm"]
So perhaps we can say, as former Prime Minister Noboru
Takeshita has reportedly stated, there will be no problem
[text] Former Deputy Prime Minister Kiichi Miyazawa
"as far as the government is concerned."
was elected Sunday as the Liberal Democratic Party's
[LDP] 15th president.
There are many difficult tasks, both domestic and inter-
national: Japan-Soviet relations, Japan-U.S. economic
The 72-year-old Miyazawa has been involved in forma-
frictions, the Uruguay round of talks of the General
tion of the framework of Japan's postwar politics since
Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, the anticipated
soon after World War II, when he was a bureaucrat
shortage of tax revenue in the wake of the economic
before turning Diet member.
down turn.
After he became a politician, Miyazawa, who has been
But Miyazawa at least will not appear shaken or worry
considered a standardbearer for Japan's political new
about his political patrons' smile or frown in times of
right, has served such key posts as finance minister,
crisis as has the current prime minister.
foreign minister, international trade and industry min-
ister and chief Cabinet secretary. He has been considered
The only worrisome things about Miyazawa's leadership
a candidate for future LDP president-thus prime min-
lie within the LDP. Perhaps what is most difficult for
ister-since very early days.
Miyazawa is how to pursue political reform, the task
carried over from the Kaifu administration.
It has been a long journey-for both Japan and
Miyazawa-to reach the top.
Miyazawa has been rather passive about political
reform. During the LDP presidential race, however, he
It is commonly acknowledged that Miyazawa is an
was quick to advocate that political reform must be
expert on U.S. affairs and domestically is the "ace"
completed within a year.
statesman of the mainstreamers in Japan's postwar con-
servative politics.
The view apparently was announced to win support from
the LDP's largest faction, the Takeshita, which held the
With that background, I hope he will lead the country in
key in the presidential race and preferred an early
the right direction in light of the current tumultuous
settlement of the political reform issue.
world situation.
The Cabinet of Prime Minister Toshiki Kaifu will for-
No Easy Solutions
mally resign at the beginning of the extraodinary Diet
session on Nov. 5, and Miyazawa will be designated
Former LDP Policy Research Council Chairman Michio
prime minister on the same day at the Diet. He will be
Watanabe, Miyazawa's rival in the race, and most oppo-
the 49th Japanese prime minister since the system was
sition parties criticized the view, saying political reform
introduced in the Meiji era.
is not an easy task and can not be completed in such a
short period.
Kaifu, as I have repeatedly pointed out in this column,
was chosen to head the LDP two years ago when the
Meeting the sharp criticism, Miyazawa once again mod-
ruling party was in chaos amid the growing criticism of
ulated his stand quickly. This time he pledged to settle
the party following the Recruit payoff scandal.
political reform disputes within the LDP in one year.
The LDP picked Kaifu as a kind of urgent countermea-
Miyazawa is said to be very self confident and stubborn.
sure to meet that crisis. Kaifu served as education
But when the topic comes to inner party matters, he
minister but had not served any of the three top LDP
frequently changes his tune, possibly because he doesn't
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
Tourist Information Centers
Kyoto
Kyoto City, the center of
These centers are your best helping hands.
Japan
Kyoto Prefecture, is situated 500
They are staffed by multilingual travel ex-
km. (310 mi.) southwest of
perts and offer you free maps and brochures.
Tokyo. Surrounded by beautiful
Kyoto and Tokyo TICs are open from
hills, the city exudes the atmosphere of the glory and
9 a.m. to 5 p.m. (9 a.m. to 8 p.m., Narita
TIC) on weekdays; from 9 a.m. to 12 noon
KYOTO
splendor of Japan's ancient culture.
History Kyoto was the capital of the country and the
on Saturdays; closed on Sundays and
center of the nation's civilization for more than 1,000
national holidays.
Kyoto TIC: Kyoto Tower Bldg., Higashi-
years. It became the nation's capital at the beginning of
Shiokojicho, Shimogyoku, Kyoto. (075)
the Heian Period (794 - 1192). Feudal rulers changed one
371-5649. Its Teletourist Service offers a
free tape-recorded information on what's going on in and around
NARA
after another and the center of politics was shifted many
times. But Kyoto was always the place where the Imperial
Kyoto. The number: (075) 361-2911.
family lived and arts and culture flourished, until 1868
Tokyo TIC: Kotani Bldg., 1-6-6 Yurakucho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo.
when the Edo Period was over and the Emperor Meiji
Tel: (03) 502-1461.
established his new capital at Tokyo. Now the city with
Narita TIC: Airport Terminal Bldg., Narita, Chiba Pref. Tel:
an area of 611 sq. km. (236 sq. mi.) is inhabited by
(0476) 32-8711.
about 1,480,000 people.
Good-will Guides in Kyoto
Climate The climate in and around Kyoto is slightly
less mild than in Tokyo in summer and winter. The mean
Japan National Tourist Organization has launched a nationwide
temperatures for the four seasons are: 55.6°F (13°C)
campaign for the assistance of tourists with language problems.
1,400 volunteers, enlisted as good-will guides in Kyoto, are ready
for April, 79.0°F (26°C) for July, 61.2°F (16.5°C) for
to answer your questions and give directions. Good-will guides
October and 38.3°F (3.5°C) for January.
can be identified by the distinctive badge worn on their clothing,
Industries While modern industries such as the manu-
as shown above.
facture of electric appliances and precision machines have
been developed in Kyoto, the city is also the center of
Japan Travel-Phone
traditional industries. The craftsmen's skills have been
Japan Travel-Phone is a nationwide telephone service for English-
handed down through generations of families and are very
language assistance and travel information. The service, available
from 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. daily, is toll-free outside Tokyo or Kyoto.
much in evidence today. Those products of Kyoto's long
Dial 0120-222800 for information on eastern Japan or 0120-
history make memorable souvenirs for tourists.
444800 on western Japan. When calling within Tokyo or
Nishijin Silk Weaving dates back to the founding of the
Kyoto city limits, make a local call (¥ 10 for 3 min.) to Tokyo
city in 794. Produced are Obi sash belts for kimonos,
TIC ( 502-1461) or Kyoto TIC ( 371-5649).
table-cloths, neckties, scarves, dress and curtain materials.
Yuzen-Dyeing originated in the Heian Period and was
JAPAN NATIONAL TOURIST ORGANIZATION
established in the Edo Period (1603 - 1867). Spectacular
designs and colors are created by a variety of dyeing
FEE
methods including hand painting and stencil. Scarves and
handkerchiefs as well as kimonos are the popular products.
10-1, Yurakucho 2-chome, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100
Kiyomizuyaki ware is fine-quality and elegant ceramic
OVERSEAS OFFICES
ware for use in the home and for tea ceremonies.
Kyoto dolls have a long history and are admired as the
U.S.A.:
Rockefeller Plaza, 630 Fifth Ave., New York,
most graceful of all the dolls made in Japan.
N.Y. 10111
Tel. (212) 757-5640
401 North Michigan Ave., Chicago, III. 60611
Tel. (312) 222-0874
Among other products are Kyoto lacquerware, box-
1519 Main St., Suite 200. Dallas, Tex. 75201
Tel. (214) 741-4931
wood combs, folding-fans and Uji tea.
360 Post St., Suite 401, San Francisco, Cal. 94108
Tel. (415) 989-7140
624 South Grand Ave., Los Angeles, Cal. 90017
Tel. (213) 623-1952
Canada:
165 University Ave., Toronto, Ont. M5H 3B8
Tel. (416) 366-7140
Tourist Attractions
England:
167 Regent St., London W.1.
Tel. (01) 734-9638
Australia:
The main attractions of Kyoto are temples, shrines and
115 Pitt St., Sydney, N.S.W. 2000
Tel. (02) 232-4522
Hong Kong:
Suite 3606, Two Exchange Square, 8 Connaught
gardens which have been preserved for centuries. Besides
Place, Central
Tel. 5-227913
two magnificent old Imperial Villas, Kyoto has about 400
Thailand:
56 Suriwong Road, Bangkok 10500
Tel. (02) 233-5108
Korea:
10 Da-Dong, Chung-Ku, Seoul
Tel. (02) 752-7968
Shinto shrines and 1,650 Buddhist temples inlaid in its
France:
4-8, rue Sainte-Anne, 75001 Paris
Tel. (01) 42-96-20-29
checkerboard design of streets and avenues laid out more
Switzerland:
13 Rue de Berne, 1201 Geneva
Tel. (022) 318140
W. Germany:
Kaiserstrasse 11, 6000 Frankfurt am Main 1
than 1,100 years ago. All of these vie with one another for
Tel. (069) 20353
Mexico:
Temistocles 246-P.B., Col. Reforma Polanco
their history as well as their unique architectural beauty
Deleg. Miguel Hidalgo, 11550-Mexico, D.F.
Tel. (05) 254-6666
Brazil:
and art treasures. Landscape gardens also constitute a part
Av. Paulista, 509-S/405, 01311-Saō Paulo
Tel. (11) 289-2931
of the cultural heritage of Kyoto. The city is dotted with
All information contained in this folder is as of
almost 60 of the most beautiful temple gardens, where
January 1988, and is subject to change without notice.
rocks, plants, sand and running water are harmoniously
PRINTED IN JAPAN TO 1267-200881 SASATOKU 224-E
arranged to suggest landscapes in miniature. Kyoto is a
INDEX
Kyoto Grand Hotel
D5
INFORMATION OFFICE
Gion Kobu Kaburenjo
Kyoto Imperial Palace
D3
Myoshinji Temple
C3
PUBLIC OFFICES
Kyoto Hotel
D3
Theater
E4
Nijo Castle
D3
Nanzenji Temple
F3
Tourist Information Center,
Kyoto Park Hotel
D5
Kanze Kaikan Hall
E4
Japan National Tourist
Shugakuin Imperial Villa
F1
Nembutsuji Temple
Central Post Office
D5
A3
Kyoto Prince Hotel
D2
Kongo Noh Stage
D4
Ninnaji Temple
B2
Central Telephone & Telegraph
Organization
D5
Kyoto Royal Hotel
D4
Kyoto International Conference
SHRINES
Nishi-Honganji Temple
Office (NTT)
D3
D4
DISTRICTS
Kyoto Tokyu Hotel
D4
Hall
E1
Heian Shrine
E3
Nison-in Temple
Kyoto Municipal Office
D3
A3
Arashiyama
4
Kyoto Tokyu Inn
E5
Kyoto Kaikan Hall
E3
Hirano Shrine
C2
Ryoanji Temple
B2
Kyoto Office of Imperial
Gion
E4
Kyoto Tower Hotel
D5
Minamiza Theater
D4
Imamiya Shrine
C2
Household Agency
D3
Ryozen Kannon
E4
E4
Oe Noh Stage
D3
D1
Saihoji Temple (Koke-dera)
Kyoto Prefectural Office
D3
Nishijin
C2
Miyako Hotel
Kamigamo Shrine
A4
Okazaki
E3
New Miyako Hotel
D5
Pontocho Kaburenjo
Kitano Temmangu Shrine
C2
D5
Police Headquarters
D3
Sanjusangendo Temple
Sagano
Palace-side Hotel
D3
Theater
A3
D4
Shimogamo Shrine
D2
Sennyuji Temple
E5
DOMESTIC AIRLINES
Shijo-Kawaramachi
D4
The Mt. Hiei Hotel
F1
MUSEUMS
Yasaka Shrine
E4
Shakado Temple
A3
Kyoto Daini Tower Hotel
D5
ACCOMMODATIONS
Heian Museum
D4
Shisendo Temple
E2
TEMPLES
All Nippon Airways Office
ANA Hotel Kyoto
D3
Kyoto Century Hotel
D5
Kyoto Takaragaike Prince Hotel
E1
Kawai Kanjiro's House
D4
Shokokuji Temple
D2
(ANA)
D3
Kyoto Municipal Art
Chion-in Temple
E4
Shoren-in Temple
E4
Gion Hotel
E4
Kyoto Brighton Hotel
D3
Japan Air Lines Office
Y.W.C.A.
D3
Museum
E3
Daikakuji Temple
A3
Tenryuji Temple
A3
(JAL)
D3
Holiday Inn Kyoto
E2
Hotel Fujita Kyoto
D3
Kyoto Municipal Museum of
Daitokuji Temple
C2
Tofukuji Temple
D5
DEPARTMENT STORES
Traditional Industry
E3
Ginkakuji Temple
E3
Toji Temple
C, D5
OTHERS
Hotel Ginmond Kyoto
D3
Daimaru
D4
Kyoto National Museum
D5
Higashi-Honganji Temple
D4
Hotel Keihan Kyoto
D5
Hankyu
D4
Jojakkoji Temple
A3
PARKS & GARDENS
National Museum of Modern Art E3
Doshisha University
D2
Hotel New Hankyu Kyoto
D5
Kintetsu
D5
D3
Nishijin Textile Museum
D3
Kinkakuji Temple
C2
Botanical Gardens
D2
Kyoto University
E3
Hotel New Kyoto
Takashimaya
Kiyomizu Temple
E4
Maruyama Park
E4
Toei Uzumasa Movie Village
B3
D4
Yuzen Cultural Hall
C4
Hotel Sunflower Kyoto
E3
Koetsuji Temple
C1
Okazaki Park
E3
Umekoji Steam Locomotive
International Hotel Kyoto
D3
THEATERS & HALLS
CASTLE & PALACES
Koryuji Temple
B3
Shinsen-en Garden
D3
Preservation Hall
C5
Karasuma Kyoto Hotel
D4
Gion Corner
E4
Katsura Imperial Villa
B5
Manshuin Temple
F2
Zoological Gardens
E3
Y.M.C.A.
D4
developed in the 14th to 16th centuries for Zen temples.
Side Trips
It has a unique composition marked by 15 stones con-
Katsura Imperial Villa ( ), 15 min. walk from
spicuously arranged in a flat space strewn with white
Hankyu Railways' Katsura Station, is located in a quiet
sand. Some sense the world of Zen Buddhism in this
setting by the Katsura River, with fine views of Arashi-
garden while others are reminded of modernistic abstract
yama and Kameyama Hills. The villa is considered the
paintings by its wavy, white sand. Admission: 350.
paragon of traditional Japanese architecture and landscape
Toei Uzumasa Movie Village (***, 5 min.
gardening. This architectural masterpiece was built for an
walk from Uzumasa Station on the Keifuku Railways'
Imperial Prince in the 17th century. The garden is an
Arashiyama Line, has large scale open-sets of buildings,
exemplary stroll-type garden with a pond in the center,
bridges, streets, etc. of feudal Japan recreated in its
encircled by several tea houses.
2.8-hectare grounds. Here you can see movie stars dressed
Shugakuin Imperial Villa (1), 15 min. walk
in feudal period costume during movie shots. The Film
from Shugakuin-michi bus stop or Keifuku Railways'
Art Hall and the Laboratory in the village are also worth
Shugakuin Station, was originally constructed in the 17th
visiting. The Film Art Hall which houses miniature set-
century by the Tokugawa Shogunate as a retreat for an
Kyoto International Conference Hall
tings of lights, castles, farm-houses, bridges, etc., has
ex-Emperor. Its beautiful stroll-type garden is the largest
CONVENTION CITY - KYOTO
exhibits of Japan's film history. Open 9 a.m. to 5 p.m.,
among Kyoto's gardens, covering an area of 28 ha.
Yuzen Cultural Hall min. walk from
Kyoto, teeming with well-appointed accommodations,
March 16th thr. Nov. 15th; 9:30 a.m. to 4 p.m., Nov.
Nishikyogoku Station of Hankyu Railways, not only
nice restaurants and souvenir shops, is a wonderful place
16th thr. March 15th. Closed from Dec. 21 to Jan. 1.
Admission: ¥ 1,300 (¥1,500 as of Mar. 1, 1988).
exhibits a beautiful collection of Yuzen kimonos, but
for holding an international convention. Conference at-
Koryuji Temple (), located to the south of the
also demonstrates a 300-year-old dyeing method of Yuzen
tendants can enjoy a wide variety of travel opportunities,
Movie Village, is famous for the Miroku-bosatsu or Bodhi-
kimono. Open daily 9 a.m. to 4 p.m. (except Mon.).
before or after a conference. Exotic temples and shrines,
sattva statue housed in the hall in its precincts. This
Admission: ¥ 300.
well laid-out gardens, priceless Buddhist statues, bustling
beautiful wooden statue with its peaceful smile is sure to
Byodoin Temple (1), located in Uji City, 15 km.
shopping quarters and cozy Japanese-style restaurants are
impress any visitor. Admission: ¥ 500. Closed: Dec. 30,
(9.3 mi.) south of Kyoto, is reached in 10 min. on foot
your choice. Also, the natural surroundings and romantic
from Uji Station of either JR or Keihan Railways.
atmosphere of this ancient capital will make a strong im-
31.
It is noted for the graceful Ho-odo or Phoenix Hall built
pression on conference attendants. Kyoto boasts several
Miroku-bosatsu statue, Koryuji Temple
in 1053 by the then powerful Fujiwara Family. The shape
convention halls to accommodate international con-
Tenryuji Temple
allegorically represents a Ho-o or phoenix - a mytholog-
ferences. A few examples are below:
ical bird of Chinese origin, in the act of descending to the
Kyoto International Conference Hall ( ),
earth. The Ho-odo Hall and several art objects in its pos-
30 min. by bus and subway from Kyoto Station, is one of
session are registered as National Treasures. Admission to
the largest and fully equipped international convention
the Ho-odo Hall: ¥300.
centers in the Orient. The hall was constructed in 1967 on
Fushimi-Inari Shrine (1k Я TH ), 5 min. walk from JR
the model of a unique architectural style called Gassho-
Inari Station or Keihan Railways' Fushimi-Inari Station,
zukuri. It stands on the shore of Takaragaike Pond with a
is one of the most celebrated Shinto shrines in the coun-
backdrop of gently rolling hills. Closed on the third
try. The shrine is particularly noted for its numerous small
Saturday of month.
red-painted torii gates on the hill behind it. Some 10,000
Kyoto Kaikan Hall ( built in 1960, is a cultural
torii, donated by faithful believers, form a tunnel almost
center for Kyotoites. Conferences, concerts and theatrical
4 km. (2.5 mi.) long. Stone foxes considered the mes-
presentations are staged here. The hall is situated in the
sengers of the God stand guard here and-there in its pre-
Okazaki area, where many other cultural institutions are
cincts.
located.
B
D
E
to Ohara
F
Kyoto
Yase-yuen
Cable
Mt. Hiei
26
Car
Hiei
Shodenji Temple
LEGEND
Kamigamo Shrine
A
Kyoto Internatio
1
Shinkansen
Temples
Conference Hall
1
Takaragaike
Japan Railways
H
Shrines
Midorogaik
Pond
Takaragaike Pond
23
Other Railways
Theaters & Museums
Kitayama
Shugakuin Imperial Villa
Toll Road
Palaces, Gardens & Parks
YH
S
Koetsuji Temple
Subway
YH
Youth Hostels
Department Stores
Shugakuin
Manshuin Temple
I : 53,000
Imamiya Shrine
KITA-KU
Botanical Gardens
0
2 km
A
Kitaoji
0
ml
Takano River
Kinkakuji
Sitaoii
Ichijoji
Temple
Daitokuji
emple
N
TO
Shrine
3
2
Route
Funaokayama
Park
A
Fizzan Railway
Shisendo Temple
Shimogamo
2
No.
162
Kuramaguchi
Ryoanji
Temple
NISHIJIN
Karasuma
SAKYO-KU
Hirano Shrine
H
Tojiin Temple
Kitano
Temmangu
KAMIGYO-KU
Shokokuji Temple
Yukawa
Hall
British Council
Ninnaji Temple
Shrine
Doshisha University
Demachiyanagi
Arashiyama Takao
Utano
Takaoguchi
Ryoanjimichi
YH
Hakubaicho
Nishijin
Imadegawa
Textile
Furitsu Bunka
Nembutsuji Temple
Parkway
Daikakuji Temple
tano
Line
Mueum
mperial Househo
Geijutsu
Keifuku Railway
Agency
Kaikan
Kamo River
Kyoto University
Shakado Temple
Narutaki
=
A
SAGANO
Myoshinji Temple
St
27
Yoshida Shrine
Ginkakuji Temple
Nison-in
Y.W.C.A
Kyoto Imperial
Prefectural
Temple
Tokiwa
Palace
Hospital
Prefectural
3
Saga
Hanazono
Office
Handicr aft
3
Jojakukoji
Temple
San-in Main Line
Police Headquarters
Center
9
Railway
Katabirano-tsuji
8
Marutamachi
OKAZAKI
Mt. Daimonji
Tenryuji Temple
Arashiyama
Arashi Line
Movie illage
Central Telephone &
Heian Shrine
Kyoto
Kaikan Hall
Park
Koryuji Temple
Tenjin River
10
Telegraph Office(NTT
Katsura River
Shinsen-en
4
Kyoto Municipal
Museum of Traditional Industry
Nanzenji
NAKAGYO-KU
Nijo
Castle
Uzumasa
Garden
Oe Noh Stage
Museum of Modern Art
Temple
Arashiyama
UKYO-KU
Nijo
Municipal Office
Zoologicál Gardens
Oike
Mt Arashiyama
Okazaki Park
Kaikono-yashiro
Nijo Jinya
5
A.N.A. Office
J.A.L. Office
Municipal Art Museum
ARASHIYAMA
Kanze Kaikan Hall
Yamanouchi
Heian Museum
Y.M.C.A.
Sanjoguchi
Sanjo
YH
20
Kongo Noh Stage
Shijo-
Pontocho Kaburenjo
gashiyama Keage
Shijo
Daimaru Kawaramachi
-Shoren-in
Shijo
Minamiza
Theater
Temple
Karasuma
GION
Chion-in Temple
Yasaka
Saiin
Shijo-Omiya
Kawara
Shrine
Kyoto
Mibudera
machi
Hankyu
Gion
Corner
Maruyama Park
Temple
Takashimaya
Gion Kobu
Kodaiji Temple
4
Railway
4
KDD
Kaburenjo
Railway
-Ryozen Kannon
Hankyu Yuzen Cultural
Gojo
Gojo
EYasaka Pagoda
Nishikyogoku
Hall
SHIMOGYO.KU
HIGASHIYAMA.KU
Saihoji Temple
Arashiyama
Sport Center
Nishikyogoku
Kawai
Кап
o's
House
Kiyomizu
Temple
Yamashina
Nishi-Hon ganji
Higashi-H
nganji
Tambaguchi
Temple
Temple
Shichijo
Kyoto
National useum
Keihan Railway Keishin Line
Shichijo St
Kintetsul
Chishakuin Temple
Umekoji SL.
Central Post Office
19
Preservartion Hall
24
12
1
18
NISHIKYO-KU
KYOTO
Katsura Imperial Villa
Sanjusangendo Temple
Nishioji
Tofukuji
Katsura
Toji
Tourist
First Red Cross Hospital
5
Main Line
To
Temple
Kintetsu Railway Line
Information
Sennyuji Temple
Shinkansen
5
Police
Center
Cokaido
MINAMI-KU
Jujo
Tofukuji Temple
B
D
FUSHIMI-KU
E
F
Nara
WHAT TO SEE
Kasuga Grand Shrine (#H), 20 min. walk from
Kasugataisha-mae bus stop, was founded in 768 and is one
Around Nara Park
of the most famous Shinto shrines in the country. The
vermilion-lacquered buildings form a beautiful contrast to
Nara Park (* I ), 10 to 15 min. walk east of JR
the surrounding verdant woods. Some 1,800 stone lan-
or Kintetsu Nara Station, is popularly known as Deer
terns standing in the shrine precincts and 1,000 metal
Park as nearly 1,050 tame deer roam here. Many of the
lanterns suspended from the eaves of the corridors are the
historical relics of Nara are conveniently located in or
offerings from devotees to the deities enshrined. All of
Nara and vicinity were the theater of Japan's early
close to this finely wooded park.
them are lighted twice a year in the evenings of Lantern
history, the Japanese myth and traditions. Nara has even
Kofukuji Temple (1), 5 min. walk to east from Nara
Festival.
an older history than Kyoto. Nara was the nation's capital
Station, was founded in 710 as the tutelary temple of the
Shin-Yakushiji Temple (), 10 min. walk to
between 710 and 784, and was the cradle of Japan's arts,
Fujiwara Family which later became the most powerful
southwest from the Kasuga Shrine, is situated in a quiet
crafts, literature and industries. Buddhism first flourished
clan. At the height of its prosperity, the temple had as
rural area. The Main Hall and several Buddhist statues
here under the strong patronage of Emperors who reigned
many as 175 buildings, but most of them were reduced to
housed here date back to the early 8th century, the orig-
at Nara. The prosperity of the Buddhist culture came to
ashes during the passing of 1,200 years. Many valuable
inal foundation of the temple, and are designated as
its peak with the completion of Daibutsu, a huge bronze
Buddhist statues which were once housed in various build-
National Treasures. Admission: ¥ 400.
image of Buddha in the Todaiji Temple in 752.
ings of the temple are exhibited in the National Treasure
Nara of 1,200 years ago was a far more extensive city
House. The most famous is the statue of Asura carved in
Nishinokyo Area
than it is today, with many magnificent palaces and tem-
the 8th century. The five-story pagoda reflected on the
Toshodaiji Temple (1), 10 min. walk from Kin-
ples. Time has taken its toll, but some of the structures
surface of nearby Sarusawa Pond has long been known as
tetsu Nishinokyo Station, is one of the most valuable
have survived in the midst of scenic surroundings. You will
one of the most photogenic sights in Nara. Admission to
structures of the late Nara Period both in terms of archi-
come across ancient tombs, ruins and other historical
the National Treasure House: ¥ 400.
relics here and there, in the restful rural atmosphere.
Nara National Museum ( a few min.
INDEX
PARKS & GARDENS
Temples in Nara are like museums because most of them
walk from the Kofukuji Temple, exhibits an excellent col-
ACCOMMODATIONS
Dreamland (Amusement
house a number of priceless Buddhist statues and other
Park)
C1
lection of valuable Buddhist art from every Period. Open
Hotel Fujita Nara
C2
Isuien Garden
C1
masterpieces of art which have survived since ancient
daily 9 a.m. to 4:00 p.m. except Mondays. Admission:
Hotel Yamatosanso
D1
Manyo Botanical Gardens
D2
times. The sense of antiquity and Japan's ancient culture
¥ 350. Closed: Dec. 26-Jan. 3
Nara Hotel
C2
Nara Park
D2
Nara Youth Hostel
C1
is predominant in Nara and its vicinity. Nara, 42 km. (26
Todaiji Temple (), 15 min. walk northeast of
TEMPLES & SHRINES
Youth Hostel Naraken
mi.) south of Kyoto, is popular as a one-day destination
Kintetsu Nara Station, is well-known for Daibutsu, the
Seishonen Kaikan
C1
Byakugoji Temple
D2
Nara Royal Hotel
B1
from Kyoto and thronged by tourists all year round.
colossal statue of Buddha. It measures 16.2 m. (53.1 ft.)
A few one-day tours to Nara are operated from Kyoto.
in height and weight 452 tons. The main edifice which
B
to Kyoto
houses Daibutsu is the world's largest wooden structure.
HOW TO GET THERE
Both were originally constructed in the mid-8th century
Nara
Ancient Mausolea
From Kyoto to Nara: 35 min., ¥ 880 by limited express,
but were often damaged by fires.
45 min., ¥ 480 by local of Kintetsu Kyoto Line; 60 min.
The present statue and building date from 1692 and 1709
Minakamiike
Wanabeik
by express of JR Nara Line. The fare is ¥ 660.
respectively. To the northwest of the Hall of Daibutsu is
Yamato-Saidaij
Pond
Pond
From Osaka to Nara: 36 min. by local train of Kintetsu
the Shosoin Treasure Repository. It houses many price-
Nara Line. The fare is ¥ 450. The train starts from
less art objects which are shown to the public at Nara
Saidaiji
Hokkeji Temple
Temple
Namba station, Osaka; 50 min. by rapid train of JR.
National Museum from late October to early November.
1
The fare is ¥ 740.
Admission to the Daibutsuden Hall: ¥ 300.
Site of Heijogu Palace
Line
Nandaimon Gate, Todaiji Temple
Horyuji Temple
Yakushiji Temple
Akishino River
Kintetua
Nara Royal Hotel
Nara
H
Line
Shin-omiya
Kintetsu
Sanjo
Amagatsuji
NAR
Toshodaij
Temple
N
2
IF Line
Nishinokyo
: 34,000
Yakushiji
0
1km
Temple
0
1mi
B
Kyoto National Museum
Shopping
Visitors to Kyoto need look
no further for souvenirs than
among the city's traditional arts
and handicrafts, as explained in
the paragraph of "Industries."
There are a number of craft
museums in Kyoto where they
have sales outlets and craftsmen
demonstrating their work. Sev-
eral of them are introduced on
city of festivals as well. Colorful fetes fill its calendar.
the other side of this folder.
Many centuries-old events take spectators back to the
Dropping into those museums
elegant life of the ancient world. Especially famous are
on your tour of temples and
Aoi (Hollyhock) Festival
the Gion Matsuri, Aoi (Hollyhock) Matsuri and Jidai
shrines will be a rewarding ex-
Matsuri or Pageant of the Ages, renowned as Kyoto's
PACKAGE TOURS
Shinkyogoku Shopping
perience. Strolling along the fol-
three grand festivals.
The most worry-free and time-saving way to see tourist
Arcade
lowing streets will be enjoyable
just for window-shopping.
highlights of Kyoto and Nara is to join in one or two of
the morning, afternoon, or full-day bus tours specifically
Dining Out
1. A few blocks of Shijo St. between Higashioji St. and
designed for overseas visitors. There are a total of 10 kinds
Kyoto boasts of many eating places ranging from fast
Daimaru Dept. Store are a shopper's paradise. Modern,
of these tours in Kyoto, and all offer a pick-up service at
food restaurants to sophisticated Kyoto-style restaurants.
fancy stores and restaurants, antique shops and old-style
major hotels in Kyoto and a competent English-speaking
A variety of cuisines unique to Kyoto can be enjoyed.
stores are packed in this district. Teramachi and Shin-
guide. A half-day tour costs about 4,300. Also, tours to
Trying at least one of these Kyoto specialties would make
kyogoku Sts., close to Shijo-Kawaramachi Intersection,
Kyoto and Nara from Tokyo are available. For booking
your trip most memorable and enjoyable.
are excellent for souvenir hunting.
and further information, call: Japan Travel Bureau (075-
Kyoto-style cuisine or Kyo ryori in Japanese is filled
2 Kiyomizuzaka St. for pottery and curios.
361-7241), Fujita Travel Service, (075-222-0121), or Kinki
with a historical flavor. It originated in three different
3. The second floor of Kyoto Station for all kinds of
Nippon Tourist (075-691-0903).
styles: Yusoku ryori - dishes for court people: Kaiseki
souvenirs of Kyoto.
ryori - a meal served before the tea ceremony; and Sho-
4. "Porta" is an underground shopping arcade, which
ACCOMMODATIONS
jin ryori - vegetarian dishes for Buddhist priests. Kyo
contains more than 200 boutiques, restaurants and
Kyoto has a number of first-class Western-style hotels.
ryori is a many course meal with the Japanese basics of
souvenir shops. It is conveniently annexed to the JR and
The room charge for a twin room with bath ranges from
soup, rice, pickles and a variety of main dishes, chosen
subway Kyoto Stations.
¥ 9,000 to ¥ 20,000. Reservation well in advance is recom-
according to season. Kyoto cuisine is distinctive for its
5. "Avanti" (shopping complex) is located on south side
mended for a visit in the peak months of spring and
light seasoning SO as to preserve the savor of each ingre-
of Kyoto Station.
autumn, and festival periods.
dient; the beautiful arrangement of the foods to be served;
HOW TO GET THERE
Kyoto probably offers the most ideal surroundings
and the varied use of vegetables as ingredients because in
where you may try a ryokan - a Japanese-style inn. At a
bygone days fresh fish was not as generally obtainable in
By rail: From Tokyo there are about 85 "Bullet Train"
ryokan, you live just as the Japanese do. You leave your
Kyoto as it is today. Kyoto-style dishes in the top-class
or Shinkansen super expresses daily, "Hikari" and "Koda-
shoes at the entrance and put on slippers but in your
restaurants are not inexpensive. However, the essence of
ma", taking 3 to 4 hours. The fare and express charges for
room covered with tatami mats even the slippers come off.
Kyoto cuisine is enjoyed in less expensive Kyo bento or
a reserved seat are ¥ 12,600 one way.
You will see no bed in your room during the day, but a
Kyoto-style box lunch. A lovely lacquered box contains
By air: The closest airport to Kyota is Osaka Airport,
comfortable futon mattress will be laid out by your maid
rice, pickles, an assortment of vegetables, fish, meat and
connected with downtown Kyoto in about 75 min. by bus.
at night. Dinner and breakfast, which are usually included
eggs in a beautiful arrangement. Kyo ryori is a feast for
The bus fare is 770 or 840. The air fare from Tokyo
in the room charge at a ryokan, are authentic Japanese-
the eye as well as the palate.
to Osaka is ¥ 15,600 one way, and the flying time is 1
style dishes. The room charge with two meals for these
hr. There are many international flights to Osaka Air-
Tofu cuisine: Tofu or soybean curd, a traditional Japa-
top-class ryokan ranges from ¥ 20,000 to ¥ 50,000 per
port as well as domestic flights from various places.
nese food, has recently been spotlighted as a health food
person.
in many other countries. Kyoto is famous for her high-
HOW TO GET AROUND
For budget-minded travelers, reasonably priced decent
quality tofu produc-
A traditional Kyoto lunch
A network of various bus lines covers the whole city,
ryokans are also available. For detailed information,
tion. Restaurants in the
and runs every 7 to 20 min. until 10 p.m. The fare is uni-
please consult the Tourist Information Center.
Nanzenji and Sagano
formly 160 within the city proper, but beyond the city
areas specialize in pot-
limits it differs with the distance. The main bus terminals
Home Visiting
boiled tofu. You can
are Kyoto Station, Sanjo-Keihan Station and Shijo-Kara-
Why not meet the Japanese and learn about their life-
enjoy a healthy, tasty
suma Intersection.
style? The Home Visit Program operated by the Kyoto
dinner in the leisurely
A newly-opened subway line runs between Kyoto Sta-
City Govenrment will give you a chance to visit a Japanese
atmosphere of a Japa-
tion and Kitaoji under the Karasuma thoroughfare. The
home and have a chat for a few hours. Please apply to the
nese restaurant while
minimum fare is ¥140.
Tourist Section of Kyoto City Government at Kyoto Kai-
viewing a beautiful land-
Cruising taxis are plentiful in the city. Rent-a-car is also
kan Bldg., Okazaki, Sakyo-ku, (phone: 752-0215) at least
scape garden.
available, but the city is not geared to the motorist.
two days in advance.
WALKING MAP
Ginkak michi
WALKING TOUR ROUTES
M
Hakushasonso
Garden
Ginkakuji
The best things in Kyoto are
LEGEND
Temple
reserved for those willing to walk.
B
Bus Stop
Try strolling through some small
parts of Kyoto simply to savor
is 1111
Canal
Honen-in
the atmosphere and the life of the
Temple
city. Given below are some of our
suggested walking routes, the two
Route
A
of them being mapped. Detailed
walking guide maps are available
Route
B
Anrakuji Temple
at the Tourist Information Center.
Reikanji Temple
0
100
200
500m
Shinnyodo
Temple
A
HIGASHIYAMA AREA
Kiyomizu Temple Sannen-zaka Slope Maruyama Park
Z
- Chion-in Temple - Shoren-in Temple - Heian Shrine; about
of Path Pethod The
50 min. Take a City Bus No. 206 from Bus Terminal A2 at Kyoto
Station and get off at Kiyomizu-michi bus stop. The approach up
Ginkakuji Temple or Silver Pavilion
Ryoanji Temple garden
to the hill to the Kiyomizu Temple is an attractive stone-paved
Hotel Sunflower
winding road lined with souvenir and curio shops. From the
Kyoto
Temple back track downhill, turning off Kiyomizu-michi Street by
Handicraft Center
MARUTAMACHI
St
house which once stood in the Gion district is also ex-
the steps on Sannen-zaka to Maruyama Park, you will pass the
hibited here. Open daily 9 a.m. to 5:00 p.m. except
curio shops, attractive old houses, pottery workshops, and an
Mondays.
array of small and large temples and shrines on the way. The route
Heian Shrine
Eikando
Nanzenji Temple (), 20 min. walk southeast of
is bedecked with cherry blossoms in spring, and set ablaze with
2
Temple
colorful tints in autumn. The two temples of Chion-in and Shoren-
Okazaki
Kyoto
1
Hoshoji-cho
the Heian Shrine, is noted for its Sammon Gate (admission:
Park
Kaikan Hall
Dobutsuen
mae
in can be visited on the way from Maruyama Park to the Heian
¥ 250), paintings on the sliding screens of the Main Hall
111
Shrine, to the north of the park.
19
Zoological Gardens
(admission: ¥ 350) drawn in the 16th centruy by the
Museum of
Nanzenji
Traditional Industry
Temple
artists of the Kano school, and karesansui (dry landscape)-
THE
Municipal- Museum
B
type garden laid out with rocks and white sand. Closed:
ALONG THE OLD CANAL
National Museum
Dec. 28-31
of Modern Art
Konchi-in Temple
Ginkakuji Temple - The Path of Philosophy - Eikando
Ginkakuji Temple or Silver Pavilion ( ), 10 min.
Temple - Nanzenji Temple; about 50 min. Take a City Bus
Kanze Kaikan Hall
walk from Ginkakuji-michi bus stop, was originally erect-
No. 5 from Bus Terminal A1 at Kyoto Station and get off at
Ginkakuji-michi stop. This is a pleasant stroll along the old canal,
SANJO
St.
Keage
ed in 1489 as a villa for an Ashikaga Shogun, a general-
Miyako Hotel
issimo of the Muromachi Period (1336 - 1573). The
flanked with cherry trees. The path is popular as "The Path of
*ШЕ*
Philosophy," because a noted Japanese philosopher used to stroll
Higashiyama-Sanja
pavilion, designated as a National Treasure, is so named
WERE
along the route for meditation.
Shoren-in Temple
because of the Shogun's original desire to cover its outer
walls with silver foil. His desire did not materialize be-
SE
ARASHIYAMA AREA
KEISHIN
cause of his death but the name has remained. Admission:
C
Chion-in Temple
¥ 400.
Arashiyama bus stop - Shaka-do Temple - Gioji Temple -
Jojakkoji Temple - Kameyama Park - Tenryuji Temple; about
FINE
Kinkakuji Temple & Uzumasa Area
1½ hrs. Take a Kyoto Bus No. 71, 72 or 73 from Kyoto Station
and get off at Arashiyama. Situated on the western edge of the
Maruyama Park
Gion
ЛЯШ
AIR
city, Arashiyama is noted for cherry blossoms in spring and red
Kujoyama
Yasaka Shrine
Daitokuji Temple (), Daitokuji-mae bus stop, is a
leafed maples in autumn. It is worth taking time to walk around
huge temple showing a typical Zen-style of structure. Six
the area - visit the many large and small temples, appreciate their
of the many subordinate temples built in its precincts are
beautiful gardens and drop into a tea house or local restaurant.
--
open to the public, each requiring admission of ¥300 or
Local temples such as Nembutsuji, Daikakuji, Nison-in and Raku-
Gion Corner
Kodaiji Temple
around. They contain a great many priceless art objects
shisha House can be included in your walking route.
and beautiful landscape gardens dating from the 15th to
HIGASHIOJI
Ryozen-Kannon Temple
the 17th centuries.
D
OHARA AREA
Kinkajuji Temple or Golden Pavilion ( ), 2 min.
Ohara bus stop - Sanzen-in Temple Jakko-in Temple; about
THE
Yasaka Pagoda
Kiyomizu-michi
z Sannen
walk from Kinkakuji-michi bus stop, was originally a
M7K
2 hrs. A one hour ride on a Kyoto Bus No. 17 or 18 from Kyoto
mountain villa for an Ashikaga Shogun, but on his death
Station takes you to Ohara bus stop. Ohara, where you can touch
it was converted into a temple. The gold leaf covered
the heart of rural Japan, is to the northeast of the city. Allow a
Parking Lot
pavilion, with a beautifully laid out garden, is an exact
#7K#
half day to get out of the city and enjoy a walking tour of this
replica completed in 1955, reviving the grandeur of the
Kiyomizu Temple
rural area. Several easy walks from Ohara bus stop lead to the
original building which had stood there over 550 years
small temple of Jakko-in and to the hill-top Sanzen-in. From
11
Gojo-zaka
Tojiki Kaikan
until it was destroyed by fire in 1950. Admission: ¥ 300.
mid-November the whole district is a blaze of crimson.
B
(Ceramic Ware Center)
Ryoanji Temple 5 min. walk from Ryoanji-
Otani-honbyo Cemetery
mae bus stop, is a Zen temple, noted for its rock and sand
garden, a masterly example of the dry landscape garden
Kyoto
Kyoto National Museum ( ), near Sanju-
sangendo Temple, was erected in 1868 as a safe repository
of art objects and treasures possessed by temples and
shrines as well as individuals in Kyoto. The museum
WHAT TO SEE
houses more than 10,000 objects which are displayed in
turn in 20 exhibition rooms. Open daily 9 a.m. to 4 p.m.
except Mondays. Admission: 350. Closed: Dec. 26-Jan. 3
Kawai Kanjiro's House (#), 5 min. walk
from Umamachi bus stop, is worth visiting if you are in-
(The majority of temples and shrines are open daily from 9 a.m.
terested in pottery or simply want to get some idea of a
to 5 p.m.)
traditional Japanese house. Exhibited here are works of
the late Kanjiro Kawai, a world famous potter. His work-
Around Kyoto Station
shop and many of the beautiful objects used in his daily
Higashi-Honganji Temple (**), 10 min. walk
life are preserved at the house. Open daily 10 a.m. to 4:30
north of Kyoto Station, is the city's largest wooden struc-
Heian Shrine
Sannenzaka Slope
p.m. except Mondays. Admission: ¥ 700.
ture. The temple was established in 1602 under the spon-
Kiyomizu Temple (*), 10 min. walk from Kiyo-
sorship of the Tokugawa Shogunate. The present build-
mizu-michi bus stop, occupies the rise of Higashiyama
Nijo Castle (), in front of Nijojo-mae bus stop, or
ings date from 1895.
Hill. The main hall, designa ed as a National Treasure, was
15 min. walk from Oike Subway Station, was built in
Nishi-Honganji Temple (1), 10 min. walk west
built in 1633 by the Tokugawa Shogunate. Jutting out
1603 and served as the place where the Tokugawa Shogun
of the Higashi-Honganji Temple, was founded in 1272 at
over a valley, its wooden veranda, famous as "the stage
stayed when he visited Kyoto. Of the buildings, the
Higashiyama, and moved to the present site in 1592. The
of Kiyomizu," is supported by 139 pillars at a height of
Ninomaru Palace shows the splendid architectural beauty
temple houses several National Treasures. Both Nishi- and
15 m. (49 ft.), commanding a panoramic view of the city.
and gorgeous interior decoration. Adjacent to it is the
Donation accepted.
Higashi-Honganji Temples are most revered by the ad-
Ninomaru Garden which is very meticulously laid out.
herents of Jodo-Shinshu, one of the largest Buddhist
Yasaka Shrine ( in front of Gion bus stop,
Admission: ¥ 500. Closed Dec. 26 -Jan. 4
denominations in the country.
faces the Gion entertainment quarters with Maruyama
Toji Temple (), 15 min. walk southwest of Kyoto
Park in the background. This shrine is very popular among
Around Shijo Bridge on the Kamo River
Station, was founded in 796. Although most of its build-
Kyotoites, drawing a constant throng of visitors. The Main
Shijo-Kawaramachi (1) is the name of the
Hall is built in the unique architecture called Gion-zukuri
ings were destroyed by fires and reconstructed in later
intersection where Shijo St. and Kawaramachi St. meet
or Gion-style.
years, they still house many time-honored art objects. The
56 m. (184 ft.) -high five-story pagoda rebuilt in 1641 is
each other, making up of the busiest shopping quarters in
Heian Shrine (1), 3 min. walk from Bijutsukan
Kyoto. Department stores, all kinds of shops, some of
the tallest in Japan. A flea market is held in the temple
mae bus stop, was constructed in 1895 to commemorate
them of very old standing, attractive-looking coffee shops
precincts on the 21st day of every month. Admission:
the 1,100th anniversary of the founding of this ancient
and a variety of restaurants are crowded in this section.
350.
capital. Most of its buildings are modeled on a reduced
Gion Corner ( ): For a quick glimpse of vari-
scale after the first Imperial Palace built in 794. The back
Around the City Center
ous phases of traditional Japanese arts and theater, visit
garden of the shrine is admired for its cherry blossoms and
"Gion Corner" in the Yasaka Kaikan Hall, Gion. The tea
iris flowers in season. Admission: ¥ 400.
Kyoto Imperial Palace ( near Imadegawa
ceremony, flower arranging, ancient court music, Kyoto
Subway Station, was the residence of the Imperial family
Kyoto Municipal Museum of Traditional Industry ( AB
from 1331 until 1868 when they moved to Tokyo. It has
dance by geisha girls and Bunraku puppet drama are all
) is the newest attraction you must not
been repeatedly destroyed by fires, the present buildings
demonstrated here. The show with English commentary is
miss. The mainstay of Kyoto's industry is still traditional
dating from 1855. Though not lavishly decorated, they
staged twice daily from 7:40 p.m. and 8:40 p.m., March 1
arts and crafts. This museum not only exhibits various
are fascinating in their noble simplicity. The most note-
through November 29 (closed on Aug. 16). Admission:
handicrafts made of silk, bamboo, lacquer, paper, ceram-
worthy of the buildings are the Shishinden Hall, the Seiry-
2,000.
ics, etc., but also demonstrates centuries-old production
oden Hall and the Kogosho Palace.
Gion (11) is located in just a five-minute walk to the
methods to visitors. A complete replica of an old geisha
east from Shijo-Kawaramachi, crossing the Kamo River.
This is one of the traditional geisha quarters of Kyoto,
Note: Those who want to visit the Imperial Palace and Villas
and well-preserved old houses will remind you of the
mentioned here must have a pass issued by the Kyoto Office,
Kiyomizu Temple
ancient days of Kyoto. A little more to the eastward on
Imperial Household Agency at Kyoto Gyoen Nai, Kamigyo-ku,
Shijo St. leads you to the Yasaka Shrine and other spots
Kyoto. Phone: (075) 211-1211. The office is open 9 a.m. to
noon and 1 p.m. to 4 p.m. on weekdays, and 9 a.m. to 12 noon
described in the following paragraph of Higashiyama Area.
on Saturdays.
Higashiyama Area
Kyoto Imperial Palace: Apply for a pass with your passport,
20 min. before the 10 a.m. or 2 p.m. tour. Closed on Saturday
Sanjusangendo Temple ( E+EM# ), 20 min. walk east
afternoons and Sundays. Admission free.
of Kyoto Station, was reconstructed in 1266 and it is
Katsura & Shugakuin Imperial Villas and Sento palace: Appli-
cations in advance are accepted from three months before your
well-known for its wooden image of the Thousand-Armed
intended day of visit, either in person, by phone or by mail.
Goddess, a masterpiece of the Kamakura Period, (1192
Then visit the Agency to pick up a pass a day prior to your
1333), designated as a National Treasure. It sits amid the
visit. Your passport should be presented. Limited to those 20
28 faithful followers and 1,001 smaller images of the same
years old and over. Admission free.
Goddess. Admission: ¥ 400.
tectural style & harmony. It was built in 759 by Ganjin, a
famous for his Seventeen-Article Constitution. The
Side Trip
famous Chinese priest of the Tang Dynasty. The chief
temple comprises about 40 buildings and all of them
Hase Temple ( & ), 15 min. walk from Hasedera
object of worship in the Main Hall is a 3.3 m. (11 ft.)
are designated either as National Treasures or Important
Station which is about 1 hr. by rail from Kintetsu Nara
-high dry-lacquer statue of Birushana. Admission: ¥ 300.
Cultural Properties. Admission: ¥ 500.
Station, consists of a number of buildings in its huge pre-
Yakushiji Temple (), near the Toshodaiji Tem-
Chuguji Temple (##), a convent near the East Tem-
cincts lying on the slope of Mt. Hase. From the gate of
ple, was founded in 680. It is admired for its Toto or East
ple of Horyuji, is noted for its Miroku-bosatsu statue, a
the temple to the Main Hall, visitors climb up 400 stairs
Tower, a three-story pagoda which still retains its original
wooden Buddhist image of the 7th century, renowned for
of the roofed corridor. The view of the surrounding
form. Reconstruction of Saito or West Tower, lost by
its serenity. Admission: ¥ 300.
mountains from the veranda of the Main Hall is superb.
fire in the 16th century, was completed in April, 1981.
In this area, a nice 30-min. walk visiting the anceint
The temple attracts people especially from late April to
The sight of the two towers standing side by side has be-
temples of Horyuji, Chuguji, Horinji and Hokkiji on the
early May when peony flowers are in bloom, and in
come a new attraction for visitors. The bronze images of
way is recommended.
October when the mountains are set ablaze with red and
Yakushi Trinity from the Hakuho Period (mid-7th to
yellow foliage. Admission: ¥ 400.
early 8th century) housed in the Main Hall are designated
as National Treasures. Admission: 300.
Horyuji Temple Area
ANNUAL EVENTS
Horyuji Temple (), 45 min. by bus from Kin-
Listed here are only a few of many festivals held in
the founding of the old capital city of Kyoto. Highlighted
tetsu Nara Station, is one of the most magnificent reposi-
Kyoto and Nara. For more information on calendar
is a procession of over 2,000 citizens, attired in pictur-
tories of the architectural, sculptural and pictorial art
events, please go to the Tourist Information Center to
esque costumes, representing important epochs in the
objects of Japan. The temple was founded in 607 by
confirm what is going on while you are in Kyoto or Nara.
city's 1,200-year history.
Prince Shotoku, the great protector of Buddhism, who is
December 31st: "Okera Mairi" of the Yasaka Shrine. A
KYOTO
sacred fire is kept kindled in the shrine precincts from
Hokkeji Temple
B1
Yakushiji Temple
A2
8 p.m. to the dawn of the New Year's Day. Each visitor
Kasuga Grand Shrine
D2
Kofukuji Temple
C2
tries to take some of the sparks to one's home, to start the
Saidaiji Temple
A1
OTHERS
April 1st - 30th: "Miyako Odori" or Cherry Dance at the
fire to cook the first meal of the year. The custom is be-
Shin-Yakushiji Temple
D2
Site of Heijogu Palace
B1
Nara City Public Hall
D2
Gion Kaburenjo Theater. A galaxy of geisha girls in
lieved to protect the household from illness during the
Todaiji Temple
Nara National Museum
C2
colorful kimono present the "Cherry Dance" at the
coming year.
(Great Buddha)
D1
Nara Prefectural Office
C1
Theater next to Gion Corner.
Toshodaiji Temple
A2
Kono-ike Sports Park
C1
May 1st - 24th & Oct. 15th - Nov. 7th: "Kamogawa
NARA
D
Odori" dance by geisha girls at the Pontocho Kaburenjo
Theater near Sanjo Bridge.
May 15th: "Aoi Matsuri" or Hollyhock Festival of Kami-
January 15th: Grass-Burning Festival on Wakakusayama
Kono-ike Sports Park
gamo & Shimogamo Shrines. This festival features a mag-
Hill. In the evening, the hill is set afire and fireworks are
Nara-
nificent pageant colorfully reproducing the Imperial pro-
set off on the slope overlooking the town.
Dreamland
Hotel Yamatosanso
Y.H. Naraken
H
Okuyama
cession that paid homage to the shrine in the ancient days.
February 3rd or 4th, and August 15th: Lantern Festival
Seishonen Kaikan
May, 3rd Sunday of: "Mifune Matsuri" or Boat Festival
of the Kasuga Shrine. More than 3,000 lanterns of the
Shosoir
reasure
Repository
Driveway
1
on the Oi River, Arashiyama. It revives the graceful at-
shrine are lighted, presenting a spectacular sight.
mosphere of the Heian Period (794-1192) when the
March 1st - 14th: Water-Drawing Ceremony of the Todaiji
Emperor and his courtiers often went on pleasure boat
Temple. The highlight of this ceremony is a solemn rite
trips.
performed in the glaring light of torches around 1 a.m. on
Wakakusayama Hill
Daibutsuden Hall
June 1st - 2nd: "Takigi Noh" Performance at the Heian
March 13th. Buddhist ascetics brandish huge torches and
Shrine. Plays by the various Noh schools are presented
people try to obtain the sparks of the fire for good luck.
Vara Pref Museum
suien
Garde
after dark under blazing torch light on an open-air stage
March 30th - April 5th: "Hana-eshiki" or Flower-Offer-
Tod
Prefectural Office
Nara City Publio\Hat
set in the shrine precincts.
ing Ceremony of the Yakushiji Temple. The interior of
Nara Park
July 16th - 17th: "Gion Matsuri" of the Yasaka Shrine.
the temple's main hall is beautifully adorned with artifi-
Kintetsu Nara
ational
Hotel Fujita Nara
H
Kofukuji Temple
Museum
It dates back to the 9th century when the head priest of
cial flowers.
Mt. Kasuga
the Yasaka Shrine let a large number of men and women
May 11th - 12th: "Takigi Noh" or open-air traditional
Nara City
form a procession to escort the decorated palanquins. It
"Noh" play performance at the Kofukuji Temple.
Sarus
wanothe
Tourist Center
Pond
H
Manyo Botanical
was held to seek the protection of the gods against the
May 19th: Fan-Throwing Festival of the Toshodaiji Tem-
Nara Hotel
Gardens
pestilence that was then ravaging the city. On the 17th,
ple. Fans are thrown by priests in the temple grounds.
Kasuga Grand Shrine
gorgeously decorated floats parade through the main
People elbow and shoulder one another to get one of the
Shin-Yakushiji
2
streets.
fans, which are believed to protect them from evil.
Temple
August 16th: "Daimonji" Bonfire on Mt. Daimonji. A
December 15-18th: "On-Matsuri" Festival of the Kasuga
spectacular bonfire in the shape of the Chinese character
Shrine. This festival is featured by a gala procession of
UP
"t," meaning great, is lighted near the summit.
persons masquerading as courtiers, retainers and wrestlers
Byakugoji Temple
October 22nd: "Jidai Matsuri" or Festival of the Ages of
of those bygone days.
Route
the Heian Shrine. This festival is held to commemorate
Kyobate
D
inomaru Palace
6) Kuro-Shoin (Inner Audience
7) Shiro-Shoin (Shogun's living
Chamber)
quarters)
This is the audience chamber of the
The innermost chambers of the Nino-
inner palace. Here the Shogun granted
maru Palace served as the Shogun's living
private interviews to Fudai Daimyo
quarters. The paintings on the walls and
(feudal lords who sided with Tokugawa
sliding doors were executed by Kano Koi
even before the battle of 1600 which
(d. 1636). The modest and quiet mood
consolidated their power). The architec-
of these mountain and water scenes
tural design of this room is similar to
served to create a relaxing atmosphere
that of the Ohiroma (grand chambers).
for the Shogun's daily life. The unique
The beautiful paintings on the sliding
point of these chambers is the fact that
doors and walls were executed by Kano
only female attendants were allowed
Naonobu (1607-1650), a younger broth-
entry here.
er of Kano Tan'yu.
Screen painting in
Ohiroma Yon-no-ma
8) Ohiroma Yon-no-ma (Fourth
Grand Chamber)
In this room were kept the Shogun's
spears, swords and other weapons. The
screen paintings of the magnificent pine
trees and hawks by Kano Tan'yu are
appropriate symbols of military prowess.
One of the pine branches is 11 meters
long.
8
Shiro-Shoin
5
9
10
4
9) Rochu-no-ma (Ministers'
3
Offices)
Three adjacent rooms served as offices of
the Shogun's ministers. The excellent
wall paintings of birds in natural settings
were done by Kano Tan'yu. Notable are
the plain upper walls and plank ceilings,
2
reflecting the frugality of decoration in
1
lesser, non-public areas of the palace.
ainers
1) Yanagi-no-ma (Willow Room),
10) Chokushi-no-ma (Imperial
Wakamatsu-no-ma (Young Pine
Messenger's Room)
enes of
Room)
The Imperial Messenger of the Emperor
on the
The first two rooms near the entryway
Entrance & Exit
was received by the Shogun in this
oned as
were used by inspectors to verify the
splendid room. The paintings of maples
feudal
identities of visiting feudal lords. They
on the walls and sliding doors were also
imals in
are named after the paintings on the
executed by Kano School painters.
of the
sliding doors and walls.
mported
als.
Nijo Castle (Nij
Nijo Castle (Nijo-jo)
sovereignty to the Emp
Imperial family. In 188
The castle was originally built in 1603 to be the official Kyoto
and in 1939 donated to
residence of the first Tokugawa Shogun Ieyasu, and it was
(nijo-jo) and opened to
completed in 1626 by the third Shogun Iemitsu, who transferred
Nijo Castle in its entir
some structures from Fushimi Castle, built in the Momoyama
The Ninomaru Palace j
Period (1573-1614). Consequently, lavished decorated Nijo
two other structures (
Castle is representative of the height of Momoyama architecture.
been named Importar
In its day, it served as a symbol of the power and authority of
Garden has also been de
the Tokugawa military government.
The total area of the 1
When Yoshinobu, the fifteenth Tokugawa Shogun, returned
square meters are occup
Bansho (Guardhouse)
To the side of the Higashi-Ote-mon (Eastern Main Gate) of the
Castle remains a guardhouse used for the regulation of visitors.
In the Shogun's absence between 1634 and 1863, gate guard
duty fell to the caretakers of the castle who were stationed there
in alternating years, fifty persons at a time. Though the resi-
dences of the caretakers have disappeared, this guardhouse built
in 1608 remains as rare example of their type, and has been
designated Important Cultural Property.
Ninomaru Palace -(National Treasure)-
This palace, comprising 3300 square meters, was originally built
Ninomaru Garden
in 1603 by the first Tokugawa Shogun Ieyasu, and was com-
In keeping with traditional Japanese garden design, this garden is
pleted in 1626 by the third Shogun Iemitsu.
conceived around a large central pond and contains stones in
The palace proper consists of five buildings, with 33 rooms and
variety of shapes, sizes and colors. In the center of the pond are
800 Tatami (straw mats)in total. It is almost entirely constructed
three islands; Horai-jima (Island of Eternal Happiness), Tsuru-
of Hinoki wood (Japanese cypress). The paintings on the sliding
jima (Crane Island), and Kame-jima (Turtle Island). The design
doors and walls of each room are by great artists of the Kano
of the garden is attributed to the reknown tea master and
School. The transoms above the sliding doors are beautifully
landscape architect Kobori Enshu (1579-1647).
carved from massive cypress blocks.
To the northeast of the palace are service buildings for the
preparation and storage of food. These have been designated
Important Cultural Properties by the Japanese Government.
o-jo)
Chronological Table of Nijo Castle
1601 Ieyasu Tokugawa (1542-1616), founder of the
in 1867, the Castle was given to the
Tokugawa Shogunate, ordered all feudal lords of
western Japan to undertake the construction of
it was renamed Nijo Detached Palace
Nijo Castle.
the City of Kyoto renamed Nijo Castle
1603 leyasu made his first visit to Nijo Castle upon
the public.
completion of its construction (most parts of
has been designated a historic relic.
Ninomaru Palace).
Itself is a National Treasure, and twenty-
1624 Iemitsu (1603-1651), the third Tokugawa Sho-
including the Eastern main Gate) have
-1626 gun established a system of development of the
Cultural Properties. The Ninomaru
palace, such as, Honmaru, complete Ninomaru
Palace and donjon.
signated a Special Scenic Spot.
1750 The five-storied donjon was struck by lightning
Castle is 275,000 square meters; 7,300
and burned down.
by buildings.
1788 Honmaru (Inner Palace) was destroyed in a great
city-wide fire.
1867 Yoshinobu (1837-1913), the fifteenth Tokugawa
Shogun, restored sovereignty to the Emperor in a
declaration made at the Ninomaru Palace.
1868 The Imperial Cabinet was installed in the castle.
1884 The castle was returned to the Imperial family
and renamed Nijo Detached Palace.
1939 The castle was donated to the City of Kyoto, and
renamed Nijo Castle (nijo-jo).
1940 Nijo Castle opened to the public.
1952 The Ninomaru Palace was designated a National
Treasure, and Honmaru and other buildings in
the Castle were designated Important Cultural
Properties.
1965 The Seiryu-en Garden was constructed as a recep-
tion facility for the City of Kyoto.
Honmaru
The name Honmaru designates the area surrounded by the inner
moat of the Castle. The original palace in it was constructed in
1626 to house the Shogun and his retainers, and incorporated
structures of Momoyama Period date (1573-1614) transferred
Higashi-Ote-mon (Eastern Main Gate)
from Fushimi Castle. Its five storied central tower, one located
in the southwest corner of the complex, was struck by lightning
Seiryu-en
and burned down in 1750. In 1893, the present structure was
transferred to Nijo Castle from the Kyoto Imperial Palace.
This garden was constructed in 1965 as a facility for the recep-
Originally built in 1847 as the residence of Prince Katsura, it
tion of official guests of the City, or cultural event, such as, the
remains an elegant example of courtly architecture. Consequent-
citizens' tea ceremony, and so forth. The garden contains two
ly, it has been designated an Important Cultural Property. The
tea-houses and a pleasing array of over 1000 stones. 800 stones
palace is opened to the public for special viewing in the fall.
and one tea-house were originally part of a residence built
around the year 1600 near the Takase River canal by the mar-
chant and canal-builder Ryoi Suminokura. Both traditional and
western, the garden features 16,500 square-meters.
Guide Map of N
5) Ohiroma Ichi-no-ma, Ni-no-ma
(First and Second Grand
Chambers)
These two chambers served as the most
important official audience rooms in the
palace. The interior design, incorporating
bold forms of pines and a lavish use of
gold and lacquer, was intended to over-
whelm visiting feudal lords with the
power and authority of the Tokugawa
Military Government. Behind the sliding
doors with beautiful red tassels is a room
7
called Musha-kakushi-no-ma (the body-
guards' room). Here armed guards stood
by to protect the Shogun.
Of great historical significance, these
chambers were used in 1867 by the
Ohiroma Ichinoma, Ni-no-ma
fifteenth Tokugawa Shogun Yoshinobu
to announce the restoration of sovereign-
ty to the Emperor. With this declaration,
the long rule of over 250 years of the
Structure of Uguisu-bari
Foot
Tokugawa Shogunate was brought to a
(Nightingale Floor)
close.
(Gravity)
Uguisu-Bari (Nightingale Floor)
From the entrance of the Ninomaru Pal-
ace to the Ohiroma (Grand Chambers),
Alcove Slab
the wooden floors squeak and creak
when ever aneone treads on them.
Cramp
6
When the floor is tread upon, the cramps
Nail
under it move up and down, creating
Crevice Floor Joints
friction between the nails and the
Nail hole
cramps which hold them in place, caus-
ing the floor to squeak. It is the bird-like
sound thus emitted that gives this, the
4) Ohiroma San-no-ma (Third
(Move up and down)
name Nightingale Floor.
Grand Chamber)
This is the waiting room for visiting
Tozama Daimyo (feudal lords who did
not become retainers of the Tokugawa
until after the decisive victory of Toku-
Kita-Ote-mon
gawa at the battle in 1600). Each of the
Outer Moat
Koun-tei
panels in the transoms is made of a single
Waraku-an
Seiryu-en
Green Garden
block of cypress 35 centimeters thick,
and are carved on both sides with differ-
-
Toilet
ent designs. The metal nail covers of
gold-plated copper found on the wooden
Toilet
Storage
Inner Moat
members at floor are particularly notable
Storage
here.
Nishi-mon
Honmaru
Shiro-
Storage
Shoin
Kitchen
3) Shikidai-no-ma (Reception
Toilet
Kuro-
Shoin
Meals
Room)
Bridge
Preparation
Resting
In this room, the Shogun's ministers
Room
Room
Honmaru
received visiting feudal lords, and ac-
Garden
Toilet
Pond
Ninomaru
cepted presents intended for the Shogun.
Donjon
Palace
Office
The massive ancient pine trees on the
Ninomaru Garden
Storage
Inner Moat
sliding doors and walls were painted by
Entrance &
Guard
Higashi-
the great artist Kano Tan'yu (1602-1674)
Exit
House
Ote-mon
(Main Gate)
when he was only twenty-five years old.
Plum-trees Grove
Cherry-trees
Kara-mon
Grove
Minami-mon
2) Tozamurai-no-ma (Ret
Room)
These rooms decorated with sq
romping leopards and tigers
VISITING HOURS
CASTLE 8:45 A.M. 4:00 P.M.
screen doors and walls functi
NINOMARU PALACE 9:00 A.M. ~ 4:00 P.M.
waiting chambers for visiting
lords. As there were no such an
(GATE IS CLOSED AT 5:00 P.M.)
Japan at that time, the artists
Kano School had to rely on in
THE CASTLE (INCLUDES NINOMARU PALACE) IS OPEN THE WHOLE
hides to depict these exotic anim
YEAR EXCEPT BETWEEN DECEMBER 26TH AND JANUARY 4 TH.
Stanford Japan Center
Kyoto Center for Japanese Studies
November 12, 1989
VE
RI
WOULD
FOUND
INSTITUTION
TAS
LYMINE
WINERE
TVO
VIDEBINNS
DEI
VIGET
SVB NVMINE
Brown University
Columbia University
Cornell University
Harvard University
Princeton University
Stanford University has taken the initiative in establishing a comprehensive
educational and research center in Kyoto for the purpose of educating future gener-
ations of Americans about Japan. The Center also will provide an institutional link
between American and Japanese research in science, technology, and social science
with the aim of opening up crucial channels of information and by embarking
on new cooperative initiatives in research between the two nations. Three pro-
grams are involved.
The Kyoto Center for Japanese Studies
The Kyoto Center for Japanese Studies (KCJS), which opened in September
1989, is a two semester, academic year program for students wishing to do
advanced work in the Japanese language and in the study of Japan. KCJS is
administered by Stanford University for a consortium of nine American univer-
sities (Brown, Chicago, Columbia, Cornell, Harvard, Michigan, Princeton, Stan-
ford, and Yale) whose students make up the majority of the participants. The
program was created in cooperation with Kyoto University. KCJS offers a rigorous
academic program for select students who have completed two or more years
of Japanese language study. Courses range over a spectrum of relatively advanced
topics in the humanities and social sciences, with offerings on both pre-modern
and modern Japan. All students are expected to do intensive study of the Japanese
language. The attention given to language study and the exclusive focus on Japan
related subjects, coupled with the location and the small size of the student body
distinguish KCJS and make it an ideal place for the student who wishes to con-
centrate on Japanese Studies.
The Stanford Center for Technology and Innovation
The Stanford Center for Technology and Innovation (SCTI) is a six month
program for Stanford undergraduates that aims to educate students about con-
temporary Japan through course work and internships in Japanese companies. Its
purpose is to provide a working knowledge of modern Japan to the growing
number of Americans whose professional careers will require cross-cultural con-
tact. The goal is to offer an intense and memorable exposure to students of
engineering, science, and social science whose normal course load precludes con-
centration on Japan. To be accepted students must have done one year of lan-
guage study. Classes will include Japanese language and courses on Japanese
company organization, political economy, and the interaction of technology,
society and culture. Internships in Japanese firms, where they will live in company
dormitories, will enable students to participate in the daily life of Japanese
employees.
LELAND STANFORD JUNIOR UNIVERSITY
MASSACHUSETTS OF MICHIGAN THE
OF CHICAGO THE
isni
L
n
ORGANIZED 1891
1817
1892
LEX ET
VERITAS
Stanford University
University of Michigan
University of Chicago
Yale University
Together KCJS and SCTI will contribute significantly to the important effort
of training the next generation of American leaders in a deeper understanding
of Japan. In its first decade the Center aims to prepare nearly one thousand Ameri-
can students from the nation's best universities.
Stanford Research Program
To strengthen Stanford's research on contemporary Japan and to broaden the
scope of collaborative scholarship and research between Stanford and Japan in
scientific and technical fields, a permanent research staff will work at the Center
to develop its research and collaborative activities. The second floor of the building
contains a conference room and six offices dedicated to this effort. Initial topics
for research will include the comparative study of science and technology in Japan,
U.S.-Japan trade and economic policy issues, Japan's political economy, interna-
tional competition in high technology industries, and Asian regional development.
The Center will also serve 1) as an administrative structure to coordinate bina-
tional, collaborative projects; 2) as a base for research in Japan by individual
Stanford faculty and senior graduate students; and 3) as a facilitator of interna-
tional scholarship and the exchange of information through international con-
ferences, work shops, and symposia.
In recognition of the long-term need to increase the level of technical interac-
tion between Americans and Japanese and to increase American participation
in Japanese science, the Center intends to encourage and help organize bination-
al research in such fields as biotechnology and life sciences; computer science
and artificial intelligence; civil engineering; manufacturing technology; materials
science; and telecommunications.
The Center is committed to linking its research program with wider profes-
sional audiences, and is exploring activities that would be of benefit to corpora-
tions, institutions, and individuals interested in being affiliated with the programs
of the Center. These activities may include special conferences, training programs,
and exchanges for mid-career professionals from the United States and Japan.
The Building
Location: Okazaki Hoshoji-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto.
Structure: Reinforced concrete building, 2 stories with a basement.
Site area: 1,999.72m²
Total floor area: 1,477.09m²
Building coverage: 464.38m²
Architect: Ohbayashi Corporation.
Construction: Ohbayashi Corporation.
The Stanford Japan Center
Apple Computer Inc.
Asahi Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.
Gratefully Acknowledges
The Bank of Kyoto, Ltd.
the Support of
The Bank of Tokyo, Ltd.
Bankers Trust Company
the following Donors:
Bechtel Group, Inc.
Bechtel Investments, Inc.
C. Itoh & Co., Ltd.
The Dai-Ichi Kangyo Bank, Limited
Daikin Industries, Ltd.
The Daiwa Bank, Limited
Disco Corporation
Ford Motor Company (Japan) Ltd.
The Fuji Bank, Limited
Fuji Xerox Co., Ltd.
Fujisawa Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.
Fujitsu Limited
benetton
Japan-United States Friendship Commission
Hitachi, Ltd.
Honda Motor Co., Ltd.
Horiba, Ltd.
IBM Japan, Ltd.
The Industrial Bank of Japan, Limited
Kajima Corporation
The Kansai Electric Power Company, Incorporated
Kawasaki Steel Corporation
Kinki Nippon Railway Co., Ltd.
Kobe Steel, Ltd.
Kubota Corporation
Kyocera Corporation
Kyoto City
Kyoto Seika Godo Co., Ltd.
The Long-Term Credit Bank of Japan, Limited
Marubeni Corporation
Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd.
Matsushita Foundation, Inc.
Mazda Motor Corporation
Merck & Co., Inc., associated with Banyu Pharmaceutical
Co., Ltd.
The Mitsubishi Bank, Limited
Mitsubishi Corporation
Mitsubishi Electric Company
Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd.
Mitsui & Co., Ltd.
The Mitsui Bank, Ltd.
Moon Bat Co., Ltd.
Murata Machinery, Ltd.
Murata Manufacturing Company, Ltd.
NEC Corporation
Nintendo Co., Ltd.
Nippon Life Insurance Co.
Nippon Shinyaku Co., Ltd.
Nippon Steel Corporation
Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Corporation
Nishihara Cultural Foundation
Nissan Motor Co., Ltd.
Nissho Iwai Corporation
Nissin Electric Co., Ltd.
The Nomura Securities Co., Ltd.
Ohbayashi Corporation
Okamura Corporation
Omron Tateisi Electronics Co.
Osaka Gas Co., Ltd.
The Proctor & Gamble Company
The Sanwa Bank, Limited
Security Pacific Corporation
Sharp Corporation
Shearson Lehman Hutton, Inc.
Shikibo Ltd.
Shimadzu Corporation
Shimizu Corporation
Shionogi & Co., Ltd.
Softbank Corp.
Sony Corporation
The Sumitomo Bank, Limited
Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd.
Sumitomo Corporation
Sumitomo Electric Industries, Ltd.
Sumitomo Life Insurance Co.
Sumitomo Metal Industries, Ltd.
The Sumitomo Trust & Banking Co., Ltd.
Suntory Ltd.
The Taiyo Kobe Bank, Ltd.
Takara Shuzo Co., Ltd.
Takarabune Corporation
Takeda Chemical Industries, Ltd.
Tanabe Seiyaku Co., Ltd.
Tankosha Publishing Co., Ltd.
The Tokai Bank, Limited
Tokyo Electric Power Company
Tonen Corporation
Toshiba Corporation
The Toyo Trust & Banking Co., Ltd.
Toyobo Co., Ltd.
Toyota Motor Corporation
Unisys Corporation
Wacoal Corp.
Yokogawa Electric Corporation
Yokogawa-Hewlett-Packard, Ltd.
I
Box In
-Я-
T606 -2
TEL: (075)-752-1155 FAX: : (075)-752-1158
Stanford Japan Center
52-2 Hoshoji-cho, Okazaki
Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606
AND SAYINGS
WILL 251
ased after him and followed the animal
proverb teaches that it is a waste of effort to try to stop a person who
was she by what she saw and heard,
is determined to leave, and a wise procedure to receive those who
to the holy place.
come.
"Things sometimes go by contraries."
sed by his cow.") The above proverb is
WILL
derling dictates the policies of some group
THE JAPANESE of feudal and pre-World War II days put much
arallel: To put the cart before the horse.
emphasis on mental and spiritual as well as physical discipline for
hito ni toe: "About matters that concern
the cultivation of strong will power. When once they are convinced
vishes to know about himself, he should
of the action they should take, the Japanese can be and generally are
kly what they think. To do so requires
very strong willed and resolute. All during the four years of the
tragic conflict with the Allied Powers, the Japanese were told through
wo dasu: "Let well enough alone." (Lit.,
every medium of their propaganda that although the enemy were
ket you drive out a snake.") This proverb
greatly superior in material resources, the strong will power their
hebi" ("Bamboo-thicket, snake"). That
own nation possessed was more than enough to counteract this and
over some affair, one is apt to reveal a
thus win the final victory. The decisive defeat of their armed forces
to one's own self.
and the order to surrender by their beloved Emperor, left the Japa-
"Don't drive a snake from a bamboo
nese numb with amazement and shattered their morale. Confused
en in the preceding proverb, it is some-
and dazed, their self-confidence overthrown, it was some time before
an insistent. English parallel: Let sleep-
the people realized that all was not lost and that there was still a
useful and honorable place for their nation in the world. Having
conciliatory." ("Winds against the wil-
arrived at this truth, the recovery of the Japanese has been amazingly
tle, nonchalant attitude of a person who
rapid.
omething. The advice is to softly elude
Amadare ishi wo ugatsu: "Falling raindrops will wear through
nd to the wind. In Japan willows are
a stone." That is, a strong will can overcome any difficulty. English
their beauty but also because they seldom
parallel: Constant dripping wears the stone.
e weight of snow. Equally admired is a
Ari no omoi mo ten made todoku: "Even the wishes of an ant
ficult or rude question and thus avoid
reach heaven." Since the wish of even such a small creature as an ant
is heard by heaven, determination or will power by humans can
"Willows are never broken by snow."
accomplish anything.
ssarily weaker than a stout one, for the
Ayamachi wa futatabi suru nakare: "Do not commit the same
er. Likewise, a conciliatory person will
mistake a second time." That is, use your strong will so that you
ends better than a rugged personality
will not make the same error twice.
nent. This is an excellent proverb for
Daijōbu kane no wakizashi: "As sure as the metal dagger." The
"wakizashi" is the metal short sword or dagger worn for self-pro-
kitaru mono wa kobamazu: "Not to
tection by all men of the upper classes prior to the Meiji era. Hence,
e, nor refuse those who come." This
the above proverb indicates something quite sure and certain.
252
JAPANESE PROVERBS AND SAYINGS
Doku kuwaba sara made nebure: "If you eat poison lick even
the dish." Do thoroughly and with strong will power whatever you
undertake, whether it be good or evil. English parallel: Go the
whole hog.
Fundoshi shimete kakaru: "To brace oneself for an effort." (Lit.,
"To tighten one's loincloth.") As a boy in Japan, I have often seen
carpenters, jinrikisha men, and other working men tighten their
loincloths before making some special effort. English parallel: To
gird up one's loins.
Gyūba no gotoku shieki saruru nakare: "Don't be forced to work
like oxen and horses." The implication is that humans should use
their own will power to drive them to work. English parallel: Be not
like dumb driven cattle.
Hi ga futte mo yari ga futte mo: "No matter whether it rains
fire or spears." This saying expresses a strong determination to carry
on a project or to go out, regardless of inclement weather. English
parallel: Though it should rain pitchforks.
Ichinen iwa wo To tõsu: "A concentrated mind will pierce a
rock."
Isshin iwa wo To tõsu: "Wholeheartedness will pierce a rock."
English parallel: Where there's a will there's a way.
Ichinen ten ni tsūzu: "Intense earnestness overcomes all ob-
stacles." (Lit., "An intense zeal prevails upon heaven.") English par-
allel: Faith will move mountains.
Inochi kara nibamme: "Something very important and valuable."
(Lit., "Second only to life.") To carry out or preserve such an im-
portant matter requires determination and will power.
Ishi ni tatsu ya no tameshi ari: "There are instances when an
arrow will stick into a rock." A figure of speech for intense deter-
mination.
Ishibotoke ni mono iwaseru: "To cause a stone Buddha to speak."
This phrase is used to describe the determination of a strong-willed
person to have his way at any cost.
Issun no shita ni go shaku no mi wo son su: "The tongue is
more powerful than the sword." (Lit., "To one inch of tongue five
feet of blade loses.")
BS AND SAYINGS
WILL
253
made nebure: "If you eat poison lick even
ly and with strong will power whatever you
Ittō ryödan: "To take drastic action." (Lit., "To cut a thing in
be good or evil. English parallel: Go the
two halves with one sword stroke.") English parallel: To cut the
Gordian knot.
akaru: "To brace oneself for an effort." (Lit.,
Iwa wo To tõsu kuwa no yumi: "A strong will can overcome
loth.") As a boy in Japan, I have often seen
all obstacles." (Lit., "A mulberry bow will even shoot through a
hen, and other working men tighten their
rock.")
g some special effort. English parallel: To
Kenzen naru seishin wa kenzen naru shintai ni yadoru: "A
healthy mind lives in a healthy body." This proverb is a direct trans-
ieki saruru nakare: "Don't be forced to work
lation of the English saying: A sound mind in a sound body.
The implication is that humans should use
Kyūshi ni isshõ wo aru: "To narrowly escape from the very jaws
drive them to work. English parallel: Be not
of death." (Lit., "To secure one life from nine deaths.") The Japanese
phrase "kyūshi," literally "nine deaths," has the meaning of "certain
ga futte mo: "No matter whether it rains
death."
ng expresses a strong determination to carry
Куй sureba tsūzu: "When driven to extremity you become pro-
it, regardless of inclement weather. English
ficient." When in a fix you will find your way out. English parallel:
uld rain pitchforks.
When things are at their worst, they will mend.
tõsu: "A concentrated mind will pierce a
Omō ichinen iwa wo To tõsu: "A firm resolve pierces even a
rock." English parallel: Where there's a will, there's a way.
su: "Wholeheartedness will pierce a rock."
Omoi tatta ga kichinichi: "The day in which you make up your
there's a will there's a way.
mind is the best day in which to do it." (Lit., "The day in which you
u: "Intense earnestness overcomes all ob-
decide to do it, is your lucky day.") English parallels: "There is no
e zeal prevails upon heaven.") English par-
time like the present. Never leave until tomorrow what you can do
untains.
today.
: "Something very important and valuable."
Seishin ittõ nanigoto ka narazaran: "There is nothing that can-
e.") To carry out or preserve such an im-
determination and will power.
not be achieved by firm determination." This popular proverb is
ameshi ari: "There are instances when an
from a Chinese source. English parallel: Nothing is hard to a willing
mind.
ock." A figure of speech for intense deter-
Semman nin to ie domo ware yukan: "I will go forward though
aseru: "To cause a stone Buddha to speak."
ten million oppose me." In this quotation from the great Chinese
scribe the determination of a strong-willed
sage, Mencius, the meaning is that when a person is convinced that
any cost.
his cause is just, he will advance against all odds and fight to the
shaku no mi wo son su: "The tongue is
last. This is an abbreviation of the proverb that follows.
word." (Lit., "To one inch of tongue five
Uchi kaerimite yamashii karazareba, semman nin to ie domo ware
yukan: "If after looking within myself I find nothing of which to
be ashamed, though ten million oppose me I shall go forward." That
254
JAPANESE PROVERBS AND SAYINGS
is, if my memory is free of anything to make me ashamed, nothing can
withhold my advance.
Tobu tori wo otosu ikioi: "So powerful as to bring down a flying
bird." (Lit., "So vigorous as to cause a flying bird to fall.")
Unda mono wo tsubuse: "Break the boil that has come to a head."
That is, deal decisively and in good time with a difficult problem.
Uraba no inu wa iwashi wo kuwanu: "The dog on the sea coast
will not eat sardines." That is, one who is used to dainties will not
relish coarse food.
Usagi wo mite taka wo hanatsu: "To let fly the falcon (hawk)
at the sight of a hare." This means that everything should be done
with a definite end in view.
WIT
JUDGED BY THEIR STANDARDS and contrary to the opinion of foreigners,
the larger number of whom do not have a good grasp of the lan-
guage, the Japanese and especially the Edoites are quite witty. The
saying, "kichi wa danwa no yakumi nari"-"Wit is the spice of con-
versation"-clearly indicates the importance the Japanese attach to
wit. The following are examples of Japanese wit as revealed in their
proverbs and sayings.
Ahiru no kaji-mimai: "An ungainly gait." (Lit., "Like a duck
on a visit to fire-sufferers.") When a fat woman walks in an awkward
and ungainly way, this expression is used.
Aita kuchi ga fusagaranu: "To be openmouthed with amaze-
ment." (Lit., "To be unable to close one's open mouth.") This ex-
pression is used in reference to the gaping wonder of a person who
is amazed at some surprising sight or absurdity. In early days for-
eigners in Japan were thus gaped at. In November, 1945, I was
traveling in a U.S. Army jeep deep in the mountains of Hiroshima
prefecture. As we climbed, the road became narrower, steeper, and
rougher. Suddenly we came to a dead end. There was no room in
which to turn, for to the right was a steep bank, and in front and
to the left a sudden drop of more than fifty feet. At this point the
road itself was barely the width of the jeep's tracks. On the suggestion
of my driver I got out, only too glad to do so. I watched while the
SAYINGS
FRIENDSHIP
109
ENDSHIP
Ноуй ni shibashiba sureba utonzeraru: "Go often to your friend
friendly, smiling and co-operative,
and you'll be treated coolly." That is, you will be neglected if you
guard against slights, criticisms, ridi-
go too often to the home of your friend.
distrust, suspicion, and readiness to
Inaka mono ni tanin nashi: "To a rustic there are no strangers."
deep and lasting friendships. This
People in rural areas are more friendly than those who live in urban
have friends with whom they can
centers. This is probably true all over the world.
School friendships, especially in junior
Kannan ni itte tomo wo shiru: "In hardship you know your
come closer than anything else to
friends." English parallel: Adversity is the true scale on which you
term "intimate friend" or "chum."
weigh your friends.
"Where there is no antagonist
Ki ga karui to ashi To karui: "When the spirit is light the foot
insulted few Japanese will quarrel
also is light." This light-hearted friendliness is more often found in
control would subject them to the
the country than in cities. English parallel: A willing mind makes a
English parallels: It takes two to make
light foot.
two cannot quarrel.
Ki-ō wa togamezu: "To reproach not what is past and gone."
"No company is better than bad
(Lit., "The past is not to be blamed.") Let us forgive and forget faults
is no better than no friend.")
committed against us by someone in the past. English parallel: Let
"Proper courtesy (decorum) should
bygones be bygones.
friends." One should not behave too
Kyō no imōto ni tonari kaezu: "I won't exchange my neighbor
closest friends. In Japan the rules of
for my younger sister in the capital." English parallel: A near neigh-
politeness constantly form barriers to
bor is better than a distant cousin.
Familiarity breeds contempt.
Куйуй ni masaru kagami nashi: "There is no better mirror than
hinsen ni wa shinseki To hanaru:
an old friend." An old friend will not hesitate to tell you when you
visit you; when poor and obscure,
are in the wrong and help you to live up to your true and better self.
When you have wealth and fame even
Mizu no morasanu naka da: "They are so close that even water
of poverty and lowliness even rel-
would not leak between them." This expression is generally used in
nglish parallel: In time of prosperity,
describing friendship between the sexes and is a favorite figure for
of adversity not one in twenty.
the intimacy of lovers.
naku, hana ni hyaku nichi no kurenai
Mukai sannin ryō-donari: "Three houses opposite and one on
no intimacy lasting a thousand days,
each side. The closest neighbors a person has, according to Japanese
continue a hundred days." This
beliefs and practices, are the three houses directly across the street or
no intimacy is expected more than three
road, and the house to the left and right of your house. A new
arrival always calls first at these places and leaves a small gift at each.
koromo wa atarashiki ni shikazu:
Gifts are also exchanged with these close neighbors on New Year's
ones; new clothes are better than old
Day and on the occasion of weddings, funerals, and other special
old are best; as to clothing new are
events.
O wo furu inu wa tatakarezu: "The dog that wags its tail cannot
AND
SAYINGS
RESPONSIBILITY
.
199
talents mature slowly." (Lit., "Large uten-
Yoki fumbetsu wa rōjin ni toe: "For good judgment ask old
is, great genius often takes a long time to
persons." Because they have long experience and will give you good
Late fruit keeps well. Rome was not built
advice. The counsel of the old is invaluable to the young. Because the
sweet
meat.
Japanese are respectful to the old many young people are helped by
"Something imprudent for old persons."
the sage advice of their elders.
old man.") To bathe in cold water is all
Zukan soku-netsu wa chōju no in: "A cool head and warm feet
for an old man to do so is both unseemly
are the cause of long life." English parallel: A cool mouth and warm
should not try to imitate the young.
feet live long.
to uma no shirigai wa hazuresõ de hazurenu:
of old men." (Lit., "The sayings of the
RESPONSIBILITY
look to slip off, but they do not.") English
THE JAPANESE have a strong sense of responsibility. By punishment
sayings are seldom untrue.
of the guilty, the Japanese mean punishment of the responsible man,
wasure, wakai mono no mono shirazu: "An
the man higher up and not his subordinate who is but a tool. Thus,
the young person does not know things."
in determining war guilt following the end of World War II, the
of an old person, the ignorance of a young
Japanese cabinet that started and continued the war was held respon-
The old forgets, the young does not know.
sible. "Tōjo and his associates are responsible for bringing our coun-
hi-banashi: "The aged tell tales of long ago."
try into the war with its disastrous consequences. Hence, he and his
many of their tales contain important les-
ilk should be punished and made to pay the supreme penalty!" That
should be heard with great respect.
statement I heard made early in October 1945 by a Japanese orator
ukashi: "As one advances in age one becomes
on the corner of a wide street in Tokyo while hundreds of his fellow-
cannot be said of all old people, for many
countrymen listened approvingly. When the war leaders were brought
elfish and sweet tempered as they grow older.
to trial and sentenced, the Japanese felt that justice had been meted
Old age serves as medicine." That is, medi-
out to the responsible parties.
hot-tempered youth and to give healing to
Chōchin-mochi wa saki ni tate: "The lantern-bearer should go
misunderstandings. English parallel: Older
ahead." He who bears the light, whether material, intellectual, or
spiritual, should lead the way. English parallel: The candle that goes
before gives the best light.
"Even a superior person has his superior."
Daikō idezumba sõsei wo ikan sen? "If I don't come forward,
and there is an upper hand.") It is well to
have others who are better.
what will become of the masses?" In other words, what will happen
dojõ-jiru: "A stew of loaches over rice from
to the people if I don't do my share by governing them? This saying
is an excellent illustration of a ruler's high sense of responsibility.
but inexpensive meal for the hard-working
Gimu wa mottomo chikai mono yori hajime yo: "As to your
is superior in flavor and nourishing qual-
duty, start with what is nearest to you." That is, you are responsible to
elaborate meals of city folks. The expression
carry out your nearest duty. English parallel: Do the duty that lies
the early rice plant's child") is the idiom for
nearest thee.
Kami wo narõ shimo: "The lower orders of society learning from
ND SAYINGS
RUDENESS
.
201
a warning to the ruling or upper classes
Takara no mochi-kusare: "A treasure decaying in one's hands."
onsible for setting a good example.
The person who has money or talents is responsible for putting them
: "The account is correct, but money is
to good use; else they will rot away.
sible to explain or make up the deficit.
Ue ni mi-narau: "The lower classes follow the example of the
of his reckoning. English parallel: The
upper." (Lit., "Learning by seeing the upper.") It is the responsibility
sixpence appears.
of superior people to be an example to those less gifted. English par-
account is an account." It is all down in
allel: Like master, like men.
responsible to make the payment. Eng-
Usagi no mimi yori hito no mimi: "Better than a hare's ears are
siness.
a man's." That is, a person should depend on his own senses, and is
u: "Borrowed garments do not fit well."
responsible for their full use.
to make use of your own talents in the
RUDENESS
ather than borrowed clothes, use washed
THOUGH COURTEOUS TO EQUALS and superiors, the Japanese can be and
our own clothes, washed clean, than fine
frequently are rude to strangers and those they consider inferior to
ers. This is an exhortation to each person
themselves. It is considered by some to be the mark of "a great man"
to stand on his own two feet.
to be rude and overbearing to subordinates and those in a lower social
quarrel both parties are to blame." Gen-
class. Often when two Japanese gentlemen quarrel they become pain-
some wrong and are answerable. English
fully polite and the use of honorifics increases. They will smile and
both are in the wrong.
use extra polite language, though secretly they would enjoy cutting
wa dekinu: "A bonze (Buddhist monk)
each other's throats.
be only." There must also be real learning
In the spring of 1940 I was traveling with my wife and four chil-
allel: It is not the coat that makes the
dren on a through express from Pusan at the southern tip of Korea to
Peking, China. The train was very crowded, but in our reserved com-
ba naranu: "You must reap the harvest
partment we were not too uncomfortable. At the first stop after cross-
vn." Since you undertook to sow the seeds
ing over the border into Manchuria, four Japanese men boarded the
harvest be it good or bad. English par-
train, came to our compartment, made peremptory motions for my
ou reap.
family to move over, and sat down on our reserved seats. They evi-
"To evade one's responsibility; to be freed
dently took us for American tourists, for after seating themselves
kinin," the Japanese word for "responsi-
they made rude remarks about the "selfishness and uncouthness of
Chinese ideographs meaning "to endure
foreigners," all in Japanese, which they did not know I understood.
esponsibility weighs heavily on the Japa-
After a few minutes, I addressed them in their language, told them
e desire to evade as much of it as possible.
that I lived in Kyoto, and asked them what part of Japan they were
no kerai: "As masters are, so servants are."
from before they moved to Manchuria. They became quite friendly,
rs, servants are servants.") That is, if the
apologized for their previous rudeness, and at the next train stop,
ithfully their responsibilities, the lower
two of them purchased some fruit and cake which they gave to our
do their duty.
children. Thus, the first rudeness of these four to us as strangers and
198
JAPANESE PROVERBS AND SAYINGS
Taiki bansei: "Great talents mature slowly." (Lit., "Large uten-
sil evening finish.") That is, great genius often takes a long time to
mature. English parallels: Late fruit keeps well. Rome was not built
in a day. A slow fire makes sweet meat.
Toshiyori no hiyamizu: "Something imprudent for old persons."
(Lit., "Cold water for an old man.") To bathe in cold water is all
right for a young man, but for an old man to do so is both unseemly
and imprudent. The old should not try to imitate the young.
Toshiyori no iu koto to uma no shirigai wa hazuresõ de hazurenu:
"You can rely on the advice of old men." (Lit., "The sayings of the
aged and a horse crupper look to slip off, but they do not.") English
parallel: An old man's sayings are seldom untrue.
Toshiyori no mono wasure, wakai mono no mono shirazu: "An
old person forgets things, the young person does not know things."
(Lit., "The forgetfulness of an old person, the ignorance of a young
person.") English parallel: The old forgets, the young does not know.
Toshiyori no mukashi-banashi: "The aged tell tales of long ago."
They live in the past, but many of their tales contain important les-
sons for today. Hence, they should be heard with great respect.
Toshi yoreba yoku fukashi: "As one advances in age one becomes
more avaricious." This cannot be said of all old people, for many
become increasingly unselfish and sweet tempered as they grow older.
Toshi wa kusuri: "Old age serves as medicine." That is, medi-
cine to cool and check hot-tempered youth and to give healing to
clil (110) Baba, to intro
wounded feelings and misunderstandings. English parallel: Older
and wiser.
Uwate ni wa uwate ari: "Even a superior person has his superior."
(Lit., "To the upper hand there is an upper hand.") It is well to
who me my of word the sorts old
remember that even experts have others who are better.
Wase no meshi ni dojō-jiru: "A stew of loaches over rice from
the first crop." A delicious but inexpensive meal for the hard-working
farmer. Even such a meal is superior in flavor and nourishing qual-
ities to many of the more elaborate meals of city folks. The expression
Jap
"wase no kodomo" (lit., "the early rice plant's child") is the idiom for
"a precocious child."
160
JAPANESE PROVERBS AND SAYINGS
humanly possible, we must patiently leave the result to God. English
in
parallel: Man proposes, God disposes.
of
Kahō wa nete mate: "For good luck sleep and wait." That is,
everything comes to him in time who can sleep and patiently wait.
bi
Kannin wa isshõ no takara: "Patience is a life-long treasure."
English parallel: Patience is a virtue.
ev
Kannin-bukuro no 0 ga kireru: "The drawstring of the bag of
patience is broken." On the whole the Japanese people are very pa-
tient, but both as individuals and as a nation this virtue at times is
kn
exhausted.
is
Kenteki atsumatte taikai to naru: "Drops from rivulets put to-
mi
gether form the ocean." English parallel: Little drops of water
ab
make the mighty ocean.
Kotte wa shian ni atawazu: "Too much concentration of thought
par
does not produce a plan." When a person deliberates excessively he
will not hit upon a good plan. Hence, he should patiently await the
Bu
right time to do or say anything.
giv
Kusare nawa To yaku ni tatsu: "Even a rotten rope can be put to
use." That is, an apparently useless thing if patiently kept for a while
Jap.
will be found useful.
Kyūjin-no-kō wo ikki ni kaku: "To stop short of the one thing
seve
needful." (Lit., "A meritorious deed nine fathoms high lacks one
a pc
basketful.") In constructing a hill of a certain height many baskets
are
full of earth must be carried until the desired altitude is reached. If
one basketful is lacking the desired height is not attained. So the
in a
above proverb means the failure of any plan at the last moment.
Japa
Mateba kairo no hiyori: "If you wait patiently excellent weather
"ro,'
will come for your sea journey." English parallel: All things come
boat
to him who waits.
Hen
Mateba kanro no hiyori ari: "If you wait there will come nectar-
kind
like fair weather."
1
Nana-korobi-ya-oki: "The vicissitudes of fortune." (Lit., "Seven
not l
falls and eight rises.") There are many ups and downs in life, but
Hen
patient perseverance will win in the end. English parallel: He that
I
falls today may be up again tomorrow.
This
Naranu kannin suru ga kannin: "True patience consists in bear-
S
146
JAPANESE PROVERBS AND SAYINGS
Uramazu kisezu: "Don't bear a grudge and don't record it."
English parallel: Forgive and forget.
Urami ni mukuyuru ni toku wo motte seyo: "To repay a grudge
do it with virtue." That is, pay good for evil.
Waga mi wo tsunette hito no itasa wo shire: "Pinch yourself
and you will know the pains of others." We must try to sympathize
with other people by undergoing or imagining the pain they ex-
perience. English parallel: Do as you would be done by.
Yo wa aimochi: "Life in this world consists in mutual helpful-
ness." Give and take is the rule of the world. English parallel: Live
and let live.
Zen wa isoge: "Hasten to do good." Don't wait to do good, but
do it quickly. English parallel: Make hay while the sun shines.
0
T
LEARNING
MORE THAN PERHAPS ANY OTHER PEOPLE the Japanese are studious and
P
fir
zealous in their search for knowledge. The teacher, the professor, and
the scholar are highly respected and honored. The student spends
ni:
long hours in study both in and outside the classroom. Top ranking
students on graduating get the best positions in government and busi-
En
ness. Because of their studious habits and their love of learning,
Japanese who go abroad for graduate study and research generally do
lear
outstanding work.
Bun wa hito nari: This is the Japanese translation of the English
par.
proverb: "The style is the man."
Furuki wo tazunete atarashiki wo shiru: "Through inquiring
will
into old things we learn the new." This is a Confucian saying which
whe
teaches that by a thorough study of old things new ones will be dis-
one
covered. English parallel: There is nothing new under the sun.
Gakumon ni kokkyō nashi: "There are no national frontiers to
ente
learning." Scholarship knows no boundaries between countries.
they
Gakumon ni chika-michi nashi: "There is no short cut to learn-
of sti
ing." English parallel: There is no royal road to learning.
culos:
Gakushi ni totta tenka nashi: "There is no scholar who has taken
S.
control of the whole country." A man of learning is not suited to
allel:
SAYINGS
LEARNING 147
bear a grudge and don't record it."
wield political power, for experience has shown that scholars make
forget.
poor rulers.
toku wo motte seyo: "To repay a grudge
Hachijū no te-narai: "To study penmanship at eighty." English
pay good for evil.
parallel: It is never too late to learn.
no itasa wo shire: "Pinch yourself
Hon no mushi: "A bookworm." The Japanese phrase is a direct
of others." We must try to sympathize
translation of the English one and has the same connotation.
going or imagining the pain they ex-
Iki-jibiki: "A living dictionary." English parallel: A walking
as you would be done by.
dictionary.
this world consists in mutual helpful-
Jūnen ichi-jitsu no gotoshi: "Ten years as one day." This means,
of the world. English parallel: Live
"without intermission for ten years"-a phrase signifying continued
application for many years.
do good." Don't wait to do good, but
Keisetsu no kō wo tsumu: "To pursue one's studies by the light
1: Make hay while the sun shines.
of fireflies and snow." (Lit., "To pile up merit by fireflies and snow.")
This expression describes the successful completion of studies by
EARNING
needy students. In ancient China two such young men diligently
M
PEOPLE the Japanese are studious and
pursued learning by reading books in the summer by the light of
wledge. The teacher, the professor, and
fireflies gathered for the purpose, and in winter by the reflection of
and honored. The student spends
starlight from a quantity of snow. English parallel: To burn the mid-
nd outside the classroom. Top ranking
night oil.
best positions in government and busi-
Manabazareba shirazu: "Without learning there is no knowing."
US habits and their love of learning,
English parallel: Learn not and know not.
raduate study and research generally do
Oshieru wa manabu no nakaba: "To teach is the center of to
learn." English parallel: Teaching others teacheth yourself.
the Japanese translation of the English
Rokujū no te-narai: "To study calligraphy at sixty." English
parallel: It is never too late to learn.
Ruri To hari To teraseba hikaru: "Emeralds as well as glass
ashiki wo shiru: "Through inquiring
will shine when light is shed on them." This proverb teaches that
Ew." This is a Confucian saying which
when education is given to them, both a clever man and a foolish
dv of old things new ones will be dis-
one will become wise.
is nothing new under the sun.
Saishi tabyō: "Talented men have poor health." (Lit., "A tal-
ii
"There are no national frontiers to
ented person, many illnesses." This is probably due to the fact that
no boundaries between countries.
they were careless about proper diet and exercise. A large percentage
mashi: "There is no short cut to learn-
of students, teachers, and scholars in Japan have or have had tuber-
no royal road to learning.
culosis.
ii
"There is no scholar who has taken
Saishi tammei: "Talented persons are short lived." English par-
A man of learning is not suited to
allel: Whom the gods love die young.
148
JAPANESE PROVERBS AND SAYINGS
Shiso wa chimmoku nari: "Thought is silence." That is, ideas
is t:
come through quiet meditation. Hence, in Japan as well as in other
anc
countries learned men have withdrawn from the noisy and de-
Mat
manding world.
Shomotsu wa hozon-sareta kokoro nari: "Books are preserved
wo
minds."
who
Shönen oi yasuku, gaku nari gatashi: "Youth easily grows old,
love:
yet becomes learned with difficulty." In other words, while young
we should make every effort to acquire learning and experience. Eng-
(Lit
lish parallel: Art is long, life is short.
know
Yoku manabi, yoku asobi: "Study well, play well." A good rule
Potte
for students: After studying diligently, relax by playing hard.
Sana
guise
LOYALTY
if the
IN THE FEUDAL PERIOD the highest virtue was that of loyalty. One was
(the
expected to be loyal to his friend, to his family, to his teacher, to his
duty
employer or master, and to his feudal lord. This last-named loyalty
kura
was by far the most important and one that might demand the sac-
gency
rifice of all lesser loyalties and even of one's life. With the abolition
J
of feudalism in the Meiji period, loyalty to a liege lord was transferred
count
to loyalty to the Emperor, a loyalty expected of and held by all Japa-
K
nese. This gave tremendous power and authority to the group that
is put
surrounded and influenced the Emperor. In modern times loyalty,
in Jap
though still practiced by many, is not held to be so important. How-
their 1
ever, its concomitant, obedience to authority, still remains a leading
Seven
characteristic of the Japanese.
lordles
Chūkō wa karada no yõsei: "Loyalty and filial piety are the train-
ation (
ing of the body." That is, the duty of all Japanese is to build up
K.
strong bodies so that they can better serve the Emperor in peace and
loyal n
war and carry out their obligation to their parents by supporting
try will
them when they get too old to work.
the stai
Chūkō no michi wa ichi ni shite, ni narazu: "The ways of loyalty
O₁
and filial duty are one and the same thing." That is, there should be
dren ar
no conflict between duty to one's lord (country) and duty to parents.
lord an
Chūshin wa ni kun ni tsukaezu: "A loyal subject does not serve
in feud.
two lords." This proverb, much quoted during the feudal period,
portant
The Imperial court assembled here from the 17th century on,
and a court town under the control of the shogun* * was built.
KYŌTO IMPERIAL PALACE
When the Emperor moved to Tōkyō in 1867, the court town
became the present Kyōto Gyoen (Kyōto Imperial Park). This
built as the Emperor's second palace, Kyōto palace Impe-
park, which includes the Omiya and Sento Palaces, is also
Originally Palace (Kyōto Gosho) was used as the Imperial down.
sometimes referred to as Kyōto Gosho.
rial 1331 to 1867 after the original main palace burnt in the
The ruins of
from It consists of many large wooden buildings constructed
Katsura Palace
Shinden* style.
Omiya Palace
Kyōto Palace
Sento Palace
Omiya Palace
This palace, located next to the
Hakuun
shrine
Sento Palace, was used by the
The main entrance of
Emperor's mother The present
the Shishin-den
building was reconstructed in 1867.
Munakata shrine
In the Shinden style
of construction, all
Environment
Kyōto Imperial Park
the buildings are
agency
connected by a COV-
ered gallery.
North Pond
Shishinden This is the main palace of the Kyōto Gosho
Sento Palace
complex. Also known as Naden (South Palace),
The Sento Palace's garden con-
since it occupies the southernmost position, it
tains two ponds and eight small
consists of a single-storey building in the Irimo.
shrines, and its old trees and rocks
ya* style. The South Garden is of white sand
convey a mysterious atmosphere
and is enclosed by three gates and a vermilion-
of enchantment.
lacquered corridor.
*
Reservation required
33
32
O-hiroma
The fusuma-é* in the rooms of
the ni-no-maru depict mainly
matsu (pine trees).
The uguisu, or Japanese bush
warbler, is often dubbed nightin
Gotenjo
gale because of its beautiful
Each room has a different richly-
singing voice.
colored pattern on its coffered
ceiling.
Uguisubari-no-rōka
(the Nightingale Corridor)
This corridor, which leads from
the entrance to the O-hiroma, is
specially constructed to give out a
noise like the voice of the uguisu
The Matsu-ni-Taka (pine tree
whenever anyone walks along it,
with hawk) in the Yon-no-ma.
Ramma
and thus warn of the approach of
Most of the ramma are carved.
possible enemies.
The one shown here, from the san-
no-ma features a peacock carved
from a 35cm thick piece of hinoki
Kuruma-yosé (front porch)
(Japanese cypress).
The front face of this vestibule
Ramma
richly carved.
Haritsuké-ga
(Mural)
Chigai-dana
(Staggered shelves)
Tsuke-shoin
Ichi-no-ma
Chodai-gamaé
(Secret chamber)
Ni-no-maru Garden
This garden is in the Tsukiyama* go-round style,
This large hall, located in the ni-no-maru, consists of four rooms and
with a pond in its center and rocks of various
was used by the shogun* when holding audiences with his daimyo*.
colors and sizes arranged artistically, sur-
The Ichi-no-ma (first chamber), where the shogun sat in state, is a typi-
rounded by cherry, maple, pine and other trees.
cal example of the shoin* style of construction. The Ni-no-ma (second
The island in the center of the pond represents
chamber) was where the daimyō assembled, the San-no-ma (third cham-
Mt. Hōrai, a mountain in ancient China where
ber) was their ante-room, and the Yon-no-ma (fourth chamber) was
holy men are said to have lived.
where they left their weapons.
28
29
=
1788, and the only original part remaining is the ni-no-maru
0
NIJÕ CASTLE
(second court). The present hon-maru, built in 1827, is a copy
of the one that originally stood in the grounds of Kyōto Impe-
This castle was built in 1606 as the Kyōto residence of Toku-
rial Palace (see p.32). The castle is also famous for its many
gawa leyasu* The hon-maru (main court) was burnt down in
cultural treasures from the Momoyama Era*, such as the Kara-
mon (Chinese Gate) and Ni-no-maru Garden.
Takeyamachi street
North Otemon
Gate
Seiryū Garden
Waraku-an
Green garden
Parking
Horikawa
Ni-no-maru (second court)
Hon-maru (main court)
Entrance
Kitchen
hiro-shoin
hall
Mifuku street
Shoin
Kitchen
Kuro-shoin,
hall
Tözamurai
O-hiroma
(Guard-room)
Honmaru
Marubridge
(main hall)
Garden
Rest room,
street Center Information
The ruins of
a castle tower
Office
Ni-no-maru
Innmoat
Garden
Front porch
East Otemon
Momoyama
Gate
Gate
Plum grove
Cherry garden
Karamon
(Chinese gate)
South gate
Outer moat
26
27
WHITE HOUSE PRE-ADVANCE TEAM NOTIONAL SCHEDULE--KYOTO OCTOBER 22, 1991
10:00:
ARRIVE ITAMI AIRPORT--MET AT PLANE SIDE BY CONSULATE GENERAL
OFFICERS, ROBERT LUKE AND PETER PRAHAR
10:15:
DEPART BY BUS AND SEDAN FOR KYOTO, MIYAKO HOTEL
11:45:
ORIENTATION MEETING/BUFFET LUNCH ATTENDED BY ADVANCE TEAM,
EMBASSY, CONSULATE, AND FOREIGN MINISTRY STAFF. FOLLOWING
LUNCH, INSPECT MIYAKO HOTEL SITE (CONTROL ROOM AND POSSIBLE
RECEPTION AREA).
12:30
DEPART HOTEL FOR STANFORD CENTER
12:40
SITE SURVEY, STANFORD CENTER
12:55
DEPART STANFORD CENTER
13:15
SITE SURVEY, KYOTO IMPERIAL PALACE (INCLUDING OMIYA PALACE
AND SENTO PALACE). IF PRE-ADVANCE TEAM IS INTERESTED IN
SEEING A POSSIBLE SCHOOL VISIT SITE, WE RECOMMEND OKI HIGH
SCHOOL--KYOTO CITY'S OLDEST AND ONE OF ITS MOST
PRESTIGIOUS. THIS SITE IS NEAR THE KYOTO IMPERIAL PALACE
AND MAY BE SEEN ON THE WAY THERE, IF DESIRED.
13:45
DEPART KYOTO IMPERIAL PALACE
13:55
SITE SURVEY, NIJOJO CASTLE
14:15
DEPART NIJOJO CASTLE FOR AIRPORT
15:45
ARRIVE PLANE SIDE ITAMI AIRPORT- PICK UP PASSPORTS
16:00
DEPART ITAMI AIRPORT FOR SEOUL
NOTE: TRAFFIC DELAYS EN ROUTE SHOULD BE EXPECTED DUE TO A FESTIVAL
SCHEDULED TO BE HELD IN DOWNTOWN KYOTO.
HONMARU
The inner palace surrounded by a moat is called Honmaru Palace. The original build-
ing was built in 1626 with various structures being transferred from Fushimi Castle.
At the southwest corner there once was a five storied donjon, which was burnt by
16)
lightning in 1750. The main building was further burnt in 1788 by a fire.
0
In 1893 a building was brought here from the K yoto Imperial Palace. Originally it
was the palace for Prince Katsura, built in 1847. This is the only existing building
that features the Imperial-building style. Consequently it has been designated as
5
culturally important.
(15)
14
(13)
INNER MOAT
(19)
(18)
12
D
D
9
MOAT
20
6
23
5
7
8
22
4
SEIRYU-EN GARDEN
5
Here are two buildings and 800 rocks which were transferred from a mansion stand-
21)
ing by the Takase-gawa canal, K yoto, built around 1600 by Ryoi Suminokura, wealthy
25
24
merchant and builder of the canal. With some 300 additional rocks chosen and
3
2
collected from many districts the garden with its theme "grandeur, brightness, and
1
grace" was completed during 1965.
The western half is typically a Japanese style garden, while the eastern half is
Western with lawn. It occupies 16,500 square meters and the two buildings in it
are named Koun-tei and Waraku-an. The garden is now used to receive official
1. HIGASHI-OTE-MON GATE (EAST GATE)
14 FORMER SITE OF DONJON
guests of the city.
2. TONAN-SUMI-YAGURA
15. RICE STORE
(SOUTH-EAST CORNER TURRET)
16. NISHI-MON GATE (WEST GATE)
3. GUARD HOUSE
17. SEINAN-SUMI-YAGURA
4 KARA-MON GATE
(SOUTH-WEST CORNER TURRET)
5 NINOMARU PALACE
18. KITA-NAKA-SHIKIRI-MON GATE
6. NINOMARU GARDEN
19. MINAMI-NAKA-SHIKIRI-MON GATE
7. DAIDOKORO (KITCHEN)
20. SEIRYUEN GARDEN
8. OKIYODOKORO (SERVICE ROOM)
21. MIDORI-NO-SONO GARDEN
9. NARUKO-MON GATE
22. KITA-OTE-MON GATE
10. MOMOYAMA-MON GATE
(NORTH GATE)
11. HONMARU-YAGURA-MON GATE
23. MINAMI-MON GATE (SOUTH GATE)
(TURRET GATE)
24. LOUNGE
12. HONMARU PALACE
25. CASTLE OFFICE
13. HONMARU GARDEN
Tel. (075) 841-0096-0910
CASTLE OFFICE
Nijo Horikawa, Nakagyo-ku, Kyoto
KYOTO JAPAN
NIJO CASTLE
The castle was originally built in 1603 by leyasu Tokugawa, the first Tokugawa
Shogun, and was completed in 1626 by lemitsu Tokugawa, the third Shogun, with
some structures being transferred from Fushimi Castle and with some decorations
newly added. Consequently it is the quintessence of Momoyama architecture. It was
used as the residence for successive Shoguns when they visited K yoto.
As the fifteenth Shogun Yoshinobu Tokugawa returned the sovereignty to the
Emperor in the year 1867, the castle was also transferred to the Imperial family. In
1884 it was named Nijo Castle Detached Palace. In 1939 it was granted to K yoto City
NIJO
since when it has been opened to the public.
The whole area of the castle has been designated as a historic relic. The Ninomaru
Palace (main building) has been designated as a national treasure. Higashi-Ote-Mon
Gate (the main gate), and twenty-one other structures have been designated as cultur-
ally important. The Ninomaru Palace garden has been designated as a special scenic
CASTLE
spot.
The area of the castle is 275,000 square meters and the buildings occupy 23,000
square meters.
NINOMARU GARDEN
Special Scenic Spot
Based upon the traditional gardening of Japan, the garden has a pond in the center
and in the pond there are three islets named Horai-jima (Island of eternal youth),
Tsuru-jima (Crane island) and Kame-jima (Turtle island). It is said that the garden
was built by Enshu Kobori.
NINOMARU PALACE
National Treasure
The palace is a representative example of the Momoyama Period "Buke-fu Shoin-
tsukuri" mansion. This building of thirty-three rooms occupies 3,300 square meters
and has 800 tatami mats. The building material is mostly of Japanese cypress(hinoki).
All the sliding doors, walls and coffered ceilings are works of art having rich
color paintings exceuted by artists of the Kano school. On door transoms are
marvellous carvings.
To the north-east of the mansion there is a kitchen and service room buildling
which has been designated culturally important.
9
1. WILLOW ROOM AND YOUNG
2. NIGHTINGALE FLOOR
DAIDOKORO
PINE ROOM
The corridors from the entrance to the
SHIROSHOIN
These two rooms just inside the entrance
Grand Chamber have what is termed Night-
hall are SO named because of the paintings
ingale Flooring, owing to its squeaking and
installed. These rooms were used by inspec-
creaking whenever a person treads along it.
tors to identify visiting feudal lords.
8
OKIYODOKORO
KUROSHOIN
7. OHIROMA ICHI-NO-MA, NI-NO-MA
paintings in this room are works of Tanyu
(Grand Audience Chamber)
Kano. This is typical of the Buke-fu Shoin
The Shogun granted audience to non-hered-
Tsukuri, or the warrior type 'shoin' room,
itary feudal lords in this room. As none of
built during the Momoyama Period.
10
the four corners of the coffered ceiling are
This Audience Chamber has historic sig-
7
TOZAMURAI
right-angled, it is called a "folded-up" coffer-
nificance. It was in this room that the last
6
ed ceiling. The ceiling of the upper room,
Shogun Yoshinobu Tokugawa announced
NINOMARU
11
GARDEN
which is called First Grand Chamber, is
to the feudal lords that he would return the
5
OHIROMA
double "folded-up". It has an alcove, shelves
sovereignty to the Emperor thus abolishing
1
and a built-in desk. At the north of the room
the Shogunate government that had lasted
SHIKIDAI
4
3
there is a room for body-guards. All the
for nearly 300 years.
2
KARAMON
4. TOZAMURAI-NO-MA
(Retainers Rooms)
3. CEILING
These three rooms with paintings of leop-
The coffered ceilings of every room have
ards and tigers on walls were anterooms for
very gorgeous, colorful designs. The ceiling
visiting feudal lords. There were no such
of corridors had originally been plain, but
animals in Japan in those days. The artists
was painted after the Meiji Restoration of
studied the animals' hides and then used
1867,
their imagination to draw the animals.
5. SHIKIDAI-NO-MA
6. OHIROMA SAN-NO-MA
(Reception Room)
(Third Grand Chamber)
In this room the ministers of the Shogun
This was the anteroom for visiting non-
received visiting feudal lords. Presents to
hereditary feudal lords. Each of the carved
the Shogun were also accepted here. Pic-
panels on the transoms is made of one block
tures on the wall were painted by Tanyu
of cypress wood.
Kano when he was 25 years old.
The metals on the door-heads are called
"Nail Covers of Hananoshi shape". They
are made of copper, plated with gold.
They are hand-made, and none of them are
the same.
8. KUROSHOIN
This is the Inner Palace generally called
9. SHIROSHOIN
Kuroshoin. The Audience Chamber of Kuro-
The innermost part of the building is named
10. OHIROMA SHI-NO-MA
11. CHOKUSHI-NO-MA
shoin was used for the Shogun to meet hered-
Shiroshoin. This was the living quarters
(Fourth Grand Chamber)
(Imperial Messenger's Room)
itary feudal lords. This is similar to the
of the Shogun. The paintings are by Koi
It is said that spears and swords were kept
The Imperial Messenger was received by
Grand Audience Chamber but a little smaller.
Kano.
These modest paintings of moun-
in this room. The massive painting of a pine
the Shogun in this gorgeous room located at
The paintings are the works of Naonobu
tains and rivers seem quite appropriate for
tree and a hawk by Tanyu Kano is appro-
the north-east corner of the building.
Kano.
a living room.
priate to such a room.
The maple painting is by Sanraku Kano.
THE E
The Imperial Throne and the August Seat of the Empress
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followed by the Prime Minister who offered the Words of
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Congratulation.
which took place in the Imperial Palace on November 12,
In the Sokui Rei Seiden no Gi, the Emperor and
1990, the Emperor proclaimed his accession to the throne
Empress wore traditional costumes. In the courtyard of the
and received the felicitations of representatives fromJapan
Imperial Palace, Igimono (ceremonial items) were placed,
and overseas. In this ceremony, the Emperor ascended to
including traditional banners and halberds, and ceremonial
the Takamikura (Imperial Throne) in the Matsunoma
officials wearing traditional costumes were arrayed.
(State Room) of the Seiden, followed by the Empress who
The Takamikura, the Michodai, ceremonial items, etc.
ascended to the Michodai (August Seat of the Empress).
which were used in the Sokui Rei Seiden no Gi, are open to
After the Prime Minister stepped forward in front of the
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between December 15 and December 24, 1990.
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(The Imperial Throne and the August Seat of the Empress)
The Takamikura, which is the Imperial throne for the
The Takamikura and the Michodai are placed in the
Sokui Rei Seiden no Gi, was placed in the Matsunoma
center of the main room of the Shishinden.
(State Room) in the Seiden. Resting on a three-tiered dais
of black lacquer, the throne is surmounted by an octagonal
canopy. It is decorated with a large phoenix, eight small
phoenixes, and several mirrors.
The Empress's seat, the Michodai, was placed next to the
Takamikura. The Michodai is the same shape as the Taka-
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The Igimono, or ceremonial items, placed in the court-
yard for the Sokui Rei Seiden no Gi, included twenty-six
banners (ban), twenty halberds (hoko), six gongs (sho),
and six drums (ko).
In addition to the items placed in the courtyard, such
ceremonial items as swords (tachi), bows (yumi), quivers
(yanagui), halberds (hoko), and shields (tate) were borne
by ceremonial officials.
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"Traditional Costumes"
In the Sokui Rei Seiden no Gi, the Emperor wore a
Male members of the Imperial family also were robed in
traditional costume called the "gosokutai". The particular
traditional costumes called "sokutai", wearing swords, and
type of "gosokutai" that he wore, the "korozen no goho", is
with the "suiei no kanmuri" on their heads, while female
one that is worn only by the Emperor. On his head, the
members of the Imperial family were dressed in "itsutsu-
Emperor wore the "ryuei no kanmuri", a coronet with a
ginu", "kara-ginu", and "mo", called "juni-hitoe".
pennant of silk gauze standing at the back. In his right hand
In this ceremony, seventy-eight ceremonial officials
he held the "onshaku", a wooden baton.
wearing traditional costumes were arrayed on the left and
The costume of the Empress consisted of an "on itsu-
right sides of the courtyard. On each side there were ten
tsu-ginu", an "onkara-ginu", and an "onmo". This cos-
"iginomono" (ceremonial attendants), twenty "igimono
tume is popularly known as the "juni-hitoe", the ceremon-
hojisha" (bearers of ceremonial items), one "shishoshiko"
ial costume of ladies of the court. In her hand, the Empress
(superintendent of the gongs and drums), six gong and
held a ceremonial fan called an "onhiogi".
drum attendants, and two guards.
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"Kyoto Gosho"
(Kyoto Imperial Palace)
Surrounded by earthen walls, the Kyoto Imperial Palace
corridors in front. In the north-west of the Shishinden is the
is rectangular in shape, about 450 meters from north to
Seiryoden and in the north-east is the Kogosho. In the north
south and 250 meters from east to west, covering an area of
of the Kogosho, are the Ogakumonjo, the Otsune-
approximately 110,400 square meters. The Palace was
goten, and the Osuzumisho. And in the northernmost part
moved to its present site in 1331 toward the end of the
of the Palace are the Kogootsunegoten, the Higyosha and
Kamakura period. It was situated in the north-east of the
other buildings, surrounded by small walls.
Heian-kyo capital, which Emperor Kanmu established in
The Shishinden has been a ceremonial hall ever since the
794. Buildings of the Palace, with some exceptions, were
Kyoto Imperial Palace was moved to the present location.
rebuilt in 1855 toward the end of the Tokugawa Shogunate
The enthronement of Emperor Meiji, Emperor Taisho and
after having been burnt down several times. The architectu-
Emperor Showa took place at the Shishinden. The Taka-
ral styles of different periods are combined harmoniously in
mikura, which is the Imperial throne used in the Sokui Rei
the Palace.
Seiden no Gi, and the Michodai, which is the August Seat of
Standing in the southern part is the main building, the
the Empress used in the Ceremony, are placed in the
Shishinden, laid with a courtyard of white sand framed by
Shishinden.
10
THE KYOTO IMPERIAL PALACE
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Shunkoden
Tix 2 12A (December 1990)
HE'S
Imperial Palaces and Villas in Kyoto
A 14
***** Shishinden Kyoto Imperial Palace
1
B
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Kyoto Imperial Palace
1
14
Sento Imperial Palace
12
20
Katsura Imperial Villa
19
30
Shugakuin Imperial Villa
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Map compared original "Heian-Kyo" city with present
The ancient Imperial Palace of "Heian-Kyo", founded
Kyoto city
in 794 A.D.
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8 $ (17884)
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History
In 794 Emperor Kanmu (737-806) moved his Palace from
square that had originally been a part of the domain of
Nagaoka-kyo (a district about 10 km southwest of Kyoto)
the influential Fujiwara Family. It was smaller in size than
to Heian-kyo (the modern Kyoto) and this was destined to
the present Kyoto Imperial Palace.
be the capital of Japan for over a thousand years.
After being razed by fire in 1788 and again in 1854, the
The new capital Heian-Kyo (literally meaning "Peaceful and
last rebuilding of the Palace was completed in November
Harmonious City") was much larger than Heijo-kyo, which
1855 by Emperor Komei. According to records, 1,408,150
had been the capital from 710 to 784 in the earlier Nara
man-days, construction cost of 276,213 "ryo of gold,"
Period.
8,528 "kan" (one "kan" = 8.267 lbs.) of silver and 8,528
As Japan's largest city at the time, Heian-kyo, designed in
"koku" (one "koku" = 5.119 U.S. bushels) of rice were
checkered pattern, extended about 5.3 km north-south and
required to reconstruct the Palace in a style faithful to the
4.5 km east-west. It covered the central, western and
original. Following the transfer of the capital to Tokyo and
southern parts of present-day Kyoto.
the advent of the Meiji Era, the Palace in Kyoto came to be
The Imperial Palace grounds, inscribed in a circle along the
called the "Kyoto Imperial Palace." It was at its Shishin-
central part of the Ichijo boulevard at the extreme north
den Hall that the enthronement of Emperor Meiji, Emperor
of the city, covered an area of about 1.4 km north-south
Taisho and Emperor Showa took place.
and 1.2 km east-west. Standing close together here were a
The transfer of the capital to Tokyo was followed by the
number of imposing administrative buildings.
gradual removal elsewhere of the residences of princes and
Since the present Heian Shrine with its great hall is said to
nobles that had surrounded the Palace in Kyoto. The cir-
be a replica on a reduced scale of one of the Heian-kyo
cumference of the Palace was turned into an "Imperial
structures, it is possible to surmise from this how magnifi-
Garden" with pathways laid, trees and flowers planted,
cent and ornate the edifices must have been at the time of
ponds created and landscaping carried out to complete the
their construction.
attractive park that can be seen today.
The Imperial Palace, located in the center of the grounds,
During the war, corridors connecting different buildings,
covered an area of about 300 meters north-south and 220
the kitchen and other facilities were removed to check the
meters east-west. With Shishinden (Ceremonial Hall) as
spread of fire in case of an air-raid.
the main building, Seiryoden and several other structures
Fireworks shot up from along the bank of the Kamo River
were located here.
on August 16, 1954 fell into the Palace grounds and burnt
After the passage of 166 years from the founding of the
down Kogosho. This was reconstructed in November of
new capital, a fire razed the Imperial Palace in the year 960.
the same year and the main parts of the corridors restored
Reizei-in became the temporary abode of the Emperor until
in March 1974.
the Palace was reconstructed in November of the following
year.
Later, the Palace burnt down several times. Each time it
was reconstructed faithfully in ancient style. It became
customary for the Emperor to reside at some noble's Man-
sion during the reconstruction period. This was designated
as a Temporary Palace. Toward the end of the Heian
Period, the main Palace was little used except for cere-
monies and the Emperor resided at a Temporary Palace a
short distance away.
The main Palace was destroyed during the fighting between
the powerful Minamoto and Taira Clans as they struggled
for supremacy. The victorious general Minamoto-no-Yori-
tomo reconstructed the Palace. But after the fire of 1227
the Palace was never rebuilt at the same location.
Following the coronation of an Emperor at a Temporary
Palace in 1331 toward the end of the Kamakura Period,
this became the Imperial residence for over five centuries.
This Temporary Palace was located on land 100 meters
2
Summary
Surrounded by an earthen wall. the Kyoto Imperial Palace
the RT
is rectangular in shape, about 450 meters north-south and
250 meters east-west, covering an area of approximately
511515 400
110,400 square meters. Standing in the southern part is the
X-11T33. 11.
main official building, Shishinden, laid out withcorridors
and having a courtyard of white sand in front. Northwest
***
of Shishinden are Seiryoden (literally, Serene and Cool
FifT,
Chamber) and northeast is Ogakumonjo (Study Hall), both
structures facing the east. A garden with a large pond is
laid out in front of Kogosho (Minor Palace that was used
530 1
for small receptions) and Ogakumonjo.
Upon passing through the inner gate on the north, one
1=3.
comes to Otsune Goten which served as the residence of
75ht
the Emperor from around the 17th century. Further north
are the Study that was used by Emperor Komei andOsu-
H
HIS
zumisho designed for relief from the summer heat. A cor-
3
ridor leads to a tea house called Chosetsu. On the eastern
side of these structures is a large garden.
In the northernmost part of the grounds are Kogo Goten,
n. Z EI
Higyosha and other buildings, large and small, comprising
the Empress' Palace.
The architectural styles of different periods are combined
E fill &
harmoniously at the Kyoto Imperial Palace which possesses
high value as a cultural asset. The Kyoto Imperial Palace,
P. EE. (1)
Omiya Palace, Sento Imperial Palace, Katsura Imperial
) TSN.
Villa and Shugakuin Imperial Villa are all Imperial House-
hold assets (state property) under the administration of the
Imperial Household Agency.
LM Kenrei-mon Gate
3
THE IMPERIAL PALACE
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THE SENTO IMPERIAL PALACE
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North Pond
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Maple Bridge
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Shrine
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Old tomb
12
Seika-Tei
5
Shishinden and cherry tree
Shishinden
Rebuilt in 1855, Shishinden has been a Ceremonial Hall
- E,Z
ever since the Kyoto Imperial Palace was moved to its
present location. The enthronement of Emperor Meiji,
Emperor Taisho and Emperor Showa took place here.
Shishinden is a large wooden structure with hipped and
22 (18554) 10
gabled roof of cypress bark and with raised floors. At the
entrance are 18 steps and there is a veranda with high rail-
,
ing on all four sides. The structure's dimensions are 37.7
Fibhrus.
meters in width, 27.3 meters in depth and 20.5 meters in
height.
The interior is built in Shinden (palace-temple) style. The
four corners of the main room in the center are under
H751, 37.7x-12, 27.3x
"hisashi" (lean-tos). The space between the main room and
20.5x-n
the eaves on the north is partitioned with paper-covered
screens. No ceiling board is in use here and the loft is
merely decorative.
n. ****
The latticed shutters made of planking are of a type de-
KI3
scribed as "shitomido" (folding-shutter doors). They have
hinges at the top and are opened by being lifted from the
NO
inside.
The tablet above the entrance bears the three characters
6
"shi-shin-den" in the calligraphy of Yasutaka Okamoto, a
It X 1
noted scholar of literature. This was saved at the time of
the great conflagration of the Kaei Era.
#
In the center of the main room is a dais on which a throne
1
is placed. To the right and left of the dais are stands set up
for the Imperial regalia. The dais is covered with an octa-
. A
gonal canopy topped with a carving of the phoenix.
, 1 401
6
) paper-covered screen
Corridors and Courtyard
To the south of Shishinden is a courtyard of white sand. On
its three sides is a white walled corridor with bright ver-
milion pillars. Along the corridor, facing Shishinden, is the
tile-roofed Jomeimon Gate. Also along there are Nikkamon
Gate on the west and Gekkamon Gate on the east.
Pt
On the north side of the courtyard and near Shishinden are
a cherry tree called Sakon-no-Sakura and citrus tree called
Ukon-no-Tachibana, the names being derived from the
offices of archers and horsemen posted at these positions in
ancient times. The scene presented by the combination of
Z
white sand blue sky, vermilion pillars, white walls and gray
in
roof tiles is exquisitely aesthetic. A thin stream flows along
the inner side of the corridor and if it is listened to careful-
ly, it will be like hearing heavenly music.
7
#6.113 T.h
Seiryoden
124th
th
At the northwest back of Shishinden is Seiryoden. Al-
though originally intended as the living room of the Em-
peror it was soon set aside for ceremonial use only, such as
the New Year's Religious Service at Court. Repeatedly
0
razed by fire and rebuilt, the present Seiryoden is smaller
#1.013 Th
, (1221)
than the original a but preserves the atmosphere of the
Heian Period remarkably well.
15
Planted in Totei, the front garden of Seiryoden, are bam-
E EA
boo trees surrounded by a rough-woven wooden fence.
On the north side is the top of a tiny waterfall, a drop of
about 20 centimeters. The water falling here flows in a
LEEL
stream along the veranda.
The building with a cypress bark roof is in Shinden style,
the same as Shishinden, but the floor is much lower. The
interior is partitioned appropriately into several apartments
for daily living.
ESSA [*]
20
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(1)
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(1) inside of Seiryoden
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Small garden named "Hagitsubo"
8
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1867)12
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Kogosho
Standing to the northeast of Shishinden and with its back
toward Seiryoden is Kogosho (Minor Palace), a kind of
palace such as was not seen during the Heian Period.
This palace was used for the official investiture and other
ceremonies of the Crown Prince. It was also where the
11 Kogosho
Emperor granted audience to generals and nobles.
The historic Kogosho conference, which issued the com-
mand for the restoration of the monarchy, took place here
on the night of December 9, 1867.
While basically of Shinden style, the three main rooms are
partitioned by sliding doors, and the mats and ceiling are
in Shoin style. The upper part of the folding-shutter
doors is lifted toward the outside while the lower part is
removable.
After being destroyed in a fire, Kogosho was rebuilt in
1958.
O
TEX. ) inside of Kogosho
9
10
Ogakumonjo
To the north of Kogosho and across space for "Kemari"
(Japanese ancient football), is Ogakumonjo. Instead of
(1)
latticed folding-shutter doors, the four sides are enclosed
by sliding doors and the room is equipped with flooring
and shelves built step-wise in the recess of a wall. It is
therefore closer to Shoin style. This building was used for
poetry parties.
5tht
Oikeniwa
To the east of Kogosho and Ogakumonjo, there is a
spacious garden called Oikeniwa (Pond Garden) because
of the large pond covering most of the grounds. There are
n. E 1
several bridges including Keyaki-bashi made of zelkova
wood. This is a typical "stoll garden." The trees growing
5. 5
luxuriantly on the opposite shore impart an impression of
distance.
#3.
1 Oikeniwa
10
10 plum trees in front of Kenji-no-ma
$ 20 3 Th
Otsune Goten
This served as the residence of the Emperor to the middle
11
10
part of the Heian Period. From the time of the civil war of
the Jokyu Era in the early part of the Kamakura Period, the
Emperor successively changed residence among different
Temporary Palaces until Otsune Goten was built.
The present Otsune Goten, rebuilt in 1855 toward the end
of the Tokugawa Shogunate, is the largest structure of the
stio #*. 22 (1855$) 3
Kyoto Imperial Palace. It contains 15 chambers built in
,
Shoin style. Kenji-no-ma where The Imperial Regalia
(Sword and Jade) were kept.
15 0)
Omima
(E))
Connected with the west side of Otsune Goten by a cor-
ridor is Omima with three rooms. It was used for such
observances as the anniversary of Buddha's death, Tanabata
(Star Festival) and Bon (Lantern Festival).
$ 00C4
Koshun
Standing north of Otsune Goten, Koshun is a simple struc-
11 ty,
ture built as Emperor Komei's Study. It consists of ten-mat
and four-mat rooms. Together with Otsune Goten, it faces
Gonaitei (Inner Garden).
75
11
1 Osuzumisho
Has
Chosetsu
Osuzumisho
To the north of Koshun is Osuzumisho. Built in Shoin
style, it has four rooms specially designed to assure ade-
quate ventilation for comfort during the sultry summer se-
ason. There is also a tea ceremony room. A stream flows
in the garden in front of the veranda. This garden is parti-
tioned by a wooden gate with peony carving but it is actual-
ly an extension of the Inner Garden.
through
530
Chosetsu
An elegant open-air corridor extends from the north of
Osuzumisho, crosses a stream and leads to the tea house
Chosetsu. It was built in Sukiya style with roof of Japanese
cypress tree back which Emperor Komei was fond of. It is
03 =
a pleasant and placid tea house. A stream flows below the
veranda.
The name Chosetsu means "listening to the snow" but
1 L,
contrary to this, the paintings on the sliding doors in the
interior and floor of the alcove represent summer scenes.
On the north side is a small dry garden.
the
Fujitsubo
Besides the foregoing, the Kyoto Imperial Palace has such
structures as Ohana Goten (Palace of the Crown Prince),
A S 12
Kogo Goten (Palace of the Empress), Wakamiya Goten (for
( **** (1)
Imperial Princes) and Himemiya Goten (for Princesses).
Adjacent to Himemiya Goten is Higyosha, a unique type of
(
architecture that retains Heian-kyo vestiges. It is built in
assice
Shinden style with hipped and gabled roof of cypress bark.
The batten flooring, roofless decorative loft and rafter sup-
TODELT, 3 1
port show some examples of ancient Shinden arrangements.
On the south side is a small garden named "FUJITSUBO".
É
12
Wall and Gates
The picturesque earthen wall surrounding the Kyoto Im-
perial Palace has five white horizontal lines and a tiled roof.
3 1 10
Kenreimon Gate at the south of the grounds is one of the
1 AF
six main gates, the others being Gishumon Gate, Seishomon
Gate and Kogomon Gate on the west side of the grounds;
PA 10 AHT
Sakuheimon Gate on the north side, and Kenshunmon Gate
ELT
on the east side.
There is a small slanting roof in the northern quarter in-
6CU
tended to ward off misfortune. Just below this tiled roof
A
is the wood carving of a comical monkey.
Small garden named "Fujitsubo"
13
11
Sento Imperial Palace
11
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14
History
The Sento Imperial Palace was built in 1630 during the
ed landscape gardener Enshu Kobori but alterations have
early part of the Edo Period. Although construction took
since taken place.
place during the reign of Emperor Gomizuno-o, it was
intended as a residence for ex-Emperors.
Differing from the Imperial Palace, such residences for ex-
Emperors were not located at one place in olden days.
Nor were they necessarily built. But from the time of
Emperor Gomizuno-o, it was fixed on the southeast side
of the Kyoto Imperial Palace.
The Sento Imperial Palace was burnt down three times
during the life of ex-Emperor Gomizuno-o who was the
first to live there. It was reconstructed each time and used
from then on as the residence of the five ex-Emperors Reig-
gen, Nakamikado, Sakuramachi, Gosakuramachi and
Kokaku. Again it was burnt down and rebuilt during the
time of ex-Experor Reigen and ex-Emperor Gosakura-
machi. After the last conflagration in 1854, the Sento
Palace was not reconstructed.
The Omiya Palace was built in 1867 as a Palace for Empress
Dowager Eisho (consort of Emperor Komei) on the north-
west of the Sento Palace.
Aside from two tea houses, Seikatei and Yushintei, no
structures of the Sento Palace are left, but the magnificent
garden remains as it was along the entire eastern side of the
grounds. This garden was originally laid out by the renown-
15
Summary
The Omiya Palace, standing in the northwest corner of the
grounds, maintains the tradition of an Empress Dowager's
Palace. After the visit of Empress Dowager Eisho to Tokyo
one. 55 (18724)
in 1872, this Palace became vacant. At present it is used by
the Imperial Family or State Guests when visiting Kyoto.
, 11
On the south is a pine grove. This is where the buildings of
the Sento Imperial Palace once stood. It is the site of the
Grand Thanksgiving Festival that was observed following
3. ,
the Emperor's enthronement at the beginning of the Taisho
h *IE,
and Showa Eras.
The entire eastern side, where the gardens of the Empress
Dowager's Palace and the Sento Imperial Palace were
T-T
joined by a waterway, developed as a splendid "stroll
garden."
h5
The somewhat rectangular grounds, extending north-south,
T, 19
are enclosed by an earthen wall. The total area is a little
more than 91,500 square meters.
North Pond and Periphery
100
With the Maple Valley waterway as the boundary, the
ponds of the Sento Imperial Palace are divided into the
North Pond and South Pond. Upon passing from the
living quarters of the Omiya Palace through a wicket gate
1
in the earthen wall, a magnificent view of the North Pond
can be obtained.
The Middle Island on the eastern side of the pond imparts
52,
depth to the view seen from the west. Visible above the
1
tops of trees on the opposite shore are the Higashiyama
hills shrouded in purple mist.
3 O
As the pond is circled to the right, a bridge spanning Akose
Pond appears. At the top of a small hill to the north is a
stone monument indicating that the poet Ki-no-Tsurayuki
once had his residence here.
Then as the gentle shoreline is followed in proceeding east-
ward along the north bank of the pond, Maple Hill is visible
( 1
on the right beyond the North Pond. Above the embank-
ment on the left is the vermilion fence of a half hidden
3 11 E
tutelary shrine. The area beyond consisted at one time of
paddy fields but there is now an iris garden.
The Middle Island is crossed by means of earthen and stone
the 1
Heron Forest, the Maple Bridge spanning the waterway is
reached.
From here the North Pond can no longer be seen. The
world of the South Pond is opening up.
X Yushintei
resting place
16
Yushintei
Upon passing through the wicket gate of the Omiya Palace
into the garden of the Sento Imperial Palace, one comes to
***. 17 (1884
Yushintei tea house which was transferred here from the
Konoe residence in 1884. It is a thatched roof tea house
5h3 5 th 3
with inner and outer lanes separated by the Middle Gate.
L0
Yushintei is kept apart from the garden of the Sento Im-
perial Palace by a lattice fence to form a world of its own.
1 Z
There is a resting place outside the gate of the tea house.
THIS
17 huge stone bridge
195 path in the grove
10
1
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South Pond and Periphery
A huge stone bridge, covered by a wistaria arbor, leads to
the Middle Island of the South Pond. Upon looking in a
northeast direction from here, shore protection made by
combining natural and hewn stones can be seen to the right
of a waterfall. On the south across the pond and beyond
trees is the attractive sight of Seikatei tea house. A zigzag
bridge is crossed in advancing southward along the east
bank of the South Pond while seeing Yoshijima island on
the right. Then the garden path begins to curve northward
as it follows the ample shore extending from the south
bank to the west bank. The shore strewn with even-grained
round pebbles harmonizes delightfully with the pond sur-
face placidly reflecting the blue sky.
To the west of the shore is a burial mound at the foot of
a giant tree. To the north is a small shrine dedicated to
the poet Kakinomoto-no-Hitomaro.
After passing by Cycad Hill and Yushintei tea house, one
returns to the west bank of the North Pond.
9 3
14
75h. 40 $ (1) 10
Seikatei
Situated at the southernmost part of the garden and facing
the north is Seikatei tea house. It stands at the best place to
enjoy the view of the South Pond. Formerly there were
three tea houses where one could rest while strolling
through the garden.
A "hisashi" (lean-to) is attached to the front entrance of
Seikatei. Tall paper-covered sliding doors are in evidence.
To the right (east side), there is a 41/2-mat Study room in
the back and five-mat "Irikawa" (corridor) in front. The
lack of furnishings between the room and veranda is a
peculiarity.
18
Katsura Imperial Villa
ELEE
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History
The entire area of the Katsura Imperial Villa was owned by
Possessing a refined aesthetic sense that equaled that of his
successive generations of the Fujiwara Family from about
father, Prince Toshitada built by 1645 new structures such
the middle of the Heian Period. Known from olden times
as Gepparo, Soto Koshikake, Shokatei and Shoiken these
for its melon fields, it came into the possession of the
harmoniously matched the existing structures and garden.
Konoe Family from the Kamakura Period.
Improvements of the pond and garden were also carried
The founder of this villa was Prince Toshihito, the first
out, giving the villa practically the same appearance that it
head of the Hachijo Family. After obtaining this land at
has today.
the beginning of the 17th century, he began construction of
Miyukimon Gate, Miyuki Lane and Katsura Shelves of the
the villa in 1615. Within several years the Prince, who had
New Palace came afterward. These were probably additions
excelled in literary and military arts from childhood, com-
and improvements made in welcoming ex-Emperor Go-
pleted the early stage of the villa in a simple but dignified S
mizuno-o on his visit to the villa.
style. It is believed that such structures as Koshoin, Chu-
The name of the Hachijo Family was later changed to that
shoin and Shokintei were constructed when the Prince was
of Prince Katsura. Upon the death of the 11th generation
in his 40's.
Princess Sumiko in 1881, the line became extinct.
For about 10 years after Prince Toshihito's death, little use
The villa came under the jurisdiction of the then Depart-
was made of the villa and it became dilapidated. When
ment of the Imperial Household in 1883. It was named the
Prince Toshihito's son, Prince Toshitada, married Lady
Katsura Imperial Villa.
Tomi, daughter of Toshitsune Maeda, feudal lord of the
Kaga Clan, financial backing was obtained. The Prince
embarked enthusiastically on the reconstruction and ex-
pansion of the villa.
Summary
While enjoying different kinds of rock paths and stepping
stones over which one walks, one can observe scenes re-
The Katsura Imperial Villa covers an area of a little over
presenting the seashore, mountain pass and mountain ham-
69,400 square meters. In the center is a large pond having
let, all marked by refined aesthetic consciousness. One can
a complex configuration. Five islets, large and small, in the
only marvel at the scenic beauty reflected here from time
pond are connected by earthen, wooden and stone bridges.
to time throughout the four seasons irrespective of sunshine
A boat landing provides an approach to the Shoin group
or rain.
and tea house. Lanterns and wash basins are arranged at
There is a theory that Enshu Kobori did not engage directly
various locations.
in the creation of the garden. It is recorded that it was the
Broadly speaking, the Katsura Imperial Villa is composed
work of another landscape designer. Nevertheless, tech-
of a "stroll garden" and purely Japanese-style architecture.
niques favored by Enshu are recognizable in the garden and
There is an unending variety. As one strolls through the
architecture. It may be that the villa resulted from the
garden, the pond disappears entirely from view and then
unity and fruition at a high dimension of the skill of arti-
suddenly reappears expansively. At one moment the
sans and designers having received Enshu's influence and
stroller's eyes are unknowingly focused on a high elevation
the tastes and ideas of Prince Toshihito.
and at the next moment on the surface of the pond.
Miyukimon Gate (Gate for the Emperor)
bamboo fence
21
Shoin group
From Miyukimon Gate to Shoin
On the north side of the villa is the Front Gate formed of
closely packed polished bamboo fencing. Further inside is
5 n.
Miyukimon Gate with thatched gabled roof supported by
pillars and beams using logs with the bark left on.
Turning to the right from there and proceeding along
Miyuki Lane paved with blue stones, passing through the
Middle Gate, and advancing along a stone pavement stretch-
ing diagonally to the left, one arrives at the Palanquin En-
13.
trance of Koshoin (Old Study). This is the main entrance
to the Shoin Group.
Shoin
The exterior view of the Shoin (Study) group stretching
1
K
westward at a right-angle from Koshoin (Old Study) and
including Chushoin (Middle Study) and Shingoten (New
Palace) has a coherence that makes it difficult to believe
that they were added successively.
The main building's slanting roof covered with bark of the
Japanese cypress tree, the wooden part of the shutters and
shutter box, the white of the paper-covered sliding doors
and the wall below the flooring, and the row of thin pillars
that support the high floor harmonize pleasantly with the
blue sky and lawn in front in an indescribable manner.
OFFICE
Koshoin (Old Study) has a broad veranda facing the pond.
Extending further outward from the broad veranda is a
Moon-Viewing Platform lined with thin bamboo.
From the back of Koshoin's room with hearth, Chushoin
(Middle Study) which is one step higher can be entered.
The painting attached to the alcove and those on the
sliding doors here are simple and refined watercolors.
The Music Room is passed in going to Shingoten (New
Palace). The veranda here originally seems to have been a
broad open veranda but now there are paper-covered slid-
ing doors and shutters.
5 10
Jodan-no-ma is a room that was later improved for the visit
(53-3
of ex-Emperor Gomizuno-o. This room has built-in gorge-
ous shelves called Katsura-dana, together with furnishings
that make it more elaborate and ornate than other rooms in
22
the interior of the Shoin group.
View from Koshoin
-
Interior of Chushoin
(1) 0)
built-in shelves
&. ELO
HUTUS. 10
THE
3
Soto Koshikake
If one turns from the middle of Miyuki Lane toward the
riding ground and enters the villa's garden, one comes to an
1 Soto koshikake
open shelter, Soto Koshikake (Outside Resting Place).
In front of Soto Koshikake, a straight stone path formed by
Over the bench is a thatched and hipped roof supported by
a skillful combination of natural and hewn stones extends
natural logs with the bark left on. The bench is where tea
lengthily. At one end of the stone path is a double-square
ceremony guests rested before entering the tearoom of Sho-
water basin and at the other end is a low stone lantern.
kintei.
Visible across the pond is Cycad Hill.
THE Seashore
Shokintei
On the opposite shore, the island that extends from the
right and the stone lantern at its tip are a replica in minia-
ture of the famous sand bar at Amanohashidate, one of
L
Japan's famous "Three Scenic Views."
Shokintei (Pine-Lute Pavilion) is approached by crossing a
bridge formed by a single hewn stone. The calligraphy the
1
plaque reading "Shokin" that is bung here is by Emperor
Goyozei, the elder brother of Prince Toshihito. The words
10 S5L
are taken from the theme of a poem, "Lute at Night with
Wind Among the Pines."
WENO
Inside the "nijiriguchi" (miniature entrance) of Shokintei is
3 *. It. Pt
a traditional three-mat ceremony room. It has eight win-
h
dows, one of Enshu's favorite arrangements.
When Shokintei's exterior is seen from the three directions
of east, north and west, each view is different and respec-
tively beautiful. The composition of the eaves, with an
earth floor below, and the white and blue Ichimatsu
T
(checkered) pattern on the wall paper of the alcove and
sliding doors of the First Room are bold and yet lithe
concepts. The design is an innovative idea with a feeling
that has something in common with the contemporary age.
24
Shokintei
10 Main room of Shokintei
1 Shokatei
Shokatei
Located on a small hill, Shokatei stands at the highest eleva-
tion in the grounds. Facing somewhat northward, as in the
case of Shokintei, this is a small tea house mainly used
during the summer season.
530
When looked at through the bamboo lattice window on the
south side, a panorama of deep mountains and the serene
O
pond below unfolds.
The impression given is that of a tea house at a mountain
pass.
#LDLES
11 ,
1 #
11
3
Onrindo
Onrindo is a tea house at the foot of the hill on which
Shokatei is situated. A Buddhist chapel-like structure,
Onrindo has a tile roof. Cenotaphs of Prince Toshihito's
family were once kept here but they have been removed.
Only the structure remains.
Although it does not seem to match the rest of the grounds,
it is interesting by itself. Hanging here is a plaque with the
calligraphy of Emperor Goyozei.
Onrindo
RH
Shoiken
Shoiken (House for a sense of good humour) is a country
houselike tea house facing the pond's artificial sea wall
formed with hewn stones laid in a straight line. It has a
thatched hipped roof and shingled eaves with persimmon
tree bark. This is a structure with a wide entrance. The
plaque hung over the entrance bears the calligraphy of an
3 T
Imperial Prince. Below the plaque is a horizontal row of six
large round windows. Each window differs in design and
03
the wood and bamboo used as the material. Stepping stones
cross the lawn in front.
The interior is partitioned by sliding doors but the ceiling
bitturs. 3,
is a continuous whole. It is believed that this was a com-
position intended to make the rooms appear spacious.
n3.
** Shoiken
<. ± t .
Z3
Gepparo
Gepparo (Moon-Wave Pavilion), a tea house from which to
admire the reflection of the moon in the pond, stands on
an elevation near Koshoin. The center front of the struc-
ture is open and has a large earth floor.
The room to the right of the earth floor affords a fine view
of the pond. But when looking toward the north from the
-
inner room adjacent to the one with the earth floor, the
Inside of the roof of Gepparo
pond is hidden and cannot be seen. This design is inten-
tional.
The bamboo of the decorative ceiling is arranged to simu-
late the bottom of a boat.
FAIL
C
Lanterns and Wash Basins
Scattered here and there on the grounds are 21 stone
lanterns and eight wash basins. In addition, there is a
basin set on top of four natural stones placed in the pond
on the east side of Shokintei. This is called a "basin with
running water for washing hands."
High Gepparo
5
5
Front garden of the Shoin's porch
12 TEX
THE KATSURA IMPERIAL VILLA
*M
N
Main Gate
11
Miyuki Gate
11
Lane for the Emperor
B
Sotokoshikake
R
HE
Seashore
His
Geppa-Ro
Ama-no-Hashidate
#Br
Shoin
III
Shokin-Tei
P
Onrin-Do
REF
Shoka-Tei
Shoi-Ken
28
12 TEX
THE SHUGAKUIN IMPERIAL VILLA
*I**
Maple Valley
N
Kyusui-Tei
THE
12
UPPER-VILLA
THE
LOWER-VILLA
KEN
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Rinun-Tei
ИДЕЖ
Miyuki Gate
"I
Gate
A
¥
Jugetsu-Kan
0
+2
MIDDLE-VILLA
***
Rakushi-Ken
-
IIIIIII
Kyaku-Den
(Guest House)
29
Shugakuin Imperial Villa
History
Construction of the Shugakuin Imperial Villa was started
30 years after the Katsura Imperial Villa by ex-Emperor
ZE30
Gomizuno-o. It was completed in 1659.
2 (16551656)
Earlier, the Enshoji nunnery had been built for Princess
Ume, first daughter of the ex-Emperor, in this region close
(16594.)
to the foot of Mt. Hiei. The ex-Emperor, who had long
530 H H
sought a suitable place for a villa, transferred Enshoji
to Yashima in Yamato (present-day Nara Prefecture) and
built tea houses in the upper and lower sections.
Since this was a time of continuing tension with the Toku-
gawa Shogunate, it is a marvel that a villa of such a grand
scale could have been constructed within a short period
of time.
The Middle Villa tea house was not there at the time of the
villa's original construction. The Empress Dowager's Palace,
which had first been built for Princess Mitsuko, eighth
daughter of the ex-Emperor, was transferred here and
enlarged after the death of Tofuku Mon-in (consort of ex-
Emperor Gomizuno-o).
****
After the ex-Emperor's demise, Princess Mitsuko became
a nun and converted the structure into the Rinkyuji Tem-
ple.
L, 1848 (18854)
In 1885 one-half of the grounds of the Rinkyuji Temple,
together with Rakushiken and Kyakuden, were returned
to the Imperial Household Agency. These were added to
the villa.
(1964)
Paddy fields totaling 80,000 square meters which had
stood in between the Upper, Middle and Lower Villas were
-
purchased and turned into farmland with measures taken
to preserve the view. This is how the villa has remained to
this day.
Summary
The Shugakuin Imperial Villa is divided into three sections,
#. (1). E
each containing a tea house - the Upper, Middle and Lower
Villas. There is a mountain at the back of the Upper Villa
. 333 Zh
tea house, with shadows of forest in the backgrounds,
avenues lined with pine trees connecting the three sections,
and paddy fields on both sides of the villa. It is a magnifi-
45000
cent villa covering an area of over 545,000 square meters.
Until the villa came under the jurisdiction of the Imperial
Household Agency in the Meiji Era, the fences surrounding
,
the tea houses were not in evidence in their entirety. The
T.
villa was open to the natural scenery.
The Lower Villa was the largest at the time of the original
construction. One of its buildings was lost at a comparative-
3
ly early period. Remaining there today are Jugetsukan and
Palanquin Entrance, surrounded by a garden.
3
The Middle Villa has two buildings, Kyakuden (Reception
Hall) and Rakushiken (House of Bliss), with a garden to the
7.
south.
1 ALL-
The Upper Villa shows the Shugakuin Imperial Villa at its
best. Its "stroll garden" is centered on the large Yokuryu
1113
Pond which was formed by damming the stream Kyusuitei
-
is located on the Middle Island. At the top of the southeast
hill is Rinuntei tea house commanding a sweeping view of
Yokuryu Pond.
Since this is a villa spreading out at the foot of a mountain,
there is a difference of nearly 40 meters in altitude between
the highest and lowest points. In addition to waterfalls,
large and small, there are swift flowing streams and the
sound of water can be heard wherever one may be.
5l<,
The view from the pine-lined avenues that were no more
THE 1 1
paddy-field paths at one time is also supurb.
ancus.
(T)
Jugetsukan (Lower Villa)
HOLE Garden of Lower Villa
Lower Villa
A
Jugetsukan
After passing in front of Miyukimon Gate and entering the
Lower Villa by a side gate to the north, the visitor comes
out on the innerside of Miyukimon Gate. Then upon going
.
through the Middle Gate, a garden opens up before one's
eyes. At the top of the stone steps on the left is the Palan-
quin Entrance of Jugetsukan.
Upon ascending a garden path that leads a sleeve-shaped
stone lantern and Korean stone lantern, one comes to the
First Room of Jugetsukan. This is not the room as built
THE 1
but a restoration faithfully carried out during the Bunsei
,
Era (1818-1830). The plaque hanging under the eaves of
the First Room reads "Jugetsukan" and is in the calligraphy
of ex-Emperor Gomizuno-o.
3
The Lower Villa is also the base for processing to the
Upper Villa.
010
The First Room has 15 mats, of which three in the corner
are raised and framed as the Emperor's seat. The room has
53 593
a 1½-mat alcove and decorative shelves.
O
To the left of the First Room are the Second Room and
Third Room. Next to the Third Room is a five-mat room
013 03, TAX
with windows facing the pond and the exterior view seen
from here is beautiful throughout the four seasons.
From the east gate (back gate) of the Lower Villa, whose
position is relative to that of Miyukimon Gate on the
west, the visitor steps out into a plaza. Here the vista
expands and mountain ranges including Mt. Hiei and
55% 3
Higashiyama can be seen in the distance.
Middle Villa
Rakushiken
The Palace of Princess Ake was expanded and arranged,
centering on Rakushiken, and eventually became the
)3 Utitist.
Rinkyuji Temple. Rakushiken is thus a considerably old
I
structure. From the year recorded on the plaque of Rin-
kyuji Temple, it is believed that it was built in 1668 or the
8 $ (16684)
preceding year.
3. <<<<<<<
The building faces a pond on the south a veranda extend-
ing from the rooms. The low floor makes a feeling of unity
-3 5
with the garden. While no special techniques were adopted,
to".
it is a simple but dignified structure befitting the Palace of
a Princess as it once was.
**
Kyakuden
1
Connected with Rakushiken by a veranda, Kyakuden
(Reception Hall) stands imposingly. It has a hipped and
,
gabled roof with deep eaves, wooden doors, and open
veranda with a low railing in some parts.
This was formerly the inner audience chamber of Tofuku
-12
Mon-in (consort of ex-Emperor (Gomizuno-o), which was
removed and reconstructed here. It seems to manifest the
power of the Tokugawa Shogunate which stood at the back
111
of Tofuku Mon-in.
Kyakuden has cedar doors covered with paintings of carp
and of halberds used in the Gion Festival.
T
32
- - 0)
Main room of Jugetsukan
*
#
Kyakuden
33
Y
HOW
Upper Villa
XXIX
Okarikomi
As one ascends an avenue of pines leading to the Upper
Villa, the great hedge called Okarikomi is seen up toward
the left. Here was the embankment used in damming the
stream to form Yokuryu Pond. Four-tier stone fences were
constructed as mud guards. It was to conceal the masonry
that the impressive profusion of evergreens was planted.
The effect harmonizes well with the surrounding scenery.
nazacu
Rinuntei
When the front gate of the Upper Villa is entered, stone
steps curve upward between high hedges to the top of a
133.
hill. Since nothing can be seen because of the hedges, this
is a novel idea that makes one wonder and anticipate what
there is at the top of the hill. Standing there is Rinuntei.
It commands a grand view of Yokuryu Pond below and
extensive panorama of the mountains to the north of
Kyoto. Far to the left the busting streets of Kyoto and its
western hills are visible. This is a splendid sight.
sin.
Rinuntei, which was reconstructed in the Bunsei Era, has
two rooms, one of six mats and the other of three mats,
facing the pond. There are no alcove, shelves or interior
3373
decoration of any kind. The structure is entirely open to
<<003
nature.
On the north is Senshidai with a wooden floor, facing
toward the stream. Three sides of the structure are open to
whatever winds may blow. All that that can be heard are
530
the passing of the wind and the sound of a six-meter-high
waterfall at the back.
T
3.
ME+
Rinuntei
35
Kyusuitei
Standing on the Middle Island is another tea house Kyusui-
tei. It is the only structure remaining intact from the time
of the villa's construction. The two characters "Kyusui" on
3007
C318
the plaque here are also in the calligraphy of ex-Emperor
Gomizuno-o.
,
The structure consists of a 18-mat room and attached one-
mat "mizuya" (washing place used in the tea ceremony).
Yokuryu Pond
<<<03
Since this is a "stroll garden," a garden path circles Yoku-
ALC
ryu Pond. There are three bridges - wooden bridge, earth-
C30C, This
en bridge, and Chitose bridge formed with one slab of stone
5 E HILL
laid on worked stone supports.
On one of the islets is an arbor, on the roof of which is a
gilt bronze phoenix. This shows Chinese taste and does not
quite fuse into the scenery. But despite the strongfeeling of
E
difference, the garden is large enough to embrace even this.
Also in the garden are Maple Valley, Miho Island, and Nishi-
Hama (west shore) which present an unending variety of
beauty.
X
1 (1) view from Rinuntei (Upper Villa)
36
T- (E)
Chitose bridge (Upper Villa)
(E)
Yokuryu Pond (Upper Villa)
ESS
Katsura Imperial Villa