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Polish- American Community--Chicago, IL 3/16/92 [OA 7570]
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Polish- American Community--Chicago, IL 3/16/92 [OA 7570]
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Polish- American Community--Chicago, IL 3/16/92 [OA 7570]
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26
22
3
7
(Duggan/Gershowitz)
March 13, 1992
Draft Two
Polish
PRESIDENTIAL REMARKS:
POLISH AMERICAN COMMUNITY
WHITE EAGLE BANQUET HALL
CHICAGO, ILLINOIS
INtroduciNg
MONDAY, MARCH 16, 1992
[time]
Ed Moskal
[other acknowledgments], ladies and gentlemen:
crain
Thank you for this warm welcome to the heart of Chicago's Polish-
Ray
chicago
American community. It is an honor to be here again.
had
Whenever I return to the Polish-American community in
advance
Chicago, I remember my visit here in 1988 to the church of your
1988
patron saint -- St. Hyacinth. It was my privilege then to join
tex t
with you in prayers for peace and freedom and to lay a wreath at
(
the memorial for the martyred hero of Solidarity, Father
Popieluszko.
How our prayers have been answered in those few short years!
Since 1988, our world has been transformed. Soviet imperial
communism has given way peacefully to freedom and self-government
in Poland, in eastern Europe, in central Asia -- and in Russia
itself. The threat of nuclear war has diminished dramatically.
These are blessings that millions of us have worked -- and prayed
-- to attain.
For decades, we faced a mortal danger. After seizing power
in Moscow 75 years ago, the communists fought to dominate the
world.
Khrushchev shouted, "We will bury you The Soviet Union
threatened the very existence of free Europe and the United
States with its massive armies and arsenals of nuclear weapons.
11-18-56, Polish EMbassy, Moscow. [Bantlett's QUOANTIONS
2
The communists persecuted believers and demolished houses of
worship. They imprisoned Cardinal Wyszynski and murdered Father
Popieluszko. They sneered at believers. They called religion
the "opium of the people" and said they would wipe it out.
But believers kept on believing: Stubborn believers who
suffered every sort of torment in the prisons and the camps.
Patient believers who thought they'd never live to see the answer
to their prayers. Simple believers who grasped little of
geopolitical facts and theories, but knew they held the power to
change the world in their folded hands.
The empire of atheistic communism fell because brave men
like Cardinal Wyszynski stood tall against the oppressors. "If
a
citizen does not demand his rights, " Cardinal Wyszynski declared
when communist power was at its peak, "he is no longer a citizen.
He becomes a slave." The empire collapsed because enough good
men and women followed the motto of a saint: Like Ignatius of
Loyola, they worked as though everything depended on themselves
-
- and they prayed as though everything depended on God.
/
On both sides of the Iron Curtain, people labored for peace
and freedom. By keeping the Free World's alliances strong, our
military people worked for and won the same achievement as the
men and women of Solidarity. During those harrowing years when
the people of Solidarity struggled to build a civil society amid
the hollowness of the communist state, Americans worked with
them.
3
Our government gave crucial support, like the humanitarian
aid which we gave Solidarity -- and which we continue to supply
NSC
today, helping Poland consolidate its new democratic government.
Comfine
Volunteers from the Church, from the Polish-American community,
from organized labor offered indispensable help. Through it all,
we looked to Heaven for help -- and help was granted.
Many years from now, when new generations are learning about
our eventful times, history must give special merit to Poland and
to the Polonia - the worldwide community of Polish people.
Poles are a people with a special sense of mission. Kosciuszko
and Pulaski showed this spirit in helping Americans win our War
for Independence. And the poet Adam Mickiewicz captured this
spirit a century and a half ago when he wrote:
"
wherever
freedom is oppressed and is fought for, there is our struggle,
and there is our homeland and our duty."
Two brave sons of Poland -- Lech Walesa and His Holiness,
Pope John Paul II -- have altered world history through their
courage and moral leadership. And I daresay this: These two
inspired men could not have accomplished what they have -- had it
not been for the unceasing good works and prayers of the Polonia.
The world is safer and freer now, but we must not forget
those countries still tormented by totalitarian violence and
oppression and instability -- nations like Croatia and Serbia and
Cambodia. Nor must we forget the people who live under regimes
that deny freedom of expression and freedom to worship -- for
instance the people of Cuba and China and Vietnam.
4
We've helped change the world -- and now we must work to
change America for the better. We need excellent schools -- to
offer education that's worthy of the love we have for our
children. At the center of my education reform plan is real
financial freedom for parents to choose their children's schools
-- including private and parochial schools. This would follow
the model of the child-care bill I've already pushed through
Congress, protecting parents' rights to choose who cares for
their children.
We must keep family, dignity, work, and responsibility
paramount as we reform our welfare system. We need an efficient
government to preserve our liberties, but if we really want to
cure our social ills we must have more voluntary community action
-- what I've called points of light. We'll solve our greatest
social problems when millions more individuals and tens of
thousands more voluntary groups enlist in the cause.
America was built on family, faith and freedom -- and we
must renew those sources of our strength. As I count my many
blessings, I know I can count on the help of Polish-Americans as
we work to heal the ills that still afflict our society.
Thank you. May God bless Poland and the United States of
America -- both of them lands of the free, both of them homes of
the brave.
#
#
#
(Duggan/Gershowitz)
March 15, 1992
Draft Seven
Polish
PRESIDENTIAL REMARKS:
POLISH NATIONAL ALLIANCE
CHICAGO, ILLINOIS
MONDAY, MARCH 16, 1992
[time]
Governor Edgar, Ed Moskal, Ed Dykla, Bishop Zawistowski [za-
vi-STOFF-ski], Father Phillips, Ed Derwinski, ladies and
gentlemen: Thank you for that warm Chicago welcome. Somebody
suggested this visit has something to do with the Illinois
primary election. 11 That's true --- I'm working to win that
election. But if anyone thinks we have political headaches here
-- they're nothing compared with what Lech Walesa has to go
through in Poland. We have two major parties. Look at all the
parties he has to contend with -- close to 20 at last count.
Even the Polish Beer Drinkers' Party has split into two factions!
True story! 11
Whenever I visit here, I remember other occasions I've had
to get together with your community: back in 1988 at the wake for
the late president of the Polish National Alliance, Al Mazewski
[ma-ZEFF-ski]; at the inaugural celebration for your current
president, Ed Moskal; and at a very beautiful Sunday Mass at St.
Hyacinth's Church. There I had the privilege to join with many
of you in prayers for peace and freedom, and to lay a wreath at
the memorial for the martyr of Solidarity, Father Popieluszko
[po-PYUSH-ko].
How our prayers have been answered in those few short years.
Since 1988, our world has been transformed -- and that change
2
began in Poland. 11 Poland overthrew the cruel tyranny that
Stalin imposed after Yalta. 11 Now, imperial communism is dead -
- and the Soviet Union has ceased to exist. 111 The threat of
nuclear war has diminished dramatically. These are blessings
that millions of us have worked -- and prayed -- to attain. 11
For decades we faced mortal danger. The communists fought
to dominate the world. The Soviet Union threatened the very
existence of free Europe and the United States with its massive
armies and nuclear arsenals. The communists persecuted believers
and demolished houses of worship. They imprisoned Cardinal
Wyszynski [vi-SHIN-ski] and murdered Father Popieluszko.
But all the while, believers kept on believing: Stubborn
believers -- who suffered every sort of torment in the prisons
and labor camps. Patient believers -- who thought they'd never
live to see the answer to their prayers. Simple believers -- who
grasped little of geopolitical facts and theories, but knew they
held the power to change the world in their folded hands.
Inspired by brave leaders like Lech Walesa and Pope John
Paul, good people on both sides of the Iron Curtain worked as
though everything depended on themselves -- and they prayed as
though everything depended on God. 11
When I had the privilege in 1989 as President of the United
States to stand with Lech Walesa and thousands of freedom-loving
Poles at the Gdansk Shipyard, when I saw the faith and courage of
those people -- I knew that freedom would prevail. 11
Even in the darkest days, we stood steadfast for Poland's
3
right to be free. We kept our alliances strong. We gave
humanitarian aid to Solidarity when it was needed the most.
Today we continue to give assistance, helping Poland build a
stable democracy and a prospering economy. In addition to the
substantial financial aid, I understand the one thousandth cargo
container of American humanitarian supplies was just sent on its
way to Poland. And I've just written Lech Walesa to offer
further help in bringing more American investment to Poland.
Just as important has been the voluntary help from the
Church, from organized labor, and from the Polish-American
community. History will honor the role of the Polonia -- the
worldwide Polish community -- for giving birth to a new age of
freedom. And to symbolize this, this year we will fulfill the
dying wish of Ignacy Paderewski [pa-der-EFF-ski] and send his
remains for burial in the sacred soil of a free Poland. 11
The world is safer and freer now, but we must not forget
those who still have not won full freedom. I think especially of
the brave people of those republics of a disintegrating
Yugoslavia who are seeking to establish their sovereign
independence. As we told our European allies last week, we are
giving positive consideration to the recognition of Slovenia and
Croatia. We also are considering the most appropriate ways to
meet the desire for peaceful transition to independence on the
part of the other republics.
Our leadership for freedom must continue. You know that: No
one knows better than Polish-Americans the rewards of staying
4
strong and engaged in the world. No one knows better than you
the tragic harm that comes from weakness and isolationism. We'll
keep working together. We'll secure the peace and win new
prosperity -- for Poland and all the Free World.
We must continue changing the world -- and we must redouble
our efforts to change America for the better. Get our economy
going again -- create good jobs. Strengthen our families. Put
limits on big government.
Let me close with a fable about liberal social planners that
reminds me of Lech Walesa's down-to-earth humor. It's a story
Russians used to tell during the last days of Communism:
A farmer's chickens were dying. So for help he went to the
communist party hack who was the local agriculture commissar.
The commissar said, "Give them aspirin." And over the next few
days, 50 chickens died. The commissar then said, "give them
penicillin." And in a few days, a hundred more chickens died.
So the commissar advised castor oil.
After the castor oil therapy, the farmer went to the
commissar and announced that all the remaining chickens had died.
"What a pity! What a pity!" the commissar said. "I had so
many other ideas I wanted to try!"
Well let me tell you: As long as I'm President, American
families will not be guinea pigs for social planners. 11 We will
keep family, dignity, work, and responsibility first -- and we'll
make this country better. This country was built on family,
faith and freedom -- and we must renew those sources of our
5
strength. As Barbara and I count our many blessings, we know we
can count on Polish-Americans to move our country forward to new
glories. Thank you. May God bless Poland and the United States
of America -- lands of the free and homes of the brave.
#
#
#
EMBASSY OF THE REPUBLIC OF POLAND
2640 16th Street, N.W.
Washington, D.C. 20008
ph. 202 234 3800
fax. 202 328 6271
FAX TRANSMISSION COVER SHEET
Date: March 13, 1992
No: 456-6218
No of pages: 1
To: Mr. Gary Gershowitz White House
From: Andrzej Jarecki, counselor, Embassy of Poland
MESSAGE:
1. How to settle down Poland?
Answer: To declare war against United States and
immediatly capitulate (surrender).
2. The story about the gold-fish. Three fishermen: one German,
one Russian, one Polish. Three wishes: one for German, one
for Russian, one for Pole.
German: May all Russians go to hell.
Russian: May all Germans go to hell.
Pole: I have no wishes.
Comment: you can humanize this anecdote. For example -
- German: "I would like to see Russia democratic."
Russian: "I would like to see Germany peacefully
inclined". Pole: I have no wishes.
3. Once an American richman (banker) was ill. Doctors were
helpless. The family called an old, wise Rabbai. What is
your advice, Sir?
Rabbai said: You should go to Lubaczow.
Richman: Why to Lubaczow? What is this, Lubaczow? Where is
it?
poor,
Rabbai: Lubaczow is a small, silent, city in Poland. You ask
me why to Lubaczow? I'll tell you: because in Lubaczow, as
I turn my mind to the past, any richman never died.
Steetings -
sure end
SUNDAY MASS
SPEECH
VICE PRESIDENT GEORGE BUSH
ST. HYACINTH CHURCH
CHICAGO, ILLINOIS
SUNDAY, MARCH 13, 1988
Thank you, Father Roge, for those kind words. Mrs. Bush
and I are delighted to be here, we're delighted to be accompanied
by Governor Thompson and Mrs. Thompson, your Governor. We're
delighted to be accompanied by one of America's true heroes,
General Chuck Yaeger, who's with us here today. As I stand here
in this beautiful church, I think back to about five months ago
when I stood on the balcony at St. Stanislaw Kostka Church in
Warsaw. I had met the night before, at the Ambassador's
residence, with Lech Walesa and other leaders of Solidarity. I
had asked Walesa if he would accompany me to the church where
Father Popieluszko had preached -- the "Solidarity Priest," who
had been murdered by the Secret Police. I didn't know if he'd
come and sure enough, Barbara and I were staying at this lovely
guest house, he appeared all alone, climbed in our United States
big car there and the Secret Police made one gesture, they took
the Polish Flag off of the right fender of our car but we had the
Stars and Stripes, your flag, my flag on the United States
applause
and we drove downtown past hundreds of people and
on a gray and chilly Monday morning, thousands of people pinned
behind barricades and infiltrated by the secret police, lined the
streets for hours around that modest church and cheered for
Solidarity and Walesa and the United States of America.
His voice rang like a bell throughout this land, and he must
not be forgotten, I said. Here at the church where he lived,
worked, and prayed, let us pledge to carry on his quest to
overcome evil with good
applause
Next to Walesa we did what
we'll do here today we laid a wreath and a little Solidarity
banner at the grave of the fallen priest and Barbara put her arm
around Father Popieluszko's mother dissolved in tears
applause
because I think she found it hard to believe that
the United States, in the face of the lights and under the gaze
of the communists masters would honor her son in this way.
But I would just simply tell you that it was a very moving
experience and then Lech Walesa and I went on top of that church
balcony, some of you may have been there, some of you know the
story, the voices rang out "long live Reagan, long live Bush, but
most of all, long live America. And we saw
applause
we saw
very, very clearly what you all know SO well, the affection of
the people of Poland of the United States and so what my message
today, as we honor Father Popieluszko is and as we are
surrounded by the future, by these wonderful young children, it
is the United States of America that must keep alive the hope of
the Polish people, we are one nation under God, we should
struggle, however possible, to preserve and protect and
strengthen religious freedom around the world. Father
Popieluszko taught us that by his life, by his ministry, and by
his faith and we must honor his memory by standing up to freedom
and democracy around the world we owe it to these children, we
owe it to the future of this the greatest and freest country,
one nation under God, the United States of America.
Thank you and God bless you all. Thank you
applause
That leader of Solidarity, that man of steel, Lech Walesa
and I was pleased to honor him in Poland, pleased to stand next
to him as we lay on the grave of Father Popieluszko, the martyr
priest, the symbol of Solidarity, the symbol of freedom, and the
support and demonstrating the support of the United States of
America. All of us here, new Americans, Americans who may not be
citizens yet, all of us, know that our country is the symbol of
freedom--religious freedom, political freedom, freedom of
elections, freedom of whatever else it is
applause
and so
my message in supporting Father Popieluszko and Solidarity is to
stand for freedom wherever we can around the world.
Thank you all, God bless you, and on this Sunday let's never
forget that the United States of America is one nation under God.
Thank you very much
applause
THE NEW YORK TIMES BIOGRAPHICAL SERVICE
May, 1981
It was Mr. Wright's idea to make separate chapters of taped
reminiscences of Mr. Pavarotti's colleagues and friends, an un-
usual practice for an "autobiography." Among those interviewed
were the tenor's wife, Adua; Dame Joan Sutherland and her con-
ductor husband, Richard Bonynge; Judith Raskin; Mirella Freni;
Herbert Breslin; and fellow tenor Giuseppe Di Stefano.
"Usually these interviews are woven into the narrative," he
said, "but I thought that if they ran long enough, why not leave the
words in the mouths of the people who said them?" He heard some
"grumblings" from a number of editors at Doubleday about his
wanting to do the book this way, but his own editor, Louise Gault,
strongly supported him.
Mr. Wright, who describes himself as a "tenor manqué,"
laughed as he recalled the time Pavarotti asked him to sing the
scales during a practice session. The tenor's verdict? "A discreet
silence," according to Mr. Wright. "At least he didn't grimace."
Mr. Pavarotti's collaborator and amanuensis is a 1952 graduate
of Yale with a home in New York City as well as Key West. Three of
his four previously published books are nonfiction works W ritten
solo - among them, "Ball," an account of New York's April in
Paris charity ball, and "Heiress," a biography of the late Marjorie
Merriweather Post.
He wrote the fourth, his first novel, while he was putting to-
gether the Pavarotti book. "Rich Relations" was published by Put-
nam's in February and is now in its second printing Mr. Wright de-
scribes it as "a roman à clef about two adventinesses, sisters who
grow up on Long Island and in Washington in that late 1940's and be-
come very famous."
May 10, 1981
issued an appeal for unity and calm and
Wyszynski Dies;
for the halting of any protest actions.
On Monday, Cardinal Wyszynski re-
Associated Press
ceived a telephone call from the Pope,
Strong Defender
Stefan Cardinal Wyszynski
who blessed him. The following day the
Cardinal was reported in critical condi-
tion for the first time. On May 16, he had
mission, through the downfall of a succes-
OfPolish Church
been given the sacrament of the sick, the
sion of discredited party and Government
modern-day equivalent of the last rites.
chiefs. In the end, an officially atheist re-
Fatal Illness Is Described
gime had to turn to him and his bishops
for rescue from a citizenry enraged by
The Cardinal died at 4:40 A.M. A
economic hardships as well as by official
By JOHN DARNTON
church communiqué, disclosing the na-
corruption and ineptitude.
Special to The New York Times
ture of his illness, spoke of "a cancerous
In the labor unrest starting last year,
WARSAW, May 28 - Stefan Cardinal
process in the abdomen of exceptional
Cardinal Wyszynski became the arbitra-
Wyszynski, the Roman Catholic Primate
malignancy and rapid progress." It noted
tor between between the leaders of the in-
that the Cardinal died on the Feast of the
of Poland, died of stomach cancer early
dependent labor movement and the Com-
Ascension.
munist Party leadership.
today. He was 79 years old.
"The great servant of the church and
Cardinal Wyszynski was named Pri-
Right to Be a Catholic Nation
the nation, who placed all faith in the Ma-
mate in 1948, the year in which the Com-
donna, has departed," the communiqué
"After 10 centuries of Catholicism," he
munists assumed complete power in Po-
said. "He has been a great moral author-
had reminded Poland's political leaders
land. As defender of the church he moved
ity for Poles and many other people. The
long before, in 1966, "we have the right to
eyes of everyone were on him in the dra-
be a Catholic nation, and we do not resign
between outright opposition to the Gov-
ernment during Stalinist times to peace-
matic moments of our country."
that right." Responding to cheers from
Tributes from the authorities empha-
hundreds of thousands of pilgrims in
ful coexistence, and at times cooperation,
sized the Cardinal's patriotism, states-
Upper Silesia, he used that show of sup-
with the authorities as they moderated
manship and moral authority.
port to plead for co-existence between the
their positions.
Church and "the authority of Caesar."
His death came in a time of political
He confronted a Government cam-
change and removed from the scene a
By WOLFGANG SAXON
paign to keep the young out of church in
strong moderating force that had influ-
Stefan Cardinal Wyszynski, Arch-
mid-1963, declaring: "If a citizen does not
ence in all the corridors of power but
bishop of Gniezno and Warsaw and
demand his rights, he is no longer a citi-
Roman Catholic Primate of Poland,
zen. He becomes a slave. Parents, he
especially on the independent industrial
trade union and its leader, Lech Walesa.
spent three decades in a struggle with
said, should insist on the constitutional
secular authority and left the Polish
guarantee of free worship.
As testimony to Cardinal Wyszynski's
church far more powerful than before.
His role was bolstered by the faith of
stature, the Government declared a
Treading a thin line between resistance
most Poles, who saw the church as the
period of national mourning through
and compromise, he prevailed- through
historic symbol of Polish nationalism,
Saturday, with flags at half-staff, thea-
Stalinist incarceration and the persecu-
and by the fears all around of interven-
ters and movie houses closed, and sub-
tion of the faithful, through the harass-
tion by the Soviet Union. A large majority
dued programming on radio and televi-
ment that followed, through Communist
of Poles continued to identify with Roman
sion. The party's Central Committee
efforts to legislate the church into sub-
Catholicism as a bulwark against Soviet
767
Copyright © 1981 by The New York Times Company
May, 1981
THE NEW YORK TIMES BIOGRAPHICAL SERVICE
power and the doctrinaire Marxism-
putes when the Germans invaded Poland
proved true. But whenever it was done in
Leninism that Moscow's leaders prac-
in 1939.
Poland, it served only to draw the sheep
ticed to their own national advantage.
The Nazis imprisoned much of the Pol-
closer together."
Strengthened by Pope's Election
ish clergy, but Father Wyszynski was
Even in recent years, he spoke out
spared and became a resistance leader
against bureaucrats and policemen inter-
The hand of the Polish church was fur-
and organizer of clandestine church
fering with religious observations and
ther strengthened by the election of Karol
meetings. He was consecrated Bishop of
processions, and he was constantly at-
Cardinal Wojtyla, Archbishop of Cracow,
Lublin in 1946.
tacking measures that curbed the con-
to become Pope John Paul II in 1978 and
Named Archbishop by Pope Plus
struction of churches, demanded their
by his subsequent visit to Poland.
financial records or hamstrung their pub-
Cardinal Wyszynski's influence and the
Two years later, on the death of Au-
lications and ability to teach.
credibility of his church among the peo-
gustus Cardinal Hlond, Pope Pius XII
Still, with the comparative peace at-
ple were strong enough to restrain mili-
named him Archbishop of Gniezno and
tained under the Gomulka regime, Cardi-
tants pushing the union leader, Lech
Warsaw and Primate of Poland. By then,
nal Wyszynski began to travel outside Po-
Walesa, in one direction and ideological
the Communists had taken full control of
land. He met Pope Pius XII in 1957 and re-
hard-liners pulling the Communist Party
the country under Soviet tutelage and set
turned in 1958 for the election of Pope
leader, Stanislaw Kania, in the other,
out to reduce the church to impotence.
John XXIII and for Pope John's funeral
while Moscow grappled with the problem
Archbishop Wyszynski signed an
and the election of Pope Paul VI in 1963.
of what to do about the tumult.
agreement in 1950 by which the church
Leading the church in an intensely na-
When the economic woes and the work-
promised not to meddle in politics and the
tionalistic country, Cardinal Wyszynski
ers' dissatisfation erupted in unrest in
state promised to respect freedom of wor-
had his own quarrels with the Holy See,
1980, the state found itself unable to cope
ship and to let the church print its publi-
particularly with Pope Paul, whom he
with them. Thus the astonishing specta-
cations and give religious instruction to
visited repeatedly for discussions.
schoolchildren.
cle in the spring of 1981, when Mr. Kania
The chief irritant then was the Vati-
and Mr. Walesa and their aides went to
That first compromise for the sake of
can's slowness in honoring Poland's
the Cardinal's palace in Warsaw for dis-
survival did not sit well with many Poles,
sovereignty over the western provinces
cussions. And the Cardinal's representa-
who saw the regime chipping away at the
seized from Germany at the end of World
tives, the bishops of Poland, openly medi-
historical role of their church. In any
War II. By 1970 Mr. Gomulka and Chan-
ated local disputes over labor grievances
case, the pact did not withstand the re-
cellor Willy Brandt of West Germany had
or police excesses.
pressions that followed. Priests were
signed an agreement by which Bonn for-
Warned of National Disaster
jailed, the Catholic press was stilled, and
mally accepted the postwar borders.
Archbishop Wyszynski had to use all his
Cautious in his dealings with the state,
Cardinal Wyszynski, not wanting to
skill at diplomacy, his courage and sheer
Cardinal Wyszynski did not leap into the
lose the people's trust to the Communists,
stubbornness in the ensuing decades to
fray when strikes swept Poland to para-
pressed the Vatican to follow suit. He was
win back the relative freedom the 1950
annoyed when the Vatican chose to take a
lyze an ailing economy. Instead, he first
agreement had granted.
told the workers to recognize the dangers
legalistic attitude by waiting for formal
Pope Pius announced the Archbishop's
ratification of the treaty, which was held
of national disaster and outside interven-
elevation to the rank of cardinal in 1952.
tion by going back to work and negotiat-
up for a time by the issue of Germans still
ing. That advice and the Government's
But fearful of not being allowed back into
in the region who wanted to go west.
unprecedented broadcast of his speech on
Poland, Cardinal Wyszynski kept away
In 1970 riots broke out on the Baltic
television in that strike-ridden August of
from the consistory in Rome the follow-
coast of Poland over higher food prices,
1980 rankled many workers and Catholic
ing January. When he refused to de-
and Cardinal Wyszynski voiced the coun-
intellectuals.
nounce a bishop jailed on espionage
try's shock over the severity with which
But Cardinal Wyszynski then followed
charges in 1953, he was himself arrested
the disturbances were quelled.
and confined at a monastery for three
his longstanding admonition to the
A new leadership was installed with
church never to go against the will of the
years.
Edward Gierek as party chief. He and the
In one of the ironies that marked Cardi-
people. He met with Mr. Walesa the fol-
new Prime Minister, Piotr Jaroszewicz,
lowing month and eventually gave full
nal Wyszynski's life, Wladislaw Gomul-
promptly made overtures to the Cardi-
support to the independent union and its
ka, the Communist leader in the early
nal, who coaxed concessions from them.
struggling sister group, the farm union.
postwar period, had also been purged and
In return, he provided them with a voice
But he also reminded them of the danger
jailed by the Stalinists under Boleslaw
of moderation when the gathering storm
Bierut. When Mr. Gomulka returned to
overtook the nation in 1980 and a discred-
to the nation if they pushed the Govern-
ment too far instead of holding it to hard-
power in 1956, he had Cardinal Wyszynski
ited leadership again fell.
returned to his palace.
won promises.
Mr. Gomulka's return marked a less-
May 29, 1981
Was Ordained in 1924
ening of Soviet domination. By freeing
Stefan Wyszynski, the son of a village
the Cardinal, he was seeking to gain
teácher and church organist, was born
popular support for his rule. And over the
Aug. 3, 1901, near Lomza in the northeast-
years that followed, both sides continued
ern Poland, then part of the Russian Em-
to grope for a modus vivendi of mostly un-
pire. He was ordained in 1924 and posted
easy coexistence.
as vicar to Wloclawek, where he edited a
The Cardinal often denounced what
Catholic daily newspaper and a scientific
amounted to repression by the Govern-
monthly.
ment and to castigate Mr. Gomulka's as-
He earned a doctorate in sociology and
sertion that no such thing existed. Railing
canon law at the Catholic University in
against Poland's "caesars," he cited 20
Lublin in 1929 and also studied in Italy,
organizations trying to turn Poles into a
France and Belgium. During nine years
nation of atheists and obstructing their
as professor at the Higher Seminary of
right to worship freely.
Wloclawek, he became known as a "labor
Temporal power could not overcome
priest" close to the working people, for
the Church in Poland, he frequently said.
whom, in 1935, he founded and directed
"Strike the shepherd and the sheep will
the Catholic Workers University.
disperse," he exclaimed in a fiery ser-
The author of several books on labor
mon at Poland's holiest shrine, in Czesto-
topics, the priest upset conservative
chowa, in January 1966 after the regime
members of the church hierarchy. He
had denied him a passport for a visit to
was playing a role as counsel in labor dis-
Rome. "Often this has been tried and
768
Date 12 man92 Time 5:30
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WH
THE CONCISE
OXFORD DICTIONARY OF
THE CHRISTIAN
CHURCH
Edited by
ELIZABETH Ann LIVINGSTONE
OXFORD LONDON NEW YORK
OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS
252 HUSS
HYPOSTASIS
253
HUSS, JOHN (c. 1372-1415), Bohemian
*Huxley. He was one of the original mem-
hymns became more generally used,
Awakening of 1795-1805. By the early 19th
reformer. He was a well-known preacher at
bers of the *Metaphysical Society.
however, from the 4th cent. From this time
cent. prejudice against the use of hymns in
the 'Bethlehem Chapel' in Prague. When the
they were employed not only to celebrate the
the C of E was dying and the time was ripe
writings of J. *Wycliffe became known in
HUXLEY, THOMAS HENRY (1825-95),
Christian mysteries, but also to promote and
for a hymnbook which could be integrated
Bohemia, Huss was attracted by his political
English biologist. He defended the view that
refute heresy, e.g. in the *Arian con-
into the BCP scheme of worship. R. *Heber
doctrine and was sympathetic to his teaching
man descended from the lower animal world
troversy. Although from the 5th cent. some
intended his collection (1827) to fulfil this
on *predestination and the Church of the
in his Zoological Evidences as to Man's
Christians held that no words other than
purpose. It was never widely used, but it
elect. At first he was encouraged by Abp.
Place in Nature (1863), and in a lecture on
those of Scripture should be allowed in the
helped to break down the hostility to hymns
Sbinko of Prague, but soon his violent ser-
"The Physical Basis of Life' in 1868 he
liturgy, *troparia (single-stanza hymns) are
outside Evangelical circles. A further influ-
mons on the morals of the clergy provoked
expounded *agnosticism. Man, he argued,
found in E. service books of the period; they
ence in fostering the use of hymns came
hostility and he was forbidden to preach. In
cannot know the nature of either spirit or
were later joined together to form *contakia
from the *Oxford Movement. The publica-
the course of the dispute between rival candi-
matter; metaphysics is impossible; and
and *canons.
tion of various collections followed, of
dates for the Papacy, the king gave control of
man's primary duty in life is the relief of
Latin hymns appear later than Greek, the
which the most widely used were prob.
the University of Prague to the Czech
misery and ignorance. He discussed
real impetus coming from St. *Ambrose.
*Hymns, Ancient and Modern (1861) and
'nation' (1409) and Huss became Rector.
*miracles in his study of D. *Hume (1879);
Though only three hymns can certainly be
The *English Hymnal (1906). Among RCs a
Abp. Sbinko soon transferred his allegiance
he did not reject miracles, 'because nobody
ascribed to him, he laid down the lines of
demand for popular hymns in the 19th cent.
to *Alexander V, who rewarded him with a
can presume to say what the order of nature
development of Latin hymnody as simple,
was met by such writers as F. W. *Faber.
Bull (1410) ordering the destruction of
must be', but he explicitly abandoned the
devotional, and direct, and it was through his
Since the introduction of the vernacular
Wycliffite books and, to curb Huss's influ-
theological concept of a Personal God. His
influence that hymns became a recognized
liturgy after the Second *Vatican Council,
ence, the cessation of preaching in private
attacks on Christian orthodoxy became more
and integral part of the public worship of the
hymns have been widely used at Mass. All
chapels; in 1411 *John XXIII excommuni-
persistent in later life.
W. Church. Although hymns were not
other English-speaking Churches, except the
cated Huss. Opinion moved against Huss
admitted into the Roman *Office until the
*Quakers, have assigned an important place
and the King removed him from Prague; he
HY. See Iona.
13th cent., their development came to be
to hymns as being an integral part of Chris-
took refuge with the Czech nobility and
towards an ordered sequence for use at dif-
tian worship, rather than an adjunct to it.
devoted himself to writing his main work,
HYACINTH, St. (1185-1257), 'Apostle of
ferent times and seasons, designed to express
De Ecclesia (1413), part of which was taken
the North', known to the Poles as St. Iaccho.
not the feelings of individual worshippers
'HYMNS, ANCIENT AND MODERN'
directly from Wycliffe. Having appealed
Having received the habit from St. *Dominic
but the meaning of the feast or Office. The
(1861). A hymnal, edited by H.W. *Baker,
from the decision of the papal curia to a
at Rome in 1220, he set out with other
*Counter-Reformation led to the remodel-
which drew freely on ancient and modern
General Council, he went to the Council of
Dominicans for Poland and engaged in mis-
ling of a number of the old *Breviary hymns
sources and incorporated many of the tradi-
*Constance with a safe-conduct from the
sionary work there and in the adjacent coun-
and the composition of new ones in a more
tional *office hymns (often in translations by
Emp. Sigismund. He was imprisoned and
tries. His activities are reputed to have
classical diction and metre.
J. M. *Neale). The music assisted its popu-
burnt, and became a national hero.
extended from *Sweden and *Norway to the
Vernacular hymns were written all
larity. A revised edition was issued in 1950.
Black Sea.
through the Middle Ages, but they were not
HUTTEN, ULRICH VON (1488-1523),
admitted to the liturgy and were largely the
HYPAPANTE. The name used in the E.
German humanist and controversialist. He
HYDROPARASTATAE. An alternative
work of those outside the main religious
Church for the feast of *Candlemas.
left the monastery of *Fulda in 1505, visited
name for the *Aquarians.
stream. With the *Reformation the situation
various universities, and engaged in military
changed. *Lutheranism had a wealth of new
HYPATIA (c. 375 415), philosopher. She
service. About 1515 he became a contributor
HYLOZOISM. The doctrine that all matter
hymns written in German by M. *Luther
was the glory of the *Neoplatonist School of
to the *Epistolae Obscurorum Virorum.
is endowed with life.
himself and later by P. *Gerhardt. *Calvin-
*Alexandria. On the suspicion that she had
From 1519 he devoted his life to the propa-
ism would tolerate nothing but the words of
set the pagan prefect of Alexandria against
gation of M. *Luther's reformation, in
HYMNARY. The medieval liturgical book
Scripture in its services; hence the Psalms
the Christians, she was attacked by a Chris-
which he saw the deliverance of Germany
of the W. rite which contained the metrical
were put into *metrical versions (q.v.). In
tian mob and killed.
from the power of Rome. He wrote a series
hymns of the Divine *Office arranged acc. to
the C of E hymns virtually disappeared from
of treatises in German and Latin for this pur-
the liturgical year.
the service-books, mainly it seems because
HYPERDULIA. The special veneration
pose. At the end of his life H. *Zwingli gave
T. *Cranmer's literary powers lay in other
paid to the BVM on account of her eminent
him refuge.
HYMNS. Sacred poetry set to music has
directions.
dignity as Mother of God.
always formed part of Christian worship,
Modern hymn writing and hymn singing
HUTTERITES. See Anabaptists.
whether to express doctrine or the devotion
were mainly the creation of the 18th cent. A
HYPOCRISY. The hiding of interior
of individuals. At first oT texts, esp. the
prominent part was taken by I. *Watts,
wickedness under the appearance of virtue.
HUTTON, RICHARD HOLT (1826 97),
Psalms, were used, but at an early date dis-
whose hymns were written to express the
The Lord denounced it in the case of the
religious writer. He trained for the *Uni-
tinctively Christian compositions, e.g. the
spiritual experience of the singer. They were
*Pharisees as the vice of those who do good
tarian ministry but became a member of the
*Magnificat and *Benedictus, appeared, and
followed by the works of John and Charles
deeds only to be seen of men and not for the
C of E. In 1861 he was offered the joint-
what seem to be quotations from early
*Wesley. The practice of singing hymns was
glory of God.
editorship and proprietorship of the Specta-
hymns are found in various places in the NT.
encouraged by the *Methodists and spread
tor, which he used as a pulpit from which to
The use of hymns is mentioned by several of
among the *Evangelical party in the C of E.
HYPOSTASIS. The Greek word (lit. 'sub-
challenge, on Christian principles, the reg-
the early Fathers, and the '*Phos Hilaron' is
In America the Negro Spirituals were a
stance') had various meanings. In *Christo-
nant agnosticism of J. S. Mill and T. H.
among those dating from pre-Nicene times;
powerful factor in the Second *Great
logical contexts from the mid-4th cent. it
VOLUME 14
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HWANG HO-HYACINTH
627
HYACINTH, hî'e-sinth, Saint -(c. 1200-1250),
849-1921),
MONGOLIA
patron saint of Poland. He was born John
Odrowac, at Lanka Castle in the Duchy of
of
Oppelin, situated between Breslau (Wrocław)
and Cracow (Kraków). Although a considerable
ysny
Kubin
Peking
amount of legend surrounds his activities, the
in
Hun-
main facts of his life are known. His uncle was
he
Ho
udying
R
No
the bishop of Cracow, and being born of a noble
5.
family, John was able to study at Cracow and
Kubin
of
his
Hwang
1194-1853
Bologna. He entered the Dominican order in
birth
Wei Ho
1217 or 1218, taking the name Hyacinth.
He
died
During the following years he was an active
dra.
CHINA
1938-1947
missionary in Poland, Lithuania, Moravia, and
and
Bohemia, preaching Christianity and performing
and
miraculous works. In addition, he founded Do-
Krocol
Kiang
minican houses both at Cracow and at Danzig.
he
places
pressors
Yangtze
N
He died at Cracow on Aug. 15, 1257. His feast
of
is kept on August 17.
(1886;
The
JOSEPH R. LEAHEY
ative
poem
Mercy College, Dobbs Ferry, N.Y.
China.
HWANG HO
Scale
11
Former courses of
0
100
200
300
400
MI
HYACINTH, hî'e-sinth, is the common name for
outhwestern
the Hwang Ho, with dates
200
400
600 Km
some 30 species of bulbous perennial herbs con-
(1,000
stituting the genus Hyacinthus of the lily family
ingtse
Lake,
(Liliaceae). Hyacinths, native to the Old World
emptied into
teaus heavily eroded yellow loess soils, carried
from the Mediterranean region to South Africa,
after
this
ato the Hwang, are responsible for the river's
have been in cultivation for almost 400 years.
Ho
in
1194,
Hwai
discoloration and hence its name.
The Netherlands grows great quantities of these
was
At Tungkwan the Hwang swings abruptly
plants for export.
way
of
the
Dov
ast as it receives its chief tributary, the Wei. It
The primary cultivated species, a very popu-
then flows through the Sanmen Gorge, site of a
lar spring-flowering plant with numerous varie-
and
chan-
wdroelectric, flood-control, and irrigation dam.
ties, is the common hyacinth (Hyacinthus orien-
river's
flow,
Near the dam has risen the industrial complex
talis), native to Greece and Asia Minor. It forms
floods
{ Sanmenhsia, in Honan.
a ground-level rosette of long, slender leaves,
Most
of
the
As the river proceeds across the North China
each up to 12 inches (30 cm) in length and 1
irrigation
Plain to the sea, it continues east through Honan,
inch (2.5 cm) in width, with one or more flower
but below Kaifeng it turns northeast into Shan-
stalks arising from its center. Each flower stalk,
of London
tung, passing the provincial capital, Tsinan. In
reaching up to 15 inches (37 cm) in height,
shantung it traverses a fertile grain- and cotton-
bears a dense cluster (raceme) of small red,
coalmining
gowing area before emptying into Gulf of
pink, lilac, white, or yellow flowers.
China, lics
The city
Chihli, north of the Shantung Peninsula.
Hyacinth bulbs may be maintained perma-
and
before
History. The region around the confluence of
nently in gardens, but many growers replace
Mimillion
the Hwang and Wei rivers formed the cradle
them annually. The number of bulbs may be in-
/ Chinese civilization. Before the beginning of
creased by scooping out part of the bulb's plate-
opera-
annual
coal
China's historical period (about 1523 B. c.) peo-
like stem (basal plate) or by scoring the base of
and
20
mil-
ple living near the rivers' banks used the wheel
the bulb; bulblets will form in the injured areas.
fourth-
and knew how to cast bronze, make silk, and
Hyacinths are also forced to bloom under glass
The
city
write.
and used as cut flowers from December to May.
Chekiang
Because of the enormous load of silt that it
T.J. SHEEHAN, University of Florida
having to
arries down from the Loess Plateau, the Hwang
ufactures
In
Ho is both very wide and shallow, and the long
SMITH
Population:
'ustory of disastrous floods below Kaifeng ex-
plains why it is often called "China's Sorrow."
of
London
1 early as 220 B. C., Emperor Shih Hwang Ti
wilt dikes and attempted to deepen the river's
of
north
nurse. In some stretches during high water the
(4,800
km)
livel of the water contained between the em-
to
the
Cull
ankments may be as high as 30 feet (9 meters)
China
after
above the surrounding plain.
History has recorded radical shifts in the
rises
in
the
wer's outlet to the sea. From 602 B. C. to 1194
and
Ngoring
D. the Hwang flowed into the Gulf of Chihli
at
13,500
++11 north of its present course. Between 1194
BIt
Hows
and 1853 it entered the East China Sea south of
Kansu.
At
".e Shantung Peninsula. Then floods shifted the
HYACINTHS may
Ningsia
and
utlet north of the peninsula once more. In
be grown indoors
Great
Wall
38, to slow the advance of Japanese troops,
or in the garden,
east
and
Chinese forces diverted the river southward again
and are suitable
the
steel
smashing the dikes in Honan, and on this oc-
for pot culture.
Passing
sion alone almost 900,000 lives were lost. In
nuing
south
47 the Chinese diverted the Hwang Ho to its
where
an
:"*sent channel.
and
Shand
MICHAEL FREEBERNE
The
pla
University of London
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DAIVID
.F27
t:
THE OXFORD
DICTIONARY OF
SAINTS
AS
DAVID HUGH FARMER
"
CLARENDON PRESS . OXFORD
HUGH OF LINCOLN
IGNATIUS OF ANTIOCH
ceive this honour. His feast became one of
crucified. They tried to bury the body, but
lier he had visited Rome, presumably with
name occurs in the Durham Liber Vitae;
the highest rank in Charterhouses from
the earth refused to receive it and it was
Ceolfrith or Benedict Biscop. To Hwaet-
it has been conjectured by D.C.B. that
1339. This fostered interest in him in Flan-
thrown down a well. Koppin is supposed
bert were dedicated Bede's commentary on
his monastery was Bardney. Feast: 14
ders and the Rhineland, in France, Italy,
to have confessed: he and eighteen other
the Apocalypse and his De Temporum
December (in 1th-century martyrology of
and Spain as well as in England. His prin-
Jews were executed, while others were
ratione, concerned with chronology. He
Exeter).
cipal cult was at Lincoln, where the rose
imprisoned in London and released by
was called 'Eusebius' because of his holi-
window called the Dean's Eye records his
the intervention of the Friars and fined
Bede, H.E., iv. 3; Stanton, pp. 451, 688;
ness. No record of a feast-day or of a
funeral and where his relics were trans-
R.P.S.
heavily. It is likely that the cult of 'Little St.
liturgical cult seems to have survived.
lated to a new shrine in the famous Angel
Hugh' was the expression of anti-Semitic
Choir in 1280. His shrines here attracted
envy and that the story had little, if any,
C. Plummer, Baedae Opera Historica, i, 364-
HYDROC (Hydoc), Cornish saint, pos-
many pilgrims; his feast was kept in the
foundation in fact. The general charge of
404 for the Lives of the abbots of Wearmouth
sibly a hermit, and titular of Lanhydrock.
Sarum calendar.
and Jarrow by Bede and the anonymous writer;
ritual murder on the part of the Jews has
Feast: 5 May. Attempts to identify him
the latter work is also translated in E.H.D., i.
His usual iconographical attribute is his
many times been refuted by Christian as
with the Irish Huydhran or Odran lack
697-708. Letter from Boniface to Hwaetbert in
tame swan (from his manor at Stow) or a
plausibility.
well as Jewish writers. But the calumny
M. Tangl, no. 76 and E.H.D., i. 759.
chalice with the infant Jesus on it, as on the
stuck in the Middle Ages, perhaps because
Baring-Gould and Fisher, iii. 286-8.
altarpiece from the Charterhouse at Thui-
it was what people wanted to believe, and
son and in Zurbaran's portrait at Cadiz. A
the Legend of 'Little St. Hugh' is best
HYA, see IA.
HYWN (Henwyn, Hewyn), Welsh monk
picture of him in the Paris Charterhouse
known through the Prioress's Tale in
and possibly bishop. Trained at Llantwit,
became a centre of pilgrimage for mothers
Chaucer's Canterbury Tales. The cult was
HYACINTH, see PROTUS AND HYA-
he eventually became abbot of Bardsey. He
with sick children.
never official, although miracles were
CINTH.
is the patron of Aberdaron on the Lleyn
His shrine was dismantled at the Re-
claimed at his intercession. Feast: 27
peninsula, where pilgrims used to embark
formation, but searches for his body in
August.
HYBALD (Hibald, Higbald) (7th
for Bardsey. His feast is in no ancient
1887 and in 1956 proved unsuccessful. His
H. R. Luard (ed.), Matthew Paris, Chronica
century), abbot in Lincolnshire. He is
calendars known to Baring-Gould, but
white linen stole, formerly at the Grande
mentioned by Bede as being very holy and
wakes were held in his honour at Aber-
Majora (R.S., 1880), v, 516-19; B.T.A., iii.
Chartreuse, survives in the Charterhouse
421-2.
abstemious in connection with a vision of
daron on I or 6 January. Churches in Bris-
at Parkminster (West Sussex). Feast: 17
the death of Cedd by Egbert. Four Lin-
tol, Gloucester, and Hereford, dedicated to
November; translation, 6 October.
HUNA (7th century), priest and monk. He
colnshire churches were dedicated to him
Ewen, have been dubiously claimed as
D. L. Douie and D. H. Farmer, Magna Vita S.
lived under Etheldreda, whom in fact he
and Hibaldstow takes its name from his
his.
Hugonis (1961-2); J. F. Dimock, Giraldi Opera
buried. He retired soon afterwards to the
grave there, also recorded by R.P.S. His
Baring-Gould and Fisher, iii. 263-5.
(R.S.), vii. 67-147 and 39-42; id., Metrical Life
life of a hermit at Huneya in the Fens. Here
of St. Hugh of Lincoln (1860); for the canoniza-
he died; later his relics were translated to
tion report, D. H. Farmer in Lincs. Arch. and
Thorney, where they were venerated in the
Archaeol. Soc. Papers, vi (1956), 86-117. Lives
by H. Thurston (1898) and R. M. Woolley
11th century or before. Feast: 13 Feb-
(1927); see also M.O., pp. 375-91 and C. R.
ruary.
I
Cheney, Hubert Walter (1967).
Stanton, p. 67; R.P.S.
HUGH OF LINCOLN (2) (Little St.
HWAETBERT (Huaetberct) (716-c.
Hugh) (d. 1255), 'martyr'. He was a boy of
747), abbot of Wearmouth and Jarrow.
IA (Hya, Ives), patron of St. Ives, Corn-
St. Ives, Hunts. Feasts: 3 February and 27
only nine years old who met a violent death
Like Bede, Hwaetbert had been offered to
wall, according to local tradition was an
October.
at the hands of persons unknown; his body
the monastery in childhood and educated
Irish virgin who sailed across the Irish Sea
was discovered in a well and buried in the
there in ecclesiastical and monastic learn-
on a leaf. She was said to be a sister of
G. H. Doble, The Saints of Cornwall, i (1960),
cathedral near the tomb of Grosseteste.
ing. He had been ordained priest before he
89-94. William Worcestre, p. 115.
Euny. Leland saw a Life of her at St. Ives
But the story circulated and became im-
was unanimously chosen as abbot and con-
which made her a noble disciple of St. Bar-
mensely popular that his death was due to
firmed by *Acca. Letters to him from Pope
ricus; a church was built at her request by
IDE, see ITA.
ritual murder practised by the strong and
*Gregory II and from Boniface survive,
Dinan, a great lord of Cornwall. Breton
wealthy Jewish community in Lincoln. It
the latter being a request for the works of
tradition, however, makes her a convert of
IGNATIUS OF ANTIOCH (d. c. 107),
was asserted that the Jew Koppin enticed
Bede and for a bell, accompanied by a gift
Patrick 'the Elder': she came to Armorica
bishop and martyr. Of Syrian origin, Igna-
the boy into his house on 31 July, was kept
of a goat's hair bed-covering. A letter of
with 777 disciples and was martyred there.
tius became bishop of Antioch C. 69. No-
there until 27 August, when he was
Hwaetbert to Gregory commending his
She is the eponym of Plouyé, near Carhaix.
thing is known of his early life or even of
scourged, crowned with thorns, and finally
predecessor Ceolfrith also survives: ear-
She should not be confused with
Yvo
of
his episcopate before his last journey from
200
201
PRAXEDES
PUDENTIANA
native of Auvergne, and educated by its
patrician brothers who became Christians
PRISCUS OF CAPUA, martyr, named
cemetery of Damasus as their resting-place.
bishop Genesius, he became a priest and,
and whose commitment took the form of
as such by the Martyrology of Jerome, the
In the 9th century their relics were trans-
in 666, bishop. He founded monasteries,
visiting the confessors in prison. After
Gelasian Sacramentary, and the marble
lated to St. Peter's, where they remain to
churches, and hospitals; his preaching
their arrest they were tortured and the
calendar of Naples. Nothing is known
this day under their altar in the south
revealed his learning and devotion. His
judge tried to convince Felician that his
about him, and his fine ancient church at
transept. Feast: 2 July, mentioned in OE.
death was due to intrigues and violence.
brother, now eighty years old, had con-
Capua has been destroyed. Feast: I Sep-
Martyrology and that of Bede, and the
Hector, ruler of Marseilles, was accused
formed. But Felician was not taken in, and
tember in R.M. and 13 medieval English
Sarum calendar.
of outrages and misdemeanours. At the
the two brothers faced execution together.
monastic calendars.
order of the emperor Childeric he was ar-
The translation of their relics from outside
C.M.H., pp. 347-8; B.T.A., iii. 7-8.
rested and executed. Agritius believed this
the walls of Rome to a church inside them
Propylaeum, p. 374; AA.SS. Sept. I (1746), 99-
108.
to be due to Praejectus and organized
is usually regarded as the first of its kind.
PROJECTUS, see PRAEJECTUS.
revenge. The bishop was stabbed and an
Feast: 9 June.
PRIX, see PRAEJECTUS, PRISCUS.
assassin killed him with a sword, scattering
PROTASE, see GERVASE AND PROTASE.
AA.SS. Iun. II (1698), 149-54 with C.M.H., p.
his brains. Praejectus was venerated as a
311; H. Delehaye, Étude sur le légendier romain
PROBUS, titular saint of the church of
martyr. The cult spread even to English
(1936), pp. 14-31.
PROTUS AND HYACINTH, Roman
Probus (Cornwall), mentioned as St.
monastic calendars of the 11th and 12th
martyrs of unknown date, but mentioned
Probus by Domesday Book and reputedly
centuries. Feast: 25 January.
PRISCA, Roman lady of the early cen-
in the 4th-century list of martyrs, in the
made collegiate by Athelstan in 926. Sher-
turies who gave her name to the church on
early sacramentaries, and the Naples calen-
AA.SS. Ian II (1643), 628-36; good con-
borne Abbey was formerly called Lam-
temporary Life by a monk of Volvic, ed. B.
the Aventine hill since at least the 4th cen-
dar of stone. This ancient cult received
probi or the church of Probus or else
Krusch, M.G.H., Scriptores rerum merov., v,
tury. There was an early Roman cult of
striking confirmation in 1845 when the
Propeschirche, but its calendar retains no
212-48; E.B.K. before 1100; E.B.K. after 1100.
Prisca, whom the itineraries mention as a
tomb of Hyacinth was discovered in the
memory of its former patron. Nothing is
martyr. The Acts (10th century), which
cemetery of Basilla, with his name and the
known of Probus and the C.C.K. lists him
PRAXEDES, virgin of Rome (1st-2nd
are historically almost valueless, identify
date of his burial (II September); inside it
century), who was buried in the cemetery
among those Cornish saints 'whose day
her with a martyr whose relics had been
were charred bones, indicating death by
of Priscilla on the Salarian Way. The fine
is not certainly known'. If Probus ever
translated to this church. From about the
fire. Near it another inscription was found
church of S. Prassede (Rome) was built
existed and is not just a name meaning
9th century she had been also identified
bearing the name of Protus M(artyr), but
on the site of her house. Legend made her a
'honest', he was probably a Celtic or Bri-
with the Priscilla in the Acts of the
this tomb was empty, probably because the
sister of *Pudentiana and a daughter of the
tish saint of the West Country of whom all
Apostles who was the wife of Aquila and
relics were translated into Rome by St. Leo
senator Pudens, supposedly converted to
is forgotten except his dedications.
the church became known as titulus Aqui-
IV. An inscription by *Damasus says
Christianity by St. Peter. Benedict XIV
lae et Priscae, but this identification seems
Baring-Gould and Fisher, iv. 107; Stanton, p.
they were brothers; the Martyrology of
said that the Acts were spurious and
most unlikely. She is sometimes repre-
735.
Jerome calls them 'teachers of the Chris-
unworthy of credence: the cult of Praxedes
sented with two lions, who according to
tian law'. Their cult was early and wide-
is not one of the oldest in Rome. The most
her Acts refused to attack her. Feast: 18
PROCESSUS AND MARTINIAN,
spread: the feast is mentioned in the OE.
ancient reference to her may have been in
January, in 16 English monastic calen-
Roman martyrs of early date, who were
Martyrology, the Martyrology of Bede,
Itineraries to the Catacombs of the 7th
dars.
publicly venerated in Rome from at least
and the Sarum calendar. A church in Blis-
century. Feast: formerly 21 July, sup-
the 4th century and whose feast was in the
land (Cornwall) called St. Pratts is prob-
pressed 1969.
AA.SS. Ian. II (1643), 183-7; R. Krautheimer,
early Roman sacramentaries. They were
ably dedicated to Protus. Feast: II Sep-
Corpus Basilicarum Christianarum Romae, iii
O.D.C.C., s.v.; AA.SS. Maii IV (1685),
buried in the cemetery of Damasus: in the
tember (9 September in OE. Martyr-
(1967), 260-76.
296-301; R. Krautmeier, Corpus Basilicarum
4th century a church was built over their
ology).
Christianarum Romae, iii (1967), 232-59.
PRISCUS (Prix) (c. 272), martyr. A citi-
tomb. Here St. Gregory the Great
PRIMUS AND FELICIAN (d. C. 297),
zen of Besançon, Priscus with some Chris-
preached a homily on their feast, in which
C.M.H., pp. 501-2; AA.SS. Sept. III (1750),
746-62 (fictitious Acts make them the house-
martyrs. These were Romans who suffered
tian friends fled during the persecution of
he referred to the presence of their bodies,
hold slaves of Eugenia, daughter of the prefect
Aurelian to Auxerre, where they were dis-
to the cures of the sick, to the harassment of
of Egypt, and join Basilla to them, converted by
at Nomentum (12 miles from Rome)
covered and killed. The Martyrology of
perjurers, and the cure of demoniacs there.
their persuasions); B.T.A., iii. 537-8.
during the persecution of Diocletian and
There is nothing left today of this church.
Maximian. A church was built over their
Jerome mentions him as a martyr and is
The unreliable Acts make them the war-
witness to an early cult. The bodies were
PUDENTIANA, supposed Roman
tombs on the Via Nomentana. In 640 Pope
ders of SS. Peter and Paul in the Mamer-
discovered by Germanus of Auxerre,
martyr of the 1st-2nd century. She is men-
Theodore brought their relics to the
who built churches in their honour and
tine prison, who were converted and bap-
tioned in the Itineraries of Rome of the
church of San Stefano Rotundo, and a
tized by Peter. A woman called Lucina is
mosaic, which still survives, was set up in
helped to diffuse the cult. Feast: 26 May.
early Middle Ages and in the Reichenau
said to have buried them in her own
manuscript of the Martyrology of Jerome,
the apse. Their legendary Acts make them
AA.SS. Maii VI (1688), 365-8; B.T.A., ii. 400.
cemetery, but Delehaye insists on the
but in no earlier known sources. In early
336
337
THE NEW YORK TIMES BIOGRAPHICAL SERVICE
May, 1981
It was Mr. Wright's idea to make separate chapters of taped
reminiscences of Mr. Pavarotti's colleagues and friends, an un-
usual practice for an "autobiography." Among those interviewed
were the tenor's wife, Adua; Dame Joan Sutherland and her con-
ductor husband, Richard Bonynge; Judith Raskin; Mirella Freni;
Herbert Breslin; and fellow tenor Giuseppe Di Stefano.
"Usually these interviews are woven into the narrative," he
said, "but I thought that if they ran long enough, why not leave the
words in the mouths of the people who said them?" He heard some
"grumblings" from a number of editors at Doubleday about his
wanting to do the book this way, but his own editor, Louise Gault,
strongly supported him.
Mr. Wright, who describes himself as a "tenor manqué,"
laughed as he recalled the time Pavarotti asked him to sing the
scales during a practice session. The tenor's verdict? "A discreet
silence," according to Mr. Wright. "At least he didn't grimace."
Mr. Pavarotti's collaborator and amanuensis is a 1952 graduate
of Yale with a home in New York City as well as Key West. Three of
his four previously published books are nonfiction works written
solo - among them, "Ball," an account of New York's April in
Paris charity ball, and "Heiress," a biography of the late Marjorie
Merriweather Post.
He wrote the fourth, his first novel, while he was putting to-
gether the Pavarotti book. "Rich Relations" was published by Put-
nam's in February and is now in its second printing Mr. Wright de-
scribes it as "a roman à clef about two adventinesses, sisters who
grow up on Long Island and in Washington in the 1940's and be
come very famous."
May 10, 1981
issued an appeal for unity and calm and
Wyszynski Dies;
for the halting of any protest actions.
On Monday, Cardinal Wyszynski re-
Associated Prem
ceived a telephone call from the Pope,
Stefan Cardinal Wysrynski
Strong Defender
who blessed him. The following day the
Cardinal was reported in critical condi-
tion for the first time. On May 16, he had
mission, through the downfall of a succes-
OfPolish Church
been given the sacrament of the sick, the
sion of discredited party and Government
modern-day equivalent of the last rites.
chiefs. In the end, an officially atheist re-
gime had to turn to him and his bishops
Fatal Illness Is Described
for rescue from a citizenry enraged by
The Cardinal died at 4:40 A.M. A
economic hardships as well as by official
By JOHN DARNTON
church communiqué, disclosing the na-
corruption and ineptitude.
Special to The New York Times
ture of his illness, spoke of "a cancerous
In the labor unrest starting last year,
WARSAW, May 28 - Stefan Cardinal
process in the abdomen of exceptional
Cardinal Wyszynski became the arbitra-
malignancy and rapid progress.' It noted
tor between between the leaders of the in-
Wyszynski, the Roman Catholic Primate
that the Cardinal died on the Feast of the
dependent labor movement and the Com-
of Poland, died of stomach cancer early
Ascension.
munist Party leadership.
today. He was 79 years old.
"The great servant of the church and
Right to Be a Catholic Nation
Cardinal Wyszynski was named Pri-
the nation, who placed all faith in the Ma-
mate in 1948, the year in which the Com-
donna, has departed," the communiqué
"After 10 centuries of Catholicism," he
munists assumed complete power in Po-
said. "He has been a great moral author-
had reminded Poland's political leaders
ity for Poles and many other people. The
long before, in 1966, "we have the right to
land. As defender of the church he moved
eyes of everyone were on him in the dra-
be a Catholic nation, and we do not resign
between outright opposition to the Gov-
matic moments of our country."
that right." Responding to cheers from
ernment during Stalinist times to peace-
Tributes from the authorities empha-
hundreds of thousands of pilgrims in
ful coexistence, and at times cooperation,
sized the Cardinal's patriotism, states-
Upper Silesia, be used that show of sup-
with the authorities as they moderated
manship and moral authority.
port to plead for co-existence between the
their positions.
Church and "the authority of Caesar."
His death came in a time of political
He confronted a Government cam-
change and removed from the scene a
By WOLFGANG SAXON
paign to keep the young out of church in
strong moderating force that had influ-
Stefan Cardinal Wyszynski, Arch-
mid-1963, declaring: "If a citizen does not
ence in all the corridors of power but
bishop of Gniezno and Warsaw and
demand his rights, he is no longer a citi-
Roman Catholic Primate of Poland
zen. He becomes a slave." Parents, he
especially on the independent industrial
trade union and its leader, Lech Walesa.
spent three decades in a struggle with
said, should insist on the constitutional
secular authority and left the Polish
guarantee of free worship.
As testimony to Cardinal Wyszynski's
church far more powerful than before.
His role was bolstered by the faith of
stature, the Government declared a
Treading a thin line between resistance
most Poles, who saw the church as the
period of national mourning through
and compromise, he through
historic symbol of Polish nationalism,
Saturday, with flags at half-staff, thea-
Stalinist incarceration and the persecu-
and by the fears all around of interven-
ters and movie houses closed, and sub-
tion of the faithful, through the harass-
tion by the Soviet Union. A large majority
ment that followed, through Communist
of Poles continued to identify with Roman
dued programming on radio and televi-
sion. The party's Central Committee
efforts to legislate the church into sub-
Catholicism as a bulwark against Soviet
767
Copyright © 1981 by The New York Times Company
May, 1981
THE NEW YORK TIMES BIOGRAPHICAL SERVICE
power and the doctrinaire Marxism-
putes when the Germans invaded Poland
proved true. But whenever it was done in
Leninism that Moscow's leaders prac-
in 1939.
Poland, it served only to draw the sheep
ticed to their own national advantage.
The Nazis imprisoned much of the Pol-
closer together."
ish clergy, but Father Wyszynski was
Even in recent years, he spoke out
Strengthened by Pope's Election
spared and became a resistance leader
against bureaucrats and policemen inter-
The hand of the Polish church was fur-
and organizer of clandestine church
fering with religious observations and
ther strengthened by the election of Karol
meetings. He was consecrated Bishop of
processions, and he was constantly at-
Cardinal Wojtyla, Archbishop of Cracow,
Lublin in 1946.
tacking measures that curbed the con-
to become Pope John Paul II in 1978 and
Named Archbishop by Pope Plus
struction of churches, demanded their
by his subsequent visit to Poland.
financial records or hamstrung their pub-
Cardinal Wyszynski's influence and the
Two years later, on the death of Au-
lications and ability to teach.
credibility of his church among the peo-
gustus Cardinal Hlond, Pope Pius XII
Still, with the comparative peace at-
ple were strong enough to restrain mili-
named him Archbishop of Gniezno and
tained under the Gomulka regime, Cardi-
tants pushing the union leader, Lech
Warsaw and Primate of Poland. By then,
nal Wyszynski began to travel outside Po-
Walesa, in one direction and ideological
the Communists had taken full control of
land. He met Pope Pius XII in 1957 and re-
hard-liners pulling the Communist Party
the country under Soviet tutelage and set
turned in 1958 for the election of Pope
leader, Stanislaw Kania, in the other,
out to reduce the church to impotence.
John XXIII and for Pope John's funeral
while Moscow grappled with the problem
Archbishop Wyszynski signed an
and the election of Pope Paul VI in 1963.
of what to do about the tumult.
agreement in 1950 by which the church
Leading the church in an intensely na-
When the economic woes and the work-
promised not to meddle in politics and the
tionalistic country, Cardinal Wyszynski
state promised to respect freedom of wor-
ers' dissatisfation erupted in unrest in
had his own quarrels with the Holy See,
ship and to let the church print its publi-
1980, the state found itself unable to cope
particularly with Pope Paul, whom be
cations and give religious instruction to
with them. Thus the astonishing specta-
visited repeatedly for discussions.
schoolchildren.
cle in the spring of 1981, when Mr. Kania
The chief irritant then was the Vati-
and Mr. Walesa and their aides went to
That first compromise for the sake of
can's slowness in honoring Poland's
the Cardinal's palace in Warsaw for dis-
survival did not sit well with many Poles,
sovereignty over the western provinces
cussions. And the Cardinal's representa-
who saw the regime chipping away at the
seized from Germany at the end of World
tives, the bishops of Poland, openly medi-
historical role of their church. In any
War II. By 1970 Mr. Gomulka and Chan-
ated local disputes over labor grievances
case, the pact did not withstand the re-
cellor Willy Brandt of West Germany had
or police excesses.
pressions that followed. Priests were
signed an agreement by which Bonn for-
arned of National Disaster
jailed, the Catholic press was stilled, and
mally accepted the postwar borders.
Archbishop Wyszynski had to use all his
Cardinal Wyszynski, not wanting to
Cautious in his dealings with the state,
skill at diplomacy, his courage and sheer
lose the people's trust to the Communists,
Cardinal Wyszynski did not leap into the
stubbornness in the ensuing decades to
pressed the Vatican to follow suit. He was
fray when strikes swept Poland to para-
win back the relative freedom the 1950
annoyed when the Vatican chose to take a
lyze an ailing economy. Instead, he first
agreement had granted.
legalistic attitude by waiting for formal
told the workers to recognize the dangers
Pope Rius announced the Archbishop's
ratification of the treaty, which was held
of national disaster and outside interven-
elevation to the rank of cardinal in 1952.
up for a time by the issue of Germans still
tion by going back to work and negotiat-
But fearful of not being allowed back into
ing. That advice and the Government's
in the region who wanted to go west.
unprecedented broadcast of his speech on
Poland, Cardinal Wyszynski kept away
In 1970 riots broke out on the Baltic
television in that strike-ridden August of
from the consistory in Rome the follow-
coast of Poland over higher food prices,
1980 rankled many workers and Catholic
ing January. When be refused to de-
and Cardinal Wyszynski voiced the coun-
nounce a bishop jailed on espionage
try's shock over the severity with which
intellectuals.
charges in 1953, he was himself arrested
the disturbances were quelled.
But Cardinal Wyszynski then followed
and confined at a monastery for three
A new leadership was installed with
his longstanding admonition to the
church never to go against the will of the
years.
Edward Gierek as party chief. He and the
In one of the ironies that marked Cardit
new Prime Minister, Piotr Jaroszewicz,
people. He met with Mr. Walesa the fol-
nal Wyszynski's life, Wladislaw Gomul-
promptly made overtures to the Cardi-
lowing month and eventually gave full
ka, the Communist leader in the early
nal, who coaxed concessions from them.
support to the independent union and its
postwar period, had also been purged and
In return, he provided them with a voice
struggling sister group, the farm union.
jailed by the Stalinists under Boleslaw
of moderation when the gathering storm
But be also reminded them of the danger
Bierut. When Mr. Gomulka returned to
overtook the nation in 1980 and a discred-
to the nation if they pushed the Govern-
power in 1956, he had Cardinal Wyszynski
ited leadership again fell.
ment too far instead of holding it to hard-
returned to his palace.
won promises.
Mr. Gomulka's return marked a less-
May 29, 1981
Was Ordained in 1924
ening of Soviet domination. By freeing
Stefan Wyszynski, the son of a village
the Cardinal, he was seeking to gain
teacher and church organist, was born
popular support for his rule. And over the
Aug. 3, 1901, near Lomza in the northeast-
years that followed, both sides continued
em Poland, then part of the Russian Em-
to grope for a modus vivendi of mostly un-
pire. He was ordained in 1924 and posted
easy coexistence.
as vicar to Wloclawek, where he edited a
The Cardinal often denounced what
Catholic daily newspaper and a scientific
amounted to repression by the Govern-
monthly.
ment and to castigate Mr. Gomulka's as-
He earned a doctorate in sociology and
sertion that no such thing existed. Railing
canon law at the Catholic University in
against Poland's "caesars," he cited 20
Lublin in 1929 and also studied in Italy,
organizations trying to turn Poles into a
nation of atheists and obstructing their
France and Belgium. During nine years
as professor at the Higher Seminary of
right to worship freely.
Wloclawek, he became known as a "labor
Temporal power could not overcome
priest" close to the working people, for
the Church in Poland, he frequently said.
whom, in 1935, he founded and directed
"Strike the shepherd and the sheep will
the Catholic Workers University.
disperse," he exclaimed in a fiery ser-
The author of several books on labor
mon at Poland's holiest shrine, in Czesto-
topics, the priest upset conservative
chowa, in January 1966 after the regime
members of the church hierarchy. He
had denied him a passport for a visit to
was playing a role as counsel in labor dis-
Rome. "Often this has been tried and
768
SPEECH
VICE PRESIDENT GEORGE BUSH
ST. HYACINTH CHURCH
CHICAGO, ILLINOIS
SUNDAY, MARCH 13, 1988
Thank you, Father Roge, for those kind words. Mrs. Bush
and I are delighted to be here, we're delighted to be accompanied
by Governor Thompson and Mrs. Thompson, your Governor. We're
delighted to be accompanied by one of America's true heroes,
General Chuck Yaeger, who's with us here today. As I stand here
in this beautiful church, I think back to about five months ago
when I stood on the balcony at St. Stanislaw Kostka Church in
Warsaw. I had met the night before, at the Ambassador's
residence, with Lech Walesa and other leaders of Solidarity. I
had asked Walesa if he would accompany me to the church where
Father Popieluszko had preached -- the "Solidarity Priest," who
had been murdered by the Secret Police. I didn't know if he'd
come and sure enough, Barbara and I were staying at this lovely
guest house, he appeared all alone, climbed in our United States
big car there and the Secret Police made one gesture, they took
the Polish Flag off of the right fender of our car but we had the
Stars and Stripes, your flag, my flag on the United States
applause
and we drove downtown past hundreds of people and
on a gray and chilly Monday morning, thousands of people pinned
behind barricades and infiltrated by the secret police, lined the
streets for hours around that modest church and cheered for
Solidarity and Walesa and the United States of America.
His voice rang like a bell throughout this land, and he must
not be forgotten, I said. Here at the church where he lived,
worked, and prayed, let us pledge to carry on his quest to
overcome evil with good
applause
Next to Walesa we did what
we'll do here today we laid a wreath and a little Solidarity
banner at the grave of the fallen priest and Barbara put her arm
around Father Popieluszko's mother dissolved in tears
applause
because I think she found it hard to believe that
the United States, in the face of the lights and under the gaze
of the communists masters would honor her son in this way.
But I would just simply tell you that it was a very moving
experience and then Lech Walesa and I went on top of that church
balcony, some of you may have been there, some of you know the
story, the voices rang out "long live Reagan, long live Bush, but
most of all, long live America.' And we saw
applause
we saw
very, very clearly what you all know so well, the affection of
the people of Poland of the United States and so what my message
today, as we honor Father Popieluszko is and as we are
surrounded by the future, by these wonderful young children, it
is the United States of America that must keep alive the hope of
the Polish people, we are one nation under God, we should
struggle, however possible, to preserve and protect and
strengthen religious freedom around the world. Father
Popieluszko taught us that by his life, by his ministry, and by
his faith and we must honor his memory by standing up to freedom
and democracy around the world we owe it to these children, we
owe it to the future of this the greatest and freest country,
one nation under God, the United States of America.
Thank you and God bless you all. Thank you
applause
That leader of Solidarity, that man of steel, Lech Walesa
and I was pleased to honor him in Poland, pleased to stand next
to him as we lay on the grave of Father Popieluszko, the martyr
priest, the symbol of Solidarity, the symbol of freedom, and the
support and demonstrating the support of the United States of
America. All of us here, new Americans, Americans who may not be
citizens yet, all of us, know that our country is the symbol of
freedom--religious freedom, political freedom, freedom of
elections, freedom of whatever else it is
applause
and so
my message in supporting Father Popieluszko and Solidarity is to
stand for freedom wherever we can around the world.
Thank you all, God bless you, and on this Sunday let's never
forget that the United States of America is one nation under God.
Thank you very much
applause
PUDENTIANA
1 brothers who became Christians
PRISCUS OF CAPUA, martyr, named
se commitment took the form of
cemetery of Damasus as their resting-place.
as such by the Martyrology of Jerome, the
the confessors in prison. After
In the 9th century their relics were trans-
Gelasian Sacramentary, and the marble
est they were tortured and the
lated to St. Peter's, where they remain to
calendar of Naples. Nothing is known
ed to convince Felician that his
this day under their altar in the south
about him, and his fine ancient church at
now eighty years old, had con-
transept. Feast: 2 July, mentioned in OE.
Capua has been destroyed. Feast: I Sep-
But Felician was not taken in, and
Martyrology and that of Bede, and the
tember in R.M. and 13 medieval English
Sarum calendar.
brothers faced execution together.
monastic calendars.
slation of their relics from outside
C.M.H., pp. 347-8; B.T.A., iii. 7-8.
$ of Rome to a church inside them
Propylaeum, p. 374; AA.SS. Sept. (1746), 99-
108.
y regarded as the first of its kind.
PROJECTUS, see PRAEJECTUS.
June.
PRIX, see PRAEJECTUS, PRISCUS.
un. II (1698), 149-54 with C.M.H., p.
PROTASE, see GERVASE AND PROTASE.
Delehaye, Étude sur le légendier romain
PROBUS, titular saint of the church of
D. 14-31.
Probus (Cornwall), mentioned as St.
PROTUS AND HYACINTH, Roman
Probus by Domesday Book and reputedly
martyrs of unknown date, but mentioned
1, Roman lady of the early cen-
made collegiate by Athelstan in 926. Sher-
in the 4th-century list of martyrs, in the
ho gave her name to the church on
borne Abbey was formerly called Lam-
early sacramentaries, and the Naples calen-
ntine hill since at least the 4th cen-
probi or the church of Probus or else
dar of stone. This ancient cult received
here was an early Roman cult of
Propeschirche, but its calendar retains no
striking confirmation in 1845 when the
vhom the itineraries mention as a
memory of its former patron. Nothing is
tomb of Hyacinth was discovered in the
The Acts (10th century), which
known of Probus and the C.C.K. lists him
cemetery of Basilla, with his name and the
rically almost valueless, identify
a martyr whose relics had been
among those Cornish saints 'whose day
date of his burial (11 September); inside it
is not certainly known'. If Probus ever
were charred bones, indicating death by
d to this church. From about the
existed and is not just a name meaning
fire. Near it another inscription was found
ury she had been also identified
'honest', he was probably a Celtic or Bri-
bearing the name of Protus M(artyr), but
e Priscilla in the Acts of the
tish saint of the West Country of whom all
this tomb was empty, probably because the
who was the wife of Aquila and
is forgotten except his dedications.
relics were translated into Rome by St. Leo
ch became known as titulus Aqui-
IV. An inscription by *Damasus says
iscae, but this identification seems
Baring-Gould and Fisher, iv. 107; Stanton, p.
they were brothers; the Martyrology of
likely. She is sometimes repre-
735.
Jerome calls them 'teachers of the Chris-
with two lions, who according to
tian law'. Their cult was early and wide-
S refused to attack her. Feast: 18
PROCESSUS AND MARTINIAN,
spread: the feast is mentioned in the OE.
in 16 English monastic calen-
Roman martyrs of early date, who were
Martyrology, the Martyrology of Bede,
publicly venerated in Rome from at least
and the Sarum calendar. A church in Blis-
the 4th century and whose feast was in the
lan. II (1643), 183-7; R. Krautheimer,
land (Cornwall) called St. Pratts is prob-
asilicarum Christianarum Romae, iii
early Roman sacramentaries. They were
ably dedicated to Protus. Feast: II Sep-
50-76.
buried in the cemetery of Damasus: in the
tember (9 September in OE. Martyr-
4th century a church was built over their
ology).
JS (Prix) (c. 272), martyr. A citi-
tomb. Here St. Gregory the Great
sançon, Priscus with some Chris-
preached a homily on their feast, in which
C.M.H., pp. 501-2; AA.SS. Sept. III (1750),
he referred to the presence of their bodies,
746-62 (fictitious Acts make them the house-
ds fled during the persecution of
to the cures of the sick, to the harassment of
hold slaves of Eugenia, daughter of the prefect
to Auxerre, where they were dis-
of Egypt, and join Basilla to them, converted by
and killed. The Martyrology of
perjurers, and the cure of demoniacs there.
their persuasions); B.T.A., iii. 537-8.
nentions him as a martyr and is
There is nothing left today of this church.
0 an early cult. The bodies were
The unreliable Acts make them the war-
PUDENTIANA, supposed Roman
ed by Germanus of Auxerre,
ders of SS. Peter and Paul in the Mamer-
martyr of the ISt-2nd century. She is men-
It churches in their honour and
tine prison, who were converted and bap-
tioned in the Itineraries of Rome of the
) diffuse the cult. Feast: 26 May.
tized by Peter. A woman called Lucina is
early Middle Ages and in the Reichenau
said to have buried them in her own
manuscript of the Martyrology of Jerome,
Maii VI (1688), 365-8; B.T.A., ii. 400.
cemetery, but Delehaye insists on the
but in no earlier known sources. In early
337
EMBASSY OF THE REPUBLIC OF POLAND
2640 16th Street, N.W.
Washington, D.C. 20008
ph. 202 234 3800
fax. 202 328 6271
FAX TRANSMISSION COVER SHEET
Date: March 13, 1992
No: 456-6218
No of pages: 1
To: Mr. Gary Gershowitz ,White House
From: Andrzej Jarecki, counselor, Embassy of Poland
MESSAGE:
1. How to settle down Poland?
Answer: To declare war against United States and
immediatly capitulate (surrender).
2. The story about the gold-fish. Three fishermen: one German,
one Russian, one Polish. Three wishes: one for German, one
for Russian, one for Pole.
German: May all Russians go to hell.
Russian: May all Germans go to hell.
Pole: I have no wishes.
Comment: you can humanize this anecdote. For example -
- German: "I would like to see Russia democratic."
Russian: "I would like to see Germany peacefully
inclined". Pole: I have no wishes.
3. Once an merican richman (banker) was ill. Doctors were
helpless. The family called an old, wise Rabbai. What is
your advice, Sir?
Rabbai said: You should go to Lubaczow.
Richman: Why to Lubaczow? What is this, Lubaczow? Where is
it?
yoor
Rabbai: Lubaczow is a small, silent, city in Poland. You ask
me why to Lubaczow? I'll tell you: because in Lubaczow, as
I turn my mind to the past, any richman never died.
Steetings -
-
suing yourd