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Greek Independence Day 3/25/92 [OA 7570] [1]
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Greek Independence Day 3/25/92 [OA 7570] [1]
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26
22
4
1
Rem
THE WHITE HOUSE
Office of the Press Secretary
For Immediate Release
March 25, 1992
REMARKS BY THE PRESIDENT
IN CEREMONY FOR GREEK INDEPENDENCE DAY
The Rose Garden
11:18 A.M. EST
THE PRESIDENT: Welcome to the Rose Garden on this
beautiful day. We're so pleased to have you all here. Thank you for
the welcome for His Eminence and me, and it's a pleasure to welcome
you -- many of you, most of you -- back to the White House.
First, may I pay my most sincere respects to Archbishop
Iakovos, a true spiritual leader for whom we have enormous respect.
And I'm just delighted that he's here with us today. (Applause.)
And I want to thank our Cabinet Minister Ed Derwinski, who is so
well-known in Greece and Ambassador Zacharakis who is here, and also
our congressional contingent, Mike Bilirakis, over here; George Gekas
was to be here, but he may have been kept away by work. And, of
course, Senator Arlen Specter is with us today.
I would like to welcome Mr. Angelopoulos from Athens,
who presented me this commemorative medal in the Oval Office just a
minute ago. We are delighted you are here, sir. (Applause.) This
Greek American -- this Greek Independence Day -- I say Greek American
day because Americans of Greek heritage celebrate it -- it's a
wonderful day for the Greek American community and for all of us who
cherish freedom.
Greece can never be just another country to the United
States; and the U.S. and Greece are the firmest of friends, the
strongest of allies. And I might take this opportunity to salute
Prime Minister Mitsotakis, with whom I have a very cordial
relationship -- most cooperative relationship. I talked to him just
the other day on the phone.
We are committed to maintaining the close cooperation
that has developed with his government, and we will continue to serve
as a catalyst in the U.N. Secretary General's effort to negotiate a
fair and a permanent settlement to the Cyprus issue. (Applause.)
In our view, there is one Cyprus, and we are going to continue to
heal the division that scars this lovely island. (Applause.)
Now, we have consistently made clear our view that the
time has come to settle this question, and I am going to continue to
give it my personal attention. We're also sensitive to Greek
about the breakup of Yugoslavia, and I've been in touch
concerns again, I mentioned, with my dear friend, Prime Minister Mitsotakis works
about this highly sensitive issue. And as his government
towards a solution to this, it can be assured of our support.
Neither Greece nor America is a stranger to the struggle
for freedom. And as allies in NATO we've worked in common values cause to
have been preserved at high cost; the valor and sacrifice
preserve the peace. Today we remember that our ideals and of our
nations' finest young men and women. Greek heritage is, in so how many
respects, American heritage. And I'm deeply moved to realize
important it is to interpret for future generations the significance
of our independence days.
MORE
- 2 -
We must not forget, and we cannot let our children
forget, lest the struggle be repeated. And so we celebrate these
anniversaries of freedom, and we tell the old stories in order to
preserve that which we value so highly. This morning I want to
commend the Greek American community for the way you've preserved
your traditions. The Greek American culture continues to provide a
model for greatness. I can cite many examples, but I want to
particularly commend the value that this wonderful community places
on family and on tradition.
Through your commitment to strong families, those great
traditions have endured, and your culture has thrived in this new
land. These values, the ones that we pass along from one generation
to the next, are the greatest of all legacies. But these are not
just a comfortable luxury. They are a vital part of the social
capital that a nation must possess if it's to be great; but more
significantly, if it's to be good.
Today, as we join with you to commemorate the 171st
anniversary of Greek independence, we also celebrate Archbishop
Iakovos's 33rd year as Archbishop of the Americas. (Applause.)
As His Eminence was at the forefront of the march for civil rights,
now the Greek American family is at the forefront in the modeling for
today's generation those enduring personal and family values that are
the necessary underpinning for continued democracy and freedom.
I still remember Archbishop Iakovos's benediction at our
convention in 1988, and he prayed in a nonpartisan way, I want to say
-- (laughter) -- but he prayed that we would -- and here was the
words: "Carry, renew and redefine the legacy and mandate to keep
this nation under God in an unending quest for unity, justice, moral
integrity and spiritual alertness and readiness."
On this Greek Independence Day let that be the prayer
and the challenge to us all.
And now it is my real pleasure to put pen to paper and
proclaim Greek Independence Day a national day of celebration of
Greek and American democracy. (Applause.)
(The document is signed.) (Applause.)
ARCHBISHOP IAKOVOS: Mr. President, on behalf on all of
us present and those absent, I would like to express to you our most
sincere gratitude, for you have been always a champion for democracy,
democratic values and principles.
I am particularly moved today because you remembered my
33rd year of service to the Greek American community and to America
as well, for I am very proud to have been a Hellene, but also an
American citizen.
I would like to assure you that your challenge today,
that we continue in a democratic way, it has been described deep in
our hearts by our parents and the mandate of our history, both the
American the Hellenic history. If there is any spot without any
stain of blood on this old planet of ours, it is the heart and souls
of men and women, who are Americans and Hellenes. And I can assure
you, Mr. President, that we shall hold that heritage very dear to our
hearts and very sacred for as long as we live.
Thank you, once again, on behalf of all of us, Mr.
President.
END
11:27 A.M. EST
proclemation Rose Garden
X
80 Hk Am
Issues / Jane Hall NSC David Dompert
-Cipprus issue
-Macedonia issue
very sensiture wrty about it
as positure to The as possible
they want to hear
no recognition of
/No!
name macedonia
Pres best friend of Cigrus
could be found
VIP list/will get to me tomorrow
Ambassador from Hr
See Derwinski
anch Bestrop Jakavos
21/2 pages -
our
poslamation
- diverse America
- all soits of people
livens together
off
- integrity of individual
* description /
family values w/in Hh community
* vehicle to transmit Hh Culture
then the centuries -
It always at the care is the family.
- what Greeks frought to america -
Jim Jatros - Senatorial Republican
Policy Committee
10:30
224-3121
angelovpholos /archberhaps
personal freend
andy athens
al Cortilus
#
Call father alex Carlotgos / 862-1600
spokesperson for Hh Church
madison
Church is oponsor of
Hotel
event
Staff speh three Drawinske
James Jatros
Bastillee
HR national Day
revolt 1821 against Turks (muslims)
Invinciation 1 Religious holiday
angel Habriel announced Christ's coming
rebirth of nation
Clergisms - saised revolt-
prototipe /close ectinee family
family is treasured,
Close knit institution
Survey of Am Religions
Sh Orthodor - Very low
rate of divorce
/
high rate of lews ownership
education level attainment
- big difference generationally
those born in Green/ Sk dnd Day
- ethecned identity d roots, etc
- religious associations strong 1821
now uss conscious of it 1
\
-democracy
/ connection inspiration of anceed
go
Hk philosophy - -
heavy
03/24/82 16:00
001/003
NATIONAL SECURITY COUNCIL
March 24, 1992
Jennifer:
Here is the revised input for the
President's speech tomorrow. NSC wants to
clear the final draft.
Jane Holl
X4996
03/24/82 16:00
002/003
7750
6218
The United States and Greece are the firmest of friends and the
strongest of allies. The close cooperation between ourselves and
the government of Prime Minister Mitsotakis has yielded the
excellent relations that we now enjoy. The U.S. is committed to
maintaining those close relations and to working with Greece on
the broad range of issues on which we share the same views.
Let me single out two issues in particular.
We appreciate the concerns Greece has about the breakup of
Yugoslavia. I have been in touch with my close friend Prime
Minister Mitsotakis about this, and as the Greeks work towards a
solution to this problem that meets their needs, I can assure you
that we will handle this issue in a way that protects Greek
interests.
On Cyprus, the United States continues to see its role as that of
a catalyst in the UN Secretary General's effort to negotiate a
fair and permanent settlement to the Cyprus issue. We believe
that this effort has brought the parties closer to a settlement
than at any other point in the past 18 years. In our view there
is one Cyprus, and we will continue to work, as we have in the
past, and as we will for as long as it takes, to see the island
unified once again. Ambassador Ledsky reports to me that there
is more than enough basis from which we can proceed with these
talks, and we will be continuing our discussions this week. I
03/24/82 16:01
003/003
2
cannot promise success, but I can promise that we will continue
to stay engaged.
Let me say that it is the good relations that our two countries
share that allows us to work through these difficult issues as
allies and friends.
for
Memorandum for Speechwriting Staff
From:
Dan McGroarty
Regarding: Greek lnd
Please return your comments to Room
122 by:
COB Today
MAR 24 1992
Today's Date:
This is very good, Janice (Crouse/Grossman) March
24, 1992
Draft Three
Joe
GREECE
PRESIDENTIAL REMARKS: GREEK INDEPENDENCE DAY
ROSE GARDEN
MARCH 25, 1992
11:15 A.M.
Thank you very much for that warm welcome. It is a pleasure to
welcome you back to the White House. [Greetings to Archbishop
Iakovos, Ed Derwinski and Ambassador Zaharakis.]
This Greek Independence Day is a wonderful day for the Greek-
American community and for all of us who cherish freedom. Greece can
never be just another country to the United States. The United States
and Greece are the firmest of friends and the strongest of allies. We
are committed to maintaining the close cooperation that has developed
with the government of Prime Minister Mitsotakis. For instance, we
will continue to serve as a catalyst in the UN Secretary General's
effort to negotiate a fair and permanent settlement to the Cyprus
issue. In our view there is one Cyprus, and we will continue to work
to see the island unified once again.
Neither Greece nor America is a stranger to the struggle for
freedom. Today, we remember that our ideals and values have been
preserved at high cost -- the valor and sacrifice of our nation's
finest young men and women. Greek heritage is, in so many respects,
American heritage. I am deeply moved to realize how important it is
to interpret for future generations the significance of our
Independence Days. We must not forget and we cannot let our children
forget -- lest the struggle be repeated. So, we celebrate these
anniversaries of freedom and we tell the old stories in order to
preserve that which we so highly value.
2
This morning I want to commend the Greek-American community for
the way you have preserved your traditions. The Greek-American
culture continues to provide a model for greatness. I could cite many
examples, but I want to particularly commend the value you place on
family and tradition. Through your commitment to strong families,
your great traditions have endured and your culture has thrived in
this new land.
These values that have been passed along from one generation to
the next are the greatest of all legacies. But, these are not just a
comfortable luxury. They are a vital part of the social capital that
a nation must possess if it is to be great, but more significantly, if
it is to be good.
Today, as we join with you to commemorate the 171st Anniversary
of Greek independence, we also celebrate Archbishop Iakovs' 33rd year
this
sentence
as Archbishop of the Americas. As His Eminence was at the forefront
of the march for Civil Rights, now, the Greek-American family is at
rather
long
the forefront in modeling for today's generation those enduring
personal and family values that are the necessary underpinning for
continued democracy and freedom.
I remember Archbishop Iakovos' benediction at the Republican
National Convention in 1988. He prayed that we would "carry, renew
and redefine the legacy and mandate to keep this nation under God in
an unending quest for unity, justice, moral integrity and spiritual
alertness and readiness." "
On this Greek Independence Day, let that be the prayer and
challenge to us all!
# # #
(Crouse/Grossman)
March 24, 1992
Draft Two
GREECE
PRESIDENTIAL REMARKS:
GREEK INDEPENDENCE DAY
ROSE GARDEN
MARCH 25, 1992
11:15 A.M.
Thank you very much for that warm welcome. It is a pleasure to
welcome you back to the White House for this annual event. [Greetings
to Archbishop Iakovos, Ed Derwinski and Ambassador Zaharakis.]
This Greek Independence Day is a wonderful day for the Greek-
American community and for all of us who cherish freedom. Greece can
never be just another country to the United States. The United States
and Greece are the firmest of friends and the strongest of allies. We
are committed to maintaining the close cooperation that has developed
with the government of Prime Minister Mitsotakis. For instance, we
will continue to serve as a catalyst in the UN Secretary General's
effort to negotiate a fair and permanent settlement to the Cyprus
issue. In our view there is one Cyprus, and we will continue to work
to see the island unified once again.
Neither Greece nor America is a stranger to the struggle for
freedom. Today, we remember that our ideals and values have been
preserved at high cost -- the valor and sacrifice of our nations'
finest young men and women. Greek heritage is, in so many respects,
American heritage. I am deeply moved to realize how important it is
to interpret for future generations the significance of our
Independence Days. We must not forget and we cannot let our children
forget -- lest the struggle have to be repeated. So, we celebrate
these anniversaries of freedom and we tell the old stories in order to
preserve that which we so highly value.
2
This morning I want to commend the Greek-American community for
the way you have preserved your traditions. The Greek-American
culture continues to provide a model for greatness. I could cite many
examples, but I want to particularly commend the value you place on
family and tradition. Through your commitment to strong families,
your great traditions have endured and your culture has thrived in
this new land.
You came to America and you became American; at the same time,
you retained the best of Greek traditions and you continue to pass
these along to your children and grandchildren. Social scientists are
documenting the important contributions you are making in America --
your high levels of educational attainment, your high rate of business
ownership, and your exceptionally low divorce rate, your strength,
your spirit and your sense of community.
These values that have been passed along from one generation to
the next are the greatest of all legacies. But, these are not just a
comfortable luxury. They are a vital part of the social capital that
a nation must possess if it is to be great, but more significantly, if
it is to be good.
Today, as we join with you to commemorate the 171st anniversary
of Greek independence, we also celebrate Archbishop Iakovas' 33rd year
as Archbishop of the Americas. As his Eminence was at the forefront
of the march for Civil Rights, now, the Greek-American family is at
the forefront in modeling for today's generation those enduring
personal and family values that are the necessary underpinning for
continued democracy and freedom.
3
I remember Archbishop Iakovos' benediction at the Republican
National Convention in 1988. He prayed that we would "carry, renew
and redefine the legacy and mandate to keep this nation under God in
an unending quest for unity, justice, moral integrity and spiritual
alertness and readiness."
On this Greek Independence Day, let that be the prayer and
challenge to us all!
#######
03/24/82 14:29
001/001
Jennife -
1
The United States and Greece are the firmest of friends and the
strongest of allies. The close cooperation between ourselves and
the government of Prime Minister Mitsotakis has yielded the
excellent relations that we now enjoy. The U.S. is committed to
maintaining those close relations and to working with Greece on
the broad range of issues on which we share the same views.
Let me speak about one of those issues -- Cyprus. The United
States continues to see its role as that of a catalyst in the UN
Secretary General's effort to negotiate a fair and permanent
settlement to the Cyprus issue. We believe that this effort has
brought the parties closer to a settlement than at any other
point in the past 18 years. In our view there is one Cyprus, and
we will continue to work, as we have in the past, and as we will
for as long as it takes, to see the island unified once again.
per on com.
4
Crouse/Grossman
REMARKS BY THE PRESIDENT DURING THE CEREMONY
171st ANNIVERSARY OF GREEK INDEPENDENCE DAY
Thank you very much for that warm welcome. It is a pleasure
to welcome you back to the White House for this annual event. It
is a special pleasure to see Archbishop Iakovos, who has become a
good friend and counselor since I've been President.
I also want to salute Ed Derwinski. Ed has tried for years
to get his friends in the Greek-American community to adopt him.
Since he is a former member of Congress, it's appropriate that
your consideration of his request take as long as it takes to get
Congress to act!
I'm delighted to see Ambassador Zaharakis here; it is a
pleasure to recognize his outstanding record. I also see other
friends of long-standing -- Andy Athens, Alec Courtelis, Andy
Manatos -- welcome, it is good to see you!
This Greek Independence Day is a wonderful day for the
Greek-American community and for all of us who cherish freedom.
This nation understands and shares your exuberance. We celebrate
with you -- achieving freedom is a monumental event.
Greece can never be just another country to the United
States. You were allies in both World Wars, in Korea, and most
recently in liberating Kuwait -- with outstanding leadership from
a Greek-American, General Gus Pagonis.
1
Greek heritage is, in so many respects, our heritage. I am
deeply moved to realize how important it is to interpret for
future generations the significance of our commonalities and our
hallowed days.
Neither Greece nor America is a stranger to the struggle for
freedom. Today, we remember that our ideals and values have been
preserved at high cost -- the valor and sacrifice of our nations'
choicest young men and women. We must not forget and we cannot
let our children or their children forget -- lest the struggle
have to be repeated. So, we celebrate these anniversaries of
freedom and we tell the old stories in order to preserve that
which we so highly value.
This morning I want to commend the Greek-American community
for the way you have preserved your traditions. It has become a
truism -- your culture was the cradle of democracy. From the
ancient Greeks, the Western world derived ideals and philosophy,
inspiration and insight.
Today, the Greek-American culture continues to provide a
model for greatness. I could cite many examples, but I want to
particularly commend the value you place on family and tradition.
Through your commitment to strong families, your great traditions
have endured and your culture has thrived in this new land.
You came to America and you became American; at the same
time, you retained the best of Greek traditions and you continue
to pass these along to your children and grandchildren.
2
Social scientists are documenting the important
contributions you are making in America --- your high levels of
educational attainment, your high rate of business ownership, and
your exceptionally low divorce rate. Your strength, your spirit
and your sense of community have -- at their core -- a commitment
to and love for your family. These values that have been passed
along from one generation to the next are the greatest of all
family legacies. But, they are not just a comfortable luxury.
They are part of the social capital that a nation must possess to
be great, and more significantly, to be good.
Today, as we join with you to commemorate the 171st
anniversary of Greek independence, we also celebrate Archbishop
Iakovas' 33rd year as Archbishop of the Americas. As his
Eminence was at the forefront of the march for Civil Rights, now,
the Greek-American family is at the forefront in modeling for
today's generation those enduring personal and family values that
are the necessary underpinning for continued democracy and
freedom.
I remember Archbishop Iakovos' benediction at the Republican
National Convention in 1988. He prayed that we would "carry,
renew and redefine the legacy and mandate to keep this nation
under God in an unending quest for unity, justice, moral
integrity and spiritual alertness and readiness."
On this Greek Independence Day, let that be the prayer and
challenge to us all!
#######
3
"hellos"
Thenks
pm126
alul
Crouse/Grossman
REMARKS BY THE PRESIDENT DURING THE CEREMONY
171st ANNIVERSARY OF GREEK INDEPENDENCE DAY
April
Thank you very much for that warm welcome. It is a pleasure
to welcome you back to the White House for this annual event. It
33
is a special pleasure to see Archbishop Iakovas, who has become a
dear friend and important counselor since I've been President.
I'm also pleased to welcome the Archbishop's friend
,
who is visiting from Greece. Welcome!
the was at to get
I also want to salute Ed Derwinski -- he has tried for years
his friends in the Greek-American community to adopt him,
but since he is a former member of Congress, I can understand
your reluctance!
I'm delighted to see Ambassador Zaharakis here; it is a
pleasure to recognize his outstanding record. I also see other
friends of long-standing -- Andy Athens, Alec Courtelis, Andy
S{
Manatos -- welcome, it is good to see you!
This is a wonderful day for the Greek-American community and
for all people who cherish freedom. As a nation, we understand
and share your exuberance. Neither Greece nor America is a
stranger to the struggle for freedom and the heavy price of
freedom. Both of our nations rejoice to be free.
FIRST
DRAFT
1
This is a day of celebration. We recognize that achieving
freedom is a monumental event -- we fought side by side to
liberate Kuwait. We do not want to forget the price of freedom
waste Don't time
so we designate anniversaries -- March 25th and July 4th -- as
wasing
landmarks to signify to our children and grandchildren the
importance of these events. We celebrate these days as reminders
Land
that our ideals and values have been preserved at high cost -- we
(His
have paid the ultimate price in the lives of our nations'
choicest young people.
cut
cliched
to voiles family
Greece has been called the cradle of democracy. From the
ancient Greeks, the United States has derived ideas and
philosophy, inspiration and insight. Today, the Greek-American
culture is equally worthy of emulation. Particularly in regard
to the value you place on family and tradition. Through strong
family unity, your culture has thrived in this new land. You
to dinical.
came to America and you became fully American; at the same time,
you remain fully Greek
wor a 500mg - strong families
Thatscial perspective.
- family values
- the values that one generation
gives to the next are the greatest
of all family legacies
( would segue out of Greek indep
DRAFT
by talking about Creek strength
FIRST
on greek spirit. what's at its
care: family
THE WHITE HOUSE
WASHINGTON
SIGNING OF GREEK INDEPENDENCE PROCLAMATION
FEB ? ? 1991
DATE: March 20, 1990
TIME: 11:45 a.m.
LOCATION: Oval Office/Roosevelt Room
THROUGH: DAVID DEMAREST
ASSISTANT TO THE PRESIDENT FOR
COMMUNICATIONS
FROM: SICHAN SIV 82
DEPUTY ASSISTANT TO THE PRESIDENT
FOR PUBLIC LIAISON
I. PURPOSE:
To greet Greek American leaders and sign the Greek
Independence Day proclamation.
II. BACKGROUND:
In 1821, peoples of Greek descent around the world
struck for Greek Independence and Greek Americans were
leaders in that movement. Greek Americans consider
Greece, the cradle of democracy and the United States,
the champion of democracy. The proclamation recognizes
the 169th anniversary of Greek Independence which
occurs on March 25. This is the fourth consecutive
year that this ceremony has been held at the White
House.
III. PARTICIPANTS:
The President
His Eminence Archbishop Iakavos, Prelate of the Greek
Orthodox Church for North and South America.
Secretary Ed Derwinski
Ambassador Christos Zaharakis, Greek Ambassador to the
United States
Andy Athens
Alec Courtelis
Andy Manatos
Peter Kourides
Alexander Spanos
Dionisia Ferraro
Alexander Papamarkou
RECOMMENDED TELEPHONE CALL
TO:
His Eminence Archbishop Iakovos on the
occasion of his 30th anniversary as
Primate of the Greek Orthodox Church of
North and South America.
DATE:
April 2, 1989, 3:00 p.m.
THROUGH:
DAVE DEMAREST, ASSISTANT TO THE
PRESIDENT FOR COMMUNICATIONS
RECOMMENDED BY:
SICHAN SIV, DEPUTY ASSISTANT TO THE
PRESIDENT FOR PUBLIC LIAISON
PURPOSE:
To emphasize and reinforce a
long-standing relationship with the
Archbishop and with the Greek American
community.
BACKGROUND:
Since 1970, through repeated meetings, a
strong relationship has developed.
This was evidenced when the Archbishop
gave the closing benediction at the RNC
convention in August. The phone call
will occur during an interdenominational
luncheon for 1100 persons in the
Archbishop's honor. The call will be
put on a speaker phone so that the
guests can hear the conversation.
TOPICS OF DISCUSSION:
-- Your Eminence, it is nice to talk
with you again so soon. I enjoyed
visiting with you in the Oval Office
on the anniversary of Greek
Independence Day, last month.
-- I understand that as we speak you are
being honored by hundreds of
admirers, many of whom are mutual
friends. Congratulations on
completing 30 years of dedicated
service in the Western Hemisphere.
-- The value you place on respect for
family and tradition as well as your
championship of human and civil
rights have touched millions. Under
your leadership, the Greek Orthodox
Church of North and South America
promotes ideas that are examples we
all can benefit from.
-- On behalf of Barbara and myself, we
wish you many more happy and
successful years of service. God
bless you.
DATE OF SUBMISSION:
March 20, 1989
ACTION:
area handbook series
Greece
a country study
MAR-24-92 TUE 13:26
LAW LIB OF CONGRESS
FAX NO. 2027071820
P.03
Greece: A Country Study
ment but steps were being taken to alleviate it, such as the
Sweden is, 24.5 per 10,000 inhabitants (a ratio higher physicians, than
that year a rural area, In 1981 there were 24,724 one
in introduced in 1968 that all physicians had to practice require-
Athens and West Germany), but over one-half in
tals (and area. Physicians were said to be poorly paid were by in the
thus forced to moonlight) and were offered hospi-
1981, quate postgraduate training. There were 7,727 dentists inade-
again over one-half in Athens. Nurses in
people in 1979. available figure for nurses was one nurse professionals. per 853
The supply latest in the 1980s, as were other trained health were in short
care and legal framework was in place to improve of of
tention 1983 the instituting a national health service. By the end its in-
Upon of election, the Socialist government announced
grams, an and adequate supply of nurses through new training physi-
cians, preventive care, employment of full-time government
geographical equity. Goals were decentralization, quality
tient health care was to include visits by family physicians, technology.
Health improvement of hospitals and hospital pro-
tals. Plans called centers, for and general and specialized care in outpa- hospi-
staff ploy (including and tals open-heart (including 6,350 11 physicians in three surgery rural construction areas). in university facilities, the state The hospitals), of medical government and 185 18 rural new kidney clinics, planned nursing which transplant 25 schools to hospi- em-
national facilities will eventually be incorporated into cen-
ters. state IKA hospitals, and 2,300 physicians in corps, rural health would
get allocation health system. In comparison with 1979-81, the bud- the
in the 35.6 1985 total percent is government (after for health accounting to current care expenditure for for inflation). 1982-84 spent The was for proportion increased health care by of
percent in expected represent 6.8 percent as opposed to 5.4
(GDP-see 1981. The proportion of gross domestic
percent for 1985.
Glossary) for health care is projected to product be 2.5
Social Structure and Cultural Values
(
Relations Inside the Household
central gardless of region, class, or location, the family does society. not lose its
The family is the basic social unit in Greek Re-
importance. In Greece no one stands alone; the con-
132
MAR-24-92 TUE 13:27
LAW LIB OF CONGRESS
FAX NO. 2027071820
P. 04
The Society and Its Environment
it, such as the require-
sicians had to practice one
cept of the independent, unmarried, childless adult who stands
were 24,724 physicians,
apart from the family circle does not exist. For economic rea-
(a ratio higher than in
sons and because of long-standing tradition, young people do
one-half were in the
not have a period of living apart from their parents as single
be poorly paid by hospi-
persons, and marriage is felt to concern the families involved as
and were offered inade-
well as the two individuals. Despite emigration and internal
were 7,727 dentists in
migration, the norm is to remain both emotionally and physi-
Nurses were in short
cally close to the nuclear family, whether by visits and commu-
health professionals.
nications, location of a home nearby, or by encouraging other
was one nurse per 853
family members to join the migrant.
announced its in-
service. By the end of
The Nuclear Family
to improve quality of
The nuclear family, which consists of a husband, a wife,
were decentralization,
and unmarried children, constitutes the basic houschold, al-
government physi-
though on occasion a parent of one of the spouses or some
through new training pro-
other relative may join them, or in certain regions a married
and hospital technology.
child or married children may live with parents until they
family physicians, outpa-
establish their own separate households. In most areas of main-
specialized care in hospi-
land Greece the tradition is for a groom to take his wife to live
.85 rural clinics, 25 hospi-
with his parents after marriage or at least to a house they
pitals), kidney transplant
provide in their village; in some areas this larger household,
18 new nursing schools
called an extended family, might continue until the parents'
vernment planned to em-
death or even after if the sons wish to retain the more efficient
edical corps, which would
joint household as a means of saving labor and caring for fields
in rural health cen-
or livestock. In some of the Greek islands, most notably the
be incorporated into the
Cyclades and the Dodecanese, it is the custom for a married
with 1979-81, the bud-
couple to live in the wife's village in a house provided by her
982-84 was increased by
parents, perhaps because her husband might be away from
flation). The proportion of
home for long periods. This custom has been extended to
spent for health care
Greek cities, where people from many different regions may
percent as opposed to 5.4
live in housing provided by the wife's family as part of the
gross domestic product
dowry and often located near the wife's kin. Husbands in these
is projected to be 2.5
two cases are not disparaged as sons-in-law without property of
their own, as they would be in the areas where a couple is
supposed to live with or near the husband's family. In addition,
it is not unusual for an urban household to include a relative
who has come to the city to work.
The Greek nuclear family, especially the rural Greek nu-
clear family, has various functions. It is believed that a couple
in Greek society. Re-
marries in order to have children and that parents need chil-
he family does not lose its
dren to enjoy thoroughly their life together. The family is also
stands alone; the con-
the guardian of the family property. A major family goal in
which all members share a common interest is the maintenance
133
1AR-24-92 TUE 13:28
Greece: A Country Study
or augmentation of family property sufficient to endow each
child with a share.
The nuclear family is also a religious unit; its archetype is
the Holy Family-Christ, the Mother of Christ, and God the
Father. The family has its own icons, and the struggle to sup-
port the family is considered God's mandate as are more obvi-
ously moral and religious concerns such as fasting, taking com-
munion, attending services, or struggling for self-discipline in
the face of temptation,
The nuclear family has been the source of labor on family
fields, with family livestock, in family fishing boats, or in a
family business; nuclear family members have pooled their
resources for consumption. Having little differences across
class and region, common characteristics of the nuclear family
have proved it viable in rural and urban living, in small service
and manufacturing concerns, and in agriculture,
As important as all these functions are, there are two more
that are central in Greek culture. First, the Greeks do not
believe in perfect altruism; therefore, the only people whose
interests they believe to be their own are members of their
nuclear family who share their household. Thus, the nuclear
family is the group to which Greeks feel the most loyalty and
the group that provides trust, mutual support, understanding,
and love, Its members act as if their own family were superior
and defend an individual to outsiders even if they do not ap-
prove of the defended behavior. Second, the unit upon which
personal behavior most directly reflects is the nuclear family,
which in turn reflects onto the family members the collective
reputation and honor attributed to it.
Greek descent is traced through both the mother and the
father. First names as well as surnames are inherited, and prop-
erty passes from both the mother and the father to the chil-
dren. Surnames of fathers or husbands were traditionally used
by women, but under the 1983 family law possibilities were
allowed of using the mother's name for herself and her chil-
dren or of using a combination of both parents' names. Beyond
the nuclear family, ties called "close relations" were acknowl-
edged with parents, first and second cousins, grandparents,
and aunts and uncles, as well as at times with more distant kin;
metaphors used were "shared blood" and "origin from the
same womb." Cooperation and company are sought from par-
ents and siblings, for example, even when they reside separate-
ly, but all recognize that the first loyalty is given to family
members with whom a household is shared. This priority is the
134
MAR-24-92 TUE 13:29
LAW LIB OF CONGRESS
FAX NO. 2027071820
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The Society and Its Environment
sufficient to endow each
reason given why brothers should not marry before their sis-
ters have received a dowry and married. Even when more than
gious unit; its archetype is
one couple share a household, the independence of each is
er of Christ, and God the
accepted, as shown in some cases by a separate kitchen. Al-
S, and the struggle to sup-
though close ties to former members of a shared household are
mandate as are more obvi-
recognized, a husband may be considered to be within his
uch as fasting, taking com-
rights to forbid his wife to see her relatives because of an
gling for self-discipline in
argument.
Not all ties with all kin are necessarily activated simultane-
source of labor on family
ously, and feuds-especially over inheritance-are possible.
nily fishing boats, or in a
The array of kin provides, nevertheless, a ready network of
mbers have pooled their
favorably disposed persons for a relative in need of a favor.
; little differences across
One way of binding kin is through inheritance. In rural Greece
stics of the nuclear family
the child with whom an elderly parent resides and who pre-
ban living, in small service
sumably would perform appropriate death rites would receive
agriculture.
the parental house and/or an extra portion of property. Unlike
as are, there are two more
in-laws or godparents, those related by blood are not chosen;
First, the Greeks do not
but the intensity and frequency of contact with them are left
e, the only people whose
open. Proximity, cooperation, or spiritual kinship might foster
wn are members of their
closer relations,
sehold. Thus, the nuclear
Because marriage is a relationship between families, rela-
feel the most loyalty and
tions with in-laws are important. A new spouse is considered an
.1 support, understanding,
outsider by the new in-laws. The importance of relations be-
own family were superior
tween in-laws, especially with the spouse's siblings or parents,
"S even if they do not ap-
varies depending on the frequency of contact. If couples live
ond, the unit upon which
with or near the husband's family, relations with this family are
ects is the nuclear family,
emphasized rather than relations with the wife's family if resi-
y members the collective
dence is near them. A rural dowry, for example, in Voitia,
where residence is with or near the husband's family, includes
both the mother and the
land in the wife's village, resulting in continuing contact with
:S are inherited, and prop-
her kin during cultivation or disposition of the land. In areas
nd the father to the chil-
where new couples live in the husband's village, the youngest
is were traditionally used
son might stay in and inherit his parents' house; his wife would
ily law possibilities were
for herself and her chil-
care for his parents in their old age, although relations be-
tween bride and mother-in-law are often antagonistic, at least
1 parents' names. Beyond
until the birth of a son, For a woman living with her husband's
relations" were acknowl-
kin, the initial years of marriage can be an ordeal. A woman's
d cousins, grandparents,
mother-in-law might be afraid of losing contact with her son or
es with more distant kin;
his affections or might alienate the daughter-in-law through
I" and "origin from the
deprecatory comments on her dowry. Ideally, the parents who
any are sought from par-
provide housing for a daughter, for example, in the city should
hen they reside separate-
not interfere in marital quarrels except to counsel forbearance
byalty is given to family
so as not to undermine male authority. Relations between
hared, This priority is the
brothers-in-law (particularly husbands of sisters) might be
135
LAW LIB OF CONGRESS
FHA
MAR-24-92 TUE 13:30
Greece: A Country Study
close-a relationship of friendship and economic collaboration
in which friction between siblings paradoxically might be more
evident than between the in-laws (although division of inheri-
tance can introduce strain). In urban situations when the dow-
ry provides a residence close to the wife's parents, her husband
might become involved in the economic projects of her father
and she might count on her mother or sister to help with
children, cleaning, and cooking if she were working outside
the home,
Greek families of all classes and rural and urban families
have much in common: a sensitivity toward people, an empha-
sis on motherhood, the role of the grandmother in child rear-
ing, and the part played by women as social links and or-
ganizers of rites of passage. After the rural to urban move,
external appearances change more rapidly than such common
features. Nonetheless, in the 1980s there were some signifi-
cant differences between rural and urban families, especially
as intimate urban neighborhoods became more impersonal.
In rural areas a woman's neighbors and kin might form a
cohesive group of people of different ages sharing work and
emotional support as well as advice and child care. In urban
areas a housewife was likely to be lonely and frustrated, seeing
kin less frequently and having fewer lasting bonds with neigh-
bors, with whom she might trade services and share coffee and
outings. The urban extended family was more like a network of
individual contacts and shared much less than the rural fami-
ly-only leisure hours in the evenings, holidays, and on week-
ends and discussion of financial and family problems. A mar-
riageable daughter who was on her own at work might resent
parental restrictions on her freedom. At the same time that an
urban mother and married daughter might yearn for intimacy
and company, they might be separated by the fact that life in
Athens in the 1980s has been changing so quickly that the
daughter could not draw on her mother's experience. Rela-
tions between individuals were replacing friendships between
families as family members worked and studied in areas of the
city other than where they lived, with people the rest of their
families had never met. The emotional support traditionally
sought from the nuclear family was beginning to be sought
outside it by children. In the upper and middle classes, marital
expectations expanded to include joint decisionmaking, in-
creasing initiative for women, and companionship.
Children are desired by most Greek adults, and a marriage
without children is pitied. Sex that produces children is sancti-
136
MAR-24-92 TUE 13:30
LAW LIB OF CONGRESS
FAX NO. 2027071820
P. 08
The Society and Its Environment
nomic collaboration
cally might be more
fied by the Orthodox church. Children serve as symbols of
] division of inheri-
fulfilled masculinity and femininity. Virility depends partly on
ions when the dow-
the ability to sire children, especially sons. Feminine fulfill-
arents, her husband
ment is dependent on becoming a mother who successfully
ojects of her father
rears children. Motherhood is an important ideal for Greeks,
sister to help with
and a mother represents all the positive aspects of home. The
re working outside
relationship of a mother with her children may be emotionally
more important to the woman than her relationship with her
and urban families
husband, although she will bolster her children's relationship
people, an empha-
with him, mediating at times or comforting when necessary
other in child rear-
after punishment.
ocial links and or-
A birth is a major event, especially a first birth. All rela-
ral to urban move,
tives take an interest and enjoy helping with a child. Through
than such common
age four, children are indulged and minimally disciplined. All
were some signifi-
accomplishments are seen as increases in intelligence and
families, especially
strength. In the late 1970s swaddling for the first few months
of an infant's life was still practiced in rural areas with no
ore impersonal.
d kin might form a
apparent negative effect. As the child grows up, although a
i sharing work and
mother continues to be a source of love and comfort, a father
hild care. In urban
begins to be less indulgent and more strict. By age six, when a
d frustrated, seeing
child must begin school, he or she is considered a responsible
: bonds with neigh-
family member and attains a clear idea of the boundaries be-
ad share coffee and
tween family and strangers in terms of the expectation of love
re like a network of
or hostility and is careful about revealing family secrets or the
han the rural fami-
emotional self. Emphasis is placed on children's learning ap-
days, and on week-
propriate sex roles and proper conduct in public settings.
problems. A mar-
As children grow up, their upbringing shows inculcation of
work might resent
important Greek values. Children expect that their mothers
same time that an
will allow them some initiative but will give what is needed
yearn for intimacy
unquestioningly. Relatives may tease, even mildly frighten
the fact that life in
children, laugh, and then comfort them to teach them to avoid
0 quickly that the
and cope with ridicule. As children grow older, in return for
experience. Rela-
care until they are established as married adults, they are ex-
iendships between
pected to show respect and obedience to parents and help in
died in areas of the
their old age. Obedience and respect are not to be blind, how-
ble the rest of their
ever, for parents may lie or use deceit to teach children not to
pport traditionally
accept even a parent's words unless they show superior intelli-
ning to be sought
gence and judgement and compatibility with the child's best
dle classes, marital
interests; lying is shown to be acceptable to maintain family
ecisionmaking, in-
privacy and protect its interests. A wariness in dealing with
nship.
others and a skillful, even cunning, use of intelligence are
ilts, and a marriage
valued as being necessary to get along as adults. Mothers en-
5 children is sancti-
courage sons to be ambitious and competitive and to be able to
use deception and judgement in a way that would be useful in
137
FAX NO. 2027071820
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8
Greece: A Country Study
market dealings as an adult. Children are given much verbal
stimulation, for conversation is an important skill used to fence
with social opponents, entertain a group of people, stimulate a
discussion of options for any task at hand, or bolster self-es-
teem by recounting accomplishments or attributes. A last set of
values to inculcate in children is that related to honor (time),
shame (dropi), and integrity. Children are to learn self-control,
shame (a sensitivity to ridicule and reputation, physical modes-
ty, and emotional concealment), and a love of honor (philo-
timo-the recognition of doing what is necessary to maintain
respect of others and one's own self-esteem, especially in re-
gard to expressions of femininity and masculinity).
Relations Between the Sexes
Marriage is the culmination of a successful courtship and is
the expected status for adults. Through marriage women can
establish their own households, become mothers, and receive
male protection in the social world. Through marriage men can
continue the family line, although they are permitted more of a
delay in marrying than women. Rather than being based on
erotic love, traditional marriages were based on mutual depen-
dence and understanding, especially after the first years. The
traditional pattern for courtship did not include dating. Mar-
riages continued to be arranged in the 1970s, at least among
the urban working class and villagers, although at times negoti-
ations began at the couple's initiative. Because the marriage
involved not just two individuals, marriage arrangements and
dowry negotiations were conducted on a family basis. As ar-
ranged marriages declined in number, parents retained some
control over the daughter's choice through contribution of
housing as part of the dowry contingent on their approval.
During courtship all eyes were focused on the young wo-
man to see how she conducted herself. Her behavior was con-
sidered by all, including the woman herself, to be a direct
reflection on her upbringing and character as well as on her
individual and family honor. The woman's reputation, as well
as health, age, appearance, and wealth, were taken into consid-
eration by the potential groom's family, but the ways in which
a woman proved she possessed an honorable reputation have
changed; for example, until the late 1960s a woman manifested
her honor by dressing in a way that showed her sense of mod-
esty and innocence, but young women in the 1980s dressed
138
(Crouse/Grossman)
March 24, 1992
Draft Four
GREECE2
PRESIDENTIAL REMARKS:
GREEK INDEPENDENCE DAY
ROSE GARDEN
MARCH 25, 1992
11:15 A.M.
Thank you very much for that warm welcome. It is a pleasure
to welcome you back to the White House. [Greetings to Archbishop
Iakovos, Ed Derwinski and Ambassador Zaharakis.]
This Greek Independence Day is a wonderful day for the
Greek-American community and for all of us who cherish freedom.
Greece can never be just another country to the United States.
The United States and Greece are the firmest of friends and the
strongest of allies. We are committed to maintaining the close
cooperation that has developed with the government of Prime
Minister Mitsotakis. We will continue to serve as a catalyst in
the UN Secretary General's effort to negotiate a fair and
permanent settlement to the Cyprus issue. In our view there is
one Cyprus, and we will continue to work to heal the division
that scars that lovely island. I have made clear my view that
the time has come to settle this question, and I will continue to
give it my personal attention.
Neither Greece nor America is a stranger to the struggle for
freedom. Today, we remember that our ideals and values have been
preserved at high cost -- the valor and sacrifice of our nation's
finest young men and women. Greek heritage is, in so many
respects, American heritage.
2
I am deeply moved to realize how important it is to
interpret for future generations the significance of our
Independence Days. We must not forget and we cannot let our
children forget -- lest the struggle be repeated. So, we
celebrate these anniversaries of freedom and we tell the old
stories in order to preserve that which we so highly value.
We are sensitive to Greek concerns about the breakup of
Yugoslavia. I have been in touch with my close friend Prime
Minister Mitsotakis about this, and as his government works
toward a solution to this problem it can be sure of our support.
This morning I want to commend the Greek-American community
for the way you have preserved your traditions. The Greek-
American culture continues to provide a model for greatness. I
could cite many examples, but I want particularly to commend the
value you place on family and tradition. Through your commitment
to strong families, your great traditions have endured and your
culture has thrived in this new land.
These values that have been passed along from one generation
to the next are the greatest of all legacies. But, these are not
just a comfortable luxury. They are a vital part of the social
capital that a nation must possess if it is to be great, but more
significantly, if it is to be good.
Today, as we join with you to commemorate the 171st
Anniversary of Greek independence, we also celebrate Archbishop
Iakovos' 33rd year as Archbishop of the Americas.
3
As His Eminence was at the forefront of the march for Civil
Rights, now, the Greek-American family is at the forefront in
modeling for today's generation those enduring personal and
family values that are the necessary underpinning for continued
democracy and freedom.
I remember Archbishop Iakovos' benediction at the Republican
National Convention in 1988. He prayed that we would "carry,
renew and redefine the legacy and mandate to keep this nation
under God in an unending quest for unity, justice, moral
integrity and spiritual alertness and readiness."
On this Greek Independence Day, let that be the prayer and
challenge to us all!
# # #
(Crouse/Grossman)
March 24, 1992
Draft Three
GREECE
2 MAR 24 P4: 38
PRESIDENTIAL REMARKS:
GREEK INDEPENDENCE DAY
ROSE GARDEN
MARCH 25, 1992
11:15 A.M.
Thank you very much for that warm welcome. It is a pleasure to
welcome you back to the White House. [Greetings to Archbishop
Iakovos, Ed Derwinski and Ambassador Zaharakis.
]
sp:rk
This Greek Independence Day is a wonderful day for the Greek-
American community and for all of us who cherish freedom. Greece can
never be just another country to the United States. The United States
and Greece are the firmest of friends and the strongest of allies. We
are committed to maintaining the close cooperation that has developed
with the government of Prime Minister Mitsotakis. For instance, # we
will continue to serve as a catalyst in the UN Secretary General's
effort to negotiate a fair and permanent settlement to the Cyprus
issue. In our view there is one Cyprus, and we will continue to work
to heal see the the som island division unified that once again. scans that love lovely island.
Neither Greece nor America is a stranger to the struggle for
freedom. Today, we remember that our ideals and values have been
preserved at high cost -- the valor and sacrifice of our nation's
finest young men and women. Greek heritage is, in so many respects,
American heritage. I am deeply moved to realize how important it is
to interpret for future generations the significance of our
Independence Days. We must not forget and we cannot let our children
forget -- lest the struggle be repeated. So, we celebrate these
anniversaries of freedom and we tell the old stories in order to
*
preserve that which we so highly value.
J
I clear view that the
insert
time public have has made question come continue to and to I will it my
the afford (4 other these
2
This morning I want to commend the Greek-American community for
the way you have preserved your traditions. The Greek-American
l think could
culture continues to provide a model for greatness. I could cite many
examples, but I want to particularly commend the value you place on
family and tradition. Through your commitment to strong families,
your great traditions have endured and your culture has thrived in
this new land.
These values that have been passed along from one generation to
the next are the greatest of all legacies. But, these are not just a
comfortable luxury. They are a vital part of the social capital that
a nation must possess if it is to be great, but more significantly, if
it is to be good.
Today, as we join with you to commemorate the 171st Anniversary
of Greek independence, we also celebrate Archbishop Iakovs' 33rd year
as Archbishop of the Americas. As His Eminence was at the forefront
of the march for Civil Rights, now, the Greek-American family is at
the forefront in modeling for today's generation those enduring
personal and family values that are the necessary underpinning for
continued democracy and freedom.
I remember Archbishop Iakovos' benediction at the Republican
National Convention in 1988. He prayed that we would "carry, renew
and redefine the legacy and mandate to keep this nation under God in
an unending quest for unity, justice, moral integrity and spiritual
alertness and readiness."
On this Greek Independence Day, let that be the prayer and
challenge to us all!
# # #
March 24, 1992
David., tyle
Jennifer:
Here is the revised input for the
President's speech tomorrow. NSC wants to
clear the final draft.
Jane Holl
X4996
fated to 6218
3/24/92
4:10pm
insent
The United States and Greece are the firmest of friends and the
strongest of allies. The close cooperation between ourselves and
the government of Prime Minister Mitsotakis has yielded the
excellent relations that we now enjoy. The U.S. is committed to
maintaining those close relations and to working with Greece on
the broad range of issues on which we share the same views.
Let me single out two issues in particular.
his government works
ally, doubs, Because we and have no incept
We appreciate the concerns Greece has about the breakup of
are sensitive to Greek
Yugoslavia. I have been in touch with my close friend Prime
Greece works
Minister Mitsotakis about this, and as the Greeks work towards a
solution to this problem, that meets their needs, I can assure you
that we will handle this issue in a way that protects Greek
interests
it can he sme of om support.
On Cyprus, the United States continues to see its role as that of
a catalyst in the UN Secretary General's effort to negotiate a
fair and permanent settlement to the Cyprus issue. We believe
that this effort has brought the parties closer to a settlement
than at any other point in the past 18 years. In our view there
is one Cyprus, and we will continue to work, as we have in the
past, and as we will for as long as it takes, to see the island
unified once again. Ambassador Ledsky reports to me that there
is more than enough basis from which we can proceed with these
talks, and we will be continuing our discussions this week. I
2
cannot promise success, but I can promise that we will continue
to stay engaged.
Let me say that it is the good relations that our two countries
share that allows us to work through these difficult issues as
allies and friends.
THE WHITE HOUSE
Office of the Press Secretary
For Immediate Release
March 25, 1991
REMARKS BY THE PRESIDENT AND ARCHBISHOP IAKAVOS
DURING SIGNING CEREMONY
FOR
GREEK INDEPENDENCE DAY PROCLAMATION
The Roosevelt Room
11:26 A.M. EST
THE PRESIDENT: Thank you very much for the welcome.
Please be seated. It's a great pleasure to see so many friends here
today. of course, a very special pleasure just now to welcome
Archbishop Iakavos back to the Oval Office. He's been there on
several occasions since I've been President, certainly before, many
times. But it gave me an opportunity to express my respect and
appreciation for him. He's been a wonderful friend and a good
counselor on very important matters.
I want to salute Ed Derwinski. He's not Greek, but he
was a former member of the Congress. (Laughter and applause.) He's
got a lot of friends in the Greek-American community, I'll tell you.
And I also am delighted to see Ambassador Zaharakis who's here;
another man who's doing a superb job.
And I might say, before we get into the festivities of
the day, that I'm very comfortable and pleased with the relationship
between Greece and the United States. And I have great respect for
Mr. Mitsotakis who is doing a superb job. I hope you will convey
that to him, please, Mr. Ambassador.
But here we are to designate this day again, March 25th,
Greek Independence Day. March 25th marks several turning points in
history. And just as Americans and Greeks share many common values,
we each hold this date in special reverence for the strides we've
made in the name of freedom.
It was in the spring of 1584 that the first colonists set
sail from England in search of new opportunities and independence.
One hundred and seventy years ago, the day of annunciation, 1821, the
Greek banner of revolt was first raised in the successful uprising in
the name of liberty.
The shared significance of this date is more than a
coincidence. It is just one example of the common ideals and values
the people of Greece and America hold so dear: Freedom, democracy,
human rights and justice. And under the current leadership of Prime
Minister Mitsotakis, with whom I had the pleasure of meeting twice
last year, the relationship does, as I said earlier, continue to
flourish. And I hope that he and I will meet soon again.
I'd like to take a moment to thank the people of Greece
for their support and cooperation in this historic coalition effort
to liberate Kuwait from ruthless aggression. The people of Greece
can take great pride in their country's role in protecting the rule
of law.
And so now, after again saying how pleased I am to see so
many friends here today for this occasion, it is my pleasure to put
pen to paper and proclaim Greek Independence Day a national day of
celebration of Greek and American democracy. (Applause.)
MORE
- 2 -
(The proclamation is signed.) (Applause.)
ARCHBISHOP IAKAVOS: Mr. President, on behalf of the 3
million strong Greek Orthodox community in the United States, I offer
to you our most humble thanks for signing once again today, the 25th
of March, 1991, after 170 years from the Greek independence -- the
first - proclamation which calls all of us to uphold the ideals and
values upon which the ancient Greek and the modern American concept
of democracy is founded.
We ask you to accept our warmest reassurance of our
continued commitment to the full support of your historic efforts to
have freedom and justice ultimately prevail, and follow the
foundation for the new world order for which you so arduously labor.
God bless you. This is our prayer - -- constant prayer --
Mr. President, and inspired strength to you as you lead the world
towards a state of permanent peace.
THE PRESIDENT: Thank you all. (Applause.)
END
11:42 A.M. EST
THE WHITE HOUSE
Office of the Press Secretary
For Immediate Release
March 25, 1991
GREEK INDEPENDENCE DAY: A NATIONAL DAY OF
CELEBRATION OF GREEK AND AMERICAN DEMOCRACY, 1991
BY THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
A PROCLAMATION
The peoples of the United States and Greece enjoy a rich
friendship based on strong ties of kinship and culture -- ties
fortified by our common devotion to the ideals of freedom and
democracy. Our shared values and mutual interests make the
celebration of Greek independence on March 25 a significant
event for all Americans.
Although we celebrate on this occasion events that took
place just 170 years ago, the values shared by the peoples of
Greece and the United States are rooted far deeper in history.
Indeed, it was the ancient Greeks who, with their profound
observations of human nature and their seminal experiments
in civil order and justice, enkindled the light of democratic
thought among men. Our Nation's Founders were well-schooled
in classical languages and Greek literature, and the ideas
of Solon, Plato, Aristotle, and other Greek philosophers and
statesmen greatly influenced their own. Indeed, in his historic
treatise on the Rights of Man, Thomas Paine wrote: "What Athens
was in miniature, America will be in magnitude. The one was
the wonder of the ancient world; the other is becoming the
admiration and model of the present.' His words reflect the
inspiration and insight that this Nation's Founders derived from
the ancient Greek city-states as they worked to establish an
enduring representative democracy in America.
Widely regarded as the "cradle of democracy,' Greece stands
today as a strong ally of the United States, aligned with us by
its commitment to freedom and human rights. As partners in the
NATO Alliance, we have worked together to defend democratic
ideals and to promote the collective security of Europe.
Recently Greece also cooperated with the United States and
other nations in the historic coalition effort to uphold the
rule of law and to liberate Kuwait from ruthless aggression.
The people of Greece can take pride in their country's role in
this endeavor, carried out in enforcement of resolutions of the
United Nations Security Council.
Today, as we join in commemorating the 170th anniversary
of Greek independence, we celebrate the continued friendship
between the Greek and American peoples. We also give thanks,
knowing that the light of democratic ideals continues to grow
in strength and brilliance around the world.
more
(OVER)
2
NOW, THEREFORE, I, GEORGE BUSH, President of the
United States of America, by virtue of the authority vested in
me by the Constitution and laws of the United States, do hereby
proclaim March 25, 1991, as Greek Independence Day: A National
Day of Celebration of Greek and American Democracy. I urge all
Americans to join in appropriate ceremonies and activities in
honor of the Greek people and Greek independence.
IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand
this twenty-fifth day of March, in the year of our Lord
nineteen hundred and ninety-one, and of the Independence of
the United States of America the two hundred and fifteenth.
GEORGE BUSH
# # #
(Crouse/Grossman)
March 24, 1992
Draft Four
GREECE2
PRESIDENTIAL REMARKS:
GREEK INDEPENDENCE DAY
ROSE GARDEN
MARCH 25, 1992
11:15 A.M.
Thank you very much for that warm welcome. It is a pleasure
to welcome you back to the White House. [Greetings to Archbishop
-
AND TO OUR
Iakovos, Ed Derwinski and Ambassador Zaharakis.
CONGRESSIONAL
CONTINGENT: Mike
This Greek Independence Day is a wonderful day for the
Bilirakis,
GEORGE
Greek-American community and for all of us who cherish freedom.
GEKAS,
Greece can never be just another country to the United States.
NICK
The United States and Greece are the firmest of friends and the
MAVROULES,
+
strongest of allies. To We are committed to maintaining the close
Sen.
Arlen
cooperation that has developed with the government of Prime
Specter.
Minister Mitsotakis. We will continue to serve as a catalyst in
the UN Secretary General's effort to negotiate a fair and
permanent settlement to the Cyprus issue. In our view there is
one Cyprus, and we will continue to work to heal the division
that scars that lovely island. I have made clear my view that
the time has come to settle this question, and I will continue to
give it my personal attention.
insert >
Neither Greece nor America is a stranger to the struggle for
freedom. Today, we remember that our ideals and values have been
preserved at high cost -- the valor and sacrifice of our nation's
finest young men and women. Greek heritage is, in so many
respects, American heritage.
As Allies IN NATO, are 'as wor hed in
fought odvavel cause of
common cause freedom presence the place.
2
I am deeply moved to realize how important it is to
interpret for future generations the significance of our
Independence Days. We must not forget and we cannot let our
children forget -- lest the struggle be repeated. So, we
celebrate these anniversaries of freedom and we tell the old
stories in order to preserve that which we so highly value.
more p. atop
We are sensitive to Greek concerns about the breakup of
Yugoslavia. I have been in touch with my close friend Prime
Minister Mitsotakis about this, and as his government works
toward a solution to this problem it can be sure of our support.
This morning I want to commend the Greek-American community
for the way you have preserved your traditions. The Greek-
American culture continues to provide a model for greatness. I
could cite many examples, but I want particularly to commend the
value you place on family and tradition. Through your commitment
to strong families, your great traditions have endured and your
culture has thrived in this new land.
the
we
These values that have been passed along from one generation
to the next ^ are the greatest of all legacies. But, these are not
just a comfortable luxury. They are a vital part of the social
capital that a nation must possess if it is to be great, but more
significantly, if it is to be good.
Today, as we join with you to commemorate the 171st
Anniversary of Greek independence, we also celebrate Archbishop
Iakovs' 33rd year as Archbishop of the Americas.
3
As His Eminence was at the forefront of the march for Civil
Rights, now, the Greek-American family is at the forefront in
modeling for today's generation those enduring personal and
family values that are the necessary underpinning for continued
democracy and freedom.
I remember Archbishop Iakovos' benediction at the Republican
National Convention in 1988. He prayed that we would "carry,
renew and redefine the legacy and mandate to keep this nation
under God in an unending quest for unity, justice, moral
integrity and spiritual alertness and readiness."
On this Greek Independence Day, let that be the prayer and
challenge to us all!
# # #
(Crouse/Grossman)
March 24, 1992
Draft Three
GREECE
PRESIDENTIAL REMARKS:
GREEK INDEPENDENCE DAY
ROSE GARDEN
MARCH 25, 1992
11:15 A.M.
Thank you very much for that warm welcome. It is a pleasure to
welcome you back to the White House. [Greetings to Archbishop
Iakovos, Ed Derwinski and Ambassador Zaharakis.]
And so may very,
This Greek X Independence Day is a wonderful day for the Greek- Welecare
very owsefriends
American community and for all of us who cherish freedom. Greece can
never be just another country to the United States. The United States
and Greece are the firmest of friends and the strongest of allies. We
are committed to maintaining the close cooperation that has developed
with the government of Prime Minister Mitsotakis. For instance, we
will continue to serve as a catalyst in the UN Secretary General's
effort to negotiate a fair and permanent settlement to the Cyprus
issue. In our view there is one Cyprus, and we will continue to work
to see the island unified once again.
Neither Greece nor America is a stranger to the struggle for
freedom. Today, we remember that our ideals and values have been
preserved at high cost -- the valor and sacrifice of our nation's
finest young men and women. Greek heritage is, in so many respects,
American heritage. I am deeply moved to realize how important it is
to interpret for future generations the significance of our
Independence Days. We must not forget and we cannot let our children
forget -- lest the struggle be repeated. So, we celebrate these
anniversaries of freedom and we tell the old stories in order to
preserve that which we so highly value.
2
This morning I want to commend the Greek-American community for
the way you have preserved your traditions. The Greek-American
culture continues to provide a model for greatness. I could cite many
examples, but I want to particularly commend the value you place on
family and tradition. Through your commitment to strong families,
your great traditions have endured and your culture has thrived in
this new land.
These values that have been passed along from one generation to
the next are the greatest of all legacies. But, these are not just a
comfortable luxury. They are a vital part of the social capital that
a nation must possess if it is to be great, but more significantly, if
it is to be good.
Today, as we join XX with you to commemorate the 171st Anniversary
X
of Greek independence, we also celebrate Archbishop Iakovs' 33rd year
as Archbishop of the Americas. As His Eminence was at the forefront
of the march for Civil Rights, now, the Greek-American family is at
the forefront in modeling for today's generation those enduring
personal and family values that are the necessary underpinning for
continued democracy and freedom.
I remember Archbishop Iakovos' benediction at the Republican
National Convention in 1988. He prayed that we would "carry, renew
and redefine the legacy and mandate to keep this nation under God in
an unending quest for unity, justice, móral integrity and spiritual
alertness and readiness."
On this Greek Independence Day, let that be the prayer and
challenge to us all!
# # #
03/24/92 13:09
12128612183
+GREEK ORTHODOX+
001
GREEK ORTHODOX ARCHDIOCESE
OF NORTH AND SOUTH AMERICA
FACSIMILE COVER SHEET
DATE
3/23/92
NAME
Jennifer GROSSMAN
6218
FACSIMILE NUMBER
202 202 5156 7750 56 7750
FROM
Helen - Fr Alex's office
TELEPHONE NUMBER
Number of pages:
3
(including cover sheet)
Archdrocese Fax Number: (212) 861-2183
COMMENTS
Any problems with the following transmission please contact the sender
03/24/92 13:10
12128612183
+GREEK ORTHODOX+
002
HIS EMINENCE ARCHBISHOP IAKOVOS
PRIMATE, GREEK ORTHODOX CHURCH IN THE AMERICAS
BENEDICTION
Republican National Convention
Thursday, August 18, 1988
Blessed is the Kingdom of the Father and of the
Son and of the Holy Spirit;
And blessed is the nation whose ruler is God!
In deep gratitude and humility we lift up our souls and
hearts to You, 0 Eternal and Provident Father, Who inspired the
founding fathers of our nation to establish a society of men and
women who could speak and act as "we the people" in full
acceptance of their responsibility to live as a nation under
God. .We thank You for enabling the delegates at this convention
to freely discuss and deliberate on the basics of the political
philosophy of our nation and to select and nominate for the
offices of the President and Vice-President individuals who can
carry, renew and redefine the legacy and mandate to keep this
nation under God in an unending quest for unity, justice, moral
integrity and spiritual alertness and readiness.
03/24/92
13:10
12128612183
+GREEK ORTHODOX+
003
2
As we look ahead to the November elections, grant us, we
beseech You, the prudence and good judgment to make the best
possible use of our vote guided by our constant concern for the
welfare, progress and happiness of our country and its
citizens. Guide us toward a course of national unity and
dignity, of intellectual honesty and moral integrity, and help
us to commit ourselves with greater steadfastness to persevere
in the cause of freedom, in justice and in peace. Keep us safe,
vigilant and alert, lest our dream for a peaceful and peace
loving world be shattered.
Our eyes are wide open, together with our hearts, in
anticipation of the realization of the seemingly impossible
dream for a one world community, dedicated to human and civil
rights, to social equality and justice, and to a world, wherein
righteousness and love for one another shall permanently dwell.
AMEN.
Crouse/Grossman
REMARKS BY THE PRESIDENT DURING THE CEREMONY
171st ANNIVERSARY OF GREEK INDEPENDENCE DAY
11:15 Rose Garden or I.T. Room
Thank you very much for that warm welcome. It is a pleasure
to welcome you back to the White House for this annual event. It
is a special pleasure to see Archbishop Iakovos, who has become a
good friend and counselor since I've been President. I'm also
pleased to welcome the Archbishop's friend
, who is
visiting from Greece. Welcome!
I also want to salute Ed Derwinski. Ed has tried for years
to get his friends in the Greek American community to adopt him.
Since he is a former member of Congress, it's appropriate that
your consideration of his request take as long as it takes to get
Congress to act!
I'm delighted to see Ambassador Zaharakis here; it is a
pleasure to recognize his outstanding record. I also see other
friends of long-standing -- Andy Athens, Alec Courtelis, Andy
Manatos -- welcome, it is good to see you!
This Greek Independence Day is a wonderful day for the
Greek-American community and for all of us who cherish freedom.
they
This nation understands and shares your exuberance. We celebrate
America Greaks with you achieving freedom is a monumental event. They are
Americans!
Greece can never be just another country to the United
States. You were allies in both World Wars, in Korea, and most
recently in the effort to liberate Kuwait with outstanding
leadership from Greek-American, General Gus Pagonis.
1
SECOND DRAFT
Your heritage is, in so many respects, our heritage.
I
am
deeply moved to realize how important it is to interpret for
future generations the significance of our commonalities and our
hallowed days
Neither Greece nor America is a stranger to the struggle for
freedom. Today, we remember that our ideals and values have been
preserved at high cost the valor and sacrifice of our nations'
7
choicest young men and women. We must not forget and we cannot
let our children or their children forget lest the struggle
cut
have to be repeated. So, we celebrate these anniversaries of
freedom and we tell the old stories in order to preserve that
which we so highly value.
This morning I want to commend the Greek-American community
for the way you have preserved your traditions. It has become a
truism -- your culture was the cradle of democracy. From the
chiche
ancient Greeks, the Western world derived ideals and philosophy,
inspiration and insight.
Today, the Greek-American culture continues to provide a
model for greatness. I could cite many examples, but I want to
particularly commend the value you place on family and tradition.
Through your commitment to strong families, your great traditions
have endured and your culture has thrived in this new land.
You came to America and you became American; at the same
time, you retained the best of Greek traditions and you continue
to pass these along to your children and grandchildren.
2
SECOND DRAFT
Social scientists are documenting the important
contributions you are making in America --- your high levels of
educational attainment, your high rate of business ownership, and
your exceptionally low divorce rate. Your strength, your spirit
and your sense of comunity have -- at their core -- a commitment
to and love for your family. These values that have been passed
along from one generation to the next are the greatest of all
family legacies. But, they are not just a comfortable luxury.
They are part of the social capital that a nation must possess to
be great and more significantly, to be good.
Today, as we join with you to commemorate the 171st
anniversary of Greek independence, we also celebrate Archbishop
Iakovas' 33rd year as Archbishop of the Americas. As his
al
Eminánce was at the forefront of the march for Civil Rights, now,
the Greek-American family is at the forefront in modeling for
today's generation those enduring personal and family values that
?
are the necessary underpinning for continued democracy and
freedom.
I remember Archbishop Iakovos' benediction at the Republican
National Convention in 1988. He prayed that we would "carry,
renew and redefine the legacy and mandate to keep this nation
under God in an unending quest for unity, justice, moral
integrity and spiritual alertness and readiness." On this Greek
Independence Day, let that be the prayer and challenge to us all!
3
SECOND DRAFT
THE WHITE HOUSE
Office of the Press Secretary
For Immediate Release
March 25, 1991
REMARKS BY THE PRESIDENT AND ARCHBISHOP IAKAVOS
DURING SIGNING CEREMONY
FOR
GREEK INDEPENDENCE DAY PROCLAMATION
The Roosevelt Room
11:26 A.M. EST
THE PRESIDENT: Thank you very much for the welcome.
Please be seated. It's a great pleasure to see so many friends here
today. Of course, a very special pleasure just now to welcome
Archbishop Iakavos back to the Oval Office. He's been there on
several occasions since I've been President, certainly before, many
times. But it gave me an opportunity to express my respect and
appreciation for him. He's been a wonderful friend and a good
counselor on very important matters.
I want to salute Ed Derwinski. He's not Greek, but he
was a former member of the Congress. (Laughter and applause.) He's
got a lot of friends in the Greek-Americar community, I'll tell you.
And I also am delighted to see Ambassador Zaharakis who's here;
another man who's doing a superb job.
And I might say, before we get into the festivities of
the day, that I'm very comfortable and pleased with the relationship
between Greece and the United States. And I have great respect for
Mr. Mitsotakis who is doing a superb job. I hope you will convey
that to him, please, Mr. Ambassador.
But here we are to designate this day again, March 25th,
Greek Independence Day. March 25th marks several turning points in
history. And just as Americans and Greeks share many common values,
we each hold this date in special reverence for the strides we've
made in the name of freedom.
It was in the spring of 1584 that the first colonists set
sail from England in search of new opportunities and independence.
One hundred and seventy years ago, the day of annunciation, 1821, the
Greek banner of revolt was first raised in the successful uprising in
the name of liberty.
The shared significance of this date is more than a
coincidence. It is just one example of the common ideals and values
the people of Greece and America hold so dear: Freedom, democracy,
human rights and justice. And under the current leadership of Prime
Minister Mitsotakis, with whom I had the pleasure of meeting twice
last year, the relationship does, as I said earlier, continue to
flourish. And I hope that he and I will meet soon again.
I'd like to take a moment to thank the people of Greece
for their support and cooperation in this historic coalition effort
to liberate Kuwait from ruthless aggression. The people of Greece
can take great pride in their country's role in protecting the rule
of law.
And so now, after again saying how pleased I am to see so
many friends here today for this occasion, it is my pleasure to put
pen to paper and proclaim Greek Independence Day a national day of
celebration of Greek and American democracy. (Applause.)
MORE
- 2 -
(The proclamation is signed.) (Applause.)
ARCHBISHOP IAKAVOS: Mr. President, on behalf of the 3
million strong Greek Orthodox community in the United States, I offer
to you our most humble thanks for signing once again today, the 25th
of March, 1991, after 170 years from the Greek independence -- the
first -- proclamation which calls all of us to uphold the ideals and
values upon which the ancient Greek and the modern American concept
of democracy is founded.
We ask you to accept our warmest reassurance of our
continued commitment to the full support of your historic efforts to
have freedom and justice ultimately prevail, and follow the
foundation for the new world order for which you so arduously labor.
God bless you. This is our prayer -- constant prayer --
Mr. President, and inspired strength to you as you lead the world
towards a state of permanent peace.
THE PRESIDENT: Thank you all. (Applause.)
END
11:42 A.M. EST
FAX NO. 2027071826
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13:07
LAW LIB OF CONGRESS
1
ANCIENT WAYFARERS
The Hellenic Heritage
For the United States. Greece can
never be just another faraway country.
Many public buildings and great struc-
tures in the United States have been
built to resemble ancient Greek tem-
ples. Our dictionarles are full of Greek
words. Our muscums contain Greek
pottery and sculpture. Even beginning
students of philosophy know some-
thing about Plato and Aristotle, and
students of poetry learn about Homer,
Pindar, and Sappho. Plays by Aeschylus,
Sophocles, or Euripides are still staged.
College Iraternities and surorities have
Greek names.
OI all the things we have horrowed
from ancient Greek civilization, one
of the most highly valued is the form
of government chosen by Thomas
Jelferson and the founders of our
country. We still call it by its Greek
name: democracy. For these reasons
the United States has always been
especially interested In the affairs of
Greece.
The Greeks call themselves Hollenes
The columns of the Temple of Hephaestus
and call their country Hellas. Many
in Athens show the simple, clean lines of
words related to Greece and Greeks
the Doric style of architecture-one of
are built from this rout word. Pan-
many Greek styles that have influenced
hellenic means "related to all the
American architects.
Greeks." ^ philhellene is someone who
6
MAR-24-92 TUE 13:07
LAW LIB OF CONGRESS
FAX NO. 2027071820
P. 03
C Heritage
States, Greece can
cr faraway country.
ngs and great struc-
1 States have been
ancient Greck tem-
1e8 are full of Greek
ims contain Greek
are. Even beginning
sophy know some-
and Aristotle, and
This Minnesota family is descended from Greeks who came to the United States
in the carly 20th century.
learn about Homer,
Plays by Aeschylus.
bides are still staged.
loves Greeee and Greek culture. To
of Europe. For example, German im-
and sororities have
hellenize something means to make it
migrants to the United States have
more Greck.
outhumbered Greek immigrants by
we have borrowed
The United States has been hellenized
about IU to 1. Even though the United
ek civilization, one
to some extent-not only by the in-
States has been a favorite destination
valued is the form
fluence of ancient writers and thinkers
of emigrating Greeks, the number of
hosen by Thomas
but also by many modern Grecks who
Greeks who could move to America
e founders of our
have become Americans. Just under
has been limited by several things.
call it by Its Greek
700.000 Greeks immigrated to the
Some of these limitations have been
For these reasons
United States from 1820 (the first year
imposed by Greek governments During
S has always been
in which immigrants nationalities were
the Balkan Wars (1912-1913), for ex-
tcd in the affairs of
recorded) through 1989, according to
ample, the Greek government would
the U.S. Immigration and Naturalization
not allow the emigration of men who
themselves Hellenes
Service. In the 1980 U.S. census, 959,856
could serve in the army. Through most
untry Hellas. Many
persons reported having at least partial
of history, however, the Greek author-
Greece and Greeks
Greck ancestry.
ities have been happy to let people of
its root word. Pan-
These numbers are relatively small,
working age emigrate to America and
"related to all the
especially in comparison to the num-
send part of their wages back to their
'ene is someone who
bers of Immigrants from other parts
tamilies in Greece.
7
P.04
FAX NO. 2027071820
MAR-24-92 TUE 13:08
LAW LIB OF CONGRESS
Distribution of Greek-Americans in the U.S., 1980
New York
160,569
Texas
74,320
California
107,0/4
Connecticut
23,907
Illinois
88,324
Viginia
12,959
Massachusetts
76,170
Indiana
75,637
New Jerscy
53,831
Wisconsin
12.015
Pennsylvania
51,008
Washington
12,261
Ohio
40,655
New Ha upshire
11,381
Florida
41,022
Missouri
10,363
Michigan
39,386
North Carolina
10,223
Maryland
26,204
Colorado
9,881
Source: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Burcau of the Census (1980), from an overall us. total of
959,856 persons reporting Greek ancestry
Other limitations have been imposed
20,000 from any one nation. During
by the United States. For about 40
the 1980s, an average of about 3,600
years. from the mid-1920s to the mid-
Greeks Immigrated to the United States
1960s, Greek immigration was limited
each year.
to a quota of 308 persons a year. The
The modern Greek influence in the
Greek quota was part of a strict immi-
United States is prominent despite the
gration system resulting from prejudice.
modest numbers of immigrants. Greek-
especially against Mediterranean and
Americans generally maintain a strong
Oriental peoples, in America during
sense of their ancestral culture. Family,
the 1920s. Despite the restrictions,
religion, and the Greek language have
however, about 56,000 Greeks entered
been focal points for Greek-Americans.
the country outside the quota-some
A sense of community strengthenca
as refugees after World War II, some
the Greeks when. like many other
as returnees who had been trapped by
immigrant groups, they faced hardship
World War II while visiting relatives in
and prejudice. This cultural identity
Grcere, and some as students during
survived even alter the Greeks estah
the 1950s.
lished themselves as leading citizens
In 1965 a new immigration system
throughout the United States.
that did away with the old quotas went
Greek-Amcricans have distingulshed
into effect. The law limited immigration
themselves in literature, films. medi-
from Eastern Hemisphere nations to
cine, science, politics, sports, and
170,000 persons a year-regardless of
nearly every other field of endervor.
their homeland-with a maximum of
This modern form of hollenization has
B
MAR-24-92 TUE 12:32
LAW LIB OF CONGRESS
FAX NO. 2027071820
P.02
the state to meet its external enemies. The
the war against Turkey and the Austrians,
Russia, captured Belgrade. However, the Ro-
stria Leopold II was suspicious of Russian
the mediation of England, Prussia and
returned to Turkey. After another Russian
peace of 1792 established the Dnieper River
XXVII: THE WAR OF INDEPENDENCE
veen Russia and Turkey.
Turkish wars, the Greek hospodars Constan-
The Philiki Etairia
lexander Murusi of the two principalities of
The war of independence of the Greek people against Turkey
lavia respectively were favoring Russia and
has its historical beginning on March 25, 1821. On that day, the
orting the subject peoples, particularly the
Archbishop Paleon Patron Germanos raised the flag of independ.
upon the Sultan dismissed the two governors,
ence at Agia Lavra, a monastery in the hills near Kalavryta, in
of Russia. This Sultan action was contrary
the Mores, now Peloponnesus. This, however, was not a sponta-
thus provoked another conflict between Rus-
neous uprising of the people against the Turkish tyranny, not
aflicts also developed in Europe, with the Eu-
that the people of Greece did not aspire to independence, but they
on one side or the other. The French under
needed awakening, leadership and organization.
at the control of the route to India, were
The spark of independence was lighted historically by Con-
the combined fleets of England and Russia.
stantine Rhigas of Bucharest (Rumania), a Greek poet and patriot,
who founded the Society of Hetairia (Philiki Etairia) in the late
The Pashas' Revolts
18th Century. (Rumania, with its capital Bucharest, was under
the same problems that his predecessors had
the conquest of the Ottoman Turks after the 15th Century.) After
and externally. In the domestic area, he
the arrest and execution of Constantine Rhigas, four years later
in the name of Islam and effected the improve-
in 1798, the Hetairia centered its activities in Odessa, where it
of the army. In foreign affairs, he had to face
received the assistance of Alexander Ypsilanti of Greek descent,
of Russia, Austria and England, but these
who was the son of the Governor Ypsilanti of Moldavia, a Turkish
ernating their allegiance, while Napoleon of
principality. Alexander Ypsilanti (the son of the governor) was
of Turkey. On June 5, 1809, a treaty was
a general in the Russian army and used his forces to aid the
ngland and Turkey and on May 12, 1812, a
insurgents in their plans for the war of independence, but this
was concluded, allowing Turkey to re-occupy
was not favored by Tsar Alexander, because of his opposition to
uccessful revolt by the Serbs, the Turks allowed
any nationalities, including his own, even when such revolution-
a semi-independent state, and in 1817 the
ary activities were directed against the infidel Turks.
Obrenovich designated himself Prince of Serbia.
The steady disintegration of the Ottoman Empire offered an
Ali Pasha conquered the Mamelukes of
opportunity to the people of Greece for an effort to seek their
Pasha, the governor of Ioannina, who was ter-
independence. The dynastic struggles of the Turkish imperial
there, was slain in 1822-just about B. year
family, its degeneration and the aggressive assertiveness of the
Greece rose against Turkey in 1821 in the war
Viziers coupled with the traditional power of the Jannisaries
whose loyalty belonged to the highest bidder appeared oppor-
tunely to the Greek people for undertaking a struggle for inde-
pendence. The establishment by Ali Pasha of an independent
Vilact in Egypt and the aggressive activities of Ali Pasha of Ioan-
ina (Epirus) who was expanding his dominion in an open rebellion
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against the Sultan for the purpose of establishing an independent
empire of his own, all provided the opportunity to the Greek people
to revolt against the Turkish tyranny.
Diverse Interests Hamper the War
Despite the eagerness to gain independence, the Greek people
lacked cohesion, leadership and coordination toward its attain-
ment. There was a wide gap between the country people, the
Kleftai and armatoli, the traders, the merchant families of the
islands, and the Greek aristocracy, the Phanariotes of Constan-
tinople. The Phanariotes were the Greeks who had infiltrated the
Turkish administration and lived in the Phanari section of Con-
stantinople. They, in particular, exhibited little enthusiasm ini-
tially for the war of independence. Many Phanariotes held high
positions in the governing of the Ottoman Empire and were in
total control of the administration. They were holding four of the
great offices of the State, the Dragomans, including the princi-
palities of Moldavia and Wallachia which had become virtually
Greek preserves.
It has been historically reported that the Phanariotes were
marking time for the day, when they would be in a position to
take over the Ottoman Empire "lock, stock and barrel." Their
predecessors, the Hellenes were more successful some one thou-
sand years earlier. The Hellenes took over the Byzantine Empire,
subsequently known as the Greek empire, a few years after Con-
stantine the Great transferred the capital of the Roman Empire
from Rome to Byzantium in 324 AD. It did not take too many
years before the Hellenistic Emperors at first and the Hellenes
later took control of the Eastern Roman Empire, which also had
decisive control and voice for many years in the European King-
doms, the successors to the Western Roman Empire.
The First Shot at Kalauryta
The first shot for independence was fired at Kalavryta, after
the raising of the flag by Archbishop Paleon Patron Germanos.
Archbishop Germanos gathered the country people and the Pro-
kairi (principal citizens) and promptly marched to Patras, some
sixty miles away. The town was captured and suffered serious
destruction, but the citadel remained in the hands of the Turkish
garrison, actually until 1828. Following the expected insurgent
casualties of war in Patras, the Sultan in reprisal executed the
Patriarch of Constantinople. This was the beginning of more in-
surrections and Turkish casualties and death by the liberating
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3
Greek people and a more widespread slaughtering of the Greeks
by the Turks.
The insurgents lacked coherence and organized leadership but
despite these defects they continued to gain ground in Morea
(Peloponnesus). Soon their advance was checked by the Turks at
the battle of Dragashani on June 19, 1821. However the spirit of
Haiteria spread in Peloponnesus and Sterea Hellada. The Mau-
romichales clan under the leadership of Petros Bay of Maina
attacked Calamata, while Theodore Kolocotronis, a "Kleftes" and
a former armatolos in the service of the Ionian principality of the
Ottomans, inspired by a vision of the Virgin Mary, captured Kar-
ytaena. Further, Kolocotronis moved on to capture Tripolitsa, the
capital of the Vilayet (Province) by storm in September 1821.
Morea was now in the hands of the insurgents, except for a few
citadels, mainly those in Patras and Nauplion and a few lesser
forts which remained in the control of the Turks. In the following
days, the spirit of independence spread across the Isthmus of
Corinth to Boeotia and Attica, the provinces adjacent to Athens.
The Revolt of the Islands
On the sea, Constantine Kanaris carried out a most daring
exploit which was hailed in all Europe with approval. Kanaris
loaded a flagship with explosives and steared his ship into the
Turkish squadron off Scio. The Turkish flagship burned with the
loss of 3,000 men aboard. Following the disaster of the Turkish
naval forces, the Nissiotes (the Greek people of the island) re-
volted and declared the independence of the Islands of Spetsa,
Psara, Hydra, and Samos. Experienced sailors under the lead-
ership of Tombazas and Andreas Miaoulis organized their re-
spective fleets, with Tombazas undertaking to check the movement
of the Turkish fleet in the Aegean and Miaoulis to blockade Patras
and to guard the coast of Epirus.
Universal Support for the War
The first year of the war gave much encouragement to the
Greek people. The execution of the Patriarch Gregorius and the
wholesale slaughter of the Greek people that followed gave a new
impetus to the cause of Greece in Europe among the Christians,
Catholics and Protestants of the West and the Orthodox of the
East. European liberals who were already revolting against the
iron hand and the governing system of Metternich, the Austrian
Chancellor (called the evil genious) sympathized with the Greek
cause of freedom and independence.
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The liberals together with a good section of the conservative
politicians of Western Europe revived the memories of ancient
Hellas and the Hellenic struggle against barbarism throughout
V
the ages. Greek leaders were able to foster the sympathy of the
West toward the Greek cause, notably Adamantius Koraes and
S1
the "Kleftes" Odysseus of Ithaca, who equated the ancient accom-
d
plishments of the Hellenes to the exploits of the insurgents in the
C)
war of independence.
t]
W
The European sympathy for the Greek cause was not universal.
The Austrian Empire in particular was opposed to revolting in-
a
li
surrections, since Austria had under its control several Slavonic
to
peoples. Russia had similar beliefs toward revolting insurrections.
France, England and Germany were vaccilating between a policy
be
of support in the war or siding with the position of the Sultan who
held that the revolt was a "Greek quarrel." The victories of Na-
re
poleon and his friendly relations with the Turks were disliked by
on
England and Russia and played a part in their attitudes toward
lie
the war of independence. In England, George Canning was the
CO
th
strongest supporter of the Greek war. There were many important
bu
elements in the attitude of the European powers, these included
D1
benefits derived from special concessions obtained from the Sultan
of
and trade opportunities, in general in the extensive areas under
tia
the control of the Ottoman Empire. Competitive interests of the
European powers for the acquisition of territorial controls and
CO:
the allotment of influence in the Hellenic territories played a part
ga
in their attitude toward the Greek war of independence.
cit
For these very compelling reasons, the European powers were
Wi
not in agreement in their support of the Greek insurgents. During
of
the long period of the war and the protracted negotiations among
for
the European states, there was no agreement to detach Greece
be.
from the Ottoman Empire and grant independence to the Greek
cit
nation. This position was long in the making. Throughout the
of
period of the turbulent life of the Ottoman Empire, when it was
wi:
under attack from all sides, particularly from Russia which was
of
straining every effort to expel the Turks from the Danubian areas
blo
and the Black Sea, the European powers were concerned with the
Na
break-up of the Ottoman Empire. At one time, the consortium of
pa:
the European powers at the Congress of Vienna some time after
the
1809 concluded a guarantee among themselves, resolving of the
hu
necessity for the preservation of the frontiers of the Ottoman
Empire in the belief that the breakup of the Ottoman Empire
would endanger the peace of the world.
the
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together with a good section of the conservative
Vestern Europe revived the memories of ancient
The Turkish Counter Attack
Hellenic struggle against barbarism throughout
Turkey reacted decisively with plans to crush the rebellion.
leaders were able to foster the sympathy of the
While the local Turkish garrisons were resisting the Greek in-
Greek cause, notably Adamantius Koraes and
surgents, a new opportunity was presented to the Sultan by the
dysseus of Ithaca, who equated the ancient accom-
death of Ali Pasha of loannina. Ali Pasha was endeavoring to
he Hellenes to the exploits of the insurgents in the
create his own empire around Epirus which he governed under
dence.
the Sultan's authority. At the same time the threatening war
sympathy for the Greek cause was not universal.
with Russia was avoided by the influence of the Austrian Chan-
Empire in particular was opposed to revolting in.
cellor Metternich upon Tsar Alexander. This development re-
Austria had under its control several Slavonic
lieved the Sultan from pressures and allowed the Turkish forces
had similar beliefs toward revolting insurrections.
to prosecute the war against the Greek revolutionaries.
and Germany were vaccilating between a policy
The Sultan ordered the Turkish forces under Khurshid Pasha,
war or siding with the position of the Sultan who
being freed by the death of Ali Pasha of Ioannina in 1822, to
evolt was a "Greek quarrel." The victories of Na-
retake the liberated areas of Greece. Khurshid Pasha proceeded
friendly relations with the Turks were disliked by
on the west side of Mainland Greece to retake Morea, while his
tussia and played a part in their attitudes toward
lieutenants were to march to Athens. Omar Vrioni, one of the
ependence. In England, George Canning was the
commanders of the Turkish forces moved South from Epirus in
of the Greek war. There were many important
the Spring of 1822, along the coast of Western Mainland Greece,
attitude of the European powers, these included
but he was initially held up at Missolonghi. Pasha Dramali of
from special concessions obtained from the Sultan
Drama, who was serving under Ali Pasha, the son of Ali Pasha
rtunities, in general in the extensive areas under
of Ioannina, rejoined the Turkish forces and marched across Boeo-
he Ottoman Empire. Competitive interests of the
tia and Attica, inflicting a series of defeats on the defenders. The
for the acquisition of territorial controls and
combined Turkish forces arrived in Athens to relieve the Turkish
influence in the Hellenic territories played a part
garrison which was amassed on the Acropolis.
toward the Greek war of independence.
Omar Vrioni returned and laid siege to Missolonghi, but the
compelling reasons, the European powers were
city was held by the defenders and he was forced to retreat North-
in their support of the Greek insurgents. During
ward. Dramali crossed the Isthmus and with the "over confidence
of the war and the protracted negotiations among
of a barbarian" advanced to the relief of the hard-pressed Turkish
states, there was no agreement to detach Greece
forces at Nauplion. The provisional Greek government which had
Empire and grant independence to the Greek
been speedily organized by members of the insurgents fled the
city. Demetrios psilantis with a few hundred devoted members
osition was long in the making. Throughout the
urbulent life of the Ottoman Empire, when it was
of Haiteria and aided by Mainote Karayannis forced Dramali to
all sides, particularly from Russia which was
withdraw from the Nauplion area and return north. He was short
effort to expel the Turks from the Danubian areas
of supplies, since the Turkish fleet failed to break through the
Sea, the European powers were concerned with the
blockade and bring supplies to the Turkish forces in the fort at
Ottoman Empire. At one time, the consortium of
Nauplion, On the retreat, Dramali's forces which had so easily
powers at the Congress of Vienna some time after
passed earlier through the straits of Argolis, were annihilated by
a guarantee among themselves, resolving of the
the Greek insurgents by simply using an avalanche of boulders
hurled upon the invaders.
he preservation of the frontiers of the Ottoman
belief that the breakup of the Ottoman Empire
Europe's Involvement
the peace of the world.
the leaders brought perplexed reaction among the Greek forces
The indefinite results of the revolution and the confusion among
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of independence. This development coupled with the uncontrolled
some
execution of the Greek people by the Sultan's forces prompted a
to th
general sympathy throughout Europe for the Greek cause. On
March 23, 1823, George Canning, the strongest friend of the
Greek people in England, prevailed upon the English government
Th
to recognize the Greek insurgents as a belligerent party, giving
spea
the Greek armed forces international recognition and belligerent
and
standing. This enabled Greece to receive loan funds from Europe
ilarl
to carry out the war, although from the military point of view,
dem
the situation had not greatly improved.
resp
The English action prompted Tsar Alexander of Russia to coun-
plac
teract the English initiative by proclaiming its treaty rights to
inad
protect the Orthodox Christians. This traces its origin to the
beer
Russo-Turkish Treaty of 1773 at Bucharest, under which the Sul-
atio
tan granted Russia the right to protect the rights of the Orthodox
Ibra
Christians in the Ottoman Empire. In this general shape of
the
things, Tsar Alexander called a meeting of European states in St.
tati
Petersburg in April 1824 to consider the Greek position. The
cap
decision at the meeting authorized Austria and Russia to act as
The
joint mediators but the offer was refused by the Sultan.
for
The Renewed Turkish Threat
The retreat of the Turkish forces in the battlefields of Greece
under the persistent pressure of the insurgents alarmed the Sul-
OCC
tan Mahmud who had decided to crush the rebellion. To carry out
tal
his plans Mahmud negotiated an agreement with Mehemet Ali
Ot
Pasha, governor of Egypt, promising him the governorship of
his
Morea, Syria, and Damascus in return for employing his forces
6,
against the Greek insurgents. A large Egyptian army under Ibra-
St
him Pasha, son of Mehemet Ali, was assembled. The Egyptian
of
fleet sailed from Alexandria June 19, 1824, with specific purpose
sie
of arriving at Suda Bey in Crete. The island had come under
re
Egypt's rule a year earlier. In the meantime the Turkish fleet
th
ventured out to the sea and attcked Samos, but it was defeated
to
by Miaoulis, using his famous fireships.
or
Ibrahim Pasha occupied Suda Bay on a second attempt, having
as
been repulsed by the Greek forces on his initial attempt to land.
18
In Crete, Ibrahim Pasha completed preparations and departing
tl
on February 25, 1825, arrived at Modon in Morea with a force of
S.
4,000 of regular infantry and five-hundred cavalry. Although the
Greek people disliked the Egyptians, no serious defense was un-
dertaken against the invading forces of Ibrahim Pasha. From
there, Ibrahim Pasha laid siege to Navarino, where a force of
0
196