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Departure Statement for Prime Minister Silva [Portugal] 4/22/92 [OA 7572]
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Departure Statement for Prime Minister Silva [Portugal] 4/22/92 [OA 7572]
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Departure Statement for Prime Minister Silva [Portugal] 4/22/92 [OA 7572]
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26
22
4
6
THE WHITE HOUSE
Office of the Press Secretary
For Immediate Release
April 22, 1992
REMARKS BY THE PRESIDENT,
PORTUGUESE PRIME MINISTER CAVACO SILVA
UPON DEPARTURE
The South Lawn
1:33 P.M. EDT
THE PRESIDENT: Mr. Prime Minister, this year my country
celebrates the Iberian spirit of discovery. Half a millennium ago,
Portugal and Spain helped chart a course towards a new world. Five
hundred years later, European unity guides the way towards a new
world order. Those early pioneers believed their mission was to
probe the secrets of the world. Now we must explore the frontiers of
common interest and common ground.
The next horizon: a strengthened partnership between
the United States and the European Community. Prime Minister Cavaco
silva, EC President Delors and I and our top officials have discussed
areas where we may deepen cooperation: Peace efforts in the Middle
East, coordination of aid to Central and Eastern Europe, the struggle
of the emergent CIS and international assistance -- the agenda of
next month's EC conference in Lisbon.
We also talked about Yugoslavia, where, tragically, old
hatreds are opening new wounds. The U.S.-EC partnership is working
tirelessly to create conditions for a lasting democratic peace.
No topic on our agenda is more crucial than the Uruguay
Round of trade negotiations. We are committed to achieving an early
agreement -- one that will spur economic growth, not just in America,
but in Europe and all around the world. It will create jobs -- not
just for our generation, but for generations to come. For Americans,
agreement will mean more than free trade abroad; it will mean for
Americans good jobs here at home and a better standard of living at
home.
We had an extensive exchange of views on the outstanding
issues and some new ideas on how to conclude this Uruguay Round were
advanced by both sides. We are convinced, absolutely convinced that
the EC leaders are committed to an early agreement. And I hope they
know that I am committed to such an early conclusion. We agreed to
continue this process. We had some serious discussions, and the
process will go on.
Forty-one years ago almost to the day, the countries of
Europe began their quest for unity. Over the ruins of war they laid
a blueprint for peace and began building the foundations for economic
and political cooperation. They sought unity not out of convenience,
but out of conviction: a vision of economic interdependence that
would inflate the costs of war and expand the dividends of peace.
The wisdom of their actions has brought us today to a new Europe --
where peace has paid off.
Now, this new Europe has now joined its strength with
the United States to support the spread of political and economic
freedom in the lands only recently liberated from Soviet communism.
Those who helped four decades ago are now able to shoulder -- those
MORE
- 2 -
that we helped four decades ago are now able to shoulder a larger
part of these new challenges.
Jean Monnet, the grandfather of European unity, once
asked: "If you are in a dark tunnel and see a small light at the
end, should you turn your back on that light and go back into
darkness, or should you continue walking toward it even though you
know it's far away?"
Five hundred years ago, a European mariner followed the
light of his imagination to illuminate a new world. For almost 50
years, the West carried freedom's torch to protect the free world.
Today, we stand at the shores of a new world order -- where diverse
nations are drawn together in common cause to achieve the universal
aspirations of mankind: peace and security, freedom and prosperity.
A strong and united Europe offers the best hope for this united
purpose, and the best alliance for the United States.
I salute our two distinguished guests today, and now
would like to ask Prime Minister Cavaco Silva to say a word.
PRIME MINISTER SILVA: Thank you, Mr. President.
It was extremely gratifying for President Delors and
myself to have the opportunity to meet with President Bush. It was a
meeting among friends that we found very constructive and fruitful.
In November '90 in the declaration on the United States and the
European Community relations, we defined the guidelines on which our
future cooperation should be based. We are glad to conclude today
that our cooperation has been both substantial and effective. We
very much value our partnership with the United States. We believe
that the continued presence and involvement of the United States in
Europe is fundamental to maintain peace and stability in our
continent.
Human rights, democratic values and free market economy
are the foundations of our Euro-Atlantic partnership. In the past,
we have come together to defend them. Now we see these ideals
gaining ground everywhere. It's of the most fundamental importance
that we join our efforts to ensure that these gains will be durable.
Our cooperation and leadership are also crucial to
ensure sustained economic goals worldwide. We have reaffirmed our
commitment to the multilateral trade system. We are determined to
bring the Uruguay Round to a positive conclusion.
We discussed also the situation in the Commonwealth of
Independent States and the preparation of the coming Lisbon
conference on coordination of aid to the region. We believe it is
fundamental that we continue working together to bring stability to
the region, thus creating conditions for the consolidation of
democracy and the market economy.
We talked about the present situation in Yugoslavia and
the prospects for peace there. Coordination between Europe and the
United States has been, and will be, of the utmost importance to help
reach a negotiated settlement.
We reviewed the situation in the Middle East and the
prospects for the region within the framework of the current peace
process. The Community is deeply committed to the peace process.
The European Community and the United States share the same outlook
on this issue, and we are well aware of the fact that there is no
viable alternative to the present peace talks.
We also reviewed the situation in the Magreb. The
threat posed by the spread of fundamentalism in that region is a
matter of concern for us. We believe that promotion of economic
MORE
- 3 -
development and free markets and a respect of human rights are the
best means to deal with this problem.
We agreed that respect for international law and the
rejection of terrorism are also essential, particularly where it
concerns Libya.
This was the first meeting between the European
Community and the United States since the decisions of last week,
which are now in the process of ratification in the 12 EC member
states. We are convinced that the establishment of a new European
union will create possibilities for further enlargement of the scope
of fellow cooperation.
We discussed new ideas where we could work together. We
will be exploring these opportunities in the months ahead.
Thank you, Mr. President.
THE PRESIDENT: Thank you very much. Glad to have you
here.
END
1:42 P.M. EDT
SILVNOT
Color
--a mention of Colombus quincentennial
Themes
Trade Cavoid the dangers of protectionism) Big enough/Strung enough to
CIS
trade free t fair --fain +
square.
Middle East
the shuttered world
Political cooperation, working together.
of TX potectionistin
The who xanophibes to
Maybe some note on the resurgence of ultra-nationalist
movements, xenophobia -- that the new freedom and peace must not
be smothered/suffocated by old hatreds. "suspended history" etc.
ciulity to
--EC will be holding a follow-up meeting to the December meeting
this May is Lisbon
spot isolati hisotry if n to
Language
community
"turning old enemies into new friends"
Traded teaching for
-professor-turned-politician: traded teaching for teach trade
leading helped lead your students to the truth, you now lead
your people to
you taught how economies work, now you show how
economies thrive
--Portugal joined the EC in 1986, economic progress since them
has helped spur the movement away from socialism.
generous
the people of Portugal are known for their hospitality, and
their desire to help others in their community. Just as the
Portuguese look to help their neighbors at home, so now Portugal
seeks to help neighbors abroad. - your country mm help the neighbors
your country helps its neighbor
--uniting Europe not out of convenience -- but out of conviction.
(Yale commencement) : "We want to promote positive change in the
world through the force of our example You do not reform a
world by ignoring it."
--However
our
-- America will not
.
America cannot
forget itself.
--"Americans Go Home" has been replaced by "America Come Home. "
--a struggle far from easy and farther from
.
'91 SOU on NWO: "..a new world order, where diverse nations are
drawn together in common cause to achieve the universal
aspirations of mankind -- peace and security, freedom, and the
rule of law. Such is a world worthy of our struggle and worthy
of our children's future."
--E.C.: established 41 years ago -- almost to the day *** maybe
talk about the world of 1951 (e.g. Cold War heating up) and the
world of today)
--purpose of establishing E.C.: "to build foundations for peace
though economic and political cooperation and to make possible an
eventual federation of Europe.' 41 years ago, almost to the
day, the quest for a community of Europe began. On top of the
ruins of war, they built the foundations of peace, and laid a
blueprint for economic and political cooperation.
mapped a blue print
--founding idea: to weave an economic
you peace &
interdependence
reinforcing a common interest in peace
built the
fondations
--Prime Minister of Portugal, President of the European Council
be
The
ec polit
--This year Americans celebrate the Portuguese Age of Discovery. coop
500 years ago, Columbus stepped on these shore -- the first step
we
in the long march that brought us here today. But the age of
discovery is not over. Today, Portuguese leadership again stands Sce
at the helm. The Cold War has melted and the European Community emess
must help chart the waters
the newly freed countries of
eastern Europe are looking to the EC for guidance and stability.
today
--Columbus believed that the mariner must, as he put it, probe
"the secrets of the world."
-Jean Monnet:
"The world is divided into those who want to become someone
and those who want to accomplish something."
"If you are in a dark tunnel and see a small light at the
end, should you turn youir back on that light and go back
into darkness, or should you continue walking toward it even
though you know [it is far away]?
--Time, March 26, 1979
--Queen Isabella's birthday (1451)
NOTE:
EC Rep to the US: Ambassador Andreas Van Agt, 2100 M
St., NW Suite 707 TEL: 862-9500.
--??quote by Jean Monnet, considered father of a united Europe -
- maybe see how quickly we can get his Memoirs, trans. Richard
Mayne. New York: Doubleday, 1978.
Silva quotes
"For me, politics has only one meaning: practical action,
the possibility of doing things which serve the country."
"Portugal has been unswerving in its support for democracy,
for peace and human rights
"
Proverbs
"Falar ao caracao"
To speak to the heart.
"Cada um e filho dos seus feitos"
Each person is the son
of his deeds.
"Uma casa as ordens"
My house is at your service.
Plato on community on its origins?
- these are the building blocks in and great to come.
Weare an economic interdependence to fartity /peinfore
the bonds of common interst To fashima
web of ee relations that would help to date
aggression a common manketplace where
to
would be, quite literally, to
bite the hand that feeds you, or that
clothes you, or that supplies your
- Not some as kind of sentimental gesture but as
to better the lives of the people
a pragmatic
Silva practical action guote."
of Europe.
1 Today we tane, strove as your county me say, to "Falan as
caracao" or "speak from the heart."
inflate All elevate
fore
SILVNOT
Color
--a mention of Colombus quincentennial
Themes
--Trade
--CIS
Middle East
Political cooperation, working together.
-Maybe some note on the resurgence of ultra-nationalist
movements, xenophobia -- that the new freedom and peace must not
be smothered/suffocated by old hatreds. "suspended history" etc.
I.C
--EC will be holding a follow-up meeting to the December meeting
this May is Lisbon
Language
--"turning old enemies into new friends"
-professor-turned-politician: traded teaching for
leading helped lead your students to the truth, you now lead
your people to
you taught how economies work, now you show how
economies thrive
--Portugal joined the EC in 1986, economic progress since them
has helped spur the movement away from socialism.
the people of Portugal are known for their hospitality, and
their desire to help others in their community. Just as the
Portuguese look to help their neighbors at home, so now Portugal
seeks to help neighbors abroad.
Monnet
--uniting Europe not out of convenience -- but out of conviction.
Tunal
-- (Yale commencement) : "We want to promote positive change in the
quot
world through the force of our example
You do not reform a
world by ignoring it. "
IAMB
However
our
-- America will not
.
America cannot
forget itself.
--"Americans Go Home" has been replaced by "America Come Home. "
--a struggle far from easy and farther from
.
'91 SOU on NWO: " a new world order, where diverse nations are
drawn together in common cause to achieve the universal
aspirations of mankind -- peace and security, freedom, and the
rule of law. Such is a world worthy of our struggle and worthy
of our children's future.' "
--E.C.: established 41 years ago --- almost to the day *** maybe
talk about the world of 1951 (e.g. Cold War heating up) and the
world of today)
--purpose of establishing E.C.: "to build foundations for peace
though economic and political cooperation and to make possible an
eventual federation of Europe. "
41 years ago, almost to the
day, the quest for a community of Europe began. On top of the
ruins of war, they built the foundations of peace, and laid a
blueprint for economic and political cooperation.
-founding idea: to weave an economic
interdependence
reinforcing a common interest in peace
Prime Minister of Portugal, President of the European Council
--This year Americans celebrate the Portuguese Age of Discovery.
500 years ago, Columbus stepped on these shore -- the first step
in the long march that brought us here today. But the age of
discovery is not over. Today, Portuguese leadership again stands
at the helm. The Cold War has melted and the European Community
must help chart the waters
the newly freed countries of
eastern Europe are looking to the EC for guidance and stability.
Columbus believed that the mariner must, as he put it, probe
"the secrets of the world. "
--Jean Monnet:
"The world is divided into those who want to become someone
and those who want to accomplish something."
"If you are in a dark tunnel and see a small light at the
end, should you turn youir back on that light and go back
into darkness, or should you continue walking toward it even
though you know [it is far away]?
--Time, March 26, 1979
-Queen Isabella's birthday (1451)
NOTE:
EC Rep to the US: Ambassador Andreas Van Agt, 2100 M
st., NW Suite 707 TEL: 862-9500.
--??quote by Jean Monnet, considered father of a united Europe -
- maybe see how quickly we can get his Memoirs, trans. Richard
Mayne. New York: Doubleday, 1978.
Silva quotes
"For me, politics has only one meaning: practical action,
the possibility of doing things which serve the country. "
"Portugal has been unswerving in its support for democracy,
for peace and human rights
"
Proverbs
H
"Falar ao caracao"
To speak to the heart.
"Cada um e filho dos seus feitos"
Each person is the son
of his deeds.
"Uma casa as ordens"
My house is at your service.
(Grossman)
April 15, 1992
Draft One
EURO
PRESIDENTIAL REMARKS:
DEPARTURE STATEMENT FOR PRESIDENT
OF THE EUROPEAN COUNCIL SILVA
SOUTH LAWN
WEDNESDAY, APRIL 22, 1992
Mr. President, half a century ago, a Portuguese envoy left
Europe in search of a new world. Today, another Portuguese
pioneer leads Europe, recharting the map of a new world order.
Columbus believed that his mission was, as he put it, to probe
"the secrets of the world." So now must we explore the frontiers
of common interest and common ground.
Today we strove to follow the Portuguese wisdom, and "falar
ao caracao," or "speak from the heart." The United States is
dedicated to reinforcing our relationship with the European
Community, and we've discussed areas where we may deepen that
cooperation. Peace efforts in the Middle East \ coordination of
aid to Central and Western Europe \ the struggle of the emergent
C.I.S. and international assistance -- particularly the agenda of
next month's EC conference in Lisbon towards that end.
We also talked about Yugoslavia -- where tragically, old
hatreds are opening new wounds. The EC has spared no effort to
quell hostilities and negotiate peace. Together we are working
to help shepherd the region's newly independent republics toward
the promise of democracy and peace.
And as a professor of economics, Mr. President, you know
that the preachings of free peoples must be joined with the
practice of free trade. That's why conclusive agreement on the
Uruguay Round is so crucial. Agreement will spur economic growth
-- not just in America, but in Europe and the world. It will
create jobs -- not just for our generation, but for the
?
generations to come.
Today, we've talked long and hard about the Uruguay Round.
I think we agree that its failure would be disastrous -- dousing
the economic revival we see rekindling worldwide. [Announcement
on results of negotiations].
Forty-one years ago, almost to the day, the countries of
Europe began their quest for unity. Over the ruins of war they
laid a blueprint for peace, and began building the foundations
for economic and political cooperation. They sought unity not
out of convenience -- but out of conviction: an ambition to weave
a web of economic interdependence that would inflate the costs of
enlarge?
war, and expand the dividends of peace.
Europe -- indeed, much of the world -- has traveled far
toward this founding vision. Today, the world is smaller,
faster, freer. More and more, agression serves only to bite the
hand that feeds, or clothes, or carries goods. Yes, there are
the voices, at home and abroad, who urge a retreat to the
shuttered world of protectionism. There have always been such
voices, perhaps there will always be. But we cannot return to an
past that never was, and fear will not lead us to the future.
Jean Monnet, the grandfather of European unity, once asked:
"If you are in a dark tunnel and see a small light at the end,
should you turn you back on that light and go back into darkness,
or should you continue walking toward it even though you know [it
is far away]?"
Five hundred years ago, a Portuguese mariner followed the
light of his imagination to illuminate a New World. For almost
50 years, the West carried freedom's torch to protect the Free
World. Today, we stand at the shores of a new world order --
where diverse nations are drawn together in common cause to
achieve the universal aspirations of mankind: peace and security,
freedom and prosperity. A strong and united Europe offers the
best hope for this united purpose, and the best alliance for the
United States.
For this purpose C strong +
In visted pursuit
mitro Europe offers the that home;
and for the united stats, it offers
the but & mat endoring allience.
16 September 1991
MEMORANDUM FOR TONY SNOW
FROM:
JENNIFER GROSSMAN
INTERNS
SUBJECT:
EXCERPTS FROM PAST PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESSES TO THE
UNITED NATIONS
1)
EISENHOWER, 9/22/60: "This is, indeed, a moment for honest
appraisal and historic decision. We can strive to master
these problems for narrow national advantage or we can begin
at once to undertake a period of constructive action which
will subordinate selfish interest to the general well-being
of the international community. The choice is truly a
momentous one. Today, I come before you because our human
commonwealth is once again in a state of anxiety and turmoil.
Urgent issues confront us."
"Any nation, seduced by glittering promises into becoming a
catspaw for an imperialistic power, thereby undermines the
United Nations and places in jeopardy the independence of
itself and all others.'
"It is not enough that loud speakers in the public square
exhort people to freedom. It is also essential that the
people should be furnished with the mental tools to preserve
and develop their freedom."
"The basic fact today of all change in the domain of
international affairs is the need to forge the bonds and build
the structure of a true world community. The United Nations
is available to mankind to help it create just such a
community. It has accomplished what no nation singly, or any
limited group of nations, could have accomplished. It has
become the forum of all peoples, and the structure about which
they can center their joint endeavors to create a better
future for our world. "
"We must guard jealously against those who in alternating
moods look upon the United Nations as an instrument for use
or abuse. The United Nations was not conceived as an Olympian
organ to amplify the propaganda tunes of individual nations.'
"In urging progress toward a world community, I cite the
American concept of the destiny of a progressive society.
Here in this land, in what was once a wilderness we have
generated a society and a civilization drawn from many
sources. Yet out of the mixture of many peoples and faiths
we have developed unity in freedom--a unity designed to
protect the rights of each individual while enhancing the
freedom and well-being of all. "
"The concept of unity in freedom, drawn from the diversity of
many racial strains and cultures, we would like to see made
a reality for all mankind. This concept should apply within
every nation as it does among nations. We believe that the
right of every man to participate through his or her vote in
self-government is as precious as the right of each nation
here represented to vote its own convictions in this Assembly.
I should like to see a universal plebiscite in which every
individual in the world would be given the opportunity freely
and secretly to answer this question: Do you want this right?
Opposed to the idea of two hostile, embittered worlds in
perpetual conflict, we envisage a single world community, as
yet unrealized but advancing steadily toward fulfillment
through our plans, our efforts, and our collective ideas.
Thus we see as our goal, not a super-state above nations, but
a world community embracing them all, rooted in law and
justice and enhancing the potentialities and common purposes
of all peoples. "
"As we take up this task, let us not delude ourselves that the
absence of war alone is a sufficient basis for a peaceful
world. I repeat, we must also build a world of justice under
law, and we must overcome poverty, illiteracy, and disease."
2)
JFK, 9/25/61: "The problem is not the death of one man (Daj
Hammarskjold) -- the problem is the life of this organization.
It will either grow to meet the challenges of our age, or it
will be gone with the wind, without influence, without force,
without respect. Were we to let it die, to enfeeble its
vigor, to cripple it powers, we would condemn our future.'
"For in the development of this organization rests the only
true alternative to war--and war appeals no longer as a
rational alternative. Unconditional war can no longer lead
to unconditional victory. It can no longer serve to settle
disputes. It can no longer concern the great powers alone.
For a nuclear disaster, spread by wind and water and fear,
could well engulf the great and the small, the rich and the
poor, the committed and the uncommitted alike. Mankind must
put an end to war--or war will put an end to mankind."
"For disarmament without checks is but a shadow--and a
community without law is but a shell."
"But the great question which confronted this body in 1945 is
still before us: whether man's cherished hopes for progress
and peace are to be destroyed by terror and disruption,
whether the "foul winds of war" can be tamed in time to free
the cooling winds of reason, and whether the pledges of our
Charter are to be fulfilled or defied--pledges to secure
peace, progress, human rights and world law. "
"However difficult it may be to fill Mr. Hammarskjold's place,
it can better be filled by one man rather than by three. Even
the three horses of the Troika did not have three drivers, all
going in different directions. They had only one--and so must
the United Nations executive. To install a triumvirate, or
any panel, or any rotating authority, in the United Nations
administrative offices would replace order with anarchy,
action with paralysis, confidence with confusion."
"But to give this organization three drivers--to permit each
great power to decide its own case, would entrench the Cold
War in the headquarters of peace.'
"For we far prefer world law, in the age of self-
determination, to world war, in the age of mass
extermination.'
"Every man, woman and child lives under a nuclear sword of
Damocles, hanging by the slenderest of threads, capable of
being cut at any moment by accident or miscalculation or by
madness. The weapons of war must be abolished before they
abolish us. "
"It is therefore our intention to challenge the Soviet Union,
not to an arms race, but to a peace race
"
"The cold reaches of the universe must not become the new
arena of an even colder war."
"Political sovereignty is but a mockery without the means of
meeting poverty and illiteracy and disease. Self-
determination is but a slogan if the future holds no hope. "
"One recalls the order of the Czar in Pushkin;s "Boris
Godunov": "Take steps at this very hour that our frontiers
be fenced in by barriers.
That not a single could pass
o'er the border, that not a hare be able to run or a crow to
fly."
"This generation learned from bitter experience that either
brandishing or yielding to threats can only lead to war. But
firmness and reason can lead tot he kind of peaceful solution
in which my country profoundly believes."
"The events and decisions of the next ten months may well
decide the fate of man for the next ten thousand years. There
will be no avoiding those events. There will be no appeal
from these decisions. And we in this hall shall be remembered
either as part of the generation that turned this planet into
a flaming funeral pyre or the generation that met its VOW "to
save succeeding generations from the scourge of war. " (UN
Charter)
"Terror is not a new weapon. Throughout history it has been
used by those who could not prevail, either by persuasion or
example. But inevitably they fail, either because men are not
afraid to die for a life worth living, or because the
terrorists themselves came to realize that free men cannot be
frightened by threats, and that aggression would meet its own
response.
"
"Together we shall save our planet, or together we shall
perish in its flames. Save it we can--and save it we must-
-and then shall we earn the eternal thanks for mankind and,
as peacemakers, the eternal blessing of God. "
3)
JFK, 9/20/63: " the shadow of fear lay darkly across the
world.
"
"Peace is a daily, a weekly, a monthly process, gradually
changing opinions, slowly eroding old barriers, quietly
building new structures. And however undramatic the pursuit
of peace, that pursuit must go on."
"It is never too early to try; and it's never too late to
talk; and it's high time that many disputes on the agenda of
this Assembly were taken off the debating schedule and placed
on the negotiating table."
"
we believe that truth is stronger than error--and that
freedom is more enduring than coercion."
"
plague and pestilence, and plunder and pollution. "
"
absolute sovereignty no longer assures us of absolute
security. The conventions of peace must pull abreast and then
ahead of the inventions of war. "
"But peace does not rest in charters and covenants alone. It
lies in the hearts and minds of all people. And if it is cast
out there, then no act, no pact, no treaty, no organization
can hope to preserve it without the support and the
wholehearted commitment of all people. So let us not rest all
our hopes on parchment and on paper; let us strive to build
peace, a desire for peace, a willingness to work for peace,
in the hearts and minds of all of our people.' (Echoes
"Learned Hand" May 21, 1944)
3)
REAGAN, 9/26/83: "The United Nations was founded in the
aftermath of World WAr II to protect future generations from
the scourge of war, to promote political self-determination
and global prosperity, and to strengthen the bonds of civility
among nations. The founders sought to replace a world at war
with a world of civilized order. They hoped that a world of
relentless conflict would give way to a new era, one where
freedom from violence prevailed.
"The answer is clear: Governments got in the way of the dreams
for the people. Dreams became issues of East versus West.
Hopes became political rhetoric. Progress became a search for
power and domination. Somewhere the truth was lost that
people don't make wars, governments do." (There are lots of
quotes arguing this point, if you wanted to elaborate)
"From the days when Theodore Roosevelt mediated the Russo-
Japanese War in 1905, we have a long and honorable tradition
of mediating or damping conflicts and promoting peaceful
solutions."
"The confidence that allows a mother or a scholar to travel
to Asia or Africa or Europe or anywhere else on this planet
may be only a small victory in humanity's struggle for peace.
Yet what is peace if not the sum of such small victories?"
4)
REAGAN, 9/24/84: " there's an increasing realization that
economic freedom is a prelude to economic progress and growth
and is intricately and inseparable linked to political
freedom. "
"We can never look at anyone's freedom as a bargaining chip
in world politics."
" the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. It states: "The
will of the people shall be the basis of the authority of
government; this will shall be expressed in periodic and
genuine elections." The Declaration also includes these
rights: "To form and to join trade unions, If "to own property
alone as well as in association with others," "to leave any
country including his own and return to his country," and to
enjoy "freedom of opinion and expression."
"Since 1946 the United States has provided over $115 billion
in economic aid to developing countries, and today provides
about one-third of the nearly $90 billion in financial
resources, public and private, that flows to the developing
world. And the U.S. imports about one-third of the
manufactured exports of the developing world."
"In a glass display case across the hall from the Oval Office
at the White House there is a gold medal, the Nobel Peace
PRize won by Theodore Roosevelt for his contribution in
mediating the Russo-Japanese War in 1905. It was the first
such prize won by an American, and it's part of tradition of
which the American people are very proud--a tradition that is
being continued today in many regions of the globe. "
"When I appeared before you last year, I noted that we cannot
count on the instinct for survival alone to protect us against
war. Deterrence is necessary but not sufficient. America has
repaired its strength."
" 'There have been tyrants and murderers, and for a time they
can seem invincible. But in the end, they always fail [fall].
Think on it
always. All through history, the way of
truth and love has always won. That was the belief and the
vision of Mahatma Gandhi."
All is gift, is said to have been the favorites expression
of another great spiritualist, a Spanish soldier who gave up
the ways of war for that of love and peace. " (Ignatius
Loyola)
"I leave you with a reflection from Mahatma Gandhi, spoken
with those in mind who said that the disputes and conflicts
of the modern world are too great to overcome. It was spoken
shortly after Gandhi's quest for independence had taken him
to Britain.
'I am not conscious of a single experience throughout my
3 months' stay in England and Europe,' he said, "that
made me that after all East is East and West is West.
On the contrary, I have been convinced more than ever
that human nature is much the same, no matter under what
clime it flourishes, and that if you approached people
with trust and affection, you would have ten-fold trust
and thousand-fold affection returned to you.
5) REAGAN, 10/24/85: (many echoes of JFK's '61 and '63 addresses
to the UN)
"Forty years ago, the world woke daring to believe hatred's
unyielding grip had finally been broken, daring to believe the
torch of peace would be protected in liberty's firm grasp.
Forty years ago, the world yearned to dream again innocent
dreams, to believe in ideals with innocent trust. Dreams of
trust are worthy, but in these 40 years too many lives have
been lost. The painful truth is that the use of violence to
take, to exercise, and to preserve power remains a persistent
reality in much of the world."
"The vision of the U.N. Charter--to sparE succeeding
generations this scourge of war--remains real. It still stirs
our soul and warms our hearts, but it also demands of us a
realism that is rockhard, clear-eyed, steady, and sure--a
realism that understands the nations of the United Nations are
not united. I come before you this morning preoccupied with
peace
"
"Nor must we close our eyes to this organization's
disappointments: its failure to deal with real security
issues, the total inversion of morality in the infamous
Zionism-is-racism resolution, the politicization of too many
agencies, the misuse of too many resources."
"What kind of people will we be 40 years from today? May we
answer: free people, worthy of freedom and form in the
conviction that freedom is not the sole prerogative of a
chosen few, but the universal declaration of human rights set
forth in 1948, and this is the affirming flame the United
States has held high to a watching world. We champion freedom
not only because it is practical and beneficial but because
it is morally right and just. Free people whose governments
rest upon the consent of the governed do not wage war on their
neighbors. Free people blessed by economic opportunity and
protected by laws that respect the dignity of the individual
are not driven toward the domination of others.'
"Let us begin with candor, with words that rest on plain and
simple facts. The differences between America and the Soviet
Union are deep and abiding. The United States is a democratic
nation. Here the people rule. We build no walls to keep them
in, nor organize any system of police to keep them mute. We
occupy no country. The only land abroad we occupy is beneath
the graves where our heroes rest.
"What is called the West is a voluntary association of free
nations, all of whom fiercely value their independence and
their sovereignty. And as deeply as we cherish our beliefs,
we do no seek to compel others to share them.
When we enjoy these vast freedoms as we do, it's difficult for
us to understand the restrictions of dictatorships which seek
to control each institution and every facet of people's lives-
-the expression of their beliefs, their movements, and their
contacts with the outside world. It's difficult for us to
understand the ideological premise that force is an acceptable
way to expand a political system. We American do not accept
that any government has the right to command and order the
lives of its people, that any nation has an historic right to
use force to export its ideology. This belief, regarding the
nature of man and the limitations of government, is at the
core of our deep and abiding differences with the Soviet
Union, differences that put us into natural conflict and
competition with one another."
"How is Moscow threatened if the capitals of other nations are
protected? We do not ask that the Soviet leaders, whose
country has suffered so much from war, to leave their people
defenseless against foreign attack. Why then do they insist
that we remain undefended? Who is threatened if Western
research and Soviet research, that is itself well-advanced,
should develop a nonnuclear system which would threaten not
human beings but only ballistic missiles? Surely, the world
will sleep more secure when these missiles have been rendered
useless, militarily and politically; when the sword of
Damocles that has hung over our planet for too many decades
is lifted by Western and Russian scientists working to shield
their citizens and one day shut down space as an avenue of
weapons of mass destruction. If we're destined by history to
compete, militarily, to keep the peace, then let us compete
in systems that defend our societies rather than weapons which
can destroy us both and much of God's creation along with us.
(Kennedy)
"And in each case, Marxism-Leninism's war with the people
becomes war with their neighbors. These wars are exacting a
staggering human toll and threaten to spill across national
boundaries and trigger dangerous confrontations."
"Only when the human spirit can worship, create, and build,
only when people are given a personal stake in determining
their own destiny and benefiting from their own risks, do
societies become prosperous, progressive, dynamic, and free." "
"Let us all heed the simple eloquence in Andrei Sakharov's
Nobel Peace Prize message: 'International trust, mutual
understanding, disarmament and international security are
inconceivable without an open society with freedom of
information, freedom of conscience, the right to publish and
the right to travel and choose the country in which on wishes
to live. At the core, this is an eternal truth; freedom
works. " (Bush has used this tag)
"America is committed to the world because so much of the
world is inside America After all, only a few miles from
this very room is our Statue of Liberty past which life began
anew for millions, where the people S from nearly every
country in this hall joined to build these United States. The
blood of each nation courses through the American vein and
feeds the spirit that compels us to involve ourselves in the
fate of this good Earth. "
6) REAGAN, 9/22/86: " a short walk from this chamber is the
delegates Meditation Room, a refuge from a world deafened by
the noise of strife and violence. 'We want to bring back the
idea of worship, Dag Hammarskjold once said about this room,
'devotion to something which is greater and higher than we are
ourselves. Well, it's just such devotion that gave birth to
the United Nations--devotion to the dream of world peace and
freedom, of human rights and democratic self-determination, of
a time when, in those ancient words,
and they shall
beat their swords into plowshares
nation shall not lift
up sword against nation, neither shall they learn war
anymore.
"We came to realize again the truth of the statement: Nations
do not mistrust each other because they are armed; they are
armed because they mistrust each other."
"In addition to regional disputes, the grave threat of
terrorism also jeopardizes the hopes for peace. No cause, no
grievance, an justify it. Terrorism is heinous and
intolerable. It is the crime of cowards--cowards who prey on
the innocent, the defenseless, and the helpless."
"But the United States believes the greatest contribution we
can make to world prosperity is the continued advocacy of the
magic of the marketplace--the truth, the simple and proven
truth, that economic development is an outgrowth of economic
freedom just as economic freedom is the inseparable twin of
political freedom and democratic government."
"Countries based on the consent of the governed, countries
that recognize the unalienable rights of the individual, do
not make war on each other. Peace is more than just an
absence of war. True peace is justice, true peace is freedom,
and true peace dictates the recognition of human rights."
"A Nobel laureate in literature, a great figure of the
American South, William Faulkner, once said that the last
sound heard on Earth would be that of the two remaining humans
arguing over where to go in the spaceship they had built. In
his speech to the Nobel committee in 1950, Faulkner spoke of
the nuclear age, of the general and universal physical fear
it had engendered, a fear of destruction that had become
almost unbearable. But he said, 'I decline to accept the end
of man. I believe that man will not merely endure, he will
prevail. He is immortal
because he has a soul, a spirit
capable of compassion and sacrifice and endurance. Faulkner
spoke of 'the old verities and truths of the heart
"
7)
REAGAN, 9/21/87: "Now, diplomacy, of course, is a subtle and
nuanced craft, so much so that it's said that when one of the
most wily diplomats of the 19th century passed away other
diplomats asked, on reports of his death, 'What do you suppose
the old fox meant by that?''
"All over the world today, the yearnings of the human heart
are redirecting the course of international affairs, putting
the lie to the myth of materialism and historical
determinism."
"Some despair when these new, young democracies face conflicts
or challenges, but growing pains are normal in democracies.
The United States had them, as has every other democracy on
Earth."
"Here in the United States, entrepreneurial energy--
reinvigorated when we cut taxes and regulations--has fueled
the current economic expansion. According to scholars at the
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, three-quarters of the
more than 13 1/2 million new jobs that we have created in this
country since the beginning of our expansion came from
businesses with fewer than 100 employees, businesses started
by ordinary people who dared to take a chance."
"There has been much talk in the halls of this building about
the right to development. But more and more the evidence is
clear that development is not itself a right. It is the
product of rights: the right to own property; the right to
buy and sell freely; the right to contract; the right to be
free of excessive taxation and regulation, or burdensome
government. There have been studies that determined that
countries with low tax rates have greater growth than those
with high rates."
"Some time ago the Czech dissident writer Vaclav Havel warned
the world that 'respect for human rights is the fundamental
condition and the sole genuine guarantee of true peace. And
Andrei Sakharov in his Nobel lecture said: 'I am convinced
that international confidence, mutual understanding,
disarmament, and international security are inconceivable
without an open society with freedom of information, freedom
of conscience, the right to publish, and the right to travel
and choose the country in which one wishes to live.' Freedom
serves peace; the quest for peace must serve the cause of
freedom. (RR used same exact quote in 1985 UN address)
"This is why we must protect the Universal Declaration of
Human Rights from being debased as it was through the infamous
'Zionism is Racism' resolution."
I have spoken today of a vision and the obstacles to its
realization. More than a century àgo a young Frenchman,
Alexis de Tocqueville, visited America. After that visit he
predicted that the two great powers of the future world would
be, on one hand, the United States, which would be built, as
he said, 'by the plowshare,' and, on the other, Russia, which
would go forward, again, as he said, 'by the sword.' Yet need
it be so? Cannot swords be turned to plowshares? Can we and
all nations not live in peace?"
"Two centuries ago, in a hall much smaller than this one, in
Philadelphia, Americans met to draft a Constitution. In the
course of their debates, one of them said that the new
government, if it was to rise high, must be built on the
broadest base: the will and consent of the people. And so it
was, and so it has been."
"If we diplomatic pilgrims are to achieve equal altitudes, we
must build all we do on the full breadth of humanity's will
and consent and the full expanse of the human heart. "
8)
REAGAN, 9/26/88: " . .do we continue the work of the
founders of this institution and see to it that, at last,
freedom is enshrined and humanity knows war no longer and that
this place, this floor, shall be truly 'the world's last
battlefield?'"
"Let peace come."
"with such systems [SDI], for the first time, in case of
accidental launch or the act of a madman somewhere, major
powers will not be faced with the single option of massive
retaliation but will instead have the chance of a saner
choice: to shield against an attack instead for avenging it.
"
even at this moment another ominous terror is loose
once again in the world, a terror we thought the world had put
behind, a terror that looms at us now from the long-buried
past, from ghostly, scarring trenches and the haunting, wan
faces of millions dead in one of the most inhumane conflicts
of all time: poison gas, chemical warfare."
"
I said history demonstrates that, time and again, in
place after place, economic growth and human progress make
their greatest strides in countries that encourage economic
freedom; that individual farmers, laborers, owners, traders,
and managers are the heart and soul of development. Trust
them, because where they're allowed to create and build, where
they're given a personal stake in deciding economic policies
and benefiting from their success, then societies become more
dynamic, prosperous, progressive, and free. We believe in
freedom. We know it works.
And this, Mr. Secretary-General and distinguished
delegates, is the immutable lesson of the postwar era: that
freedom works-even more, that freedom and peace work
together. " (again, Bush used this in his acceptance speech)
"
values such as family, the first and most important
unit of society, where all values and learning begin-an
institution to be cherished and protected; values, too, such
as work, community, freedom, and faith. For it's here we find
the deeper rationale for the cause of human rights and world
peace.
"
"
a truth embodied in our Declaration of Independence:
that the case for inalienable rights, that the idea of human
dignity, that the notion of conscience above compulsion can
be made only in the context of higher law, only in the context
of what one of the founders of this organization, Secretary-
General Dag Hammarskjold, has called devotion to something
which is greater and higher than we are ourselves. This is
the endless cycle, the final truth to which humankind seems
always to return: that religion and morality, that faith in
something higher, are prerequisites for freedom and that
justice and peace within ourselves is the first step toward
justice and peace in the world and for the ages."
"
that when we grow weary of the world and its troubles,
when our faith in humanity falters, it is then that we must
seek comfort and refreshment of spirit in a deeper source of
wisdom, one greater that ourselves."
9) UNSG's Report on the Work of the Organization, 9/91:
"The causes of the transformation of the global scene, under
way since 1985, are beyond the compass of this report. One
of its direct effects, however, has been the end of the long
season of stagnation for the United Nations."
"The adoption of a plan for the termination of the war between
Iran and Iraq, the conclusion of the Geneva Accords followed
by the withdrawal of the forces of the Soviet Union from
Afghanistan and the bringing to independence of Namibia were
among the major fruits of this rejuvenation of the United
Nations. Steady progress was also maintained with regard to
the situations in Western Sahara, Cambodia, Central America
and elsewhere."
"As against 13 operations launched all through 43 years, 5
were mounted in 1988 and 1989, and 4 during the period under
review."
"
some discordant notes, however, are still audible. One
is the persistence of the trend, even if now in lesser degree,
not to avail of the machinery of the United Nations to resolve
certain important issues, including some relating to areas of
incipient or potential conflict. The other is the pronounced
contrast between the tasks imposed on the Organization and the
resources provided to it. The dynamism and liberality of
vision hardly accords with the indigence to which he
Organization has been financially reduced.'
"The extinction of the bipolarity associated with the cold war
has no doubt removed the factor that virtually immobilized
international relations over four decades. It has cured the
Security Council's paralysis and helped immensely in resolving
some regional conflicts. By itself, however, it does no
guarantee a just and lasting peace for the world's peoples."
"A new factor in the international situation has been
introduced by the manifold difficulties of transition in a
good part of the northern Eurasian landmass. The way in which
this transition is handled by leadership both inside nd
outside that vast region is certain to have far-reaching
implications for the emerging international order as a whole.
"Once the [Iraq] invasion occurred, the response of the
Security Council was not only swift but systematic; in
adopting 14 resolutions regarding the situation, the Council
followed a step-by-step and considered approach to the use of
its powers under Chapter VII of the Charter. Far from acting
in haste, the Council afforded maple time - from 2 August 1990
to 15 January 1991 - for the Government of Iraq to comply with
the Council's demand.'
"The hostilities in the Gulf have made it agonizingly clear
that the devastation of two States, with untold loss of
innocent lives, appalling dangers to public health, damage to
the environment and immense suffering of millions, represented
a startling failure of collective diplomacy. In the aftermath
of these hostilities, therefore, a renewed emphasis is rightly
being placed on the need for preventive diplomacy."
"I must stress here that, for itself, the United Nations is
not designed to monopolize the peace process. The role of
regional arrangements or agencies in pacific settlement of
disputes is explicitly recognized in Articles 33 (1) and 52
(2) of the Charter. As long as a credible peace process is
in motion as envisaged in these two Articles, there can be no
cause for complaint that the United Nations is being
bypassed."
"Another deficiency in the working of the system of collective
security is the insufficient use of the principal judicial
organ of the United Nations, the International Court of
Justice. Many international disputes are justiciable; even
those which seem entirely political (as the Iraq-Kuwait
dispute prior to invasion) have a clearly legal component."
"I believe that the protection of human rights has now become
on of the keystones in the arch of peace. I am also convinced
that it now involves more a concerted exertion of
international influence and pressure through timely appeal,
admonition, remonstrance or condemnation and, in the last
resort, an appropriate United Nations presence, than what was
regarded as permissible under traditional international law. "
"With the heightened international interest in universalizing
a regime of human rights, there is a marked and most welcome
shift in public attitudes. To try to resist it would be
politically as unwise as it is morally indefensible."
"Another principal source of chronic instability is the
militarization of human society represented by the level of
armaments and military outlays in the world today. "
"The obsession has been as ruinous in political, cultural and
psychological terms as it has been financially costly.
Over the years, however, the cold war overshadowed the whole
field of arms limitation and disarmament. The perspectives
that have now been opened should enable us to weave collective
approaches in this field more tightly into the fabric of
peace-making and conflict control. The opportunities now
presented to us are not likely to remain open indefinitely."
"Dismantling the military edifice of the cold war should mean
designing a credible architecture for regional security. In
this connection, one cannot disregard the existing imbalances
and asymmetries within regions that cause recurrent tensions
and insecurity."
"The mist of unreality that has hung over discussions of
limiting and reducing the level of arms needs to be blown
away. That, I believe, is a most impelling call of the
present moment in history."
"Next year the United Nations will face a very important test
of its capacity to meet global challenges in the Conference
on Environment and Development - the first world summit
conference formally mandated by the General Assembly."
"The upsurge and transnationalization of crime endangers the
internal security of States, erodes the individual's basic
freedom from fear and can also disrupt international
relations."
"Beyond addressing these two menacing problems, the global
social strategy would be sadly deficient if it did not include
constructive action to revive basic social institutions and
to end social discrimination against the weaker members of
society. The intended observance of the International Year
of the Family in 1994, the development of standard rules for
the equalization of opportunities for the disabled, the
collaboration with non-governmental organizations in
establishing principles for the treatment of older persons,
the commitment to attain equality in law and managerial
practice between men and women as a basic human right - all
reflect a continuity of concern with social health and
justice. On the question of gender equality, which is a
concern second to none, it is discouraging to observe that
progress slackened during the 1980s, in large measure as a
result of distracting economic and political factors. I
believe that the pace can be quickened through the
preparations for the Fourth World Conference on Women in
1995."
"Vast changes in human society and human needs have occurred
since 1945. The Organization's membership has itself more
than tripled. It is only natural, therefore, that the
structures of the Organization and the system now need to be
overhauled in the light of current and foreseeable
challenges."
"The Charter of the United Nations furnishes guidance that
remains timely even in conditions its framers could not have
anticipated."
"The facilitation of peaceful and constructive change not the
perpetuation of the status quo, will remain the United Nations
principal concern."
MARCH 26. 1979 Vol. 113 No. 13
TIME
THE WEEKLY NEWSMAGAZINE
A Letter from the Publisher
tire Arab-Israeli confrontation: U.S. capabilities and what role
they might play in the area. "In terms of U.S. defense prior-
ities, no other region in the world, save for Western Europe, is
T
acked to the wall of Associate Editor Burton Pines' office is
as important," contends Pines. "It is now almost impossible
an outsized map of the world, with each nation a distinct
for a journalist without a defense perspective to analyze events
and striking hue. "Looking at a map like this one," says Pines,
in the Middle East, especially after this settlement."
who occasionally glanced at it
PAUL KEATING
Assisting Pines in his labors
while writing his second straight
was White House Correspondent
cover story on the Israeli-Egyptian
Chris Ogden, who accompanied
negotiations, "helps you take ac-
count of geopolitical realities when
the President on his six-day dip-
lomatic tour. "By the end of the
discussing U.S. foreign policy."
trip, Carter seemed absolutely
Pines first appreciated the sig-
nificance of the Middle East in
drained," reports Ogden, who
knows the feeling himself. Carter
1956 when, at 16, he avidly fol-
boarded Air Force One and head-
lowed the Suez Crisis. Eleven years
ed home for a well-earned rest.
later, after earning his B.A. and
But Ogden, already on a second
master's degrees in history at the
University of Wisconsin, he found
full day without sleep, returned
himself reporting on European re-
to Washington a half day after
the President and headed for the
action to the 1967 Arab-Israeli war
office, where he spent the rest of
as a newly hired TIME correspon-
Associate Editor Burt Pinos and his office view
dent stationed in Bonn. "By now,
the week working on the story
that appears in this issue. When
the Middle East has attracted more attention than any other in-
either Ogden or Carter is rested enough for another trip to
ternational story since World War II," he says. "That is what
the Middle East, he can count on Burt Pines' plotting his
makes the success of Carter's diplomacy so astounding. For
movements on the multicolored map.
the first time, a major part of the region's troubles are close to
being resolved."
Pines is also an expert on one other vital aspect of the en-
John a. meyers
Index
Cover: Illustration by Eugene Mihaesco.
12
34
74
Cover: Carter pulls it
World: More show-
Living: The Hawaiian
off again. With a daz-
downs in Iran over se-
isle of Maui is a
zling display of elev-
cret trials and wom-
garden of delights
enth-hour diplomatic
en's rights.
Chinese
unmatched by any
virtuosity, he leads
troops march home,
comparable area on
Egypt and Israel to
but Viet Nam stays on
earth. Of its beaches,
the brink of peace. But
alert.
French unem-
sports, food, hotels
as war's risks dimin-
ployment stirs trouble
and beauties, Mauians
ish, the U.S. now faces
for Barre.
In Ger-
say (in pidgin Eng-
the hazards of peace.
many, a new love for
lish): "Mo is bettah!"
See NATION.
an old hero.
See LIVING.
25
48
50
54
55
Nation
56
Essay
Religion
Cinema
Science
A tape recalls the
Economy & Business
Many Americans are
In his first encyclical.
The China Syndrome
It may not be life im-
sounds of Jonestown
Whether and how 10
still skeptical about
Pope John Paul
may be unfair to nu-
itating cinematic art.
dying.
Did Billy
decontrol oil prices.
the value of foreign
knocks consumerism
clear power, but it
but five U.S. nuclear
Carter cook the
What regulation
aid, but the U.S. helps
and Communism,
certainly is an electri-
power plants are shut
costs.
books?
Did Japanese
In 14 states.
itself by helping other
and restates religion's
fying treat for
down because of safe-
TV imports involve
ERA is in trouble.
nations.
role.
viewers.
ty problems.
kickbacks?
68
73
80
83
87
5 Letters
Law
Music
Education
Books
Press
8 American Scene
National security col-
Visiting Shanghai. the
On some college
To Build a Castle is a
Airline magazines are
lides with rights of the
52 People
Boston Symphony
campuses. you can
dissenter's Soviet sur-
fattening off that most
67 Theater
press and of the ac-
and Seiji Ozawa
now Dial-a-Gram-
realism; As It Hap-
captive of audiences.
67 Milestones
cused in two cases
charm the Chinese
marian to get some
pened shows how Wil-
Reporters in Rho-
that involve sensitive
with musical tutoring
advice on correct
liam Paley became
desia have taken to
state secrets.
and a blast of Berlioz.
usage-maybe.
Mr. CBS.
toting guns.
No N.Y. 13 10020. © James R. Shepley, President, [dward Patrick Lenahan, Treasurer; Charles B. Bear, Secretary. Second class postage paid at Chicago. III., and at additional mailing offices. Vol. 113
TIME (ISSN 0040-781X) IS published weekly at the subscription price of $31 per year, by Time Inc., 541 N. Fairbanks Court, Chicago, III. 60611. Principal office: Rocketeller Center, New York.
1979 Time Inc All rights reserved Reproduction in whole or in part without written permission is prohibited.
TIME. MARCH 26. 1979
3
World
RAND DAILY MAIL
EUROPE
Father of a Larger Community
Jean Monnet: 1888-1979
"T
he sovereign nations of the past can
operation, with Monnet as its president.
no longer solve the problems of the
That successful effort paved the way for
present. They cannot ensure their own
the creation of the Common Market,
progress or control their own future. And
established by the Treaty of Rome in
the European Community itself is only a
1957.
stage on the way to the organized world
Monnet resigned as head of the Coal
of tomorrow."
and Steel Community in 1955 and found-
So wrote Jean Monnet, the "Father
ed the Action Committee for the United
of the European Community" and the
States of Europe. Although high office was
universally respected model of today's su-
his for the asking, he preferred to be a
pranational civil servant. When Monnet
backstage lobbyist for his dream of a unit-
died at the age of 90 last week, in his mod-
ed Europe, whispering into the ears of
est country home near Paris, his dream
Presidents and Premiers, nudging them
of a United States of Europe, linked both
toward his vision. "The world is divided
politically and economically, remained
into those who want to become someone
unfinished. But Monnet was a patient
and those who want to accomplish some-
man. "I'm not an optimist," he once said,
thing," he liked to say. He would add that
"I am simply persistent," and thus he may
"there is less competition" in the second
have been pleased by the progress that
category, to which he so clearly belonged.
had been made toward his overriding vi-
In recent years, doubts have grown
sion. Last week, at a summit meeting in
about the validity of Monnet's approach
Former Information Secretary Eschel Rhoodle
Paris, leaders of the Community official-
to unity through institutions. The people
Is he armed with "caps in a toy gun?'
ly launched the long-awaited European
of the Continent are still French, Ger-
Monetary System. Next June there will
mans, Dutch and Italians, not Europeans.
as Pretoria's influence peddler, trying to
be direct elections for the European Par-
The Community itself has yet to move be-
gain some kind of immunity from prose-
liament, and the Common Market is slow-
yond narrowly defined economic policies
cution? He is currently wanted in the
ly negotiating expansion to include
in which one national interest is careful-
Transvaal, Prime Minister Botha an-
Greece, Portugal and Spain.
ly balanced against another. But Monnet
nounced last week, on grounds of "fraud
himself never gave up hope. He liked to
and possibly theft." Furthermore, if Van
T
he grandson of brandy makers from
pose a question that in its fashion sum-
den Bergh was a former superspook, why
the town of Cognac, Monnet learned
marized his life: "If you are in a dark tun-
did he clumsily allow the press to discover
as a youth that masterworks are not ac-
nel and see a small light at the end, should
the details of the Paris meeting? If he and
complished by shortcuts. He deftly
you turn your back on that light and go
Van Zyl were acting in their government's
summed up this truth: "The great thing
back into darkness, or should you con-
behalf, why did South African officials
about making cognac is that it teaches
tinue walking toward it even though you
seize their passports soon after they had
you above everything else to wait-man
know how far away it is?" Monnet chose
returned from Paris? And if Van Zyl is as
proposes, but time and God and the sea-
to keep walking.
successful a businessman as he is supposed
sons have got to be on your side." He
to be, why are several of his companies in
began his career as a globetrotting sales-
the process of liquidation, and why does
man for the family's distillery. Witnessing
he have a recent record of passing a bad
the chaos and waste of World War I con-
PIERRE BOULAT
check and not paying his bills?
vinced him of the need for international
Whatever Rhoodie said to his com-
cooperation. By 1916 Monnet had become
patriots in Paris, it seems clear that the
France's representative in London on the
South African press already has enough
executive committees that coordinated
information to proceed with its own in-
supplies and production. A four-year stint
vestigations of Pretoria's Watergate. One
as Deputy Secretary-General of the
night last week, the Rand Daily Mail went
League of Nations further broadened his
to press with a story containing Rhoo-
perspectives. After spending a decade in
die's charges about the role allegedly
international banking, Monnet during
played in the scandal by Justice Minister
World War II once again became in-
James Kruger. At 2:30 in the morning.
volved in organizing production and sup-
the Cape Supreme Court ordered the Mail
plies for the Allies-this time in Wash-
to delete several paragraphs from the sto-
ington. He recognized the leadership
ry. The paper's editors complied, print-
qualities of Charles de Gaulle, and he
ing a final edition with 6 in. of blank space
joined the provisional Free French gov-
on the front page.
ernment that De Gaulle formed in Al-
By using its muscle, the Botha govern-
giers in 1944.
ment may have the power to suppress
Monnet never abandoned his dream
some of the most distressing details of the
of achieving, step by careful step, a unit-
emerging scandal. But it can hardly make
ed Europe freed at last from the con-
them disappear. Whether or not Eschel
frontations of past centuries. In 1950 he
Rhoodie is armed only with "harmless
sold French Foreign Minister Robert
caps in a toy gun," as one National Party
Schuman on the idea of the European
M.P. prefers to believe, many white South
Coal and Steel Community, as a way to
Africans are looking more cynically than
defuse ancient Franco-German rivalries.
Jean Monnet on his farm, 1963
ever before at their ruling party.
Two years later, the Community was in
Not an optimist, just persistent.
TIME, MARCH 26. 1979
47
background
European
notes
Community
United States Department of State
April 1990
Bureau of Public Affairs
PROFILE
Organization
Principal Organs: Council, Commission,
Background
Parliament, Court of Justice.
Principal Areas of Community
Headquarters: Brussels, Belgium.
Competence: Internal and external trade,
Established: On April 18, 1951, when
common industrial and commercial policies,
the European Coal and Steel Community
agriculture, monetary coordination,
(ECSC) Treaty was signed in Paris, and on
fisheries, assistance, science and research,
March 25, 1957, when the treaties for the
the environment, common social and
European Economic Community (EEC) and
regional policies.
the European Atomic Energy Community
Budget (1990): $56 billion, financed by
(EURATOM) were signed in Rome.
a customs duty, a 1.4% value-added tax
Purposes: To build foundations for
collected on the goods and services
peace through economic and political
consumed in member countries, and a
cooperation and to make possible an
percentage donation based on member
eventual federation of Europe.
countries' gross domestic product.
Members: The Six-Belgium, Federal
Official Name:
Republic of Germany, France, Italy,
European Community (EC)
Luxembourg, Netherlands. The Nine-in
Trade
1973, Denmark, Ireland, and the United
Also referred to as the
Imports (1988): Worldwide-$458.6 billion.
Kingdom joined the Six. The Ten-on
European Communities
From US-$79.6 billion (23.7% of US
January 1, 1981, Greece joined. The
exports).
Twelve-Spain and Portugal joined the Ten
Exports (1988): Worldwide-$430.8
on January 1, 1986.
billion. To US-$84.4 billion (19.6% of EC
Official Languages: Danish, Dutch,
exports).
English, French, German, Greek, Italian,
Portuguese, and Spanish.
Population (1988): 325 million.
EC and US Officials
Gross National Product (GNP) (1988):
$4.71 trillion.
Commission President: Jacques Delors,
Average Per Capita GNP (1988):
France
$14,500.
US Representative to the EC:
Ambassador Thomas M.T. Niles, 40
Boulevard du Regent, B-1000, Brussels,
Belgium; Tel. 32-2-513-4450.
EC Representative to the US:
Ambassador Andreas Van Agt, 2100 M St.,
NW, Suite 707, Washington, D.C. 20037; Tel.
202-862-9500.
The European
The EC and the US, 1988
Community
GNP
Per Capita GNP
($ trillion)
($ thousand)
Denmark
4.9
4.7
19.8
Copenhagen
Dublin
West
Germany
Ireland
1.2
14.5
U.K.
Amsterdam
London
Neth.
France
F.R.G.
.9
Bonn
Brussels
Bel.
Italy
.8
Luxembourg
Paris
Lux.
U.K.
.8
Other
.9
France
EC
US
EC
US
Sources: Organization for Economic Cooperation and
Development, and U.S. Council of Economic Advisers.
Italy
Portugal
*
Rome
Madrid
Lisbon
Spain
Athens
Greece
Boundary representations are not necessarily authoritative.
HISTORY
transport, and nuclear policies. The
federalist attempts to give the Council
institutions and policies established by
any supranational powers. All decisions
Peaceful union of European countries had
the treaties provide a framework within
were to be made by unanimous
been a dream for centuries, but not until
which the 12 EC members have agreed to
agreement of the ministers of each
the devastation of World War II was
integrate their economies and eventually
member state, effectively weakening the
unity perceived as a necessity. Postwar
consider forming a political union.
Council.
economic chaos and the descent of what
The Brussels Pact of 1948 created the
The establishment of an administra-
he called the "Iron Curtain" led Winston
first postwar European intergovern-
tive framework for European economic
Churchill to declare in 1946: "We must
mental organization. Britain, France,
cooperation was stimulated by US
create a sort of United States of Europe."
Belgium, the Netherlands, and
Secretary of State George Marshall's
Although they thought that unity was
Luxembourg agreed to mutual military
offer of vast aid in a joint recovery
necessary for the reconstruction of the
support and political cooperation. The
program. Federalists, led by French
continent, national governments
military aspects of the pact were quickly
Foreign Minister Robert Schuman and
remained reluctant to cede any authority
overshadowed when the five signatories
Jean Monnet (now considered the
to a supranational body.
joined others in the NATO (North
"father" of a united Europe), thought that
The primary aim of the Paris and
Atlantic Treaty Organization) alliance
Europe would never regain its status in
Rome treaties establishing the European
with the United States.
world affairs, effectively solve its
Communities (EC) was to remove the
In the political sphere, the Council of
domestic problems, or be able to protect
economic barriers that divided the
Europe was organized by the pact
itself unless national governments were
member countries as the first steps
members along with Ireland, Denmark,
integrated. They proposed a supra-
toward political unity. To accomplish this,
Norway, Italy, and Sweden. The Council
national authority to make decisions in
the treaties call for members to establish
was designed to be more than a simple
the interest of the whole continent. The
a common market, a common customs
forum for discussion, but the British and
British and the Scandinavians, again
tariff, and common economic, agricultural,
the Scandinavian Governments thwarted
preferring international cooperation
rather than formal integration, prevented
British ties to its Commonwealth and
members of the Commission act indepen-
the incorporation of a federal element in
its desire to create a larger free trade
dently of their governments and of the
this new body, the Organization for
area, as opposed to a customs union
Council; they represent the interests of
European Economic Cooperation
consisting only of the Six, resulted in the
the Community as a whole.
(OEEC). The OEEC, established in 1948
United Kingdom rejecting EEC and
The Commission's major responsi-
and transformed in 1961 into the
EURATOM membership. Britain,
bility is to oversee the implementation of
worldwide Organization for Economic
Austria, Denmark, Norway, Portugal,
the EC treaties. It initiates EC policy by
Cooperation and Development (OECD),
Sweden, and Switzerland later formed
making proposals and steers its proposals
was very effective in channeling US aid
the European Free Trade Association
through the legislative process. The
throughout the continent, but it had no
(EFTA). EFTA was designed to boost
commissioners also conduct the EC's
supranational authority of its own.
nonagricultural trade among its members
negotiations with nonmember states on
Continuing their effort to develop a
and to provide a united platform for
behalf of the Community. The collection
federal European authority, Schuman and
relations with the EEC.
and disbursement of EC funds is another
Monnet proposed establishing the
In the 1960s, Commonwealth ties
important Commission responsibility.
European Coal and Steel Community
were becoming less important for Britain,
The Commission's independence and its
(ECSC) in 1950 "to place the entire
and UK economic growth was slower than
"right of initiation" of policy account for
Franco-German production of coal and
the impressive growth rate of the Six.
much of its supranational authority. To
steel under a common High Authority, in
The British, therefore, decided to join the
balance that independence, the
an organization open to other European
Community, even though membership
Commission is subject to censure by.the
countries." The French and German
would result in a substantial increase in
Parliament, which can force the entire
heavy industries urgently needed
British food prices. A French veto
Commission to resign as a body by a two-
rebuilding, and the ECSC would facilitate
temporarily blocked British membership,
thirds majority vote.¹ A European civil
growth as well as make war between the
but in 1973, the United Kingdom,
service divided into 23 Directorates-
two countries "not merely inconceivable
Denmark, and Ireland were admitted,
General plus Commission services assists
but physically impossible." Ratified by
creating the EC Nine. The Government
the Commission. The Commission
the Governments of France, West
of Norway also had agreed to accession,
president is appointed to a renewable 2-
Germany, Italy, Belgium, the Nether-
but membership was rejected in a
year term by the Council.
lands, and Luxembourg (the Six), the
referendum. A further enlargement took
ECSC began functioning in 1952 and was
place on January 1, 1981, when Greece
the world's first international organi-
joined the Community, making it the EC
The Council
zation with an integrated federal
Ten. The most recent expansion occurred
The Council, which has its secretariat in
governing body. The High Authority was
with the addition of Spain and Portugal
Brussels, represents the national
empowered to act independently in the
on January 1, 1986, creating the current
governments of the 12 member states and
narrow but important economic fields of
EC Twelve.
is the primary decisionmaking body of the
coal and steel production. The ECSC had
Community. The foreign ministers of the
limited financial independence, raising
member states deal with the most
funds through levies on the coal and steel
INSTITUTIONS
important and wide-reaching topics, while
industries and the sale of bonds.
more specific decisions are made by the
With Europe's immediate defense
The three communities-the ECSC,
respective councils of the ministers of
problem solved by NATO, efforts were
EEC, and EURATOM-had separate
agriculture, finance, industry, energy,
concentrated on political and economic
executive commissions and councils of
social affairs, and others. The 1987 Single
questions. Under the direction of Belgian
ministers until their 1967 merger into the
European Act created a less restrictive
Foreign Minister Paul Henri Spaak, the
European Communities; a joint
decisionmaking process by allowing most
foreign ministers of the Six met to discuss
commission and a joint council of
voting in the Council by qualified
proposals for an integrated economic
ministers were then established. The
majority, rather than unanimity.
system and a common structure for the
other major EC institutions are the
Exceptions include certain health and
development of nuclear energy. In 1957,
European Parliament, the Court of
safety proposals that individual states can
the Six agreed to establish the European
Justice, and the Economic and Social
veto. At the same time, the act mandated
Economic Community (the EEC or
Committee.
an increased role for the European
Common Market) and the European
Parliament in the decisionmaking process.
Atomic Energy Community
(EURATOM). The two treaties formally
The Commission
The various ministerial groups meet
monthly. Formal biannual European
establishing the new communities to work
The Commission, headquartered in
Council meetings discuss intra-
with the ECSC were signed by the Six in
Brussels, is made up of 17 commissioners
Community and foreign policy issues.
Rome on March 25, 1957. The EEC and
appointed by common agreement of the
Each country assumes the Council
EURATOM began operating in January
12 governments. Each country is
presidency for a 6-month term. The
1958. The wide-reaching EEC was given
represented, with the largest five-
Committee of Permanent Represen-
less supranational authority than the
France, West Germany, Italy, Spain, and
tatives, consisting of member country
ECSC, although the economic union was
the United Kingdom-supplying two
ambassadors to the Community in
viewed as a prerequisite for eventual
commissioners. According to the treaties,
Brussels, assists the Council.
political integration.
3
The European Parliament
institutions, and individuals also can
minary report and then issues a draft
The European Parliament (EP), the only
contest Commission and Council actions
budget for EP approval. The Parliament
EC institution that directly represents
and member state implementation of EC
can amend or reject the budget and is
European citizens, has gained a greater
legislation in the Court. The Court
responsible for its final adoption.
role in EC decisionmaking in recent
resolves conflicts between Community
The preliminary EC budget for 1990
years. The Parliament has significant
and national laws, and the Justices have
is about $56 billion. The largest budget
power over budgetary matters (except
played a major role in the process of
item, accounting for about two-thirds of
agricultural spending) because it can
removing barriers to the movement of
the total, is agricultural expenditures.
amend or reject the budget and approve
goods, services, capital, and people among
Other major budget items are energy and
its adoption. The Parliament also
members. The Court's decisions are
industrial programs, research, and
considers the Commission's proposals on
binding on all parties. Court decisions
development assistance to poorer regions
their way to the Council of Ministers.
generally have tended to strengthen EC
of the Community, central and Eastern
Since 1987, the Parliament also has had
institutions and promote integrated EC
Europe, and Third World nations.
the right to amend or reject certain
policies.
legislation approved by the Council,
The 13 Justices are appointed by the
which can overrule the Parliament only
EC member governments and serve
TRADE
by a unanimous vote. The Parliament
renewable 6-year terms. Court decisions
also has gained the right to approve or
are reached by a simple majority. All
The Customs Union
disapprove applications of nonmember
decisions are announced unanimously, but
votes never are announced. The Court
The authors of the EC treaties recognized
countries to join the Community, as well
sits in Luxembourg.
that the economic keystone of unity would
as new association agreements.
The 518 deputies are elected to 5-year
The 1987 Single European Act
be a customs union permitting the free
terms. The first direct elections were
introduced a new Court of First Instance,
movement of goods, services, capital, and
which essentially serves as a lower court.
people within Western Europe. In 1958,
held in 1979. The Parliament was
In addition, member state courts are
the Community began the difficult
enlarged to its present size in January
obligated to directly enforce the
process of eliminating all trade barriers
1986, when 60 members from Spain and
24 members from Portugal took their
Community treaties, thus creating a
among its members. Ten years later, all
member-to-member duties were
seats. The members sit in transnational
multi-layered judicial system.
abolished, and a common external tariff of
political groupings ranging across the
the Six was established. By 1977, this
political spectrum, including Socialists,
The Economic and Social Committee
union was extended to include the new
Christian Democrats, Liberals,
EC members-the United Kingdom,
Conservatives, Communists, and Greens.
This consultative body of 156 members
Denmark, and Ireland. Spain and
Many of the Parliament's specialized
represents employers and unions as well
Portugal, which joined in 1986, must
committees have emphasized
as special interest groups such as
dismantle their customs duties with
development of truly "European" policies
consumers and farmers. The Committee
other EC members before 1992 and must
in areas such as the internal market,
enables a broad spectrum of interested
abolish their quantitative restrictions on
energy, industrial restructuring, and
producer and consumer groups to be
intra-EC trade according to a timetable
regional development funding. Direct
actively involved in EC decisionmaking.
laid down for each.
elections ensure full public representation
Through a mandatory consultation
The common external tariff is a key
in the Community, and important tasks
process, the Committee submits its
element in the customs union. Each EC
for the deputies include promoting the
opinions to both the Councils of Ministers
Community's work within their
and the Commission.
member charges the same duty on a given
import from a nonmember country.
constituencies and increasing public
Agricultural imports are subject to the
support for an integrated Europe.
The Parliament meets monthly in
BUDGET
Common Agricultural Policy (CAP). The
CAP places variable levies on agricultural
week-long sessions in Strasbourg. The
EP's Secretariat is located in Luxem-
Initially, the EC budget was funded by
imports to raise their prices to those of
bourg; most Committee and Political
member-state contributions based on
EC-produced commodities.
varying percentages of their gross
Although tariffs have been eliminated
Group meetings are held in Brussels.
domestic product (GDP). In 1977, those
within the Community, several kinds of
nontariff barriers still exist. Some
contributions were supplemented by
The Court of Justice
revenue from agricultural levies and
member states maintain protectionist
The role of the EC Court of Justice is
customs duties on EC imports. The GDP-
measures that the Community has not yet
very similar to that of the US Supreme
based contributions were eliminated in
been able to eliminate entirely, such as
limiting public works contracts and
Court. The EC Court is the final
1979, as each state began paying 1% of
the value-added tax (VAT) it collected on
adopting unilateral technical or safety
authority for the interpretation of EC
standards that restrict trade. Numerous
laws, as embodied in the treaties,
manufactured goods. Starting in 1986,
the VAT contribution increased to 1.4%.
health and safety barriers to agricultural
regulations, and directives. Complaints
trade still exist. Individual firms and
about member-state treaty violations may
The Commission prepares the
be lodged by other members or by the
preliminary draft of each year's EC
governments can register trade restric-
Commission. Member governments, EC
budget. The Council discusses the preli-
tion complaints with the Commission,
which attempts to eliminate the barriers
through binding judicial action.
4
SINGLE MARKET PROGRAM
Recently, the EC has made remarkable
progress toward achieving a goal it set for
COURA
itself more than 30 years ago-a unified
West European market without national
barriers to the movement of goods,
services, capital, and people. The 12 EC
member states have committed
themselves to the historically important
policy initiative of creating a single
market by the end of 1992. The EC is
expected to have adopted most of its
single market proposals by that time and
to have made significant progress on
related efforts toward more complete
economic integration.
The EC is, to a great extent, still a set
of 12 separate markets, with different
regulations for banks, insurance compa-
nies, medicinal products, lawnmowers,
and cheese, to name just a few areas. The
President Bush supports European efforts, led by EC Commission President Jacques
Delors, to achieve economic and political integration. (White House photo)
single market program will create a single
set of rules for doing business in Europe.
Where EC-wide rules are not practical,
External Trade
member countries of the two trading
the single market will ensure mutual
blocs. Only products originating within
recognition of other members' regulations
In 1988, trade among Community
the free-trade area receive preferential
so that technical standards and proce-
members was $1.24 trillion, while external
treatment. EFTA members maintain
dures no longer pose barriers to trade
trade was $890 billion, accounting for
quotas and tariffs on agricultural
across national borders. This creates
about 16% of world commerce, and mak-
products.
potentially vast economies of scale and
ing the EC the world's largest trading
The Community has reached
should expand the size and wealth of the
unit. Its total imports from third countries
preferential trade agreements with
EC market.
in 1988 were $459 billion, roughly the same
Turkey, Yugoslavia, and Mediterranean
The renewed effort to create a single
amount as that of the United States. Most
countries and separately with 68 African,
market began in 1985, when member
EC imports are raw materials and
Caribbean, and Pacific countries. Non-
countries approved an ambitious plan
unprocessed goods. EC exports, most of
preferential agreements have been signed
outlining almost 300 legislative proposals.
which are processed goods such as
with Canada, India, Romania, Sri Lanka,
The 1987 Single European Act committed
machinery and vehicles, totaled $431
Pakistan, Bangladesh, China, and major
government leaders to adhere to the
billion in 1988, compared with total US
Latin American countries. Most recently,
timetable and made passage of legislation
exports of $320 billion.
the EC has concluded trade and commer-
easier. Since then, the EC Commission
As provided for in Article 113 of the
cial agreements with Poland, Hungary,
has finished its work in proposing more
Treaty of Rome, the Community operates
the German Democratic Republic, the
than 90% of the proposals (now 279), and
a common commercial policy adhered to by
Soviet Union, and Czechoslovakia.
the EC Council has adopted more than
all member states. The Community's
The Community is the United States'
half of them into Community law. Mem-
trade policy is based on the principles and
largest trading partner. In 1989, total
ber states must pass legislation to imple-
obligations of the General Agreement on
US-EC trade was $171.7 billion. The 1989
ment the directives, usually within 2
Tariffs and Trade (GATT) to which all
trade balance with the EC was in the US
years of final agreement at the EC level.
Community members are contracting
favor for the first time since 1982. In
Difficult areas remain in the single
parties. EC countries are active part-
1988, almost 24% of all US exports were
market program, notably in attempting to
icipants in the current Uruguay Round of
purchased by the EC, which, in turn,
allow the free movement of people across
multilateral trade negotiations, which are
provided almost 24% of US imports.
national borders and in harmonizing
scheduled to be completed with a con-
The United States and the EC are
policy on indirect taxation. However,
cluding conference in Brussels in Decem-
each other's most significant source of
momentum has been sustained, largely
ber 1990.
direct investment. By the end of 1988,
because most of the European public and
In 1972-73, the Community concluded
the EC had $194 billion invested in the
businesses strongly support the program.
free trade agreements with the member
United States (the British are the largest
When the major proposals are fully
states of EFTA-Austria, Finland,
foreign investors in America), and the
implemented, the Commission will have
Iceland, Norway, Sweden, and Switzer-
United States had about $127 billion in
authority to control large mergers and
land. These agreements provide for the
the EC.
acquisitions; will make a European
elimination of barriers to trade on almost
company statute available throughout the
all industrial products between the
Community; will enforce open procure-
5
ment, allowing foreign participation (with
some limitations) in all sectors except
US Trade With EC, 1989
EC targets for 1995 which would limit oil
consumption to 40% of total energy
defense; and will provide a host of product
consumption and maintain net oil imports
and regulatory standards ranging from
($ billion)
at less than one-third of total energy
containers to automobiles to biotechno-
consumption. The Community has an
logy. Many, but not all, of these
100
active program of research into alternate
standards will be based on existing
86.6
international standards.
85.1
energy sources, including biomass,
synthetic fuel, solar, and geothermal
Further economic integration beyond
development. Nuclear energy also is
trade and investment issues is under
80
widely used in certain EC member states,
consideration. The Community already
but there is intense and growing public
has sought or will pursue common policies
concern about nuclear safety issues,
on environmental protection, immigra-
particularly following the Chernobyl
tion, labor law, monetary and fiscal issues,
and law enforcement against narcotics
60
accident in the Soviet Union.
and terrorism. Questions of national
EURATOM, established following the
sovereignty have exacerbated tension
first European energy crisis in 1956, is
among some members and EC insti-
responsible for the procurement and
tutions. The debate indicates the difficult
40
distribution of nuclear fuels in the
course ahead, and it is clear that many of
Community. It also undertakes research
these issues will be decided well after
in nuclear development, provides
1992.
financing for nuclear energy projects, and
exercises safety and security responsi-
20
bilities over member-country facilities.
AGRICULTURAL POLICY
Instituted in 1962, the Common Agricul-
THE EUROPEAN
tural Policy (CAP) has allowed the EC to
0
MONETARY SYSTEM
US Imports US Exports
become more than self-sufficient in many
agricultural commodities and has
Sources: US Department of Commerce
In 1979, the Community inaugurated the
provided stable incomes to the European
European Monetary System (EMS). The
farming population. The CAP, however,
EMS replaced the "snake" in an effort to
consumes about two-thirds of the EC
An EC budget package adopted in
reduce exchange fluctuations. The EMS
budget and-through its complicated
February 1988, aimed at balancing the
provides for frequent discussions among
network of protection, price supports, and
budget and reducing growth in
central bankers and for intervention in
subsidies-has created large surpluses of
agricultural expenditures over a 4-year
foreign exchange markets to maintain the
many agricultural products. EC export
period, to a great extent has removed
value of each EC currency within a
subsidies, traditionally used to dispose of
agriculture as a contentious internal EC
narrow range vis-a-vis the European
some of these surpluses, have helped to
issue. The agreement resolved short-
Currency Unit (ECU) and each other
create a distorted and unstable market in
term budgetary problems by basically
currency. All Community members
agricultural commodities. Over the years,
resorting to supply management
belong to the EMS. However, the United
EC products benefiting from the CAP
techniques. Although the package is
Kingdom, Greece, and Portugal do not
have displaced some US farm exports,
reducing somewhat agricultural over-
participate in the system's exchange rate
particularly grains.
supply within the EC and is helping to
mechanism, which represents a com-
Since the EC already has a single
limit new pressures on international
mitment by the participants to maintain
agricultural market in many respects, the
agricultural markets, it does little to
their exchange rates within a very
1992 program will not have as great an
increase the market orientation of EC
narrow band. The founders of the EMS
effect as in other areas. The single
agriculture. The global reform of
maintained that exchange rate stability
market program aims to harmonize
agricultural policies remains an important
was essential to increase trade and also
agricultural health rules for animals and
US objective and a major task of the
would provide impetus for better
plants, thereby reducing barriers that
current round of multilateral trade
coordination of monetary and fiscal
have kept the EC's agricultural markets
negotiations.
policies. In addition to currency swap
somewhat segmented. As the Commu-
arrangements for defense of currency
nity eliminates border controls, it must
parities, the EMS includes a reserve fund.
act on the taxes or subsidies currently
ENERGY
The ECU, a combination of 12 member
levied on agricultural trade at national
currencies, is the Community's budget
borders. Further monetary harmoniza-
The European Community is sensitive to
and accounting unit.'
tion is likely to result in the elimination of
the need for reducing foreign energy
Jacques Delors, the Commission
the special agricultural exchange rates
dependence, particularly on oil imports,
President, has drawn up a three-phase
which also have served to protect
through conservation and other meas-
plan for broadening the EMS into an
markets from intra-EC competition.
ures. In September 1986, the Council set
economic and monetary union (EMU).
6
Under Phase I, all EC governments are
committed to join the exchange rate
mechanism, and finance ministers and
Further Information
central bank governors would cooperate
These titles are provided as a general indication of material published on the European
more closely on policy decisions. Later
Community. The Department of State does not endorse unofficial publications.
phases of the Delors Plan envisage a
central bank and a common currency, but
Bromberger, Merry and Serge. Jean
Kaiser, Karl et al. The European
several EC members, particularly the
Monnet and the United States of
Community: Progress or Decline?
United Kingdom, have opposed aspects of
Europe. New York: Coward-McCann
London: Royal Institute of Inter-
the plan. In 1989, Community leaders
Inc., 1969.
national Affairs, 1983.
decided that on July 1, 1990, the EC will
Butler, Sir Michael. Europe-More Than
Leonard, Dick. Pocket Guide to the
begin implementing Phase I of the Delors
a Continent. London: William
European Community. London: The
Plan. An intergovernmental conference
Heinemann, Ltd., 1986.
Economist Publications, 1988.
will convene in late 1990 to consider what
Callingaert, Michael. The 1992 Challenge
Lodge, Juliet. The European
from Europe: Development of the
changes to the EC treaties would be
Community and the Challenge of the
European Community's Internal
Future. London: Pinter Publishers,
required for EMU. Treaty changes must
Market. Washington, D.C.: National
1989.
be approved by all 12 of the member
Planning Association, 1988.
Monnet, Jean. Memoirs. Richard Mayne
countries.
Cecchini, Paolo et al. The European
(trans.). New York: Doubleday,
Challenge-1992: The Benefits of a
1978.
Single Market. Brookfield, Vt.: Gower
Moss, Joanna. The Lome Conventions
POLITICAL COOPERATION
Publishing, 1988.
and Their Implications for the
Europe, Magazine of the European
United States. Boulder, Colorado:
Coordination of the foreign policies of the
Community (monthly). Delegation of
Westview Press, 1982.
EC members was not included in the
the European Communities, Suite
de Schoutheete, Philippe. European
three treaties but was undertaken
707, 2100 M St., NW, Washington,
Political Cooperation. Brussels: 2d
D.C. 20037.
ed., 1986.
voluntarily in 1970. In 1987, European
European Community. Completing the
Simonian, Haig. The Privileged
political cooperation was formalized in the
Internal Market (1985 "White
Partnership. Oxford: Clarendon
Single European Act. Recently, this
Paper").
Press, 1985.
cooperation has increased to a wider
Harris, Simon et al. The Food and Farm
Tugendhat, Christopher. Making Sense
range of foreign policy issues. Topics
Policies of the European Commun-
of Europe. New York: Viking, 1986.
included under the act are such key areas
ity. New York: John Wiley & Sons,
US Department of Commerce. EC 1992:
**
as Eastern Europe, the Middle East,
1983.
A Commerce Department Analysis
Central America, nuclear and conven-
Hartley, T.C. The Foundations of
of European Community Directives.
tional disarmament, and nuclear nonpro-
European Community Law. Oxford:
3 volumes. 1988-90.
Clarendon Press, 1988.
liferation. A secretariat to administer the
US Department of State. Europe 1992:
Hu, Yao-su. Europe Under Stress:
A Business Guide to U.S.
act has been established in Brussels.
Convergence and Divergence in the
Government Resources. January
The 12 foreign ministers meet at least
European Community. London:
1990.
quarterly to discuss political coordination.
Buttersworth, 1981.
Wallace, Helen et al. Policy-Making in
The foreign ministers attempt at these
Joint Economic Committee of the US
the European Communities. New
meetings to coordinate the broad lines of
Congress. Europe 1992: Long-Term
York: John Wiley & Sons, 1983.
the members' international policies and to
Implications for the U.S. Economy.
issue joint statements of policy. In addi-
April 1989.
tion to these formal meetings, the foreign
ministers gather informally twice a year,
I
unaccompanied by staff. The ministers
also discuss political cooperation during
RELATIONS WITH EUROPE
industrial and technical standards that
the twice-yearly meetings of the Euro-
apply in the Community. The two groups
pean Council, at which the 12 EC heads of
The success of the European Community
have agreed to negotiate a closer
government meet.
has encouraged other countries to seek
relationship, to be known as the Euro-
The meetings of the foreign ministers
membership. Turkey and Austria have
pean Economic Space. This may involve
are prepared for by the EC Political
applied, but the EC has indicated that it
EFTA agreement to implement many EC
Committee, comprising senior officials
will put off consideration of new appli-
directives while the EC would give
from the 12 foreign ministries, who meet
cations until after the completion of the
EFTA a role in the development of future
monthly to prepare specific issues for
single market. In addition, the EC has
rules.
ministerial discussion. The Political
association agreements with Yugoslavia,
Although EC countries have long-
Committee also meets-in New York in
Turkey, and Cyprus. EC leaders expect
standing political and economic ties with
September at the opening of the UN
to negotiate association agreements with
the countries of Eastern Europe, the EC
General Assembly.
a number of East European countries in
itself only recently has established
response to recent developments there.
diplomatic relations with most states of
Recently, the EC has developed
central and Eastern Europe. In 1988, the
closer ties with the EFTA countries,
EC and the Council of Mutual Economic
which already have many of the same
Assistance (CEMA), an economic organ-
7
Janet Price
Economic and Business
Affairs
647-3150
See me if there are
problems. There is
no "Ecoromic Bucau"
--your successes are demonstrating to the Peruvian people, to Latin
America, to the world, that the Shining Path leads nowhere -- only
to the dark abyss of violence and disorder. The false seductions
of the Sendero Luminoso --- promising light where there is only
darkness, promising a path where there is only a dead end.
the integrity of human life, the dignity of the individual
the next century, a world changing at a dizzying pace
--we stand committed that Peru will not be left behind
--steering your country with a steady hand toward a solid and
welcome standing in the community of nations
Your slogan of "Honesty, Technology, and Work. "
--your democratization reforms
knowing, as did one of the
forefathers of my county, that the people "are the only sure
reliance for the preservation of our liberty."
that stability and prosperity are not a matter of chance, they
are a matter of choice; that Peru cannot wait for its future to
happen, but rather Peru's future waits to be realized
-joke on Commies in Peruvian parliament? By the way, I'm aware
that Peru still has some Communists in its parliament, it's nice
to know there's still some real old-fashioned folks in the world.
Of course people have a right to march to the beat of a
dead/deceased drummer.
--Narcotics: not a question of fault or of fealty, it is a question
of Peru's future.
--drugs, driving insurgency, draining resources, and drowning
Peru's hopes for a better future.
--Fujimori: a man of pride, pragmatism, and purpose
--policies resolute and resourceful
--human rights, light at the end of the tunnel, pressing the
passage towards a better day for all Peruvians factors
complicating progress
those who see only a glass half empty, we
see rather a struggle half
won
Peru needs our aid, we cannot help
Peru by ignoring her
we
keep our hands fastidiously clean while
we fail to extend them to a country in need of help. (Yale
commencement: "We want to promote positive change in the world
throught the force of our example, not simply professour purity.
We want to advance the cause of freedom, not just snub nations that
aren't yet wholly free
Some argue that a nation as moral and as
just as ours should not taint itself by dealing ewith nations less
moral, less just. But this cousel offers up self-righteousness
draped in a false morality. You do not reform a world by ignoring
it."
NWO from SOU: " a new world order, where diverse nations are
drawn together in common cause to achieve the universal aspirations
of mankind -- peace and security, freedom, and the rule of law.
Such is a world worthy of our struggle and worthy of our children's
future."
-Shakespeare's Henry V on St. Crispin's day: "All things are ready
if our minds be so." Paraphrase?
the struggle (against ) has been/proven far from easy, and
farther from over.
--unscrupulous marauders
--narcotics: traffickers in death and destruction
VOLUME 10
Egypt to Falsetto
THE ENCYCLOPEDIA
AMERICANA
INTERNATIONAL EDITION
EC
COMPLETE IN THIRTY VOLUMES
FIRST PUBLISHED IN 1829
background
information
GROLIER INCORPORATED
International Headquarters: Danbury, Connecticut 06816
Ref.
PN6081
324
1990
WH
Political Quotations
A Collection of Notable Sayings on Politics from Antiquity through 1989
Mannet
Daniel B. Baker, Editor
quote
Gale Research Inc.
DETROIT
NEW YORK
LONDON
Political Quotations
Political Quotations
LEADERSHIP/STATESMANSHIP
going to be missing.
2191. People tend to want to follow the beaten path. The difficulty is that the beaten path
this is my last press
doesn't seem to be leading anywhere. -Charles M. Mathias Jr., Time, Dec 8, 1975
California gubernatorial
2192. If I have anything special that makes me "influential" I simply don't know how to define
it. If I knew the ingredients I would bottle them, package them and sell them, because I want
of overwhelming odds.
everyone to be able to work together in a spirit of cooperation and compromise and
accommodation without, you know, any caving in or anyone being woefully violated personally
isn't fit to live. -Martin
or in terms of his principles. -Barbara Jordan, quoted in "Barbara Jordan" by Charles L.
Sanders, Ebony, Feb, 1975
lso by the men it honors,
2193. The most important thing is to be strong. With strength, one can conquer others, and
Amherst, Massachusetts,
to conquer others gives one virtue. -Mao Tse-tung, quoted, Time, Sep 20, 1976
2194. A statesman who too far outruns the experience of his people will fail in achieving a
urray Kempton, "To Save
domestic consensus, however wise his policies. (On the other hand), a statesman who limits his
policies to the experience of his people is doomed to sterility. -Henry A. Kissinger, Time, Nov
8, 1976
ng up noise from both the
Z, while campaigning for
2195. I am alone with the masses. -Mao Tse-tung, quoted, Time, Sep 20, 1976
2196. Charismatic leadership is hungered for, but at the same time we fear it. -Kevin White,
ble to make it abundantly
Time, Feb 9, 1976
ing Good in Management,
2197. We lost the American colonies because we lacked the statesmanship to know the right
time and the manner of yielding what is impossible to keep. -Elizabeth II, in Philadelphia,
time to see if the boys are
Pennsylvania, during American bicentennial celebrations, Newsweek, Jul 17, 1976
-Bernard Baruch, quoted,
2198. I don't know the key to success, but the key to failure is trying to please everybody. -Bill
Cosby, Ebony, Jun, 1977
Hammarskjold, "1951",
2199. If an individual wants to be a leader and isn't controversial, that means he never stood
rles De Gaulle, Time, Dec
for anything. -Richard M. Nixon, Dallas Times-Herald, Dec 10, 1978
2200. If you don't stand for something, you will stand for anything. -Ginger Rogers, Parade,
hats, and for me, only the
Jun 18, 1978
imes, Dec 17, 1965
2201. It's the orders you disobey that make you famous. -Douglas MacArthur, Time, Sep 11,
Clayton Powell Jr., "One
1978
2202. Too bad that all the people who know how to run the country are busy driving taxicabs
m. -Charles De Gaulle,
and cutting hair. -George Burns, Life, Dec, 1979
2203. One had the sense that if (Charles De Gaulle) moved to a window, the center of gravity
sake of their public duties
might shift, and the whole room might tilt everybody into the garden. -Henry A. Kissinger,
Man for All Seasons, 1968
Time, Oct 15, 1979
a big man is to shout and
like that I never shoot
2204. Competing pressures tempt one to believe that an issue deferred is a problem avoided:
more often it is a crisis invited. -Henry A. Kissinger, Time, Oct 15, 1979
ig promises-those things
2205. High office teaches decision making, not substance. It consumes intellectual capital; it
and warmth. My strong
does not create it. -Henry A. Kissinger, Time, Oct 15, 1979
n I say. I always produce
2206. The world is divided into those who want to become someone and those who want to
accomplish something. -Jean Monnet, Time, Mar 26, 1979
with my heart instead of
th their whole heart don't
2207. A leader should not get too far in front of his troops or he will be shot in the ass. -Joseph
Clark, Washingtonian, Nov, 1979
ur manhood. -Henry A.
2208. Men of power have no time to read; yet the men who do not read are unfit for power.
-Michael Foot, Debts of Honour, 1980
133
EUROPE: 17. Integration in Western Europe
705
hose resig-
the atomic bomb without seeking WEU agree-
stimulating trade that the program was acceler-
EDC As-
ment, and Britain threatened to withdraw troops
ated and all customs duties and quotas on in-
the Com-
from West Germany, with or without WEU per-
dustrial goods were abolished by 1968. At the
mission. The WEU Assembly, composed of the
same time a common external tariff was adopted
ith ease in
representatives sent by the seven member coun-
so that all six members imposed uniform duties
enormous
tries to the Consultative Assembly of the Council
on imports from countries outside the community.
ent never
of Europe, actively debated defense policy, but
EEC also provided for freedom of movement of
two-year
its recommendations were rarely accepted by the
labor and equality of access to public housing,
by conser-
national governments.
social security benefits, and membership in labor
ling the na-
The Founding of the European Economic Com-
unions within the community.
parties for
munity (EEC) and Euratom. Faced with the failure
Free circulation of capital was hindered by
any others
of both EDC and EPC, the governments of the
complex differences in national banking systems
Although
Benelux countries determined to capitalize on
and fiscal regulation. However, a start was made
nch objec-
the success of the European Coal and Steel Com-
in planning the establishment of European com-
rliament on
munity. When the ECSC foreign ministers met
panies, with a community rather than national
at Messina in June 1955, the Benelux represent-
legal status. Large numbers of mergers increased
eous rejec-
atives proposed that economic integration be ex-
the size of national companies, and association
Commun-
panded to include other sectors, such as atomic
agreements with companies in member countries
Alcide De
energy and transport, and that a common market
increased specialization and the penetration of
r Schuman
be formed in which both industrial and agricul-
foreign markets. The first decade of EEC's oper-
ssembly of
tural goods could circulate freely. The ministers
ation stimulated a vast productive boom in west-
ad hoc as-
approved these goals and assigned the proposal
ern Europe. The gross national product increased
ng a Euro-
for study by an intergovernmental committee of
by over 5% annually. Trade among member
rs of hectic
experts, presided over by the foreign minister of
countries of EEC rose even faster, quadrupling
list leaders
Belgium, Paul-Henri Spaak.
in 1958-1968.
C assembly
The Spaak committee's report, presented on
The organization of a common market in agri-
ture was to
April 20, 1956, argued that to achieve an eco-
cultural products proved very difficult. Many
he national
nomic base of a size adequate to modern technol-
European farms were inefficiently run by indi-
elected by
ogy the six ECSC members should form an
vidual families lacking sufficient capital or land.
was to be
economic union, or common market, in which all
West Germany helped balance its trade by im-
council and
obstacles to internal trade would be abolished
porting agricultural goods from nonmembers in
ustice by a
within 12 years, and labor and capital would
exchange for its industrial goods. France, the
ents, how-
circulate freely. A special program for the in-
most efficient agricultural country, sought mar-
thus one of
tegration of agriculture should be drawn up and
kets for its beef and cereals within EEC. Ne-
cal integra-
funds created for large-scale investment and for
gotiations dragged on for 10 years. French Presi-
ch rejection
readaptation of industries hurt by competition.
dent de Gaulle several times forced decisions on
Development of atomic energy for peaceful pur-
his unwilling partners by threatening to veto
ew method
poses should be administered in a separate or-
progress in other spheres and, in 1965-1966, by
y was pro-
ganization.
boycotting EEC for seven months.
ne Minister
The foreign ministers accepted most of the
The common aim was to permit agricultural
joined Bel-
Spaak report's proposals and authorized Spaak
goods to circulate freely at community-wide
Netherlands
again to preside over a committee of experts in
prices by 1969, to establish preference for EEC
Treaty, by
drawing up two treaties, one creating a European
farmers by imposing levies on imports from non-
a European
Economic Community (EEC), or Common Mar-
members, and to set up an agricultural fund for
ive machin-
ket, the other a European Atomic Energy Com-
improving European farming methods and for
d ambassa-
munity (Euratom). During the negotiations,
subsidizing the sale of EEC farm products on the
but it had
safeguards were demanded by all the partici-
world market. A complicated system of pricing
gested that
pants. France, for example, insisted on associa-
was established for different groups of agricul-
tted to the
tion of French and Belgian overseas territories.
tural products, such as cereals and dairy prod-
German re-
The treaties were signed in Rome on March 25,
ucts. Although the system was beneficial to
tain's prom-
1957, and ratified without difficulty. EEC and
certain products, such as rice and beef, it en-
ny and by
Euratom began to function on Jan. 1, 1958.
couraged the production of unneeded surpluses
y to super-
Organization and Goals of EEC. The institutions
in cereals and dairy products, and the cost of
nic, biologi-
of EEC were similar to those of ECSC. It was
subsidizing exports and maintaining community
ermany.
administered by a nine-member commission.
prices imposed a heavy financial burden on EEC
n and Paris,
Most policy decisions were referred to a council
as a whole. Moreover, it failed to decrease the
reaty form,
of ministers, representing the national govern-
gap in income between industrial workers and
ements had
ments, in which the voting procedure was to be
farmers, who expressed their discontent on oc-
West Ger-
modified to reduce the veto power of any one
casion in violent demonstrations.
tional basis.
country. An economic and social committee of
The community was successful in moderating
rce in May
101 members representing different economic
the disruptive effects of increased competition.
the United
categories, including employers and labor unions,
During 1958-1968 the European Social Fund
the control
was to advise the commission. The ECSC court
spent $80 million in retraining and relocating in-
rcised since
of justice was to act as a single court for all three
dustrial workers. The European Investment Bank
communities. The Common Assembly of ECSC,
made supplementary loans to aid the national
federation
increased in size from 78 to 142 members, and
development programs in southern Italy and
powers. It
later renamed the European Parliament, was also
southwestern France. Community regulations on
ministers or
to supervise the functioning of the three com-
cartels and mergers were carefully interpreted to
ense policy;
munities. (Membership subsequently grew to
increase the competitive powers of EEC com-
ent; and a
198, and, in the election of June 1979, to 410.)
panies. The major task envisaged for the 1970's
coordination
The first task of the EEC was to abolish cus-
was to complete the economic union by adopting
tiveness was
toms duties and quota restrictions, on a time-
common commercial policy, creating a common
S acted, or
table laid down in the treaty, in three four-year
currency, and developing more active social and
e produced
stages. Tariff reduction proved so successful in
regional policies.
706
EUROPE: 17. Integration in Western Europe
EEC's original supporters, however, were dis-
appointed that more progress was not made
toward political integration. In 1961-1962 a
THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES
study commission presided over by Christian
The three
Fouchet drew up a plan for a political union with
Coal and a
consultative powers only, but this was vetoed by
nomic and the European Atomic
Belgium and the Netherlands. In 1965 the EEC
commission proposed that it be given a large in-
have a common membership and share a common
Energy Community-are legally separate, but they
European parliament, court of justice, council of
come from receipts on the common external tariff
ministers, and commission. Members: Belgium,
and agricultural levies and that supervision of its
Denmark, France, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxem-
use be given to the European Parliament. This
bourg, the Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, the United
Kingdom, and West Germany.
plan, which would have made the commission an
independent political authority, was vetoed by
The European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC)
(established in 1952)
President de Gaulle. Finally, the fusion of the
high authority of ECSC and the commissions of
Aim:
velopment of employment and the improvement de-
to contribute to the economy, the
EEC and Euratom in 1968, while promoting ef-
of the standard of living in the participating
ficiency, brought no greater political powers to
countries through the creation, in harmony with
the unified commission.
the general economy of the member states, of
a common market" in coal and steel.
In 1961, British Prime Minister Harold Mac-
millan requested membership in EEC for Britain.
The European Economic Community (EEC)
Fifteen months of n'egotiations followed, but in
(established in 1958)
January 1963, de Gaulle vetoed Britain's appli-
Aim:
by establishing a Common Market
and
cation on the grounds that Britain was not pre-
progressively approximating the economic poli-
pared to accept the conditions of membership.
cies of the member states, to promote through-
out the Community a harmonious development
Britain opened new negotiations in 1970, and
of economic activities, a continuous and bal-
Ireland and Denmark requested admission at the
anced expansion, an increased stability, an
same time. After another period of negotiations,
accelerated raising of the standard of living
and closer relations between its member
agreement with EEC representatives was reached
states."
and was ratified in principle by Parliament in
The European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom)
October 1971. In January 1973, Britain, Den-
(established in 1958)
mark, and Ireland formally joined the EEC.
Aim:
to contribute to the raising of the
Greece was admitted to associate membership
standard of living in member states and to the
in the EEC in 1961 (effective in 1962) and to
development of commercial exchanges with
other countries by the creation of conditions
full membership in 1979 (effective in 1981).
necessary for the speedy establishment and
Turkey also was admitted to associate member-
growth of nuclear industries."
ship in 1964, and both Spain and Portugal be-
came full members in 1986.
The European Atomic Energy Community (Eura-
(Conseil Européen pour la Recherche Nucléaire,
tom). Euratom was founded to provide co-
or CERN), founded in 1953 for research in high-
ordinated programs of research and development
energy nuclear physics. It had 12 members-
of atomic energy in Belgium, France, Italy, Lux-
Austria, Belgium, Britain, Denmark, France,
embourg, the Netherlands, and West Germany.
Greece, Italy, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden,
It was administered by a five-member commis-
Switzerland, and West Germany, while Poland,
sion. Policy decisions were made by a council of
Turkey, and Yugoslavia had observer status. Its
ministers representing the national governments.
budget, supplied by the participating national
The court of justice, the economic and social
governments, was used principally in support of
committee, and the European Parliament were
research laboratories in Geneva, where scientists
common to Euratom, ECSC, and EEC. Technical
could do nonmilitary research.
advice was given by the scientific and technical
Technical collaboration was extended to space
committee and the consultative committee for
research in 1962, with the foundation of the
nuclear research. The majority of the Euratom
European Space Research Organization (ESRO)
employees were workers in the four research
by Belgium, Britain, Denmark, France, Italy, the
centers set up in Italy, Belgium, the Netherlands,
Netherlands, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, and
and West Germany, although Euratom also spon-
West Germany with Austria as an observer.
sored many projects by private companies and
ESRO set up several research centers, such as the
universities. Three atomic power stations were
European Space Technology Center in Delft and
constructed, health codes for nuclear workers
the European Space Data Center in Darmstadt.
were drawn up, and a method of controlling the
Its scientists concentrated on construction of
sale of fissionable materials through a supply
satellites that could be launched into space on
agency was enforced. From 1961, however, sev-.
U.S. rockets.
eral governments began doubting the value of
The European Space Vehicle Launcher De-
the community. The expected shortage of con-
velopment Organization (ELDO) was founded
ventional energy had not occurred. A glut in
in 1964, on British initiative, to construct a Eu-
fissionable materials made the supply agency un-
ropean rocket for launching space vehicles. Orig-
necessary. The programs instituted had produced
inal members were Belgium, Britain, France,
energy at excessive cost. Above all, Euratom's
Italy, the Netherlands, West Germany, and Aus-
funds were being used to sponsor national pro-
tralia. High costs, technical problems, and the
grams rather than a community-wide program.
lack of a long-term program seriously delayed
The main value of the European Atomic Energy
progress, however.
Commission by the early 1970's was as a dissem-
The European Free Trade Association (EFTA). The
inator of new scientific knowledge.
creation of EEC made the other countries of
Other Technical Agencies: CERN, ESRO, and ELDO.
western Europe fearful of a loss in their exports
Euratom was able to build upon the research of
to the six EEC members. Britain, which had re-
the European Organization for Nuclear Research
fused to accept the supranational controls of
Ref.
FN6081
553a
WH
Simpson's
Contemporary Quotations
Compiled by
James B Simpson
Foreword by
Daniel J Boorstin
rardom quotes
on EC
(humorous but
probably not
usable)
Houghton Mifflin Company
Boston 1988
PROPERTY OF
LIORARY
EXEC E OFFICE OF
Heads of State
uild walls to keep
1 We didn't have to do the minuets of diplomacy. We
14 Living next to you is in some ways like sleeping with
part of the world
got down to business.
an elephant. No matter how friendly and even-tem-
ave to build walls
On Mikhail S Gorbachev, CBS TV 11 Mar 85
pered is the beast, if I can call it that, one is affected
2 I have made it quite clear that a unified Ireland was
by every twitch and grunt.
one solution that is out. A second solution was a
On relations with the US, ib 26 Mar 69
confederation of two states. That is out. A third so-
15 My life is one long curve, full of turning points.
Beirut," for leaking
lution was joint authority. That is out-that is a der-
New Yorker 5 Jul 69
Time
8
Dec
86
ogation of sovereignty.
After meeting with Irish Prime Minister Garret Fitz-
16 I bear solemn witness to the fact that NATO heads
like they now are
Gerald to discuss ways of ending conflict in Northern
of state and of government meet only to go through
Ireland. NY Times 20 Nov 85
the tedious motions of reading speeches, drafted by
by revelations that
gone to Contra
3 I always cheer up immensely if an attack is partic-
others, with the principal objective of not rocking
the boat.
ularly wounding because I think, well, if they attack
fine
record.
He
one personally, it means they have not a single po-
First major address after leaving office, accepting Albert
a
litical argument left.
Einstein International Peace Prize, quoted in NY Times
14 Nov 84
National Security
On criticism, London Daily Telegraph 21 Mar 86
4 If you lead a country like Britain, a strong country,
HARRY S TRUMAN, 33rd US President
told
everything.
a country which has taken a lead in world affairs in
17 If I'd known how much packing I'd have to do, I'd
good times and in bad, a country that is always re-
have run again.
liable, then you have to have a touch of iron about
to be run out of
On leaving the White House, Time 26 Jan 53
you.
On references to her as the Iron Lady, ib
18 Any man who has had the job I've had and didn't
George P Shultz's
have a sense of humor wouldn't still be here.
bugs in new US em-
5 I do not know anyone who has got to the top without
News summaries 19 Apr 55
hard work. That is the recipe. It will not always get
you to the top, but should get you pretty near.
RICHARD VON WEIZSÄCKER, President of West Germany
ib
19 There were many ways of not burdening one's con-
only the United
6 If you want to cut your own throat, don't come to
me for a bandage.
science, of shunning responsibility, looking away,
keeping mum. When the unspeakable truth of the
To Robert Mugabe, prime minister of Zimbabwe. who
Holocaust then became known at the end of the war,
called for sanctions against South Africa, quoted in
Time 7 Jul 86
all too many of us claimed that they had not known
anything about it or even suspected anything.
to the death
7 What is success? I think it is a mixture of having a
On 40th anniversary of end of World War II, quoted in
sure his govern-
flair for the thing that you are doing; knowing that it
NY Times 12 May 85
rs for new battle-
is not enough, that you have got to have hard work
and a certain sense of purpose.
20 All of us, whether guilty or not, whether old or
young, must accept the past
It is not a case of
Parade 13 Jul 86
coming to terms with the past. That is not possible.
8 To wear your heart on your sleeve isn't a very good
It cannot be subsequently modified or undone.
of Great Britain
plan; you should wear it inside, where it functions
ib
option, but in the
best.
alanced numbers,
On governing. interview with Barbara Walters 20/20
21 Whoever refuses to remember the inhumanity is
ABC TV 18 Mar 87
prone to new risks of infection.
urope, NY Times 20
ib
9 A world without nuclear weapons would be less sta-
ble and more dangerous for all of us.
22 Seeking to forget makes exile all the longer; the se-
di to learn to carve
k.
To Soviet Premier Mikhail S Gorbachev, Time 27 Apr
cret of redemption lies in remembrance.
87
ib
dslide victory, ib 11
OMAR TORRIJOS HERRERA, President of Panama
HAROLD WILSON, Prime Minister of Great Britain
raseology of com-
10 I don't like Communism because it hands out wealth
23 Given a fair wind, we will negotiate our way into the
SS the years, and
through rationing books.
Common Market, head held high, not crawling in.
is, a certain simi-
NY Times 7 Sep 77
Negotiations? Yes. Unconditional acceptance of
/hich followed the
whatever terms are offered us? No.
hilarity in the lack
PIERRE ELLIOTT TRUDEAU, Prime Minister of Canada
Address in Bristol 20 Mar 67
ling years.
11 Canada will be a strong country when Canadians of
24 The main essentials of a successful prime minister
all provinces feel at home in all parts of the country,
[are] sleep and a sense of history.
les. Platitudes are
and when they feel that all Canada belongs to them.
The Governance of Britain Harper & Row 77
To Liberal Convention. Ottawa, 5 Apr 68
12 We wish nothing more, but we will accept nothing
ZHOU ENLAI, Chinese Premier
boom, every bub-
less. Masters in our own house we must be, but our
25 All diplomacy is a continuation of war by other
house is the whole of Canada.
means.
ib
Saturday Evening Post 27 Mar 54
usiness together.
13 The state has no business in the bedrooms of the
26 China and North Vietnam are closely united to each
in London before he
nation.
other, like the lips and the teeth.
naries 17 Dec 84
Appeal for revised divorce laws. NY Times 16 Jun 68
In Hanoi 5 Mar 71
15
HUMOR & WIT
ANDRÉ GIDE
HERBERT HOOVER, 31st US President
1 It is unthinkable for a Frenchman to arrive at middle
12 The thing I enjoyed most were visits from children.
age without having syphilis and the Cross of the Le-
They did not want public office.
gion of Honor.
On his White House years, On Growing Up Morrow 62
Recalled on his death 19 Feb 51
13 About the time we can make the ends meet, some-
body moves the ends.
FRANK L GILL, State Senator, Colorado
Recalled on his death 20 Oct 64
2 Last week we passed a birth-control bill. Now we
are trying to pass a law to put the people to bed an
BoB HOPE
hour earlier.
On daylight-saving time legislation. Quote 18 Apr 65
14 When she started to play, Steinway came down per.
sonally and rubbed his name off the piano.
SAMUEL GOLDWYN
On comedian Phyllis Diller, WNEW TV 7 May 85
3 Any man who goes to a psychiatrist ought to have
15 I have a wonderful make-up crew. They're the same
his head examined.
people restoring the Statue of Liberty.
One of many Goldwynisms attributed to him. recalled
At celebration of his 50 years in show business, NY
on his death 31 Jan 74
Times 30 Apr 86
MIKHAIL S GORBACHEV
ROBERT HUGHES
4 If people don't like Marxism. they should blame the
16 One gets tired of the role critics are supposed to
British Museum.
have in this culture: It's like being the piano player
On visit to British Museum Reading Room used by Karl
in a whorehouse: you don't have any control over
Marx. NY Times 16 Dec 84
the action going on upstairs.
Publishers Weekly 12 Dec 86
SONDRA GOTLIEB, wife of Canadian ambassador to US
5 For some reason, a glaze passes over people's faces
CAROLINE HUNTER
when you say Canada.
NY Times 8 Jul 82
17 Hostesses will usually divide their guest list between
those who shoot the birds and those who shoot the
BARRY GRAY
breeze.
"English Country Weekends" M Sep 84
6 I get my exercise running to the funerals of my
friends who exercise.
BARBARA HUTTON
New York 19 May 80
18 I've never seen a Brink's truck follow a hearse to
VARTAN GREGORIAN, President, NY Public Library
the cemetery.
7 Everybody is somebody, so you don't have to intro-
On being told that she was being exploited, quoted by
duce anybody.
C David Heymann Poor Little Rich Girl Lyle Stuart 84
At dinner honoring authors. NY Times 13 Nov 84
ANTONY JAY
EMMET GRIBBIN JR
19 From now on you can keep the lot.
8 The horse bit the pastor.
Take every single thing you've got,
How came this to pass?
Your land, your wealth, your men, your dames,
He heard the good pastor say,
Your dream of independent power,
"All flesh is grass."
And dear old Konrad Adenauer,
Letter to Living Church 12 Aug 84
And stick them up your Eiffel Tower.
On France's rejection of Great Britain as a member of
ALAN HAMILTON
the Common Market. Time 8 Feb 63
9 Some commoners are less common than others.
POPE JOHN XXIII
On engagement of Prince Andrew to Sarah Ferguson.
the niece of the Duchess of Gloucester. London Times
20 Here I am at the end of the road and at the top of
18 Mar 86
the heap.
On succeeding Pius XII. Time 24 Nov 58
GRACE HANSEN
21 It often happens that I wake at night and begin to
10 A wedding is just like a funeral except that you get
think about a serious problem and decide I must tell
to smell your own flowers.
the pope about it. Then I wake up completely and
Recalled on her death. Eugene OR Register-Guard 14
remember that I am the pope!
Jan 85
ib 1 Feb 60
AMANDA HILLIER, Administrator, Fauna and Flora Society
of Britain
CARRIE JOHNSON
11 Driving round a bend and skidding on a mat of dead
22 I for one appreciate a good form letter, having
toads is very unpleasant for all concerned.
worked on Capitol Hill and learned several dozen
On 20 tons of toads killed before opening of tunnels
cordial ways to say nothing.
under roads to save them during mating season. quoted
"Judging American Business by Its Writing Habits" NY
in NY Times 14 Mar 87
Times 14 Jul 84
210
Ref
PN6081
The Modern Dictionary
H9
of Quotations
WH
A collection of familiar quotations and proverbs
from early times to the present day
compiled by
Robin Hyman
"
general quote
on
European
Community
by William Gladstone
Evans Brothers Limited : London
121
Glover-Kind
IN CORCORAN H.M.S. Pinafore,
I POINT: I have a song to sing, O!
Act 2
ELSIE: Sing me your song, O!
POINT: It is sung to the moon
By a love-lorn loon.
The Yeomen of the Guard, Act I
Ib
2 It's a song of a merryman, moping mum,
Whose soul was sad, and whose glance was glum,
Who sipped no sup, and who craved no crumb,
As he sighed for the love of a ladye.
POINT
Ib
Ib
3 For he who'd make his fellow-creatures wise
neral,
Should always gild the philosophic pill!
POINT
Ib
eral,
he fights historical,
4
Were I thy bride,
orical.
Then all the world beside
The Pirates of Penzance, Act I
Were not too wide
To hold my wealth of love-
Were I thy bride!
PHOEBE
Ib
ERGEANT
Ib, Act 2
5 Oh! a private buffoon is a light-hearted loon,
If you listen to popular rumour.
POINT
Ib, Act 2
ERGEANT
Ib
6 It is purely a matter of skill,
Which all may attain if they will:
ling-
But every Jack,
T
He must study the knack
If he wants to make sure of his Jill!
ELSIE, PHOEBE AND FAIRFAX
Ib
ERGEANT
Ib
GLADSTONE, William Ewart, 1809-1898
7 You cannot fight against the future. Time is on our side.
Speech on
Princess Ida, Act I
Reform Bill, 1866
8 [The Turks] one and all, bag and baggage, shall, I hope, clear out from the
AND
Ib
province they have desolated and profaned.
Speech, House of Commons,
7 May 1877
CHE
Ib, Act 2
9 All the world over, I will back the masses against the classes.
Speech,
d,
Liverpool, 28 Fune 1886
LADY PSYCHE
Ib
IO We are part of the community of Europe, and we must do our duty as such.
Speech, Carnarvon, IO April 1888
Ib
GLASSE, Hannah, 18th century
II Take your hare when it is cased.
Art of Cookery (Often misquoted as
g,
'First catch your hare' and wrongly attributed to Mrs. Beeton)
GAMA
Ib, Act 3
g-like 'Basingstoke'.
GLENN, Colonel John Herschel, 1921-
IAD MARGARET Ruddigore, Act 2
I2 It was hot in there.
Remark after return from orbit, 20 Feb. 1962
JUDGE
Trial by Jury
GLOUCESTER, William Henry, Duke of, 1743-1805
1,
DAME CARRUTHERS
I3 Another damned, thick, square book! Always scribble, scribble, scribble!
The Yeomen of the Guard, Act I
Eh! Mr. Gibbon
Attributed
GLOVER-KIND, John A., ?-1918
AIRFAX
Ib
14 I do Like to be Beside the Seaside.
Title of Song
Ref.
FN6081
553a
WH
Simpson's
Contemporary Quotations
Compiled by
James B Simpson
Foreword by
Daniel J Boorstin
Monnet
quote
Houghton Mifflin Company
Boston 1988
PROPERTY OF
LIBRARY
EXEC / F OFFICE OF
Observers & Critics
DAVID GLICKMAN, President, Amer Kefir Co
PHILIPPE DE ROTHSCHILD
New York. All
More people think it's a new Israeli jet fighter than
12 Excellent wine generates enthusiasm. And whatever
1
pots and pans and
something to eat.
you do with enthusiasm is generally successful.
start out. They set
On kefir. a low-calorie product originally fermented
W 9 May 80
ily get repeats.
from mare's milk by Tartars wandering in Asia and now
marketed under various trade names, quoted by Jona-
HERSHEL SHAPIRO, co-owner, Brooklyn Bagel Co, Tulsa
than Probber "Yogurt's 'Cousin'' NY Times 25 Sep 86
OK
wner, Ménage à Trois
ROBERTO C GOIZUETA, Chairman, Coca-Cola
13 We have cowboys coming in who have heard about
bagels through word of mouth. They'll ask for a
along the line.
2 Smoother. rounder, yet bolder.
"bangle" or a "bockle," but after their first bite they
uced prices during the
On the new formula that replaced the 99-year-old still-
secret concoction originally called "Brain Tonic and In-
love it. They come back.
is in business, quoted
es for Practice Food"
tellectual Beverage," People 13 May 85
On spreading popularity of the bagel, NY Times 17 May
86
SYLVAN N GOLDMAN
& Promoters
3 [The customers] had a tendency to stop shopping
WILLIAM SOKOLIN, vintner
when the baskets became too full or too heavy.
14 What is the definition of a good wine? It should start
Wines and Spirits
On why he designed the first grocery carts in the 1930s.
and end with a smile.
I was to wine.
recalled on his death. NY Times 27 Nov 84
Advertisement in NY Times 15 Dec 84
an Inc Jul 85
JOHN JAY HOOKER
LEO STEINER
4 A Federal Express of fast food.
15 They didn't even have enough brains to take a cou-
reeding of frogs and
Objective for Hooker's Hamburgers. NY Times 14 Apr
ple of good pastrami sandwiches.
85
ead instead of the
On being robbed at the delicatessen he operated next to
intestine.
E THOMAS HUGHES, founder, Potato Museum,
Carnegie Hall for 50 years, NY Times 7 Feb 86
e to go into the snail-
Washington DC
30
Roy STOUT, Director of Market Research, Coca-Cola
5 We're serious but not solemn about potatoes here.
The potato has lots of eyes, but no mouth. That's
16 They fell in love with the memory of old Coke.
where I come in.
On the public's rejection of a new formula for the com-
there.
Christian Science Monitor 7 Jul 86
pany's 99-year-old soft drink, NY Times 12 Jul 85
ts, NY Times 27 Sep
MACY'S DEPARTMENT STORE
M TAITTINGER, French champagne vintner
agement, Durkee
6 Values like these only reach shallow waters twice a
17 You put your left index finger on your eye and your
year.
right index finger on the cheese
if they sort of
as been married by
On salmon sales timed to coincide with Jewish holy
feel the same, the cheese is ready.
days. advertisement in NY Times I Oct 86
cond or third bottle
On how to test the ripeness of a Camembert cheese,
This Week 10 Jul 66
JEAN MONNET, cognac distiller and statesman
uce measured out in
7 The great thing about making cognac is that it teach-
ALAIN DE VOGUE, French vintner
in 86
es you above everything else to wait-man propos-
18 Can you imagine opening a bottle of champagne with
T Handy Co
es. but time and God and the seasons have got to be
a bottle opener. I can't. It would eliminate half the
ng interesting.
on your side.
fun.
Recalled on his death. Time 26 Mar 79
DS in clarified butter,
On movement to substitute bottle caps for corks. Na-
85
PETER MORRELL, vintner
tional Observer I Jul 63
8 I edit out the bad stuff and deliver the good stuff.
JOSHUA WESSON, wine consultant
without cham-
Seventy-five percent of all wine is awful.
19 I didn't know which way I was going to die-run
lomatic people [it]
Quoted in "Wine Wars" Manhattan Inc Jul 85
through, conked or poisoned.
ne.
PAUL NEWMAN
On approach of a man with a sword. a gnarled stick and
a silver goblet during ceremony in which he became a
9 For those of you who like to scarf your popcorn in
knight in the prestigious wine society La Commanderies
Seafood Corp
the sack. the good news is that Newman's Own con-
des Côtes du Rhône, NY Times I Feb 87
tains an aphrodisiac.
On adding popcorn to his special line of products de-
Observers & Critics
veloped for a multimillion-dollar corporation run as a
philanthropy. Newsweek 13 Aug 84
JONATHAN AITKEN
could have been
10 The star of oil and vinegar and the oil and vinegar
of the stars.
20 If you find an Australian indoors, it's a fair bet that
between Fortnam
07 that it settled
Label for his salad dressing, NY Times 25 Jan 85
he will have a glass in his hand.
Land of Fortune Secker & Warburg 71
Mason and became
NORTH CAROLINA TRAVEL DEPARTMENT
language for those
21 Breaking a glass in the northwest is rather like belch-
ho know that life
11 If you are what you eat, a visit to North Carolina
ing in Arabia, for it appears to be done as a mark of
ter, but it is given
could make you a very interesting person.
appreciation or elation.
imaginative com-
Advertisement picturing grits soufflé. squab pie, wild
ib
persimmon pudding, green tomato pie and "pig-pickin
ons, The Delectable
cake" to show that "a visit to North Carolina is more
22 In Port Headland, happiness comes smithereen-
than food for the appetite. It's also food for the soul."
shaped.
Sports Illustrated 31 Mar 86
ib
287
9 April 1992
MEMORANDUM FOR CURT
FROM:
JAG
SUBJECT:
COLUMBUS COLOR
1) Columbus Day is October 12 -- officially kicking off the
Columbus quincentennial.
2) Adjectives for Columbus: "this enigmatic Genoan, " "humbly
born, the son of a Genovese weaver," "deeply devout, charged
with messianic zeal," "if there was a single key to his
character, it was his intense religiosity. Columbus had a
fundamental belief in the Bible and a sense of destiny that
was clearly messianic."
3)
Columbus, Ohio is the largest city in the world bearing the
expolorer's name. The replica of the Santa Maria in the
Scioto River was christened October. 11.
4) Washington Irving in 1828 called Columbus "a man of great
and inventive genius."
5) "No man has done more to change the course of human history
than Christopher Columbus."
--Edward Channing, History of the United States,
1905.
6) Columbus believed that the mariner must, as he put it, probe
"the secrets of this world."
EXCERPTS
1)
Columbus' journey was the first step in a long process
that eventually produced the United States of America, a
daring experiment in democracy that in turn became a symbol
and a haven of individual liberty for people throughout the
world. But the revolution that began with his voyages was
far greater than that. It altered science, geography,
philosophy, agriculture, law, religion, ethics, government -
- the sum, in other words, of what passed at the time as
Western Culture."
--Time, October 7, 1991
DII
.M54
WHRC
t:
THE ALMANAC
OF DATES
EVENTS OF THE PAST FOR
IC OF DATES
EVERY DAY OF THE YEAR
Events
the Past
Every Day
LINDA MILLGATE
the Year
]
Harcourt Brace Jovanovich
New York and London
Queen Elizabeth II of England born
1930
Robert Bridges, England's Poet Laureate, died
Fire struck the penitentiary at Columbus, Ohio
1952
Granville Fortescue, soldier-playwright, died
U.S. cruiser St. Paul damaged off Korea
1955
U.S. ratified the treaty giving sovereignty to
West Germany
1956
Charles MacArthur, playwright, died
1960
Brasilia declared the new capital city of
Brazil
1962
Century 21 Exposition opened at Seattle,
Washington
1965
Paul Jung, clown, died
New York City's World's Fair opened for the
second season
1967
Kastraki hydoelectric project begun on the
Acheloos River, Greece
1968
Molniya 1-H, Russian communications satellite,
launched
1969
Bruce Tulloh of England left Los Angeles to
break the transcontinental run
record
1971
Independence Day celebration at Riobamba,
Ecuador
"Papa Doc" Duvalier, Haiti's president for life,
died
1905, 1916, 2000, 2079 Good Friday
1935, 1946, 1957, 2019, 2030, 2041, 2052 Easter
1963, 1968, 1974, 2047, 2058, 2069 Quasimodo or Low
Sunday
April 22nd
Arbor Day in Nebraska
Feast of St. Conrad of Parzham
Feast of St. Theodore of Sykeon
536 AD
St. Agapetus, Pope, died
960
Basil II crowned Emperor of the Eastern Roman
Empire
1370
Construction of the Bastille, Paris fortress
and prison, begun
1418
Council of Constance, reuniting the Roman
Catholic Church after the Great
Schism, ended
1451
Queen Isabella of Spain, backer of Columbus,
Born
1500
Pedro Alverez de Cabral landed in Brazil and
claimed it for Portugal
1541
St. Ignatius of Loyala, founder of the Society
of Jesus (Jesuits), elected its
first general
1707
Henry Fielding, English novelist, born
Land born
1711
Eleazar Wheelock, founder of Moor's Indian
Poet Laureate, died
Charity School (now Dartmouth
ary at Columbus, Ohio
College), born
ler-playwright, died
1774
New York Tea Party
iged off Korea
1793
U.S. declared neutrality in the war between
giving sovereignty to
Britain and France
1796
French-Austrian battle at Mondovi, Italy
ght, died
1827
Thomas Rowlandson, English artist, died
capital city of
1832
Julius S. Morton, originator of Arbor Day, born
1834
ed at Seattle,
St. Helena Island became English crown property
1861
Robert E. Lee left home to take charge of
Virginia's troops
1864
"In God We Trust" became the U.S. motto
ir opened for the
1870
Lenin, Russian revolutionary, born (national
holiday)
ect begun on the
1879
r, Greece
Assassination attempt failed on King Umberto of
nications satellite,
Italy
The Forward, world's largest Jewish daily
ft Los Angeles to
newspaper, first published
1884
nscontinental run
Colchester, England, rocked by an earthquake
1886
Abram Joseph Ryan, "Poet of the Confederacy,"
died
on at Riobamba,
1889
Oklahoma Territory land rush for homesteaders
(state holiday)
's president for life,
1891
Blanco Encalada exploded in Caldera Bay
1892
First U.S. anatomy school, Wistar Institute,
incorporated
2052 Easter
1904
Robert J. Oppenheimer, physicist, born
Quasimodo or Low
1908
Eddie Albert, actor, born
1915
Second battle of Ypres began and gas was first
used as a weapon
1916
Yehudi Menuhin, violinist, born
1928
Keech, in a White-Triplex car, set a land
speed record of 207.552 mph
1929
Japan's Toyo Kuni Maru wrecked on Rocky Cape
Erino
ham
1930
keon
Naval reduction treaty of London signed by U.S.,
Britain, France, Italy, and Japan
1964
the Eastern Roman
New York World's Fair opened for the first
season
1969
e, Paris fortress
Bermuda Peppercorn Ceremony in St. George held
1970
Intelstat III F7, communications satellite,
gun
launched
ting the Roman
1971
h after the Great
Start of Summer (Holiday in Iceland)
Soyus 10, Russian manned space orbiter, launched
cker of Columbus,
2011, 2095 Good Friday
1962, 1973, 1984, 2057, 2068 Easter'
ded in Brazil and
1906, 1979, 1990, 2001, 2063, 2074, 2085, 2096 Quasimodo
Portugal
or Low Sunday
der of the Society
ts), elected its
April 23rd
list, born
Beginning of a two-day fair at Dover, England
Ref.
D11
D85
WH
A Dictionary
of Days
Leslie Dunkling
-
Facts On File Publications
New York, New York Oxford, England
Calendar
22
23
24
25
Lady Day . Annunciation . Maryland Day . Greek Independence Day
26
27
28
Dismal Day
29
30
Seward's Day
31
NOTE
Also in March: Commonwealth Day . Friday in Lide . International Women's Day .
Lifeboat Day
April
I
All Fools' Day . April Fools' Day
2
Taily Day
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
IO
Dismal Day . Tenth of April
II
143
Calendar
I2
Halifax Day
13
14
Pan-American Day
15
Swallow Day
16
17
18
I9
Primrose Day
20
Dismal Day
21
San Jacinto Day
22
Arbor Day
23
St George's Day . Shakespeare's Birthday
24
Secretaries' Day
25
Anzac Day . St Mark's Day
26
27
28
29
30
Walpurgis Night
NOTE
Also in April: Geranium Day . Patriots' Day
144
04/09/92 13:52
202 707 5400
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001/005
Y
THE LIBRARY OF CONGRESS
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20540
THEORSEN
FACSIMILE TRANSMISSION
Tel: (202) 707-5400
Fax: (202) 707-2005
DATE: 4/09/92
TO: Jennifer Grossman
The White House
FROM: Iêda Signeira Wiarda
Luso-Porazilian Specialist
MESSAGE: Regarding Prime Minister Cavaco Silva
04/09/92
13:52
202 707 5400
LC/HISP
002/005
UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT
Memorandum
LIBRARY OF CONGRESS
TO
:
Jennifer Grossman
DATE: 4/09/92
The White House
Fax: (202) 456-7750
FROM :
Iêda Siqueira Wiarda
AnD
Luso-Brazilian Specialist
Fax: (202) 707-2005; phone (202) 707-2776
SUBJECT:
Prime Minister Cavaco Silva
Prime Minister Aníbal Cavaco Silva is described by some as
"austere" and by others as a "technocrat". However, this
professor-turned-politician's popularity and landslide re-election
mation
becoments,
last October 6 demonstrate an exciting revitalization of the
Portuguese nation. A recent (March 28th) poll by the major
newspaper Expresso showed that, were Cavaco to run for the
presidency, he would decisively beat other well known candidates.
For example, against former president Ramalho Eanes, people would
Alsawe
vote 47.9% to 28.8% in favor of Cavaco, with 23.3% undecided.
Cavaco [the way in which Portuguese usually refer to their Prime
Minister] is a member of the center-right Social Democrats (PSD),
which control the Parliament. 135 of the Parliament's 230 seats
are occupied by the PSD. Their closest competitor, the Socialist
Party (PS), controls only 72. Communists (PCP) and the Christian
Democrats (CDS) which together control 22 seats, have seen a severe
erosion of party support in recent years.
These changes are seen by many as a shift in the priorities of
Portuguese citizens. In the words of one journalist, "they now
want to make and spend money and enjoy life rather than be caught
up in the political soap opera". The move away from socialism is
indicative of Portugal's economic progress since joining the EC in
1986. Since then prolonged political stability and favorable world
economic conditions have resulted in unforeseen domestic progress.
This financial windfall has allowed some Portuguese companies to
internationalize in preparation for the unified market. For
example, Banco Comercial Português (BCP), Portugal's fastest
growing private bank, has recently entered a joint venture with
Spain's Banco Popular Español to open a Banco Popular Comercial in
France. Their goal is to attract French clients interested in the
Iberian market. BCP also plans to establish a new housing finance
bank in conjunction with Cariplo, Italy's state-run savings bank.
Will this economic upswing continue? Cavaco hopes SO. The Prime
Minister says, "The worst thing is to be indecisive, fearing to
make a mistake. I received a country in a state of backwardness,
where politicians made lots of speeches about all the things that
needed to be done but were never done. I introduced a new style to
Portuguese politics. I resolved to move to practical action
For
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me, politics has only one meaning: practical action, the
possibility of doing things which serve the country. " [Quoted in
The Portuguese American, Feb. 12, 1992.]
During a press conference that was held on the 31st of January,
1992 Cavaco stated: "This is a moment of particular significance
for our country; for the first time we have a determining role in
the process and the goals of the Council of Europe. I am
particularly pleased with our role in bringing about a unified and
reasonable position in relation of Yugoslavia
We were also
asked to coordinate the participation of the Community in the
Washington Conference on the humanitarian aid to the republics of
the former Soviet Union. For us, the stability of that area of
the world is of the greatest importance, and thus we have joined
with others in fostering appropriate help to the former Soviet
Union.
We are also very interested in helping foment a positive role
for the EC in the peace process in the Middle East. We are equally
involved in helping strengthen the ties between the European
Community and the Southern Hemisphere. Here, Portugal's
traditional and historical interest in Brazil, in Angola and
elsewhere has helped in the building of a bridge between the
Community and these countries."
In Maastricht, the Netherlands, February 1992, Cavaco opened the EC
Conference by declaring that "This is a process without parallel in
contemporary history
Given its historical traditions, Portugal
is willing and prepared to serve as a bridge between the twelve
countries and those of Africa and South America, particularly those
that were its former colonies
We look forward to bringing about
results in the area of real citizenship rights because Portugal
believes that Europeans will support political union as long as it
reflects their desire for economic progress and social justice. "
During Cavaco's Press Conference, March 2, 1992, commemorating the
2nd month of Portugal's presidency of the EC Council, he stated:
"Portugal has been unswerving in its support for democracy, for
peace and human rights, which we consider as the basic conditions
for development and for the widening of cooperation. With this in
mind, Portugal has actively promoted the involvement of the
European Community in the peaceful process for democratization of
Angola. It facilitated the visit of foreign relations ministers
from the EC to India in order to assess the relations between the
community and that country with the goal of fostering greater
economic collaboration and a more open political dialogue."
Press Conference, April 6, 1992
"In relation to Yugoslavia and the former Soviet Union, we were
able to help avoid the predictions of sheer catastrophe that
prevailed in December of 1991. Utilizing diplomatic and economic
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means, the EC, with the collaboration of international
organizations such as the UN, and ensuring the close coordination
with our North American allies, we helped the Community under our
leadership to provide essential support in bringing about the
indispensable conditions for stability in Central and East Europe.
As President of the EC, we have accompanied the developments and we
have consistently encouraged the opening to democracy in South
Africa. We have offered our good offices to help ensure the
flowering of democracy in that country as well as the refashioning
of new links between South Africa and the European Community."
Portuguese Proverbs:
Many Portuguese proverbs highlight the country's proverbial
hospitality and the people's natural tendency to help others in
their community. Among the most used are:
"Uma casa às ordens" = My house is at your disposal
"Uma casa portuguesa com certeza, pão e vinho na mesa" = It is
certainly a Portuguese house with bread and wine on the table
"O que se levanta cêdo, prepara o seu, e mais o alheio" = He who
gets up early, does his own work and that of his neighbors
Since April and May are beautiful months in the country, certain
proverbs might be appropriate to use, for example "Abril e maio são
a chave do ano" = April and May are the key to the year
Other proverbs illustrate friendliness and/or sagacity:
"Amigo um, inimigo nenhum" = With one friend, no enemies
"Cada um é filho dos seus feitos" = Each person is the son of his
deeds
"Saber vender o peixe" = (literally) to know how to sell a fish =
(true meaning) to obtain what one wants with ability
"Quem fala assim não é gago" = He who speaks the truth is not mute
"Viver em boa paz" = (literally) to live in good peace = (true
meaning) to get along with others is to live in peace
"Vir às boas" = (literally) to come to goodness = (true meaning) to
end peacefully some dispute that looked as though it might explode
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into violence; to bring along peaceful and harmonious purposes
"Falar ao coração" = To speak to the heart
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LEVEL 1 - - 1 OF 14 STORIES
Copyright 1992 Reuters
The Reuter Library Report
April 6, 1992, Monday, BC cycle
LENGTH: 555 words
HEADLINE: PORTUGUESE PRIME MINISTER SEES INTEREST RATES FALLING
BYLINE: By Stephen Brown
DATELINE: LISBON, April 6
KEYWORD:
PORTUGAL-RATES
BODY:
Portuguese interest rates should fall several percentage points this year as
a result of the escudo entering the European Community's exchange rate mechanism
(ERM), Prime Minister Anibal Cavaco Silva said on Monday.
The Reuter Library Report, April 6, 1992
'Interest rates should fall today according to information given to us
from the Bank of Portugal which has been confirmed by other major banks, he
said, adding: ''I would not be surprised if rates fell a good few percentage
points this year.'
Shortly before he spoke at a news conference, the Bank of Portugal reduced
its rates for intervening in the money markets and state-owned Caixa Geral de
Depositos, Portugal's largest bank, cut its prime rate to 18 per cent from 18.5
per cent.
Caixa said the move was ''justified, fundamentally, by the escudo's entry to
the European Monetary System's exchange rate mechanism.' After Caixa's lead,
Banco Espirito Santo e Comercial de Lisboa SA cut its prime rate by 0.525
percentage points to 18.125 per cent. Other banks were expected to follow.
Cavaco Silva said he was surprised by the strength of the escudo's rise
against the pound sterling on Monday, which forced the Bank of Portugal to
intervene to help the pound by buying at 241.80, 241.90 and 242.00 escudos.
'We were expecting the escudo to rise today, but not so strongly against the
pound,' he said. The central bank also bought marks at 85.35 escudos to dampen
the escudo's rise.
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The Reuter Library Report, April 6, 1992
Britain's fears that the escudo's entry would further weaken sterling were
one of the reasons why the EC's monetary committee rejected Portugal's proposal
for a central ERM rate of 180 escudo to the European currency unit.
The committee decided on 178.735 escudos per Ecu, devaluing the Portuguese
currency by 1.6 per cent. Cavaco Silva pointed out that this smaller
devaluation was better for interest rates.
''The fact that the escudo entered in a stronger position than the government
wanted will cause a quicker fall in interest rates,' he said.
Asked why he could not wait until after the British general election on April
9 -- market nervousness ahead of the poll is already putting extra pressure on
the pound - to bring Portugal into the EC's currency grid, Cavaco replied:
'Why should we pay the bill for a devalued pound?''
The prime minister's announcement on Friday that he had requested ERM
membership surprised financial markets and his EC partners, who expected him to
wait until Portugal's high inflation approached the Community average.
Cavaco Silva's most recent statement on ERM entry said it would come 'some
Friday before 1994.
The Reuter Library Report, April 6, 1992
'Inflation has been falling constantly for some months and after analysing
the movement of different currencies in relation to the escudo, we thought it
was the right Friday,' he said on Monday.
Portugal's average annual inflation rate stood at 10.2 per cent in February
while year-on-year inflation was eight per cent compared to a 4.7 per cent EC
average.
Cavaco Silva hopes the ERM will help his centre-right government reach its
1992 target of eight per cent average annual inflation and put Portugal on the
path to qualify for monetary union in 1997.
EC finance ministers agreed last December on a tough economic programme under
which Lisbon pledged to bring down its inflation rate and reduce budget deficit
within three years.
TYPE:
Financial
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LEVEL 1 - - 2 OF 14 STORIES
Copyright 1992 Reuters
April 5, 1992, Sunday, BC cycle
SECTION: Money Report.
LENGTH: 197 words
HEADLINE: ECU CHOSEN AS ESCUDO ERM REFERENCE CURRENCY
DATELINE: BRUSSELS, APRIL 5, REUTER
BODY:
The Ecu scored a small victory in the fight to be taken seriously as a
currency when it, not the deutschemark, was used as the benchmark in
negotiations to set the central rate of the escudo in joining the exchange rate
mechanism of the EMS.
When the peseta and sterling joined the ERM, a central rate was first agreed
against the mark, then all the other bilateral central rates were calculated
based on the mark rate.
Reuters, April 5, 1992
But Portugal for the first time requested that the benchmark central rate for
the escudo be against the Ecu.
Once this parity of 178.735 to the Ecu was agreed on Saturday, all the other
rates including that of the mark were calculated from it.
"The decison of this government to choose the European Currency Unit as the
reference for the escudo entry nderlines the growing importance of the
Ecu, = Portuguese Prime Minister Anibal Cavaco Silva said Friday in
announcing the decision to put the escudo in the mechanism.
Some supporters of an EC Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) want the Ecu to
one day be the single currency of Europe. But Germany has been cool to the idea,
saying of late that a future EC currency might be called the Euromark.
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Copyright 1992 The Financial Times Limited;
Financial Times
April 4, 1992, Saturday
SECTION: Pg. 24
LENGTH: 436 words
HEADLINE: Portugal applies to join ERM
BYLINE: By PATRICK BLUM and PETER MARSH
DATELINE: LISBON, LONDON
BODY:
PORTUGAL made a surprise application to join the European Monetary System's
exchange rate mechanism yesterday, underscoring its commitment to controlling
inflation.
The escudo will join the ERM on Monday at a central rate against the D-Mark
of Esc87.6, assuming Portugal's application is accepted by a meeting today of
Financial Times, April 4, 1992
Community officials.
The move, which is unlikely to have any impact on sterling, will mean that
all 12 EC members, except Greece, have their currencies pegged to the D-Mark
within the ERM. The Portuguese currency, like those of Spain and Britain, will
be allowed to fluctuate in a wide, 6 per cent band. All other units have a
narrow, 2.25 per cent band.
The ERM is seen as a system for bringing down inflation by restricting
opportunities for currencies to lose value. Portugal intends to join the
mechanism at a relatively high central rate, signalling a desire to follow tough
monetary policies.
The decision was announced yesterday by Mr Anibal Cavaco Silva, the prime
minister, after a special cabinet meeting.
The escudo's central rate will be Esc180 against the European Currency
Unit (Ecu) - A meeting today of the EC's monetary committee will review the
procedures for entry and set limits for the escudo's links with the other
currencies in the system.
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Financial Times, April 4, 1992
The move was not expected until later this year or early in 1993 when
inflation - - 10.2 per cent at the end of February on an annualised basis - was
expected to be substantially reduced.
Currencies, Page 13
LEVEL 1 - 4 OF 14 STORIES
Copyright 1992 Reuters
April 3, 1992, Friday, BC cycle
SECTION: Money Report.
LENGTH: 456 words
HEADLINE: ESCUDO IN ERM SEEN HELPING PORTUGUESE INFLATION
BYLINE: By Stephen Brown
DATELINE: LISBON, APRIL 3, REUTER
BODY:
Portugal's surprise request for entry to the EC's exchange rate mechanism
(ERM) should help it reach its amitious 1992 inflation target, but some analysts
say such a prediction could be premature.
"With the escudo's entry to the ERM, the fall in inflation gains more
credibility," said a government statement which followed Prime Minister Anibal
Cavaco Silva's announcement.
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Reuters, April 3, 1992
"Joining (ERM) will have positive effects even for reducing inflation,"
agreed Jose Figueira, vice-president of the Portuguese subsidiary of Renault.
The government has set a 1992 inflation target of eight to nine pct on an
average annual basis, but this stood at 10.2 pct in February.
Portugal requested entry to the ERM's six-pct narrow band at 180 escudos
against the Ecu, equivalent to 87.60 escudos to the mark -- a devaluation since
the escudo had already closed on Friday at 86.35/40 to the mark.
In unofficial trading following the announcement, the Portuguese currency
weakened to 86.50/87.00 to the mark and settled at 85.30/86.30.
Portuguese industry has long complained that the rise of the escudo since it
was freed from its crawling peg three-pct yearly devaluation in October 1990 --
precisely to prepare for ERM entry - has hurt exports.
Jose Araujo Silva, financial manager of Portugal's largest private industrial
holding, Sonae Investimentos SA, said ERM entry was bound to be a boost for
Portuguese investments.
Reuters, April 3, 1992
"It was the right decision," he told Reuters. "The (escudo's ERM entry) rate
will give Portuguese exports back some of the competiveness they had lost."
The government's decision to join ERM took the markets unawares, since the
Bank of Portugal had said it should be delayed until inflation neared the EC
average, and certainly should not take place before end-1992 or 1993.
But bankers had suspected that Finance Minister Jorge Braga de Macedo might
go for the politically attractive option of joining ERM during Portugal's
six-month presidency of the EC, which ends in June.
Fernando Ulrich, vice-president of the Banco Portugues de Investimento (BPI),
said he was not surprised the government had taken this option.
But economist Alfredo de Sousa said it was premature. He accused Cavaco
Silva of taking a decision motivated by "personal vanity and political
success."
The escudo's entry at 180 per Ecu has to be approved on Saturday afternoon
by the EC's monetary committee in Brussels, but EC monetary officials said they
did not expect problems.
ERM members Britain and Italy both said the escudo's arrival
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Reuters, April 3, 1992
would not make a realignment of the ERM necessary. A Spanish
finance ministry official said the escudo's entrance would not
speed the promotion of the peseta to the ERM's narrow band.
LEVEL 1 - - 5 OF 14 STORIES
Copyright (c) The Bureau of National Affairs, Inc., 1991
BNA International Environment Daily
March 13, 1991
LENGTH: 883 words
EC/Agriculture
EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT APPROVES PLANS FOR
"ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY" AGRICULTURE
STRASBOURG, FRANCE (BNA) - The European Parliament approved March 12 the
agricultural committee's recommendations on a European Community Commission
proposal to encourage agricultural production methods compatible with
environmental protection needs.
A revision of the European Community's common agricultural policy is a
necessary step in balancing farm production with growing environmental
concerns, the European Parliament's agricultural committee declared late
March 11.
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BNA International Environment Daily (c) BNA, Inc. March 13, 1991
The Parliament March 12 also approved, with amendments, a Commission
proposal to facilitate the free movement of plants within the EC after 1992.
Reviewing the proposal to encourage environmentally friendly agricultural
production methods, committee spokesman Joaquim Miranda da Silva told
Parliament that CAP has resulted in overproduction of EC farmland and a
breakdown in the balance of nature. An overall plan for agriculture was
lacking, which the Commission needed to address immediately, he added.
The Commission has proposed to revise a number of aid programs, which
either expired at the end of 1990 or were found to be ineffective. Among the
programs are compensation payments to farmers in environmentally sensitive
areas (ESA) to encourage a reduction in the use of fertilizers and the
setting aside of 20 percent or more of arable land to fallow. The Commission
expressed its disappointment in the small number of farmers taking up the
set-aside incentives and the fact that only four EC countries (Britain,
Denmark, Germany and the Netherlands) have established ESA programs.
Specific Commission proposals include the introduction of obligation
programs in member states to reduce the use of chemical fertilizers and
pesticides coupled with optional programs to encourage environmentally
friendly farming practices, with aid set at 180 European Currency Units per
BNA International Environment Daily (c) BNA, Inc. March 13, 1991
hectare to compensate for production losses. Farmers who set aside land for
conservation will also be compensated at 100 ECU per hectare for lost
production up to a maximum of 20 years.
While generally welcoming the Commission proposal, Miranda da Silva
complained that the Commission was simply continuing to adopt piecemeal
policies instead of formulating a general agricultural policy. On specific
points the committee spokesman proposed a number of amendments, including an
increase in the compensation payment made to farmers and the extension of the
set-aside program for a maximum of 30 years.
Replying on behalf of the Commission, Ray MacSharry told Parliament that
while he could support most of the proposed amendments, measures to increase
the maximum set-aside period and extend benefits to farmers already using
extensive farming methods were unacceptable. He also declined to support, for
the moment, Parliament's call for compensation increases.
The Parliament also amended two Commission proposals setting up a single
EC standard for plant health measure, which will allow plants to be shipped
freely throughout the Community. Under the present system member states have
separate rules governing the movement of plants, but the Commission has
proposed to introduce a "plant passport," which will indicate compliance with
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BNA International Environment Daily (c) BNA, Inc. March 13, 1991
new EC standards.
Under the first proposal all plant producers will have to be officially
registered at the EC level and health checks will be increased either at the
point of production or at external EC borders in the case of non-EC imports.
The EC will also be divided into zones defined in terms of plant geography
and the presence of diseases, with special protection for areas free of
disease.
The second proposal will arrange financial assistance for member states to
offset the cost of controlling plant diseases. Member states will also be
liable for compensation claims from other EC states if inadequate plant
checks lead to the spread of diseases gross national boundaries.
Reporting for the Parliament's agricultural committee, Jose Vazques Fouz
supported the Commission proposal but declared that number of deficiencies
needed to be addressed. The plant passport, he argued, should not be granted
by the producer as envisaged under the Commission proposal even though they
are to be supervised by official bodies. The establishment of zones should be
avoided to insure free movement of plants, and more details are needed to
define the minimum duties of phytosanitary inspectors. In addition, tighter
checks were needed on the import of non-EC produce such as lemons and
BNA International Environment Daily (c) BNA, Inc. March 13, 1991
tropical and subtropical fruits.
Commissioner Ray MacSharry told Parliament that he was ready to accept
most of its amendments but defended the Commission decision to establish
zones, which he argued was necessary to effectively combat the spread of
plant diseases.
Although the Commission has agreed to incorporate many of Parliament's
amendments in the proposal texts, it is under no legal obligation to accept
them. The proposals will now go to the Council of Ministers for final
approval.
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Public Papers of the Presidents
Declaration of San Antonio
28 Weekly Comp. Pres. Doc. 354
February 27, 1992
LENGTH: 7202 words
SAN ANTONIO DRUG SUMMIT 1992
We, the Presidents of Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Mexico, Peru, and the
United States of America, and the Minister of Foreign Relations of Venezuela,
met in San Antonio, Texas, on the 26th and 27th of February, one thousand nine
hundred and ninety-two and issued the following.
DECLARATION OF SAN ANTONIO
We recognize that the Cartagena Declaration, issued on February 15, 1990, by
the Presidents of Bolivia, Colombia, Peru, and the United States of America,
laid the foundation for the development of a comprehensive and multilateral
28 Weekly Comp. Pres. Doc. 138
As we come together during these 2 days and then certainly in the months
ahead, let us do so constructively, in the spirit of partnership, avoiding
sterile debates over which one of us has done the most or the least and which
should lead our response to this historic challenge.
All of us have a role and obligation to fulfill. And many of us have already
undertaken concrete actions to help. The European Community has shouldered a
major and generous share of the burden. Its prompt actions over several years
to provide humanitarian support were vitally important, and its commitment to a
vigorous technical assistance program is far-reaching and most welcomed.
Germany alone has assumed enormous responsiblity in providing military
housing and in channeling credits to the former U.S.S.R. and now to the
Federation, to the Russian Federation. Other EC governments have made important
contributions. The Atlantic alliance stands ready to help with the knowledge
that the peoples of the former U.S.S.R. are moving toward the same values that
have sustained NATO since its birth.
It is especially satisfying to see here today our friends from Central and
Eastern Europe as the pioneers in discarding communism and embracing democracy.
You are here as symbols of success. And though you still face problems
yourselves, the world applauds your willingness to help freedom elsewhere.
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28 Weekly Comp. Pres. Doc. 138
The challenges before us require efforts not just from Europe but from other
regions and countries as well. Japan has made important contributions,
commitments, and will be critical to this effort. And now other nations in the
Far East and the Middle East and Latin America should commit their expertise,
their resources to assure the success of reform.
And I can assure you today that the United States, which for so long has led
the struggle to contain communism, is also contributing its share so that
democracy is its permanent replacement. For over 40 years, we have led in the
reconstruction and defense of the free world. And now that the torch of liberty
has sparked freedom among our former adversaries, the greatest good of our long
labor is at last visible.
The U.S. cannot and will not falter at the moment that these new States are
struggling to embrace the very ideals that America was founded to foster and
preserve. Accordingly, as a further U.S. contribution to this urgent worldwide
effort, I am proposing that the Congress approve over $ 600 million for new
technical assistance and humanitarian efforts. In addition to the assistance
already announced, this will bring to over $ 5 billion the level of various
forms of U.S. assistance to these people in their time of need.
28 Weekly Comp. Pres. Doc. 81
Today, the trade practices of the European Community hurt American farmers.
Our agricultural Export Enhancement Program, the EEP, is specifically designed
to counter the EC's massive export subsidies. Without this effort, which is
less than one-tenth the size, I might say, of the EC subsidy, American farmers
would lose even greater market shares to the EC.
Yes, we want to end export subsidies; we must do that. But we will not do it
until other nations do the same thing. I am not going to put our farmers at an
unfair disadvantage. Sooner or later, the EC must stop hiding behind its own
iron curtain of protectionism. Meanwhile, we will remain leaner, tougher, and
more competitive.
The world's future progress and prosperity really depend upon free trade. I
am working to conclude the Uruguay round of the GATT negotiations successfully.
I especially appreciate, and I've told Dean Kleckner this, the Farm Bureau's
steadfast support for free and fair trade. GATT will help the world move toward
broader economic integration, not trading blocs.
Our administration will settle for nothing less than a GATT agreement that
expands markets and increases opportunities for our exporters. We want free
trade. And we want fair trade. And we want abundant trade. And GATT, believe
me, really holds the key. I know the EC's behavior threatens progress, but I
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28 Weekly Comp. Pres. Doc. 81
am optimistic there will be an agreement. And I will not be a part of an
agreement unless it's a good agreement for America.
While my administration supports American business abroad, we're also doing
our best to help at home. In that spirit, I recall something written about
people who grow up close to the soil. "There's something about getting up at 5
o'clock, 5 a.m., feeding the stock and chickens and milking a couple of COWS
before breakfast that gives you a respect for the price of butter and eggs."
That writer knew that when it comes to farming, Washington does not know best.
American farmers do.
In 1990, I worked hard with the legislative leaders, two of whom are here
today, in the Senate and one of whom is in the House, here today with us, to get
congressional approval of a farm bill that is even-handed and level-headed.
That bill helped reduce interest rates, slash inflation, and increase
flexibility for farmers to decide what to grow.
I've promoted firsthand thinking in farm policy from day one. We set out to
reduce farm debt and increase farmers' independence, and there have been good
results. Farmers' equity has grown $ 45 billion in 3 years. Meanwhile,
agricultural sales, gross cash receipts, have risen $ 17 billion since I took
office, to $ 168 billion. Again, real results.
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Administration of George Bush, 1992 / Mar. 5
409
rge Bush, 1992
And I ask for your support to help keep
get back for a great big Super Tuesday. But
fight for South
Γ our Party strong and united. I want to be
show them what we can do on Saturday. And
arolina families.
your President for 4 more years. I will try
thank you for this great Governor at my side.
a movie based
my level best to continue to lead this country
Thank you all.
I'm sure many
with honor, with decency, with respect for
Tides," where
the principles that all of us hold dear.
Note: The President spoke at 1:10 p.m. at
ern way of the
Barbara and I are very, very privileged,
Columbia Metropolitan Airport. In his re-
he spirit, to me,
and we know it. Every single day we live in
marks, he referred to Governor Carroll
stic. It is con-
that White House we know that we are
Campbell. A tape was not available for ver-
And you never
amongst the most privileged in the world to
ification of the content of these remarks.
lon't believe in
be able to serve in this way. I'm going to
d I think you'd
continue to try my hardest. I'm going to con-
portant to talk
tinue to do my level best for the people of
1 America, and
this country. I ask for your support.
Remarks to Federal Express
Thank you, and may God bless the greatest
Employees in Memphis, Tenne
about the brav
country on the face of the Earth. Thank you
March 5, 1992
omen in Amer-
very much.
and reservists,
[At this point, Richard Sendler presented the
Thank you so very much. Thank
S, and airmen
much for that enthusiastic welcon
President with an oversize hammer.]
Desert Storm
thank you to my friend, Howard Ba
end women an
Thank you all very, very much. I'll take
of the great leaders in the United Sta
ads. Their serv-
this and flee and bring it to bear next week
ate in all of its history. Thank you for the
orld never will
on the Congress. Thanks a lot.
introduction, Howard. And may I salute Con-
gression stand.
gressman Don Sundquist, who has been at
nd good. And
Note: The President spoke at 10:37 a.m. at
my side in the political wars, a good friend,
South Carolina State Fair Grounds. In his
a great Congressman. And I'm delighted to
ere those who
remarks, he referred to Richard Sendler,
be here at Federal Express, 1990 Malcolm
here are those
president of the South Carolina Home Build-
Baldrige Quality Award winner, a national
But not you.
ers Association; Charles Newman, first vice
winner.
the line, those
president of the Home Builders Association
My staff told me they weren't sure they
1 laid it all on
of Greater Columbia; Mike McMichael,
could fit this stop in our schedule. But when
Carolina never
president of the Home Builders Association
I said it was a "Fred said," I knew we had
o thank South
of South Carolina; and Dottie Lafitte-
to do it and fast. Fred, thank you. You know,
rica at its best.
Woolston, BUILD-PAC trustee.
Fred Smith has always been very, very gener-
n victory. And
ous. And Fred, it's good to know that if Air
can-do spirit,
Force One ever has a problem, I can always
d this country
ride in the jump seat. And I hope I don't
ms and into a
Remarks Upon Departure From
forget the cookies. And you know what that
ve never would
Columbia, South Carolina
means.
March 5, 1992
The people of Memphis, indeed, all Amer-
ange America,
icans, face a momentous decision this year.
am absolutely
Hey, listen, let me just ask you now to go
And I would never presume to tell you how
one. And yes,
out and be sure to vote on Saturday and send
to vote; it must be between you and your
But I guaran-
the rest of the Super Tuesday States a strong
conscience: Which Elvis should be on the
on, each and
message: I want to be your President for 4
postage stamp? I noticed the sign.
a big election
more years. So give me that vote. And thanks
And, really, it is a delight to be in this State
like to see this
for your fantastic support, and don't let all
because the people of Tennessee believe in
without men-
the doomsayers get you down. I love this
big things, and we agree on the values that
ere's another
South Carolina optimism, the South Carolina
are closest to our hearts. And I'm talking
want to come
pride, the South Carolina patriotism.
about job security. I'm talking about family.
eve I'm going
So thanks for this warm welcome. Now
I'm talking about world peace for us and our
in the election
we're off to Tennessee, Oklahoma, Mis-
children and for our families for generations
ing to win the
sissippi, Louisiana, and then we're going to
to come.
304
Feb. 20 / Administration of George Bush, 1992
Ao
Q. What
the United States and Sweden will make a
ma
The Pres
appen-
real difference.
ing
ing in East
what's
Sweden and the U.S. share a deep and un-
issu
happening in the
pening
swerving commitment to peace, and Sweden
will
in Europe itself. And I can tell him that we
is a vital partner in our global non-
san
plan to stay engaged. And no domestic poli-
proliferation efforts. A model peacekeeper,
flov
tics is going to dissuade us from that.
Sweden has shown its commitment to this
oil
Q. What specific roles do you see
function of collective security many times,
incl
Sweden
with distinction, in the United Nations sys-
the
The President. Listen guys, this isn't a
tem. Sweden has taken a firm stand against
and
press conference. This is what we call a photo
terrorism, supporting our efforts to bring to
are
op. But I just really wanted to say, with the
justice those who sabotaged Pan Am Flight
the
Swedish journalists here, a warm welcome
103. And during the Gulf war, Sweden pro-
140
to this very able Prime Minister. We're just
vided humanitarian and economic assistance.
trat
so pleased he's here.
Our partnership in the service of freedom
Thank you all very much.
and democracy is not a new one. Americans
Q. Thank you.
and Swedes share more than 350 years of
friendship, dating back to 1638 when the
Re
Note: The exchange began at 11:03 a.m. in
Kingdom of Sweden established a colony
Ex
the Oval Office at the White House.
along the Christina River in Delaware. Amer-
Feb
ican patriots of Swedish origin fought in our
Revolutionary War and signed the Dec-
laration of Independence. Sweden was one
Fre
Remarks at the Departure
of the first nations to sign a treaty of friend-
er
Ceremony for Prime Minister Carl
ship and commerce with a newly independ-
nua
Bildt of Sweden
ent United States.
ver
February 20, 1992
That legacy of partnership continues today
is h-
on contemporary issues, for example,
San
Mr. Prime Minister, I am delighted to
through the new investor visa arrangements
of t
have welcomed you on your first official visit
our Government agreed upon today. And
and
to Washington and to have shared very prof-
after today's talks I am confident that this
to a
itable, congenial talks.
friendship will continue to flourish.
T
Prime Minister Bildt comes here at a time
Mr. Prime Minister, let me explain to you
abo
when Europe is being transformed and when
our sincere thanks for this new spirit of co-
goo
Sweden itself is beginning a new chapter in
operation and friendship. It strengthens our
sen
its history. As the Prime Minister remarked
relations. And your visit has clearly helped
mei
on his election night last September, the
build the basis for a solid partnership as we
sho
winds of political change blowing through
face together the challenges that lie ahead.
and
Europe have finally reached Sweden.
Thank you for coming our way. And the
job.
Well, he understands well his nation's past.
best of luck to you, sir.
war
Just more than 100 years ago, his great-great-
that
grandfather was Prime Minister. But even
Note: The President spoke at 1:19 p.m. on
S
more, Prime Minister Bildt represents a ris-
the South Lawn at the White House.
San
ing generation of leadership for a people
grai
seeking a new role in Europe and a new birth
as {
of freedom and initiative in Swedish domes-
run
tic policy.
Statement by Press Secretary
thai
We welcome Sweden's desire to play a
Fitzwater on Senate Action on the
tion
more active part in the emerging global com-
National Energy Security Act
did
munity. The Prime Minister is committed to
February 20, 1992
I h
democracy, to free markets. And I know that
tho
as active partners in the common endeavor
Last night the Senate passed S. 2166, the
A
to create a free, open, and prosperous world,
National Energy Security Act of 1992, which
too
hister Keating
2 (No.
Week Ending Friday, January 3, 1992
Remarks Upon Departure for Asian/
ports mean new jobs. Each billion dollars in
Pacific Nations
new manufactured exports supports 20,000
edia
December 30, 1991
new American jobs.
The markets of East Asia offer great op-
Today I leave on a 12-day journey to a
portunity. Last year we conducted more than
-20
releases-20
region of critical importance to the interests
$300 billion worth of two-way trade with the
of this Nation. We'll be visiting four Asian/
nations of the Pacific Rim. That is more than
Pacific nations, home to some of the world's
with the nations- of Europe. And yet we know
nate-20
most dynamic economies. On my visits to
that for many industries and sectors of our
Australia and Singapore, to Korea and Japan,
economy, the potential of our Pacific markets
I will get a firsthand glimpse of America's
remains largely untapped.
economic future, a world in which we will
My message in each country I visit will
conduct more and more business and trade
be this: "Free trade is a two-way street." Cer-
Canberra, Aus
with partners in Asia, Europe, and Latin
tainly American companies ought to show
3, the closing
America.
greater commitment to these markets. And
Secretary but
In this new world, old notions no longer
while nations such as Singapore have taken
apply. The sharp lines that once separated
great strides to build a tradition of free and
stributed sepa-
preign and domestic policy have been over-
open trade, there are still too many countries
aken by a new reality. If we want to put
where markets are closed to quality Amer-
people to work here at home, we've got to
ican goods and services. There are still too
expand trade and to open markets. These
many countries whose consumers want but
new economic realities have not eclipsed the
cannot buy American products. We seek no
security concerns that continue to demand
special benefits, no rules stacked in our favor,
our attention throughout East Asia. I'll make
just open markets, trade that is free and fair.
very clear to each country I visit that America
I'll have help driving this message home.
remains committed to the cause of freedom
Executives from 21 of America's leading
and democracy, that America will remain en-
companies and business organizations will
gaged in the Pacific area economically, politi-
travel with me. Some of them now do busi-
cally, and militarily. After all, we are a Pacific
ness in Asia; all of them are ready to work
nation, and we should care about what our
hard in these markets to blaze a trail other
allies in that region have to say. Our Asian/
American companies, large and small, can
Pacific friends will play a crucial role in help-
follow. They are also realistic about what we
ing us build a post-cold war world defined
cannot expect from this trip. We cannot ex-
Committee of the
by prosperity and trade, not poverty and iso-
pect to achieve complete accord. This trip
ent (37 FR 23607;
lationism.
won't solve all the trade issues that now con-
But let me make very clear the focus of
cern us or produce a new export boom over-
ntendent of Docu-
ington, DC 20402.
this trip. My highest priority is jobs, and I
night. But we will do all we can to make
Documents will be
want us to build a foundation for sustained
progress, to drive down the barriers abroad
or $55.00 per year
economic growth and an ever-increasing sup-
that inhibit the creation of jobs and oppor-
ign subscribers for
ent of Documents
ply of good jobs for American workers. Here
tunity at home. Actions such as that taken
DC 20402. The
home, all of us are concerned about our
yesterday by the Central Bank of Japan to
IT foreign mailing).
lication of material
sluggish economy. One way to get this econ-
lower the discount rate .5 percent certainly
Presidential Docu-
omy growing again is to open up markets
do help.
abroad for American goods and services. The
America can meet the challenges of the
goods we make here in America, the services
new world taking shape around us. Some na-
we provide, are second to none. More ex-
tions fear the future. They see chaos in
1
2
Dec. 30 / Administration of George Bush, 1991
change. But America is a nation drawn for-
him up this morning, I did not suspect
ward by what is new. I am certain, I am abso-
hangover from New Year's Eve-[laug
lutely confident that America can continue
ter]-being the doctor he is. And I asked him
to lead and that in the new world Americans
to come over to the hotel, which he'll do,
will prosper.
Dr. Marsden. I don't know the man. I'll tell
Thank you, and may God bless our great
you, I think I speak for all Americans when
country. And now we'll head off to Australia.
I say how wonderful it was to see the Stars
Thank you very much.
and Stripes flying along the shore since we
were here to celebrate New Year's.
Note: The President spoke at 6:35 a.m. at
And I say that, I cite it, only as one mani-
Andrews Air Force Base in Camp Springs,
festation of the friendship that I know exists
MD. A tape was not available for verification
People out along the street-I see these guys
of the content of these remarks.
tearing out of the pubs, offering up a Fos
ter's, and wishing you well-you know it's
real. So, that's what I'm going to concentrate
on today.
Exchange With Reporters at Scots
Trade Issues
College in Sydney, Australia
January 1, 1992
Q. Mr. President, will there be no conces-
sions then, sir, on foreign subsidies?
The President. I want to wish you a very
The President. We're not talking conces-
happy New Year.
sions, we're talking about eliminating dif-
ferences where possible.
Trade Issues
Q. Can't the Japanese tell you the same
Q. Mr. President, do you think you will
things then, if you tell the Australian
be able to get some kind of concession on
though, it's not possible?
wheat? The Australians are upset about that.
The President. We're in-wait until we
The President. I don't think it's a question
get to Japan, and we'll talk about that.
of concession. What we do is tell them our
Q. Isn't there a little irony in that, sir?
problems, and they are very frank with us.
New Year's Resolutions
That's how you can tell a good friend; lay
it right out on the table. We've had some
Q. Year's resolutions?
difficulties with what we call the EEP. I un-
The President. New Year's resolution? Al-
derstand those. I hope they understand that
ways for peace; certainly this year, with
legislation is not aimed at Australia. But if
Americans hurting, our economy sluggish,
they don't, they will by the time I get
for prosperity at home. I think of the people
through.
that don't have it so good back there. But
I'm also confident that they will. I believe
U.S.-Australia Relations
that with what we're going to be proposing,
The President. What we're going to do
plus what this economy will do, it's going to
is talk to them openly, as friends do with each
be all right. But while people are hurting like
other, and move this relationship forward al-
that, I mean my first resolution has to be
though they're pretty far forward now. It's
for the well-being of the American people.
strong.
Q. Any personal New Year's resolutions?
You all are too young, except for one or
The President. Oh, yes.
two gray heads around here, but I remember
Q. More jogging, more-
the battle of the Coral Sea. Wasn't quite in
The President. Well, a little speedier. I'm
it. I was almost 18, and the following month
not going to increase it. Two miles; I wa.,
I went into the service. But the emotion that
to do it a little faster so the secret branch,
Americans with the memory have is the same
the Secret Service here in Australia, will re-
as Australians have.
port into their bosses a little more pro-
There's a guy who had an American flag
ficiency. I'd like to catch a few more fish,
up, out up on the point, and there's a neat
and I don't get a chance to do it here al-
story about him in today's paper. So, I called
though this is a sportsman's paradise. Keep
Weekly Compilation of
Presidential
Documents
Monday, December 16, 1991
Volume 27-Number 50
Pages 1785-1833
111 RESEARCH
Pres Documents
4
Administration of George Bush, 1991 / Dec. 11
Message on the Observance of
Statement on the European
Christmas
Community Summit
December 11, 1991
December 11, 1991
At Christmas, we celebrate the promise
We welcome the historic steps toward
of salvation that God gave to mankind
economic and political union agreed to by
almost 2,000 years ago. The birth of Christ
the leaders of the European Community in
changed the course of history, and His life
The Netherlands. Four and a half decades
changed the soul of man. Christ taught that
after the destruction of World War II, West-
giving is the greatest of all aspirations and
ern Europe stands prosperous and free: a
that the redemptive power of love and sac-
model of what cooperation, democracy, and
rifice is stronger than any force of arms. It
the free market can yield, and a beacon to
is testimony to the wisdom and the truth of
those in the East struggling to secure their
these teachings that they have not only en-
liberty and well-being.
dured but also flourished over two millen-
The results of the EC summit in Maas-
nia.
tricht represent a milestone which we cele-
brate along with our European partners.
Blessed with an unparalleled degree of
The United States has long supported Euro-
freedom and security, generations of Ameri-
pean unity because of our strong conviction
cans have been able to celebrate Christmas
that it was good for Europe, good for the
with open joy. Tragically, that has not
Atlantic partnership, and good for the
always been the case in other nations, but
world. I have made clear from the outset of
we look to the future with optimism, and
this administration my view that a strong,
we celebrate the holidays with special glad-
united Europe is very much in America's
ness as courageous peoples around the
interest. A more united Europe offers the
world continue to claim the civil and reli-
United States a more effective partner, pre-
gious liberty to which all people are heirs.
pared for larger responsibilities.
The triumph of democratic ideals and the
Europe's steps toward unity will strength-
lessening of global tensions give us added
en our renewed Atlantic Alliance. NATO's
reason for celebration this Christmas season,
endorsement at the Rome summit of a "Eu-
and as the world community draws closer
ropean pillar" underscores the additional
together, the wisdom of Christ's counsel to
responsibility which the European allies are
"love thy neighbor as thyself" grows clear-
assuming in the protection of shared vital
er.
interests and values. At Maastricht, the EC
By His words and by His example, Christ
requested the Western European Union,
whose members are in both NATO and the
has called us to share our many blessings
EC, to serve as the vehicle for increased
with others. As individuals and as a Nation,
European responsibility on defense matters.
in our homes and in our communities, there
We are pleased that our allies in the West-
are countless ways that we can extend to
ern European Union in turn decided to
others the same love and mercy that God
strengthen that institution as both NATO's
showed humankind when He gave us His
European pillar and the defense component
only Son. During this holy season and
of the European Union. NATO will remain
throughout the year, let us look to the self-
the essential forum for consultation among
less spirit of giving that Jesus embodied as
its members and the venue for agreement
inspiration in our own lives-giving thanks
on policies bearing on the security and de-
for what God has done for us and abiding
fense commitments of the Allies under the
by Christ's teaching to do for others as we
Washington Treaty.
would do for ourselves.
A strengthened EC has a vital role to play
Barbara joins me in wishing all of our
in assuring a stable and prosperous Europe
fellow Americans a Merry Christmas. God
and a humane world order. Already today,
bless you.
the European Community and its member
states are taking a major role, working with
George Bush
us, to help the citizens of Central and East-
1807
Dec. 11 / Administration of George Bush, 1991
ern Europe transform their societies. Our
in the expeditious implementation of this
Atlantic partnership is equally essential in
Act. Timely action is essential to provide
supporting the movement toward freedom
construction industry jobs and to stimulate
and democracy in what we have known as
our overall economy as well as to begin
the Soviet Union. But our cooperation with
renewing our investment in the soundness
the new Europe goes farther. The Europe-
and safety of the Nation's surface transpor-
an Community stands with us as a partner
tation system.
in the search for peace in the Middle East,
and against difficult odds, it continues to
George Bush
labor with our support for a peaceful solu-
tion to the war in Yugoslavia.
The evolving monetary unity and single
market of the EC promises new economic
Exchange With Reporters Prior to a
vitality for Europe. With this comes new
Meeting With Prime Minister
investment possibilities and markets for
Constantinos Mitsotakis of Greece
American business as well as new competi-
tion. We welcome these developments, but
December 12, 1991
we also expect that the new Europe will
assume new responsibilities for maintaining
The President. We've got a few things,
and strengthening the world economic
odds and ends to talk about. But Greek-
system. This means working with us to
U.S., as far as we're concerned, is strong as
bridge our bilateral differences, to expand
they can be, Greek-U.S. relations, and we're
an open global trading system by successful-
very pleased about that.
ly concluding the Uruguay round, and to
The Prime Minister. I am also very
avoid the dangers of protectionism.
pleased. And we made progress.
America can take pride in its contribu-
Soviet Union
tions to Europe's success. The U.S. engage-
ment on that continent has yielded many
Q. Mr. President, do you think Gorba-
benefits for the Europeans and for us.
chev
Those benefits remind us that our interests
The President. I have nothing really to
do not stop at our shores. We are intimately
add to the discussion on that right now.
connected to what happens in Europe and
We're following it very carefully, as you
beyond. Now, we are getting an even
know, and in touch. So we'll just leave it
stronger European partner. I therefore
right there.
speak for all of America when I send best
Cyprus
wishes to the members of the European
Community for their new steps toward inte-
Q. Are you hopeful that the Cyprus talks
gration.
will start early next year?
The President. Well, we want to talk
about that. That's one of the issues where I
have great respect for Prime Minister Mit-
sotakis' judgment. We've gone into it at
Memorandum on the Intermodal
length on several occasions. And I would
Surface Transportation Efficiency Act
just want to assure him that if the U.S. can
December 11, 1991
help move things forward, we are deter-
mined to try. We thought we'd moved a
Memorandum for the Secretary of
little bit before the process had moved. And
Transportation
now we want to, out of this visit, see what
I have just received, and will soon sign,
he has to suggest and maybe we can be
H.R. 2950, the Intermodal Surface Trans-
more helpful. I'd like to think so. I think he
portation Efficiency Act. I direct you to mo-
knows we've tried.
bilize immediately the Department to expe-
And, of course, the Secretary-General will
dite release of highway, highway safety, and
be down here this afternoon, so we can talk
mass transit funds. Further, you should
with him about it. So, this subject will be
assist State and local transportation officials
very much on our minds.
1808
THE WHITE HOUSE
Office of the Press Secretary
For Immediate Release
April 22, 1992
REMARKS BY THE PRESIDENT,
PORTUGUESE PRIME MINISTER CAVACO SILVA
UPON DEPARTURE
The South Lawn
1:33 P.M. EDT
THE PRESIDENT: Mr. Prime Minister, this year my country
celebrates the Iberian spirit of discovery. Half a millennium ago,
Portugal and Spain helped chart a course towards a new world. Five
hundred years later, European unity guides the way towards a new
world order. Those early pioneers believed their mission was to
probe the secrets of the world. Now we must explore the frontiers of
common interest and common ground.
The next horizon: a strengthened partnership between
the United States and the European Community. Prime Minister Cavaco
Silva, EC President Delors and I and our top officials have discussed
areas where we may deepen cooperation: Peace efforts in the Middle
East, coordination of aid to Central and Eastern Europe, the struggle
of the emergent CIS and international assistance -- the agenda of
next month's EC conference in Lisbon.
We also talked about Yugoslavia, where, tragically, old
hatreds are opening new wounds. The U.S. -EC partnership is working
tirelessly to create conditions for a lasting democratic peace.
No topic on our agenda is more crucial than the Uruguay
Round of trade negotiations. We are committed to achieving an early
agreement -- one that will spur economic growth, not just in America,
but in Europe and all around the world. It will create jobs -- not
just for our generation, but for generations to come. For Americans,
agreement will mean more than free trade abroad; it will mean for
Americans good jobs here at home and a better standard of living at
home.
We had an extensive exchange of views on the outstanding
issues and some new ideas on how to conclude this Uruguay Round were
advanced by both sides. We are convinced, absolutely convinced that
the EC leaders are committed to an early agreement. And I hope they
know that I am committed to such an early conclusion. We agreed to
continue this process. We had some serious discussions, and the
process will go on.
Forty-one years ago almost to the day, the countries of
Europe began their quest for unity. Over the ruins of war they laid
a blueprint for peace and began building the foundations for economic
and political cooperation. They sought unity not out of convenience,
but out of conviction: a vision of economic interdependence that
would inflate the costs of war and expand the dividends of peace.
The wisdom of their actions has brought us today to a new Europe --
where peace has paid off.
Now, this new Europe has now joined its strength with
the United States to support the spread of political and economic
freedom in the lands only recently liberated from Soviet communism.
Those who helped four decades ago are now able to shoulder -- those
MORE
- 2 -
that we helped four decades ago are now able to shoulder a larger
part of these new challenges.
Jean Monnet, the grandfather of European unity, once
asked: "If you are in a dark tunnel and see a small light at the
end, should you turn your back on that light and go back into
darkness, or should you continue walking toward it even though you
know it's far away?"
Five hundred years ago, a European mariner followed the
light of his imagination to illuminate a new world. For almost 50
years, the West carried freedom's torch to protect the free world.
Today, we stand at the shores of a new world order -- where diverse
nations are drawn together in common cause to achieve the universal
aspirations of mankind: peace and security, freedom and prosperity.
A strong and united Europe offers the best hope for this united
purpose, and the best alliance for the United States.
I salute our two distinguished guests today, and now
would like to ask Prime Minister Cavaco Silva to say a word.
PRIME MINISTER SILVA: Thank you, Mr. President.
It was extremely gratifying for President Delors and
myself to have the opportunity to meet with President Bush. It was a
meeting among friends that we found very constructive and fruitful.
In November '90 in the declaration on the United States and the
European Community relations, we defined the guidelines on which our
future cooperation should be based. We are glad to conclude today
that our cooperation has been both substantial and effective. We
very much value our partnership with the United States. We believe
that the continued presence and involvement of the United States in
Europe is fundamental to maintain peace and stability in our
continent.
Human rights, democratic values and free market economy
are the foundations of our Euro-Atlantic partnership. In the past,
we have come together to defend them. Now we see these ideals
gaining ground everywhere. It's of the most fundamental importance
that we join our efforts to ensure that these gains will be durable.
Our cooperation and leadership are also crucial to
ensure sustained economic goals worldwide. We have reaffirmed our
commitment to the multilateral trade system. We are determined to
bring the Uruguay Round to a positive conclusion.
We discussed also the situation in the Commonwealth of
Independent States and the preparation of the coming Lisbon
conference on coordination of aid to the region. We believe it is
fundamental that we continue working together to bring stability to
the region, thus creating conditions for the consolidation of
democracy and the market economy.
We talked about the present situation in Yugoslavia and
the prospects for peace there. Coordination between Europe and the
United States has been, and will be, of the utmost importance to help
reach a negotiated settlement.
We reviewed the situation in the Middle East and the
prospects for the region within the framework of the current peace
process. The Community is deeply committed to the peace process.
The European Community and the United States share the same outlook
on this issue, and we are well aware of the fact that there is no
viable alternative to the present peace talks.
We also reviewed the situation in the Magreb. The
threat posed by the spread of fundamentalism in that region is a
matter of concern for us. We believe that promotion of economic
MORE
- 3 -
development and free markets and a respect of human rights are the
best means to deal with this problem.
We agreed that respect for international law and the
rejection of terrorism are also essential, particularly where it
concerns Libya.
This was the first meeting between the European
Community and the United States since the decisions of last week,
which are now in the process of ratification in the 12 EC member
states. We are convinced that the establishment of a new European
union will create possibilities for further enlargement of the scope
of fellow cooperation.
We discussed new ideas where we could work together. We
will be exploring these opportunities in the months ahead.
Thank you, Mr. President.
THE PRESIDENT: Thank you very much. Glad to have you
here.
END
1:42 P.M. EDT
(Grossman)
April 20, 1992
Draft Two
EURO
PRESIDENTIAL REMARKS:
DEPARTURE STATEMENT FOR PRIME
MINISTER CAVACO SILVA
SOUTH LAWN
WEDNESDAY, APRIL 22, 1992
1:15 p.m.
Mr. Prime Minister, this year my country celebrates the
Iberian spirit of discovery. Half a millennium ago, Portugal and
Spain helped chart a course towards a new world. Five hundred
years later, European unity guides the way towards a new world
order. Those early pioneers believed their mission was to probe
"the secrets of the world." So now must we explore the frontiers
of common interest and common ground.
Today, we followed the Portuguese wisdom, of "falar ao
coracao" [fa LAR - OW - COO rah SOW], or "speak from the heart."
The United States is dedicated to reinforcing our relationship
with the European Community. Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, EC
President Delors, and I have discussed areas where we may deepen
that cooperation. Peace efforts in the Middle East \
coordination of aid to Central and Eastern Europe \ the struggle
of the emergent C.I.S. and international assistance --
particularly the agenda of next month's EC conference in Lisbon
towards that end.
We also talked about Yugoslavia -- where tragically, old
hatreds are opening new wounds. The EC has spared no effort to
quell hostilities and negotiate peace. Together we are working
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to help shepherd the region's newly independent republics toward
the promise of democracy and peace.
And as a professor of economics, Mr. Prime Minister, you
know that the preachings of free peoples must be joined with the
practice of free and open trade. That's why conclusive agreement
on the Uruguay Round is so crucial. Agreement will spur economic
growth -- not just in America, but in Europe and the world. It
will create jobs -- not just for our generation, but for
generations to come. For Americans, agreement will mean more
than free trade abroad; it will mean good jobs and a better
standard of living at home.
Today, Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, President Delors and I
have talked long and hard about the Uruguay Round. I think we
agree that its failure would be disastrous -- dousing any hope of
worldwide economic revival. [Announcement on results of
negotiations]. I want to make it very clear that this
administration is committed to bringing that trade round to a
successful conclusion -- the sooner the better. I want an
agreement that's good for our workers, our economy, our country.
I can accept nothing less, and we're going to stay vigorously
engaged to make it happen.
Forty-one years ago, almost to the day, the countries of
Europe began their quest for unity. Over the ruins of war they
laid a blueprint for peace, and began building the foundations
for economic and political cooperation. They sought unity not
out of convenience -- but out of conviction: a vision of economic
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interdependence that would inflate the costs of war, and expand
the dividends of peace. The wisdom of their actions has brought
us today to a new Europe, whole and free.
Europe -- indeed, much of the world -- has traveled far
toward this founding vision. Today, the world is smaller,
faster, freer. More and more, aggression serves only to bite the
hand that feeds, or clothes, or carries goods. Yes, there are
the voices, at home and abroad, who urge a retreat to the
shuttered world of protectionism. There have always been such
voices, perhaps there will always be. But fear will never lead
free people to a prosperous future.
Jean Monnet, the grandfather of European unity, once asked:
"If you are in a dark tunnel and see a small light at the end,
should you turn you back on that light and go back into darkness,
or should you continue walking toward it even though you know [it
is far away]?"
Five hundred years ago, a European mariner followed the
light of his imagination to illuminate a New World. For almost
50 years, the West carried freedom's torch to protect the Free
World. Today, we stand at the shores of a new world order --
where diverse nations are drawn together in common cause to
achieve the universal aspirations of mankind: peace and security,
freedom and prosperity. A strong and united Europe offers the
best hope for this united purpose, and the best alliance for the
United States.
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