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President Nazarbayev [Kazakhstan] Departure 5/19/92 [OA 7574]
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President Nazarbayev [Kazakhstan] Departure 5/19/92 [OA 7574]
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Folder Title:
President Nazarbayev [Kazakhstan] Departure 5/19/92 [OA 7574]
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26
22
5
5
KAZHAT PESIL - STATE DEPT.
647-4000 main#
SDONG SILLIMAN - 647-6735 9806
NICK BURNS (OIS- COMMONWEATH AFFAIRS)]
Jeanethe Hill
COLOR/PROVERS ISENSE OF
[OTS]
SKETCH DUT KEY KSONES 2B (647-9806)
DISCUSSED @ VISIT
anna Maria
TAUMBNALL SIGTCH DR RELATION
NON. PROUF?-
DEMOCRS ECON REFORM-
HAMAN BIGHTS.
SECURITY START AGREEMENT- NE ABONS
TRADE? ? (OPIC)
CENTRAL ASIAN STATES - ISLAM PT.
(PARE OF FORMER SOUIET UNION)
SORC?
2:20 pm
THE WHITE HOUSE
Office of the Press Secretary
For Immediate Release
May 19, 1992
REMARKS BY THE PRESIDENT
AND PRESIDENT NAZARBAYEV OF KAZAKHSTAN
UPON DEPARTURE
The Rose Garden
1:17 P.M. EDT
PRESIDENT BUSH: Well, Mr. President, distinguished
members of the Kazakhstan delegation, it's been a great pleasure to
welcome you to the White House on this historic occasion, the first-
ever visit of the head of state of an independent Kazakhstan. And I
have never been to your country, but Secretary Baker has, and he has
spoken to me about the tremendous potential of a nation rich in
resources, a nation stretching from the steppes of Russia to the Tien
Shan in the south, four times the size of Texas.
Mr. President, our meeting today marks the beginning of
a new relationship; a relationship made possible by the end of the
long era of East-West conflict that we called the Cold War. And with
the passing of that bitter conflict, we enter into a new era of hope
for a more democratic and free order in Eastern Europe and in Central
Asia.
And under your leadership, sir, Kazakhstan is pursuing a
course true to these aims. Our meetings today confirm the many
interests that we share. The U.S. supports your independence. We
believe its security, Kazakhstan's security is important for
stability in Europe and in Asia. We welcome President Nazarbayev's
commitment that Kazakhstan will join the Nonproliferation Treaty as a
nonnuclear weapons state and that it will adhere to the START Treaty.
And we'll continue to work toward a signing of the new START protocol
by Kazakhstan, Ukraine, Belarus, Russia and the United States in the
very near future.
I want to take this occasion to underline our pledge to
maintain regular, high-level communication with the Kazakh government
on political and security issues. And that means exploring the
possibility of cooperative programs in nuclear nonproliferation and
beginning contacts between the armed forces of our two nations.
Beyond our common security interest, the U.S. is
committed to helping Kazakhstan make the transition from the old
socialist command economy to the free market. We continue to aim at
a tax treaty between our nations. And today we took very positive
steps toward increased trade with the signing of agreements on trade,
bilateral investment and the Overseas Private Investment Corporation.
The surest way, though, to increase trade remains for
American firms to have the opportunity to compete fairly in
Kazakhstan. And I am pleased that the Kazakh government has, this
week, signed a landmark agreement with Chevron Corporation to open
the Tengiz oil fields.
In order to expand trade, I've asked for our able
Secretary of Commerce Barbara Franklin to form a business development
committee to work with your government to increase contacts between
private Kazakh and American firms. We will continue to provide
humanitarian assistance, including much needed food and medical aid.
MORE
- 2 -
The U.S. also stands ready with technical assistance on a range of
issues, from food distribution to speeding the conversion of defense
sector industry to civilian economy.
But government assistance is just one part of an
outpouring of American support. As President, I am pleased to see
the active efforts on behalf of private citizens to provide aid to
your new nation -- volunteer organizations like Project Hope and
Mercy Corps, to the city of Waukesha, Wisconsin, which has sent
40,000 pounds of food, medical supplies and clothing to its Kazakh
sister city.
Like all of the former republics of the Soviet empire,
Kazakhstan faces challenges that go beyond the need to build a
strong, competitive economy. After more than 70 years of communist
rule, Kazakhstan and its Commonwealth neighbors are engaged in the
difficult task of nation-building. At issue are the first questions
of government and society; respect for the rule of law; the role of
political parties, of free press and independent media; the freedom
of association and the freedom of the individual.
On behalf of all Americans, I pledge the support of the
United States of America as Kazakhstan seeks a future that is
peaceful, prosperous and free.
And once again, Mr. President, it has been a special
privilege to welcome you to Washington, to welcome you to the White
House. And may God bless your great country. (Applause.)
PRESIDENT NAZARBAYEV: Esteemed Mr. President, ladies
and gentlemen, as you already know, the state delegation of the
Republic of Kazakhstan, for the first time in its history, is here at
an official invitation of President Bush. We have just signed the
keystone documents that will regulate the economic relations between
the two countries. This is the trade agreement, the investment and
insurance agreement and the agreement on the protection of
investments.
Very briefly, the essence revolves around trade
agreements because this is the keystone agreement that will entitle
Kazakhstan and the United States to enter a new level of relations.
And this agreement will serve as a basis for Kazakhstan to be getting
U.S. financial assistance and encouraging various financial and
export cooperations of the International Bank.
The documents, in its turn, obligate us to working
towards the status of a most favored nation in the relations between
the two countries and also, in adjusting the existing legislation and
in Kazakhstan so that they meet the requirements set by the
international community and GATT. This coincides with the desire of
Kazakhstan to strictly observe international norms and to follow the
course approved by the international community.
We people of Kazakhstan also see something different in
these documents. The principles provided for in these documents will
serve as a guide for Kazakhstan on its way toward a market economy.
We realize that we've just made the first step towards this
objective. And I'd like to indicate that we came over to the United
States to learn, and I'd like to assure you that we'll try to be good
students and learn as much as we can.
And we are deeply convinced that developing these
relations with foreign nations, particularly with the United States,
we will manage to successfully follow this path. The preparedness
for this is in Kazakhstan's commitment to follow all international
acts, and particularly the acts of 1968, and the obligations that
Kazakhstan assumes not to transfer its nuclear weapons and not to
sell them.
MORE
- 3 -
Kazakhstan also obligates itself to honor the START
Treaty as one of the participating parties. The efforts that
Kazakhstan is making in the formation of it and mutual assistance
with the newly-independent states may also be referred here, and
also, Kazakhstan's efforts to maintain peace within the entire
Commonwealth and within Kazakhstan itself:
Our goal is the building of a democratic society. And
so I'd like to use this opportunity to express my thanks to Mr.
President, and the entire American people for their desire to support
Kazakhstan in the process of democratic reforms and its economic
cooperation, and also for the hospitality that we were shown on the
American soil.
In your speech, Mr. President, I have received all the
answers to the questions that I touched on in the course of our talks
today. We are grateful for the trust that you showed in us and
Kazakhstan will do everything possible to justify that. We're very
sincere in our move when we say that we want to have the closest and
the warmest economic and political relationship with the United
States.
In the course of our negotiations I extended my
invitation for Mr. Bush and Mrs. Bush to visit Kazakhstan, and this
invitation has been accepted. So I have every reason to believe that
our relationship will be a productive and a successful one.
Thank you. (Applause.)
PRESIDENT BUSH: Thank you, President. Thank you very
much.
END
1:32 P.M. EDT
May 19, 1992
MEMORANDUM FOR THE PRESIDENT
THROUGH:
DAVID F. DEMAREST
FROM:
DAN MC GROARTY
SUBJECT:
PROPOSED REMARKS FOR CLEVELAND FUNDRAISER
I. SUMMARY
On Thursday, May 21 at 12:30 p.m. you will deliver remarks
to an audience of 600 at a Bush/Quayle Fundraising Luncheon in
the Stouffer Grand Ballroom in Cleveland.
II. DISCUSSION
is
Your remarks, (approximately 12 minutes /
teleprompter), focus on your six-point plan for recovery in Los
Angeles and urban cities throughout America.
339
KAZAKH, kä-säkh', a Turko-Mongolian people
RUSSIAN S.F.S/R.
Novosibirsk
Chelyabinsk
Novokuznetsk
who live in Soviet Kazakhstan and adjacent re-
Petropavlovsk
gions of the Russian republic and Soviet Central
Omsk
Ufa
Barnaul
Kuibyshev
Magnitogorsk
Semipalatinsk
Asia as well as in China and Mongolia. They
iKustánai
Pavlodar
ALTAI
speak a language of the Turkic family and are
Uralsk
Ekibastuz
RANGE
Volgograd
Sunni Muslim in religion.
Tselinograd
According to Soviet ethnographers, the Ka-
Aktyubinsk)
Arkalyk
Temirtau
Ust
zakh emerged in the late 15th and early 16th cen-
Volad
turies as a distinctive ethnic community, an
Ural
Khromtau
amalgam of various Turkic peoples. The domi-
Leninsk
Lake
nant strain in this amalgam was provided by the
Balkhawn
CASPIAN
MANGYSHLAK
Aral
Dzhambul
ancient Kipchak people, who had assimilated
PLATEAU
Sea
Alma
Ata
R
Sheychenko
Karatau
some of the Mongols who reached Central Asia
with Genghis Khan in the 13th century.
Chimkent®
Frunze
KIRGHIZ
UZBEK
The northern Kazakhs came under Russian
S.S.R.
TURKMEN
Tashkent
TIEN
SHAN
control in the mid-18th century, and the con-
SEA
S.S.R.
S.S.R.
TADZHIK
quest of the Kazakhs was completed by the mid-
S.S.R.
19th century. Before the Bolshevik Revolution
of 1917, the Kazakhs were referred to as the Kir-
ghiz, and the area they inhabited was known as
the Kirghiz Steppe. (The people now known as
KAZAKH
S.S.R.
the Kirghiz were then called the Kara-Kirghiz.)
KAZAKH S.S.R.
U.S.S.R
As traditional sheepherders, the Kazakhs re-
0
500 Mi.
sisted the Soviet collectivization movement of
the early 1930's, and many fled to China. Of
0
500 Km.
some 7.5 million Kazakhs, the 1979 Soviet census
sharp differences in seasonal temperatures.
listed slightly more than 6.5 million as being in
Winters are long and cold, with the frost-free sea-
the USSR. Another 800,000 live in China,
son limited to the period from May to Septem-
mainly in the Sinkiang Uigur Autonomous Re-
ber. The snow cover lasts 50 days in the south
gion, and 63,000 in the Bayan Ulegei Aimak
and 150 days in the north. The short summers
(province) of western Mongolia. Of the Soviet
are hot and dry. Annual precipitation ranges
Union's Kazakhs, 80% live in the Kazakh SSR,
from less than 4 to 16 inches (100-400 mm).
10% in the Russian republic, and 10% in Uzbek-
Because of the dry climate, the Kazakh SSR is
istan.
poorly watered. The only major river that drains
THEODORE SHABAD
into the ocean is the Irtysh in the northeast, with
Editor, "Soviet Geography" Magazine
two tributaries, the Ishim and the Tobol. Other
rivers flow into inland drainage basins filled with
KAZAKH SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLIC, kä-zäkh',
salt lakes. The Ural and Emba rivers flow to the
the second largest of the 15 constituent republics
Caspian Sea, the Syr Darya to the Aral Sea, and
of the Soviet Union in area and the fourth in pop-
the Ili River to Lake Balkhash.
ulation. It is commonly known as Kazakhstan:
The republic's capital and largest city is
the Kazakhs are its indigenous ethnic group, and
Alma Ata, situated in the southeast in a desert
stan is an Iranian word meaning country.
oasis at the foot of the Tien Shan mountain sys-
Situated in Central Asia, the Kazakh SSR ex-
tem. Its population exceeds a million. Another
tends almost 2,000 miles (3,220 km) from the
major urban complex, in central Kazakhstan, also
Caspian Sea and the lower Volga Valley on the
with more than a million people, is centered on
west to the Sinkiang Uigur Autonomous Region
Karaganda and its satellite city of Temirtau.
of China on the east. The republic is bounded
Other cities are Chimkent and Dzhambul in the
on the north by the Russian SFSR and on the
south; Ust-Kamenogorsk and Semipalatinsk in
south by the Kirghiz, Uzbek, and Turkmen re-
the east; Pavlodar, Tselinograd, and Petropav-
publics of Soviet Central Asia.
lovsk in the north; and Aktyubinsk in the north-
The republic's contributions to the Soviet
west.
economy are derived from its mineral industries,
Economy. Originally an undeveloped herding
wheat (one fifth of the Soviet crop), and sheep
region, the Kazakh SSR became a major mineral
(one fourth of the nation's total). The republic
producer during the Soviet era and, after the
contains the Soviet Union's nuclear testing
1950's, a wheat producer.
ter. grounds and its principal space-launching cen-
Coal deposits totaling 10% of the Soviet re-
serves have been developed at Karaganda and
Land and Major Cities. The republic covers
Ekibastuz. Karaganda, with limited reserves,
1,049,000 square miles (2,717,300 sq km), mak-
yields coking coal for the steel industry and
ing it roughly one third the size of the contiguous
steam-raising coals for the electric power indus-
continental United States. Generally of low ele-
try. Ekibastuz, with large reserves in surface
vation, the terrain rises from a flat plain at the
deposits suitable for strip mining, produces a
north end of the Caspian Sea to the hilly Kazakh
lower-grade coal for power plants. It is being
Uplands in the east central part of the republic.
developed into an electricity-generating center
High elevations are found only on the eastern-
for long-distance power transmission to the Eu-
most fringe in the Altai Mountains and in the
ropean USSR. Oil and gas are produced in the
southeast in outliers of the Tien Shan.
Mangyshlak and Emba fields near the Caspian
increasingly ary frogion, increasingly ary arid rem increasingly dry frid increasingly dry arid north to south. The natu-
Kazakhstan becomes
Sea.
Kazakhstan's position is particularly strong in
Siberia, is is steppe, or grassland, giving way in the
its northern border, adjoining
metals. Among the basic metals, it accounts for
one third of the Soviet Union's smelter produc-
central portion to semidesert and in the south to
tion of copper, at Balkhash and Dzhezkazgan;
real desert. The climate is continental, with
one half of the zinc, around Ust-Kamenogorsk,
SOVFOTO
Wheat is harvested in northern Kazakhstan, a steppe region that was first cultivated extensively in the 1950's.
and three fourths of the lead, at Chimkent. Iron
mines near Kustanai yield one tenth of the Soviet
History. What is now Kazakhstan was occu-
iron-ore output and supply the ore to iron-and-
pied from earliest times by nomadic tribesmen
steel plants in the Urals and at Temirtau, near
on the fringes of political power centers. The
Karaganda. Chromium mines at Khromtau are
czars, who moved into the region in the 18th and
the largest in the world. Low-grade bauxite
19th centuries, called the local herders Kirghiz
mined at Arkalyk is processed at Pavlodar, which
and the region the Kirghiz Steppe. After the
produces one fifth of Soviet alumina for the alu-
Bolshevik Revolution, when the new Soviet rul-
minum industry. Ferroalloys are smelted at Yer-
ers established ethnic areas, this region was set
mak, near Pavlodar, and at Aktyubinsk. The
up in 1920 as a Kirghiz Autonomous Soviet So-
phosphates of the Karatau district in southern
cialist Republic (ASSR) within the Russian re-
Kazakhstan yield most of the nation's elemental
public. It was renamed the Kazak ASSR in 1925,
phosphorus, used for fertilizer. Stepnogorsk, in
and in 1936 became a full-fledged constituent
the northeast, is a uranium producer.
republic with the modified spelling Kazakh.
Population: (1979) 14,684,283.
The agricultural base rests on sheep and
wheat. Wheat production expanded in the
THEODORE SHABAD
1950's, when Nikita Krushchev plowed up the
Editor, "Soviet Geography" Magazine
steppe in the Virgin Lands development pro-
KAZAN, ke-zan', Elia (1909- ), American
gram. Although marginal rainfall causes fre-
stage and film director and novelist, winner of
quent droughts, the new wheat area in northern
two Academy Awards and other theatrical prizes.
Kazakhstan supplements the nation's grain sup-
ply. The 35 million sheep are herded in the
He was born Elia Kazanjoglous in Istanbul, Tur-
key, on Sept. 7, 1909. After moving with his
drier south. Irrigated farming along the Syr
Darya yields cotton, rice, and sugar beets.
family to the United States in 1913, he graduated
from Williams College (1930), studied at the Yale
Because of its vast empty areas, Kazakhstan
has been chosen for the Soviet Union's main
School of Drama (1930-1932), and acted with the
Group Theatre in New York (1932-1939).
space center, at Leninsk on the Syr Darya, re-
Kazan won fame for his realistic and emo-
ferred to by the Russians by the code name Bai-
tional direction of plays by outstanding contem-
konur, and for its underground nuclear testing
porary writers, including Thornton Wilder's The
grounds west of Semipalatinsk. Part of Kazakh-
Skin of Our Teeth (1942), Arthur Miller's All My
stan's electric power needs are met by a fast-
breeder nuclear reactor at Shevchenko on the
Sons (1947) and Death of a Salesman (1949),
Tennessee Williams' A Streetcar Named Desire
Caspian Sea.
(1947) and Cat on a Hot Tin Roof (1955), William
People. The indigenous Kazakh people are in
Inge's Dark at the Top of the Stairs (1957), and
the minority in their republic, accounting for
Archibald MacLeish's J. B. For all of these he
36% of the population. They continue with their
received, variously, New York Drama Critics Cir-
traditional sheepherding. Mining and the wheat
cle, Antoinette Perry, and Donaldson awards.
lands have drawn ethnic Russians, who repre-
Kazan began directing films in the mid-
sent some 40% of the population. Two other
1940's, and he won Academy Awards for Gentle-
ethnic groups, Ukrainians and Germans, account
men's Agreement (1947) and On the Water-
for 6% each. Kazakh and Russian are the official
languages. Some teaching, broadcasting, and
front (1954). He also wrote novels: America,
America (1962), The Arrangement (1967), The
publishing is conducted in Kazakh as well as in
German.
Assassins (1972), The Understudy (1975), and
Acts of Love (1978).
340
VOLUME 16
Jefferson to Latin
THE ENCYCLOPEDIA
AMERICANA
INTERNATIONAL EDITION
COMPLETE IN THIRTY VOLUMES
FIRST PUBLISHED IN 1829
GROLIER INCORPORATED
International Headquarters: Danbury, Connecticut 06816
Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic
407
employed the Zambia congress as an instrument for exe-
Political Africa: A Who's Who of Personalities and Parties
cuting what he called "positive nonviolent action," a form
(1961), a valuable compendium of biographical data, party
of civil disobedience against the federation policy. His
histories, and concise descriptions of key political events.
campaign had two major results: first, the British govern-
(M.Ki.)
ment modified the federation policy and eventually
agreed to discard it; second, the imprisonment of Kaunda
Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic
and other militant leaders elevated them to the status of
Stretching across the rolling tablelands of the heart of the
national heroes in the eyes of the masses. Thus, from
Eurasian landmass, the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic
1960 on, the nationwide support of Zambia's indepen-
(or Kazakhstan) has been since December 5, 1936, one
dence movement was secured, as was too the dominant
of the 15 constituent republics of the Soviet Union.
status of Kenneth Kaunda in that movement.
It is bounded by the People's Republic of China on the
Kaunda was released from prison by the colonial gov-
Struggle
east; by the Kirgiz and Uzbek S.S.R.'s on the south;
ernment on January 8, 1960. At the end of that month he
by the Caspian Sea and a small portion of the Turkmen
for
was elected president of the United National Indepen-
S.S.R. on the west; and by the Russian S.F.S.R. on the
indepen-
dence Party (UNIP), which had been formed in October
dence
1959 by Mainza Chona, a militant who was disenchanted
north. It covers 1,049,200 square miles (2,717,300
with the older African National Congress. The party en-
square kilometres), an area larger than that of Algeria.
joyed a spectacular growth, claiming 300,000 members
It stretches about 1,200 miles (1,900 kilometres) from
by June 1960. This strength, however, did not prevent
east to west and 800 miles (1,300 kilometres) from north
severe harassment by the government and especially by
to south. By the mid-1970s, it was the home of 14,-
the local chiefs who owed their status to their colonial
170,000 persons. The capital is at Alma-Ata.
rulers. Yet the government also was quick to recognize
The ancient nomadic way of life in this part of the
the legitimacy of the UNIP leaders among the Zambian
world has been changed greatly during the Soviet period.
populace. Thus in December 1960 it invited Kaunda and
Industry, particularly the extractive industries, now plays
several other UNIP leaders to participate in discussions on
the major role in the economy of Kazakhstan, the re-
the status of the three colonies at the Federal Review
public functioning as an important supplier of raw ma-
Conference in London. Early in the following year the
terials for the entire Soviet Union. Agriculture, however,
British government announced that formal decoloniza-
continues to be of significance. The transformation was
tion of Zambia would commence.
accompanied by an influx of settlers-the Kazakhs
The procedures through which Zambia moved toward
themselves now form only slightly more than a third of
independence were complicated, however, by the pres-
the population. Urbanization, too, is increasing, but many
ence of the European settler community of some 77,000
traditional customs have been preserved, side by side
and also an Asian community of 11,000. Both groups
with such incursions of modernity as the Soviet cos-
sought to delay decolonization, hoping to strengthen their
modrome, or space-launching centre, Baykonyr, near
Leninsk.
positions. The British government proved indecisive in its
For related information, see RUSSIA AND THE SOVIET
handling of this conflict. The leadership of Africans by
Kaunda and the UNIP was, however, largely able to allay
UNION, HISTORY OF; INNER ASIA, HISTORY OF; TURKISTAN,
HISTORY OF; CENTRAL ASIAN PEOPLES, ARTS OF; ALTAIC
the deeply felt grievances among Zambians, although
LANGUAGES; RUSSIAN STEPPE; BALKHASH, LAKE; CASPIAN
there was an outbreak of widespread anti-white rioting
SEA; and ARAL SEA.
in urban areas in 1961. The first major elections leading
to final decolonization were held in October 1962. The
THE LANDSCAPE
constitutional proposals upon which the election was
Topography. Although it exhibits a variety of relief
based provided the European settlers with a dispropor-
forms, Kazakhstan is essentially a tableland. Lowlands
tionate share of the votes. Yet the two major African
account for more than a third of the total area, hilly
parties-the UNIP and ANC-gained a majority of the
plains and plateaus for nearly half, and mountainous
votes. The UNIP was the winner, gaining 15 of the 37 seats
regions make up barely 20 percent. The highest point is
in the new Legislative Council.
Khan-Tengri Peak, on the border between Kazakhstan
The UNIP success was attributed overwhelmingly to the
and Kirgiziya. The lowest point in the whole Soviet Union
leadership of Kaunda. He had been astute both in allay-
is found in the Karagiye salt depression of the east Cas-
ing European fears that an African regime would unfair-
pian region.
ly disregard their interests and at quelling anarchistic
The western and southwestern portions of the repub-
The
militancy among wide sections of the country's African
lic are dominated by the Caspian Depression (Prikaspiy-
Caspian
population. It was this same skill that enabled Kaunda to
skaya Nizmennost), south of which lies the Ustyurt
Depres-
negotiate further constitutional advances, and in 1964
Plateau and, on the Mangyshlak Peninsula, the Karatau
sion
Zambia was granted independence. Like other African
and Aktau mountains. Farther east, the Ural Plateau
leaders, Kenneth Kaunda faced many complex post-
and its extension, the Mugodzhar Hills, separate the Cas-
independence problems, especially the issue of tribalism.
pian Depression from the extensive Turan Plain, while
He succeeded in continuing to negotiate on this issue,
the Aral Sea lies to the south. The rivers that lose them-
saving Zambia the trauma of tribal civil war. Nonetheless
selves in this region have deposited vast amounts of
political violence began to occur, and this, together with
sand, forming the Greater and Lesser Barsuki deserts in
pressures on his borders, led him in 1973 to impose
the north, the Aral region of the Kara-Kum Desert in
single-party rule on his country. In 1976, with a declining
the centre, and the sandy Kyzylkum desert in the south.
economy at home and civil war in Angola, just to the
Most of the deserts retain some vegetative cover, fed
east, he assumed emergency powers.
by subterranean groundwater.
Central Kazakhstan is an undulating upland, having
BIBLIOGRAPHY. For further information on Kaunda, see
depressions filled by salt lakes, the water of which has
RICHARD S. HALL, The High Price of Principles: Kaunda and
largely evaporated. In the north, the mountains reach
the White South (1969), a reliable description of Kaunda's
about 5,000 feet (1,500 metres), and there are similar
political relations with the white-ruled regimes in southern
Africa; DAVID C. MULFORD, Zambia: The Politics of Inde-
high areas in the west (the Ulutau Mountains) and in the
pendence, 1957-1964 (1967), the best account of Zambian
east (the Chingiz-Tau Range).
politics in the years of decolonization; and The Northern
In the east and southeast, high mountain massifs are
Rhodesia General Election, 1962 (1964), the only published
furrowed by valleys. The Altai mountain complex to the
work on the Zambian election; ROBERT I. ROTBERG, The Rise
east sends three ridges-the Listvyaga, Kholzun, and
of Nationalism in Central Africa: The Making of Malawi
Tigirek-into the republic, and, farther south, the Tarba-
and Zambia, 1873-1964 (1965), a study of the emergence of
gatay Range is a similar offshoot of the Narym-Kolbin
modern anti-colonial nationalism in the British territories of
complex.
Nyasaland and Northern Rhodesia, noted for its attention to
the role of African voluntary organizations, called Native
Another range, the Dzhungarian Alatau, penetrates the
Welfare Associations, in this development; and RONALD SEGAL,
republic to the south of the depression containing Lake
Balkhash. The Tien Shan rises along the southern-fron-
408 Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic
tier with the Kirgiz S.S.R., and, to their northwest, the
fishing industry also makes use of the sturgeon, herring,
much lower Chu-Ili Mountains and the Karatau Range
and roach of the Caspian.
are penetrated by the Muyunkum Desert.
The human imprint. Kazakhstan's varied historical
Drainage patterns. The republic has more than 7,000
heritage has given rise to distinct regional patterns of
streams and rivers, most of them part of the inland drain-
settlement. Large villages, centres of collective and state
age systems of the Caspian and Aral seas and lakes
farms (kolkhozy and sovkhozy, respectively) characterize
Balkhash and Tengiz. The major exceptions are the Ir-
the northern steppes, forming green oases separated by
tysh, Ishim, and Tobol, which flow across Kazakh ter-
wheat fields, often situated along a stream or on a
ritory and ultimately drain to the Arctic. Many of the
lake shore. The more arid steppes, semideserts, and des-
other rivers cease to flow in summer or wander through
erts also contain large villages, housing the state farms of
salty lagoons. In addition to the Irtysh in the northeast,
sheep breeders, while chabany, or herdsmen, live in
the major rivers include the Ural in the west and the
temporary settlements made up of yurts, tents made of
Syrdarya in the south.
felt. The foothills are fringed by a string of village settle-
The
Every year the Irtysh discharges some 988,000,000,000
ments, clustering along highways and surrounded, in the
Irtysh
cubic feet (28,000,000,000 cubic metres) of water into the
north, by fields of wheat and sugar beets and, in the
River
vast West Siberian catchment area, and the Irtysh-Kara-
south, by orchards, vineyards, and fields of melons.
ganda Canal will ultimately divert 8 percent of this mass
Urban settlements are of two types: older communi-
of water into central Kazakhstan. The only major trib-
ties such as Alma-Ata, Semipalatinsk, Petropavlovsk, and
utary of the Irtysh is the Bukhtarma. The Ural winds its
Uralsk, which have one- and two-storied houses and
way along a wide, flood-prone valley dotted with lakes;
whole districts of modern multistoried buildings; and en-
the Syrdarya, rising in the Tien Shan, is vital to Kazakh
tirely new, planned towns such as Karaganda, Ust-Ka-
agriculture, several dams having been built to prevent
menogorsk, and Rudny, with wide, straight thorough-
floods and aid irrigation. Its major tributary, the Arys,
fares, tall buildings, and fringing industrial areas.
irrigates more than 500,000 acres (200,000 hectares).
The rivers of the east and southeast are swollen by
THE PEOPLE
melting snow and by glaciers, of which there are more
The Kazakh S.S.R. in 1975 was made up of 19 regions,
than 1,500, covering more than 800 square miles. Ka-
including 82 cities and 183 semi-urban settlements, with
zakhstan also contains about 48,000 small lakes, most of
a total population estimated at 14,170,000.
which have variable water levels, and some of which dry
The Kazakh people-Muslims, who speak a Turkic lan-
up periodically. The Caspian Sea is the largest inland
guage but are Mongol in physical type-were never the
body of water in the world, and Kazakhstan has 1,450
exclusive inhabitants of Kazakhstan, and at the 1970 cen-
miles of its coastline. The other large bodies of water are
sus they made up only about 33 percent of the total
the Aral Sea and Lake Balkhash, followed by Zaysan,
population; Russians constituted 42 percent, Ukrainians
Alakol, Tengiz, and Seletytengiz.
just over 7, and Germans (deported from the Soviet west
Climate and plant and animal life. The climate is
to Central Asia in 1941) nearly 7. The remainder con-
sharply continental, especially in the plains and valleys,
sisted of small percentages of Tatars, Uzbeks, Belo-
with hot summers alternating with equally extreme
russians, Uighurs, Dungans, Koreans, and others. At the
winters. Temperatures fluctuate remarkably: the average
census of 1970, slightly more than half of the total pop-
January temperature in northern and central regions
ulation (but only about 26% of Kazakhs) lived in urban
ranges from 3° to -2° F (-16° to -19° C), and in the
areas.
south from 23° to 29° F (-5° to -1.4° C), while the
Around 400,000 Russians arrived in Kazakhstan before
Immigra-
average July temperatures range from 68° F (20° C) in
1897. Some Uighur and Dungan settlers (both Muslim)
tion
the north to 84° F (29° C) in the south. Absolute tem-
also appeared there in the last third of the 19th century
peratures have been recorded at -49° F (-45° C) and
(after Russia conquered Kazakhstan) and settled in the
113° F (45° C), with desert-sand temperatures occasion-
south and in the Alma-Ata and Taldy-Kurgan regions,
ally reaching 158° F (70° C). Precipitation ranges from
to the east. Some Uzbeks and Kirgiz also inhabited
eight to 12 inches (200 to 300 millimetres) in the north
the Chimkent and Dzhambul regions in the south.
and centre to 16 to 20 inches (400 to 500 millimetres) in
The main immigration, however, took place in the first
the southern mountain valleys, although it rises to twice
third of the 20th century. More than a million had come
the latter figures in the high ranges and falls to one-
to the area by 1916 and remained. Large numbers of
fifth in the deserts.
Russians, Ukrainians, Belorussians, Mordvins, Germans,
Strong, dry winds are common in the northwest and
Bulgarians, Poles, Jews, and Tatars, most of them non-
in the centre of the country, and mountain valleys
Muslim, moved in, first from the tsarist and then from
(e.g., the Dzungarian Gate) are often hit by hurricane-
the Soviet west. Koreans were transported by Joseph
like winds.
Stalin's orders from the Soviet Far East to Central Asia.
The rich, black chernozem soils of the north account
Immigration by additional settlers occurred mainly be-
for about 7 percent of the total area; farther south they
tween 1954 and 1956, as a result both of industrial-
are replaced by fertile chestnut-brown soils and steppe
ization and of the Virgin and Idle Lands program.
areas (about 26 percent), and these give way to infertile
The population is very unevenly distributed, with high-
alkaline soils (35 percent) consisting of sands and saline
est densities in the developed agricultural regions of the
clays; there are also saline solonchak soils. Wind-blown
north and southeast. Since World War II, as a conse-
loess soils are found in the Dzhambul and Chimkent
quence of rapid industrialization, there has been a great
regions. Kazakhstan has 74,000,000 acres (30,000,000
movement to the urban areas. This process occasioned an
hectares) of arable land, with cultivation most highly
urban housing problem, which was attacked by the de-
developed on the chestnut-brown soils of the northern
velopment of a building industry, using industrialized
steppes. Other cultivated areas fringe the mountains on
methods, and an intensive regional planning program
the south and east, and, where irrigation and reclamation
(see below Housing, health, and recreation).
are feasible, extend along river valleys into the deserts.
A notable feature of the urbanization process has been
Steppes and deserts dominate the landscape, the veg-
the fact that it involved an influx of people from other
Plant
etation of the latter including wormwood and tamarisk.
republics rather than a movement (of young people, for
life
Wormwood is also found in the drier steppes, along with
example) from the countryside. Major factors in this
feather grass. The wooded area is very small (about 3
respect have been the virtual monopolizing of urban and
percent of Kazakh territory).
industrial employment by Russians and other outsiders
The fauna of Kazakhstan includes 155 mammal species,
and, to some extent, the modernization of agriculture,
including antelope, elk, and, in the mountains, wolf,
which demands skilled, well-educated manpower. During
bear, and snow leopard. Ermine and sable have com-
the mid-1950s, there was even an exodus from the towns
mercial importance. The rivers and lakes contain many
to the Virgin Lands areas.
fish species, including carp, perch, pike, and white salmon,
Like its neighbouring Central Asian republics, Kazakh-
and sprats and trout have become acclimatized. The
stan has one of the highest rates of natural increase
AE5
.E5
wise
The New
Encyclopædia
Britannica
in 30 Volumes
MACROP/EDIA
Volume 10
Knowledge in Depth
FOUNDED 1768
15 TH EDITION
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
William Benton, Publisher, 1943-1973
Helen Hemingway Benton, Publisher, 1973-1974
Chicago/Geneva/London/Manila/Paris/Rome
Seoul/Sydney/Tokyo/Toronto
THE WHITE HOUSE
FACT CHECK
WASHINGTON
May 18, 1992
MEMORANDUM FOR THE PRESIDENT
THROUGH:
DAVID F. DEMAREST
FROM:
DAN MC GROARTY DM,r
SUBJECT:
PROPOSED REMARKS FOR DEPARTURE OF PRESIDENT
NAZARBAEV OF KAZAKHSTAN
I. SUMMARY
On Tuesday, May 19 at 1:15 p.m. on the South Lawn, you will
deliver remarks for the departure of President Nazarbaev of
Kazakhstan.
II. DISCUSSION
Your remarks, (approximately 7 minutes / cards), focus
on building our relationship with newly independent Kazakhstan,
with attention to the issues of nuclear security and free market
development.
McGroarty/Bunton
May 18, 1992
2:00 pm
[KAZAKH]
PRESIDENTIAL REMARKS: DEPARTURE STATEMENT FOR WORKING VISIT OF
PRESIDENT NAZARBAEV OF KAZAKHSTAN
SOUTH LAWN
MAY 19, 1992
1:15 P.M.
Mr. President, distinguished members of the Kazakh
delegation: it has been my great pleasure to welcome you to the
Silliman
Dong
White House on this historic occasion: the first-ever visit of
state
the head of state of an independent Kazakhstan.
647-6859
I have never been to your country, but my friend and fellow
News/cems LA TIMES 5/6/92
Texan, Secretary Baker, has. He has spoken to me about the
Drug
tremendous potential of a nation rich in resources. A nation --
Silman 647,6859 state
DOUG
EILLIMAN
stretching from the steppes of Russia to the Tien Shan in the
State Dept. FACT SHEET
south -- four times the size of Texas.
Brtanica
Mr. President, our meeting today marks the beginning of a
new relationship -- a relationship made possible by the end of
the long era of East-West conflict we called the Cold War. With
the passing of that bitter conflict, we enter into a new era of
hope -- for a more democratic and free order in Eastern Europe
and in Central Asia. Under your leadership, Mr. President,
Kazakhstan is pursuing a course true to these aims.
Nick Burns
Our meetings today confirmed the many interests we share.
"NSC
The U.S. supports Kazakhstan's independence -- and we believe its
security is important for stability in Europe and in Asia. We
welcome President Nazerbaev's commitment that Kazakhstan will
join the Non-Proliferation Treaty as a non-nuclear weapons state
2
-- and that it will adhere to the START Treaty. [[We look
forward to the signing of the new START protocol in Lisbon next
week by Kazakhstan, Ukraine, Byelarus, Russia and the United
States. ]]
I want to take the occasion of today's meeting to underline
our pledge to maintain regular, high-level communication with the
Kazakh government on political and security issues. That means
exploring the possibility of cooperative programs in nuclear non-
proliferation -- and encouraging stronger ties between the armed
forces of our two nations.
Beyond our common security interests, the U.S. is committed
to helping Kazakhstan make the transition from the old socialist
command economy to the free market. We continue to aim at a tax
NICK
treaty between our nations. And today, we took very positive
NSC
steps toward increased trade, by signing a Trade and Bilateral
Investment agreement -- and agreeing on a mission by our Overseas
Private Investment Corporation to bring American businesspeople
and investors to Kazakhstan.
But the surest way to increase trade remains for American
firms to have the opportunity to compete fairly in Kazakhstan. I
am pleased that the Kazakh government has this week signed a
landmark agreement with Chevron Corporation to open the Tenghiz
oil fields. In order to expand trade, I've asked our able
Secretary of Commerce, Barbara Franklin, to form a Business
Development Committee -- to work with the Kazakh government to
increase contacts between private Kazakh and American firms.
3
The U.S. will continue to provide humanitarian assistance -
Hunn Hunn an
- including much-needed food and medical aid. The U.S. also
Fact shut
stands ready with technical assistance on a range of issues --
from food distribution, to speeding the conversion of defense-
sector industry to civilian economy.
But government assistance is just one part of an outpouring
of American support. As President, I am pleased to see the
active efforts on behalf of private citizens to provide aid to
your new nation: from volunteer organizations like Project HOPE
KAREN
and Mercy Corps -- to the City of Waukesha, Wisconsin which has
VOLKER
STATE FACT
sent 40,000 pounds of food, medical supplies and clothing to its
Kazakh sister city, Kokchetav. //
647-1887
Like all of the former republics of the Soviet empire,
Kazakhstan faces challenges that go beyond the need to build a
strong, competitive economy. After more than 70 years of
communist rule, Kazakhstan and its Commonwealth neighbors are
engaged in the difficult task of nation-building. At issue are
the first questions of government and society: Respect for the
rule of law -- the role of a free press and independent media, of
political parties and the freedom of association.
But first among these fundamental responsibilities comes
respect for human rights -- especially, as ethnic tensions lead
to bloodshed in so many emerging nations, a commitment to
Doug
minority rights and respect for diversity. Kazakh or Korean,
Suimar State
Russian or Ukrainian, German or any of the other cultures,
4
histories and heritages represented within your borders: each
individual must enjoy equal rights under law.
Once again, Mr. President, it has been my privilege to
welcome you to Washington, and to the White House. May God bless
you -- and may God bless the Republic of Kazakhstan.
# # #
THE WHITE HOUSE
McGroarty/Bunton
WASHINGTON
May 15, 1992
5:30 pm
[KAZAKH]
PRESIDENTIAL REMARKS: DEPARTURE STATEMENT FOR WORKING VISIT OF
PRESIDENT NAZARBAYEV OF KAZAKHSTAN
SOUTH LAWN
MAY 19, 1992
1:15 P.M.
Mr. President, it has been my great pleasure to welcome you
to the White House on this historic occasion: the first-ever
visit of the head of state of an independent Kazakhstan.
I have never been to your country, but my friend and fellow
NEXTS:
Texan, Secretary Baker has. He has spoken to me about the
LA 5/6/92 Times
tremendous potential of a nation rich in resources, and --
stretching from the steppes of Russia to the Tien Shen in the
(-
south -- four times the size of Texas.
Kazakstaz: Fact Sheet
Mr. President, our meeting today marks the beginning of a
new relationship -- a relationship made possible by the end of
the long era of East-West conflict we called the Cold War. I
salute you for the strong stand you took in at a critical time in
August 1991 against the coup-plotters -- and with the forces of
reform.
Among the new nations of the old Soviet Union, Kazakhstan
has been a leader in the move to replace the socialist command
model with the legal structures of a market economy. That means
laws that secure key free-market principles such as property.
Sanctity of contract. Private ownership -- principles that will
translate into prosperity for the Kazakh people.
THE WHITE HOUSE
WASHINGTON
The U.S. stands ready with technical assistance to ease this
transition. To help meet immediate needs, through Operation
+
171.5 food
Provide Hope, we've channeled more than 220 tons of much-needed
51.5
med
food and medical supplies to your country, with more planned in
Humanitarian kazakhs Asst
223.0 a O total
second stage.
But government assistance is just one part of an outpouring
fact
of American support. As President, I am pleased to see the
sheet.
active efforts on behalf of private citizens to provide aid to
your new nation: from volunteer organizations like Project HOPE
and Mercy Corps -- to the City of Waukesha, Wisconsin which has
Human.
sent 40,000 opounds of food, medical supplies and clothing to its
assistance
Kazakh sister city, Kokchetav. //
For the longer term, the U.S. stands ready to help
Kazakhstan develop its abundant resources. We are working
through our Department of Agriculture to place American agri-
business executives in Kazakstan -- and to bring the first Kazakh
A
Human.
business interns to live and work in the U.S. By the end of the
Assisti
to
year, the first American Peace Corps volunteers should arrive in
Alma Ata and other Kazakh communities -- with a special focus on
sheet.
business development and the environment. Expanded trade is in
interests of both our nations
To that end, today we have signed {a bilateral trade
agreement -- and set a target date for the completion of a tax
treaty between our two nations}. {OPIC mission. Approval of CCC
credits for Kazakhstan?}
THE WHITE HOUSE
WASHINGTON
Like all of the former replubics of the Soviet empire,
Kazakhstan faces challenges that go beyond the need to build a
strong, competitive economy. After more than 70 years of
communist rule, Kazakhstan and its Commonwealth neighbors are
engaged in the difficult task of nation-building. At issue are
the first questions of government and society: Respect for the
rule of law the role of a free press and independent media, of
political parties and the freedom of association.
But first among the fundamental principles comes respect for
human rights -- especially, as ethnic tensions lead to bloodshed
in so many emerging nations, a commitment to minority rights and
respect for diversity. Kazakh or Korean, Russian or Ukrainian,
German or any of the other cultures, histories and heritages
represented within your borders: each individual must enjoy
equal rights under law.
As we build this new relationship together, the key issue
remains nuclear security and non-proliferation. {Report on
results of working visit.}
Once again, Mr. President, it has been my privilege to
welcome you to Washington, and to the White House. May God bless
you -- and may God bless the Republic of Kazakhstan.
# # #
(Nazaubaev)
Treaty signings
18 May 1992
1
luncheon 6FD
2
-trenty 1:10
3
departure Rose Garden [Rose Garder]
40 scate
consecutive translation
table @ one
small group
in care rain Roos pm.] ]
40 seats mess
ambassador Nyrnan
annonce each Treaty
Creating
1.
pade
11:30 weather call
2
bilat
3.
Presidents are signt
agency heads
all 3
opic
J
ambassador Carla Hills
Shimster of Foreign Econ. Relations Abiyev
[Kagakhstan]
acknowledgements:
speak
then depart
the mic - maybe 2
[runthrough 11:00 tom.]
(C-9) path toward
392
Tides
association, the so-called O-B class (hot and bright) of
The natural environment. Physiography. The relief is
stars, very much less time is needed.
characterized by a combination of mountain ranges and
Some external galaxies occur in pairs or groups. When
intervening valleys and basins, trending generally from
the pairs are quite close in the sky, it is sometimes found
east to west. The deepest depression in the eastern Tien
that jets and streams of bright material extend from one
Shan is the Turfan Depression, within which is the low-
to the other. The inference in these cases is that the pairs
est point in Central Asia-505 feet (154 metres) below
are actually close in space and are interacting tidally. In
sea level. Thus, the differences in elevation in the Tien
spiral galaxies with companions, radio observations of
Shan are extreme, exceeding four and a half miles. The
neutral hydrogen have shown some asymmetries that are
eastern extension of the Turfan Depression is the Ha-mi
also believed to be due to tidal distortions. One such
Basin; both basins are bounded on the north by the Po-
example is known as M101 (NGC 5457). Similar but rath-
ko-to Shan, with elevations of up to 17,864 feet (5,445
er smaller asymmetries have been found by radio
metres), and by the eastern extremity of the Tien Shan,
measurement of the hydrogen gas in the galaxy called the
the K'o-erh-lei-k'o Shan, which reaches heights up to
Andromeda Nebula and its nearby companions; others
16,158 feet (4,925 metres).
are believed to exist in the Milky Way, which has as close
The ranges are of the Alpine type, with steep slopes;
companions the Magellanic Clouds. On the other hand,
glaciers occur along their crests. The basins are bounded
bright galaxies without close companions are apparently
on the south by the low rising Chiao-lo Shan. West of the
undistorted at radio wavelengths. A recent optical study
Turfan Depression is one of the greatest mountain knots
of bright galaxies revealed that about 20 percent have
of the eastern Tien Shan: the O-ha-pu-t'e Shan, which
close companions and exhibit distorted optical features.
reaches elevations of up to 18,208 feet (5,550 metres).
(B.M.M.)
The ridge has considerable glacial development, as well
as numerous forms of relief indicating ancient glaciation.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. W. HANSEN, "Tides," in M.N. HILL (ed.),
The Sea: Ideas and Observations on Progress in the Study of
West of 84° east, the eastern Tien Shan ridges fork,
the Sea, vol. 1 (1962), is a summary of modern research on
trending in southwestern and northwestern directions,
tides. The same author's "Hydrodynamical Methods Applied
and enclose the vast Ili Depression (Iliyskaya Vpadina),
The Ili
to Oceanographic Problems," the proceedings of a symposi-
which gradually widens and loses height as it proceeds
Depression
um on mathematical-hydrodynamical methods of physical
westward. It is bounded on the north by the Po-lo-ho-lo
oceanography at the Institut für Meereskunde, Universität
Shan, which has glaciers in the eastern part and is charac-
Hamburg (1962), gives a general introduction to the Hydro-
terized by steeply sloping ridges. This range also gradual-
dynamical-numerical (HN) Method. Standard textbooks on
ly descends westward, where, at a height of 6,801 feet
the subjects indicated by their titles are: A. DEFANT, Physical
(2,073 metres), lies the great undrained lake of Sai-li-mu
Oceanography, vol. 2 (1961); H. LAMB, Hydrodynamics, 6th
ed. (1959); J. PROUDMAN, Dynamical Oceanography (1953);
Hu. The Ili Depression is bounded on the south by
and H.U. SVERDRUP, M.W. JOHNSON, and R.H. FLEMING,
the highest mountains in the eastern Tien Shan-the
Oceans: Their Physics, Chemistry, and General Biology
K'a-erh-li-k'o Shan, reaching heights up to 22,346 feet
(1942). P. SCHUREMANN, A Manual of the Harmonic Analy-
(6,811 metres), and the isolated Ketmen Range (Khre-
sis and Prediction of Tides (1924), is a United States Coast
bet Ketmen), which rises to an elevation of 11,936 feet
and Geodetic Survey handbook on the technique of harmon-
(3,638 metres) in the central part of the depression.
ic analysis; on the principles of harmonic analysis of tides, see
The northern extremity of the Soviet part of the Tien
W. HORN, "Gezeiten des Meeres," in Landolt-Börnstein, vol.
Shan forms the Dzhungarian Alatau Range (14,645 feet
3 (1952). J. BARTELS and W. HORN, "Gezeitenkrafte," ibid.,
contains a deduction of the tide-generating potential of the
[4,464 metres]), which is subject to considerable glacial
Moon and Sun. Astronomical tides are discussed in G.H.
action. To the south, the Trans-Ili Alatau Range rises
DARWIN, The Tides and Kindred Phenomena in the Solar Sys-
abruptly above the Ili Depression to a height of 16,315
tem (1962), based on lectures given in 1897; O. STRUVE,
feet (4,973 metres). The successive transition of climatic
Stellar Evolution (1950); B.M. MIDDLEHURST, "An Analysis
zones, determined by altitude, from arid and dry steppe
of Lunar Events," Rev. Geophys., 5:173-189 (1967); R.
at lower levels to glacial at the summit is evident on the
MEISSNER, G. SUTTON, and F. DUENNEBIER, "Mondbeben,"
northern slopes of this range. The Kirgiz (Kirgizsky) and
Umschau, 71:111-115 (1971); and in the NASA reports for
Talas (Talassky) Alatau ranges, rising above 13,000 feet
Apollo 12 (1970).
and located farther west, also belong to the outer chain
(W.Hn./B.M.M.)
of the northern Tien Shan. There is a great difference in
elevation between these outer mountain ridges and the
Tien Shan (Mountains)
plains at their base. Streams, therefore, usually plunge
The Tien Shan, a Chinese name meaning "Celestial
down the mountainsides through deep gorges and, as
Mountains," forms one of the great mountain systems of
they flow out onto the plains, form vast fan-shaped
Central Asia. Situated in the U.S.S.R. and China, it
deposits of silt and mud. On the fertile land thus formed
stretches for about 1,800 miles (3,000 kilometres) from
are located many oases and population centres, including
west-southwest to east-northeast. It is about 300 miles
the cities of Alma-Ata and Frunze in the Kazakh and
wide in places at its eastern and western extremities but
the Kirgiz Soviet Socialist republics (q.q.v.). The Kun-
narrows to about 220 miles in width at the centre.
gey-Alatau and Terskey-Alatau ranges also belong to
The Tien Shan are bounded to the north by the Dzhun-
the northern Tien Shan. They rise to a height of 17,100
garian and southern Kazakhstan plains and to the south-
feet and border the vast Issyk-Kul Basin, the centre of
east by the Tarim Basin; to the southwest, the Gissar-
which is filled by Lake Issyk-Kul.
Alai Mountains form part of the Tien Shan, making the
The Aksay River (To-shih-kan Ho in Chinese) Basin
Alai (Alayskaya), Surkhandarya (Surkhobskaya), and
and most of the Naryn River Basin are situated within
Gissar (Gissarskaya) valleys the boundaries of the sys-
the inner Tien Shan. This region is characterized by the
tem with the Pamir mountain ranges. The Tien Shan
alternation of comparatively short mountain ranges and
Range also includes the Chu-Ili Mountains (Chu-Iliy-
valleys, both extending east and west. The predominant
skiye Gory) and the Karatau Range (Khrebet), which
elevations of the mountains vary from about 10,000 to
extend far to the northwest into the Kazakhstan low-
15,000 feet, while the elevations of the depressions that
lands. Within these limits the total area of the Tien Shan
separate them vary from between about 6,000 to 10,500
is about 386,000 square miles (1,000,000 square kilome-
feet. The most important ranges are Borkoldoy (16,565
tres).
feet [5,049 metres]), Dzhetym (16,178 feet [4,931 me-
The
The highest peaks are a central cluster of mountains
tres]), Atbashi (15,702 feet [4,786 metres]), and the
highest
forming a knot, from which ridges extend along the
Kok Shaal-Tau Range, in which Dankov Peak reaches a
peaks
boundary between China and the Soviet Union; these
height of 19,626 feet (5,982 metres).
peaks are the Pobeda Peak (Pik Pobedy, or Victory
The elevation of the mountains increases in the Saryd-
Peak), which is 24,406 feet (7,439 metres) high, and the
zhaz River (called K'un-a-li-k'o Ho in Chinese) Basin
Khan-Tengri Peak, which is 22,949 feet (6,995 metres)
area in the central Tien Shan, lying to the east of the
high. (For an associated physical feature, see ISSYK-KUL,
Akshiyrak Range. The ranges gradually converge, form-
LAKE.)
ing the high-altitude mountain knot already mentioned,
Tien Shan (Mountains) 393
0
50
100
150 mi
Elevation
70°
Balkhash
feet
0 50 100 150 200 km
ML
1.000
9,840
20
GARIAN
500
1,640
MONGOLIA
0
0
Bury baytals
BASIN
CHINA
SOVIET UNION
Spot elevations
Furmanovks,
in metres
Alma-Ats
BASIN
154
TURFAN DEPRESSION
EVALLEY
PATCHANISTAN
The Tien Shan.
which includes the Khan-Tengri crests and Pobeda (Vic-
advances. The glaciers of Tien Shan feed many large
tory) Peak.
rivers, including the Naryn, Sarydzhaz, Ili, and Zerav-
In contrast to most of the Tien Shan ranges, which run
shan.
The
approximately east-west, the Fergana Range (Fergansky
Rivers and lakes. The rivers of the Tien Shan flow
Fergana
Khrebet), separating the inner region from the western
into major inland depressions, such as the Azalskaya
Range
and southern Tien Shan, extends from southeast to north-
and Tarim. The largest rivers are the Ili and Chu in the
west. Its maximum elevation is 15,354 feet (4,680
northern Tien Shan, Narym in inner Tien Shan,
metres). The southwestern slopes display a variety of
Sarydzhaz in central Tien Shan, and Zeravshan in
climatic zones in the course of their gradual descent.
southern Tien Shan. Their maximum flows occur at the
The western Tien Shan ranges lie north of the Fergana
end of spring and in summer. Freshets sometimes cause
Valley (Ferganskaya Dolina). Several short but high and
catastrophic flows of mud and stone. Much water is di-
steep ranges running southwest-northeast here meet the
verted for irrigation. Hydroelectric power plants are be-
southern sides of ranges running westward and north-
ing constructed on the Narym, the largest river of the
westward. The highest peak is the Chatkal Ridge (14,773
Tien Shan.
feet, or 4,503 metres), and the predominant elevations
The largest lake is the undrained Issyk-Kul, situated at
vary from about 7,500 to 10,500 feet.
5,279 feet (1,609 metres). The lake, which has an area of
The southern Tien Shan ranges (including Turkistan,
2,425 square miles, is saline and does not freeze in the
Zeravshan, and Alai, among others) border the Fergana
winter; it is used for navigation and is a popular resort
Valley on the south and extend chiefly east and west.
and tourist attraction. Po-ssu-t'eng Hu (533 square miles
The maximum elevation is 18,441 feet (5,621 metres),
in area) is situated in the eastern Tien Shan.
with several peaks above 15,000 feet. To the south, the
Geology. The mountains of Tien Shan are composed
Tien Shan meets the Pamirs. Foothills approach the
in the main of crystalline and sedimentary rocks of the
northern slopes of the ranges; there are oases on the
Paleozoic Era (from 570,000,000 to 225,000,000 years
plains below the mountains.
ago). The intermontane basins are filled with sediments
Glaciers. The total area of the Tien Shan glaciers ex-
from the Mesozoic (225,000,000 to 65,000,000 years
ceeds 3,800 square miles, of which more than four-fifths
ago) and Cenozoic (65,000,000 years ago to the pres-
Largest
is in the Soviet Union. Largest among the several glacier
ent) eras. These sediments were chiefly formed by
glacial
areas are the Khan-Tengri-Pobeda region and the O-ha-
erosive river action. Granite-like rocks crop out over
areas
pu-t'e Shan. There are also many glaciers in the Kok
much of the area in the north and east of the Tien Shan.
Shaal-Tau Range, the Akshiyrak Range, the Trans-Ili
The north and east portions of the region underwent
Alatau Range, and the southern Tien Shan. The largest
folding during the mountain-building period that OC-
glacier in the Tien Shan is Inylchek Glacier (Lednik),
curred during the Early Paleozoic Era; it has been uplift-
which is approximately 37 miles long; it descends from
ed dry land since, and its original sedimentary cover has
the western slopes of the Khan-Tengri massif and
been almost completely obliterated by erosion. The
branches into numerous tributaries. Other large glaciers
southern and western parts of the Tien Shan, however,
in this area include North (Severny) Inylchek (24 miles)
consist principally of sedimentary metamorphosed (struc-
and Mu-cha-erh-t'e Shan-k'ou (21 miles). The length of
turally changed by heat and pressure) rock and, to
the largest Tien Shan glaciers elsewhere is usually be-
a lesser degree, of intrusive and volcanic rock. These re-
tween six and 12 miles; the most usual size is that of the
gions experienced folding during the Late Paleozoic Era.
relatively small valley glaciers, from about one and a half
A new stage of development began in the middle of the
to three miles long.
Tertiary Period (about 26,000,000 years ago) and has
The glaciers are usually fed by snowfall upon the gla-
continued to the present time. It has been characterized
ciers themselves or by snow avalanches from the sur-
by sudden movements of the Earth's crust. Loose frag-
rounding slopes. Glacial action in the Tien Shan is appar-
ments of rock have slid into the valleys and formed accu-
ently decreasing; most glaciers are either receding or
mulations; those in the Fergana Valley are almost five
standing still. During recent decades, however, large gla-
miles thick. Shallow lakes were formed in many valleys
ciers in the inner Tien Shan region have made short-term
and later evaporated, leaving behind salty deposits.
394 Tien Shan (Mountains)
Subsequently, glaciers deposited boulder moraines (ac-
gana Valley, coniferous forests predominate. At the up
cumulations of earth and stones) in the mountains, while
per boundary they are often replaced by sparse juniper
gravel and loess (wind-borne deposits) strata accumulat-
forests. The water meadow forests in the river valley
ed in the valleys. Zones of deep faulting occur, usually
bottoms, in which aspen, birch, poplar, and various
along the boundaries between the ridges and the valleys.
brushwoods ordinarily grow, lie far outside the forest
Large-scale horizontal movements have occurred along
zone. The forest glades and areas adjacent to the
the great Talas Fergana fault, which traverses near-
upper tree line are usually covered with meadow veg-
ly the entire Tien Shan system along the northeastern
etation. Sub-Alpine meadows of mixed grasses and
slopes of the Fergana Range and its northwestern exten-
cereals extend up to almost 10,000 feet on the moist
sion. The deep faults are associated with catastrophic
northern slopes but on southern slopes are usually re-
earthquakes that occurred at Verny (1887), at Kashgar
placed by mountain steppes. There are short-grass Alpine
(1902), in the northern Tien Shan chains (1911), and at
meadows up to 11,500 feet. In the inner and eastern Tien
Chatkal (1946), and Khait (1948).
Shan regions, at elevations between 11,500 and 12,000
Climate. The position of Tien Shan in the centre of
feet and sometimes higher, the level areas and gentle
Eurasia governs its sharply continental climate, charac-
slopes are "cold deserts," with sparse and short vegeta-
terized by great extremes of temperature in summer and
tion. Mosses and lichens are found in the areas of the
winter. The characteristic aridity of the region is manifest
glacial zone that are free of snow and ice.
in the surrounding deserts and dry regions. The area
Animals in the Tien Shan include the wolf, fox, and
absorbs much solar heat, and there are about 2,500 hours
ermine. There are also many typical Central Asian spe-
Animal life
of sun each year. The climate becomes progressively
cies, inhabiting chiefly the high mountains; these include
cooler and more humid as the elevation of the mountains
snow leopard, mountain goat, Manchurian Γoe, and
increases. Permafrost (perennially frozen subsoil) is ex-
mountain sheep. The forest-meadow-steppe zone is
tensive above 9,000 feet. The prevalent air masses are
inhabited by bear, wild boar, badger, field vole, members
transported over the Tien Shan by moisture-bearing west-
of the jerboa family (nocturnal jumping rodents), and
Precipi-
erly winds from the Atlantic Ocean. Most of the precipi-
members of the Ochotonidae family (short-eared mam-
tation
tation falls on the windward western and northwestern
mals related to the rabbits). The many birds include the
slopes at altitudes of between about 7,500 and 9,000 feet;
mountain partridge, pigeon, Alpine chough, crow, moun-
it varies from between about 28 and 31 inches at one
tain wagtail, redstart, Himalayan snow cock, and other
extreme and 59 and 79 inches at the other. To the east
species. The lower zones-desert and semi-arid regions
and in the interior regions of the Tien Shan, the total
-are visited by animals from the neighbouring plains,
precipitation decreases to between eight and 12 inches,
such as antelope, gazelles, Tolai hares, and gray ham-
and it amounts to less than four inches in places. Maxi-
sters. Lizards and snakes are also found.
(Y.Y.R.)
mum precipitation falls on the southern Tien Shan in
The human imprint. The inhabitants. Several million
March and April, and the summer is dry. In western and
people live in the Tien Shan. The Fergana Valley is
northern Tien Shan most of the rain falls during the
the most densely populated, with more than 500 persons
warm period of the year, with a maximum in April or
per square mile in places. Most of the Tien Shan is occu-
May. Most of the rain in the inner and eastern Tien Shan
pied by the Kirgiz and Uighur ethnic groups. Tadzhiks,
regions falls during the summer months. Many mountain
Uzbeks, Kazakhs, and Mongolians reside along the pe-
valleys here are used as winter pastures because of the
riphery of the region. Substantial Russian and Ukrainian
small amount of snow that falls in wintertime.
populations have been established in the Soviet part of
Temperatures vary in the Tien Shan, mostly depending
the Tien Shan in recent decades; Chinese populations live
on height. Summer is hot in the foothills: the mean tem-
in the eastern Tien Shan. Irrigated agriculture has de-
perature in July in Fergana Valley may reach 81° F
veloped in the valleys and on the mountain slopes, and
(27° C); in the Ili Depression it may reach 73° F (23°
livestock herding is practiced in the mountains.
C); and up to 93° F (34° C) to the east, in the Turfan
After the Russian Revolution of 1917, the nomadic
Depression, where the climate is even more continental.
Kirgiz and Kazakhs adopted a settled way of life. Their
The temperature in July at a height of about 10,500
principal occupation is the herding of livestock; in the
feet in inner Tien Shan drops to 41° F (5° C), and frost
summer herds of horses, sheep, and cattle are driven to
is possible throughout summer. The mean temperature
the mountain pastures. Where conditions permit, agri-
in January in Fergana Valley is 25° F (-4° C); in the
culture is developed. The Uighurs live principally by
Ili Depression it is 14° F (-10° C); and it drops to
irrigated agriculture, supplemented by handicraft pro-
-9° F (-23° C) in the Alpine regions of inner
duction. Except for the Mongolians, the other peoples of
Tien Shan, while in places (in particular, Aksay Valley)
the Tien Shan also engage in agriculture.
(S.I.B.)
temperatures of 58° F (-50° C) have been recorded.
Exploration. The Russian Geographical Society played
Plant and animal life. The characteristics of the living
a major role in the scientific exploration of the Tien
world of the Tien Shan are largely determined by the
Shan. From 1856 to 1857 the Russian geographer
region's distinct zones of elevation, which provide a di-
P.P. Semyonov-Tyan-Shansky gave the first scientific de-
verse distribution of soils and vegetation. In the foothills
scription of many regions of northern and inner Tien
and plains at the base of the mountains semidesert and
Shan, while the expeditions of another Russian geog-
desert areas have usually developed; these zones continue
rapher, G.Y. Grum-Grzhimaylo, in the 1880s, contrib-
to heights of between 5,250 and 5,800 feet. In the Tien
uted greatly to the exploration of the eastern Tien Shan.
Shan they are characterized by ephemeral vegetation
The peak of Khan-Tengri was ascended for the first time
growths that die out at the beginning of summer; xero-
in 1931 by a Soviet expedition led by M.T. Pogrebetsky.
phyte (adapted to a scant supply of water) grasses,
Pobeda Peak, the highest point, was conquered in 1956
wormwood, and the desert shrub ephedra are generally
by another Soviet expedition led by V.M. Abalakov.
distributed. The most common landscape in the Tien
Prospects for the future. Industry has been developing
Shan is steppe, which occurs at elevations of between
rapidly in the Soviet part of the Tien Shan; this develop-
about 3,500 and 11,000 feet.
ment has been accompanied by a corresponding increase
The forests of the Tien Shan alternate with steppes and
in the urban population in the valleys, which increased
meadows. They are principally on the northern slopes
from 20 percent of the total population in 1942 to 40
and extend to an elevation of 9,000 to 9,800 feet. On the
percent in 1970. Further economic growth depends on
lower slopes of the outer ranges the forests are principal-
the expansion of the area of irrigated lands; on hydro-
ly deciduous, consisting of maple and aspen, with exten-
electrical development, on the extraction of mineral de-
sive admixtures of wild fruit trees (apples and apricots).
posits (which include copper-molybdenum and lead zinc
Vast areas of the southwestern slopes of the Fergana
ores in the western Tien Shan and antimony-mercury in
Range are occupied by very ancient nut-bearing forests.
the southern Tien Shan), and on the development of the
Stands of pistachio, walnut, and juniper are found up to
exceptional recreational and touristic potential of parts
7,500 feet on the shaded slopes of several western and
of the region, especially for mountain climbing.
southern Tien Shan ranges. North and east of the Fer-
(Y.Y.R.)
AE5.
.E5
1982
WH
The New
t:
Encyclopædia
Britannica
in 30 Volumes
MACROP/EDIA
Volume 18
Knowledge in Depth
FOUNDED 1768
15 TH EDITION
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
William Benton, Publisher, 1943-1973
Helen Hemingway Benton, Publisher, 1973-1974
Chicago/Geneva/London/Manila/Paris/Rome
Seoul/Sydney/Tokyo/Toronto
THE OFFICIAL WORKING VISIT
TO
WASHINGTON, D.C.
DRAFT
DRAFT
OF
HIS EXCELLENCY
NURSULTAN ABISHEVICH NAZARBAEV
PRESIDENT
OF
THE REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN
AND
MRS. NAZARBAEVA
MAY 18 TO 20, 1992
SUMMARY SCHEDULE
MONDAY
MAY 18
3:00 pm-
Greeted by Deputy Chief of Protocol Fitzgerald,
3:05 pm
Andrews Air Force Base, Maryland.
3:05 pm- United States Presidential Helicopters to Pentagon
3:15 pm
Helicopter Pad, Arlington, Virginia.
3:15 pm- Greeted by Chief of Protocol Weinmann, Pentagon
3:20 pm
Helicopter Pad, Arlington, Virginia.
3:30 pm
Arrive Blair House.
-6- -
SUMMARY SCHEDULE
MONDAY
MAY 18
(Continued)
*
6:30 pm-
Chevron Agreement Signing Ceremony, Blair House.
7:00 pm
7:15 pm-
Press Conference and Reception offered by Members
8:00 pm
of Chevron, Hay-Adams Hotel.
8:15 pm-
Private Dinner hosted by President Nazarbaev,
9:30 pm
Blair House. *
Churon people
Overnight: Blair House.
-7-
SUMMARY SCHEDULE
TUESDAY
MAY 19
7:45 am-
Breakfast Meeting with Secretary of State Baker,
8:45 am
Blair House. *
9:00 am-
Wreath-Laying Ceremony, Tomb of the Unknown
9:30 am
Soldier, Arlington National Cemetery, Arlington,
Virginia.
10:55 am-
Greeted by Chief of Protocol Weinmann, West
11:00 am
Lobby, The White House. *
11:00 am-
Photo Opportunity with President Bush, Oval Office,
11:05 am
The White House. *
11:05 am-
Expanded Meeting with President Bush, Cabinet
12:00 pm
Room, The White House. * (simultaneous translation)
12:10 pm-
Working Luncheon with President Bush, Old Family
1:10 pm
Dining Room, The White House. *
1:15 pm-
Departure Statements by President Bush and President
1:30 pm
Nazarbaev, South Lawn, The White House. *
>routine
*Mrs. Nazarbaeva does not attend.
femenine ending
not @ dip
(c-9)
-8- -
SUMMARY SCHEDULE
TUESDAY
MAY 19
(Continued)
2:30 pm- Meeting with Members of the editorial board of
3:00 pm
The Washington Times, Blair House. *
3:15 pm-
Meeting with Secretary of The Treasury Brady, Blair
3:45 pm
House. *
4:15 pm- Meeting with Senate Leadership, Capitol Hill. *
5:15 pm
5:30 pm- Meeting with Secretary of Defense Cheney, Blair
6:00 pm
House. *
6:15 pm- Meeting with Members of the editorial board of
6:45 pm
The Washington Post, Blair House. *
7:30 pm-
Dinner offered by Citizens Democracy Corps in
9:30 pm
honor of President Nazarbaev, Blair House.*
ANRCO
Overnight: Blair House.
CHEVRON
ADM
*Mrs. Nazarbaeva does not attend.
DRESSER
SCHNABEL
-9-
SUMMARY SCHEDULE
WEDNESDAY
MAY 20
Private Breakfast, Blair House.
9:00 am-
Meeting with the World Bank President Preston,
9:30 am
Blair House. *
GATES VISIT
11:30 am-
Meeting with Secretary of Agriculture Madigan,
12:00 pm
Blair House. *
12:15 pm-
Luncheon offered by Managing Director Camdessus,
2:00 pm
International Monetary Fund, IMF Building.*
3:00 pm-
Press Conference, National Press Club. *
4:00 pm
4:25 pm-
Bid. Farewell to Blair House Staff, Blair House.
4:30 pm
4:40 pm-
Farewell Ceremony with Chief of Protocol Weinmann
4:45 pm
and Farewell Committee, Pentagon Helicopter Pad,
Arlington, Virginia.
-10-
SUMMARY SCHEDULE
WEDNESDAY
MAY 20
(Continued)
4:45 pm-
United States Presidential Helicopters to Andrews
4:55 pm
Air Force Base, Maryland.
5:00 pm
His Excellency Nursultan Abishevich Nazarbaev,
President of the Republic of Kazakhstan, and Mrs.
Nazarbaeva depart Andrews Air Force Base via United
States Presidential Aircraft en route La Guardia
Airport, New York, New York.
-11-
Nazgubarp mtg Sit room 10:30 am 15 May 1992
flying commercial from (cazgukstan(:)
he is Muslim
no pork, shellfish & fish
wine to consumer
(arrive Kazana arroflat)
8 Kazahk FM in Harrisburg PA - - Changing @ bit
to get down here
Nuclear issues #1 item on agenda
location of treaty )
88-92
#
countrus gone demicratic
Freedom House
PRoffice
( 8 )
(Charles Brown)
SENT BY:Xerox Telecopier 7020 ; 5-14-92 ; 4:13PM ;
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UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF STATE
OFFICE OF INDEPENDENT STATES AND COMMONWEALTH AFFAIRS
Thursday, May 14, 1992
FAX MESSAGE
To:
Jeannie Bunton
Organization: White House
Fax Number: 202-456-6218
FROM:
EUR/ISCA - Doug Silliman
Phone Number: 202-647-6859
Fax Number: 202-647-3506
Pages:
cover +2
MESSAGE: Per your request, attached is the fact sheet on
Kazakhstan.
SENT BY:Xerox Telecopier 7020 ; 5-14-92 ; 4:13PM
2026473506->
2024566218:# 2
KAZAKHSTAN: FACT SHEET
President: Nursultan Nazarbayev
Prime Minister: Sergei Tereshchenko
Political Complexion: The Kazakh Parliament declared independence from the
USSR on December 16, the last republic (except Russia) to do SO. President
Nazarbayev and his staff now make decisions made before the failed coup by the
government bureaucracy and party central committee. Nazarbayev ran
unopposed and received 98% of the vote in a December 1 presidential election.
Some opposition politicians accused Nazarbayev supporters of hindering them
from collecting the signatures to get on the ballot. Kazakhstan has joined the
Commonwealth of Independent States, and became a member of the United
Nations on March 2, 1992.
Opposition: There are four recognized non-communist political parties and
numerous smaller interest or social groups. The Nevada-Semipalatinsk
anti-nuclear movement played an important role in the recent ban on nuclear
tests in the republic. The Kazakh Communist Party has renamed itself the
Socialist Party, but has severely reduced influence.
Key Trends/Issues: Commonwealth; nuclear test ban; Kazakhstan input in CIS
nuclear decisions; economic reform; environmental problems; Russian minority;
Islamic revival; attracting outside investment.
Economic Overview
Kazakhstan has a strong industrial base but a weak consumer goods industry.
Kazakhstan has abundant mineral resources (mineral oil, oil, natural gas, metals,
gold, coal) that provide the bulk of the republic's limited hard currency.
Population and Territory
Kazakhstan covers about 2.7 million square kilometers (about four times the size
of Texas). The capital of is Alma Ata. While Alma Ata proper is approximately
18% Kazakh, the surrounding oblast is about 50% Kazakh.
The population of Kazakhstan was 16.7 million in 1990, about 5.8% of the
population of the union. 39.7% are ethnic Kazakhs; 37.8% are Russians.
Germans, Ukrainians, and Koreans follow in number.
--
From 1979-1989, the Kazakh population grew at 3.5% annually while the
Russian population decreased by about 3%.
:
Most of the Russian population is found in the northern half of the country,
primarily in industrial centers. Relatively few Russians work in
agriculture.
I
83.1% of the population of Kazakhstan speak Russian fluently; 40% speak
Kazakh. Less than 1% of Russians are fluent in Kazakh.
SENT BY:Xerox Telecopier 7020 ; 5-14-92 ; 4:14PM ;
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2024566218:# 3
-2- .
Production
Oil Production in 1989 equaled 25 million metric tons, about 4% of total USSR oil
production.
Natural gas production in 1989 was 7 billion cubic meters; approximately 1% of
total USSR production.
1990 coal production was 138 million metric tons. In 1989, Kazakh coal
production was 19% of USSR production.
Iron-Ore production in 1989 was 24 million tons of usable ore. In 1990, iron-ore
production was approximately 10% of USSR production.
Per capita net output in Kazakhstan in 1988 was less than the average for the
whole union (74 where USSR = 100). By sector, this breaks out as follows (USSR
= 100):
Industry
44
Agriculture
111
Transportation/
117 Construction
104
Communications
Kazakhstan's net output was 4.3% of the USSR net output. By sector, this breaks
down as follows: (USSR = 100)
Industry
2.5% Agriculture
6.4%
Transportation/
6.7% Construction
6.0%
Communications
Republic share of total USSR output in key sectors, Average, 1986-1988:
Wool
22.8%
Grain
12.0%
Meat
7.5%
Distribution of Employment
Industry/Construction
31%
Agriculture/Forestry
23%
Health/Science/Education/Art
19%
Transportation/Communication 11%
Trade/Catering
8%
Other
8%
sesovca 29
05/14/92
16:24
202 647 2636
D/NISA
001/006
Karen -
These are draft fact
HUMANITARIAN ASSISTANCE TO KAZAKHSTAN
sheets for nazarbaer
The
humanitarian
assistance
deliveries
targeted
for
visit.
[[
Kazakhstan during Operation Provide Hope I amounted to 171.5
your
tons of food and 51.5 tons of medicines and medical supplies.
Comments
171.5
Operation Provide Hope I
51.5
please.
-- Alma-Ata:
28 tons of medical supplies, 34 tons of
Thanks,
food (4 missions)
--
Semipalatinsk: 17.5 tons of medical supplies and 143.5
tons of food, (3 missions)
CR
Under Provide Hope II, NATO will coordinate the movement of
approximately 120 tons of medical consumables and 500 tons
of food.
Operation Provide Hope II
-- Alma-Ata:
500 tons of food, 37 tons of medical
consumables.
-- Semipalatinsk: 37 tons of medical consumables.
Although the humanitarian aid is delivered to the cities
of Alma-Ata and Semipalatinsk, the final destination of
the aid is not necessarily in the city. It is often
distributed to outlying cities and regional oblasts.
Other Humanitarian Assistance: Private Voluntary Organizations
Project HOPE. Under the auspices of the Presidential
Medical Initiative, Project HOPE to date has delivered $1.9
million of pharmaceuticals and medical supplies to Alma-Ata
and the Aral Sea Region.
The Fund for Democracy and Development. The Fund is a not
for profit voluntary organization which has received
funding from the USG to facilitate and maximize the
transportation of privately donated humanitarian
assistance. The Fund has assisted numerous private
organization in the transportation of donated humanitarian
aid.
-- Mercy Corps International. This organization has
donated 80,000 pounds of nutritious granola cereal for
distribution to needy recipients in the Aral Sea
Region.
05/14/92 16:25
202 647 2636
D/NISA
002/006
-2-
-- Northern California Ecumenical Council, International
Humanitarian Services of San Fransisco. This
organization has donated 12 tons of medicines and
medical supplies to support the Bobek Children's
Charity in Alma-Ata.
Sister Cities International. The city of Waukesha,
Wisconsin has collected approximately 40,000 pounds of
hospital supplies, pharmaceuticals, foodstuffs, vitamins
and winter clothing for donation to its sister-city,
Kokchetav, Kazakhstan, for the Kokchetav Central Hospital.
05/14/92
16:25
202 647 2636
D/NISA
003/006
U.S. CREDIT GUARANTEES AND TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE
CCC Credits
President Bush recently announced an increase in the
availability of Commodity Credit Corporation credits guarantees
for the CIS. These credit guarantees will be made available
for the purchase of U.S. agricultural products for the
non-Russian newly independent states.
To ensure that Kazakhstan is eligible for such credit
guarantees, the USG is required by law to complete
creditworthiness evaluations.
Although the Kazakh Government has provided some banking
and financial data, we have requested more detailed
information in order to complete the evaluation.
Technical Assistance Programs Currently Funded and in Train
SABIT. (Special American Business Intern Training Program
managed by the Department of Commerce) SABIT is planning
a trip to Alma Ata in the ???? timeframe to interview and
select candidates for a 3 - 6 month management training
program in the U.S. 59 companies (requesting 98 interns)
responded to the first RFA under the expanded SABIT program.
IESC. (International Executive Services Corps). The first
IESC volunteers plan to arrive in Kazakhstan in ????.
Loaned Executives Program. USDA will place U.S.
agribusiness executives in Kazakhstan to work in Kazakh
enterprises this summer.
Energy Efficiency Program. An energy efficiency experts
team visited Kazakhstan in April and proposed an audit of
the Alma Ata District Heating System. A follow-up team is
in Alma Ata conducting the audit. Based on the results of
this audit, equipment will be installed (in the
August/September timeframe) to increase energy efficiency.
International Resident Housing Advisers Program. We will
place a resident housing adviser in Alma Ata by the end of
August. This advisor will be able to provide expertise to
private individuals and public sector institutions on the
development of a private sector housing market.
Rule of Law. The USG is in the process of finalizing a
program to bring judges and legal experts from Kazakhstan
to the U.S. this summer for training and seminars.
Public Policy Training. A USIA training program in the
U.S. for the Chief of Staff to the President of Kazakhstan
is scheduled to begin May 20.
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16:26
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NEW U.S. ASSISTANCE INITIATIVES
Currently, the USG is in the process of determining
specific program allocations -- both in terms of funding and
geographic location -- for the $85 million of technical
assistance already authorized. Although specifics have not yet
been determined, the following technical assistance programs
will be offered to Kazakhstan:
Developing Free Markets and Business Relations
Peace Corps. The Peace Corps plans to establish a 30
volunteer program by the end of the year. The program will
focus primarily on small business development and the
environment.
Eurasia Foundation. The Eurasia Foundation will provide a
forum for cultural exchange, learning, and provide a
mechanism for on-the-ground expertise in the areas of
management and privatization.
American Business Centers. We plan to establish a regional
business center where U.S. businessmen can come for advice
on local business opportunities, translation services, and
meeting facilities with the goal of facilitating expanded
commercial relations.
Farmer-to-Farmer Program. The farmer-to-farmer program
will provide opportunities for U.S. experts to give
hands-on expertise on western agribusiness methods.
Improving the Quality of Life
Health Care Partnerships. We will transfer American
medical knowledge and technology through the establishment
of hospital-to-hospital partnerships.
Coal Mine Safety Project. Through a USG-funded project,
the AFL-CIO will be providing assistance on coal mine
safety in the Karaganda Basin.
Developing Civil Society
Democratization. The USG is currently developing technical
assistance programs focused on civic education, public
administration, political party training, and the
development of independent media.
Legal Advisers. The USG will fund an American Bar
Association technical assistance program to provide legal
experts who can assist Kazakhstan in drafting
constitutional and other laws.
Public Policy Training. The USG will support long-term
sister-city linkages with local and regional governments in
Kazakhstan for the purpose of training government officials.
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- 2 -
Demilitarizing the Economy
Science and Technology Center. The USG has announced plans
and pledged $25 million to establish an International
Science and Technology Center in Moscow for the purpose of
employing highly skilled weapons scientists in projects
aimed at civilian use. Kazakh scientists will be able to
participate in the activities of the Center.
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Fact Sheets: Humanitarian/Technical Assistance to Kazakhstan
5/5/92 73099
Drafted: D/CISA: CRufenacht
Cleared: D/CISA: RArmitage
EUR/ISCA:JTefft
S/P: SHelsin
C:RWilson
P:CVanVoorst
D/SC: BGallucci
Dong Silliman
3:20pm
14 May 92
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608-266-1212
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PAGE 10
1ST STORY of Level 1 printed in FULL format.
Copyright 1992 News World Communications, Inc.
The Washington Times
May 12, 1992, Tuesday, Final Edition
SECTION: Part A; WORLD; Pg. A9
LENGTH: 668 words
HEADLINE: Muslim republics do deals alone
BYLINE: Gerald Nadler; THE WASHINGTON TIMES
DATELINE: MOSCOW
BODY:
MOSCOW Courted by Iran, Turkey and Pakistan, the former Soviet republics
of Muslim Central Asia stepped out as a bloc last weekend in a high-profile
summit along the Caspian Sea.
But the economic development of the five new nations is likely to be
achieved one at a time as each strikes bilateral deals with its Near East
suitors, rather than by a grand scheme such as reviving the Silk Road of ancient
times between Europe and China.
The two-day meeting in Ashkhabad, capital of Turkmenistan, brought together
the presidents and premiers of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan and
Uzbekistan with those of Pakistan, Iran and Turkey. Tajikistan, whose president
is fighting for his political life, did not attend.
Militating against any grand designs were the tense relations between
secular Turkey and Islamic fundamentalist Iran and the primitive infrastructure
of the former Soviet republics.
"Despite the public show, relations between Turkey and Iran are tense," an
official, requesting anonymity, told reporters in Ashkabad.
Yesterday, the Turkish delegation showed relief at the failure of a
suggestion by Turkmenistan for a pipeline to pump oil from Kazakhstan through
Iran to Europe.
"The last thing the Turks want is an Iranian hand on the stopcock that
controls its oil supplies," the anonymous official said.
A railway scheme that would link Istanbul and Beijing was delayed, and aid
plans for the ex-Soviet states were not discussed.
But no sooner had the summit ended than Iranian President Ali Akbar Hashemi
Rafsanjani and his Turkmen counterpart signed agreements at the airport for a
rail link between the two countries and a deal on fuel exports.
"We consider this a success," said Mohsen Nuorbakhsh, Iran's minister of
economics and finance.
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The Washington Times, May 12, 1992
Turkey, which has the strongest ethnic and language links with the ex-Soviet
Central Asian states, has already signed a deal to blanket the area - larger
than Europe - with Turkish-language television.
Turkey's Prime Minister Suleyman Demirel, who recently toured each of the
five ex-Soviet Central Asian states plus Azerbaijan, another Muslim ex-Soviet
republic closer to Iran and Turkey, has offered a $1.1 billion project for the
long-isolated region.
"Everyone has to take Turkey more seriously," Mr. Demirel said in Baku on
May 3.
Despite his assertive words, there are strong suspicions in the Muslim world
that Turkey is acting as a surrogate for the United States, which is thought to
be seeking influence in the suddenly awakening region.
Before Mr. Demirel's grand tour, U.S. Secretary of State James A. Baker
III visited each ex-Soviet Central Asian republic. Iranian envoys covered the
same ground.
For all the satisfaction American recognition gave the new states, Turkey is
still the nearest relative.
"We feel it our moral obligation to help them," Mr. Demirel said yesterday.
"We want to see them standing on their own feet."
Economic development will not be easy for the five new nations, crippled by
seven decades of central planning that treated them as semi-colonial
raw-material suppliers.
Uzbekistan's economy was based on cotton, mineral-rich Kazakhstan exported
its silver to Russia as well as its grain.
"Without communications, roads and rail connections, everything will stay on
the level of intentions, wishes and appeals," Kyrgyzstan President Askar Akayev
said of the summit's efforts.
Mr. Akayev, a noted physicist, was called back from Leningrad to run for
president of his homeland and swamped his communist opponent.
He and Kazakh President Nursultan Nazarbayev will lead the region's efforts
to attract foreign investment that will make it economically independent of
Russia.
Yuri Rostov, a commentator on Russian television, said Sunday: "We must
realize that the Central Asian states will be looking abroad more than they will
to Russia.'
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2ND STORY of Level 1 printed in FULL format.
Copyright 1992 News World Communications, Inc.
The Washington Times
May 11, 1992, Monday, Final Edition
SECTION: Part A; WORLD; Pg A10
LENGTH: 800 words
HEADLINE: Government forces kill 8 protesters ;
War looms as Muslims seek equity
BYLINE: Gerald Nadler; THE WASHINGTON TIMES
DATELINE: MOSCOW
BODY:
MOSCOW Security forces in Dushanbe, capital of Tajikistan, opened fire on
a crowd of anti-communists yesterday, killing eight and pushing the troubled
Central Asian republic closer to civil war, Tajik television reported.
The gunshots rang out from the roof of the KGB headquarters where President
Rakhmon Nabiyev has been staying since Thursday. The building was the apparent
destination of the mainly Muslim crowd.
Dushanbe's bloody Sunday was reminiscent of the January bloodshed in the
Caucasus republic of Georgia that preceded the ouster of President Zviad
Gamsakhurdia there.
Mr. Gamsakhurdia was overthrown by the nationalism he exploited but failed
to harness - which could be Mr. Nabiyev's fate.
In January, Mr. Nabiyev, the former communist leader of Tajikistan, stood
alongside U.S. Secretary James A. Baker III in Dushanbe and promised to
respect human rights to gain U.S. recognition of his country of 5 million
inhabitants bordering China and Afghanistan.
A six-week political confrontation with Islamic and democratic
anti-communists began shortly after Mr. Baker left.
The opposition occupied the central square in Dushanbe, in effect besieging
Mr. Nabiyev as it demanded a voice in government.
An apparent deal Saturday by Mr. Nabiyev to surrender some of his powers to
a "government of national unity" exploded into gunfire yesterday. Tajik
television said eight persons were killed and 12 were seriously wounded.
"The blood that has been spilled has closed the door to negotiations,"
Islamic Revival Party leader Davlat Uzmon told a news conference.
Mr. Uzmon said anarchy loomed, an even more ominous assessment than that
Friday by the newspaper Izvestia, which predicted a civil war.
"The republic is without authorities
Some problems are being decided.
Others, we cannot decide," Mr. Uzmon declared yesterday.
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The Washington Times, May 11, 1992
Because Tajikistan borders war-torn Afghanistan - now ruled by an Islamic
interim government - and ethnic Tajiks live in both countries, only the forces
of the former Soviet Union can prevent the movement of weapons northward into
the potential powderkeg of Tajikistan.
The BBC reported that two armored personnel carriers of the Commonwealth of
Independent States (CIS), nominal successor of the U.S.S.R., appeared in the
central square in Dushanbe but did not intervene.
The bloodshed threw a pall over a weekend summit in Ashkhabad, capital of
western neighbor Turkmenistan, by the five former Soviet republics of Central
Asia seeking a loose unity to attract investments from Turkey and Iran, which
are vying for influence in the region.
Mr. Nabiyev, elected president last year amid charges of ballot rigging,
was blamed by the opposition leader Shodman Yusupov for using force to counter
resistance to his rule.
"We managed to drag the president into the meeting [Saturday]," said Mr.
Yusupov. "But he behaved as if nothing had happened."
Long mere suppliers of raw materials to the former Soviet Union, the five
Central Asian republics found themselves cut adrift after the collapse of the
U.S.S.R. in December and the creation of the C.I.S. by three much larger
Slavic republics.
Kazakhstan's President Nursultan Nazarbayev managed to bring the five
largely Islamic states into the C.I.S. as "founding members," but they have
been seeking new non-Russian orientation ever since.
Tajikistan has not been able to keep its bearings because of political
instability, while the other four - Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzia, Turkmenistan and
Uzbekistan - have been busy seeking foreign investors.
To prevent Nabiyev loyalists and the Islamic opposition from obtaining
weapons, C.I.S. forces have mined approaches to their arms depots, according to
Col. Vyacheslav Zabolotny, C.I.S. local commander.
Besides its political divisions, Tajikistan faces the danger of geographic
partition because Uzbeks make up a fifth of the population and Tajiks
four-fifths.
"We have received alarming reports that some people are trying to stir up
conflicts between Tajiks and Uzbeks," Tajik television said.
Should Mr. Nabiyev be driven from power, as seems possible after
yesterday's bloodshed, he would share the fate of Mr. Gamsakhurdia and
Azerbaijan's Ayaz Mutalibov - leaders elected on nationalist platforms who were
overthrown by the very forces they encouraged.
Mr. Mutalibov was a former communist leader like Mr. Nabiyev, while Mr.
Gamsakhurdia was an anti-communist who was accused of abusing the power he was
given. He was replaced as leader by former Soviet Foreign Minister Eduard
Shevardnadze, a native son who had earlier been Georgia's Communist Party boss.
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The Washington Times, May 11, 1992
GRAPHIC: Photo (color), Demonstrators demand the resignation of the president in
Dushanbe, Tajikistan, yesterday, where the Islamic opposition wants to share
power., By AP
®
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6TH STORY of Level 1 printed in FULL format.
Copyright 1992 The Washington Post
The Washington Post
May 7, 1992, Thursday, Final Edition
SECTION: FIRST SECTION; PAGE A1
LENGTH: 921 words
HEADLINE: Ukraine Agrees To Eliminate Nuclear Arms;
START Deal Reached By Bush, Kravchuk
SERIES: Occasional
BYLINE: Don Oberdorfer, Washington Post Staff Writer
BODY:
President Bush and Ukrainian President Leonid Kravchuk reached agreement
yesterday on Ukraine's adherence to the 1991 Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty
(START) and the elimination of all remaining nuclear weapons on its soil before
the end of the decade, the two leaders announced.
Appearing with Kravchuk in the White House East Room, Bush said more work
must be done to complete parallel U.S. agreements on the START treaty with
Russia, Belarus and Kazakhstan, the other three nuclear-armed states of the
former Soviet Union. Bush said Secretary of State James A. Baker III may be
traveling soon to resolve the remaining differences, which stand in the way of
Senate ratification of the landmark treaty signed last year by the United States
and the Soviet Union.
While declining to provide specific U.S. guarantees of Ukrainian security as
Kravchuk desired, Bush signed three economic or assistance accords and arranged
many visible displays of hospitality ranging from the full-dress signing
ceremony and joint news conference to a 21-gun salute at the Pentagon and a
90-minute visit by the two presidents to Bush's Camp David retreat in the
Catoctin mountains.
Administration officials said the text of a protocol to the START treaty
worked out with Kravchuk would be submitted to the other nuclear-armed former
Soviet states. The most difficult remaining problem, some officials said, is
likely to be Kazakh President Nursultan Nazarbayev, who said in an interview
Tuesday he is still seeking U.S. security guarantees in return for giving up
nuclear weapons on his territory.
Kravchuk also submitted a letter to Bush spelling out further details of
Ukraine's intention to be a nation free of nuclear weapons, officials said.
With Bush standing by, Kravchuk said that all tactical nuclear weapons on
Ukrainian soil will be transferred to Russia for dismantling by July 1. However,
he disputed a report in Moscow by Lt. Gen. Sergei Zelentsov, deputy chief of
administration for the armed forces of the Commonwealth of Independent States,
that the final trainload of short-range weapons had crossed the border into
Russia Tuesday night. Zelentsov also said that the remaining short-range nuclear
weapons from other former Soviet republics have now been removed to Russian
territory, where they await dismantlement along with the entire Russian
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The Washington Post, May 7, 1992
short-range nuclear arsenal.
A written statement issued in the names of Bush and Kravchuk late yesterday
committed Ukraine to renounce nuclear weapons and join the Nuclear
Nonproliferation Treaty as a nonnuclear-weapons state "at the earliest possible
time." The statement also committed Ukraine to remove from its soil all
strategic nuclear weapons in the next seven years.
About 1,600 strategic nuclear warheads are located in Ukraine, making it
potentially the largest nuclear weapons power in the world after the United
States and Russia, though all are believed to be under tight control of
commonwealth or Russian military forces.
In his East Room appearance, Kravchuk said "there is a problem for security
for Ukraine" because of its heavily armed neighbor, Russia, and said he would
continue to ask "the international community" to provide guarantees of Ukrainian
national security "in case there is a possible threat." He was bitterly critical
of Russian Vice President Alexander Rutskoi for encouraging separatist sentiment
during a visit last month to Crimea. The Crimean legislature voted Tuesday to
declare independence from Ukraine, then hedged yesterday.
Administration officials said no U.S. guarantees of Ukrainian security were
provided to Kravchuk, but that he was told the best security guarantees would be
full Ukrainian integration into the global economy and western economic and
political institutions.
In the East Room ceremony, Bush and Kravchuk signed a U.S.-Ukraine Trade
Agreement, which will be the basis for most-favored-nation tariff treatment to
products of the two countries, and an agreement permitting the U.S. Overseas
Private Investment Corp. (OPIC) to guarantee U.S. private investments in that
country. They also signed an agreement establishing a Peace Corps presence in
Ukraine. The White House announced a variety of additional U.S. technical
assistance programs for Ukraine.
"In our intensive and successful talks today," declared Bush, he and Kravchuk
agreed that "the United States and Ukraine should be not just friends, but
partners.' He added that "the United States will stand beside a democratic
Ukraine."
Kravchuk, for his part, praised the development of "friendly and equal
relations" between the nations. "Ukraine is a young state and it will have to go
along a very difficult road," said the Ukrainian leader, pledging to take the
route of adherence to "general human values."
Many of the special gestures provided by the administration to Kravchuk were
intended to reassure Ukraine that the newly independent state of 53 million
people, one of the most populous in Europe, will be treated as a nation in its
own right and not through the prism of Russia, which dominated Ukraine through
the communist rule of the Soviet Union for more than 70 years.
Ukrainians had been particularly irritated at Bush's speech last Aug. 1 in
their capital, Kiev, which backed the drive of Soviet President Mikhail
Gorbachev to keep the Soviet Union together. Kravchuk made no mention of the
offending speech yesterday, White House officials said.
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The Washington Post, May 7, 1992
Correspondent Margaret Shapiro in Moscow contributed to this report.
GRAPHIC: PHOTO, UKRAINIAN PRESIDENT LEONID KRAVCHUK AND PRESIDENT BUSH AT WHITE
HOUSE SIGNING OF ECONOMIC ACCORDS TO AID UKRAINE. JOEL RICHARDSON
TYPE: FOREIGN NEWS
SUBJECT: GOVERNMENT SUMMITS AND CONFERENCES; FOREIGN HEADS OF STATE; NUCLEAR
WEAPONS; ARMS CONTROL AND DISARMAMENT
ORGANIZATION: UKRAINE; STRATEGIC ARMS REDUCTION TREATY; RUSSIA; KAZAKHSTAN
NAMED-PERSONS: LEONID KRAVCHUCK; GEORGE BUSH; JAMES A. BAKER III; NURSULTAN
NAZARBAYEV
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7TH STORY of Level 1 printed in FULL format.
Copyright 1992 The Times Mirror Company
Los Angeles Times
May 6, 1992, Wednesday, Home Edition
SECTION: Part A; Page 20; Column 1; Foreign Desk
LENGTH: 635 words
HEADLINE: U.S. TO PRESS UKRAINIAN ON NUCLEAR ISSUE
BYLINE: By DOYLE McMANUS, TIMES STAFF WRITER
DATELINE: WASHINGTON
BODY:
Last December, as the Soviet Union was disintegrating, Secretary of State
James A. Baker III rushed to the capitals of Ukraine, Kazakhstan and Belarus
to win promises that they would quietly give up their nuclear weapons --- thus
heading off an arms race with their giant neighbor, Russia.
The promises haven't held. In the months since, Ukraine and Kazakhstan have
added troublesome conditions to their pledges to destroy their nuclear arsenals
or turn them over to Russia.
As a result, as Ukrainian President Leonid Kravchuk arrived Tuesday for his
first-ever summit meeting with the United States, U.S. officials prepared for
tough talks on the nuclear issue -- instead of the celebration of U.S.-Ukrainian
friendship they hoped for.
"Obviously, we are concerned
(about) potentially three new nuclear
states, with our whole emphasis in this Administration on proliferation," State
Department spokeswoman Margaret Tutwiler said Tuesday.
"We think it's very important to nail down an understanding on that issue," a
senior official said. "We think it would be very important for the world to have
a country start out with nuclear weapons and give them up voluntarily.
But
we aren't there yet."
President Bush and his aides planned to show Kravchuk a good time during his
two days in Washington, including a Pentagon welcoming ceremony and a visit to
the presidential retreat at Camp David designed to convince the Ukrainian that
Bush values his friendship as much as that of Russian President Boris N.
Yeltsin, who had lunch at Camp David in February.
"We want Kravchuk to come away with a sense that he has a personal
relationship with George Bush," the official said.
"In the early months of this year
we were not sufficiently attentive to
the needs of a new, independent Ukraine," another official confessed. "We want .
Ukrainians to understand that we are serious now in dealing with them
directly," instead of favoring their traditional adversaries, the Russians.
But the relationship must first get past the nuclear issue -- and both sides
have strong feelings.
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Los Angeles Times, May 6, 1992
Kravchuk, a Communist-turned-nationalist, still says he plans to get rid of
Ukraine's nuclear weapons. But his nation of 52 million people is nervous about
living next door to a nuclear-armed Russia; the two countries have been feuding
over who owns the Crimea, the Black Sea peninsula that was given to Ukraine in
1954 even though most of its inhabitants are ethnic Russians.
So, in the past few weeks, Kravchuk began demanding formal "security
guarantees" from the West -- pledges that the United States and other countries
would come to his aid if Russia tried to seize the Crimea. Bush and Baker
rebuffed that request, telling the Ukrainians that the only way they could gain
real security was to work out solid ties with the West and what one official
called "a mature relationship with Russia."
Ukraine, along with Kazakhstan and Belarus, has also demanded that it be
added to the Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty, which the United States and the
Soviet Union signed last year. U.S. officials oppose that idea because it would
complicate the treaty --- and, worse, might imply that the three retain the right
to be nuclear powers.
As late as last week, U.S. officials thought they had Kravchuk's agreement to
a deal under which Ukraine, Kazakhstan, Belarus and Russia would all sign an
agreement binding each other to observe the terms of the treaty. But then
Kravchuk raised new demands, one official said, including a timetable for
further reductions in Russia's weaponry.
Tutwiler said Baker has been negotiating by phone with the republics'
leaders "at a pretty steady clip" for several weeks, "some days as many as three
or four of them." But she admitted his efforts have not succeeded.
SUBJECT: UNITED STATES -- FOREIGN RELATIONS -- UKRAINE; NUCLEAR WEAPONS -
UKRAINE; OFFICIAL VISITS - UNITED STATES; KRAVCHUK, LEONID M
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Copyright 1991 The New York Times Company
The New York Times
December 22, 1991, Sunday, Late Edition - Final
SECTION: Section 1; Part 1; Page 1; Column 5; Foreign Desk
LENGTH: 1486 words
HEADLINE: THE END OF THE SOVIET UNION;
Baker Doubtful Commonwealth Will Last Long
BYLINE: By THOMAS L. FRIEDMAN, Special to The New York Times
DATELINE: BRUSSELS, Dec. 21
BODY:
After a week of visiting the crumbling Soviet Union, Secretary of State James
A. Baker 3d left believing that the republics' new commonwealth has little
chance of long-term survival, and that Washington will soon be dealing with a
dozen independent states with different policies and varied prospects for
success.
By that view, the former Soviet republics are now so enamored of the idea of
independence that they cannot work together for long in a meaningful
commonwealth, with joint economic and military policies, until they feel the
real costs of coming apart.
That assessment was given to reporters traveling with Mr. Baker as he
prepared to return to the United States today to brief President Bush on his
visit to Russia, Kirghizia, Kazakhstan, Byelorussia and Ukraine - all of which
will probably be recognized by Washington before the end of the year.
Brittle Commonwealth
Summing up Mr. Baker's overall impressions, reporters were told: "Whether
there is a commonwealth or not, we are going to end up dealing with sovereign,
independent nations. Instead of dealing with one foreign minister, it might well
end up being 12."
"The richness of our relationships will depend from republic to republic on
the degree to which they embrace democracy and free markets" as well as the
republics' fulfilling their assurances to the United States on nuclear security,
an official said.
The "only thing that is for sure," reporters with Mr. Baker were told, "is
that you should have gone out and bought some Rand McNally stock some time ago"
-- referring to the map company, which must revise its publications.
Mr. Baker's visit, destined to be the last by an American Secretary of State
to the Soviet Union, was a bizarre journey in many ways, turning up a few clues
from three scenes in particular.
The first scene could be called sauna diplomacy.
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The New York Times, December 22, 1991
Last Wednesday, Mr. Baker visited Kazakhstan, near the border with China.
As he was meeting there with President Nursultan A. Nazarbayev, the Kazakh
leader suggested that he and Mr. Baker get away from the conference table for a
more informal chat - in his sauna.
So at 1:30 A.M. the two men drove up to a villa in the mountains, stripped
naked, and, with a State Department interpreter in tow, retreated into the
sauna. There, as the snow fell heavily outside, the Kazakh from the steppes of
Central Asia and the Texan from Houston, discussed the fate of the Soviet Union
until almost 3 A.M.
Earlier in the day, while Mr. Baker was visiting Bishkek, the capital of
Kirghizia, the President of that republic dressed Mr. Baker in a multicolored
Kirghiz robe and hat, so he could get a better feel for the local color.
And Mr. Baker did see a lot of local color. In fact, if he drew one
conclusion from his trip, it was that the United States is going to have to deal
with a lot of different local colors - probably too many -- from now on.
Mr. Baker concluded that forces pulling the Soviet Union apart are so strong
that the individual republics will soon be pursuing their own homemade economic
policies -- with their own currencies, degrees of free-market drive and possibly
protectionist practices.
Republics like Ukraine, Kazakhstan and Kirghizia, which are rich in natural
resources, have quick-footed leaders eager to cut deals with Western businesses,
and relatively homogeneous populations. But the prospects are less clear for
republics like Russia, which has a high potential for infighting among the
leadership and 100 ethnic minorities that could pull the republic apart further
from within.
In fact, reporters were told that Mr. Baker left Russia feeling that "things
have broken down there -- everything has broken down." The distribution system
has collapsed, middle-class families are having to forage for food and crime is
rampant. Without emergency food shipments, officials said, social unrest is
likely in the cities before the winter is out.
If the West is lucky, reporters were told, the commonwealth will be able to
maintain at least a common defense policy that will allow for a single, unified
command over nuclear weapons until they can be dismantled in every republic
except Russia. But even that remains questionable.
Toeing U.S. Line
Another scene could be called the pro-American competition.
Wherever Mr. Baker went on this trip, leaders seemed to be competing to see
who could seem the most pro-American, pro-democratic and pro-capitalist.
President Nazarbayev of Kazakhstan told Mr. Baker that he now keeps a copy of
the "Baker five principles," in the top drawer of this desk. Those principles
were laid out by Mr. Baker as a sort of informal yardstick for United States
relations with the newly independent republics. They are very general principles
-- things like "we support democracy and the rule of law" and "the safeguarding
of human rights."
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The leader who managed to seem most pro-American was Askar A. Akayev,
President of Kirghizia, who said at his news conference in Bishkek with Mr.
Baker: "I think if one looks at the memorable speech of the Secretary of State
that he gave on Dec. 12 at Princeton and those principles which he enunciated
there, and also the fact that the United States has taken a leadership position
in not only implementing those principles but also in all the programs and aid
that the United States is heading up, this will give us an opportunity to make
this transition thanks to the United States."
Those extraordinary displays by former Soviet officials were at once
encouraging and disconcerting to the Baker party. They were encouraging because
the values the leaders were espousing were Western values instead of worn-out
Marxist ones, but they were worrisome because some of the performances seemed as
thin and empty as the apocryphal "Potemkin villages" the Russian field marshal
supposedly built along the route of Catherine the Great's tour of the Crimea to
impress her.
Mr. Baker had a news conference in Kiev with President Leonid M. Kravchuk,
during which Mr. Kravchuk seemed to say everything Mr. Baker wanted to hear.
Later, Dora Chomiak, a recent Princeton University graduate who has been working
in Kiev, commented on the coverage of the Baker visit by American
correspondents.
"It's pretty funny," said Miss Chomiak, who works for the Ukrainian-American
Renaissance Foundation. "I mean, I hear you reporting that Kravchuk promised
this and Kravchuk said that, and I have to tell you he says a lot of things that
the people want to hear, but a lot of it never gets done. Or when it does, it's
sort of slapped together. Right after Kravchuk signed the first commonwealth
agreement in Brest, he came back to the Parliament here to get it ratified and
it was really a farce. I mean, they didn't debate it. Half the members didn't
even know what they were voting on."
A third scene could be called Greetings and Farewells.
When Mr. Baker's delegation got word that President Boris N. Yeltsin of
Russia intended to meet them for the first time ever in the Kremlin, seated in
the same room, at the same table and in the same chair in which President
Gorbachev used to meet them, they bristled. They saw it as a crude attempt by
Mr. Yeltsin to rub Mr. Gorbachey's nose in his political defeat. When Mr. Baker
shook hands with Mr. Yeltsin that day in Catherine's hall, he looked stiff and
uncomfortable.
Eight hours later, Mr. Baker was holding a news conference with Foreign
Minister Eduard A. Shevardnadze. It was an emotional scene as they met in the
building where they had done so much business together. Mr. Shevardnadze
bear-hugged several members of Mr. Baker's staff when they left. Mr. Baker kept
calling him "my friend and colleague."
Why will Mr. Baker miss Mr. Shevardnadze? Reporters traveling with the Baker
party were told: "I will miss him because he was a man of great integrity" and
because "he's a very reasonable, rational person."
American officials don't like Mr. Yeltsin. In part it is because they believe
he is less predictable than Mr. Gorbachev and in part because he did in their
friends. The terms they use to describe him are: "crude," "populist,"
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"peasant-like," "impulsive."
"By the end," said an American official, "Baker could deal with Shevardnadze
as though he were an allied foreign minister. Yeltsin is more gruff, feisty,
rude. Even though we like his politics more, we still find the man off-putting.
The way he drove the final nails into the coffins of Gorbachev and Shevardnadze,
with such alacrity, made us all shudder."
The "funny thing" is, though, the official said, "Yeltsin was always closer
to our ideas of what needed to be done inside the Soviet Union than Shevardnadze
or Gorbachev. He was actually listening while we were lecturing and the other
guys were not. But it was like in deposing Gorbachev he deposed our friends, and
it is going to take time to get over that."
SUBJECT: UNITED STATES INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS; ECONOMIC CONDITIONS AND TRENDS
ORGANIZATION: COMMONWEALTH OF INDEPENDENT STATES
NAME: BAKER, JAMES A 3D (SEC)
GEOGRAPHIC: UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS (USSR)
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4TH STORY of Level 1 printed in FULL format.
Copyright (c) 1991 Gannett Company Inc.
USA TODAY
September 9, 1991, Monday, FINAL EDITION
SECTION: NEWS; Pg. 2A
LENGTH: 455 words
HEADLINE: Kazakh leader not flashy, but effective
BYLINE: Sharen Shaw Johnson
KEYWORD: NURSULTAN NAZARBAYEV: AGE USSR REPUBLIC: KAZAKHSTAN
BODY:
Nursultan Nazarbayev is no Boris Yeltsin.
Nazarbayev (NAH-zer-b'EV), 50, president of Kazakhstan, has drawn world
attention as the third Soviet leader who helped remake the union last week.
And he'll gain more of the spotlight when Secretary of State James Baker
visits Kazakhstan on Sunday.
Duke University's Stefan Pugh, a Soviet expert visiting London, says that in
that city, Nazarbayev ''is being talked about as No. 3 or even
No. 2 man'' in the Soviet Union.
Yet 'charismatic he's not,'' says Kazakhstan expert Martha Brill Olcott of
Colgate University. When Nazarbayev read to his congress the troika's plan to do
nothing less than remake the nation, his voice kindly could have been called
unemotional. Body language? Think of someone reading aloud a tractor production
report.
Says Al Lehn, Senate Minority Leader RobertDole's foreign policy expert: ''He
would never jump on a tank.
If he did - as Yeltsin did in the thick of the coup attempt - his tie
wouldn't be askew. The precisely groomed Nazarbayev is more logical and
pragmatic than passionate and ideological, ''a classic career politician,
Olcott says.
He ran a blast furnace in the 1960s, but ' 'he didn't smelt for very long,'
she says. ''He went into party work. It's much better to lead a party committee
than to spend July smelting.
He also studied mining engineering at night, by mail: ''He needed a degree to
get anywhere in the party.
His official biography lists increasingly important party jobs up to his
current one - the presidency of an area four times the size of California, whose
abundant resources include the world's largest oil strike of the past decade.
His ''primary orientation, says Olcott, ''is not political reform but
economic change.'
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- His top economic adviser, Chan Ian Beng, came from San Francisco..
- He oversaw passage of the Soviet Union's most far-reaching law to privatize
industry.
- His first trip to the USA, in 1990, was to try to drum up business for his
cash-poor republic. Says Lehn: ''He struck you as more determined and practical
than brilliant.'
Nazarbayev was among the first to fight the coup - perhaps the Soviet version
of the ultimate good career move.
' ' And he's really cautious not to become personalized, says Olcott. If he
doesn't like broccoli, it's between him and his chef. ''For most Kazakhs, he's
heroic - monumental - - but he doesn't project as human.
Well, sometimes he projects as very human.
There was a scandal this summer,' says Olcott: a report Nazarbayev would
skip Soviet resorts and vacation in Greece. ''He just said it was for rest and
healing, that he has a very hard job and needed a break.' And scandal or not,
Off he went to Greece.''
GRAPHIC: GRAPHIC; b/w, USA TODAY (Map, Kazakhstan, USSR); PHOTO; b/w, AP
CUTLINE: NAZARBAYEV: With Boris Yeltsin and Mikhail Gorbachev, he helped remake
the Soviet Union.
TYPE: Newsmakers
SUBJECT: USSR; OFFICIAL; PROFILE
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1ST STORY of Level 1 printed in FULL format.
Copyright 1990 The Washington Post
The Washington Post
December 23, 1990, Sunday, Final Edition
SECTION: OUTLOOK; PAGE C1
LENGTH: 1945 words
HEADLINE: Gorbachev Alone: Now He Must Turn To His Foes
SERIES: Occasional
BYLINE: Jim Hoagland
BODY:
SUDDENLY BEREFT of allies, Mikhail Gorbachev must decide which of his enemies
to call on to save the Soviet Union and his reform program of perestroika.
Eduard Shevardnadze's sudden flight from his side forces Gorbachev to focus on
that unwelcome choice.
Gorbachev's effort to reform Soviet society through reason and example has
exploded into open war for power and resources at virtually every level of
Soviet life. The system has transformed itself so thoroughly under perestroika
that it has now lurched out of Gorbachev's control. Everything seems up for
grabs, and everyone is grabbing.
Gorbachev has sought to stand above the competing power centers he has
leashed or unleashed -- the disgruntled army and secret police, the rebellious
republics, the democratic reformers set on destroying the Soviet Communist Party
that still underpins Gorbachev's rule. Playing these forces off against each
other has been one of Gorbachey's favored tactics in his nearly six years in
power.
But Shevardnadze's surprise resignation as foreign minister is a sharp slap
in the face for Gorbachev, a scream intended to wake the Soviet president up to
the reality that events have overtaken that tactical approach to governance. The
silver-haired Georgian made it clear in his emotional resignation speech that it
was the infighting around him -- -- and Gorbachev's failure to stop it - that
drove him out of the Kremlin.
The stakes involved in the power struggle in the Soviet Union have expanded
dramatically in the past six months. The important fight is no longer at the
center, between the Communist Party ideologues and those Shevardnadze hailed in
his speech as "comrade democrats". The reformers have basically won that battle,
bringing to Moscow a freedom of speech, association and market activity that
would have been unthinkable even a year ago. In Moscow last week, it seemed at
times that criticizing the Soviet president has become a form of social greeting
like asking how the family is. Getting through that ritual permitted
conversation to proceed to other matters.
Intellectuals, middle-level officials and journalists I spoke with in the
Soviet capital indicated by both word and deed that the civil society that has
come into being in the Soviet Union with encouragement from Gorbachev no longer
looks to the authorities for guidance, much less permission, on political or
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artistic activity. A crackdown on Shevardnadze's "comrade democrats" would serve
no useful purpose for Gorbachev or any other Soviet leader.
"There is no way to put the genie back in the bottle even if we wanted to,"
said Valentin Falin, the head of the international department of the Communist
Party's once powerful but now floundering Central Committee. "Any attempt to
recreate in any form the totalitarianism of the Stalin era would spell the end
of the Soviet Union, the end of life as it is lived in one-sixth of the world's
territory."
Falin's hyperbolic prediction underlines that the struggle today is the stuff
of civil war, not simple ideological confrontation should events spin out of
control.
Things have gone 50 badly for Gorbachev at home in this year of his Nobelity
abroad that he now faces a stark choice: turning to his enemies in the army and
KGB to make war on the rebellious republics if they continue to flout his
authority, or making peace with those republics. That means making peace with
his Russian rival, Boris Yeltsin. For the main battle today is between the
central government in the Kremlin and the republics that want to dismantle the
sprawling multinational state welded together by ethnic Russian ambition and
Marxist ideology. All of the other conflicts - the personal rivalries for
power, the struggle over the economy between collectivists and entrepreneurs,
the other ideological clashes - are now bound together in the showdown over the
territorial carving up of the historic Russian Empire.
That empire was formally converted by treaty into the Soviet Union in 1922,
creating a single state that covers 11 of the world's 24 time zones. It
encompasses 128 officially recognized national groups that historically have
been as likely to hate each other as to be good neighbors. Tightly ruled by the
Kremlin, this state was delineated into 15 republics with theoretical
sovereignty over their own affairs and their dealings with the outside world.
The political and economic openings offered by perestroika and the relaxation
of internal control based on terror have fanned the flames of nationalism
through these republics. But Gorbachev has been reluctant to acknowledge how
rapidly the fire has spread and how brightly it is burning, from the Baltic
republics of Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia to Shevardnadze's native Georgia.
Three years ago a small group of Gorbachev's closest advisers prepared for
him a plan that extended political and economic concessions to the Baltic
republics that they hoped would win the support of the local political leaders
for perestroika. The plan held out the possibility of an orderly, if distant,
accession to independence for the three states.
"Gorbachev indicated that he understood and agreed with the plan," one of the
advisers told an American friend recently. "But then he did nothing to make it
happen. Now the Baltics are in revolt, and we wind up inheriting the worst of
all consequences."
The Gorbachev group "has lost the initiative in the democratization process
which it had itself triggered," says Andranik Migranyan, a political scientist.
"The center has lost the possibility to influence these new structures."
Shevardnadze's resignation speech, while not mentioning the nationalities
question, exudes the same sense that Gorbachev lags behind events and risks
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being overwhelmed by them. Referring to attacks on himself from hardline members
of the Congress of People's Deputy and a maneuver by one of Gorbachev's top
lieutenants, Anatoly Lukyanov, that undermined the foreign minister's authority,
Shevardnadze demanded: "Why is no one rebuffing them?"
The struggle over the pace of economic reform has now moved outside the
Kremlin and fused with the revolt of the republics. The Baltic example has
inspired others to decree their own rules of free market activity and ownership
at the republic level. The most far-reaching and important changes have come,
not surprisingly, in the biggest, richest and most advanced republic, the
Russian Federation, which is headed by Yeltsin.
"We now have sovereign republics, and only the republics have the resources
to allocate to make economic reform work," said Stanislav Shatalin, a member of
Gorbachev's Presidential Council and until recently one of his top economic
advisers. "The Soviet Union should stay integrated economically. But the
republics can bring market reform into existence, while the center does not seem
to be capable of doing it."
"The Russian parliament is not asking Gorbachev's permission to conduct
economic reform," says Andrei Fedorov, the Russian Federation's deputy foreign
minister. "There will be no all-union economic reform, since conditions vary so
much from republic to republic. Privatization in Moscow will be different than
privatization in the Central Asian republics, and we will get on with it."
Fedorov, 35, is one of a number bright young professionals who have bet their
futures by moving from the center to the new republican governments in recent
months. Previously a staff member of the Central Committee, he now serves under
Andrei Kozyrev, who left a senior position at Shevardnadze's ministry to head
Yeltsin's foreign ministry. Gorbachev has responded to the direct challenge
presented by the laws the republics have passed and the economic agreements they
are making among themselves by riding two horses at once. Characteristically, he
hops from one to the other as circumstances require. He has flashed an iron fist
at the republics with menacing speeches and the appointment of law and order
figures at the top of the Ministry of Interior. At the same time, he has sought
to WOO some of the key republican leaders with jobs, honors and trips abroad,
and has promised flexible arrangments in the new union treaty he wants to sign
with them.
Diplomatic sources have firm reason to believe that Gorbachev offered the new
post of Soviet vice president to Kazakstan's popular president, Nursultan
Nazarbayev, but was turned down. Nazarbayev is said to have concluded that he
would wield less real power at the center than he would as the head of his
relatively prosperous republic which, despite Gorbachev's efforts, is
increasingly pulling away from the center.
Gorbachev, determined to have a non-Russian in the post, then fastened on his
Georgian ally Shevardnadze for the vice president's job despite the foreign
minister's public request not to be considered for the job. By design or
otherwise, Shevardnadze's resignation preempted Gorbachev's plan and establishes
Shevardnadze's credibility and independence should he seek a future in Georgian
politics.
Probably more to the point, the exit separates him from the central
government if a violent crackdown is on the way. The heavy emphasis Gorbachev
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placed on law and order in his speech last Monday in opening the Congress of
People's Deputies raised fears even among those who believe he is opposed to
violence.
"Gorbachev's record is that he gives a tough speech to placate his hardline
opponents and then turns on them when they are off guard and reduces their
powers," said a senior Western diplomat. "But how many times can he bluff and
get away with it? His margin for such maneuver is dwindling."
Shevardnadze seems to believe there is still time to prevent Gorbachev from
adopting the iron-fist option and that the core republics of the Soviet Union
can be kept together. Interestingly enough, Yeltsin and his lieutenants appear
to believe the same thing. They stress that they seek no confrontation with
Gorbachev now and that Russia will not leave the union.
"Yeltsin's interest is to try to reduce the power of the center but not to
gut it. It would not be popular in Russia to be the cause of the collapse of the
union. And some day he sees himself getting those powers, as the successor to
Gorbachev," says a Western diplomat. "He will bide his time, build support and
make whatever deals with Gorbachev are in his interest."
Adds Fedorov, Yeltsin's deputy foreign minister: "There will be no open
confrontation. We seek consultation and cooperation instead. The time of change
from the top has gone. We will pursue change at the republican level. But I
suppose there could eventually be something like a coalition government with
central and republican features." Despite their bitter feuding and rivalry of
the past three years, Gorbachev and Yeltsin hold the key to each other's
survival as Soviet politics implode. With Shevardnadze out in protest and
Gorbachev's other key ally, Alexander Yakovlev, in mysterious eclipse, the
Soviet president must take political allies where he can find them.
Shevardnadze's shock treatment means that Gorbachev must now consider forming
a government of national salvation, which would bring Yeltsin and other
reformers into a Gorbachev-headed regime. Such a government could demand the
general sacrifice it will take to bring market reforms into the Soviet economy
and could credibly negotiate a new union treaty with the republics. There may be
no other safe path away from the brink on which Gorbachev now balances.
Jim Hoagland, associate editor and chief foreign correspondent for The
Washington Post, returned last week from a trip to Moscow.
GRAPHIC: ILLUSTRATION
TYPE: FEATURE, FOREIGN NEWS
SUBJECT: U.S.S.R.; POLITICS; FOREIGN GOVERNMENTS; ARMED FORCES; FOREIGN HEADS OF
STATE
NAMED-PERSONS: MIKHAIL GORBACHEV; EDUARD SHEVARDNADZE
LEXIS'NEXIS LEXIS'NEXIS
A12 MONDAY, MAY 18, 1992
THE WASHINGTON POST
WORLD NEWS
Kazakh Leader Emerges
As Key Ex-Soviet Figure
Nazarbayev Embarks on Creation of Linchpin Nation
By Michael Dobbs
gence are not in question. But for all his good
Washington Post Foreign Service
intentions, Nazarbayev is a product of the cen-
tralized bureaucratic system that continues to
ALMA-ATA, Kazakhstan-The leader of
hold sway in Kazakhstan despite the facade of
one of the world's youngest nations-a coun-
democracy. He is surrounded by old-line com-
try four times the size of Texas and bristling
munist apparatchiks and industrial managers
with more than a thousand long-range nuclear
who are not easily replaced.
warheads-was putting the finishing touches
"Kazakhstan has a lot going for it-huge nat-
on a new draft constitution.
ural resources, a popular president, political
"This will be completely unlike the Soviet
stability," said Chan Y. Bang, a Korean-Amer-
constitution," said Kazakh President Nursultan
ican economist called in to advise Nazarbayev
Nazarbayev, a former Communist Party chief-
on the transition to a free-market economy. "All
tain who fought long and hard to preserve the
the same, there are tremendous psychological
multinational Soviet state. "We consulted
hurdles to be overcome. In order to change the
American lawyers and congressmen. We
system, you must have people who know how to
wanted to create a modern constitution, a con-
operate in a new system. But Kazakhstan lacks
stitution of a democratic state that would
trained economists, bankers, accountants, mon-
guarantee all human rights. All these things
etary specialists, even lawyers capable of draw-
are completely new to us."
ing up a legal document.'
The remarks served to demonstrate not only
"So far, Kazakhstan's statchood is just on pa-
Nazarbayev's political agility and flexibility, but
per," complained Efras Suleminanov, a leading
also the extent to which the experiment in na-
Nazarbayev will make first U.S. visit this week.
Kazakh writer and former Soviet legislator. "We
tion-building underway in Kazakhstan depends
have received the right to distribute some of
on the personality of its 53-year-old president.
rected. "We wanted to move gradually toward
our own resources, but we have not learned
Little of significance happens in this vast Cen-
independence, avoiding national strife and eco-
how to make effective use of them. In the past,
tral Asian republic without the support and ap-
nomic disruption. If we had been able to retain a
we were a principal supplier of raw materials to
proval of Nazarbayev, who is widely regarded as
the rest of the Soviet Union. Now there is a
united economic space, a united monetary zone
one of the key figures in the post-Soviet Com-
and a united taxation system, we would have
danger that we will become a raw-materials
monwealth of Independent States.
been much better placed to survive the present
colony of countries like Turkey and Korea."
In the five brief months since Kazakhstan be-
economic crisis," he said.
In many ways, Kazakhstan is a somewhat ar-
came the last Soviet republic to declare its in-
Since Kazakhstan became independent, Na-
tificial state. For the last four decades, its arid
dependence, Nazarbayev has entertained a suc-
zarbayev has been eager to acquire the symbols
cession of high-level foreign visitors in Alma-
of nationhood. Earlier this month, he announced
Ata. He has engaged in some high-stakes nucle-
that Kazakhstan would follow other former So-
ar diplomacy with Secretary of State James A.
"Nazarbayev is a unique
viet republics in forming its own. army, even
Baker III, concluded one of the world's largest
though initially it will have largely ceremonial
oil exploration deals with Chevron and begun
figure, but he is also a
duties. He has also sought to use the presence
privatization of the state-owned economy.
of nuclear weapons on Kazakh territory as a
This week, Nazarbayev will attempt to con-
tragic one.
bargaining chip with Moscow and Washington.
solidate international recognition of his fledgling
Russian journalist Alexander Samoilenko
"Let's face it," said a presidential adviser, "the
state by paying his first official visit to Washing-
fact that Kazakhstan has nuclear weapons is one
ton, In return for assurances that Kazakhstan
deserts served as the Soviet Union's principal
reason why the rest of the world is paying at-
will surrender all nuclear weapons on its terri-
nuclear testing site and a dumping ground for
tention to us. This is the best diplomatic card in
tory by the end of the decade, he will seek to
nuclear waste. The northern part of the repub-
Nazarbayev's hand."
persuade President Bush to encourage Amer-
lic, bordering Russia, is inhabited predominantly
By projecting an image of moderate nation-
ican business to invest in a country that could
by Russians. The once nomadic Kazakh popu-
alism, Nazarbayev has largely succeeded in gain-
become a linchpin for Asia and Europe.
lation is in a majority on the southern fringe.
ing the support of both Kazakhs and Russians
"Kazakhstan is in the very heart of Asia. We
"The Kremlin pursued a perfectly ordinary
here. The Kazakhs regard him as one of their
border on China. Russia is close by. Islamic
imperial policy toward Kazakhstan," said Nazar-
own. Russians view him as a safeguard against a
states lie to the south. Naturally, we would like
bayev, the son of a Kazakh shepherd. "Kazakhs
much more extreme form of Kazakh national-
to view ourselves as a democratic state that can
were deprived of their native language, alien-
ism. The extent of Nazarbayev's public support
serve as a bridge between all these countries,"
ated from their own history. After the 1917
is a valuable political asset at a time of vast eco-
Nazarbayev said in an interview at the presiden-
[Bolshevik] revolution, our Arabic alphabet was.
nomic disruption, yet it also carries dangers. An
tial palace in Alma-Ata.
replaced by a Latin alphabet-and later by Cy-
informal personality cult is beginning to form
Yesterday, in a significant softening of its po-
rillic. School textbooks were only in Cyrillic, and
around him, but this could quickly crumble if he
sition on the nuclear issue, the Foreign Ministry
Russian was developed as the main language."
is unable to deliver on his promises to turn Ka-
here said that Kazakhstan is' ready. to join the
Under Soviet dictator Joseph Stalin, millions
zakhstan into a modern, prosperous state.
Nuclear Non-Proliferation treaty as a non-nu-
of non-Kazakhs were forcibly settled in the re-
"Nazarbayev is a unique figure, but he is also
clear state. Earlier, Nazarbayev had insisted on
public, while more than a million Kazakhs are
a tragic one, because all the problems of Kazakh-
a special status for Kazakhstan as a "country
believed to have perished during the agricultur-
stan rest on his shoulders," said Alexander Sa-
with nuclear weapons temporarily deployed on
al collectivization campaign of the 1930s. The
moilenko, a Russian journalist based here. "Al-
its territory" and called for security guarantees
Russification of Kazakhstan was stepped up in
ready, he sees that many of his ideas are not
from the United States, Russia and China.
the 1950s under Nikita Khrushchev's "virgin
being implemented. It is too much for one per-
A Foreign Ministry statement attributed the
lands" program, which deprived Kazakh nomads
son."
change of position to the signing last Friday of a
of their remaining pastures.
Economic adviser Bang recalls going to the
defense pact with Russia and four other mem-
Kazakhstan's delicate ethnic mixture-6.5
president and complaining that crucial reforms
bers of the Commonwealth of Independent
million Kazakhs, 6.2 million Russians, 1 million
were being blocked by entrenched communist
States, and it added that Kazakhstan had been
Germans and six other major nationalities-has
apparatchiks. "We need different people to im-
assured by Washington that it would receive
obliged Nazarbayev to do everything he can to
plement these reforms," he told Nazarbayev.
help if it found itself a "target of aggression."
preserve political and economic ties with other
The president suggested that he produce his
Nazarbayev's advisers acknowledge that he
republics. It explains why he delayed a decla-
own list of candidates for top posts.
faces an uphill task in transforming a backward
ration of independence from Moscow until De-
"I tried to come up with a list, but I could not
socialist state into the South Korea or Singa-
cember, when it had become clear that the So-
think of anyone suitable. So now I shut my
pore of Central Asia. His energy and intelli-
viet Union was dead and could not be resur-
mouth," said Bang.
Photo Copy Preservation
THE WHITE HOUSE
Office of the Press Secretary
For Immediate Release
May 19, 1992
REMARKS BY THE PRESIDENT
AND PRESIDENT NAZARBAYEV OF KAZAKHSTAN
UPON DEPARTURE
The Rose Garden
1:17 P.M. EDT
PRESIDENT BUSH: Well, Mr. President, distinguished
members of the Kazakhstan delegation, it's been a great pleasure to
welcome you to the White House on this historic occasion, the first-
ever visit of the head of state of an independent Kazakhstan. And I
have never been to your country, but Secretary Baker has, and he has
spoken to me about the tremendous potential of a nation rich in
resources, a nation stretching from the steppes of Russia to the Tien
Shan in the south, four times the size of Texas.
Mr. President, our meeting today marks the beginning of
a new relationship; a relationship made possible by the end of the
long era of East-West conflict that we called the Cold War. And with
the passing of that bitter conflict, we enter into a new era of hope
for a more democratic and free order in Eastern Europe and in Central
Asia.
And under your leadership, sir, Kazakhstan is pursuing a
course true to these aims. Our meetings today confirm the many
interests that we share. The U.S. supports your independence. We
believe its security, Kazakhstan's security is important for
stability in Europe and in Asia. We welcome President Nazarbayev's
commitment that Kazakhstan will join the Nonproliferation Treaty as a
nonnuclear weapons state and that it will adhere to the START Treaty.
And we'll continue to work toward a signing of the new START protocol
by Kazakhstan, Ukraine, Belarus, Russia and the United States in the
very near future.
I want to take this occasion to underline our pledge to
maintain regular, high-level communication with the Kazakh government
on political and security issues. And that means exploring the
possibility of cooperative programs in nuclear nonproliferation and
beginning contacts between the armed forces of our two nations.
Beyond our common security interest, the U.S. is
committed to helping Kazakhstan make the transition from the old
socialist command economy to the free market. We continue to aim at
a tax treaty between our nations. And today we took very positive
steps toward increased trade with the signing of agreements on trade,
bilateral investment and the Overseas Private Investment Corporation.
The surest way, though, to increase trade remains for
American firms to have the opportunity to compete fairly in
Kazakhstan. And I am pleased that the Kazakh government has, this
week, signed a landmark agreement with Chevron Corporation to open
the Tengiz oil fields.
In order to expand trade, I've asked for our able
Secretary of Commerce Barbara Franklin to form a business development
committee to work with your government to increase contacts between
private Kazakh and American firms. We will continue to provide
humanitarian assistance, including much needed food and medical aid.
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The U.S. also stands ready with technical assistance on a range of
issues, from food distribution to speeding the conversion of defense
sector industry to civilian economy.
But government assistance is just one part of an
outpouring of American support. As President, I am pleased to see
the active efforts on behalf of private citizens to provide aid to
your new nation volunteer organizations like Project Hope and
Mercy Corps, to the city of Waukesha, Wisconsin, which has sent
40,000 pounds of food, medical supplies and clothing to its Kazakh
sister city.
Like all of the former republics of the Soviet empire,
Kazakhstan faces challenges that go beyond the need to build a
strong, competitive economy. After more than 70 years of communist
rule, Kazakhstan and its Commonwealth neighbors are engaged in the
difficult task of nation-building. At issue are the first questions
of government and society; respect for the rule of law; the role of
political parties, of free press and independent media; the freedom
of association and the freedom of the individual.
On behalf of all Americans, I pledge the support of the
United States of America as Kazakhstan seeks a future that is
peaceful, prosperous and free.
And once again, Mr. President, it has been a special
privilege to welcome you to Washington, to welcome you to the White
House. And may God bless your great country. (Applause.)
PRESIDENT NAZARBAYEV: Esteemed Mr. President, ladies
and gentlemen, as you already know, the state delegation of the
Republic of Kazakhstan, for the first time in its history, is here at
an official invitation of President Bush. We have just signed the
keystone documents that will regulate the economic relations between
the two countries. This is the trade agreement, the investment and
insurance agreement and the agreement on the protection of
investments.
Very briefly, the essence revolves around trade
agreements because this is the keystone agreement that will entitle
Kazakhstan and the United States to enter a new level of relations.
And this agreement will serve as a basis for Kazakhstan to be getting
U.S. financial assistance and encouraging various financial and
export cooperations of the International Bank.
The documents, in its turn, obligate us to working
towards the status of a most favored nation in the relations between
the two countries and also, in adjusting the existing legislation and
in Kazakhstan so that they meet the requirements set by the
international community and GATT. This coincides with the desire of
Kazakhstan to strictly observe international norms and to follow the
course approved by the international community.
We people of Kazakhstan also see something different in
these documents. The principles provided for in these documents will
serve as a guide for Kazakhstan on its way toward a market economy.
We realize that we've just made the first step towards this
objective. And I'd like to indicate that we came over to the United
States to learn, and I'd like to assure you that we'll try to be good
students and learn as much as we can.
And we are deeply convinced that developing these
relations with foreign nations, particularly with the United States,
we will manage to successfully follow this path. The preparedness
for this is in Kazakhstan's commitment to follow all international
acts, and particularly the acts of 1968, and the obligations that
Kazakhstan assumes not to transfer its nuclear weapons and not to
sell them.
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Kazakhstan also obligates itself to honor the START
Treaty as one of the participating parties. The efforts that
Kazakhstan is making in the formation of it and mutual assistance
with the newly-independent states may also be referred here, and
also, Kazakhstan's efforts to maintain peace within the entire
Commonwealth and within Kazakhstan itself.
Our goal is the building of a democratic society. And
so I'd like to use this opportunity to express my thanks to Mr.
President, and the entire American people for their desire to support
Kazakhstan in the process of democratic reforms and its economic
cooperation, and also for the hospitality that we were shown on the
American soil.
In your speech, Mr. President, I have received all the
answers to the questions that I touched on in the course of our talks
today. We are grateful for the trust that you showed in us and
Kazakhstan will do everything possible to justify that. We're very
sincere in our move when we say that we want to have the closest and
the warmest economic and political relationship with the United
States.
In the course of our negotiations I extended my
invitation for Mr. Bush and Mrs. Bush to visit Kazakhstan, and this
invitation has been accepted. So I have every reason to believe that
our relationship will be a productive and a successful one.
Thank you. (Applause.)
PRESIDENT BUSH: Thank you, President. Thank you very
much.
END
1:32 P.M. EDT