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Veterans Coalition 5/28/92 [OA 7574]
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Veterans Coalition 5/28/92 [OA 7574]
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Records of the White House Office of Speechwriting (George H. W. Bush Administration)
Speech Backup Chronological Files
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This is not a textual record. This is used as an
administrative marker by the George Bush Presidential
Library Staff.
Record Group/Collection:
George H.W. Bush Presidential Records
Collection/Office of Origin:
Speechwriting, White House Office of
Series:
Speech File Backup Files
Subseries:
Chron File, 1989-1993
OA/ID Number:
13816
Folder ID Number:
13816-005
Folder Title:
Veterans Coalition 5/28/92 [OA 7574]
Stack:
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G
26
22
5
6
Bobklear, VA
FACT-CHECK COPY
535-8450
Chris Paul, 6
(Smith/Aarhus)
Draft One
sen. McCain's ofc.
May 25, 1992
PHOENIX
PRESIDENTIAL REMARKS: BUSH/QUAYLE VETERANS COALITION
PHOENIX, ARIZONA
THURSDAY, MAY 1992
Garlicoff Andy
Barry Goldwater. Senator McCain. Everett Alvarez. As a
veteran, I want to thank for that introduction. / And let me
thank all of you who represent our nation's veterans -- more than
Mimi
Dawson 27
million strong. //
I want to bring special greetings from the Secretary of
Veterans Affairs, our good friend, Ed Derwinski. / His
Department is intent on serving you -- as you have served your
country. //
ME
Caintells
Next, a special word about one of the million retired
nearly one
veterans living in the Phoenix area. I'm talking about Barry
Goldwater. / Barry once ran for President: His message -- "In
your heart X you know he's right. / Right then -- he's even more
right today. We salute a true American hero. //
An old saying goes, "Save the best for last." Today, we're
saving the best for first: The first campaign coalition to be
announced for our campaign. / Barry is its Honorary Chairman --
John McCain and Everett Alvarez its National Chairmen. I am
proud to present the Bush/Quayle '92 National Veterans Coalition.
All of you know why I insisted the Veterans be first to be
unveiled. You know how service has preserved the values that
make -- and keep -- us strong. / You know how veterans have
2
given of themselves, and often of their lives, in places named
Argonne / Normandy / Da Nang / and the Persian Gulf.
Think of our kids and grandkids. They have inherited your
bequest of faith in country / family / in liberty / in God. / So
refugees
have millions like the "boat people' of Southeast Asia who love
what America means. // I'll never forget what they shouted as an
American carrier approached. Many were crying. All were waving.
Calling out in broken English, "Hello American sailor! Hello
freedom man!" //
That is what this Campaign must be about -- what we must
fight for / enlist our hearts and minds for. / To ensure for
people, choice; for society, pluralism; for God's children, the
freedom to go about their daily lives free from fear. //
Freedom can let us vote as we want, and pray as we choose.
Freedom can ensure the legacies for our kids of family, peace,
and jobs. Above all, freedom can secure what we fought for at
Guadalcanal and Monte Cassino at Bastogne and Bataan: A world
where liberty's tide is running in -- just as tyranny's is
running out. //
With us today are men who believe in that new world of
freedom. No one needs to tell them about the inhumanity of war.
Instead, they know that only a strong America can preserve the
humanity of peace. / I am proud of these men -- and proud that
they have agreed to help me. I thank you for your support. I
hope to be worthy of your prayers. //
3
Thirty-seven years ago, Douglas MacArthur said it best.
Returning to the Plain stet at West Point, he gave a speech to the
cadets. "The soldier," he told them, "above all other people,
prays for peace -- for he must suffer and bear the deepest wounds
and scars of war." //
You have all been soldiers in the crusade for freedom. This
year, I ask you to re-enlist -- and help keep America the last
best hope of earth. / For 200 years our veterans have fought for
what is right, and good. For joining me this year to defend
those values -- I thank you from the bottom of my heart.
God bless you, and God bless America.
#
#
#
#
MAY-28-1992 10:45 FROM PHOENIX STAFF OFFICE
TO
12024566218
P.01
OFFICE OF
PRESIDENTIAL ADVANCE
COVER PAGE
TO: CAROL
FROM:
CRANT
TOTAL NUMBER OF PAGES: 2
(including cover page)
DATE:
TIME:
MESSAGE:
IF YOU HAVE ANY QUESTIONS OR PROBLEMS WITH THE TRANSMISSION PLEASE CALL.
TELEPHONE NUMBER:
6218
MAY-28-1992 10:45 FROM PHOENIX STAFF OFFICE
TO
12024566218
P.02
I 0.64PM ;
2024562317-
602 379 2354
TAB D
PHOENIX. ARIZONA
American Legion
Date Diagram
Thursday, May 28. 1992
1 2 3 4
5678
Toast Lectern
Audience
1. Col. Joe Abodeely. Master of Ceremonies
2. Mr. Tony Valenzuela, American Legion State Commander
3. Sen. John MCain
4. THE PRESIDENT
5. Mr. Everett Alvarez, Co-Chairman. Veterans for Bush
6. Gov. Fife Symington
7. Mr. Don Silva, VFW State Commander
8. Mr. Don Gentry, DAV State Commander
KEY:
THE PRESIDENT
To
Card
Date
Time 1:48
WHILE YOU WERE OUT
M
andy Garlikov (Phoenix)
of
about American legion
Phone
Area Code
Number
Extension
TELEPHONED
PLEASE CALL
CALLED TO SEE YOU
WILL CALL AGAIN
WANTS TO SEE YOU
URGENT
RETURNED YOUR CALL
Message
Call signal and have them
page and
Rol
Operator
AMPAD
EFFICIENCY@
23-021 CARBONLESS
EXECUTIVE OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENT
27-MAY-1992 03:24PM
TO:
SHARON M. BOTWIN
FROM:
REBECCA L. ANDERSON
OFFICE OF LEGISLATIVE AFFAIRS
SUBJECT: BQ VETERANS COALITION
COULD YOU PLEASE ACKNOWLEDGE CONGRESSMAN BoB STUMP (R-AZ) WHO IS
THE RANKING REPUBLICAN ON THE HOUSE VETERANS' AFFAIRS COMMITTEE --
HE IS UNABLE TO ATTEND THE ANNOUNCEMENT BECAUSE OF VOTES IN THE
HOUSE BUT SHOULD DEFINITELY BE ACKNOWLEDGED SINCE HE REPRESENTS
PART OF PHOENIX.
THANKS!
VOLUME 3
B to Birling
THE ENCYCLOPEDIA
AMERICANA
INTER,NATIONAL EDITION
COMPLETE IN THIRTY VOLUMES
FIRST PUBLISHED IN 1829
#
GROLIER INCORPORATED
International Headquarters: Danbury, Connecticut 06816
340
BASTOGNE-BAT
sociated with tyrannical rule. On July 14, 1789,
French Revolution, a mob formed around the
They are found in the temperalying mand tropica
BAT, any of a group of
during the turmoil of the early days of the
Bastille and asked the commander of the small
regions of both and are the only
mammals that fly.
garrison in the fortress, the marquis De Launay,
to surrender arms and munitions. When he re-
Bats range in length from 3/4 inch to 15
fused, the mob proceeded from the outer court
to the inner court. Although the crowd had no
spread of up to five feet (1.5 meters). They
inches (1.9 cm to 37.5 cm) and have a wing
weapons with which to storm the towers, the
have fur that may be white, red, brown, gray, or
panic-stricken guards opened fire, killing many.
black. Bats usually live in caves, crevices, build.
When army officers in the crowd brought
some species either hibernate or migrate.
ings, or tree cavities. During the colder weather,
some small cannon to the Bastille, De Launay
capitulated, after being promised safety for him-
Anatomy. The wings of bats are their most
self and his men. As the garrison emerged
characteristic structures. They are formed by
from the Bastille, several of its members, includ-
an extension of the skin of the back and belly.
The two layers of skin are stretched between the
ing De Launay, were seized by the excited riot-
elongated bones of the arms and hand and extend
ers and murdered. Only seven prisoners were
found in the dungeons when the Bastille was cap-
along the side of the body to the lower legs and
tured. Destruction of the fortress began immedi-
then, in most forms, from the tip of a cartilag.
inous spur on the foot to the tail. There is no
ately and was completed within a few months.
flesh between the membranes of the wings but
The key to the Bastille was presented by the
only connective tissue containing the blood ves-
marquis de Lafayette to George Washington and
sels and nerve fibers.
is still at Mount Vernon. The Place de la
The forelimbs of bats have the same number
Bastille covers part of the former location of
of bones as those of other mammals, but they
the prison. A column in the middle of the square,
are greatly elongated, especially the bones of the
the July Column, commemorates those killed
fingers. The thumb digit is comparatively small
in the July Revolution of 1830.
and lies at right angles to the other finger bones,
The actual fall of the Bastille was not an
It is equipped with a claw and is used in cling-
important military event in the Revolution. Its
ing to support.
significance lay in the symbolic value the
The legs are small in relation to the fore-
capture came to have. To many, the fall of the
limbs and are rotated outward so that the knees
Bastille indicated that the king had lost con-
bend backward. This leg position is thought to
trol of Paris. The day was soon saluted as mark-
be related to the method by which bats hang by
ing the triumph of popular insurrection over
their hind legs when not flying. The toes are
the arbitrary power of the crown. In 1880, July
equipped with sharp, curved claws. In flying,
14th, also known as Bastille Day, was chosen as
the arms and legs move in unison.
the French national holiday.
The tail in many bats has no membranes. It
is variable in length, but never prehensile or
BASTOGNE, ba-stôn'ya, is a town in Belgium, in
bushy. A number of species have no tail. The
the province of Luxembourg, about 45 miles (72
remainder of the bat skeleton is modified for flight
km) south of Liège. It is located on the Wiltz
by being rigid and lightweight.
River, in the Forest of Ardennes. Bastogne is a
Sensory Apparatus. Many bats have grotesquely
railland road junction and the market town for
shaped leafy membranous appendages hanging
a farming region. Population: (1961) 6,161.
from nostrils and ears. Although not present in
In World War II, Bastogne was the site of
the larger, fruit-eating bats, these appendages, or
a key engagement during the Battle of the Bulge
nose leaves, are common in small, insect-eating,
(1944-1945). The Germans, who had surrounded
nocturnal bats. There is also a small lobe, called
the town, called upon the American defenders
the tragus, at the base of each ear opening.
to surrender. The U.S. commander, Brig. Gen.
The tragus and the nose leaves are believed
Anthony C. McAuliffe replied, "Nuts!" Later the
to be the sensory apparatus of the bat, used for
town was relieved by American armored forces.
orientation in the dark. The process is called
See WORLD WAR II-5. Recovery of France and
echolocation and is based on a sonar principle.
Advance into Germany.
The bat emits supersonic sounds through its nose
or mouth. The sounds are reflected as echoes
BASTROP, bas'trap, is an industrial town in
from nearby objects and are picked up by the
northeastern Louisiana, 165 miles (26.5 km)
sensitive sensory apparatus. Thus the bat can
north of Baton Rouge. It is the seat of More-
ascertain the position, for example, of the walls
house Parish (county). It has abundant de-
and stalactites in & cave or the position of furni-
posits of natural gas, and its industries include
ture in a dark room, and avoid those objects. (In
the production of kraft and other papers, turned
addition to their supersonic voices, bats also have
wood products, lumber, printing inks, varnish,
voices for expressing emotion and communicating.)
carbon, and other chemical products. Agricul-
All bats can see, but in most species the eyes
ture in the surrounding region is devoted to
are small, concealed by fur, and useless in the
truck farming and raising cotton, peaches, rice,
dark. Some bats, notably members of the flying
and cattle. The town is served by a municipal
fox family, have large prominent eyes that readily
airport. Chemin-à-Haut State Park is nearby.
reflect light at night.
Bastrop was founded about 1845 and its pop-
Reproduction. Bats generally have one young
ulation increased after the discovery of natural
per year. Only the red and hoary bats have two,
gas in the area in 1916. Government is by mayor
three, or even four young at a time. In nonhiber-
and council. Population: 15,527.
nating. bats, breeding and ovulation are in the
spring. In hibernating forms, breeding is in the
BASUTOLAND, be-soot'o-land, was a British
fall, and the sperm are retained in the female
territory in southern Africa. It achieved in-
tract until spring, when ovulation occurs.
dependence in 1966. See LESOTHO.
Types of Bats. Bats belong to the order Chirop-
Speech 5/12/62 @ westPoint
reprinted in his Reminiscences (1964)
E748. MZa
Erik's b day today
Dan's home# 703-764-0137
(7033527555)?
VOLUME 19
Meyer to Nauvoo
THE ENCYCLOPEDIA
&
AMERICANA
INTERNATIONAL EDITION
COMPLETE IN THIRTY VOLUMES
FIRST PUBLISHED IN 1829
GROLIER INCORPORATED
International Headquarters: Danbury, Connecticut 06816
408
MONTE CARLO-MONTEMAYOR
MONTE CARLO, môn'te kár'lō, is a town in
Monaco, situated about 1 mile (0.6 km) north
That (Szentgotthárd), he Hungary, on Aug. 1, 1664.
of Monaco-Ville, the capital of the principality.
successfully against the French marshal fought
imperial army. His last campaigns were the
year was made generalissimo of
Monte Carlo is celebrated for its luxuriously ap-
pointed casino, founded in 1856 by Prince
de Turenne in the 1670's. In addition to Henri
Charles (Carlo) III, who granted a joint-stock
an outstanding commander he wrote being
company the right to build a casino in a de-
serted area on an isolated escarpment overlook-
Austria, works on on the Oct. art 16, of warfare. 1680. He died several Line,
ing the Mediterranean Sea. The town that grew
up around the casino was named by the prince
for himself. The government took over the ca-
MONTEFELTRO, mõn-tã-fâl'tro, Federigo
(1422-1482), Italian mercenary military
sino in 1967. Citizens of Monaco are not admit-
ted to the casino.
mander and patron of the arts. He was born com
Besides being famous as a gambling place,
Gubbio on June 7, 1422, the illegitimate son
Monte Carlo is one of the most fashionable sea-
Guidantonio da Montefeltro, whose family
side resorts on the French Riviera. From 1931
governed Urbino since 1234. He was raised
to 1963, one of the great attractions of the town
a Renaissance prince at the Gonzaga court
Mantua. From 1438 to 1444 he served
was the Ballet Russe (first called Ballets Russes)
de Monte Carlo, -a ballet company formed to
the condottiere Gattamelata. He became under duke
carry on the traditions of Sergei Diaghilev's Bal-
of Urbino in 1444 and amassed a large fortune
lets Russes, which had presented many impor-
commander to other Italian rulers. He super.
in his lifetime by selling his services as military
tant premières in Monte Carlo. Two celebrated
vised the building of the great ducal palace
automobile races are held annually-the Interna-
Urbino. A patron of scholars and artists, he
tional Monaco Grand Prix and the Monte Carlo
Rally. Population: ( 1977 est.) 10,000.
sembled an outstanding library and presided
over a court of great elegance. He died in Fer.
rara on Sept. 10, 1482, while campaigning.
MONTE CASSINO, mõn'tã käs-së'nō, is a Benedic-
tine monastery southeast of Rome, situated 1,500
MONTEGO BAY, mon-tē'gō, is a commercial
feet (457 meters) above the town of Cassino.
When Saint Benedict founded a monastery there
town and resort on the northwest coast of Ja.
maica. The town is the administrative center
about 529 on the site of a Roman temple, he laid
of St. James parish. The economy rests on tour.
the foundations of Western monasticism. The
ism and banana, sugarcane, and coffee raising.
original buildings were destroyed by the Lom-
The old Spanish name for the town, Mantica Ba.
bards in the 580's. Thereafter the monastery was
hi, suggests it was once a lard-making center.
rebuilt and destroyed several times. The monas-
Formerly a plantation port, Montego Bay
tery as it was rebuilt in baroque style in the 17th
has become a popular resort with luxury hotels,
century was demolished in an Allied air attack
handsome private residences, an active night life,
during World War II and then reconstructed
and an airport handling international jet flights
after the war. The monastery is famous for
Coral reefs line the area's attractive white sand
its library of ancient and medieval manuscripts.
beaches, the most famous of which is Doctor's
Cave. Among the historic buildings in Montego
MONTEBELLO, mon-ta-bel'lō, is a city in south-
Bay are St. James Church, the town hall, and the
ern California, in Los Angeles county, 9 miles
Cage, once a lockup for runaway slaves. Near
( 14 km) east of Los Angeles. It is a residential
the town stands Rose Hall, a 19th century land-
and industrial community, whose manufactured
mark that was the home of Annie Palmer, known
products include cans, control valves, pumps,
as the "white witch." Population: (1970) 42,500.
furniture, paper, and plastics.
Montebello was laid out in 1899 and incor-
MONTEMAYOR, môn-tã-mä-yôr, Jorge
de
porated in 1920. It is governed by a city admin-
(1520?-1561), Portuguese-born novelist and poet.
istrator and council. Population: 52,929.
He took his name from that of his birthplace,
Montemor-o-Velho, near Coimbra. In 1543, Mon-
MONTECRISTO, môn-tã-krës'tõ, is a mountainous
temayor went to Spain as a chapel musician in
island in the Tyrrhenian Sea between Corsica
the service of Princess Maria of Portugal on her
and the coast of Italy. It belongs to the Tuscan
marriage to the future King Philip II. After her
archipelago and is part of the Italian province
death in 1545, he stayed on at the Spanish court.
of Livorno. Its area is 4 square miles ( 10.3 sq
He returned to his homeland in 1551 with Prin-
km). There are ruins of an ancient Benedictine
cess Juana of Castile, bride of Prince John of
monastery. The island has come to be known
Portugal, but went back to Spain with her when
chiefly through Alexandre Dumas' famous novel
she was widowed in 1554. Later he served in the
The Count of Monte Cristo.
army of Philip II. Montemayor's death, in Pied-
mont, Italy, is said to have resulted from a duel
MONTECUCCOLI, môn-tă-koo'ko-le, Raimondo
occasioned by an amorous escapade.
(1609-1680), Italian-born Austrian general, one
Montemayor wrote mainly in Spanish. His
of the greatest military commanders of the 17th
Cancionero, a book of poems, appeared in 1554,
century. He was born near Modena, Italy, on
and his major work, Diana, about 1559. The
Feb. 21, 1609. He served in the imperial army
first Spanish pastoral novel, Diana was inspired
in the Thirty Years' War and by the time of the
by the Arcadia (1504) of the Italian poet Jacopo
Peace of Westphalia (1648) had risen to the
Sannazaro. Montemayor's prose text is inter-
rank of general.
spersed with lyrics. The novel went through
Created a field marshal, he commanded the
numerous editions, was widely translated, and
Holy Roman emperor's troops against the Swedes
gave rise to many sequels and imitations. Its
in the First Northern War (1658-1660). In the
influence on English literature can be traced in
Austro-Turkish War of 1663-1664 he won a
Sir Philip Sidney's Arcadia and Shakespeare's
decisive victory over the Turks at St. Gotthard
Two Gentlemen of Verona. See also DIANA.
VOLUME 2
Ankara to Azusa
THE ENCYCLOPEDIA
AMERICANA
INTERNATIONALEDITION
,
COMPLETE IN THIRTY VOLUMES
FIRST PUBLISHED IN 1829
*
GROLIER INCORPORATED
International Headquarters: Danbury, Connecticut 06816
ARGONAUTS-ARGÜELLO
279
in Greek legend, the
about the voyage are combined into a connected
heroes who sailed the
and scholarly epic.
to Colchis, kingdom at the eastern
P.R. COLEMAN-NORTON
of Argo the Black Sea, in quest of the Golden
Princeton University
The voyage was supposed to haye taken
Amr. generation before the Trojan War (tradi-
ARGONNE, àr-gôn', a plateau in France in
plat 1194-1184 B.C.).
Meuse, Marne, and southern Ardennes depart-
The lhe literature appears abundantly in Greek and
ments. Also known as the Argonne Forest, it is a
with many variants of personnel
rocky, heavily wooded ridge about 10 miles wide,
Latth route, since various Greek city-states craved
extending northwest-southeast for about 45 miles
and of their heroes and their sites in the voy-
between the Lorraine and Champagne regions. It
mention It may represent a real exploit in the earlier
has an average altitude of about 1,150 feet and is
. of Greek. colonization (750-500 B.C.),
drained by the Aisne and Aire rivers.
word then the adventures of explorers, navigators,
In 1792, Gen. Charles François Dumouriez
colonizers were commonly attributed to
checked the Prussians at Valmy in the Argonne.
and averhical heroes of a preceding age.
During World War I it was the scene of a major
Pelias, who had usurped the Thessalian king-
United States offensive in 1918.
of Iolcus, agreed to surrender its sovereignty
See also WORLD WAR I-7. Western Front:
- Jason, his nephew and the rightful ruler, only
1918-The Year of Decision.
the latter would fetch the Golden Fleece from
Cakhis, where a dragon guarded it in a sacred
ARGOS, är'gas, is a city in Greece in the north-
the proposal and collected
eastern Peloponnesus. It is located in the nomos
PA all parts of Greece. The Argo,
(department) of Argolis and Corinthia, about 23
conveyed the Argonauts from
miles (37 km) southwest of Corinth, near the
the first to an Aegean isle, where
head of the Gulf of Argolis. Situated in the
stayed for a year as welcome guests of the
Argive plain at the foot of two hills-the Kastro
Lemnian on women, who recently had murdered all
and the Ayios Ilias-Argos is a railroad junction
first men.
and market center for the surrounding agricultural
After additional adventures in the northern
area. Vegetables, tobacco, wheat, and corn are the
begran Sea, the Argonauts entered the Sea of
leading crops. The modern city is built over the
Marmara by way of the Dardanelles Strait. Next,
major part of the ancient city. The most impor-
they successfully sailed through the Symplegades,
tant ruins are the remains of an amphitheater cut
durhing rocks that smashed ships attempting to
into the slopes of the Kastro, whose summit served
inter the Black Sea. After engaging in other
as the acropolis of ancient Argos. The smaller
aploits along the Black Sea coasts, the Argo-
Ayios Ilias was the site of a Mycenaean necropolis
muts came to Colchis, where King Aeëtes prom-
and a temple to Apollo and Athena. There is a
and the Golden Fleece to Jason, provided that
museum of antiquities in the city.
# one day he would yoke two fire-breathing
Argos is reputedly the oldest city in Greece,
milk to a plow, plow a hitherto unplowed field
its site having been occupied since the early
with them, sow it with the remaining teeth of the
Bronze Age (about 3500 B.C.). In the Iliad of
iragon of Cadmus, and slay the soldiers who
Homer, its name was applied to all of the settle-
would spring from these seeds. Aided by the
ments on the Argive plain, the country of Dio-
mage of Aeëtes' daughter Medea, who had
medes and Agamemnon. After the Dorian invasion
fallen in love with Jason, he accomplished these
(about 1200 B.C.), Argos was probably the base
tasks.
from which the Dorians retained their overlord-
When Aeëtes hesitated to keep his promise,
ship of the Peloponnesus. Under King Pheidon
laon stole the fleece, took Medea and her brother
(probably 7th century B.C.), who is said to have
Abwrtus with him, regained the Argo with his
minted the first Greek coins, Argos became the
followers, and sailed for Iolcus. Aeëtes started in
most important city in Greece. But as the power
gursuit and was overhauling the Argonauts when
of Sparta rose, beginning in the late 7th century
Medea killed Absyrtus, cut his corpse to pieces,
B.C. and thereafter, Argos declined. It repeatedly
and threw them overboard, so that Aeëtes might be
aligned itself with Athens (in 461, 420, and 395
relayed by salvaging his son's scattered remains.
B.C.) against Sparta. Argos became a member of
The artifice succeeded, and the Argonauts es-
the Achaean League in 229 B.C., and, like the
aped. But Zeus (Jupiter), angered at Medea's
other members of that league, was subjugated by
murder of Absyrtus, raised a storm that sent the
Rome in 146 B.C. It was successively part of the
Ango on a course that is described variously in
Byzantine and Ottoman empires. The city was
different versions of the legend: (1) the same way
sacked and burned in 1825 by Ibrahim Pasha in
и if had sailed to Colchis; (2) up the Phasis
the Greek war of independence. During the war,
liver (modern Rion) to earth-encircling Ocean,
Argos was the seat of Greek national assemblies
which the Argonauts followed until they entered
in 1821 and 1829. Population: (1981) 20,702.
the Mediterranean; or (3) up the Danube River
and thence either into the Po River and the Adri-
ARGÜELLO, är-gwä'yō, Luis Antonio (1784-
the Sea or into the Rhine River and the North
1830), Mexican official in Alta California. He was
les. whence it traversed the ocean and so came
born in San Francisco, Calif. His father, José
info the Mediterranean. The second and third
Darío Argüello, was commandant of the presidio
nutes allowed the Argonauts to have adventures
of San Francisco and later governor of Baja Cali-
the Mediterranean coasts and islands, where
fornia (1815-1822). In 1821, while leading an
Medea's magical arts assisted them. By any
exploratory expedition to the Columbia River,
mure, however, they returned to Iolcus, and
limon eventually came into his kingdom.
Luis Argüello discovered Lassen Peak. When
The chief account of the adventures of the
Mexico gained independence from Spain, he was
Argonauts is in the Argonautica of Apollonius of
elected governor of Alta California (1822-1825),
thodes. In this work earlier scattered materials
the first native Californian to hold the office. He
died in San Francisco in 1830.
Ref.
D740
W44
1990
WH
A DICTIONARY
OF THE
SECOND WORLD WAR
Elizabeth-Anne Wheal
Stephen Pope
and
James Taylor
$
PETER BEDRICK BOOKS
NEW YORK
Battleaxe, Operation 51
Colleoni Italian Navy* light
to the commander of the surrounding 47th
until April that a reinforced Japanese of-
npleted in 1932. The good-
Panzer Corps when he called for McAu-
fensive forced his successor, General Wain-
Italian cruisers enjoyed a
liffe's surrender have since become legend-
right*, to surrender to avoid a massacre.
before the war, based
ary. Holding out for eight days without
In a now infamous act of cruelty, the
exceptional speeds. Unfor-
reinforcements after a 100-mile overnight
70,000 starving survivors were sub-
were derived from trials con-
drive from Rheims, the defence was per-
sequently forced to march 60 miles, from
ships stripped for maximum
formed so aggressively that they could not
Mariveles to San Fernando, before being
and at combat weight they
be bypassed, and the arrival of two German
transferred to goods trains for transfer to
faster than their older British
reserve divisions also failed to dislodge
prison camps. The Bataan Death March
The Bartolomeo Colleoni was
them. The 101st Division was relieved by
alone claimed some 14,000 lives.
July 1940 by gunfire and tor-
General Patton's' 3rd Army on 26 De-
The final episode in a highly courageous
the cruiser HMAS Sydney
cember 1944. See also Northwest Europe,
defence took place on the fortified island of
destroyers.
Allied Invasion of.
Corregidor*, opposite the tip of the Bataan
(1940) Displacement: 5,200
Peninsula, where a garrison of 15,000 men
o/a lgth - 555' 7", b -
Bataan Peninsula A small jutting peninsula
under General Wainright* had withdrawn
37 knots; Armament: 8 X
on the west of the main Philippine* island
before the surrender of the Bataan force
2), 6 X 3.9" AA gun, 8 X
of Luzon. The Philippines were among
and survived for a further two months be-
8 X 13.2mm AA gun, 4
the American island territories invaded in
fore finally capitulating.
aircraft.
force by Japan following the attack on Pearl
Harbor' on 7 December 1941. Caught be-
Battleaxe, Operation After the failure of
tween two converging Japanese assault
Operation Brevity* to dislodge General
Ettore (1876-1972) Vet-
forces under General Homma, the 80,000
Rommel's' forces from the Egyptian fron-
Army* officer, he was ap-
American and Filipino troops under Gen-
tier in May 1941, General Wavell* planned
of Axis* forces in Libya
eral MacArthur were forced to resort to
the more ambitious Operation Battleaxe,
in which capacity he was
an earlier defensive plan (War Plan Or-
an offensive aimed at driving the Axis'
official superior. General Ba-
ange) and fall back to the Bataan Penin-
forces back beyond Tobruk* (see Desert
success imposing his often
sula, designated by MacArthur as the
War). On 12 May a fast convoy, rushed to
on the aggressive German
centre of resistance to the Japanese in-
Alexandria* via the dangerous Mediter-
tended to treat them as 'ad-
vasion, to fight a brutal and costly siege.
ranean' route, had arrived with 238
appealed to higher auth-
The opposing forces settled initially into
tanks, and this gave Wavell's Western
disagreed. In June 1942
a stalemate, both sides suffering heavily
Desert Army a numerical advantage of
made a Field Marshal answer-
from the malarial conditions on the moun-
more than 4 to 1 over his opponent's ar-
to Rome but in November the
tainous jungle peninsula. General
moured forces. However, this superiority
Marshal Bastico regained
Homma's forces were further depleted by
was undermined by a battle plan calling
charged with preventing
the loss of 48th Division to Java', while
for the division of the British tanks into
Korps' from retreating into Tri-
the Bataan Defence Force positioned on
separate 'cruiser' and 'infantry' roles (see
fact, by February 1943 Rom-
Mount Rosa suffered increasingly from lack
Tanks).
west beyond Tripoli, which
of food and medical supplies. Fierce attacks
The original plan was to launch a three-
Mussolini* to recall Bastico
by Japanese forces began again on 9 Febru-
pronged attack on coastal positions near
ary, pushing the American troops back to
the frontier. Heavily armoured Matilda*
their reserve positions. A decision had
tanks would support the infantry, while the
ench town and vital road junc-
already been made in January not to re-
7th Armoured Division (the Desert Rats)
by US forces against Hitler's
inforce the peninsula, despite repeated
was to drive for Tobruk only after covering
offensive in December 1944
pleas for reinforcements from MacArthur
the desert flank of the initial advance. De-
of the Bulge). The decision,
and repeated promises of help from Wash-
stroying Rommel's two panzer divisions, it
orders, by the acting Amer-
ington. Heavily besieged, the Allied forces
would then join the fortress garrison in an
ander of the 101st Airborne
fought on, despite the loss of their overall
exploitative push further westwards.
rigadier General McAuliffe',
commander General MacArthur, who was
The Western Desert Army began its
town against the German ad-
ordered to leave for Australia on 10 March
coastal attack on 15 June. In the centre
his subsequent reply of 'Nuts!'
to take over a new command. It was not
Fort Capuzzo was taken quickly, but to the
198 Grumman F6F Hellcat
who pioneered their valuable work from
Ceiling: 36,200'; Range: 1, 170m; Arms:
4
small escort carriers.
X 20mm cannon, 4 x0.5" mg; Bomb load:
BRIEF DATA (F4F-4) Type: single-seat
2,000lb or torpedo.
naval fighter; Engine: 1 X 1,200hp Pratt
and Whitney Twin Wasp; Max speed:
Grumman Martlet British version of the
318mph; Ceiling: 35,000'; Range: 900m;
US Grumman F4F Wildcat* naval fighter
Arms: 5 X 0.5" mg (provision for 500lb
bombs).
Grumman (TBF) Avenger One of the
most successful and widely used torpedo-
Grumman F6F Hellcat Planned as a re-
bombers of the war, the Avenger entered
placement for the inadequate Grumman
the US Navy* in the spring of 1942 as
a
F4F Wildcat*, the big F6F fighter was de-
replacement for the Douglas Devastator:
veloped quickly and mass-produced in the
and first saw action at the Battle of Mid-
US with enormous efficiency. Between late
way*. Despite its bulk, it proved easily
1942 and November 1945, a total of 12,272
manageable on carrier decks and was one
were delivered, and they mastered the skies
of the few US production aircraft capable
over the Pacific for the Allies. The first
of carrying a 22-inch torpedo". In 1943,
service model (the F6F-3) was supplanted
after Grumman had completed 2,311
in 1944 by the F6F-5, which differed only
TBF-1s, production was switched to the
in refinement, by which time the Hellcat
Eastern Aircraft Division of General
was the US Navy's' principal carrier
Motors, who built 2,882 redesignated
fighter. The British Fleet Air Arm' em-
TBM-1 versions and 4,664 TBM-3
ployed more than 1,200 F6Fs (as Hellcat Is
Altogether, 958 of all three types served
and IIs) in Europe as well as the Far East.
with the British Fleet Air Arm* (as the
They also received some of an F6F-5N
Tarpon, Avenger II and Avenger III) and
night-fighter version, with centimetric
although incompatible with British tor
radar* mounted on a wing pod. The Ja-
pedoes, they were effectively employed as
panese, although they eventually built
conventional bombers, minelayers and
fighters which could match the F6F's per-
rocket* -armed attack planes. The final pro-
formance, were overcome by sheer weight
duction model was the re-engined TBM-4
of numbers, and about 75 per cent of Amer-
which remained in service for many years
ican air-combat victories in the Pacific
after the war.
War* were credited to Hellcats.
BRIEF DATA (TBF-1) Type: 3-man naval
BRIEF DATA (F6F-3) Type: single-seat
torpedo-bomber; Engine: 1 X 1,850hp
naval fighter; Engine: 1 X 2,000hp Pratt
Wright Double Cyclone; Max speed:
and Whitney Double Wasp; Max speed:
259mph; Ceiling: 23,000'; Range: 1,020m
376mph; Ceiling: 37,500'; Range: 1,090m;
(normal); Arms: 3 X 0.5" mg, 2 X 0.3" mg;
Arms: 6 0.5" mg.
Bomb load: 2,000lb or 1,921lb torpedo.
Grumman F7F Tigercat Powerful
Guadalcanal Island in the Solomon' group
fighter-bomber, huge by naval standards, it
that was the primary. strategic objective
was designed primarily to operate from US
of the first American Pacific offensive of
Navy* land bases. The first prototype flew
WW2, code-named Operation Watch-
in December 1943, but the Tigercat arrived
tower, and became the focus of a long series
too late for combat, and although fast and
of crucial naval and land battles between
well-armed, was cut back after the war as
Allied and Japanese forces during the
emphasis switched to jet power.
second half of 1942.: See Map 14. The
BRIEF DATA (F7F-1) Type: 1-2-man
prolonged bitterness of the fighting at Gu-
naval fighter-bomber; Engine: 2 X 2,100hp
adalcanal over six months was fore-
Pratt and Whitney; Max speed: 427mph;
shadowed by the gloomy atmosphere
Guadalcanal
199
surrounding the launch of the American
Army based at Rabaul at his disposal, Lt
offensive. Nicknamed "Operation Shoe-
General Hyakutake ordered a series of day
string', available resources were limited and
and night bombings of Guadalcanal and
planning of the amphibious* landings
sent a small force under Colonel Ichiki
hastily executed, with much background
to attack the eastern perimeter of the 1st
dispute between the Joint Chiefs of Staff*
Division on 18 August. The Battle of Ten-
that had already undermined the morale of
aru River on the 21st saw the destruction
the relatively inexperienced troops.
of the whole of Ichiki's small force, which
Under the overall command of Vice
had rushed the American positions on the
Admiral Ghormley', with Rear Admiral
sand spit at the mouth of the river in the
Fletcher' as tactical commander and Major
face of point-blank fire and had been sav-
General Vandegrift* leading the landing
agely cut down.
force of 19,000 of the US Marine 1st Div-
Thereafter the American build-up of air-
Ision, the first landings were successfully
craft, combined with the effects of the
made on Guadalcanal, Gavutu and Tulagi
frequent and sometimes crucial naval en-
on 7 August 1942, although the progress
gagements fought in parallel (see Torpedo
of debarkation was considerably held up by
Boats; Eastern Solomons), won the Amer-
poor organization and lack of experience.
ican forces daytime control of the sea and
Despite the lack of opposition to the Amer-
a firm toe-hold on Guadalcanal, though
ican assault on the Japanese airfield on
the night-time supply and reinforcement
Guadalcanal, where unarmed Japanese
of the Japanese forces from Bougainville,
construction workers mostly fled into the
nicknamed the 'Tokyo Express", enabled
jungle, the American force was brought
the Japanese to maintain a ferocious
under pressure on the night of 8 August,
resistance. A raid by Marines on the Ja-
when a Japanese cruiser force under Vice
panese base at Taivu on 7 September
Admiral Mikawa sailed down the 'Slot' into
brought intelligence of a planned counter-
Sealark Channel to shatter Australian Rear
attack on Henderson Field by 3,500 troops
Admiral Crutchley's screening force in the
of the Japanese 35th Brigade under Major
Battle of Savo Island*.
General Kawaguchi. In response, a com-
On Tulagi, the Japanese garrison of
posite battalion under Colonel Edson took
4,000 'Special Landing Force' troops held
up positions on a ridge south of the airfield,
out for two days of bitter fighting against a
and fought an infamous battle, now called
larger Marine force with massive supporting
the Battle of Bloody Ridge, under heavy
naval gunpower. It was here that the Mar-
naval bombardment, to effectively destroy
ines, spearheaded by 'Edson's Raiders' (see
the Japanese assault.
Edson) first experienced the fanatical
Undaunted by the scale of their losses,
resistance of the 2,000 Japanese defenders
the Japanese continued the heavy re-
who refused to surrender and held out in
inforcement of Guadalcanal, landing
caves, without food, water or any hope of
troops, supplies and equipment at night at
relief - a feature which was characteristic
Cape Esperance. During September and
of the Japanese fighting mentality (see Bu-
October the Japanese force was increased
shido). Japanese control of the seas around
by 20,000 men, while Vandegrift's force
Wate
Guadalcanal continued to press the isolated
was also swelled by the arrival of the 7th
groups of Vandegrift's forces, until 20
Marines and units of the Americal Div-
August, when the first American aircraft
ision. In this hard campaign of attrition,
were landed on the now renamed Hender-
which was increasingly fought for control
son Field*.
of the sea, the naval engagements were
Under orders from Imperial GHQ to
crucial to the outcome of the efforts on
drive the Americans off Guadalcanal, and
land. Japanese superiority in naval night-
with command of 50,000 men of the 17th
fighting techniques continued to be a fea-
200 Guadalcanal, Naval Battle of
ture of these engagements. In the major
American transport ships. The attack was
naval battle at Cape Esperance (11-12 Oc-
beaten off by anti-aircraft* fire, but it was
tober) Ghormley's' naval force failed to
followed up that night by the arrival of a
stop the landing of the transports carrying
strong Japanese surface force - a 'Tokyo
a new Japanese force under Maruyama,
Express" under Vice Admiral Abe with
escorted by Admiral Yamamoto* and the
two battleships, two cruisers and 14 de-
Combined Fleet, and Ghormley was sub-
stroyers. Deployed as a bombardment force
sequently replaced by Admiral Halsey*. On
against Henderson Field*, it was attacked,
23 October a renewed offensive led by Ma-
amidst some confusion over the identity of
ruyama and Hyakutake, who had arrived
the ships involved, by two transport escort
with the 17th Army from Rabaul to direct
groups under Rear Admiral Callaghan and
operations personally, was launched across
Rear Admiral Scott who managed to dam-
the Matanikau River but was pushed back
age severely the battleship Hiei' and sink
twice under heavy artillery fire, leaving
two Japanese destroyers. Of the American
3,500 Japanese dead. Meanwhile Admiral
force the cruisers Atlanta* and Juneau were
Yamamoto's force was lured back to Guad-
sunk, as well as four destroyers. Both Amer-
alcanal by false reports of the destruction
ican admirals were also killed in the action.
of Henderson Field and engaged two Amer-
Their action successfully thwarted Japanese
ican task forces under Kinkaid* and Murray
attempts to put Henderson Field out of
in the Battle of Santa Cruz' (26 October).
action.
On 9 November, the Japanese made a
Further Japanese attempts to bombard
final attempt to reinforce Guadalcanal, re-
Henderson Field and land reinforcements
sulting in the great naval battle there (see
were made on 13 November when Admiral
Guadalcanal, Naval Battle of). Following
Mikawa's flagship Chokai (see Takao) with
this decisive engagement, in which the
three heavy cruisers and six destroyers ar-
majority of Japanese troops and supplies
rived off Savo Island, bombarding Hender-
destined for Guadalcanal were lost, the
son Field and destroying 18 aircraft before
Americans had undisputed control of the
being attacked by land-based and carrier
seas around Guadalcanal. Although
aircraft from the Enterprise The next day,
Hyakutake managed to evacuate 13,000
Rear Admiral Tanaka's' 11 transport con-
men from Cape Esperance, he had lost
voy sailed down the 'Slot' under intense
25,000 men during the six-month cam-
bombardment by Navy and Marine Corps
paign as well as 24 ships. The sometimes
aircraft, again from Henderson Field and
desperate struggle at Guadalcanal resulted
the Enterprise. Six of the transports were
in the seizure by the US of the initiative in
sunk, although Tanaka landed the surviv-
the Pacific War'. For many of the relatively
ing troops successfully on Guadalcanal.
inexperienced American forces, it served
Meanwhile, Tanaka's escort bombard-
as an apprenticeship from which they were
ment squadron under Vice Admiral
quick to learn. With relatively small Amer-
Kondo* clashed with Admiral Lee's two
ican losses, the campaign was much
battleship force in Ironbottom Sound* after
covered in the American press and victory
another bombardment attempt on Hender-
gave a highly important boost to American
son Field. American destroyers were put
morale.
out of action, leaving the battleships Wash-
ington" and South Dakota* without protec-
Guadalcanal, Naval Battle of Climactic
tive screening, but determined action by
naval engagement in the American cam-
Lee on the Washington caused Kondo to
paign to capture Guadalcanal* that brought
retire with his remaining ships, the battle-
Japanese reinforcement of the island to an
ship Kirishima (see Kongo) having been
end. The action began on 12 November
sunk by gunnery fire from the Washington
1942 with a Japanese bomber attack on
and the transports were run aground with
Guderian, General Heinz 201
The
attack
was
a meagre quantity of supplies and men
artillery*. Inspired by British experiments
fire,
but
it
landed. Control of the seas around Guadal-
of the late 1920s and early 30s, notably by
the
arrival
of
canal now came firmly into American
Captain Liddell Hart and General John
-
a
'Tokyo
hands.
Fuller, the German 'tank school' (which
Abe
with
also included Thoma, Reichenau and
and
14
Guam Central Pacific island in the Mari-
Lutz) was initially opposed at High Com-
bardment
force
ana group and American territory, it was
mand level by conservative military chiefs.
was
attacked
captured by a Japanese invasion force with
With Hitler's takeover in 1933, however,
the
identity of
support from Saipan -based bombers from
came an opportunity to demonstrate the
transport
escort
a small Marine garrison and Insular Guard
new theories in a series of field displays. In
Callaghan
and
Force on 8 December 1941, three hours
1934, Hitler sanctioned the first Wehr-
anaged
to
dam-
after the attack on Pearl Harbor*. See Map
macht tank battalion.
Hiei'
and
sink
10. The island was re-invaded by the Mar-
Guderian gained rapid promotion in the
the
American
inc 3rd Amphibious Corps under Major
30s and was appointed General of Ar-
nd
Juneau
were
General Roy Geiger as part of an operation
moured Troops in 1938. By the outbreak
Both
Amer-
against the Marianas designed to provide
of war, the German Army* had six panzer
in
the
action.
air bases for USAAF* B-29s* to fly bomb-
divisions operational. In command of the
warted
Japanese
ing missions to Japan. The assault was
19th Corps for the invasion of Poland*,
Field
out
of
launched on 21 July 1944 after a 13-day
Guderian proved and perfected his Blitz-
pre-invasion naval bombardment. The Ja-
krieg theories. Striking ahead of the main
to
bombard
panese force of 19,000 men under General
advancing infantry, his self-supporting ar-
reinforcements
Takashina managed to contain the Mar-
moured units achieved deep penetration at
when
Admiral
ines' advance from two beachheads, but a
incredible speed, succeeding even in appar-
Takao) with
counter-attack was beaten back and the
ently tank-proof terrain and creating ob-
destroyers.ar
American assault was renewed. The
servable terror among the enemy. The
parding Hender-
northern tip of the island, Ritidian Point,
potential value of tactical air support was
aircraft
before
was reached by American forces on 10
also demonstrated for the first time in the
and
carrier
August, though a Japanese guerrilla cam-
Polish campaign.
The
next
day,
paign continued to be fought until the end
In 1940, when Hitler announced his
transport con-
of the war with characteristic ferocity (see
decision to launch the Western Offensive',
under
intense
Bushido). A large American base was sub-
Guderian supported Manstein's' plan for
Marine
Corps
sequently established on Guam with long
an attack on the west through the Ar-
Field
and
runways for the American B-29 Super-
dennes, using the new tactics (see Manstein
transports
were
fortresses. See also Tinian; Battle of the
Plan). In May, in command of the southern
the
surviv-
Philippine Sea; Amphibious Warfare.
wing of Kleist's' Panzer Army, his 19th
Guadalcanal
Corps smashed through the French forces
bombard-
Guderian, General Heinz (1888-1954) A
at Sédan and, in one of the key actions of
Vice
Admiral
pioneer of tank* warfare and Blitzkrieg*
the offensive, forced the crossing of the
Lee -two
ractics and their most outstanding ex-
Meuse, advancing at astonishing speed
Sound
after
ponent, Guderian was born in Kulm (Polish
across northern France against a now fatally
on Hender-
Chelmo) and served as a staff officer during
dispersed opposition. After the fall of
were
put
WW1. After 1918 he remained in the
France in June, Blitzkrieg was established
attleships Wash-
shrunken post-Versailles Reichswehr, posted
as the orthodoxy of the German High Com-
without
protec-1
toa telegraph battalion at Koblenz. Perhaps
mand and Guderian was promoted to
action
by
influenced by his work in communications
Colonel General.
Kondo
to
technology, Guderian was a founder mem-
The opening of the Eastern Front* war
the battle?
her of a group of young, forward-thinking
against the Soviet Union in June 1941 saw
having
been
military strategists who advocated the cre-
Guderian repeat his triumphs of 1940 at
the
Washington
ation of a fast, independent task force, to
the head of the 2nd Panzer Group, striking
aground
with
be supported by highly mobile infantry and
first through Belorussia* and then south