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Sequoia National Forest--California 7/14/92 [OA 7575]
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Sequoia National Forest--California 7/14/92 [OA 7575]
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Sequoia National Forest--California 7/14/92 [OA 7575]
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26
22
6
4
THE WHITE HOUSE
office of the Press Secretary
(Bakersfield, California)
For Immediate Release
July 14, 1992
REMARKS BY THE PRESIDENT
AT PROCLAMATION SIGNING
Sequoia National Forest
California
11:40 A.M. PDT
THE PRESIDENT: Dale Robertson, thank you, sir. And as
all of you know, Mr. Robertson is the Chief of the U.S. Forest
Service. But I would like to take this opportunity not simply to
thank him, but to thank the other dedicated professionals that work
in the Forest Service. And I'm just delighted to be here today and
delighted that Bill Reilly, the head of EPA, is with us; that
Congressman Bill Thomas, who claims this as part of his own
congressional district -- proudly proclaims it, brags about it,
understandably so -- is with us today. Forest Supervisor Sandra Key,
and also an old friend, Derrick Crandall, could join us.
Let me begin by acknowledging the hard work and the
valuable time being invested in our environment by the likes of Bruce
Howard and the Save the Redwoods League, David Magney and the
California Native Plant society, the Audubon Society, the Nature
Conservatory. They all do fantastic work in keeping this the way it
ought to be.
I understand we have some special guests here -- I met
one group of them, and these are the kids from R. M. Pyles Boys Camp.
They come out here -- (applause) -- away from it all to learn how to
hike and fish and pitch a tent. They learn how to respect themselves
and respect the land.
I believe Teddy Roosevelt had these kids in mind when he
spoke of the "beautiful gifts" that we've received from nature --
gifts that we "ought to hand on as a precious heritage to our
children and our children's children."
The fact is, these forests, our lakes and our lands --
they are gifts: the commonwealth that we inherited from our parents,
that we borrow from our kids. That's the spirit of this agreement
that we'll salute here today. Different groups from government
agencies to private organizations have come together, bridging
ideological divides in order to forge an agreement that protects our
Sequoia groves as part of our national legacy -- our common heritage,
if you will. Whatever name you put on it, our actions are going to
speak louder than words. And when words are memories, when we are
long gone, these trees will stand.
America has one of the oldest national forest systems in
the world, the best national park system in the world, and the best
wildlife refuge system in the world. And yet, as President, I have
said that the best simply is not good enough.
The Wallop-Breaux Trust Fund is a good example. It's
helped us invest more than $200 million each year to improve our
fishing waters and open them up to fishermen. Think of the Potomac
River -- go all the way across the country and think of the Potomac
River in our Nation's Capitol. Twenty years ago you literally
MORE
- 4 -
couldn't even touch that water without being advised to get an
inoculation. NOW, on warm summer days, the Potomac belongs to the
windsurfers and the bass fishermen. Around the country, signs rimmed
our lakes with the warning: Don't Touch the Water. In two decades,
we have spent over $100 billion to clean up our waters. Today, more
and more of our rivers and lakes are safer for the people who swim
and fish in them, for the animals that live in and around them.
And to help show off our clean rivers and lakes, last
winter I signed ISTEA. Let me point out that is the transportation
act -- not the rap act. (Laughter.) But that legislation will help
bring America outdoors, revamping our scenic byways, blazing new
trails -- letting Americans become their own pioneers. That's what
the pursuit of happiness is all about.
some will look at the record and say that it isn't
enough. I have a surprise for them. I couldn't agree more. Take a
look at what I've asked for from Congress, and then take a look at
what we've got.
We've proposed, lobbied and signed the Clean Air Act,
the most ambitious environmental law in history: Reduces acid rain
by 50 percent, reduces air toxics by 90 percent, brings all cities
into attainment with health standards. on this we had good
congressional bipartisan cooperation, for which I'm grateful.
We've assessed more fines and penalties for violations
of environmental laws in three years than in the entire previous 18-
year history of EPA. I don't see that record advertised in the
political process or written about in the press, yet enforcement is
traditionally one of the principal measures of an administration's
environmental performance.
We've convicted more people of environmental crimes in
three years than in the previous 18 years of EPA. Think about that.
A lot of people doing jail time, and those tempted to evade these
very actions. sound environmental laws, they're now reconsidering their
We've doubled funding for national parks, wildlife and
spaces. outdoor recreation, and tripled funds for states for parks and open
We've proposed or added 20 new national parks. We've
proposed or added 57 new national wildlife refuges. We've added 1.5
million new acres to national parks, and then 6.4 million acres to
the wilderness system. We've added 2,700 miles of rivers to the wild
and scenic rivers system. We've increased funds for wetlands
protection from $295 million in 1989 to $812 million in 1993.
Then we've also closed off the coastal 011 development
in California, in Oregon, in Washington, in Florida and New England
until the year 2000. We've established three new national marine
sanctuaries, including the largest ever, the Monterrey Bay -- the one
at Monterrey Bay, that National Marine Sanctuary. We've increased
funding for federal fisheries management by $80 million and requested
fish restoration.
full funding for the Wallop-Breaux that I mentioned earlier for sport
NOW, that is the record of our actions -- of my actions.
Now let's turn our attention to Congress and its response to our
proposals. In this year's budget, I requested increased funding for
parks, recreation, and the outdoors. And here's what Congress said:
Funding for parks, forests, and wildlife -- $250 million cut. A
federal partnership with the states for parks and recreation -- $32
million cut. Park and forest acquisition -- 573 million cut.
Resource recovery for Sequoia National Forest -- cut. Parks as
classrooms --cut. Tree planting -- we've got a good new tree-
planting initiative -- cut. I could go on, but the very trees around
us might get nervous. (Laughter.)
- 3 -
But I cite this because I'm not sure the American people
really understand this commitment and what we are trying to do. The
fact is we should all -- not just the trees, but all of us ought to
be a little nervous. Congress has met a fork in the road now, and
they have a choice. On one hand they can gut these proposals, they
can stuff them with pork and perks and then turn around and complain
about the environment. or they can choose another path -- they can
look out for the voices that don't have a vote: The land. The
children. The future generations.
I'm asking Congress to do the right thing: full funding
for our land, our trees, our waters, and our parks.
You see, we need more seasonal park rangers -- not
fewer. We need to acquire more land upstream -- not less. Send a
message to Congress: We need less papers, less posturing, less
promises -- and we really do need more action.
Now, we all want cleaner air and water -- we all want a
more beautiful America. Some flaunt their commitment with these
sound bites, and I've proven mine through, I believe, sound policy
proposals. some have sent entire forests to their death to fill
books with propaganda -- short on facts and long on fiction. But our
approach represents new thinking here -- a new environmentalism that
harnesses environment. the power of the marketplace in the service of the
The fact is only a growing economy can generate the
resources that we need to take care of our natural assets. And our
environmental policies are designed to give businesses new incentives
to prevent pollution, to innovate and create new environmental
technologies, and to save money by becoming more efficient. Our
objective is to reconcile America's deep desire to improve our
economic well-being, to have secure jobs and homes, to be able to
educate our kids, and have water we can drink and air that we can
breath. I believe this nation can achieve both of these objectives.
No other country -- no other country in the world has come so far
America. along this road. None will go farther than the United States of
The steps we take here today can blaze a trail for
others to follow. And in case anyone should "miss the forest for the
trees," SO to speak, here's a reminder: They were here first
These trees have watched history go by. Some of these
Sequoias, I was reminded by Dale as we walked through the grove, were
already seedlings by the time Christ walked the Earth. I think back
to Sequoyah himself. The first time he saw the Bible, he called it
"talking leaves. I think those leaves have something to teach us
today. In Revelations we learn that "the leaves of the tree were for
the healing of the nations.'
We are healing our forests, our parks, and our lands.
It's a beautiful country. And I want more and more of the American
people to enjoy settings like we're in right here today. Let's
remember to take time to come out, show our kids the land, to walk
among the Redwoods, to climb a mountain. Our land can heal us, too.
It is a joy -- it is a joy for me to be out here with
you all today in this beautiful setting. Thank you very much for
coming. And may God bless our great. country, the United States of
America. Thank you very, very much. (Applause.)
END
11:55 A.M. PDT
Administration of George Bush, 1992 / June 1
981
'e Bush, 1992
Now, so far I've talked about what the
up about taking our sound message of values
gh crime bill
Government can do. But as I finish here, let
and opportunity to the American people in
spots, "I'm
me just say the more I am in this wonderfully
the fall.
I order." We
challenging job-and again, I'm very grateful
So let all these other balloons go up. Let
It's tougher
to the people around this room because I
everybody else have their day in the sun. Our
to the victims
rated. As Phil
see many, many that go back to my earliest
day is going to prevail because we are right
days in Texas politics-but the longer I am
on the issues, because we are compassionate
ns like 3 mil-
in this job, the more convinced I am that
and caring about the American people, and
keep fighting
Government alone simply cannot solve these
because our fundamental values, our fun-
police officers
problems. It can't be done.
damental values of faith and family is what
rhoods of this
You might say, "What keeps a kid in
this country is all about.
school? What keeps a kid away from drugs?
Thank you all for what you're doing, and
to be careful
What keeps a kid out of the gangs?" It's not
may God bless the United States of America.
u're playing a
Government. It is family. Barbara Bush said
Thank you.
nost by a sys-
it right: What happens in your house is far
can afford it
more important than what happens in the
Note: The President spoke at 7:37 p.m. at
m the welfare
White House. We have got to find ways to
the Grand Kempinski Hotel. In his remarks,
it $1,200, and
strengthen the American family, and we must
he referred to Dr. W.A. Criswell, pastor,
Vell, you can't
find ways to see that not one piece of legisla-
First Baptist Church of Dallas; Fred
lfare, and the
tion passes that diminishes the American
McClure, managing director, First Southwest
over $1,000."
family.
Co.; Robert A. Mosbacher, Jr., chairman,
e got to struc-
I've been in politics a long, long time. I
Texas Victory '92; Kay Bailey-Hutchison,
ite against sav-
computed it the other day. Half of my adult
Texas State treasurer; and Rick Perry, Texas
g and encour-
life since I got out of the Navy and went
commissioner of agriculture. A tape was not
trning. We are
to school and then moved out to Odessa in
available for verification of the content of
stem. If I can't
the spring of 1948, half of my adult life has
these remarks.
'm taking that
been in public life, and exactly half has been
loud and clear.
in the private sector. We have been blessed,
better to have
both Barbara and I have been blessed, by
urages owning
the challenges and the joy that we've had in
Remarks to Goddard Space Flight
tenements that
all kinds of fascinating assignments.
Center Employees in Greenbelt,
of course it is.
The more I think of our country, I'd say
Maryland
r that, and I'm
this: We have been through tough times. The
June 1, 1992
h the Congress,
country's been through tough times. That's
trd-looking job
changing. Things are beginning to move. We
Thank you very, very much. Thank you for
are not a pessimistic Nation. We are a rising
this welcome to Goddard. And Dan Goldin,
ives that would
Nation, and we are full of promise for the
thank you, sir, for the introduction, the lead-
Dallas would be
future. I have vowed, as we try to get some-
ership you're giving the Agency. With me is
ageles or Hous-
thing done with Congress before the shift
Bill Reilly. We've been talking today about
goes entirely into politics in this every-4-year
the upcoming summit in Brazil, the environ-
e.
I've asked the
dance that we're all engaged in, that I will
mental meeting down there. And this visit
P aside. I said,
not attack any single opponent. I haven't
is very timely for both of us, I think, seeing
ble really want
done it since it started. Five people in the
what magnificent contribution Goddard
st the cities, as
Democratic side, one on the Republican
makes to a better understanding of our plan-
side, bolstered by the press that love a good
et. I want to salute Mike Deland, who was
whole country
you look at the
fight. I am not going to do it. I am going
with us up at Camp David a little bit ago.
are themes that
to concentrate on trying to lead this country.
He runs our Council on Environmental
again: Respon-
I'm going to concentrate on trying to build
Quality. He's at my side in the White House,
and get something done.
a sound environmentalist. Dr. Klineberg, I
ship, independ-
t. These are not
But I want each and every one of you to
listened, I had the applause meter on when
damental Amer-
know that I am ready for the battle that lies
you walked in, and either they're scared of
ahead. I have never felt more confident of
ity to make them
you or you're doing something right. [Laugh-
a victory, and I have never felt more fired
ter] I don't know which it is, but it was most
982
June 1 / Administration of George Bush, 1992
Administration of George Bush, 1992 / June 1
983
impressive. And thanks for your hospitality.
And we've learned that market-based
using the aerosol phaseout as credit to meet
cessful-voluntary air toxics reduction pro-
May I salute Brian Dailey, out here, of the
mechanisms and flexibility, aimed at ambi-
the terms of the Montreal Protocol. We are
gram.
Space Council. And I'd like to thank Dr.
tious objectives and backed up by rigorous
42 percent ahead of the schedule required
Our national parks are under stress from
Fisk, who helped us in the tour.
enforcement, can help us solve environ-
by that agreement. And earlier this year, on
millions of visitors. And so, just in the last
Now, you know that it's been a month, and
mental problems at less cost than command-
the basis of science developed by NASA, we
4 years, we've added over a million and half
in just over a month on the job, Dan Goldin
and-control regulation.
unilaterally decided to speed up our time-
acres to America's parks, forests, wildlife ref-
supervised the recovery of a satellite on En-
We've learned about a new generation of
table for phasing out CFC's to the end of
uges, and to other public land. We've created
deavor's maiden voyage; he won a vote, a
environmental problems that are global in
1995. We were the first nation, back in 1975,
57 new wildlife refuges and restored or pro-
very important vote, to save the space station
scope and that will require international co-
to adopt catalytic converters to reduce those
tected more than a half a million acres a year
on the floor of the House; and he launched
operation to solve. This week, and I referred
emissions from our cars and trucks. In 1982,
of important wetlands. And at the same time,
his own cultural revolution at NASA. And I'd
to this earlier, over 100 heads of state will
we began phasing out lead from American
we've streamlined the permitting process so
say the new NASA is off to a flying start.
gather in Rio de Janeiro, and it will be time
gasoline, and now ambient levels of lead in
that projects which don't hurt wetlands aren't
And I am very grateful to him for taking on
to apply those lessons. And what better place
our air have been cut by 95 percent. Other
slowed down. And we've made sure to re-
this terribly important assignment heading
to discuss our plans for taking on the prob-
nations are only now taking these two steps.
spect people's private property rights.
lems of the international environment than
I came to this office committed to extend
We've placed a moratorium on oil and gas
up NASA.
Twenty years ago this month, 20 years ago,
here at Goddard.
America's record of environmental leader-
drilling along the most environmentally sen-
the leaders of the world gathered in Sweden
I thought as I was on this little tour, which
ship. And I've worked to do so in a way that
sitive areas of our coasts, signed new laws
to talk about the human environment. The
was all too quick but nevertheless gave me
is compatible with economic growth because
to protect against oilspills, to end below-cost
Stockholm Declaration that they adopted
a little feel about the magnificent work that
this balance is absolutely essential and be-
timber sales in America's largest rain forest,
had a simple conclusion, that through fuller
the wonderful employees of Goddard do, I
cause these are twin goals, not mutually ex-
the Tongass, and to promote environmental
knowledge and wiser action we can achieve
thought wouldn't it be a wonderful thing if
clusive objectives. You see, those who met
education. We've backed our laws up with
for ourselves and our posterity a better life
these 100 or more heads of state could actu-
20 years ago at Stockholm and called for this
strict enforcement to make the polluters pay.
in an environment more in keeping with
ally walk through the laboratories here and
UNCED, this summit, explicitly called for
And the results have been record con-
human needs and hopes. Much has been ac-
get a practical feeling for what it is you are
the discussion at Rio to be about both envi-
tributions to cleanups from businesses.
complished since those early days of
doing, to see how they can better monitor
ronment and development. And they knew
And we have attended to the international
environmentalism, and much has been
the changes that they talk about or that they
even back then that the two were inextricably
environment with new agreements to stop
learned.
get from their environmental ministers. It's
linked. (Only a growing economy can gen-
the irresponsible export of toxic wastes, to
We've learned that only market-oriented
a wonderful thing. And I think it's very timely
erate the resources and the will to manage
ban trade in ivory and thereby stop the ex-
economies and democratic systems provide
that I've had this opportunity, and I look for-
natural assets for the longer term and the
tinction of elephants due to poaching, and
the accountability needed to protect against
ward to sharing with those people down in
common good. But only assets which are so
to use debt forgiveness to protect the envi-
environmental degradation. The coating of
Rio.
managed can support the growth on which
ronment through debt-for-nature swaps.
soot that the world found when the curtain
It is science developed here that has given
so much human hope is hinged. By defini-
In short, our country, America, retains its
of secrecy was pulled back from Eastern Eu-
the world a new window from which to see
tion, for development to be successful in the
place at the forefront of international envi-
rope was but one visible demonstration of
its environment. A spacecraft managed by
long term, it has got to be sustainable. And
ronmental accomplishment. Our laws have
that.
Goddard provided humanity with its first
so, I invite comparison of the record that we
served as a model for environmental laws the
We've learned that the economy can grow
image of Earth from space. It was your sci-
as a country and as an administration have
world over. America's environmental accom-
even while pollution is reduced. Since 1973,
entists, Goddard's scientists, who developed
built. It is aggressive. It is comprehensive.
plishments have not come by mistake; they
our GDP has grown by more than 50 per-
the upper atmosphere research satellite
And it is ambitious, but carefully balanced.
are the result of sustained investment. Today,
cent. And yet air quality has gotten better:
launched last year, which is providing us new
What we've done in this administration re-
the U.S. spends about 2 percent of its gross
Emissions of carbon monoxide and smog-
insight about the content of the ozone layer.
flects the new environmentalism, more so-
domestic product, over $100 billion per year,
forming ozone, sulfur dioxide, and particu-
And the lion's share of the science that the
phisticated in its approach, that harnesses the
on pollution control. In comparison to other
late matter are all down by more than 20
world is using to understand our climate
power of the marketplace in the service of
nations, that's among the highest in the
percent. And water quality has gotten better:
comes from a program with its heart and soul
the environment. Det me give you some ex-
world.
We've achieved an 80 percent reduction in
right here, the Global Change Research Pro-
amples.
Americans have always believed that ac-
suspended solids from industrial and sewage
gram, built around the Mission to Planet
The 1990 Clean Air Act, which I proposed
tions speak louder than words. And simple
treatment plants.
Earth that Goddard is developing.
and signed into law, is the most ambitious
wisdom has guided our approach to the ques-
We've learned that technology, spurred by
When we go to Rio, the U.S. will go proud-
air pollution legislation anywhere on Earth.
tions on the table at Rio. We will sign a good
the right incentives, can provide help to the
ly as the world's leader, not just in environ-
It will cut acid rain, smog, toxic chemical
agreement on climate change. It is based on
environment that no amount of regulation of
mental research but in environmental action.
emissions. And yet it will do so with innova-
the idea that every nation should prepare an
old technology could have achieved. Techno-
The United States was the first nation to rec-
tions the whole world is watching. We have
action strategy as we in the United States
logical progress can cut pollution rather than
ognize the danger of CFC emissions by
a trading system for sulfur dioxide reduc-
have done. We first laid our plan on the table
increase it. And at the same time, the effi-
eliminating aerosol propellants, which we did
tions, have a new generation of cleaner fuels
in February 1991 with specific policy propos-
ciency gained is good for profits.
in 1978. Other nations are now following suit
and cleaner cars, a massive-and to date suc-
als and specific calculations concerning how
984
June 1 / Administration of George Bush, 1992
Administration of George Bush, 1992 / June 1
985
much greenhouse gas emissions would be re-
Second, with respect to climate, the sign-
cleaner, more efficient technology; and then
Nomination of Alison Podell
duced. When the science on CFC's changed,
ing of a convention that calls for action plans
an ongoing program to develop and share
Rosenberg To Be an Assistant
we added new measures, and we again laid
is simply a first step. We must implement
sound science-can help us seize that oppor-
Administrator of the Agency for
our plan on the table. We showed that our
them. So I will join In proposing a prompt
tunity long after those speeches in Rio have
International Development
policies would reduce projected year 2000
start to adoption of climate action plans. Of
been given and the Conference is over.
June 1, 1992
greenhouse gas emissions by 125 million to
course, as new and better science becomes
200 million tons, or by 7 to 11 percent. No
available on climate change, we will adjust
Two decades ago, when they gathered at
The President today announced his inten-
other nation except The Netherlands has laid
our action plan accordingly. The solution to
Stockholm, the leaders of the world could
tion to nominate Alison Podell Rosenberg,
out such a specific plan of action. And that's
climate change must include the developing
not possibly have foreseen the tumultuous
of Virginia, to be an Assistant Administrator
why we insisted that the focus be on results,
countries. While today they account for
events of the intervening two decades. Then
of the Agency for International Development
about a quarter of the world's emissions, by
for the Bureau of Africa, U.S. International
not on rhetoric. It may not have been widely
the year 2025 they will contribute over half.
they worried about nuclear war as a chief
Development Cooperation Agency. She
reported in the press, but in area after area,
So we must have their participation, and we
environmental threat. They couldn't have
would succeed Scott M. Spangler.
the United States laid down specific propos-
will fund "country studies" to get them start-
known that today the specter of nuclear war,
als and worked for their adoption: Forests,
ed. These countries will need new tech-
with its unthinkable destruction, would be
Since 1988, Ms. Rosenberg has served as
oceans, living marine resources, public par-
nologies if they are to enjoy green growth.
calmed as never before in our postwar his-
Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for Eco-
ticipation, financing. Let me be clear: Our
And America can provide them. So, my
tory. They could not possibly have envisioned
nomic Policy and Assistance for the Bureau
commitment to action did not begin and will
budget includes an investment of almost $1
that, with the fall of statism and communism,
of African Affairs at the Department of State.
not end with Rio.
billion in developing new energy-efficient
those who would come to Rio would have
Prior to this, she served as Director of Afri-
So, when I travel down there next week,
technologies. Hundreds of American busi-
the chance to launch a new generation of
can Affairs for National Security Council
nessmen will be traveling to Rio to make the
clean growth guided by the wisdom of free
to Brazil, I will bring with me several propos-
staff, 1987-88, and Associate Assistant Ad-
als to extend the commitment of the world
case for our technology. But this effort must
peoples and fueled by the power of free mar-
ministrator and Director in the Office of Pol-
continue.
kets. They could never have known how far
community into the future. Let me outline
icy Development and Program Review at the
So then the third part of our plan is to
we'd have come in 20 years. Now it is for
for you my four-point plan of cooperation:
Agency for International Development,
support a program, a board program of tech-
us to imagine how much further we can go.
1985-87.
nology cooperation. In particular, we're
And what better place to make that point
First, I will propose a major new initiative
going to create a Technology Cooperation
than standing before these people that are
to protect and enhance the world's forests.
Ms. Rosenberg graduated from Smith Col-
Corps to identify the green technology, those
I mentioned lessons learned about cost effec-
dedicated to demonstrating to the rest of the
lege (B.A., 1967). She was born September
green technological needs of countries
world how much farther we can go.
5, 1945, in Miami, FL. Ms. Rosenberg is
tiveness. Well, halting the loss of the Earth's
around the world, and then to knock down
married, has one child, and resides in
forests is one of the most cost-effective steps
the barriers to making it available.
I am grateful to each and every one of you
McLean, VA.
we can take to cut carbon dioxide emissions.
Forests also filter the air and water. They
who gives of himself or herself to further the
The fourth point of my program for a
provide products from timber and fuelwood
science and thus to Improve and keep some-
cleaner future is a continued program of re-
to pharmaceuticals and foodstuffs. They are
thing very, very special, the environmental
search and understanding. This year we are
home to more than half the world's species.
requesting over $1.4 billion for the Global
quality of our entire world. Thank you for
At the Houston G-7 summit 2 years ago, I
what you do. And may God bless our great
Nomination of Walter B.
Change Research Program. That's more than
proposed a global forest convention. At
the amount spent on climate research by the
country. Thank you.
McCormick, Jr., To Be General
UNCED, we should get agreement on the
Counsel of the Department of
rest of the world put together. With Dan
Transportation
principles leading up to it. But I propose
Goldin's leadership here at NASA, we will
today to move ahead faster. At Rio, I will
push for a program that provides results fast-
June 1, 1992
ask the other industrialized countries to join
er, cheaper, and better. At-Rio, I will propose
Note: The President spoke at 2:44 p.m. in
The President today announced his inten-
me in doubling worldwide forest assistance
to make the data from our climate change
the auditorium in Building 8. In his remarks,
tion to nominate Walter B. McCormick, Jr.,
with a goal of halting the loss of the world's
program available and affordable for scl-
he referred to John M. Klineberg, Director,
of Missouri, to be General Counsel of the
forests by the end of the decade. As a down
entists and researchers all around the world.
Goddard Space Flight Center; Brian D.
Department of Transportation. He would
payment, the U.S. will increase its bilateral
As part of this effort, we will distribute at
Dailey, Executive Secretary-Designate, Na-
succeed Arthur J. Rothkopf.
forest assistance by $150 million next year.
that Conference, at UNCED, thousands of
tional Space Council; and Lennard A. Fisk,
The plan is to encourage partnerships be-
copies of computer disks with data on green-
Associate Administrator for Space Science
Currently Mr. McCormick serves as Re-
tween recipient countries who could propose
house effects, and we will open this year a
and Applications, NASA. A tape was not
publican chief counsel and staff director of
new projects and investor countries who, in
Global Change Research Information Office.
available for verification of the content of
the U.S. Senate Committee on Commerce,
effect, could bid to support the most effective
These four steps-a dramatic program to
these remarks.
Science, and Transportation in Washington,
proposals for sequestering CO₂ or preserving
protect and to enhance forests; quick action
biodiversity.
on climate change; cooperation in deploying
than my fellow-countrymen. Seen from a lower
and consent of the governed. It can have no
1854; It sold only two thousand copies in five years. Since then, however, It has become
point of view, the Constitution, with all its faults,
pure right over my person and property but
a classic of American literature, for It Is a beautifully written Journal of a man's attempt
is very good; the law and the courts are very
what I concede to it. The progress from an ab-
to find truth and meaning In simple living and an ode of praise to living in harmony
respectable; even this State and this American
solute to a limited monarchy, from a limited
with nature and one's conscience.
government are, in many respects, very admira-
monarchy to a democracy, is a progress toward
ble and rare things, to be thankful for, such as a
a true respect for the individual. Is a democracy,
T
great many have described them; but seen from
such as we know it, the last improvement pos-
he mass of men lead lives of quiet des-
they must believe; and it may be that they have
a point of view a little higher, they are what I
sible in government? Is it not possible to take a
peration. What is called resignation is confirmed
some faith left which belies that experience, and
have described them; seen from a higher still,
step further towards recognizing and organizing
desperation. From the desperate city you go
they are only less young than they were. I have
and the highest, who shall say what they are, or
the rights of man? There will never be a really
into the desperate country, and have to console
lived some thirty years on this planet, and I have
that they are worth looking at or thinking of at
free and enlightened State, until the State comes
yourself with the bravery of minks and muskrats.
yet to hear the first syllable of valuable or even
all?
to recognize the individual as a higher and in-
A stereotyped but unconscious despair is con-
earnest advice from my seniors. They have told
However, the government does not concern
dependent power, from which all its own power
cealed even under what are called the games
me nothing, and probably cannot tell me any-
me much, and I shall bestow the fewest possible
and authority are derived, and treats him ac-
and amusements of mankind. There is no play in
thing to the purpose. Here is life, an experiment
thoughts on it. It is not many moments that I
cordingly. I please myself with imagining a State
them, for this comes after work. But it is a char-
to a great extent untried by me; but it does not
live under a government, even in this world. If
at last which can afford to be just to all men, and
acteristic of wisdom not to do desperate things.
avail me that they have tried it. If I have any
a man is thought-free, fancy-free, imagination-
to treat the individual with respect as a neigh-
When we consider what, to use the words of
experience which I think valuable, I am sure to
free, that which is not never for a long time
bor, which even would not think it inconsistent
the catechism, is the chief end of man, and what
reflect that this my Mentors said nothing
appearing to be to him, unwise rulers or reform-
with its own repose, if a few were to live aloof
are the true necessaries and means of life, it
about.
ers cannot fatally interrupt him
from it, not meddling with it, nor embraced by
appears as if men had deliberately chosen the
When first I took up my abode in the woods,
The authority of government, even such as I
it, who fulfilled all the duties of neighbors and
common mode of living because they preferred
that is, began to spend my nights as well as days
am willing to submit to,-for I will cheerfully
fellowmen. A State which bore this kind of fruit,
it to any other. Yet they honestly think there is
there, which, by accident, was on Independence
obey those who know and can do better than I,
and suffered it to drop off as fast as it ripened,
no choice left. But alert and healthy natures re-
Day, or the Fourth of July, 1845, my house was
and in many things even those who neither
would prepare the way for a still more perfect
member that the sun rose clear. It is never too
not finished for winter, but was merely a de-
know nor can do so well,-is still an impure
and glorious State, which also I have imagined,
late to give up our prejudices. No way of think-
fence against the rain, without plastering or
one: to be strictly just, it must have the sanction
but not yet anywhere seen.
ing or doing, however ancient, can be trusted
chimney, the walls being of rough, weather-
without proof. What everybody echoes or in si-
stained boards, with wide chinks, which made it
lence passes by as true to-day may turn out to
cool at night. The upright white hewn studs and
be falsehood to-morrow, mere smoke of opin-
freshly planed door and window casings gave it
HENRY DAVID THOREAU
ion, which some had trusted for a cloud that
a clean and airy look, especially in the morning,
would sprinkle fertilizing rain on their fields.
WALDEN
when its timbers were saturated with dew, so
What old people say you cannot do, you try and
that I fancied that by noon some sweet gum
find that you can. Old deeds for old people, and
would exude from them. To my imagination it
I went to the woods because I wished to live deliberately, to front only the essential
new deeds for new. Old people did not know
facts of life, and see if I could not learn what it had to teach, and not, when I came to
retained throughout the day more or less of this
enough once, perchance, to fetch fresh fuel to
die, discover that I bad not lived
auroral character, reminding me of a certain
keep the fire a-going; new people put a little dry
house on a mountain which I had visited a year
wood under a pot, and are whirled round the
before. This was an airy and unplastered cabin,
Thoreau lived for two years at Walden Pond. There, removed from everyday concerns
globe with the speed of birds, in a way to kill
fit to entertain a traveling god, and where a god-
and social pressures, he had time to think about what was Important in life and time to
old people, as the phrase is. Age is no better,
dess might trail her garments. The winds which
write. He was not, as popular tradition has it, a hermit during this period, but a man
hardly so well, qualified for an instructor as
passed over my dwelling were such as sweep
who lived on the edge of society-near enough to have visitors but distant enough to
youth, for it has not profited so much as it has
over the ridges of mountains, bearing the bro-
strip life down to Its essentials.
lost. One may almost doubt if the wisest man
ken strains, or celestial parts only, of terrestrial
In the 1850s, Thoreau became deeply committed to the abolition of slavery, and he
has learned anything of absolute value by living.
music. The morning wind forever blows, the
abandoned a life of reflection and detachment for one of political activism. He lectured
Practically, the old have no very important ad-
poem of creation is uninterrupted; but few are
and wrote against slavery and helped fugitive slaves fleeing north on the Underground
vice to give the young, their own experience
the ears that hear it. Olympus is but the outside
Railroad. In poor health, Thoreau died In 1862, not yet forty-five years old.
has been so partial, and their lives have been
of the earth everywhere
Walden, excerpted below, was not a commercial success when first published in
such miserable failures, for private reasons, as
I went to the woods because I wished to live
72
THE AMERICAN READER
ANTEBELLUM AMERICA: REFORM AND EXPANSION
73
On June 29, 1992, the
7/7/92
7pm
LEGISLATIVE STATUS:
The President's 1993 budget provides for a comprehensive program
that would protect and enhance America' natural and cultural
assets and the environment. To date, the Congress has reduce or
eliminated funding for key components of this program, and not
acted (upon important imp ementing legislation for ty
national \energy strategy and resource management initiatives:
America the Beautiful (ATB)
reported the Department the F41993 of the Appropriations Interior and bill related for agencies. The bill
The House Appropriations Committee (HAC) reduced funding for
ATB programs by about $250 million (14 percent) below
amounts requested by the President. Examples of
Congressional funding for unrequested projects and programs
at the expense of high priority natural and cultural
America
resource conservation include (see also attached chart)!
INSERT
specifically the Committee reduced fundingtor the Pollowing items:
1
Beautiful the
-- Federal-State LWCF partnerships to support local
outdoor recreation (-$32 million, 53 percent below the
request)
i
-- The President's plan to plant one billion trees a year
(-$65 million, 43 percent below the request) ;
-- Federal land acquisition (-$73 million, 24 percent below
the request), including zero-funding for Headwaters
Forest in California and Idaho recreational lands
(Potlatch) i
Midsession
Review
-- Targeted resource recovery at national parks facing acute
natural resource problems ($10 million requested; no
Table 10-1,
funding approved by the HAC)
committee
which was
Protection of America's remaining battlefields, which are
included
threatened by imminent development (-$8 million, 79
percent below the request) i
with the tration's
Admin
Challenge cost-share programs for national parks and
letter providing
refuges, which would foster public/private partnerships
to restore and enhance these areas (-$4 million, 52
its views to
percent below the request) ;
one Committee,
More seasonal park rangers to provide visitor services
shows those
and increase resource protection (-$6 million, 75
programs which
percent below the request).
were reduced
congressional inaction on ATB implementing legislation
assumed in the Budget:
below the
The budalt proposes
are "America
Establishment of the ATB Passport that is specially
designed to provide 12 months of access to a wide variety
level the Priduct, for
of Federally administered outdoor recreation areas. $26
million inzunrealized receipts),
ad by those the
No action
This proposal world
funding above
has been
increase receipts
taben on
by
this proposal.
15m
Senats Energy Subcommittee on
S
The brdget proposed
This legislation
Publiclads,
2
Not- Parks,
t Favests on
Administration legislation to authorize interstate land
May 21 and
exchanges by which the Federal Government would acquire
:by the
ecologically valuable bottom-land hardwoods and óther
wetlands in Arkansas (Potlatch).Vhas been introduced in
Agriculture
To date,
However, the House no and legislation Senate, and has Hearings been reported have been by held the by the House Him
authorizing committees,
Subconnittee on
Pollution Control
were
their Forests, Family
A
Farms, ad Energy on July
Cleaning Up Federal Facilities
8th A heaving is
scheduled before House
INSERT
Interior committee
on National parks
al Public Lands or
July 21st-
(Table 10 -
FY 1993 INTERIOR APPROPRIATIONS BILL: HOUSE APPROPRIATIONS COMMITTEE
REDUCTIONS IN RESOURCE PROTECTION TO FUND UNREQUESTED PROJECTS AND PROGRAMS
(BA dollars in millions relative to request)
Reductions
House
Increases
House
o America the Beautiful (ATB)
-262
Interior Department New Construction
(unneeded buildings and facilities)
+173
- Federal Recreational Land Acquisition
(-52)
- Headwaters (CA) Land Acquisition
(-11)
- BIA's Navajo Irrigation Project (NM)
(+14)
- Idaho/Potlatch Exchange and
- Other Uneconomic BIA Irrigation Projects
(+13)
Land Acquisition
(-10)-
- Other Lower-Priority BIA Projects
(+43)
- LWCF State Grants for Outdoor
- Palau Sewer, Power, Roads
(+7)
Recreation
(-32)
- Tree Planting
(-65)
o
Fossil R&D
+103
- ATB Passport Revenues Earmarked
for Parks and Challenge Cost Shares
(-26)
Miscellaneous Lower-Priority BIA and
- Forest Service Recreation
(-17)
Territories Adds
+126
- North American Wetlands Conservation
(-8)
- Targeted Park Resource Recovery
(-10)
- BIA
(+100)
- American Battlefield Protection
(-8)
- Territories and Palau Operations
(+26)
- More Seasonal Park Rangers
(-6)
Review Table 10-1
- Parks as Classrooms
(-1)
Lower-Priority Studies and Research Much Of
- Challenge Cost Share for Parks/Refuges
(-4)
Which Can Be Accomplished By Non-Federal
- Crab Orchard NWR (IL) Env. Cleanup
(-11)
Entities:
+79
o Other Natural and Historical Programs
-72
- U.S. Geological Survey
(+47)
(some ATB)
- Bureau of Mines
(+32)
- Forest Service Administration
(-24)
Non-Competitive Grants for Local Washington
- National Park Operations
(-20)
(DC) Arts and Cultural Organizations
+7
- Fish and Wildlife Operations
(-14)
- Public Lands Management
(-14)
Add-ons for Ineffective Programs Proposed for
Termination/Consolidation
+49
o
Historic Preservation
-5
- AML Emergency Program
(+16)
- Historically Black Colleges
(-4)
- Rural Abandoned Mine Program (RAMP)
(+12)
- Montpelier (VA)
(-1)
- BIA Direct Loans
(+3)
- BIA Business Development Grants
(+5)
Full Funding for Fish and Wildlife Service
- Mineral Institutes
(+9)
Payment in Lieu of Taxes
-2
- BIA's Navajo Rehab Trust Fund
(+4)
0 New Emergency Pest Suppression Fund (FS)
+42
(budget gimmick)
JUL-09-1992 10:02 FROM AMERICAN RECREATION
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Draft Remarks -- President Bush at Sequoia National Forest
Good morning!!
What a treat it is for me to be here today in the Sequoia National Forest. I'm delighted to be
in the company of the distinguished Chief of the Forest Service, Dale Robertson, and so many
of the fine men and women who are responsible for the stewardship of the 191 million acres of
national forest lands. I am also delighted to be here to assure the implementation of an
outstanding agreement reached among the many different interests who care about the national
forests and about the unique Giant Sequoias found here and on other federally-managed tracts
in California. I applaud the good faith negotiation by the Save the Redwoods League, by
Sequoia Forest Products and by 15 other organizations which resulted in an agreement to protect
these marvelous Giant Sequoia groves.
This visit also allows me to see first hand the good results of my policies for the outdoors --
policies which I believe continue and expand the great traditions of conservation and protection
we have in America. We do have the best national park system in the world, the best national
forest system in the world, the best refuge system in the world. And we are now actively
underway building the best systems of trails, of scenic byways, of wild and scenic rivers and
of urban greenways in the world.
Indeed, we've made wonderful progress over the past three and one-half years. Through the
Wallop-Breaux Trust Fund, special taxes on boating and fishing items taxes voluntarily agreed
to by the nation's anglers and boaters -- we are investing more than $300 million annually to
protect our nation's waters and make them more accessible to 60 million boaters and 70 million
anglers. We estimate that 4,000 projects have been undertaken over the past four years with
these funds. I am also delighted because the Wallop-Breaux funds have allowed us to seize an
opportunity created by the billions of dollars of public and private funds which have been
invested in cleaning up the nation's surface waters. Twenty years ago, the Potomac River, the
Great Lakes and thousands of other potential recreation sites were rendered unusable by
pollution. Today, the picture is much brighter. Federal standards, finacial assistance and
enforcement have made most of our rivers and lakes safe for fishing and swimming. Now,
Wallop-Breaux dollars are helping to make these waters accessible with fishing piers for the able
and the handicapped, with fisheries habitat enhancements and with new boat ramps.
I'm also delighted to be here in Sequoia National Forest, home of one of the 100+ national
forest scenic byways --- some 5,000 miles of the roads we Americans love to drive to see
firsthand our nation's cultural and natural beauty and diversity. And we have launched the forest
byways system and the larger national scenic byways system all within the past four years! We
expect that a national network of scenic byways stretching 50-60,000 miles will be in place
before the end of this decade perhaps even this wonderful road here today.
1.5acres
about
Over the past four years, we've also expanded our nation's parks, forests and refuges by XXXX
acres, roughly the size of XXXX, This addition has helped us host the substantially higher levels
thesize of
of visitations to our federally-managed outdoors. And we've seized a very real peace dividend
for the outdoors: areas once used by the military which have now been converted into units of
Y
statepark
yosemile
JUL-09-1992 10:03 FROM AMERICAN RECREATION
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federal park and refuge systems. The Presidio in San Francisco, fort Meade in Maryland and
the Rocky Mountain Arsenal near Denver are just three of the great examples -- and there will
be more.
But land alone will not satisfy all our needs outdoors. We have sharply boosted spending on
trails, campgrounds, visitor centers and other facilities on federal lands. Three years ago, I
635
proposed the America's Great Outdoors initiative for the national forests $625 million in
additional spending on the infrastructure to support visits to the national forests. While we have
met many of my goals, I am disappointed that the Congress has failed to respond to this -- and
many other initiatives to protect and enhance outdoors experiences.
I have proposed substantial increases in the Land and Water Conservation Fund in each of the
past three years and especially in the state side of that fund, which should help our urban
areas meet the challenge of providing adequate close-to-home recreation sites. Yet this year,
the House has cut more than $100 million from my proposal for the Land and Water
Conservation Fund some 25% overall and more than 50% of the amount I proposed for the
State side. And the House has also cut another $100 million in federal recreation operations
dollars threatening the ability of agencies like the Forest Service and the National Park Service
to do their job professionally.
I am also disappointed that the House has failed to provide funding for the new National
Recreational Trails Fund created last December when I signed the new surface transportation
bill a fund which both provides its own source of revenue and meets one of the fastest
growing recreation needs. I understand the frustration the trails community feels about this
failure, and we are going to do everything in our power to work with them to get the funding
we've proposed and this program deserves.
We are also celebrating today the partnerships which have developed over the past four years -
- partnerships which are aiding the outdoors and the millions of Americans who enjoy time in
the outdoors. Each of the federal land-managing agencies has embraced the concept of
Challenge Cost-Share projects, where federal investments in wildlife and recreation projects are
matched at least 1:1 by local dollars and volunteered goods and services. Next week, I will help
honor 100 individuals and organizations from across the nation who are the winners in our
national Take Pride in America program. Overall, volunteerism on the federal lands has grown
by xx%, and now totals an estimated XX million manhours.
Partnerships have also meant new and creative ways for the public and private sectors to work
together. The campgrounds in this forest are now being operated under a concession agreement
with a private operator, who is demonstrating a real commitment to providing quality visits to
the forest. And the campsites here, like those in national forests across the nation, will soon be
able to be reserved in advance through an "800" number, again through a private sector partner.
We have another partner here in the forest I am especially pleased to recognize: the R.M. Pyles
Boys Camp. I've visited with some of the 500 boys who will spend time here this summer and
their great counselors. These kids lead day-to-day lives far removed from the beauties of the
Sierra Nevadas -- or any beauty at all. The stories they've told me and to the media are
heartening. For more than 40 years, this camp has been offering the kind of personal assistance
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to at-risk youths we all know is needed, financed by private contributions and operating here on
the national forest under a special permit.
Before we return to the subject of the Giant Sequoias, I want to ask your help. I'm proud of
the tremendous advances we've made in protecting our outdoors and expanding opportunities for
its enjoyment. But we can, we must, do more. Nearly a year ago, I sent to the Congress a
proposal to create an America the Beautiful Passport. The passport would help every American
understand better the shared wealth we have in our public lands - the one in three acres
managed as our common legacy. It would help every American locate places to go to fish and
hike, or ski and camp. It would make entry into and parking at federal recreation areas easier
and would help us improve visitor services and facilities. The public is eager for the passport,
according to two national polls. There is bipartisan support on the Hill and widespread support
among the recreation and conservation communities. Yet the Congress has yet to even hold
hearings on this measure. Therefore, I am directing the Secretaries of Agriculture and Interior
to move ahead administratively on this project, to create an interim passport program in
conjunction with the Recreation Roundtable.
I also need your help in encouraging the Congress to work with us to revamp and refine the
Land and Water Conservation Fund, and especially to help us work to find a way to focus public
and private efforts on meeting the recreation needs of Americans in our cities -- a need described
as 1980's. the nation's top recreation priority by national commissions in the 1960's and again in the
I also intend to expand our use of the nation's parks and forests, refuges and conservation areas
as "outdoors classrooms." We have dozens of federal recreation and conservation areas close
to our nation's population centers. Already, some of these work closely with schools and private
organizations to provide "hands-on" educational programs. With your help, more can and will
be done.
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American Recreation Coalition
Dedicated to the protection and enhancement of every citizen's
right to pursue health and happiness through leisure-time activities.
May 11, 1992
MEMORANDUM
TO:
David Demarest
FROM:
Derrick Crandall
SUBJECT:
May 14 Event: Linkages to Urban Concerns
On May 14, President Bush is scheduled to appear at an event in Anacostia Park sponsored by
the American Recreation Coalition and the Recreation Roundtable. The event offers several
themes directly relevant to the Administration's actions post-Los Angeles and relating to the
needs of America's cities.
1) Recreation is a universal language, cutting across ethnic, racial, economic and
geographic borders.
2) If people -- and especially kids -- don't have places to play, their idle time and
energies are often turned to non-constructive activities. These activities can be
relatively benign like hours before the television -- or far worse, including illegal
activities.
3) Solutions to our cities' problems depend upon more personal contacts between
those in the inner cities and "mainstream" America. We need to encourage
volunteerism in inner city schools. We need to help inner city youths come to know the
great outdoors which is part of their legacy, too.
4) Community identity and pride is the building block of national identity and
pride. Most of us value and safeguard the things we own and care about. The actions
in Los Angeles reflect a lack of perceived ownership -- and a community which doesn't
inspire much pride. In contrast, Harlem is emerging as a tourism destination.
I'd also like to share a paragraph that explains the activities of our group a bit more:
The Take Pride in America work projects of the American Recreation Coalition weren't
conducted in spectacular and distant sites like Yellowstone National Park and the Grand
Canyon for a reason. Urban sites like Anacostia, Fort Dupont and Rock Creek parks are
part of our outdoor legacy, too, and are used intensively by many who will rarely -- if
ever -- visit some of our best known national parks. They are vital to us in many ways.
In fact, the projects selected for work today demonstrate three very different roles. Here
at Anacostia Park, tens of thousands of people use the park's basketball and tennis
Suite 726
1331 Pennsylvania Ave., N.W.
Washington, D.C. 20004
(202) 662-7420
Fax: (202) 662-7424
Printed on Recycled Paper
JUL-09-1992 10:05 FROM AMERICAN RECREATION
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Memorandum to David Demarest, Page Two
May 11, 1992
courts, its ballfields and swimming pool, its playground and its river banks, its skating
pavilion and its boat ramps. In Fort Dupont, volunteers helped prepare a stage for this
summer's popular performances of jazz and other performing arts. And in Rock Creek
Park, volunteers cleared debris from the stream and began the process of clearing fallen
trees which were causing severe bank erosion in a part of the park which offers
opportunities for hiking and horse-riding in a very natural setting.
Finally, let me share a few quotes which are contained in the report of the President's
Commission on Americans Outdoors (1987), in which then-Vice President Bush took substantial
interest:
From the PCAO report text:
"
People in central cities have a harder time experiencing the outdoors."
H
Americans place a high value on the outdoors; it is central to the quality of our lives
and the quality of our communities."
Arthur Holland, Mayor of Trenton, NJ (quoted in the report):
We moved 21 years ago into a neighborhood which was considered very run down. As
you had the beginning of gentrification, resentful stones would be thrown. We built a
small park -- a basketball court, some benches, a place where you could at least throw
some balls around. The stone throwing stopped. That's why I'm convinced, firsthand,
that there's a direct relationship: you don't throw stones when you've got balls to throw
around.
Charles Jordan, PCAO commissioner and Director, Portland, Oregon, Parks and Recreation and
a prominent African-American (quoted in the report):
When the police chief asks for more officers, we must remind the decisionmakers that
recreation is more than fun and games. On a daily basis, we engage thousands of young
people in constructive and positive activities. Were it not for the opportunities we
provide, those idle hands and energetic bodies may well turn to less constructive and less
positive activities. It is cheaper to recreate than to incarcerate!
When the Human Relations commission makes its report on the state of race relations,
we must remind them that we break racial barriers every day. We provide opportunities
for people of different races and ethnic backgrounds to taste victory, only after they set
aside those artificial barriers of color and status and work together as a unit, each
contributing some unique and necessary talent. If they can do it on the courts and on
the playing fields, just maybe they can do it in society.
John Gardner (quoted in the report):
The task of the moment is to recreate a highly motivated society. If we fail in that, forget
the rest.
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Memorandum to David Demarest, Page Three
May 11, 1992
Willard Brown (quoted in the report):
The parks and recreation community is providing people with opportunities for
fulfillment, for challenge and for the identity that they're no longer finding in their work.
In doing that, we're making a very real contribution to resolving the most significant
issue this country does face, the "re-creation" of a highly motivated society.
Needless to say, I'd welcome the chance to discuss these concepts with you, as well as the
conversations underway (and in which Bob Grady is a key player) regarding a new program to
assist recreation and conservation initiatives in America's urban areas.
Downl
MY HOME # 15 703-847-4718,
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ge Bush, 1992
Administration of George Bush, 1992 / June 11
1035
bout the argu-
ink the over-
guard human life. We're going to do what
Remarks on Departure for the
people want
we can in a humanitarian way. We're working
United Nations Conference on
head and take
with the United Nations. But it's a little pre-
Environment and Development
g this budget
mature to be talking-
June 11, 1992
control.
Q. You have to act quickly, don't you,
oming. As you
though, to keep those people from starving?
Well, today I travel to Rio de Janeiro to
puple of min-
The President. When the United States
join our 100 heads of state at the United Na-
sees people that are hungry, we help. And
tions Conference on Environment and De-
is important,
ose who have
again, that's bipartisan or nonpartisan. That's
velopment. Informally, the Rio meeting has
ership role in
just been the hallmark of our country. So we
been called the Earth summit. But I want
It's been bi-
will do what we should do. But I'm not going
to focus for just a minute on the official
name. I think it's critical that we take both
ent.
to go into the fact of using U.S. troops. We're
not the world's policeman. It's a very com-
those words, environment and development,
udget
plicated situation, but it's one that we're fol-
equally seriously, and we do.
lowing very closely.
On the environment, America's record is
u think there's
Thank you. Now I've got to get to work
second to none. No other nation has done
gainst the bal-
with these people.
more, more rapidly to clean up the water,
at?
the air, or preserve public land. No other na-
on't know be-
U.N. Conference on Environment and
tion has done more to advance the state of
1, Sarah [Sarah
Development
technology that promises cleaner growth. We
ews Service].
Q. Mr. President, do you expect the other
are proposing to double forest assistance. No
countries to try to beat up on you in Rio?
other nation has put in place stricter stand-
ber of Com-
The President. It doesn't matter. It
ards to curb pollution in the future. We've
doesn't matter. We are the United States. We
done a great deal, and we are determined
aber of Com-
are the leader in the environment. We've got
to do more.
ey've got one
a good record. Most of the groups that are
But let me say up front: I am determined
nt to pass first.
criticizing are from the United States, I think.
to protect the environment, and I'm also de-
S this country,
But that's all right; I've been there before.
termined to protect the American taxpayer.
country real-
I'm going to represent the people on this visit
The day of the open checkbook is over. I
ds' future has
and do it firmly in putting forward the best
will go to Rio with a series of sound proposals
rds, we're not
environmental record that any country has.
designed to foster both environmental pro-
trying to do
We've spent $800 billion in the last 10
tection and economic growth. I'll sign a cli-
years. We're going to spend $1.2 trillion in
mate convention that calls for sound action,
But these peo-
the next 10 years. And we share our tech-
like increased energy efficiency and cleaner
ly, and they're
nology with the world. We are way out front.
air. I'll offer technology cooperation because
and I support
And we're going to continue to stay out front,
I believe American technology can help clean
but we are not going to act like we have an
up the world's environment. I'll propose to
open checkbook and that people are going
share U.S. science, the most advanced in the
to come in and tell us how much money to
world, to increase understanding of these
worried about
spend. We can't do it. We're trying to protect
complex issues. And I'll bring my Forests for
the taxpayer here through this balanced
the Future initiative, the most concrete and
budget amendment, and I will protect the
effective plan for dealing with the pressing
bing speaking?
worried at all.
taxpayer down there in Rio. But I'm going
problems of deforestation of all those that
to advocate a sound, strong environmental
have been proposed at Rio.
vn there.
record.
Finally, I go to Rio with a firm conviction:
Now, you all, thank you very much for in-
Environmental protection and a growing
going to have
terest in all of this. But I've got to get to
economy are inseparable. No matter what
ope? The Bal-
work and see what I can do to help these
some people may want to pretend, they are
people around this table at the waning hours
inseparable. It is counterproductive to pro-
ncerned about
of this debate.
mote one at the expense of the other.
but there's no
For the past half-century, the United
going to safe-
Note: The exchange began at 7:03 a.m. in
States has been a great engine of global eco-
the Cabinet Room at the White House.
nomic growth, and it's going to stay that way.
1036
June 11 / Administration of George Bush 1992
Every American knows what that means for
Rio the U.S. record that is second to none
us. What many may not know is that the
anywhere in the world.
world also has a stake in a strong American
economy. Right now, one-half of the devel-
Note: The President spoke at 7:50 a.m.
at
oping countries' exports of manufactured
Andrews Air Force Base in Camp Springs,
goods to all industrialized nations are sold,
MD.
yes, in the United States of America. A weak
economy in this country would harm workers
in other nations and cut their export earnings
to a trickle. Nations struggling to meet the
Remarks at a Luncheon Hosted by
most elemental needs of their people can
President Guillermo Endara in
spare little to protect the environment.
Panama City, Panama
Many governments and many individuals
June 11, 1992
from the U.S. and other nations have pressed
us to sign a treaty on what's called
The President. Mr. President and Mr.
biodiversity. I don't expect that pressure to
Vice President and members of the Cabinet,
let up when I reach Rio. The treaty's intent
Barbara and I are just delighted to be with
is noble, to ensure protection of natural habi-
you to witness firsthand the great progress
tat for the world's plants and animal life. The
that Panama has made since its liberation
U.S. has better protections for species and
from that dictatorship and tyranny back in
habitat than any nation on Earth. No one
December 1989. Panama is once again free,
disagrees with the goal of the treaty. But the
democracy restored, and the rule of law pre-
truth is, it contains provisions that have noth-
vails.
ing to do with biodiversity.
With your nation's return to democracy,
Take just one example: The private sector
Panama resumes its place in the world com-
is proving it can help generate solutions to
munity. This country's path toward economic
our environmental problems. The treaty in-
reform and also liberalization has rekindled
cludes provisions that discourage techno-
economic enterprise. And maybe some don't
logical innovations, treat them as common
realize it, but last year your nation's eco-
property though they are developed at great
nomic growth was the highest in the whole
cost by private companies and American
hemisphere. I salute your success and your
workers. We know what will happen. Re-
efforts, which bring the prospect of a better
move incentives, and we'll see fewer of the
future for all Panamanians.
technological advances that help us protect
Our countries have enjoyed a unique part-
our planet.
nership since Panama gained its independ-
My Forests for the Future initiative will
ence nearly 90 years ago. That partnership
offer real assistance to protect habitats, a
is embodied today in the 1977 Panama Canal
downpayment of $150 million in new U.S.
treaties. Mr. President, let me just assure you
assistance toward the goal of doubling world-
the United States keeps its word; those trea-
wide funding for forests. It invites developing
ties will be fully implemented on schedule.
countries to propose their best plans for for-
But what I really wanted to do to come
est conservation, and it encourages innova-
here was to salute those of you in this room
tion, like biotechnology, that will help us pro-
who stood up to the tyranny of Noriega and
tect biodiversity worldwide.
who dared to oppose him in the 1989 elec-
I cannot speak for actions other nations
tions and who now have the responsibility
may take. But this I promise: I will stand
for strengthening your democracy for future
up for American interests and the interests
generations.
of a cleaner environment. And if the United
As we were riding in in the car I sensed
States has to be the only nation to stand
a little nervousness on the part of my friend,
against the biodiversity treaty as now drawn,
President Endara. I think he was worried
so be it.
that I might be offended by some show of
I believe deeply in protecting our common
protest. But what I saw and felt was that
environment, and I will proudly present in
overwhelming welcome from the people
VOLUME 24
Russia to Skimmer
THE ENCYCLOPEDIA
AMERICANA
INTERNATIONAL EDITION
COMPLETE IN THIRTY VOLUMES
FIRST PUBLISHED IN 1829
GROLIER INCORPORATED
International Headquarters: Danbury, Connecticut 06816
570
SEQUOIA NATIONAL PARK-SERAPHIM
8,500 feet (1,200-2,600 meters) The area occu-
an American trader whom he believed to be his
pied by the big tree is marked by a climate with
father. He was a silversmith among the Chero-
an annual rainfall of 45 to 60 inches (1,143-
kees in Georgia, where he invented a system by
1,524 mm) and a snow cover of 2 to 10 feet (60-
which, employing 85 characters, every sound in
305 cm) for three to six months of the year.
the Cherokee language could be reduced to writ-
The big tree is not as tall as the redwood
ing. This syllabary, approved by the Cherokee
but is certainly the most massive tree known, at-
general council in 1821, enabled thousands of
taining a height of 100 to 325 feet (30-100
tribesmen to read and write. It was adopted by
meters), a diameter of 5 to 30 feet (1.5-9 meters)
the missionaries, and was used in printing the
6 feet (1.8 meters) above ground level, and an
Cherokee Phoenix and Indian Advocate, a weekly
estimated weight of more than 1,000 tons. The
newspaper first published in 1828. In 1823 he
bottom limbs may branch off anywhere between
carried the new learning to the western tribes in
80 and 225 feet (24-69 meters). The crown of
Arkansas and five years later he moved with them
the big tree is usually round at the top but may
to Oklahoma. Sequoya died, possibly in Tamauli-
appear broken with age. The bark, darker and
pas State, Mexico, in August 1843. His name
browner than the redwood's, is deeply furrowed
is perpetuated in the sequoia tree.
and from 1/2 to 2 feet (15-61 cm) thick.
The leaves are awl-like, 1/8 to 1/2 inch (3-13
SERAGLIO, se-ral'yō, a palace of the Ottoman sul-
mm) long, and densely grouped, exposing the
tans. The term is derived from the Italian ser-
tips only. On larger twigs, the leaves tend to be
raglio, meaning enclosure or palace, and refers
longer and are longest in seedlings. The male
generally to any sultan's palace, more especially
cones are terminal on branchlets, about 1/4 inch
to the harem, or women's quarters. The Seraglio
(6 mm) long, scaly, and distributed all over the
was a term given by Westerners to Topkapi Sarayı,
tree. The small, pale green female cones ma-
a former palace of the sultans in Istanbul. See
ture into woody, yellow-brown cones about 2 to
also TOPKAPI SARAYI.
3 inches (50-76 mm) long. They are made up
of 35 to 40 scales, each bearing four to six flat,
SERAO, sã-rä'ō, Matilde (1856-1927), Italian
thin, narrowly winged seeds that are shed in the
novelist and journalist. She was born in Patras,
second summer. The big tree reproduces solely
Greece, on March 7, 1856, the daughter of an
from seed germinating on bare, exposed soil. The
Italian political exile and a Greek mother. She
seed remains fertile for 20 years.
first attracted attention by a short story, Novelle,
The age of the oldest big trees is estimated
which she followed with a popular novel, Fantasia
at about 3,500 years, although most are younger
(1883). Her writing is characterized by vigor
than 1,500 years. Big trees are second in age
and realism, and in her later work a certain psy-
roofs of the Pet Monastery
only to bristlecone pines, whose ages as estab-
chological insight is also apparent. Her most
lished by ring counts range up to 4,600 years.
famous novels are La virtú di Checchina (1885).
The wood of the big tree is weak, coarse-
Il paese di cuccagna (1891; The Land of the
ERBIA, sûr'bē-a, is one o
grained, and more brittle than that of the red-
Cockayne), La conquista di Roma (1885), and
ublics that make up Yug
wood. It was at one time sold as redwood for
La ballerina (1899).
roatian form of the name
use in such things as fences and shingles, but it
Matilde Serao married Eduardo Scarfoglio in
republic constitutes the
is no longer of any commercial importance.
1885, and together they founded the newspaper
ugoslavia. On the north it
THEODOR JUST
Il Corriere di Roma, which was short-lived.
and on the east by Rt
Formerly, Field Museum of Natural History
Then, in Naples, they edited Il Corriere di No-
the south its border me
poli. She separated from her husband in 1904
tacedonia and then takes
SEQUOIA NATIONAL PARK, si-kwoi'e, is a pre-
and subsequently founded Il Mattino and Il
Song Albania until it meets
served natural wild area on the western slopes
Giorno. She died in Naples on July 25, 1927.
dontenegro. Also to the W
of the Sierra Nevada in central California, about
55 miles (89 km) east of Fresno. The area was
SERAPE, se-räp'ē, a kind of shawl traditionally
C Bosnia and Hercegovina
Serbia has an area of
declared a national park in 1890 to protect the
worn by Mexican men, who fold it over the left
big trees (Sequoiadendron giganteum) of which
shoulder. The serape, or sarape, made of a wool
les (88,000 sq km). It
soper (the former kingdo,
there are hundreds with diameters of more than
blanket, usually striped, derives from the pre-
10 feet (3 meters). The park stretches south-
Columbian poncho, a rectangle with a slit for
pout 21,500 square miles (
atonomous province of Vo
ward from the border of Kings Canyon National
the head. Indian serapes may also be worn as
ponchos for warmth. Those of Spanish Mexicans.
300 square miles (21,500
Park to the headwaters of the Tule River. Its
tonomous region of Kosov
eastern boundary is made up of the tallest peaks
without a slit, are purely decorative.
(uare miles (11,000 sq km).
of the Sierra Nevada, including Mt. Whitney
(14,494 feet, or 4,418 meters), the highest moun-
SERAPHIM, ser'a-fim, are winged celestial crea.
tures mentioned in the book of Isaiah (6:2)
436,547. The chief city is
Serbia has a total pop
tain in the 48 contiguous states.
Sequoia National Park is bisected by the
They are described as having six wings. In the
(capital and largest city
ingoslavia and had a popula
Great Western Divide, a jagged granite ridge that
vision of Isaiah, one of the Seraphim brought B
burning coal and touched it to the prophet's lips he
Other large cities, with
runs through the park from north to south. On
include Novi Sad (21
the east of the ridge are high mountain lakes of
to purify them, symbolically readying him for also
and Subotica (146,755
glacial origin and the Kern River Canyon, which
prophetic role (Isaiah 6:6-7). They are other
For the geography, topogr
runs parallel to the ridge for about 25 miles (40
places in the Old Testament, such as Isaiah
mentioned in a singular form (seraph) in 30:6.
velopment of Serbia, see Yu
km), attaining a depth of about 3,000 feet (915
meters). West of the ridge, at an altitude of
Numbers 21: 6-8, and Deuteronomy 8:15. Sim; and
HISTORY
from 4,000 to 8,000 feet (1,220-2,440 meters)
ilar descriptions are found in the literature
are the Giant Forest and other groves of giant
art of other ancient Middle Eastern religions six:
There are several hypothes
the word "Serb," and its ,
sequoia. See also SEQUOIA.
For example, in Mesopotamia, drawings of hand
cure, One theory is that
winged creatures holding a serpent in each later
casian ser, meaning "man
SEQUOYA, si-kwoi's (1770?-1843) was a Chero-
have been discovered at Tell Halaf. In
kee Indian scholar. His name is also spelled Se-
rank among the angels, followed by the cherubim
Christian literature the seraphim highest
ax.of bi of that language
was mentioned for the fi
quoyah. He was born in Taskigi, Tenn. At ma-
ary A. D. by the geograpl
turity he assumed the name of George Guess after
and thrones. See also ANGEL.
The first Serbs appeared
6th century in German
deliberately, to front only the essential facts of
ever fluctuating, so that even a German cannot
or two letters in my life-I wrote this some
sider what kind of music they are like. Let us
life, and see if I could not learn what it had to
tell you how it is bounded at any moment. The
years ago-that were worth the postage. The
settle ourselves, and work and wedge our feet
teach, and not, when I came to die, discover that
nation itself; with all its so-called internal im-
penny-post is, commonly, an institution through
downward through the mud and slush of opin-
I had not lived. I did not wish to live what was
provements, which, by the way, are all external
which you seriously offer a man that penny for
ion, and prejudice, and tradition, and delusion,
not life, living is so dear; nor did I wish to prac-
and superficial, is just such an unwieldy and
his thoughts which is so often safely offered in
and appearance, that alluvion which covers the
tise resignation, unless it was quite necessary. I
overgrown establishment, cluttered with furni-
jest. And I am sure that I never read any memo-
globe, through Paris and London, through New
wanted to live deep and suck out all the marrow
ture and tripped up by its own traps, ruined by
rable news in a newspaper. If we read of one
York and Boston and Concord, through Church
of life, to live so sturdily and Spartan-like as to
luxury and heedless expense, by want of calcu-
man robbed, or murdered, or killed by accident,
and State, through poetry and philosophy and
put to rout all that was not life, to cut a broad
lation and a worthy aim, as the million house-
or one house burned, or one vessel wrecked, or
religion, till we come to a hard bottom and
swath and shave close, to drive life into a corner,
holds in the land; and the only cure for it, as for
one steamboat blown up, or one COW run over
rocks in place, which we can call reality, and
and reduce it to its lowest terms, and, if it
them, is in a rigid economy, a stern and more
on the Western Railroad, or one mad dog killed,
say, This is, and no mistake
Be it life or death,
proved to be mean, why then to get the whole
than Spartan simplicity of life and elevation of
or one lot of grasshoppers in the winter,-we
we crave only reality. If we are really dying, let
and genuine meanness of it, and publish its
purpose. It lives too fast. Men think that it is
never need read of another. One is enough. If
us hear the rattle in our throats and feel cold in
meanness to the world; or if it were sublime, to
essential that the Nation have commerce, and
you are acquainted with the principle, what do
the extremities; if we are alive, let us go about
know it by experience, and be able to give a
export ice, and talk through a telegraph, and
you care for a myriad instances and applica-
our business.
true account of it in my next excursion. For
ride thirty miles an hour, without a doubt,
tions? To a philosopher all news, as it is called,
Time is but the stream I go a-fishing in. I
most men, it appears to me, are in a strange
whether they do or not; but whether we should
is gossip, and they who edit and read it are old
drink at it; but while I drink I see the sandy
uncertainty about it, whether it is of the devil or
live like baboons or like men, is a little uncer-
women over their tea
bottom and detect how shallow it is. Its thin
of God, and have somewhat hastily concluded
tain
Let us spend one day as deliberately as Na-
current slides away, but eternity remains. I
that it-is the-chief end of-man here to "glorify
Why should we live with such hurry and
ture, and not be thrown off the track by every
would drink deeper; fish in the sky, whose bot-
God and enjoy him forever."
waste of life? We are determined to be starved
nutshell and mosquito's wing that falls on the
tom is pebbly with stars, I cannot count-one. I
Still we live meanly, like ants; though the
before we are hungry. Men say that a stitch in
rails. Let us rise early and fast, or break fast,
know not the first letter of the alphabet. I have
fable tells us that we were long ago changed into
time saves nine, and so they take a thousand
gently and without perturbation; let company
always been regretting that I was not as wise as
men; like pygmies we fight with cranes; it is
stitches to-day to save nine to-morrow. As for
come and let company go, let the bells ring and
the day I was born. The intellect is a cleaver; it
error upon error, and clout upon clout, and our
work, we haven't any of any consequence. We
the children cry,-determined to make a day of
discerns and rifts its way into the secret of
best virtue has for its occasion a superfluous and
have the Saint Vitus' dance, and cannot possibly
it. Why should we knock under and go with the
things. I do not wish to be any more busy with
evitable wretchedness. Our life is frittered away
keep our heads still Hardly a man takes a
stream? Let us not be upset and overwhelmed
my hands than is necessary. My head is hands
by detail. An honest man has hardly need to
half-hour's nap after dinner, but when he wakes
in that terrible rapid and whirlpool called a din-
and feet. I feel all my best faculties concentrated
count more than his ten fingers, or in extreme
he holds up his head and asks, "What's the
ner, situated in the meridian shallows. Weather
in it. My instinct tells me that my head is an
cases he may add his ten toes, and lump the rest.
news?" as if the rest of mankind had stood his
this danger and you are safe, for the rest of the
organ for burrowing, as some creatures use their
Simplicity, simplicity, simplicity! I say, let your
sentinels. Some give directions to be waked
way is down hill. With unrelaxed nerves, with
snout and fore paws, and with it I would mine
affairs be as two or three, and not a hundred or
every half-hour, doubtless for no other purpose;
morning vigor; sail by it, looking another way,
and burrow my way through these hills. I think
a thousand; instead of a million count half a
and then, to pay for it, they tell what they have
tied to the mast like Ulysses. If the engine whis-
that the richest vein somewhere hereabouts;
dozen, and keep your accounts on your thumb-
dreamed. After a night's sleep the news is as
tles, let it whistle till it is hoarse for its pains. If
so by the divining-rod and thin rising vapors I
nail. In the midst of this chopping sea of civi-
indispensable as the breakfast. "Pray tell me any-
the bell rings, why should we run? We will con-
judge; and here I will begin to mine.
lized life, such are the clouds and storms and
thing new that has happened to a man anywhere
quicksands and thousand-and-one items to be
on this globe,"-and he reads it over his coffee
allowed for, that a man has to live, if he would
and rolls, that a man has had his eyes gouged
not founder and go to the bottom and not make
JOHN GREENLEAF WHITTIER
out this morning on the Wachito River; never
his port at all, by dead reckoning, and he must
dreaming the while that he lives in the dark
THE BAREFOOT BOY
be a great calculator indeed who succeeds. Sim-
unfathomed mammoth cave of this world, and
plify, simplify. Instead of three meals a day, if it
has but the rudiment of an eye himself.
be necessary eat but one; instead of a hundred
For my part, I could easily do without the
Editor, poet, and essayist, John Greenleaf Whittler (1807-1892) was a Quaker who was
dishes, five; and reduce other things in propor-
post-office. I think that there are very few im-
passionately committed to social. reform, and especially to the abolition of slavery.
tion. Our life is like a German Confederacy,
portant communications made through it. To
Raised on the family farm at Haverhill, Massachusetts, he also came to be known as the
made up of petty states, with its boundary for-
speak critically, I never received more than one
poet of New England rural life. His poem "Maud Muller" contained this famous couplet:
74
THE AMERICAN READER
ANTEBELLUM AMERICA: REFORM AND EXPANSION
75
"Of all sad words of tongue and pen / The saddest are these: It might have been." HIs
Cheerily, then, my little man,
Lose the freedom of the sod,
poem "The Barefoot Boy" was well loved for Its evocation of the simple Joys of country
Live and laugh, as boyhood can!
Like a colt's for work be shod,
life. It was written In 1855.
Though the flinty slopes be hard,
Made to tread the mills of toil,
Stubble-speared the new-mown sward,
Up and down in ceaseless moil:
B
Every morn shall lead thee through
Happy if their track be found
lessings on thee, little man,
Hand in hand with her he walks,
Fresh baptisms of the dew;
Never on forbidden ground;
Barefoot boy, with cheek of tan!
Face to face with her he talks,
Every evening from thy feet
Happy if they sink not in
With thy turned-up pantaloons,
Part and parcel of her joy,-
Shall the cool wind kiss the heat:
Quick and treacherous sands of sin.
And thy merry whistled tunes;
Blessings on thee, barefoot boy!
All too soon these feet must hide
Ah! that thou shouldst know thy joy
With thy red lip, redder still
Oh for boyhood's time of June,
In the prison cells of pride,
Ere it passes, barefoot boy!
Kissed by strawberries on the hill;
Crowding years in one brief moon,
With the sunshine on thy face,
When all things I heard or saw
Through thy torn brim's jaunty grace;
Me, their master, waited for.
From my heart I give thee joy,-
I was rich in flowers and trees,
I was once a barefoot boy!
Humming birds and honeybees;
THOMAS CORWIN
Prince thou art,-the grown-up man
For my sport the squirrel played,
Only is republican.
Plied the snouted mole his spade;
AGAINST THE MEXICAN WAR
Let the million-dollared ride!
For my taste the blackberry cone
Barefoot, trudging at his side,
Purpled over hedge and stone;
If I were a Mexican I would tell you, "Have you not room enough in your own country
Thou hast more than he can buy
to bury your dead?"
Laughed the brook for my delight
In the reach of ear and eye,-
Through the day and through the night,
Outward sunshine, inward joy:
Whispering at the garden wall,
Blessings on thee, barefoot boy!
As America expanded westward, its borders grew at the expense of Mexico. American
Talked with me from fall to fall;
settlers In Texas rebelled against Mexican authorities and proclaimed an independent
Oh for boyhood's painless play,
Mine the sand-rimmed pickerel pond,
republic in 1836. In the summer of 1845, as Congress debated whether to annex Texas,
Sleep that wakes in laughing day,
Mine the walnut slopes beyond,
John L. O'Sullivan, editor of the Democratic Review, urged annexation because nothing
Health that mocks the doctor's rules,
Mine, on bending orchard trees,
should Interfere with America's "manifest destiny to overspread the continent allotted
Knowledge never learned of schools,
Apples of Hesperides!
by Providence for the free development of our yearly multiplying millions." Later that
Of the wild bee's morning chase,
Still, as my horizon grew,
year, the Republic of Texas became a state. Meanwhlle, American settlers led by John
Of the wild flower's time and place,
Larger grew my riches too;
C. Fremont marched Into California and proclaimed the Bear Flag Republic In 1846.
Flight of fowl and habitude
All the world I saw or knew
Since Mexico and the United States did not agree on their border, President James
Of the tenants of the wood;
Seemed a complex Chinese toy,
K. Polk sent a répresentative to Mexico and a military force to the disputed border
How the tortoise bears his shell,
Fashioned for a barefoot boy!
area. When negotiations broke down, war broke out. The war had popular support,
How the woodchuck digs his cell,
Oh for festal dainties spread,
since the public embraced the Idea of "manifest destiny." But some courageous voices
And the ground mole sinks his well
Like my bowl of milk and bread,-
-such as Daniel Webster, Frederick Douglass, and a young Illinois congressman named
How the robin feeds her young,
Pewter spoon and bowl of wood,
Abraham Lincoln-condemned the war.
How the oriole's nest is hung;
On the doorstone, gray and rude!
The most eloquent opponent of the Mexican War was Thomas Corwin (1794-1865),
Where the whitest lilies blow,
O'er me, like a regal tent,
a Whig Senator from Ohio. A self-taught lawyer and a former governor of Ohio, Corwin
Where the freshest berries grow,
Cloudy-ribbed, the sunset bent,
was In his first term in the Senate when he denounced the war on February 11, 1847.
Where the groundnut trails its vine,
Purple-curtained, fringed with gold;
Corwin predicted that the war in Mexico would aggravate tensions between the pro-
Where the wood grape's clusters shine;
Looped in many a wind-swung fold;
slavery and anti-slavery forces and would lead to civil war in the United States.
Of the black wasp's cunning way,
While for music came the play
Corwin lost the debate, and America won the war. In February 1848, the United
Mason of his walls of clay,
Of the pied frog's orchestra;
States and Mexico signed the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, which ceded to the United
And the architectural plans
And to light the noisy choir,
States the vast territory that consists of the present states of California, Nevada, and
Of gray hornet artisans!-
Lit the fly his lamp of fire.
Utah, plus parts of Arizona, Wyoming, Colorado, and New Mexico. Five years later, the
For, eschewing books and tasks,
I was monarch: pomp and joy
United States purchased a strip of land from Mexico in what Is now New Mexico and
Nature answers all he asks;
Waited on the barefoot boy!
Arizona, thus completing the present southwestern border.
76
THE AMERICAN READER
ANTEBELLUM AMERICA: REFORM AND EXPANSION
77
S on and then
JOHN MUIR
evil who wants
the latter part
THE MOUNTAINS OF CALIFORNIA
age of electric-
ced wealth a
After ten years spent in the heart of it, rejoicing and wondering it still seems to me
been brought
above all others the Range of Light, the most divinely beautiful of all the mountain-
energy of the
chains I have ever seen.
that it is now
live. We do
more, we shall
Anyone who doubts the power of the written word need only consider the accomplish-
we shall never
ments of John Muir (1838-1914). Born in Scotland, he emigrated with his family to
Wisconsin in 1849. He attended the University of Wisconsin and at first devoted himself
have received
to mechanical Inventions, but switched careers when he nearly lost an eye In an acci-
dent. Muir became a passionate naturalist, especially devoted to forests, mountains,
and glaciers. He walked from the Middle West to the Gulf of Mexico, taking notes as
he traveled. In 1868, at the age of thirty, he had his first view of the Sierra Nevadas in
California and found his greatest love.
He traveled throughout the western states, observing, cataloguing, and describing
the natural life of the region. Many of his lyrical observations became essays and mag-
azine articles. He urged the federal government to adopt a forest conservation policy
September 8,
and to protect the great natural resources from development. Due to his campaign,
sary of Chris-
Sequoia and Yosemite national parks were established In 1890.
e in patriotic
In 1892, Muir founded the Sierra Club, which turned his passion for nature into a
Flag and the
national movement. Muir encouraged President Theodore Roosevelt's Interest in con-
ce for all." In
servation, and the president Joined Muir for a camping trip into Yosemite in 1903. A
uted for "my
great virgin stand of redwoods just north of San Francisco was donated to the U.S.
ition to the
National Park Service and named Muir Woods National Forest in 1908 In his honor.
hrase "under
The Mountains of California, published in 1894, was Muir's first book. It contains no
advocacy, only accurate and vibrant descriptions of scenes that he loved. The book was
nes B. Upham
an Immediate success when it appeared; it expanded the ranks of conservationists
aimed credit.
across the nation. And it became John Muir's lasting testament to the mountains he
author.
loved and helped to save.
he pledge is
nd over the
M
aking your way through the mazes
to be not clothed with light, but wholly com-
of the Coast Range to the summit of any of the
posed of it, like the wall of some celestial city.
inner peaks or passes opposite San Francisco, in
Along the top, and extending a good way down,
Republic for
the clear springtime, the grandest and most tell-
you see a pale, pearl-gray belt of snow; and
or all.
ing of all California landscapes is outspread be-
below it a belt of blue and dark purple, marking
fore you. At your feet lies the great Central
the extension of the forests; and along the base
Valley glowing golden in the sunshine, extend-
of the range a broad belt of rose-purple and yel-
ing north and south farther than the eye can
low, where lie the miner's goldfields and the
reach, one smooth, flowery, lake-like bed of fer-
foot-hill gardens. All these colored belts blend-
tile soil. Along its eastern margin rises the
ing smoothly make a wall of light ineffably fine,
mighty Sierra, miles in height, reposing like a
and as beautiful as a rainbow, yet firm as ada-
smooth, cumulous cloud in the sunny sky, and
mant.
so gloriously colored, and so luminous, it seems
When I first enjoyed this superb view, one
AFTER THE CIVIL WAR
183
glowing April day, from the summit of the Pa-
their courses, a rich variety of novel and attrac-
checo Pass, the Central Valley, but little tram-
tive scenery, the most attractive that has yet
pled or plowed as yet, was one furred, rich sheet
been discovered in the mountain-ranges of the
of golden compositae, and the luminous wall of
world.
the mountains shone in all its glory. Then it
In many places, especially in the middle re-
seemed to me the Sierra should be called not
gion of the western flank of the range, the main
the Nevada, or Snowy Range, but the Range of
cañons widen into spacious valleys or parks, di-
Light. And after ten years spent in the heart of
versified like artificial landscape-gardens, with
it, rejoicing and wondering, bathing in its glo-
charming groves and meadows, and thickets of
t
rious floods of light, seeing the sunbursts of
blooming bushes, while the lofty, retiring walls,
fi
morning among the icy peaks, the noonday ra-
infinitely varied in form and sculpture, are
и
diance on the trees and rocks and snow, the
fringed with ferns, flowering-plants of many spe-
B
flush of the alpenglow, and a thousand dashing
cies, oaks, and evergreens, which find anchorage
waterfalls with their marvelous abundance of ir-
on a thousand narrow steps and benches; while
ised spray, it still seems to me above all others
the whole is enlivened and made glorious with
the Range of Light, the most divinely beautiful
rejoicing streams that come dancing and foam-
of all the mountain-chains I have ever seen.
ing over the sunny brows of the cliffs to join the
F(
The Sierra is about 500 miles long, 70 miles
shining river that flows in tranquil beauty down
wide, and from 7000 to nearly 15,000 feet high.
the middle of each one of them.
Ar
In general views no mark of man is visible on it,
The walls of these park valleys of the Yosem-
nor anything to suggest the richness of the life
ite kind are made up of rocks mountains in size,
An
it cherishes, or the depth and grandeur of its
partly separated from each other by narrow
sculpture. None of its magnificent forest-
gorges and side-cañons; and they are so sheer in
crowned ridges rises much above the general
front, and so compactly built together on a level
o
level to publish its wealth. No great valley or
floor, that, comprehensively seen, the parks they
lake is seen, or river, or group of well-marked
inclose look like immense halls or temples
A tl
features of any kind, standing out in distinct pic-
lighted from above. Every rock seems to glow
tures. Even the summit-peaks, so clear and high
with life. Some lean back in majestic repose;
Ame
in the sky, seem comparatively smooth and fea-
others, absolutely sheer, or nearly so, for thou-
tureless. Nevertheless, glaciers are still at work
sands of feet, advance their brows in thoughtful
Con
in the shadows of the peaks, and thousands of
attitudes beyond their companions, giving wel-
lakes and meadows shine and bloom beneath
come to storms and calms alike, seemingly con-
them, and the whole range is furrowed with ca-
scious yet heedless of everything going on about
ñons to a depth of from 2000 to 5000 feet, in
them, awful in stern majesty, types of perma-
which once flowed majestic glaciers, and in
nence, yet associated with beauty of the frailest
BOC
which now flow and sing a band of beautiful
and most fleeting forms; their feet set in pine-
rivers.
groves and gay emerald meadows, their brows
TH
Though of such stupendous depth, these fa-
in the sky; bathed in light, bathed in floods of
In all
mous cañons are not raw, gloomy, jagged-walled
singing water, while snow-clouds, avalanches,
in ali
gorges, savage and inaccessible. With rough pas-
and the winds shine and surge and wreathe
sages here and there they still make delightful
about them as the years go by, as if into these
pathways for the mountaineer, conducting from
mountain mansions Nature had taken pains to
Booke
the fertile lowlands to the highest icy fountains,
gather their choicest treasures to draw her lov-
Institu
as a kind of mountain streets full of charming
ers into close and confiding communion with
furthe
life and light, graded and sculptured by the an-
her.
the ne
cient glaciers, and presenting, throughout all
a majo
184
THE AMERICAN READER
EXECUTIVE OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENT
09-Jul-1992 10:02am
TO:
Jennifer A. Grossman
FROM:
Carol B. Aarhus
Office of Communications
SUBJECT: re: sequoia
I have never heard any stories of him hiking with his kids
or grandkids in the woods, or camping out. You can reach any of
POTUS' kids through the WH Operator. Maybe the grandkids camp out
in a tent up in the woods at Camp David??? Maybe when POTUS was a
young 'un, he camped out. His sister Nancy's number is
617-259-8153. She probably would be able to tell you if any of
them did that sort of stuff when they were kids. If she doesn't
know, you can always try POTUS' brothers Jonathan or Prescott
through the WH Operator.
Our "Forests for the Future " Initiative calls for conserving and
sustaining all the world's forests, which protects biodiversity,
reduces net CO2 emissions, prevents soil erosion and flood
damage, and ensures pure drinking water.
Bush, 1992
Administration of George Bush, 1992 / June 1
981
Now, so far I've talked about what the
up about taking our sound message of values
igh crime bill
Government can do. But as I finish here, let
and opportunity to the American people in
1 spots, "I'm
me just say the more I am in this wonderfully
the fall.
1 order." We
challenging job-and again, I'm very grateful
So let all these other balloons go up. Let
It's tougher
to the victims
to the people around this room because I
everybody else have their day in the sun. Our
rated. As Phil
see many, many that go back to my earliest
day is going to prevail because we are right
days in Texas politics-but the longer I am
on the issues, because we are compassionate
ms like 3 mil-
in this job, the more convinced I am that
and caring about the American people, and
keep fighting
Government alone simply cannot solve these
because our fundamental values, our fun-
police officers
problems. It can't be done.
damental values of faith and family is what
rhoods of this
You might say, "What keeps a kid in
this country is all about.
school? What keeps a kid away from drugs?
Thank you all for what you're doing, and
to be careful
What keeps a kid out of the gangs?" It's not
may God bless the United States of America.
u're playing a
Government. It is family. Barbara Bush said
Thank you.
nost by a sys-
it right: What happens in your house is far
can afford it
more important than what happens in the
Note: The President spoke at 7:37 p.m. at
m the welfare
White House. We have got to find ways to
the Grand Kempinski Hotel. In his remarks,
it $1,200, and
strengthen the American family, and we must
he referred to Dr. W.A. Criswell, pastor,
Vell, you can't
find ways to see that not one piece of legisla-
First Baptist Church of Dallas; Fred
elfare, and the
tion passes that diminishes the American
McClure, managing director, First Southwest
over $1,000."
family.
Co.; Robert A. Mosbacher, Jr., chairman,
e got to struc-
I've been in politics a long, long time. I
Texas Victory '92; Kay Bailey-Hutchison,
ate against sav-
computed it the other day. Half of my adult
Texas State treasurer; and Rick Perry, Texas
g and encour-
life since I got out of the Navy and went
commissioner of agriculture. A tape was not
arning. We are
to school and then moved out to Odessa in
available for verification of the content of
stem. If I can't
the spring of 1948, half of my adult life has
these remarks.
'm taking that
been in public life, and exactly half has been
loud and clear.
in the private sector. We have been blessed,
better to have
both Barbara and I have been blessed, by
urages owning
the challenges and the joy that we've had in
Remarks to Goddard Space Flight
tenements that
all kinds of fascinating assignments.
Center Employees in Greenbelt,
of course it is.
The more I think of our country, I'd say
Maryland
r that, and I'm
this: We have been through tough times. The
June 1, 1992
h the Congress,
country's been through tough times. That's
ard-looking job
changing. Things are beginning to move. We
Thank you very, very much. Thank you for
are not a pessimistic Nation. We are a rising
this welcome to Goddard. And Dan Goldin,
ives that would
Nation, and we are full of promise for the
thank you, sir, for the introduction, the lead-
Dallas would be
future. I have vowed, as we try to get some-
ership you're giving the Agency. With me is
ngeles or Hous-
thing done with Congress before the shift
Bill Reilly. We've been talking today about
goes entirely into politics in this every-4-year
the upcoming summit in Brazil, the environ-
be.
I've asked the
dance that we're all engaged in, that I will
mental meeting down there. And this visit
P aside. I said,
not attack any single opponent. I haven't
is very timely for both of us, I think, seeing
done it since it started. Five people in the
what magnificent contribution Goddard
ble really want
st the cities, as
Democratic side, one on the Republican
makes to a better understanding of our plan-
side, bolstered by the press that love a good
et. I want to salute Mike Deland, who was
whole country
you look at the
fight. I am not going to do it. I am going
with us up at Camp David a little bit ago.
are themes that
to concentrate on trying to lead this country.
He runs our Council on Environmental
again: Respon-
I'm going to concentrate on trying to build
Quality. He's at my side in the White House,
and get something done.
a sound environmentalist. Dr. Klineberg, I
ship, independ-
But I want each and every one of you to
listened, I had the applause meter on when
it. These are not
know that I am ready for the battle that lies
you walked in, and either they're scared of
damental Amer-
ahead. I have never felt more confident of
you or you're doing something right. [Laugh-
ity to make them
a victory, and I have never felt more fired
ter] I don't know which it is, but it was most
982
June 1 / Administration of George Bush, 1992
Administration of George Bush, 1992 / June 1
983
impressive. And thanks for your hospitality.
And we've learned that market-based
using the aerosol phaseout as credit to meet
cessful-voluntary air toxics reduction pro-
May I salute Brian Dailey, out here, of the
mechanisms and flexibility, aimed at ambi-
the terms of the Montreal Protocol. We are
gram.
Space Council. And I'd like to thank Dr.
tious objectives and backed up by rigorous
42 percent ahead of the schedule required
Our national parks are under stress from
Fisk, who helped us in the tour.
enforcement, can help us solve environ-
by that agreement. And earlier this year, on
millions of visitors. And so, just in the last
Now, you know that it's been a month, and
mental problems at less cost than command-
the basis of science developed by NASA, we
4 years, we've added over a million and half
in just over a month on the job, Dan Goldin
and-control regulation.
unilaterally decided to speed up our time-
acres to America's parks, forests, wildlife ref-
supervised the recovery of a satellite on En-
We've learned about a new generation of
table for phasing out CFC's to the end of
uges, and to other public land. We've created
deavor's maiden voyage; he won a vote, a
environmental problems that are global in
1995. We were the first nation, back in 1975,
57 new wildlife refuges and restored or pro-
very important vote, to save the space station
scope and that will require international co-
to adopt catalytic converters to reduce those
tected more than a half a million acres a year
on the floor of the House; and he launched
operation to solve. This week, and I referred
emissions from our cars and trucks. In 1982,
of important wetlands. And at the same time,
his own cultural revolution at NASA. And I'd
to this earlier, over 100 heads of state will
we began phasing out lead from American
we've streamlined the permitting process so
say the new NASA is off to a flying start.
gather in Rio de Janeiro, and it will be time
gasoline, and now ambient levels of lead in
that projects which don't hurt wetlands aren't
And I am very grateful to him for taking on
to apply those lessons. And what better place
our air have been cut by 95 percent. Other
slowed down. And we've made sure to re-
this terribly important assignment heading
to discuss our plans for taking on the prob-
nations are only now taking these two steps.
spect people's private property rights.
up NASA.
lems of the international environment than
I came to this office committed to extend
We've placed a moratorium on oil and gas
Twenty years ago this month, 20 years ago,
here at Goddard.
America's record of environmental leader-
drilling along the most environmentally sen-
the leaders of the world gathered in Sweden
I thought as I was on this little tour, which
ship. And I've worked to do so in a way that
sitive areas of our coasts, signed new laws
to talk about the human environment. The
was all too quick but nevertheless gave me
is compatible with economic growth because
to protect against oilspills, to end below-cost
Stockholm Declaration that they adopted
a little feel about the magnificent work that
this balance is absolutely essential and be-
timber sales in America's largest rain forest,
had a simple conclusion, that through fuller
the wonderful employees of Goddard do, I
cause these are twin goals, not mutually ex-
the Tongass, and to promote environmental
knowledge and wiser action we can achieve
thought wouldn't it be a wonderful thing if
clusive objectives. You see, those who met
education. We've backed our laws up with
for ourselves and our posterity a better life
these 100 or more heads of state could actu-
20 years ago at Stockholm and called for this
strict enforcement to make the polluters pay.
in an environment more in keeping with
ally walk through the laboratories here and
UNCED, this summit, explicitly called for
And the results have been record con-
human needs and hopes. Much has been ac-
get a practical feeling for what it is you are
the discussion at Rio to be about both envi-
tributions to cleanups from businesses.
complished since those early days of
doing, to see how they can better monitor
ronment and development. And they knew
And we have attended to the international
environmentalism, and much has been
the changes that they talk about or that they
even back then that the two were inextricably
environment with new agreements to stop
learned.
get from their environmental ministers. It's
linked. Only a growing economy can gen-
the irresponsible export of toxic wastes, to
We've learned that only market-oriented
a wonderful thing. And I think it's very timely
erate the resources and the will to manage
ban trade in ivory and thereby stop the ex-
economies and democratic systems provide
that I've had this opportunity, and I look for-
natural assets for the longer term and the
tinction of elephants due to poaching, and
the accountability needed to protect against
ward to sharing with those people down in
common good. But only assets which are so
to use debt forgiveness to protect the envi-
environmental degradation. The coating of
Rio.
managed can support the growth on which
ronment through debt-for-nature swaps.
soot that the world found when the curtain
It is science developed here that has given
so much human hope is hinged. By defini-
In short, our country, America, retains its
of secrecy was pulled back from Eastern Eu-
the world a new window from which to see
tion, for development to be successful in the
place at the forefront of international envi-
rope was but one visible demonstration of
its environment. A spacecraft managed by
long term, it has got to be sustainable. And
ronmental accomplishment. Our laws have
that.
Goddard provided humanity with its first
so, I invite comparison of the record that we
served as a model for environmental laws the
We've learned that the economy can grow
image of Earth from space. It was your sci-
as a country and as an administration have
world over. America's environmental accom-
even while pollution is reduced. Since 1973,
entists, Goddard's scientists, who developed
built. It is aggressive. It is comprehensive.
plishments have not come by mistake; they
our GDP has grown by more than 50 per-
the upper atmosphere research satellite
And it is ambitious, but carefully balanced.
are the result of sustained investment. Today,
cent. And yet air quality has gotten better:
launched last year, which is providing us new
What we've done in this administration re-
the U.S. spends about 2 percent of its gross
Emissions of carbon monoxide and smog-
insight about the content of the ozone layer.
flects the new environmentalism, more so-
domestic product, over $100 billion per year,
forming ozone, sulfur dioxide, and particu-
And the lion's share of the science that the
phisticated in its approach, that harnesses the
on pollution control. In comparison to other
late matter are all down by more than 20
world is using to understand our climate
power of the marketplace in the service of
nations, that's among the highest in the
percent. And water quality has gotten better:
comes from a program with its heart and soul
the environment. Let me give you some ex-
world.
We've achieved an 80 percent reduction in
right here, the Global Change Research Pro-
amples.
Americans have always believed that ac-
suspended solids from industrial and sewage
gram, built around the Mission to Planet
The 1990 Clean Air Act, which I proposed
tions speak louder than words. And simple
treatment plants.
Earth that Goddard is developing.
and signed into law, is the most ambitious
wisdom has guided our approach to the ques-
We've learned that technology, spurred by
When we go to Rio, the U.S. will go proud-
air pollution legislation anywhere on Earth.
tions on the table at Rio. We will sign a good
the right incentives, can provide help to the
ly as the world's leader, not just in environ-
It will cut acid rain, smog, toxic chemical
agreement on climate change. It is based on
environment that no amount of regulation of
mental research but in environmental action.
emissions. And yet it will do so with innova-
the idea that every nation should prepare an
old technology could have achieved. Techno-
The United States was the first nation to rec-
tions the whole world is watching. We have
action strategy as we in the United States
logical progress can cut pollution rather than
ognize the danger of CFC emissions by
a trading system for sulfur dioxide reduc-
have done. We first laid our plan on the table
increase it. And at the same time, the effi-
eliminating aerosol propellants, which we did
tions, have a new generation of cleaner fuels
in February 1991 with specific policy propos-
ciency gained is good for profits.
in 1978. Other nations are now following suit
and cleaner cars, a massive-and to date suc-
als and specific calculations concerning how
984
June 1 / Administration of George Bush, 1992
Administration of George Bush, 1992 / June 1
985
much greenhouse gas emissions would be re-
Second, with respect to climate, the sign-
cleaner, more efficient technology; and then
Nomination of Alison Podell
duced. When the science on CFC's changed,
ing of a convention that calls for action plans
an ongoing program to develop and share
Rosenberg To Be an Assistant
we added new measures, and we again laid
is simply a first step. We must implement
sound science-can help us seize that oppor-
Administrator of the Agency for
our plan on the table. We showed that our
them. So I will join in proposing a prompt
tunity long after those speeches in Rio have
International Development
policies would reduce projected year 2000
start to adoption of climate action plans. Of
been given and the Conference is over.
June 1, 1992
greenhouse gas emissions by 125 million to
course, as new and better science becomes
200 million tons, or by 7 to 11 percent. No
available on climate change, we will adjust
Two decades ago, when they gathered at
The President today announced his inten-
other nation except The Netherlands has laid
our action plan accordingly. The solution to
Stockholm, the leaders of the world could
tion to nominate Alison Podell Rosenberg,
out such a specific plan of action. And that's
climate change must include the developing
countries. While today they account for
not possibly have foreseen the tumultuous
of Virginia, to be an Assistant Administrator
why we insisted that the focus be on results,
about a quarter of the world's emissions, by
events of the intervening two decades. Then
of the Agency for International Development
not on rhetoric. It. may not have been widely
reported in the press, but in area after area,
the year 2025 they will contribute over half.
they worried about nuclear war as a chief
for the Bureau of Africa, U.S. International
So we must have their participation, and we
environmental threat. They couldn't have
Development Cooperation Agency. She
the United States laid down specific propos-
known that today the specter of nuclear war,
would succeed Scott M. Spangler.
als and worked for their adoption: Forests,
will fund "country studies" to get them start-
ed. These countries will need new tech-
with its unthinkable destruction, would be
oceans, living marine resources, public par-
calmed as never before in our postwar his-
Since 1988, Ms. Rosenberg has served as
ticipation, financing. Let me be clear: Our
nologies if they are to enjoy green growth.
And America can provide them. So, my
tory. They could not possibly have envisioned
Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for Eco-
commitment to action did not begin and will
nomic Policy and Assistance for the Bureau
budget includes an investment of almost $1
that, with the fall of statism and communism,
not end with Rio.
of African Affairs at the Department of State.
billion in developing new energy-efficient
those who would come to Rio would have
Prior to this, she served as Director of Afri-
So, when I travel down there next week,
technologies. Hundreds of American busi-
the chance to launch a new generation of
can Affairs for National Security Council
to Brazil, I will bring with me several propos-
nessmen will be traveling to Rio to make the
clean growth guided by the wisdom of free
staff, 1987-88, and Associate Assistant Ad-
als to extend the commitment of the world
case for our technology. But this effort must
peoples and fueled by the power of free mar-
ministrator and Director in the Office of Pol-
community into the future. Let me outline
continue.
kets. They could never have known how far
icy Development and Program Review at the
for you my four-point plan of cooperation:
So then the third part of our plan is to
we'd have come in 20 years. Now it is for
Agency for International Development,
support a program, a board program of tech-
us to imagine how much further we can go.
1985-87.
First, I will propose a major new initiative
nology cooperation. In particular, we're
And what better place to make that point
to protect and enhance the world's forests.
going to create a Technology Cooperation
than standing before these people that are
Ms. Rosenberg graduated from Smith Col-
I mentioned lessons learned about cost effec-
Corps to identify the green technology, those
dedicated to demonstrating to the rest of the
lege (B.A., 1967). She was born September
green technological needs of countries
tiveness. Well, halting the loss of the Earth's
world how much farther we can go.
5, 1945, in Miami, FL. Ms. Rosenberg is
around the world, and then to knock down
forests is one of the most cost-effective steps
married, has one child, and resides in
the barriers to making it available.
we can take to cut carbon dioxide emissions.
I am grateful to each and every one of you
McLean, VA.
Forests also filter the air and water. They
who gives of himself or herself to further the
The fourth point of my program for a
provide products from timber and fuelwood
science and thus to improve and keep some-
cleaner future is a continued program of re-
to pharmaceuticals and foodstuffs. They are
search and understanding. This year we are
thing very, very special, the environmental
home to more than half the world's species.
requesting over $1.4 billion for the Global
quality of our entire world. Thank you for
At the Houston G-7 summit 2 years ago, I
Change Research Program. That's more than
what you do. And may God bless our great
Nomination of Walter B.
proposed a global forest convention. At
the amount spent on climate research by the
country. Thank you.
McCormick, Jr., To Be General
UNCED, we should get agreement on the
rest of the world put together. With Dan
Counsel of the Department of
principles leading up to it. But I propose
Goldin's leadership here at NASA, we will
Transportation
today to move ahead faster. At Rio, I will
push for a program that provides results fast-
June 1, 1992
ask the other industrialized countries to join
er, cheaper, and better. At-Rio, I will propose
Note: The President spoke at 2:44 p.m. in
me in doubling worldwide forest assistance
The President today announced his inten-
to make the data from our climate change
the auditorium in Building 8. In his remarks,
with a goal of halting the loss of the world's
tion to nominate Walter B. McCormick, Jr.,
program available and affordable for sci-
he referred to John M. Klineberg, Director,
of Missouri, to be General Counsel of the
forests by the end of the decade. As a down
entists and researchers all around the world.
Goddard Space Flight Center; Brian D.
Department of Transportation. He would
payment, the U.S. will increase its bilateral
As part of this effort, we will distribute at
Dailey, Executive Secretary-Designate, Na-
that Conference, at UNCED, thousands of
succeed Arthur J. Rothkopf.
forest assistance by $150 million next year.
tional Space Council; and Lennard A. Fisk,
The plan is to encourage partnerships be-
copies of computer disks with data on green-
Associate Administrator for Space Science
tween recipient countries who could propose
house effects, and we will open this year a
Currently Mr. McCormick serves as Re-
and Applications, NASA. A tape was not
new projects and investor countries who, in
Global Change Research Information Office.
publican chief counsel and staff director of
These four steps-a dramatic program to
available for verification of the content of
the U.S. Senate Committee on Commerce,
effect, could bid to support the most effective
these remarks.
proposals for sequestering CO₂ or preserving
protect and to enhance forests; quick action
Science, and Transportation in Washington,
biodiversity.
on climate change; cooperation in deploying
JUL 08 '92 15:38 OK HISTORICAL SOCIETY
P.2
The History
of
Sequoyah County
1828-1975
County
Sequoyah
Sequoyah
and his
Alphabet
Society
Founded 1972
Published by
The Sequoyah County Historical Society
1976
TOTAL
JUL 08 '92 15:39 OK HISTORICAL
SOCIETY
mandicap develops oth-
Sequoyah is considered by many to
ters represents P.3 a complete and dis
er talents. In any event this physical
be the greatest member of the Indian
sound. Of these characters or sym
impairment did not keep Sequoyah's
race. He was not a statesman. although
some were adopted from the "
keen intellect from being developed. In
his counsel was sought by the leaders
Back Speller" given him by a mis:
fact, many knowledgeable people list
of his race. John Jolly, chief of the
ary, and others he devised. The
him among the world's ten greatest
Western Cherokees, relied heavily upon
pletion date given by most author
intellects.
was 1821.
Sequoyah during tribal relocation. Se-
When Sequoyah's mother died, he
quoyah's influence and counsel were in-
During the period of 1815.1
assumed the operation of the trading
valuable in 1838-1839 in uniting the
many Cherokees, at the urging of
post. After his marriage he moved to
Western Cherokees with the Eastern
U.S. government, were migrating 1
northeastern Alabama, the home of his
Cherokees, who had arrived in the New
the Blue Ridge Mountains to Arkan
wife's people. He continued to operate
Cherokee Nation by way of the "Trail of
Sequoyah came with his family in 18
a trading post and became a great en-
Tears." John Ross sought his counsel
Dwight Mission was established I
tertainer of those who came to trade
during the most trying period of the his-
Russellville by Cephas Washburn.
and drink. During this time the effects
tory of the Cherokee people, the divi-
1828 a treaty with the Western Ch
of strong drink overcame him for a
sion brought about by the Civil War.
kees ceded 13,000,000 acres in V
short while. His strong character, com-
Sequoyah was unusually versatile for
is now eastern Oklahoma for 4,000.
bined with reasoning, enabled him to
an uneducated man. George Catlin, the
acres which the Cherokees occupied
offset the habit by becoming occupied
noted historian-artist, said that Sequo-
Pope County, Arkansas. Sequo
otherwise. It was at this point that he
yah could paint a better buffalo than
spent considerable time in Washing
became a skilled craftsman.
any other person, and this with his own
effecting this treaty. It is sometir
How Sequoyah came to invent the
mixture of natural materials and the
called the Sequoyah Treaty. By 1
Cherokee alphabet, or syllabary, as it is
hair of wild animals for a brush instead
time knowledge of his work on the
properly called, is not definitely known.
of fine camel hair brushes. This ability
phabet was widespread. He was
There are several likely stories. One
to construct on canvas the features
subject of many interviews, many
relates that children of his neighbors
which caused the buffalo to appear life-
tures, and much newspaper and ma
who came home from mission schools
like was found in other areas of Sequo-
zine writing.
showed their elders how they could read
yah's endeavors. He was a skilled sil-
Influential persons caused a print
by the use of English letters and words.
versmith. The originality and quality
press using Sequoyah's alphabet to
Another is that he listened to mission-
found in his works could come only
manufactured and set N.
aries read from the scriptures to their
from a deep and rich talent and super-
Echota, Georgia, the capital of the Ea
ior intellect.
audiences. Although Sequoyah could
ern Cherokee Nation. The first pap
not understand the reading, he could
We think Sequoyah was born near
the Advocate, printed one column
see the effects of this communication.
the southeastern Tennessee village of
English and an adjacent column
He called the Bible "talking leaves,"
Taskeegee between 1760 and 1770.
Cherokee.
and later the paper on which he wrote
His mother operated a trading post
Following the signing of the Tre
he called "talking leaves." The most
there. She was a Cherokee of the fam-
of 1828, 2900 Cherokees began movi
reasonable explanation I have found as
ily of Chieftons and a member of the
to what is now Sequoyah County. Th
Paint clan. Some prominent families of
to why Sequoyah constructed the sylla-
capital was established near the Wt
bary is in Sequoyah's answer to Mr.
this county, including the Gunters, are
bank of the Illinois River about t
Evarts in Washington in 1828-"He
members of the Paint clan. Most relia-
miles east of Gore. They called th
had observed that many things were
ble sources contend that Sequoyah's
capital Telonteeska. The old coun
found out by men, and known to the
father was Nathaniel Gist, of the famous
house has been restored by the Ok
Gist family of Virginia. Mr. Gist made
world, but that this knowledge escaped
homa Parks Service and the Oklahor
and was lost for want of some way to
numerous trips among the Cherokees
Historical Society. Sequoyah select
preserve it. He had also observed
for trading and for other purposes. Af-
a site near Skin Bayou Creek on whi
white people write things on paper and
ter living with Sequoyah's mother for a
to build his log cabin home. This hor
he had seen books; and he knew that
while, he returned to his home and later
is preserved in its original location a
what was written down remained. He
became the noted Colonel Gist of the
is owned and operated by the Oklahor
had attempted to fix certain marks for
Revolutionary Army and a close asso-
Historical Society.
sounds, and thought that if he could
ciate of George Washington. The merg-
The Military Road between Fc
make things fast on paper, it would be
ing of these blood lines certainly of-
Smith and Fort Gibson was opened
fered the possibility of producing a
like catching a wild animal and taming
1825. Over this road traveled mai
it."
giant intellect.
notable Americans, including Washin
Apparently Sequoyah attempted at
Sometime during his youth Sequoyah
ton Irving. Many of these travelers wi
developed a lame leg which did not de-
first to devise a symbol for every word,
ited Sequoyah, whose cabin was le
but after recording several hundred
velop normally as he grew older. We
than a mile off the military road. Aft
symbols for words, he dropped the idea.
are not sure whether it was caused by
leaving New Echota, Georgia in 182
After several years of intense listening
Sequoyah never returned to his hom
12
THE WHITE HOUSE
WASHINGTON
OUTLINE
I.
Glad to be here
clin just walked through these beand ful
they
visited The kids.
walde-fuste.
II That's what this is all aBout
-kido
-futhe gene
-persoral anec
III what weire done
IVcrities say we have gone for
D Conldn't enough agree wl the mo. Congress cut.
VI at a cross roads
Psalm
104
"The trees
of The lord are
watered abundaty"
1st requered bron
BC
104:24
"Oh lord how manifold
are they works,
in wisch hast
thom made
then all."
peus
"The leaves of the
222
true duropere for c/ue
healings of +ve nations."
376
Presidential Addresses
serving them in whatever part of the State they
may be found. All of us ought to want to see nature
preserved. Take a big tree whose architect has
been the ages-anything that man does toward it
may hurt it and can not help it. Above all, the rash
creature who wishes to leave his name to mar the
beauties of nature should be sternly discouraged.
Those cards pinned up on that tree give an air of
the ridiculous to this solemn and majestic grove.
To pin those cards up there is as much out of place
as if you tacked so many tin cans up there. I mean
that literally. You should save the people whose
names are there from the reprobation of every one
by taking down the cards at the earliest possible
moment; and do keep these trees, keep all the won-
derful scenery of this wonderful State unmarred by
the vandalism or the folly of man. Remember that
we have to contend not merely with knavery, but
with folly; and see to it that you by your actions
create the kind of public opinion which will put a
stop to any destruction of or any marring of the
wonderful and beautiful gifts that you have received
from nature, that you ought to hand on as a pre-
cious heritage to your children and your children's
children.
AT THE BIG TREE CA GROVE
SANTA CRUZ, MAY 11,1903
CONSERVATION
CONSERVATION
the cause of conservation has been done by two
against the interests of the many, nor do we in-
men, James Garfield and Gifford Pinchot. I
tend to turn them over to any man who will
saw them work while I was President, and I can
wastefully use them by destruction, and leave to
speak with the fullest knowledge of what they
those who come after us a heritage damaged by
did. They took the policy of conservation when
just so much. The man in whose interests we are
it was still nebulous and they applied it and
working is the small farmer and settler, the man
made it work. They actually did the job that I
who works with his own hands, who is working
and the others talked about. I know what they
not only for himself but for his children, and
did because it was something in which I in-
who wishes to leave to them the fruits of his
tensely believed, and yet it was something about
labor. His permanent welfare is the prime factor
which I did not have enough practical knowl-
for consideration in developing the policy of
edge to enable me to work except through them
conservation; for our aim is to preserve our nat-
and largely as the result of following out on
ural resources for the public as a whole, for the
my part their initiative. They did not confine
average man and the average woman who make
themselves only to speaking.
They trans-
up the body of the American people. (Before
lated their words into actions; they actually did
Progressive National Convention, Chicago, Au-
what we were all saying ought to be done; and
gust 6, 1912.) Mem. Ed. XIX, 405; Nat. Ed.
our profound respect and appreciation is due
XVII, 294.
them for their work. (At Harvard University,
Cambridge, December 14, 1910.) Mem. Ed.
CONSERVATION-ROOSEVELT'S POL-
XV, 558; Nat. Ed. XIII, 603-604.
ICY ON. I acted on the theory that the Presi-
dent could at any time in his discretion withdraw
CONSERVATION - PRINCIPLES OF.
from entry any of the public lands of the United
Now there is a considerable body of public
States and reserve the same for forestry, for
opinion in favor of keeping for our children's
water-power sites, for irrigation, and other pub-
children, as a priceless heritage, all the delicate
lic purposes. Without such action it would have
beauty of the lesser and all the burly majesty of
been impossible to stop the activity of the land
the mightier forms of wild life. We are fast
thieves. No one ventured to test its legality by
learning that trees must not be cut down more
lawsuit. (1913.) Mem. Ed. XXII, 412; Nat.
rapidly than they are replaced; we have taken
Ed. XX, 353.
forward steps in learning that wild beasts and
birds are by right not the property merely of the
CONSERVATION AND PUBLIC RIGHTS.
people alive to-day, but the property of the
The rights of the public to the natural resources
unborn generations, whose belongings we have
outweigh private rights, and must be given its
no right to squander; and there are even faint
first consideration. Until that time, in dealing
signs of our growing to understand that wild
with the national forests, and the public lands
flowers should be enjoyed unplucked where they
generally, private rights had almost uniformly
grow, and that it is barbarism to ravage the
been allowed to overbalance public rights. The
woods and fields, rooting out the mayflower
change we made was right, and was vitally
and breaking branches of dogwood as orna-
necessary; but, of course, it created bitter oppo-
ments for automobiles filled with jovial but ig-
sition from private interests. (1913.) Mem. Ed.
norant picnickers from cities. (Outlook, Janu-
XXII, 456; Nat. Ed. XX, 393.
ary 20, 1915.) Mem. Ed. XIV, 567; Nat. Ed.
XII, 425.
CONSERVATION OF HUMAN LIFE. Let
us remember, also, that conservation does not
CONSERVATION-PURPOSE OF. Surely
stop with the natural resources, but that the
our people do not understand even yet the rich
principle of making the best use of all we have
heritage that is theirs. There can be nothing in
requires with equal or greater insistence that we
the world more beautiful than the Yosemite, the
shall stop the waste of human life in industry
groves of giant sequoias and redwoods, the
and prevent the waste of human welfare which
Canyon of the Colorado, the Canyon of the
flows from the unfair use of concentrated power
Yellowstone, the Three Tetons; and our people
and wealth in the hands of men whose eager-
should see to it that they are preserved for their
ness for profit blinds them to the cost of what
children and their children's children forever,
they do. (Before Ohio Constitutional Conven-
with their majestic beauty all unmarred. (1905.)
tion, Columbus, February 21, 1912.) Mem. Ed.
Mem. Ed. III, 293; Nat. Ed., III, 107.
XIX, 165; Nat. Ed. XVII, 120.
We do not intend that our
CONSERVATION. See also ARBOR DAY;
natural resources shall be exploited by the few
AUDUBON SOCIETIES; ELECTRIC POWER; FLOOD
104]
Document No. 337512ss
WHITE HOUSE STAFFING MEMORANDUM
DATE:
7/10/92
ACTION/CONCURRENCE/COMMENT DUE BY: MON. 7/10/92 10:00 am
PRESIDENTIAL REMARKS: SEQUOIA NATIONAL PARK
SUBJECT:
TUESDAY, JULY 13, 1992 - CA.
ACTION FYI
ACTION FYI
VICE PRESIDENT
HORNER
SKINNER
>
MCBRIDE
SCOWCROFT
MOORE
DARMAN
<
PETERSMEYER
BRADY
>
PORTER
BROMLEY
SMITH
CALIO
YEUTTER
DEMAREST
FINDLAY
FITZWATER
KAUFMAN
GRAY
MCGROARTY
HOLIDAY
DELAND
>
REMARKS:
Please forward your comments directly to Dan McGroarty, RM. 122,
x2930, no later than 10:00 a.m., MONDAY, JULY 13, with a copy
to this office. Thank you.
RESPONSE:
PHILLIP D. BRADY
Assistant to the President
and Staff Secretary
Ext. 2702
Dale Robertsins
1
Sharon desa A's
might not go to
office Chrifof
Prest Senter
amp ,won't have
(Grossman)
I've heard,
SEQUOIA
July 9, 1992
Andx Fisher
C2 JUL 10 P12: 00 looking ferward Draft 2 One
205/9055
PRESIDENTIAL REMARKS:
SEQUOIA NATIONAL PARK
80ingl
TUESDAY, JULY 13, 1992
a
walk
[Acknowledgements.] ((I've just been walking among some of
these Redwoods. I finally found a big enough switch to take
Congress out to the woodshed.) I especially liked what I saw at 1
on special (group
Pyles Boys Camp. I saw those young kids -- inner-city kids that
came here with lots of attitude and little hope. And there they
were: playing, climbing ropes, laughing. They're children, after
all.
Teddy Roosevelt was talking about them when he urged the
country to treat its "natural resources as assets which it must
turn over to the next generation: " I remember the first time I
took my grandson George P. to the Grand Tetons. As we came upon
the mountains, I looked down at him, his smile -- well, you
could've sworn it was Christmas morning.
The fact is, these forests, our lakes and our lands -- they
are gifts: the commonwealth that we inherited from our parents,
that we borrow from our kids. That's the spirit of this
X
x
agreement. From the Sierra Club to the State of California, from
Andydiner
the Wilderness Society to the Save the Redwoods League: people
have come together, forged an agreement to protect our Sequoia
groves as part of our national legacy. Long after we are gone,
these trees will stand.
Many Sumero
Already we have the best national park system in the world
the best wildlife refúge system in the world the best national
ARC
2
forest system in the world. And yet, as President, I have said
that the best simply wasn't good enough.
The Wallop-Breaux Trust Fund's a good example: it's helped
us invest more than $300 million each year to keep our waters
clean and open them up to the people. Think of the Potomac River
harsh?
back in our nation's capitol. Twenty years ago that river was a
stinking sewer of pollution.
Around the country, signs rimmed
our lakes with the warning: "Don't Touch the Water." " In two
decades, we've spent over $100 billion to clean up our water.
Today, more and more of our rivers and lakes are safer for the
people that swim and fish in them, for the animals that live in
them.
We've expanded our nation's parks, our forests and refuges
by 1.5 million acres -- think about it: that's enough land to
fill the Grand Canyon and then some. Three years ago, I proposed
the America's Great Outdoors initiative -- $635 million in
additional spending to improve our national forests. Since that
time we've created units fifty-seven new wildlife refuges \ twenty new
national parks
new campsites
new miles of trail.
What I'm talking about is more than a commitment to parks -- it's
a commitment to people.
Just last winter I signed ISTEA [ice TEE]. ( (Let me point
out that that's the transportation act -- not the rap act. ))
That legislation will help bring America outdoors: paving new
roads into the wilderness, revamping our scenic byways -- letting
3
Americans hit the trail and become their own pioneers. That's
what the pursuit of happiness is all about.
We all want cleaner air and water -- a more beautiful
America. Some flaunt their commitment with soundbites -- I've
proven mine through sound policies. Our approach represents new
thinking -- a new environmentalism that harnesses the power of
the marketplace in the service of the environment. The fact is:
only a growing economy can generate the resources we need to take
care of our natural assets. We don't have to follow the
environmental extremists -- or get caught up in some zero-sum
game. We won't help the environment by hurting the economy, and
as long as I am President: protecting the environment won't mean
open season on the American taxpayer.
Some will look at the record and say that it isn't enough.
\
I have a surprise for them. \ I couldn't agree with them more.
Take a look at what I've asked for from Congress -- then take a
look at what we got. I requested full funding for America the
Beautiful -- $260 million cut. A federal partnership with the
states for parks and recreation -- $40 million cut. Park and
forest acquisition -- $75 million cut. Parks as classrooms --
cut. Tree planting -- cut. ((I could go on, but the trees might
get nervous. ))
Fact is, we should all be a little nervous. Congress has
met a fork in the road. They have a choice. On one hand: they
can gut my proposals, they can stuff them with pork and perks and
then turn around and complain about the environment. or they can
4
choose another path: they can look out for the voices that don't
have a vote. The land. The children. The future generations.
I'm asking Congress to do the right thing: full funding for our
lands, our trees, our waters, our parks.
We need more Seasonal Park Rangers -- not less. We need to
acquire more headwaters -- not fewer. Send a message to
Congress: we need less papers \ less posturing \ less promises -
- and more action.
The steps we take here today will blaze a trail for others
to follow. And in case anyone should "miss the forest for the
trees" -- so to speak -- here's a reminder: they were here first.
These trees have watched history go by. Some of these
Sequoias were already born by the time Christ walked the earth.
The trees were named after a proud man, an American native called
Sequoyah. The first time he saw the Bible, he called it "talking
leaves." I think those leaves have something to teach us today.
In Revelations we learn that "the leaves of the tree were for the
healing of the nations."
We are healing our forests, our parks, and our lands. It's
a beautiful country. Let's remember to take time to come out and
show our children the land, to walk among the Redwoods, to climb
a mountain. Our land can heal us too. Thank you very much. God
bless you, and God bless the United States of America.
#
#
#
JUL-08-1992 09:17 FROM SQF HOT SPRINGS RD
TO
S.O.
P.01
to assure that Giant Sequoia Groves are managed in perpetuity for the benefit and inspiration accordance of all people,
in order asked Congress to allocate $900,000.00 in FY-93 to delineate and post grove boundaries in funding
1 have the Mediated Settlement Agroement of the Sequoia National Forest Land Management Plan. This Groves
with will also start the inventory process and management plans for the naturally occurring Giant Sequoia in
the National Forest System.
FEMA DFO
ID:818-405-7245
JUN 25'92
9:17 No. 167 P.03/05
NEWS RELEASE
OES
CALIFORNIA
LICENSE
FEDERAL/STATE/LOCAL
COORDINATING OFFICE
California Office of
Emergency Smaw
For Media Information Only:
Randi Jorgenson
Rachel Mabie
U.S. Forest Service
Cooperative Extension Service
(818) 574-5206
(213). 744-4349
USDA Announces Jobs and Greening Program
LOS ANGELES, June 25 -- An $11.8 million package of jobs and
grants was announced today by Ann M. veneman, deputy secretary of
the U.S. Department of Agriculture and a member of the
President's task force on Los Angeles recovery, and Peter
Ueberroth, chairman of Rebuild L.A.
The two-part USDA package was unveiled at a press conference.
at the Pico Union community garden. The first part of the
package consists of 550 summer jobs in Southern California's
National Forests.
The second part involves grants to community organizations
to both establish and maintain urban forests and gardens and to
train people for job opportunities in those areas. According to
Forest Service officials, depending upon the type of grant
submissions received, several hundred additional Los Angeles
County residents will have the opportunity to participate in the
second part of the program.
The USDA has joined forces with Ueberroth's Rebuild L.A.
organization to reach out to people in the riot-affected areas to
fill the Forest Service jobs. USDA and Rebuild L.A. will also
jointly fund the urban forest and garden grants program, which
could total $5.5 million.
Deputy Secretary Veneman is in Los Angeles this week with
other members of the federal task force to make sure that
government efforts to aid in recovery and rebuilding of the riot
affected areas are being conducted efficiently. The task force,
formed immediately after the riots by President Bush, is composed
of the deputy secretaries of the major federal agencies. Its
mission is to cut red tape and knock down barriers to providing
federal assistance to those who qualify for it as result of the
L.A. disturbances.
FEMA DFU
10:818-405-7245
JUN 25 92
9.18 NO.107 1.04/05
Greening Program, pg a of 3
A part of the urban forestry and garden project is the
expansion of the Extension Service's Urban Garden Program to
cities outside of Los Angeles. Currently there are 15 community
and 50 children's gardens in the L.A. area.
"By the end of the year," the Deputy secretary said, "we
anticipate having an additional 10 community gardens, serving 200
families and 15 new children's gardens for 1,500 children. "Until
now," she explained, "the Urban Garden project has been limited
to Los Angeles. We can now extend it to cities outside of L.A."
Deputy Secretary Veneman said that the USDA initiatives,
with support from Rebuild L.A., will begin immediately.
on Monday the Forest Service will begin accepting
applications for 550 skilled and unskilled jobs in the nearby
National Forests. Deputy Secretary Veneman said she expects the
first crews to begin work in the Angeles National Forests in
about a week, and all 550 jobs to be filled by the end of July.
Michael J. Rogers, forest supervisor for the Angeles
National Forest, said the jobs being offered range from. craft
positions to unskilled labor jobs. "This is not make work," he
said, "but work necessary for the upkeep of the National Forest."
Supervisor Rogers explained that most of the people hired
will work on the forests' trails and fire prevention projects.
There are also jobs for painters, carpenters and people with
office skills. Each workday, the Forest Service will provide
transportation to and from designated points in Los Angeles
county to the National Forests.
For the Urban Forests and Gardening component of the
initiative, the Extension Service is now accepting proposals from
local non-profit entities for greening projects. Proposals from
community groups and organizations for greening projects will be
administered and selected by a committee composed of staff from
the Extension Service, California Department of Forestry and the
USDA's Forest Service.
"more-
FEMA
Greening Program, pg 3 of 3
"We want the communities and neighborhoods to tell us what
they want, If the Deputy Secretary said. "Once their proposals are
submitted to us, I can assure you a decision will be reached as
quickly as possible."
The urban forestry and gardening portion of the USDA project
is open to nonprofit organizations, community and neighborhood
groups, and others who need help in starting a greening project
or improving upon an existing urban forest, garden or green
space, or want to train others in these skills. Groups or
organizations interested in applying for a greening grant should
contact the Los Angeles County Extension Service at (213) 744-
4341 for details.
Applications for the Forest Service Jobs will be accepted
from June 29 through July 6. Federal job application forms (SF
171) have been given to a number of community-based organizations.
throughout the riot-affected areas. They are also available at
the Federal Job Information Center, or local Employment
Development Division offices.
If job applicants do not have access to the federal job
application form, the Forest Service will accept a one-page
description outlining the applicant's experience, training and
education.
Applications should be mailed or delivered not later than
July 6 to: Federal Job Information Center, 9650 Flair Drive,
Suite 100A, El Monte, CA 91731-3008, Attention: CEM; or Angeles
National Forest, Personnel Department, 701 North Santa Anita
Avenue, Arcadia, CA 91006. For additional information, applicants
can call (818) 952-5074.
-30-
PAGE
2
1ST STORY of Level 1 printed in FULL format.
Proprietary to the United Press International 1991
October 1, 1991, Tuesday, BC cycle
SECTION: Domestic News
DISTRIBUTION: Louisiana, Texas
LENGTH: 451 words
HEADLINE: Bush praises Roemer in Louisiana campaign stop
DATELINE: NEW ORLEANS
KEYWORD: BUSH-ROEMER
BODY:
President Bush, hitting the campaign trail for Gov. Buddy Roemer's
re-election, praised the Republican governor Monday night as a man 'who puts
the people before the politician.'
Addressing a fund-raiser for Roemer, Bush appeared to be on the campaign
stump as much for himself, touting what he characterized as the accomplishments
of the Bush administration overseas and at home.
'Like Buddy Roemer, our administration has tried to pursue policies of
conscience,' Bush said.
'When a dictator crushed hopes for democracy in his homeland and endangered
the Western Hemisphere, we helped the Panamanian people restore free elections
and the rule of law, Bush said. ''And when a brutal tyrant invaded and
plundered Kuwait, we helped put together an international coalition that rolled
back his aggression and liberated a land.
But speaking specifically about Roemer, Bush called the governor a man ' who
values conviction above conscience, who puts the people before the politician.
And he was elected in very tough times
And now he deserves re-election.
Bush praised his own administration's record domestically in child care,
clean air, civil rights and helping those with disabilities, and then returned
to Roemer.
'Here in Louisiana, Buddy Roemer has made your Department of Environmental
Quality protect what Teddy Roosevelt called 'our cathedral of the
outdoors, Bush said.
'And finally, let me talk about how you can't have a developed economy
without developed minds
what Buddy referred to as the second war,' Bush
said, adding that the Bush administration has started ''a crusade for
educational excellence.
The president added, ' When this governor saw that Louisiana wasn't passing
the grade, he sent the state back to school. And today, you 522 signs of
progress everywhere in this state, and you feel it.'
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PAGE 3
Proprietary to the United Press International, October 1, 1991
''In Louisiana the ACT scores of black students have increased dramatically.
The CAT scores of all students have improved for three straight years, Bush
said. "And your college-bound seniors have improved their SAT scores. The
Roemer legacy: smaller class sizes, more respect for the teachers that sacrifice
for the lives of our kids, and achievement on the rise. And that is a good
legacy for this state and it's a good example for our entire country.'
Bush said Roemer changed parties to crusade for education, the environment,
a strong economy and true civil rights.
And Churchill said, 'Some men change their principles for their party.
Other change their party for their principles, 111 Bush said, adding, ''Some
would rather fight than switch. Some would rather switch than fight. Buddy
decided to switch and fight.
TM
TM
TM
LEXIS® NEXIS®
LEXIS·NEXIS®
LEXIS:NEXIS®
Services of Mead Data Central, Inc.
Recyclable
(Table 10
FY 1993 INTERIOR APPROPRIATIONS BILL: HOUSE APPROPRIATIONS COMMITTEE
REDUCTIONS IN RESOURCE PROTECTION TO FUND UNREQUESTED PROJECTS AND PROGRAMS
(BA dollars in millions relative to request)
Reductions
House
Increases
House
o America the Beautiful (ATB)
-262
Interior Department New Construction
(unneeded buildings and facilities)
+173
- Federal Recreational Land Acquisition
(-52)
- Headwaters (CA) Land Acquisition
(-11)
- BIA's Navajo Irrigation Project (NM)
(+14)
- Idaho/Potlatch Exchange and
- Other Uneconomic BIA Irrigation Projects
(+13)
Land Acquisition
(-10)
- Other Lower-Priority BIA Projects
(+43)
- LWCF State Grants for Outdoor
- Palau Sewer, Power, Roads
(+7)
Recreation
(-32)
- Tree Planting
(-65)
Fossil R&D
+103
- ATB Passport Revenues Earmarked
for Parks and Challenge Cost Shares
(-26)
Miscellaneous Lower-Priority BIA and
- Forest Service Recreation
(-17)
Territories Adds
+126
- North American Wetlands Conservation
(-8)
- Targeted Park Resource Recovery
(-10)
- BIA
(+100)
- American Battlefield Protection
(-8)
- Territories and Palau Operations
(+26)
- More Seasonal Park Rangers
(-6)
Review Table 10-1
- Parks as Classrooms
(-1)
Lower-Priority Studies and Research Much Of
- Challenge Cost Share for Parks/Refuges
(-4)
Which Can Be Accomplished By Non-Federal
- Crab Orchard NWR (IL) Env. Cleanup
(-11)
Entities:
+79
o Other Natural and Historical Programs
-72
- U.S. Geological Survey
(+47)
(some ATB)
- Bureau of Mines
(+32)
- Forest Service Administration
(-24)
Non-Competitive Grants for Local Washington
- National Park Operations
(-20)
(DC) Arts and Cultural Organizations
+7
- Fish and Wildlife Operations
(-14)
- Public Lands Management
(-14)
Add-ons for Ineffective Programs Proposed for
Termination/Consolidation
+49
Historic Preservation
-5
- AML Emergency Program
(+16)
- Historically Black Colleges
(-4)
- Rural Abandoned Mine Program (RAMP)
(+12)
- Montpelier (VA)
(-1)
- BIA Direct Loans
(+3)
- BIA Business Development Grants
(+5)
o
Full Funding for Fish and Wildlife Service
- Mineral Institutes
(+9)
Payment in Lieu of Taxes
-2
- BIA's Navajo Rehab Trust Fund
(+4)
o New Emergency Pest Suppression Fund (FS)
+42
(budget gimmick)
SEOLANG
--I'm here to talk about some good news. Most of the media seems
to follow the slogan "the worse the better" -- but I'm here to
tell the story of good people and a great country.
--I want to improve our forests and parks not just because I'm
President -- but because I am an outdoorsman, I am a fisherman, I
am a father and a grandfather. Our land, our great country, is
more than a legacy we've inherited from our parents -- it is the
gift we have borrowed from our children
--The missión of our national forests is changing -- shifting
away from the harvest of our resources to the harvest of our
time: recreation. Families, students, ordinary citizens coming
to our mountains, our forests our rivers and lakes.
--we're committed to more than parks we're committed to
people.
--when I am long gone, these trees will stand. When we are
memories, these rivers will flow. Let us
-Points of Light: reaching out, taking an interest. Does the
soul good.
throw balls -- not punches. Watching the sun come up rather
than the television come on.
--Seq as a metaphor for the country: standing tall and strong and
proud.
--It's a beautiful country: let's enjoy it.
CONGRESS SECTION
some critics say we haven't gone far enough I couldn't agree
with them more
-America the Beautiful cut XXX cut XXX cut This
is the wrong track for our country. I'd like to see more
,
I'd like to see more
--I believe Congress now stands at a fork in the road. It can
either
or it can
Some see cynicism where I see hope Some would rather cast
good will in political terms. I am here to answer two voices
that don't have a vote. There are voices in America that don't
have a vote. One comes from the land. The other comes from the
future -- the generations to come, our grandchildren and great-
grandchildren.
- follow strike one beater out path TO beaze a new trail
JUL-08-1992 15:05 FROM SAVE THE REDWOODS LEAGUE
TO
12024566218
P.02
by Joseph H. Engbeck, Jr
sequoia's life span that can be termed "old age" in the
world-that title has been bestowed on the bristlecone
ordinary sense. That is, its life processes do not appear
pinc-they could conceivably regain the title at some time
to slow down or change in any basic way. Even the oldest
in the future. Today, the oldest known giant sequoia is
giant sequoias continue to grow rapidly, and sexual activ-
some 3,300 years of age, although John Muir reported that
ity continues unabated. Theoretically it would appear that
he had counted more than four thousand growth rings
a giant sequoia could go on living and growing forever.
in a burned-out giant acquoia. His report has not been
Death comes to them only by means of fire or through
universally accepted because the tree has not been redis-
some other external physical event such as undercutting
covered and because there are some technical difficulties
by erosion or overthrow by the wind. Although they are
involved in counting annual growth ringa that Muir may
no longer considered the oldest living things in the
not have considered.
How Big is a Big Tree!
The largest giant sequoias are the largest living things on earth. Many of them are 250 to 300 feet in height
and between 20 and 30 feet in diameter near the ground. A few exceed 300 feet in height (up to about 325
feet) and 100 feet in circumference (33 feet in diameter). Several trees at Calaveras are over 300 feet tall,
although the largest tree in the park, the Louis Agassiz tree in the South Grove, is only about 250 feet high-
and about 25 feet in diameter six feet above the ground. The largest tree in the North Grove is the Empire
State tree, which is about 217 feet high and 18 feet in diameter six feet above the ground. The Mother of the
Forest was said to be 321 feet tall and 26 feet in diameter six feet above the ground. The Discovery Tree
was close to 300 feet tall and 32 feet in diameter near the ground or about 24 feet in diameter cight feet
above the ground at what is now the smoothed-off surface of the stump. Several other trees in Calaveras
Big Trees State Park are nearly this large, while several trees in the Mariposa Grove and in Sequoia National
Park are even larger. Probably the largest living trecs at the present time are the General Sherman (272 feet
tall, 27½ feet in diameter six feet above the ground) and the General Grant (271 feet tall and about 28 feet in
diameter six feet above the ground), both of which are in Sequoia-Kings Canyon National Park. Several
fallen trees are even larger than this, and the Discovery Tree at Calaveras which was "only" about 1,250 years
old at the time of its destruction, was growing so steadily and rapidly (growth rings 1/4 inch in thickness),
that by now it might well have surpassed all other giant sequoias in both height and volume.
Total weight of a very large giant sequoia has been variously estimated between 2,145 tons and 6,167
tons (both estimates by Fry and White). It has been said that there is enough wood in a single giant sequoia
to build 40 five-room houses. This is a theoretical statement only, however, for in fact there is an extra-
ordinary amount of waste in the actual logging of large giant sequoias. The wood is soft and brittle and the
trees come down with such devastating force that the trunks are often badly shattered when they hit the
ground. A case history cited by Professor Ellsworth Huntington is instructive in this regard. One large
sequois felled in the 1880s provided some 3,000 fence posts (enough to put a wire fence around 8,000 or
9,000 acres), as well as 650,000 shingles (enough to roof 70 to 80 houses), "and still there remained hundreds
of cords of fire wood, which no one could use because of the prohibitive cost of hauling the wood out of
the mountaine."
320.-
287'
Or to gain perspective in still
another way, the tallest giant
sequoias are about as tall as a 25
story office building, as tall as a
football field turned on end, as
heavy as a small occan-going
freighter.
Giant Sequoia
Campanile,
Statue of
National Capitol Dome
Berkeley
Liberty
3/
1912
Speach
>1.5 M acves of new
parks, wildlife refges,
1-
LA summer youth engloyment
to other public lads
2.
Bush Outdoor a ceonglish ments
-57 new wild life
Congressional cuts
refuges-
-
1
x
new complites
3
X new mil as of
trails
1 $262 M from America the Beautiful
- -$38 M from "Fed gov 't', partnership
with states for parks + recreation.
1
$ 73m from Fed. acquisition in of
key parks, firests, willdlife refuges,
ad other plate lands.
1 Zers funding for Headwaters
National Farest in Northern
California -
Jenn 2007 loadd change the place gopl. - balance wirrs on
add QC: spatily
(Grossman)
2)
SEQUOIA
on
July 9, 1992
Draft One
PRESIDENTIAL REMARKS:
SEQUOIA NATIONAL PARK
TUESDAY, JULY 13, 1992
[Acknowledgements.] ((I've just been walking among some of
these Redwoods. \ I finally found a big enough switch to take
Congress out to the woodshed.)) I especially liked what I saw at
Pyles Boys Camp. I saw those young kids -- inner-city kids that
came here with lots of attitude and little hope. And there they
were: playing, climbing ropes, laughing. They're children, after
all.
Teddy Roosevelt was talking about them when he urged the
country to treat its "natural resources as assets which it must
turn over to the next generation " I remember the first time I
took my grandson George P. to the Grand Tetons. As we came upon
him
the mountains, I looked down at the little guy, his smile --
well, you could've sworn it was Christmas morning.
The fact is, these forests, our lakes and our lands -- they
are gifts: the commonwealth that we inherited from our
parents, that we borrow from our kids. That's the spirit of this
agreement. From the Sierra Club to the State of California, from
the Wilderness Society to the Save the Redwoods League: people
have come together, forged an agreement to protect our Sequoia
groves as part of our national legacy. No more logging. No more
neglect. Long after we are gone, these trees will stand.
Already we have the best national park system in the world \
the best wildlife refuge system in the world \ the best national
2
forest system in the world. And yet, as President, I have said
that the best simply wasn't good enough.
The Wallop-Breaux Trust Fund's a good example: it's helped
us invest more than $300 million each year to keep our waters
clean and open them up to the people. Think of the Potomac River
back in our nation's capitol. Twenty years ago that river was a
stinking sewer of pollution. Around the country, signs rimmed
our lakes with the warning: "Don't Touch the Water." In two
decades, we've spent over $100 billion to clean up our water.
Today, more and more of our rivers and lakes are safer for the
people that swim and fish in them, for the animals that live in
them.
We've expanded our nation's parks, our forests and refuges
by 1.5 million acres -- think about it: that's enough land to
fill the Grand Canyon and then some. Three years ago, I proposed
the America's Great Outdoors initiative -- $635 million in
additional spending to improve our national forests. Since that
time we've created fifty-seven new wildlife refuges \ twenty new
national parks
new campsites
new miles of trail.
What I'm talking about is more than a commitment to parks -- it's
a commitment to people.
Just last winter I signed ISTEA [ice TEE].
(Now before I
get in trouble with my Vice President, let me point out that
all
that's the transportation act -- not the rap act.) ) That
legislation will help bring America outdoors: paving new roads
into the wilderness, revamping our scenic byways -- letting
need to make point that we bus to w balance 3. enviror ARD econ.
Americans hit the trail and become their own pioneers That's
what the pursuit of happiness is all about.
corks
gobs.
too
And with the Cold War won we've turned the peace dividend
squishy
into a park dividend. We've taken old arsenals, old military
camps, testing grounds and are turning them into national parks
and wildlife refuges. The Presidio in San Francisco, Fort Meade
in Maryland, the Rocky Mountain Arsenal near Denver: that land
helped us protect the peace -- now we're going to protect that
land.
Some say that all this isn't enough. I couldn't agree
with them more. Take a look at what I've asked for from Congress
-- then take a look at what we got. I requested full funding for
America the Beautiful -- $260 million cut. A federal partnership
with the states for parks and recreation -- $40 million cut.
Park and forest acquisition -- $75 million cut. Parks as
classrooms -- cut. Tree planting -- cut. ((I could go on, but
the trees might get nervous.) )
Fact is, we should all be a little nervous. Congress has
met a fork in the road. They have a choice. One one hand: they
can gut my proposals, they can stuff them with pork and perks and
then turn around and complain about the environment. Or they can
choose another path: they can look out for the voices that don't
have a vote. The land. The children. The future generations.
I'm asking Congress to do the right thing: full funding for our
lands, our trees, our waters, our parks.
4
We need more Seasonal Park Rangers -- not less. We need to
acquire more headwaters -- not fewer. Send a message to
Congress: we need less papers \ less posturing \ less promises -
- and more action.
The steps we take here today will blaze a trail for others
to follow. And in case anyone should "miss the forest for the
trees" -- so to speak -- here's a reminder: they were here first.
These trees have watched history go by. Some of these
Sequoias were already born by the time Christ walked the earth.
The trees were named after a proud man, an American native called
Sequoyah. The first time he saw the Bible, he called it "talking
leaves. " I think those leaves have something to teach us today.
In Revelations we learn that "the leaves of the tree were for the
healing of the nations."
We are healing our forests, our parks, and our lands. It's
a beautiful country. Let's remember to take time to come out and
show our children the land, to walk among the Redwoods, to climb
a mountain. Our land can heal us too. Thank you very much. God
bless you, and God bless the United States of America.
E/siena 2 cwb in Favor]ope
ER "-", not fishable
©[pank "units" I swimabed
- how may new
not paks +
X # of addit
something or other
"califoria Isawias
- -Sam as Redwood oas
250-300
enviros,
local boys camp
>sion speech Spen wAth
(crowd Me able
heard -he might a reference be
/
to
specch)
JUL-07-1992 09:53 FROM AMERICAN RECREATION
TO
94561647
P.01
American Recreation Coalition
Dedicated to the protection and enhancement of every citizen's
right to pursue health and happiness through leisure-time activities.
PLEASE DELIVER IMMEDIATELY TO:
MARLA DONAHUE
COMPANY:
WH - PUBLIC LIAISON
FAX #:
456- - 1647
FROM:
KATHY JEAVONS
DATE:
E 1/7/92
AMERICAN RECREATION COALITION
FAX (202)662-7424
THIS IS PAGE 1 OF
4
PAGE DOCUMENT.
COMMENTS:
Marla-
This should give you sme
background Give me a call if
you need move or have any questions
Have Fun i!
Kathy
Suite 726
1331 Pennsylvania Ave., N.W.
Washington, D.C. 20004
(202) 662-7420
Fax: (202) 662-7424
Printed on Recycled Paper
JUL-07-1992 09:53 FROM AMERICAN RECREATION
TO
94561647
P.02
American Recreation Coalition Event at Sequoia National Forest
July 14, 1992.
Trip Purpose:
to highlight significant changes in the management of America's natural
resources, and especially in America's national forests, and the benefits of these changes
to America's outdoors enthusiasts
Narrative description of activities:
Approximately 300 persons will be invited to attend a ceremony at which the President
will sign a proclamation protecting groves of Giant Sequoias in California's national
forests. Invitees will include local officials (Kern county, Tulare county, cities of
Kernville, Porterville, Bakersfield), signatories to the "mediated settlement" (17
organizations ranging from the Save the Redwoods League to the forest products
industry), local scout troops and volunteers on the forest. Admission to the ceremony
will be by free ticket; attendees will park at Holey Meadow campground and be shuttled
to the site (3 miles). The proclamation signing site will be adjacent to the road (County
Road 190) which will be closed at Kramer Meadow and at Holey Meadow early that
morning. The President and his party will land in a field approximately .7 miles from
the site and will be driven to the site. After unloading, the helicopters will redeploy:
HMX 1 and one other to Peppermint LZ and the remaining aircraft to meadows near
Pyles camp. Representatives of the organizations which participated in the "mediated
settlement" will be invited to witness the signing. An RV holding room will be provided
for the President at the speech site and will then be moved to Pyles camp to serve the
same purpose.
A proposed speech outline is attached.
Following the speech, the President will travel by motorcade along a stretch of road
which has been nominated for designation as a scenic byway to a trailhead. An RV will
be parked at the site for his use, if desired. He will walk downhill along Freeman Creek
through several groves of magnificent Giant Sequoias. He will be accompanied by:
Dale Robertson, Chief of the Forest Service; John Keller, Under Secretary of
Commerce in charge of the U.S. Travel and Tourism Administration and the lead on the
tourism component of the President's Rural America initiative; and Derrick Crandall,
President of the American Recreation Coalition. The hike will take 1 hour. As the
President passes the halfway mark on the trail, his helicopter will redeploy to Pyles
Camp. Pool coverage will be provided; other journalists wishing to join in the hike will
forgo the scheduled filing time.
While the President hikes, media and other guests will be transported by vans to R.M.
Pyles Boys Camp (50 minute drive). Media will have an estimated 25 minutes to file
stories prior to the President's arrival at the camp.
JUL-07-1992 09:54 FROM AMERICAN RECREATION
TO
94561647
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Sequoia Trip, Page Two
Upon arrival, the President will be greeted by Camp Director Rocky Leitzell and others
and will be shown around the camp. He will help to install a sign noting the camp's
designation in March 1992 as one of the President's "Points of Light." The group will
then go to the camp's outdoor amphitheater. Lunch will be served. While the President
eats, Rocky and the campers will talk about their experiences and the camp's goals.
Upon completion of the 8-10 minute program, the President will pose for pictures with
the campers. The President may choose to talk about the Pathway to Fishing program
he launched at Anacostia Park in May, which strives to introduce urban youths to
recreation through fishing and invite the campers to join him in fishing at the stocked
pond at the camp.
The President will then meet with representatives of the Recreation Roundtable to discuss
the America the Beautiful passport and other matters (10 minutes). The President will
then depart by motorcade to a nearby meadow for helicopter "lift."
JUL-07-1992 09:54 FROM AMERICAN RECREATION
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American Recreation Coalition Event at Sequoia National Forest
July 14, 1992
0600
Dep Walker's Point
(helo)
0625
Arr Pease AFB
0635
Dep Pease (flying time is 5 hours, 15 minutes) (3 time zones)
0800
Coffee at Holey Meadow Campground for invitees to ceremony; opportunity to
meet FS Chief Robertson and new Forest Supervisor Sandra Key
0845
Shuttle service begins for guests -- Holey Meadow to Redwoods Meadow
0850
Arr China Lake Naval Weapons Station
0900
Dep China Lake
(helo)
0920
Arr Sequoia National Forest LZ
0930
Motorcade to Redwoods (Proclamation Signing, Speech) (5 minutes)
0940
Start program
1010
President departs for Freeman Grove Trailhead (motorcade, 26 minutes along
proposed scenic byway)
1040
President and pool hike down Freeman Grove trail, accompanied by Dale
Robertson (FS), John Keller (USTTA) and Derrick Crandall (ARC) (1 hour 10,
minutes) (Media transported by road to Pyles to file stories 50 minutes
driving time)
1150
Arr R.M. Pyles Boys Camp for meeting with camp director, campers. Install
"Points of Light" sign.
1215
Lunch with campers, recreation industry leaders. Option of fishing with campers
in stocked pond.
1255
Motorcade to LZ
1305
Dep Sequoia National Forest
(helo)
1320
Arr China Lake
1325
Dep China Lake for San Diego
JUL-07-1992 09:55 FROM AMERICAN RECREATION
TO
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Presidential Remarks - Sequoia National Forest
Opening -- recall past trips to America's Great Outdoors; note that summer visits by
Americans to national parks and forests will total millions and millions
Reason for this visit - to mark a new era in the management of America's public lands;
"new forestry" which emphasizes recreation and wildlife as well as commodities like timber
and minerals; outline important initiatives of the past three and one-half years:
America's Great Outdoors -- $625 million investment in recreation and wildlife
facilities
scenic byways -- 100 designated in the national forests, new national program
under the surface transportation act
national trails trust fund -- $30 million annually to build and maintain trails for all
activities
watchable wildlife program
volunteerism
Challenge Cost-Share Projects
America the Beautiful -- tree planting
Wallop-Breaux -- enhancing boating and fishing
partnerships to enhance visitor services -- concessioner campgrounds in the forests
advance reservations at NF campgrounds -- "800" number
tourism and rural America -- strengthening the fabric of rural communities
Pathway to Fishing
More yet to do --
the America the Beautiful Passport
greenways and trails in our urban areas
improved access to America's cleaned-up rivers and lakes
"peace dividend" -- converting choice parcels of lands no longer needed by the
military into conservation areas: Fort Meade, Rocky Mountain Arsenal,
Presidio
a re-energized federal technical and financial assistance program for state and local
recreation agencies
Action today - explain and sign Presidential Proclamation protecting the Giant Sequoias in our
California national forests
[sign proclamation, and promptly leave to tour Freeman Grove, one of the newly
protected groves]
TOTAL P.05
GIANT SEQUOIA IN NATIONAL FORESTS
A PROCLAMATION
For centuries, groves of the Giant Sequoia have stimulated
the interest and wonder of those who behold them. The Giant
Sequoia is a tree that inspires emotion like no other and has
mystically entered the hearts of humanity everywhere. Ancestors
of Giant Sequoia trees have existed on earth for more than 20
million years. Naturally occurring old-growth Giant Sequoia
groves located in the Sequoia, Sierra, and Tahoe National Forests
in California are unique national treasures that are being
managed for biodiversity, perpetuation of the species, public
inspiration, and spiritual, aesthetic, recreational, ecological,
and scientific value.
This Nation's Giant Sequoia groves are legacies that deserve
special attention and protection for future generations. It is
my hope that these natural gifts will continue to provide
aesthetic value and inspiration for our children, grandchildren,
and generations yet to come.
So as to promote greater appreciation and awareness of our
Giant Sequoia groves, such groves in the Sequoia, Sierra, and
Tahoe National Forests should continue to be managed by the
Secretary of Agriculture as unique objects of beauty and
antiquity for the benefit and inspiration of all people.
NOW, THEREFORE, I, GEORGE BUSH, President of the United
States of America, do hereby proclaim that naturally occurring
old-growth Giant Sequoia groves within the Sequoia, Sierra, and
Tahoe National Forests in the State of California shall be
managed, protected, and restored by the Secretary of Agriculture,
acting through the Forest Service, to assure the perpetuation of
the groves for the benefit and enjoyment of present and future
generations. The Secretary of Agriculture is directed to
delineate the location of such Giant Sequoia groves, as set forth
in the Sequoia National Forest Mediated Settlement Agreement, and
subsequently to provide the Secretary of the Interior with a list
$
of the designated groves and with a description of the boundaries
of each of the groves. The Secretary of the Interior is hereby
directed, to the maximum extent permitted by law, to segregate
to
immediately and subsequently withdraw the designated groves from
all forms of location and entry under the general mining laws,
and from any disposition under the mineral and geothermal leasing
laws and laws pertaining to the disposal of mineral material,
subject to valid existing rights.
The designated Giant Sequoia groves shall not be managed for
timber production and shall not be included in the land base used
to establish the allowable sale quantities for the affected
national forests. The designated Giant Sequoia groves shall be
protected as natural areas with minimal development. Consistent
with the best scientific information available, the Secretary of
Agriculture shall assure that any proposed development shall
provide for aesthetic, recreational, ecological, and scientific
value. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the Converse Basin Grove
shall be managed as set forth in the Sequoia National Forest
Mediated Settlement Agreement.
This proclamation is not intended to create any right or
benefit, substantive or procedural, enforceable by a party
against the United States, its agencies or instrumentalities, its
officers or employees, or any other person.
IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand this
day
of
, in the year of our Lord nineteen hundred
and ninety-two, and of the Independence of the United States of
America the two hundred and seventeenth.
Bush, 1992
Administration of George Bush, 1992 / June 11
1035
ut the argu-
guard human life. We're going to do what
Remarks on Departure for the
k the over
we can in a humanitarian way. We're working
United Nations Conference on
people want
with the United Nations. But it's a little pre-
Environment and Development
ad and take
mature to be talking-
this budget
June 11, 1992
Q. You have to act quickly, don't you,
ontrol.
though, to keep those people from starving?
Well, today I travel to Rio de Janeiro to
ing. As you
The President. When the United States
join our 100 heads of state at the United Na-
ple of min-
sees people that are hungry, we help. And
tions Conference on Environment and De-
important,
se who have
again, that's bipartisan or nonpartisan. That's
velopment. Informally, the Rio meeting has
ship role in
just been the hallmark of our country. So we
been called the Earth summit. But I want
t's been bi-
will do what we should do. But I'm not going
to focus for just a minute on the official
name. I think it's critical that we take both
t.
to go into the fact of using U.S. troops. We're
not the world's policeman. It's a very com-
those words, environment and development,
dget
plicated situation, but it's one that we're fol-
equally seriously, and we do.
lowing very closely.
On the environment, America's record is
hink there's
Thank you. Now I've got to get to work
second to none. No other nation has done
inst the bal-
with these people.
more, more rapidly to clean up the water,
?
the air, or preserve public land. No other na-
t know be-
U.N. Conference on Environment and
tion has done more to advance the state of
Sarah [Sarah
Development
technology that promises cleaner growth. We
VS Service].
Q. Mr. President, do you expect the other
are proposing to double forest assistance. No
countries to try to beat up on you in Rio?
other nation has put in place stricter stand-
er of Com-
The President. It doesn't matter. It
ards to curb pollution in the future. We've
doesn't matter. We are the United States. We
done a great deal, and we are determined
er of Com-
are the leader in the environment. We've got
to do more.
've got one
a good record. Most of the groups that are
But let me say up front: I am determined
to pass first.
criticizing are from the United States, I think.
to protect the environment, and I'm also de-
his country,
But that's all right; I've been there before.
termined to protect the American taxpayer.
ountry real-
I'm going to represent the people on this visit
The day of the open checkbook is over. I
future has
and do it firmly in putting forward the best
will go to Rio with a series of sound proposals
S, we're not
environmental record that any country has.
designed to foster both environmental pro-
rying to do
We've spent $800 billion in the last 10
tection and economic growth. I'll sign a cli-
years. We're going to spend $1.2 trillion in
mate convention that calls for sound action,
it these peo-
the next 10 years. And we share our tech-
like increased energy efficiency and cleaner
and they're
nology with the world. We are way out front.
air. I'll offer technology cooperation because
nd I support
And we're going to continue to stay out front,
I believe American technology can help clean
but we are not going to act like we have an
up the world's environment. I'll propose to
open checkbook and that people are going
share U.S. science, the most advanced in the
to come in and tell us how much money to
world, to increase understanding of these
rried about
spend. We can't do it. We're trying to protect
complex issues. And I'll bring my Forests for
the taxpayer here through this balanced
the Future initiative, the most concrete and
g speaking?
budget amendment, and I will protect the
effective plan for dealing with the pressing
orried at all.
taxpayer down there in Rio. But I'm going
problems of deforestation of all those that
to advocate a sound, strong environmental
have been proposed at Rio.
there.
record.
Finally, I go to Rio with a firm conviction:
Now, you all, thank you very much for in-
Environmental protection and a growing
ing to have
terest in all of this. But I've got to get to
economy are inseparable. No matter what
e? The Bal-
work and see what I can do to help these
some people may want to pretend, they are
people around this table at the waning hours
inseparable. It is counterproductive to pro-
erned about
of this debate.
mote one at the expense of the other.
t there's no
For the past half-century, the United
oing to safe-
Note: The exchange began at 7:03 a.m. in
States has been a great engine of global eco-
the Cabinet Room at the White House.
nomic growth, and it's going to stay that way.
1036
June 11 / Administration of George Bush, 199
Every American knows what that means for
Rio the U.S. record that is second to none
us. What many may not know is that the
anywhere in the world.
world also has a stake in a strong American
economy. Right now, one-half of the devel-
Note: The President spoke at 7:50 a.m.
oping countries' exports of manufactured
Andrews Air Force Base in Camp Springs,
goods to all industrialized nations are sold,
MD.
yes, in the United States of America. A weak
economy in this country would harm workers
in other nations and cut their export earnings
to a trickle. Nations struggling to meet the
Remarks at a Luncheon Hosted by
most elemental needs of their people can
President Guillermo Endara in
spare little to protect the environment.
Panama City, Panama
Many governments and many individuals
June 11, 1992
from the U.S. and other nations have pressed
us to sign a treaty on what's called
The President. Mr. President and Mr.
biodiversity. I don't expect that pressure to
Vice President and members of the Cabinet,
let up when I reach Rio. The treaty's intent
Barbara and I are just delighted to be with
is noble, to ensure protection of natural habi-
you to witness firsthand the great progress
tat for the world's plants and animal life. The
that Panama has made since its liberation
U.S. has better protections for species and
from that dictatorship and tyranny back in
habitat than any nation on Earth. No one
December 1989. Panama is once again free,
disagrees with the goal of the treaty. But the
democracy restored, and the rule of law pre-
truth is, it contains provisions that have noth-
vails.
ing to do with biodiversity.
With your nation's return to democracy,
Take just one example: The private sector
Panama resumes its place in the world com-
is proving it can help generate solutions to
munity. This country's path toward economic
our environmental problems. The treaty in-
reform and also liberalization has rekindled
cludes provisions that discourage techno-
economic enterprise. And maybe some don't
logical innovations, treat them as common
realize it, but last year your nation's eco-
property though they are developed at great
nomic growth was the highest in the whole
cost by private companies and American
hemisphere. I salute your success and your
workers. We know what will happen. Re-
efforts, which bring the prospect of a better
move incentives, and we'll see fewer of the
future for all Panamanians.
technological advances that help us protect
Our countries have enjoyed a unique part-
our planet.
nership since Panama gained its independ-
My Forests for the Future initiative will
ence nearly 90 years ago. That partnership
offer real assistance to protect habitats, a
is embodied today in the 1977 Panama Canal
downpayment of $150 million in new U.S.
treaties. Mr. President, let me just assure you
assistance toward the goal of doubling world-
the United States keeps its word; those trea-
wide funding for forests. It invites developing
ties will be fully implemented on schedule.
countries to propose their best plans for for-
But what I really wanted to do to come
est conservation, and it encourages innova-
here was to salute those of you in this room
tion, like biotechnology, that will help us pro-
who stood up to the tyranny of Noriega and
tect biodiversity worldwide.
who dared to oppose him in the 1989 elec-
I cannot speak for actions other nations
tions and who now have the responsibility
may take. But this I promise: I will stand
for strengthening your democracy for future
up for American interests and the interests
generations.
of a cleaner environment. And if the United
As we were riding in in the car I sensed
States has to be the only nation to stand
a little nervousness on the part of my friend,
against the biodiversity treaty as now drawn,
President Endara. I think he was worried
so be it.
that I might be offended by some show of
I believe deeply in protecting our common
protest. But what I saw and felt was that
environment, and I will proudly present in
overwhelming welcome from the people
SEQNOT For kids
Ouotes
1)
"I went to the woods because I wished to live
deliberately and see if I could learn what it had to
teach "
--Henry David Thoreau, Walden
2)
"Where the air is full of sunlight and the flag is full of
stars."
--Henry Van Dyke, "America For Me."
3)
"Our Union is river, lake, ocean and sky "
--O.W. Holmes, Brother Jonathan's Lament for
Sister Carolina
Park
--area was declared a national park in 1890 to protect the big
trees
Anecdotes
--Sequoia called the bible "talking leaves" and later called the
paper on which he wrote the same thing.
--Sequoia once remarked that if he could capture language on
paper it would be like "catching a wild animal and taming it."
--George Foster wrote of Sequoyah, that in the long chain of
human experience, "no link can be found of purer gold than the
life of Sequoyah."
--When I was about 12, my mom took me and one of my friends on a
climb up Mount Washington. My friend got sick (I swore it was
the broccoli he had at lunch) but we forged ahead and made it to
the top. I remember standing there at the summit, looking out
over the forests and rivers and
, and I thought -- this is
America.
--an Austrian scientist named the Great Red Trees in honor of the
Great Red Man.
--POTUS took grandson George P. to the Grand Tetons. As we came
upon the mountains I looked down at the little guy -- his smile,
well, you would've thought it was Christmas morning.
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JUL 08 '92 11:12 OFFICE OF THE CHIEF
These Trees Will stand
Andy Fisher
Deaft comments for consideration
We are here to dedicate ourselves to the care and preservation of the
Clant Sequesa Grove for future generations. These trees that are 10 times older
then the United States of America, will be the living legacy of our care for
Land, our management of forest ecosystems, and our commitment to people and the
environment.
President Theodore Reservelt vas the father of American Conservation and
the D.S. Format Service. Receavelt said that, "The nation behaves wall 1£ it
creats the natural resources as assets which 16 sust to the maxt
generation increased and not impaired in value."
Some of these Clant SequeLas were already here at the time Christ walked
the earth. This preclamation 1 can signing today with procect these crees isto
the next millonnium.
We have the science, knowledge and countrment today that will ensure for
the future: healthier National Ferests, B nore ecological approach to managing
the Retional Forests, greater hARRLY in the National Forests and & brighter
future for the National Perects.
our consitment to the anvironment La not new. What is new Le our colance,
knowledge and management style. Last month the Porest Service announced izo
ecological approach to managing the National Forests and Crasslands. This is
JUL 08 '92 11:16 SEQUOIA PORTERVILLE 209 7841500
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JUL 08 '92 11:12 OFFICE OF THE CHIEF
now possible because we nave & better understanding of muture and a better
understanding of how we sen work with nature. Working with nature, ve will
increase all the values of the National Turests for the American people,
Americans value forests in many ways. For the vacationer, forests are .
place to camp, fish, or observe hirds. wildlifs and the beauty of these trees.
For the urban or subuzban douller. forests are a place to ascape the
complexities of our modern world. For all of us, forests are a renewable source
of materials for MIT home and products (such as paper) that our families use
every day.
Today the United States La an urban essiaty. More than so percent of us
lives in cities or suburbe. Amoricans Are divorced from direct contact with the
Land and have been so for nore than a generation. Ve may visit the forests or
rural areas for recreation, but Eav of US experience the land as & resilient.
renewable, and productive resource as nest of our parents and grandparents 61d.
The National Forests are an opportunity for Americans to get re-squainted with
the land,
This is happening through my America's Great Outdoors recreation
initiative. We have developed over 100 scenic byways. more recreation
facilities and greater opportunities for & greater number of people. Last year
there ware nearly 600 million visits to the National Forests, making the
National Forests the number one provider of outdoor recreation in the world.
We have also provided Sunding and work for assy of these projects with
partnerships. Entire projects have been funded by the private sector,
2
JUL
08
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Americans have Lane & helping hand to clear urails. butld 8 handicap accessible
walkarey, or assist in counting and caring far wildlife, fish and birds. The
spirie 02 volunteeriam 1s sitve and well today us the National Forests.
This American Conservation which 1e not new, It began about 100 years ago.
The National Formals were founded then on a conservation schie, which meant to
use our sesources wisely. If it had not been for this thinking and planning 100
years age, these giants would not be standing here today.
For the Last 100 years No have boon growing how trees at a rate greater
then YO are using treas for homes, furniture and paper. Today ve plane more
than 400 crees for sech powbern child. We grow trees 34 percent faster than Yes
out them.
Today willions of acree of ence-deforested and degraded lands are now
reforested and healthy. There LS less soil erosion and loan of formility. Water
and air quality are better. Plant and animal species have been brought back
from the brink of extrinstion; Turkey, elk, and whiterail dec#, be just name
three. Today we have almost endress opportunities to wander and wonder in
beautiful natural sectings.
All of this forest renewal has happened while we have enjoyed au
increasingly better standard of living. Va have built millions of new homes,
filled them with weed furniture, and, LE you sit whore I do in Washington, you
know just how much paper 15 used EVERY day in our lives.
our understanding of conservation has avolved beyond juse Wise-Use. This
is the result of increased scientifie understanding and increased testing of
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day-to-day resource management. Conservation 10 still the word we use to suide
our practices. but our practices are becoming ever more sensitive to
covironmentel relationships and global conditions.
In recent years, the science of ecology has begun tooching us leasons
about the relationships that humans, plants, and animals have to the natural
systems that surround them. We have begue to learn about how esc natural
system affects another, and about relationships among systems viowed at
different geographic roales.
This their way we look at forests is called oscryatem management. Be can
care for forests in euological ways that improve upon nature. by doing so Va
can makes furests healthier, improve wildlife homes, while providing for the
Deads of people. Head products will be strundent. Recreational opportunities
will be abundant. And the beauty of the forests will be abundent.
Trees will be abundent in the future because of our cara. These Giant
Sequoies will not stand alone. One-hundred, two-hundred, & thousand,
two-thousand yours from now, is will be said that the forests are bealthy.
beautiful and productive because of our care today,
This country and the verld ann - to enjoy the beauty of the
National Foresto, the wildlife In the foreses, and the opporcunities provided
on these public lands.
Our scientific understanding of the world around we has lod to new
environmental sensitivity, to as emphasis on ecosystem management. To meat the
JUL 08 '92 11:18 SEQUOIA PORTERVILLE 209 7841500
reads of en increasing insure Depulation VP have CANCELLLY, thoughtfully and
submessfully set our conservation priorizies.
Let these Giant Sequelas stand 40 * towering SEADUTE to our success in
conservation and dedication to an coological approach to the funure date of the
National Terests.
$
TOTAL P.07
[finally found woodshed.] a switch big enough to take Congress out to the
(Grossman)
SEQUOIA
ED ED IT
July 9, 1992
Draft One
PRESIDENTIAL REMARKS:
SEQUOIA NATIONAL PARK
TUESDAY, JULY 13, 1992
[Acknowledgements.] ((I've just been walking among some of
these Redwoods. Finally I've seen something that can dwarf
Capitol Hill. )) I especially liked what I saw at Pyles Boys
Camp. I saw those young kids -- street-hardened inner-city
How about
aithout a chever
toughs. And there they were: playing, climbing ropes, laughing.
something
Kinder
5
gentler.
They're children, after all.
i.e. confirms
Teddy Roosevelt was talking about them when he urged the
myfith in children- w/o violenced bad influences, + playing
climbing etc.
country to treat its "natural resources as assets which it must
turn over to the next generation " I remember the first time I
took my grandson George P. to the Grand Tetons. As we came upon
the mountains, I looked down at the little guy, his smile --
Segn?
never seen smile that
well, you could've sworn it was Christmas morning. sigon 2 grandson a securble
Now there'll always be that crowd who tries to cast good that little.
?
motives in political terms. Some call it sophistication. I call
it cynicism.
I am here to answer two voices in our country that
do not have a vote. One comes from the land. The other comes
from the future -- the generations to come, our grandchildren and
great-granchildren. When we are long gone, these trees will
stand. The steps we take today
That's why we're here. Take a look at this agreement -- the
people that have come together: from the Sierra Club to the State
of California, from the Wilderness Society to the Save the
Redwoods League. This agreement will protect our Sequoia groves
-- protect this heritage for our children.
Already we have the best national park system in the world,
the best national forest system in the world, the best refuge
system in the world. During my presidency, we've made progress.
Through the Wallop-Breaux Trust Fund we're investing more than
?
$300 million annually to keep our water clean and keep their
to these majestic redwoods?
access open.
rivers
Think of the Potomac River in our nation's capitol. Twenty
years ago that river was a stinking sewer of pollution. Signs
country
rimmed our^lakes with the warning: "Don't Touch the Water.' "
Cnational?
Today, over 70% of our rivers and 60% of our lakes are fit to
programs like
fish and swim in again. And Wallop-Breaux dollars are opening
them up to the people.
This administration has expanded our nation's parks, forests
and refuges by 1.5 million acres -- that would fill the Grand
Canyon and then some. Fifty-seven new wildlife refuges.
new campsites.
new miles of trail. Peace dividend: areas
once used by the military converted into parks and refuges. The
Presidio in San Francisco, Fort meade in Maryland, the Rocky
Mountain Arsenal
of we need commins thant, not
to speak
We've sharply boosted spending on trails, campgrounds, and
visitor centers. Three years ago, I proposed the America's Great
**
Outdoors initiative for the national forests -- $635 million in
additional spending on the infrastructure to support visits to
the national forests.
what specifically? People don't
really understand this term.
and
Some say that all this isn't enough. Guess what. I
couldn't agree with them more. Take a look at what I've asked
for from Congress then take a look at what we got. I requested
which would
full funding for America the Beautiful -- $260 million cut. A
federal partnershuip with the states for parks and recreation --
C
$40 million cut. Park and forest aquisition -- $75 million cut.
Parks as classrooms -- cut. Tree planting -- cut. ( (I could go
on, but the trees might get nervous.))
CONGRESS SECTION
These trees were named after a proud man, an American native
called Sequoyah. [i]? The first time he saw the Bible, he called it
"talking leaves." I think those leaves have something to tell us
today. In Revelations we learn that "the leaves of the tree were
for the healing of the nations."
Two BIG THINGS WE MIGHT WANT TO MENTION:
/. At Rio, POTUS made bold forestry initiative, asking for
protect doubling int'l funding to Save forests (and consequently
Liodiversity, halt deforestation, effects clean
the air, and fight rising CO2).
SX. Pledge to plant 10 billion trees by yea 2000.
JUL-08-1992 16:01 FROM AMERICAN RECREATION
TO
94566218
P.01
American Recreation Coalition
Dedicated to the protection and enhancement of every citizen's
right to pursue health and happiness through leisure-time activities.
DATE: 7-8-92
TO:
Jennifer Groftman via FAX 456-6218
FROM:
Mary Suchensfur
COMMENTS:
TOTAL PAGES (INCLUDING THIS COVER SHEET) =
2
1331 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW
#726
+
Washington, D.C. 20004
202/662-7420
FAX 202/662-7424
JULY 14
of the population of the
remainder of Indiana Territory became the state
provision would have
of Indiana in 1816, and a portion of Michigan
Washington: explained his reasons for offering it to George
he Union until 1900.
Territory organized as Wisconsin Territory in
unruly westerners had
1836 gained admission to the Union as the state
Give me leave, my dear General, to present you
the Congress decided to
of Wisconsin in 1848. Eventually a small portion
with the main key of the fortress of despotism. It is a
actments. Working from
of what had been the Northwest Territory be-
tribute which I owe as a son to my adopted father, as
nodified by a committee
came a part of Minnesota, which gained state-
an aide de camp to my general, as a missionary of
Nathan Dane, the Conti-
hood in 1858.
liberty to its patriarch.
y 13, 1787, passed its
Lafayette entrusted the two-toothed, seven-
gislation, the Northwest
JULY 14
inch piece of iron to Thomas Paine for trans-
set what became the
mittal to Washington. It still occupies a place of
or the creation of states
honor among the memorabilia hanging in the
he rest of the new lands
Bastille Day
expanded to the Pacific.
Vernon. central hallway of Washington's home, Mount
a congressionally ap-
The storming of the Bastille in Paris, on July 14,
ary, and three judges in
1789, the first serious act of violence of the
Predisposed to the cause of liberty and social
itially, and promised the
French Revolution, was widely regarded as a
equality, Americans hailed the destruction of
meral legislature when
blow for freedom against the tyranny of the
the Bastille with joy. A public celebration was
Bourbon kings who had so long ruled France.
held in Philadelphia on the first anniversary of
ale population reached
Started about 1369 at the order of Charles V, the
the event, July 14, 1790. Ships along the river
ovided for the eventual
prison-fortress, with its eight towers and 100-
front were decorated with flags and salutes were
of three to five fully
ch would have a popu-
foot walls, dominated Paris. Beginning in the
fired from the several French vessels anchored
17th century, it housed political prisoners pri-
in the harbor. There was a dinner at Oeller's
0 as a prerequisite for
guaranteed freedom of
marily, including many persons of fame or in-
Hotel, with toasts to both King Louis XVI and
and publicly supported
fluence who had displeased the court or were
the French people. Another dinner was held at
with Jefferson's earliest
deemed a threat. "The Man in the Iron Mask,"
Ogden's Hotel on the same day by the officers
in the Northwest. Ad-
Voltaire, the Marquis de Sade, and Cardinal
of Colonel John Shee's Fourth Philadelphia Reg-
iment.
by Dane, prohib-
Louis de Rohan were among the Bastille's fa-
mous tenants.
By 1793 the French revolutionaries, having
the obligation of con-
Most prisoners were relatively well treated,
become increasingly radical, had not only abol-
ales of inheritance that
despite tales to the contrary. What made the
ished the monarchy and set up the First Repub-
stribution of land.
Bastille notorious and a hated symbol of royal
lic, but had charged Louis XVI with treason and
he the first governor of
absolutism was the fact that critics of the regime
executed him. Passions - for liberty and against
as the Territory North-
and on July 15, 1788,
were detained within its walls through the use
the tyranny of the murdered French king - had
ment at the territorial
of an arbitrary and secret order of imprison-
also risen on this side of the Atlantic, to judge by
ment known as a lettre de cachet. Inaugurated
J. Thomas Scharf and Thompson Westcott's
irst official act was the
by Louis XV, the letter was nothing less than a
description of a 1793 Bastille Day dinner in their
County. The first terri-
commitment paper ordering the Bastille's jailer
History of Philadelphia, 1609-1884:
799 with 22 members
in the House of Rep-
to confine in a cell a particular person until fur-
It was probably at this dinner that the head of a
ther notice - which frequently never came.
pig was severed from its body and being recognized
divided the Northwest
Therefore, when the Parisians began to revolt
as an emblem of the head of the murdered King of
ments, separated by a
in 1789, they launched their first attack on the
France, was carried around among the guests. Each
houth of the Kentucky
detested prison, in hopes of capturing ammuni-
one, placing the cap of liberty on his head, pro-
diminished Territory
tion as well. They took it by storm, killing the
nounced the word "tyrant" and proceeded to mangle
Thio, with its capital at
governor and seven of his men, throwing its
with his knife the head of the luckless creature
archives to the winds, and releasing the prison-
doomed to be served for so unworthy a company.
line; and Indiana Ter-
Vincennes, lay to the
ers. There were only seven at the time, none of
them political prisoners, but they were never-
As Americans grew more and more accus-
rison, who became the
theless carried through the streets of the city
tomed to the heady draught of liberty, their ob-
ha Territory, was later
Inited States.
and hailed as victims of oppression. The Bastille
servance of Bastille Day as a separate public
Inion as the 17th mem-
was dismantled piece by piece for souvenirs.
event gradually diminished. The obvious excep-
Very little of the ancient fortress remained when
tion was the 100th anniversary in 1889, which
first state formed from
it was officially ordered razed two days later.
was celebrated in leading American cities.
Congress created the
The Marquis de Lafayette, who had been
Later, during the First World War, pro-
territories from In-
and 1809 respectively.
named commander of the National Guard the
French sympathies led to a renewed observance.
1818 (see December
day after the Bastille fell, secured the key to the
By 1917, the United States had officially entered
see January 26). The
former fortress. In a March 17, 1790, letter, he
World War I, joining with France and the other
Allies against Germany. Americans at home and
657
JULY 14
abroad marked the first wartime Bastille Day.
benefit to raise war funds, while French people
General John J. Pershing, commander in chief
and Francophiles conducted special exercises at
of the American Expeditionary Force, ordered
the Joan of Arc statue on Riverside Drive. A
his troops to commemorate the occasion, and at
French aviator daringly flew under all of New
the annual military parade in Paris he was given
York City's bridges.
a place of honor in the reviewing stand beside
In 1919 American soldiers joined in the Bas-
the French president, Raymond Poincaré. To
tille Day victory fetes in Paris. They proved to
raise funds for prisoners of war, Parisians sold
be very popular dancing partners with the Pari-
medals with the profiles of George Washington
sian women, especially in the intricacies of the
and the Marquis de Lafayette on one side and
tango. In the victory parade of Allied soldiers,
the dates July 4, 1776 and July 14, 1789 on the
the Americans were put first in the line of march.
other. The US national anthem was sung during
At home American officers who had rendered
the evening performance at the Opéra Comique.
distinguished service in the war received awards
Elaborate celebrations were staged in New
from the Legion of Honor from French ambas-
York City and Philadelphia. The demand for the
sador Jusserand at a special Washington, D.C.
return of Alsace-Lorraine to France dominated
ceremony. Patriotic societies in New York City
the New York events, which included a Fête
sponsored a concert attended by 10,000 people
Nationale de Juillet held by the Association
at Lewisohn Stadium, and French organizations
Démocratique des Canadiens et Français de
celebrated once more at Manhattan Center.
New York at the Harlem Casino.
During the 1920s and 1930s Bastille Day con-
In Philadelphia the 1917 anniversary of the
tinued to be observed in a traditional manner.
fall of the Bastille was celebrated, appropriately,
The American President annually sent greet-
at Independence Hall. French flags flew from
ings to the French head of state. French societies
the front windows, and a facsimile of the key of
in leading US cities staged special events - ba-
the Bastille was displayed in the Supreme Court
zaars, concerts, field games, balls, and speeches.
Room. There was a parade in honor of the oc-
French and American veterans staged parades.
casion.
In 1936 the observance coincided with the 50th
In 1918, with the Allies advancing toward
anniversary of the Statue of Liberty, a gift of the
victory, preparations began weeks in advance
French people to the United States. The Bastille
for an even more sumptuous observance of Bas-
Day exercises were therefore staged partly on
tille Day. The nationwide celebration was ar-
board the French liner Normandie and partly
ranged by a national committee, of which former
on Bedloes Island in New York harbor in the
President William Howard Taft was the honor-
shadow of the statue.
ary chairman. There were also local committees
On July 14, 1939, festivities marking the 150th
in different cities. Proclaimed a holiday by the
anniversary of the fall of the Bastille were held
governors of several states, Bastille Day was also
with much fanfare at the flag-bedecked French
officially observed at every US Army and Navy
Pavilion of the New York World's Fair. The nu-
installation. As in the preceding year, President
merous visitors little anticipated the striking
Woodrow Wilson cabled greetings to the French
contrast that the celebration would offer the fol-
president and people, and the French flag was
lowing year, after World War II had erupted in
flown from the White House staff. Ninety cities,
Europe. By July 1940 France had been ignomin-
including Denver, Kansas City, New Orleans,
iously defeated by Hitler's armies, and Marshal
Chicago, Omaha, Saint Paul, and Boston, asked
Henri Pétain, who had signed the armistice, be-
the national Bastille Day organization for guest
came the head of the collaborationist Vichy gov-
speakers.
ernment, controlling the unoccupied section of
In New York City, Mayor John Hylan ordered
France. Soon General Charles de Gaulle was to
the French flag flown from all public buildings
proclaim from London the continued resistance
and asked New Yorkers to do the same at home.
of the Free French.
A large rally, held at Madison Square Garden
In New York City, on the saddest Bastille Day
and presided over by Charles Evans Hughes, at-
in history, French war veterans joined other
tracted a capacity crowd of 12,000 persons. The
French people in a day of mourning, gathering
colorful exercises were highlighted by a military
at the French Roman Catholic Church of Saint
tableau with soldiers, sailors, and marines of
Vincent de Paul to offer a solemn mass for those
every nationality in the Alliance, and speeches
French killed in the war. At several other
by the French ambassador, Jules Jusserand; the
churches the French flag had been draped in
British and Italian ambassadors; and Samuel
black crepe, and the congregation wore both
Gompers, president of the American Federation
black and tricolor armbands.
of Labor. The French societies in New York and
The sympathy of the American people for the
the vicinity gathered at Manhattan Center at a
French plight inspired a renewal of interest in
658
JULY 14
ds, while French people
Bastille Day from coast to coast. In 1941 a spe-
Americans joined in celebrating the first truly
cted special exercises at
cial July 14 radio program was broadcast from
joyous fete since the fall of France in 1940. At a
on Riverside Drive. A
Beverly Hills by the Fight for Freedom Organi-
formal gathering at the French Embassy in
flew under all of New
zation; and the Woodstock, New York, chapter
Washington in 1947, French ambassador Henri
of France Forever arranged a bal musette or
Bonnet presented the Médaille Militaire post-
diers joined in the Bas-
dance with accordion music. By December the
humously to Franklin Delano Roosevelt. In
Paris. They proved to
United States had entered World War II on the
1949, the 160th anniversary of the fall of the
partners with the Pari-
side of France, England, and the other Allies.
Bastille, the festivities in Central Park, New York
in the intricacies of the
In 1942 two widely divergent groups marked
City, were attended by hundreds of American
arade of Allied soldiers,
Bastille Day in New York City. On the one hand,
and French veterans.
first in the line of march.
the Vichy government representatives attended
Since the 1950s, July 14 has continued to be
ficers who had rendered
only a solemn high mass at the Church of Saint
commemorated in several American cities. In
the war received awards
Vincent de Paul. The Free French, on the other
New York, where French influence abounds,
or from French ambas-
hand, supporting the resistance movement
the day typically includes morning services at
ecial Washington, D.C.
headed by General de Gaulle, refused to resign
French Protestant and Roman Catholic churches;
eties in New York City
themselves to defeat. Instead they staged a
a reception sponsored by the French Consulate;
ended by 10,000 people
week-long observance entitled Free French
and a dinner-dance held by Franco-American
d French organizations
Week, organized by all the Free French groups,
societies at a leading hotel. On occasion addi-
Manhattan Center.
the Central Committee of French Societies, and
tional events have been included. In 1954, for
1930s Bastille Day con-
the Association of French Veterans. Leading up
instance, there was an all-French concert at
n a traditional manner.
to Bastille Day, each day of Free French Week
Lewisohn Stadium, complete with intermission
annually sent greet-
was designated with a special title and featured
speeches, a color guard of veterans of World
of state. French societies
special activities; and on July 14 there were
Wars I and II, and young women in French pro-
ed special events - ba-
elaborately planned ceremonies, including an
vincial costumes. In 1965 some 500 persons were
ies, balls, and speeches.
afternoon reception for the American press, a
invited to the French consulate to watch the un-
eterans staged parades.
gathering of 1,600 persons at the French lega-
veiling of a bronze plaque bearing the names of
coincided with the 50th
tion, and a diplomatic reception in honor of rep-
the French ships and regiments that had fought
of Liberty, a gift of the
resentatives of the Allied governments. At a
in the American Revolution.
ited States. The Bastille
mass meeting at Manhattan Center, which was
In Louisiana, an area linked with French tra-
efore staged partly on
attended by several thousand Americans and
ditions, Bastille Day is commemorated in widely
Normandie and partly
Free French, messages were read from, among
diverse ways. July 14 is celebrated by French-
ew York harbor in the
others, General John J. Pershing and General
speaking societies and the French Consulate
Douglas MacArthur (then at headquarters in
with pomp and splendor in New Orleans, and
ities marking the 150th
Australia); and an address by General de Gaulle,
the Bastille were held
with black-tie dinners and toasts in Baton Rouge.
summoning his compatriots everywhere to stand
In contrast is the informal Gallic rural flavor in-
flag-bedecked French
firmly behind the Allied cause, was transmitted
World's Fair. The nu-
stilled into the Bastille Day celebration held
directly from London.
aticipated the striking
at Kaplan, Louisiana. As advertised, it is
ion would offer the fol-
A similar spirit of enthusiasm was evident
"America's only communitywide celebration of
War II had erupted in
throughout the rest of the United States. In Cali-
France's national holiday," and has been a tradi-
ince had been ignomin-
fornia July 14 was declared the Day of Fighting
tional event there for more than three genera-
armies, and Marshal
France; in San Francisco and Los Angeles the
tions. The French-speaking, Acadian town of
gned the armistice, be-
French flag was flown at the city halls and the
Kaplan is a rice-growing, agricultural commu-
aborationist Vichy gov-
"Marseillaise" was sung; and feature articles and
nity located west of New Iberia, some 30 miles
unoccupied section of
photographs appeared in newspapers through-
from the Gulf of Mexico. Bastille Day events
arles de Gaulle was to
out the country.
there range from a "fais do do" (an Acadian folk-
e continued resistance
The 1943 festivities in New York City were
flavored street dance) and fireworks to amateur
highlighted by street dancing, a traditional note
athletics and bicycle riding contests. Bastille
he saddest Bastille Day
of Bastille Day gaiety in Paris that had had
Day in Kaplan originated with Eugene Eleazer,
veterans joined other
to be omitted there during the wartime curfews.
an emigrant from France in 1888, who became
f mourning, gathering
A sign marked the area closed off for dancing.
mayor in 1920. Under his inspiration and guid-
tholic Church of Saint
"French territory: New Yorkers - Don't believe
ance, the town held its first July 14 fete in 1906,
solemn mass for those
all you hear - There was a France - There is a
an event repeated ever since except briefly dur-
ar. At several other
France - There will be a France - ALWAYS."
ing World War II.
had been draped in
In the years immediately following World
In France, Bastille Day has continued to be
ngregation wore both
War II, a variety of special programs marked
celebrated as the great national holiday. During
ds.
Bastille Day. On July 14, 1945, the city-wide
World War II, even Nazi orders could not sup-
merican people for the
celebration in New York centered on the Wal-
press patriotic observance. In peacetime, frivol-
renewal of interest in
dorf-Astoria Hotel, where French people and
ity is the keynote in Paris. On the evening and
659
JULY 14
night of July 14, cafés on the banks of the Seine
dous respect and affection for his adoptive father,
are crowded; and not even thunder, lightning, or
who became the dominant influence in his life.
sheets of rain can deter the dancing and outdoor
In 1929 Gerald Ford Sr. and a partner went
celebrations. There are customarily free per-
into the paint-manufacturing business. The fam-
formances, for those who manage to squeeze in,
ily moved from its home on Union. Avenue in
at the Comédie Française and the Opéra Co-
Grand Rapids to the more fashionable East
mique, as well as additional street dancing and
Grand Rapids area. No sooner had they moved,
other merriment.
however, than the Great Depression struck,
On the morning of July 14, there has tradi-
making it necessary for them to relocate to a less
tionally been an impressive military parade
expensive house.
down the broad, tree-lined Champs-Elysées,
Young Gerald Ford strove for good grades in
with tanks rumbling down the thoroughfare and
school and during his early years was not par-
sleek Mirage jets soaring overhead. In some
ticularly outgoing. Having picked up his father's
years however, the formality and the military
love for athletics, he made a name for himself in
aspects of the parade have been deemphasized
high-school football. In his junior and senior
in favor of color and festivity.
years he was chosen All-State center, and his
team won the state championship in the latter
Gerald R. Ford's Birthday
year.
His football prowess helped gain him a schol-
At a time when controversy and concern over
arship to the University of Michigan. As he had
the conduct of the federal government seemed
in high school, he found part-time work waiting
to engulf the nation, Gerald Rudolph Ford be-
on tables and washing dishes. Ford was named
came the 38th President of the United States -
the most valuable player in his senior year, and
the first to take office under the 25th Amend-
his skill on the field again opened a door for him.
ment. He was elevated to the presidency on
Offered a position as assistant football coach
August 9, 1974, when his predecessor, Rich-
and coach of the boxing team at Yale University,
ard M. Nixon (see January 9), resigned the office
Ford felt it might make possible the realization
under threat of impeachment. In the history of
of a long-held ambition to attend law school.
the country, no other President had resigned
Turning down offers to play professional foot-
from office.
ball, he accepted the Yale offer and spent con-
Ford was the first to fill the presidential office
siderable time that summer taking boxing les-
without having been popularly elected either
sons. Not until his fourth year at Yale, however,
President or Vice President. Just 10 months
was he able to persuade the law school faculty
earlier President Nixon had selected Ford to re-
to let him take some courses on a trial basis, to
place Spiro T. Agnew, the elected Vice Presi-
prove he could handle them while continuing to
dent, who had been under criminal investigation
coach. In 1941 he graduated in the top third of a
and who had resigned October 10, 1973, after
class of which almost 80 per cent were mem-
pleading no contest to a charge of income tax
bers of Phi Beta Kappa.
evasion.
Besides athletics and law, another field
The man who assumed leadership of the coun-
claimed some of Ford's interest for a time while
try in such difficult circumstances had the ad-
he was at Yale. A friend who modeled persuaded
vantage of sturdy roots. He was born Leslie.
him not only to put up money to help a friend of
Lynch King Jr. on July 14, 1913, in Omaha, Ne-
hers open a new modeling agency in New York
braska, the only child of Dorothy Gardner King
City, but also to do some modeling himself. In a
and Leslie King, a wool trader. His parents were
Look magazine picture story, for example, Ford
divorced in 1915, and his mother returned with
and the young woman were depicted as a hand-
her two-year-old son to her family in Grand
some, outdoorsy pair enjoying a ski weekend.
Rapids, Michigan.
Returning to Grand Rapids with his LL.B.
There she married Gerald R. Ford, a paint
degree, Ford was admitted to the Michigan Bar
salesman, and a strong and fair-minded man
and put organized sports behind him. With the
who was undisputed head of the house. He de-
intention of specializing in labor law, he opened
manded truthfulness and hard work of her son,
an office with Philip Buchen, a friend from the
whom he adopted and gave his own name, and
University of Michigan. However, his plans
of the three sons subsequently born of the mar-
were changed less than six months later by the
riage. The Fords were active in community and
United States' entry into World War II.
church affairs, which often formed the basis for
Ford enlisted in the US Navy in 1942 and,
dinner-table discussion. Gerald Ford Sr.'s ex-
with his background in sports, was assigned to
ample as a doer was copied by all of his sons. The
a physical-training unit (known as the "Tunney
eldest, who became known as Jerry, felt tremen-
fish" program, since former boxing champion
660
JULY 14
for his adoptive father,
Gene Tunney headed it). For a year he worked
gress. Previously an isolationist, he had changed
influence in his life.
unhappily with aviation cadets at the University
dramatically to become a leading internation-
Sr. and a partner went
of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, until his su-
alist as a result of World War II. Ford had ex-
uring business. The fam-
periors finally agreed to his requests for transfer
perienced the same change in attitude. So in
he on Union. Avenue in
to active duty.
1948, when Ford, with the backing of the good-
more fashionable East
The USS Monterey, a new light aircraft car-
government group, decided to challenge the in-
sooner had they moved,
rier on which Ford subsequently served as both
cumbent isolationist, machine-politician Repub-
eat Depression struck,
director of physical training and an assistant
lican who represented his district in the US
them to relocate to a less
navigation officer, saw major action in the Pa-
House of Representatives, he was encouraged by
cific as part of the US Third Fleet. He said it
Vandenberg.
trove for good grades in
was a lucky ship. Though it was repeatedly un-
During the primary election campaign Ford
early years was not par-
der attack, its worst enemy turned out to be the
moved through his district from early morning
picked up his father's
great pacific typhoon of December 1944, a se-
until late at night, seeming to appear wherever
de a name for himself in
vere storm that took 800 lives and capsized three
and whenever people congregated, trying to
his junior and senior
destroyers. Ford was almost one of the 800. Los-
meet and talk with every voter. Ford volun-
ll-State center, and his
ing his footing, he slid across the flight deck
teered to help busy farmers and struck up con-
ampionship in the latter
and over the edge, fortunately dropping to a
versations while pitching hay or doing other
catwalk beneath, rather than into the raging sea.
chores. Although his campaign platform was
helped gain him a schol-
In 47 months of active duty, Ford accumu-
based principally on internationalism, Ford ap-
of Michigan. As he had
lated 10 battle stars and an excellent service
proached individual voters by asking what he
part-time work waiting
record. His superiors' critiques contained such
could do for the voter if elected. His opponent
dishes. Ford was named
evaluations as "excellent leader," "outstanding,"
relied solely on the support of his machine,
in his senior year, and
"steady, reliable, resourceful," "excellent orga-
which did not regard Ford's candidacy as a
n opened a door for him.
nizer" and "at his best in situations dealing di-
threat.
assistant football coach
rectly with people because he commanded the
Toward the end of the campaign, however,
team at Yale University,
respect of all." Upon his release from active duty
when the incumbent became worried about in-
possible the realization
he became a lieutenant commander in the naval
creased signs of popular support for Ford, he de-
n to attend law school.
reserve.
manded that the party boss secure removal of
play professional foot-
"All I was interested in was enjoying life and
the Quonset hut Ford had set up in downtown
ale offer and spent con-
getting on with my law practice," Ford said with
Grand Rapids to serve as his headquarters. Pres-
nmer taking boxing les-
regard to his plans when he returned in late
sure was accordingly applied to Ford's law firm,
th year at Yale, however,
1945 to live with his parents in East Grand
but the firm supported him, and the hut re-
le the law school faculty
Rapids. He joined a highly respected law firm,
mained. Ford was victorious in the primary, with
purses on a trial basis, to
with which Philip Buchen was already associ-
23,632 votes to 14,341 for his opponent.
them while continuing to
ated, and began to realize how much the times
In addition to the warmth with which voters
uated in the top third of a
had changed.
responded to his campaign style and candor,
80 per cent were mem-
As he became involved in the struggle of
another factor contributing to his success was the
young veterans and their wives to find housing,
large number of women working for him. It was
nd law, another field
he learned that their difficulties stemmed from
unusual at the time for women to be asked to
interest for a time while
the banking, zoning, and real estate interests
help in that way, and they responded enthusias-
who modeled persuaded
controlled by the local Republican political boss.
tically.
money to help a friend of
He reestablished contact with some local good-
One of Ford's campaign workers was his fian-
ling agency in New York
government forces that had begun to build a
cée, Elizabeth (Betty) Bloomer Warren, whom
he modeling himself. In a
political base shortly before the war, and with
Ford had met in Grand Rapids after the war. A
story, for example, Ford
them created the Independent Veterans Asso-
talented dancer who had studied with Martha
were depicted as a hand-
ciation, of which he became vice president. It
Graham in New York, she had earlier considered
injoying a ski weekend.
lobbied vigorously, and its considerable degree
pursuing a career as a dancer. She shared Ford's
Rapids with his LL.B.
of success elated Ford and turned his thoughts
love of sports and had even played on a girls'
itted to the Michigan Bar
toward political office.
football team.
behind him. With the
Actually Ford had had a brief encounter with
Between primary day, September 14, and
in labor law, he opened
politics in the summer of 1940. when he eagerly
general election day, November 2, the candi-
uchen, a friend from the
volunteered to work in the presidential cam-
date and his fiancée barely managed to sandwich
an. However, his plans
paign of the maverick Republican Wendell Will-
in their wedding, on October 15, 1948. Their
n six months later by the
kie. Although Willkie lost the election decisively,
two-day honeymoon included attendance at a
to World War II.
he did very well in the Grand Rapids area and
political reception. Four children were subse-
US Navy in 1942 and,
even managed to carry the state.
quently born to the Fords: Michael Gerald, John
n sports, was assigned to
In the postwar period, Michigan's prestigious
Gardner, Steven Meigs, and Susan Elizabeth.
t (known as the "Tunney
Republican senator Arthur H. Vandenberg was
In November Ford won election to the US
former boxing champion
among the most influential members of Con-
House of Representatives with 60.5 percent of
661
JULY 14
the total vote. On the same day Democrat Harry
tious, he was glad of the opportunity to become
S. Truman was unexpectedly returned to the
familiar with other areas of the country and their
presidency.
concerns. In 1960 he let his name be put for-
Taking to heart some advice on how to please
ward, unsuccessfully, as a candidate for the vice
his constituents, the new member of Congress
presidential nomination. He began to climb the
immediately began to "service" his district. Each
ladder three years later, becoming chairman of
visitor to his office was welcomed with open
the House Republican caucus. Then, in a revolt
arms and photographed with Ford, or, if he was
among Republican House members in 1965,
not there, at his desk. Ford, or his wife, made
Ford was installed as minority leader. He gained
time to take important personages to lunch or
considerable public exposure as a result, through
dinner. Every person who wrote to Ford re-
the "Ev and Jerry Show," a weekly television
ceived a reply. Mention in a hometown news-
program on which he and Senate minority leader
paper of a birth, marriage, death, or an award
Everett Dirksen presented the Republican view
or the like, elicited an appropriate note from the
on current issues.
congressman - who signed all his own mail,
Ford was a loyal party man, and he repre-
often adding a personal note. He did not use the
sented a conservative district. As a legislator he
congressional pork-barrel system, but his con-
usually followed the views of his party. He indi-
stituents were never far from his mind. So suc-
cated deep reservations about civil-rights laws,
cessful was Ford's staff in working with the dis-
but finally voted for those that seemed sure to
trict that other lawmakers used similar tech-
pass. His position on social-welfare legislation
niques.
was strongly conservative. He authored no major
Ford became a member of the Appropriations
piece of legislation. He believed ardently in
Committee during his second term, and this po-
strong US defenses, and supported spending au-
sition opened many doors for him, particularly
thorizations to provide them. Anxious for mili-
after he had gained a reputation as the House
tary victory in Vietnam he urged President Lyn-
member most knowledgeable about defense-
don B. Johnson to bomb more heavily and to
spending budgets.
blockade North Vietnamese ports.
Not long after entering Congress, Ford had
After President Kennedy was killed in 1963,
recognized that real power resided in the Speak-
President Johnson named Ford the Republican
er of the House, and set his sights on winning
House member to serve on the Warren commis-
that job. That ambition and the belief that he
sion to investigate the circumstances of the as-
was in a strong position in the House were prob-
sassination.
ably mainly responsible for his rejection of Re-
One of Ford's more controversial actions as
publican backing to run for the Senate or the
representative came after two of President Nix-
Michigan governorship in 1952 and later years.
on's appointees to the Supreme Court were re-
In early 1952 Ford was one of a group of Re-
jected by the Senate in 1969 and 1970. It was
publican congressmen urging Dwight D. Eisen-
the first time in 40 years that the Senate had
hower to seek the Republican presidential nomi-
voted down a President's Supreme Court nomi-
nation that year. Eisenhower was nominated
nee. At that point, Ford called for a special House
and elected, with Richard M. Nixon as his Vice
investigation to determine whether there were
President. Ford and Nixon had been friends from
grounds to impeach one of the sitting Supreme
the time they served together in the House, and
Court justices, William O. Douglas. Ford stated
because Eisenhower left most of the political as-
some years later that he had moved in order to
pects of the presidency to his Vice President,
forestall an actual impeachment resolution that a
Ford now had a friend at the top.
small group of Republicans and Democrats
Later Nixon had strong backing from Ford on
planned to introduce, and to indicate the need
a number of occasions. One was in 1956, when
for a single standard for judging all Supreme
a segment of the party wanted to "dump" Nixon
Court members or prospective members.
in favor of another vice presidential nominee for
Nixon, who had successfully sought the presi-
Eisenhower's second term. Another instance was
dency in 1968, was reelected four years later.
in 1960, when Ford felt that Nixon's training
When Agnew resigned in October 1973, Nixon
and his conduct - for example, during Eisen-
quickly nominated Ford to fill the vacancy. It
hower's illnesses - qualified him for the presi-
was the first exercise of the procedures set forth
dency. That year's election went to John F. Ken-
in the 25th Amendment to the Constitution (see
nedy, the Democratic candidate, however.
February 10).
Meanwhile, Ford's reputation for honesty and
Ford, though politically ambitious, neverthe-
candor had put him in great demand for political
less had to do some hard thinking. He had
dinners and rallies, though he was a public
promised his wife that he would retire from
speaker of only moderate ability. Being ambi-
politics, probably to law practice in Grand
662
0
JULY 14
ortunity
to
become
Rapids, after his next term. That commitment
officiate in an impeachment trial if they did.
country and their
had been made easier by his weakening hopes of
Advised of the probability of his impeachment,
name be put for-
ever becoming Speaker; the Democrats' control
Nixon, on August 8, announced his decision to
indidate for the vice
of the House of Representatives seemed too
resign. Earlier that morning he spoke privately
began to climb the
secure.
with Ford, informing him that he would step
chairman of
His decision, with his wife's acquiescence, was
down the next day.
Then, in a revolt
to accept the nomination. Thereupon every as-
At noon on August 9, 1974, Gerald R. Ford,
members in 1965,
pect of his life was subjected to an unparalleled,
who had never aspired to the office of President,
leader. He gained
detailed investigation, from which he emerged
took the oath in the East Room of the White
as a result, through
with the label "Mr. Clean." Confirmation by a
House. The 61-year-old Ford was in excellent
weekly television
majority vote of both houses of the Congress, as
physical condition to meet the demands of the
minority leader
required by the 25th Amendment, was easily ob-
presidency. He had made a habit of swimming
Republican view
tained. As congressman, Ford's openness and
daily in the pool of his home in suburban Alex-
friendly manner, and his integrity, modesty, and
andria, Virginia, in which the family had lived
and he repre-
willingness to listen to the opinions of others, as
for 19 years. Golfing and skiing were other fre-
As a legislator he
well as his conscientious work, had won him
quently indulged forms of recreation.
his party. He indi-
widespread respect and liking among his peers in
His ability to remain good-natured under diffi-
civil-rights laws,
both parties. He genuinely liked people, and was
cult circumstances would stand him in good
hat seemed sure to
proud to be able to say, "I have had lots of ad-
stead. So would his amicable relations with re-
-welfare legislation
versaries, but no enemies that I can remember."
porters, whose services he considered vital to a
authored no major
On December 6, 1973, in the chamber of the
free country. He was determined that his policy
ardently in
House of Representatives, Ford was sworn in as
of openness be followed by members of his
ported spending au-
the 40th Vice President of the United States. He
administration, in contrast with White House
Anxious for mili-
brought with him his penchant for hard work
policy of the most recent past.
President Lyn-
and long hours, and spent most of the next eight
He had had, however, little time to prepare
heavily and to
months traveling around the country - more
for the presidency. Economics and foreign af-
ports.
than 100,000 miles - and giving 500 speeches
fairs were relatively unfamiliar fields. In the
was killed in 1963,
in 40 states in an effort to improve the image of
latter area Ford was aided enormously by
the Republican
the Republican party and of President Nixon,
Nixon's secretary of state, Henry Kissinger, who
he Warren commis-
while presenting himself in his new role as a
stayed on in the new administration to keep the
mstances of the as-
party leader. The President, particularly, had
nation's foreign policy on the same course. Too,
suffered substantial loss of support as a result of
Ford had been a part of the legislative branch
roversial
actions
as
the Watergate scandals and subsequent cover-
for 25 years, and such a rapid transition to re-
of President Nix-
up efforts by members of his White House staff.
sponsibility for the executive branch was bound
Court were re-
Involved in the Watergate affair were alleged
to be difficult. In Congress he had exercised
and 1970. It was
illegal activities by, or at the behest of, various
leadership by reconciling differing points of
hat the Senate had
members of the Nixon administration, directed
view, and he was more known for this than as
ipreme Court nomi-
in large part toward ensuring the President's
an innovator or for broad imagination.
for a special House
1972 reelection and raising funds or conducting
The new President pledged to work closely
whether there were
political espionage for that purpose.
with Congress, and to refrain from what the
the sitting Supreme
During the long investigation of Watergate-
legislature considered to be usurpation of its
Douglas. Ford stated
related matters, Ford's information on the sub-
powers by several of his predecessors. He moved
moved in order to
ject was only that which was public knowledge.
slowly in making cabinet and staff changes. His
resolution that a
He knew of no impeachable offense committed
nomination on August 20 of Nelson Rockefeller,
and Democrats
by the President, as he often stated - and he
former governor of New York, to fill the vice
indicate the need
wished to know of none: since he would succeed
presidency, also under the provisions of the 25th
udging all Supreme
to the office if Nixon resigned or was removed
Amendment, was the subject of prolonged con-
members.
through impeachment proceedings, he tried
gressional hearings before the choice was finally
sought the presi-
scrupulously to avoid any word or action that
confirmed in December 1974.
four years later.
could possibly influence the course of events.
Inflation, cited by Ford as the country's num-
October 1973, Nixon
By the end of July 1974, disclosures resulting
ber one problem, was accompanied by what was
fill the vacancy. It
from the investigation led the House Judiciary
soon seen as a full-scale recession. "Stagflation"
procedures set forth
Committee to adopt Articles of Impeachment
was the term concocted for the ominous new
the Constitution (see
charging Nixon with obstruction of justice and
combination of inflation with economic stagna-
other abuses of power. By early August an al-
tion. There were wide differences of opinion as
ambitious, neverthe-
most complete defection from the President had
to what constituted the proper prescription for
thinking. He had
occurred among members of the House, who
the malady. Some felt that establishment of
would retire from
were about to vote on whether to accept the im-
wage and price controls and other strong mea-
practice in Grand
peachment articles, and the Senate, which would
sures were of crucial importance. Others, includ-
663
JULY 14
ing Ford, who opposed mandatory controls, pre-
tatives and a nearly two-thirds majority in the
ferred to rely on voluntary measures. However,
Senate. Although Watergate contributed to the
despite the President's calls during his early
poor Republican showing, inflation had become
months in office for a nationwide emphasis on
the main concern of voters, only 38 percent of
frugality and energy conservation, both prices
whom took the trouble to vote. It was the lowest
and unemployment continued to rise while in-
turnout in almost 30 years.
dustrial production decreased. By December un-
The new President's first venture in overseas
employment in the United States had risen to
summitry came soon after the election, when he
6.5 percent and the nation's jobless would later
journeyed to the Far East to meet first with Em-
swell to a still higher figure. In addition to
peror Hirohito and Premier Kakuei Tanaka in
this, there was serious concern for the economy
Japan, then with President Park Chung Hee in
in many other parts of the world as well. Almost
South Korea, and Soviet Communist party leader
everywhere problems were magnified by a grow-
Leonid Brezhnev in Vladivostok. The last of the
ing world energy shortage, as well as impending
three meetings, apart from reaffirming the steps
shortages of key raw materials. Although such
toward Russian-US detente taken under Presi-
long-threatened shortages had been anticipated
dent Nixon, culminated in the announcement
by experts, it was only in the 10 months pre-
that a preliminary agreement on limitation of
ceding Ford's inauguration as President that an
nuclear weapons would be signed the following
awareness of the true dimensions of these prob-
year.
lems had burst upon the consciousness of most
Although he had at first stated that he would
people.
not seek election for a full term, in 1976, Ford
In Ford's case, the "honeymoon" period nor-
warmed to the challenges of his office and later
mally enjoyed by a new President with Congress
announced that he would run. He received the
and the people lasted only about a month. It
Republican nomination - meeting strong oppo-
ended abruptly on Sunday, September 8, when
sition from conservatives supporting Ronald
he announced his granting of an unconditional
Reagan - and contended vigorously with the
pardon to former President Nixon for any fed-
Democratic candidate, Jimmy Carter, with
eral crimes he "may have committed or taken
whom he participated in three televised debates
part in" during his tenure as Chief Executive.
seen by viewers across the nation. According to
The move was taken with almost no consultation
public opinion polls, Ford lagged behind Carter,
and drew criticism on the grounds that a pardon
but he campaigned effectively and was only nar-
could not be granted when there had been no
rowly beaten in the November election. The
confession of guilt and that justice was not
popular vote was 40.8 million for Carter and
served by the action. Rather than putting the
39.1 million for Ford; the electoral vote was 297
Watergate affair to rest, as the President had
for Carter, 240 for Ford, and 1 for Reagan.
hoped, his action reemphasized the matter as a
In January 1977 Carter was inaugurated as
divisive national issue. On October 17 Ford
the 39th President and Ford left the White
made what was, for a President, a singular ap-
House to pursue a very full schedule of activi-
pearance before a congressional panel of. inquiry,
ties. With homes in Palm Springs, California,
assuring a subcommittee of the House Judiciary
and Vail, Colorado, Ford and his wife busied
Committee that there had been no "deal" with
themselves with the publication of their respec-
Nixon concerning the pardon.
tive memoirs and with television and other ap-
One result of the Watergate scandals was
pearances. Far from retiring from public and
passage of legislation - which Ford signed in
political life, Ford has conferred with President
October - authorizing public financing of fu-
Carter at the White House, discussing, among
ture presidential elections and primaries and
other topics, ratification of the Panama Canal
limiting contributions to and spending by presi-
treaties and Middle East peace negotiations;
dential, vice presidential, and congressional can-
lectured on government and fiscal policy at col-
didates.
leges and before business groups; received
Earlier the President had effected a plan of
briefings on disarmament talks; met foreign
conditional amnesty for Vietnam War draft
leaders; and spoken out critically or sympatheti-
evaders and deserters. Like the Nixon pardon, it
cally on problems faced by the Carter adminis-
was intended to heal some of the divisions of the
tration.
past, but acceptance of the offer was slow.
In September 1977 Ford dedicated a park in
As the November 1974 congressional elec-
Omaha, the city of his birth. Gardens in the park
tions approached, President Ford again tra-
surround a gazebo that contains memorabilia
versed the nation, seeking to strengthen his
donated to Omaha by the former President.
party by campaigning vigorously for Repub-
Housed in another pavilion is a marble tablet in-
lican candidates. His efforts notwithstanding,
scribed with words spoken by Ford as he took
the electorate gave the Democrats a more than
office: "Our long national nightmare is over.
two-thirds majority in the House of Represen-
Our Constitution works."
664
&DICTIONARY OF
S
American Biography
Edited by Dumas Malone
a
16
Robert - Seward
ia
Charles Scribner's Sons
NEW YORK
Sequoyah
Sergeant
January 1888). He described ten forms of birds
west of the Mississippi before the Revolution.
var:
new to science, and four birds were named in his
Somewhere in the southwest, possibly in the state
idea
honor.
of Tamaulipas, Mex., he fell ill and died.
the
[See Auk, Jan. 1901 Ohio State Jour. (Columbus),
He was married and had several children. It
Ser:
Mar. 19, 1900. Many of Sennett's publications are
listed in Cat. of Sci. Papers, Fourth Ser., 1884-1900,
was with the aid of a six-year-old daughter that
ters
vol. XVIII (1923) of the Royal Society of London.]
in 1821 he gave the first successful test of his
this
H. Fr-n.
invention. He was a man of mild and benignant
187
SEQUOYAH (1770?-Aug., 1843), inventor
countenance, with an engaging manner, and his
ture
of the Cherokee syllabary, was born in the Indian
character was upright and devotedly altruistic.
whil
town of Taskigi, Tenn. His father was possibly
He has been sometimes called the ablest intelli-
uted
Nathaniel Gist, a trader who abandoned the
gence produced among the American Indians.
at le
mother, a woman of mixed Indian blood, before
His fame is perpetuated in the name of the genus
men
the birth of the child. During infancy and youth
of California giant redwoods and in the statue
out
Sequoyah seems to have borne only his Indian
of him placed by the state of Oklahoma in Stat-
Drill
name, later taking that of his father, which ne
uary Hall of the National Capitol.
trodi
understood to be Guess. He grew to manhood
[J. B. Davis, "The Life and Work of Sequoyah,"
turn
wholly ignorant of the English language and but
Chronicles of Oklahoma, June 1930; F. W. Hodge,
mean
Handbook of Am. Indians, pt. II (1910) G. E. Foster,
meagerly acquainted with any of the arts and
Sequoyah, the Am. Cadmus and Modern Moses (1885)
to in
usages of civilization. He was for some years
K. D. Sweetser, Book of Indian Braves (1913) Jas.
of a
a hunter and fur-trader, but an accident suffered
Mooney, "Myths of the Cherokee," U. S. Bureau of
Am. Ethnology Nineteenth Ann. Report (1900), pp.
suppl
on a hunting trip crippled him for life. He had
108-27, 147-48; "Statue of Sequoyah," House Doc.
ever,
a natural bent for craftsmanship, which he
240, 68 Cong., I Sess. (1917) Emmet Starr, Hist. of
Inger
the Cherokee Indians (1921) S. C. Williams, "Na-
turned to use in a number of ways, chiefly as a
thaniel Gist, Father of Sequoyah," East Tenn. Hist.
to en
fashioner of the silver ornaments eagerly sought
Soc. Pubs., no. 5 (1933) ; Wm. A. Phillips, "Se-quo-
east t
yah," Harper's Mag., Sept. 1870.]
by his people. Increasing contact with the whites
W.J.G.
drill,
caused him to ponder deeply over their "talking
SERGEANT, HENRY CLARK (Nov. 2,
motio
leaves"-the written and printed pages by which
1834-Jan. 30, 1907), inventor, was born in
pany,
they communicated ideas-and he resolved to
Rochester, N. Y., said to be the son of Isaac and
Two
master the secret and apply it to the benefit of
Ruby (Clark) Sergeant. His parents moved to
compa
his people. It was about 1809 when he began his
Ohio when he was young, and after a common
Drill
study, and it was not until 1821, after enduring
school education he went to work in a machine
within
much ridicule and opposition, that he completed
shop. This stimulated his inventive faculties,
interes
his table of characters for the eighty-five or
especially in the direction of special machinery
years
eighty-six syllables in the Cherokee language.
for systematic manufacture. Although he was
Ingers
A council of the chief men of the tribe approved
only eighteen years old, he designed some spe-
time to
his work, with the result that in a short time
cial machines for the manufacture of wheel
perfect
thousands of his people had learned to read and
spokes, hubs, and felloes, and obtained contracts
inventi
write. In 1822 he visited the western Cherokees
for his employer for making such wheel parts in
the "ta
in Arkansas to introduce his syllabary and in the
quantity. Two years later he was made a part-
for roc
following years made his home with them, re-
ner in a wagon-wheel manufactory but, dislik-
air con
moving with them in 1828 to Oklahoma. There
ing factory routine, he soon resigned and spent
haupt i
his invention of an alphabet continued to stimu-
the succeeding six years in a variety of com-
at the
late printing of books and a newspaper in Chero-
mercial pursuits. He began serious inventive
was su
kee and to be important in contributing toward
work as well and secured his first patent in 1854
[Com;
ent Offic
the development of the state. For some years
for a steam boiler feed. This was followed by
1907, N.
he was active in the political life of his tribe, in
a number of others, among them a patent for
the Inge
which he was highly honored. In 1828, as an
the invention of a marine engine governor later
envoy, he visited Washington. The Cherokee
adopted by the United States navy; four patents
SERGI
National Council in 1841 voted him an allow-
on steam boilers and pumps; one on a gas regu-
mission:
ance for his invention and two years later al-
lator in 1862; three for brick machines in 1867;
son of J
tered the gift to an annuity of $300, to be con-
and one for a fluting machine in 1869. During
father,
tinued, in case of his death, to his widow. He
this sixteen-year period he lived in many places;
Conn.,
had before this time retired from public affairs
in fact, over the forty-year period between 1854
been on
and had visited many tribes in a search for the
and 1893 he lived in twenty-six different cities
which re
elements of a common speech and grammar.
and towns. Gradually working eastward, he
years lat
Early in 1843 he set out to find a band of Cher-
came to New York City in 1868 and there es-
John S
okees who, according to tradition, had removed
tablished a machine shop of his own, building a
work or
586
JUL 08 '92 15:40 OK HISTORICAL SOCIETY
however, it was said he would ride
EAKLY
Near Skin Bayou Sanders P.4 one of
ony twelve miles northwest to the
by Flossie Neal
the Rogers, probably James, made a
office at Nicksville to get his copy
considerable settlement.
he Advocate and other mail from
After the adjustment of the Arkansas
Eastern Cherokee Nation.
border, most of these Cherokees were
The history of Sequoyah County area
in northeast Oklahoma and were known
uring the next few years Sequoyah
has been extremely colorful and is
as the Cherokees West.
occupied at teaching his alphabet
based largely around the Indian culture,
relating Cherokee folk tales. He
Among the settlements in what is
primarily that of the Cherokee Tribe.
d travel from home to home, from
The area's scenic beauty, hunting
now Sequoyah County were those on
Lee's Creek, on which Sequoyah had his
ol to school, or from community to
and fishing values, timbered hills and
munity simply upon the request of
rolling topography made it natural for
salt works, in the vicinity of Nicksville
end to relate folk-tales or to teach
the Cherokee Indians and others to se-
near the present Dwight Mission, on
alphabet. It is said that he was
Skin Bayou, near the present Sequoyah
lect as an area to settle.
Memorial.
r without an attentive audience.
Prehistoric Indian villages were nu-
merous along the banks of the Arkansas
By the time the Western Cherokees
hen in 1838-1839 came the great-
had established themselves in what is
civic challenge of his life-time. The
River. The area abounded with small
game and buffaio. Indian burial mounds
now Sequoyah County, the people of the
ern Cherokees, 13,000 strong. had
ed around Tahlequah over the
have been located in Sequoyah County
State of Georgia were exerting much ef-
fort to move a great body of Cherokees
ail of Tears" from their homelands.
from Marble City through Brushy to Ro-
Western Cherokees and Eastern
land. None have been excavated.
living in the East.
In the fall and winter of 1838-1839
rokees had a highly refined govern-
It is very probable that Vikings vis-
the Cherokees were driven from their
tal organization. The Western Cher-
ited the area in the eleventh century
homes and pushed along a dreary
es felt that the newly arrived Chero-
and traded with these Indian tribes.
march westward. This march was known
should accept the government
It is thought that De Soto traveled up
as "The Trail of Tears." Often one sees
found when they arrived. The new-
the Arkansas River past Sequoyah
a sign or reads an account giving the
rrived and more numerous felt their
County.
end of the Trail of Tears. Wherever a
ernmental organization should be
A trading post at Gore is shown on a
detachment stopped or settled here in
ognized and accepted. A bitter strug.
French Map of 1718. It is possible that
a camp or trading post could have been
Sequoyah County, that place was the
existed for months. Eventually Se-
end of the Trail of Tears.
yah was drawn out of seclusion at
located at Sallisaw at this time. By
Most of them settled in scattered
insistence of both factions and fin-
1800 the fur trade on the many eastern
communities generally near good
effected a union of the Eastern and
Oklahoma streams and rivers was
springs of water. They were largely en-
stern Cherokees with the capital be-
flourishing.
History records reveal that Indians
gaged in farming, blacksmithing, trad-
moved to Tahlequah. Sequoyah was
came to this area by 1819 and possibly
ing, and hunting. Hunting furnished
principal writer of the Cherokee
stitution of 1839. After this service
before. A Cherokee Chief, John Jolly,
game for food, furs, hide, tallow, and
his fellow tribesmen, he drifted back
and a group of Western Cherokees
grease. These could be traded at the
Arkansas post for guns, powder, cloth,
seclusion to let professional states-
moved to this area in 1819 and 1820.
operate the governmental affairs.
Jolly built his home on the east bank
sugar, and other supplies. The mouth
Despite his seventy-five years of age,
of the Illinois River about a mile above
of Skin Bayou Creek near Wilson Rock
quoyah did not withdraw to idleness.
the mouth where it empties into the
was a romantic and historic stream or
Arkansas River.
favorite trading place, where many furs
had a dream of inventing a universal
lian language alphabet. Before his
George Justice had his establishment
and skins were sold.
ath he had done work with the other
at the mouth of the Sallisaw Creek.
In the beginning these pioneer set-
civilized tribes as well as with some
Home of Sarah Elizabeth Goin Hill on McKey Mountain. Built in 1870.
the Plains Indians tribes. Almost
cretly he organized a mission to the
uthwest, which eventually ended in
at is now Mexico, for the purpose of
king the Cherokee alphabet to groups
related Cherokees there. All this was
ne at his own expense, since Sequo-
was moderately well-off by the
andards of his time. Unfortunately,
rigorous trip and his advanced age
ok their toll. Sequoyah died while
ey were in Mexico and was buried
ere.
Sequoyah
May 1981
See % Sequeyah
SEQUOYAH 1760 - 1843
Sequoyah, George Guess, was probably the greatest of all Cherokees and
is unique among men. Solely from the resources of his mind, uneducated
and without knowledge of any language other than Cherokee, he conceived
PROGRAM
and perfected an entire alphabet or syllabary. In 12 years he accomplished
P.6
that which took the Egyptians, Phoenicians and Greeks a few thousand. He
made his tribe one of the most literate nations without building a school
or hiring a teacher.
Unveiling of the Sequoyah portrait
Sequoyah was born sometime between 1760 and 1770 near Ft. Loudon,
Tenn., in the village of Tuskegee. His mother was a full-blood Cherokee.
His father was either George Gist, a German trader, or Nathaniel Gist,
Oklahoma State Capitol
a soldier and friend of Gen. Washington. In either event his father Jeft
Tennessee prior to his birth. Some years later he and his mother moved
Thursday, June 24, 1965
to an Indian settlement in Alabama where he was raised entirely among
uncultured Cherokee. He became a silversmith and blacksmith by trade
and was well known as an artist.
In 1822 Sequoyah settled with his wife, Sallie, in Arkansas and became
active in Indian affairs. On a trip to Washington, D. C, in 1828 in regard
Master of Ceremonies
James M. Bullard, Secretary of State
to a treaty for removal of the tribe to Oklahoma, he posed for the artist,
Charles Bird King. The painting was lost in a Smithsonian Institute fire.
A crayon drawn copy published in the McKinney and Hall book is the only
Introductions
record to become known. Judging from pictures of other Indians in this book,
redrawn from paintings still in existence, the likeness is questionable. In
Remarks
1829 Sequoyah moved to Indian Territory, Oklahoma.
The portrait by Charles Banks Wilson, especially authorized by the Okla.
W. W. Keeler, Principal Chief of the Cherokee Nation
legislature for the State Capitol building, involved a unique project. Along
with the usual research through written accounts, the artist searched for
living Cherokees whose features might match those of the old drawing. A
Charles Banks Wilson, Artist
composite of six men from Tahlequah, Stilwell and Kenwood areas produced
the final result. His costume is drawn from descriptions by a Ft. Smith,
Senator Clemi McSpadden,
Arkansas, merchant with whom Sequoyah did business. The coat is typical
President Pro Tempore of Oklahoma State Senate
and Cherokee-woven with trade velvet trimming. This one in particular is
JUL 08 '92 15:41 OK HISTORICAL SOCIETY
owned by the Oklahoma State Historical Society and came to Oklahoma
Representative J. D. McCarty,
on the Trail of Tears. The syllabary is shown written on Sycamore bark.
Speaker of the Oklahoma House of Representatives
Sequoyah is painted as having scratched his name in the soil with a stick,
a common teaching procedure with no paper or facilities for writing available.
In the background fall foliage surrounds the typical Cherokee log cabin
Governor Henry Bellmon
built by the famous Indian. His cabin is protected by a rock building and
maintained by the Oklahoma Historical Society. The artist made studies
Unveiling
of the vegetation actually growing on the site located 7 miles north and
east of Sallisaw.
Governor Henry Bellmon, Mr. Keeler, Senator McSpadden, and
A medal is recorded as having been authorized for Sequoyah in 1824 by
the General Council of the Cherokee Nation. He received it in 1832. The
Representative McCarty
tribe also awarded the first literary pension in American History when, as a
gesture of appreciation, they granted him $300. annually. This was paid to
bis wife after his death, It is notable he was revered during his life. Few
travelers of importance passed without calling upon Sequoyah, Some describe
JUL 08 '92 15:42 OK HISTORICAL SOCIETY
P.7
him as silent and contemplative. John Howard Payne in 1836 said, "He was
altogether what we picture an old Greek philosopher." He also found him to
be of animated eyes and pleasant disposition. A native of the area said,
"He was of sallow complexion and you would take him for a full-blood."
It was believed he had been lame since infancy.
George E. Foster wrote of him as "the American Cadmus and modern
Moses because his invention of the alphabet led his people out of the
wilderness of ignorance." He also said, "In the long chain of incidents that
make the development of the human race, no link can be found of purer
gold than the life of Sequoyah".
He died in Old Mexico in 1843 while on a trip. Location of his grave
has long been a mystery. Recently searchers have had reasons to feel they
may soon be successful. Wilson discussed this fact with one of the older
Cherokee men who was posing for the portrait. He was told, "No man could
do for us what Sequoyah did unless sent by God to do it. When he was
finished God took him back. They won't find Our Sequoyah in Mexico."
CHARLES BANKS WILSON
The artist commissioned by the State Board of Public Affairs to paint
the portrait of Sequoyah for the State Capitol is well known as a painter,
printmaker, magazine and book illustrator, teacher, lecturer and historian.
His work has been shown in more than 200 exhibitions in this country
and throughout the world. The permanent collections of major museums and
galleries contain his paintings and prints of Oklahoma life, including New
York's Metropolitan and Washington's Smithsonian. Oklahoma school children
study from a history text containing some 50 of his drawings. The artist's
watercolors portraying the southwestern landscape and points of interest
have been seen regularly by millions of Americans in Ford Motor Company
publications. Author and editor of a standard work on the Indian tribes of
eastern Oklahoma, be is also the illustrator of 22 books and has done pictures
for many more. Tulsa's Gilcrease Museum owns approximately 55 works by
this artist and his portrait of Thomas Gilcrease is one of many he has done.
The artist from Miami, Oklahoma is perhaps best known for his pictures
of contemporary Indian life, a project which has engaged him since the
early 1930's.
The Sequoyah portrait is one of three authorized by the 1963 Legislature.
The others are of Will Rogers and the late U. S. Senator Robert S. Kerr.
JUL 08 '92 15:42 OK HISTORICAL SOCIETY
P.8
SEQUOYAH AND HIS "TALKING LEAVES"
The Man:
Sequoyah, also known as George Guess or Gist, was born some
time between 1760 and 1770 in the old Cherokee Nation which was
made up of the present States of North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia.
Tennessee and Alabama. It is believed by many that he was born in
or near the town of Taskigi near Fort Loudon. It is claimed that he,
as a young lad, was present when a peace delegation of Iroquois Indians
visited the Cherokees at Echota, the tribal capitol, in 1770. If this is
true then he would have been born between 1760 and 1765.
His mother belonged to the Paint Clan and was of a very prom-
inent Cherokee family, one of her uncles being a chief in Echota. Just
rest-
who Sequoyab's father was has never been definitely determined. Some
claim that he was Nathaniel Gist, a soldier and a man possessed of char-
ages
acter and talents. Others claim that a German trader was his father and
bort-
there are Cherokees today who claim that Sequoyah was a full blood
Cherokee. One reason for not having more definite information is that.
abet.
although his father and mother had lived together for some time, they
vord
separated prior to Sequoyah's birth.
the
As a child he lived with his mother at Taskigi and grew up
more or less alone. He did not play with other children but loved the
you
woods and fields. He helped his mother with tasks that were considered
and
Woman's Work."
or
His mother died about the beginning of the 19th century and
he inherited her business which was a trading post. He also became a
issed
silversmith, using the coins of the French. Spanish and English for work
material.
He was a soldier in the war of 1812 and fought against the
31/2
hostile Creek Indians.
After his marriage to Sallie of the Bird Clan of the Cherokees
saw.
they made their home in Wills Valley, Alabama. There he worked a
tion
small farm. conducted a trading post, carried on as a silversmith and also
ning
did blacksmith work. Metal was coming into the area so he made his
own tools such as tongs, drills, hammers, etc. and repaired items made
and
of iron. He also made spurs, bits, arrow points, knives and other items
and
which we are told were much in demand by the people. Sequoyah was
also known for his ability to paint pictures and make charcoal drawings.
oma
Even though he had never seen a commercial paint brush it is said that
he used the hair of wild animals for brushes.
During his early life he developed a lameness in one leg which
was caused either by a hunting accident or hydrathritic trouble. It
effected his knee joint and made him a cripple in later life.
Sequoyah moved to what is now Pope County. Arkansas. between
1818-1822. While there be set up a salt works which be operated in
conjunction with a trading post and blacksmith shop.
In 1828 he was one of a delegation of Cherokees that went to
Washington and made a treaty to exchange the Cherokee lands in Arkan-
sas for new lands in what is now Oklahoma. While in Washington a
Mr. Charles B. King painted his portrait.
In 1829 Sequoyah, with some 2,500 other Cherokees, left Arkan-
sas and moved to Indian Territory. He built a log cabin, (all his homes
JUL 08 '92 15:43 OK HISTORICAL SOCIETY
P.9
Were log cabins) roofed with riven boards, on the west side of Skin Bayou.
The Cherokee Alp
This home is the present "Sequoyah Memorial" in Oklahoma. Here
he again farmed, operated a trading post and a salt works. At various
Sequoyah's
times he would take his family to the salt spring near Lee's Creek where
achievement made
they would stay until they evaporated sufficient salt for themselves and
this time the Cherc
their customers.
form.
Sequoyah has been described as being about 5 feet, 8 inches tall,
His curiosi
slim and sinewy. He was slightly lame. Although the years rounded
the defeat of the A
his form he never became fat. He was of a light sallow complexion and
St. Clair of Indian
had grey eyes. In dress he clung to the custom of his people, wearing
Cherokee, Creek 2
the turban, hunting shirt, leggings and moccasins. The turban was a
"talking leaf" for
strip of cloth or a small shawl. The hunting shirt was a loose sack coat
derisive laughter a
originally made of buckskin but after 1820 it was almost always striped
In about
homespun. The leggings were also originally buckskin but were later
Cherokee alphabe
made of homespun of solid color. The moccasins of buckskin were very
had aroused his it
often beaded.
for the Cherokees.
Sequoyah was the father of seven children. The four children
its pages, though
by his first wife Sallie were Teesey, George, Polly. and Richard or
single English let
Chusaleta). His second wife U-ti-yu of the Blind Savanah Clan bore
At first h
him three daughters A-yo-gu, Oo-loo-tsa, and Gu-u-ne-ki.
Cherokee «languas
In the spring of 1842 Sequoyah decided that he would try to
After two or thr
locate some groups of Cherokees that he had heard were living in Mexico.
plicated task, hav
He set out for the southwest accompanied by his son Teesey and several
each sound in Cl
other Cherokees including the Worm. He took with him literature writ-
He now
ten in Cherokee as he planned to teach the bands of Cherokees to read
and write so that they might correspond in the future. He located at
to the conversati
least one group of Cherokees living in Mexico. He died and was buried
tribal councils.
at Sanfernando, Tamaulysas, Mexico in the summer of 1843.
mented. The n
and once she but
A group of Cherokees who came north in 1845 signed the follow-
remade them, tel
ing report of his death:
a small log cabir
(COPY)
and study undis
WARREN'S TRADING POST
His com
Red River, April 21st, 1845
his satisfaction I
characters from
We the undersigned Cherokees, direct from the Spanish domin-
ions, do hereby certify that George Guess, of the Cherokee Nation, Arkan-
his old English
without regard
sas, departed this life in the town of Sanfernando in the month of August
1843. and his son (Chusaleta) is at this time on the Brasos River, Texas
English "y" up
letter "T" has
about 30 miles above the falls, and intends returning home this fall.
Twelve charact
Given under our hands day and date above written.
ters, designed b
(Signed)
After h
Standing Rock,
his
by means of hi
X
vinced that he V
Mark
men thought h
Standing Bowles,
his
X
Finally
Mark
putting him to
Watch Justice,
his
of his friend.
X
which he and
Mark
a week had pa:
Witness:
they mastered
Daniel G. Watson
Return
Jesse Chisholm.
and wide. 7
JUL 08 '92 15:44 OK HISTORICAL SOCIETY
P.10
of Skin Bayou.
The Cherokee Alphabet:
Oklahoma. Here
At various
Sequoyah's invention of the Cherokee Alphabet was the greatest
Creek where
achievement made by one man in the history of languages. Previous to
themselves and
this time the Cherokee language had been spoken but had had no written
form.
8 inches tall,
His curiosity in written words was first aroused at the time of
years rounded
the defeat of the American forces under the command of Governor Arthur
complexion and
St. Clair of Indiana, in 1791. As one of the warriors of the victorious
people. wearing
Cherokee, Creek and Shawnee allies, he realized the importance of the
turban was a
"talking leaf" for the Cherokees. At the time, his assertion met with
a loose sack coat
derisive laughter and was treated as a joke.
always striped
In about 1809, Sequoyah began devoting himself to making a
but Were later
Cherokee alphabet. Chance conversation with a Moravian missionary
ckskin were very
had aroused his interest and he began thinking again of a "talking leaf"
for the Cherokees. He was given an English spelling book and he studied
he four children
its pages. though he did not know the meaning nor sound value of a
and Richard or
single English letter.
anah Clan bore
At first he planned the invention of a sign for every word in the
ki.
Cherokee language, using pieces of bark and charcoal for his writing.
re would try to
After two or three years he abandoned this apparently endless and com-
iving in Mexico.
plicated task, having hit upon the idea of making a sign or symbol for
esey and several
each sound in Cherokee instead of every word.
1 literature writ.
He now began a close study of the language, listening intently
berokees to read
to the conversation of his friends and to the talks and speeches in the
He located at
tribal councils. From his preoccupied air people began to think him de-
and was buried
mented. The neglect of his field and his business made his wife angry
843.
and once she burned all of his precious bark manuscripts. He promptly
Ined the follow-
remade them, telling her they were the same as the others. He also built
a small log cabin off a distance from his home place, that he might work
and study undisturbed.
G POST
His completed syllabary of eighty-five characters, representing to
C, 1845
his satisfaction the various sounds in the Cherokee language, included 38
characters from his own imagination. He had used 35 characters from
Spanish domin-
his old English spelling book, placing figures. italic letters and capitals
Nation, Arkan-
without regard to their position or value in English. For example, the
onth of August
OS River, Texas
English "y" upside down has the value of the syllable yo: the capital
letter "T" has the value of i: the capital letter "D" has the value of a.
ome this fall.
Twelve characters in the syllabary were modifications of English charac-
en.
ters, designed by him.
After he had taught his little daughter. Ayogu, to read and write
lock,
his
by means of his alphabet, his wife (the second, named Utiyu) was con-
X
vinced that he was demented. Steeped in superstition, many of the tribes-
Mark
men thought him a sorcerer.
owles,
his
X
Finally. a band of warriors visited him with the intention of
Mark
putting him to death according to tribal law. Through the influence
:ice,
his
of his friend, Chief George Lowry, Sequoyah was given a trial during
X
which be and Ayogu demonstrated the value of the invention. Before
Mark
a week had passed, the warriors themselves had become so interested that
they mastered the new writing under Sequoyah's instruction.
Returning to their homes, news of the "talking leaf" spread far
and wide. The warriors taught what they had learned to others. Soon
JUL 08 '92 15:44 OK HISTORICAL SOCIETY
P.11
old and young were spending their time at the great game. Within an
Elias Boudinot, the
incredibly short time, generally after only three or four days' study, whole
stitution of the Cherc
communities were communicating by means of Sequoyah's "talking leaf."
language. Schools in
Some of the missionaries and Christian Cherokees visited Sequoyah
progressed even amon
and learned to read and write the native language with his alphabet.
After twelve y
Though Sequoyah was never converted to Christianity, his invention was
brought the light of tl
used to make the first translations of portions of the Bible into Cherokee.
Something of the mi
David Brown made these first translations at the insistance of his tribes-
recalled that the Engl
men. He was a member of a prominent Cherokee-Scotch family and
had attended Cornwall Mission, in Connecticut and Andover Theological
THE
Seminary, in Massachusetts.
Cherokee Alphabet
ONLY *
Dn
651
D.
R
O.
i
KH
E.
AR
D.
INTERPRE
e
G
M.
32
y
aw gl da
sdi I de tax
gaw 1 I a nl
P.
&
na egi ya 1
qui SW I aw
R
" si quo па
na how 1 ts
V.
6°.
ge SV I wi d
egi ni I 00 3
P
hi I ge 81' I
quo di you I
K
a
S
6.
Our Fat
B.
B.
1
name. I The
upon eartl
heaven I [i]
this day. 1
give I our
us Into [it]
the kingdo
is, I forever
The Lord's
Cherokee Alphabet invented by Sequoyah-From an old print
M
in the collection of Muriel H. Wright.
The American Board of Commissioners of Foreign Missions, at
of development by E:
Boston, furnished a special font of type of Sequoyah's syllabary and a
bet stands first amo
printing press was established at New Echota, Georgia, superintended by
alphabet stands seco:
the Reverend Samuel A. Worcester. The scriptures, tracts and other
the West in 1839, ed
religious works were printed in Cherokee and distributed among the
the printed word. m
lished and flourished
people.
and the background
"The Cherokee Phoenix," first Indian newspaper, was printed
Territory, and becar
at New Echota in 1828, under the auspices of the Cherokee government.
of Oklahoma.
JUL 08 '92 15:46 OK HISTORICAL SOCIETY
P.12
hin
an
Elias Boudinot, the Cherokee leader, was editor. The laws and con-
whole
stitution of the Cherokee Nation were written and printed in the native
leaf."
language. Schools increased and general education and enlightenment
quoyab
progressed even among the untutored full-bloods.
phabet.
After twelve years' study, perseverance and patience, Sequoyah had
was
brought the light of the written word in their own language to his people.
erokee.
Something of the magnitude of his great work is realized when it is
tribes-
recalled that the English alphabet was the result of three thousand years
and
ological
THE LORD'S PRAYER IN CHEROKEE
-
J
SVIL saws P.4 SAMUE 1421 SQVIT GEOGA I-II
Dn KGA while ЛАУЗ saw.i
hovern AMAGRI ЛУТЬ A.A T# Jravihez SEVSIT, DAYS
KWSY De Lobs 1+17 YWY
on PRT. Grinz GENOTS HRT, Dr
ART, Do RGQWJC HD MART. Roso-
INTERPRETATION, WITH PRONUNCIATION ACCORDING
TO THE ALPHABET.
aw gi daw da I ga Iv.la di ehi 1 ga Iv que di yu 1 ge se
sdl I de tax daw. 11 dsa gv wi yu hi ge BU I wi ga na nu
gaw 1 1 a ni e lawhi 1 w} dsi ga II sda 1 ha da n" ste g" I 1
na sgl ya I ga la di I tsi ni ga II edi ha 1 ni da daw de
qui SV 1 aw ga II sda yr di I egi 7' al 1 gaw hi 1 gn I di go agt
n si quo naw 1 de agi du go 1 I na agt ya I tsi di ga yaw tsi
na haw 1 tsaw ist du gi I a le tla sdi I 00 da gaw le ye di yl
ge SV I wi di agl ya ti D" sta no gl I sgl yu da le age edi quo
agi ni I 00 yaw ge SV 1 I tsn tse II ga ye naw I tsa go wl yu
hi I ge 81' I I a le 1 dss II pl gi di yl I ge 8" i I a le I e dsa 10
quo di ye I ge su Ini gaw hi In I I e me n.
TRANSLATION.
Our Father I heaven dweller. 1 Hallowed I be I thy
name. I Thy kingdom I let it make its appearance. 1 Here
upon earth I take place 1 Thy will, I the same as I in
heaven I [it] is done. I Daily [adj.] I our food give to us I
this day. I Forgive us I our debts, the same as 1 we for-
give I our debtors. I And do not l'temptation being 1 lead
us into [it]. I Deliver us from I evil existing. I For thine I
the kingdom I is. I and I the power I is, I and 1 the glory I
is, I forever : amen.
The Lord's Prayer in Cherokee-From "Springplace, Moravian
Mission" published by Clara A. Ward as a
Memorial to her parents.
ons, at
of development by Egyptian, Phoenician and Greek. The English alpha-
and a
bet stands first among those of civilized nations; Sequoyah's Cherokee
ded by
alphabet stands second. When the Cherokee nation was established in
I other
the West in 1839, education and the dissemination of knowledge through
ng the
the printed word, made possible by Sequoyah's invention, were re-estab-
lished and flourished among the Cherokees. This work formed the ideal
and the background for civilization and culture throughout the Indian
printed
Territory, and became one of the foundation stones for the later State
nment.
of Oklahoma.
JUL 08 '92 15:46 OK HISTORICAL SOCIETY
P.13
Memorials:
It was recognized
In 1824 through the efforts of Chief John Ross a silver medal
pendent commun
was designed and made in Washington and sent to Sequoyah. He always
adopt a republica
wore this medal which was presented by his people as a token of their
"John Rc
appreciation.
Moravian mission
In 1851 the Cherokee Council changed the name of the Skin
a high degree of
Bayou district to Sequoyah district and later, when Oklahoma became
a State, the area was named Sequoyah County.
"In 1821
The Western Cherokees paid Sequoyah $400.00 per year for
The first newspap
teaching his alphabet. Later the Cherokee Council granted him a pen-
published in New
sion of $300.00 per year.
wife, formerly H:
In 1905 the executives of four of the five civilized tribes joined
tribal cemetery he
in a convention at Muskogee in an effort to secure statehood for Indian
Territory. A constitution was written and the proposed new state named
"In 1802,
Sequoyah. The Federal Government did not accept the State into the
to the lands adjact
Union. W. H. Murray, Vice-president of the Sequoyah Convention, was
tory now compris
later president of the Guthrie Convention which Wrote the Constitution
was negotiated D.
for Oklahoma and he was later Governor of the State.
Cherokee territory
and a joint interes
In 1902, largely through the efforts of Charles F. Lummis, a
Western Cherokee:
national organization, The Sequoyah League. was founded. The head-
quarters were in Los Angeles, California, and the purpose was to advance
the cause of the American Indian and to study their cultures.
In 1935 J
The Redwoods of California are named after Sequoyah although
Grant Foreman of
the spelling is Sequoia. The first specimens of the genus were collected
of Sequoyah, for t
about 1794 and were thought to be a new species of Taxodium. They
the cabin and the
were named Taxodium sempervirens by the English Botanist, Aylmer
a lasting memorial
Lambert. In 1847 the Austrian scientist, Stephen Endlicher, who was
also a student of alphabets, determined that the tree was not a Taxodium
This Mem
but belonged to 2. new and unnamed genus. He named the Great Red
yah County.
Trees Sequoia sempervirens in honor of the great Red Man: The Big
Information
Trees, Sequoia gigantea, are believed to have been first discovered about
1852.
1. Chronicles of O,
John B. Davis B.
In 1911 the State Legislature of Oklahoma provided for a statuc
2. Handbooh of An
of Sequoyah in Staturary Hall in the National Capitol at Washington,
D. C. It was unveiled and presented to the United States by Oklahoma
3. Chronicles of Ok
of the Cherokee
in 1917.
4. Early History of
In Calhoun, Georgia, on the public school grounds is a drinking
fountain surmounted by a statue of Sequoyah. It was donated by the
5. 19th Annual Rep
Calhoun Woman's Club in 1913.
6. Chronicles of Oh
edited by Grant F
At the Calhoun city limits is a rock memorial arch to the Civil
and First World Wars. Facing the arch is a bronze statue of Sequoyah.
7. The Daily Oklaho
Alphabet Brought
In 1931 the United States Government erected a granite marker
on the site of New Echota in Gordon County, Georgia. Two sides of the
Acknowledgem
the valuable informatic
marker are adorned with bronze panels bearing the following inscriptions:
publication: Department
SOUTH SIDE
Georgia Historical Socie
California: San Diego
"Cherokee Indians Memorial"
Society. Oklahoma Cit
nessee: Save the Redwo
"Erected in honor of the Cherokee Nation by the United States
West. San Francisco. (
Government in 1931 on site of New Echota, last capital site of the Chero-
kee Indians east of the Mississippi River.
"The Cherokee Nation composed of twenty thousand people, oc-
cupied territory in Alabama, Georgia, North Carolina, and Tennessee
JUL 08 '92 15:47 OK HISTORICAL SOCIETY
P.14
It was recognized by the Supreme Court of the United States as an inde-
Ross a silver medal
pandent community, and was the only group of American Indians to
adopt a republican form of government based on a written constitution.
uoyah. He always
as a token of their
"John Ross was elected principal chief. Under the influence of
Moravian missionaries the Cherokees became Christianized, and attained
name of the Skin
a high degree of civilization."
Oklahoma became
NORTH SIDE
"In 1821, Sequoyah, a native Cherokee, invented an alphabet.
00.00 per year for
The first newspaper in the Indian language, the Cherokee Phoenix, was
granted him a pen-
published in New Echota by Elias Boudinot, an educated Cherokee, whose
wife, formerly Harriet Gold, of Cornwall, Connecticut, is buried in the
vilized tribes joined
tribal cemetery here.
tatehood for Indian
sed new state named
"In 1802, the United States agreed to extinguish the Indian title
the State into the
to the lands adjacent to Georgia in return for the cession of Georgia terri-
ah Convention, was
tory now comprising the states of Alabama and Mississippi. A treaty
ate the Constitution
was negotiated December 29. 1835, at New Echota, whereby the entire
Cherokee territory was ceded to the United States for Five Million dollars
and a joint interest in the lands in Oklahoma and Kansas occupied by the
arles F. Lummis, a
Western Cherokees. The removal was completed in 1838."
unded. The head-
pose was to advance
cultures.
In 1935 Judge R. L. Williams. Hon. W. W. Hastings and Mr.
Sequoyah although
Grant Foreman obtained ten acres of land, with the last log cabin home
genus were collected
of Sequoyah, for the State of Oklahoma. A stone building now encloses
Taxodium. They
the cabin and the entire area is fenced with a stone wall. thus providing
h Botanist, Aylmer
a lasting memorial to one of the great men of all times.
Endlicher, who was
725 not a Taxodium
This Memorial is located 11 miles northeast of Sallisaw in Sequo-
yah County.
amed the Great Red
Red Man: The Big
Information for this publication came from the following sources:
rst discovered about
1. Chronicles of Oklahoma, June, 1930-"The Life and Work of Sequoyah" by
John B. Davis B.S., M.A.
provided for a statue
2. Handbook of American Indians by Bureau of American Ethnology. 1910.
itol at Washington,
States by Oklahoma
3. Chronicles of Oklahoma, October, 1921-"The Paternity of Sequoyah the Inventor
of the Cherokee Alphabet." by Albert V. Goodpasture.
4. Early History of the Cherokees by Emmett Starr.
rounds is a drinking
5. 19th Annual Report of Bureau of American Ethnology, 1900.
was donated by the
6. Chronicles of Oklahoma. March. 1934-"The Story of Sequoyab's Last Days."
edited by Grant Foreman.
ial arch to the Civil
7. The Daily Oklahoman, Golden Anniversary Edition, April 23. 1939-"Sequoyah's
statue of Sequoyah.
Alphabet Brought Tribal Fame" by Muriel H. Wright.
ted a granite marker
ia. Two sides of the
Acknowledgement is due the following historical societies and organizations for
the valuable information and assistance they have given to aid in the compiling of this
llowing inscriptions:
publication: Department of Archives and History of the State of Georgia, Atlanta, Georgia:
Georgia Historical Society. Savannab. Georgia: California Historical Society. San Francisco.
California: San Diego Historical Society. San Diego, California: Oklahoma Historical
Society. Oklahoma City, Oklahoma: East Tennessee Historical Society, Knoxville, Ten-
nessee: Save the Redwoods League. San Francisco. California: Native Sons of the Golden
by the United States
West. San Francisco. California.
tal site of the Chero-
thousand people, oc-
lina, and Tennessee
ge and by her
how to set their corne, wher
those uncommon geniuses
Cherokee craftsman who
Christianity,
to take fish
and was also
who spring up occasionally
had been crippled in a hunt-
reserve peace
their pilott to bring them to
to produce revolutions"),
ing accident, developed a
colonists and
unknowne places for their
Tecumseh roused nearly all
written alphabet or "syl-
ans. In 1616
profitt, and never left them
the tribes east of the Missis-
lubulary" for the Cherokee
er to England,
till he dyed."
sippi in a campaign to drive
language, which enabled
saw in her evi
back the whites and to ex-
many Cherokee speakers to
e New World
537
Pontiac (c. 1720-
punge all signs of their civili-
learn to read and write.
civilized" and
69). Pontiac, chief
zation from Indian culture
ming place for
of the Ottawa, sometimes
(see number 278). His force
called "the Indian Hanni-
was defeated by Harrison at
bal," had been a minor thorn
the Battle of Tippecanoe
in the side of the British in
(see number 56) in 1811.
the Ohio Valley during the
Two years later, at the Bat-
French and Indian War. Af-
tle of the Thames, Tecum-
ter the war, however,
seh was killed.
Pontiac-whose intelli-
gence was of a high order,
539
Tenskwatawa
and who was a brilliant
(1768-c.1834).
Sequoyah poses with his
orator-organized what
"The Prophet" (also some-
Cherokee syllabary for Charles
times called "the Open
Bird King's lithograph. ARCHIVES
whites called a "conspiracy"
AND MANUSCRIPT DIVISION OF THE
(1763-64) in a desperate
Door"), an Indian religious
OKLAHOMA HISTORICAL SOCIETY.
attempt to drive white set-
leader, was Tecumseh's
tlers back across the
541
Sacagawea
brother. He claimed to see
(c. 1786-1812) was
Appalachians. "We must ex-
visions, burned rivals as
the wife of a Canadian who
intercedes for
lived with the Hidatsa In-
a Smith.
terminate from our land this
witches, and practiced mys-
CTURES, INC.
nation whose only object is
tic rites which won him a
dians in what is now North
our death," he announced at
wide following. Like Tecum-
Dakota. In 1805, the Lewis
anto (?-1622)
a great Indian gathering
seh, the Prophet urged the
and Clark expedition hired
ording to the
near Detroit. He won some
Indians to give up alcohol,
her husband as an inter-
e Pilgrims, Wil-
early victories, but in the
European tools and clothing,
preter, and she served as an
rd, Squanto was
end his forces were worn
and to return to their tradi-
interpreter and informal am-
nstrument sent
down by sheer numbers, and
tional way of life. He was
bassador to the Shoshone
their good be
in 1766 he finally made
also, however, headstrong
and other tribes as the ex-
xpectation." He
peace with the British.
and a poor soldier. It was he
plorers made their way
kidnapped and
who precipitated the disas-
through the Rocky Mountain
rope in 1615 by
538
Tecumseh (1768-
trous Battle of Tippecanoe,
wilderness. Her role was ro-
lorer. There he
1813). This Shaw-
despite the fact that Tecum-
manticized and much exag-
lish. Later he re
nee chief organized what
seh, who was absent at the
gerated in later years, but,
nerica as pilot of
was probably the most for-
time, had warned him not to
together with Pocahontas,
ecided to remain
midable Indian military alli-
engage in battle with the
she is probably the best
e land. Squanto
ance of American history. A
whites.
known of all Indian women.
a godsend for the
truly charismatic leader
As Bradford ex
(General William Henry
540
Sequoyah
Harrison called him "one of
(c. 1770-1843), a
542
Black Hawk
e directed them
(1767-1838). This
93
Don't Know Much About History
Some historians ascribe humane motives to Jackson's call for
the wholesale forced migration of Indians from the southeastern
states to unsettled lands across the Mississippi. Better to move
them, argued Jackson, than to slaughter them, which was already
happening. In 1831, for instance, Sac tribes under Black Hawk
balked at leaving their ancestral lands in Illinois. But when.a
group of some 1,000 Indians attempted to surrender to the militia
and the regular army, they were cut off by the Mississippi River
and cut down by bayonets and rifle fire, with about 150 surviving
the slaughter.
The removals were concentrated on the "Five Civilized
Tribes" of the Southeast. Contrary to popular sentiment of the
day and history's continuing misrepresentation, the Choctaw,
Chickasaw, Creek, Cherokee, and Seminole tribes had developed
societies that were not only compatible with white culture, but
even emulated European styles in some respects. The problem
was that their tribal lands happened to be valuable cotton-growing:
territory. Between 1831 and 1833 the first of the "removals"
forced some 15,000 Choctaws from Mississippi into the territory
west of Arkansas. During the winter, pneumonia took its toll, and
with the summer came cholera, killing the Choctaws by the hun-
dreds. The Choctaws were followed by the Chickasaws and then
the Creeks. In the new Indian Territory, 3,500 of 15,000 immi-
grants died of hardship, disease, and exposure.
The final removal began in 1835, when the Cherokees, cen-
tered in Georgia, became the target. Like the other tribes that had
been forced out, the Cherokees were among the "Civilized
Tribes" who clearly provided proof that the "savages" could coex-
ist with white, Euro-American culture. The Cherokees, at the time
of their removal, were not nomadic. savages. In fact, they had
assimilated many European-style customs, including the wearing
of gowns by Cherokee women. They built roads, schools, and
churches, had a system of representational government, and were
becoming farmers and cattle ranchers. A written Cherokee lan-
guage had also been perfected by a warrior named Sequoya. The
Cherokees even attempted to fight removal legally by challenging
the removal laws in the Supreme Court and by establishing an
independent Cherokee Nation.
122
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Ciant Sequoia in National Vorests
By the President of the United States of America
A PROCLAMATION
For centuries, groves of the Giant Sequoia have stimulated the interest and
wonder of those who behold them. The Giant Sequoia is a tree that inspires
emotion like no other and has mystically entered the hearts of humanity
overywhere. This nation's Giant Sequoia groves are a legacy that deserves
special attention and protection for future generations. We are the stewards
of our National Forests which are home to the Giant Sequoia, a precious part of
our heritage. It is our hope that this natural gift will provide solace,
esthetic value and inspiration for our children and grandchildren.
Ancestors of Giant Sequoia trees have existed on earth for more than 20
million years. Naturally occurring old-growth Giant Sequoia groves located on
the Sequoia, Sierra and Tahoe National Forests in California are unique
national treasures that are being managed for biodiversity, perpetuation of the
species, public inspiration, spiritual, esthetic, recreational, ecological, and
scientific values.
So as to promote greater appreciation and awareness of our Giant Sequoia
groves, such groves on the Sequoia, Sierra and Tahoe National Forests should be
perpetually managed by the Secretary of Agriculture as unique objects of beauty
and antiquity for the benefit and inspiration of all people.
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NOW, THEREFORE, I, GEORGE BUSH, President of the United States of America,
do hereby proolaim that naturally occurring old-growth Giant Sequoia groves
within the Sequoia, Sierra and Tahoe National Forests in the State of
California shall be managed and protected by the Secretary of Agriculture,
acting through the Forest Service, to assure the perpetuation of the groves for
the benefit and enjoyment of present and future generations. The Secretary of
Agriculture is directed to delineate the location of such Giant Sequoia groves
and subsequently to provide to the Secretary of the Interior, a description of
the boundaries of the groves. The Secretary of the Interior is hereby directed
to immediately segregate the described lands from all forms of location and
entry under the general mining laws, and from any disposition under the mineral
and geothermal leasing laws, and laws pertaining LO the disposal of mineral
material, subject to valid existing rights as of the date of segregation. The
Secretary of the Interior shall proceed to withdraw the areas.
The delineated Giant Sequoia groves shall not be managed for timber
production, and shall not be included in the land base used to establish the
allowable sale quantities for the affected National Forests. These naturally
occurring old-growth Giant Sequoia groves shall be protected as natural areas
with minimum development. Consistent with the best scientific information
available, the Secretary of Agriculture shall assure that any proposed
development shall provide for esthetic, recreational, ecological, and
scientific values. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the Converse Basin Grove
shall be managed as set forth in the Sequoia National Forest Mediated
Settlement Agreement.
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IN WITNESS THEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand this
day of
, in
the yoar of our Lord nineteen hundred and ninety-two, and of the Independence
of the United States of America the two hundred and seventeenth.
GEORGE BUSH
President
Giant Sequoias
A Sense of Place
Treasures of the Nation
The ancestors of the giant sequoia once stretched
across North America. Today, giant sequoias only
grow naturally in 75 isolated groves within a narrow
band 15 miles wide and 260 miles long, on the
western slope of the Sierra Nevada of California.
In the northern two-thirds of this range, from the
American River in Placer County south to the Kings
River, there are only eight widely separated groves.
The remaining groves are found south of the Kings
River, closely spaced in a belt
about 60 miles long. Grove
elevations generally range
from between 4,500
feet and 6,600 feet in
Nevada
City
the north, and
between 5,500
Placerville
feet and 7,000
feet in the
south.
Sonora
Fresno
The native range of
Porterville
giant sequoias
Detail
Sacramento
*
Area
San Francisco
United States
PREPARED BY
Pacific
DEPARTMENT © DECELTING
Los Angeles
Department of
Forest
Southwest
Agriculture
Service
Region
Grove Ownership
Giant sequoia groves are found in both public and
Persons of any race, color, national origin, sex, age,
private ownership. While the majority of giant
religion, or with any bandicapping condition are
sequoia groves are found in National Forests or
welcome to use and enjoy all facilities, programs,
National Parks, approximately 10% of total grove
and services of the USDA. Discrimination in any
acreage is privately owned.
form is strictly against policy, and should be
reported to the Secretary of Agriculture,
Ownership/Management
Acres
Washington, DC 20250.
National Forests
Sequoia
13,200
Sierra
560
Taboe
1
National Forest total
13,761
National Parks
11,250
Private Land
3,390
State and Tulare County,
Bureau of Land Management,
Tule River Indian Reservation,
University of California
5,112
Total Acres of Giant Sequoia Groves
33,513
National Parks
National Forests
34%
41%
FOREST SERVICE
UAS
ARTMENT
OF
Private
Land
Other
USDA Forest Service
10%
Agencies
Sequoia National Forest
15%
900 West Grand Avenue
Porterville, CA 93257-2035
(209) 784-1500
Giants of the Earth
Changes in Grove Ecology
Tough and resilient, sequoias endure hardships that
Fire: Friend or Foe
can kill other trees. Their thick, spongy bark, one-to-
For thousands of years, lightning fires burned through
two feet thick, protects them from insects and fires.
the Sierra Nevada's forests every few years. Destructive
Many trees show scars of their long lives, with bark
forest fires during the latter part of the nineteenth
peppered with charred areas and pocked by 10- to 20-
century, however, led to the belief that all forest fires
foot vertical scars at their bases. Trees struck and
should be suppressed. Once the Forest Service began
hollowed by lightning, but still alive, are common in
managing lands in the Sierra Nevada, about 1905, most
many groves.
fires in the Sierra's National Forests were fought
aggressively and suppressed.
Throughout history, people have been fascinated by
the big trees. Paiute and Shoshone Indians drank
Historically, fire had played an important role in giant
sequoia sap to tap the trees' majestic power. Sequoias
sequoia grove ecology. Fires eliminated competing
were named in honor of Cherokee Indian Chief Se-
trees and burned off undergrowth, creating proper
quoia, who invented a Native American alphabet.
conditions for giant sequoia growth. Giant sequoia
seeds need bare mineral soil for germination, and
Sequoias are among the largest living beings on earth.
seedlings must have large forest openings for sunlight.
While average mature sequoias are about 250 feet tall,
and 15 feet in diameter, the tallest trees exceed 300
In the 1950's and 1960's, both the Forest Service and
feet in height, and some specimens reach a diameter of
the National Park Service noticed the effects that fire
40 feet at the base.
suppression policies were having on the groves. Many
more shade-tolerant white fir and incense-cedar were
For all their huge size, the trees have humble
growing in association with giant sequoias than would
beginnings. The egg shaped cones, which take two
have been expected before wildfire suppression.
years to mature, are rarely more than three inches long,
Natural giant sequoia reproduction was not occurring
and they nurture incredibly tiny seeds-3,000 weigh
in most groves, because thick vegetation and duff had
no more than an ounce.
developed on the forest floor.
Although native to California, giant sequoias have been
planted worldwide because of their landscape appeal,
their extremely rapid growth, and their unique wood
properties.
Cover photo of Dillonwood Grove by Ernie Braun
Birth and early stages of seed growth
Looking Toward the Future
Fire's natural role
The Sequoiadendron giganteum is not endangered; it
The natural role of fire is to create optimum conditions
is a reproducing and evolving species. The USDA
for the survival of young sequoia trees. Fire burns away
Forest Service is responsible for the conservation of 41
underbrush, exposes bare soil, and clears the forest
giant sequoia groves located on the Sequoia, Sierra and
floor of shade-producing plants.
Tahoe National Forests.
The Forest Service goal is to preserve, protect, and
restore the groves for the benefit and enjoyment of
present and future generations. Currently some groves
are in Wilderness, Botanical, Historical and Research
Giant sequoia seeds
Natural Areas. Management for the giant sequoia
The seed of the giant sequoia is amazingly small and
emphasizes grove protection, enhancement of aes-
lightweight. It rarely sprouts in dense vegetation or
thetic values, and natural ecosystem functions.
duff. Giant sequoia seeds depend on major vegetation
disturbances, such as fire or logging, to survive.
The Forest Service is currently
Mapping all giant sequoia grove boundaries with
Global Positioning Satellite technology.
Bare mineral soil
Co-Sponsoring a giant sequoia symposium to identify
Bare soil seed beds are an important element for the
research needs.
giant sequoia seed's germination. Thick duff prevents
the seed from reaching mineral soil and does not allow
Assisting in the acquisition of the privately owned
it sufficient moisture to sprout and survive.
Dillonwood Grove, a 1,540 acre forest within the
boundaries of the Sequoia National Forest.
Advocating a corporate partnership effort to solicit
funds to preserve, protect and restore this American
landscape.
Seedling survival-critical stage
Seedlings grow best under an open canopy with full
sunlight. Shading of seedlings can result in weakened
Treasures of a Nation
trees and eventual death.
"Teddy Roosevelt put it best when he called our lands
and wildlife, 'the property of unborn generations.' And
then he said this about America's sequoias and red-
woods: "They should be kept just as we keep a great
and beautiful cathedral.'
"Today, ours is the chance to keep that cathedral great
and beautiful. to ensure the splendor of America."
-President George Bush
March 22, 1990