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Agenda for American Renewal--Detroit Economic Club 9/10/92 [OA 7580] [4]
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26
22
7
7
THE WASHINGTON POST
George F. Will
And the Changing Electorate
Trollope's political novels-have been called
strong government are decreasingly plausible.
ideal reading for a lazy Labor Day weekend
Furthermore, long recessions and slow
because if a breeze blows over a few pages
growth increase individual anxiety and de-
while you nap, never mind, plunge back in.
crease social solidarity, thereby weakening
The narrative moves at such a measured pace
society's support for collective actions.
that nothing much will have been missed. This
On the other hand, aspects of both econom-
presidential campaign may now be like that.
ic vigor and its absence can help Democrats.
lies
Its themes are clear.
The boom of the 1980s was unsettling to
ou-
A Democrat more liberal than he wants to
many people. While the U.S. economy added
it.
seem, and a Republican less conservative than
19 million net new jobs, Fortune 500 corpora-
so
he wants to seem, are leading parties whose
tions shrank by 4 million jobs and from 58
differences have narrowed and whose ranges
percent of industrial output to 42 percent.
age
of politically possible policies are narrow.
Rapid change generates stress, and thus gen-
ude
Liberalism developed when liberty was
erates supporters for a liberal party that
lost
threatened by the forces of order-state or
equates any social distress with "victimization"
ave
church. Today people feel more threatened by
and a failure of government to enforce "fair-
disorder. Modern American liberalism devel-
ness."
oped to redress a perceived imbalance be-
The Bush recession was especially>unset-
not
tween anemic government and the surging
tling, for three reasons. First, it came after
power of entities and forces in industrial
that
the long-92-month-Reagan expansion,
on
which had convinced people that business
um-
why
The
Aspects of both
flied
economic vigor and its
be
ew.
absence can help
ews
SS.
Democrats."
gin-
me-
cycles are products of government mistakes
egin
BUST
that government should know how to avoid.
Second, Bush's recession came at the end of a
lish,
low-saving decade, when people felt particu-
Is-
larly vulnerable. Third, it came when the
eath
white-collar component of the work force was
larger than ever. The recession involved much
eigh
pruning of middle-management jobs, so articu-
ead-
late and assertive components of the elector-
that
ate (including journalists) were anxious.
cam-
80
The weakening of social solidarity, the ero-
rger
sion of confidence in government and the
of a
84
increase in anxiety have made the issue of
taxation paramount. During the Second World
too
War an Irving Berlin lyric was:
88
not
You see those bombers in the sky?
the
Rockefeller helped to build them.
So did I.
In war, Americans were shoulder-to-shoul-
BY MARLETTE FOR NEW YORK NEWSDAY
der. Today they are throwing elbows, espe-
cially about taxation.
society. Now that (since last October) govern-
The issue of taxation arose among English-
ment jobs outnumber manufacturing jobs in
speaking (sort of) people 1,000 years ago
America, an insufficiency of government is not
under King Ethelred the Unready, in connec-
seen as the problem.
tion with the Danegeld, an annual tax for the
The Democratic Party's change of mind-
defense of the realm-actually, to pay tribute
its movement toward the center-reflects
to the marauding Danes. Today George the
recognition that it cannot win the presidency
Implausible is promising a tax cut that Con-
by changing the composition of the electorate.
gress will not deliver, to be balanced by
light-
That is, it cannot win by mobilizing nonvoters
spending cuts his own party will not counte-
icials
among the poor and minorities. Political scien-
nance. Clinton promises to build a New Jerusa-
tion.
tist Ruy Teixeira of the Brookings Institution
lem by squeezing millionaires until they
Slow
calculates that if turnouts by blacks, Hispanics
squeak.
riter
and poor whites had each been 20 percent
But considering that a hefty $4 trillion will
offi-
higher in every state Bush won in 1988,
be spent on private consumption this year, it is
don't
Dukakis still would have lost by 102 electoral
odd for conservatives to argue that any tax
votes.
increase Congress is apt to impose on individ-
the
Over the last 30 years America's political
uals will radically reshape the economy. It is
hitted
center has shifted, to the disadvantage of
equally implausible for liberals to say that
agen-
Democrats. Watergate and Vietnam caused an
Clinton's policy (management efficiencies,
World
erosion of confidence in government. The
government spending to increase growth and
les, It
internationalization of economic life has weak-
never a discouraging word for the middle class
the
ened the power of governments. The mobility
that has most of America's money) will alter
ation-
of money and büsinesses inhibits governments
the deficit that paralyzes and disgraces gov-
and a
because wealth can flee currencies threatened
ernment.
hough
by inflation or jurisdictions where growth is
So if you nap for now, you will have no
St be
slow or government is meddlesome.
trouble picking up the thread of this year's
ation.
So parties whose promises depend on
by-now familiar political narrative.
U.N.
Licism
1637 svill
ed by
or the
tions.
d the
y
ade a
upon
peace-
$ vote for any
bright GOP presidential prospect,
What is most notable about Wilson,
erious
on was able to
but it now seems doubtful he can
other than his persistence. is that he
of
survive
MONDAY, SEPTEMBER 7. 1992 A27
Rowland Evans and Robert Novak
The Gang of Five's Test
Cloistered with one another for
Clinton's will be unacceptable. That
two weeks, the new crew brought
means talking more about Clinton's
into the White House from the State
economic blueprint for the future and
Department by James A. Baker III is
much, much less about how many
about to emerge from seclusion and
times he raised taxes as governor of
reveal its plan for extending George
Arkansas. It also means a veto, not a
Bush's presidency.
signature, for the Democratic-craft-
"Guarded" is the best description
ed tax bill to be passed by Congress
for the style of Baker and his four
this month.
associates-inevitably labeled the
Aides at both the White House and
Gang of Five by colleagues. They
the Bush-Quayle campaign were
have told anxious Republican politi-
cheered Aug. 24 by the arrival of
cians to be patient for a few more
Baker and his associates-Robert
days, that a new face for the failing
Zoellick, Margaret Tutwiler, Dennis
Bush campaign will be revealed after
Ross and Janet Mullins. It was pro-
Labor Day. Specifically, they were
claimed as a new beginning after
urged to watch carefully for the pres-
seven months of drift and indecision
ident's speech Thursday to the De-
under Chief of Staff Sam Skinner.
troit Economic Club.
But joy quickly faded. The Gang of
This is not only a test for the Gang
Five spent its time talking to itself.
of Five but may be the last chance
The only non-member admitted to its
for President Bush to show he can
deliberations was Budget Director
Richard Darman, the longtime Baker
lieutenant who surely is not a favor-
The joy caused by
ite at campaign headquarters. As this
select group huddled nearly non-stop
Baker's arrival
from 7 a.m. to past 10 p.m., aides got
through to Zoellick or Ross for a
quickly faded.
stray 30 seconds on the phone and to
Baker not at all.
take advantage of inherent economic
The change in atmospherics was
policy differences separating him
heartening. The fine hand of Jimmy
from Gov. Bill Clinton. He has failed
Baker was seen in the president
earlier tests this year: his State of
doing things he does not at all enjoy:
the Union address and his Houston
turning up in Florida for Hurricane
convention speech. He-and Bak-
Andrew instead of Kennebunkport
er-also flunked last week when the
for speed golf and addressing the
president permitted career lawyers
nation for five minutes to appeal for
at the Justice Department to over-
aid to the storm's victims.
rule him on indexing the capital gains
But what Bush needs now is not
tax.
kindlier atmospherics but meatier
With two months left before the
policy. The first performance of the
election, the truth is clear to all but
new team was anything but reassur-
the most addled Bush enthusiasts
ing. Both Baker and Zoellick wanted
who insist the president is so beloved
the president to order the Treasury
he will win a second term. The drea-
to index capital gains taxes for infla-
ry last two years of domestic policy
tion no matter what Congress said.
and especially the useless last seven
But the White House announced
months, if continued, guarantee a
Thursday evening it would abide by
Democratic victory.
the debatable judgment of Justice
The performance of the president
Department lawyers that this could
and his campaign has been so
not be done.
wretched that clear-headed support-
This display of presidential weak-
ers wonder why Clinton's margin is
ness can only be excused on grounds
not 2-to-1 instead of just 12 to 15
that Baker was trying to clear the
points. Their answer is that the last
decks for the post-Labor Day push.
two decades have built up an irreduc-
There is at least a sense derived by
ible base of public support for low-
the few who have talked at length to
tax, small-government policies, even
the Gang of Five that they know
if they are inconstantly pursued.
everything the campaign has done so
To exploit this advantage, Bush
far has been a total waste and that
has been told what he must do:
the world begins anew this week-
Convince voters his second term will
maybe in Detroit Thursday:
be better than his first and that
© 1992. Creators Syndicate Inc. THE
OFFICE OF THE VICE PRESIDENT
THE
h
14
WASHINGTON, DC
Pass: :
Total contribution to
canvidates 1979-80:
$ 60. 7 million
Total 1987-88-
$159.7 million
Total to Congressional
candidates, 1979-80;
$37.4 million
Total 1987-88:5107. 7 mil,
source; Fedual Election
(Itatistical Atstraction Camm,
SENT BY:Xerox Telecopier 7021 ; 9- 6-92 ; 1:06PM ;
201->
94562464;# 2
AC OF FEDERAL PACs: 1992
ALMANAC OF FEDERAL PACs: 1992
Page 561
Table A:
Total PAC receipts, expenditures and contributions
th: 1974-1990
A-1
All PACs
Non-
Coop.
Corp.
Total
connected
exactve we stock
A-2
Corporate PACs
A-3
Labor PACs
608
A-4
Trade/Membership/Heaith PACs
1,146
A-5
Non-connected PACs
162
12
24 1,653
A-6
Cooperative PACs
384
42
56 2,551
A.7
Corporation without stock PACs
723
47
103
3,371
1,053
52
130 4,009
Number
Receipts
Expenditures
Contriburions
1,077
56
151
4,157
1,115
59
138
4,268
Table A-1: All PACs
1,062
59
136
4,172
1977-78
1,653
80,500,000
77,800,000
35,100,000
1979.80
2,551
137,728,528
131,153,384
55,217,291
1981-82
3,371
199,452,356
190,173,539
83,620,190
1983-84
4,009
288,690,535
266,822,476
106,826,887
1985-86
4,157
353,429,266
339,954,146
139,770,157
1987-88
4,268
384,617,093
364,201,275
159,243,241
1989.90
4,172
372,357,602
358,088,777
159,312,728
Table A-2: Corporate PACs
1977-78
785
17,700,000
15,300,000
9,800,000
1979-80
1,206
33,879,272
31,417,630
19,182,122
1981-82
1,469
47,117,168
43,273,223
27,528,000
-92 figures
1983-84
1,682
66,331,047
59,194,066
39,008,465
1985-86
1,744
81,960,209
79,277,456
49,551,157
1987-88
1,816
96,917,153
89,852,158
56,155,259
1989-90
1,795
106,310,888
100,842,124
58,184,210
Table A-3: Labor PACs
93
1977-78
217
19,800,000
18,900,000
10,300,000
to
1979-80
297
25,677,031
25,099,848
13,211,725
1981-82
380
37,473,996
34,813,107
20,288,604
1983-84
394
51,116,628
47,544,022
26,164,349
Maydl. unto.
1985-86
384
65,310,945
57,881,815
31,012,420
1987-88
354
78,509,139
74,071,575
35,495.780
1989.90
346
88,975,012
84.642.941
34,779,569
get on 191-92
Tub.
figures.
91 TOTAL 52.4 MILLION
Banbara Blackburn
2135
NRCC -
Mattemeyer? 546-0317
Dan McKivergan RNC
csot-6Lh
863-8666
SENT BY:Xerox Telecopier 7021 9- 6-92 1:07PM
201-
94582464 3
Page 569
ALMANAC OF FEDERAL PACS: 1992
ANAC OF FEDERAL PACs: 1992
Senate
House
Table C:
Overall PAC contributions
723,579
104,110.240
to Democratic and Republican candidates
1,928,118
32,404,982
7,686,772
27,197,181
C.1 All PACs
1,791,701
29,070,667
Co2 Corporate PACs
8,341,491
11,532,249
C-5 Labor PACs
691,507
1,980,743
C-4 Trade/Membership/Health PACs
1,283,990
1,924,418
C-5 Non-connected PACs
C-6 Cooperative PACs
8,775,383
110,419.564
C-7 Corporation without stock PACA
21,950,26N
36,190,880
6,756,238
27,990,262
Number
Democrate
Republicans
11,702,295
32,666,343
6,177,427
9,071,644
Table C: Overall PAC contributions to Democrats and Republicans
677,390
2,285,070
1,211,965
2,215,365
Table C-1: All PACs
1,653
19,700,000
15,300,000
1977.78
1979-80
2,551
28,895,741
26,221,794
1981-82
3,371
45,414,812
38,183,268
61,327,984
45,475,403
1983-84
4,009
4,157
78,905,307
60,908,368
1985.86
4,268
98,426,757
60,803,335
1987-88
4,172
98,388,456
60,839,880
1989.90
Table C-2: Corporate PACs
1977-78
785
3,600,000
6,100,000
1,206
6,873,811
12,292,711
1979-80
1,469
9,408,109
18,118,991
1981.H2
13,981,313
22,233,025
1983-84
1,682
1985.86
1,744
19,293,883
30,268,086
1,816
26,444,826
29,709,757
1987-88
30,603.795
1989.90
1,795
27,579,380
Table C-31 Labor PACs
9,700,000
600,000
1977-78
217
1979.80
297
12,360,099
838,226
19,193,680
1,094,374
1981-82
380
394
23,797,941
1,315,028
1983-84
1985.86
384
28,706,168
2,330.417
1987-88
354
32,749,837
2,741,243
316
32,331,500
2,385.362
1989-90
SENT BY:Xerox Telecopier 7021 g- 6-92 1:07PM ;
201-
94582484:# 4
ALMANAC OF FEDERAL PACH 1992
Page 565
Table B:
Overall PAC contributions
to Senate and House candidates
B.1 All PACs.
B-2 Corporate PACs
B.3 Labor PACs
B-4 Trade/Membership/Health PACs
B-5 Non-connected PACs
B.6 Cooperative PACs
B-7 Corporation without stock PACs
Number
Senate
House
Table E-11 All PACs
1977-78
1,653
10,100,000
24,900,000
1979-80
2,551
17,334,656
37,882,726
1981-82
3,371
22,559,498
61,060,692
1983-84
4,009
29,668,014
75,662,076
1985.86
4,157
30,149,386
89,620,771
1987-88
4,268
51,723,579
104,110,240
1989.90
4,172
48,775,583
110,419,564
Table B-2: Corporate PACs
1977.78
785
3,600,000
6,100,000
1979-80
1,206
6,929,972
12,252,150
1981-82
1,469
8,604,780
18,923,220
1983-84
1,682
14,260,807
24,004,408
1985-86
1,744
21,721,324
27,829,833
1987-88
1,816
21,928,118
32,404,982
1989-90
1,795
21,950,268
36,190,880
Table B-3: Labor PACs
1977.78
217
2,800,000
7,400,000
1979-80
207
3,820,919
9,390,806
1981-82
380
4,899,277
15,389,327
1983-84
394
5,580,536
20,290,131
1985-86
384
7,908,118
23,104,302
1987-88
354
7,686,772
27,197,181
1989.90
346
0,756,238
27,990,262
28 weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents
822
May 9 / Administration of George Bush, 1992
Administration of George Bush, 1992 / May 11
823
by turning public housing tenants into home-
Message to the Senate Returning
owners.
Without Approval the Congressional
or public subsidies, or fails to eliminate spe-
80 percent of the spending limit, the partici-
cial interest PACs.
pating candidate may spend without limit
At every turn during my time in Los Ange-
Campaign Spending Limit and
les, I heard people talking about the prin-
Election Reform Act of 1992
Further, as I have previously stated, I am
and receive unlimited Federal matching
ciples that guide these initiatives: personal
opposed to different rules for the House and
funds. The subsidies provided for in S. 3
May 9, 1992
Senate on matters of ethics and election re-
could amount to well over 100 million dollars
responsibility, opportunity, ownership, inde-
pendence, dignity.
form. In several key respects, S. 3 contains
every election cycle, yet the Act is silent on
To the Senate of the United States:
I can already hear some of the critics out
I am returning herewith without my ap-
separate rules for House and Senate can-
how these generous Government subsidies
there. They'll say, "Well, you've proposed all
proval S. 3, the "Congressional Campaign
didates, with no apparent justification other
would be financed. It seems inevitable that
this before." That's true. They're right. But
Spending Limit and Election Reform Act of
than political expediency.
they would be paid for by the American tax-
now it's time to act on these proposals, time
1992." The current campaign finance system
S. 3 no longer contains the provision that
payer. I understand why Members of Con-
to try something new. My first order of busi-
the Senate passed last year abolishing all
gress would be reluctant to ask taxpayers di-
is seriously flawed. For 3 years I have called
PACs. Although that provision was overbroad
rectly to subsidize their reelection cam-
ness now that I am back in Washington is
on the Congress to overhaul our campaign
to build a bipartisan effort in support of im-
finance system in order to reduce the influ-
in banning issue-oriented PACs unconnected
paigns, but given the significant costs of S.
mediate action on this agenda.
ence of special interests, to restore the influ-
to special interests, S. 3 would not eliminate
3, its failure to address the funding question
So far I have spoken about what Govern-
any PACs. Instead, the Act provides only a
is irresponsible.
ence of individuals and political parties, and
reduced limit on individual PAC con-
Our Nation needs campaign finance laws
ment can do. Now let me talk about what
to reduce the unfair advantages of incum-
tributions to Senate candidates and no
that place the interests of individual citizens
society must do because Government alone
bency. S. 3 would not accomplish any of
cannot create the scale and energy needed
change in the status quo in the House. More-
and political parties above special interests,
these objectives. In addition to perpetuating
to transform the lives of people in need. All
over, the limit on aggregate PAC con-
and that provide a level playing field between
the corrupting influence of special interests
tributions to House candidates to one-third
challengers and incumbents. What we do not
over America, people have already found the
and the imbalance between challengers and
answers for themselves, and they're taking
incumbents, S. 3 would limit political speech
of the spending limit, $200,000, is not likely
need is a taxpayer-financed incumbent pro-
action to make things better. You can find
protected by the First Amendment and inevi-
to diminish the heavy reliance of Members
tection plan. For these reasons, I am vetoing
them everywhere, even in south central L.A.
tably lead to a raid on the Treasury to pay
on PAC contributions. The average amount
S.3.
I met a man there named Lou Dantzler, a
for the Act's elaborate scheme of public sub-
a Member of Congress raised from PACs in
George Bush
bear of a man who runs the Challengers Boys
sidies.
the last election cycle was $209,000.
The White House,
and Girls Club. He started it out in the back
In 1989, I proposed comprehensive cam-
The spending limits for both House and
paign finance reform legislation to reduce
Senate candidates will most likely hurt chal-
May 9, 1992.
of an old pickup truck with a group of kids
who wanted to get off the streets. And today,
the influence of special interests and the
lengers more than incumbents, especially be-
across from a burned-out block in south
cause S. 3 does little to reduce the advantages
powers of incumbency. My proposal would
central L.A., the Boys and Girls Club stands
abolish political action committees (PACs)
of incumbency. Inexplicably, there is no par-
unscarred. No, it wasn't a miracle that the
subsidized by corporations, unions, and trade
allel House provision to the sensible Senate
Remarks on Maternal and Infant
building was left standing. The real miracle
provision restricting the use of the frank in
Health Care
associations. It would protect statutorily the
is what goes on inside. It's a place kids can
political rights of American workers, imple-
an election year. In the last election cycle,
May 11, 1992
the amount incumbent House Members
go to get the concern and the love they need,
menting the Supreme Court's decision in
a place where people care.
Communications Workers V. Beck. It would
spent on franked mail was three times the
Thank you, Lou, thank you, Secretary Sul-
That's why guaranteeing a hopeful future
curtail leadership PACs. It would virtually
total amount spent by all House challengers.
livan, and welcome, everyone. Let me just
for the children of our cities is about a lot
prohibit the practice of bundling. It would
The system of public benefits, designed to
pay a special thanks to Senator Dale Bump-
more than rebuilding burned-out buildings.
require the full disclosure of all soft money
induce candidates to agree to abide by the
ers and to Congressman Tom Bliley, who
It's about building a new American commu-
spending limits, is unlikely in many cases to
have been spearheading many of our prenatal
expenditures by political parties and by cor-
overcome the inherent favors of incumbency.
and immunization initiatives on Capitol Hill.
nity.
porations and unions. It would restrict the
This I know: We have the strength and
taxpayer-financed franking privileges enjoyed
S. 3 contains several unconstitutional pro-
They are true leaders for this cause, and
spirit in our Government, in our commu-
by incumbents. It would prevent incumbents
visions, although none more serious than the
we're delighted to see you all here today.
nities, and in ourselves to transform America
aggregate spending limits. In Buckley v.
Also to Jim Mason, our Assistant Secretary
from amassing campaign war chests from ex-
into the Nation we have dreamed of for gen-
cess campaign funds from previous elections.
Valeo, the Supreme Court ruled that to be
for Health; Bill Roper from Atlanta, doing
erations.
These are all significant reforms, and I am
constitutional, spending limits must be vol-
a superb job as our Director at CDC. And
Thank you for listening. And may God
untary. There is nothing "voluntary" about
a warm welcome to representatives of the
encouraged that S. 3 includes a few of them,
bless the United States of America.
the spending limits in this Act. The penalties
Advertising Council and to all the very spe-
albeit with some differences. If the Congress
in S. 3 for candidates who choose not to abide
cial mothers and children who are with us
is serious about enacting campaign finance
Note: The President spoke at 9:03 a.m. from
reform, it should pass legislation along the
by the spending limits or to accept Treasury
today.
the Oval Office at the White House. His re-
lines I proposed in 1989, and I will sign it
funds are punitive-unlike the Presidential
Yesterday, on Mother's Day, millions of
marks were broadcast live on nationwide
immediately. However, I cannot accept legis-
campaign system-as well as costly to the tax-
Americans took time to appreciate the mir-
lation, like S. 3, that contains spending limits
payer. For example, if a nonparticipating
acle of motherhood. We thank the mothers
radio.
House candidate spends just one dollar over
who brought us into this world, who taught
ID:
SEP
04'92
11:39 No.005 P.06
Page 5
Health Care Reform for Small Businesses
O
Over the past two years, 83% of small businesses have seen
their health care costs increase. President Bush realizes
that small businesses have been at a competitive
disadvantage in the insurance marketplace and has pledged to
reform the current health care system.
The President's plan can reduce the cost of health coverage
for small business without costly government mandates or
higher taxes.
--
Health Insurance Networks: Until now, small businesses
have been at a competitive disadvantage in the
insurance marketplace. The President's Comprehensive
Health Reform Program encourages small businesses to
form Health Insurance Networks (HINs) These HINs will
allow small businesses to pool their purchasing power,
enabling them to purchase low cost, high quality health
insurance. The President's proposal also exempts
insurance sold through IIINs (as well as that sold
outside of HINs) from costly state-imposed mandates and
excessive state premium taxes.
--
100% Deduction: Self-employed persons would be
permitted to deduct 100% of their insurance costs (as a
regular business expense) from their taxable income.
Insurance Credit Certificates: Small business employees
and their families with low to moderate incomes and not
receiving employer provided health insurance would
receive insurance credit certificates or tax deductions
of up to $1,250 for individuals, $2,500 for 2-person
families, and $3,750 for larger families, making
insurance affordable.
The President's plan ensures that states will develop
packages of basic benefits, and will guarantee that similar
businesses buying similar insurance policies pay comparable
premiums, regardless of how sick their employees are. No
longer will small employers find that one sick employee or
one employee with a sick child will make insurance
unaffordable or unavailable.
The President strongly opposes play-or-pay and Canadian-
style health plans that would penalize small businesses and
bring with them the rationing of services, new intrusive
government bureaucracies.
-more-
ID:
SEP 04'92 11:39 No.005 P.07
Page 6
--
A survey conducted by the National Federation of
Independent Business showed that 93 percent of small-
business owners oppose government mandating that
employers purchase health insurance for their
employees. In fact, if these employers were forced to
pay as much as $150 a month per employee for health
coverage, more than one-fourth would opt to close their
doors. Another one-fourth would remain open but lay
off some employees.
O
Bill Clinton's play-or-pay health plan would require $80
billion in new taxes.
--
In addition, the minimum of a 7 percent payroll tax
that a play-or-pay health plan requires could result in
a pay cut of $1,680 a year for the average 30-year old
male high school graduate, currently earning $24,000 a
year in wages, and a pay cut of $1,260 a year for the
average 30 year old male high school dropout, currently
earning $18,000 a year in wages.
RE: CRIME SECTION
703-425-3460 (h)
From Paul McNulty, Asst. Sec. for Policy & Communications
Many Kate Grant, Special Asst. to the AG
22% decrease is wrong
22.7% crime rate increase from 1981-91 (UCR)
from press release (DOJ) accompanying new
UCR#S
Shouldn use NCVS #S reported: door-to-door survey
whereas UCR is crimes reported, and what law
en forcement officials say we should use.
in 1960s and 70s
crime rate was
150% (avg.)
in 1980s- to day
crimerate is
30% (avg.)
we have slowed the rate of growth of crime
RE: INFRASTRUCTURE SECTION
From Kate Moore; Asst. Secretary of DOT (re budget) 366-9191
according to 5/92 CBO report (which studies the President's
budget), 6% is correct. It is actually 6. 37%
PAGE
5
18TH STORY of Level 1 printed in FULL format.
Copyright 1992 U.S. Newswire, Inc.
U.S. Newswire
August 28, 1992
SECTION: NATIONAL DESK
LENGTH: 1560 words
HEADLINE: Barr Statement on FBI's 1991 Uniform Crime Report
CONTACT: Frank Shults of the U.S. Department of Justice, 202-514-2007
DATELINE: WASHINGTON, Aug. 30
KEYWORD: bc-fbi-crime-report
BODY:
Attorney General William P. Barr today released the following statement
regarding the Federal Bureau of Investigation's (FBI) announcement of the 1991
violent crime statistics. The FBI indicated that the rate of reported violent
crime increased by 3.6 percent between 1990 and 1991.
Attorney General Barr said:
While the rate of violent crime in 1991 was unacceptably high, the increases
in the crime rate over the last 10 years are significantly lower than in the
previous two decades. FBI reports tell us that the violent crime rate increased
by 126 percent between 1960 and 1970 and by 64 percent between 1970 and 1980,
but only by 22.7 percent between 1980 and 1990. The experience of the last 30
years makes clear that the imprisonment of chronic violent offenders has a
dramatic positive effect on the amount of violent crime. In the 1960s and early
1970s, incarceration rates fell and crime rates skyrocketed. By contrast, when
incarceration rates increased substantially in the 1980s, the rate of increase
of crime was substantially reduced.
Much of the recent increase is a result of the juvenilization of violent
crime, according to the FBI's statistics. This trend clearly shows that we must
enact wholesale reform of the juvenile justice system 50 that for the vast
majority of juvenile offenders, their first brush with the law is their last,
and that the small group of chronic, hardened, youthful offenders are
incapacitated for extended periods. The long-term solution to the problem of
juvenile crime falls largely outside of the law enforcement system. It requires
strengthening those basic institutions -- the family, schools, religious
institutions, and community groups - that are responsible for instilling values
and creating law-abiding citizens.
There are two facts that hold true in the world of violent crime. First, a
disproportionate amount of violent crime is committed by a relatively small
group of chronic, violent offenders. This small segment of society commits a
staggering number of crimes --- well over 100 per year.
Second, prosecutors and police officers must be given the tools necessary to
identify and incarcerate this hard core group of repeat offenders. All too
often, law enforcement's hard work is undermined by a "revolving door justice"
LEXIS:NEXIS®
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PAGE
6
U.S. Newswire, August 28, 1992
system that puts career criminals back on the street before they have served
their entire sentence.
The Bush administration has a four-point agenda for fighting violent crime.
The four points are: 1) expanding resources to give law enforcement the tools it
needs to fight the war against violent crime and drugs (federal law enforcement
resources have increased by 60 percent over the last three years); 2) reform of
the federal and state criminal justice systems; 3) high impact operations that
target the most dangerous criminals through cooperative efforts with state and
local law enforcement; and 4) integration of law enforcement with efforts to
socially and economically revitalize the communities hardest hit by crime (Weed
and Seed).
With regard to the second prong of reform, in the 1980s, federal law
enforcement officers began to get the tools they needed to fight violent crime.
Pretrial detention of dangerous defendants, adoption of sentencing guidelines,
and construction of sufficient prison space helped keep violent offenders off
the streets.
The Department of Justice recently released "Combating Violent Crime: 24
Recommendations to Strengthen Criminal Justice." It is a blueprint for fighting
crime at the state and local level. Developed in conjunction with state and
local law enforcement, prosecutors and victims groups, the report highlights
both the success of tough law enforcement and the continuing need for reform of
the criminal justice system. Taken together, these 24 recommendations will be
effective tools in our effort to further reduce violent crime.
Citizens must take an active role in the push for criminal justice reform.
To assist them, the report includes a "Citizen's Checklist" of questions that
should be posed to state and local leaders regarding local governments' criminal
justice system. The checklist will allow citizens to rate their state's
criminal justice system as well as their elected representatives' efforts to
ensure that police officers and prosecutors have the tools they need to fight
violent crime.
Overall, 95 percent of violent crime is handled at the state and local
level. It is there where we must focus our attention. Only through the
combined support of state and local elected officials and community leaders can
we implement the important recommendations put forth in the violent crime
report.
The 24 recommendations contained in the report are divided into six groups:
establishing pretrial detention for dangerous defendants; providing effective
deterrence and punishment of adult offenders; providing effective deterrence and
punishment of juvenile offenders; providing efficient trial, appeal, and
collateral attack procedures; providing for effective prevention and detection
of crime; and providing adequate protection for victim's rights.
The report includes specific recommendations to:
*
Protect the community by providing statutory and, if necessary, state
constitutional authority for pretrial detention of dangerous defendants;
* Adopt truth in sentencing by restricting parole practices and increasing
time actually served by violent offenders;
LEXIS:NEXIS®
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PAGE 7
U.S. Newswire, August 28, 1992
* Adopt mandatary minimum penalties for gun offenders, armed career
criminals, and habitual violent offenders; and
*
Provide sufficient prison and detention capacity to support the criminal
justice system.
Single copies of the report, "Combating Violent Crime: 24 Recommendations to
Strengthen Criminal Justice," (NCJ-137713) may be obtained from the Bureau of
Justice Statistics Clearinghouse, Box 6000, Rockville, Md. 20850. The
toll-free telephone number is 800-732-3277.
TM
TM
TM
LEXIS:NEXIS®
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Services of Mead Data Central, Inc.
Recyclable
4.769 4.8
15,8 in 1993
From National Crime Victinication
Rape 32 5% Survey
Robb J 23,7
Assault 18,3
Theft V 25%
Just But
UCR
FBI Uniform Cume Report
out 7
murder 3
Rape a 17.4
Rob 9 5.4
ass 7 49.6
Theft 9 2,8
Best not to use either these at
all,
Bobucttolli UCR
office
per 100,000 inhabitants
Crimex nate
1981
324 }
#of offenses
3444
rate of increase
rape- - 36
per 100,000 inhabitants
rob - 258.7
rape- 18%
ass- 289.7
robbery 5.4%
theft larguy - 3,139.7
assault - 49.5%
ala
theft/larceny- 28%
1991 per 100K
# of offenses
rape- - 42.3
not - 272.7
ass - 433.3
theft lancery - 3,228.8
09-07-92 03:09PM FROM OST BUDGET/PROGRAMS TO 94566218
P001/008
U.S. Department of
400 Seventh St., S.W.
Transportation
Washington, D.C. 20590
Office or the secretary
of Transportation
OFFICE OF BUDGET
9/7
TELECOPIER COVER SHEET
Date
Time
Number of pages (including this page)
To:
Caroe aarhus
From: KATE Moore
FAX Phone: (
)
456-6218
Phone: (
) 366-9191
Subject:
Background:
more data re Federal
infrashure 5 Rending
Action:
Info Only
-
Responds to your request
Response requested by
Other
The number for this PITNEY BOWES 7000 is 366-9654. If you have any
problems, please call 366-4594. Thank you for your help.
Moving America
New Directions, New Opportunities
09-07-92 03:09PM
FROM OST BUDGET/PROGRAMS
TO 94566218
P002/008
CBO
PAPERS
TRENDS IN PUBLIC
INFRASTRUCTURE OUTLAYS
AND THE PRESIDENT'S
PROPOSALS FOR INFRASTRUCTURE
SPENDING IN 1993
May 1992
CONGRESSIONAL BUDGET OFFICE
SECOND AND D STREETS, S.W.
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20515
09-07-92 03:09PM FROM OST BUDGET/PROGRAMS TO 94566218
P003/008
ASSISTANT SECRETARY OF TRANSPORTATION
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20590
CBO -
P357
Toth Federal Spending
Cnominal #)
1989 34,493
1980 36727 +6,4%
1991
38,294 + 4,3%
19925 41,095 +7,3%
41,095 = +19,1%rs'89-
19,1÷3= " =3=
6,37 0 to
Kymorre
9/7/92
3 pm
( NOT NOT rate)
09-07-92 03:09PM
FROM OST BUDGET/PROGRAMS
TO 94566218
P004/008
TRENDS IN PUBLIC INFRASTRUCTURE OUTLAYS
18
Budget authority for highways in the CBO baseline is about $0.5 billion
more than the amount authorized by the Intermodal Surface Transportation
Efficiency Act of 1991 (ISTEA). Most of this added budget authority is for
highway demonstration projects that were included in the 1992 Department
of Transportation Appropriations Act but were not authorized by ISTEA.
The President's budget calls for an increase in highway outlays, from
$16.4 billion in 1992 to $17.6 billion in 1993. Highway outlays under the
President's budget would be $0.3 billion less than baseline spending levels,
and $0.6 billion less than if obligations equaled the level provided by ISTEA
in that year.
TABLE 4.
FEDERAL OUTLAYS FOR INFRASTRUCTURE, 1991-1993
(In millions of nominal dollars)
President's
Difference Between
Budget
CBO
President's Proposal
Type of
Actual
Estimated
Proposal
Baseline
and Baseline
Infrastructure
1991
1992
for 1993
1993
Amount Percentage
All Types
38,294
41,095
42,508
43,645
-1,136
-2.6
Highways
14,862
16,410
17,580
17,828
-248
-1.4
Transit
3,912
3,799
3,455
3,823
-368
-9.6
Rail
807
871
638
1,034
-396
-38.3
Aviation
8,184
8,907
9,807
9,692
115
1.2
Water
Transportation
and Resources
7,514
8,006
7,865
8,104
-239
-2.9
Water Supply
and Wastewater
Treatment
3,015
3,103
3,163
3,164
0
0
SOURCE:
Congressional Budget Office.
09-07-92 03:09PM FROM OST BUDGET/PROGRAMS TO 94566218
P005/008
TRENDS IN PUBLIC INFRASTRUCTURE OUTLAYS
28
SOURCES FOR FEDERAL SPENDING DATA
Most of the data for 1980 to the present have simply been assembled from
an Office of Management and Budget (OMB) data base that divides federal
spending into the categories described above. The OMB data sort spending
into the appropriate categories at the subaccount level. In a few instances,
these data conflict with those shown in various parts of the budget. In those
cases, the data from the budget were used.
The data for years before 1980 come primarily from unpublished
OMB historical data and from the budget for various years. OMB's
historical data show federal spending for individual budget accounts broken
down into grant and nongrant spending. By definition, grant outlays are
indirect spending; nongrant outlays can be either direct or indirect.
The historical data do not separate outlays into capital and noncapital
expenditures. The data on capital expenditures were taken from the budget,
in particular the "Historical Tables," the "Special Analyses," and the
"Appendix" for various years. Because of apparent inconsistencies in the
principal data sources, spending data for both the aviation and the rail
categories were taken from the federal budget's appendix and classified by
type of spending on an account-by-account basis.
CAVEATS ABOUT THE FEDERAL DATA
The federal spending data include all programs whose primary purpose is to
provide infrastructure services. During the 1970s and early 1980s, however,
a significant fraction of total federal infrastructure outlays were channeled
through programs that included public works investment as only one of many
purposes. These multipurpose programs included General Revenue Sharing,
Community Development Block Grants, the Economic Development
Administration, the Appalachian Regional Commission, the Model Cities
program, and others. Not much information exists on the extent to which
these programs supported infrastructure services of different types.
TABLE A-2.
TOTAL FEDERAL SPENDING FOR INFRASTRUCTURE 1956-1991 (In millions of nominal dollars)
1956
1957
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
03:06PM 09-07-20
All Categories
2,161
2,508
3,200
4,823
5,324
5,361
5,641
6,113
6,786
7,411
7,532
7,733
Capital
1,338
1,680
2,493
3,697
4,066
3,969
4,307
4,619
5,242
5,629
5,712
5,805
Other
823
828
707
1,125
1,258
1,391
1,335
1,494
1,544
1,782
1,821
1,928
Highways
776
995
1,528
2,630
2,973
2,645
2,848
3,093
3,710
4,096
4,044
4,069
Capital
729
950
1,511
2,601
2,927
2,610
2,789
3,026
3,641
4,016
3,998
4,000
JSO FROM
Other
47
45
17
29
46
35
59
66
69
81
46
70
Mass Transit
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
4
6
12
21
45
Capital
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
5
11
16
42
Other
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
2
1
1
5
3
Rail
8
11
14
13
10
11
26
12
15
29
26
41
Capital
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Other
8
11
14
13
10
11
26
12
15
29
26
41
Aviation
180
220
316
497
571
72A
818
851
882
941
961
1,042
Capital
27
45
%
164
170
218
221
185
169
153
119
127
Other
153
175
220
333
401
506
598
666
713
788
842
915
Water Transport
420
365
392
436
508
569
617
655
646
717
695
749
Capital
37
66
113
56
57
104
181
151
138
144
153
175
94566218 OL
Other
383
299
279
380
451
465
435
504
508
573
541
574
Water Resources"
777
916
931
1,211
1,222
1,368
1,290
1,447
1,460
1,546
1,704
1,685
Capital
545
616
754
840
872
993
1,074
1,203
1,223
1,235
1,344
1,360
Other
232
299
177
371
350
374
216
244
238
310
360
325
Water Supply
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
13
Capital
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
13
Other
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Sewage Treatment
0
3
19
36
40
44
42
52
66
70
82
89
P006/008
Capital
0
3
19
36
40
44
42
52
66
70
82
89
Other
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
(Continued)
33
TABLE A-2
CONTINUED
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
TQᵇ
1977
1978
03:06PM 06-20-60
All Categories
8,159
8,358
8,824
10,427
10,916
12,011
13,191
15,780
19,477
5,241
22,208
22,870
Capital
6,017
6,006
6,138
7,104
7,464
8,111
9,158
10,644
13,473
3,767
15,577
15,436
Other
2,142
2,353
2,686
3,324
3,453
3,900
4,033
5,135
6,003
1,474
6,631
7,434
Highways
4,298
4,286
4,542
4,869
4,915
5,004
4,806
5,058
6,712
1,807
6,395
6,393
Capital
4,153
4,140
4,332
4,62t
4,645
4,748
4,480
4,692
6,319
1,671
6,071
5,943
Other
145
146
210
248
270
257
326
366
393
136
325
449
Mass Transit
69
148
124
212
316
491
590
1,106
1,492
339
2,000
2,177
Capital
66
141
119
187
259
358
503
864
946
265
1,307
1,358
Other
3
7
5
25
57
133
87
242
546
74
693
819
Rail
28
29
30
119
152
187
243
929
1,460
211
1,895
1,938
FROM OST BUDGET/PROGRAMS
Capital
0
0
0
0
0
0
47
205
568
27
931
848
Other
28
29
30
119
152
187
196
724
891
184
964
1,090
Aviation
1,084
1,206
1,408
1,807
1,908
2,159
2,216
2,387
2,531
578
2,786
3,243
Capital
135
187
196
225
340
565
467
533
495
79
559
810
Other
949
1,019
1,212
1,582
1,568
1,595
1,749
1,854
2,036
499
2,227
2,433
Water Transport
841
857
895
1,027
1,094
1,211
1,316
1,430
1,542
415
1,741
1,787
Capital
214
190
167
199
218
276
332
338
303
73
330
363
TO 94566218
Other
627
667
729
828
876
934
984
1,092
1,238
342
1,411
1,424
Water Resources
1,644
1,591
1,514
1,768
1,948
2,221
2,200
2,608
2,742
804
3,213
3,431
Capital
1,253
1,106
1,013
1,247
1,419
1,427
1,510
1,751
1,843
565
2,201
2,212
Other
391
485
501
521
530
794
691
857
899
239
1,012
1,219
Water Supply
55
81
101
110
127
35
173
211
370
109
422
465
Capital
55
81
101
110
127
35
173
211
370
109
422
465
Other
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Sewage Treatment
141
162
210
515
456
703
1,647
2,051
2,628
978
3,757
3,437
Capital
141
P007/008
162
210
515
456
703
1,647
2,051
2,628
978
3,757
3,437
Other
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
(Continued
34
TABLE A-2
CONTINUED
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
All Categories
26,057
30,989
32,486
29,451
29,023
31,132
33,643
35,931
32,856
34,135
34,493
36,727
38,294
Capital
18,163
21,890
20,712
19,476
19,496
21,339
23,666
26,364
23,051
24,010
23,714
25,732
26,785
Other
03:06PM
7,895
9,099
11,774
9,975
9,528
9,794
9,977
9,566
9,805
10,125
10,779
10,995
11,509
Highways
7,583
9,639
9,514
8,284
9,208
10,811
13,110
14,420
12,969
14,237
13,731
14,584
14,862
Capital
7,089
9,087
8,927
7,803
8,784
10,384
12,683
13,967
12,434
13,704
13,224
13,993
14,267
Other
495
552
587
482
425
427
427
453
535
533
507
590
596
Mass Transit
2,542
3,307
3,914
3,930
3,759
3,811
3,427
3,399
3,353
3,315
3,593
3,830
3,912
Capital
1,700
2,038
2,593
2,588
2,782
3,113
2,420
2,729
2,551
2,395
2,667
3,142
3,218
Other
842
1,269
1,321
1,341
976
698
1,007
670
802
920
927
688
694
Rail
2,059
2,405
3,715
2,154
1,342
1,558
1,072
908
829
598
623
558
807
Capital
1,155
1,246
451
521
426
433
336
136
148
0
-6
-48
228
FROM OST BUDGET/PROGRAMS
Other
904
1,158
3,265
1,633
916
1,125
736
772
681
598
629
606
579
Aviation
3,355
3,723
3,814
3,526
4,000
4,415
4,895
5,287
5,520
5,897
6,622
7,234
8,184
Capital
802
907
807
698
831
1,048
1,291
1,665
1,841
1,976
2,256
2,572
3,094
Other
2,554
2,815
3,007
2,828
3,169
3,368
3,604
3,622
3,679
3,921
4,366
4,661
5,090
Water Transpon
1,969
2,229
2,38L
2,687
2,969
3,010
3,201
3,964
3,461
3,111
2,916
3,151
3,148
Capital
372
512
455
486
613
543
749
1,660
843
430
126
271
265
Other
1,597
1,717
1,926
2,201
2,356
2,468
2,452
2,305
2,617
2,681
2,790
2,880
2,882
94566218 OJ
Water Resources
3,853
4,223
4,132
3,948
3,904
4,070
4,122
4,041
3,783
4,034
4,271
4,401
4,366
Capital
2,350
2,634
2,463
2,457
2,218
2,363
2,371
2,296
2,292
2,561
2,710
2,833
2,697
Other
1,503
1,588
1,669
1,490
1,686
1,708
1,751
1,745
1,491
1,473
1,561
1,568
1,669
Water Supply
610
729
738
758
558
541
596
520
14
278
252
441
407
Capital
610
729
738
758
558
541
596
520
14
278
252
441
407
Other
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Sewage Treatment
4,085
4,736
4,279
4,164
3,283
2,914
3,220
3,392
2,928
2,664
2,485
2,528
2,608
Capital
4,085
4,736
4,279
4,164
3,283
2,914
3,220
3,392
2,928
2,664
2,485
2,528
2,608
Other
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
P008/008
SOURCE: Congressional Budget Office.
a.
Navigation outlays by the Army Corps of Engineers are included in water resources, not in water transport.
b.
Transition quarter.
35
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CBO
PAPERS
TRENDS IN PUBLIC
INFRASTRUCTURE OUTLAYS
AND THE PRESIDENTS
ROPOSALS FOR INFRASTRUCTURE
SPENDING IN 1993
May 1992
CONGRESSIONAL BI DGET OFFICE
09-07-92 12:52PM
FROM OST BUDGET/PROGRAMS
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P003/005
TRENDS IN PUBLIC INFRASTRUCTURE OUTLAYS
3
TABLE 1.
PUBLIC SPENDING FOR INFRASTRUCTURE, 1956-1989
(In millions of 1990 dollars)
Year
Total
Federal
State and Locala
1956
65,723
11,265
54,458
1957
68,608
12,231
56,378
1958
69,899
14,266
55,632
1959
77,226
21,092
56,134
1960
77,027
23,322
53,705
1961
81,523
23,514
58,009
1962
82,746
24,151
58,596
1963
86,933
25,386
61,547
1964
88,600
27,737
60,863
1965
91,833
29,725
62,108
1966
94,507
29,377
65,130
1967
95,952
29,172
66,779
1968
96,747
29,701
67,046
1969
97,973
28,870
69,102
1970
96,925
28,308
68,617
1971
100,972
30,931
70,041
1972
104,338
30,844
73,494
1973
104,360
32,979
71,382
1974
102,610
33,050
69,560
1975
105,712
33,859
71,852
1976
106,481
39,421
67,060
1977
107,418
42,348
65,070
1978
107,918
40,453
67,465
1979
113,614
41,531
72,083
1980
117,104
44,128
72.976
1981
117,928
42,647
75,281
1982
113,516
36,900
76,616
1983
115,373
35,228
80,145
1984
119,222
37,381
81,841
1985
124,656
38,436
86,220
1986
131,838
39,967
91,871
1987
136,902
36,037
100,866
1988
140,468
36,524
103,944
1989
142,493
35,499
106,994
SOURCE:
Congressional Budget Office.
a.
State and local outlays net of federal grants and loans.
09-07-92 12:52PM
FROM OST BUDGET/PROGRAMS
TO 94566218
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29. PHYSICAL CAPITAL PRESENTATION
Part Three-41
Table 29-5. DETAIL OF FEDERAL CAPITAL OUTLAYS BY DEFENSE AND NONDEFENSE
(in millions of dollars)
1001 actual
1992 estimate
1993 estimate
CAPITAL OUTLAYS:
NATIONAL DEFENSE:
Major public physical capital:
Construction and rehabilitation:
Military construction
2,972
3,688
5,064
Family housing
402
505
702
Atomic energy defense activities and other
1,282
1,231
1,284
Subtotal, construction and rehabilitation
4,856
5,402
7,050
Acquisition of major equipment:
Procurement
82,058
74,358
68,898
Atomic energy defense activities and other
617
741
617
Subtotal, acquisition of major equipment
82,676
75,097
69,514
Subtotal, major public physical capital
87,331
60,499
76,565
Other capital outlays:
Conduct of research and development
Defense military
35,330
37,525
39,529
Atomic energy and other
6.339
7,097
6,698
Subtotal, defense research and development
41,669
44,622
46,228
Other outlays
517
443
160
Subtotal, other capital outlays
42,186
45,065
46,388
Subtotal, national defense capital outlays
129,517
125,583
122,953
NONDEFENSE:
Major public physical capital:
Construction and rehabilitation:
Highways
14,214
15,752
16,894
Mass transportation
3,218
3,150
2,878
Rail transportation
48
141
201
e
Air transportation
1,598
1,629
1,854
B
Water transportation
135
138
122
d
Community development block grants
2,976
3,125
3,339
Other community and regional development
939
1,060
1,002
Pollution control and abatement
3,494
3,384
3,401
Water resources
2,640
2,567
2,322
Other natural resources and environment
1,008
1,241
1,359
Energy
2,304
2,658
3,562
Veterans hospitals and other health
916
1,195
1,292
Postal Service
1,277
1,777
780
Federal buildings fund
500
874
1,345
Other programs
1,397
1,866
2,309
Subtotal, construction and rehabilitation
d
38,684
40,555
42.659
d
Acquisition of major equipment:
Air transportation
1,579
1,838
2,099
Other transportation
486
411
320
Space flight, research, and supporting activities
1,841
1,680
1,431
General science and basic research
170
204
279
Veterans medical care
449
541
550
Postal Service
85
519
1,286
General supply fund
346
418
401
Other
523
527
735
Subtotal, acquisition of major equipment
5.479
6,138
7,080
Other physical assets (grants)
603
591
$41
Subtotal, major public physical capital
42,745
47,282
50,379
Other capital outlays:
Other physical assets (direct)
4,855
6,005
6,161
Conduct of research and development
General acience, space, and technology:
NASA
6,277
6,383
6,751
National Science Foundation
1,631
1,840
2,056
Other general science
834
952
1,250
Subtotal, general science, space. technology
8,741
9,154
10,057
Energy
2,501
3,072
3,231
Transportation:
Department of Transportation
333
407
455
09-07-92 12:52PM
FROM OST BUDGET/PROGRAMS
TO 94566218
P005/005
YEAR
F41992 Pres Budget
PHYSICAL CAPITAL PRESENTATION
Part Six-21
sis, He
Table XVIII-3. DETAIL OF FEDERAL CAPITAL OUTLAYS BY DEFENSE
uction
Table XVIII-3. DETAIL OF FEDERAL CAPITAL OUTLAYS BY DEFENSE
AND NONDEPENSE
AND NONDEFENSE-Continued
trants
(in millions of dollars)
physic
(in millions of dollars)
ued on
1990 actual
1991 estimate
1992 estimate
1990 actual
1991 estimate
1992 estimate
chang
OUTLAYS:
to @
Other
1,293
1,761
2,094
MITIONAL DEFENSE:
y gran
Major public physical capital:
Subtotal, acquisition of major
stimat
Construction and rehabilitation:
equipment
5,165
6,613
7,160
utlays
Military construction
4,575
4,019
4,020
Other physical assets (grants)
585
587
641
Family housing
607
490
440
Atomic energy defense activities
Subtotal, major public physical
and other
1,268
1,745
2,669
capital
40,745
44,345
47,227
I on
Subtotal, construction and reha-
Other capital outlays:
bilitation
ys. Th
6,451
6,255
7,129
Other physical assets (direct)
3,676
6,524
8,057
Conduct of research and
IWB
Acquisition of major equipment:
development:
Procurement
aye, a
80,858
79,098
74,300
General science, space, and
or St
Atomic energy defense activities
technology:
and other
545
682
908
NASA
I capit
5,624
8,158
6,859
Subtotal, acquisition of major
National Science Foundation
1.520
1,702
1,936
equipment
81,403
Other general science
784
79,779
897
75,208
1,076
Subtotal, major public physical
Subtotal, general science,
capital
87,854
86,034
space, technology
7,927
8.757
82,337
9,872
Other capital outlays:
Energy
2,342
2,435
2,813
Conduct of research and
Transportation:
development
Department of Transportation
272
365
407
NASA
Defense military
701
38,247
36,363
816
908
38,655
Atomic energy and other
2,831
2,785
2,919
Subtotal,transportation
973
1,181
1,315
Subtotal. defense research and
Health:
development
41,078
39,148
41,574
National Institutes of Health
7,092
7,320
7,736
All other health
Other outlays
555
1,162
1,408
356
1,528
383
Subtotal, health
Subtotal, other capital outlays
8,253
8,728
2
41,634
39,504
9,264
41,957
Agriculture
Subtotal, national defense capital
937
987
1,022
3
Natural resources and environment
outlays
1,220
1,376
129,488
9
125,539
1,434
124,293
All other research and develop-
NONDEFENSE:
ment
1,081
1,157
1,325
Hajor public physical capital:
Subtotal, conduct of research
Construction and rehabilitation:
and development
22,732
24,620
27,044
Highways
13,972
14,116
14,837
Mass transportation
3,142
3,371
3,051
Conduct of education and training:
Rail transportation
Department of Education:
36
91
149
Air interportation
1,312
Higher education
1,567
1,723
7,795
9,737
11,797
Water transportation
99
126
Elementary, secondary, and vo-
124
Community development block
cational education
9,559
11,095
12,275
Other
grants
2,818
412
3,073
436
3,097
398
Urban development acton grants
209
210
200
Subtotal, Department of Edu-
Other community and regional de-
cation
17,766
21,269
24,470
velopment
834
895
790
Pollution control and abatement
3,163
3,438
Veterans readjustment benefits
441
3,403
495
574
Water resources
2,669
2,925
2,906
Training and employment pro-
Other natural resources and envi-
grams
3,890
3,954
4,133
ronment
926
Health training
1,176
1,111
1,313
1,203
1,337
Energy
2,557
2,081
Other education and training
3,783
4,344
2,956
4,518
Veterans hospitals and other
Subtotal, conduct of education
health
879
892
1,088
and training
27,056
31,374
Postal Service
35,031
1,070
1,361
926
Other programs
1,309
1,886
Loans and other financial capital:
2,974
Loans:
Subtotal, construction and reha-
International affairs
-398
-743
-5,512
bilitation
34,995
37,145
39,426
Agriculture
-4,445
-3,229
-2,258
Acquisition of major equipment:
Mortgage credit
3,034
2,945
91
Air transportation
Deposit insurance
-2,195
-807
1,344
1,688
-114
1,761
Other transportation
Other advancement of com-
340
420
452
Space flight. control, and data
merce
-358
-179
-170
Transportation
communications
-562
1,793
39
2,009
1,869
166
General science and basic re-
Disaster relief
401
-36
-424
search
Other community and regional
148
241
199
Postal Service
development
264
234
247
259
484
784
Education
3,288
1,336
692
ID:
SEP 04'92
11:41 No.005 P.11
Page 10
NAFTA means more opportunities for U.S. small
businesses to grow through international export. U.S.
merchandise exports to Mexico and Canada have more than
doubled since 1980, rising from $51 to $118 billion.
The President is working for a strong GATT agreement to open
markets worldwide to a variety of U.S. businesses. A
successful agreement could increase U.S. output by $1
trillion over the next ten years.
---
The President stood firm in his protection of U.S.
intellectual property rights and opposed arbitrary
emissions targets and timetables in Rio de Janiero at
the United Nations Conference on the Environment and
Development.
Had the President not successfully objected to these Rio
initiatives, the U.S. biotech industry would have been
decimated, the U.S. opposed provisions that would have
jeopardized U.S. biotech industry activities overseas, and
new job-costing carbon taxes.
Development of a skilled and Literate Workforce
President Bush believes that improving the American
educational system and job training programs are critical to
America's competitive position in the world. The President
has begun programs that will lead to a better educated
workforce that can quickly adapt to the changing business
needs of the future.
--
The President's America 2000 grass-roots education
strategy advocates school choice (both private and
public), tougher standards, and would create break-the-
mold New American Schools.
The President has doubled funding for literacy and
established the National Institute for Literacy which
coordinates all federal literacy programs. Literacy is a
top priority of both the President and Mrs. Bush.
The President's Job Training 2000 initiatives will replace
several different Federal job-training programs with a new,
coordinated, market-driven system. Services now provided
under the Job Training Partnership Act will be provided
through Skills Centers that will provide "one stop shopping"
for those in need of job training.
-erom-
ID:
SEP 04'92 11:42 No. 005 P.12
Page 11
On April 14, 1992, President Bush sent to Congress his
Youth Apprenticeship Act. This bill facilitates the
development of voluntary youth apprenticeships that
integrate high academic standards, workplace skills,
and real working experience leading to meaningful
employment.
o
The President's Lifelong Learning Act ensures that higher
education will be available to many people who are now
denied access, particularly part-time students. This Act
makes it easier for employees of small businesses to get
training by providing a lifetime line of credit for all
Americans.
Supporting Women Entrepreneurs
Through the Office of Women's Business Ownership at the
Department of Labor and the Small Business Administration,
the Bush Administration assists nearly 5 million women
entrepreneurs in the U.S. Census Bureau statistics indicate
that women own 32% of all small businesses in the United
States, projected to grow to 40% by the year 2000.
President Bush has established initiatives designed to help
women to establish and maintain their own businesses. His
initiatives provide technical assistance, improve access to
credit, and foster export growth.
White House Conference on Small Business
The President, in recognition of the important role small
business plays in the American economy, fully supports the
1994 Conference on Small Business.
# # #
Bush Adds Troops,
$300 Million in Aid
THE WASHINGTON POST
For South Florida
HURRICANE ANDREW
By David S. Broder
and Thomas W. Lippman
Washington Post Staff Writers
President Bush, expressing irritation at
political "second-guessing" of federal relief
efforts, yesterday ordered 5,000 more
troops to storm-ravaged sections of Flor-
ida and made $300 million more available
to aid victims there of Hurricane Andrew.
The president interrupted his weekend
at Camp David for a one-hour White
House briefing from Transportation Sec-
retary Andrew H. Card Jr., his on-the-
scene representative, and other officials.
Then Bush outlined measures that he said
would "respond to this crisis on a human
level, block by block, right out there
where these people live."
The additional troops, which will bring
total federal and state troop deployment in
the area to about 20,000, are to expand
the reach of food, medical, transportation
and housing services to victims "so they
don't have to leave what few possessions
they have and
the familiar surround-
ings that they have lived in," Bush said.
When the new troops arrive in South
Florida, they will be plunged into an ex-
traordinary panorama of confusion and
hardship in which the sheer volume of the
relief effort has overwhelmed the commu-
See PRESIDENT, A19, Col. 1
BY CAROL GUZY-THE
National Guard troops distribute food to children in storm-devastated Florida City neighborhood. The volume of workers is reportedly hampering relief
Bush Adds Troops, $300 Million to Florida Aid
PRESIDENT, From A1
nity's ability to support it. So many
volunteers, law enforcement offi-
cers, troops and work crews were
on the roads of southern Dade
County yesterday that they virtu-
ally paralyzed each other.
Card said the goal of the addition-
al help is to have "small neighbor-
hood tent facilities, so people can
keep an eye on their goods, repair
their houses and have a place near-
by to get out of the sun and get a
bot meal."
The $300 million in funds, almost
five times the amount previously
allocated, is to allow the Federal
Emergency Management Agency
(FEMA) to expand its operations
and the Small Business Administra-
tion to make reconstruction loans,
Card said.
The president said he would ask
Congress for supplemental funds of
undetermined size when it returns
after Labor Day.
volunteer
Only
Delpino,
left,
shaves
Nathan
Lovis
Phyllis
Hurder,
center,
and
Bertha
Arnold
rest
at
shelter.
as
As he did Friday, Bush expressed
Red
Cross
strong irritation at questions about
the delay in dispatching federal aid
likely as generators are hooked up
and the possible political conse-
by amateurs buying them from
quences in a state vital to his re-
freelance vendors.
Autility spokesman said the task
election strategy.
"May I tell you something?" he
facing Florida Power may be the
said to reporters before returning
greatest ever faced by a U.S. util-
to Camp David. "This may be hard
ity. Before individual homes and
for you to believe. I am thinking
shops CER be reconnected, power-
about what's good for the people
line workers must rebuild thou-
here. I don't even think about the
sands of antility poles, transformers
politics of it. We're trying to help
and transmission lines that feed
people.
Can't we help people
power to individual customers.
without having somebody try to put
For the second consecutive day,
a political interpretation in it? I
the misery of roofless homeowners
mean, heaven sakes. I'm sorry,
and shopkeepers was compounded
I just simply find that a little bit out-
by heavy downpours, which soaked
rageous."
exposed carpets, insulation and fur-
He took the same tone when a re-
nishings dragged from devastated
porter asked about comments by
dwellings.
Bush's challenger, Arkansas Gov.
Bill Clinton that "he's not criticizing
Spec. James Taswell, left, watches Marcella Canning and George Bakanas eat
Fear of looting continued to be
first hot meal since storm. Feur of 22 field kitchens served food early yesterday.
pervasive. The inscription "We
you but be thinks that the federal
shoot looters" appears throughout
response should be looked into to
the area, and police said well-armed
A serious problem. Card said, is
that
this
is
a
magnificent
re-
see how it could be improved."
homeowners were not making idle
that communications are so poor
sponse-local,
state
and
"I don't respond to Governor
threats. They reported 112 arrests
Clinton on these matters," the pres-
that people often do not know
federal
where meals are available.
Bush and Card said that Louisi-
Friday night for violation of the 7
ident said. "We have a national
Still, he said, be had breakfast
ana Gov. Edwin W. Edwards (D)
p.m.-to-7 a.m. curfew still in effect
emergency here and we're trying to
south of the city of Miami.
get this job done.
If there are
with storm victims yesterday "and
had expressed satisfaction with
cleanup efforts in his state, which
ways to improve what we're doing,
the situation is much, much better
Lippman reported from Miami.
took a lesser blow from Andrew,
fine. But this isn't the business of
today than it was yesterday, and
and that Edwards was not asking
second-guessing. It's the business
yesterday was a quantum leap over
additional federal help.
of trying to help people."
the day before."
At a Defense Department brief-
Card said the had told the pres-
The president also expressed
ident that only four of 22 field kitch-
ing earlier in the day, officials said
optimism. "It's been a very impres-
14,500 military personnel, includ-
ens shipped Thursday with the first
of the 7,000 Army and Marine
sive effort," he said, "and 1 think the
ing those on ships carrying con-
people of this community who have
struction materials, were in or on
troops were serving breakfasts yes-
terday morning but that 18 were
been heartbroken, been scared,
their way to Florida. Card said the
expected to be in operation by last
wondering where their meals are
5,000 mentioned by Bush were ad-
night.
coming from, are now seeing
ditional contingents of Army troops
and Marines.
In stricken Dade County yester-
day, officials appealed in vain for
motorists to stay off roads because
Elections in Dade County
traffic gridlock, compounded by
tack of traffic lights and road signs,
is blocking the relief campaign.
Delayed Because of Storm
Out-of-state truckers hauling re-
lief supplies were being asked to
stop at West Palm Beach and unload
Associated Press
Denis Dean, representing Sec
at a central point rather than drive
retary of State Jim Smith. "But
into congealed traffic south of Mi-
MIAMI, Aug. 29-Circuit
we see no reason to have the
ami.
Judge Leonard Rivkind today
results sealed. There's - need
Kate Hale, Dade County emer-
postpomed primary elections in
for it, and the court has no jo-
gency operations director, said
Dade County until Sept. 9,
agreeing with county officials
risdiction to do it."
the telephone system was nearing
that Hurricane Andrew made it
Four of the five races covered
collapse because the volume of
by the judge's order overlap
calls had nearly tripled in the
impossible to hold a fair election
eight counties. The other is the
county, from about 1.5 million in a
Tuesday.
Rivkind's ruling does not af-
statewide U.S. Sentite primary.
normal hour to more than 4 mil-
fect election schedules in Flor-
Dade County Elections So-
lion.
Ida's 66 other counties.
pervisor David Leahy said vot-
Hospitals and medical workers
ing locations in 102 precincts in
reported a new rash of injuries
The state did not oppose the
the hard-hit southern part of
among people using unfamiliar
delay, but officials said they may
Dade County could not be used,
requipment such as chain saws and
appeal Rivkind's order to keep
meaning that 132,000 people
among barefoot children cutting
results of five races under
would have trouble casting bal-
their feet on glass and nails.
wraps until polls close in Dade
Florida Power & Light Co. offi-
County.
lots.
cials said about 750,000 customers
"A one-week delay, we feel
Replacement polling places
are still without electricity. The
that's in the best interest of the
would be set up in two high
utility said that improper wiring of
people of Dade County," said
schools, and officials will adver-
gasoline-powered
generators
Assistant Attorney General
tise their locations, Leahy said.
caused shocks to two power-line
workers and that more injuries are
THE VICE PRESIDENT'S OFFICE
Office of the Press Secretary
FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE
AUGUST 13, 1991
THE PRESIDENT'S COUNCIL ON COMPETITIVENESS
AGENDA FOR CIVIL JUSTICE REFORM IN AMERICA
FACT SHEET
"Overuse and abuse of the civil justice system has become a
self-inflicted competitive disadvantage."
Vice President Dan Quayle, addressing
the American Bar Association.
Vice President Dan Quayle today presented the recommendations of
the Council on Competitiveness concerning Civil Justice Reform in
America. The recommendations embody the Administration's
comprehensive plan to streamline the American civil justice
system. The Council's report proposes 50 specific reforms to
help decrease the costs and time required to resolve legal
disputes in the American court system. Many of the reforms
incorporate market-type incentives into the procedural system and
seek to encourage earlier settlement. None of the reforms would
impair substantive legal rights or limit an individual's access
to the courthouse. The Council believes that these changes are
necessary to maintain America's competitiveness.
The Problem: An Overburdened Civil Justice System
The report highlights a growing explosion of litigation in
American society:
- With 70% of the world's lawyers, Americans are much
more likely to resolve disputes in courts than citizens
of other countries.
- Federal district court filings have increased almost 300%
over the last 30 years. State court filings increased by
more than 1.6 million cases from 1986 to 1989.
- It takes over a year to resolve most lawsuits. Delays of
3 to 5 years are not uncommon, and the time required for
resolution is increasing.
- Every year Americans spend an estimated $300 billion on
legal fees, court costs, and individual time and effort
in litigation.
- Excessive litigation puts America at a competitive
disadvantage internationally.
- 51 -
The cost of our litigious society is borne by:
- Consumers who pay higher prices for goods and services and
insurance.
- Consumers also suffer when products are not available.
Almost half of all U.S. manufacturers have withdrawn
products from the market due to liability issues.
- Workers who lose their jobs. 1 out of every 7 companies
indicates it has laid off employees because of
liability issues.
- Businesses that have higher costs.
Promote Justice for All Americans
The Council Report offers 50 recommendations for immediate reform
of our civil justice system. These proposals are aimed at
achieving the following goals:
(a) Swifter Justice -- The proposals will facilitate more
timely and efficient handling of cases, including
speedier judicial intervention.
(b) Reducing Costs of Litigation -- The proposals add new
market incentives to the litigation process.
(c) Expanded Opportunities to Protect Rights --
"Consumers" will be given a greater choice in the
avenues for resolving disputes, including access to
less expensive methods than civil trial.
(d) Maintain the Integrity of the Justice System -- The
proposals ameliorate features that ill-serve both the
justice system and competitive goals, such as the
present regime of punitive damages and the improper use
of expert evidence.
Major Reforms
Five areas were targeted for major reforms:
(a) Discovery -- Approximately 80% of the time and cost of
a lawsuit involves pre-trial investigation of the
facts. The Council's reforms will discourage overuse
and abuse of discovery.
- 52
(b) Punitive Damages -- Limitless punitive damages
discourage settlement by random awards unrelated to
actual harm. The Council's proposals restore fairness'
to this area of the law by placing appropriate limits
on punitive damages, bifurcating trials, and requiring
clear proof of wrongdoing.
(c) Modified English Rule -- The United States is one of
the few countries where winners and losers alike pay
their own legal fees. The Council's proposals will
establish the mechanism in certain cases to make the
prevailing party whole by compensating the winner for
his or her legal fees.
(d) Expert Evidence -- There has been an explosion of "junk
science" in our courtrooms. The Council's
recommendations will make certain that expert testimony
is an objective aid to the courts' search for truth.
(e) Multi-Door Courthouse -- Consumers will be given a
choice to elect an effective alternative to court
adjudication.
The Administration is committed to the fair, efficient, and early
resolution of disputes. To demonstrate this commitment, the
Administration will apply many. of the suggested reforms to
litigation conducted by federal agencies.
The Administration is also undertaking steps to implement the
recommendations:
(a) Legislation will be forwarded to Congress implementing
the federal court reforms.
(b) Proposed amendments to the Federal Rules of Civil
Procedure and the Federal Rules of Evidence will be
submitted through the Supreme Court.
(c) Model statutes and rules will be proposed for adoption
by the 50 states.
These recommendations were prepared by the Council's Working
Group on Civil Justice Reform, chaired by Solicitor General
Kenneth W. Starr. The Working Group was composed of experts from
the Department of Justice, the White House Counsel's Office, the
Office of Policy Development, the Office of the Vice President,
the Departments of Commerce, Treasury, Energy, and Health and
Human Services, the Office of Management and Budget, the Council
of Economic Advisors, and the Environmental Protection Agency.
The Council on Competitiveness unanimously endorsed the 50
reforms and directed that this Report on Civil Justice Reform be
transmitted to the President.
- 53 -
Jesse Jackson quote Re Capitalism PAGE
2
5TH STORY of Level 1 printed in FULL format.
Copyright 1991 The Times Mirror Company
Los Angeles Times
October 28, 1991, Monday, Home Edition
SECTION: Metro; Part B; Page 5; Column 1; Op-Ed Desk
LENGTH: 652 words
HEADLINE: COLUMN LEFT;
RACISM IS THE BOTTOM LINE IN HOME LOANS;
AFTER REJECTION BY BANKS, BLACKS AND LATINOS ARE DRIVEN TO PRIVATE LENDERS WHO
CHARGE 30%, USING THE SAME BANK CAPITAL.
BYLINE: By JESSE JACKSON, The Rev. Jesse Jackson writes a syndicated column.
BODY:
The hopes of millions of Americans are being trampled by criminals. Lives are
ruined; dreams are crushed; homes are lost in a continuing crime wave. The
perpetuators target the affluent and the middle class alike. The Federal Reserve
has just reported that this criminal activity extends across the country. Yet
not a peep has been heard from the law-and-order crowd in the White House or
Congress.
The silence relates to the nature of the crimes. The Federal Reserve confirms
what we have known for decades: Banks routinely and systematically discriminate
against African-Americans and Latinos in making mortgage loans. The
discrimination extends across income levels. Whether minority applicants are
workers, managers or professionals, they are rejected for home mortgages two to
four times more often than whites at similar income levels. Minority
entrepreneurs face similar discrimination when they seek capital for their
businesses.
This is a crime wave with devastating effects. The very minorities who do the
right thing -- the hard-working people who get ahead against the odds ------------------------- find
their way blocked when they seek a mortgage for a home or a loan for a small
business. Their access to capital is constricted by this illegal discrimination.
Capital in this economy is like blood to the human body. Constrict its flow and
vitality is lost. Subtract capital from capitalism and all that's left is the
=
ism. You can believe, but you cannot achieve.
The discrimination against blacks and Latinos is not confined to a few
communities. It is pervasive. In 1989, a Boston Fed study examined 48,000
real-estate deals in 60 communities and found systematic red-lining. Banks
simply refused loans to applicants from black neighborhoods, across levels of
income and wealth.
What happens to the rejected? Their needs and dreams do not vanish when the
banks deny them credit. They become easy prey for loan sharks offering to lend
money at 20% and 30% interest. The Wall Street Journal reported on Sterling
Saunders, a Boston homeowner, who needed a home-repair loan. He had a steady
job, equity in his house and little debt, but two of New England's largest
banks, Shawmut and the Bank of Boston, turned him down.
TM
TM
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3
1991 Los Angeles Times, October 28, 1991
In desperation -- not wanting his house to deteriorate for want of repairs --
he arranged a two-year loan from a private lender, Resource Equity, at 34.09%
interest. When Resource wouldn't refinance his loan, Saunders fell deeper into
debt to even worse sharks. Now the 42-year-old city employee, his wife and three
daughters face eviction from their home of 16 years.
Where did Resource Equity get the money to lend to Saunders? From
multimillion-dollar credit lines at mainstream banks, including Shawmut. As
Andrew Fischer, a Boston attorney, concluded: "The mortgage hustlers can write
mortgages at 18% or 22% because the banks aren't out there lending at 10% or
12%. But it's usually bank money anyway."
Rep. Henry Gonzalez (D-Tex.), the chairman of the House Banking Committee,
has called for President Bush to hold a White House summit to map out strategies
for ending this destructive crime wave.
HE is unlikely to get much satisfaction. Despite his recent, begrudging
retreat on the civil-rights bill, President Bush is likely to continue to use
race as a political weapon. AS the recession continues and unemployment grows,
Republican strategists are likely to intensify the "Willie Horton" race-bait
politics that David Duke is using to great effect in Louisiana.
As the old Woody Guthrie song goes, some will rob you with a gun, and some
with a fountain pen. The Federal Reserve study has confirmed what any
African-American or Latino could tell you. Racial discrimination is still
routine and destructive in this society, experienced by the affluent and the
poor alike. What we need is a law-and-order campaign to stamp out the
lawlessness that scars 50 many lives.
TYPE: Opinion
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1990 The San Francisco Chronicle, NOVEMBER 28, 1990
*
The facsimile machine, which was invented in the United States but made a
success by Japan.
U.S. executives stumbled badly, as their market research indicated few people
would pay much money for a kind of copy machine that sent messages at prices
TM
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202
Science & Technology - Inventions; Discoveries and Innovations
Science & Technology - Discoveries and Innovations; Chemical Elements
203
Date
inventor
Nation.
Invention
Date
inventor
Nation.
Invention
Tire, pneumatic.
1888
Dunlop
Scottish
1776
Bushnell.
U.S.
Toaster, automatic.
1918
Strite
U.S.
Date
Discoverer
Nation.
Submarine, torpedo
1865
Law
English
Date
Discoverer
Nation.
Superconductivity (BCS
1957 Bardeen, Cooper
Tool, pneumatic
U.S.
trautin
1804
Fulton
1922
Banting, Best.
Canadian,
U.S.
Torpedo, marine
Quantum theory
theory
Macleod
1900
Schreiffer
U.S.
Scottish
Planck,
German
1904
Holt
intelligence testing
Quasars
Tractor, crawler
U.S.
1905
Binet. Simon
1963
Matthews,
1885
Stanley
French
Transformer A.C.
seniazid
1947
Shockley,
1952
Hoffman-
Sandage
U.S.
Transistor
Quinine synthetic.
1914
La-Roche
1946
Swinton
English
Brattain,
U.S.
Woodward,
Tank, military
Tape recorder, magnetic
1899
Poulsen
Danish
Bardeen
U.S.
Domagk.
German
Doering
U.S.
1938
Du Pont
U.S.
1884
Van DePosite,
theory
1912
Trolley car, electric
Soddy
Teflon
English
Telegraph, magnetic
1837
Morse
U.S.
-87
Sprague
U.S.
Radioactivity
1896
Becquerel
French
1864
Edison.
U.S.
Coolidge
U.S.
Radium
1912
1898
Curie, Pierre
French
Telegraph, quadruplex
Telegraph, railroad
1887
Woods
U.S.
Tungsten, ductile
Tupperware
1945
Tupper
U.S.
Laser (light amplification by stimulated emission
Curie, Marie
Pol.-Fr.
1849
Bourdin
French
of radiation)
1958
Townes, Schaw-
Relativity theory
1905
Einstein
German
Telegraph, wireless
1895
Marconi
Italian
Turbine, gas
Turbine, hydraulic
Francis
U.S.
low
U.S.
Reserpine.
high frequency
1849
1949
Jal Vaikl.
Indian
1876
Bell
U.S.-Scot.
Telephone
Turbine, steam
1884
English
uni, velocity
Parsons
1675
Roemer
Danish
1912
De Forest
U.S.
German
Light, wave theory
1690
Huygens
Dutch
Schick test
1913
Gutenberg
Schick
U.S.
Telephone amplifier
1891
Stowger.
U.S.
Type, movable
1447
Sholes, Soule,
1796
Senefelder
Bohemian
Silicon
1823
1867
Berzelius
Swedish
Telephone, automatic
1900
Poulsen,
Typewriter
U.S.
(sectomy
Glidden
1935
Egas Moniz
Portuguese
Streptomycin
1945
Waksman
U.S.
Telephone, radio
Fessenden
Danish
L10-25
1943
Hoffman
Swiss
Sulfadiazine
1940
Roblin
U.S.
Telephone, radio
1906
De Forest
U.S.
1907
U.S.
Sulfanitamide
Spangler
1935
Bovet, Trefouel.
French
Telephone, radio, d
1915
AT&T
U.S.
Vacuum cleaner, electric
de Mestral
Swiss
Sulfanilamide theory.
1908
1948
Gelmo
Mendalian laws
German
1898
Poulsen
Danish
Veicro
Buschnel
U.S.
1866
Mendel
Austrian
Sulfapyridine
1938
Telephone, recording
1899
U.S.
1972
Ewins, Phelps
Collins
Video game ("Pong
Matsushita, JVC
Mercator projection
Sulfathiazote
English
Telephone, wireless
Video home system (VHS)
1975
Japanese
Fosbinder, Walter
U.S.
1608
Neth
(map)
1568
Mercator (Kremer) Flemish
Sulturic acid
Lippershey
1831
Phillips
Telescope
Italian
Methanol
Galileo
1661
Boyle
Sulfuric acid, lead
English
Telescope
1609
Irish
1746
Roebuck
Telescope, astronomical
1611
Kepler
German
Washer, electric
1901
Fisher
U.S.
Mik condensation
English
1853
Borden
U.S.
Thiacetazone
1928
Morkrum,
Langmuir,
Molecular hypothesis
1811
Avogadro
Italian
1950
Betmisch,
Teletype
Kleinschmidt
U.S.
Welding, atomic
Zworykin
hydrogen
Palmer
U.S.
laws of
1924
1687
Newton
English
Mietzsch,
Television, iconoscope
1923
U.S.
Welding. electric
1877
Thomson
U.S.
Domagk.
German
1927
Farnsworth
U.S.
Wind tunnel.
Eiffel
French
Tuberculin
1912
Namycin
1890
Koch.
Television, electronic
1949
Waksman,
German
Television, (mech.
Scottish
Wire, barbed
1874
Glidden
U.S.
Haisn
U.S.
Lechevalier
U.S.
1923
Baird
Uranium fission
1875
Neutron
1932
Hahn, Meitner,
scanner)
Gallieo
Italian
Wire, barbed
U.S.
Chadwick
Thermometer
1593
Wrench, double-acting
1913
Owen
English
Name acid
(theory)
1939
French
1648
Glauber
Strassmann
German
German
Thermometer.
1730
Reaumur
Nate oxide
Thermometer, mercury
1714
Fahrenheit
German
1772
Bohr
U.S.
Priestley
Danish
1913
Coolidge
English
1846
Fermi
1890
Bundy
U.S.
X-ray tube
Sobrero
Italian
Italian
Einstein,
Time recorder
Time, self-regulator
1918
Bryce
U.S.
Zipper
1891
Judson
U.S.
Pegram,
1845
Thomson
Scottish
Tire, double-tube.
Ol cracking process
1891
Dewar
U.S.
Wheeler.
U.S.
Chygen
Uranium fission,
1774
Priestley
English
Fermi,
Diytetracycline
atomic reactor
1950
Finlay, et al.
1942
U.S.
Szilard
U.S.
Czone.
1840
Schonbein
German
Vaccine, measles
1954
Enders. Peebles
U.S.
Vaccine, polio
1953'
Salk
U.S.
Paper, suifite process
1867
Tilghman
U.S.
Vaccine, polio, oral
1955
Sabin
U.S.
Paper, wood pulp,
Vaccine, rabies.
1885
Pasteur
French
suifate process
1884
Dahl
German
Vaccine, smallpox
1796
Discoveries and Innovations: Chemistry, Physics, Biology, Medicine
Jenner
Penicillin
Fleming
Vaccine, typhus
English
1929
Scottish
1909
Nicolle.
French
practical use
1941
Florey, Chain
English
Van Allen belts,
Periodic law and
radiation
1958
Van Allen
table of elements
U.S.
Date
Discoverer
Nation.
1869
Mendeleyev
Russian
Vitamin A
1913
Nation.
Penetary motion, laws
McCollum, Davis.
U.S.
Date
Discoverer
1914
Russian
1609
Paviov
Kepler
German
Vitamin B
1916
McCollum.
Berthelot
French
Plutonium fission
U.S.
Acetylene gas
1862
Conditioned reflex
Kendall
U.S.
1940
Kennedy, Wahl.
Vitamin C
1912
1936
Holst, Froelich
Norwegian
1927
Evans, Long
U.S.
Cortisone
1946
Sarett
U.S.
Seaborg, Segre
U.S.
Vitamin D
1922
McCollum.
ACTH
Polymyxin.
U.S.
1901
Takamine
Japanese
Cortisone, synthesis
1947
Ainsworth
1910
Gockel
Swiss
English
Adrenalin
Positron,
Wassermann test
Cosmic rays
1932
Anderson
1906
Wassermann
Aluminum, electro-
1905
Frank, Caro.
German
U.S.
German
1886
Hall
U.S.
Cyanamide
Photon
1930
Lawrence
U.S.
1919
Rutherford
N. Zealand
Xerography
1938
Carlson
lytic process.
Aluminum, isolated
1825
Oersted
Danish
Phychoanalysis
U.S.
Cyclotron
1900
Freud
Austrian
X-ray
1895
1842
Long
U.S.
Roentgen
German
Anesthesia, ether
Anesthesia, local.
1885
Koller
Austrian
DDT
1874
Zeidler
German
Anesthesia, spinal
1898
Bier
German
(not applied as insecticide until 1939)
1856
Perkin
English
Deuterium
1932
Urey, Brickwedde,
Aniline dye
1885
Pasteur
French
Murphy
U.S.
Anti-rabies
1867
Lister
English
1951
Crick
English
DNA (structure)
Chemical Elements, Atomic Weights, Discoverers
Antiseptic surgery
1891
Von Behring
German
Watson
U.S.
Antitoxin, diphtheria
1897
Bayer
German
Wilkins
English
Argyrol
Arsphenamine
1910
Ehrlich
German
Aspirin
1889
Dresser
German
dwough the courtesy of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry and Butterworth Scientific Publications.
Atomic weights. based on the exact number 12 as the assigned atomic mass of the principal isotope of carbon. carbon 12. are provided
Mietzsch, et al
German
Electric resistance
Atabrine.
1827
Ohm.
German
1913
Moseley
English
(law)
Atomic numbers
1888
Hertz
German
English
le better known isotope (**) is given.
For the radioactive elements, with the exception of uranium and thorium, the mass number of either the isotope of longest half-life (*) or
Atomic theory
1803
Dalton
Electric waves
1947
Libby
U.S.
Electrolysis
1852
Faraday
English
Atomic time clock
1819
Oersted
Danish
Electromagnetism
Atom-smashing
1897
Thomson, J.
English
Atomic
Atomic
1919
English
Electron
Chemical element
Year
Rutherford
Electron diffraction
1936
Thomson, G.
English
Symbol
number
theory
weight
discov.
U.S.
Actinium
Discoverer
Davisson
Ac
89.
227*
Muminum
1899
Debierne
Bacitracin
1945
Johnson, et al.
U.S.
AI
Electroshock treat-
13.
Dutch
1938
Cerletti, Bini
Americium
26.9815
Italian
1825
Oersted
Am
95.
Bacteria (described)
1676
Leeuwenhoek
ment
German
1952
McGuire.
U.S.
243*
1903
Fischer
Erythromycin
Antimony.
1944
Sb
Seaborg, et al.
51
Barbital
121.75
1798
Evolution, natural
Argon.
1450
Tennant
English
Valentine
Bleaching powder
English
English
Ar
18.
Blood, circulation.
1628
Harvey
1858
Darwin
39.948
Isenic
1894
selection.
As
33.
Rayleigh, Ramsay
1885
French
74.9216
Bordeaux mixture
Millardet
statine
13th C.
At
1924
Edgar Kramer
U.S.
85.
Albertus Magnus
210*
Italian
islum
1940
Bromine from sea
Galileo
Ba
Corson, et al.
Falling bodies, law
1590
56.
137.34
Burketium
1808
Bk
Davy
97.
249**
Baryllium.
1949
Be
4.
Thompson, Ghiorso, Seaborg
Calcium carbide
1888
Wilson
U.S.
Gases, law of
9.0122.
smuth
1798
English
1808
French
Bi
Vauquelin
Calculus
1670
Newton
Gay-Lussac
83.
combining volumes
208.980
oron.
15th c.
Camphor synthetic
1896
Haller
French
1619
French
B
Valentine
Geometry, analytic
Descartes.
5.
10.811a.
French
nine
1808
1804
Appert.
Gold (cyanide process
MacArthur,
Br
Gay-Lussac, Thenard
35.
Canning (food)
79.904b
Comium
1826
Balard
Tanner
U.S.
1887
Forest
British
Carbomycin
1952
for extraction)
Cd
48,
112.40
1925
Fisher
German
Gravitation, law
1687
Newton
English
alcium
1817
Ca
Stromeyer
Carbon oxides
20.
40.08
Chloamphenicol
1947
Burkholder
allomium
1808
U.S.
Cf
Davy
98.
251*
Chiorine
1774
Scheele
Swedish
1948
Carbon
1950
British
C
Thompson, et al.
S.
U.S.
Holograph
Gabor
6.
12.01115a
Chioroform
1831
inium
B.C.
Guthrie,
Ce
Unknown
U.S.
Human heart
58.
140.12
1803
Chlortetracycline.
1948
Duggen
1967
Barnard
S. African
Klaproth
transplant
issum.
Cs
55
132.905
Classification of
Chiorine
1860
CI
Bunsen, Kirchhoff
17.
plants and animals
1735
Linnaeus
Swedish
35.453b
Dromium
1774
Scheele
Indigo, synthesis of
1880
Baeyer
German
Cr
24.
51.996b
1860
Henry
abalt
1797
Cocaine
Niermann
German
1830
U.S.
Co
Vauquelin
Induction, electric
27
Combustion explained.
1777
French
58.9332
Lavoisier
moper
1735
Brandt
29.
63.546b
B.C.
Science & Technology - Critical Technologies; Inventions
Science & Technology Inventions
201
200
Invention
Date
Inventor
Nation.
Invention
Date
Inventor
Nation.
Critical Technologies
Lamp, flourescent
1938
General Electric,
Plow, cast iron
1785
Ransome
English
Westinghouse
U.S.
Plow, disc.
integrated manufacturing; intelligent processing equip-
1896
Hardy
U.S.
In April 1991, the White House listed 22 areas of
Lamp, incandescent
1879
Edison
U.S.
Pneumatic hammer
1890
King
U.S.
technological development that should be treated as
ment; micro-and nano-fabrication; systems-manage-
Lamp, incand., frosted.
1924
Pipkin
U.S.
Powder, smokeless
1884
Vieille
French
"critical to the national prosperity and to national se-
ment; software; microelectronics and optoelectronics;
Lamp, incand., gas.
1913
Langmuir
U.S.
Printing press, rotary
1845
Hoe
U.S.
high-performance computing/networking; high-defini-
Lamp, Klieg.
1911
Kliegl, A.&J.
U.S.
Printing press, web
1865
Bullock
U.S.
curity." The 22 areas of technology are: surface trans-
Lamp, mercury vapor
1912
Hewitt
U.S.
Propeller, screw
1804
Stevens
U.S.
portation; environment; materials processing; elec-
tion imaging and displays; sensors and signal process-
Lamp, miner's safety
1816
Davy
English
Propeller, screw
1837
tronic and photomic materials; ceramics; composites;
ing; data storage; computer simulation; applied molec-
Ericsson.
Swedish
Lamp, neon.
1909
Claude
French
Pulsars
1967
Bell
ular biology; medical; aeronautics; and energy.
Lathe, turret
English
1845
Fitch
U.S.
high-performance metals and alloys; flexible computer
Punch card accounting
1889
Hollerith
Launderette
U.S.
1934
Cantrell
U.S.
Lens, achromatic
1758
Dollond
English
Lens, fused bifocal
1908
Borsch
Quasars
U.S.
1963
Schmidt
U.S.
Leydenjar (condenser)
1745
von Kleist
German
Inventions and Discoveries
Lightning rod
1752
Franklin
Radar
U.S.
1940
Watson-Watt
Scottish
Linoleum
1860
Walton
Radio amplifier
English
1906
De Forest
U.S.
Unotype
Radio beacon
1884
Mergenthaler
1928
Donovan
U.S.
Nation.
U.S.
Date
Inventor
Nation.
Invention
Date
Inventor
Dutch
Lock, cylinder
1851
Yale
Radio crystal oscillator
1918
Invention
French
Electrocardiograph
1903
Einthoven
U.S.
Nicolson
U.S.
Adding machine
1642
Pascal
German
Locomotive, electric
1851
Vail
Radio receiver, cascade
1929
Berger
U.S.
tuning
1913
1885
Burroughs
U.S.
Electroencephalograph
Alexanderson,
U.S.
Adding machine
Norwegian
Electromagnet
1824
Sturgeon
English
Locomotive, exp'mtl
1802
Trevithick
English
Aerosol spray
1926
Rotheim
1944
Deutsch,
Locamotive, exp'mtl
Radio receiver,
1812
Fenton et al.
1868
Westinghouse
U.S.
Electron spectrometer
English
U.S.
Locamotive. exp'mtl
1813
Hedley
heterodyne
1913
Fessenden
Air brake
U.S.
Elliott, Evans
English
U.S.
Air conditioning
1911
Carrier
German
Electron tube multigrid
1913
U.S.
Locomotive, exp'mti
Radio transmitter triode
Langmuir
1814
Stephenson
Guericke
English
Air pump
1654
1805
Brugnatelli
Italian
Locomotive practical
modulation
1829
Sperry.
Stephenson.
1914
Alexanderson
English
U.S.
Airplane, automatic pilot
1912
U.S.
Electroplating.
Radio tube-diode
1905
Langley
U.S.
Electrostatic
Locomotive, 1st U.S.
1830
Airplane, experimental
1896
U.S.
Cooper, P.
U.S.
Fleming
English
1929 Van de Graaff
Loom, power
Radio tube oscillator
1939
Ohain
German
generator
U.S.
1785
Otis
Cartwright
1915
De Forest
Airplane jet engine.
English
U.S.
Elevator brake
1852
Loudspeaker, dynamic
Radio tube triode
U.S.
1906
Rice, Kellogg
De Forest
U.S.
Airplane with motor
1903
Wright bros.
Elevator, push button
1922
Larson
U.S.
1924
U.S.
U.S.
Radio, signals
1895
Airplane, hydro.
Curtiss
Marconi
1911
Italian
Airship.
1852
Giffard
French
Engine, automatic transmis-
sion
1910
Fottinger
German
Machine gun
1861
Gatling
U.S.
Radio, magnetic
Airship, rigid dirigible.
1900
Zeppelin
German
detector
1902
Marconi
Engine, coal-gas 4-cycle
1876
Otto
German
Machine gun, improved
1872
Hotchkiss
U.S.
Italian
1919
Thomson
U.S.
Arc welder
Machine gun (Maxim)
1883
Radio FM 2-path
1933
de la Clerva
Maxim, H.S.U.S., Eng.
Armstrong
U.S.
1920
Spanish
Engine, compression
Autogyro
ignition
1883
Daimler
German
Magnet, electro
1828
Rayon
1883
Swan
Henry
U.S.
English
Automobile, differ-
1885
Benz.
German
Engine, electric ignition
1883
Benz.
German
Mantie, gas
1885
Razor, electric
Weisbach
1917
Schick.
Austrian
U.S.
ential gear
1892
Morrison
U.S.
Engine, gas, compound
1926
Eickemeyer
U.S.
U.S.
Mason jar
1858
Razor, safety
1895
Mason, J.
Gillette
Automobile, electric
Brayton, Geo.
U.S.
U.S.
Austrian
Engine, gasoline
1872
Reaper
1889
Daimler
German
Match, Iriction
1827
1834
John Walker
McCormick
Automobile, exp'mti
1864
Marcus
English
U.S.
Automobile, gasoline
1889
Daimler
German
Engine, gasoline
1705
Newcomen
English
Mercarized textiles
1843
Record, cylinder
1887
Mercer, J.
Bell, Tainter.
Engine, steam, piston
English
U.S.
Record, disc
1887
Berliner
U.S.
Automobile, gasoline
1892
Duryea
U.S.
Engine, steam, piston
1769
Watt
Scottish
Meter, induction
1888
Shallenberg
U.S.
Automobile magneto
1897
Bosch
German
Talbot
U.S.
Metronome
1816
Record. long playing.
1947
U.S.
Engraving, half-tone
1852
Malezel
German
Goldmark
U.S.
Automobile muffler
Maxim, H.P.
Micrometer
1636
Record, wax cylinder
1888
Edison.
U.S.
Automobile self-starter
Kettering
U.S.
Gascoigne
1911
English
Microphone
1877
Berliner
U.S.
Refrigerants, low-boiling
Midgely and
1839
Babbitt
U.S.
Microscope, compound
1590
Janssen
fluorine compound1930
Dutch
co-workers
U.S.
Babbitt metal
1907
Baekeland
Beig., U.S.
1938
Owens-Corning
U.S.
Microscope, electronic
1931
Refrigerator car
1868
Knoll, Ruska
David
German
U.S.
Bakelite
Fiberglass
1783
Montgolfier
French
Fiber optics
1955
Kapany
English
Microscope, field ion.
1951
Mueller
Resin, synthetic
1931
Hill.
Balloon
German
English
Barometer
1643
Torricelli.
Italian
Filament, tungsten
1913
Coolidge
U.S.
Monitor, warship
Richter scale
1861
Ericsson
1935
U.S.
U.S.
Richter
U.S.
Rifle, repeating
Spencer.
Bicycle, modern
1885
Starley
English
Flanged rail.
1831
Stevens
Bifocal lens
1780
Franklin
U.S.
Flatiron, electric
1882
Seely
U.S.
Monotype
1887
Lanston
U.S.
1860
U.S.
U.S.
Motor, AC.
1892
Tesla
Rocket engine
1926
Block signals, railway
U.S.
U.S.
Goddard
U.S.
1867
Hall
Food, frozen
1924
Birdseye
Rubber, vulcanized
1839
Goodyear
Bomb, depth
Tait
U.S.
German
Motor, DC
1916
1858
Siemens
1837
Davenport
U.S.
U.S.
Furnace (for steel)
Bottle machine
1895
Owens
U.S.
Motor, induction
1887
Tesla
U.S.
1829
Braille
French
Motorcycle
1885
Daimler
German
Braille printing
Saw, band
1808
Movie machine
Newberry
English
1855
Bunsen
German
1894
Jenkins
Burner, gas
U.S.
Saw, circular
1777
Miller
English
Galvanometer
1820
Sweigger
German
Movie, panoramic
English
1952
Waller
U.S.
Searchlight, arc
1915
Sperry.
U.S.
Calculating machine
1833
Babbage
1922
Hull
U.S.
Movie, talking.
1927
Warner Bros.
Gas discharge tube
U.S.
Sewing machine
1846
Howe
U.S.
Camera-see also Photography
1792
Murdoch
Scottish
Mower, lawn
Camera, Kodak
1888
Eastman,
Gas lighting
1831
Budding,
Shoe-sewing machine
1860
McKay
U.S.
Walker
Gas mantle
1885
Weisbach
Austrian
U.S.
Ferrabee
English
Shrapnel shell
1784
Gasoline (lead ethyl)
Midgley
U.S.
Shrapnel
Mowing machine
English
1922
1822
Bailey
U.S.
Camera, Polaroid Land
1948
Land.
U.S.
U.S.
Gasoline, cracked
1913
Burton
U.S.
Shuttle, flying.
1733
Kay
English
Car coupler.
1873
Janney
1893
Gasoline, high octane
1930
Ipatieff.
Russian
Sleeping-car
1865
Pullman
U.S.
Maybach
German
Neoprene
1930
German
Carothers
Carburetor, gasoline.
U.S.
Slide rule
1620
Oughtred
English
U.S.
Geiger counter
1913
Geiger
Card time recorder
1894
Cooper
French
Nylon synthetic
1930
Benedictus
Carothers
U.S.
1909
Soap, hardwater
Glass, laminated safety
1928
Bertsch
German
Carding machine
1797
Whittemore
U.S.
Bissell
U.S.
Glider
1853
Cayley
English
Nyion
1937
Du Pont lab
U.S.
Spectroscope
1859
Kirchoff,
Carpet sweeper
1876
Dutch
Gun, breechloader
1811
Thornton
U.S.
Bunsen
Cassette, audio
Philips Co.
German
1963
Cassette, videotape
1969
Sony
Japanese
Gun, Browning
1897
Browning
U.S.
Oil cracking furnace
1891
Gavrilov
Russian
Spectroscope (mass)
1918
Dempster
U.S.
1875
Hotchkiss
U.S.
DI filled power cable
1921
Emanueli
Italian
Spinning jenny
1767
Cash register.
1879
Ritty
U.S.
Gun, magazine
Hargreaves.
Gun, silencer
1908
Maxim, H.P.
U.S.
Oleomargarine
English
Cathode ray oscilloscope
German
1869
1897
Braun
Mege-Mouries
French
German
Spinning mule
1779
Schoenbein.
Crompton.
1878
Crookes.
English
Guncotton
1847
Ophthalmoscope
English
1851
Heimholtz.
German
Cathode ray tube
Steamboat, exp'mtl
1778
Jouffroy
Gyrocompass
1911
Sperry
U.S.
French
CAT scan (computerized
English
Gyroscope
1852
Foucault
French
Steamboat, exp'mtl
1785
Fitch
U.S.
tomography)
1973
Hounsfield
Paper machine
1809
Dickinson
U.S.
Steamboat, exp'mtl
1787
Rumsey
U.S.
Cellophane
1908
Brandenberger
Swiss
Parachute
1785
Blanchard
French
Steamboat, exp'mtl
1788
Miller
Scottish
Celluloid
1870
Hyatt
U.S.
Pen, balipoint.
1838
Biro
Hungarian
English
Steamboat, exp'mtl
1803
Fulton
U.S.
Cement, Portland
1824
Aspdin.
Pen, fountain
1884
Waterman
1761
Harrison.
English
U.S.
Steamboat, exp'mtl
1804
Stevens
U.S.
Chronometer
1818
Lane
U.S.
Pen, steel.
1780
Harrison.
English
Steamboat, practical
Circuit breaker
1925
Hilliard
U.S.
Harvester-thresher
1982
U.S.
1802
Jarvik
Symington
Scottish
1959
Heart, artificial
Pendulum.
Kilby,
Noyce,
1583
Galileo
Italian
Circuit, integrated
Helicopter.
1939
U.S.
Steamboat, practical
1807
Fulton
Sikorsky
U.S.
Texas Instr
U.S
Percussion cap.
1807
Forsythe
Scottish
Steam car
1770
Cugnot
Hydrometer
1768
Baume
French
French
1657
Huygens
Dutch
Phonograph
1677
Edison.
Clock, pendulum
U.S.
Steam turbine
1884
Parsons
Photo, color
English
Coaxial cable system
1929
Affel, Espen-
1892
Ives
U.S.
Steel (converter)
1856
Bessemer
sched
U.S.
Photo film, celluloid
English
1893
Reichenbach
U.S.
Steel alloy
1891
Austrian
Harvey
U.S.
Coke oven
1893
Hoffman
Photo him, transparent
1884
Eastman,
Ice-making machine
U.S.
Steel alloy. high-speed
1901
Compressed air rock
1851
Gorrie
Taylor, White
U.S.
Goodwin
drill
U.S.
U.S.
1871
ingersoll.
Iron lung
1928 Drinker, Slaw
U.S.
Steel, electric.
1900
Heroult
French
Photoelectric cell
1895
Elster
German
Steel, manganese
1884
Hadfield
Comptometer
1887
Felt
U.S.
Photographic paper
English
1835
Talbot
U.S.
Computer, automatic
Steel, stainless
1916
Brearley.
Aiken et al.
Photography
English
1944
U.S.
1835
Talbot
sequence
English
Stereoscope
1838
Wheatstone
1960
Digital Corp.
Photography
English
Computer, mini.
U.S.
1835
Daguerre
French
Stethoscope
1819
Laennec
French
Condenser micro-
Kaleidoscope
1817
Brewster
Scottish
Photography
1816
Niepce
French
Stethoscope, binaural
1840
Cammann
phone (telephone)
1916
Wente
U.S.
Kinetoscope
1889
U.S.
U.S.
Edison.
Photophone
1880
Bell
U.S.-Scot.
Stock ticker.
Contraceptive, oral
Pinçus, Rock
U.S.
1870
Edison.
U.S.
1954
Phototelegraphy
1925
Bell Labs
U.S.
Corn, hybrid
1917
Jones
U.S.
Storage battery, recharge-
Piano
1709
Cristofori
Cotton gin.
U.S.
Italian
able
1793
Whitney
1859
Plante
French
Swedish
Piano, player
1863
Fourneaux
French
Cream separator
1878
DeLaval
Lacquer, nitrocellulose
U.S.
Stove, electric
1896
1921
Flaherty
Hadaway
U.S.
Pin, safety
1849
Hunt
Cultivator, disd.
1878
Mallon
U.S.
U.S.
German
Lamp, arc.
1847
State
English
Submarine
1891
Holland
U.S.
1878
Nitze.
Pistol (revolver)
1838
Coll
U.S.
Cystoscope.
Submarine, even keel
(continued)
1894
Lake
U.S.
106 Inventions and Scientific Discoveries
Year
Invention or Achievement
Inventor/Origin
Th
Tunnel diode
Sony, Japan, based on work by Leo
Esaki
Integrated circuit
Jack S. Kilby, Texas Instruments,
U.S.
R
Microwave radio system
Pacific Great Eastern Railway between
Vancouver and Dawson Creek-Fort
St. John, British Columbia, Canada
1960
Nuclear-powered ships
USS Enterprise
Argon ion laser
D. R. Herriott. A. Javan, and W.R.
A
Bennett, Bell Laboratories, U.S.
Vertical takeoff and lift aircraft
Frank Taylor and team at Short
Brothers & Harland, Northern
Ireland
York 1
Weather satellite
NASA, U.S.
best R
1961
Manned spaceflight
Vostok I, U.S.S.R.
Stereophonic radio broadcast
Zenith and General Electric
librarie
Companies, U.S.
you
1962
Minicomputer
Digital Corp., U.S.
of per
Robotics
Rand Corp. and IBM. U.S.
X-ray sources in the constellations
Riccardo Giacconi
discove
1963
Cassette tapes
Philips Co., The Netherlands
symbols
1964
BASIC computer language
Thomas E. Kurtz and John G.
Kemeny
Organiz
Acrylic paint
Reeves Ltd., England
Carbon fiber
RAF Farnborough, England
offering
Home-use transistor videotape
Sony, Japan
fun, this
recorder
1965
fsideba
Word processor
IBM. U.S.
1966
Integrated radio circuit
Sony, Japan
Ests that
Noise reduction system
Ray M. Dolby
accessible
1967
Bubble memory prototype
A. H. Bobeck and team at Bell
Telephone Laboratories. U.S.
Amanac,1
1968
Pulsars
Jocelyn Bell
this is the
Holographic storage technique
Bell Telephone Laboratories, U.S.
thick ans
1969
Moon landing
U.S.
PASCAL computer language
Niklaus Wirth
ther one-
Videotape cassette
Sony, Japan
d'commo
Jumbo jet airliner
Joe Sutherland and team at Boeing,
U.S.
Chen to "
1970
Bar code system
Monarch Marking. U.S., and Plessey
Telecommunications, England
"Tem
Computer floppy disk
IBM. U.S.
"Illustr.
Remote-controlled lunar vehicle
U.S.S.R.
1971
Earth-orbiting space station
U.S.S.R.
ents."
Liquid crystal display (LCD)
Hoffmann-LaRoche. Switzerland
cookir
Quartz digital watch
George Theiss and Willy Crabtree
1972
Video disk
Philips Co., The Netherlands
anc
Video game
Noland Bushnel
1973
Computerized tomography (CAT scan)
Allan Macleod Cormack and Godfrey
N. Hounsfield
Earth-orbiting space station
U.S.
Microcomputer
Trong Truong
1974
Nonimpact printing
Honeywell, U.S.
(con
Significant Scientific Discoveries 107
Year
Invention or Achievement
Inventor/Origin
work by Leo
1975
Monoclonal antibodies
Cesar Milstein
Betamax videotaping system
Sony, Japan
istruments,
Video home system (VHS)
Matsushita/JVC, Japan
1976
Mars space probes
Railway between
NASA's Viking I and Viking II
1977
Neutron bomb
son Creek-Fort
U.S. military
Space shuttle
NASA, U.S.
umbia, Canada
Alkyd paint
Winsor & Newton Ltd., England
1978
Test-tube baby
an. and W.R.
Patrick C. Steptoe and Robert G.
Edwards
tories, U.S.
1979
Rubik's cube
Erno Rubik
I at Short
1980
Solar-powered aircraft
Northern
Paul Macready
1981
Silicon 32-bit chip
Hewlett-Packard, U.S.
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)
Thorn-EMI Research Laboratories and
scanner
Nottingham University, England
1982
Artificial heart
Robert Jarvik
ectric
Airborne observatory
NASA. U.S.
1983
Biopol (biodegradable plastic)
ICI Agricultural Division. England
Biosensors
U.S.
Cambridge Life Sciences, England
Carbon-fiber aircraft wing
Great Britain
512K dynamic access memory chip
IBM, U.S.
erlands
1984
Compact disk player
John G.
Sony and Fujitsu Companies, Japan,
and Philips Co., The Netherlands
Megabit computer chip
IBM, U.S.
1985
CD-ROM (compact-disk read-only
ngland
Hitachi, Japan
memory)
Image digitizer
Optronics, England
Polymer electric conducter
Terje Skotheim and team, Brookhaven
National Laboratory, U.S.
Soft bifocal contact lens
Sofsite Contact Lens Laboratory, U.S.
1986
Uranus moons photographs
im at Bell
National Aeronautics and Space
ories, U.S.
Administration. U.S.
Synthetic skin
G. Gregory Gallico, III
1988
Patented animal life
ratories, U.S.
Philip Leder. Timothy Stewart
eam at Boeing,
Significant Scientific Discoveries
.S., and Plessey
ns, England
Year
Discovery
Discoverer/Origin
B.C. C. 12,000
Fire
Unknown
Switzerland
C. 10,000
Zero
Villy Crabtree
Hindu priests
C. 1300
32-letter alphabet
herlands
Ugarit, Syria
C. 1100
Phoenician alphabet (22 letters)
A.D.
C. 80
Magnetism
China
ack and Godfrey
200
Blood circulation
Galen
220
Ellipse and hyperbola
Appollonius
520
Decimal number system
Aryabhata and Varamihara
1287
Nitric acid
Raymond Lully
1538
Optic nerve
Constanzo Vardio
PAGE
1
The Washington Times, July 6, 1992
Who's for it? People like Starr Parker, a California small business
entrepreneur who has been promoting school choice in her black community.
"Polls show over 70 percent of minorities support school choice," she told the
Wall Street Journal. "The rich have choice now. When I was on welfare,
there was no way I could put my child in school. It's time we stop
condemning the poor to a monopoly education system. "
Who's opposed to it? Elitist liberals like Sen. Ted Kennedy, whose
children attended private schools. And the teachers unions who oppose school
choice because they know that the competition that will flow from choice
programs will crack their entrenched monopoly over the whole system.
Clearly, the deepening social and economic problems in our inner cities and
elsewhere have a lot to do with a decaying educational system that is hurting
much of our nation.
Take, for example, the Chicago public school system where only 19 public
high schools out of 66 graduate more than 50 percent of their students; and
where the situation is 50 bad that 46 percent of the city's public school
teachers now send their own kids to private schools.
Contrast that abysmal environment with the city's racially representative
TM
LEXIS:NEXIS®
LEXIS-NEXIS®
LEXIS-NEXIS
Services of Mead Data Central, Inc.
Recyclable
uh
THE WHITE house
WASHINGTON
House ownership
40% own home (1991)
39 9 female students in inst. of (1991)
higher learning
all are
from Stat. yobook in Bonn
I
Dept. of State
Relss Dening [DEMMING]
DESK OFFICER
647-3152
Desk Officer
American Embassy Japan
- Duty Officer
Miss Elizabeth
Com
Broskin
1.10
*
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8
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PAGE
2
1ST STORY of Level 1 printed in FULL format.
Copyright 1991 The Time Inc. Magazine Company
Money
October, 1991
SECTION: SPECIAL REPORT; Pg. 86
LENGTH: 3537 words
HEADLINE: WHY WE STILL LIVE BEST IN THE USA
BYLINE: by Denise M. Topolnicki; Reporter associate: Mary Granfield
BODY:
Before we retreated from Vietnam, suffered through the 1970s oil shock and
got used to walking past homeless people on our city streets, John Wayne reigned
as the archetypal American -- riding high in the saddle, secure that his
homeland was first among nations and confident that it would stay that way
forever. But nowadays, even after the triumph of Operation Desert Storm, the
personification of America often seems less like the Duke and more like Woody
Allen -- a self-doubting neurotic, fretful about America's place in the world
and increasingly pessimistic about our children's chances of living better than
we do today.
The findings of poll after confirm that gnawing sense of insecurity. For
example, a nationwide survey of 300 MONEY subscribers conducted last April by
the Gallup Organization disclosed this: while 74% of the respondents felt that
America's standard of living was still pre-eminent, a full 16% said they thought
the U.S. would tumble from the top within 10 years; another 17% said they
weren't sure whether we could retain our claim to No. 1. When the questioning
turned to which nation was likeliest to replace us at the pinnacle, Japan was
cited by 77%, followed by Germany (63%). (The survey's margin of error was plus
or minus six percentage points.)
Those concerns often seem justified. Hardly a week passes without new
evidence that other people live better than we do. As recently as July, the
Council on Competitiveness, a nonprofit organization of 150 U.S. chief
executives, reported that America's standard of living, measured by the widely
used yardstick of per capita gross domestic product, fell slightly in 1990. Per
capita GDP also grew more slowly in the U.S. from 1972 through 1990 - up in
inflation-adjusted 33% - than it did in six of our main economic rivals, led by
Japan (up 80&).
That news seems more disturbing than it actually is, however, because per
capita GDP tells little about how well a nation's citizens live or how much
their income buys. To answer those questions and find out who in the world
lives best overall, MONEY reporters spent eight months preparing this 50-page
special report. They interviewed more than 200 government officials, scholars
and ordinary citizens and traveled some 19,000 miles from New York City to
Yokohama, Japan and back. We also constructed a proprietary standard-of-living
index with the help of contributing editor Cheryl Russell, a noted demographer
and the author of 100 Predictions for the Baby Boom (Plenum, $ 17,95).
In designing the index, we consulted national opinion surveys to identify
nine critical elements that Americans believe are essential to maintaining a
TM
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PAGE
3
1991 Time Inc., Money, October, 1991
high standard of living. Among them; decent health care and a home your own.
Then, using the latest available statistics, we compared the U.S. in each of the
nine key areas against 15 industrialized democracies (with at least 5 million
residents) that the World Bank and the United Nations consider to have the
world's wealthiest economies. (These criteria obviously ruled out the
impoverished Soviet Union and China.)
For Americans, the results are immensely reassuring. Not only does the U.S.
still enjoy the world's highest standard of living, it far outshines its major
economic competitors, seventh-rated Japan and eighth-place Germany. Reunited
Germany would rank even lower if available statistics reflected former East
Germany's distressed living conditions. (For details on our methodology, see
page 93.)
Admittedly, the MONEY index rests on how Americans define the good life. We
make no apologies for that; obviously, cultures with different values might
reach other conclusions. The remained of this article examines where the U.S.
stands on nine measures of a lofty standard of living, ranked in their of
importance to Americans like you.
Health care
Of the dozens of measures we could have chosen to compare health-care quality,
we settled on an average of male and female life expectancy at birth and at age
60 as a reasonable approximation of a nation's overall health. The U.S.'
eighth-place finish ties it with Austria, Canada, Denmark and Italy. That
standing is perhaps surprisingly high given that an estimated 34 million
Americans, or 14% of our population, lack medical insurance. (By contrast, the
15 other countries guarantee virtually cradle-to-grave access to health care.)
Our uninsured -- largely the working poor -- are the clear losers in a medical
system that ranks as the most high-tech and high-cost in the world. As if
further evidence were needed, a study published last January by the Center for
Health Policy Studies at Georgetown University found that uninsured patients
were 1.2 to 3.2 times more likely to die during a hospital stay than were those
with private insurance.
WE'RE NO. 1
The U.S. ranks first -- with 820 (or 79%) out of a possible 1,040 points -- on
our exclusive index rating the standard of living in 16 wealthy nations.
% of
Total
maxi-
score
mum
United States
820
79
Australia
800
77
Canada
788
76
Finland
754
73
Sweden
748
72
Austria
744
72
Japan
727
70
West Germany
708
68
France
705
68
Switzerland
700
67
Italy
661
64
Netherlands
653
63
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4
1991 Time Inc., Money, October, 1991
Denmark
650
63
Belgium
631
61
United Kingdom
598
58
Spain
578
56
Japan, which in 1950 had the lowest life expectancy of the countries WE
studied, now tops the list with an average at birth of 78 years and an average
at age 60 of 22 years. Remarkably, Japan spends only 6.7% of its GDP on
medicine while the U.S. lays out 11.8%. Yet the Japanese visit doctors almost
three times as often as we do (13 times a year VS. five). Japan's Ministry of
Health and Welfare, in consultation with an advisory body of citizens, insurers
and health-care providers, keeps a relatively tight lid on health-care costs by
fixing prices that private physicians can charge. As a result, an appendectomy
costs only $ 1,413 in Japan, compared with an average of $ 8,350 in New York
City.
Job opportunities
Based on the average annual unemployment rate during the 1980s, the U.S.
finished sixth in our index with a 7.2% mark. Best at keeping its people at
work was tiny Switzerland (pop. 6.6 million), which posted 0.7% unemployment
during the past decade. The Swiss secret: more jobs than native workers.
Consequently, a quarter of the 3.6-million-person Swiss labor force is foreign;
one in five of those is a so-called frontier worker, who commutes to his job
from neighboring countries. When jobs disappear, so do many foreign workers.
As for other nations with low unemployment, Sweden owes its 2.2% average rate
partly to government- and employer-sponsored retraining programs for laid-off
workers. The government also give grants that can total thousands of dollars to
workers who relocate to find new jobs. Japan posted its enviable 2.5%
unemployment rate in the 1980s in large part because of its robust economy, but
also because many young, old or female workers who lose jobs return to their
families, don't apply for unemployment compensation and don't even begin to look
for work again until employment becomes readily available.
WHERE JOBS ARE PLENTIFUL
After about of nearly double-digit unemployment in the early 1980s, the U.S.
jobless rate settled well below 7% during the latter part of the decade.
Unemployment is virtually unknown in prosperous Switzerland. It was endemic in
Spain's sluggish economy during the 1980s, however, reaching a high of 21.6% in
1985.
% average
unemployment
1980 to 1990
Switzerland 0.7
Sweden 2.2
Japan 2.5
Austria 4.3
Finland 4.9
United States 7.2
West Germany 7.3
Australia 7.6
Denmark 9.0
France 9.0
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Information from Mr. Emerson Elliott, Commissioner, National
Center for Education Study
1988 UNESCO [United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural
Organization Statistical Yearbook
enrollment in institutions of higher education in relation to
the population ages 20-24:
U.S.
68.1%
Canada
62.2%
W. Germany
31.8
E. Germany
33.1
Japan
30.1
Germany avg.
32%
OECD 1987 Table
% of females graduating with a BA
U.S.
51.7%
Canada
54.0
W. Germany
38.0
Japan
26.0
censon/
Ho
1991 Time Inc., Money, October, 1991
Canada 9.3
Duight
Netherlands 9.8
United Kingdom 10.0
Italy 10.2
Belgium 11.9
Spain 18.0
Source: International Labour Office
Housing
When we examined home ownership rates and dwelling sizes, the U.S. finished
third. Our 64% home ownership rate is impressive, but it still places the U.S.
below the first-place 69% mark shared by Australia and Finland. In those
countries, first-time home buyers and others enjoy numerous generous government
subsidies and loan programs that aid affordability.
The picture isn't nearly 50 bright in Japan and Germany. The fact that 61%
of Japanese households own their homes is remarkable, considering that even
cramped quarters that lack central heating cost hundreds of thousands or even
millions of dollars (see page 105). The Japanese government has so far managed
to prop up the home ownership rate by providing reduced-cost construction loans
(now 5.5% to 6.7%) to people who plan to build single-family houses with floor
space of 753 to 2,368 square feet. Prospective buyers are also able to amass
substantial down payments because many major corporations house young employees
in subsidized dormitories or rental apartments.
In Germany, where only 39% of all householders are homeowners, the problem is
housing availability, particularly in prosperous western cities that are
attracting job-seeking settlers from the former East Germany as well as ethnic
Germans from economically strapped Poland and the Soviet Union, Indeed, there
are 95 households vying for every 100 housing units in the former West Germany;
in the U.S., there are only 84 for every 100.
To gauge the quality of a nation's housing stock, we compared dwelling sizes
by examining the percentages of units with five or more rooms. In general,
houses are largest in countries with lots of land, like Canada (72%), Australia
(66%) and the U.S. (64%). Space is tightest in the Netherlands, where only 8%
of all dwellings have at least five rooms.
WHERE THEY OWN THEIR OWN HOMES
Owning a home isn't just a part of the American dream. The percentage of
households that own their homes tops 50% in 11 of the 16 industrialized
countries we studied. The U.S. rate, though lifted by the income tax deduction
Americans get on mortgage interest, traits that of Australia and Finland, where
the government offers cash subsidies to home buyers and builders.
%who own
their homes
Australia 69
Finland 69
United States 64
Canada 62
Japan 61
Belgium 59
Italy 59
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1991 Time Inc., Money, October, 1991
Spain 57
Denmark 65
France 61
United Kingdom 51
Austria 48
Netherlands 43
Sweden 39
West Germany 39
Switzerland 30
Source: 1991 Britannica World Data
Income and purchasing power
Because a prospering middle class is a hallmark of a high overall standard of
living, we examined the percentage of total household income that goes to the
middle 60% of the population. With the middle class controlling 53% of all
income, the U.S. ties with Australia, France and Spain for eleventh place.
Austria, Belgium, Denmark and Finland top the list with 56%, Germany, the
Netherlands, Sweden and the United Kingdom are close behind at 55%; France and
Japan tie with 54%. The disadvantaged are best off in Japan, where the poorest
20% of the population receive 9% of all income. By contrast, the bottom fifth
of the population in the U.S., Canada, Denmark and Switzerland get only 5% of
all income. Since a fat income doesn't mean much if it doesn't buy much, we
also measured purchasing power by calculating the share of total spending that
people devote to food and beverages. The less spent on food, the more income
left over for luxuries. Americans spend only 19% of their money on sustenance
and finish second to the Netherlands (17%), the third biggest producer of pigs,
butter and potatoes in the 12-member European Community.
Grocery shoppers are considerably more squeezed in fourteenth-place Japan,
where citizens devote a steep 26% of their spending to food. Mountainous Japan
is poorly suited to agriculture (only 13% of its land is arable), yet it slaps
stiff tariffs averaging 12.1% on imported foods to protest its politically
powerful farmers.
68%
MR. EMERSON ELLIOTT, COMMISSIONER, NCES
CANADA us. 62%
AEE 20-24
NATIONAL CENTER FOR EDUCATION STATISTICS
Upward mobility
GERMANY 32%
1988 UNESCO STATISTICAL YEARBOOK
JAPAN 30%
(INITED NATIONS EDUCATIONAL, STATISTICAL, AND CULTURAL
Since a college education is now a prerequisite for financial success in
ORGANIZATION)
developed countries, we measured the potential for upward mobility by comparing
the percentage of 20- to 24-year-olds enrolled in college and other
post-secondary schools. The U.S., which send 60% of its kids on to higher
education, finishes second to Canada (62%). Germany and Japan weigh in at 32%
and 30%, respectively; both of them use tough college entrance examinations to
steer all but the most academically gifted even Bart Simpson would he ahle to
find a college to admit him. Whether this is good or bad
Some Americans contend that admitting Bart-like ne'er-do-i
universities down to the level of other countries seconda
argue, however, that easy access to education increases t
ENROLLMENT
EDUCATION
students to vocational training. In the U.S., by contrast
eventually take learning seriously and flower into productive citizens.
Our open system explains, in part, why U.S. students always look 50 dumb on
international test. Because foreign students' future earning power frequently
depends on how well they do on test, they tend to take them more seriously
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7
1991 Time Inc., Money, October, 1991
than Americans do. At a juku, or cram school, in Yokohama that MONEY's reporters
visited one Saturday afternoon, junior high school students were memorizing
written description of how to perform gymnastic stunts for the physical
education section of entrance, exams that Japanese students must take to get
into topflight high schools.
We also measured opportunities for women by comparing the percentage of
female college students in each countries. Once again, the U.S., shines; our
51% mark ties us with Australia, Finland and Spain for third place behind Canada
and France (both 54%). In sharp contrast, Germany and Japan posted scores of
38% and 26%, respectively. Unsurprisingly, German and Japanese women are also
less likely than American women to find good jobs. Twenty-nine percent of U.S.
working women hold professional, technical, administrative or managerial
positions, V. 18% in Germany and a mere 12% in Japan.
1987 TABLE OECD
FORGANIZATION OFECONOMIC COOPERATION]
AND DEVELOPMENT
WHO SENDS THE MOST KIDS TO COLLEGE
MR. EMERSON ELLIOTT, COMM
Canada and the U.S. strongly encourage higher education.
countries, plus Japan and Australia, restrict college ad
rank among the top quarter or third on standard measures
achievement. The table shows the percentage of 20- to 2
loway
FEMALE
EDUCATION
universities, two-year community colleges and other post-secondary schools.
%enrolled
Canada 62
United States 60
Finland 40
France 35
Belgium 33
Netherlands 32
Spain 32
West Germany 32
Austria 31
Denmark 31
Sweden 31
Japan 30
Australia 29
Italy 26
Switzerland 25
United Kingdom 23
Source: World Bank/World Development Reports 1991
Leisure
The MONEY subscribers we polled were convinced that the U.S. had become a land
of lazy loafers: only 7% of those surveyed thought that the amount of leisure
time we enjoy would put us in the bottom third of the nations we studied. But
that's where we fall. We spend an average of 39 hours a week at work more than
Australians, Canadians, Swedes (38 hours), Austrians, Britons (37), Danes (35)
and the Dutch (34). We also tied with Canada and Japan for the dubious
distinction of receiving the least vacation time -- 10 days a year on average
(not counting national holidays). Even the workaholic Japanese, who toil an
average of 47 hours a week, enjoy 14 paid national holidays each year while we
get just 10.
TM
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8
1991 Time Inc., Money, October, 1991
Wheels
Although Japan has overtaken the U.S. as the world's most prolific automobile
manufacturer, you wouldn't guess it by the country's low rate of car ownership.
Japan ranks dead last on our 16-country list, with only 2.4 cars for every 10 of
its people. Laws prohibit residents of densely populated areas like Tokyo and
its suburbs from buying a car unless they can prove they have a parking space
for it. Maintaining a car there is also expensive. Vehicles that are more than
three years old must undergo rigorous inspections every two years. Minimum cost
of such a checkup in greater Tokyo: $ 1,600.
As anyone who navigates rush-hour traffic in an American city probably
suspects, we own more cars than anyone else - 5.6 for every 10 people.
Germany, which is the world's third biggest car manufacturer, finishes third
(4.6).
Safety
Most quality-of-life factors, such as climate, geography and social life, are
highly subjective. But one such indicator isn't debatable: everybody wants to
feel safe in his or her own neighborhood. Unfortunately, America's reputation
as the world's crime capital is well deserved. Our annual murder rate of 8.4
per 100,000 inhabitants is more than 1.5 times greater than runner-up Canada's
5.5.
Out pilferage score is somewhat less embarrassing: with 5,248 thefts per
100,000 inhabitants, we rank sixth, behind Denmark (8,525) and Sweden (7,630),
two welfare states renowned for their relative lack of poverty. The Danes and
Swedes are as blase about thievery as they reputedly are about sex. Echoing the
comments of a Swedish law enforcement official whom MONEY interviewed, Finn
Ravnborg, deputy chief constable of the National Commissioner of the Danish
Police, explained: "When people use someone else's bicycle or motorcycle
briefly, then leave it somewhere, it's not the same as stealing. It's reported
as a theft, but we really consider it to be borrowing."
The safest industrialized nation by far is Japan, with a murder rate of 1.2
per 100,000 inhabitants and a theft rate of 1,160. In Tokyo, $ 50 earrings lie
loose all day on department stores countertops, and strollers leave their
briefcases and shopping bags unattended on park benches. In addition to its
emphasis on conformity and social harmony, Japan's low crime rate can be traced
to its strict control of weapons, which began in the 16th century when dictator
Hideyoshi confiscated swords from all but the samurai. In today's Japan, crime
is a high-risk occupation: Japanese police arrest suspects in 79% of all
robberies. American cops crank only 25% of such cases.
As frivolous as it may seem, living well means you can afford a few creature
comforts after you've paid for food, shelter and transportation. Since color
televisions, once considered costly indulgences, are now commonplace in all
affluent nations, we chose VCR-ownership rates as our proxy for luxury.
Sixty-two percent of U.S. households own a VCR, which puts us in third place,
close behind Canada (65%) and Australia (66%). Japan, the world's biggest
manufacturer of VCRs, comes in fifth (55%).
One measure of a nation's standard of living that our index doesn't take into
account is nevertheless worth noting: the opinion of people who vote with
TM
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9
1991 Time Inc., Money, October, 1991
their feet. During the 1980s, about 6 million immigrants came to the U.S. That
was more than in any decade since the peak years between 1900 and 1910. Like
their predecessors (see Editor's Notes on page 4), today's immigrants come
because the U.S. promises a better life. Contrary to the fears of some natives,
immigrants help raise, not lower, our standard of living by expanding our labor
force and consumer markets. Indeed, immigrants even make us more competitive
globally. Says Ben Wattenberg, the author of The First Universial Nation (Free
Press, $ 22.95): "Korean and Mexican Americans will learn their native languages
at home and English at school and grow up to sell IBM products in Korea and
Mexico.' By contrast, our much more homogeneous Japanese and European rivals
will have a tough time enlarging their work forces or markets unless they can
convince their residents to have more kids -- or can discover a way to reverse
aging.
THEY GET VACATIONS
The world's most generous vacation benefits are found largely in Europe. Only
the U.S. and the U.K. have no laws mandating minimums vacation days. The list
shows the legally required minimum number of vacation days for employees with
one year of service (six months in Germany).
Days off
per year
Austria 30
Denmark 30
Sweden 30
Italy 28
France 25
Netherlands 24
Spain 22
(1) United Kingdom 22
Australia 20
Belgium 20
Finland 20
Switzerland 20
West Germany 18
Canada 10
Japan 10
(1) United States 10
(1) Average -- no legal minimum
Source: Mewitt Associates; Consulate General of Italy
WE GET AROUND
Whether it's a U.S-made little dence coupe or the latest luxury import,
Americans love their cars. The U.S. has far and away more passenger cars per
000 inhabitants than most major industrialized countries. Japan, the world's
leading car manufacturer, trails the list.
Cars per 1,000
inhabitants
United States 553
Australia 497
West Germany 467
Canada 454
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1991 Time Inc., Money, October, 1991
Switzerland 419
Italy 482
Sweden 400
France 334
Austria 370
Belgium 349
Netherlands 348
Finland 344
Denmark 321
United Kingdom 316
Spain 283
Japan 241
Source: Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development
GRAPHIC: Picture 1, Japan's standard of living doesn't match its economic
productivity. OTHAN HOFFMAN/PICTURE PROJECT; Picture 2, Reunited Germany is
struggling to rescue its poor eastern portion. GILLES PERESS/MAGNUM; Picture 3,
Despite shortcomings, the U.S. is still the best place to live. LEN JENSHELL;
Illustrations 1 through 9, no caption, by Guy Billout
TM
TM
LEXIS:NEXIS®
LEXIS·NEXIS®
LEXIS·NEXIS®
Services of Mead Data Central, Inc.
Recyclable
09-07-92 02:15 PM FROM S B C MINORITY
P07
i OR MORE
ROOMS, THE COMPARABLE U.S. FIGURE IS 64% FEWER THAN 33% OF THE SWISS OWN THEIR HOMES, vs. 69% IN AUSTRALIA
Japan, which in 1950 had the lowest life expectancy of the
countries we studied, now tops the list with an average at
WHERE JOBS ARE
birth of 78 years and an average at age 60 of 22 years. Re-
PLENTIFUL
markably, Japan spends only 6.7% of its GDP on medicine
while the U.S. lays out 11.8%. Yet the Japanese visit doc-
After R bout of nearly double-digit
tors almost three times as often as we do (13 times a year vs.
unemployment In the early 1980s, the
five). Japan's Ministry of Health and Welfare, in consulta-
U.S. jobless rate settled well below 7%
tion with an advisory body of citizens, Insurers and health-
during the latter part of the decade.
care providers, keeps a relatively tight lid on health-care
Unemployment is virtually unknown
costs by fixing prices that private physicians can charge. As
in prosperous Switserland. It was
a result, an appendectomy costs only $1,413 in Japan, com-
endomic In Spain's eluggish economy
pared with an average of $8,350 in New York City.
during the 1980s, however, reaching #
high of 21.6% in 1985.
Job opportunities
ee
% average
n-
Based on the average annual unem-
unemployment
Jose
ployment rate during the 1980s, the
1980 to 1990
In-
U.S. finished sixth in our index with a
0.7
dy
7.2% mark. Best at keeping its people
d-
at work was tiny Switzerland (pop. 6.6
2.2
its
million), which posted 0.7% unemploy-
ay
ment during the past decade. The Swiss
2.5
secret: more jobs than native workers. Consequently, a
4.3
quarter of the 3.6-million-person Swiss labor force is for-
eign; one in five of those is a so-called frontier worker, who
4.9
commutes to his job from neighboring countries. When
jobs disappear, so do many foreign workers.
7.2
As for other nations with low unemployment, Sweden
owes its 2.2% average rate partly to government- and em-
7.3
ployer-sponsored retraining programs for laid-off workers.
7.6
The government also gives grants that can total thousands
of dollars to workers who relocate to find new jobs. Japan
3.0
posted its enviable 2.5% unemployment rate in the 1980s in
large part because of its robust economy, but also because
9.0
many young, old or female workers who lose jobs return to
their families, don't apply for unemployment compensa-
9.3
tion and don't even begin to look for work again until em-
9.8
ployment becomes readily-available.
Housing
100
When we examined home ownership
10.2
rates and dwelling sizes, the U.S. finished
11.9
third. Our 64% home ownership rate is
impressive, but it still places the U.S. be-
18.0
low the first-place 69% mark shared by
Secreen International Labeur Office
Australia and Finland. In those coun-
tries, first-time home buyers and others
In Germany, where only 39% of all householders are
enjoy numerous generous government
subsidies and loan programs that aid affordability.
homeowners, the problem is housing availability, particu-
larly in prosperous western cities that are attracting job-
AND FINLAND BY LAW, AUSTRIANS, DANES AND SWEDES GET 30 VACATION DAYS PER YEAR; CUSTOMARILY, AMERICANS GET ONLY 10 DAYS
The picture isn't nearly so bright in Japan and Germany.
The fact that 61% of Japanese households own their homes
seeking settlers from the former East Germany as well as
ethnic Germans from economically strapped Poland and
is remarkable, considering that even cramped quarters that
lack central heating cost hundreds of thousands or even
the Soviet Union. Indeed, there are 95 households vying for
millions of dollars (see page 105). The Japanese govern-
every 100 housing units in the former West Germany; in the
U.S., there are only 84 for every 100.
ment has so far managed to prop up the home ownership
rate by providing reduced-cost construction loans (now
To gauge the quality of a nation's housing stock, we
5.5% to 6.7%) to people who plan to build single-family
compared dwelling sizes by examining the percentages
of units with five or more rooms. In general, houses are
houses with floor space of 753 to 2,368 square feet. Pro-
largest in countries with lots of land, like Canada
spective buyers are also able to amass substantial down
payments because many major corporations house young
(72%), Australia (66%) and the U.S. (64%). Space is
employees in subsidized dormitories or rental apartments.
tightest in the Netherlands, where only 8% of all dwellings
have at least five rooms.
Illustrations
09-07-92 02:15 PM FROM S B C MINORITY
P08
THE JAPANESE WORK AN AVERAGE OF 47 HOURS A WEEK,
Income and purchasing power
WHERE THEY OWN
Because a prospering middle
class is a hallmark of a high over-
THEIR OWN HOMES
all standard of living, we exam-
Owning a home Isn't just a part of the
ined the percentage of total
American dream. The percentage of
household income that goes to
households that Own their homes tops
the middle 60% of the popula-
50% in 11 of the 16 Industrialized coun-
tion. With the middle class con-
tries we studied. The U.S. rate, though
trolling 53% of all income, the U.S. ties with Austraila.
litted by the Income tax deduction
France and Spain for eleventh place. Austria. Belgium.
Denmark and Finland top the list with 56%. Germany. the
traile that of Australia and Finland,
SLAVE CARS (5.6 FOR EVERY 10 PEOPLE) THAN ANYONE IN THE WORLD; AMONG THE MATIONS WE STUDIED, THE JAPANESE HAVE THE FEWE
the population receive 9% of all income. By contrast. the
Grocery shoppers are considerably more squeezed in
of their spending to food. Mountainous Japan is poorly
suited to agriculture (only 13% of its land is arable). yet it
2EIGHT MOURS MORE THAN AMERICANS UNEMPLOYMENT AVERAGED 10% OR MORE YEAR DURING THE 1980s M
Americans get on mortgage Interest,
Netherlands, Sweden and the United Kingdom are close
where the government offere cash sub.
behind at 55%: France and Japan tie with 54%. The disad-
sidies to home buyers and builders.
vantaged are best off In Japan. where the poorest 20% of
% who OMN
their homes
bottom fifth of the population in the U.S., Canada, Den-
mark and Switzerland gets only 5% of all income. Since a
09
fat income doesn't mean much if It doesn't buy much, we
also measured purchasing power by calculating the share of
69
total spending that people devote to food and beverages.
64
The less spent on food, the more income left over for luxu-
ries. Americans spend only 19% of their money on suste-
6Z
nance and finish second to the Netherlands (17%). the
third biggest producer of pigs, butter and potatoes in the
61
12-member European Community.
59
fourteenth-place Japan, where citizens devote a steep 26%
59
57
slaps stiff tariffs averaging 12.1% on imported foods to pro-
tect its politically powerful farmers.
55
Upward mobility
58
IIIIII
Since a college education is now a prereq-
51
uisite for financial success in developed
countries. we measured the potential for
48
upward mobility by comparing the percent-
age of 20- to 24-year-olds enrolled in col-
43
lege and other post-secondary schools. The
39
U.S., which sends 60% of its kids on to
higher education, finishes second to Can-
39
ada (62%). Germany and Japan weigh in at 32% and 30%,
respectively; both of them use tough college entrance
30
examinations to steer all but the most academically gifted
Borrow 1031 World Date
students to vocational training. In the U.S., by contrast.
even Bart Simpson would be able to find a college to admit
him. Whether this is good or bad is hotly debated. Some
descriptions of how to perform gymnastic stunts for the
Americans contend that admitting Bart-like ne'er-do-
physical education section of entrance exams that Japanese
nothings drags our universities down to the level of other
students must take to get into topflight high schools.
countries' secondary schools. Others argue, however, that
We also measured opportunities for women by compar-
easy access to education increases the odds that at least
ing the percentage of female college students in each court-
some Barts will eventually take learning seriously and
try. Once again, the U.S. shines: our 51% mark ties us with
flower into productive citizens.
Australia, Finland and Spain for third place behind Canada
Our open system explains, in part, why U.S. students al-
and France (both 54%). In sharp contrast. Germany and
ways look so dumb on international tests. Because foreign
Japan posted scores of 38% and 26%, respectively. Un-
students' future earning power frequently depends on how
surprisingly, German and Japanese women are also less
well they do on tests, they tend to take them more seriously
likely than American women to find good jobs. Twenty-
than Americans do. At a juku, or cram school, in Yoko-
nine percent of U.S. working women hold professional.
hama that MONEY'S reporters visited one Saturday after-
technical. administrative or managerial positions, VS. 18%
noon, junior high school students were memorizing written
in Germany and a mere 12% in Japan.
1988 UNESCO - untel mations educational, entral
the exalloment of instrutis of highs ed is = to
organ.
us- - 68.1% of all 20-24 yr. ones
Statitustion
Canda- 62.2%
yearsook year book
Woen 31.8
E Gm 33.1 532
Japan 30.1
OECD 1987 TABLE
fem. graduates
% of BA fem.
us 51.7
Can 54.0
WG 38.0
ES
Jap 26.0
Ford
09-07-92 02:15 PM FROM S B MINORITY
P06
DUTCH DWELLINGS HAVE FIVE OR MOR
IN
THE
USA
75 YEARS ONLY OF ALL
DAY'S JAPANESE NEWBORNS CANEXPECT THE LONGEST LIVES, 78 YEARS; U.S. BABIES,
That news seems more disturbing than it actually is, how-
insurance. (By contrast, the 15 other countries guarantee
ever, because per capita GDP tells little about how well a
virtually cradle-to-grave access to health care.) Our unin-
nation's citizens live or how much their income buys. To an-
sured-largely the working poor-are the clear losers in a
swer those questions and find out who in the world lives
medical system that ranks as the most high-tech and high-
best overall, MONEY reporters spent eight months prepar-
cost in the world. As if further evidence were needed, a study
ing this 50-page special report. They interviewed more than
published last January by the Center for Health Policy Stud-
200 government officials, scholars and ordinary citizens
ies at Georgetown University found that uninsured patients
and traveled some 19,000 miles from New York City to Yo-
were 1.2 to 3.2 times more likely to die during a hospital stay
kohama, Japan and back. We also constructed a propri-
than were those with private insurance.
etary standard-of-living index with the help of contributing
editor Cheryl Russell, a noted demographer and the author
WE'RE NO. 1
of 100 Predictions for the Baby Boom (Plenum, $17.95).
The U.S. ranks first-with 820 (or 79%)
In designing the index, we consulted national opinion
out of a possible 1,040 points-on our
surveys to identify nine critical elements that Americans
exclusive Indox rating the standard of
believe are essential to maintaining a high standard of liv-
living In 10 wealthy nations.
ing. Among them: decent health care and a home you own.
Then, using the latest available statistics, we compared the
% of
U.S. in each of the nine key areas against 15 industrialized
Total
maxi-
democracies (with at least 5 million residents) that the
score
mum
World Bank and the United Nations consider to have the
820
78
world's wealthiest economies. (These criteria obviously
ruled out the impoverished Soviet Union and China.)
800
77
For Americans, the results are immensely reassuring.
Not only does the U.S. still enjoy the world's highest stan-
768
75
dard of living. it far outshines its major economic competi-
764
73
tors, seventh-rated Japan and eighth-place Germany.
Reunited Germany would rank even lower if available sta-
748
72
tistics reflected former East Germany's distressed living
conditions. (For details on our methodology, see page 93.)
744
72
Admittedly, the MONEY index rests on how Americans
define the good life. We make no apologies for that; obvi-
727
70
ously, cultures with different values might reach other con-
708
68
clusions. The remainder of this article examines where the
U.S. stands on nine measures of a lofty standard of living,
705
$0
ranked in their order of importance to Americans like you.
700
67
Health care
Of the dozens of measures we could
801
64
have chosen to compare health-care
653
63
quality, we settled on an average of
male and female life expectancy at
650
63
birth and at age 60 as a reasonable
approximation of a nation's overall
631
61
health. The U.S.' eighth-place finish
ties it with Austria, Canada, Denmark and Italy. That stand-
$93
63
ing is perhaps surprisingly high given that an estimated 34
578
56
million Americans, or 14% of our population, lack medical
RS
MONEY
OCTOBER
1891
SETTING THE RECORD STRAIGHT
"Facts About the 1980s"
U.S. SENATE
BUDGET COMMITTEE
U.S. Senator Pete Domenici
Ranking Republican Member
Prepared by Minority Staff
July 1992
JB--
This showswhere
Zoellick got the
fact from.
Unfortunately,
it lists "sources"
rather than "footnotes".
It has page #s, but it's
kind of a successing gamp
matching them up. -Mr
Emphasis on Education
EDUCATION
TRUE OR FALSE:
X
Continuing federal support of
education has been coupled with
The President's proposal
innovative proposals for education reform.
for educational reform,
America 2000, is dead in
From 1980 to 1991, federal support for
the water since Congress
education increased 59%, from $34.3 billion
has refused to act.
-
to $54.6 billion.
FALSE!
Federal support for education extends
beyond those amounts, to include post-
secondary education loans.
While Congress appropriated $100 million
last year for implementation of America 2000,
The total volume of guaranteed student
it was unable to pass authorizing legislation
loans grew from $4.6 billion in 1980 to $11.5
for education reform.
billion in 1991 an increase of almost 150%.
Despite the inability of Congress to pass
Federal support for elementary and
the Presidents proposal, 43 states and more
secondary education increased from $16
than 1,100 communities have, on their own,
billion in 1980 to $24.4 billion in 1991, a 53%
initiated America 2000 projects, in search of
increase over those years.
innovative ways of achieving the national
education goals adopted by the governors
Federal support for education also comes
and the President in 1989.
indirectly through deductions allowed for
state and local taxes-major sources of local
State and local projects include offering
education funding-on federal income tax
parental choice of schools, allowing
returns. Federal tax deductions that help pay
increased flexibility for teachers and
for state funded education are estimated to
administrators, retraining teachers to
have increased over 36% from 1980 to 1991,
incorporate higher academic standards for
from $13.3 billion to $18.1 billion.
students, and developing new, break-the-
mold schools.
Also during the 1980s, expenditures per
student in public elementary and secondary
Examples:
schools rose from $2,502 to $5,266-an
increase of 110%.
Over 86 of Maine's 184 communities
have become Maine 2000 communities.
The U.S. sends 60% of its children to
higher education, second only to Canada in
Memphis 2000 has over 800 persons
the world, and well above the 32% rate in
working to create a "new America school."
Germany and 30% in Japan. And 51% of the
students are women, providing them more
Ohio, Texas, and 12 other states have
opportunities than in Japan (38%) and
given state commissioners broad authority to
Germany (26%).
free schools from regulation if they produce
results.
During the 1980s, reading proficiency,
increased dramatically for 17-year old
Minnesota has authorized the creation
minority students. For Black students, those
of deregulated charter schools - a new
achieving reading proficiency increased from
independent public school. Similar new
6.7% in 1980 to 25.8% in 1988. For Hispanic
programs are being worked on in California,
students, the rate increased to 24.3% in 1988
Colorado, Connecticut, and Michigan.
from only 14.9% in 1980.
SOURCES
Advisory Commercion on intergovemments Relations, Significant Features of
Face/ Federation Volume 2 1991.
Report 1989-1991, 175 R-62-001, Act 1992
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Securing our Legacy, An EPA Progress
Bureau of the Canaca, Department of Commerce, American Housing Survey,
July 1991.
Executive Office of the President, Budget of the United States Government
Fiscal Year 1933, January = 1992
Permits Bureau of the Canada, Department of Commerce, Housing Starts and Building
Executive Office of the President, Budost of the United States Government,
Face Year 1993, Historical Tables February, 1992
Bureau of the Certual Department of Commerce, Measurine the Effect of
Senefits and Taxes - mcome and Poverty:1990 and Money Income and Poverty
Executive Office of the President, The President's Comprehensive Cost Control
Status in the U.S.T.B
Program, February a 1992
Bureeu of the Cansual Department of Commerce, U.S. Merchandise Trade
Executive Office of the President, U.S. Actions for & Better Environment A
Sustained Commitment 1992
Bureeu of Economic Analysis. Department of Commerce, U.S. International
Transactions
Federal Bureau of investigation, Unform Crime Reports
Bureau of Economic Analysis, Department of Commerce, Survey of Current
Federal Funds Information for Street FRS, Grants-In-Aid Procrams: Selected
Business
Discretionary and Entitlements Compansons 1981 to 1990 and 1990 to 1993.
Issued June 1992
Bureau of Justica States National Corrections Reporting Program.
Federal Housing Finance Board Monthly Mortgage Index Rate Survey, Annual
Bureau of Justice States, National Crime Victimization Recorts.
Summary α Rates and Terms.
Bureau of Labor Statestics, Department of Labor, Employment and Earnings
U.S. General Accounting Office, Fact Sheet for the Majortty Leader, House of
Representatives, Intergovernmental Relations: Changing Patterns in State-Local
Sureeu of Labor Statestics, U.S. Department of Labor, Office of Productivity and
Finances, March, 1992
Technology, Competative Population. Employment. and Real Gross Domestic
Product for 14 Countries
U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on Ways and Means, Overview of
Entitlement Programs - 1992 Green Book, Committee Print WMCP:102-44.
Congressional Bucget Office, The Economic and Budget a Fiscal Years
1923-1997, January 1992
International Monetary Fund International Financial Statistics
Congressional Bucget Office, CBO Staff Memorandum, Measuring the
International Monatary Fund, Wond Economic Outlook
Distribution or Income Gains March 1982
Joint Economic Committee. U.S. Senate, prepared by the Council of Economic
Congressions Bunget Office, CBO Paper. Trands in Public Infrastructure Outlave
Advisers, Economic indicators
and the President's Processis for Infrestructure Spending an 1983, May, 1992
National Association of Restions, Research Division, Home Sales
Congressional Bunget Office, Staff Memorandum, Factors Contributing to the
Growth of the Medicad Program, May 1992
National Center for Education Statistics, us Department of Education, Office of
Research and improvement, Direct of Education Statistics, November, 1981.
Congressional Bunpat Office, Staff Memorandum. Factors Contributing to the
Infant Mortalltv Ransone of the United States, February 1992
National Foundation for WomenBusiness Owners. Wonen-OwnedBusiness the
New Economic Force 1992 Data Report
Congressional Burger Office (Testimony by Director Robert Reachauer), House
Committee on Waysand Means, March 4, 1992
National Institute on Drug Aliza INDA), 1991 Household Survey,
Congrassional Fussench Service, Environmental Issued: From the 101s2 to the
Office of the Attorney General Attacting Financial institution Free Fiscal Year
102nd Congress, - 1991.
1992 Second Quarterly Recort
Congractional Research Service, Environmental Protection Line and Tracties:
Office of National Drug Control Policy, National Drue Control Street
Reference Guide January 1991.
Treasury Decement Household income Mobility Durtna the 1980c A Statestics
Council of Economic Advisers, Executive Office of the President, Economic
Assessment Samec on Tax Return in June 1992
Report of the Prescent
Treasury Department Internal Revenue Service, Statistics of Income
Cound on Environmental Quality, Environmental Quality, 22nd Annual Report,
March 1992
The Urban Institute, Policy State, be us Income Insouality Resilv Growing?
June 1992
Department of Commerce, Economics and Statistics Administration, Bureau of
the Cansus, Job = Dunne the Late 1980s, Sales P-70, No. 27
The White House, Bush Administration Environmental Accomolishments in
Suppon of UNCED, Fact Sheet, June 1, 1992.
Department of Commerce, Economics and Statistics Administration, Bureau of
the Census, Moner income of Households, Families. and Persons in the U.S.
1990, Series P-8C. 1 174
Department of Education, America 2000, Number 21. Weeker March 30, 1992
Department of - and Human Services, Health Resources and Services
Administration, Nation of Appropriations Estimates for Committee on
Appropriations, Faces Year 1993
Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health,
National institute of Tabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Justication
of Appropriations Estimates for Committee on App.cortations, Facal Year 1992
Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Health United
States. 1990.
Department of Health and Human Services, Social Security Administration,
Social Security Susertin, Annual Statistical Supplement 1989.
Department of Housing and Urban Development, Fiscal Year 1993 Budget,
January 29, 1992
Housing: Building an American Dream
HOUSING
A
During the past twelve years. a variety
TRUE OR FALSE:
of programs has worked to make
homeownership opportunities more
"During the 1980s, the
affordable and more accessible for all
Bush-Reagan Administration
Americans.
cut housing assistance. # -
FALSE!
Through refinancing and mortgage rate
reductions, American homeowners have been
able to reduce their mortgage payments by
as much as $1,500 to $2,000 a year. This
In 1990, HUD housing assistance was
tremendous savings has helped raise
provided to 4.4 million lowincome families,
homeowner confidence and spending.
up from 3.1 million in 1980. This represents a
significant 42% increase.
The United States has the highest
homeownership rate of all major
During the 1980s, federal spending for
industrialized countries with more than 64%
assisted housing increased from $6.3 billion
of households owning their own homes.
to $15 billion representing an increase of
This is higher than the 61% rate in Japan and
138%. There were no budget cuts to housing
the 39% rate in Germany.
during the 1980s, only substitution of
programs to try new approaches such as
Between 1980 and 1990, 7.2 million more
housing vouchers.
families owned their own homes, a 14%
HUD has added to the number of
increase.
households being served at a rate of 80,000
Mortgage rates are now the lowest they
to 100,000 a year throughout the 1980s right
have been in 19 years, making
up to today.
homeownership more affordable.
President Bush has increased funding to
Despite billions of taxpayer dollars devoted
help the homeless by 76%, to over $1.1
to low-income housing, some of the worst
billion.
housing in America is government run.
People choose to live on the streets rather
The Bush Administration continues to
than occupy public housing projects.
push for higher funding for its newly created
HOPE Homeownership Program. HOPE
The Democratic Congress continues to
gives lowincome families 8 stake in their
fund the same approaches that result in more
communities by providing assistance to buy
public housing projects being constructed.
their public housing units. Ownership is a
Nearty 14% of public housing is vacant and
stabilizing force in communities and a
fundamental building block of prosperity in
boarded-up.
America. Low-income families need to be
The Bush Administration has pushed for
part of this opportunity.
using the new approach of housing vouchers
to provide homeownership opportunities for
low-income families. President Bush's most
recent budget proposes 7 $1.9 billion
increase for housing vouchers - from $758
million to $2.7 billion. This increase would
result in nearly 83,000 low-income families
receiving housing vouchers. Vouchers are
more cost effective than constructing new
public housing units, families don't have to
wait 7 years for the units to be built, and
vouchers allow families more choice.
JENN_ 9-8-92 NOON
FEC - 202-219-3440
FRED EILAND
PRESS OFFICE
PAC MONEY
& BY ELECTION CYCLE -
1989-90 D. $92.3 millin
R. $57.2 millior
D. 61.8%
R. 38.2%
- Have not done this Dr. yet- -
1987-88-0.48.4. M 62%
R.$60.8m
1985-86 D-48.9m
R $60.9 , m
DAC MONEY, oncons. CANDIDATES
Now through March 31, 1992
10
D-# 48.6m
0
R-B 24.6m
SENT BY:Xerox Telecopier 7021 9- 6-92 1:34PM
201->
94562464 2
FEDERAL ELECTION
STATE
COMMISSION
Press Office
999 E Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20463
AMERICA
OF
Phone: Local 219-4155 Tall Free 800-424-9530
2022193440 Serenal
215-4155
FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE:
CONTACT:
FRED BILAND
703/548-6223
MARCH 5, 1992
SHARON SNYDER
SCOTT MOXLEY
RECEIPTS RISE $31.8 MILLION FOR '92 CONGRESSIONAL CAMPAIGNS
WASHINGTON -- Receipts during 1991 for this year's congressional
campaigns increased by $31.8 million compared to the same period in
the 1990 election, according to the Federal Election Commission.
The FEC found that Senate and House candidates raised $159.9
million and spent $89.5 million in 1991 and entered the election year
with cash on hand of $159.7 million.
The following table compares non-election year activities for
all Senate and House campaigns in the last three cycles:
Cycle
Receipts
Disbursements
Cash on Hand
92
$159.9
$89.5
$159.7
90
$128.1
$70.8
$129.1
88
$111.5
$58.6
$108.9
(in millions)
As the above table demonstrates, candidates appear to be raising
funds earlier. There has been a 25 percent increase in this cycle's
non-election year fundraising, however a tise of 15 percent occurred
between 1987 and 1989; but by the end of the 89-90 cycle receipts had
leveled. Although this does not necessarily mean an increase for the
entire cycle, there are indications that fundraising levels will be
much higher in the 1992 cycle. Included in those factors pushing
this increase are redistricting, two California Senate races and the
uncertainty caused by close contests in the last election.
In Senate contests, candidates reported raising $77 million ($49
million from individuals; $17.5 million from PACs) and spending $35.7
million in 1991. These campaigns had cash on hand of $62.3 million
as of December 31, 1991. Cycla-to-cycle comparisons of Senate races
are discouraged because, in part, different seats in different states
are up for election each cycle.
Receipts in 1991 for House candidates increased $17.3 million,
or 26 percent, to $82 million, while spending grew $10.8 million, or
25 percent, to $53 million. House campaigns reported entering the
election year with $97.4 million cash on hand.
Political action committees (PACs) in 1991 contributed $17.5
million to Senate candidates and $34.9 million to House candidates.
-more- 1991 TOTAL: $52.4 million
92 figures out in January
AMERICA
We leave our ploughs and workshops, our wives
***
and children dear,
"
our manifest destiny is to overspread and
With hearts too full for utterance, with but a single
possess the whole of the continent which Providenc
tear."
has given us for the development of the great experi
James Sloan Gibbons
ment of liberty and federated self-government en-
"We Are Coming, Father Abraham"
trusted to us."
Civil War marching song
John Louis O'Sullivan
***
New York Morning News
"A house divided against itself cannot stand. I be-
Dec. 27, 1845
lieve this government cannot endure, permanently
***
half slave and half free. I do not expect the Union to
"Certainly we sons of the teaspillers [Boston Tea
be dissolved-I do not expect the house to fall-but I
Party insurgents] are a marvelously patient genera-
do expect it will cease to be divided. Either the
tion."
opponents of slavery will arrest the further spread of
Wendell Phillips, orator and reformer
it, and place it where the public mind shall rest in the
Eulogy of Elijah Lovejoy,
belief that it is in course of ultimate extinction; or its
abolitionist killed by mob
advocates will push it forward, till it shall become
1837
alike lawful in all the states, old as well as new-
***
North as well as South."
"So long as a slave who is worth a few dollars here
Abraham Lincoln
fetches 80-100 pounds in America, men and means
Speech to state Republican convention, Springfield,
will be found to evade even the strictest blockade.'
Illinois
British naval officer
1858
Quoted by Michael Teague and Zelide Cowan
***
American Heritage
"The fiery trial through which we pass will light us
February, 1969
down, in honor or dishonor, to the latest generation.
***
In giving freedom to the slaves, we assure free-
"How does it become a man to behave toward this
dom to the free-honorable alike in what we give,
American government today? I answer, that he can-
and what we preserve. We shall nobly save, or
not without disgrace be associated with it."
meanly lose, the last, best hope of earth."
Henry David Thoreau
President Abraham Lincoln
"Civil Disobedience"
Speech to Congress
1849
December, 1862
***
***
"We have one country, one Constitution. one des-
"Yet if God wills that it [the Civil War] continue
tiny."
until all the wealth piled by the bondsman's 250
Daniel Webster, statesman
years of unrequited toil shall be sunk, and until every
Speech in New York
drop of blood drawn with the lash shall be paid by
1837
another drawn by the sword, as was said 3,000 years
***
ago, so still it must be said, that the judgments of the
"Liberty and union, now and forever, one and insep-
Lord are true and righteous altogether."
arable."
.
President Abraham Lincoln
Daniel Webster, statesman
Inaugural address
Speech
1865
Jan. 26, 1830
***
***
"I see no results of this great conflict [Civil War]
[On the Civil War]: "Long, too long America,
which justify the tremendous sacrifices which we as
Traveling roads all even and peaceful you learn'd
a nation were required to make. I see only an
from joys and prosperity only,
enormous waste of life and property, the vindication
But now, ah now, to learn from crises of anguish,
of right by might, and the substitution of one form of
advancing, grappling with direst fate and recoil-
injustice for another."
ing not
Henry Miller
Walt Whitman
The Air-Conditioned Nightmare
"Long, Too Long America"
1945
1865
72
The President's Comprehensive
Health Reform Program
OF
STARE OF IS CANADA THE UNITED THIS PRESITIVE
February 6, 1992
2
The President's Comprehensive Health Reform Program
The President's Plan builds on a system
benefit package. To reduce the rapid growth
that provides the world's best health care.
of health spending, the plan makes radical
The plan provides all Americans access to
reforms in the health insurance system and
affordable health care coverage through a
includes strong incentives for the development
transferrable health insurance credit (cer-
and expansion of coordinated care systems
tificate)-available even to low-income Ameri-
cans who do not file tax returns-that can
and other efficient arrangements for delivering
high quality health care.
be applied to the purchase of a basic health
Summary Highlights
Expanding Access to Health Care (See
Health Insurance Networks (HINs)-
Chapters 3 and 4)
Pooled-Purchasing Power.When it comes
Transferrable Health Insurance Credits (cer-
to health insurance, small businesses do
tificate) and Deductions-Benefitting Approxi-
not have many of the advantages of large
mately 95 Million Americans-
businesses. Large companies can self in-
sure and avoid expensive benefit mandates
A transferrable health insurance credit
and premium taxes. Large firms are sold
(certificate) or tax deduction would be
coverage similar to that purchased by
available to ensure access to affordable
small firms, but at much lower prices. A
health care coverage for moderate and
new way of purchasing insurance, HINs
low-income families. About 95 million
would enable small firms to purchase low
Americans would receive assistance. When
cost, high quality health insurance. HINs
fully implemented, families with incomes
would enable small businesses to buy
below the tax filing threshold, approxi-
lower priced insurance by reducing admin-
mately the poverty line, would receive a
istrative costs and by exempting insurance
credit of up to $3,750, sufficient to pur-
purchased from HINs from excessive State
chase basic health benefits. Similarly, in-
mandates, anti-managed care laws, and
dividuals would receive $1,250 and two-
premium taxes. For the first time, groups
person families $2,500. A health insurance
like the National Federation of Independ-
credit (certificate) or deduction (also up to
ent Business, National Small Business
$3,750 per family) would be available to
United, and the U.S. Chamber of Com-
individuals, two-person, and larger fami-
merce would be able to offer affordable
lies with annual incomes up to $50,000,
health plans to their members nationwide
$65,000 and $80,000, respectively.
or join with other groups to increase pur-
Market Reform-
chasing power in State or local markets.
Basic Benefits.-States would be required
Insurance Affordability.-In the near
to develop a basic health insurance pack-
term, premium costs for similar policies
age equal to the value of the health insur-
sold to firms in a single block of business
ance credit. This would enable low-income
could vary by no more than 50 percent.
families to purchase adequate health care
A health risk adjustment across insurers
would be phased in-removing premium
coverage.
disparities and allowing for plan flexibility
Insurance Security.-Workers changing
within a new insurance market driven by
jobs would no longer face concerns about
competition on quality and costs.
"job lock"-the inability to change jobs for
fear of losing access to insurance. Health
Containing Health Care Costs (See Chapter
insurers would be required to provide cov-
5)
erage to all employers requesting it. Cov-
Malpractice Reform.-The threat of mal-
erage would be guaranteed, renewable,
practice litigation prompts physicians to
and preexisting condition limits would be
order tests and perform procedures, ena-
eliminated.
bling them to assert that every effort has
Principles for Reform: Building on American Strengths
7
Chart 2. PROJECTED SOCIAL SECURITY AND
HEALTH ENTITLEMENTS FOR 1990-2030
$ BILLIONS
8,000
7,000
6,000
HEALTH ENTITLEMENTS (MEDICARE/MEDICAID)
ASSUMES CONTINUATION OF SPENDING GROWTH RATES
5,000
HEALTH ENTITLEMENTS (MEDICARE/MEDICAID)
4,000
ASSUMES SIGNIFICANT SLOWING OF SPENDING GROWTH
3,000
2,000
1,000
SOCIAL SECURITY
0
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
2015
2020
2025
2030
FISCAL YEAR
Note: Health entitlement projections based on data provided by Health Care Financing Administration,
Office of the Actuary, October, 1991.
through 1997. By 2025, Medicare is expected
percent of poverty (Needleman et al., 1990).
to exceed 27 percent of the federal budget.
Despite this, most of the massive federal
Even if it were possible to sustain health
spending on health care goes to the non-
spending at nearly 30 cents of every dollar,
poor. In 1992, only 21 percent of total
it is difficult to imagine who would pay
federal health care spending is estimated
these enormous costs. Most individuals already
to be spent for the poor. Almost 90 percent
feel that they are overburdened with health
of Medicare spending goes to individuals
above the poverty level.
care costs. Businesses are spending increasing
percentages of wages and other compensation
Uninsured Americans receive some health
on health care premiums-currently in excess
care, either by paying for it out-of-pocket,
of 100 percent of after-tax profits.
or in the form of "uncompensated" or "charity"
Clearly, health care costs must be contained,
care (Needleman et al., 1990). "Uncompen-
both in public programs and in the private
sated" care is not free, in the sense that
sector. Neither individuals, business, nor gov-
insured individuals must pay higher fees
ernment can afford to pay for the currently
and thus higher premiums, and hospitals
projected growth.
receive public (such as Medicare and Medicaid
"disproportionate share" payments and non-
Inadequate Access Despite Increasing
profit tax treatment-now over $15 billion
Spending.-Despite this rapid rise in health
per year) and private (such as charitable
care spending, 13 percent of Americans-34.7
contributions) subsidies to cover the costs.
million-are without health care insurance.
The uninsured are more likely to receive
Most of the uninsured are lower-income
health care in hospital emergency rooms,
Americans-30 percent of the uninsured have
rather than in physicians' offices and clinics
incomes below the poverty level, and 32
(NMES, 1987). This form of care can be
percent have incomes between 100 and 200
harmful to the individual, who may only
24
The President's Comprehensive Health Reform Program
ceives the credit plus or minus an amount
by as much as 16 percent through efficiencies
related to the individual's age (and possibly
of scale, lower administrative costs, and
gender). These adjustments mitigate the prob-
through pooling of purchasing power. that
lem of adverse selection for the basic benefit
helps small businesses negotiate better rates
packages.
with insurers.
Amounts received by an insurance company
Cleveland's Council of Smaller Enterprises
would also be subject to health status adjust-
(COSE) operates a successful health insurance
ments. On an annual basis, each credit
group purchasing program for small firms.
recipient would be assigned to a health
While COSE has been successful, surprisingly
status category. Each health category would
little of this type of group purchasing is
have a corresponding weight based on expected
going on nationwide. The reforms described
health care costs defined relative to the
in the preceding sections will spur group
population average. Each insurer would cal-
purchasing by protecting against some of
culate an average weight for all credit recipi-
the abusive practices that have daunted some
ents covered by the insurer. Insurers with
local purchasing groups. Additional assistance
an average weight greater than the statewide
is provided as well to encourage rapid forma-
average would receive net transfers from
tion of group purchasing arrangements.
the pool, while insurers with an average
weight less than the statewide average would
ERISA Reform/Incentives for Group Pur-
be required to make contributions to the
chasing.-The federal preemption of State
pool.
regulation of self-insured health benefit plans
under ERISA that benefits virtually all large
States would implement pools for credit
employers would be extended to small busi-
recipients simultaneously with federal imple-
nesses that purchase coverage on a group basis
mentation of the transferable health tax credit
through a Health Insurance Network (HIN).
system. Implementation of health risk pools
This would protect against (i) State mandated
for small group coverage would occur over
benefit laws that require firms to provide cer-
a five-year period on a phased-in basis,
tain costly services, (ii) excessive State health
starting in the third year after enactment
insurance premium taxes, (iii) and State anti-
of the reform proposal. Transition measures,
coordinated care laws. These laws typically in-
including premium limits, would apply in
crease premium costs by 2 to 5 percent. HINs
the small group market in the interval.
could also still self-insure, but in this case,
enhanced insurance State solvency and in-
Encouraging Group Purchasing For Small
creased Department of Labor standards would
Employers: Health Insurance Networks
apply to ensure the economic stability of the
The President's reform proposal will help
plans.
reduce insurance costs for small businesses
Functions.-HINs could contract with in-
by encouraging group purchasing. Group pur-
surers to provide coverage to members or could
chasing can reduce health insurance costs
self-insure subject to enhanced State solvency
Table 3-4. Savings From Small Market Reforms:
Administrative and Bargaining Effects
(Expressed as percent of total premium, by firm size)
Firm Size Claims
Total Savings
<4
15.9
5-9
13.1
10-19
10.9
20-49
8.5
50-99
6.0
25
Expanding Access and Increasing Affordability Through Market Reform
regulation (if State solvency standards are in-
will simplify marketing and administration
sufficient, Department of Labor solvency
and sharply reduce costs.
standards would operate as a backup oversight
Increasing Flexibility for Health Plans
system). All federally approved HINs would be
required to offer at least one coordinated care
States would no longer be allowed to man-
option and to use a standard claims form.
date benefits that unduly limit flexibility
for health plans, thereby increasing health
Organization-HINs would be structured
care costs and restrict coordinated care.
as non-profit voluntary membership organiza-
tions with a board of directors elected by the
State Mandated Benefits.-Many State
membership. HINs would be registered and
laws require insurers to cover certain optional
qualified, as applicable, by a State agency or
or ancillary services. These mandated benefits
by the Department of Labor. There would be
drive up premium costs up by at least 3 to
no limit on the number of HINs that could
5 percent.
be established in a given area. HINs could be
Provisions that Restrict Coordinated
established along the lines of professional soci-
Care.-Some State laws impose restrictions
eties, industry, or trade associations and would
which prevent the development of coordinated
be subject to all of the market reforms listed
care-and the competitive pressure it imposes
in the preceding sections. By buying coverage
on fee-for-service providers. Anti-managed care
through a HIN, small businesses would be able
laws include:
to achieve more effective purchasing power in
Restrictions on reimbursement rates or se-
the market, thereby helping reduce the cost
lective contracting: Laws that restrict the
of insurance to their employees.
ability of a carrier to negotiate reimburse-
HINs will provide the mechanism for pooling
ment rates with providers or contract se-
large numbers of individuals and employees
lectively with a limited number of provid-
of small firms, an advantage that is now
ers.
only available to large companies. These
Restrictions on differential financial incen-
plans have not grown in the past because
tives: Laws that limit the financial incen-
of State laws. To allow for federal preemption,
tives that a health benefit plan may re-
plans had to "self insure". Small groups
quire a beneficiary to pay when a non-
have difficulty raising capital to self insure
plan provider is used on a non-emergency
risk. This system allows "imputed ERISA
basis.
exemptions"-small firms can join together
without self-insuring, and have insurers carry
Restrictions on utilization review: Laws
the risk.
that (a) prohibit utilization review of any
or all treatments and conditions, (b) re-
Intrastate and Regional Pooling.-The
quire that such review be made by an in-
State or Federal government could certify an
State physician or by a physician in a par-
HIN. For example, Pennsylvania (or the Fed-
ticular specialty, (c) require the use of
eral government) could certify an HIN of 1,000
specified standards of health care practice
small employers who pooled market power to
in such reviews, or require the disclosure
negotiate with local providers in Philadelphia,
of the specific criteria used in such re-
or the Federal government could certify a simi-
views, or (d) require payment to providers
lar HIN for the Philadelphia area (PA, NJ,
for the expense of responding to utilization
and DE) that would pool market power in the
review requests.
entire region.
Federal/State Relationships
Multi State Pooling.-HINs would allow
for the first time, multi State pooling of small
Most of the reforms described in the preced-
firms. Groups like NFIB, National Small Busi-
ing section would be implemented by the
ness United and The Chamber of Commerce
States. Thus, the responsibility for regulating
(or any other group) could offer the same basic
health insurance would remain primarily with
plans to members nationwide. In the past,
the States. However, federal legislation would
State barriers have prevented such plans. This
be amended to provide States with clear
September 10, 1992
MEMORANDUM FOR ROBERT ZOELLICK
TORIE CLARKE
FROM:
JENNIFER GROSSMAN JAC
CAROL AARHUS
CA
SUBJECT:
CHICAGO PUBLIC SCHOOL TEACHERS INFORMATION
AGENDA FOR AMERICAN RENEWAL
Regarding the fact that appears in the Agenda for an
American Renewal ((46% of public shcool teachers in Chicago send
their kids to private schools) ) : It was fact-checked. Here are
our sources:
Heritage Foundation Report March 21, 1990 (enclosed).
The report in turn cites a 1988 Harris poll.
An American Enterprise Institute Report by Dennis Doyle
He
[formerly a Department of Education employee, now a
says
senior fellow at the Hudson Institute]. His report was we
called "Where Public School Teacehrs Send their
can
Children to School: A Preliminary Analysis." His
use
information came from a 1986 census study.
him
A Wall Street Journal editorial. 6/26/92
as
asounce
A Washington Times editorial by Don Lambro. 7/6/92
PAGE
9
6TH STORY of Level 1 printed in FULL format.
Copyright 1990 The Heritage Foundation
Heritage Foundation Reports
March 21, 1990
SECTION: BACKGROUNDER; NO. 760
LENGTH: 5298 words
HEADLINE: A PRIMER ON CHOICE IN EDUCATION: PART I -- HOW CHOICE WORKS
SERIES: This study reviews the arguments in favor of choice, its success to
date, and the choice options available. Part II will address the legal
considerations that should guide policy decisions.
BYLINE: Prepared for The Heritage Foundation by Clint Bolick, Director, Landmark
Legal Center for Civil Rights, Washington, D.C.
BODY:
INTRODUCTION
Every year, America spends increasing sums on education, yet it seems to be
without much noticeable impact on the disastrously low academic achievement of
the nation's youngsters. For this reason, a growing consensus is emerging that
doubts whether more spending and more tinkering will improve the performance of
schools.
What will improve it, say increasing numbers of liberals and conservatives,
are reforms that give parents the freedom to choose the best schools for their
children. This would create competition among schools that would improve the
schools and schooling. Last year alone, 23 states considered some form of
education-choice proposals; three enacted choice legislation. n1 In fact, there
are already an estimated 10,000 schools which students attend as a matter of
choice rather than assignment. Reports Fortune magazine: choice in education
"is simply the hottest item on the education reform agenda today. n2
n1 Susan Phillips, "Education Choice Emerging Trend?" Family, Law & Democracy
Report, July 1989, PP. 1-3.
N2 Jaclyn Fierman, "Giving Parents a Choice of Schools," Fortune, December 4,
1989, P. 147.
Harlem Success. Choice in education must not be limited to the wealthy or
well-off who can afford either to pay for a private school or move to a good
school district. Choice is needed most by financially poor parents whose
children are trapped in the most inferior schools. When given a choice in
schools, as is now available in New York City's Harlem school district, for
instance, test scores rise dramatically.
Restoring Teaching's Prestige. With widespread public support, different
choices schemes have been adopted in the states. Opponents mainly have been the
education establishment, fighting to protect its monopoly and job security. Yet
educators need not fear choice. Upgraded schooling, rising test scores, and
fading illiteracy will raise the prestige of and respect for teachers and
principals, restoring to teaching the high status that it enjoyed just a
©
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1990 The Heritage Foundation, March 21, 1990
little more than a generation ago.
Educators should join with parents and lawmakers in backing such choice
options as magnet schools and open enrollment for public schools, and tuition
tax credits and vouchers for private schools. Choice plans instituted to date
generally have been limited to public schools. While this limits their
benefits, it addresses the most pressing needs and makes broader political
support possible.
Though many choice plans have been adopted only in recent years, where
evidence is available it is clear that competition among the schools boosts
student performance. Thus state governors increasingly support parental choice,
and George Bush has made choice the cornerstone of his education improvement
agenda. The choice movement is gaining momentum, and policy makers must
continue to introduce choice where it has not been tried and to expand it where
it has been successful.
HOW CURRENT EDUCATION REFORMS HAVE FAILED
More than six years have passed since the report by the National Commission
on Excellence in Education pronounced America's public school system a virtual
shambles. n3 Yet the United States remains educationally "a nation at risk."
n3 National Commission on Excellence in Education, A Nation at
Risk (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1983).
The Commission's alarming findings triggered a flurry of reform that has
included increased public school expenditures, higher academic standards and an
emphasis on basic skills -- all with very disappointing results. In fact, last
year the U.S. Department of Education reported that Scholastic Aptitude Test
(SAT) scores have remained stagnant or declined during the past three years. n4
Only 20 percent of American high school seniors can write a simple letter and
only 5 percent can decipher a bus schedule. n5 And the problem is most acute for
the urban poor. n6 The evidence is clear -- increased spending and recent
education reform measures have failed to improve student performance.
n4 Secretary of Education Lauro F. Cavazos, "Restructing American Education
Through Choice," speech delivered to the Education Press Association (May 19,
1989), p. 1.
n5 Survey findings by the National Assessment of Education Progress.
n6 The Right to Choose: Public School Choice and the Future of American
Education (New York: Manhattan Institute for Policy Research, 1989), P.
B[hereinafter Right to Choose].
How Reforms Picked the Wrong Target
The type of reforms undetaken since 1983 actually have little relationship to
student performance. A 1989 survey of 187 studies by University of Rochester
Economics Department Chairman Eric A. Hanushek, for instance, finds that teacher
salaries, per-pupil expenditures, class size, and graduation requirements are
unrelated to academic performance. n7 After surveying two decades of educational
research, this report concludes:
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Expenditure increases, if undertaken within the current institutional
structure, are likely to be dissipated on reduced class size or indiscriminate
raises in teacher salaries with a result that growth in costs will almost surely
exceed growth i student performance. n7
n7Eric A. Hanushek, "The Impact of Differential Expenditures on School
Performance," Educational Researcher, May 1989, P. 47.
Rather, such less tangible factors as a clear educational mission, strong
leadership, and an atmosphere of professionalism and flexibility have a much
more significant impact on student achievement. These critical factors, notes
Brooking Institution Senior Fellow John Chubb, "are not things that school
reformers can easily influence with policies. n8
n8Right to Choose, PP. 9-10.
The lessons of the 1980s are clear: spending more money and fiddling modestly
will not improve the performance of American students. What will is competition
among schools. This will force the improvements needed to make American
students as well educated as their foreign counterparts. There are different
methods of introducing competition into the school system, all of which give
parents some degree of choice in selecting their children's schools.
OPTIONS FOR EXPANDING CHOICE
The principal options for promoting educational choice include (either alone
or in combination) magnet schools, open enrollment, tuition tax credits,
vouchers, and home schooling. The first two options normally confine choice to
public schools, while tax credits and vouchers extend the freedom of choice to
some or all private schools. Each of these strategies had different
attributes and different implications for parents and for schools.
Choice within the Public Schools
Most current proposals focus on increasing choice and competition among
public schools. This empowers the vast majority of parents. Students can
improve their opportunities and poor schools will face powerful incentives to
improve. Among the most important versions of public school choice:
Magnet Schools. The term "magnet" connotes an intrinsic drawing power, and
this is precisely how magnet schools are designed. To attract students from
outside their normal attendance areas, magnet schools are given the flexibilty
to design specialized courses of instruction and experiment with instructional
techniques. Used increasingly in recent years as a desegregation device, magnet
schools have accomplished what decades of forced busing could not: voluntarily
integrated schools offering high-quality educational opportunities.
Magnet schools currently comprise about 25 percent of all schools of choice.
They are organized around particular themes: specialized academic courses like
math, science, foreign languages, or remedial education; performing or creative
arts; vocational or technical education; or particular learning methods.
One-third of these schools base admission on established criteria, such as
superior academic performance; the remainder admit students on a lottery or
first-come basis. It is not uncommon for this latter version to result in long
lines of parents camped out for days, waiting to register their children.
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Magnet schools exist at the primary or secondary level and the
size-attendance zone can vary widely. Examples: Montclair, New Jersey, has
turned all its elementary and secondary schools into magnets and has instituted
open enrollment throughout the municipality; St. Louis, by contrast, has created
a program in which it exchanges students with 23 suburban school districts. n9
n9Educating Our Children: Parents & Schools Together (Washington, D.C.: U.S.
Department of Education, 1989), P. 29.
Impressive Gains. The academic gains produced by magnet schools 50 far are
impressive. The Education Department reports that 80 percent of the magnet
schools in fifteen urban districts showed higher achievement scores than their
district averages. n10
n10Ibid, P. ii.
In designing magnet schools, policy makers should offer real choices to the
maximum number of students. If a school district creates a number of magnet
schools that prove to be successful, other district schools should be permitted
to compete with the magnets by modifying their own curricula or methods.
Schools with long waiting lists should be replicated.
To the extent they are used as a desegregation device, magnet schools can
succeed only if the principal goal is educational quality rather that racial
balancing as an end in itself.
Open Enrollment. Also called "public school choice," open enrollment is the
most comprehensive way to introduce competition within the public educational
sector.
Minnesota is the pioneer in open enrollment. Launched in 1987, the Minnesota
program requires open enrollmment in certain school districts; all the state's
school districts will be included by the 1990-1991 school year. Under this
policy, students may apply to schools in districts other than the one in which
they reside, and the schools must accept them unless space is inadequate or the
transfer would upset racial balance. M11 The state's portion of the cost of
educating a student "follows" the student to the school of choice. Thus schools
that attract more students attract more money.
n11This requirement may well be unconstitutional. Landmark Legal Foundation
has filed on behalf of black schoolchildren a legal challenge to the Kansas City
policy of strict racial quotas in magnet school admissions, under which the
school district has turned away black students despite having empty seats in the
magnet schools. See the discussion of nondiscrimination in Part II of this
paper, forthcoming.
The student's family is responsible for transportation to the new district's
boundaries, but from there transportation is provided for needy students at
public expense. In the four years since open enrollment was first proposed,
public opinion in Minnesota has flipped from 2-to-1 opposed to 2-to-1 in favor
of the policy. n12 Last year, Arkansas, Iowa, and Nebraska, enacted
open-enrollment programs patterned after Minnesota's, and Ohio has launched an
open-enrollment pilot program. n13
®
TM
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September 10, 1992
MEMORANDUM FOR ROBERT ZOELLICK
TORIE CLARKE
FROM:
JENNIFER GROSSMAN
CAROL AARHUS
SUBJECT:
CHICAGO PUBLIC SCHOOL TEACHERS INFORMATION
AGENDA FOR AMERICAN RENEWAL
Regarding the fact that appears in the Agenda for an
American Renewal ((46% of public shcool teachers in Chicago send
their kids to private schools) ) : It was fact-checked. Here are
our sources:
O
Heritage Foundation Report March 21, 1990 (enclosed).
The report in turn cites a 1988 Harris poll.
O
An American Enterprise Institute Report by Dennis Doyle
[formerly a Department of Education employee, now a
senior fellow at the Hudson Institute]. His report was
called "Where Public School Teachers Send their
Children to School: A Preliminary Analysis." His
information came from a 1986 census study.
A Wall Street Journal editorial.
O
A Washington Times editorial by Don Lambro. 7/6/92
WST WSTedial
Date
2533
Torie clake
OSEL LIIL ase
Sex
PAGE 13
1990 The Heritage Foundation, March 21, 1990
n12The Right to Choice, op. cit., P. 19.
n13 Phillips, op. cit., P. 3.
Denying Choice to Some. Other jurisdictions have opted for "controlled"
choice giving parents the opportunity to identify their top two or three school
preferences. Adminstrators then assign students to a school aiming at achieving
a racial balance, with parent preferences as a secondary concern. Boston
instituted controlled choice last year, and although most of the city's students
received their first and second choices, a large percentage of students were
assigned to a school they had not chosen. After a generation of racial conflict
stemming from forced busing, administrators hoped that controlled choice would
enable the schools to integrate through voluntary means. n14 However, unlike
open enrollment plans, controlled choice does not permit a child to attend the
neighborhood school if it would upset the racial balance. This choice option,
therfore, denies choice to a large proportion of parents, whose children remain
subject to mandatory busing.
n14" 'American Agenda," ABC World News Tonight, November 13, 1989.
Other examples:
** In 1981, Cambridge, Massachusetts, abolished attendance zones for grades
K-8 and allowed parents to select their top three schools, subject to space and
desegregation limitations. Following the introduction of choice, the proportion
of students electing to attend public schools rose from 74 percent to 82
percent, and student achievement scores have risen steadily. n15
n15Schools of Choice: The Beginnings of a Systemic Change in American
Education? U.S. Senate Republican Policy Committee, August 3, 1989, P. 8.
** New York City gives 90,000 of its 940,000 students choices among 250
alternative programs, some on a lottery basis and others subject to screening
requirements.
** Colorado's Second Choice Pilot Program offers school dropouts a chance to
attend certain out-of-district public schools, vocational/technical schools, or
adult educational programs, transferring 85 percent of the per-pupil
expenditures from the resident to the nonresident school district. n16
n16Educating Our Children, op. cit., P. 31 and Model IV (Appendix).
Magnet schools, open enrollment, and controlled choice have proven effecitve
in improving education by injecting an invigorating dose of competition into the
public school system. Public school choice can promote program innovation and
specialization as well as greater parental involvement and school autonomy. But
competition that is limited to the public sector cannot accomplish the full
range of benefits available from competition that includes the private sector.
Choice and Private Schools
A 1988 Harris poll finds that more than half of public school parents would
choose private schools for their children had they the means to do SO. n17
Perhaps the greatest indictment of Chicago's failed public school system is that
Chicago public school teachers who live in that city are twice as likely as
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all other parents to send their children to private schools -- 46 percent of
teacher parents and only 22 percent of other parents. n18 These teachers' own
union vehemently opposes extending the same choice to less affluent parents.
n17Educational Choice: A Catalyst for School Reform (Chicago: City Club of
Chicago, 1989), p.5.
n18Herbert J. Walberg, Michael J. Bakalis, Joseph L. Bast, Steven Baer, We Can
Rescue Our Children (Chicago: The Heartland Institute, 1988) p.11.
While private schools are often beyond the reach of low-income families,
they are not exclusively serving the affluent. In fact, according to the
Council on American Private Education in 1988, some 41.7 percent of families who
send their children to private schools have incomes less than $25,000 a year.
Moreover, providing assistance to less-affluent parents to enable them to
exercise that choice actually could save taxpayers billions of dollars. The
reason: typically it costs less to educate a child in a private school. Each
child attending a non-public school saves taxpayers at east $4,000, which is the
annual per pupil average cost in public schools. The five million pupils
currently in non-public schools save taxpayers over $20 billion a year.
Currently there are several strategies and proposals expand choice to
private schools. Among them:
Tuition Tax Credits. One much-debated option for expending choice is a tax
credit for tuition or other educational expenditures incurred in out-of-district
public, private non-sectarian, and/or church-affiliated private schools. Tax
credit advocates note that because the aid flows directly to parents rather than
to educational institutions, credits eliminate the need for burdensome and
intrusive regulation of private schools. Critics argue that tax credits do
not help those low-income families who pay little or no taxes, but this
criticism ignores the fact that tax credits could be refundable to assist
low-income families who do not have tax liability.
Minnesota allows state income tax deductions for tuition, textbook, and
transportation expenses incurred at public or private schools, covering
expenses from $650 to $1,000 per student. Iowa has a tax credit of 5 percent of
private school tuition up to $1,000 per child. n19
n19Educating Our Children, op. cit., Model V (Appendix) and P. 30.
Several New Hampshire towns are exploring the prospects for property tax
abatements for school expenses. The towns would give taxpayers a $1,000 credit
for every youngster who enrolls in a school (private or public) outside the
district. The abatement would also be available to taxpayers who provide
scholarships. The abatement program reduces the towns' education costs, while
giving parents greater access to education alternatives.
Tuition tax credits can expand the option of attending a private school to
less affluent families. Private schools have been shown to be particularly
successful in educating poor and minority school children. Providing financial
assistance in the form of such tax credits, could go a long way toward expanding
opportunity for the neediest in society.
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Vouchers. The most comprehensive -- and controversial -- form of education
choice is vouchers. In theory, these allow students to "purchase" educational
programs at any school with certificates representing their individual share of
tax dollars. Public schools would set "tuitions" and would be dependent upon
vouchers for their revenues. AS in other choice plans, funding would follow the
student, and so schools would have to compete for "customers." Parents could
supplement their vouchers if they elected to send their children to a more
expensive school.
Because vouchers put public and private schools on equal footing, they
directly challenge America's public school monopoly. For this reason, many
experts believe that vouchers and other methods that include private school
choice offer the only real chance for real reform. But also for this reason, a
comprehensive voucher proposal would require enormous political courage. Yet
the educational benefits seem likely to make it well worth risk. No other
policy proposal would do as much to empower parents to control the educational
destinies of the children.
Home Schooling. A choice\option used by tens of thousands of American
families is home schooling. This is formal education conducted in whole or part
within the home. For those with the necessary commitment and resources, home
schooling can provide wholesome, top-quality educational opportunities. n20 But
laws regulating home schooling vary from state to state, and in many places
legal obstacles exist to educating children in the home. Limiting regulations
of home schooling to ensure minimal educational standards while otherwise
allowing maximum liberty will expand education choice in a significant way.
n20See Clint Bolick, "The Home Schooling Movement," The Freeman, March 1987,
p. 84.
THE GROWING CONSENSUS FOR CHOICE
The evidence indicates that achievement in America's schools will improve
only if there are fundamental changes in the way that schools are managed and
controlled. Central to this, a growing number of reformers maintain, is
educational choice. The Bush Administration is backing its rhetorical support
of choice with some action. Example: Bush has endorsed increased federal funds
for magnet schools. The Department of Education also has convened a roundtable
on public school choice, and last fall convened a series of regional grass-roots
strategy meetings to promote choice.
Education choice is advocated by reformers of all political stripes.
Observes Edward Fiske, the New York Times expert on education, "Conservatives
see school choice as a way of injecting free enterprise into the educational
system. Liberals see it as a way of giving the poor the same freedom that the
rich have.' n21 Indeed, Governor Rudy Perpich, a Democrat, has championed the
statewide choice plan in Minnesota. He argues that "without choice, school
districts have little incentive to change and to provide alternatives for those
families that want them." n22
n21Edward Fiske, "Lessons," The New York Times, January 11, 1989, P. B8.
n22Lee A. Daniels, "Efforts to Allow Choice of Schools Stir Debate," The New
York Times, March 1, 1989.
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Strong Public Support. Business leaders, meanwhile, faced with a severe
shortage of skilled labor, are backing choice. Xerox Corporation Chairman and
Chief Executive Officer David T. Kearns calls for "the total reatructuring of
our schools" n23 to be "driven by competition and market discipline." n24 Polls
show strong pubic support for education choice. A 1987 Gallup Poll finds that
71 percent of Americans, including 77 percent of non-whites, favor allowing
parents to choose among local schools; a plurality supported the even more
comprehensive alternative of vouchers. n25 This broad consensus provides a
strong foundation for meaningful education reform centered on choice.
n23David T. Kearns and Denis P. Doyle, Winning the Brain Race (San Francisco:
Institute for Contemporary Studies, 1988), p. 2.
n24Ibid., P. 5.
n25Educational Choice, op. cit., P. 5.
WHY CHOICE IS THE KEY
Choice is seen as a critical lever for change because the central flaw in the
public education system is its monopoly on providing education. The high taxes
imposed to finance public education make it difficult, it not impossible, for
most parents to opt out of public schools. And like any monopoly "industry"
with a captive market of consumers and a guaranteed flow of revenue, public
schools are under little pressure to produce a quality product.
This monopoly system traps students from poor families, who often are
consigned to inferior schools where drugs and crime are far more common than
educational opportunities. n26 Robert Woodson, president of the Washington-based
National Center for Neighborhood Enterprise, which seeks to spur improvement
within inner-city minority communities, views educational choice as crucial to
the progress of poor Americans. Woodson explains that:
[w]hen we talk about enhancing choice, we are simply talking about giving
working class people and poor people the same opportunity [as the affluent] to
choose schools and services for their children. n27
n26See Clint Bolick, Changing Course: Civil Rights at the Crossroads (New
Brunswick, New Jersey: Transaction Books, 1988), pp. 104-112.
n27Educational Choice, op. cit., PP. 8-9.
The deficiencies of the public educational system owing to its monopoly
status are exacerbated by a second fundamental flaw: the educational system is
controlled by the political process rather than by its "customers," the parents
and the pupils.
Union Control. As part of the political process, public education is
susceptible to special interest pressures, such as teacher unions' control of
personnel. The unions dictate who is qualified to teach and often protect
incompetent teachers. This undermines the autonomy schools have over their own
policies and personnel.
Consider the staffing of public schools. As Brookings's Chubb points out,
"Control over personnel is the most important quality that a school needs
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in order to be effectively organized," yet "within the public sector, autonomy
is more the exception than the rule." n28 Owing to this lack of control over
personnel, the system frequently transfers incompetent teachers from one school
to another. They often wind up teaching in poor communities.
n28Right to Choose, op. cit., P. 11.
The monopoly and special interest control of the public school system are
antithetical to the autonomy and accountability essential to quality education.
Hence, say advocates of choice, the most effective reform proposals must address
both flaws. Allowing choice among schools, public and private, would do most to
end the monopoly and the problem of political control. Short of this, freedom
of choice within the public sector, with increased control by parents over the
management of individual schools, could lead to significant improvements.
The crucial feature of a choice plan is increased competition between
schools, even if that choice is limited to public schools. Explains Xerox's
Kearns:
In a choice system, the state would fund individual children
Money
earmarked for public education would reach the public school only when the
student elected to enroll. The school would lose its guaranteed income, and it
would be forced to provide the offerings that met the needs and interests of the
community it proposed to serve. n29
n29Kearns and Doyle, op. cit., p. 18.
HOW CHOICE HELPS POOR FAMILIES
One of the most successful choice plans was initiated fifteen years ago in
New York City's East Harlem, a school district about two-thirds Hispanic and
one-third black. East Harlem's "open enrollment" policy allows parents to send
their children to any of the 23 schools within the district. Parents choose
among schools specializing in different themes, including performing arts and
math and science. School administrators and teachers have the freedom to design
new programs and hire new teachers to attract students.
East Harlem's choice plan has, moved that district's reading scores from last
to sixteenth among New York City's 32 school districts. The number of students
who read at or above grade level in the district has increased from 15 percent
to 64 percent. n30
n30Educating Our Children: op. cit., PP. 29-30.
Staying in the Neighborhood. East Harlem has the highest poverty
concentration in Manhattan, But its choice plan has led to this impressive
success. The great majority of students attend their neighborhood school even
though they may attend any school in the district. The critical factor in
improving student performance appears to be the decentralization that has
allowed parents, teachers, and principals to make most decisions affecting their
own schools.
The results are even more remarkable for urban minority students able to
attend private schools. n31 The reasons for this are simple. By virtue of the
need to produce competitive results to attract pupils and thus survive,
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private schools must be efficient. They have smaller bureaucracies than
public schools, and they stress the academic basics to attract students. They
also enjoy strong parental support for a disciplined and orderly school
environment.
n31Jill Rachlin and Paul Glastris, "Of More Than Parochial Interests, "U.S.
News & World Report, May 22, 1989, P. 61.
THE ARGUMENTS AGAINST CHOICE
Critics contend that widespread freedom of choice among schools would lead to
more affluent and well-educated parents taking their children to suburban
schools or to the best urban schools, turning inner-city schools into "dumping
grounds" for the very poor and the hard-to-educate.
This contention is refuted soundly by the experience of families in East
Harlem who made informed choices when they were free to choose and provided with
through information about available choices. In fact, students were not left
behind in inferior schools when East Harlem adopted choice. Instead, two
schools that failed to attract students were closed and later re-opened with new
staff and programs.
Critics also charge that choice is not a cure-all for what ails education and
that its supporters often promote choice as a total solution. To be sure,
choice is not the panacea. It must be coupled with reforms such as greater
school autonomy and accountability, and high standards of achievements. Yet,
even alone, choice will raise educational standards through competition. And
then this competition will spur other necessary reforms to be made more quickly
than they would have been in the absence of choice. n32
n32Chester E. Finn, Jr., "The Choice Backlash," National Review, November 10,
1989.
CONCLUSION
Choice-centered reform proposals are receiving growing bipartisan political
support and are endorsed by the great majority of parents. Some school
administrators, like California Superintendent of Public Instruction, William
Honig, recognize that choice brings increased flexibility for themselves and
teachers and prompts greater parental support. Despite the support of educators
like Honig, the principal opposition to choice comes from education
establishment. Politically powerful teachers' unions fight choice proposals at
the federal and state levels. They seem to dread the prospect of competition
and accountability.
Business Backing. Countering the opponents are grass roots parent groups and
business leaders who recognize the value of competition. They have formed
coalitions pressing for choice plans in the states. The California Business
Roundtable, a group of 90 top executives, backs choice legislation in that
state; the Illinois Manufacturer's Association has joined other business groups
in promoting choice among public and private schools in the city of Chicago;
and the Louisiana Association of Business and Industry, the state's Chamber of
Commerce, has backed plans to introduce education vouchers.
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State Leaders. Some state governors have been at the forefront of the choice
movement, like Minnesota's Perpich, a Democrat. In Wisconsin, Republican
Governor Tommy Thompson has proposed legislation to create "education enterprise
zones" for poor students. His plan would give parents educational vouchers to
enable them to send their children to either public or non-sectarian private
schools within the district. This effort in behalf of low-income students has
received the support of black urban legislators.
Republican Congressman Steve Bartlett of Texas has introduced legislation
that would allow federal aid to disadvantaged students (Chapter I funds) to go
directly to parents of eligible students to be used toward payment of tuition at
their school of choice. Bartlett's bill, H.R.3697, also would provide federal
aid to help local and state education agencies design open enrollment plans and
would remove federal regulatory barriers that impede choice.
George Bush's education legislation expands the federal magnet school program
to make it available to school districts not under court-ordered desegration
plans. Bush also has requested additional funds to assess the results of choice
plans. Bush and Education Secretary Lauro Cavazos must continue to highlight
choice as the only reform strategy with the potential to boost student
performance and parental involvement.
Restoring Accoutability. Bush and Cavazos should take their cues from the
parents, officials, and business leaders across America who have overcome
opposition from the education establishment and have introduced competition and
accountability into the school system. Where choice has not been supported,
reformers should focus on putting together bipartisan coalitions in support of
choice for disadvantaged youngsters.
Policy makers no longer lack the tools to improve educational quality and to
expand opportunities for those who need them the most. The results are in, and
they are encouraging: choice works and the greater the choice, the greater the
results.
Nothing written here is to be construed as necessarily reflecting the views
of The Heritage Foundation or as an attempt to aid or hinder the passage of any
bill before Congress.
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THE WHITE HOUSE
Office of the Press Secretary
For Immediate Release
July 23, 1992
PRESS BRIEFING
BY
ASSISTANT SECRETARY FOR POST-SECONDARY EDUCATION
CAROLYNN REID-WALLACE
The Briefing Room
12:42 P.M. EDT
MR. WALSH: I'd like to welcome you to our education
briefing. And today's briefer will be Carolynn Reid-Wallace, who is
Assistant Secretary of Education for Post-Secondary Education. And
she will be taking your questions and also elaborating on the bill-
signing ceremony the President is going to be participating in today.
ASSISTANT SECRETARY REID-WALLACE: Well, we are glad
that there are some people in the country who are interested in
higher education. It is, from our point of view, an extraordinarily
important topic, atopic that has great significance not just for
today, but certainly for the months and years to come.
I'd like to begin by making a very brief opening
statement. And it might be an appropriate thing to suggest that the
higher education amendments of 1992 hit at four things that are
critically important; things that the President has talked about in
one way or another over a period of time. One of them is access for
all Americans. And we have in this particular amendment an
extraordinary example of access for all Americans -- not just rich
people, not just middle class people, not just poor people, but all
of these people having an opportunity to go to a college or
university in this country.
One good example of access, financial access, is the
Pell Grant program. The maximum Pell Grant award has been increased
to $3,700 for the award year '93-'94 with $200 increases for the next
four years. I think some of you know that Pell Grants for students
studying for degrees less than half-time, that is a student who's
going in to take one course as opposed to a full load, are now
available under our higher ed reauthorization for '92. This is a
part of what you've heard the President talk about as life-long
learning.
There is also a real opportunity under these amendments
for accountability and integrity. These are two things that
taxpayers have for a very long time expressed genuine interest in
having us do, and the President has himself said repeatedly, that it
just isn't good enough to have these programs without a real sense of
accountability and real measures of program integrity. And so we
have, in this higher ed package, perfect evidence of this --
increased oversight of the guarantee agencies being one example; a
reduction of the default rate trigger for removing high default rate
schools from the GSL programs; increased scrutiny of schools by
states and the accrediting agencies. These are a few examples of the
kinds of things that we have attempted to do in order to be
responsible to the taxpayer in terms of integrity and accountability.
There are provisions also to promote excellence. It
isn't good enough to have access without also excellence. And one
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example of that is alternative certification program for states to
develop new routes to teacher certification. Another example is what
is being called presidential access scholarships, that for the first
time include an academic achievement component in a need-based
student aid program.
Also we feel very strongly, and the President has said
repeatedly, that simplification is important. Parents don't need to
have long and complex forms to fill out as they're about to make
application for their youngsters to get student financial assistance.
And we now have in this package a need -- a single-need analysis
system. The legislation establishes a single-need analysis system
for all Title IV programs. And this is something that we're very,
very proud of.
And so I'd say that access by way of financial access,
excellence by way of being certain that we find a way to get
excellence built into everything that we do by way of higher
education, accountability and integrity and simplification are four
thematic highlights of the '92 higher education act amendments.
And I'll stop at this point and would be very happy to
entertain questions if you have them.
Q
How is it that the President's able to get this
piece of legislation through Congress, yet he complains that most of
his domestic agenda is stalled on Capitol Hill?
ASSISTANT SECRETARY REID-WALLACE: This is not something
that was easily come by. The President worked exceptionally hard in
forming what we characterize as a bipartisan coalition to get this
through. And it didn't happen overnight. It was a matter of over
and over again being on the mark, working with the Congress to get it
through.
An example of this is Secretary Lamar Alexander, unlike
many other secretaries, made a total of some, I think, 13 visits to
the Hill by way of not only presenting the facts and entering into
negotiations, but discussing and talking with persons on the Hill.
And so, in short, this has been the result of a rather long, arduous
series of negotiations between the administration and the Congress.
And in the final analysis, this is a good example of a bipartisan
effort to push higher education along the way.
Q
You mentioned that the President wanted more
narrowly targeted award rules? How much of a concession did he have
to make there?
ASSISTANT SECRETARY REID-WALLACE: I'm going to ask Bill
Hansen if he would address this. He's the Assistant Secretary for
Budget in the department.
ASSISTANT SECRETARY HANSEN: What we'd asked for both in
our budget and in authorization is that the award rule be targeted to
make sure that those that are the most needy receive the grants that
are made by the government, and that is the primary target on which
we operate. Under the higher ed bill which has been authorized is
authorized at over about $12 billion right now. So what it does is
it throws the burden on the appropriations committees to determine
how much funding and they're the ones that are going to have to set
the award rules, basically; that's the way that it's going to work.
Q
So you just left it up to Congress then to set the
rules?
ASSISTANT SECRETARY HANSEN: No, we in our budget
recommended very strong award rules.
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Q
What was your amount?
ASSISTANT SECRETARY HANSEN: Our amount this year in our
proposed budget is $6.6 million for the Pell Grant program. That is
the biggest budget for the Pell Grant program in the history of the
program. It is an increase from 1989 of 50 percent, and this year
it's also the biggest one-time increase in the Pell Grant program.
And what we did in our budget request is we said how we would pay for
it and also who would get the grants.
Q But this comes in at $12 billion now?
ASSISTANT SECRETARY HANSEN: That's what the
authorization bill would allow for.
MR. SCULLY: But that's not real money.
Q I understand what the difference between
authorization and appropriations --
MR. SCULLY: No, the difference is that under the caps
under the budget agreement our requests fit into the total caps. The
appropriators have to deal with the same guidelines that we have to
deal with. The authorizers deal with fake money.
Q
In fact, what's happening as I understand it is
that it's not really $3,700, it's actually a decrease from current
Pells? That's the way --
ASSISTANT SECRETARY HANSEN: They've authorized it at
$3,700 but --
Q
They've authorized it at $3,700, but because of
caps and because of what the appropriators are talking about we're
really talking about a decrease?
ASSISTANT SECRETARY HANSEN: Well, also it's because of
the award rules and the widely expanded way in which they are in
place right now will only probably accommodate about a $2,400 maximum
award. That's the current log number.
Q Which is down from what $2,700?
ASSISTANT SECRETARY HANSEN: No, it's $2,400 now.
MR. SCULLY: But it could still go up in the future
under this new authorization. Because they expanded the award rules,
the total number of dollars will go up massively, but the maximum
amount may be flat for this year. But it can still go up next year.
Q The administration had originally opposed changing
Pell Grant eligibility and award sizes, but they had also opposed a
direct loan program. Can you explain why the shift in stance on
these two issues?
ASSISTANT SECRETARY REID-WALLACE: The administration
had opposed a direct loan program as a full-blown program. And the
reason this was opposed is pretty simple and very, very
straightforward. It would have cost too much money. There simply
would not have been sufficient money to support a full-blown direct
loan program. And so we had aggressively opposed that.
We had, however, been very clear about our interest in
some compromise. And that's what we have before us now. It is a
demo project designed to support over a period of time a much smaller
program than a full-blown program. We're really talking now about a
cap of some $500 million.
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Q
Can you address the same question as to the
administration's opposition to changing Pell Grant eligibility and
award size?
ASSISTANT SECRETARY REID-WALLACE: I'm going to ask --
Bill, could you speak to that?
ASSISTANT SECRETARY HANSEN: We never opposed the Pell
Grants. In fact, we were the ones who proposed eligibility rule
changes both in our budget submission and in our reauthorization
proposal.
MR. SCULLY: Very large --
Q
Maybe you can clarify -- I'm just looking at the
March 19th, 1992 statement of administration policy, which says that
"the administration strongly objects to provisions that would change
Pell Grant eligibility and determine award sizes in ways that would
give excessive aid to the wealthiest students."
MR. SCULLY: There's the key -- in ways that would --
Q Wait, wait. Then it goes on to say that the bill
would increase Pell Grant funding for students from high income
families. Well, that's what it does.
MR. SCULLY: It doesn't.
Q
Similarly, it says that you're opposed to a
percentage of total Pell Grant funds targeted on neediest students
from 61 percent to 40 percent. That's also in the bill.
MR. SCULLY: No, it's not that big. The whole point of
this bill is the President's proposal from the beginning was, Pell
grants should go to the neediest kids first and that we should
probably expand in the middle class, but that we should make sure
that the neediest kids get as much grant money as they can and that
we should essentially not pump all the extra new money in the middle
class and not take care of needy kids. What the bill basically is is
a compromise that will put more money into all categories but in a
much more structured way. And the way we demanded, it puts a lot
more money into the pockets of needy kids before you get around to
funding middle class kids with grants.
Q
Can you explain how that works in the bill then,
what the --
MR. SCULLY: Yes, I think it was -- what the House and
Senate wanted to do as political matter is they wanted to go out and
create a huge new package of new Pell Grant funding to kids at very
high income levels from families of $60,000, $70,000, $80,000 a
year. And what we said is, you should give more money to low-income
kids first, and then to the extend that we can afford it, we should
expand to the middle class. And I think that's a fairly middle-
ground result -- is what happened.
Q
So in other words, there are guidelines in the bill
that you have to address the needs of low-income students before
high-income students?
MR. SCULLY: With the Pell Grant formula, how it goes,
the Pell Grant formula gives kids grants up to $44,000 a year in the
average family. It's a very complicated formula. And that's $4,000
higher than it used to be. And those kids of those relatively
middle-income families will probably end up getting more. But many
people in the House and Senate wanted to go way above that. And the
reality is, if you have a fixed pot of money, you're taking the money
out of the pockets of relatively lower income kids and giving it to
more of the middle-class families.
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And think what happened was a compromise. Everybody's
getting a little bit more. The administration wanted to make sure
that the program's dollars went first to relatively low-income kids
before you went to middle class. Politically, as you might guess, a
lot of people's constituencies wanted to put the money in the middle
class first. And I think what happened was the middle version.
ASSISTANT SECRETARY REID-WALLACE: In addition, I think
I should point out, under Pell Grants, for the first time we now have
an opportunity, thanks to the President's insistence that part-time
students also have an opportunity to study in school and receive Pell
Grants. This is a part of our push for lifelong learning.
THE PRESS: Thank you.
END
12:55 P.M. EDT
July 23, 1992
The Higher Education Amendments of 1992
The President is signing the Higher Education Amendments
of 1992 at Northern Virginia Community College (NOVA) because
it is part of one of the largest community college systems in
the nation, and serves many part-time students. This legisla-
tion includes a key provision that would greatly expand Pell
grant assistance to individuals who are taking as few as one
or two courses at a time toward a degree.
Many of those who attend community colleges take a course
or two in the evenings and, as a result, have not been eligible
for many Federal student assistance programs, which have been
geared toward students who are in school at least half time.
The President is especially pleased with this legislation
because it includes provision for four major initiatives he has
sought since taking office.
The first is expanding access to postsecondary education.
The bill allows almost all families and students to qualify for
a student loan and increases the maximum Pell grant awards for
low- and middle-income students from $2,400 to $3,700.
The second is enhancing accountability and integrity in
the student loan system which will help reduce fraud and waste.
It strengthens the states' role in determining whether higher
education institutions can participate in Federal student aid
programs and tightens the threshold for eliminating from the
program schools with high default rates.
The third is promoting alternative certification to help
attract talented individuals who have great competence in their
discipline but who do not teach. in our elementary and secondary
schools because of the rigid certification requirements.
Encouraging alternative certification is particularly helpful
at a time when large numbers of military personnel, skilled
in teaching, are leaving the armed forces and looking for
opportunities to contribute in the civilian workforce.
The fourth is the establishing National Teacher and School
Leader Academies. These academies are designed to train and
enhance the skills of current teachers and educators so they
can help our students reach the world-class standards the
President has called for in his AMERICA 2000 strategy.
HEA Signing Ceremony
Neady half of all full-time college students currently receive some type of Federal grant or
loan.
Under my administration, the amount of Federal aid available to students has increased by 40
percent, to over $25 billion. The Pell Grant program, which helps the neediest students, has
Increased over 48 percent during that time.
I had a number of goals going into the Higher Education Act (HEA) reauthorization:
--Expanding financial access and choice;
-Rewarding excellence and success in education;
--Promoting Iffelong learning:
-Promoting greater accountability; and
-Simplifying program delivery.
This bill brings us closer to achieving all of these goals.
The maximum Pell Grant has been Increased to $3,700, as the Administration proposed.
Loan limits under the Guaranteed Student Loan (GSL) programs have been increased for
almost all undergraduate and graduate students.
With the creation of the Presidential Access Scholarship program, need-based student ald will
encourage and reward educational excellence for the first time. This program will supplement
the awards of Pell Grant recipients who meet a minimum standard of acadomic aohiovoment.
The bill will expand ellability for Pell Grants to less than half-time students. a key component
of the President's Lifelong Learning Act.
The bill includes many of the Administration's program integrity and default reduction
provisions, such as an expanded State role In assuring institutional quality, enhanced
Secretarial oversight of guarantee agencies, and the reduction of the threshold for elimination
of high default schools from 30 percent to 26 percent.
A number of vital steps have been taken TO simplify the student aid programs. These include
the adoption of a single need analysis formula for all aid programs and a common financial
aid application form.
A number of other provisions in the Dill directly support AMERICA 2000. These include:
adoption of an altornativo ocrtification program through which states can develop new
routes to teacher certification: and
-authorization of National Teacher and School Leader Academies to provide in-service
training.
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1ST STORY of Level 1 printed in FULL format.
Copyright 1992 The Atlanta Constitution
The Atlanta Journal and Constitution
September 4, 1992
SECTION: EDITORIAL; Section A; Page 15
LENGTH: 627 words
HEADLINE: MYTHS OF THE '90s Will this decade go back to the future?
BYLINE: By Diane Crispell
KEYWORD: population; trends; statistics; lifestyles; forecasts; series;
publications
BODY:
On Thursday, an excerpt from American Demographics magazine examined myths
about the 1950s. In today's conclusion of the series: Myths in progress.
- The 1990s will be a rerun of the 1950s.
Even if you took away personal computers and microwave ovens, the 1990s would
not be like the 1950s. Attitudes have evolved dramatically.
Back in the 1950s, cigarette smoking was fashionable and abortion was
illegal. Separate-but-equal treatment of blacks was not considered
discriminatory.
Women, minorities, older Americans and gays had no employment rights. These
groups are especially unlikely to want to return to the good old days.
-The 1990s will be a decade of affluence.
Over the next 20 years baby boomers will be entering their peak earning
years. A lot of households will be bringing in more money than ever.
But a dollar won't buy as much as it did for their parents the same age. Even
though baby boomers will get the biggest checks they will ever see, many will be
disappointed at how little their money buys.
- Women will quit working and return to their families in the 1990s.
Household finances in the 1990s are forcing many women to stay on the job. It
now takes more than one earner to maintain the average household's standard of
living.
The media jumped on the news that women's work rates dipped during the 1991
recession, but this drop only mimicked similar declines in men's work rates.
The Bureau of Labor Statistics predicts that the labor-force participation
rate for women age 25 to 54 will grow to 82 percent by 2005, up from 74 percent
in 1990.
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1992 The Atlanta Journal and Constitution, September 4, 1992
- Husbands will help more with housecleaning.
Men are spending more time on housework than ever before.
Much of this increase is due to the fact that divorced men and never- married
men are a growing share of all men and they are responsible for their own
housework.
Husbands and fathers are also doing more chores. But these increases are
primarily in the areas of child care and shopping.
Cleaning house has yet to become trendy among married men.
- There will be a new baby boom in the 1990s.
The mini baby boom of the late 1980s and early 1990s was really a parent
boom. It will end soon. As baby-boom women leave childbearing years, the number
of births will decline.
In fact, this downturn has already begun. The number of births in 1991 was
lower than in 1990.
- Crime is at an all-time high.
The nature of crime has changed. Some crimes, such as child abuse and sexual
harassment, were not reported 40 years ago. And other crimes, such as rape, may
be more likely to be reported today than they were in past decades.
Greater reporting artificially inflates growth in the crime rate. But
underreporting cannot account for the enormous increase in all major crime rates
since 1960.
The murder rate has almost doubled, according to the FBI's Uniform Crime
Reports. Burglary has doubled and property crimes, larceny and motor-vehicle
theft have increased threefold.
The rates for rape and robbery are four times greater than they were in 1960.
And aggravated assaults have increased five times.
- America will age rapidly during the 1990s.
The number of people age 45 to 54 will grow rapidly because baby boomers will
enter this group.
But the generation reaching retirement age now was born during the Great
Depression and is smaller than the one it is replacing. Increased longevity is
behind rapid growth among adults age 85 and older.
But this group made up only a little more than 1 percent of the population in
1990 and will be less than 2 percent in 2000.
Over the decade of the 1990s, the median age of all Americans is expected to
increase from 33 to 36.
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1992 The Atlanta Journal and Constitution, September 4, 1992
Diane Crispell is an editor for American Demographics, from which this
excerpt is taken.
GRAPHIC: Illustration: Members of a 1990s family seeing a 1950s family in the
mirror./ WILSON LOWREY, JOHN AMOSSS / Staff
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16TH STORY of Level 1 printed in FULL format.
The Associated Press
The materials in the AP file were compiled by The Associated Press. These
materials may not be republished without the express written consent of The
Associated Press.
August 26, 1982, Thursday, AM cycle
SECTION: Washington Dateline
LENGTH: 480 words
HEADLINE: FBI Says Robbery Reports Rise, Murders and Rape Decline
BYLINE: By KEVIN COSTELLOE, Associated Press Writer
DATELINE: WASHINGTON
KEYWORD:
Crime
BODY:
The number of robberies reported in the United States last year rose
considerably while the number of reported murders and forcible rape offenses
dropped slightly, the FBI said Thursday.
Meanwhile, one expert said a decrease in the number of people in the
crime-prone, 15- to 24-year-old age group contributed to last year's slight drop
in the serious crime rate.
"The most important factor is the change in the age distributions in the
population. There were fewer people in the 15 to 24 age group that accounts for
most of the index crimes (tabulated by the FBI)," said James J. Fyfe. He is a
senior fellow of the Police Foundation, a private group that studies law
enforcement issues.
Fyfe added that crime rates should continue to decrease gradually, but
probably will pick up again beginning around 1992 as youngsters from the current
baby boom become teenagers.
FBI Director William H. Webster said the number of reported robberies - the
taking of something from a person by force, threat of force, or fear was
574, 134 during 1981. That was up 25,325 from 1980. Losses to victims were
estimated at $382 million.
The number of murders and related killings reported to police dropped by 2.3
percent to 22,516 last year, according to the bureau's Uniform Crime Reports.
The number of reported rapes, assaults with intent to commit rape and rape
attempts dropped 0.7 percent to 81,536 last year.
Aggravated assaults dropped 1.7 percent to 643,720, of which 24 percent were
committed with firearms and 22 percent with knives or cutting instruments.
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The Associated Press, August 26, 1982
Burglaries the illegal entry of a building to commit a crime declined 0.5
percent. The more than 3.7 million incidents resulted in estimated losses of
$3.5 billion.
Larceny-theft crimes including shoplifting, bicycle thefts, pocket-picking
and a wide range of other stealing offenses rose by 0.6 percent to more than
7.1 million incidents during 1981. The loss from all such reported incidents was
estimated at $2.4 billion.
The overall crime rate declined 1.7 percent, from 5,899.9 of the tabulated
crimes for every 100,000 residents in 1980 to 5,799.9 such crimes in 1981.
The FBI said that last year the number of reported serious crimes was
13,290,256 - down 5,143 from 1980. It was the first such drop in four years.
The FBI's figures are based on data submitted by law enforcement agencies
covering 97 percent of the U.S. population.
The FBI's figures include murder, robbery, rape offenses, aggravated assault,
burglary, larceny-theft and motor vehicle theft.
"It is heartening to see that figures that have been marching upward for 50
long are now stabilizing," said Attorney General William French Smith.
Smith has called on Congress to enact several new measures to help control
crime. However, most of those proposals are still awaiting action.
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14TH STORY of Level 1 printed in FULL format.
Copyright 1992 News World Communications, Inc.
The Washington Times
August 30, 1992, Sunday, Final Edition
SECTION: Part A; Pg. A1
LENGTH: 1097 words
HEADLINE: Violent crime hits record level
BYLINE: Jerry Seper; THE WASHINGTON TIMES
BODY:
****FINAL FBI FIGURES FOR 1991 SHOW VIOLENT CRIME ROSE 4 PERCENT, PARTLY
BECAUSE OF RISING JUVENILE OFFENSES****
Violent crime nationwide jumped 4 percent last year to a record high, with
nearly 2 million murders, rapes, robberies and aggravated assaults reported to
police, the FBI said yesterday.
Nearly a sixth of the nation's 24,703 murders in 1991 were committed by
youths ages 15 to 19 - the largest proportion of any age group. The national
murder rate increased 4.3 percent to almost 10 per 100,000 people.
The District of Columbia led the big cities with a murder rate of 80.6 per
100,000 population. Richmond was fifth with 56.2 per 100,000.
The overall rate of 758 violent crimes for every 100,000 Americans was an
increase of 24 percent over 1987 and 33 percent over 1982.
The figures are part of the FBI's final 1991 Uniform Crime Report and were
announced by Attorney General William P. Barr and FBI Director William S.
Sessions. They include reports of murder, forcible rape, robbery and aggravated
assault from more than 16,000 law enforcement agencies nationwide.
"There are two things that hold true in the world of violent crime," Mr.
Barr said. "First, a disproportionate amount of violent crime is committed by a
relatively small group of chronic, violent offenders.
"Second, prosecutors and police officers must be given the tools necessary
to identify and incarcerate this hard-core group. All too often, law
enforcement's hard work is undermined by a revolving-door justice system that
puts career criminals back on the street before they have served their entire
sentence.'
The attorney general said the fight against violent crime and violence-prone
criminals should include increased resources for law enforcement officials, a
reform of federal and state criminal justice systems, "high-impact operations"
that target the most dangerous criminals, and a combined effort by law
enforcement and communities to help crime-ridden areas.
The FBI said that during 1991 incidents of forcible rape jumped by 3
percent, the robbery rate rose by 6 percent and aggravated assault increased 2
percent.
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The Washington Times, August 30, 1992
There were more than 5,400 murders, rapes, robberies or assaults every day
during 1991, the FBI said.
Of the record 24,703 murder victims, the FBI said 78 percent were men, and
89 percent were 18 or older. Fifty percent were black.
The FBI said firearms, including handguns, rifles and shotguns, were used in
31 percent of the violent crimes reported.
Mr. Sessions said the FBI study looked into the "social phenomenon" of
increased juvenile violence and found "dramatic increases" in arrest rates for
those 10 to 17 years old - both white and black.
The report noted a surge in youth arrests for murder during the 1980s. In
1980, slightly fewer than 20 in 100,000 youths were arrested for murder,
compared with nearly 50 per 100,000 in 1990. The increases, he said, were
evident in every area of the country and coincided with "a significant increase"
in the arrest rate for cocaine and heroin use and for weapons violations.
"The study results indicate the surge in juvenile violent crime arrests has
a broad base, and since it is projected the juvenile population will increase
significantly by the year 2000, these increases in juvenile violence may
continue in the future," Mr. Sessions said.
Mr. Barr said the trend clearly shows that a "wholesale reform of the
juvenile justice system" is in order. He said first-time offenders should get
counseling to prevent their return to trouble, but "chronic, hardened, youthful
offenders" should be jailed for extended periods.
"The long-term solution to the problem of juvenile crime falls largely
outside of the law enforcement system," Mr. Barr said. "It requires
strengthening those basic institutions - the family, schools, religious
institutions and community groups - that are responsible for instilling values
and creating law-abiding citizens."
Almost 15 million violent and property crimes were reported last year
nationwide, an increase of 3 percent from 1990. The new figures are 10 percent
higher than 1987 and 15 percent above the 1982 level.
The FBI said the property-crime rate increased by 1 percent in 1991, with
nearly 13 million reports of burglary, larceny-theft, motor-vehicle theft and
arson - about 36,000 a day.
Total losses from property crime were estimated by the FBI at $16.1 billion,
or about $1,200 per offense. In 1991, the FBI said, larceny-theft accounted for
about 63 percent of the property crimes reported.
The FBI said more than 3.2 million burglaries were reported nationwide last
year; two of every three involved residences. About 70 percent of the
burglaries involved forced entry; the offenses were evenly divided between day
and night.
More than 1.7 million vehicles were stolen - one for every 117 registered
motor vehicles in the nation. The estimated loss from auto thefts was $8.3
billion, or about $4,900 per vehicle.
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The Washington Times, August 30, 1992
Geographically, crime declined by 1 percent in the Northeast, increased by 1
percent in the West and South, and jumped by 3 percent in the Midwest.
The FBI said cities recorded a 3 percent increase in violent and property
crime from 1990 to 1991. Suburban and rural areas saw 4 percent and 5 percent
jumps, respectively.
During 1991, the FBI said, law enforcement agencies nationwide made about
14.2 million arrests for criminal offenses, not including traffic violations.
The total is down 1 percent from 1990.
The FBI said 46 percent of those arrested were under 25. The bureau said 81
percent were male and 69 percent were white.
The FBI said the nation had 535,629 law enforcement officers in 1991; about
91 percent of them were men. The average of 2.2 full-time officers for every
1,000 residents nationwide was the same as in 1990, the report said.
CHART (COLOR)
1991 CRIME RATE
The FBI measures eight major crimes reported by police agencies nationwide 1
murder, forcible rape, robbery, aggravated assault, burglary, larceny-theft,
motor vehicle theft and arson. The rates for 1991 over 1990 are:
Overall crime up 3%
Violent crime up 4%
Property crime up 1%
Murder up 4%
Forcible rape up 3%
Robbery up 6%
Assault up 2%
Burglary up 1%
Larceny-theft up 1%
Vehicle theft no change
Arson up 1%
Source: FBI Uniform Crime Report
GRAPHIC: Box (color), 1991 CRIME RATE, By The Washington Times
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LEVEL 1 - - 1 OF 1 DOCUMENT
Public Papers of the Presidents
Remarks Announcing Proposed Legislation To Establish a "GI
Bill" for Children
28 Weekly Comp. Pres. Doc. 1139
June 25, 1992
LENGTH: 1942 words
...
entitlement program. The Federal Government cannot afford one more
entitlement, even for education. I've said many times that money alone isn't
the answer. The United States already spends more per student for schools
than any country in the world except Switzerland. I don't have to tell you
where we stand in the international rankings of educational performance at the
level we're talking about here today. Our universities and colleges are
respected and have achieved the highest levels of achievement. But that,
unfortunately, is not
...
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