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26
23
1
1
53
COVE
SOUND,
by
1786
12.
THOMAS JEFFERSON: Virginia Statute of
Religious Freedom
Sound, Vancouver Island,
of the 1789 expedition
The Virginia Declaration of Rights of 1776 bad asserted the principle of religious
the British encampment
freedom, but it was not until 1779 that the Anglican Church was disestablished in the
state. There were, however, many Virginians who felt that even with denominational
expedition, several na-
equality all religions should be tax-supported. Public opinion was soon strongly aroused
peted for territorial and
to the contrary view by Madison's "Remonstrance Against Religious Assessments" in
rights along the North-
from Oregon to Alaska.
1785. The Statute of Religious Freedom that was drawn up by Thomas Jefferson in
Spain, Russia, and the
1779 passed the Virginia Senate on January 16, 1786. The act made religious taxes
tes all had interests on the
illegal and allowed for liberty of religious opinion. This victory for the separation of
ia had Alaska, Spain had
church and state soon became the law for the entire Union in the First Amendment to the
England had Vancouver Is-
Constitution. Jefferson's directions for bis epitaph, found after bis death in bis own
the U.S. claimed the Colum-
discovered by Captain Rob-
bandwriting, read:
On the faces of the obelisk the following inscription, and not
1792). Subsequent territo-
a word more, 'Here was buried Thomas Jefferson, author of the Declaration of
would continue for over
American Independence, of the statute of Virginia for religious freedom, and father
of the University of Virginia,' because by these, as testimonials that I have lived,
I wish most to be remembered."
of the British settlement at
Vancouver, a fur trading outpost
Source: H. A. Washington, VIII, pp. 454-456.
I. Whereas Almighty God has created the
it by coercions on either, as was in His al-
mind free, so that all attempts to influence
mighty power to do; that the impious pre-
it by temporal punishments or burdens, or
sumption of legislators and rulers, civil as
by civil incapacitations, tend only to beget
well as ecclesiastical, who, being themselves
habits of hypocrisy and meanness, and are a
but fallible and uninspired men, have as-
departure from the plan of the Holy Author
sumed dominion over the faith of others,
of our religion, who, being Lord both of
setting up their own opinions and modes of
body and mind, yet chose not to propagate
thinking as the only true and infallible, and
54
The Annals of America: 1786
as such endeavoring to impose them on
once destroys all religious liberty, because
others, has established and maintained false
he, being of course judge of that tendency,
religions over the greatest part of the world,
will make his opinions the rule of judg-
and through all time; that to compel a man
ment, and approve or condemn the senti-
to furnish contributions of money for the
ments of others only as they shall square
13.
propagation of opinions which he disbe-
with or differ from his own; that it is time
lieves is sinful and tyrannical; that even
enough for the rightful purposes of civil
forcing him to support this or that teacher
government for its officers to interfere when
of his own religious persuasion is depriving
principles break out into overt acts against
BENJAMIN RUSH: On th
him of the comfortable liberty of giving his
peace and good order; and finally, that
contributions to the particular pastor whose
truth is great and will prevail if left to her-
morals he would make his pattern and
self, that she is the proper and sufficient an-
Dr. Benjamin Rush's varied inter
whose powers he feels most persuasive to
tagonist to error, and has nothing to fear
improve education in America. Ru
righteousness, and is withdrawing from the
from the conflict, unless by human interpo-
philosopher, on May 25, 1786. In
ministry those temporary rewards which,
sition disarmed of her natural weapons, free
involved giving greater freedom to
proceeding from an approbation of their
and utilitarian subjects rather than
argument and debate, errors ceasing to be
personal conduct, are an additional incite-
dangerous when it is permitted freely to
Source: MHSP, 2nd series, XVII, PP.
ment to earnest and unremitting labors for
contradict them.
the instruction of mankind; that our civil
II. Be it
enacted by the General As-
rights have no dependence on our religious
sembly that no man shall be compelled to
My LAST LETTER TO YOU by Captai
opinions, any more than our opinions in
frequent or support any religious worship,
dy contained an account of an
physics or geometry; that, therefore, the
place, or ministry whatsoever, nor shall be
convention of the states to assemb
proscribing [of] any citizen as unworthy
enforced, restrained, molested, or burdened
napolis in Maryland, next Septer
[of] the public confidence by laying upon
in his body or goods, nor shall otherwise
the purpose of agreeing upon cert
him an incapacity of being called to offices
suffer on account of his religious opinions
mercial regulations and of sugges
of trust and emolument unless he profess or
or belief; but that all men shall be free to
alterations in the Confederation as
renounce this or that religious opinion is
profess, and by argument to maintain, their
more extensive and coercive powers
depriving him injuriously of those privileges
opinion in matters of religion, and that the
gress. We entertain the most
and advantages to which in common with
same shall in no wise diminish, enlarge, or
hopes from this convention, especi
his fellow citizens he has a natural right;
affect their civil capacities.
opinion seems to have pervaded
that it tends only to corrupt the principles
III. And though we well know that this
of people that an increase of powe
of that
religion it is meant to encour-
Assembly, elected by the people for the or-
gress is absolutely necessary for
age, by bribing with a monopoly of worldly
dinary purposes of legislation only, have no
and independence.
honors and emoluments those who will ex-
power to restrain the acts of succeeding as-
Most of the distresses of our cou
ternally profess and conform to it; that
semblies, constituted with powers equal to
of the mistakes which Europe.
though indeed these are criminal who do
our own, and that therefore to declare this
formed of us, have arisen from a
I
not withstand such temptation, yet neither
act to be irrevocable would be of no effect
the American Revolution is over.
are those innocent who lay the bait in their
in law; yet as we are free to declare, and do
far from being the case that we
way; that to suffer the civil magistrate to
declare, that the rights hereby asserted are
finished the first act of the great di
intrude his powers into the field of opinion,
of the natural rights of mankind, and that if
have changed our forms of govern
and to restrain the profession or propaga-
any act shall hereafter be passed to repeal
it remains yet to effect a revoluti
tion of principles on supposition of their ill
the present, or to narrow its operation, such
principles, opinions, and manners
tendency, is a dangerous fallacy which at
act will be an infringement of natural right.
accommodate them to the forms
ment we have adopted. This is
difficult part of the business of tl
and legislators of our country. I
more wisdom and fortitude than
to reduce armies into captivity.
16
The Annals of America: 1785
appointment of a bishop until some candi-
to be removable from office at the pleasure
and to declare the reasons by whicl
dates are found fitted to receive holy or-
of the Sacred Congregation de Propaganda
determined. We remonstrate aga
ders; this we hope will be the case in a few
Fide, or any other tribunal out of the coun-
said bill:
years, as you will understand, Most Emi-
try, or that he has no power to admit any
1. Because we hold it for a fun
nent Cardinal, from a special relation which
priest to exercise the sacred function, unless
and undeniable truth, "that religio
I purpose writing. When that time comes,
that congregation has approved and sent
duty which we owe to our Creato
we shall perhaps be better able to make a
him to us.
manner of discharging it, can be
suitable provision for a bishop than from
As to the method of nominating a bish-
only by reason and conviction, not
our slender resources we can now do.
op, I will say no more at present than this,
or violence." The religion, then,
In the next place, if it shall seem best to
that we are imploring God in His wisdom
man must be left to the conviction
His Holiness to assign a bishop to this
and mercy to guide the judgment of the
science of every man; and it is the
country, will it be best to appoint a vicar
Holy See, that if it does not seem proper to
every man to exercise it as these
apostolic or an ordinary with a see of his
allow the priests who have labored for so
tate. This right is in its nature an
own? Which will conduce more to the
many years in this vineyard of the Lord to
able right. It is unalienable bec.
progress of Catholicity; which will contrib-
propose to the Holy See the one whom
opinions of men, depending only or
ute most to remove Protestant jealousy of
they deem most fit, that some method will
idence contemplated by their OW
foreign jurisdiction? I know with certainty
be adopted by which a bad feeling may not
cannot follow the dictates of other
that this fear will increase if they know that
be excited among the people of this coun-
is unalienable, also, because what
an ecclesiastical superior is so appointed as
try, Catholic and Protestant.
right toward men is a duty toward
ator. It is the duty of every man
to the Creator such homage, and SI
as he believes to be acceptable to h
6.
duty is precedent both in order of
degree of obligation to the claim
JAMES MADISON: Against Religious Assessments
society. Before any man can be C
as a member of civil society, he
considered as a subject of the Go
The occasion of Madison's "Remonstrance" was explained by bim in a letter to George
the universe; and if a member of
Mason of July 14, 1826: "During the session of the General Assembly [of Virginia],
ety who enters into any subordinat
1784-5, a bill was introduced into the House of Delegates providing for the legal support
tion must always do it with a reser
of the teachers of the Christian religion, and being patronized by the most popular talents
his duty to the general authorit
in the House, seemed likely to obtain a majority of votes.
Your bigbly-distinguisbed
more must every man who be
ancestor, Col. Geo. Mason
and some others, thought it advisable that a remonstrance
member of any particular civil SOCI
against the bill should be prepared for general circulation and signature, and imposed on
with a saving of his allegiance to
me the task of drawing up such a paper. This draught having received their sanction, a
versal sovereign. We maintain, 1
large number of printed copies were distributed, and so extensively signed by the people
that in matters of religion no man
of every religious denomination, that at the ensuing session the projected measure was
abridged by the institution of civil
entirely frustrated."
and that religion is wholly exempt
cognizance. True it is that no other
Source: Madison Letters, I, pp. 162-169.
ists by which any question which
vide a society can be ultimately de
than the will of the majority; but
WE, THE SUBSCRIBERS, citizens of the said
ers of the Christian Religion," and conceiv-
true that the majority may trespas
Commonwealth, having taken into serious
ing that the same, if finally armed with the
rights of the minority.
consideration a bill printed by order of the
sanctions of a law, will be a dangerous
2. Because if religion be exen
last session of General Assembly, entitled
abuse of power, are bound as faithful mem-
the authority of the society at large
"A Bill Establishing a Provision for Teach-
bers of a free state to remonstrate against it,
can it be subject to that of the
1785
6. James Madison
17
movable from office at the pleasure
and to declare the reasons by which we are
body. The latter are but the creatures and
Sacred Congregation de Propaganda
determined. We remonstrate against the
vicegerents of the former. Their jurisdiction
any other tribunal out of the coun-
said bill:
is both derivative and limited: it is limited
that he has no power to admit any
1. Because we hold it for a fundamental
with regard to the coordinate departments;
exercise the sacred function, unless
and undeniable truth, "that religion or the
more necessarily is it limited with regard to
ngregation has approved and sent
duty which we owe to our Creator and the
the constituents. The preservation of a free
manner of discharging it, can be directed
government requires not merely that the
the method of nominating a bish-
only by reason and conviction, not by force
metes and bounds which separate each de-
say no more at present than this,
or violence. The religion, then, of every
partment of power may be invariably main-
are imploring God in His wisdom
man must be left to the conviction and con-
tained, but more especially that neither of
to guide the judgment of the
science of every man; and it is the right of
them be suffered to overleap the great bar-
that if it does not seem proper to
every man to exercise it as these may dic-
rier which defends the rights of the people.
priests who have labored for so
tate. This right is in its nature an unalien-
The rulers who are guilty of such an en-
in this vineyard of the Lord to
able right. It is unalienable because the
croachment exceed the commission from
to the Holy See the one whom
opinions of men, depending only on the ev-
which they derive their authority, and are
most fit, that some method will
idence contemplated by their own minds,
tyrants. The people who submit to it are
by which a bad feeling may not
cannot follow the dictates of other men. It
governed by laws made neither by them-
among the people of this coun-
is unalienable, also, because what is here at
selves nor by an authority derived from
holic
and
Protestant.
right toward men is a duty toward the Cre-
them, and are slaves.
ator. It is the duty of every man to render
3. Because it is proper to take alarm at
to the Creator such homage, and such only,
the first experiment on our liberties. We
as he believes to be acceptable to him. This
hold this prudent jealousy to be the first
duty is precedent both in order of time and
duty of citizens and one of the noblest char-
degree of obligation to the claims of civil
acteristics of the late Revolution. The
society. Before any man can be considered
freemen of America did not wait till
sessments
as a member of civil society, he must be
usurped power had strengthened itself by
considered as a subject of the Governor of
exercise and entangled the question in pre-
d by bim in a letter to George
the universe; and if a member of civil soci-
cedents. They saw all the consequences in
Assembly [of Virginia],
ety who enters into any subordinate associa-
the principle, and they avoided the conse-
providing for the legal support
tion must always do it with a reservation of
quences by denying the principle. We re-
by the most popular talents
his duty to the general authority, much
vere this lesson too much soon to forget it.
Your bigbly-distinguisbed
more must every man who becomes a
Who does not see that the same authority
it advisable that a remonstrance
member of any particular civil society do it
which can establish Christianity, in exclu-
and signature, and imposed on
with a saving of his allegiance to the uni-
sion of all other religions, may establish
aving received their sanction, a
versal sovereign. We maintain, therefore,
with the same ease any particular sect of
xtensively signed by the people
that in matters of religion no man's right is
Christians, in exclusion of all other sects?
in the projected measure was
abridged by the institution of civil society,
That the same authority which can force a
and that religion is wholly exempt from its
citizen to contribute threepence only of his
cognizance. True it is that no other rule ex-
property for the support of any one estab-
ists by which any question which may di-
lishment may force him to conform to any
vide a society can be ultimately determined
other establishment in all cases whatsoever?
than the will of the majority; but it is also
4. Because the bill violates that equality
Christian Religion," and conceiv-
true that the majority may trespass on the
which ought to be the basis of every law,
the same, if finally armed with the
rights of the minority.
and which is more indispensable, in propor-
S of a law, will be a dangerous
2. Because if religion be exempt from
tion as the validity or expediency of any
power, are bound as faithful mem-
the authority of the society at large, still less
law is more liable to be impeached. "If all
a free state to remonstrate against it,
can it be subject to that of the legislative
men are by nature equally free and inde-
18
The Annals of America: 1785
within the cognizance of civil gove
pendent," all men are to be considered as
dence on the powers of this world. It is a
how can its legal establishment be r
entering into society on equal conditions; as
contradiction to fact, for it is known that
to civil government? What influen
relinquishing no more, and therefore retain-
this religion both existed and flourished, not
have ecclesiastical establishments
ing no less, one than another, of their natu-
only without the support of human laws
civil society? In some instances tl
ral rights. Above all are they to be consid-
but in spite of every opposition from them;
been seen to erect a spiritual tyrann
ered as retaining an "equal title to the free
and not only during the period of miracu-
ruins of civil authority; in many
exercise of religion according to the dictates
lous aid but long after it had been left to its
they have been seen upholding the
of conscience." While we assert for our-
own evidence and the ordinary care of
of political tyranny; in no instal
selves a freedom to embrace, to profess, and
Providence. Nay, it is a contradiction in
they been seen the guardians of the
to observe the religion which we believe to
terms, for a religion not invented by human
of the people. Rulers who wished
be of divine origin, we cannot deny an
policy must have preexisted and been sup-
vert the public liberty may have f
equal freedom to those whose minds have
ported before it was established by human
established clergy convenient auxili
not yet yielded to the evidence which has
policy. It is, moreover, to weaken in those
just government, instituted to sec
convinced us. If this freedom be abused, it
who profess this religion a pious confidence
is an offense against God, not against man:
in its innate excellence and the patronage of
perpetuate it, needs them not. Sucl.
ernment will be best supported by
To God, therefore, not to man must an ac-
its Author; and to foster in those who still
ing every citizen in the enjoyment
count of it be rendered. As the bill violates
reject it a suspicion that its friends are too
ligion with the same equal hand wl
equality by subjecting some to peculiar bur-
conscious of its fallacies to trust it to its
tects his person and his property; bi
dens, so it violates the same principle by
own merits.
invading the equal rights of any
granting to others peculiar exemptions. Are
7. Because experience witnesses that ec-
clesiastical establishments, instead of main-
suffering any sect to invade tho:
the Quakers and Mennonites the only sects
other.
who think a compulsive support of their re-
taining the purity and efficacy of religion,
9. Because the proposed estab.
ligions unnecessary and unwarrantable? Can
have had a contrary operation. During al-
is a departure from that generou
their piety alone be entrusted with the care
most fifteen centuries has the legal estab-
of public worship? Ought their religions to
lishment of Christianity been on trial. What
which, offering an asylum to the P
be endowed above all others with extraordi-
have been its fruits? More or less in all
and oppressed of every nation and
promised a luster to our country an
nary privileges by which proselytes may be
places, pride and indolence in the clergy; ig-
cession to the number of its citize:
enticed from all others? We think too fa-
norance and servility in the laity; in both,
vorably of the justice and good sense of
superstition, bigotry, and persecution. In-
melancholy mark is the bill of su,
generacy! Instead of holding forth
these denominations to believe that they ei-
quire of the teachers of Christianity for the
ther covet preeminencies over their fellow
ages in which it appeared in its greatest lus-
lum to the persecuted, it is itself a
persecution. It degrades from the et
citizens or that they will be seduced by
ter; those of every sect point to the ages
of citizens all those whose opinion-
them from the common opposition to the
prior to its incorporation with civil policy.
gion do not bend to those of the 1
measure.
Propose a restoration of this primitive state
5. Because the bill implies either that
in which its teachers depended on the vol-
authority. Distant as it may be, in
ent form, from the Inquisition,
the civil magistrate is a competent judge of
untary rewards of their flocks; many of
religious truths, or that he may employ reli-
them predict its downfall. On which side
from it only in degree. The one is
step, the other is the last in the
gion as an engine of civil policy. The first is
ought their testimony to have greatest
intolerance. The magnanimous suf!
an arrogant pretension falsified by the con-
weight, when for or when against their in-
der this cruel scourge in foreign
tradictory opinions of rulers in all ages and
terest?
must view the bill as a beacon on o
throughout the world; the second an unhal-
8. Because the establishment in question
lowed perversion of the means of salvation.
is not necessary for the support of civil gov-
warning him to seek some othe
6. Because the establishment proposed
ernment. If it be urged as necessary for the
where liberty and philanthropy in
support of civil government only as it is a
extent may offer a more certain rep
by the bill is not requisite for the support
his troubles.
of the Christian religion. To say that it is, is
means of supporting religion, and it be not
10. Because it will have a like
a contradiction to the Christian religion it-
necessary for the latter purpose, it cannot be
to banish our citizens. The allurem
self; for every page of it disavows a depen-
necessary for the former. If religion be not
6. James Madison
19
1785
within the cognizance of civil government,
sented by other situations are every day
the powers of this world. It is a
how can its legal establishment be necessary
thinning their number. To superadd a fresh
ion to fact, for it is known that
to civil government? What influence in fact
motive to emigration by revoking the liber-
on both existed and flourished, not
have ecclesiastical establishments had on
ty which they now enjoy would be the
hout the support of human laws
civil society? In some instances they have
same species of folly which has dishonored
ite of every opposition from them;
been seen to erect a spiritual tyranny on the
and depopulated flourishing kingdoms.
only during the period of miracu-
ruins of civil authority; in many instances
11. Because it will destroy that modera-
but long after it had been left to its
they have been seen upholding the thrones
tion and harmony which the forbearance of
dence and the ordinary care of
of political tyranny; in no instance have
our laws to intermeddle with religion has
ice. Nay, it is a contradiction in
they been seen the guardians of the liberties
produced amongst its several sects. Torrents
a religion not invented by human
of the people. Rulers who wished to sub-
of blood have been spilled in the Old
ust have preexisted and been sup-
vert the public liberty may have found an
World [by] vain attempts of the secular arm
efore it was established by human
established clergy convenient auxiliaries. A
to extinguish religious discord by pro-
is, moreover, to weaken in those
fess this religion a pious confidence
just government, instituted to secure and
scribing all differences in religious opinion.
perpetuate it, needs them not. Such a gov-
Time has at length revealed the true reme-
ate excellence and the patronage of
ernment will be best supported by protect-
dy. Every relaxation of narrow and rigorous
or; and to foster in those who still
ing every citizen in the enjoyment of his re-
policy, wherever it has been tried, has been
a suspicion that its friends are too
ligion with the same equal hand which pro-
found to assuage the disease. The American
S of its fallacies to trust it to its
tects his person and his property; by neither
theater has exhibited proofs that equal and
its.
invading the equal rights of any sect, nor
complete liberty, if it does not wholly erad-
ecause experience witnesses that ec-
suffering any sect to invade those of an-
icate it, sufficiently destroys its malignant
al establishments, instead of main-
other.
influence on the health and prosperity of
the purity and efficacy of religion,
9. Because the proposed establishment
the state. If with the salutary effects of this
1 a contrary operation. During al-
teen centuries has the legal estab-
is a departure from that generous policy,
system under our own eyes we begin to
which, offering an asylum to the persecuted
contract the bounds of religious freedom,
of Christianity been on trial. What
en its fruits? More or less in all
and oppressed of every nation and religion,
we know no name that will too severely
promised a luster to our country and an ac-
reproach our folly. At least let warning be
ride and indolence in the clergy; ig-
cession to the number of its citizens. What
taken at the first fruits of the threatened in-
and servility in the laity; in both,
a melancholy mark is the bill of sudden de-
novation. The very appearance of the bill
ion, bigotry, and persecution. In-
the teachers of Christianity for the
generacy! Instead of holding forth an asy-
has transformed "that Christian forbearance,
lum to the persecuted, it is itself a signal of
love, and charity," which of late mutually
which it appeared in its greatest lus-
persecution. It degrades from the equal rank
prevailed, into animosities and jealousies,
se of every sect point to the ages
of citizens all those whose opinions in reli-
its incorporation with civil policy.
which may not soon be appeased. What
gion do not bend to those of the legislative
mischiefs may not be dreaded should this
a restoration of this primitive state
h its teachers depended on the vol-
authority. Distant as it may be, in its pres-
enemy to the public quiet be armed with
ent form, from the Inquisition, it differs
the force of a law?
rewards of their flocks; many of
from it only in degree. The one is the first
12. Because the policy of the bill is ad-
redict its downfall. On which side
step, the other is the last in the career of
verse to the diffusion of the light of Chris-
their testimony to have greatest
intolerance. The magnanimous sufferer un-
when for or when against their in-
tianity. The first wish of those who enjoy
der this cruel scourge in foreign regions
this precious gift ought to be that it may be
must view the bill as a beacon on our coast,
ecause the establishment in question
imparted to the whole race of mankind.
ecessary for the support of civil gov-
warning him to seek some other haven,
Compare the number of those who have as
If it be urged as necessary for the
where liberty and philanthropy in their due
yet received it with the number still remain-
of civil government only as it is a
extent may offer a more certain repose from
ing under the dominion of false religions;
his troubles.
of supporting religion, and it be not
and how small is the former! Does the poli-
y for the latter purpose, it cannot be
10. Because it will have a like tendency
cy of the bill tend to lessen the dispropor-
ry for the former. If religion be not
to banish our citizens. The allurements pre-
tion? No, it at once discourages those who
20
The Annals of America: 1785
are strangers to the light of revelation from
gion according to the dictates of con-
coming into the region of it; and counte-
science" is held by the same tenure with all
nances by example the nations who contin-
our other rights. If we recur to its origin, it
ue in darkness, in shutting out those who
is equally the gift of nature; if we weigh its
might convey it to them. Instead of leveling
importance, it cannot be less dear to us; if
7.
as far as possible, every obstacle to the vic-
we consult the declaration of those rights
torious progress of truth, the bill, with an
which pertain to the good people of Virgin-
ignoble and unchristian timidity, would cir-
ia as the "basis and foundation of govern-
cumscribe it with a wall of defense against
ment," it is enumerated with equal solemni-
JOHN ADAMS: Foreign
the encroachments of error.
ty, or rather, studied emphasis. Either then
13. Because attempts to enforce, by legal
we must say that the will of the legislature
sanctions, acts obnoxious to so great a pro-
is the only measure of their authority; and
Under the Articles of Confederati
portion of citizens tend to enervate the laws
that in the plenitude of that authority, they
impossible for Congress to negotia
in general and to slacken the bands of soci-
may sweep away all our fundamental rights;
of the intense commercial rivalry
ety. If it be difficult to execute any law
or that they are bound to leave this particu-
commercial treaty would only inl:
which is not generally deemed necessary or
lar right untouched and sacred. Either we
John Adams, American minister
salutary, what must be the case where it is
must say that they may control the freedom
the control of a stronger central E
deemed invalid and dangerous? And what
of the press, may abolish the trial by jury,
victimized by unfair trade restric'
may be the effect of so striking an example
may swallow up the executive and judiciary
arguments in a letter to John Jay
of impotency in the government on its gen-
powers of the state, nay, that they may de-
Source: C. F. Adams, VIII, pp. 242-.
eral authority?
spoil us of our very right of suffrage and
14. Because a measure of such singular
erect themselves into an independent and
IN EXECUTING THE INSTRUCTIONS 01
magnitude and delicacy ought not to be im-
hereditary assembly; or we must say that
of the 7th of March last, as well
posed without the clearest evidence that it
they have no authority to enact into law
mer orders which concern the
is called for by a majority of citizens, and
the bill under consideration. We, the sub-
no satisfactory method is yet proposed; by
Great Britain, the Ministry will,
scribers, say that the General Assembly of
which the voice of the majority in this case
find my commission and letter o'
this Commonwealth have no such authority.
may be determined or its influence secured.
sufficient authority. But you will
And
that no effort may be omitted on
letter from the Duke of Dorset, W
"The people of the respective counties are
our part against so dangerous an usurpation,
ministers here sometime since tr
indeed requested to signify their opinion re-
we oppose to it this remonstrance; earnestly
that the British cabinet have
specting the adoption of the bill to the next
praying, as we are in duty bound, that the
session of Assembly." But the representa-
doubts whether Congress have
Supreme Lawgiver of the universe, by illu-
tion must be made equal, before the voice
treat of commercial matters, ano
minating those to whom it is addressed,
either of the representatives or of the coun-
our states should not separately ÷
may on the one hand turn their councils
ties will be that of the people. Our hope is
full powers to a minister. I think
from every act which would affront His
that neither of the former will, after due
taken for granted that the states
holy prerogative, or violate the trust com-
consideration, espouse the dangerous princi-
think of sending separate ambassau
mitted to them; and on the other, guide
ple of the bill. Should the event disappoint
authorizing directly those appo
them into every measure which may be
us, it will still leave us in full confidence
Congress.
worthy of His blessing, may redound to
that a fair appeal to the latter will reverse
The idea of thirteen plenipo
their own praise, and establish more firmly
the sentence against our liberties.
meeting together in a congress
the liberties, the prosperity, and the happi-
15. Because, finally, "the equal right of
court in Europe, each with a full P
ness of the Commonwealth.
distinct instructions from his state
every citizen to the free exercise of his reli-
to view such a picture of confusio
tion, expense, and endless delay
convince every man of its impra.
Neither is there less absurdity in
that all the states should unite in
FRIENDS, THE RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF
93
ederick
(1891-
FRIENDS, The Religious Society of, a Christian
of Mount Holly, N.J., whose Journal has be-
was
born
in
religious body usually known as Quakers. The
come a literary classic. Other famous Quaker
A
year
later
term "Quaker" was originally a disparaging nick-
opponents of slavery were Lucretia Mott and
Pa.
He
gradu-
name, derived either from the saying of George
John Greenleaf Whittier. In the period before
1914,
and
be-
Fox, "Tremble at the word of the Lord," or
the Civil War many Friends maintained stations
working
from the Quakers' habit of quivering with re-
of the Underground Railroad for the assistance of
as
oratory.
ligious emotion. It soon lost its derogatory mean-
fugitive slaves.
served
Members of the society were deeply inter-
as
a
ing, and members of the society call themselves
Expeditionary
either Friends or Quakers.
ested in other aspects of social reform. Elizabeth
The
Index
of
History. The society was founded in England
Fry was active in promoting the reform of pris-
in Cryptog-
about 1652 by George Fox. It was one of sev-
ons, and Dorothea Dix devoted most of her life
work.
In
eral sects that sprang up in the 17th century in
to securing better treatment for the insane. Susan
of
the
U.S.
protest against the domination of the church by
B. Anthony, a pioneer of woman suffrage like
a
cryptology
the state and against certain church doctrines
Lucretia Mott, also came from a family of
classification
and ceremonies that were believed to incline
Friends.
late
1920's
he
toward Roman Catholicism. The teaching of
Divisions and Changes. In 1827 a separation oc-
machines.
George Fox was based on the belief that there
curred in the Philadelphia Yearly Meeting and in
work, a
is "that of God in every man" and that by fol-
some others between the orthodox Friends and
the
famous
Ja-
lowing this Divine Spirit, the Inner Light, one
the followers of Elias Hicks, who advocated more
providing the
can discover true belief and righteous conduct
liberal doctrines and objected to the assumption
concerning
without the help of any minister.
of authority by elders. Separate meetings were
and
died
in
Fox attracted many followers, who were
established, known unofficially as "Orthodox" and
known at first as "Children of Light," "Publishers
"Hicksite." In the 20th century the reasons for
Codebreakers"
of Truth," or "Friends of Truth" and finally as
the separation seemed less important. The two
the Religious Society of Friends. Early Friends
meetings often worked together, and they were
FREDERICK.
were by no means quiet and peaceful people.
kept apart by questions of property and organiza-
They often attracted attention by interrupting
tion rather than by disagreements on doctrine. A
David
(1774-
church services and by holding unauthorized
joint meeting held in November 1946 marked the
whose
work,
meetings, a criminal offense in England under the
beginning of unity for the Orthodox and Hicksite
is typical of the
Conventicle Act of 1664. They refused to pay
branches in Philadelphia. In March 1955 they
movement
tithes, and they objected to taking oaths, holding
were formally united as the Philadelphia Yearly
on
Sept.
5,
that oaths are forbidden by the Scriptures and
Meeting of the Religious Society of Friends.
hagen,
where
he
that if one always tells the truth, one need not
Within a few months other Yearly Meetings in the
the
academy.
promise to do so on any particular occasion.
United States and Canada followed their exam-
There
he
They would not remove their hats as a mark of
ple and so ended the separation that had lasted
Ludwig Tieck,
respect, even before the king. Plain dress, mod-
for 128 years.
ackenroder, and
eled after the clothes of ordinary working people,
Another division among the Friends occurred
all
involved
and plain speech, using the informal "thee" in-
in 1845-1854 from differences of opinion be-
edrich
became
a
stead of the more respectful "you," were adopted
tween Joseph John Gurney, brother of Elizabeth
in 1816 and a
as protests against the meaningless formalities
Fry, and John Wilbur, who regarded Gurney's
in
Dresden
on
and extravagances of the time. The common
views as too evangelical. The followers of these
names of months and days of the week were con-
two men formed separate meetings in New En-
The Cross on
sidered pagan by the Friends, who used such
gland, Ohio, and Canada.
alerie, Dresden)
terms as "First day" and "Second month."
In the 19th century the Friends passed
houetted boldly
The Friends met with violent persecution
through a period of quietism, in which they with-
ontemplating
the
both from the Church of England and from the
drew from worldly activities and maintained a
resden)
portrays
Puritans. Many of them were imprisoned and
strict supervision of the private lives of their
by entangled
fined, but they were not discouraged. If all the
members. Many otherwise loyal Friends were
Gothic
ruins
adult members of a meeting were in prison, the
disowned by their meetings for marrying persons
astery of Eldena
children would continue the meeting. In 1656,
of other faiths.
reflect the tragic
George Fox estimated that there were seldom
Later generations of Friends and newly con-
Friedrich re-
less than 1,000 in prison.
vinced members accomplished many changes,
landscapes un-
The Friends in America. When they reached
and in the 20th century the society became an
his spiritual
New England, the Friends found even more per-
active and progressive organization with an in-
by
paired
or
secution, and strict laws were passed against
creasing membership. Plain dress was abandoned
them. The first to arrive, in 1656, were Ann
when the need for it was no longer evident; by
University
Austin and Mary Fisher, who were imprisoned
the middle of the 20th century it had almost dis-
and deported. Others, who came later, were
appeared. Plain speech, using "thee" and "thy,"
is
a
town
flogged and driven from town to town, and four
but not "thou," was retained largely as a special
he northern shore
were hanged, including a woman, Mary Dyer.
intimate form of address.
state
of
Baden-
Many Friends found refuge in Rhode Island,
Organization. The founders of the society had
junction, lake
where Roger Williams had established a colony
no definite plan of organization; organizational
War II, Friedrich-
on the principle of absolute religious freedom.
forms were developed gradually. Local usage
of
the
German
William Penn, who had joined the Friends in
varies, but in general each congregation is known
manufacturing
1666, obtained the charter of Pennsylvania from
as a Monthly Meeting, from the practice of hold-
by the Allies
Charles II in 1681 in payment of a debt of
ing business meetings once a month. Sometimes
Zeppelin works
£ 16,000 owed to his father, Adm. Sir William
several small preparative meetings unite as a
were
later
dis-
Penn. Pennsylvania was established in 1682 as a
Monthly Meeting. All Monthly Meetings in a
horities.
"holy experiment" on religious principles. Penn
given area come together four times a year as a
in 1811 by merg-
was notably successful in maintaining friendly
Quarterly Meeting, for worship, fellowship, the
and the Hofen
relations with the Indians.
transaction of business, and the discussion of
est.)
40,416.
At an early stage in their history the Friends
common problems. Once a year the meetings in
developed a strong objection to slavery. One
a much larger area unite for a Yearly Meeting,
of the earliest abolitionists was John Woolman
the largest administrative unit of the society.
94
FRIENDS, THE RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF
Much of the work in Monthly, Quarterly, and
ship for members of other faiths who are inter-
bilities, fair practice
Yearly Meetings is done on a voluntary basis by
ested in the Friends. The Friends World Com-
and peace. The q'
committees, many of whose members give a
mittee for Consultation brings together repre-
creed.
great deal of time to their duties. Each Monthly
sentatives from over 50 countries.
The flexibility o
Meeting has a clerk, a committee of overseers,
Form of Worship. From the beginning of their
shown by the chan
and a committee of ministry and counsel, or of
history, Friends have recognized the value of
sition to war. Geor
elders, as well as a varying number of other
silence for encouraging religious meditation and
live in the virtue
committees. There is no paid ministry. The
for promoting human fellowship. Many house-
took away the OCC
term "minister" has sometimes been applied to a
holds observe the custom of silent grace before
ginning, they absol
man, or often a woman, with an outstanding
meals, and business meetings regularly open
in war, and those
talent for speaking or a particular interest in visit-
and close with a period of silence. Meetings
their meetings. A1
ing other meetings, but this term is not common
for worship are silent until someone feels moved
attitude has been
in modern times.
to speak or to pray. A meeting may be entirely
Revolutionary Wa
Collections are not taken at meetings for wor-
silent, and the amount of speaking depends
patriotism above ]
ship. Every year the expenses of the meeting,
largely on local preference.
Civil War a cons
which are usually very small, are divided among
A fairly large number of Friends, especially
garded the abolit
the adult members, who receive notice of the
in the United States, have adopted a form of
portant than the €
budget and estimated income. A quota of the
worship like that of other churches, with pro-
the feeling agains
funds collected by Monthly Meetings is paid to
fessional ministers. Their meetings are called
what relaxed, and
Quarterly and Yearly Meetings.
Friends Churches.
bear arms took an
First-day schools for children are customary
and relief work. II
in most meetings, and adult members often have
question of militar;
classes for study and discussion.
vidual conscience.
Friends have no outward form of baptism and
bers who wished t.
no communion service, since they regard fellow-
urge them to do so.
ship in the kingdom of God as a spiritual rather
to the basic causo
than an external experience. There is no cere-
ignorance, and la
mony for the adoption of new members. Chil-
toward eliminating
dren of Friends become birthright members;
significant work of
anyone else who wishes to join the society ap-
Membership. In
plies for membership and is accepted by the
approximately 200.
meeting after a thorough investigation. Member-
of Friends in the "
ship is recorded in the Monthly Meeting.
United States and
Marriages are supervised by members of the
other European cot
meeting. The couple who wish to be married
and 45,000 in Afric
notify the meeting of their intention, and a com-
X The American
mittee of oversight is appointed. In the presence
1917 nearly all br
of their friends the couple exchange the vows of
United States joine
marriage, and all who are present sign the cer-
can Friends Serv
tificate as witnesses.
quarters in Philade
Funerals are as simple as possible, with
a small group of
vocal and silent prayer, a reading from the
help and resource
Bible, and a few spontaneous tributes from per-
ambitious program
sonal friends.
They worked in (
Distinguishing Views. The Friends as a group
other countries dur
LIBRARY OF CONGRESS
have no written creed. As individuals they may
ward. Similar wor
QUAKER MEETING in Philadelphia, with members
be liberal or conservative; they may or may not
especially among ro
in traditional dress, from an 1888 wood engraving.
believe in the Trinity and the divine nature of
extensive relief W
Christ.
1950-1953, mostly
They often study the Bible, emphasizing the
the American Frier
The business meetings of Friends, even large
value of its teaching rather than the necessity
British Society of I
gatherings of several hundred people, are con-
of belief in miracles. Many believe that it is not
the Nobel Peace Pr
ducted in a distinctive manner. No votes are
the final word of God to man but a part of the
The Vietnam VA
taken, but after a free discussion the clerk takes
"continuing revelation" of the Divine Spirit.
the Friends. The y
"the sense of the meeting" and records it in a
The essence of their doctrine is the Inner
counsel to conscie
minute, which is read immediately so that mem-
Light, the Divine Spirit within every human
them find alternat
bers may approve or disapprove of its form. If
being. By following this light, everyone may
Friends Service Coi
no decision can be reached, the action is post-
learn to distinguish the truth and to judge be-
plies to civilians o
poned.
tween right and wrong. This belief implies the
Friends Service
Friends support many schools, of which West-
essential worth of the individual, the brother-
United States bega
town School, George School, and Friends Cen-
hood of man, and the necessity of respect for
ing of children of
tral School, all near Philadelphia, are among the
human rights. The religion of the Friends is an
committee became
best known. They also maintain several colleges,
attempt to put these ideals into practice.
problem of minoriti
including Swarthmore and Haverford colleges in
The basic principles of conduct and belief on
and migrant worke
Pennsylvania, Earlham College in Indiana, Guil-
which Friends agree are stated in books pub-
by voluntary cont
ford College in North Carolina, and Whittier
lished by the Yearly Meetings. These books have
in projects in Afri
College in California. Pendle Hill, at Walling-
various titles, such as Book of Discipline or Faith
lieve suffering and
ford, Pa., is a center for graduate study courses,
and Practice, and are often revised.
DELIGHT ANSLEY,
conferences, seminars, and religious retreats.
Each book contains a set of queries to be
The American Friends Fellowship Council,
studied and answered by meetings. The queries
Varieties of Reading: I
with headquarters in Philadelphia, encourages
Religious
deal with such subjects as the conduct of the
Fowler,
Al
cooperation and understanding among the various
meeting, personal life, family relationships,
branches of Friends in the United States and
education, moderation in the use of narcotics
Canada, and sponsors the Wider Quaker Fellow-
the Press
and stimulants, social and political responsi-
Select
FRIENDS, RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF-FRIESLAND
95
bilities, fair practices in business, race problems,
FRIES' REBELLION, frēz, the Federalist name
Com-
and peace. The queries serve the purpose of a
for demonstrations in 1799 by Pennsylvania Ger-
creed.
man farmers in Bucks and Northampton counties,
The flexibility of Friends' doctrine is clearly
Pa., against a federal property tax. Angry crowds
their
shown by the change in their methods of oppo-
intimidated tax assessors. John Fries, a former
of
sition to war. George Fox urged his followers to
Revolutionary War militia captain, organized a
and
live "in the virtue of that life and power that
band of armed Milford Township men, and on
took away the occasion of all wars." In the be-
March 7 frightened a federal marshal into re-
ginning, they absolutely refused to take any part
leasing prisoners held in Bethlehem, Pa. But no
in war, and those who did so were disowned by
shots were fired, no one was hurt, and the crowd
their meetings. Among Friends in America, this
dispersed.
attitude has been subject to change since the
Nevertheless, to suppress the "rebellion,"
Revolutionary War, when many Friends placed
President John Adams, on April 3-5, sent troops
patriotism above pacifism. At the time of the
into the area. Fries was tried by judges, who
Civil War a considerable number of them re-
ruled that the acts he confessed constituted
garded the abolition of slavery as more im-
treason. Twice convicted and sentenced to hang,
of
portant than the evils of war. In World War I
Fries was pardoned in May 1800 by President
pro-
the feeling against military service was some-
Adams, who privately deplored the judges' deci-
what relaxed, and those who were not willing to
sion. The Fries case swayed Pennsylvania against
bear arms took an active part in medical service
the Federalists in the election of 1800.
and relief work. In world War II and later the
FRANCIS JENNINGS, Cedar Crest College
have
question of military service was left to the indi-
vidual conscience. Meetings helped their mem-
FRIESE-GREENE, frés'grèn, William (1855-
and
bers who wished to resist the draft but did not
1921), English photographer and motion picture
urge them to do so. Friends gave their attention
experimenter. He was born William Edward
ther
to the basic causes of war, including poverty,
Greene in Bristol on Sept. 7, 1855. In 1874,
ignorance, and lack of understanding. Effort
while apprenticed to a Bristol photographer, he
Chil-
toward eliminating these causes became the most
married Helena Friese. Under the name/William
significant work of the society.
Friese-Greene, he opened studios in Bath, Bristol,
ap-
Membership. In the early 1970's there were
and Plymouth.
the
approximately 200,000 members of the Society
In 1880 he improved a lantern slide projector
of Friends in the world, including 119,000 in the
invented by J. A. R. Rudge that, by throwing suc-
United States and Canada, 24,000 in Britain and
cessive slides intermittently upon a screen, gave
the
other European countries, 6,000 in Latin America,
the illusion of motion. Then in 1889, with Mor-
and 45,000 in Africa.
timer Evans, he patented a combination camera-
The American Friends Service Committee. In
projector that used sensitized material on rolls.
1917 nearly all branches of the Friends in the
He next turned to color and stereoscopic motion
of
United States joined together to form the Ameri-
pictures, for which he took many patents, not-
cer-
can Friends Service Committee, with head-
ably in 1905 for a 2-color process. In 1915 he
quarters in Philadelphia. A few paid workers and
was sued by Charles Urban, who claimed this in-
with
a small group of trained volunteers, using local
fringed his 1906 Kinemacolor patent. Friese-
the
help and resources if possible, carried out an
Greene won the case.
per-
ambitious program of relief and reconstruction.
Friese-Greene also devised bulk printing tech-
They worked in Germany, France, Russia, and
niques, an inkless printing process, and a system
roup
other countries during World War I and after-
for the electrical transmission of photographs. He
may
ward. Similar work was done in World War II,
died in London on May 5, 1921.
not
especially among refugees and exiles. Friends did
BEAUMONT NEWHALL
of
extensive relief work in the Korean conflict of
George Eastman House, Rochester, N. Y.
1950-1953, mostly for homeless children. In 1947
the
the American Friends Service Committee-and the
FRIESLAND, frès'länt, is a province in the north-
essity
British Society of Friends Service Council shared
eastern Netherlands. The IJsselmeer and the
not
the Nobel Peace Prize.
North Sea border it on the west and north, the
the
The Vietnam War posed another challenge to
provinces of Groningen and Drenthe on the east,
the Friends. The Youth Services Division offered
and Overijssel on the south. Groningen also
Inner
counsel to conscientious objectors and helped
separates Friesland from the German region of
them find alternatives to military service. The
East Friesland.
may
Friends Service Committee also sent medical sup-
Friesland (also spelled Vriesland) has an area
be-
plies to civilians on both sides of the conflict.
of 1,250 square miles (3,240 sq km). Most of
the
Friends Service Committee work within the
the land is low, and except for clay areas in the
ther-
United States began in the 1920's with the feed-
north and sand areas in the south much of it con-
for
ing of children of unemployed miners. Later the
sists of drained marshes and moors. There are
an
committee became actively concerned with the
many lakes and canals.
problem of minorities, including Negroes, Indians,
The capital of the province is Leeuwarden
on
and migrant workers. The committee, supported
(Ljouwert). The chief port is Harlingen. The
pub-
by voluntary contributions, has also engaged
urban centers are small because the economy of
have
in projects in Africa, Asia, and Europe to re-
the province is predominantly agricultural.
Faith
lieve suffering and promote understanding.
Economy. Of the land under exploitation,
DELIGHT ANSLEY, Author of "The Good Ways"
90% is used for grazing. Pedigreed Frisian cat-
be
tle are raised for milk rather than for beef and
Further Reading: Brinton, Howard H., Quaker Journals:
eries
Varieties of Religious Experience among Friends (Pendle
are also an important export product. Industry is
the
Hill 1983); Fowler, Albert, Two Trends in Modern Quaker
predominantly connected with dairying and is
Thought (Pendle Hill 1983); Hay, Hope, The Quakers (State
Mutual Bk. 1985); Russell, Elbert, History of Quakerism
often organized in the form of dairy farmers' pro-
cotics
(Friends United Press 1980); Steere, Douglas V., ed., Quak-
duction cooperatives.
er Spirituality: Selected Writings (Paulist Press 1984).
Since World War II, Friesland has suffered
Science, Invention, and Technology
PATIENTS' BILL OF RIGHTS
by American Hospital Association
THOUGHT AND CULTURE
right to complete and current
regarding diagnosis, treat-
and progress, as well as the right
use treatment.
Religion
The fact that the American religious experience has been pluralistic has con-
tributed substantially to the complete separation of church and state, while at
the same time fostering religious liberty. Although the Roman Catholic faith
had maintained an establishment on the North American continent some two
centuries before the arrival of Protestantism, it was the latter, in diverse forms,
which dominated the Thirteen English Colonies. Formally separating from the
Church of England were the Congregationalists, Presbyterians, and Baptists,
along with a number of more radical sects such as the Quakers, and to this latter
group were added various Pietist sects that migrated to America from central
Europe, starting in the 1680s. While the Church of England was established in
the Southern colonies and in the 4 lower counties of New York, the Puritan
Congregationalists effectively established their churches throughout New Eng-
land save for Rhode Island.
Organized religion felt the thrust of the great revivals of the colonial period
and the nineteenth century, with a quasi-establishment of evangelical Prot-
estantism emerging, dominated by Methodists and Baptists, along with other
indigenous groups, and the black churches having a separate and distinctive
experience. More recently, the religious scene has responded to the powerful
neo-orthodox impulse, with its thoroughgoing reconsideration of judgments
rendered by a previous generation of liberal churchmen. Nineteenth- and
twentieth-century immigration has given increasing prominence in numbers
and influence to Roman Catholicism, Judaism, and the Eastern Orthodox
churches, while mystical cults have recently emerged in response to youthful
disillusionment and malaise.
c.1000. CHRISTIANITY IN THE
1492-1769. CATHOLICISM IN NEW
NEW WORLD. According to the Ice-
SPAIN. Spanish explorers and conquista-
landic Saga of Eric the Red, Leif Ericson
dores, supported by the church, intro-
(pp. 16, 17) introduced Christianity in
duced Catholicism into the Caribbean is-
Greenland and along the North American
lands and the continents of North and
coast.
South America as a culmination of a long
702
UNITED STATES: 24. European Exploration and Settlement
The Massachusetts Bay Company acted dif-
so slight that dissenters were not seriously op-
crown to seel
ferently. An agreement of 1629 provided that its
pressed. Both Connecticut and Massachusetts
had been gi
members who migrated should take the com-
designated the Puritan, or Congregational, Church
When a pri\
pany's charter with them and should constitute
as the legal state-supported church. The perse-
ished, the p
the general court. Thus the governing body of
cution of Seekers, Antinomians, and Quakers de
vested in the
an English corporation was transferred to the
faced the history of Massachusetts, but the spirit
colony," in "
American wilderness. In 1634 the leaders adopted
of intolerance abated after the witchcraft delu-
the executive
a plan that allowed the various towns to choose
sion of the 1690's, and thereafter the trend was
cers, all cha
deputies to represent them in the general court.
toward religious freedom and toleration.
ders, policies
In all the New England colonies the deputies
colony in 16
who composed the lower house of the legislature
COLONIAL ECONOMIC LIFE
York in 168
were elected by the freemen or inhabitants in
America provided amply for the primary
outh and M
their town meetings.
needs of the settlers as regards food, shelter, and
South Caroli
In most cases the elected assembly soon be-
simple clothing. Since the colonists sought to
and Georgia
came subject to an upper house. In governing
attain a higher standard of living, they were
Mercantili:
obliged to import from England or the Continent
mercantilism
their provinces the proprietors appointed coun-
cillors who shared in the lawmaking power and
a variety of manufactured goods of superior qual-
tions, dedica
thus served as a senate, with a veto on the lower
ity. Many of their economic activities served to
sufficing em
house. The proprietary governors (personal agents
furnish them with exports which they used to
should prod
pay for their imports.
the Corn La
of the proprietors) could also veto bills. After
1701, Pennsylvania had a unicameral legislature,
Production and Specialization. With respect to
farmers again
for the council then ceased to act as an upper
production, the colonies comprised four distinct
train. In f
house, although the governor possessed the veto
areas. New England combined agriculture with
abroad goods
power. After Virginia became a royal colony in
maritime pursuits. Its main farm products-In-
money than
1624, the king appointed the governor and the
dian corn, wheat, cattle, fruits, and vegetables-
thereby obli
council; each could veto the measures of the
merely supplied the needs of its people and were
deficit by de
House of Burgesses. In Massachusetts and Con-
not exported in quantity. The forests and the
Son. If Engli
necticut the freemen elected the governors and
sea provided the area with the means of buying
afactured go
the high executive-judicial officers, who were
European goods. The leading industries-lumber-
zain the desi
known as councillors, assistants, or magistrates.
ing, shipbuilding, shipping, and fisheries-yielded
this end the
In neither colony did the governor have the veto
products or services which were sold to the West
acturing ind
Indies, Newfoundland, Africa, and southern Eu-
ective tariffs
power, but in each the council became an upper
house of the legislature (1644, 1645). The lesser
rope, thereby providing New Englanders with
ping business
folk among the Puritans believed that leaders of
money for purchases in Britain.
required, in
substance, education, and experience should have
The middle colonies (New York, New Jersey
that goods
a check on the ordinary settlers who controlled
and Pennsylvania) engaged in diversified agri-
owned vessel
the house of deputies.
culture and produced an export surplus of wheat
they would
Qualifications for voting varied from colony
flour, breadstuffs, beef, and pork, which went
English man
to colony. Everywhere the suffrage franchise
chiefly to the West Indies. Maryland, Virgima
English ware
was denied to bonded servants and slaves. Other-
and North Carolina provided themselves with
the colonies
food and livestock but relied on their tobacco
and services
wise, the colonies tended to become practical
crops to supply exports with which they could
they would
democracies because landowners were generally
given the right to vote, and the ease with which
pay for the manufactured goods purchased in
ments with a
one could acquire a small farm rapidly enlarged
Britain. The fourth area, comprising South Car
the body of freeholders. They soon formed the
olina and Georgia, supplemented its food crops
backbone of the American population and made
and livestock, which were locally consumed
The rich
the elected house the most important part of
with three principal export products: rice, in
colonial government.
digo, and deerskins, the latter obtained from the
Political Role of the Church. Religion also
Indian trade of the Southwest.
fostered self-government. Churches were then
Under the spur of freedom, opportunity. and
subjected to and regulated by numerous civil
landownership, the colonists were inspired to
laws. The 13 colonies were notable for the prom-
work with a good will. Owing to England's litr
inence and importance of about a dozen religious
eral immigration policy, which freely admitted
sects, each of which found it necessary to engage
non-British settlers and people of diverse retr
actively in politics, either to ward off persecu-
gious faiths, and by reason also of the larger col
tion or to secure laws favorable to itself. In the
families of the time, the population of the
end, religious diversity promoted both religious
onies doubled about every 25 years. In the ear
toleration (which confers the right to worship as
nomic sense the colonies soon became highh to
one pleases) and religious freedom (which rec-
productive. Land once given by the crown an
ognizes that all churches are equal before law).
colonizers as worthless was transformed into
Rhode Island granted complete religious freedom
to all its inhabitants. Maryland adopted a Tol-
eration Act in 1649 guaranteeing religious toler-
important had As given an inducement asset promoters to British to the start commerce. right a colony, to the king the
ation to Christians who respected the rights of
colony and special regards trade
the proprietor. Government in the Carolinas was
After a colony had
so weak that the settlers were free to worship as
crown manifested a a
they chose. New Jersey and Pennsylvania both
trade, in order that English traders
reflected the liberal ideas of the Quakers. All
who believed in God enjoyed religious toleration
maximum benefit and so that the crown collected in
in Pennsylvania, although only Christians were
England. To this end the king and Parliament
might obtain added revenue, to be
privileged to vote and to hold office. Virginia,
subjected colonial commerce to a
the Carolinas, Maryland, and Georgia established
tory laws, but private colonial en
the Church of England as the official church, but
(companies or proprietors) often failed led to the
generally political influence of the church was
force such regulations. Such remissness
TIPPER, JOHN to TOTALITARIANISM
Tipper, John, virtuoso, IV
282b
Tomars, Adolf S., beauty, I
409b
489a
Toland, John (1670-1722)
213b
class, IV 407a, 407b,
Tiraboschi, Girolamo (1731-
deism, I 650b, 651b
Tomashevsky, Boris, folklore,
408a, 408b, 410a, 410b
1794)
mythology, III 301b-302a
III 239a
cold war, IV 406b, 408b,
literature, III 82a
rationalism, III 301b-302a
Tomb decorations, art, II 525b,
410b
periodization in literary his-
Tolerance, IV 112b-121a
531b
communications, IV 406b,
tory, III 482a
Age of Reason, I 400b-
Tombaugh, Clyde William,
407b, 409a, 410b
Tirso de Molina (1571?-
401a
cosmology, I 552b
communism, IV 406b-
1648)
Charles II, 401b
Tomsky, Mikhail P. (1888-
409a, 410b
baroque in literature, I 192a
Christianity, I 400b-401a
1936), Marxism, III 165b
conscription, IV 408a
motif, III 241a
France, I 401b
Tone, II 314a, 315b, 323b;
crime, IV 410b
Tissot (1728-1797), health, II
Germany, I 400b
III 261a, 262a, 263b, 268b
criticism, IV 406b, 408b,
402b-403a
Great Britain, I 400b-401b
Agrippa, II 389b
409a
Titans (myth), III 274a
heresy, II 426a
Ficino, II 389b
Titchener, Edward Bradford
culture, IV 407a
Ireland, I 401a
harmony, II 389a
defined, IV 406a-408a
(1867-1927)
liberalism, III 40b, 41a,
Tonnies, Ferdinand, national-
association of ideas, 116b
democracy, III 147b; IV
42a-42b
ism, III 326b, 327a
behaviorism, 217b, 221b
407a, 408b, 409a, 409b,
Louis XIV, I 401a
Topos
410b
empathy, II 85b
nationalism, III 325a
Aristotle, IV 299b, 301b
despotism, II 1a; IV 406b
psychology, IV 27b
Orientalism, III 432b
motif, III 243a
Tithonus (myth), longevity, III
dictatorship, IV 406a-410b
Peace of Augsburg, IV
Nicholas of Cusa, IV 300a-
89b
dualism, IV 409a, 410a
118a
300b
dynamism, IV 408b
Titian (1477-1576)
periodization in history, III
Plato, IV 299b
classicism, 455b
economics, IV 407a, 407b,
479b
Torah, mythology, III 283a
409b
iconography, II 529a, 529b,
Pietism, III 494b
Tornier, E., probability, III
538a
equality, IV 407b
Presbyterians, I 401b
622a, 622b
impressionism, II 577b
etatism, IV 408a, 408b
Protestantism, 400b-401a
Torrentinus, Herman, mytho-
mythology, III 291b-292b
evolution, III 646b-647a
Roman Catholic Church, I
logy, III 299a
periodization in literary his-
facism, IV 406a-408b,
400b
Torri, Bartolomeo
409b, 410b
tory, III 485b
Utopia, IV 462b
art, II 301b
Franco, IV 409b
ut pictura poesis, IV 469a,
Tolman, E. C. (1886-1959)
individualism, II 301b
471a
freedom, IV 407a, 410b
behaviorism, 217a, 223b-
Torricelli, Evangelista (1608-
Titmuss, Richard, welfare
French Revolution (1789),
225a, 226a; IV 185a
1647)
IV 408a
state, IV 513a, 515a
consciousness, I 223b
axiomatization, 165b
To pan
Friedrich, IV 409b
psychology, IV 28b
genius, II 293b, 301b
Aristotle, IV 300a
Gentile, IV 408b
Tolman, Richard Chace
imagination, III 218a
Homer, IV 300a
Germany, IV 406a, 408b,
(1881-1948), cosmology, I
methodology, III 387b
410a
Tocqueville, Alexis Charles de
565b
Newton and, III 387b
(1805-1859)
Goebbels, IV 408a
Tolnay, Ch. de, iconography,
optics, III 420a
Hegel, IV 408a, 408b
conservatism, I 481a
II 538a
time, IV 403a
crisis in history, I 591a
history, IV 408a-409b,
Tolomei, Claudio, linguistics,
Torture
410b
democracy, II 17a-17b; IV
III 63b
Inquisition, II 689a
503a-503b
Hitler, IV 408b, 409a,
Tolstoy, Leo (1828-1910)
law, II 689a; III 567a
despotism, II1a, 2a, 17a-17b
410a, 410b
anarchy, 72a, 438b
music, III 266a-266b
equality, II139b, 146a-146b
ideology, IV 406b-410b
beauty, I 209a
mythology, III 292a
French Revolution, IV
imperialism, IV 408b
China, 371a
pragmatism, III 567a
158b-159a
individualism, IV 407a,
civil disobedience, I 435a,
Rome (ancient), II 689a
410b
historiography, II 494b
438a-438b, 439a
Tory, Geoffroy (1480?-?
individualism, II 17b, 595a,
industry, IV 406b
Confucianism, I 371a
1533), mythology, III 292b
595b, 596a, 599a
intolerance, IV 408a
death, II 193b
Totalitarianism, IV 406a-411a
liberalism, III 49b, 50a, 57a
Italy, IV 406a, 407b,
economy, II 169a
absolutism, IV 406b, 407a,
nationalism, III 330b
408a, 409b, 410a
evil, II 168b-169a
408a, 408b
peace, IV 503a
Lassalle, IV 408a
existentialism, II 193b
activism, IV 408a
periodization in history, III
Latin America, IV 409b
Gandhi and, III 446a
Arendt, IV 409b
479a
law, II 690b; III 2a, 5a;
God, I 438a
Aristotle, IV 406b
sovereignty, II 17b
IV 407a, 407b, 408b,
Jesus Christ, I 438a
authority, I 158b-160a,
State, I 663a-664a
409a, 410a
love, I 438a; III 445b
161a; IV 407b
tyranny, II 17a-17b
Left, IV 408a, 409b, 410a,
music, I 371a
autocracy, IV 406b,
410b
war, IV 503a-503b, 505b
peace, III 441a, 445b-446a
410b
Todhunter, Isaac (1820-
Leninism, IV 410a
realism in literature, IV 53b
Brzezinski, IV 409b
1884)
liberty, IV 407a
Rousseau and, III 445b
Buddhism, I 253a
probability, III 605b, 609b,
Ludendorff, IV 408a
Sermon on the Mount, III
bureaucracy, IV 410b
612b
Machiavellism, III 125a
445b
capitalism, IV 406b, 407b
social welfare, IV 282a,
Mao Tse-tung, IV 409b
symbolism, IV 343a
China (Communist), IV
Marx, IV 408a
445
Dictionary
of the
History
of
Ideas
THE
Bentapt of
TO
Protest
Nevements
Jecss
Ref.
CB5
.D5
v.3
WH
LIBERALISM
by nature democratic; it needs the illusion of democ-
leading a good life, but on holding certain beliefs about
racy even where it cannot have the reality.
God and his relations to man; and that there is a
Political theory in the West has had a "bias" towards
church, a community of the faithful, having sole au-
democracy from the time that the modern state arose
thority from God to teach the beliefs (and administer
and long before it became democratic. It has held that
the sacraments) necessary to salvation. To most people
the legitimacy of government derives from the consent
in medieval Europe, these two ideas may have meant
of the governed, and has spoken of this consent as if
very little, for most people were illiterate and in-
it consisted, not in mere acquiescence or acceptance
capable of understanding them. No doubt, to most
of custom, but in a specific act, a social contract. No
people everywhere, religion has been more a matter
doubt, it began by relegating this contract to a mythi-
of ritual than of doctrine. But these ideas were impor-
cal past; and yet contract implies deliberate agreement.
tant to persons in authority, both clerical and lay.
This is already clear in Locke's political philosophy,
At the Reformation the first of these ideas-that
when he says that every man must consent for himself,
salvation depends on holding certain beliefs- was not
since the consent of his ancestors cannot bind him.
challenged, and the second was challenged only up to
Locke, of course, was no democrat, and qualified his
a point. Luther rejected the authority of the pope and
initial assertions so as to draw no democratic conclu-
of other ecclesiastical superiors who disagreed with
sions from them. But he spoke of rights that all men
him; and he taught that every Christian must interpret
have, merely because they are men, and he argued that
for himself the Holy Scriptures containing the truths
governments are obliged to protect these rights, and
necessary to salvation. Yet he proved in the end unwill-
that subjects have the right to resist or remove govern-
ing to admit that avowed Christians whose inter-
ments when they fail in this duty. His argument has
pretations of the Scriptures differed widely from his
democratic implications, though neither he nor his
own should be allowed to propagate their beliefs. It
contemporaries drew them.
is arguable that he wanted them silenced only because
Marxists and others, to explain how such a thinker
he thought their doctrines dangerous to the social order
as Locke came to speak as he did, have said that a
and not because they had misinterpreted Holy Scrip-
rising class, though themselves a minority, when they
ture. But the Lutherans after him certainly wanted
challenge the supremacy of another class, try to gain
some of their opponents silenced on the ground that
popularity by using arguments that appeal to the peo-
their doctrines were false and not merely dangerous.
ple generally. They try to make the interest of their
So too did the Calvinists. What is more, the idea of
class look as if it were the interest of all. This is what
a true church with sole authority to teach a faith
happened in the seventeenth century, when the rising
necessary to salvation long remained widely attractive
bourgeoisie challenged the supremacy of the old nobil-
to Protestants, even though their beliefs about how the
ity, especially in England. Rights that could in fact,
faithful should be organized were sometimes incompat-
given social conditions at that time, be exercised effec-
ible with this idea. So there were soon, over large parts
tively only by the wealthy and the educated were
of Western Europe, several organized bodies of Chris-
claimed for the whole people, or for some part of them
tians, each claiming, if not a monopoly of the truth,
supposed to be acting as their representatives.
a privileged status in declaring it and in deciding what
This Marxist argument is akin to another, which has
false beliefs were intolerable. Most of them were intol-
perhaps more to be said for it. According to this second
erant, though some less SO than others; and the more
argument, a new kind of economy and social order
tolerant were so often from motives of prudence, being
required the assertion of rights to be shared by all, or
more liable to persecution by others than able to per-
by all adult males, regardless of status, occupation, or
secute them.
wealth. Though this economy and social order allow
Nevertheless, with time, belief in toleration grew
of great inequalities of status, wealth, and education,
stronger In the wake of a growing belief that toleration
there are rights that all men must have if the economy
is expedient, there grew another-that it is just. Yet
and social order are to function properly. These rights
toleration was mostly from motives of expediency until
are asserted in all societies where commerce and in-
quite recent times. Governments learned by experience
dustry are growing fast, and there is increasing social
that they were more likely to provoke disorder by
mobility; where the least educated are required to be
trying to establish uniformity of religious belief by
literate, and where the maintenance of social discipline
force than by allowing diversity.) Religious leaders
Tolerance
takes the form of the modern state.
learned that the number of the faithful was as likely
2. Liberty of Conscience. In Europe in the Middle
to grow if they gave up being persecutors where they
Ages two ideas were widely accepted: that salvation,
were strong in return for not being persecuted where
40
or union with God in an afterlife, depends not just on
they were weak.
LIBERALISM
The long period of religious conflict that started with
religious, as well as social and moral, than they used
Luther's defiance of the papacy had two lasting effects.
to be; for religious beliefs that have attracted persecu-
It strengthened and spread more widely the belief that
tion have nearly always been closely connected with
"faith" is important, and it made people keener to
social and moral doctrines.
associate for the defense and propagation of beliefs
So, too, since the eighteenth century, the impulse
that they cared deeply about. These beliefs were at
to form associations to maintain and propagate reli-
first mostly religious, but they came in time to be much
gious beliefs and practices has broadened into a readi-
more than merely religious, or ceased altogether to be
ness to form them to promote and protect any beliefs
so. Beliefs about how men should live and society be
and practices important to those who share them. The
organized had long been associated with beliefs about
right to associate for such purposes has been widely
God and his purposes for man. As the association be-
asserted and recognized as one of the most precious
tween these two kinds of belief weakened and for many
of all.
people (agnostics and atheists) was quite severed, be-
In the West in the Middle Ages it was the church
liefs about man, morals, and society still kept something
rather than the state that was responsible for defending
of the "sacred" character of religious beliefs. The idea
as well as teaching the true faith, the temporal magis-
survived that nothing matters more about a man than
trate acting rather as an auxiliary to punish persons
his faith, than the beliefs he cares deeply about because
condemned by priests. Hence an idea more widely
they form or justify his aspirations or his way of life.
accepted in the West than in other parts of Christen-
The idea that faith is important can be used to justify
dom, that matters of faith are beyond the jurisdiction
either persecution and indoctrination or toleration and
of the state, that its business is to prevent people from
freedom of speech. It was used at first much more for
acting harmfully rather than to ensure that they hold
the first purpose than the second, and in our day is
true beliefs. Defense of the church against the state,
still used widely for both purposes. In the West it is
even when it has not been defense of religious freedom,
now more often used for the second purpose. And yet,
has nevertheless been, or appeared to be, a defense
though it was used for this second, this "liberal," pur-
of faith against the state or the Temporal Power,
pose later than for the first, there has been no steady
against organized force. For the organ of coercion has
movement away from the first use to the second.
been the state or the Temporal Power and not the
Tolerance and freedom of speech are not, of course,
church, even when that Power has acted in defense
peculiarly modern any more than are persecution and
of the church or to promote its aims. Hence in the
indoctrination. There was a great deal of tolerance and
West two important social functions, organized coer-
of this freedom, in some places at some times, in the
cion and organized indoctrination, have long been
ancient world. But it is in the modern age and in the
separate or more nearly separate than elsewhere.
West, in a part of the world where persecution and
indoctrination were for a long time peculiarly fierce
and thorough, with bitter conflicts between rival faiths,
that tolerance and freedom of speech are most highly
prized. This is not to suggest that periods of persecu-
tion and indoctrination are always followed by periods
of toleration and freedom of speech; but to suggest
only that, in a part of the world where peculiar impor-
tance was attached to faith, after a long period of
conflict between persecuting and proselytizing
churches and sects, none of which gained complete
ascendency, tolerance and freedom of speech came to
be more highly valued than they had ever been any-
where before. They were not merely practiced, as they
had been in other places and other times; they were
put forward as principles that ought to be practiced
as far as possible.
In the West until the eighteenth century, persecutors
and advocates of toleration were concerned mostly
with religious beliefs, and have since that time turned
attention more to social and moral doctrines. Or,
rather, the beliefs that now concern them are less often
1790
433
hole
-
with
an
ttention
to
the
manners of the inhabitants, their
customs, and institutions. Such a
uld at least precede a tour to Eu-
86.
nothing can be more ridiculous
an traveling in a foreign country
mation when he can give no ac-
his own. When, therefore, young
n have finished an academic educa-
On the Blessings of Civil and Religious Liberty
them travel through America, and
to Europe, if their time and for-
In the summer of 1790, George Washington toured the new republic. When be arrived
1 permit. But if they cannot make
at the seacoast town of Newport, Rbode Island, be was greeted with entbusiasm.
rough both, that in America is cer-
Moses Seixas, the warden of the town's Hebrew congregation and a friend of Washington,
be preferred, for the people of
warmly welcomed bim to Newport in a letter of August 17, which is reprinted here.
with all their information, are yet
There bad originally been a plan for all of the Jewish congregations in the United States
ignorant of the geography, policy,
to send a joint memorial of congratulations to the President. But the Newport synagogue
ners of their neighboring states.
bad been reluctant to join in an earlier message, owing to Rbode Island's peculiar
a few gentlemen whose public
position with regard to the Constitution. The state bad taken no part in the Philadelphia
ents in the Army and in Congress
convention and bad not ratified until May 1790. Washington's tour of 1790 to consolidate
nded their knowledge of America,
the new government's position seemed the appropriate time for the congregation at
le in this country, even of the high-
Newport to express its appreciation for the tolerance of the new government. The second
s, have not so correct information
part of this selection is Washington's reply to the Hebrew congregation.
g the United States as they have
Source: Seixas original in the possession of B'nai B'rith Committee on
England or France. Such igno-
Jewish Americana, Washington, D.C.
not only disgraceful but is material-
Washington original in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers
licial to our political friendship and
in the Library of Congress.
perations.
ans, unshackle your minds and act
pendent beings. You have been
I.
long enough, subject to the control
the Babylonish Empire rests and ever will
ervient to the interest of a haughty
rest upon you, enabling you to discharge
You have now an interest of your
Moses Seixas to
the arduous duties of chief magistrate in
augment and defend: you have an
George Washington
these states.
o raise and support by your exer-
Deprived as we heretofore have been of
d a national character to establish
PERMIT THE CHILDREN of the stock of Abra-
the invaluable rights of free citizens, we
nd by your wisdom and virtues. To
ham to approach you with the most cordial
now (with a deep sense of gratitude to the
ese great objects, it is necessary to
affection and esteem for your person and
Almighty Disposer of all events) behold a
liberal plan of policy and build it
merits - and to join with our fellow citi-
government, erected by the majesty of the
id system of education. Before this
zens in welcoming you to Newport.
people - a government which to bigotry
an be formed and embraced, the
With pleasure we reflect on those days,
gives no sanction, to persecution no assis-
ns must believe and act from the
those days of difficulty and danger when
tance, but generously affording to all liberty
it it is dishonorable to waste life in
the God of Israel, who delivered David
of conscience, and immunities of citizenship,
g the follies of other nations and
from the peril of the sword, shielded your
deeming every one, of whatever nation,
n the sunshine of foreign glory.
head in the day of battle; and we rejoice to
tongue, or language, equal parts of the great
think that the same Spirit who rested in the
government machine. This so ample and ex-
bosom of the greatly beloved Daniel en-
tensive federal Union whose basis is philan-
abling him to preside over the provinces of
thropy, mutual confidence, and public vir-
434
The Annals of America: 1790
tue, we cannot but acknowledge to be the
perity and security. If we have wisdom to
work of the Great God, who rules in the
make the best use of the advantages with
armies of heaven and among the inhabitants
which we are now favored, we cannot fail,
of the earth, doing whatsoever seems to
under the just administration of a good
87.
Him good.
government, to become a great and a happy
For all these blessings of civil and reli-
people.
gious liberty which we enjoy under an
The citizens of the United States of
PATRICK HENRY: Res
equal and benign administration, we desire
America have a right to applaud themselves
to send up our thanks to the Ancient of
for having given to mankind examples of an
Days, the great preserver of men, beseech-
enlarged and liberal policy, a policy worthy
Though the vocal anti-Federali.
ing him that the angel who conducted our
of imitation. All possess alike liberty of con-
of the Constitution, be continue
forefathers through the wilderness into the
science and immunities of citizenship. It is
Hamilton proposed to have the
promised land may graciously conduct you
now no more that toleration is spoken of as
First Report on the Public C1
through all the difficulties and dangers of
if it was by the indulgence of one class of
power that properly belonged to
this mortal life. And, when like Joshua full
people that another enjoyed the exercise of
that the Virginia Assembly pass
of days, and full of honor, you are gathered
their inherent natural rights. For happily the
as "the first symptom of a spiri
to your fathers, may you be admitted into
government of the United States, which
of the United States."
the heavenly paradise to partake of the wa-
gives to bigotry no sanction, to persecution
ter of life and the tree of immortality.
Source: Hening, XIII, PP. 237-239.
no assistance, requires only that they who
live under its protection should demean
II.
themselves as good citizens, in giving it on
THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY of the
all occasions their effectual support.
Washington to the
wealth of Virginia to the Unite
It would be inconsistent with the frank-
Hebrew Congregation
Congress assembled represent:
ness of my character not to avow that I am
at Newport, R.I.
That it is with great concer
pleased with your favorable opinion of my
themselves compelled from a se
administration, and fervent wishes for my
WHILE I RECEIVE with much satisfaction
to call the attention of Congre
felicity. May the children of the stock of
your address replete with expressions of af-
of their last session entitled "An
Abraham, who dwell in this land, continue
fection and esteem, I rejoice in the opportu-
provision for the debt of
to merit and enjoy the good will of the
nity of assuring you that I shall always re-
States," which the General Ass
other inhabitants, while everyone shall sit in
tain a grateful remembrance of the cordial
ceive neither policy, justice, nor
safety under his own vine and fig tree, and
welcome I experienced in my visit to New
there shall be none to make him afraid.
tution warrants. Republican pc
port from all classes of citizens.
opinion of your memorialists, CC
May the Father of all mercies scatter light
The reflection on the days of difficulty
have suggested those clauses in
and not darkness in our paths, and make us
and danger which are past is rendered the
act which limit the right of
all in our several vocations useful here, and
more sweet from a consciousness that they
States in their redemption of
in His own due time and way everlastingly
debt.
are succeeded by days of uncommon pros-
happy.
On the contrary, they discern
resemblance between this syster
which was introduced into Eng
Revolution; a system which has
Indeed I tremble for my country when I reflect that God is just.
upon that nation an enormous
has moreover insinuated into th
THOMAS JEFFERSON, Notes on Virginia
the executive an unbounded
w
which, pervading every branch
ernment, bears down all oppo
daily threatens the destruction o
that appertains to English liberty
causes produce the same effects!
87
37. Oliver Ellsworth
169
possible opposition, in every
vantage myself as many others is not for me
fully sacrifice that share of property with
progression. I opposed the sys-
to say. But this, sir, I can say with truth,
which Heaven has blessed a life of industry;
ith the same explicit frankness
that, so far was I from being influenced in
I would reduce myself to indigence and
have here given you a history
my conduct by interest or the consideration
poverty; and those who are dearer to me
eedings, an account of my own
of office, that I would cheerfully resign the
than my own existence I would entrust to
hich in a particular manner I
appointment I now hold; I would bind my-
the care and protection of that Providence
as having a right to know.
self never to accept another, either under
who has so kindly protected myself - if on
I endeavored to act as became
the general government or that of my own
those terms only I could procure my coun-
nd the delegate of a free state.
state; I would do more, sir - so destruc-
try to reject those chains which are forged
conduct obtain the approbation
tive do I consider the present system to the
for it.
appointed me, I will not deny
happiness of my country - I would cheer-
ford me satisfaction; but to me
was at most no more than
consideration - my first was
Left to myself to act according
37.
of my discretion, my conduct
been the same had I been even
nsure would have been my only
OLIVER ELLSWORTH: On a Religious Test for
e I hold it sacredly my duty to
Holding Public Office
of poison, if possible, from the
state or an individual, however
one or the other might be to
Oliver Ellsworth is best known for bis activities as a Connecticut delegate to the
Convention of 1787. He worked diligently to arrange the great mutual concession known
ne, sir, in a single observation
as the Connecticut Compromise. When the Constitution was approved by the Philadelphia
ere are persons who endeavor to
delegates on September 17, 1787, Ellsworth continued bis efforts on its behalf by
e idea that this system is only
explaining the document to the people of bis state. The following selection, written on
the officers of government. I,
December 17, 1787, is one of several "Letters to a Landbolder" by Ellsworth that were
at predicament. I have the hon-
printed in the Connecticut Courant and in the American Mercury. Aimed at influencing
an appointment in this state.
the landbolders and farmers of the region, the letter attempted to explain the constitutional
en considered any objection, I
clause that probibits any religious test for public office.
should not have been appointed
vention. If it could have had any
Source: Scott, II, pp. 580-583.
y mind, it would only be that of
heart with gratitude, and ren-
I HAVE OFTEN ADMIRED the spirit of candor,
tion which we now present is the result of
more anxious to promote the
liberality, and justice- with which the Con-
a spirit of amity, and of that mutual defer-
it of that state which has con-
vention began and completed the important
ence and concession which the peculiarity of
1e the obligation, and to height-
object of their mission. "In all our delibera-
our political situation rendered indispens-
It had I joined in sacrificing its
tion on this subject," say they, "we kept
able."
hts. But, sir, it would be well to
steadily in our view that which appears to
Let us, my fellow citizens, take up this
hat this system is not calculated
us the greatest interest of every true Ameri-
Constitution with the same spirit of candor
the number or the value of of-
can, the consolidation of our Union, in
and liberality; consider it in all its parts;
e contrary, if adopted, it will be
which is involved our prosperity, felicity,
consider the important advantages which
of an enormous increase in their
safety, perhaps our national existence. This
may be derived from it; let us obtain full
any of them will also be of great
important consideration, seriously and deep-
information on the subject, and then weigh
emoluments.
ly impressed on our minds, led each state in
these objections in the balance of cool, im-
sir, in this variety of appoint-
the Convention to be less rigid on points of
partial reason. Let us see if they be not
I in the scramble for them, I
inferior magnitude than might otherwise
wholly groundless; but if upon the whole
have as good a prospect to ad-
have been expected; and thus the Constitu-
they appear to have some weight, let us
170
The Annals of America: 1787
But in other parts of the world it has
fice, civil or military, was to exclu
been, and still is, far different. Systems of
pists; but the real design was to
religious error have been adopted in times
Protestant dissenters. From this
of ignorance. It has been the interest of ty-
test laws, there arises an unfav
rannical kings, popes, and prelates to main-
sumption against them. But if V
tain these errors. When the clouds of igno-
the nature of them and the eft
rance began to vanish and the people grew
they are calculated to produce, W
more enlightened, there was no other way
that they are useless, tyrannical,
to keep them in error but to prohibit their
liarly unfit for the people of this
altering their religious opinions by severe
A religious test is an act to b
persecuting laws. In this way persecution
profession to be made relating
became general throughout Europe. It was
(such as partaking of the sacram
the universal opinion that one religion must
ing to certain rites and forms, or
be established by law; and that all who dif-
one's belief of certain doctrines) f
fered in their religious opinions must suffer
pose of determining whether hi
the vengeance of persecution. In pursuance
opinions are such that he is adm
of this opinion, when popery was abolished
public office. A test in favor of a
in England and the Church of England was
nomination of Christians would
Yale University Art Gollery
established in its stead, severe penalties were
last degree absurd in the United
Portrait of Oliver Ellsworth by John Trumbull,
inflicted upon all who dissented from the
were in favor of either Congre
1792
established church. In the time of the civil
Presbyterians, Episcopalians, B
consider well whether they be so important
wars, in the reign of Charles I, the Presby-
Quakers, it would incapacitate
that we ought on account of them to reject
terians got the upper hand and inflicted le-
three-fourths of the American
the whole Constitution. Perfection is not
gal penalties upon all who differed from
any public office and thus de{
the lot of human institutions; that which
them in their sentiments respecting religious
from the rank of freemen. The
has the most excellences and fewest faults is
doctrines and discipline. When Charles II
no argument to prove that the
the best that we can expect.
was restored, the Church of England was
our citizens would never submit
Some very worthy persons who have not
likewise restored, and the Presbyterians and
dignity.
had great advantages for information have
other dissenters were laid under legal penal-
If any test act were to be ma
objected against that clause in the Constitu-
ties and incapacities.
the least exceptionable would be
tion which provides that no religious test
It was in this reign that a religious test
ing all persons appointed to of
shall ever be required as a qualification to
was established as a qualification for office;
clare, at the time of their adm
any office or public trust under the United
that is, a law was made requiring all offi-
belief in the being of a God,
States. They have been afraid that this
cers, civil and military (among other
divine authority of the Scripture
clause is unfavorable to religion. But, my
things), to receive the sacrament of the
of such a test, it may be said th
countrymen, the sole purpose and effect of
Lord's Supper, according to the usage of
believes these great truths will
it is to exclude persecution and to secure to
the Church of England, within six months
likely to violate his obligations
you the important right of religious liberty.
after their admission to office, under the
try as one who disbelieves then
We are almost the only people in the world
penalty of £500 and disability to hold the
have greater confidence in his in
who have a full enjoyment of this important
office. And by another statute of the same
I answer: His making a declarat
right of human nature. In our country every
reign, no person was capable of being
a belief is no security at all. F
man has a right to worship God in that
elected to any office relating to the govern-
him to be an unprincipled ma
way which is most agreeable to his con-
ment of any city or corporation unless,
lieves neither the Word nor tl
science. If he be a good and peaceable per-
within a twelvemonth before, he had re-
God, and to be governed merel
son, he is liable to no penalties or incapaci-
ceived the sacrament according to the rites
motives; how easy is it for him
ties on account of his religious sentiments;
of the Church of England. The pretense for
ble! How easy is it for him to
or, in other words, he is not subject to per-
making these severe laws, by which all but
lic declaration of his belief in
secution.
churchmen were made incapable of any of-
which the law prescribes and ex
1787
37. Oliver Ellsworth
171
other parts of the world it has
fice, civil or military, was to exclude the Pa-
by calling it a mere formality.
still is, far different. Systems of
pists; but the real design was to exclude the
This is the case with the test laws and
error have been adopted in times
Protestant dissenters. From this account of
creeds in England. The most abandoned
nce. It has been the interest of ty-
test laws, there arises an unfavorable pre-
characters partake of the sacrament in order
kings, popes, and prelates to main-
sumption against them. But if we consider
to qualify themselves for public employ-
errors. When the clouds of igno-
the nature of them and the effects which
ments. The clergy are obliged by law to ad-
an to vanish and the people grew
they are calculated to produce, we shall find
minister the ordinance unto them, and thus
ightened, there was no other way
that they are useless, tyrannical, and pecu-
prostitute the most sacred office of religion,
hem in error but to prohibit their
liarly unfit for the people of this country.
for it is a civil right in the party to receive
their religious opinions by severe
A religious test is an act to be done or
the sacrament. In that country, subscribing
laws. In this way persecution
profession to be made relating to religion
to the Thirty-Nine Articles is a test for ad-
eneral throughout Europe. It was
(such as partaking of the sacrament accord-
ministration into Holy Orders. And it is a
rsal opinion that one religion must
ing to certain rites and forms, or declaring
fact that many of the clergy do this, when
ished by law; and that all who dif-
one's belief of certain doctrines) for the pur-
at the same time they totally disbelieve sev-
heir religious opinions must suffer
pose of determining whether his religious
eral of the doctrines contained in them. In
ance of persecution. In pursuance
opinions are such that he is admissible to a
short, test laws are utterly ineffectual; they
pinion, when popery was abolished
public office. A test in favor of any one de-
are no security at all, because men of loose
di and the Church of England was
nomination of Christians would be to the
principles will, by an external compliance,
di in its stead, severe penalties were
last degree absurd in the United States. If it
evade them. If they exclude any persons. it
upon all who dissented from the
were in favor of either Congregationalists,
will be honest men, men of principle who
d church. In the time of the civil
Presbyterians, Episcopalians, Baptists, or
will rather suffer an injury than act contrary
the reign of Charles I, the Presby-
Quakers, it would incapacitate more than
to the dictates of their consciences. If we
ot the upper hand and inflicted le-
three-fourths of the American citizens for
mean to have those appointed to public of-
Ities upon all who differed from
any public office and thus degrade them
fices who are sincere friends to religion, we,
their sentiments respecting religious
from the rank of freemen. There need be
the people who appoint them, must take
and discipline. When Charles II
no argument to prove that the majority of
care to choose such characters, and not rely
ored, the Church of England was
our citizens would never submit to this in-
upon such cobweb barriers as test laws are.
restored, and the Presbyterians and
dignity.
But to come to the true principle by
senters were laid under legal penal-
If any test act were to be made, perhaps
which this question ought to be deter-
incapacities.
the least exceptionable would be one requir-
mined: The business of a civil government
in this reign that a religious test
ing all persons appointed to office to de-
is to protect the citizen in his rights, to de-
blished as a qualification for office;
clare, at the time of their admission, their
fend the community from hostile powers,
1 law was made requiring all offi-
belief in the being of a God, and in the
and to promote the general welfare. Civil
vil and military (among other
divine authority of the Scriptures. In favor
government has no business to meddle with
to receive the sacrament of the
of such a test, it may be said that one who
the private opinions of the people. If I de-
Supper, according to the usage of
believes these great truths will not be so
mean myself as a good citizen, I am ac-
rch of England, within six months
likely to violate his obligations to his coun-
countable not to man but to God for the
eir admission to office, under the
try as one who disbelieves them; we may
religious opinions which I embrace and the
of 500 and disability to hold the
have greater confidence in his integrity. But
manner in which I worship the Supreme
nd by another statute of the same
I answer: His making a declaration of such
Being. If such had been the universal senti-
0 person was capable of being
a belief is no security at all. For suppose
ments of mankind and they had acted ac-
0 any office relating to the govern-
him to be an unprincipled man who be-
cordingly, persecution, the bane of truth
any city or corporation unless,
lieves neither the Word nor the being of
and nurse of error, with her bloody axe and
twelvemonth before, he had re-
God, and to be governed merely by selfish
flaming brand, would never have turned so
ne sacrament according to the rites
motives; how easy is it for him to dissem-
great a part of the world into a field of
Church of England. The pretense for
ble! How easy is it for him to make a pub-
blood.
these severe laws, by which all but
lic declaration of his belief in the creed
But while I assert the rights of religious
en were made incapable of any of-
which the law prescribes and excuse himself
liberty, I would not deny that the civil
172
The Annals. of America: 1787
38.
power has a right, in some cases, to inter-
where every person who holds a public of-
obtained; and notwithstanding tl
fere in matters of religion. It has a right to
fice must either be a saint by law or a hyp-
spent on this subject, it is agreed
prohibit and punish gross immoralities and
ocrite by practice. A test law is the parent
hands to be a work of haste and a
impieties; because the open practice of these
of hypocrisy, and the offspring of error and
dation.
is of evil example and detriment. For this
the spirit of persecution. Legislatures have
While the gilded chains were fc
reason, I heartily approve of our laws
no right to set up an inquisition and exam-
the secret conclave, the meaner ins
against drunkenness, profane swearing, blas-
ine into the private opinions of men. Test
of the despotism without were bu
phemy, and professed atheism. But in this
laws are useless and ineffectual, unjust and
ployed in alarming the fears of th
state, we have never thought it expedient to
tyrannical; therefore the Convention have
with dangers which did not exist, a.
adopt a test law; and yet I sincerely believe
done wisely in excluding this engine of per-
ing their hopes of greater advantag
we have as great a proportion of religion
secution, and providing that no religious
the expected plan than even the be
and morality as they have in England,
test shall ever be required,
ernment on earth could produce. 1
posed plan had not many hours issu
from the womb of suspicious secre
such as were prepared for the purpo
38.
carrying about petitions for people
signifying their approbation of the
and requesting the legislature to cal
Reasons for Dissent by the Anti-Federalists
vention. While every measure was
of Pennsylvania
intimidate the people against opp.
the public papers teemed with the
olent threats against those who sho
On December 12, 1787, Pennsylvania became the second state to ratify the Constitution.
to think for themselves, and tar and
However, the baste in which the state gave its approval did not reflect unanimity at the
were liberally promised to all the
Pennsylvania convention. Partly because the Federalists hoped to gain the new federal
would not immediately join in su,
capital for their state, they pushed for a prompt acceptance of the Constitution. Their
the proposed government, be it
opponents were scarcely beard amidst the political maneuvering for fast action.
would. Under such circumstances
Recommendations from the anti-Federalists to amend the Constitution were rejected
in favor of calling a convention wer
without discussion and were not even entered into the convention's journal. Nevertheless,
by great numbers in and about the
under the leadership of William Findley, Robert Whitebill, and John Smilie, the
fore they had leisure to read and
anti-Federalists continued to oppose the Constitution. On December 18, 1787, they
the system, many of whom - no
published "The Address and Reasons of Dissent of the Minority of the Convention
are better acquainted with it and 1.
of the State of Pennsylvania to their Constituents," in the Pennsylvania Packet and
time to investigate its principles
Daily Advertiser.
heartily opposed to it. The petitio
Source: McMaster, pp. 454-482.
speedily handed in to the legislature
Affairs were in this situation when
28th of September last a resoluti
THE CONTINENTAL CONVENTION met in the
wealth. The convention sat upward of four
proposed to the assembly by a me
city of Philadelphia at the time appointed.
months. The doors were kept shut, and the
the House, who had been also a me
It was composed of some men of excellent
members brought under the most solemn
the federal Convention, for calling
character; of others who were more remark-
engagements of secrecy. Some of those who
convention to be elected within ten
able for their ambition and cunning than
opposed their going so far beyond their
the purpose of examining and adop
their patriotism; and of some who had been
powers, retired, hopeless, from the conven-
proposed Constitution of the United
opponents to the independence of the Unit-
tion; others had the firmness to refuse sign-
though at this time the House had
ed States. The delegates from Pennsylvania
ing the plan altogether; and many who did
ceived it from Congress. This atte:
were, six of them, uniform and decided op-
sign it, did it not as a system they wholly
opposed by a minority, who, after
ponents to the constitution of this common-
approved but as the best that could be then
every argument in their power to
Penn
Penn
and
a
quar-
made under the terms of the "Walking Pur-
ing the legal issues of religious persecutions.
died
in
chase." Whatever opprobrium this famous trans-
Early in I666 he went to Ireland, where he took
Thomas.
In
action deserves belongs to Thomas Penn, who
charge of some estates near Cork owned by his
where
he
must have authorized it directly. He was unsuc-
father. At this time he again tasted worldly
the
prov-
cessful in conciliating even the white colonists,
pleasures at the brilliant court of the Duke of
back
to
either by personal graciousness during his pres-
Ormonde, Lord Lieutenant of Ireland. He also
nnsylvania,
ence or by effective skill and sympathy in deal-
showed some military prowess in helping to
dealings
ing with them through his agents. Nevertheless,
quell a mutiny-and at this time his well known
his
own
as the first Penn to visit the colony after 1704,
portrait in armor was made.
by
cor-
and as the holder for nearly thirty years of three-
The great turning point of his life was, how-
fourths of the proprietary and family land in
ever, at hand. He heard again the powerful
in
great
Pennsylvania and Delaware, he was an impor-
preaching of Thomas Loe, an early Quaker apos-
of
Pennsyl-
tant figure in the public affairs of Pennsylvania
tle, who had influenced him some years before.
Penn
and, except for his father, more influential in
Continuing to attend the meetings of Friends, he
and
abil-
its history than any other member of the fam-
was soon in trouble with the authorities and
had
over-
ily. The proprietary form of government was
was for a time in prison-where he composed his
life
and
one that could not last, however, and the col-
first appeal for liberty of conscience (Works,
gradually
ony became increasingly intransigent and covet-
1726, I, 2-3; Janney, post, I ed., pp. 24-25). Re-
he
proprie-
ous of complete liberty. It is significant that
leased from prison and summoned sharply to
On
Aug.
ten years before Thomas Penn's death and the
England by his father, he soon became an avowed
Juliana
beginning of the American Revolution the Penn-
and active Friend. With tongue and pen he vig-
of
Thom-
sylvanians were petitioning that jurisdiction
orously advocated the doctrines of Friends and
purchased
over the province be transferred from the pro-
of political liberalism. Thus the great convic-
in
Buck-
prietors to the Crown.
tions of his life were definitely shaped and set-
in
the
[See bibliography under John Penn, 1729-1795.]
tled. In 1669, while imprisoned in the Tower
children,
H.J.C.
of London for publishing his unorthodox work,
Juliana,
PENN, WILLIAM (Oct. 14, 1644-July 30,
The Sandy Foundation Shaken (1668), he com-
To
1718), founder of Pennsylvania, born near the
posed the first draft of his famous No Cross, No
property
in
Tower of London, was the son of Admiral Sir
Crown (1669; see also edition 1930, p. X), di-
lready
lost
William Penn (1621-1670) and Margaret Jas-
rected against luxury, frivolity, vicious amuse-
lines
de-
per, whose father was John Jasper, a merchant
ments, and economic oppression. Near this time
to
Han-
of Rotterdam, later of Ireland. Even in child-
also, besides many religious tracts, he wrote sev-
in
1869.
hood Penn was religiously inclined and, although
eral on political subjects, which together formed
not
deter-
his father adhered to the Anglican faith, the son
a noble and convincing plea for religious tolera
life.
In
early came under occasional Puritan influences.
tion, security of person and property, and other
"did
not
After completing about two years at Christ
rights of free Englishmen. In 1670, after he and
adding,
Church College, Oxford, he was expelled in 1662
William Meade had been arrested for preaching
tinction
of
on account of his non-conformist scruples and
in Gracechurch Street, the liberties of English-
of
William
activities. This was much to the chagrin and
men were so ably pleaded by Penn himself that
arriage
he
anger of his father, who next sent him on a con-
the case (the noted "Bushell's Case") resulted
Church
of
tinental tour to turn him from his extreme re-
first in an acquittal for the defendants, and later
estranged
ligious inclinations. In Paris young Penn
in an outstanding victory for the freedom of
he
was
a
seemed for a time to be influenced by court so-
English juries from the dictation of judges
that
he
ciety, as his father desired. Later, however, at-
(Braithwaite, post, pp, 70-73, with references).
require-
tending for a time a Huguenot Academy at Sau-
In 1670 Admiral Penn died, with a blessing on
when
on
mur, he seems to have received impressions fa-
his lips for the son who came from prison to his
Pennsyl-
vorable to his later peace principles and to in-
bedside. Soon after this the son made a mission-
both
nat-
ward spiritual religion (Brailsford, post, pp.
ary journey through Holland and parts of Ger-
from
of
120-24). Recalled home by his father at the
Penn-
many, spreading the Quaker faith. Returning
outbreak of the Dutch War (1665), he had a
Penn
to England he married, on Apr. 4, 1672, the
glimpse of naval activities, sailing with the fleet
beautiful and devoted Gulielma Maria Springett,
with
and returning with dispatches for the King. In
the
regard
daughter of Mary (Proude) Penington by her
this year his mind was again turned to serious
well
as
by
first husband, Sir William Springett.
contemplation by the horrors of the Great
resented
The next half-decade of Penn's life, 1675-
Plague. At this period also he attended Lin-
1680, saw a continuation of his activities in re-
pur-
coln's Inn for about a year, learning enough law
Delaware,
ligion and politics, and the beginning of his con-
to help him later in business affairs and in meet-
nection with America. He made a second mis-
433
Penn
Penn
sionary journey to the Continent in 1677, in
of justice formed a rather complete bill of rights,
next year. ]
the company of prominent Friends, including
and they were reinforced by the first clear state-
to settlers, 1
George Fox. He visited many towns of Hol-
ment in American history of the supremacy of
continent of
land and western Germany, winning the interest
the fundamental law (in the Concessions) over
chase or rent
and affection of various groups of Protestant
mystics who were later to settle in his American
any statutes that might be enacted (Ibid., I, 266)
attracted lar
The Assembly was to dominate the government
Penn's fir
province. He and some of his fellow apostles
of the province. It was to be freely elected by
province wa
formed a notable friendship with the learned
the settlers and was to serve for one year only
to it a few
and pious Elizabeth, Princess Palatine, upon
-a gesture against the long and controlled Par-
Agreed upon
whom the Quaker teachings made a lasting im-
liaments of the Stuart régime in England.
Frame of G
pression. Returning to England, Penn threw
There was to be complete freedom of speech in
burg, Pa.).
himself with renewed zeal into the political
the Assembly, and the public was to be admitted
was not so
struggles of the last troubled years of the Stuart
freely "to hear and be witnesses of the votes."
Jersey descr
régime. In these labors he received little sup-
There was no clear and definite provision for an
fluenced per
port and some opposition from the Quakers, who
executive, and the Assembly later conceded to
holders who
suffered periodic persecutions and tended to
the proprietors the appointment of governors.
History of
withdraw from "worldly" activities. Penn urged
Yet the Assembly was to be "free and supream"
sylvania, 18
them to take their proper part in the struggie
and there was no provision for an executive veto.
powers were
for liberal government. He threw himself ac-
Thus it was not without justification that Penn
with the As
tively into two political campaigns for the elec-
and his friends said of these Concessions and
sembly were
tion to Parliament of his Whig friend, Algernon
Agreements: "There we lay a foundation for
a rather min
Sidney. Some of his finest political pamphlets
after ages to understand their liberty as men
of the indivi
are of this period. In spite of the friendly con-
and Christians
for we put the power in the
treason were
nections at Court, inherited from his father, he
was a forthright champion of toleration for dis-
people" (Samuel Smith, History of the Colony
death. All be
of
senters, frequent elections, and uncontrolled
New Jersey, 1765, pp. 80-81). Penn later
molested or
Parliaments (see especially "England's Great
became a member of a large group of proprie-
suasion or P
Interest in the Choice of this New Parliament,"
taries, a majority of whom were Quakers, who
ship, nor sha
secured title to East Jersey. However, the rights
frequent or
Works, 1726, II, 678-82).
His first connection with America was with
of government held by this proprietorship were
Place or Mi
soon brought into question, and by another chain
lief in a dem
New Jersey. By a series of transactions West
of events Penn transferred his chief interest to
in the prefa
Jersey came into the hands of Friends, and Penn
his great province west of the Delaware River.
ment: "Any
became one of the trustees to manage the prop-
erty. In 1677 the ship Kent arrived in the Dela-
His greatest gift to the Jerseys was his part in
under it (w
ware River with two hundred settlers to found
the Concessions and Agreements of 1677, which
Laws rule, a
the town of Burlington. The colonists brought
have been called "the broadest, sanest, and most
Laws." Mai
equitable charter draughted for any body of colo-
ment were cl
with them the famous Concessions and Agree-
nists up to this time" (C. M. Andrews, Colonial
The Assemb'
ments for their government (W. A. Whitehead,
Self-Government, 1904, p. 121).
and the Pro
ed., Archives of the State of New Jersey, I ser.,
Penn's next and greatest venture into the realm
reasonable r
I, 1880, pp. 241 ff.). Historians are in general
agreement that this great charter of liberties
of practical politics was in Pennsylvania. He
that he coul
had inherited from his father, besides a consider-
the time, an
came largely from the hand of William Penn.
It was the first fruit of his hard schooling in
able fortune immediately available, a large claim
mocracy is f
before he W:
English politics, and his first gift to American
for funds loaned by the Admiral to Charles II.
government. The charter guaranteed to the set-
On petition of Penn, the King granted him in
contending pi
tlers the right of petition and of trial by jury.
1681, as payment for this debt, a great tract of
your animosi
It provided against arbitrary imprisonment for
land north of Maryland. Penn wished to call
and the poor
his province New Wales, or Sylvania, but the
so noisy, an
debt, and made no provision for capital punish-
King insisted that it be named, in honor of the
(Robert Pro
ment even for treason. Aguaranteed religious
freedom, stating that "no Men, nor number of
late Admiral, "Pennsylvania." In 1682 Penn
I, 297, note)
Men upon Earth, hath Power or Authority to
secured from his friend the Duke of York the
The bright
territory of Delaware, which was at first joined
is the story
rule over Men's Consciences in religious Mat-
to the government of Pennsylvania but later be-
Indians. Eve
ters" (Ibid., I, 253). It provided friendly meth-
ods for the purchase of Indian lands. In jury
came a separate province. Penn called his new
sylvania he Se
trials in which Indians were concerned the jury
project a "Holy Experiment" and threw himself
"I have great
was to be composed of six Indians and six
with enthusiasm into his plans for it. In 1681
I desire to w
whites. These guarantees of personal rights and
he sent over his cousin, William Markham [q.v.],
ship by a kind
to act as his deputy, and himself followed the
1726, I, 122)
434
Penn
Penn
bill of rights,
next year.
He spread broadcast his proposals
prietor's jovial fraternizing with the Indians in
st clear state-
to settlers, not forgetting his converts on the
their feasts and games has been overémphasized
supremacy of
continent of Europe. His terms for the pur-
No doubt the glorification of his Quaker peace
chase or rental of land were very liberal and soon
policy by uncritical historians has been overdone.
essions) over
attracted large numbers of settlers.
Ibid., I, 266).
Yet the residue of plain truth is a worthy testi-
Penn's first Frame of Government for his
monial to William Penn. He did take measures
government
ly elected by
province was dated Apr. 25, 1682, and appended
to protect the Indians from the ravages of rum
to it a few days later (May 5) were the Laws
and the rapacity of white traders. He did make
one year only
ntrolled Par-
Agreed upon in England (Original copy of the
every effort to satisfy them in his negotiations
in England.
Frame of Government in State Library, Harris-
for their lands. His best testimonial is that the
of speech in
burg, Pa.). The government thus provided for
Indians themselves were deeply loyal to him and
be admitted
was not so strikingly democratic as that of West
always held his name in loving respect (R. W.
of the votes."
Jersey described above, the Proprietor being in-
Kelsey, Friends and the Indians, 1655-1917,
vision for an
fluenced perhaps by the prospective large land-
1917, pp. 62 ff., et passim). Not until his de-
holders whom he consulted (W. R. Shepherd,
conceded to
scendants, who forsook his faith and his just
History of Proprietary Government in Penn-
policy, had betrayed and defrauded the natives,
governors.
sylvania, 1896, p. 237, note I). Thus very large
nd supream"
did the frontiers of Pennsylvania know the ter-
powers were given to the Council, as compared
ecutive veto.
rors of savage warfare. Thus the Indians were
with the Assembly. Yet both Council and As-
on that Penn
faithful on their side to the promises made to
sembly were elective, and the governor was given
cessions and
William Penn at various treaties with him, "that
a rather minor place. The fundamental liberties
undation for
the Indians and English must live in Love as
of the individual were guaranteed. Murder and
long as the Sun gave Light." Tradition has fused
erty as men
treason were the only crimes made punishable by
ower in the
these treaties into one great treaty "under the
death. All believers in God. "shall in no ways be
f
the Colony
elm tree at Shackamaxon," made famous by the
molested or prejudiced for their religious Per-
Penn later
brush of Benjamin West, and aptly idealized by
suasion or Practice in Matters of Faith and Wor-
of proprie-
Voltaire as the only treaty "between those peo-
ship, nor shall they be compelled at any Time to
uakers, who
ple and the Christians that was not ratified by
frequent or maintain any religious Worship,
cr, the rights
an oath, and was never infringed" (Letters
Place or Ministry whatever." Penn's basic be-
orship were
Concerning the English Nation, 1926 reprint,
lief in a democratic system was tersely expressed
other chain
p. 22).
in the preface to his great Frame of Govern-
i interest to
Penn's first stay in his colony lasted only a year
ware River.
ment: "Any Government is free to the People
and ten months, but he crowded much into that
under it (whatever be the Frame) where the
his part in
time. Aside from his cares of government he
Laws rule, and the People are a Party to those
1677, which
superintended the laying out of Philadelphia and
Laws." Many details of Penn's plan of govern-
st, and most
began the building of his own mansion-house at
ment were changed upon his arrival in America.
ody of colo-
Pennsbury, some miles up the Delaware River.
The Assembly was self-assertive from the start
ws, Colonial
He made a tour of inspection into the interior
and the Proprietor was disposed to grant all
of Pennsylvania. He visited New York, Long
reasonable requests. He soon learned, however,
nto the realm
Island, and the Jerseys. He went to Maryland
Ivania. He
that he could not please all of the people all of
and later to New Castle to discuss his unhappy
a consider-
the time, and that the perennial demand of de-
boundary dispute with Lord Baltimore. He at-
large claim
mocracy is for more democracy. It was not long
tended Friends' meetings, and preached when he
Charles II.
before he was driven to write to a group of his
felt "called." He composed his long and well-
ited him in
contending provincials "I am sorry at heart for
known letter (Aug. 16, 1683) to the Free So-
your animosities.
eat tract of
For the love of God, me,
ciety of Traders in England, describing with
hed to call
and the poor country, be not so governmentish,
great fulness the woods, waters, animals, men,
so noisy, and open, in your dissatisfactions"
ia, but the
produce, and all the various possibilities of his
onor of the
(Robert Proud, History of Pennsylvania, 1798,
great province (Works, 1726, II, 699-706).
I, 297, note).
1682 Penn
Then, in the midst of his arduous but happy tasks,
{ York the
The brightest page in Penn's political record
conditions compelled his return to England,
is the story of his dealing with the American
first joined
where the Quakers were suffering renewed and
Indians. Even before his own arrival in Penn-
ut later be-
bitter persecution and needed his influence at
led his new
sylvania he, sent them his message of friendship:
Court. Lord Baltimore, moreover, had already
'ew himself
"I have great Love and Regard towards you, and
gone to urge his boundary claims in London.
I desire to win and gain your Love and Friend-
it. In 1681
Wisdom required Penn to follow, and on Aug.
tham [q.v.],
ship by a kind, Just and Peaceable Life" (Works,
12, 1684, he sailed for England.
1726, I, 122). Perhaps the tradition of the Pro-
ollowed the
On his arrival there he entered another period
435
Penn
Penn
of strenuous activity. His old friend the Duke
quotas of men and money in time of war, and to
Penn had hc
of York succeeding to the throne in 1685 as
deal with common problems in time of peace
James II, Penn was able by his enhanced influ-
sylvania but tl
(Copy in E. B. O'Callaghan, Documents Relat-
outbreak of the
ence at Court to secure the release from prison
ing to the Colonial History of the State of New
of about 1,300 Friends. In 1685 he made his
a proposal wa
York, IV, 1854, pp. 296-97). He secured a par-
third missionary journey to Holland and Ger-
to annex all P
tial settlement of his boundary dispute with Lord
many, and soon afterward was engaged in a
Penn's presen
Baltimore, although the main issue remained
tial and late ir
preaching tour of England. As a close friend of
unsettled during his lifetime and long after his
the King and a constant advocate of toleration,
province, this
death. He gave orders in 1689 for the establish-
he was now charged, not for the first time, with
pears that the
ment of a public grammar school in Philadelphia,
being a Jesuit in disguise. Nor was this accu-
now been larg
which was opened in that year and still exists
retain his pro
sation forgotten by his enemies when King
as the William Penn Charter School. Yet his
full of troub
James, in 1687, issued on his own royal author-
own presence was called for in Pennsylvania
ity, his famous Declaration of Indulgence. Penn
harassed by a
and he had long desired to answer the call. There
naturally applauded the new policy, although his
governors and
were religious troubles, including the schism of
own choice Oi
political liberalism compelled him to urge the
George Keith [q.v.]. There were administrative
King to buttress the Declaration with the sanc-
ways happy.
problems and political disputes that had long de-
rassments and
tion of Parliament. As a loyal friend of James
manded his presence. Finally "the way opened"
he was greatly compromised by the Revolution
prison. He St
and he embarked, this time with his family, ar-
row because 0'
of 1688 and the accession of William and Mary.
riving at Chester, Pa., Dec. I, 1699, after an
More than once he had to answer accusations of
liam Penn, Jr.
absence of fifteen years from his beloved "wood-
his activities
disloyalty before the Privy Council and for a
lands" and his "fine greene Country Towne" of
time he went into partial retirement in London
at sixty-five
Philadelphia. On his second visit he showed his
until the storm of charges and suspicions abated.
ministry" thro
continued interest in the Indians by various
For nearly two years (1692-94) his governor-
In 1712 he ha
meetings with them, making new agreements
ship of Pennsylvania was forfeited, but was re-
proprietary g
and renewing old covenants of friendship. He
suffered an at
stored after his full and final vindication of all
did what he could to mitigate the evils of slavery
stroyed his me
treasonable activities. Yet during these troublous
in Pennsylvania and made a will providing for
of further adi
times he wrote his charming maxims of faith
the later emancipation of his own slaves. He
and life, Some Fruits of Solitude (1693). Also,
ful wife, Ham
continued his religious activities and, on a visit
ness interests
in 1693, during a war of alliances in Europe,
to Tredhaven (Easton), Md., preached in the
came his famous Essay towards the Present and
of seventy-fou
presence of Lord and Lady Baltimore. He took
and that of ti
Future Peace of Europe, by the Establishment of
measures for the suppression of piracy, granted
an European Dyet, Parliament, or Estates, a sig-
ship of Pennsy
a charter to Philadelphia, and most important of
nificant early plan for confederation, arbitration,
surviving son:
all, granted the Charter of 1701 to Pennsylvania.
ard Penn.
and peace. In I694 died his devoted and beloved
In this he renewed his old guarantee of religious
wife Gulielma, and on Mar. 5, 1695/96, he mar-
As a youth
liberty, but changed the form of government as
ried Hannah Callowhill, who proved to be a
handsome, ath
established, 1682-83, and modified under Gov-
later life he
loyal and efficient helpmeet. In this period he
ernor Markham in 1696. The new charter made
continued his writing and speaking on religious
"using much (
possible the early establishment of separate legis-
subjects, influencing among others by his min-
portrait as a y
latures for the province and the territories
show the stren
istry Peter the Great, of Russia, who was visit-
(Pennsylvania and Delaware). The Council
ing England. In 1698 he made a business and
an unusual cc
ceased to be an elective body and became pràc-
preaching journey to Ireland. The effectiveness
statesman. A₁
tically an advisory board to the governor. The
of his public ministry at this time is indicated by
labors, he foun
Assembly became a single-chamber legislature,
ican commonw
a remark of the Dean of Derry, who heard him
elected yearly by the people, on a wide suffrage.
preach and afterward said that "he heard no
and Delaware
Although the governor retained the veto power,
blasphemy nor nonsense, but the everlasting
to the political
the Assembly could usually find means to coerce
truth
[and] his heart said Amen to what he
The Quaker "t
him. Its existence did not depend upon his call,
stat at Haver
had heard" (Graham, William Penn, p. 241).
and it could "sit upon its own Adjournments."
During these busy and troublous years in
death by Read
Thus it continued practically supreme in the
England the Proprietor of Pennsylvania was not
England, was
legislative field until the Revolution. The Char-
forgetful of his interests in the New World. In
was a Man of
ter of Privileges of 1701 came to be revered by
1697 he drew up and presented to the Board of
sweetness of
the people of Pennsylvania as the palladium of
Trade in London the first thorough-going plan
ready utteranc
their liberties (printed in Votes and Proceedings
for a union of all the American colonies. In
Discipleship,
of House of Representatives of Pennsylvania, I,
this plan he proposed a central Congress to fix
he may W
1752, part II, pp. I-III).
ranked among
436
Penn
Pennell
war,
and
to
Penn had hoped to remain a resident of Penn-
[There are two authentic portraits of Penn: the one
of peace
sylvania but this hope was not realized. On the
of him as a youth in armor, of which an original, or an
Relat-
authentic contemporary copy, is in the Hall of the Hist.
outbreak of the War of the Spanish Succession
Soc. of Pa., Philadelphia and an ivory medallion bust
State of New
a proposal was made in the English Parliament
of him in old age, made from memory after his death
secured a par-
to annex all proprietary colonies to the Crown.
by his friend, Sylvanus Bevan. Possibly the portrait
by Francis Place is also authentic (Graham, post, p.
with
Lord
Penn's presence in England thus became essen-
330). There are biographies as follows "Journal of His
remained
tial and late in 1701 he again said farewell to his
Life," prefixed to Joseph Besse, A Collection of the
after
his
Works of William Penn (2 vols., 1726) Thomas Clark-
province, this time not to return. Indeed it ap-
son, Memoirs of the Private and Public Life of William
the
establish-
pears that the constructive work of his life had
Penn (2nd ed., 2 vols., 1814) W. H. Dixon, William
Philadelphia,
now been largely accomplished. He was able to
Penn: An Historical Biography (2nd ed., 1852); S.
M. Janney, The Life of William Penn (1852); S. G.
still
exists
retain his proprietorship but his last years were
Fisher, The True William Penn (1900), reprinted as
Yet
his
full of trouble and disappointment. He was
William Penn (1932) J. W. Graham, William Penn,
Pennsylvania
Founder of Pa. (1917), containing a summary, pp. 310->
harassed by almost endless disputes between his
13, of the various refutations of Macaulay's aspersions
the call. There
governors and the Pennsylvania Assembly. His
upon Penn; M. R. Brailsford, The Making of William
the
schism
of
own choice of deputies and helpers was not al-
Penn (1930) Bonamy Dobrée, William Penn, Quaker
and Pioneer (1932) C. E. Vulliamy, William Penn
administrative
ways happy. He had serious pecuniary embar-
(1934). On his relation to Stuart politics, see P. S.
had
long
de-
rassments and for a time languished in a debtor's
Belasco, Authority in Church and State (1928). For
way opened"
the family see H. M. Jenkins, The Family of William
prison. He suffered great humiliation and sor-
Penn (1899) and Arthur Pound, The Penns of Penn-
family, ar-
row because of the dissolute life of his son, Wil-
sylvania and England (1932). For the setting of his
699,
after
an
liam Penn, Jr. Yet he continued to some degree
life work see W. C. Braithwaite, The Second Period of
Quakerism (1919) and R. M. Jones, The Quakers in
"wood-
his activities of writing and speaking. In 1709,
the Am. Colonies (1911). The Dictionary of National
Towne" of
at sixty-five years of age, he traveled "in the
Biography emphasizes the European side of Penn's life,
showed his
as the above account does the American side. A small
ministry" through several counties of England.
but important contribution by A. C. Myers, "William
by various
In 1712 he had almost arranged for a sale of his
Penn, His Own Account of the Delaware Indians,
agreements
proprietary government to the Crown when he
1683," announced for early publication, contains a brief
sketch of Penn's life.
iendship. He
suffered an attack of apoplexy which soon de-
The writings of Penn are largely listed in Joseph
of slavery
stroyed his memory and rendered him incapable
Smith, A Descriptive Catalogue of Friends' Books (2
providing
for
of further administering his affairs. His faith-
vols., 1867), and Supplement (1893) ; also M. K. Spence,
William Penn: A Bibliography (1932). Besides the
slaves.
He
ful wife, Hannah Penn, ably supervised his busi-
collection of Joseph Besse (above), may be cited Select
on
a
visit
ness interests until his death in 1718 at the age
Works of William Penn (1771) The Select Works of
William Penn (5 vols., 1782) Deborah Logan and Ed-
eached in the
of seventy-four years. In 1727, after her death
ward Armstrong, Correspondence between William
ore.
He
took
and that of their youngest son, the proprietor-
Penn and James Logan (2 vols., 1870-72; Pubs. of
iracy, granted
ship of Pennsylvania passed into the hands of the
Hist. Soc. of Pa., vols., IX, X). The largest collection
of Penn materials, printed and manuscript, in England,
important of
surviving sons, John, Thomas [q.v.], and Rich-
is in Friends' Library, Euston Road, London. For this
Pennsylvania.
ard Penn.
and other collections in England see C. M. Andrews
and F. G. Davenport, Guide to the Manuscript Mate-
of religious
As a youth Penn was described as well-built,
rials for the Hist. of the U. S. to 1783, in the British
government as
handsome, athletic, and of courtly manners. In
Museum (1908). The largest collections in America,
under
Gov-
later life he became somewhat corpulent but
including the important private collection of A. C.
Myers, are at 1300 Locust St., Phila., Hall of the Hist.
charter made
"using much exercise, retained his activity." The
Soc. of Pa. The libraries of Haverford and Swarth-
separate legis-
portrait as a youth in armor and the Bevan bust
more colleges should also be consulted. Some biog-
raphers have been at odds as to whether Penn's mother
territories
show the strength of his facial features. He was
was actually Dutch, as stated by Pepys, or Anglo-Irish.
The Council
an unusual combination of mystic, courtier, and
A. C. Myers stands with Pepys and thus holds that
became prac-
statesman. Apart from his important religious
William Penn was "half a Dutchman."] R.W.K.
overnor.
The
labors, he founded or helped to found three Amer-
PENNELL, JOSEPH (July 4, 1857-Apr. 23,
T legislature,
ican commonwealths (New Jersey, Pennsylvania,
1926), etcher, sprang from an unbroken line of
vide suffrage.
and Delaware), and made a worthy contribution
Quakers. His ancestors left Nottinghamshire,
e veto power,
to the political thought of England and Europe.
England, in 1684, for Pennsylvania, and for gen-
ans to coerce
The Quaker "testimony" concerning him (photo-
erations were husbandmen, until Larkin Pennell,
upon his call,
stat at Haverford College) drawn up after his
Joseph's father, broke the family tradition by
journments."
death by Reading Monthly Meeting of Friends,
becoming a teacher and later a shipping clerk.
reme in the
England, was no doubt a deserved tribute: "He
He married Rebecca A. Barton. Joseph, born in
n. The Char-
was a Man of great Abilities, of an Excellent
their quiet house on South Ninth Street, Phila-
be revered by
sweetness of Disposition, quick of thought, &
delphia, was their only child. He attended Quak-
palladium of
ready utterance; full of the Quallification of true
er schools in Philadelphia and later in German-
Proceedings
Discipleship, even Love without dissimulation
town, to which place his family moved in 1870.
nnsylvania, I,
he may without straining his Character be
He was a nervous, moody child and preferred to
ranked among the Learned good & great."
be alone to draw pictures. Often ill, he had fre-
437
552
UNITED STATES: 9. Religion
9. Religion
As dissenters from the Church of England
moved into the colony, the vestries of the Estab-
American religious development, during the
lished Church, acting as county officials, taxed
past three centuries and more, has been marked
them to support the parishes and the poor.
by several characteristics that distinguish it from
Quakers were banished when they refused to
religion in European countries. One is pluralism,
bear arms in the face of the ever-present threat
or sectarianism, the result of many groups of col-
of Indian massacres. Itinerant Baptist ministers
onists and later immigrants seeking, along with
were arrested for preaching without a license
economic independence, religious liberty from
On the other hand, French Huguenots and Ger-
some national church in Europe. Another is the
man Protestants were permitted to organize their
all-pervasive influence of the frontier upon Amer-
own congregations and were released for a time
ican life.
from all taxes payable to the Established Church.
A third characteristic is an emphasis on lay
Scotch-Irish Presbyterians were welcomed by the
activity and an absence of clericalism and of
governor to the Shenandoah Valley. Hanover
clerical interest in politics. This characteristic
parish, near Richmond, built a chapel for dis-
has yielded certain by-products: a nontheological
senters and paid the dissenting minister.
"activism," which amazes and baffles many Euro-
New England. Totally different from the Vir-
peans; an interest in ecumenism (Christian re-
ginia conservatives were the Puritans in Massa-
union); a great enthusiasm for missionary work;
chusetts. These radical Calvinists disapproved of
a, keen, if chiefly idealistic, interest in the social
the doctrines and practices of the Church of En-
applications of Christianity; and a flamboyant
gland and could not accept the harsh measures
utopianism that generously supports popular
taken by James I to enforce the Act of Uniform-
causes but has less interest than Europeans have
ity. The first group, who arrived in Plymouth in
in higher education.
1620, were Separatists, extreme Puritans who
A final characteristic is a whole-souled devo-
had left the Church of England to found their
tion to the ideal of democracy, even when it fal-
own church in the New World. The second.
ters in practice, and a faith in its ultimate vic-
much larger, group, who arrived in Massachu-
John Eliot,
tory, since it is on the side of God, who created
setts Bay in 1630 with a royal charter, were Puri-
men to be free and equal. This American demo-
tans who wanted simply to purify the English
cratic spirit is a heritage from English dissent,
Church. At first the Puritans in Salem accepted
Sephardic Jews went to N
but behind it is Catholic theology and indeed
two Anglican clergymen, but the principle that
although there is record
the whole Judeo-Christian tradition.
every congregation had the right to call and or-
traders arriving earlier
Religion in America has grown prodigiously,
dain its own minister was soon recognized. Har-
notwithstanding the proh
as evidenced by the wealth of churches and syn-
vard (1636) and Yale (1702) colleges were
ment there. Some small
agogues and their large memberships. But the
founded to train men for the ministry.
land. But in the 18th
materialism of modern culture and the worldwide
The early Congregationalists, as the Puritans
England or by way of E
decline in moral standards hinder further devel-
came to be called, did not believe in religious
nent, especially German
opment. Whether religious forces can meet these
toleration. They expelled two men for holding a
land. Newport, R. I., W
challenges from outside their domain remains
service in accordance with the Anglican Book of
center of Jewish life. Ot
uncertain. See also CATHOLIC CHURCH, ROMAN;
Common Prayer and later the Antinomian radical
in New York, Charleston,
JEWISH HISTORY AND SOCIETY; MISSIONARY
Anne Hutchinson and the liberal Roger Williams
MOVEMENTS; PROTESTANTISM; and articles on
Williams founded Rhode Island, which welcomed
18TH CEI
denominations.
Baptists and others. Thomas Hooker and John
Despite the religious
Warham removed their Congregational parishes
colonists, the vast majority
EARLY COLONIAL PERIOD
to Connecticut but remained for a while under
century went to America
From the early colonial period, the diversity
the government of Massachusetts.
freedom but economic in
of colonial settlements produced diversity in
The New England Congregationalists orig.
or adventure. It is estima
American religion. Protestant and Catholic, dis-
inally limited suffrage to church members and
6% of the population W
senting and established, evangelistic and cere-
membership to those who had a personal expe-
church. Nevertheless, tha
monious, "enthusiastic" and educated-all vari-
rience of conversion and to their children. In
in colonial life.
eties of western European Christianity were
1662 the Halfway Covenant provided that chil-
Denominational Distribu
brought to American shores. Judaism arrived also.
dren of church members might be baptized even
colonies had an establish
Virginia. One of the declared purposes of the
if the members had not experienced conversion
Rhode Island, New Jerse
English trading company chartered to colonize
There was much opposition to this ruling, how
Virginia was the propagation of Christianity
ever, and a new charter basing suffrage on prop
among the "savages," and from the first this mis-
erty qualifications eventually was adopted.
Visa be
A (
Revoluti
sion was kept in view. The civil and ecclesias-
Middle Colonies. The Middle Colonies were
tical authorities alike, who both took an oath of
settled by a number of religiously diversified
York in 1693. In New Eng
and Georgia; and in
allegiance to the crown, were drawn from the
groups: English Friends (Quakers), Welsh Ca
lished. the Congregation
conservatives in the Church of England. The
vinists, Dutch Calvinists (Dutch Reforme
new English Bibles, combined with the old Cath-
Church), Swedish Lutherans, and Germans,
Quakers in Pennsylvania
The Baptists in P
in
olic ritual modified under the "Elizabethan set-
cluding Lutheran and Reformed Protestant
churches, nor had the Presb
tlement," seemed to satisfy all parties. They
Mennonites, Moravians, and Brethren (Dunkers
were content with the general supervision of the
Under Lord Baltimore and his son, both Roma:
synod 1747 (1748) among Pen
Muhlenberg form
bishop of London, there being no resident bish-
Catholics and Protestants settled in Marylanc
ops in the colonies, and with the ultimate au-
with toleration for all Christians guaranteed
under with the classis of Amster
the Reformed Church
the Toleration Act of 1649. But as a result
the
thority of the crown, at least in spiritual matters.
During the period of the English Commonwealth,
Puritan pressure during the English Civil War
a
enom
prayers for the king were omitted, but services
toleration was limited and then abolished
were otherwise continued as before. The Col-
1692. In 1718, Roman Catholics were disfram
their farm
lege of William and Mary was founded in 1693,
chised. There were no resident bishops,
an
by prohibit
and by the Revolution half the clergy of Virginia
Catholics migrated to other colonies.
were its graduates. The other half were supplied
In several of the Middle and other colonies
modified Some congregation.
went to New
by the bishop of London.
Jews were found from an early date. A band
presbyterianism, an
THE WHITE HOUSE
WASHINGTON
01 OCT 29 P4: 56
October 29, 1991
MEMORANDUM FOR THE PRESIDENT
THROUGH:
DAVID DEMAREST
TONY SNOW Time
CURT SMITH S
FROM:
SUBJECT:
REAGAN LIBRARY DEDICATION
I. SUMMARY
On Monday, November 4, at 11:00 a.m., you will dedicate
the Ronald Reagan Presidential Library in Simi Valley,
California. Over 5,000 people are expected.
Presidents Nixon, Ford, Carter, and Reagan, along with
their wives, will attend. This gathering is historically
unprecedented.
II. DISCUSSION
The remarks (12 minutes, on cards) pay tribute to the
life and presidency of Ronald Reagan -- both what he
accomplished and what he stood for. In addition to plaudits
for Nancy Reagan, there are also brief tributes to the other
living presidents and First Ladies.
who else speales
how lovy
(Smith/Simon)
October 29, 1991
Draft Five
GIPPER
PRESIDENTIAL REMARKS: REAGAN LIBRARY
SIMI VALLEY, CA.
MONDAY, NOVEMBER 4, 1991
11:00 A.M.
and N any
President Reagan Barbara and I are delighted to be with
you on the eleventh anniversary of your election as President. 11
our dear friend Naney Reagan. My special greetings to your
fellow Californians -- President and Mrs. Nixon, and also
President and Mrs. Ford -- and to President and Mrs. Carter. /
Senior members of the Reagan Cabinet. Ladies and gentlemen. 11
Thank you, Mr. President, for that introduction. And to all
of you, for the privilege of helping to dedicate this library of
my predecessor and mentor -- the 40th President of the United
states. 11
( (Yesterday, I mentioned to one of my grandkids that I was
going to the Reagan Library in California, and he said, "Isn't
And Carter
that a long way to travel to return a book?")) 11 I said: "I self depred
would travel around the world to be in the Simi Valley today."
/
Fravel
Pro
john
This marks an historic occasion. For the first time, five
Presidents and five First Ladies / past and present / have
gathered together in the same locale. // Individually, today is
even more special to Barbara and me. 11 Here are four former
band
worderful
dedicated
Presidents
four former First Ladies
superb public servants
n
11 each part of the American story. 11
2
We begin with the 37th President of the United States,
Richard Nixon, and the woman we know, and love, as Pat. / Mr.
President, you helped achieve a generation of peace by being a
true architect of peace. 11 Here, too, are Betty Ford and
America's 38th President, Gerald Ford. / To a son of Michigan, I
deceny
say: "We are grateful for your leadership." 11 Finally, we
salute the 39th President, Jimmy Carter, and his wife Rosalynn.
and helping others
America salutes your life-long commitment to human rights. 11
Today, we honor an American Life -- which is the title of
his autobiography. We also honor an American Original. / Ronald
Reagan was born on February 6th -- but his heart is pure 4th of
July. /
( (With his disarming sense of humor, President Reagan was
something refreshingly different in Washington: A politician who
Appresident since you left these
was funny on purpose. ) 1 / He was also a visionary, a crusader,
and a prophet in his time. 11
He was a political prophet -- leading the tide toward
conservatism. ( (People forget that he wasn't always a Republican,
he used to be Democrat. But a prominent Republican once took him
aside and said, "I see a day when you will switch to our party."
To
/ And sure enough Abraham Lincoln was right. " 11
Next, Ronald Reagan was a Main street prophet. He
understood that America is great because of what we are -- not
what we have. 11 Politics can be cruel, uncivil. Unfailingly,
Ronald Reagan was strong and gentle. / He ennobled public
service. He embodied the American character: What he described
3
in his second Inaugural as "hopeful, big-hearted, idealistic,
daring, decent, and fair." 11
Think of whistlestops that lift our memory --- like a
sirensweet postcard from the past. Dixon / Tampico [Tam-PEE-
koe] / Eureka College / WHO Radio, Des Moines. Ronald Reagan
came from the heart of America -- geographically, and culturally.
/ Not even a bullet from the gun of a would-be assassin could
stay his spirit. On that terrible day in March 1981, he looked
at the doctors in the emergency room and said, "I hope you're all
Republicans." 11 Republicans or Democrats, his courage and humor
made all of us proud -- proud to be Americans. 11
For eight years, I was proud to be Ronald Reagan's Vice-
President. I saw a man who was thoughtful and sentimental /
sending money to strangers whose stories touched him / writing
letters on yellow legal paper. He then asked that they be
retyped -- because he wanted to make it easier for the recipients
to read. 11 Here is another instance of Ronald Reagan's
compassion -- again, I return to a decade ago. / One day, still
weak from gun-shot wounds, he spilled water from the sink. Soon
after, aides came into the room, and tried vainly to find him.
He wasn't in bed -- but in the bathroom / on his hands and knees
/ trying to wipe (up the water so the nurse wouldn't get into
trouble.
As President, Ronald Reagan was unmoved by the vagaries of
intellectual fashion. He treasured values that endure. / I
speak of family and civility and generosity and kindness --
??
4
values etched in the Sermon on the Mount. 11 Once, asked whom he
most admired in history, he answered, "The Man from Galilee."
Mr. President, your faith in what is true, and good, helped renew
our faith in the United States of America. 11
This brings me, next, to how Ronald Reagan was also a
national prophet. He didn't merely make the world believe in
America. He made Americans believe in themselves. / I remember
Inauguration Day in 1981 and how the clouds on a gloomy morn
gave way as President Reagan began his speech. 11 He turned the
winter of our discontent into a springtime of possibility. What
harbinger of how, under him, America again became, yes, that
Carton
"shining city on a hill." 11
pricer
Ronald Reagan believed in returning power to the people. So
he helped the private sector create more than 16 million new
jobs. 11 He sought to enlarge opportunity, not government. / So
Ronald Reagan lowered taxes and spending, cut inflation, and
helped create the longest peacetime boom in American history. 11
He knew, too, that our judiciary should interpret, not legislate.
So he appointed judges who upheld the Constitution. 11 He knew
that America was divinely blessed -- so he urged, as I do,
restoring voluntary prayer to our schools. 11
HOW ironic that the oldest President of the United States
would prove as young as the American spirit. / ((It's believed
that the fountain of youth was born in Florida. I think Ronald
Reagan makes a good case for its existence in California. " 11
Here -- as in Washington -- he was aided by the true love of his
5
life. As First Lady, Nancy Reagan championed the foster
grandparents program, and heightened breast cancer awareness.
She refurbished the White House with the dignity that is her
(and she sure left us a nise cozy place to live in)
legacy. All To the scourge of drugs, she urged America's children
to "Just say no. / TO America's future, she supplied a lyric
Naney you know more than anyone: This quintessential
Westerner viewed horizons from the perspective of horseback --
and because of his vision, America rides tall in the saddle
again. 11 Not only did he bring optimism to the White House --
Xso
that optimism was contagious. Which is why I say: Mr.
President, we we'll 11 get you on Mt. Rushmore yet. 11
Finally, Ronald Reagan was a global prophet. 11 Today, the
world is safer because he believed that we who are free to live
our dreams, have a duty to support those who dream of living
free. /
Ronald Reagan predicted that Communism would land in the
dust bin of history -- and history proved him right. / He knew
that when it comes to national defense, finishing second means
finishing last. So he rebuilt our military and pioneered the
strategic Defense Initiative. His vision paid off for every
American in the sea and sands of the Gulf. 11 Yet he believed,
too, in human brotherhood. so he transcended East and West to
engage in diplomatic summitry -- and advanced the cause of peace
among Nations. 11
6
Mr. President, history will record the 1980s were not only
among America's finest hours. They became perhaps democracy's
??
finest era. / Our friend --- the Iron Lady -- as usual, said it
best. I speak of Margaret Thatcher -- your fellow liegeman of
liberty.
Recently, she spoke of how great leaders are summed up in a
sentence. "Ronald Reagan," she said, "won the Cold War without
firing a shot. He had a little help -- at least that's what he
tells me. But that imperishable achievement will be seen by
history as belonging primarily to him." / Go to Gdansk or
Budapest or the hills of Nicaragua. Travel anywhere where those
once enslaved now are free. They will tell you: Ronald Reagan
is a founding father of the New World Order. 11
((I'm not saying these things about Ronald Reagan in case he
1992
decides to run for President again in 1996. I say them because
they're true. / Each year he adds another chapter to the story
can two
of an amazing American. Each year we say / all together, now /
iil
"There ne goes again. ")) 11 He was the Great Communicator, and
also the Great Liberator. From Normandy to Moscow -- from Berlin
to the Oval Office -- no leader since Churchill used words so
effectively to help freedom unchain our world. 11
Let me close with a story, and a salute. Mr. President,
when your favorite President died in 1945, the New York Times
wrote, "Men will thank God on their knees, a hundred years from
now, that Franklin D. Roosevelt was in the White House. " 11 It
will not take 100 years -- millions do so today -- for us to
7
thank God that you were in that White House. You loved America -
- knew America. You blessed America as few men ever have. 11
You were prophet, and President -- and I want to thank you
for your many kindnesses to Barbara and to me. / Now, it is my
distinct privilege and honor to introduce the Dutchman / the )
Gipper / my predecessor + my friend The 40th President of the
United States, Ronald Reagan.
#
#
#
#
NATIONAL AFFAIRS
Bush: What Bo
Houston
George Bush was eerily confident, even
didn't
jovial. Presiding at a family dinner at
give the
The Houstonian on the eve of his ac-
ceptance speech, he offered needling
president
toasts, gently teasing his grandson
the lift he
George P., who would have to shill for
was looking
"Gampy" that night on national televi-
for. Will
sion. To hand-wringing Republican
his nasty
leaders who dropped by the president's
campaign
condo, he offered a soothing mantra:
backfire?
read the new biography of Harry Tru-
man. Just like Give 'Em Hell Harry,
CAMPAIGN*
the president would come from behind
and confound the pundits. He had a
game plan, ancient but serviceable: he
would savage Bill Clinton as yet anoth-
er "out of the mainstream" liberal. His
old buddy Jim Baker was back to run the show. Clinton
wasn't so tough-"a mile wide and an inch deep," said a
Bush family member. No need to worry. It would all
work out.
Well, maybe. But maybe not. It's just possible that a
traditional slash-the-liberals campaign-with nothing
else to soften it or give a sense of optimism and en-
ergy-will seem too jagged, too desperate and too obvious-
ly beside the point to work in
1992. Polls gyrated wildly af-
ter the GOP's Houston con-
If the election were held
vention. Some had Bush
today, whom would you
gaining much ground-due,
vote for?
in large part, to attacks that
Current
had undermined Clinton.
39% Bush
But NEWSWEEK'S Poll, con-
53% Clinton
ducted later than most oth-
Aug. 13-14
ers, showed that Bush had
36% Bush
gotten not a bounce but a
53% Clinton
dribble. Clinton's lead had
For this NEWSWEEK Poll, The
been nicked by only 3 points,
Gallup Organization
telephoned 750 registered
from 17 percent on Aug. 14
voters Aug. 21. Margin of error
to 14 percent last week. In-
+/-4 percentage points. "Don't
know" and other responses not
side the Astrodome, 45,000
shown. The NEWSWEEK Poll
© 1992 by NEWSWEEK, Inc.
Republicans-most
BYHOWARD FINEMANAND
ANN McDANIEL
26 NEWSWEEK AUGUST 31, 1992
CHRIS KLEPONIS-NEWSWEEK
NEWSWEEK : AUGUST 31, 1992 27
ounce?
992
S
ALLAN TANNENBAUM-SYGMA
A hope that 'family values' will move the voters: Barbara Bush with children and grandchildren after her speech
Dele
of them white, well educated and well off-cheered wildly
goodies that the middle class has come to expect.
the
while Bush and Dan Quayle lit into Clinton, the Congress
What Bush can do is attack Clinton, portraying him as
disp
and the Democrats with grim fury. Outside the hall it
someone who wants to raise taxes and is eager to expand
cal
didn't play SO well. The NEWSWEEK Poll showed that
the role of government in American life. The Bush strate-
ists.
voters resented the personal attacks on Clinton and his
On the big
gy calls for encouraging the fears of the suburban heart-
W00
wife, Hillary, and thought less of the Republicans and
land-fears about congressional Democrats, about the
tem
question-
barely more of Bush after watching what amounted to a
metropolitan "them," about Clinton as their front man.
line
the
four-day festival of fear and social antagonism.
The unsubtle message: however bad things may be now, a
fund
Grim as it was, Bush had little
dangerous liaison of Democrats on
fun
economy-
choice. On the big question-the
both ends of Pennsylvania Avenue
H
Bush has
economy-he has little more than
would be worse. The approach is
med
gimmicks to offer, and his advisers
little more
based on the theory that voters, es-
busi
know it. In Bush's term, economic
pecially suburban "swing" voters in
Asic
than
growth rates have been lower than
the South and elsewhere, have mini-
at any time since Herbert Hoover.
tryi.
gimmicks
mal respect for government, even if
That fact was underscored when
pub'
they receive benefits from it. The
Wh:
to offer,
dismal new unemployment figures
symbolism of holding the GOP con-
secr
and his
were released on the eve of his
vention in the Astrodome couldn't
speech, while the dollar plunged
poin
advisers
have been more apt: a mecca of the
TI
to new lows on world markets.
Bush is trapped by the weak econo-
New South, surrounded by acres of
long
know it
parking lots and suburban tracts, in
my he presides over. The income-
cally
a city where zoning laws were once
ones
tax and spending-cut proposals in
considered a communist plot.
his acceptance speech were nothing
supp
Now that the Soviet Union is
reas
more than righteous talk-a way,
gone, Bush must look for new devils.
limit
one aide said, to "sharpen the con-
trast" with Clinton. But Bush can't
If taxes can't scare 'em (especially
ic-co
seriously offer the supply-side elixir
since Bush moved his lips in 1990),
fight
then "social issues" will have to. In-
with
of unconditional tax cuts; the defi-
cit is already too large. Nor can he
voking them is a more complicated
Fo
task with Clinton on the other side:
Bush
list the specifics of the "manda-
tory" spending cuts he supposedly
the Democrat favors the death pen-
ton a
alty, for example, and last week he
wants; that would mean whacking
nor
LARRY DOWNING-NEWSWEEK
won the endorsement of the Nation-
rhet
Medicare, college loans and other
A plea for compassion: Mary Fisher
al Association of Police Officers. So
tang
28 NEWSWEEK AUGUST 31, 1992
1992
1992
1992
S
H
BUSH
C
S
OUT
N
DUSHO
LARRY DOWNING-NEWSWEEK
Delegates inside the Astrodome cheered while Bush and Quayle lit into Clinton, but outside there was more skepticism
there was a new sum-of-all-fears list of GOP demons on
paralysis" that plagues the Democratically controlled
display after Houston: gay and lesbian "activists," "radi-
Hill. There is just enough truth to Bush's alliterative
cal feminists," bureaucrats, "environmental extrem-
litany to force Clinton to respond.
ists," teachers' unions, trial lawyers, the media, Holly-
Bush's aides want to target the social issues
wood, even Woody Allen. Gays seem like an especially
with the precision of a smart bomb. Their aim
tempting target to the Republican right. With the battle
is not to sweep the nation-no one is even
lines on abortion already drawn, the growth stock for
thinking landslide this year-but to round up
Did Republicans at the
fundamentalist groups looking for new recruits (and
the bare minimum of 270 electoral votes. In
convention spend too
funds) is gay-bashing.
the must-win state of Michigan, Republicans
much time or too little
High on the new enemies list is an old demon, the
will aim at Clinton's running mate, Al Gore,
time on the following:
media. In Houston, "Blame the Media" Tshirts did a brisk
who wants tougher clean-air regulations on
Targeting Bill Clinton
business-and not all of them were bought by reporters.
autos and a higher gasoline tax. In the Bible-
54% Too much
Aside from explaining away bad news, the Bush team is
belt states, such as North Carolina, the GOP
7% Too little
trying to guilt-trip the Big Media (especially conservative
will play an MTV video of Clinton telling teens
publishers and network owners) into easing up on the
that ifhe had to do it all over again, he' inhale.
Targeting Hillary
White House. "Right now Bill Clinton has 15,000 press
To try to make California competitive, the
Clinton
secretaries," groused Bush adviser Roger Ailes. "At some
GOP will make a farmer's bogeymen out of
52% Too much
point even you guys will have to get embarrassed."
"environmental extremists" determined to
6% Too little
The newest entry was a group that Americans have
save the gnat catcher and the spotted owl.
long loved to hate: lawyers. The organized bar has histori-
The Clinton campaign, which prides itself
Targeting gays
cally been friendly to Republicans, but trial lawyers-the
on its quick response time, hit right back after
37% Too much
ones who actually do battle in court-have swung their
Houston. Clinton bitterly called Bush a
11% Too little
support and their checkbooks to the Democrats. The
"great fearmonger" and accused him of hav-
reason is that insurance companies and doctors want to
ing lied about Clinton's record. The latter was
Targeting feminists
limit jury awards. The trial bar has gone to the Democrat-
an eerily familiar charge-once leveled by
31% Too much
ic-controlled Congress to protect its profitmaking. In a
the man who introduced Bush in Houston,
fight between doctors and lawyers, Bush is happy to side
11% Too little
Sen. Bob Dole. Indeed, Bush's bashing had its
with the doctors.
risks, both in its method and its message.
Talking about their
Focusing on interest groups like the trial lawyers helps
Polls showed that the convention's attacks on
plans for the future
Bush get around a basic problem. The link between Clin-
Hillary and its stridency on abortion may
13% Too much
ton and Congress is not obvious, since the Arkansas gover-
have opened up the gender gap again. Mari-
nor was never more than a college intern on the Hill. The
39% Too little
lyn Quayle seemed at times to look down on
rhetorical answer is to tie Clinton into the "hopelessly
anyone who had ever been divorced or any
NEWSWEEK Poll, Aug. 21, 1992
tangled web of PACs, perks, privileges, partisanship and
mother who worked outside the home. (Bar-
NEWSWEEK : AUGUST 31, 1992 29
NATIONAL AFFAIRS
bara Bush was less judgmental, accepting a family by any
Bush, Clinton charged, is "personally untrustworthy.
the
definition.) The other risk is that voters, already turned
How can we trust him? He promised 15 million new jobs;
as"
off by traditional politics, would find the attack strategy
he's 14 million short. He promised no new taxes." Yet
chi
too blatant. At least the Clinton crowd hopes SO. "Real
Bush was at his best last week playing the role of Trusted
his
voters care about real issues," says George Stephanopou-
World Leader, reminiscing about the glory days of Desert
in t]
los, Clinton's deputy campaign manager. "Swing voters
Storm and the fall of the Berlin wall. By recalling his
sho
especially are turned off by negative politics."
night watch on the USS Finback, the submarine that
B:
The Democrats also insist that Bush's tax-cut proposal
rescued the 20-year-old aviator in 1944, Bush was able to
ret
only shreds what was left of his tattered credibility.
subtly remind voters that his opponent slid past the draft
the
"When we told a focus group about it, they laughed out
during Vietnam. Trust is also code for Clinton's alleged
whi
loud," claims Stephanopoulos. (The NEWSWEEK Poll
womanizing, though Bush was not as crude as the dele-
chio
showed that 65 percent of voters viewed the tax cut as
gates on the convention floor who carried signs saying IF
the
"just politics.") The Democrats regard demon politics as a
HILLARY CAN'T TRUST HIM, HOW CAN WE?
poli
diversion-and trust that voters will, too. Hanging from
The voters may not buy Bush's message, but they should
wri
the wall in the "war room" of Clinton's Little Rock cam-
have no trouble understanding After months of drift and
Tu:
paign headquarters is a sign reminding Democrats to
incoherence, there is not much doubt that the Bush cam-
con
stick to their message. It says THE ECONOMY, STUPID.
paign will be, in campaign lingo, "on message." Baker will
urr
In fact, the economy is not the only central issue. Of
demand it. He has left no doubt in the White House or in
ard
equal importance to voters is the basic question of trust.
campaign headquarters that he is in total control. When
offe
PROSPECTS
that the successors to Ronald Reagan and George Bush
Bu:
can sustain the GOP's shaky coalition of supply-siders,
incl
Eyes on the Prize
fundamentalists, country-club moderates and blue-collar
see)
ethnics. A guide to the civil wars ahead:
For,
The monarchists: If James Baker engineers George
und
Bush's re-election, he could inherit the throne in 1996. He
that
will be at the very least a shadow
EXCAMPAIGN
t's known as working the
vice president, the heir apparent
room. There's the smile, the
poised to usher in another eight
extended hand, a few warm
years of Republican rule. Baker
words and you're outta there.
has not faced a voter since he ran
But for the GOP's '96 hopefuls,
for attorney general of Texas in
working the party in Houston
1978 (he lost), but among Repub-
was more than a social obliga-
licans in one key state, New
tion. Each fleeting encounter
Hampshire, he ranks first, ac-
Jockeying
was a chance to look presiden-
cording to a poll taken last week.
for '96
tial and send the faithful home
Dan Quayle finished a distant
with something to remember. "I
goes well
fourth in the same poll. Some
can only hold my stomach in so
GOP strategists are spreading
beyond
long," gasped Housing and Ur-
the word that Quayle will not
individual
ban Development Secretary
run in '96 if he's an underdog.
Jack Kemp as he took turns pos-
Quayle operated under the ra-
styles. The
ing in a hotel lobby with dele-
dar in Houston, quietly assuring
Republican
gates. Wooing Northern allies,
party activists that he's no quit-
Texas Sen. Phil Gramm was said
Party could
ter. He met with the Ohio dele-
to have offered the '96 vice
gation, telling them that he'd
go in at
presidency to at least two gover-
been bucked up by Ronald Rea-
least four
nors. On the floor of the Astro-
gan. "The harder your critics go
dome, Marilyn Quayle's sisters
directions.
after you, the more you know
buttonholed key delegates and
you're right," Quayle said the
escorted them to the vice presi-
former president had told him.
dent's private suite. Moments
JOHN FICARA-NEWSWEEK
after pro-choice forces gave up
A strong ideologue: Dan and Marilyn Quayle
A strong ideologue, Quayle is
The
an outcast among the pragmat-
trying to force a floor fight, Mas-
ic, inner-circle Bushies. If
sachusetts Gov. William Weld, sporting a PRO BUSH, PRO
Quayle is the dauphin, Baker is Cardinal Richelieu; his
same
CHOICE button, sought out right-to-life activist Phyllis
new White House role allows him to be the arbiter of
But
Schlafly. "I wanted to see if she would shake my hand,"
Quayle's future. Baker could restore the moderation on
polit
said Weld. She did, and with a smile frozen on her face,
social issues that Bush abandoned. In a party obsessed
elite
noted that she liked half his button.
with where its politicians stand on abortion, Baker is one
with
The jockeying for position in '96 goes well beyond the
of the few whose views are unknown. What does that tell
cons
individual styles of a populist, puppy-dog Kemp or a cool,
you? "That he's a canny politician," says Schlafly. Conser-
clart
aristocratic Weld. The potential candidates represent
vative activists vow not to allow a pro-choice candidate to
char
different wings of the GOP, and if they all try to take off at
be nominated in '96. "It would provoke a rupture that
news
once in 1996, the party could fly apart. It's not at all clear
would lead to a third party," predicts Rep. Vin Weber.
to as
Value conservatives: The party's moralist streak was a
an ii
YELEANOR CLIFT
mile wide in Houston. Not since the New Hampshire
ter d
primary, when he won 37 percent of the vote against
of th
30 NEWSWEEK: AUGUST 31, 1992
the president first suggested that Baker come over to serve
Darman, predictably, who cooked up the taxpayer-check-
as "counselor" to the president, leaving Samuel Skinner as
off gimmick in Bush's acceptance speech.) There will be a
chief of staff, Baker said forget it. He wanted Skinner and
few other voices in the room, like Darman's polished
his sidekicks out. Skinner was duly shuffled off to a nonjob
young No. 2, Bob Grady, but Baker will brook no dissent.
in the Republican National Committee, and his aides were
"In the White House, they' be scared to death because
shown new quarters far from the Oval Office.
the body bags will be right outside the door," said one
Baker's own team-Bob Zoellick, Dennis Ross, Marga-
recent victim of the purge.
to
ret Tutwiler and Janet Mullins-will virtually take over
No matter how clever or disciplined, Bush's campaign
the campaign (not to mention the executive branch,
will not succeed unless enough voters share his basic
which this fall will be one and the same). Campaign
belief about the role of government at home. For such an
chieftains Robert Teeter and Fred Malek will still be in
upbeat man, it is a basically downbeat view. Bush doesn't
the loop but shorn of decision-making power. Ross is a
think that government can do a whole lot to make the
policy maven, while Zoellick is a combination speech-
economy better; the best thing Washington can do is stay
Id
writer, enforcer and sounding board for his boss.
out of the way. Clinton, for all his neojargon, retains a
Tutwiler, an old hand at beguiling reporters, will be
dogged belief in the liberal faith that government is the
communications czar while Mullins handles politics. Res-
engine of betterment. The waffling polls show that the
urrected from political purgatory is budget director Rich-
public is still not sure whom-or what-to believe. But for
ard Darman, who couldn't balance the budget but can
all the sideshows and fearmongering, the basic choice is
offer clever political tricks to his mentor Baker. (It was
clear enough. The voters have 70 days to decide.
Bush, has Pat Buchanan gotten such respect. But no one,
to Bennett that he wouldn't run for president if Bennett
including possibly Buchanan himself, takes the heat-
did. As reporters scribbled down the quote, Kemp grinned
seeking commentator seriously as a potential president.
and protested, "That's off the record." The truth is if
Former drug czar William Bennett, a possible candidate
Kemp runs, Bennett won't.
under the values banner should Quayle falter, has said
Economic conservatives: Kemp is the sentimental favor-
that his goal is to reshape American institutions in the
ite of Reagan Republicans. He has the same optimism and
W
true-blue belief in supply-side economics as the
former president. He also has an evangelistic
fervor about expanding the party to include mi-
&CAMPAIGN
norities. "He's the RFK of their side," says Frank
Mankiewicz, Robert Kennedy's press secretary.
Kemp was a whirling dervish in Houston, pop-
ping in on New Hampshire delegates to talk for
minute
no, that's an oxymoron, I can go 10
minutes without using a verb." But Kemp
couldn't translate the strong feelings for him
If Baker
into votes in 1988, and GOP strategists question
engineers
whether he has the discipline for a sustained run
in 1996. Gramm is Kemp's evil twin. Where
Bush's
Kemp wants to pump up the economy with tax
victory, he
cuts for everyone, Gramm comes at it with a
will be a
starve-the-fever approach, coupled with a repu-
tation for being mean-spirited. His keynote ad-
shadow
dress at the convention was widely regarded to
vice
have bombed. Asked if the speech flopped be-
cause Gramm's "persona" had not come through
president,
on TV, a GOP official winced: "He should hope it
the heir
doesn't." But Gramm has more than $4 million
in the bank and a bloodlust for winning that will
apparent
make him a player.
The Yuppies: Because the GOP's '96 field is
ROBERT MAASS-SIPA
The sentimental favorite of Reagan Republicans: Kemp in Houston
crowded with right-to-life conservatives, there is
an opening for a Yuppie moderate to slip
through. The religious right controlled the party
same way that the Supreme Court has been transformed.
machinery this time around. But the voices of moderation
But Bennett, who has no appetite for the grunt work of
vow they won't be caught off guard again. "Pro-choice
politics, spent the week hobnobbing with the "media
Republicans will be very active and very loud the next
elite" as a PBS commentator. Spotted in the Astrodome
four years," says GOP polltaker Frank Luntz. Half the
with right-wing radio-talk-show host Rush Limbaugh and
GOP voters in New Hampshire say they would prefer a
conservative activist Paul Weyrich, Bennett wryly de-
pro-choice candidate in '96. Some GOP strategists believe
clared they were there to ensure that Jerry Brown got a
that Weld and California Gov. Pete Wilson represent the
chance to speak. When the quote showed up in an Indiana
future of the party. But first, each must survive a conten-
newspaper, a literal-minded conservative called Bennett
tious re-election fight in his home state. Wilson didn't
to ask exactly what he stood for. Bennett is something of
even attend the convention because of California's budget
an intellectual provocateur, which may make him a bet-
crisis. Weld thinks he has found a formula for the future:
ter dinner guest than presidential candidate. On the floor
fiscal conservative, social liberal. But in a party that still
of the convention before a dozen onlookers, Kemp effused
celebrates the values of the 1950s, the past dies hard.
NEWSWEEK AUGUST 31, 1992 31
NATIONAL AFFAIRS
OPINION
vote
righ
A Feast of Hate and Fear
The
A
othe
rich
with
one
head.
fter the first night of the
atwitter about how Mrs. Bush was
A
Wha
Republican convention,
being "combative," "feisty" and even
wim
Murray Kempton, the ven-
"nasty." Oh poot, she's always been
H.
erable grouch and newspa-
tough as old boots: I like her anyway,
The
per columnist, said, "I don't
or maybe on account of it. If the press
blin-
mind the four more years. It's the
was dumb enough to think she was
com
three more days that is more than I
nothing but a sweet, white-haired
can stand." The Republican conven-
pixi
granny in the first place, let them eat
tion was sour, mean and dull.
pea
chocolate chips.
loo}
The high point was Pat Buchanan's
Thursday brought us an unusually
I'
speech, the only Republican oratori-
surreal exercise, even for Dan
ma¹
cal effort chock full o' nifty ideas.
Quayle. First he steals Al Gore's
mis
Religious warfare, for example. Gad,
theme line, and then he reprises his
inc
think of the fun we can have-mass
own most memorable public humilia-
does
slaughter in the name of God, killing
tion by stealing Lloyd Bentsen's
to th
for Christ, pogroms, heretic hunts.
"you're no JFK" bit. Will someone
real.
We, too, can at long last enjoy the
hire the poor man a speechwriter who
he d
charming ambience of Northern Ire-
doesn't plagiarize?
land and Lebanon.
M.
His hour come round at last,
MPAIGN
Cultural cleansing, there's anoth-
they
George Bush stood before us, ready
er fab proposal. Why should the Bos-
taxe
after four long years to reveal his
Clin
nians have all the fun? We can have a
Vision Thing. This was the speech
cleansing of our very own right here
ly 00
that would definitively define his do-
at home. In the Battle of Stalingrad
men
mestic agenda. This was the speech
bein
portion of his speech, Buchanan set
that would unveil his bulletproof
forth his program for the inner cities:
that
plan for getting us out of the reces-
M-16s. We will retake the cities, block
org:
A capital-
sion. And also tell us who the hell has
by block from the Americans who
quo
been president for the last four years.
gains tax
have, with fiendish cleverness, infil-
Il
Speculation, fed for days by Bush's
trated their own country.
which
cut, plus
campaign advisers, was rife. Would he
That Buchanan's story about the
Tim
announce a dramatic tax cut as a stim-
Congress is
bou
young army troops who saved the
ulus? Would he match it with a spend-
home for the elderly from mob men-
thei
awful and
ing cut, perhaps even in the supposed-
ace turned out to be untrue is a mere
life
Phyllis Schlafly greets the faithful
the other
ly untouchable entitlement
trifle. At the Republican convention,
pap
programs? Maybe he would even
guy is a
we approached truth in a larky spirit,
knock everyone out with some self-
louse. That
with imagination, flexibility and insouciance. Nor were
less, statesmanlike version of the Perot plan-the stark
Pro-
we hobbled by hypocrisy. We felt perfectly free to call Bill
truth at last, pain for everyone for patriotism's sake-
was it for
Clinton a draft dodger. Never mind that Clinton, who
showing a heretofore unimagined degree of political cour-
Bush's
hated the war in Nam, finally signed up for the draft
age? Voodoo or Keynes? Politics or guts?
lottery out of conscience. Whereas Buchanan, that fear-
speech.
The start was boffo! Fifteen minutes on foreign affairs,
less Commie killer, couldn't go because his knee hurt.
his forte, in which he took sole credit for everything good
Tuesday night shall be passed over in merciful brevity.
that's happened during his watch except the birth of a
Jack Kemp seems to be a nice man with silly economic
couple of long-awaited babies in Bolivia. Whatthehell,
ideas. Two hours of bad buildup to Phil Gramm's excruci-
this is politics and you get to do that. Now comes the
atingly boring lecture. But look at it this way, he wasn't
Vision Thing:
nearly as nasty as he can be.
Congress is awful and the other guy is a louse.
Wednesday we got wives. Marilyn Quayle gave us a
OK. That was the Congress-and-Clinton bashing bit.
bizarrely foreshortened version of some debate among
Now the Vision Thing:
upper-middle-class white women about whether they
Congress is super-awful and the other guy's a dread-
should choose fulfilling careers or be true to their "essen-
ful louse.
tial natures" by staying home with their children. The
All right, now here it comes. George Bush's plan to get
fact that most American women work because they have
us out of this mess:
to, at lousy jobs for lousy pay, does not seem to have made
Congress is just dreadfully awful, it has never done one
it onto her radar screen.
single thing except prevent George Bush from carrying
I can't help it, I'm a Barbara Bush fan. The press was all
out all his perfectly wonderful plans, and the other guy is
the worst louse in history.
BY MOLLY IVINS
Bound to be an economic plan in here somewhere. He
has to come up with one. He's in deep doodoo. And the
32 NEWSWEEK : AUGUST 31, 1992
PHOTOS BY SYLVIA PLACHY
NATIONAL AFFAIRS
OUTSIDER
and personal motivations at work. One is to deny George
Bush a second term. They say he considers the president
Ross Perot's
an incompetent on economic issues and is bitter about
Republican attacks that helped drive him from the race.
Perot was also stunned by the angry reaction from many
New Tease
of his volunteers when he pulled out July 16. "He recog-
nizes that he hurt a lot of people. I don't think he really
comprehended how deep the feelings were," says Orson
Swindle, head of United We Stand, America, a new or-
ganization of Perot volunteers that plans to
press the presidential candidates to adopt the
Perot platform. Perot-watchers say the strad-
dle may be his attempt to erase the quitter
stigma and feed his own compulsive need to be
a player, without assuming the risks of candi-
dacy. "He may ultimately do nothing except
show that he hasn't tucked his tail," says Tex-
as political consultant George Christian.
Perot could still be a significant force as
protest vote in a close fall election. One GOP
polltaker said last week that Perot continues
to pull double digits in California and Texas.
Those numbers are likely to dwindle, but ex-
Perot polltaker Frank Luntz says he will draw
at least 5 percent nationally in November.
"And this election will not be decided by any-
thing more than that," he says. Some analysts
ACAMPAIGN™
say he remains positioned to do more damage
ROBERT TRIPPETT-SIPA
to Bush than Clinton, especially in Republi-
Trying to erase the quitter's stigma: Perot in Washington
can bastions like Dallas-Ft. Worth and Orange
County. Bush's tax-cut ploy may make it even
he volunteers' lounge, with the free vending ma-
more difficult to win over Perot voters. "The
T
chines and big-screen TV, was deserted at mid-
thoughtful, disaffected suburban voter who is disen-
afternoon. Down the hall, the phone bank that
chanted with Bush has a sense that something honest and
once took toll-free calls for Ross Perot 24 hours a
credible must be done about the economy," says Demo-
What's he
day is gone, turned back into another carpeted
cratic consultant George Shipley. "The tax cut is pitiful
up to?
prairie of vacant north Dallas office space. Those keeping
pandering. The Perot voters will want no part of it."
Those who
the flame now work from a smaller room once used for
Most of Perot's book recapitulates deficit-fighting pro-
know him
press briefings. They staff 12 lines, 9 to 5, weekdays. A sign
posals he made this spring and early summer. His plan
proclaims that THE SECOND WAVE HAS BEGUN. Tanya Alt-
calls for new taxes on tobacco and gasoline, marginal
see
myer, a Perotian since March, believes The Return is
rates as high as 35 percent for families making more
inevitable. "I don't think people are going to let him go
than $89,250 (or individuals over $55,550) and levies on
political
away," she says.
social-security benefits. He would also limit the mort-
and
This is the headquarters of the headless campaign. Ross
gage-interest tax deduction
personal
Perot ended his plans to enter the presidential race last
to mortgages of $250,000 or
month, but he's not acting like a man who's comfortable
motives
How do you regard the
less. Perot would cut federal
with his decision. He was on television last week promot-
following?
discretionary spending by
at work.
ing a new book ("United We Stand") that outlines the
Bush's call for an
15 percent, chopping items
tough tax-hike and spending-cut regimen he wouldn't
across-the-board tax
that range from the space
take to voters as a candidate. He also kept the door on his
political plans ajar, suggesting that "the American people
cut tied to spending
station to the Rural Electri-
reductions
fication Administration. He
have a place to come" if they' re unhappy with the econom-
says the package would
ic plans of George Bush and Bill Clinton, and hinting that
29% A serious
save $754 billion over five
he could air TV ads aimed at both this fall. Just in case his
proposal
years. It's a blockbuster
118-page paperback gets overlooked in bookstores, he's
65% Just politics
plan, but one from a man
bought 100,000 copies himself for free distribution. Perot
who can't decide if he's on
continues to pay the rent on 64 volunteer offices across the
His saying taxpayers
or off the field. The in-
country. In the six weeks since he quit, workers in 17
could check a box on
again, out-again tease
their tax return to al-
states have submitted nominating petitions; he's now on
the ballot in 36 states. By fall, the total could be close to 50.
low up to 10% of their
seems singularly cruel to
his volunteers and is bound
payments to go toward
For the last month a full-time Perot field operative from
reducing the deficit
to diminish the impact of his
Dallas has been in New York overseeing a petition drive
ideas. In the book's after-
and supplementing volunteers with paid workers.
34% A serious
word, Perot writes, "A per-
What's Perot up to? Those who know him see political
proposal
son doesn't become a politi-
60% Just politics
cian without learning to
BY BILL TURQUE AND GINNY CARROLL
dance the two-step." Right
NEWSWEEK Poll, Aug. 21, 1992
now, Ross Perot is dancing
as fast as he can.
34 NEWSWEEK AUGUST 31, 1992
voters care only about the economy. Ah, here it comes,
interest, it folded. Just under 1,000 full-time employees
right now, this is it, my pencil's poised, here it comes: Zip.
were on the street.
There it went. I consult my notes.
Most of us, at least from the news side, are OK now. One
A capital-gains tax cut, plus Congress is awful and the
friend who hasn't landed yet is the best copy editor I ever
other guy is a louse. That was it. Same damn tax cut for his
worked with. His wife, a teacher, got cancer the summer
rich friends Bush has been pushing since the Bronze Age,
before the Herald died. Because her health insurance was
with no chance Congress will pass it because it will not do
through the local school district, he couldn't leave the
one bit of good. Some vague one-sentence pledge got the
area. The last letter I got from him, he asked me to let him
headlines. I'll cut taxes if they cut spending. What taxes?
know if I heard of any openings on the Austin paper. "I
What spending? But that was all. More mush from the
could come down five days a week; I've got a tent I could
wimp. In the clueless mode again.
sleep in. And then go back to take care of her on the
He went on again about a balanced-budget amendment.
weekends. I'll take any job that's open. I have a little
The man has never submitted anything remotely resem-
business now, mowing lawns."
bling a balanced budget. If he wants one, why doesn't he
George Bush told the convention the American people
come up with one? He seems to think an amendment is like
don't want a health-insurance system. "Who wants
pixie dust: you sprinkle it on and-poof-the deficit disap-
health care with
the efficiency of the House post office
pears. He wants a balanced budget and no new taxes. You
and the compassion of the KGB?" he asked.
look at the numbers and tell me if this fool can add.
Many of the genuinely nice Republicans I met in Hous-
I've spent too many years listening to Texas legislators
ton won't recognize themselves in the description of a
mangle English, the favorite blood sport in our state, to
convention dominated by hatemongering and fearmon-
mistake bad grammar for low IQ. But Bush's hopeless
gering, all done for political purposes. But it was there, it
incoherence whenever he speaks without a TelePrompTer
was real, and it was what that convention was about.
does seem to me related to some impairment in his ability
to think clearly: I suspect the reason no one knows what he
Ivins is a columnist at the Fort Worth Star-Telegram
really stands for (except a capital-gains tax cut) is because
he doesn't, either.
Many of the lies at the convention were told so often,
they lost their power to startle. "What?! Clinton raised
taxes 128 times?! That can't be right!" Became instead,
Clinton-who-raised-taxes-128-times. Likewise, the initial-
ly odd sound of "Gays-who-are-demanding-special-treat
ment-and-special-preferences-under-thelaw" stopped
being astonishing ("They are?! I didn't know that! Well
that's terrible, I don't agree with that."). In fact, no gay
organization has ever asked for special preferences, hiring
quotas or any form of affirmative action under the law.
I live in Austin, Texas. Last Dec. 9, the newspaper for
which I had worked for 10 years bit the dust. The Dallas
Times Herald was a classic example of the '80s. It was
bought sequentially by entrepreneurs leveraged up to
their eyeballs. Every penny it made for the last years of its
life went to pay off the interest on those debts. When the
paper, still making money, could no longer cover the
Pro-choicers hid their faces, pro-lifers held babies
NEWSWEEK AUGUST 31, 1992 33
NATIONAL AFFAIRS
PUBLIC LIVES
president of the United States from reprising these oft-
B
reprised slanders during his acceptance speech.
Little Lies and
There was also a certain amount of mean-spirited ho-
kum to the much-heralded "cultural war" launched by
the GOP's evangelical wing last week. Make no mistake,
there is serious cause for concern about the devastating
Big Whoppers
impact of the sexual revolution on children-a mountain
of data attests that those raised in nontraditional families
are likely to suffer in a mind-numbing multitude of ways.
But, last week, "family values" seemed more a tactic than
he whole week was double-ply, wall-to-wall ugly.
a cause. In any case, the evangelistas have a perverse,
T
The tone was set early on. "We are America,"
distorted view of what really matters. They seem to see
Rich Bond, the Republican National Committee
homosexuals as a greater threat to the republic than the
chairman, told NBC. "These other people are
corrosive effects of a violent, vulgar and thing-obsessed
not America." This, of course, has been the battle
popular culture-the real "family values" battle most
cry of bigots since the founding of the republic-and a
parents fight every day. The level of hypocrisy on such
T
leading indicator of political catastrophe.
issues, and especially abortion, is stunning. When con-
tb
Okay, okay. Allowances should be made for rhetorical
venient, the Party of the Righteous lapses into a moral
(o.
excess; it comes with the territory. Politicians
exag-
relativism worthy of the Party of Perversion: the national
ol
gerate. Allowances might even be made for the sort of
anthem was sung on Monday by Tanya Tucker, an un-
ST
good-natured whopper Jack
apologetically unmarried
Kemp floated in his speech-
single mother. Gerald
about the woman (who wasn't
McRaney, the actor who intro-
sp
tha
really) on welfare who was so
duced Marilyn Quayle's
proud of the new home (which
speech, is working on his third
she didn't get through Kemp's
ing
marriage. The Bush family ar-
ic
Department of Housing and
rived on the podium to the
ser
Urban Development). But,
strains of a homosexual love
acc
"CAMPAIGN
even so, the Republican Party
song from the musical "La
thi
reached an unimaginably
Cage Aux Folles."
slouchy, and brazen, and con-
Radical middle: Of course, it
go
stant, level of mendacity last
om
might plausibly be argued,
tha
week. There were little things,
Democrats are no less egre-
ble
like the line-spoken from the
gious; they just did a better job
th
podium by the entrepervange-
keeping a lid on their maniacs
ni.
list Pat Robertson and spread
this summer. The evangelical
The GOP
for
through the back alleys of the
"family values" right has its
convention by others-that
on
reached a
mirror image in the lifestyle
Bill Clinton wouldn't let his
de)
brazen
liberals of the Democratic left,
fre
13-year-old daughter get her
who celebrate "alternative liv-
level of
ears pierced "but wants to give
sig
ing situations" and put Anita
KEN HAWKINS-SYGMA
the
mendacity.
your
daughter the choice,
Getting hammered: House-building in Atlanta
Hill in the same league as
without your consent, to de-
wa
Mother Teresa. Both parties
The whole
stroy the life of her unborn
also have their economic tradi-
ce]
week was
baby." Wrong. As any radical feminist can tell you, Clin-
tionalists. For Democrats, the agenda was set by Samuel
you
ton is in favor of parental consent. There were also not-
Gompers, the pioneering labor leader: "More." More
go
double-
quite-lies, like the constant refrain that Hillary Clinton
an
money, more programs, more bureaucrats. For Main
ply,
was in favor of children suing their parents-which she is,
we
Street and Wall Street Republicans, the obvious corollary
wall-to-
but only in extreme cases (a child of drug-addicted or
is "Less." But there is also, now, a tiny-but intel-
you
violent parents who seeks asylum), instances many non-
lectually powerful-radical middle in both parties, post-
wall ugly.
"feminazis" agree are appropriate.
socialist activists who seek to achieve liberal goals (better
the
And then there were the Big Lies: that Clinton had
education, housing, health care, environment) through
the
raised taxes 128 times; that he was proposing a $150
conservative, market-oriented means like choice, compe-
Bei
billion tax increase, the largest in American history.
tition, tax incentives for public-spirited behavior and
These were particularly nervy: both The Wall Street
privatization.
phi
Bus
Journal and columnist Michael Kinsley had punctured
This is the agenda of the future, and both candidates
the
them a week earlier. By a more sober accounting, Clinton
have been nosing around it. Bill Clinton has touted it in
raised taxes 59 times (mostly for education and high-
the past but is limited now by the special interests in his
ing
ways)-but he also lowered them 48 times. As for Clin-
me
party for whom "more" is still everything. George Bush
ton's proposed "largest" tax hike, it would be offset by
ret
might have a less-cluttered path to the future, if he chose
$104 billion in tax cuts, for a net increase of $46 billion.
to take it. Beneath the furor and ugliness of the conven-
say
This is chicken feed compared with Ronald Reagan's 1982
slin
tion last week, Republican intellectuals were making a
festival of confiscation, which raised a net $150.2 billion
more plausible case for their version of a new activist
(Bush's 1990 Read My Lips "mistake" was the second
domestic policy than Democrats have made for theirs.
now
largest in history). Remarkably, none of this deterred the
"Le
But the president has never been much interested in such
things and is in "campaign mode" now, which means
giv
shi
BY JOE KLEIN
mendacity doesn't matter, aggression is all and wall-to-
ist
wall ugly is the order of battle for the duration.
ity
36 NEWSWEEK AUGUST 31, 1992
BETWEEN THE LINES
The irony is that everyone knows that Bush's basic
attack on the congressional pork-sausage factory has
merit. How bad is the Hill? So bad that the administration
The Buck
is occasionally in the strange position of being more "lib-
eral" than Congress. In recent years Bush has actually
asked for more money for the homeless than Congress has
S.
Stops There
appropriated (members put the funds in other porky
HUD projects instead). And the White House, which has
been viciously attacked for underfunding AIDS, actually
sought more for AIDS research than Congress eventually
e knew Harry Truman, Harry Truman was a
provided. (Congress's overall AIDS budget is only slightly
W
friend of
And Harry Truman would
higher than Bush requested.)
ne
punch the guy who tried to flog that line one
Bush and Clinton agree on one remedy: the president
more time. But before scrapping it entirely,
needs a line-item veto, which would allow him to slice off
let's be clear: George Bush really is no Harry
wasteful pieces of bills without vetoing the whole thing.
Truman. While Truman lambasted Congress, the one
Bush will never get it from Congress. Clinton would have
thing every schoolchild knows
a better-though still slim-
(or should know) about him is the
chance. Bush's new proposal for
old sign on his desk, THE BUCK
an income-tax "checkoff," which
STOPS HERE. The tag team of
would devote 10 percent of tax
young aides who wrote Bush's
returns to shrinking the deficit,
speech somehow forgot to put
sounds gimmicky to cynical
that one in.
Washington ears, but it's exactly
Stripped of all the name-call-
the sort of Perot-style starvation
ing and petty diversions, the bas-
diet that deserves serious debate.
ic question in this election is a
The president has also shown
serious philosophical one about
more courage than Clinton in
accountability. Bill Clinton
agreeing to take on so-called
thinks the president should use
mandatory spending (the new
government to try to fix the econ-
GOP synonym for entitlements),
NCAMPAIGNA
omy and plan for the future, and
which is where the real savings
that he should be held responsi-
are in the budget. But by refusing
ble for the results. George Bush
to explain the sacrifice involved
thinks central economic plan-
in making these cuts, Bush shows
ning has been discredited by the
he's not yet serious about it, ex-
forces of history. He believes that
cept as a political weapon.
on the domestic side, the presi-
The president's basic claim-
Beyond the
dent should prevent Congress
Our policies haven' 't failed; they
Congress-
from doing any more damage,
haven't been tried"-is false. Be-
sign free-trade pacts, then get
yond pushing hard for capital-
bashing
the hell out of the private sector's
gains tax cuts, it's George Bush
lies a clear
way. The subtext of Bush's ac-
who hasn't tried. All up and
ceptance speech was, Hey, all of
down Bush's tepid agenda, the
message
you know deep down that the
story is the same. On housing,
about
government can't do much of
Jack Kemp's innovative tenant-
Bush's
anything about the economy, SO
LARRY DOWNING-NEWSWEEK
ownership plans have been
we might as well spend less of
Did he fight hard enough? After the speech
largely stymied by Congress. But
view of
your money in the meantime.
did Bush fight for Kemp? No. Dit-
governing:
That's why Bush gave up on his long quest for the
to on school choice, an issue on which Bush lip-syncs the
"vision thing." In fact, the one time he was supposed to use
music but hasn't even taken the time to learn the elemen-
paralysis
the V word in his speech, it came out "version." But
tary details. Or take cracking down on lawyers, where
as a policy
there's nothing Freudian about the Congress-bashing.
Bush is clearly right and Clinton and the Democrats are
objective
Beyond the political hay lies a clear message about his
clearly in the pocket of the trial attorneys. Although legal
philosophy of governing: paralysis as a policy objective.
reform was first raised more than a year ago, it turns out
Bush campaigned after the convention last week against
that neither Bush nor Quayle has lobbied at all for it on
the "gridlocked Congress," but he was actually campaign-
Capitol Hill.
ing in favor of the continued gridlock of divided govern-
Even if a second-term Bush approached Congress with
S
ment-Republican president, Democratic Congress. As
the energy he applied to the Desert Storm coalition, he
retiring Rep. Vin Weber, a Bush campaign cochairman,
would still fail. Especially after all of this bashing. Only
says, Our chances of winning control of the Congress are
Nixon could go to China, and only a Democratic president
slim to none."
could seduce a Democratic Congress into doing anything.
Under the logic that prevailed in the White House until
Of course, for voters who believe that "anything" is inev-
now, this would have meant urging a vote for Clinton.
itably worse than "nothing," the answer is to opt for more
"Let us elect a president-Republican or Democrat-and
gridlock. In a cheesy political year, that's a meaty basis on
give him a Congress that responds to presidenti leader-
which to make a decision.
ship," Dan Quayle said in a June 12 speech to the Federal-
ist Society. "Give one party the authority and responsibil-
BY JONATHANALTER
ity to govern." This was Bush's position, too. Never mind.
NEWSWEEK AUGUST 31, 1992 37
(Smith/Aarhus)
Draft Three
September 6, 1992
TOLERANCE
PRESIDENTIAL REMARKS: EVANGELICALS
VIRGINIA BEACH, VA.
FRIDAY, SEPT. 11, 1992
President . Director . My good friend Pat Robertson --
and I want to salute your leadership. Ladies and gentlemen.
((It is often said of a group or individual that "He hasn't
got a prayer. " Today I am pleased to be with an audience about
whom that will never be said. )) //
I am delighted to be in the heart of America's evangelical
community. ((It's always good to know that if it takes divine
intervention to save my speech, help is close at hand. )) //
In the spirit of the occasion, I'd like to make two vows.
First, I plan to be brief today. ( (As Zsa Zsa Gabor said to each
of her husbands, I'll let you go fairly soon.") ) //
The second vow is for those of you in the back of the room.
I'll try to speak up. ((Ben Kinchlow warned me éarlier that the
agnostics in this hall are very bad.))
#
I want to talk to you today less as President than as
husband, father, church-goer, friend. Talk about the timeless
felisday
teachings of the Sermon on the Mount -- lessons which recall that
while God can live without man, man cannot live without God. //
The Good Shepherd taught us many things. Faith, fidelity,
compassion, courage. He also taught that we could not be a light
unto others if we embraced darkness in ourselves. Nation or
individual -- we were put here to love, not hate, each other.
Polent and awrie -nor
2
ass ilsocals in where
is
a
Which is why I believe -- believe deeply: Conviction without
tolerance is like Pat Robertson without Sheila Walsh //
Last year -- perhaps some of you remember -- I spoke about
Saddam Hussein's attempt to cast Desert Storm as a religious war.
I said he was wrong: Our conflict had nothing to with religion
per se. It had, however, everything to do with what religion
embodies. //
The War in the Gulf was not America vs. a madman. It was
freedom against oppression -- dignity versus intolerance. It was
not a Christian or Jewish -- not a Moslem war. It was a just war
-- a war in which by God's providence, which good did prevail. //
I know some opposed my view that aggression must not stand.
Yet I had no bitterness toward them then -- nor have I anger,
now. / I was convinced I was right -- and history has proved it.
Yet I refuse to blame, or recriminate. You see: I believe that
tolerance is a virtue -- not a vice. /
man dyllar Can a Clease n as live.
I learned about tolerance as a kid at the dinner table --
Cprzy
Altor when
each day mother or dad read a Bible lesson. [[Well, up to a
point. I don't think that even Divine counsel from above could
get me to eat broccoli. ]] // As a teenager, I memorized the Navy
hymn: "O hear us when we cry to thee / for those in peril on the
sea" -- and learned how death knows no ideology. /
From Barbara I learned, as the Bible says, "to act justly,
to love mercy, and to walk humbly." [[Course, when I compare my
polls to her's, I have a lot to be humble about. ]] / Ironically,
Bu
august. the
it was war that helped teach me civility. I remember how aboard
the submarine Finback after being shot down, I'd go on deck at
around In
ike is annelle.
3
night stand watch on the bridge, and look out at the dark. I
was 18 -- same age as many of the enemy. Japanese or Americans -
you
-
I knew God would want us to "be thy brother's keeper. //
Then came the post-war years -- for me, a place called
3 3 => sem
Jer leads
Sachyal
Texas. Lived the dream -- Little League, PTA, blockyard
9 colasis.
barcecues. Black he or white, red blowark brown yellow
it didn 't
am
matter. Here we tried "to love thy neighbor as thyself."
Upit
Zacheus
It's not easy to "do unto others. If if were, you and
I
would be camels passing through the eye of a needle. Yet America
are
was forged on tolerance. Remember Roger Williams and the Bill of
52
in
Rights, the Hugenots and Quakers. They knew how in a pluralistic
society, only tolerance could pull us together -- and keep hatred
as
Pas
Rresn
in
from pulling us apart. //
be
sul
wash.
gningle
A
fame
indelines
By tolerance, I mean the view and the act. Here's a story point.
There's a story that I like In 1956, the Queen of Belgium
visited Warsaw, then under Soviet domination. She asked the
chief of protocol, "Are you a Catholic?"
The man replied, "Believing -- but not practicing."
"Then in that case," the Queen observed, "you must be a
Communist. "
The man demurred. "Practicing, Your Majesty, but not
believing. " //
in
Today, we need both to believe and practice tolerance -- as
no
will work.
they say in Louisiana, not just to talk the talk but to walk the
walk. That is why I am troubled but what I see in America. I
don 't believe that we should question not people's judgement --
ber
He
see
Pole
scoj
(my assess mas
allas calah's
is a in deleas it op valizing.
ww insued
am pap Lues are 1
i
toor lossed olt insulvation Digor vain
4
but their intent, and motive. I don't like how terms used
the
his
relat.
the
recklessly -- "bigot, racist, fellow traveler, neanderthal"
PUL
demean America, and place public discourse in the gutter. //
Now, I'll admit. I have trouble speaking from the heart --
you know us Episcopalians. Yet I know that when America chooses
a President -- it elects not only programs, but a person. Two
men this year seek your support. You must know inside what
inside- lys rechar
I
feel
I believe that the definition of a successful life must
include serving others. I know we cannot serve each other as
il weamarks
long as we are screaming one another. / I believe that decency,
and courtesy, are not character flaws. Instead, they show how
America is great because her people are good. // I believe that
family -- whether single-parent or traditional -- is America'a
incemence
umbilical cord -- and that family structure means less than
the when do gus
personal responsibilty. / I believe in empowerment -- not
dependency /
minister
aside up PV
so I believe in the rule of reason not the rule of force --
in respect for the minority -- not tyranny of the minority. // I
believe that we are all God's children - and that we should
jun has also
treat each other gently. / I believe we should not just listen to
but also hear one another -- that we are mortal, not infallable, or
unisale
and that our fate is indivisible. Above all, I believe
I
believe this deeply: Only God has a monopoly on truth. //
When the rights of unborn children are abolished -- that's
not tolerance but intolerance. When our children's textbooks
5
become value-neutral -- with the historical role of religion in
American society repudicated -- that's liberal amnesia which
demands a November wake-up call. /
the wod priduce h Ua..
When a teacher in Colorado is ordered to refrain from silent
reading of the Bible during pre-class time and remove all Bibles
Uaina Reel. Primpersin
from his class, I say that's not
heder
than in
XXX tolerance -- that's bigotry. //
When my favorite group -- the American Civil Liberties Union
-- tries to ban the "Sex Repsect" sex education program because
it teaches -- you guessed it -- abstinence -- I say: That's
sick +1
he would grossy his
And when television's Emmy Awards are used to trash
traditional values / when network TV offers countless programs
whe,
to
which glorify sex profanity, and immrality / but when on the
only, must challing Than to we godes,
other hand, what Dan Quayle calls, correctly, the liberal elite
grease,
modesny, integring 0
bans prime-time prpgramming which celebrates what Aunt Bea called
strilly
will, his
"home and people's feelings and how they grew up": Here is my i a me is
message: Enough is enough. //
Engha
have,
scoss
Hollywood doesn't like to hear it -- but I like to say it:
We need a Nation closer to The Waltons than The Simpsons. /
???!
, Un ch us
Here's another way of putting it: Networks which flaunt shows
like Married With Children ought to have the tolerance to air
Slackem -yes, Min sh Miller world pwe-ii
a malls here.
Javes
programs like The Andy Griffith Show. / On television, they
should air conservative as well as liberal programming : -- and
a divesi 5
Fues
Creat
were
?
they should give a decent respect to right versus wrong in our
you Yourd saleri, ir release sadios,
churches, and in our schools. //
Jun are uper the cup bay 4 user, so su are give a dear
25 selital punk. $15 is UCA sain Yaupri 2,a I 14 as would 6 ashr' part in
5
Left or right no one has the right to impose their will
and dictate their view of morality on the rest of society. Yet
consider a story a few years back about a counseling session
involving high school students. / In the session, the students
concluded that a fellow had been foolish to return $1,000 she
found in a purse. When the students asked the counselor's
opinion, he told them he believed that the girl had done the
right thing but that, of course, he wouldn't try to force his
values on them.
"If I come from the position of what is right and wrong,
then I'm not their counselor."
I disagree -- couldn't disagree more. I believe that
La
qualities like self-discipline, respect for law, and belief in
cupin in, in
XXX right versus wrong comprise the heart of life / of
min,
eno thes us delives
character / and, yes, of what we call our New Jerusalem -- the
United States of America.
That is why I denounce racism, and bigotry -- and have since
I raised funds as a student for the United Negro College Fund.
The Ku Klux Klan is an embarrassment to Christ -- whose gospel is
Air
love -- and an embarrassment to our Nation -- whose gospel is
freedom. / I detest cross-burning, and book-burning. I recoiul
from any silencing, or bullying, of views. To me, any type of
XXX political correctness is morally abhorrent.
[[
]]
XXX [[Line re. tolerancell There is no reason
Huckleberry Finn should be banned from the schools of this
country. My kids were moved by the courage of The Diary of Anne
Forinsve i in Rsem SLI Dela M u 700 CLD. (
54 be lela 4700 column. Raisly
-listerster a allene- kg apoil wear The So called policicals correl
55 when posing lenk abalise. //
would San sud classise Ta Sayer wells Finn inser
vidicular apulso invu in u in Yrs, to allyn U sile Un i M divi
wu. well, P.C. is nor is USA The sno on he invelleted stabley
a boar shirting in vilat allied a ui blue. be with Gener
Fared up to the Sight for freed and - ws(ne) N.
or Sal a tachics lane a augu Greation
n exprem
(Fuinsvare, beinder
7
Frank. There is no reason -- ever -- it should not be read. No
small minority has the right to impose its will and dictate their
view of morality on the rest of society. That applies to perhaps
the ultimate intolerance. As the following story shows.
A principle walked into a classroom and found the teacher
praying. The principal said, "According to the Supreme Court,
you're not allowed to do that. " //
The teacher was not deterred. "Really?" she said. "Well,
the Supreme Court isn't a substitute teacher who's just been
thrown into a classroom filled with eight-year-olds." //
Talk about Solomon. This teacher knew something's wrong
when kids can get condoms at school but -- like teachers -- can't
say a prayer. /
If Congress can raise its pay in a midnight session / if
Congress can install new lighting so their faces will be better
lit for TV if Congress can spend time debating Vanna White's
appearance on the Home Shopping Network -- then, surely, Congress
can allow our kids to thank Almighty God. //
So I throw down the gaunlet. Let's defend tolerance
against religious intolerance by bringing the Faith of our
Fathers back to the classrooms of America. I call on Congress,
and I challenge my opponent to support me: Let's pass a
Constitutional Amendment restoring voluntary prayer to our
schools. //
in ther
Now, I'll 444h admit many Americans haven't heard of this
intolerance. The reason is -- well, Dan Quayle has said it best.
A
CIR
origin u from in " more have Si.
isuces
1-0
un
=
8
The national press is elitist and ultra-liberal. It distorts.
{
lek dursies
It covers up. It lies. I refer you to, among others, the
nonpartisan Center for Media and Public Affairs. Their surveys
show a prestige media the three newsweeklies the four TV
persent
networks, the Washington Post and New York Times -- which wants
to keep God out of the classroom / which believes in reverse
discrimination / and which regards Middle America like lepers at
a bazaar.
inole,
If intolerance is an art form, the national media is the
Michaelangelo of our time. Yet since this is a speech of simple
Use heri there
truths, here is another. They are not alone. // We, too, have
Twore, Le 1 acceds.
nore
engaged in excess. We, too, have fantasized a monopoly on truth.
eshel
We have practiced exclusion -- the politics of the closed, not
open, door. Forgetting that while God may hate the sin, He loves
the sinner. As must we.
When God looks down from Heaven, He does not divide black
from white / rural from urban / working mothers and single
mothers. He says -- we we must also: All are welcome at my
table. II
M
When we sing the wondrous song, "Jesus Loves the Little
Children, " we don't mean just those who are white / who are
affluent / who are suburban / who have two parents. We mean all
unter
children each of whom is "precious in His sight. //
sechin
My opponents say I divide America. My friends, nothing
could be further from the truth. Barbara and I have had six kids
-- one died, five are living. I I know all are precious in His
Uftimated we holene dispered by lu Welli what elite.
has all where
9
as
sight. I know all are welcome at the table of America
and
will be as long as I am President.
C. 49 notime pariges has
( i selve restal your prises more
invelved assway
Once, two ladies were discussing the merits of two
Presidents -- Abraham Lincoln and Jefferson Davis of the
assis une sit every yes.
Confederacy. The first, ( Las said, "I think Jefferson will succeed
because he is a praying man. "
The second answered, "But so is Abraham a praying man. "
"Yes," replied the first lady, "but the Lord will think
Abraham is joking."
hutpose Tinlers work-
suple mes and
I believe this is how we should approach public and private
life -- with conviction yet tolerance; passion yet humor. It is
why
I
would rather be a one-term President who unites America
than a two-term President who divides America.
In the only election that really counts, God will not ask.
que mgue que
and uses , ld
sest
Were you rich? Were you successful? Did you frequent the finest
been "In can mm.
parties -- and attend the best schools?
yrs
He w/ will ask instead the only questions that matter. Were we
as
sellen
kind? Were we honest? Did we lend a hand / tend a wound / and
truly love thy neighbor?
Bat Rivk the Sele- his -pre- fall 9 1 mg qu'shi? Di up
my used
Three weeks ago an event occurred which showed how tolerance
million
mas lem you lean
inter,
can be best when tragedy is worst. Hurricane Andrew -- perhaps
the worstt natural disaster since the 1906 earthquake in San
Unine Me has has
Francisco. / We saw how as the Good Book reminds us: "If one
praver
in als pored proval
member suffers, all suffer together. " / We also learned how
nothing can match the spirit of neighbor-helping-neighbor //
Reduction his high 3
S.
3
in
"di } 5 S
15"
would
10
excell
Amid the rubble of hurricanne, strangers opened wallets /
and wele
Sphil
their arms / and ultimately their hearts They provided
blankets, food, and shelter and ultimateky, hope proving Prual
Print
how though Americans could be physically beaten faull -- we will never
be defeated.
s
due
5
/Dausity
insured
U
8
Perhaps
a
man
,
-- put it best "It makes you cry
applicable
in
-- just the love, the generosity, the ." . He knew that matters
is not race, creed, sex, or religion. What counts is that we are
Americans and children of the same humane and loving God. //
3B
Without God's help we can do nothing. With it we can do
everything -- for ourselves and for the world.
Thank you for
your suport, and you faith in the future. God bless this
{
, th
wondrous land -- the United States of America.
#
#
#
#
the
Malle when resers. 6.21 ready, us is be 50, Aeri on you leas 4 is Mitane 3 us insurance. ww is 1 in yes
all
2
year latter
Am
be a Card befu w 5.
narare 10d.
(Smith/Aarhus)
Draft One
September 8, 1992
GOLDEN
PRESIDENTIAL REMARKS: REAGAN EVENT
ORANGE COUNTY, CA.
SUNDAY, SEPT. 13, 1992
[ [ACKONWLEDGEMENTS] President and Mrs. Reagan. Ladies
and gentlemen. //
Thank you for that gracious introduction -- and for the
privilege of saluting the American Life of an American Original.
A man who was born on February 6, 1911 -- but his heart is pure
Fourth of July. //
This man made the world believe in America again. He made
Americans believe in themselves. Let me put it so that even our
liberal friends can understand: Ronald Reagan is one of the
greatest Americans of all time. //
I love Ronald Reagan for the same reasons you do. First,
his terrific sense of humor. ( (President Reagan was something
wondrously different in Washington: A politician who was funny
on purpose.)) //
I'm a Reagan fan for another reason: His facility with
language. From Normandy to the Kremlin -- from a wall in Berlin
to an Oval Office in Washington -- no leader since Churchill used
words so effectively to help freedom unchain the world. //
This bring me to the best reason America is Reagan Country.
The Great Communicator was also the Great Liberator. //
2
Abroad, he helped liberate millions from the tyranny of
Communism. At home, he helped liberate free a people from a
government that's too big and spends too much. / What Ronald
Reagan began, we must now build upon. This November, let's win
One for the Gipper -- and for freedom around the globe. //
((Now, I'm not saying these things about Ronald Reagan in
case he decides to run for President again in 1996. / Though
I'll confess if it weren't for the 22nd Amendment, he would now
be well into the 12th year of his Presidency -- and I'd be
halfway around the world at some funeral right now. ) ) //
I say these things because they're true. Because I believe
them -- as Orange County has since before there was Ronald Reagan
entered politics. / Most of all, I say them because Ronald
Reagan and I think alike. He worked too hard in 1980 to take the
government from the liberals of Mr. Jimmy Carter for it now to be
recaptured by my left-wing opponent, Mr. Refried Carter. //
Ronald Reagan predicted that Communism would land in the
dust bin of history -- and he was right. Unlike my opponent, I
want a defense strong enough to keep it there. / ( (Perhaps
Governor Clinton should visit Moscow. Someone told me that
visitors to Lenin's Tomb haven't been able to get a good look at
him since Communism's collapse. Lenin's still spinning. ))
Ronald Reagan made that possible. Just as he rebuilt our
military -- and made the uniform again a matter of pride. / I
guess my opponent -- that noted military expert -- doesn't grasp
that. Just as he doesn't get the importance of one of Ronald
3
Reagan's greatest legacies -- the Strategic Defense Initiative. /
When the Scuds came raining down in Desert Storm, thank God
we didn't rely on some abstract theory of deterrence. Thank God
we had the technology to shoot those Scuds out of the sky. / My
opponent wants to kill SDI. Maybe he should visit Tel Aviv and
Jerusalem -- where Ronald Reagan's idea saved lives. Vote for me
-- and keep that idea alive. Let's go forward with SDI.
((People keep asking me why Governor Clinton keeps trashing
defense as he travels around the country. Beats me. Maybe he's
inhaled too many bus fumes. )) // The fact is -- you know it --
last year "Peace through strength" paid off for every American in
the seas and sands of the Persian Gulf. / Kuwait is free because
of those who held the line, and kept the faith. Held the line
against liberals for whom Kept the faith with those who
know: When America stands fast -- freedom stands tall. //
This election is also about standing tall at home. / Ronald
Reagan knew that our judiciary should interpret -- not legislate.
Governor Clinton disagrees -- thinks the courts should be a
mouthpiece for the ACLU agenda. / Here's a reason to vote for
me: I won't put Mario Cuomo on the United States Supreme Court.
Here's another reason. Unlike my opponent, Ronald Reagan
and I believe there's something wrong when kids are free to get
condoms at school but not free to say a prayer. / I believe
America is divinely blessed. So today I call on Congress, and I
challenge Governor Clinton to support me: Let's pass a
4
Constitutional Amendment restoring voluntary prayer to our
schools. //
(Smith/Aarhus)
Draft Three
September 7, 1992
TOLERANCE
PRESIDENTIAL REMARKS: EVANGELICALS
VIRGINIA BEACH, VA.
FRIDAY, SEPT. 11, 1992
President . Director . My good friend Pat Robertson --
-
and I want to salute your leadership. Ladies and gentlemen.
( (It is often said of a group or individual that "He hasn't
got a prayer." Today I am pleased to be with an audience about
whom that will never be said. )) //
I am delighted to be in the heart of America's evangelical
community. ((It's always good to know that if it takes divine
intervention to save my speech, help is close at hand. )) //
I want to talk to you today less as President than as
husband, father, believer, friend. Talk about the teachings of
the Sermon on the Mount -- lessons which recall that while God
can live without man, man cannot live without God. //
The Good Shepherd taught us many things. Faith, fidelity,
compassion, courage. He also taught that we could not be a light
unto others if we embraced darkness in ourselves. / Nation or
individual -- we were put here to love, not hate, each other.
Which is why I believe that tolerance is a virtue -- not a vice.
All of us learn different lessons at different stages of our
lives. / For instance, I learned about prayer as a kid at the
dinner table -- when each day mother or dad read a Bible lesson.
2
[[Well, up to a point. I don't think that even manna from above
could get me to eat broccoli. ]] // As a teenager, I memorized
the Navy hymn: "O hear us when we cry to thee / for those in
peril on the sea" -- and learned how death knows no ideology. /
From Barbara I learned, as the Bible says, "to act justly,
to love mercy, and to walk humbly." [[Course, when I compare my
polls to her's, I have a lot to be humble about. / Ironically,
it was war that taught me civility. After being shot down, I'd
go on deck at night aboard the submarine Finback, stand watch on
the bridge, and look out at the dark. I was 18 -- same age as
many of the enemy. Japanese or Americans -- it didn't matter. I
knew how God would want us both to "be thy brother's keeper. " //
Then came the post-war years -- for me, a place called Texas
-- where I learned about tolerance. Lived the dream -- Little
League, PTA, backyard barcecues. Saw how whether black or white,
red or brown -- God was color-blind. It was here I truly learned
how to "do unto others." It was lesson I have never forgot. //
It's not easy to "love thy neighbor as thyself." If it
were, you and I would be camels passing through the eye of a
needle. Yet recall the Good Book: If Jesus could break bread
with Zacheus the tax-collector, so can Americans with each other.
//
Our Nation was forged on tolerance. First came an early
surge of bigotry. Baptists preachers arrested for preaching
without a license / voting and property limited to chosen
denominations / clerical heresey could mean banishment -- or
3
worse. Then came the counter-surge. Jefferson said of
intolerance "VIV is a departure from the plan of the Holy author
of our religion." Washington spoke -- and I quote -- of "how the
government of the United States gives to bigotry no sanction, to
persecution no assistance." His America would be great because
its people were good: "Where everyone [could] sit in safety, and
there shall be none to make him afraid." Remember Roger Williams
and William Penn, the Hugenots and Quakers. They showed how in a
pluralistic society tolerance could pull us together -- and keep
hate from pulling us apart. / /
By tolerance, I mean the principle and the act: One without
the other is like Pat Robertson without Sheila Walsh. / A story
underlines that point. In 1956, the Queen of Belgium visited
Warsaw, then under Soviet domination. She asked the chief of
protocol, "Are you a Catholic?"
The man replied, "Believing -- but not practicing."
"Then in that case, " the Queen observed, "you must be a
Communist. "
The man demurred. "Practicing, Your Majesty, but not
believing. " //
Today, we need both to believe in and practice tolerance --
as they say in Louisiana, to walk the walk, not just talk the
talk. That is why I am troubled by what I see in America. I see
people attacking not judgement -- but other's intent, and motive.
I see certain topics declared off-limits -- people denied the
right to honestly think and speak one's mind. I hear insults
4
hurled recklessly. "Bigot, racist, fellow traveler." These
terms demean America -- and put public discourse in the gutter.
Now, I'll admit. I have trouble speaking from the heart --
you know us Episcopalians. Yet I know that when America chooses
a President -- it elects not only programs, but a person. Two
men this year seek your support. You must know what I believe
inside -- and, yes, what I honor.
I believe that the definition of a successful life must
include serving others. I know we cannot serve each other if we
demean each other. / I believe that decency, and courtesy, are
not character flaws. I believe that family -- whether single-
parent or traditional -- is America'a heirloom of the heart --
and that family structure means less than personal responsibilty.
I believe in the rule of reason -- not force -- in respect
for the minority -- not tyranny of the minority. // I know that
we are all God's children -- and that we should treat each other
gently. I believe not just in listening to but also hearing each
other -- for we are mortal, not infallable. Above all, I believe
this: Only God has a monopoly on truth. //
When the rights of unborn children are abolished -- that's
not tolerance but intolerance. When our children's textbooks
become value-neutral -- with the historical role of religion in
America repudicated -- that's liberal amnesia which demands a
November wake-up call. /
5
When a teacher in Colorado is ordered to refrain from silent
reading of the Bible during pre-class time and remove all Bibles
from his class -- there's a word for this. Prejudice. //
When my favorite group -- the American Civil Liberties Union
-- tries to ban the "Sex Respect" sex education program because
it teaches -- you guessed it -- abstinence: Here's another term
-- grossly unfair. //
And when television's Emmy Awards are used to trash
traditional values / when network TV offers countless programs
which glorify sex and profanity / and when it refuses to even
acknoweledge the millions of Americans who believe in goodness,
generosity, modesty, integrity. Here is my response. Not a rose
is a rose is a rose. Enough is enough is enough. //
Hollywood doesn't like to hear it -- but truth makes me say
it: We need a Nation closer to The Waltons than The Simpsons. /
Look at it another way: How can networks which flaunt shows like
Married With Children even refuse to air prime-time programs
which reflect the values of Middle America? / I believe
television should respect all Americans. Thus, I believe in
balanced programming: For every Murphy Brown, fairness requires
an Andy Griffith Show. / Let conservatives respect the diversity
of America. But let us also demand a decent respect for right
versus wrong in television, Hollywood, our churches, and schools.
Now, I don't want to belabor the point. [[As Zsa Zsa Gabor
said to each of her husbands, "I'll let you go fairly soon. "]] //
6
Yet the point is important -- as a story a few years back shows
about a counseling session involving high school students. /
In the session, the students concluded that a girl had been
foolish to return $1,000 she found in a purse. When the students
asked the counselor's opinion, he told them he believed that the
girl had done the right thing but that, of course, he wouldn't
try to force his values on them.
He said: "If I come from the position of what is right and
wrong, then I'm not their counselor."
I couldn't disagree more. I believe that qualities like
self-discipline, respect for law, and belief in honor comprise
what we call character -- which rests on fidelity to principle -
- which, in turn, defines the United States of America.
That is why I hate racism, and bigotry -- and have since I
raised funds as a student for the United Negro College Fund. The
Ku Klux Klan is an embarrassment to Christ -- whose gospel is
love -- and an embarrassment to America -- whose gospel is
freedom. / I detest cross-burning, and book-burning. I recoil
from any silencing, or bullying, of views. //
For instance, I think Pat Robertson should appear on the
"700 Club. I also think my opponent should be heard on a "700
Club" of his own. That's the number of positions he takes on
each issue. /
I wonder what my opponent thinks of the new intolerance
known as "political correctness." The so-called politically
correct would ban classics like Tom Sawyer / insert ridiculous
7
euphemisms into the English language / and attempt to silence
those they disagree with. / Well, P.C. is not U.S.A. // There's
no room for intellectual blackballing or brown-shirting in the
land of the red, white, and blue. We haven't fought for freedom
around the world -- only to now turn our backs on tactics that
would place a gag on freedom of expression here at home. //
For instance, there is no reason Huckleberry Finn should be
banned from our schools. My kids were moved by The Diary of Anne
Frank. There is no reason -- ever -- it should not be read. No
small minority has the right to impose its will and dictate their
view of morality on the rest of society. That applies to perhaps
the ultimate intolerance. //
Once, a principle walked into a classroom and found the
teacher praying. The principal said, "According to the Supreme
Court, you're not allowed to do that. " //
The teacher was not deterred. "Really?" she said. "Well,
the Supreme Court isn't a substitute teacher who's just been
thrown into a classroom filled with eight-year-olds." //
Talk about Solomon. This teacher knew something's wrong
when kids can get condoms at school but -- like teachers -- can't
say a prayer. / She knew that if Congress can spend time
debating Vanna White's appearance on the Home Shopping Network -
- surely, Congress can allow our kids to thank Almighty God. //
So I say: Let's back tolerance by renewing the Faith of our
Fathers in the classrooms of America. I call on Congress, and I
8
challenge my opponent to support me: Let's pass a Constitutional
Amendment bringing voluntary prayer back to our schools. //
Denying the right to pray / to read the Bible / to sexually
abstain: I'll admit all Americans aren't aware of this left-
wing intolerance. The reason is, well: If kids, quoting Art
Linkletter, say "the funniest things" -- my partner Dan Quayle
says some of the most accurate things. / I refer you to the
nonpartisan Center for Media and Public Affairs. There you'll
see how the prestige media is elitist, unfair. It wants to keep
God out of the classroom. It believes in reverse discrimination.
It regards Middle America like lepers at a bazaar.
Ultimately, the tolerance dispensed by the liberal media
stops at the churchhouse door. Those who believe in treating
other segments of society with political correctness refuse to
apply it to those who believe in God. / It's not trendy in the
media to embrace the Prince of Peace. But just as He withstood
torment to live forever -- so will faith overcome the intolerance
of the cultural elite. //
So far, so good: I suspect you agree with me. Yet liberal
bias is only one side of intolerance' coin. Today I mean to
speak the truth. The truth is we conservatives have not been
bereft of sin. / Like the media, too often we have engaged in
excess. Too often we have been not vigilant -- but overzealous.
We have forgot that America must be inclusive. We have practiced
the politics of the closed, not open, door. We have forgot that
9
while God may hate the sin -- He loves the sinner. Tolerance
demands: So must we. //
When God looks down from Heaven, He does not divide black
from white / rural from urban / stay-at-home mothers from single
mothers. He says -- as we must: All are welcome at my table. //
When we sing the song, "Jesus Loves the Little Children, " we
don't mean just those who are affluent / who are suburban / who
have two parents. We mean all the "children of the world." " Each
is "precious in His sight. " //
My opponents say I divide America. Nothing could be further
from the truth. Barbara and I had six kids -- one died, five are
living. All were precious -- just as all Americans will be
welcome at the table as long as I am President.
I believe we should treat public and private life with
conviction yet tolerance. I'm reminded of two ladies who
discussed the merits of two Presidents -- Jefferson Davis of the
Confederacy and Abraham Lincoln, who once said, "If I did not
laugh I think my heart would break. "
The first lady said, "I think Jefferson will succeed
because he is a praying man."
The second answered, "But so is Abraham a praying man. "
"Yes," replied the first lady, "but the Lord will think
Abraham is joking. "
Humor -- mercy -- honor -- prayer. Timeless words -- simple
truths -- which speak to us, as Christ said, "until the end of
time."
10
In the only election that really counts, God won't ask.
Were you rich? Were you -- quote, unquote -- "successful"? Did
you attend the finest parties? Were you Democrat or Republican?
Instead, God will ask. Were we kind? Were we selfless?
Did we lend a hand, and tend a wound -- believe in prayer, and
keep God's faith? Did we truly live a good and honest life?
Three weeks ago an event showed how tolerance matters most
when tragedy leaves us least. / Hurricane Andrew proved what
the Bible says: "If one member suffers, all suffer together. II /
It also showed how nothing can match the spirit of neighbor-
helping-neighbor. 11
Amid the rubble, strangers extended arms / opened hearts /
proved a light unto the world. Supplied blankets, food, and
shelter -- provided hope. Proved that though Americans could be
physically beaten -- we will never be defeated.
America faces great challenges -- safe streets / good
schools / a sound economy / a world at peace. We will meet all
of them together -- or none of them alone. The victims of Andrew
knew this -- knew what counts is not race or religion. What
counts is that we children of the same humane and loving God. //
Perhaps a man in Miami -- his home destroyed, but faith
unbowed -- put it best: "It makes you cry -- just people's
generosity. " He knew that without God's help we can do nothing.
With it we can do everything -- for ourselves and for the world.
Matthew 6:21 reminds us, "Where your treasure is, there your
heart will be also. " Our inheritance is America. Treasure it.
11
Recall how prayer can create a future worthy of our dreams.
Thank you for your support, and your faith in the future. God
bless this wondrous land -- the United States of America.
# # # #
(Smith/Aarhus)
Draft One
September 4, 1992
TOLERANCE
PRESIDENTIAL REMARKS: EVANGELICALS
VIRGINIA BEACH, VA.
FRIDAY, SEPT. 11, 1992
President . Director . My good friend Pat Robertson --
and I want to salute your leadership. Ladies and gentlemen.
( (It is often said of a group or individual that "He hasn't
got a prayer. " Today I am pleased to be with an audience about
whom that will never be said. )) //
I am delighted to be in the heart of America's evangelical
community. ( (It's always good to know that if it takes divine
intervention to save my speech, help is close at hand. )) //
In the spirit of the occasion, two vows. First, I will be
brief. After all, you've sacrificed . // The second promise
is for those of you in the back of the room. I'll try to speak
up. ( (Pat Robertson warned me that the agnostics in this hall orsles
are very bad. )) //
I want to talk to you today less as President than as
husband, father, church-goer, friend. Talk about what I learned
as a boy, and prize as a man. / As a boy I read the timeless
teachings of the Sermon on the Mount. They remind us that while
God can live without man -- man cannot live without God //
The Good Shepherd taught us many things. Faith, fidelity,
compassion, courage. He also taught that we could not be a light
unto the world if we embraced darkness in our hearts Nation or
individual -- we were put here to love, not hate, each other.
Which is why I believe -- believe deeply: True faith marries
conviction and tolerance like Bogart and Bacall. //
ones
Last year -- perhaps some of you remember -- I spoke to the
National Religious Broadcasters -- where I talked of Saddam
Hussein's attempt to cast Desert Storm as a religious war. I
said it was not that our conflict had nothing to with religion
per se. It had everything to do with what religion embodies. //
The War in the Gulf was not America vs. a madman. It was
wos
right versus wrong. Freedom and human dignity versus bigotry and
oppression. It was not a Christian -- a Jewish -- a Moslem war.
It was a noble war -- a just war -- a war in which good did
prevail. //
1
Signature
Now, I know that some disagreed with our policy in the Gulf.
Yet I had no bitterness toward them then -- nor have I anger,
now. / I was convinced I was right -- and God's providence has
proved it. Yet I refuse to blame, or recriminate. You see: I
M
believe that tolerance is a virtue -- not a vice. /
brain
As a kid I learned this at the breakfast table -- when each
day mother or dad read a Bible lesson. Or as a teenager -- when
I memorized the Navy hymn: "O hear us when we cry to thee
for
those in peril on the sea." I learned that death knows no This R
ideology. // From other came related Barbara taught me,
1
2
as
as the Book of Micah says, "to act justly and love mercy and to
walk humbly.
]] It was war ironically, that taught me
about
Aboard the submarine Finback after being shot down,
I'd go on deck at night, stand watch on the bridge, and look out
at the dark. I was 18 the same age as many of the enemy.
I
thought of how God would want us all to "be thy brother's
keeper. // Then came the post-war years -- for me, a place
called Texas. Lived the dream -- Little League, PTA, blockyard
barcecues. Here we tried "to love thy neighbor as thyself.
It's not easy to "do unto others." If if were, you and
I
1
would be elephants passing through the eye of a needle and
Clas. insued, she
[America is tolerant -- forged on tolerance. Yet today we
question not judgement -- but motive and intent.
3
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I believe in decency, and courtesy I believe that America
is great because her people are good. 6 I believe in respect
for the minority. I do not believe in tyranny of the minority.
1101 believe that we are all God's children --- and that we
should treat each other as He intended. 4 I believe in the rule of
reason -- not the rule of force. // [quietly, modestly with the
respect and dignity they deserve]
miders
desere
I believe that the definition of a quins successful life must
include serving others. I know we cannot serve each other as
long as we are screaming at each other. / Bigot, racist, Such
terms demean our country and ourselves. Terms like I
believe
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tead that we should listen, and listen to that we should
respect our neighbor, and demand respect from him. Above all
believe we are mortal -- not infallible. 8 Only God has a monopoly
on truth.
//
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100
talk the talk We have to walk the walk Not enough to say these
verities we must live them.
Has
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In 1956, the Queen of Belgium visited Warsaw, then under
Soviet domination. She asked the chief of protocol, "Are you a
Catholic?" /
The man replied, "Believing -- but not practicing. "
/
"Then in that case, " the Queen observed, Main "you must be
a
Communist.'
The man demurred. "Practicing, Your Majesty, but not
533
believing.
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I'remember how a principal walked into a classroom and found
the teacher praying. The principal said, "According to the
Supreme Court, you're not allowed to do that." //
The teacher was not deterred. "Really?" she said. "Well,
the Supreme Court isn't a substitute teacher who's just been
y
assin Selive
thrown into a classroom filled with eight-year-olds. " //
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as
say a prayer. / I can think of anything more intolerant than
speel
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3
bringing the most left-wing curriculum into school -- and keeping
God out. //
If Congress can raise its pay in a midnight session / if
Congress can install new lighting so their faces will be better
lit for TV / if Congress can spend time debating Vanna White's
appearance on the Home Shopping Network -- then, surely, Congress
can allow our kids to thank Almighty God. //
So I throw down the gaunlet. Let's defend tolerance
against religious intolerance. How? By bringing the Faith of
our Fathers back to our classrooms. I call on Co
ngress, and I challenge my opponent to support me: Let's pass a
Constitutional Amendment restoring voluntary prayer to our
schools. //
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Two ladies were discussing the merits of two Presidents --
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will succeed because he is a praying man. "
The second answered, "But so is Abraham a praying man. "
"Yes," replied the first lady, "but the Lord will think
Abraham is joking."
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