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Natural Communities Conservation Planning 9/14/92 [OA 7580]
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Folder Title:
Natural Communities Conservation Planning 9/14/92 [OA 7580]
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4742
9/11/92
PRESIDENTIAL REMARKS:
NATURAL COMMUNITIES CONSERVATION
PLANNING (NCCP) PROGRAM EVENT
SAN DIEGO, CALIFORNIA
MONDAY, SEPTEMBER 14, 1992
10:00 a.m. 8:00 a.m.
NEXIS
Thank you, Governor Pete Wilson, for that introduction.
articles
Congressman Lowery. Our next U.S. Senators, John Seymour
Bruce Herschenson.
and Am
last
It's great to be back in California. You know, this week IS
was
Sept 1850 9,
the 142nd anniversary of California Admission Day -- when
California became a state. For that entire century and a half,
California has been a leader -- from the Gold Rush of that era to
the technology explosion of today. From Disneyland to digital
circuitry, from tourism to technology, California has led the way
for America.
Perhaps in no area is California's leadership more evident
than in working to make environmental protection and economic
growth go hand in hand.
Almost Nearly
Oct 14,1988
Four years ago, I stood on a beach right here in San Diego Scripps
and said that "the goal of a clean and healthy environment is not Institution
of
Oct Sept
in conflict with the need to create jobs in a growing economy
In the long run, successful environmental protection is a
at Occanography Uot
14/1988
CA
prerequisite to solid, sustainable economic growth. "
Remarks
I recognized in my words then, and in my actions since, that
-- with the right policies -- these twin goals are compatible.
In the last four years, we have acted on that recognition.
Jimners
We have enacted a Clean Air Act that will not only cut acid rain,
2800
smog, and toxic air emissions -- but that will do so at less cost
2
to the economy than the old command and control prescriptions of
the past.
Goddayd
We have taken the world lead in phasing out CFCs and other
June1,
ozone-depleting substances by 1995 -- and taken the world lead in
developing safe substitutes for them.
Sequoia
Speech
National
We have added over a million and a half acres to our parks,
7/44/92
forests, wildlife areas, and public lands and placed a special
Budget
emphasis on improving campsites and trails, increasing boating
Take
Take
Page
207
and fishing access, and creating new recreational opportunities
for millions of Americans -- young and old, able bodied and
disabled.
We have launched historic new programs in which industry is
Bob
voluntarily reducing its toxic emissions and installing energy-
u.s. Action
Grady
lighting -- and achieved results faster, cheaper, and
for Environment
with less litigation and regulatory haggling.
page
These steps have shown what is possible when we harness the
power of the marketplace in the service of the environment.
Last
This week, I spoke in Detroit about my Agenda for American
Renewal. My agenda applies this same creativity -- this same
respect for the power of the marketplace and the ingenuity of the
American people -- to the full range of new challenges facing our
economy.
America is in transition. We have succeeded in conquering
the challenges of the Cold War. New technologies are allowing
people to be their best -- decentralizing decisions and putting
power in the hands of people. Companies are paying down debt,
3
and becoming more competitive. We are expanding markets for
American products overseas.
15
No transition N easy -- and California's economy is feeling
the effects of this one. So I know this. America's number one
challenge today is to win the global economic competition.
We
must turn this economic transition into an economic opportunity.
We must win the peace.
Winning that competition will require an integrated approach
to meeting the challenges ahead. We must keep expanding our
horizons -- winning new markets, seizing new opportunities. We
must prepare our children for the challenges of the 21st century,
and sharpen the competitive edge of our companies, large and
small. We can promote economic security for this country while
leaving no one behind. But we can only do these things if we are
willing to change. To innovate. If we are willing to embrace
what works -- and reject what doesn't.
Machiavelli once said that "One change leaves the way open
for the introduction of others." The historic changes of the
last few years have created a more competitive America in a
freer, more open world. It would not be Machiavellian to suggest
that we seize this moment: that we make the changes we must to
grab the opportunities we can.
The integrated approach we bring to this new world -- this
search for innovation -- must apply to the environmental
challenges we face. Respecting the market. Fostering new
technology. Fostering partnerships. These are the ideas that
4
will make us more competitive and create jobs. And these are the
ideas that we should apply to environmental policy as well.
ByNancy Ray
Los Angeles
Let me give you some examples.
Times
We've come together before this historic ranch house -- the
Site Survey
Julyla, 1991
site of the first land grant in the state of California -- to
celebrate a voluntary partnership. Frankly, it's an experiment -
Deaxes
- an effort to preserve species and their critical habitat while
Rancho delos Penasquitos
still allowing for economic development. The Natural Communities
Conservation Planning project tries to bring all parties
together, in a proactive and voluntary manner, before regulatory
approaches kick in and reduce all flexibility.
We've already learned that preventing pollution at the
factory works better than cleaning it up at the smokestack or the
outfall pipe. This focus on prevention rather than remedial
management can help us protect ecological systems as well --
without massive disruptions of the economy.
Here's another example that's operating right here in
southern California. There is no question that for some
factories and businesses it will be very expensive to meet the
requirements of the Clean Air Act. There is also no question
that the dirtiest cars on the road are the oldest ones -- those
clunkers that first appeared before we had today's tough
pollution control standards.
Our Administration has issued guidance that would let states
reduce air pollution in the most cost-effective way by
establishing trading between stationary sources like factories
5
and mobile sources like cars. Under this plan, some companies
could help achieve air quality standards by paying cash to take
those dirty old clunkers off the roads. The result of using this
market based idea is less disruption of the economy, more car
sales, and cleaner air.
San Franciscle
LUNI cal]
Unocal tried it right here in southern California. The
more
than
result: over 8,000 cars were turned in. They emitted 99 times
Unocal
Aug.
more hydrocarbons than new cars. By taking them off the road,
192
BROCHURE
the scrappage program eliminated emissions equal to the
more-thand
crap
combination of 150,000 new cars, 1 million gallons of paint, half
pg2
the carbon monoxide emissions from every refinery and power plant
4
7
in greater Los Angeles and all of the hydrocarbon emissions from all
barbecue lighter fluids in the LA Basin.
This scrappage program worked -- and now we're going to
apply it nationwide.
A third example of how investing in the environment can help
the economy. Right now, San Diego could face the threat of
EPA
limits on new sewer hookups because of inadequate sewage
Alan
treatment. That would limit economic development. At the same
fox
time, the lack of secondary treatment is fouling the water. That
2606
hurts public health. It hurts recreation. It hurts California's
tourism economy.
I have proposed in each of my last two budgets line-item
grants to kick start the progress toward secondary treatment in
those coastal cities that don't now have it. That includes San
Diego, Los Angeles, Seattle, New York, Baltimore, and yes, the
6
Backgrounder by
infamous Boston Harbor. Bill Lowery and John Seymour have helped
Cong
get those funds through the appropriations committees.
Loury
By cleaning our water, we can clean up the environment,
encourage development, and promote tourism. So I call on
Congress to support this initiative again this year.
A fourth example. One of the key ingredients that has
allowed America to make progress already in reducing lead
emissions, reducing carbon monoxide and ozone, in cleaning up our
air and water, is technology.
Technology has made possible cleaner cars and cleaner
factories, more energy efficient buildings, and less wasteful
industrial practices. Technology is one of the keys to our
environmental -- and our economic -- future.
One of the things we have learned over the past two decades
is that command and control regulation freezes old technology in
place. Market oriented policies, and investment in the future,
can make new breakthroughs possible.
In this Administration, we have launched a broad program of
Battery Consertium
investment in new technologies to clean the environment and
Page Budget 300
promote energy efficiency. We started a partnership with the
232
major auto companies to develop cars that can run on batteries,
with zero air pollution. We're working toward lighter materials,
so that everything from airplanes to automobiles will use less
energy and create less pollution. We ve increased investment in
Budget
research and development for new ways to produce and use clean-
One,
burning natural gas. And perhaps most importantly, our national
235
7
energy strategy, by encouraging competition, will allow these
technologies the chance to be adopted in the marketplace.
My opponent has begun to talk about these things, and I'm
glad he agrees. But he should recognize one fact: the pro-
regulatory policies that he is advancing -- and which hís running
mate has supported in the U.S. Senate -- will impede technology,
not promote it. You can't have it both ways.
Finally, let me talk about an example that brings it all
together. Trade. We have worked in this Administration for a
more open world trading system -- for trade agreements that are
good foreign policy, good economic policy, and good environmental
policy.
The best example is NAFTA -- the North American Free Trade
Agreement. It will bring jobs right here to California. It will
allow us to expand our already growing exports to Mexico.
OK
In support of NAFTA, we have developed an environmental
Budget
action plan, to ensure sound environmental protection on both
Rage Ine
sides of the border. We've included funding for the Tijuana
sewage plant. For stepped up enforcement. For a cooperative
216
approach with the Mexican government, which has been working to
improve its own environmental laws.
My opponent continues to waffle and waiver on NAFTA. This
week, he claimed that one reason for his reservation was that
there was very little in the agreement for the environment.
Bush
Now here is an irony. At the exact moment Governor Clinton
Environmental
using this as an excuse, his Democratic allies in Congress are
Factheat
Grades Session thatt by
almost
8
cutting in half my proposed funding for the border environmental
plan. Let me put it very simply. Congress should restore the
funding. And Governor Clinton should take a stand.
These examples -- partnership, market forces, investment in
the future, technology, and trade -- point the way toward a
future in which both the environment and the economy can
flourish. But we must remember this. This future isn't
guaranteed. It requires the right choices, the right policies,
and the right priorities.
Too often, when policies undermine the potential for
partnership, or our laws are written in ways that discourage
innovation, we get a different result: Confrontation.
Litigation. Stagnation.
Later today, I will travel to the forests of the Pacific
Northwest, to the woods of Oregon and Washington. Here, it must
be said, the system has not worked. Interest groups have
litigated endlessly. Grading The courts have frozen almost all
harvesting activity on Federal lands. And families and
communities are suffering. The debacle surrounding the spotted
owl is a lesson that there must be a better way.
I have come here today to highlight one possible model for
that better way. What you are demonstrating here is a truth as
old as America: that by working together, we can accomplish much
more than we can by moving apart.
9
Pres Doc
You know, I remember a few years ago, when Time magazine
named
TXA+I
selected its man of the year, it selected the planet Earth as the
Mayll,
univ,
"Planet of the Year."
Comedian
1990
Jay Leno said the next night on the Tonight show: "Well,
what did you expect ? All the judges came from Earth
T
that's no fair. After all, all the judges were from Earth."
Oct 22,
Time's cover, and Jay's joke, underscore one fact: the
1990
environment, like the economy, is the concern of every
Theodore
Roosevelt
Californian of every American.
conservation
If we can create the unity of purpose, and apply the
Award
Remarks
creativity of thought, that America has used to hurdle every
other challenge that has stood in its path, there is no telling
what America can accomplish.
We can leave cleaner air and water for our children -- and
win the economic competition at the same time. We can win the
peace. We can ensure that the 21st century is yet another
American century.
Thank you, God bless you, and God bless the United States of
America.
#
#
#
#
- 200
- 200 people
the Rancho asquitory de tos
Penguaritos
/ 18 minutes,
prompter
/ Who will intro
/ Time FOR 8:05a.m. 5
/ Susan Gedding,
mayoral candidate
MASTER
Document No. 349773
WHITE HOUSE STAFFING MEMORANDUM
09/11/92
ASAP!!!!!!
DATE:
ACTION/CONCURRENCE/COMMENT DUE BY:
SUBJECT: PRESIDENTIAL REMARKS: NATURAL COMMUNITIES CONSERVATION PLANNING
PROGRAM EVENT, SAN DIEGO, CALIFORNIA
ACTION FYI
ACTION FYI
VICE PRESIDENT
MCBRIDE
>
BAKER
MOORE
SCOWCROFT
MULLINS
DARMAN
PETERSMEYER
BATES
PORTER
BRADY
PROVOST
BROMLEY
ROSS
CALIO
SMITH
DEMAREST
TUTWILER
FITZWATER
ZOELLICK
MCGROARTY
GRAY
KAUFMAN
HOLIDAY
GROOMES
HORNER
BOSKIN
>
DELAND
REMARKS:
Please provide any comments directly to Dan McGroarty AS SOON
AS POSSIBLE, with a copy to this office. Thanks.
RESPONSE:
PHILLIP D. BRADY
Assistant to the President
and Staff Secretary
Ext. 2702
9/11/92
PRESIDENTIAL REMARKS:
NATURAL COMMUNITIES CONSERVATION
PLANNING (NCCP) PROGRAM EVENT
SAN DIEGO, CALIFORNIA
MONDAY, SEPTEMBER 14, 1992
10:00 a.m.
Thank you, Governor Pete Wilson, for that introduction.
Congressman Lowery. Our next U.S. Senators, John Seymour and
Bruce Herschenson.
It's great to be back in California. You know, this week is
the 142nd anniversary of California Admission Day -- when
California became a state. For that entire century and a half,
California has been a leader -- from the Gold Rush of that era to
the technology explosion of today. From Disneyland to digital
circuitry, from tourism to technology, California has led the way
for America.
Perhaps in no area is California's leadership more evident
than in working to make environmental protection and economic
growth go hand in hand.
Four years ago, I stood on a beach right here in San Diego
and said that "the goal of a clean and healthy environment is not
in conflict with the need to create jobs in a growing economy
In the long run, successful environmental protection is a
prerequisite to solid, sustainable economic growth."
I recognized in my words then, and in my actions since, that
-- with the right policies --- these twin goals are compatible.
In the last four years, we have acted on that recognition.
We have enacted a Clean Air Act that will not only cut acid rain,
smog, and toxic air emissions -- but that will do so at less cost
2
to the economy than the old command and control prescriptions of
the past.
We have taken the world lead in phasing out CFCs and other
ozone-depleting substances by 1995 -- and taken the world lead in
developing safe substitutes for them.
We have added over a million and a half acres to our parks,
forests, wildlife areas, and public lands -- and placed a special
emphasis on improving campsites and trails, increasing boating
and fishing access, and creating new recreational opportunities
for millions of Americans -- young and old, able bodied and
disabled.
We have launched historic new programs in which industry is
voluntarily reducing its toxic emissions and installing energy-
efficient lighting -- and achieved results faster, cheaper, and
with less litigation and regulatory haggling.
These steps have shown what is possible when we harness the
power of the marketplace in the service of the environment.
(Smith)
Last
This week, I spoke in Detroit about my Agenda for American
^
Renewal. My agenda applies this same creativity -- this same
respect for the power of the marketplace and the ingenuity of the
American people -- to the full range of new challenges facing our
economy.
America is in transition. We have succeeded in conquering
the challenges of the Cold War. New technologies are allowing
people to be their best -- decentralizing decisions and putting
power in the hands of people. Companies are paying down debt,
3
and becoming more competitive. We are expanding markets for
American products overseas.
No transition easy -- and California's economy is feeling
the effects of this one. So I know this. America's number one
challenge today is to win the global economic competition.
We
must turn this economic transition into an economic opportunity.
We must win the peace.
Winning that competition will require an integrated approach
to meeting the challenges ahead. We must keep expanding our
horizons -- winning new markets, seizing new opportunities. We
must prepare our children for the challenges of the 21st century,
and sharpen the competitive edge of our companies, large and
small. We can promote economic security for this country while
leaving no one behind. But we can only do these things if we are
willing to change. To innovate. If we are willing to embrace Ross)
what works -- and reject what doesn't.
No Machiavelli
on this. Wrong
for the Machiavelli introduction once of said others. that "One The change historic leaves changes the way of the open and terse.
last few years have created a more competitive America in a
This
quoted
freer, more open world. It would not be Machiavellian to suggest
Paragraph
does
not
here
that we seize this moment: that we make the changes we must to
positively (smith)
grab the opportunities we can.
I'd cut. work.
The integrated approach we bring to this new world -- this
search for innovation -- must apply to the environmental
challenges we face. Respecting the market. Fostering new
technology. Fostering partnerships. These are the ideas that
quotegatively here
(smith)
4
will make us more competitive and create jobs. And these are the
ideas that we should apply to environmental policy as well.
Let me give you some examples.
We've come together before this historic ranch house -- the
site of the first land grant in the state of California -- to
celebrate a voluntary partnership. Frankly, it's an experiment -
- an effort to preserve species and their critical habitat while
still allowing for economic development. The Natural Communities
Conservation Planning project tries to bring all parties
together, in a proactive and voluntary manner, before regulatory
approaches kick in and reduce all flexibility.
We've already learned that preventing pollution at the
factory works better than cleaning it up at the smokestack or the
outfall pipe. This focus on prevention rather than remedial
management can help us protect ecological systems as well --
without massive disruptions of the economy.
Here's another example that's operating right here in
southern California. There is no question that for some
factories and businesses it will be very expensive to meet the
requirements of the Clean Air Act. There is also no question
that the dirtiest cars on the road are the oldest ones -- those
clunkers that first appeared before we had today's tough
pollution control standards.
Our Administration has issued guidance that would let states
reduce air pollution in the most cost-effective way by
establishing trading between stationary sources like factories
5
and mobile sources like cars. Under this plan, some companies
could help achieve air quality standards by paying cash to take
those dirty old clunkers off the roads. The result of using this
market based idea is less disruption of the economy, more car
sales, and cleaner air.
Unocal tried it right here in southern California. The
result: over 8,000 cars were turned in. They emitted 99 times
more hydrocarbons than new cars. By taking them off the road,
the scrappage program eliminated emissions equal to the
combination of 150,000 new cars, 1 million gallons of paint, half
the carbon monoxide emissions from every refinery and power plant
in greater Los Angeles, and all of the hydrocarbon emissions from
barbecue lighter fluids in the LA Basin.
This scrappage program worked -- and now we're going to
apply it nationwide.
A third example of how investing in the environment can help
the economy. Right now, San Diego could face the threat of
limits on new sewer hookups because of inadequate sewage
treatment. That would limit economic development. At the same
time, the lack of secondary treatment is fouling the water. That
hurts public health. It hurts recreation. It hurts California's
tourism economy.
I have proposed in each of my last two budgets line-item
grants to kick start the progress toward secondary treatment in
those coastal cities that don't now have it. That includes San
Diego, Los Angeles, Seattle, New York, Baltimore, and yes, the
2
6
infamous Boston Harbor. Bill Lowery and John Seymour have helped
get those funds through the appropriations committees.
By cleaning our water, we can clean up the environment,
encourage development, and promote tourism. So I call on
Congress to support this initiative again this year.
A fourth example. One of the key ingredients that has
allowed America to make progress already in reducing lead
emissions, reducing carbon monoxide and ozone, in cleaning up our
air and water, is technology.
Technology has made possible cleaner cars and cleaner
factories, more energy efficient buildings, and less wasteful
industrial practices. Technology is one of the keys to our
environmental -- and our economic --- future.
One of the things we have learned over the past two decades
is that command and control regulation freezes old technology in
place. Market oriented policies, and investment in the future,
can make new breakthroughs possible.
In this Administration, we have launched a broad program of
investment in new technologies to clean the environment and
promote energy efficiency. We started a partnership with the
major auto companies to develop cars that can run on batteries,
with zero air pollution. We're working toward lighter materials,
so that everything from airplanes to automobiles will use less
energy and create less pollution. We've increased investment in
research and development for new ways to produce and use clean-
burning natural gas. And perhaps most importantly, our national
7
energy strategy, by encouraging competition, will allow these
technologies the chance to be adopted in the marketplace.
My opponent has begun to talk about these things, and I'm
glad he agrees. But he should recognize one fact: the pro-
regulatory policies that he is advancing -- and which his running
mate has supported in the U.S. Senate -- will impede technology,
not promote it. You can't have it both ways.
Finally, let me talk about an example that brings it all
together. Trade. We have worked in this Administration for a
more open world trading system -- for trade agreements that are
good foreign policy, good economic policy, and good environmental
policy.
The best example is NAFTA -- the North American Free Trade
Agreement. It will bring jobs right here to California. It will
allow us to expand our already growing exports to Mexico.
In support of NAFTA, we have developed an environmental
action plan, to ensure sound environmental protection on both
sides of the border. We've included funding for the Tijuana
sewage plant. For stepped up enforcement. For a cooperative
approach with the Mexican government, which has been working to
improve its own environmental laws.
My opponent continues to waffle and waiver on NAFTA. This
week, he claimed that one reason for his reservation was that
there was very little in the agreement for the environment.
Now here is an irony. At the exact moment Governor Clinton
is using this as an excuse, his Democratic allies in Congress are
8
cutting in half my proposed funding for the border environmental
plan. Let me put it very simply. Congress should restore the
funding. And Governor Clinton should take a stand.
These examples -- partnership, market forces, investment in
the future, technology, and trade -- point the way toward a
future in which both the environment and the economy can
flourish. But we must remember this. This future isn't
guaranteed. It requires the right choices, the right policies,
and the right priorities.
Too often, when policies undermine the potential for
partnership, or our laws are written in ways that discourage
innovation, we get a different result: Confrontation.
Litigation. Stagnation.
Later today, I will travel to the forests of the Pacific
Northwest, to the woods of Oregon and Washington. Here, it must
be said, the system has not worked. Interest groups have
litigated endlessly. The courts have frozen almost all
harvesting activity on Federal lands. And families and
communities are suffering. The debacle surrounding the spotted
owl is a lesson that there must be a better way.
I have come here today to highlight one possible model for
that better way. What you are demonstrating here is a truth as
old as America: that by working together, we can accomplish much
more than we can by moving apart.
9
You know, I remember a few years ago, when Time magazine
selected its man of the year, it selected the planet Earth as the
"Planet of the Year."
Jay Leno said the next night on the Tonight show: "Well,
that's no fair. After all, all the judges were from Earth."
Time's cover, and Jay's joke, underscore one fact: the
environment, like the economy, is the concern of every
Californian -- of every American.
If we can create the unity of purpose, and apply the
creativity of thought, that America has used to hurdle every
other challenge that has stood in its path, there is no telling
what America can accomplish.
We can leave cleaner air and water for our children -- and
win the economic competition at the same time. We can win the
peace. We can ensure that the 21st century is yet another
American century.
Thank you, God bless you, and God bless the United States of
America.
#
#
#
#
a0740
W AM-SpottedOwl-Appeal
08-26 0497
AM-Spotted Owl-Appeal, 590<
Bush Administration Asks To Resume Logging In Spotted Owl Habitat<
By SCOTT SONNER=
"Associated Press Writer=
WASHINGTON (AP) - The Bush administration, eager to resume
Northwest logging, asked a U.S. appeals court Wednesday to lift a
judge's ban on timber harvests in national forests with northern
spotted owls.
Acting Assistant Agriculture Secretary John Beuter said the
logging injunction granted last month by U.S. District Judge
William Dwyer of Seattle is wholly unnecessary to save the
threatened owl from extinction.
We have a scientifically credible management strategy in place
that protects the long-term viability of the northern spotted
owl,' Beuter said in a statement.
The Agriculture Department filed the request with the 9th
Circuit Court of Appeals in San Francisco, where last year it lost
a similar dispute over protection Dwyer had ordered for the bird.
The motion seeks to stay Dwyer's injunction 50 the Forest
Service could resume plans to log millions of acres of national
forests in Oregon, Washington and northern California.
'We recognize that a stay pending appeal is extraordinary
relief, but this is an extraordinary case, Anne Almy, an attorney
for the Justice Department, said in the motion.
Attorneys for the Sierra Club Legal Defense Fund said they
thought the ban would be upheld because the threatened bird's
population is declining rapidly.
This is the same court that affirmed Judge Dwyer last year
under very similar circumstances, said Vic Sher, the group's
managing attorney in Seattle. He said oral arguments on the motion
are scheduled in San Francisco the first week of November.
If the logging ban is lifted, the agency would expect to harvest
between 1.8 billion and 2.3 billion board feet of timber on those
lands next year, Agriculture Department spokesman John Mahoney
said. That's about half the annual average of the 1980s.
Environmentalists and the Bush administration have been in and
out of court most of the two years since the Fish and Wildlife
Service declared the owl a threatened species in June 1990.
Dwyer earlier cited a remarkable series of violations of
environmental laws'' that have pushed the owl closer to the brink
of extinction, including ` ` a deliberate and systematic refusal by
the Forest Service and the Fish and Wildlife Service to comply with
the laws protecting wildlife.
This is not the doing of the scientists, foresters, rangers
and others at the working levels of these agencies, the judge
wrote. It reflects decisions made by higher authorities in the
executive branch of government. "
Dwyer issued the latest injunction in July, based partly on the
Forest Service's failure to consider new evidence that shows the
owl's population estimated at 3,000 pairs is less than once
feared.
Dwyer also said the agency's environmental impact statement
failed to take into account the owl protection plan's impact on 32
other species dependent on old-growth forests.
He ordered the agency to devise a new plan, but Deputy Forest
Service Chief James Overbay said last month it would take nearly
two years to do 50.
Sher said the strategy backed by the Forest Service is based on
the expectation new habitat will grow for the owl over the next 150
years. He said many of its proposed habitat conservation areas
contain only a small amount of actual owl habitat.
Barry Polsky, a spokesman for the American Forest Resource
Alliance, praised the administration's effort to lift the ban.
The judge has gone overboard in shutting down timber sales, "
he said.
AP-TV-08-26-92 1525EDT <+
9/12 12:15p.m
Christina --
Re acknowledgements. Grady put in acknowledgements in the
speech, but CA Advance has no acknowledgements worked out yet.
No confirmation on anyone. Haven't heard for sure who's going to
be coming.
I'm going to call Hopson back tomorrow and hopefully I'll have
some by then. In the meantime -- the ones Grady has in the
speech are not confirmed.
Michele
SEP-12-1992 12:30 FROM
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OFFICE OF
PRESIDENTIAL ADVANCE
COVER PAGE
TO: CAROL AARHUS
FROM: ED COWLING SAN DIEGO
3
TOTAL NUMBER OF PAGES:
(Including cover page)
DATE: 9/12/92
TIME: 12:30 PM
MESSAGE:
THE ATTACHED WAS DONE 3y
JIM WHALEN OF THE NEWLAND
CORP/PROPERTY DEVELOPER PARTICIPATING
IN NCCP) AS SUGGESTIONS
FOR SPEECA FOR MONDAY
MORNING
IF YOU HAVE ANY QUESTIONS OR PROBLEMS WITH THE TRANSMISSION PLEASE CALL.
TELEPHONE NUMBER:
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CAROL AARHUS
456 - 6218
NOTES ON RANCHO PENASQUITOS SPEECH
9/12/92
JIM WHALEN
(I do not mean to be so presumptuous to predict what you want the
President to discuss, but I offer the following as a general
direction, with appropriate facts interspersed.)
-Introduction-
Welcome.
to the ranch house of the Rancho de los Penasquitos, one
of the oldest houses in San Diego County (early 1800's)
It is appropriate that I come here to the Penasquitos (pronounced
Pen-ya-skee-toes) Preserve to address the enrollees and supporters
of the Natural Communities Conservation Flanning program, since the
Preserve itself is an example of the sort of partnership between
the public sector and landowners that the NCCP hopes to foster.
Twelve years ago, when the original 1,800 acres of the Preserve
were dedicated to the City of San Diego, people didn't talk very
much about the importance of retaining large blocks of wildlife
habitat. It may have been intuitively obvious, but at the time
there was nowhere near the emphasis on ecosystem-based planning
that we are seeing today. Nevertheless, the City's farsighted
agreement with the landowner, NEWLAND, led to the saving of
Penasquitos Canyon, and has permitted continuous additions of land
over the years, so that now the Preserve now has over 2,500 acres
in six-mile length and is the centerpiece of a major wildlife area.
The Natural Communities Conservation Planning program represents
the realization that sometimes adversarial interests can reach a
common goal, once each side acknowledges the genuine needs of the
other. Conservation of wildlife habitat and economic development
do not have to be mutually exclusive.
While not without its detractors from the extremes of both sides,
the NCCP is the first program of its kind in the United States
which promises to resolve the stalemate of Endangered Species
protection. Whole ecosystems of coastal sage scrub will be
preserved, with wildlife corridors stretching from the Facific
Ocean to the Cuyumaca (pronounced Koo-yoo-mah-cah) Mountains.
In slightly over a year, landowners and cities in San Diego, Orange
and Riverside have voluntarily enrolled hundreds of thousands of
acres of land, promising to delay development for the duration of
the eighteen-month planning period to permit the design begin the
formation of wildlife preserves.
The cooperation and compromise which inspire the NCCP are the glue
which holds an admittedly difficult process together, and none of
SEP-12-1992 12:32 FROM
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SEP-12-1992 11:29 FROM NEWLAND
TO
the participants will get everything they want. But the success of
the program will be measured by the permanent protection of
Southern California's unique wildlife, from the mountain lion to
the California gnatcatcher. It will allow economic development to
proceed with a certainty that would have been denied by the listing It
of the gnatcatcher and the scores of other sensitive species.
will minimize the controversy associated with development because
ocnservationists will be able to know that the coastal sage
ecosystem is protected.
(Body of speech from Andy McLeod's piece (Resources Agency) drafted
several weeks back, and I believe, already in your hands.)
Remarks on the 300 acres:
The so-called Park Trade is a further testament that conservation
and development interests can meet in the middle to serve both
sides' interests. When the voters of the City of San Diego
approved the trade of e parcel of City-owned land, surrounded by
future development and next to a freeway, for 300 acres of prime
wildlife habitat owned by NEWLAND, they were confirming, once
again, the wisdom of regional open space planning.
Instead of the piece-meal acquisition of postage stamp-sized open
space, a large block of land rich with rare plants and animals
will be added to the Penasquitos Preserve. The developer will also
provide nearly two million dollars to go towards enhancing the
Preserve and will get good land for development in return.
Everybody, conservationists, the landowner, and general public,
benefits from this innovative trade. This smart transaction Other is
exactly the sort of thing the NCCP hopes to foster.
landowners are engaged in similar efforts, such as the Irvine
Company's sale of thousands of acres of land in Laguna Beach to the
people of Laguna Beach.
When the 300 acres of land is added to the Preserve, a crucial
wildlife corridor to the north will be permanently protected from
development, and another piece in the puzzle will be placed.
Several pairs of gnatcatchers will keep their homes.
TOTAL P.05
TOTAL P.03
544-1819
SEP 10 '92 17:55
PAGE. 002
TO: BOB GRADY
FROM: CONGRESSMAN BILL LOWERY
RE: COASTAL SAGE SCRUB MULTISPECIES HABITAT PLANNING INFO
DATE: SEPTEMBER 10, 1992
BACKGROUND
*** The California gnatcatcher, whose habitat is coastal sage
scrub, is a 4-inch long bird noted for its kitten-like mewing
*** The National Resource Defense Fund petitioned the U.S. Fish
and Wildlife Service to emergency list the California Gnatcatcher
as an endangered species
+ On September 17, 1991, the Fish & Wildlife Service proposed
listing the bird as endangered
+ Under the Endangered Species Act final action must be
completed within a year from the date of proposal
*** San Diego County alone has 100,000 to 120,000 acres of
coastal sage scrub and an additional 250,000 acres exist north of
the county and in Baja, California
+ Listing of the bird could prohibit all development in the
habitat in San Diego County
*** According to a study released by the Building Industry
Association of Southern California, listing the bird as
endangered would result in:
the loss of as many as 212,000 jobs
and more than $20 billion in business activity and earnings
*** California Fish & Game Commission denied petition of
endangered status for gnatcatcher on Aug. 30, 1991, because of
ongoing efforts by the state and property owners to protect the
bird's habitat
FEDERAL AND STATE EFFORTS
*** Lowery requested $600,000 (which was approved) in the
Interior Appropriations Bill for fiscal year 1992 for the USF&W's
Laguna Niguel field office to evaluate and process plans for
multi-species habitat conservation plans being developed for
coastal sage scrub areas of Southern California
+ For 1993, Lowery won approval of $400,000 for San Diego and
$200,000 for Riverside County for coastal sage scrub
habitat conservation plans in the House-passed Interior
Appropriations Bill for fiscal year 1993
SEP 10 '92 17:55
PAGE. 003
Memo to Bob Grady
September 10, 1992
Page 2
*** The State of California has developed the Natural
Communities Conservation Program (NCCP) which seeks to bring
together a coalition of public and private land owners in order
to develop a regionwide plan to protect coastal sage scrub
habitat (Further information on NCCP attached)
GENERAL TALKING POINTS
*** To prevent people from running roughshod over their
environment, Congress enacted legislation in the 1970's to
protect endangered species. The Endangered Species Act (ESA) is
as important and vital today as it was then.
+ However, no law exists in a vacuum.
*** Theoretically, laws exist to provide structure to the
relationships between people and between people and their
environment, granting both parties certain rights and
protections.
*** The Endangered Species Act provides that if a proposed
project is likely to jeopardize an endangered species or its
habitat, the applicants for the project must consult with the
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service in order to minimize the project's
impact on the species.
+ Unfortunately, this consultation process only takes into
account the rights of the species, not of the people
proposing the project.
*** The need to balance environmental conservation and
development in Southern California has become abundantly clear
over the last decade.
*** The dedication and work by local municipalities and property
owners in addressing the need to preserve the Gnatcatcher habitat
has been unprecedented and impressive.
*** I have supported efforts in the past to develop and
implement habitat conservation plans for specific species which
have been listed as endangered
...
with the success of these
projects I applaud recent efforts to develop a multiple species
conservation plan for Southern California.
For further information contact Jean Gingras with Congressman
Lowery at 225-3201.
A CLEAN - AIR INITIATIVE FROM UNOCAL
PROBLEM: L.A.'S POLLUTED AIR
On most days, the people of Los Angeles breathe the dirtiest air
of any community in America. As the city's battle with smog enters its
fifth decade, increasing attention has focused on mobile sources of
pollution - automobiles, trucks, and buses - as key contributors to
the region's air quality problem.
Figure 1
SOURCES OF
Mobile sources account for about 60 percent of all ozone-
EMISSIONS
precursor emissions (hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides) in the Los
HYDROCARBONS
Angeles Basin. Petroleum refineries and electric power plants account
56.1%
for about 5 percent. Other sources (some of which have yet to be
1.9%
42.0%
regulated) such as dry cleaners, bakeries, and even private homes
make up the difference (Figure 1).
Regulatory agencies and private industry have made, excellent
CARBON MONOXIDE
progress over the years in reducing emissions from large stationary
94.3
sources. Progress has also been made on mobile sources. In fact, there
5.2%
have been no Stage III smog alerts in the Los Angeles Basin for 20
years, and no Stage II alerts for 6 years. Nonetheless, much more can
NITROGE OXIDES
still be done. While technology has sharply reduced emissions from
71.79
the tail pipes of late-model automobiles and trucks, nearly 400,000
pre-1971 vehicles - all of which have little or no pollution control
8.7%
19.6%
equipment - continue to operate on Southern California's streets
and freeways.
MOBILE SOURCES
REFINERIES & POWER PLANTS
Mile for mile, these old cars are the worst polluters on the road.
OTHER STATIONARY SOURCES
Although pre-1971 vehicles are a serious source of air pollution -
accounting for about 15 percent of all emissions from mobile sources
EW ideas for cleaner at
in the L.A. Basin - little has been done about them. Retrofitting
SCRAP
SMOG
FIGHTER
these old cars with up-to-date pollution control systems would cost
more than many of them are worth.
UNOCAL'S ANSWER
:
In mid-1990, Unocal proposed a new approach to the problem.
Unocal's innovative SCRAP
The company announced a demonstration program to eliminate
program was launched on
several thousand of these vehicles through a voluntary purchase plan
June 1, 1990.
in which Unocal would pay $700 for each car, then turn it over to a
1
scrap yard to be crushed and recycled.
The benefits of the program would be quick and cost effective -
a relatively simple but highly efficient method to improve air quality in
a hurry. If successful, it could also encourage other companies to develop
their own innovative approaches to improving environmental quality.
Unocal's South Coast Recycled Auto Project - SCRAP, for short
The average SCRAP
- started with a budget of $5 million, enough to purchase and scrap
pehicle.emitted more
7,000 cars. The company estimated that taking this many pre-1971
than 500 pounds of
vehicles out of circulation would cut L.A.'s air pollution by about
bollutants ear
6 million pounds in the first year alone. SCRAP actually did a lot better
roughly the weight of
than that. For one thing, other people soon joined the effort - more
content.
than 100 individuals, plus major firms like Ford Motor Company and
Cypress Semiconductor, and regulatory agencies like the South Coast
Figure 2
Air Quality Management District (SCAQMD). All contributed additional
SCRAP NEW CARS
money for the program, raising the fund to nearly $6 million. Another
TIMES
1,400 cars could be retired, cutting air pollution that much more.
DIRTIER
But the biggest surprise was the final tally on exhaust emissions
TIMES
DIRTH
actually eliminated. Unocal tested the tail pipe emissions of every old
car purchased for SCRAP. Early results suggested that these vehicles
were far dirtier than air quality models had predicted. As a result,
Unocal arranged to have rigorous emissions tests performed on 74
cars selected at random from the SCRAP vehicles. The results were eye-
TIMES
DIRTIER
opening: On a per-mile basis, the average hydrocarbon (HC) emissions
of the sample group were triple our expectations, and carbon monoxide
(CO) was double (Figure 2). Only in emissions of nitrogen oxides
(NOx) did cars in the sample group prove "cleaner" than expected,
although they were still 11 times dirtier than a 1990 vehicle.
Unocal's SCRAP program actually removed nearly 13 million
SCRAP CARS
1990 CARS
pounds of pollutants from Southern California's air, or twice as much
NOx
CO
HC
as projected when the program was launched. From an emissions
standpoint, this was the equivalent of removing about 150,000 brand-
new cars from the roads.
We also learned that SCRAP vehicles were driven on average 5,500
miles per year or about 90 percent as far as average old cars. Thus,
2
SCRAP vehicles were driven somewhat less than average but emitted far
more pollution than expected.
These pre-1971 cars were among the least energy-efficient vehicles
on the road, averaging 12 miles per gallon in city driving, about half
the fuel economy of 1990 cars. In fact, had the SCRAP vehicles been sold
as 1990 model-year cars, they would have been subject to an average
"Gas Guzzler Tax" of $2,500 each!
MAKING IT WORK
On the face of it, buying and destroying 8,400 old cars in a com-
munity with nearly 6 million vehicles doesn't seem all that difficult.
But SCRAP planners had to deal with several pressing issues before the
program could begin.
First of all, what would the owners of such cars do for trans-
portation once their vehicles were scrapped? Would $700 be enough
Older Cars For $700 Each
Unocal Begins Scrapping
to buy a replacement car? Unocal surveyed the used car market in
to Los Angeles area in early June on its
the Unocal started scrapping older vehicles in
Southern California and learned that, indeed, many post-1975 cars
polluters. quality by getting rid of some of the worst air
buying 7,000 of them to improve way
were priced below $700. What's more, these autos were equipped with
to which is proving to be a very attractive
The company is paying $700 per vehicle,
smog controls, so that replacement transportation would be not only
holders of 1970 and older vehicles. As offer
qualifying vehicles had already made ap- of
program began, nearly 6,000 owners the
affordable, but cleaner as well.
Second, Unocal wanted to be sure the cars purchased for SCRAP
were in running condition and registered in the Los Angeles Basin
for at least six months. In short, SCRAP vehicles had to be part of L.A.'s
air quality problem, not someplace else's.
Finally, Unocal had to find a way to speed up the administrative
process of scrapping the vehicles. Ordinarily, it takes five to ten days
for a scrap yard to complete the paperwork before a car can be legally
crushed and shredded in Southern California. With 100 to 150 cars
going through the SCRAP program each day, such delays would have
required a huge parking area in which to hold the vehicles while they
Top: An attendant conducts
were being processed.
an emissions test on a SCRAP
Recognizing the potential value of the SCRAP program, the Depart-
vehicle; bottom: Old cars are
ment of Motor Vehicles assigned special personnel to the project. These
checked in at the scrap yard.
individuals handled the paperwork right at Hugo Neu-Proler's Down-
3
town Los Angeles Metal Center, where the cars were crushed, cutting
processing time down from several days to a few minutes.
SCRAP TAKES OFF
With these questions resolved, the program was announced in
late April of 1990, and Unocal began taking phone calls on May 2.
The response was immediate. More than 3,000 calls were received the
first day, and within two days 1,500 old cars were registered in the
UNOCAL
program. Eventually, appointments were made to scrap nearly 8,400
vehicles, and at times the waiting list grew to 2,000.
Unocal made it as easy as possible for qualified car owners to
turn in their vehicles. Each caller was given a date and time to bring
in the car. Checks to the sellers were then pre-printed. If the cars
were delivered as promised, and the other conditions were met, the
Unocal has plan
$700 checks were handed over at once. The company made a special
help
fight
smog
effort to avoid scrapping classic cars and other valuable vehicles.
to
SCRAP for South Coast Recycled about
A few owners found it difficult parting with cars that had been
rogram. There are
1971 care in the basin,
Pre-71 cars
Sudes Los Angeles, Or-
Deride and San Bernar-
with them for decades. Others pocketed their checks and walked away
to be bought
Geogram. astics due to start in 6
eliminate as much as
smiling. Some changed their minds and failed to keep their appoint-
Regemeier said. Unocal in
pounds of pollutants per will
by Unocal
advertising campaign
ments at the scrap yard.
and open telephone lines
languages Friday for
to hendle calls about it
By CYNDIA ZWAHLEN
back articipate in SCRAP. a car
Daily News Staff Writer
Favill have to notify Unocal,
the car under its own
Live a acrap yard to be named
MEASURING THE RESULTS
Unocal Corp. said Thursday
cars that are registered for
it will buy and scrap 7,000 pre-
previous six months to owners will
Just how dirty were the tail pipe emissions of the 8,376 cars that
1971 cars from Los Angeles
the Los Angeles Basin
arca drivers as one of several
gible. in The owner will receive use
environmental initiatives to re-
check and a voucher for
systems.
went through SCRAP? As Unocal launched the program, it was known
be
duce smog and get older cars off
SCRAP
would
the streets.
The Los Angeles-based oil
that pre-1971 cars contribute a disproportionate share of air pollution
company
raid
it
to the L.A. Basin (Figure 3). California Air Resources Board (CARB)
Top: All cars were numbered in
data led the company to expect the typical pre-1971 car to pollute 15
sequence as they were received;
Figure 3
opposite: Richard J. Stegemeier,
FLEET PROFILE AREA
PRE '71
ALL CARS
% OF TOTAL
Unocal chairman, president and
Number Cars, 1000s
380
6,000
6
CEO, is a leading proponent of
Number Miles, Millions
2,280
73,278
3
cost-effective, market-based solu-
HC, Tons Per Day
57
266
22
tions to environmental problems.
CO, Tons Per Day
345
2,275
15
NOx, Tons Per Day
30
234
13
4
-
to 30 times more per mile than new vehicles, but nobody was sure
how dirty the old cars actually were.
Unocal set out to measure the exhaust emissions at idle for every
vehicle purchased. It soon became clear that these cars polluted far
more than the average car. In fact, about 20 percent of the vehicles
"pegged" (exceeded the measuring capabilities of) the BAR-90 Smog
Check machines at 2,000-plus parts per million of hydrocarbon.
Unocal decided to get more definitive data by subjecting a ran-
dom sample of the cars to the far more sophisticated and rigorous
Federal Test Procedure. This test measures emissions under varying
speed and load conditions and is the same test used to certify new cars.
CARB, an active supporter of this decision, tested 43 cars, while Unocal
arranged for 31 to be tested at an independent lab.
The worst car têsted
Working together, CARB and Unocal have probably amassed the
emitted enoughun-
world's best data base on the emission characteristics of old cars. The
burned gasolinefrom its
results showed that the pre-'71 cars were two to three times as dirty as
tailpipe to brand
expected - in some categories more than 90 times dirtier per mile than
new vehicle getting 32
a new vehicle.
miles per.gallon
SCRAP IN HIGH GEAR
By almost any measure, SCRAP was highly successful. It drew
praise from such long-term advocates of clean air as Norton
Younglove, chairman of the South Coast Air Quality Management
District, who said, "Unocal's contribution not only meets the
challenge, but also illustrates the commitment and leadership we
Hugo Neu-Proler
Metal Recyclers
must all exert to make clean air a reality in Southern California."
UNOCAL JECT SCRAP
Hundreds of individuals wrote or called Unocal in support of
the program. Many backed up their praise with financial contribu-
Top and bottom: SCRAP cars enter
tions. The CEO of Cypress Semiconductor, based in San Jose, sent
the crusher at the Hugo Neu-
in the first check for $700 with the comment, "Buy and bury one
Proler Company's metal center
for us, too." Ford Motor Company contributed enough money to
near downtown Los Angeles.
scrap an additional 1,000 cars, the SCAQMD donated $100,000,
and the Southern California Ford and Lincoln-Mercury Dealers
Association, another $63,000.
6
Others provided incentives of their own. First Interstate Bank
set up a special loan program for SCRAP participants, offering lower
interest rates and longer repayment terms on some new and used
vehicles. Ford offered participants special rebates on new cars.
Government agencies also caught the spirit by cutting red tape
and providing personnel and equipment for clearing auto registrations
Each year for the first three
and conducting smog tests. The California Air Resources Board
years the total emissions
laboratory tested emissions from SCRAP vehicles, the Bureau of
eliminated by crushing the
8,376 cars in SCRAP equal
Automotive Repair researched odometer readings, and the Department
the total emissions
of Motor Vehicles provided on-site personnel and computers.
of 150,000 brand
new cars
the total emis-
THE IMPLICATIONS OF SCRAP
sions from 1 mil-
lion gallons of oil-
The success of SCRAP brought renewed attention to innovative
based paint
over half the CO
approaches to environmental problems. In particular, it highlighted
emissions from all
the refineries and
the opportunity for regulators to create conditions that would make
power plants in the
L.A.Basin
programs like SCRAP economically feasible for many companies in the
all of the hydro-
Los Angeles Basin. The device that could make this work is called an
carbon emissions
of all barbecue
"offset," and regulators began viewing it with renewed interest in the
lighter fluids in
the L.A.Basin
wake of SCRAP's results.
Offsets are credits that companies could receive for cleaning up
air pollution from mobile sources - - air pollution caused by some
other organization or individual. These credits could temporarily
offset the same amount of the company's own pollution "debt" (i.e.,
emissions from its own stationary sources).
Offsets would not necessarily cancel a company's pollution debt;
UNOCAL
they might simply defer it, providing time to explore more cost-effec-
tive technologies and systems for cleaning up the air.
Through a program of innovative offsets supplementing the
Unocal Chairman Richard J.
existing regulatory framework, companies and public agencies could
Stegemeier describes the SCRAP
be encouraged to focus their efforts on the most cost-effective and
program at the kickoff press
immediate environmental programs. Properly used, offsets could
conference.
accelerate the cleanup process, get the easiest (and often worst) causes
of smog cleaned up first, and save money for the consumer, who
ultimately pays the cost of pollution abatement and control.
7
#4
- THE 733 yrs " " ⑉ III III 111 m "Y " " m 111 - 711 2013
1JMX558
THE
SCRAP: TEST RESULTS IN DETAIL
Unocal's SCRAP program removed 8,376 pre-1971 vehicles from
Los Angeles area roads between June 1 and September 29, 1991. As a
result, 12.8 million pounds of potential air pollution (hydrocarbons,
carbon monoxide, and nitrogen oxides) were removed from L.A.'s air
Figure 4
VEHICLES
each year.
SCRAPPED
Most of the vehicles scrapped were large American cars: 60
percent had eight-cylinder engines and 24 percent had six-cylinder
engines. The balance were smaller foreign cars (Figure 4). Eleven
percent of the vehicles were trucks and vans.
The Federal Test Procedure. Unocal, working closely with the
60% EIGHT-
California Air Resources Board, selected 74 of the SCRAP cars for in-
CYLINDER
ENGINES
24% SIX-
tensive emissions testing. Forty-three vehicles were tested at CARB
CYLINDER
ENGINES
facilities, and 31 were tested at an independent laboratory. Each car
16% FOUR-
CYLINDER
ENGINES
was put on a chassis dynamometer and run through the standard
Federal Test Procedure (FTP).
The FTP is the same test procedure used with new cars to de-
monstrate that they meet mandated emissions levels. The procedure
involves a series of driving cycles performed on a chassis dynamometer,
which allows a vehicle to be tested at speed and under load conditions.
The first and third cycles are identical, except that the first cycle
begins with a cold start. Simulated speeds range up to 60 miles per
hour. The second cycle is a low-speed test involving simulated "stop
and go" city driving.
In relatively new cars, most of the emissions are collected in the
cold start phase before the catalyst warms up to operating temperature.
The SCRAP vehicles, however, produced substantial emissions under
virtually all driving conditions.
The FTP test results for all 74 cars are summarized in Figure 5 on
page 10. These findings were then compared with projected emissions
Opposite: The crusher goes to
based on the Motor Vehicle Emissions Factor (EMFAC 7D) modeling
work on an old car.
9
Figure 5
FTP CVS-75 TEST RESULTS - 74 CARS
*CITY*
GRAMS / MILE
MILES PER
HC
CO
NOX
PM-10"
GALLON
'67 MERCURY COUGAR
17.5
16.6
3.28
13.4
70 CHRYSLER IMPERIAL
6.7
129.4
1.77
8.9
'68 BUICK SKYLARK
14.6
87.2
1.13
12.8
'69 MERCURY COUGAR
15.0
250.2
0.57
10.1
'66 FORD GALAXY
6.7
123.7
2.04
12.2
'70 CHEVROLET NOVA
2.0
22.2
2.76
15.2
'69 CHEVROLET MALIBU
8.6
118.0
2.35
8.5
'67 CHEVROLET CHEVELLE
4.3
52.4
3.91
0.26
11.7
'67 AMC RAMBLER
9.6
151.0
1.26
0.20
14.1
'64 PLYMOUTH FURY
51.3
90.6
3.59
16.76
10.4
'70 FORD WAGON
4.9
63.7
4.26
0.29
10.0
'67 PONTIAC TEMPEST
31.4
62.4
5.51
0.44
12.7
'65 DODGE POLARA
27.5
68.5
4.05
0.20
10.5
'66 FORD RANCHERO
8.3
67.3
1.47
0.69
14.0
'68 DODGE DART
3.2
66.7
4.19
16.6
'67 CHRYSLER NEWPORT
18.1
163.4
2.63
9.8
'65 PONTIAC TEMPEST
7.5
111.7
2.97
13.2
'69 BUICK ELECTRA
2.8
46.1
3.81
10.9
'70 FORD MAVERICK
5.3
125.4
0.99
15.4
'68 TOYOTA CORONA
3.8
78.4
3.56
18.2
70 PONTIAC LEMANS
87.4
126.8
4.35
7.2
70 FORD CORTINA
10.8
163.7
0.45
14.7
'68 FORD FALCON
4.6
50.6
5.72
0.22
14.0
'70 BUICK ELECTRA
6.4
104.1
2.82
0.12
9.7
'68 MERCURY MONTEREY
5.1
54.3
2.98
0.18
9.6
'65 CHRYSLER NEW YORKER
8.1
132.8
0.89
0.20
10.6
'64 BUICK SKYLARK
31.2
56.9
3.03
0.61
13.1
'66 CADILLAC DEVILLE
2.2
26.0
3.41
3.45
9.2
'70 FORD MAVERICK
2.1
12.0
3.27
0.14
15.2
'70 CADILLAC DEVILLE
39.4
135.3
0.93
0.10
8.4
'69 BUICK WILDCAT
3.9
52.9
4.01
10.0
'69 DODGE CORONET
5.5
70.3
3.34
14.2
'70 PLYMOUTH FURY
10.6
149.7
2.29
9.8
'64 PLYMOUTH VALIANT
66.9
76.3
3.59
12.9
'69 VOLKSWAGEN BEETLE
3.8
41.6
1.04
21.0
'67 VOLKSWAGEN BEETLE
7.1
71.7
1.16
22.2
'70 BUICK LESABRE
13.3
126.4
1.60
0.81
10.8
'66 BUICK SKYLARK
39.8
128.5
1.36
0.50
9.4
'71 FORD LTD WAGON
6.0
48.0
6.62
0.37
10.5
'65 OLDSMOBILE F-85
8.6
117.5
1.92
0.43
10.5
'69 CADILLAC DEVILLE
3.7
34.6
3.19
0.97
8.3
'70 VOLVO
51.5
101.5
1.45
-0.65
10.8
'70 FORD LTD
28.4
22.0
3.96
7.74
9.0
'69 DODGE DART
3.7
43.9
7.34
0.45
16.1
'67 FORD MUSTANG
5.1
57.4
1.87
18.3
'68 MERCURY MONTEGO
4.4
79.2
1.72
12.5
'70 CHEVROLET NOVA
4.3
58.4
2.15
16.0
'68 FORD FALCON
11.1
77.0
2.72
14.9
'68 BUICK SPECIAL
65.5
88.4
4.87
10.4
'70 CHRYSLER IMPERIAL
6.0
144.1
1.58
9.9
'67 TOYOTA CORONA
3.8
24.5
2.56
20.8
'70 FORD MAVERICK
4.8
112.6
1.28
0.59
16.2
'70 DODGE DART
51.6
169.2
0.86
0.95
11.4
'70 TOYOTA CORONA
16.8
76.6
2.39
0.28
16.4
'69 CHEVROLET IMPALA
49.7
67.4
2.87
1.01
10.9
'65 CHEVROLET VAN
17.1
79.3
5.49
4.37
11.8
'67 BUICK SPECIAL
20.7
210.5
0.29
2.86
9.1
'63 DODGE DART
5.8
77.2
5.72
0.57
13.1
'69 CHEVROLET IMPALA
14.9
82.9
2.51
0.47
9.6
'68 AMC RAMBLER
3.8
45.6
3.16
17.4
'66 FORD FAIRLANE
80.7
123.5
1.32
9.2
'70 TOYOTA CORONA
3.6
44.0
4.25
22.0
'70 FORD MUSTANG
9.5
80.4
2.34
16.6
'68 CHEVROLET IMPALA
37.3
110.6
5.81
10.0
'70 LINCOLN CONTINENTAL
5.1
15.4
6.64
11.9
'67 DODGE DART
8.6
160.7
0.85
14.3
'62 PONTIAC TEMPEST
5.0
62.6
3.88
16.9
'70 FORD LTD
13.7
72.7
7.06
10.8
'70 FORD MAVERICK
3.1
22.2
3.39
13.3
'70 CHEVROLET IMPALA
32.2
71.9
3.72
11.6
'70 BUICK SKYLARK
2.4
20.8
2.52
11.5
'68 VOLVO WAGON
4.4
32.8
3.07
18.3
'70 TOYOTA COROLLA
11.4
87.1
0.82
22.1
'65 FORD
3.5
41.3
4.73
14.8
AVERAGE
16.3
84.3
2.96
1.51
12.1
*Only 31 vehicles were tested for particulate emissions.
10
program used by CARB, as shown in Figure 6
Figure 7
SCRAP HC EMISSIONS
Hydrocarbon emissions from the SCRAP vehicles were 99 times
90 GRAMS/MILE
greater than from a 1990 car. That is nearly three times what had been
75
60
expected: 24.8 grams per mile (actual) versus 8.3 grams per mile
45
30
(projected) for the typical pre-1971 car.
15
Figure 6
0
10
20
30
40
60
60
70
FTP-TEST RESULTS VS PROJECTIONS (GRAMS PER MILE)
NUMBER OF TEST VEHICLES
SCRAP test results
HC
CO
NO:
PM10
FTP Results
16.28
84.3
2.96
1.51
Figure 8
Adjustments*
8.49
16.5
-0.02
SCRAP CO EMISSIONS
"IN-USE" Emissions
24.77
100.8
2.94
1.51
300 GRAMS/MILE
Air quality model EMFAC-7D
250
36 70 Cars
8.34
50.1
4.39
0.54
200
1975 Cars
3.88
23.4
2.53
0.30*
150
1990 Cars
0.25
1.8
0.27
0.21
100
To reflect non-tail pipe emissions and scale to 16 mph. Includes particulates from tire wear.
50
The FTP results for SCRAP vehicles actually understate the true
0
10
20
30
40
50.
60
70.
NUMBER OF TEST VEHICLES
emission levels. First, they include tail pipe emissions only. Typically,
evaporative emissions would add another 4 to 5 grams of hydrocarbon
Figure 9
SCRAP NOx EMISSIONS
emissions per mile, while running losses would add another 1 to 2
7.5 GRAMS/MILE
6.0
grams per mile. That is why the FTP results were adjusted in Figure 6
4.5
(using EMFAC model methodology) to reflect total "in use "emissions.
3.0
As a result, total hydrocarbon emissions from SCRAP vehicles were nearly
1.5
100 times greater than HC emissions from a brand-new car. Carbon
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
NUMBER OF TEST VEHICLES
monoxide emissions were more than 50 times greater.
Individual test results varied widely. The worst 10 percent of the
cars contributed 40 percent of the HC emissions (Figure 7), about 20
percent of the CO emissions (Figure 8), and 20 percent of the NOx
emissions (Figure 9).
The FTP results may be conservative because the cars selected for
Figure 10
EMISSION TESTS AT IDLE
NUMBER CARS
HC (PPM)
CO (%)
FIP Vehicles
74
842
3.8
All SCRAP Vehicles*
8,335
1,014
3.6
Difference
-172
0.2
"Excludes cars with bad exhaust systems
11
testing were somewhat cleaner than the average SCRAP vehicle at idle,
as shown in Figure 10 on page 11. In addition, 65 percent of the cars
examined for FTP testing were rejected because of leaky exhaust sys-
tems, excessive smoke, or other problems.
Figure 11
HOUSEHOLD
THE FOLLOW-UP SURVEY
INCOME
DISTRIBUTION
To discover more about the impact of SCRAP, Unocal asked
Fairbank, Bregman & Maullin, Inc. (FB&M) - an independent public
opinion research company - - to contact a sample group of SCRAP par-
ticipants after the program was over. In January 1991, FB&M conducted
telephone interviews with more than 800 individuals.
34% REFUSED
The demographics of the SCRAP participants generally reflected
TO ANSWER
the population of the South Coast Air Basin. However, SCRAP partici-
25% $20,000 OR LESS
22% $20,000 to $40,000
pants were on average somewhat older, much more likely to be male,
19% over $40,000
and reported 15 percent less household income (Figure 11). Of SCRAP
participants interviewed, nearly half were employed full time, 24 per-
cent were retired, 10 percent were employed part time, 8 percent were
Figure 12
TRANSPORTATION
unemployed, and the rest were homemakers or students, or they
ARRANGEMENTS
AFTER SCRAP
refused to answer the question. Sixty-two percent identified themselves
as white, 25 percent as Hispanic or Latino, and 8 percent as black.
Eighty-eight percent of respondents indicated that they were
using their old cars before putting them into the SCRAP project. Half
the respondents were driving their cars every day, and 29 percent
were driving their cars at least a few times per week. Sixty-five percent
46% BOUGHT
ANOTHER VEHICLE
used their cars primarily to commute to work, and the rest either to
+2% DRIVING
ANOTHER VEHICLE
run errands or go to school.
4% GETTING RIDES
4% USING PUBLIC
Forty-six percent of the principal drivers of the cars sold to SCRAP
TRANSPORTATION
4% DONT DRIVE
bought another vehicle, 42 percent were using another car, 4 percent
OR DONT KNOW
were getting rides, and 4 percent were using public transportation
(Figure 12). Of those driving replacement vehicles, more than 80 per-
cent were behind the wheel of a newer (1975 or later), less polluting
car. The net result: Cleaner air for Los Angeles.
12
A
Printed on on recy rec ded paper
THE
Los Angeles, CA 90051
009 og O'E
Unocal Corporation
Corporate Communications Commi
Please write to:
other environmenta issues.
and comments on SCRAP and
Unocal welcomes questions
1 For or More Information:
Unocal Corporation
1201 West 5th Street, P. O. Box 7600
Los Angeles, California 90051
UNOCAL
73
August 19, 1991
Richard J. Stegemeler
Chairman. President and
Chief Executive Officer
Mr. Richard G. Darman
Director
Office of Management and Budget
Old Executive Office Building
17th Street & Pennsylvania Ave., N.W,
Washington, DC 20503
Dear Mr. Darman:
Enclosed is a brochure, which explains Unocal's South Coast Auto
Recycled Project (SCRAP). The program, which demonstrated an
innovative and relatively inexpensive way to quickly and
effectively reduce air pollution and conserve fuel, was immediately
recognized as a success. The California South Coast Air Quality
Management District contributed funds to expand the program and
included concepts from the program in its 1991 Air Quality
Management Plan. Also, Ford Motor Company, Cypress Semiconductor
and other companies made contributions that expanded the program.
Under SCRAP, Unocal purchased over 8,000 pre-1971 automobiles and
scrapped them. Tests on these cars indicated that hydrocarbon
emissions were 99 times greater per mile than from a 1990 vehicle.
In fact, one car emitted such a volume of hydrocarbons, a new car
could run on the amount of unburned gasoline contained in the
exhaust. Furthermore, the cars only averaged 12 miles per gallon
in city driving, about half the mileage of a 1990 car. The air
quality improvements and fuel savings were not only substantial but
immediate.
I think you will find the information interesting and helpful in
considering ways to improve air quality. If you have any questions
or need additional information, please do not hesitate to contact
our Washington, D.C. office at (202) 659-7600. Tom Hairston, our
local vice president, or any of his staff will be pleased to assist
you.
Sincerely,
R Istegemence
Enclosure
36748
Option: Accelerated Scrappage of Older Cars
Discussion: Older vehicles have lower fuel economy and higher
emissions than new cars. Efficient operation of the market is
hampered by:
tough emission standards for new vehicles and ineffective
emission standards for old vehicles; and
externalities associated with petroleum consumption.
Government purchase and scrappage of these cars would decrease oil
use and emissions. Unocal, Ford, and others have implemented a
pilot program in L.A. Program involves purchase and immediate
scrappage of designated model year vehicles that are currently
registered and operated.
PROS:
Would reduce HC emission by 200 - 300 thousand tons; 1.8 -
2.3 million tons NOx; 80 thousand tons of CO and 4.8 -
6.9 tons of CO₂. The value of these reductions
(excluding CO2) is $0.9 billion - $1.2 billion.
Would 1994. reduce oil use by 10 mb/d - 15 mb/d between 1990 and
Relies on market mechanisms.
Slight increase to automobile sales.
prices. Program estimated to be cost effective at today's gasoline
CONS:
Estimated program cost = $1.5 billion - $2.5 billion.
Requires effective administration at State and local
governments to be effective and free of abuse.
ACTION REQUIRED AND BY WHOM: Various options exist to implement
this program. Legislation providing Federal funds for a nationwide
program could be established under DOE, EPA, or DOT authority.
Alternatively, EPA could encourage programs in nonattainment areas
through State implementation plans. Federal matching funds could
also be provided. Lastly, Federal leadership could encourage
private, State and local efforts as are occurring in L.A. Greatest
benefits would result from a Federal funded national program. Most
cost effective approach may be to rely on private efforts.
b. Size of program: Two million care scrapped, & described in section 2
c Duration of program: One year.
d. Vehicle miles removed: Based on the MOBILE4 model estimale of vehicle miles travelled by the average
vehicle in each model year, times the remaining life of the average scrapped car.
c. Remaining vehicle life: Three years. This number is supported by both UnocaPs experience, and an
estimate from the Department of Energy's Office of Transportation Systems1
£ Gasoline price: Interpolated from the NES reference case prices for 1990 and 1995.2
Reference
Reference taxes
1991
$1.00/gal
$.738
1992
1.02
.730
1993
1.04
.738
Gasoline values are used only to calculate a cost-effectiveness figure for CO2 reductions. They are
not necessary for analyzing the main point of the program in the context of the NES, which is fuel
conservation. The gasoline consumption reduction cost-effectiveness figures in Tables 1 and 3 can be
compared to any gasoline price one chooses.
g. Value of removed emissions: The following cost values, from an analysis of the CAA amendment tailpipe
standards done by EPA's Office of Mobile Sources, serve 25 a proxy for emissions reductions
benefits: HC, $3,050/ton; and NOᵣ $2,750/con.4 The avoided-cost CO value of $300/ton has been
used in past EPA analyses, but is not based Un the latest CAA amendments. SO% and FM₁₀
reductions are not valued. As they are based on CAA amendment provisions, these figures apply to
the entire United States, and are thus conservative when used to analyze a program for non-
attainment areas only.
h. Discount rate: All dollar benefits are discounted at 10% per year.
i Scrappage rate in absence of program: 30%.
1 Communication with M. D. Richle, Unocal Policy manager, and calculations by Philip Patterson, DOE
OTS. Both indicated that the average removed car could be expected to be on the road for longer than three
years, but given some. unrestainty, this analysis uses three years.
2 NES ELA Reference Case, Table 3-2.
3 Taxes are total of federal and state excise taxes as forecast by DRL Does not include the latest
$0.12/gal tax bike proposal.
4These are the lower values implied by the less stringent House CAA amendments.
2
& Results
41 Fuel saved
After subtracting the 30% of cars that likely would have been scrapped without the program, case one saves
87 willins guthris of Assettes SUEP three yours, on marage of 637,000 gallons/day Case two TAYMS 485
million gallons, an average of 443,000 gallons/day. These savings do not continue into the future, unless the
program is run for more than one year. However, its effectiveness decreases with each successive year, as the
least efficient care are removed in the first year.
42 Value of fuel saved
Resource value: Reference . taxes
Case one:
$467 million
Case two:
$325 million
The security value of the reduction, at the NES value of $0.057/barrel:
Case one: $1,351,000
Case two: $ 940,000
The security value was not discounted.
These savings come at the following costs:
Table 1: Gasoline costs, before crediting
Cost per car.
$750
$1050
Case one
$2.15/gal
53.01/gal
Case two
$3.09
$4.33
43 Emissions reductions
A scrappage program reduces criteria air pollution in two ways:
2. By removing older cars from the road, which may have been built before the advent of emissions control
regulations, and which likely also have significantly deteriorated emissions control systems.
b. By reducing fuel consumption.
The reduced fuel consumption also reduces CO2 emissions.
The program will reduce auto emissions by the following amounts over three years:
Table 2: Criteria emissions reductions
HC
NOx
8
CO2
Case one
318,000 tons
2,350,000 tons
85,000 tons
6,867,000 tons
Case two
216,000
1,793,000
81,000
4,777,000
3
BRANCH
4.4 Value of emissions reductions
Total criteria air pollution values
Case one
$1,216,990,000
Case two
$ 906,364,000
After crediting the program with criteria air pollutant reductions, gasoline reduction costs fall to:
Table 3: Gasoline costs, after crediting CO, HC, and NOₓ reductions
Cost per car:
$750
$1050
Case one
$0.41/gal
$1.27/gal
a
, with security benefit
$0.40
$1.27
Case two
$1.22
$2.46
, with security benefit
$1.22
$2.46
Crediting the program with all benefits (criteria air pollution reductions, as above, and resource cost
of gasoline savings), gives the following costs for carbon reductions:
Table 4: CO₂ costs, after crediting all benefits
Cost per car: $750
$1050
Case one
Savings
$ 61/toin
D with security benefit
Savings
$60
Case two
$ 56/ton
$182
-
, with security benefit
$56
$182
Gasoline price would have to fall by almost half for the case one, $750/car CO2 costs to become greater
than 0.
4.5 Effects on new car sales
If the miles added to 1990 cars all go into new cars at 13,000 miles per car, the yearly VMT for new cars,
case one causes 22,300 new car purchases, and case two, 27,700 purchases. More conservatively, if the miles
added to 1990 cars go into new cars at 100,000 miles/car, the average lifetime mileage, case one causes the
purchase of 2,900 new cars, and case two, 3,600. In either case, effects on the new car market and the
economy as a whole are small
4
uel economy and higher
tion of the market is
icles and ineffective
and
eum consumption.
se e cars would decrease oil
IETS have implemented a
purchase and immediate
les that are currently
- 300 thousand tons; 1.8 -
à tons of CO and 4.8 -
hese reductions
- $1.2 billion.
- 15 mb/d between 1990 and
les.
ective at today's gasoline
llion - $2.5 billion.
at State and local
free of abuse.
ons exist to implement
al funds for a nationwide
SPA, or DOT authority.
ms in nonattainment areas
ral matching funds could
ship could encourage
Scurring in L.A. Greatest
ded national program. Most
private efforts.
SENT BY:
9- 8-92 10:42
EOP NRD
EXECUTIVE OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENT
OFFICE OF MANAGEMENT AND BUDGET
NATURAL RESOURCES DIVISION
FAX COVER SHEET
FAX NUMBER: 395-1067
CONFIRMATION
NUMBER:
395-4586
Sept. 8, 1992
DATE:
Paul Gilman, Program Associate Director
To:
Ron Landis, Asst. Div. Chief, Natural Resources Div.
FROM:
Number of pages being transmitted
7
(including cover sheet)
Attached are NRD's comments on the Bush Environmental
COMMENTS:
Record Fact Sheet in response to the request of the
Director's Office Support Group on 9-4-92.
1850
F
1992
142
SENT BY:
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EOP NRD
2023851005 2
SENI
DT.ABROX
INTERNATION
IVEV
WHITE HOUSE STAFFING REQUEST
subject
THE BUSK ADMINISTRATION AND THE ENVIRONMENT
TUESDAY, SEPTEMBER B
Date/Time Received:
RESPONSE DUE:
9/4/92 3:15 PM
9130 A.X.
Response due to Director's office support Group, ROOM 254, Ext. 3060.
Please respond to every staffing request, even if you have no comment.
Distribution within OMB
Action
FYI
Action
PYI
Director
X
X
Howard, R.
Deputy Director
X
Legis. Affairs
X
Dep. Dir./Mgmt.
MacRae, J.
Martin, B.
1
Al-Samarrie, A.
Mazur, E.
I
Anderson, B.
Murr, J.
X
Burman, A.
Rockefeller, N. X
Dale, E.
Soully, T.
X
Damus, R.
(Other)
Gen. Mgmt. Div.
I
Gilman, P.
X
Grady, R.
Hale, J.
Comments:
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Document No.
348487
WHITE HOUSE STAFFING MEMORANDUM
DATE: 09/03/92
ACTION/CONCURRENCE/COMMENT DUE BY: 10:00 a.m. 09/08
SUBJECT: THE BUSH ADMINISTRATION AND THE ENVIRONMENT
ACTION FYI
ACTION FYI
VICE PRESIDENT
MCBRIDE
BAKER
MOORE
SCOWCROFT
MULLINS
DARMAN
PETERSMEYER
BATES
PORTER
BRADY
PROVOST
BROMLEY
ROSS
CALIO
SMITH
DEMAREST
TUTWILER
FITZWATER
ZOELLICK
CURTIS
GRAY
HOLIDAY
HORNER
REMARKS:
Please provide any comments directly to Dale Curtis, Rm. 154, x5750,
no later than 10:00 a.m. on Tuesday, 09/08, with a copy to this
office. Thanks.
RESPONSE:
PHILLIP D. BRADY
Assistant to the President
and Staff Secretary
Ext. 2702
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SENT LY:CER Jackson PI.
i- 3-02 5:54PM
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EXECUTIVE OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENT
COUNCIL ON ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY
WASHINGTON, D.C. soace
3
P6:
19
Michael R. Deland
(502) ESS-5080
Charman
September 3, 1992
MEMORANDUM TO PHIL BRADY
FROM:
MICHAEL DELAND Are Cuter for HRD.
RE:
BUSH ENVIRONMENTAL RECORD FACT SHEET
Attached is a very concise, updated summary of the President's
environmental record, plus initiatives that have been out,
delayed or rejected by the Congress.
As you know, CEQ prepares and distributes this material on a
regular basis to Administration officials and the public. These
facts and figures have been closely checked for accuracy by my
staff and are are drawn from previously cleared documents
including the Sequoia fact sheet, UNCED statements and fact
sheets, the President's Earth Day statement, the FY93 budget
message, and the CEQ annual report.
I'd suggest that this be circulated for clearance as soon as
possible so that WE are all prepared to support continuing forays
by the President, Vice President, and surrogates on this subject.
Comments may be directed to Dale Curtis on x5750, Room 154, who
will prepara the fact sheet in final form for your sign-off.
Thank you.
Attachment
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THE SUSH ADXPUTOTRATION AND THE ENVIRONMENT
The Bush Administration has expanded environmental protection
both domestically and internationally. Highlights of that record
illustrate an innevative, wide-ranging agenda.
(54)
Budgets: Major funding shifts to environmental protection,
including & increase for EPA's operating budget and 66
percent more for clean energy R&D
Inforcement: Made law enforcement history, filing more cases,
collecting more penalties, and putting more polluters behind bars
than in EPA's previous 18-year history combined
Clean air: Broke a 10-vear Congrassional gridleck by propesing,
signing, and implementing the world's most protective and
innovative Clean Air Act
Parks and recreation: Secured Lovez $750 million to expand parks,
wildlife refuges, campgrounds, trails, and rivers -- $300 million
more requested for FY93
Recpaned or upgraded dozens of recreational areas
20 new national park units, 57 new wildlife refuges
Sport fishing investments up 47 percent
Forests and Adriculture:
Ended clear-outting as & standard practice on federal land
layl
Planted 225 million trees under new program to assist
planting by communities and individuals
validate
Proposed a worldwide forest protection treaty and & doubling
of international aid for forest conservation
Approved new Farm Bill programs to reduce wetlands loss and
water pollution
CRASTE and
(Drewage sludge
Ended ocean dumping End medical waste on beaches A
Signed & tough, effective 011 pollution bill
Imposed 10-year moratorium on 011 and ass leasing off the
West Coast, south Florida and New England
Increased clean water grants for 6 cities in greatest need:
Boston, New York, Baltimore, San Diego, Los Angeles, Seattle
opy>
Clean technologies:
ESO issue
Increased funding " persent to 8540 million, including
fleten
alternate-fualed vehicles and clean coal technologies
Launched U.S. -Asis Environmental Partnership and other
programs to apur technology cosperation and exports
SD
Federal lendership:
nuclear weapons manufacturing sites
Tripled funding for federal facility cleanups, especially
Signed executive orders that spurred the federal government
to increase energy efficiency and recycling
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Unitaterally
International leaderships) leadership:
First in world phaseout deadline for SECA,
which harm the osone layer, to the end of 1995
Made environmental cooperation a centerciace of improved
relations with Mexico, in parallel with NAFTA talks
Expanded debt-for-nature swape with Latin America
U.S. -proposed global climate treaty, calling for immediate
action plans, signed by world leaders in Rio
Committed to continue leading the world in protecting
biodivarsity, but refused to be pressured into signing
treaty surrendering U.S. intellectual property rights
Led the way to global bana on driftnet fishing and trade in
African alaphant ivery
ITEMS NOT MATCHED BY CONGRESS
Congress has cut, delayed, or rejected many of President Bush's
significant environmental proposals.
Such Proposal
Consressional Response
Every Bush budget has
Cut the President's request by
requested an increase for
$467 million over the last
Superfund toxic waste cleanups
three years. The House bill
to over $1.7 billion, III 24
for FY 1993 would out the
percent above the FY 1989
program below 1989 levels.
level
Congress never matched the
19
President's original proposal
(FY 1990) of $1.74 billion.
Increase funds for expansion
Congress out the President's
and improvement of national
FY 1992 request by more than
parks, wildlife and recreation
25 percent and threatens to
areas by impersent above 1992
out $250 million from the 1993
levels (200 percent above 1989
levels)
request -- including deep outs
in outdoor recreation.
over
reforestation and faderal
land acquisition
Elevate Environmental
Protection Agency (TPA) to
Congress has VAL 30 BANK the
bill, the House committee did
Cabinet status (proposed in
January 1990).
not even schedule hearings on
a bipartisan bill passed by
the Senate and supported by
major environmental groups
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Provide full funding ($160
million) for new 1990 Farm
Zero funding in Congressional
Bill Voluntary program to
appropriations bills for FY
preserve wetlands -- the
1993. Congress out the 1992
"watlands Reserve"
amount by more than half.
Sustained increases for
overall watlands protection:
Congress threatens to out
for 1993, a 35 percent
these level programs below the 1992
increase over 1992 levels (170
percent over 1989 levels)
1241
Provide $205)million in
670% higher than
FY 1993 the 1992
Congress threatens to cut the
level) for environmental
FY 1993 request by Simest $100
million.
cooperation with Mexico
(over
Source: Council on Environmental Quality
August 27, 1992
U.S. ACTIONS
FOR A BETTER ENVIRONMENT
A Sustained Commitment
OF
PASSIDENT THE OF SEAL STATES UNUM THE UNITED
U.S.ACTIONS
FOR A BETTER ENVIRONMENT
A Sustained Commitment
EXECUTIVE
A TRADITION OF LEADERSHIP
T
he United States has long been
to the Montreal Protocol, which required
the world's leader in environmen-
the elimination of CFC production by the
tal protection, with the world's most
end of the century. Today, the U.S. is
comprehensive and advanced programs
more than 42 percent ahead of the sched-
for controlling pollution, protecting valu-
ule required by the London Amendments.
able public lands, and enforcing environ-
In February of 1992, in response to
mental laws.
new scientific information, President
That tradition of leadership is more
Bush ordered that the U.S. unilaterally
than a century old: America's first
speed up the phase-out of CFCs, halons,
National Park, Yellowstone - the first in
methyl chloroform, and carbon tetrachlo-
the world - was established in 1872, and
ride to the end of 1995.
today, U.S. National Parks are one of
Clearing the Air of Lead: In 1982, the
the world's premier visitor attractions.
U.S. began to phase out the use of leaded
In the past twenty years, that lead-
gasoline. Today, 99 percent of the cars
ership has been extended as never
on America's roads run on unleaded gaso-
before. In case after case, the U.S. has
line, and annual lead emissions are 96
been the first nation to recognize emerg-
percent below those of a decade ago.
ing problems and to develop solutions.
Although unleaded gasoline is not yet
Examples include:
widely available in many countries, sev-
Controlling Automobile Emissions:
eral other nations are now considering
In 1975, the United States began to
measures to reduce the use of leaded
require catalytic converters on automo-
gasoline.
biles. Many other nations are moving to
US Pollution Control Expenditures
The Record of the Past Two Decades:
adopt that requirement this year.
Today, U.S. law requires that tailpipe
The U.S. has improved air and water
180
emissions from new cars be 96 percent
quality and dramatically expanded its
160
below those from the cars of twenty
treasury of public lands over the past two
140
120
years ago. And the new Clean Air Act
decades. And this progress has been
Millions of 1991 Dollars
100
signed by President Bush will increase
achieved during a period of robust eco-
80
that requirement to over 98 percent over
nomic growth.
60
the next few years.
Since 1970, U.S. real GDP has grown
40
Phasing Out CFCs: In 1978, the
by 69 percent. Over the same period, U.S.
20
U.S. unilaterally took action to phase
emissions of particulate matter have been
0
out the use of aerosol propellants in
cut by 59%, emissions of carbon monoxide
1972
1976
1980
1984
1988
1992
1996
2000
order to reduce emissions of chlorofluo-
have been cut by 41%, emissions of
Source: Environmental Investments: The Cost of a Clean Environment, 1991
rocarbons (CFCs). This action has been
volatile organic compounds have been cut
pursued only recently by many other
by 29%, and emissions of sulfur dioxide
nations. Subsequently, the United
have been cut by 25%. Our waterways
States was a principal advocate of the
are also cleaner: discharges by plants and
Vienna Convention, the Montreal
factories of suspended solids into U.S.
Protocol, and the London Amendments
waters have been cut by over 80%.
S
U
M
M
A
R
Y
"In the long run, successful
environmental protection is a
prerequisite to solid, sustain-
able economic growth."
And America's public lands and
The President has launched the
- George Bush
wilderness areas have been protected.
world's most ambitious reforestation
September 14, 1988
In 1970, the U.S. had 868 miles of "wild
program, with a goal of planting an
and scenic" rivers designated for protec-
additional one billion trees per year for
tion. Today, there are 9,463 miles of
the next decade.
control. That represents about 2 percent
"wild and scenic" rivers. In 1970, the
In the past three years, under the
of U.S. GDP -a commitment of resources
U.S. National Wildlife Refuge system
Bush Administration, the U.S. has
matched by no other nation.
included 29 million acres; today it
signed the Basel Convention, to prevent
That investment is expected to rise.
includes 88.5 million acres. In 1970,
the illegal international dumping of haz-
Under current policy commitments and
there were 10 million acres in the U.S.
ardous wastes, and the international
requirements, Americans will spend more
Wilderness system; today it includes
protocol to strengthen protection of
than $1.2 trillion over the course of the
over 95 million acres.
Antarctica. U.S. proposals at the 1989
next decade to control pollution.
Paris G-7 Summit helped lead to an
The commitment of the United States
Progress Under the Bush
international agreement on oil spill pre-
will be sustained. But as the world's pop-
Administration:
vention and cleanup. U.S. efforts helped
ulation grows, and as all nations work for
President Bush has extended that
bring an end to driftnet fishing on the
the economic growth to which they aspire,
record of American environmental lead-
high seas and the importation of ivory
the challenge of protecting the earth's
ership on a wide range of fronts.
from the African elephant.
resources for the next generation will be
Under the President's leadership, the
The President declared a moratorium
great.
U.S., has developed and put forward a
on oil and gas drilling off many environ-
The United States will continue to
detailed plan of action to address global
mentally sensitive areas of America's
adopt and to press internationally for
climate change by limiting net emis-
coasts. He has secured over a million
efforts to limit air and water pollution, to
sions of greenhouse gases. The
and a half new acres for America's sys-
protect nature's treasures of species and
President has proposed to double world-
tem of national parks, forests, wildlife
habitat, to develop new science and
wide forest assistance, and has worked
refuges, and other public lands.
increase understanding of the earth's
actively since the 1990 Houston
The President has signed bills to pre-
environment, to share technologies that
Economic Summit for a global forest
vent oil spills, promote environmental
promote energy efficiency and environ-
convention. As a down payment, the
education, and implement the North
mental protection. The U.S. will provide
President has pledged a $150 million
American Waterfowl Management Plan.
assistance to allow developing countries
increase in forest assistance next year.
And his annual budget requests have
to enjoy a new generation of clean growth.
The Clean Air Act proposed, negoti-
sharply increased investments in the
Most importantly, America will con-
ated, and signed into law by President
Environmental Protection Agency
tinue to lead in the quest for freedom and
Bush sets some of the most stringent
(EPA), in the cleanup of facilities owned
openness in political systems around the
controls on mobile and stationary
by the Federal government to ensure
world. For only democratic systems pro-
sources of air pollution anywhere on
that they live up to the same standards
vide the accountability necessary to
earth. Under the Act, U.S. sulfur diox-
as private facilities, and for wetlands
ensure a clean environment. Only mar-
ide emissions will be cut in half and
acquisition, enhancement, and research.
ket-oriented economies can generate the
capped permanently, air toxic emissions
resources necessary over the long term to
will be cut by over 75 percent, and smog
A Continuing Commitment:
invest in environmental protection. And
levels will be reduced to meet health
The United States today spends
only freedom allows human beings to
standards in cities across the country.
nearly $130 billion per year on pollution
reach their full potential.
TABLE
o F
Atmosphere
Page 2
Forests
Page 8
Freshwater and
Page 12
Oceans
Biodiversity
Page 16
Wastes
Page 22
CONTENTS
Page 26
Agriculture
and Land
Management
Page 30
Public
Participation
Page 32
Financial
Assistance
Page 36
Technology
Cooperation
Page 40
Global Change
Research
A
T
M
0
S
P
H
E
R
E
T
HE U.S. CLIMATE CHANGE
The U.S. was the first nation to pre-
U.S. Emission Reductions
ACTION STRATEGY
sent a detailed program of action, with
projections of emissions reductions that
The U.S. Strategy puts high priority
President Bush has established a
would be achieved through its imple-
on immediate U.S. greenhouse gas
comprehensive strategy for action to
emission reductions. The U.S. has
address climate change by: taking
mentation. The U.S. action agenda, pre-
sented at the first session of the
already legislated or begun to imple-
actions which will reduce greenhouse
International Negotiating Committee
ment administratively several items in
gas emissions and enhance greenhouse
(INC) in February of 1991, projected,
its strategy. Other items, such as ele-
sinks; developing new technologies
based on then available science, that
ments of the National Energy Strategy,
which can improve energy efficiency and
U.S. net greenhouse gas emissions in the
have been proposed by President Bush
reduce emissions; and supporting the
year 2000 would be below 1987 levels.
and are now moving through Congress.
world's most extensive program of cli-
The actions contained in this com-
In the spring of 1992, after new sci-
mate change research to better under-
entific information was presented which
prehensive action agenda will achieve
stand changes in the Earth's systems
indicated that reductions of greenhouse
very large reductions of greenhouse gas
and develop appropriate responses.
warming potential from reducing chloro-
emissions by the year 2000. Without
fluorocarbons (CFCs) were not as great
action, estimated U.S. greenhouse gas
as earlier expected, the United States
emissions would grow by over 14 per-
cent between 1990 and 2000. U.S.
prepared and made public an updated
action agenda, which included a wide
actions already planned are projected to
range of additional actions that the U.S.
hold net emissions in 2000 to only 1.4 to
was prepared to take to reduce net
6 percent above 1990 levels.
greenhouse gas emissions.
Chart 1 shows the estimated green-
The updated plan projects that, with
house gas emissions reductions in the
the addition of these further actions,
year 2000 based on the actions already
U.S. net emissions of greenhouse gases
committed to by the U.S.
in the year 2000 would be 125 to 200
Achieving Reductions Quickly
million metric tons in carbon equivalent
terms below projected levels. This is
In order to ensure quick action to
The U.S. climate change action
equivalent to a reduction of 7 to 11 per-
address the problem of climate change,
strategy flows from the President's com-
cent in U.S. net greenhouse gas emis-
the U.S. endorses a "prompt start" to
mitment to responsible stewardship of
implementation of the Framework
sions of carbon dioxide, methane, and
our planet, which includes the promo-
Convention. The Bush Administration
nitrous oxides as a result of the U.S.
tion of economic growth and sound envi-
action agenda.
is already moving forward to implement
ronmental policies.
The U.S. believes that the response
various energy efficiency and emission
The U.S. strongly supports the
strategy outlined in the Framework
reduction measures under existing
Framework Convention on Climate
authorities.
Convention, calling for the development
Change because it is based on the devel-
of national action programs and periodic
To ensure that developing countries
opment of national programs for action,
reviews and updates of those programs
can participate in this "prompt start,"
as opposed to mere rhetorical commit-
to reflect whatever additional scientific
the United States has pledged $25 mil-
ments to address the problem of climate
information pertaining to the global cli-
lion to assist in funding "country stud-
2
change.
ies" for these nations. These country
mate change phenomena is developed, is
the correct approach.
studies will allow developing countries
Greenhouse Gas Reductions from
Energy Consumption Per Unit of Gross Domestic Product
US Policy Actions
40
United States
0
35
30
Canada
20
Million Metric Tons Carbon Equivalent
40
emissions patterns and to identify possi-
Thousand BTU's Per 1985 US Dollar
25
Japan
20
France
to develop detailed information on their
High Estimate
15
60
Low Estimate
Italy
10
ble strategies for limiting emissions and
80
5
West Germany
National
Energy
Strategy
Energy
Efficiency
Methane
Reduction
Nitrous
Oxide
Tree
Planting
0
enhancing sinks.
United Kingdom
1970
1972
1974
1976
1978
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
1990
SPECIFIC ACTIONS IN THE U.S. CLIMATE
Source: Department of State, US Views on Global Climate Change, April 1992
Source: International Energy Annual 1990, Energy Information Administration; OECD, "National
Accounts" Volume 1, 1992
CHANGE STRATEGY
CHART 1
CHART 2
Actions To Limit Emissions of
Greenhouse Gases and Precursors
monoxide, and nitrogen oxides; and
Actions To Improve Energy Efficiency
The U.S. Strategy includes actions
expanding use of clean-burning fuels.
and Reduce Emissions
which will limit emissions of specific
Proposed Regulation of Landfill
The U.S. action strategy includes a
greenhouse gases and their precursors.
Methane. Capture of gases given off by
large number of individual actions
Clean Air Act regulation of VOCs,
landfills will reduce emissions of toxic
aimed at increasing energy efficiency. It
CO, NOx. The 1990 Clean Air Act,
chemicals as well as the greenhouse-
takes a broad approach with actions in
signed by President Bush, directly
related gas methane and volatile organic
all of the sectors of our economy. New
reduces the emission of greenhouse and
compounds. The U.S. EPA is currently
practices and technologies have the
precursor gases by requiring emissions
preparing regulations to limit emissions
promise of providing the energy ser-
reductions of nitrogen oxides by certain
from landfills.
vices that we depend upon while using
utilities; tightening controls on automo-
Transportation Emissions Reduc-
less energy.
bile and stationary source emissions of
tions. The National Energy Strategy will
In addition, the action strategy
volatile organic compounds, carbon
reduce the emissions of greenhouse and
includes measures to increase use of
precursor gases by several measures to
improved energy producing technologies
increase the use of alternative fuels. The
or alternative sources of energy that
President has proposed a tradable cred-
AMERICA'S CLIMATE CHANGE
reduce the level of emissions per unit of
its approach to accelerate the scrapping
ACTION PLAN
energy used by the final consumers.
of older high-polluting cars.
These are only the latest in a long
Accelerated U.S. CFC Phase-out.
series of actions the U.S. has taken over
President Bush's proposal to accelerate
The Clean Air Act (cuts CO,
the course of two decades to improve
the phase-out of CFCs to the end of 1995
NOₓ, VOC's; caps utility
energy efficiency. Chart 2 shows recent
will significantly reduce emissions of
emissions)
experience of the U.S. and other coun-
these compounds, which are greenhouse
The National Energy
tries in energy consumed per unit of
gases in addition to being ozone-deplet-
Strategy (promotes energy
gross domestic product (GDP). Chart 3
ing substances. Because the phase-out of
efficiency, alternative energy
shows recent levels of greenhouse gas
CFC's is required by the year 2000 by
sources, natural gas, and
emissions per unit of GDP.
the Montreal Protocol in any event, and
nuclear power)
Transportation Efficiency. Actions in
because the global warming potential of
America the Beautiful
the transportation sector aim at encour-
CFC emissions is uncertain, calculations
Reforestation Program
aging increased use of mass transit and
associated with the U.S. action strategy
(plants one billion trees a
ride-sharing.
do not assume any credit for the CFC
year)
Phase-out.
3
Green Lights, Green
Computers, Green Motors
Control of Methane
Emissions
Total Reduction: 125 to 200
metric tons carbon equivalent
ATMOSPHERE
Electricity Sector Energy Efficiency.
ple, the NES proposes reform of the
and structural characteristics, more
The Clean Air Act requires utilities to
Public Utility Holding Company Act
efficient heating and cooling, and more
reduce emissions of sulfur dioxide by 10
(PUHCA). This reform will increase
efficient appliances and other equip-
million tons below 1980 levels and gives
competition and efficiency in the elec-
ment. Electric utilities, spurred by reg-
them flexibility to use the most cost-
tric utility sector and, in conjunction
ulatory changes that encourage inte-
effective means. This powerful conser-
with reforms that will facilitate con-
grated resource planning, have in
vation stimulus should also reduce car-
struction of new natural gas pipelines,
recent years become active promoters
bon dioxide emissions.
should result in the increased use of
of, and significant investors in,
In addition, the National Energy
natural gas, thereby reducing green-
increased energy efficiency for cus-
Strategy (NES) contains several mea-
house emissions. In addition, the NES
tomers.
sures which will encourage utilities and
contains provisions to streamline the
EPA is implementing the innovative
electricity consumers to produce and
licensing process for nuclear electric
"Green Lights" program, a partnership
use electricity efficiently and reduce
generating stations. Nuclear electric
which encourages businesses and state
greenhouse gas emissions. For exam-
generation has no greenhouse gas emis-
and local governments to install more
sions.
energy-efficient lighting. More than
Other actions included in the NES
400 U.S. companies have already
Greenhouse Gas Emissions Per Unit
encourage increased efficiency in coal
signed up for "Green Lights," which will
of Gross Domestic Product
burning technology, and seek to expand
bring such energy-efficient lighting to
the use of renewable resources such as
over two billion square feet of office
.4
solar power and hydroelectricity.
space, more than the total office space
.3
Actions to Stimulate the Use of
in New York, Los Angeles, Chicago,
Tons Carbon Equivalent Per $1000 GDP, 1988
Natural Gas. The Administration has
Houston, Dallas, and Detroit combined.
.2
implemented a number of measures
The Bush Administration is now work-
.1
designed to encourage use of natural
ing to expand similar programs to office
0
gas.
computers, industrial motors, and com-
Australia
United States
Canada
Spain
Residential and Commercial
West Germany
United Kingdom
Netherlands
Italy
France
Japan
mercial building heating and cooling.
Building Efficiency. The U.S. strategy
In addition, the U.S. Department of
in this sector includes a large number
Energy has promulgated rules improv-
Source: World Resources Institute, 1991 & Penn World Tables (Mark 5)
of actions to encourage more efficient
ing energy efficiency standards for
CHART 3
lighting, more efficient building design
energy-consuming home appliances
Trends in Carbon Dioxide Emissions
Trends in Carbon Dioxide Emissions
US and Moderate Growth or Decline Countries
US and High Growth Countries
140
350
Canada
China
120
300
France
India
Index: 1973 100
100
Germany
80
Index: 1973 100
250
Mexico
200
Japan
Rep.of Korea
60
150
40
United Kingdom
United States
100
United States
USSR
y
20
50
0
0
1973
1975
1977
1979
1981
1983
1985
1987
1989
1973
1975
1977
1979
1981
1983
1985
1987
1989
4
Source: Calculated from data in DOE, "Trends '90, A Compendium of Data on Global Change," August 1990;
Source: Calculated from data in DOE, "Trends '90, A Compendium of Data on Global Change," August 1990;
1989 emissions from "World Resources, 1992-1993, World Resource Institute, 1992
1989 emissions from "World Resources, 1992-1993,' World Resource Institute, 1992
CHART 4
CHART 5
Regional Shares of Projected
Net Methane Emissions
such as dishwashers and washing
ineffective. The OECD countries,
No-Climate-Policy Scenario, IS92a
100
machines. EPA complements these
including the U.S., cannot control their
All Other
actions by promoting voluntary "Golden
own emissions in the long run without
80
China and CP Asia
Carrot" programs for utilities which
new technologies and practices.
reward the development of super-effi-
Percentage of Regional Shares
Former USSR & E. Europe
60
Charts 4 and 5 show past trends in
Other OECD
cient appliances.
carbon dioxide emissions in the G-7
40
United States
Industrial Energy Efficiency. In the
countries and in some high emissions
20
industrial sector, the U.S. strategy
growth countries.
0
includes the expansion of its energy
Non-OECD countries already pro-
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
2015
2020
2025
auditing program to aid smaller firms
duce the majority of global emissions
Source: Emissions Scenarios for the IPCC, An Update:
identify and implement options for low-
for most of the major greenhouse gases.
Assumptions, Methodology and Results, May 1992
CHART 6
cost but quick payoff in energy saving
Moreover, they are projected to produce
investments. Other actions encourage
the vast majority of future increases of
firms to make systematic efforts in
greenhouse gas emissions.
Regional Shares of Projected
waste minimization and in adopting
Charts 6 and 7 show IPCC projec-
Net CO2 Emissions
energy efficient technologies.
tions of greenhouse gas emissions for
No-Climate-Policy Scenario, IS92a
various regions of the world. Actions
Actions To Enhance Greenhouse
100
aimed at reducing the world's total
All Other
Gas Sinks
80
China and CP
emissions of these greenhouse and pre-
As part of his "America the
cursor gases below the levels they
Beautiful" program, President Bush has
would otherwise reach must address
Percentage of Regional Shares
Former USSR
60
Other OECD
40
United States
proposed one of the most ambitious
both OECD and non-OECD emissions.
reforestation programs in the world: a
20
program to plant a billion trees per year
Research and Development of New
Technologies
0
across America above and beyond the
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
2015
2020
2025
number of trees that are normally
The President's Budget for 1993
Source: Emissions Scenarios for the IPCC, An Update:
planted. This reforestation initiative
requests over $900 million dollars for
Assumptions, Methodology and Results, May 1992
CHART 7
will contribute to cleaner air and water
National Energy Strategy R&D
and energy conservation, and will
Initiatives and other programs that will
reduce net carbon dioxide emissions.
provide the new technologies and prac-
Technology Cooperation
Urban tree planting under the program
tices that will be needed in the long
The U.S. Strategy includes technolo-
has increased 25 percent over the last
term to address climate change. These
gy cooperation with developing coun-
year. Funding at the President's
initiatives seek more energy efficient
tries and countries with economies in
requested level would have significant
technologies and practices in all major
transition as a key element in the inter-
impacts on net carbon dioxide emis-
sectors; technologies for new or
national community's efforts to respond
sions.
improved fuels that reduce or eliminate
to global climate change. U.S. technolo-
greenhouse and precursor gases; and
U.S. Strategy Includes Actions that Are
gy cooperation activities relating to cli-
technologies such as photovoltaics,
Global and Long-term
mate change include projects in the
superconductivity, and nuclear reactors
areas of energy efficiency, energy sup-
Any strategy aimed solely at reduc-
which avoid the direct production of
ply, agriculture, forestry and natural
ing emissions in the short-term in the
greenhouse gases. This 1993 request is
resources, climate science, coastal zone
U.S. or in the OECD countries without
an increase of 18 percent over the 1992
management, and others.
addressing emissions in the long-term
level and an increase of 130 percent
Estimated spending for climate
and in other countries inevitably will be
over 1989 spending.
change-related technology cooperation
5
ATMOSPHERE
US Progress in Reducing
in 1991 was over 140 million dollars.
designed to finish this monumental air
Emissions of Sulfur Dioxide (SO2)
President Bush's Administration also
clean-up task. The new Clean Air Act
recently made a commitment to provide
will remove 56 billion pounds of pollu-
30
25 million dollars to help assist devel-
tion from the air each year. Americans
25
oping countries to conduct greenhouse
will live healthier and more productive
gas emissions inventories and other
lives in a nation with cleaner air.
Millions of Metric Tons
20
basic studies needed to develop nation-
Significant air quality improve-
15
al strategies to address climate change.
ments mandated by the Act include:
10
Greatly reduced emissions of toxic air
5
The United States Global Change
pollution and acid rain-causing pollu-
Research Program
0
tants;
1970
1980
1990
2000
The U.S. is carrying out the world's
Attainment of air quality standards
Source: EPA, National Air Quality and Emissions Trends Reports, 1984 and 1991
largest research program on global
nationwide by the year 2010;
CHART 8
change in the U.S. Global Change
Cleaner cars, fuels, factories, and
Research Program. The program is
power plants;
intended to increase understanding of
Less damage to lakes, streams,
US Progress in Reducing Emissions
the scientific and economic aspects of
parks, and forests; and
of Carbon Monoxide (CO)
global change and to improve our capa-
Less damage to the stratospheric
bility to predict change. Funding was
ozone layer.
120
increased to $1.1 billion in fiscal 1992,
100
and proposed at $1.4 billion in 1993.
Implementation has moved forward
80
swiftly:
Millions of Metric Tons
This represents more than half of the
60
total amount spent on global change
Tailpipe emissions. Beginning with
research by all countries worldwide.
40
1994 cars and light trucks, a two-year
program will cut emissions of hydrocar-
20
CLEANING THE AIR: U.S. PROGRESS
bons by 31 percent, and nitrogen oxides
0
IN IMPROVING AIR QUALITY
by 60 percent from 1991 levels. Seven
1970
1980
1990
2000
other rules, including controls on diesel
Source: EPA, National Air Quality and Emissions Trends Reports, 1984 and 1991
The United States has made
bus emissions, will alleviate smog and
CHART 9
tremendous strides in reducing air pol-
toxic air pollutants even further.
lution. Primary ambient air quality
Fuel volatility. Rules limiting fuel
standards to protect public health are
US Progress in Reducing Emissions of
volatility - the tendency of gasoline to
set for sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide,
Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC's)
evaporate and pollute the air - will
carbon monoxide, particulates, ozone,
prevent yearly emissions of more than
and lead. In the 1980s, average concen-
30
2.6 billion pounds of ozone-forming
trations of particulates fell by about 20
hydrocarbons (volatile organic com-
25
percent, sulfur dioxide by over 24 per-
pounds or VOCs).
20
cent, carbon monoxide by about 29 per-
Millions of Metric Tons
15
cent, and lead by 88 percent.
Charts 8 to 11 show the trends in
10
emissions of these pollutants since
5
CASE STUDY: LEAD PHASEOUT
1970.
0
The Clean Air Act of 1990, legisla-
1970
1980
1990
2000
tion patterned after that developed by
Source: EPA, National Air Quality and Emissions Trends Reports, 1984 and 1991
1982: Under the leadership
President Bush in early 1989, is
CHART 10
of then Vice President Bush,
lead phaseout begins, using
innovative trading and
banking scheme
1992: Lead emissions down
96%, Ambient lead concen-
trations down 95%
"The Clean Air Act will reduce
air pollution each year by 56
Reformulated gasoline. Rules gov-
(halons) compounds of the stratospheric
billion pounds - that's 224
erning a new less-polluting generation
ozone layer which protects the earth's
pounds for every man, woman,
of automotive fuels will reduce VOCs by
surface from ultraviolet radiation.
about 300 million pounds a year in the
Ban on CFC use as spray can pro-
and child in America."
nine dirtiest cities by 1995. A 2.7 per-
pellants. In 1978, the U.S. banned CFC
cent average oxygen content in gasoline
spray can propellants in non-essential
President George Bush
rule in 39 cities with carbon monoxide
uses. Only a few countries followed in
November 15, 1990
problems will cut emissions by 20 per-
this action.
cent in 1993.
Montreal Protocol CFC Phase-out.
Acid Rain. Utilities emissions of sul-
At the London Meeting of Parties to the
fur dioxide - the major contributor to
Montreal Protocol, the U.S. supported,
acid rain - - will be cut in half - a per-
and achieved agreement on, a complete
manent reduction of 10 million tons per
world-wide phase-out of CFCs, halons,
Phase-out of Major CFC's
year. The Acid Rain Program provides
and certain other ozone-depleting sub-
flexible market-based incentives,
stances such as carbon tetrachloride
100
including an Allowance Trading System
and methyl chloroform.
Protocol
80
Accelerated U.S. CFC Phase-out.
USCAA
that enables utilities to buy and sell
emissions credits. This will give utili-
The U.S., under the Clean Air Act,
ties the flexiblity to take the most cost-
adopted legislative provisions which
Percent of Base Year
60
Actual/Projected
40
effective measures to comply and will
will phase out U.S. production and con-
20
provide strong incentives for conserving
sumption of specified ozone-depleting
0
energy and investing in energy efficien-
substances more quickly than required
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
cy.
by the amended Montreal Protocol. The
Source: EPA, Stratospheric Ozone Protection Branch
Hazardous Organics Rule.
U.S. law also includes a schedule for
CHART 13
Hazardous air pollutants will be
phase-out of HCFCs which is not
reduced by this rule by more than
required under the provisions of the
545,000 tons per year. Volatile organic
Protocol. The U.S. enacted a tax on
compounds emissions will be reduced
ozone-depleting chemicals during the
US Progress in Reducing Emissions of
by 1.2 million tons per year.
phase-out to accelerate the reductions.
Lead (Pb)
Municipal Waste Incinerators.
President Bush in February of this year
80
Incinerator air emissions will be cut by
announced that the U.S. would seek:
70
90 percent, eliminating more than
A production phase-out of CFCs,
60
200,000 tons of pollutants a year. New
halons, carbon tetrachloride, and
Transportation
50
limits have been set on emissions of
methyl chloroform by December 31,
1995, with limited exceptions;
Millions of Metric Tons
TOTAL
40
particulates (including toxic metals
30
such as lead and cadmium), sulfur diox-
a voluntary cut to 50 percent below
20
ide, hydrogen chloride, nitrogen oxides,
baseline levels by the end of the year;
10
carbon monoxide, dioxins, and dibenzo-
agreement by all nations to join the
0
furans.
U.S. in accelerating the phase-out.
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
Chart 13 shows the U.S. commitments
Source: EPA National Air Quality and Emissions Trends Reports, 1984 and 1991
PROTECTION OF THE OZONE LAYER
to phase out ozone-depleting com-
CHART 11
pounds more quickly than required by
The U.S. has been the world's leader
the Montreal Protocol and the London
in responding to the depletion by vari-
amendments.
ous chlorine (CFCs) and bromine
7
F
o
R
E
S
T
S
A
mericans care deeply about
ly now. Tropical forests are vanishing
boreal forests. Efforts to begin such
forests. Forests provide a home
at the rate of over 17 million hectares
negotiations have moved slowly
for millions of plant and animal species,
(42 million acres) per year. Fifty per-
because of the concern that curbing
a source of timber, food, and other use-
cent or more of Europe's temperate
deforestation will impede economic
ful raw materials, ecological functions
forests are being degraded by air pollu-
development in poor nations. At
such as watershed and soil protection,
tion.
UNCED, the United States had hoped
and the setting for recreational and
In the United States, responsible
to have a global forests convention
aesthetic pleasures.
forest conservation is a long-standing
signed and continues to support the
In the early years of this century,
tradition. Annual forest growth now
development of forest principles.
President Theodore Roosevelt made the
exceeds timber harvests by 37 percent,
Forests for the Future Initiative.
conservation and sustainable use of
and the total national volume of wood is
While seeking a global forests conven-
forests a national priority. More
25 percent larger than it was in 1952.
tion in the long term, President Bush is
recently, President George Bush has
After declining over three centuries,
taking concrete action in the short term
launched a number of programs that
forest cover has been effectively stabi-
by calling on the international commu-
renew U.S. commitment to the steward-
lized since the beginning of the 20th
nity to double worldwide forest conser-
ship of forests at home and abroad.
century (see Table 1). Over 14 million
vation assistance from $1.35 billion to
hectares (34 million acres) of
$2.7 billion annually. The goal of the
U.S. Forest Service land - an
Initiative is to halt the net loss of
area the size of Florida - have
forests over the next decade, consistent
been set aside as wilderness
with the strategy mapped out by sever-
areas and another 53 million
al forest conservation groups.
acres of forests are in parks and
As a downpayment on the
wildlife preserves on which tim-
Initiative, the United States has
ber harvesting is prohibited.
pledged to provide an additional $150
million in bilateral forest assistance
GLOBAL FORESTRY INITIATIVES
next year. Participating countries
would contribute to the total on a
The United States' recent
mutually agreed basis, with specific
international forestry actions
include: efforts to achieve a
projects to be determined following con-
sultations among interested parties.
Global Forests Convention, the
The additional resources would be
Forests for the Future Initiative,
mobilized through existing bilateral
the Enterprise for the Americas
and multilateral channels, such as
Initiative, and increases in direct
through voluntary bilateral "forest
bilateral forest assistance.
THE CAUSE FOR CONCERN
Global Forests Convention. At the
partnerships" or, ultimately, through
the World Bank's Global
Climate change may well be occur-
1990 summit of industrial nation lead-
Environmental Facility (GEF). A
ring now, but we can't yet separate
ers in Houston, President Bush called
Forest Partnership Forum will be con-
measured changes into results of green-
for the negotiation of a global forests
vened by the U.S. by the end of 1992 to
house gases versus natural variability.
convention to improve conservation of
bring interested parties together to
Forest loss, however, is occurring rapid-
all the world's tropical, temperate, and
8
US International Assistance
for Forestry
140
120
100
Each country that benefits from a
Millions of Dollars
80
reduction of its bilateral debt owed to
60
FORESTS FOR THE FUTURE
the U.S. government can pay interest
40
on the remaining debt in local currency
20
into trust funds that will support grass-
Double Worldwide Forest
0
roots environmental projects. Through
Assistance
the negotiation of environmental frame-
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
U.S. Down Payment: $150
work agreements, the United States
Source: United States of America National Report, 1992
Million Increase in Forest
and each debtor country will set up
Assistance Next Year
local boards, including non-governmen-
Goal: Halt Loss of the
US Timber Growth and Removal
tal conservationists, to make decisions
World's Forests by the End
about the use of these funds. In the past
of the Decade
year, environmental framework agree-
removal
25
ments have been signed with Bolivia,
growth
Chile, and Jamaica. Over $250 million
20
in debt owed to the U.S. Government is
begin planning this Initiative.
slated for reduction and over $30 mil-
The benefits of this initiative are
efforts in debtor countries.
Billions of Cubic Feet Per Year
15
lion will be provided for conservation
substantial and address both global cli-
10
mate change and biodiversity loss.
Increased Bilateral Assistance.
Halting the net loss of the earth's
Direct outlays by the United States for
5
forests by the year 2000 would reduce
international forest conservation have
over twice as much carbon dioxide emis-
grown by over 150 percent since 1988,
0
sions as would stabilizing industrial
to about $120 million per year by 1993.
1952
1962
1970
1976
1986
country energy emissions at 1990 lev-
These outlays include the programs of
Source: Forest Stats of US, 1987, Sept. 1989
els, at a fraction of the cost. And
the U.S. Forest Service, Agency for
although tropical forests cover only a
International Development,
small fraction of the earth's surface,
Environmental Protection Agency,
Carbon Taken-up by "America
they contain more than 50 percent of its
National Science Foundation, Park
The Beautiful" Program
species.
Service, and Peace Corps. Additional
Enterprise for the Americas
support for international forests, esti-
40
Initiative. This project, launched by
mated at $20 million, is provided
35
President Bush in June 1990 and called
through the loan guarantees of the
"one of the most significant conserva-
Overseas Private Investment
Million Metric Tons of Carbon
30
25
tion plans ever" by a leading U.S. envi-
Corporation (OPIC). OPIC loan guar-
20
ronmentalist, aims to expand free mar-
antees for sustainable forestry projects
15
kets and trade in the Western
will soon be increased by $40 million
10
Hemisphere, in part by easing the debt
through its new Environmental
Investment Fund.
5
burden of Latin American and
0
Caribbean nations.
2000
2010
9
Source: EPA, Climate Change Division
FORESTS
DOMESTIC FOREST CONSERVATION
non-industrial landowners to develop
National Tree Trust began operations
forest stewardship plans prior to timber
in Washington, DC.
In the United States, private indi-
harvests. In 1990 the program assisted
National Forests. The National
viduals own most forest lands and plant
landowners with 8,700 forest steward-
Forest System, with 77 million hectares
84 percent of the new trees each year.
ship plans on 340,000 hectares
(191 million acres) in 156 national
In addition, the U.S. Government man-
(840,000) acres of private forestland. In
forests managed by the U.S. Forest
ages 86 million hectares (212 million
1991 an additional 12,000 plans
Service, contains 30 percent of the
acres) of forest lands, including areas
improved management of 570,000
managed for commercial timber har-
nation's total volume of growing stock.
hectares (1.4 million acres) for a total of
About one-sixth of that area is dedicat-
vests in the public interest. The Bush
890,000 hectares (2.2 million acres) in
ed to the National Wilderness
Administration has launched programs
the program to date. Program funding
to improve forest conservation on both
Preservation System. Total spending
private and public lands.
America the Beautiful Initiative. To
meet President Bush's goal to increase
reforestation by one billion trees per
year in this decade, the U.S. Forest
Service is working with state foresters
to support annual planting of 970 mil-
lion trees in rural areas and 30 million
trees in urban areas. In 1991, the first
year of the initiative, over 25 million
trees were planted or improved in
urban areas. To support the rural ele-
ment of this initiative, the U.S. Forest
Service and state foresters seek to
enlist millions of acres of non-industrial
private land into forest management
through a cost-sharing Stewardship
Incentive Program. Funding was $19.8
million in 1991, and signups are sched-
uled in 1992 for cost-share projects such
CHARLES MAUZY
as the following:
Stabilizing eroded lands,
Protecting riparian areas and wet-
was doubled from 1990 to 1991, for a
on forests management by federal,
lands,
total of $12 million.
state and local governments is about
Improving fisheries habitat,
The National Tree Trust, a private
$6.8 billion per year; research funding
Enhancing forest recreation, and
non-profit foundation, was created by
accounts for $700 million.
Establishing and renovating wind-
the 1990 Farm Bill to raise private-sec-
Recently, national forests have pro-
breaks and hedgerows.
tor funds to help foster the national
vided about 13 percent of the total
10
The U.S. Forest Service also cooper-
reforestation effort. In 1991 the
annual wood harvest in the United
ates with state foresters and private
"Environmental stewardship
is crucial to sustaining
strong economies. If we lose
sight of the forest for the
trees we risk losing both."
States and one-quarter of the softwood
forests as part of the National Park
timber used for lumber and plywood. In
System. In 1990, as part of a reforesta-
1990 national forests produced 10.5 bil-
tion program, BIA planted 4 million
President George Bush
lion board feet of timber with a value of
trees and BLM planted 13 million trees.
April 18.1990
$1.4 billion. In the same year, the U.S.
In 1991 BLM estimates having planted
Forest Service reforested 200,000
17 million trees.
hectares (500,000 acres) with over 50
The Department of Defense man-
different tree species.
ages 2.4 million hectares (6 million
In the past, President Bush has pro-
acres) of forestland, of which roughly a
posed phasing out certain unjustified
third supports forests that could be
Cork and Wood Imports from Tropical
Countries, 1988
below-cost timber sales. Recently, the
managed for commercial timber. In
2475.7
U.S. Forest Service adopted the princi-
1991 DOD and EPA signed an agree-
941.8
857.8
ple of ecosystem management for the
ment on forest and land management,
200
United States
entire National Forest System, and both
pollution prevention, and climate
180
European
the Forest Service and the Bureau of
change. The two agencies are also
160
Community
Land Management have announced
developing a project to enhance and
140
Japan
measure energy conservation on mili-
Million US Dollars
120
that clearcutting would be ended as a
100
standard forest harvest practice. The
tary installations through strategically
80
Forest Service also has launched related
planted trees.
60
research at 122 national forests and
EPA, the Forest Service and DOE
40
grasslands and at ten research centers
are promoting shade tree planting and
20
0.1 0.3
across the nation focussing on the
light colored surfaces to reduce urban
0
Africa
Latin America
Far East
Oceania
ecosystem management approach. The
temperatures and energy demand
Source: OECD, 1991
Service will study alternative forest
through a program called "Cool
harvest and management systems to
Communities."
increase forest resiliency to droughts,
insects and fire, to sustain yields of
Reforestation in the United States
desired forest products, and to regener-
ate diverse and productive new forests
that retain important ecological charac-
3.5
teristics of the original older forests.
3
Within the Department of the
2.5
Interior, the Bureau of Land
Management manages 19.3 million
Millions of Acres Planted
2
1.5
hectares (48 million acres) of forest-
lands, the Fish and Wildlife Service and
1
the Bureau of Indian Affairs each man-
.5
age 6.5 million hectares (16 million
0
acres) of forestlands, and the National
1970
1972
1974
1976
1978
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
1990
Park Service manages an estimated 15
Source: US Forest Service, US Forest Planting Report
million hectares (37 million acres) of
11
F
R
E
S
H
W
A
T
E
R
T
he United States has made large
Water Quality Trends. The results
has increased dramatically, from 868
investments in water quality
are impressive. For example, between
miles in 1970 to 5,662 miles in 1980.
since the early 1970s, when many
1972 and 1988, the number of people
Since 1987, nearly 1,700 river miles
rivers, lakes, and bays were seriously
served by sewage treatment plants with
have been added to the system, for a
degraded by pollution. Today, the
secondary treatment or better increased
total of 9,463 miles in 1991.
Nation is maintaining that commitment
by 69 percent from 85 million to 144
Drinking Water. According to the
and devoting increasing attention to
million. Between 1972 and 1982,
World Health Organization, the quality
coastal water quality, since almost half
municipal loads of biochemical oxygen-
of U.S. drinking water ranks among the
of the United States population lives in
demanding substances decreased by an
best in the world. Waterborne diseases
coastal areas.
estimated 46 percent and industrial
such as cholera and typhoid fever have
been virtually eliminated in the United
States.
COASTS AND OCEANS
In a pattern common to many
nations, almost half of the U.S. popula-
tion lives within 80 kilometers of a
coastline, while these areas account for
less than 10 percent of the nation's total
area. The United States conducts many
programs to protect coastal and marine
resources and manage economic devel-
opment in an ecologically-sensitive
fashion.
Offshore development moratorium.
In June 1990 President Bush placed
large coastal areas off-limits to oil and
gas development until at least the year
2000, pending further environmental
studies. The areas subject to the
President's moratorium include 99 per-
FRESHWATER
cent of the the California coast, and all
loads fell by at least 71 percent. In the
of the coasts on Washington, Oregon,
most recent survey, an estimated 70
Over the last 20 years, the U.S. has
southern Florida and New England.
percent of rivers and 60 percent of lakes
PUR
invested more than 75 Billion in feder-
Oil Pollution Prevention and
met water quality standards and sup-
al, state, and local funds to construct
Response. Breaking a 16-year deadlock,
ported such uses as fishing and swim-
municipal sewage treatment facilities
the President signed legislation in 1990
ming.
Water quality costs to the private sector
that strengthens oil spill prevention
Wild and Scenic Rivers. The cumu-
,ARIV
increased, on an annualized basis, from
programs, creates a $1 billion cleanup
lative length of rivers designated for
about $3.9 billion in 1972 to almost $20
trust fund, requires double-hull oil
federal protection as "wild and scenic"
billion in 1991
tankers, and increases polluter liability
&
OCEANS
"I am going to stop ocean
dumping. Our beaches should
not be garbage dumps and our
harbors should not be
cesspools.
and enforcement tools.
Penalties imposed on
the Exxon Corporation
President George Bush
for its 1989 oil spill in
August 18, 1988
Alaska marked the
largest environmental
settlement in U.S. his-
National Estuarine Research Reserves and
-over $1 billion in
National Marine Sanctuaries
criminal fines and civil
damages.
4500
Also in 1991, the
4000
United States ratified
3500
Estuarine Reserves
an international con-
3000
Marine Sanctuaries
vention on oil pollution
which was first pro-
Thousands of Acres
2500
2000
posed by President Bush at the G-7
1992.
1500
summit in 1989. The treaty was tested
Coastal Zone Management. Under
1000
successfully in the U.S. -led internation-
the Coastal Zone Management Act of
500
al response to Iraq's massive oil release
1972, the Federal government provides
0
into the Persian Gulf in January 1991.
financial and technical assistance to
1975
1977
1979
1981
1983
1985
1987
1989
1991
Sewage treatment upgrades.
State governments, which must imple-
Source: CEQ, Environmental Quality, 1992
Improvements in coastal water quality
ment plans to manage and conserve
have occurred near many of the nation's
coastal resources. The federal govern-
coastal cities since wastewater treat-
ment has invested over $600 million in
ment facilities were built in the 1970s
these programs; 94 percent of the U.S.
National Wild and Scenic Rivers
and 80s. However, in a few of the
coastline falls under federally approved
nation's largest and oldest cities -
CZM programs.
10000
Boston, New York, Baltimore, Los
In 1990, the act added the require-
Angeles, San Diego, and Seattle -
ment that CZM programs must control
8000
treatment plants have not been upgrad-
"nonpoint" sources of pollution such as
ed. President Bush secured $300 mil-
runoff from farms and cities. From
6000
lion for cost-shared grants to these
1990 to 1992, the federal government
Miles in System
4000
cities in 1992, with another $340 mil-
has provided $140 million to the states
lion requested for 1993.
to help with this effort.
2000
Ocean Dumping Ban. Ocean dump-
Estuary management. The National
ing of industrial waste and municipal
Estuary Program, created in 1987,
0
sewage sludge was phased-out by the
establishes a cooperative, basin-wide
1970
1973
1976
1979
1982
1985
1988
1991
United States in 1988. As a result of
approach to protecting nationally signif-
Source: CEQ, Environmental Quality, 1992
Bush Administration legal actions,
icant bays. Comprehensive
eight Northeastern municipalities
Management Plans are developed by
ended ocean dumping in 1991 and
government agencies in cooperation
13
another will cease dumping in June
FRESHWATER
&
OCEANS
"Our environmental efforts
as spots for recreational diving and
should also be guided by a
fishing. During the Bush
Administration, these areas have
holistic view. The environment
been more than doubled to over 5,000
is composed of a seamless web
square nautical miles.
of realtionships between living
National Estuarine Research
Reserves. These areas are protected
organisms and the air, water,
for support of long-term research.
and land that surrounds them.'
The Bush Administration has added
six sites for a total of 19 reserves cov-
ering approximately 120,000
President George Bush
hectares (297,000 acres) of waters
April 20, 1991
and wetlands.
National Parks and Wildlife Refuges.
Of over 470 national wildlife refuges,
with academic institutions, interest
roughly one-third provide nursery
groups, and the public. On Earth Day
areas for anadromous, estuarine, and
1990, President Bush added five estuar-
marine fish, habitat for waterfowl
ies in Louisiana, Maine, Florida, and
and seabirds, and habitat for endan-
Massachusetts, bringing the total to 17.
gered and threatened species such as
Up to four more estuaries will be added
manatees.
in 1993.
The National Park System preserves
Coastal America. This new program
spectacular scenery and natural
leverages the expertise and authority of
resources in areas including Florida,
Federal agencies, State governments,
California, Maine, Hawaii, Alaska,
and non-governmental organizations in
Virginia, and the Great Lakes region.
a coordinated attack on coastal pollu-
Living marine resources.
tion, habitat loss, and sediment conta-
Overfishing, habitat loss, and water-
mination. For example, one task force
quality degradation have reduced most
is working with AMTRAK to restore
estuarine-dependent finfish and shell-
coastal salt marshes during renovations
fish species to historic low levels.
of the railroad between New York and
However, several positive changes have
Boston.
1990, the three largest U.S. suppliers
occurred since the United States adopt-
Specially Protected Areas. Many
of canned tuna stopped buying tuna
ed the Marine Mammal Protection Act
areas of unique scenic or ecological
caught in dolphin-threatening nets.
of 1972.
value have been set aside for the con-
Seals and otters. Sea otter popula-
Whales. The eastern Pacific popula-
servation of plant and animal species:
tions in Alaska have rebounded from
tion of gray whales has recovered to
National marine sanctuaries. The
extremely low levels, and the com-
normal levels.
nation's nine national marine sanctu-
mercial harvest of Northern fur seals
Dolphins. Dolphin captures by U.S.
aries are the marine equivalent of
was ended in 1985.
tuna fisherman have been reduced by
national parks, harboring a diverse
Driftnet fishing ban. In 1991 the
14
over 90 percent since 1972, and in
array of plants and animals as well
United States was the principal co-
"Before nature, the works of
humanity seem somehow small.
We can build no monuments to
compare with nature. Our
greatest creations really can't
OCEANS ARE A U.S. PRIORITY AT
equal God's smallest."
UNCED
Encouraging other nations to join
President George Bush
the U.S. in protecting oceans, coasts,
and living marine resources is a priority
April 18, 1990
at UNCED. The following U.S. propos-
als form the heart of the UNCED
Agenda 21 ocean action plan:
Improving coastal zone management
Water Quality of Selected Rivers
to ensure ecologically-sensitive
Biological Oxygen Demand
coastal development;
last three years available
Creating a revolving fund for sewage
8
treatment facilities in developing
7
6
countries
5
Establishing a clearinghouse of
4
marine pollution information through
Mg/Liter
3
the United Nations Environment
2
1
Programme;
0
Using ecosystem approaches to man-
age living marine resources for maxi-
mum sustainable harvest of fisheries;
Delaware, USA
Mississippi, USA
Ishikari, Japan
Yodo, Japan
Loire, France
Rhone, France
Rhine, Germany
Po, Italy
Thames, UK
Mersey, UK
Supporting the Global Ocean
Observation System to improve
Source: OECD, 1991
understanding of ocean systems.
Ocean Dumping of Industrial, Fisheries,
Construction and Wood Wastes in US Waters
6
5
sponsor of a U.N. resolution that called
for a global ban on high seas driftnet
4
fishing by the end of 1992. Driftnet
fishing is a highly destructive fishing
Millions of Wet Tons
3
technique that results in large inciden-
2
tal takes of marine mammals, seabirds,
1
and other marine life. U.S. leadership
was instrumental in persuading Japan,
0
Taiwan, and South Korea to agree to
1973
1975
1977
1979
1981
1983
1985
1987
1989
15
comply with the ban.
Source: EPA, Report to Congress on Ocean Dumping, 1987-1990
B
0
D
V
R
Y
A
rich variety of plant and animal
1987 to $73 million in 1991. In addi-
lands and associated habitat.
species is what makes the Earth
tion the U.S. has provided an additional
Aid for Agriculture. Without the
unique. Untold numbers of species
$125 million for forest conservation.
improvements in agricultural produc-
have yet to be discovered - yet they
International Agreements. The U.S.
tivity since World War II, the pressures
hold the promise of many benefits for
is a signatory to various international
on forest lands would be even greater in
humanity, from curing disease to pro-
agreements that help conserve biologi-
many developing countries, and defor-
viding food and nutrition for the bil-
cal resources, e.g., the Ramsar
estation even more devastating.
lions in the world.
Convention on wetlands, the
Currently, direct annual U.S. aid for
Yet many species and their habitats
International Whaling Commission and
increasing agricultural productivity and
are under stress. Land conversion,
the Convention on International Trade
sustainability is $560 million.
degradation of habitat, over-exploita-
in Endangered Species (CITES). The
Multilateral aid. The U.S. has also
tion of certain plant and animal species,
U.S. is also working toward interna-
funnelled aid through multilateral
introduction of non-native species, and
tional conventions on forests and biodi-
channels such as the World Bank and
pollution have threatened to rob the
versity.
the Global Environmental Facility to
planet of its vitality.
Debt-for-Nature. Debt-for-nature
help fund programs to conserve biodi-
For these reasons, the United States
transactions, in which reductions of for-
versity and forests, and increase agri-
has been a leader in enacting laws, pro-
eign debt are exchanged for long-term
cultural productivity.
conservation commitment, are actively
Cooperative Research: Neotropical
supported by the U.S.. Its Agency for
Migratory Bird ConservationProgram.
International Development (AID) fund-
U.S. scientists and institutions partici-
ed four debt swaps through 1990, and
pate in research, worldwide, designed to
completed of six additional swaps
further our knowledge of individual
totalling $30 million in 1991.
species, ecosystems and biodiversity. Of
Bilateral Agreements: North
birds that nest in North America and
American Waterfowl Management Plan.
winter south of the border, 71 percent
The U.S. also has several bilateral
are in decline for complex reasons. This
agreements with its immediate neigh-
program, also known as "Partners in
bors that address resource conserva-
Flight", involves Federal, State, and
tion. For example, the North American
private organizations in Canada, the
Waterfowl Management Plan involves
U.S., Mexico, the Caribbean, and
viding assistance, and working for
the U.S., Canada and Mexico in an
Central America in research, monitor-
international agreements to protect
effort to restore migratory waterfowl
ing,and habitat management to address
species and habitat and preserve the
populations to 1970s levels. In the U.S.,
the problem.
biological diversity of the planet.
65 wetland conservation projects
totalling 96,000 hectares (237,000
RESEARCH
INTERNATIONAL EFFORTS
acres) have been approved. In Canada,
The U.S. is proposing to augment exist-
94 approved projects affect nearly
Assistance for Biodiversity. The
ing research and inventory programs by
200,000 hectares (500,000 acres). U.S.
United States' aid for programs
encouraging nations to undertake
funds are supporting projects in Mexico
designed to aid biodiversity directly has
national biodiversity inventories and
affecting more than 800,000 hectares (2
grown dramatically from $4 million in
establish centers to coordinate such
16
million acres) of biologically rich wet-
Expansion of Major US Federal Protected Areas
100
90
80
1970
research. The U.S. will establish its
information in the near future. The
U.S. has also offered to host a meeting
of international experts to advise
Million Acres, Miles of Wild and Scenic Rivers
70
1991
own national center for biodiversity
60
50
40
30
20
10
nations on such issues as data compara-
0
bility and inventories. The U.S. has an
extensive research program that
Parks
Wildlife
Refuges
Wilderness
Areas
Wild and
Scenic Rivers
Marine
Sanctuaries
addresses genetics, sustainable man-
agement of resources, habitat fragmen-
Source: USA National Report, 1992
tation, threatened and endangered
species, species viability, biological com-
munities, landscape ecology, assess-
Condition of Public Domain Rangelands
ment technologies, monitoring, and
global change effects.
50
Excellent
THE U.S. STRATEGY FOR PRESERVING
40
Good
BIODIVERSITY
Shown in Percent by Condition Class
Fair
30
Poor or Bad
Reducing Habitat Loss:
20
Under President Bush's leadership,
the United States is aggressively pursu-
10
ing several efforts to reduce habitat
loss, including:
0
1936
1975
1991
Purchasing Sensitive, Threatened,
Areas. The Land and Water
Source: Bureau of Land Management, 50 Years of Public Land Management, C. 1986 and unpublished data
Conservation Fund purchases lands for
conservation purposes. Between 1965
Wetlands Funding
and 1991, this Fund spent over $17 bil-
lion (in 1990 dollars) to purchase about
900
2.8 million hectares (6.9 million acres)
800
to augment National Parks, Wildlife
700
Refuges, Forests, Grasslands and other
600
Federal and State land holdings.
Millions of US Dollars
500
The President Bush's budget for
400
1993 requests $ 306 million for Federal
300
acquisition of park, forest, refuge and
200
other public lands, an increase of 61
100
percent over the 1989 budget. It also
0
includes $ 60 million for the partner-
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
ship with the States to create State
Source: Budget of the United States, 1993 & 1992
parks.
BIODIVERSITY
The U.S. National Wildlife Refuge
managed SO that they provide for the
withdrawn from production and
system is one of the most important fea-
diversity of plant and animal communi-
restored to conditions that control soil
tures of the U.S. public lands inventory
ties.
erosion, protect water quality, and in
from the perspective of preserving bio-
State and local governments man-
many cases provide improved habitat.
logical diversity. Wildlife refuges are
age a significant portion of the 28.5 mil-
Wetlands Reserve Program. Up to
specifically set aside to allow for condi-
lion hectares (70 million acres) under
405,000 hectares (one million acres) of
tions in which fish, birds, and other
their control as wildlife, conservation
former wetlands previously converted to
wildlife will thrive. Since coming to
and other specially-protected areas.
cropland can be restored to conditions
office, President Bush has established
Finally, private landowners and non-
suitable for migrating waterfowl and
57 new wildlife refuges, and has added
profit conservation groups have nature
other wetland-dependent species.
over 300,000 hectares (750,000 acres) to
reserves and wildlife sanctuaries on
President Bush has requested funds to
the U.S. National Wildlife Refuge
about half a million hectares.
support a one million acre enrollment in
System. Today, there are 36 million
Wetlands Protection: Efforts to pro-
this program, although in its first year
hectares (89 million acres) in the
tect wetlands helped reduce the rate of
of operation, the U.S. Congress reduced
National Wildlife Refuge system.
wetland losses in the lower 48 states.
requested funding.
Establishing Protected Areas. About
Approximately 180,000 hectares
"Swampbuster" provision. The Food
82 million hectares or 9% of the U.S.
(450,000 acres) of wetlands were being
Security Act of 1985 provided farmers a
land mass has been set aside as
lost each year from the 1950s to mid-
major disincentive to convert wetlands
National Parks, Wildlife Refuges,
1970s. Current information indicates
to agriculture by denying any USDA
Wilderness Areas, and Wild and Scenic
losses have been reduced to approxi-
farm program benefits to a farmer who
Rivers. In addition, about 1.5 million
mately 48,000 hectares (119,000 acres)
produced commodity crops on land that
hectares (3.7 million acres) have been
per year between 1982 and 1991.
was converted after 1985. This was
put into National Marine Sanctuaries
This rate of wetland loss is continu-
extended by the 1990 Farm Bill, signed
and National Estuarine Research
ing to decline as the Federal govern-
by President Bush.
Reserves. Little or no development or
ment, states and private organizations
Water Quality Incentives Program.
human activity, other than controlled
develop programs designed to make
This program authorizes incentive pay-
recreation, is allowed in these specially-
progress toward the President's goal of
ments to farmers to reduce agricultural
protected areas.
no-net-loss of wetlands by protecting
sources of pollution on up to 4 million
In just the last four years, over 2.6
existing wetland resources and by tak-
hectares (10 million acres) of cropland
million hectares (6.4 million acres) have
ing advantage of opportunities to
while maintaining agricultural produc-
been designated as wilderness areas,
restore or create new wetland systems.
tivity. The program was initiated in
4,300 kilometers (2,700 miles) have
Just in the last four years, U.S.
the 1990 Farm Bill, and funding of
been added to the U.S. Wild and Scenic
funding for wetlands research,
$6.75 million was appropriated in 1992.
Rivers, and five new national marine
enhancement, and acquisition pro-
President Bush has requested $10 mil-
sanctuaries have been created.
grams has increased from $295 million
lion for 1993.
The U.S. also manages an addition-
to $600 million, with $812 million
al 171 million hectares (423 million
requested in 1993. Because of this
FEDERAL LAND AND RESOURCE
acres, or 19% of the U.S. land mass) of
increase, the U.S. is now acquiring or
MANAGEMENT PLANS AND POLICIES
National Forests, grasslands, range-
restoring over 200,000 hectares
lands and other lands which permit
In addition to the 9 percent of U.S.
(500,000 acres) of wetlands per year.
multiple uses such as hiking, camping,
lands that are specially-protected, the
Conservation Reserve Program.
boating and other recreational uses,
Federal government owns and manages
Under this program, extended in the
over 23% more of the U.S. land mass.
conserving fish and wildlife, timber
1990 Farm Bill, 16 million hectares (40
harvesting, livestock grazing and min-
million acres) of highly erodible, envi-
Most of this is managed by the Bureau
18
eral extraction. These lands too are
of Land Management (BLM) and the
ronmentally sensitive croplands can be
Threatened and Endangered
Contaminant Levels in Herring Gull Eggs
Species Recovery Plans in Place
in Lake Huron
U.S. Forest Service. These agencies
.7
base their management on principles of
400
In 1974
multiple-use and sustained yield.
.6
Conservation and management of
300
BLM and Biodiversity. The BLM
lion acres) of public land, about one-
0
DDE and PCB Shown in Parts Per 10,000; Dieldrin and HCB are Shown
In 1990
.5
ecosystems and fish and wildlife com-
munities are integral parts of their
Shown in Number of Plans in Place
200
management programs.
100
in Parts Per Million; Mirex Shown in Parts Per 100,000
.4
.3
.2
oversees 108 million hectares (259 mil-
.1
0
eighth of the U.S. located mostly in the
1981
1992
DDE
Dieldrin
Mirex
HCB
PCB
11 western states and Alaska. Resource
Source: US Fish and Wildlife Service
Management Plans are directed to
Source: CEQ, 1991
manage forests in ways necessary to
sustain biodiversity.
National Forest System manage-
Percent of Species Threatened of Total
Management of BLM lands includes
ment includes a major program, "Every
Species Inhabiting Country
a major program to recover and con-
Species Counts", to recover and con-
70
serve over 160 federally listed and 1200
serve over 200 federally listed threat-
60
Mammals %
candidate threatened and endangered
ened and endangered species.
Birds %
species.
Critical Environmental Concern, cover-
hectares (34 million acres) of designat-
ing about 3.2 million hectares (8 million
ed wilderness and over 200 Research
Percent of Species Threatened of Total Species Inhabiting Country
50
Natural areas in the National
Fish %
40
BLM has designated 484 Areas of
Forests are protected in 14 million
30
20
10
acres), which are given special manage-
Natural Areas with over 80,000
0
ment to protect important fish and
hectares (200,000 acres).
wildlife resources. BLM has alsoestab-
The Forest Service also helps con-
Japan
United
States
United
Kingdom
West
lished 7 National Conservation Areas
serve biodiversity on state and private
Germany
Netherlands
France
covering about 5.7 million hectares (14
land through cooperation and technolo-
Source: OECD Environmental Data
million acres) to conserve resources of
gy transfer with land managers.
outstanding or exceptional national
value, including ecological resources.
RESTORING DEGRADED HABITATS AND
Trends in Abundance of Certain Species
Forest Service and Biodiversity. The
CONTROLLING NON-NATIVE SPECIES
Forest Service (FS) manages 155
Rangelands condition. Between
14 million
national forests, 19 national grasslands
1945 and 1985, grazing on the public
800
and 83 experimental forests and ranges,
North American Elk
domain lands was reduced by 37 per-
700
White-Tailed Deer
with a total area of 76 million hectares
cent, and conditions on those public
600
Prong-Horned Antelope
(188 million acres). The National Forest
lands have improved. Overall, U.S.
Management Act specifically states that
rangeland is now considered to be in its
Shown In 1000's
500
400
management plans are to "provide for
best condition since the beginning of
300
diversity of plant and animal communi-
the century, with about 80 percent
200
ties." Forest Plans are directed to pro-
100
rated as stable or improving. Further
vide habitat conditions that will sustain
0
improvement is expected as the BLM
population numbers and distributions
1920
1987
implements its "the Range of Our
of sensitive species needed for long term
Source: US Fish and Wildlife Service
Vision" program.
viability of all native plants and
19
animals.
BIODIVERSITY
Re-establishing native fishes. "Bring
over 7,000 voluntary agreements with
Secretary of the Interior develop and
Back the Natives", a joint BLM/USFS
private landowners to restore converted
implement a Recovery Plan to enable
program aims to re-establish native
and degraded wetlands on their proper-
the listed species to recover.
species in aquatic habitats. Almost 69
ty. To date the Partners for Wildlife
Of the 681 U.S. plant and animal
percent of U.S. threatened and endan-
program has helped restore about
species listed as threatened or endan-
gered fishes and more than half of the
60,000 hectares (150,000 acres) of wet-
gered in March 1992, 45 percent are
fishes that are candidates for listing are
lands on private lands.
plants. About 10 percent are mammals,
found on these lands.
Because stream and associated
with approximately equal proportions
Habitat management. Lands are
riparian zones are critical to wildlife
(about 13 percent) of birds, fishes and
also managed for restoration and recov-
and livestock in the arid West, the BLM
invertebrates, and a lesser percentage
ery of rare plants and animals, for
aims to restore 56,000 kilometers
(6 percent) of reptiles and amphibians
example, through prescribed burning of
(35,000 miles) of streams in the arid
combined.
jack pine for Kirtland's warbler.
West by 1997.
As of 1991, 41 percent of the listed
Controlling exotic species.
species' populations were stable or
Aggressive programs are sometimes
increasing, 38 percent were declining,
needed to control exotic species that
the status of 19 percent was unknown
prey upon and displace native species.
and 2 percent were believed extinct.
For example, efforts are underway to
Even though these laws have a rela-
control by natural methods the sea lam-
tively narrow focus, they have been suc-
prey which entered the Great Lakes via
cessful in bringing back a number of
the St. Lawrence Seaway by release of
species including thenation's symbol -
sterile male sea lampreys in key water-
the bald eagle, the whooping crane, the
ways.
American alligator, the red wolf, the
peregrine falcon, the trumpeter swan
CONSERVING SPECIES
and several species of marine mam-
There are over fifteen Federal laws
mals. However, for some species, popu-
lations continue to decline in spite of
which protect and conserve particular
best efforts, e.g., manatees and marine
species or groups of species in situ.
turtles.
Because no species exists in isolation,
Two examples of success in species
thse laws have also served to protect
protection and recovery include:
broad communities and ecosystems.
The broadest of these is the
Dolphin capture by U.S. fishermen
reduced by 90 percent. In 1972 U.S.
Endangered Species Act of 1973. This
purse seine fishermen killed 423,678
Act gives the Secretary of the Interior,
Wetland restoration. Wetland
dolphins. With new gear this was
the authority to list species as "threat-
restoration is a growing trend in the
reduced to less than 20,000 yearly in
ened" or, if they are in imminent danger
U.S. For instance, the Bush
the 1980s. In 1990, the observed kill of
of extinction, "endangered". The Act
Administration has proposed a $370
dolphins by U.S. fishing boats was
allows the Secretary to designate criti-
million program to restore 17,400
5,083.
cal habitat for threatened or endan-
hectares (43,000 acres) of wetlands and
Sea otters thriving. Between 1965
gered species based on the best avail-
the original course of the Kissimmee
and 1969, 402 sea otters were translo-
able scientific and commercial data
River in Florida.
cated to six areas in Alaska. Those
within one year of the listing of a
The FWS's "Partners for Wildlife"
areas now have nearly 4,000. Sea otters
species as threatened or endangered.
Program, since 1987, has entered into
in Alaska are now estimated to total
20
Finally, the Act requires that the
100,000 to 150,000.
SUPPLEMENTARY POLLUTION
samples to more than 100 nations.
CONTROL LAWS
American Type Culture Collection.
STATE PROGRAMS
The American Type Culture Collection
Even though a major focus has been on
All 50 of the U.S. states have endan-
(ATCC) is a gene library and a national
the improvement of human health, sev-
gered species and natural heritage pro-
repository for microorganisms that col-
eral laws designed to reduce pollution
grams, as well as state forest and park
lects, propagates, preserves, and dis-
from soil, water and air help supple-
systems. Approximately 40 states have
tributes cultures of microorganisms,
ment species-specific and other conser-
established resource management sys-
cell lines, animal and plant viruses, and
vation laws.
tems whose explicit purpose is protec-
special gene and cellular products.
In particular, the Federal
tion of "natural area" or similarly desig-
Over 42,000 strains of microorganisms-
Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide
nated areas.
freeze-dried or in live culture-are avail-
Act, the Toxic Substances Control Act
able for use in education, research, and
and the Clean Water Act have helped
PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPS
various scientific and industrial appli-
reduce pesticide and excess nutrient
cations.
Many private landowners and nonprofit
loadings in the soil and water.
American Zoos, Museums,
conservation groups invest substantial
After increasing steadily throughout
Aquariums and Botanical Gardens.
resources to conserve biodiversity on
the 1960s and 1970s, overall use of both
These institutions have played a critical
their lands. The Nature Conservancy
fertilizers and pesticides peaked in the
role in educating the public and instill-
has over 400,000 hectares (990,000
early 1980s. Over the past 20 years, the
ing in them an appreciation for fish,
acres) of nature reserves in 50 states.
United States has banned DDT, can-
wildlife and plants, and their inter-rela-
The National Audubon Society has
celed the registration of 34 other pesti-
tionships.
60,000 hectares (148,000 acres) of
cides and eliminated the use of 60 toxic
Many species that are extinct in the
wildlife sanctuaries in 19 states.
inert ingredients.
wild survive only in these ex situ insti-
In addition, thousands of private
America's bald eagle population was
tutions. In a number of instances, cap-
landowners have active partnerships
seriously threatened by the widespread
tive breeding, greenhouse and nursery
with Federal land management agen-
use of DDT and other organochlorine
programs have been instrumental in
cies to preserve and restore habitat.
pesticides until they were banned in
increasing populations of endangered
For example, the Forest Service has
the 1970s. The number of bald eagles in
species sufficiently to allow their rein-
arrangements with 67 conservation
the lower 48 states has increased from
troduction into the wild. Successful
groups; and more than 7000 private
as few as 1,000 nesting pairs in the
examples include the San Joaquin kit
landowners are part of the Fish and
early 1960s to over 3,000 nesting pairs.
fox, the peregrine falcon, the Hawaiian
Wildlife Service's "Partners for Wildlife"
Other threatened species affected by
silversword, and the Knowlton cactus.
program which have restored or
DDT have also shown signs of recovery,
A network of U.S. and Canadian
improved about 60,000 hectares
including the California brown pelican
ZOOS and aquariums conducts a Species
(148,000 acres) of wetlands.
and the peregrine falcon.
Survival Program for native and exotic
The Department of Defense and the
wild animals. Of 156 institutional mem-
EX SITU CONSERVATION MEASURES
Nature Conservancy since 1988 have
bers, 128 have species survival plans
had a cooperative agreement "to identi-
National Plant Germplasm System.
for threatened and endangered animals.
fy, document and maintain biological
The National Plant Germplasm System
Member institutions cooperate with
diversity on defense installations".
provides reserves of genetic material
public agencies on captive breeding pro-
essential to maintaining the nation's
grams for native species including the
major crops. The system is the world's
black-footed ferret, California condor,
largest distributor of plant germplasm
red wolf, thick-billed parrot, whooping
annually supplying more than 230,000
crane, and Puerto Rican crested toad.
21
W
A
S
T
E
S
AND TOXIC SUBSTANCES
T
HE HAZARDOUS AND MUNICI-
mental manner, most commonly in
have been cleaned of uranium contami-
PAL WASTE PROGRAM
municipal landfills.
nation, two major production plants are
In 1976, these practices were halted
now environmental restoration sites
Waste is an inevitable by-product of
when the Resource Conservation and
and numerous waste areas are closed.
any society, and the challenges of waste
Recovery Act (RCRA) laid out the basic
DOE is actively pursuing opportunities
disposal - whether the waste is solid,
framework for regulating hazardous
to develop new cleanup technologies
liquid, gaseous, or hazardous - can be
wastes. This includes regulation of the
and to provide for enhanced technology
formidable. The U.S. has met these
generation, transportation, treatment
transfer between the DOE laboratories
challenges with the implementation of
and disposal of hazardous waste.
and industry.
comprehensive laws, regulations, and
More than fifteen years of experi-
institutional policies which not only
ence with implementing the program
WASTE EXPORTS
promote the reduction of waste but seek
has provided the U.S. with a unique
to prevent and manage waste in a com-
The United States has one of the most
opportunity to evaluate the risk posed
stringent waste export programs in the
by these wastes as well as the economic
world. In 1989, the United States
costs associated with this program, and
exported less than 1% of the hazardous
provides a good starting point for mov-
waste generated within its borders, to
ing forward.
nine countries. Under RCRA, U.S.
The United States has spent
companies are forbidden to export haz-
tremendous resources managing
ardous waste without first notifying the
wastes. U.S. programs are changing to
receiving country and obtaining that
ensure that the regulation of waste
country's formal consent.
management is tailored to the risk
In addition to its own guidelines
posed, and that more emphasis is
established under U.S. export pro-
placed on reducing the amount of waste
grams, the United States has taken
the U.S. generates. The RCRA program
steps to work cooperatively with other
today costs the United States at least
nations to ensure the environmentally
$32 billion per year. By the year 2000
sound, transboundary movement of
it is estimated that these costs will rise
waste. One sign of this commitment is
to at least $42 billion per year.
international agreements with Canada
prehensive fashion, from its generation
WASTE AT U.S. FEDERAL FACILITIES
and Mexico specifying notice, export
to its ultimate disposal.
and enforcement procedures for haz-
By 1985, the first comprehensive
Hazardous waste cleanups at Federal
ardous waste exports. Another is that
national survey revealed that U.S.
facilities have received increasing
the U.S. is a signatory to the Basel
industry was generating approximately
emphasis. The President's 1993 budget
Convention.
275 million metric tons of hazardous
proposes $5.5 billion for cleanup and
As a participant in the development
waste per year. Prior to 1976, Federal
compliance at Department of Energy
of the Basel Convention, the United
and state programs exercised little or
(DOE) atomic weapons sites, more than
States looks forward to its ratification
no control over hazardous waste dispos-
three times the amount that was spent
by the United States Senate. This
al. As a result, hazardous waste was
on this activity in the 1989 fiscal year.
action will enable the U.S. to continue
22
often disposed of in an unsafe environ-
In less than three years, 264 locations
its commitment to environmentally
Consistent with President Bush's Executive Order directing federal agencies
to use recycled materials, this document was printed on recycled paper.
safe management of wastes, as estab-
removed huge quantities of contami-
solid waste by 25% through source
lished in domestic programs and by
nants. This includes almost 13 million
reductions and recycling.
other international agreements.
cubic yards of soils and solid wastes
Approximately 73% of the waste gener-
(enough to cover a football field more
ated in 1988 was placed in landfills, fol-
HAZARDOUS WASTE CLEANUP
than a mile high); more than a billion
lowed by incineration (14%) and recy-
In 1980, the Comprehensive
gallons of ground water (enough to pro-
cling (13%), respectively.
vide the population of New York City
Environmental Response,
The U.S. is promoting an integrated
with drinking water for nearly five
Compensation, and Liability Act (CER-
waste management approach, which
CLA), commonly known as the
years); and more than 300 million gal-
recognizes that no single solid waste
Superfund program, was established to
lons of surface water (more than a gal-
management technology is appropriate
lon for every person in the United
in all circumstances, but which
clean up abandoned or uncontrolled
States).
hazardous wastes sites. The Federal
includes: 1) source reduction and reuse;
government has identified over 1,200
2) recycling and composting; 3) inciner-
MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE
hazardous sites for long-term cleanup.
ation with energy recovery; and 4) land-
All of these sites have undergone inves-
filling.
The management and disposal of
The U.S. has made substantial
tigations to determine the nature and
municipal solid waste is a growing
extent of contamination. The
national issue as available disposal
progress in recycling. For example, the
President's budgets for Superfund have
options (traditionally landfills) in com-
nation's recycling rate increased from 9
significantly increased funding for
munities across the United States are
percent to 13 percent between 1985 and
1988 and the nation is committed to
direct site cleanup work to accelerate
filling up and new sites become increas-
cleanup of those sites and ensure that
ingly difficult to site. Municipal solid
achieving its 25% recycling goal. The
the threats they pose to human health
waste is generated by households, com-
recycling rate is expected to continue to
and the environment are eliminated as
mercial establishments and institutions
climb as the number of new recycling
soon as possible. Long-term cleanup
such as schools.
programs increases each year. Since
work has begun at 504 sites. In addi-
In 1988, an estimated 190 million
tion, emergency cleanup action has
tons, or approximately 4 pounds per
US Recovery of Municipal Solid Waste for Recycling
been taken at over 2600 sites that pre-
person per day, of municipal solid waste
sent immediate threats. Cleanups are
was generated. Municipal solid waste
14
financed by either the Federal govern-
management in the United States is
ment or by parties responsible for the
12
primarily a state and local responsibili-
contamination. Following the
ty with solid waste management ser-
10
President's directive that polluters
vices typically provided by localities to
should pay for cleanup, last year the
their residents and paid for through
Percent Recovered
8
6
Federal government secured a record
state and local tax revenues.
4
$1.4 billion in commitments to conduct
Landfilling continues to be the dom-
site work from those responsible for
inant waste management technology in
2
hazardous waste pollution.
the United States. However, the per-
0
In addition, emergency and perma-
centage of waste placed in landfills is
1960
1970
1980
1988
nent Superfund cleanup work to date
declining as the country moves toward
Source: EPA, Characterization of Municipal Solid Waste in the US, 1960 to 2010, June 1990 Update
has treated, isolated, neutralized, or
the national goal of reducing municipal
23
WASTES
1988, the number of curbside recycling
investigating and experimenting with
introduction of chemical substances
programs increased by approximately
economic incentives such as unit-based
into commerce. Since 1979, 20,000 new
170 percent to over 2,700 programs
pricing (e.g., charging waste generators
chemical substances have been
nationwide.
according to the amount of waste they
reviewed with a current average of
Waste Reduction and Recycling.
produce) in order to encourage source
approximately 2,500 new chemicals
President Bush has taken steps to
reduction as well as recycling. The
being reviewed each year. This figure
ensure that Federal government agen-
EPA is also participating in the devel-
includes nearly 16,000 notices that
cies take a lead role in encouraging
opment of life-cycle analysis, a method
have undergone full review and approx-
increased waste reduction and recy-
of evaluating the environmental effects
imately 4,000 low-volume, test-market,
cling. In October 1991 President Bush
of wastes throughout their life-cycle
and polymer-exemption applications.
signed an executive order requiring
(i.e., from raw material extraction,
Since 1979, the Agency has taken fol-
each Federal agency to reduce wastes
manufacturing and disposal).
low-up regulatory action on nearly
and increase recycling by taking the fol-
1,700 chemicals.
lowing actions:
THE TOXICS PROGRAM
Data gathering and risk assessment.
Initiate a program to promote cost-
EPA has used its broad authority
Industrial chemicals - metals and
effective waste reduction and recy-
under TSCA section 8 to gather exten-
metal salts, organic solvents, plastic
cling of reusable materials in opera-
sive information on a large number of
polymers, fertilizers, acid and bases,
tions and facilities; and
chemical substances already in com-
among many others - are ubiquitous
Procure more items made from recy-
merce, which the EPA has used to
in modern commerce. Most synthetic
cled materials, in accordance with
screen and evaluate potential risks
chemicals in use in the United States
RCRA.
posed by those chemicals.
were introduced before the advent of
The order also establishes a Council on
PCBs. The U.S. has implemented a
Federal environmental protection laws.
Federal Recycling and Procurement
broad regulatory program, as mandat-
At the time of the Stockholm
Policy to develop guidelines and help
ed by TSCA, that has banned PCB
Conference, the chemical industry was
coordinate agency waste reduction and
manufacture and restricted every other
largely self-regulated. As a result, the
recycling efforts.
aspect of PCB use and disposal. As a
newly created EPA had very limited
Finally, the Federal government
direct result of this regulatory frame-
data on human health risks or environ-
continues to search for more innovative
work, the percentage of the population
mental impacts from the tens of thou-
ways to encourage responsible munici-
with "high" levels of PCBs in their body
sands of chemical in commerce.
pal waste management. The U.S. is
tissue has dropped from a high of about
In 1976, the Toxic Substance
7.5% in the mid-1970s to between zero
Control Act was enacted to address
and 2% today.
these problems. TSCA's key provisions
Asbestos. The focus of much of the
provide screening, data-gathering, and
EPA's 33/50 PROGRAM
U.S. asbestos program has been on the
regulatory control authority, all to
inspection of asbestos in schools and
enable the U.S. to make informed deci-
the proper in-place management or
sions about the manufacture, process-
Voluntary Program
removal of damaged asbestos from
ing, use, and distribution in commerce
Companies Cut Toxic
school buildings. Regulatory action to
of potentially toxic chemicals, prefer-
Releases by 33% by 1992 and
limit air emissions of asbestos fibers
ably in advance of their entering the
50% by 1995
has also been taken. The toxics pro-
marketplace.
797 Firms Signed Up to Date
gram is working to further restrict cer-
341 Million Pounds of Highly
Early Accomplishments in Risk
tain high-risk uses of asbestos within
Toxic Chemicals to Be
Identification and Assessment
the next few years. Finally, rigorous
Reduced
standards have been set by EPA and
24
TSCA (section 5) requires firms to
the Occupational Safety and Health
submit detailed information prior to the
Administration to limit workplace expo-
Already, the 33/50 Program has
Adult Dietary Intake of Lead (Pb)
sure to asbestos.
been a success in terms of industry par-
ticipation and progress in meeting
35
RECENT ACHIEVEMENTS
30
reduction targets. As of May 1992, 797
25
firms have made commitments to the
Lead. In early 1991 the Federal
program with a reduction of 341 million
pounds projected when they achieve
sive, multi-media strategy to reduce
Ug Kg-1 Body Weight Per Week
20
15
government announced a comprehen-
10
their targets, with some firms reporting
5
lead levels in drinking water and in
0
reductions that exceed the target levels.
ambient air near large stationary
sources such as lead smelters and
These early successes reflect favorably
United States
Australia
China
Canada
Denmark
United Kingdom
Japan
Netherlands
Ireland
France
on a number of themes inherent in the
refineries, as well as stepped-up
New Zealand
West Germany
Belgium
33/50 project - fostering a pollution-
enforcement actions against facilities
prevention ethic throughout industry by
violating lead standards and investiga-
Source: EPA, UNEP Environmental Data Report, 1991
tions into the location of lead "hot
promoting the benefits of obtaining
measurable reductions in emissions,
spots."
seeking cost-effective alternatives to
The Toxics Release Inventory (TRI).
regulatory command and control
The Emergency Planning and
Community Right-to-Know Act of 1986
approaches to environmental protec-
tion, letting industry determine their
provides citizens with unprecedented
Adult Dietary Intake of Mercury (Hg)
access to information about toxic chemi-
own best methods to reduce pollution,
(1980-1988)
cals in their communities. The TRI
and encouraging source and toxics-use
reduction.
3
already has become an important
International testing initiative.
2.5
national tool for promoting pollution
Through EPA, the United States has
2
prevention, and the TRI will be crucial
taken a leading role in a 13-nation
1.5
for documenting the success of pollution
effort to develop base-level data for
Pollution prevention through the
33/50 project. The Pollution
quantities world-wide. This voluntary
Ug/Kg of Body Weight Per Week
1
УК
prevention, efforts in the 1990s.
chemicals that are produced in large
.5
0
Prevention Act of 1990 calls pollution
testing effort, known as the Screening
has focused on substances of potential
United States
United Kingdom
Netherlands
Canada
Italy
Information Data Set (SIDS) program,
France
Belgium
prevention a "national objective" and
declares that "source reduction is fun-
West Germany
damentally different and more desir-
concern for which few test data are pub-
able than waste management and pollu-
licly available. Testing on more than 30
Source: UNEP Environmental Data Report, 1991
tion control."
SIDS chemicals is due to be completed
this year, with two further rounds
The 33/50 Program for industrial
scheduled.
toxic chemicals is the centerpiece of the
U.S. pollution prevention strategy.
33/50 is a voluntary pollution preven-
tion initiative to reduce releases and
off-site transfers of 17 highly toxic
chemicals by 33% in 1992 and 50% in
1995 (from a national total of 1.4 billion
pounds, representing 22% of all chemi-
cal releases, based on a 1988 TRI data).
25
A
G
R
U
L
T
U
R
E
A
America's lands are one of her
reduce farmers' dependence on subsi-
In aggregate, U.S. commodity sub-
greatest blessings. For more than
dies. Farmers are given greater flexi-
sidy payments have been reduced
a century, the United States steadily
bility to grow the crops that best suit
from a high of $26 billion in 1986 to
has added valued lands to her treasury
the market and the environment.
approximately $12 billion this year.
of national parks, wildlife refuges,
The 1990 Farm bill extended the
The Administration has worked for
forests, and productive ecosystems.
market orientation of the 1985 Food
greater environmental gains in crop
Agricultural policy, especially since the
Security Act:
production policy by urging U.S. trade
1980s, has been reoriented to increase
- Price supports were kept at levels
partners around the world to curtail
the market orientation of commodity
which do not overwhelm market sig-
their damaging practices. In the trade
subsidy programs and to harmonize
nals for sensible use of resources.
negotiations of the General Agreement
environmental goals with commodity
- Acreage eligible for payments was
on Tariffs and Trade, the United States
production.
limited , but farmers were given flex-
seeks to restrain the distorting effects
of subsidies and trade barriers.
Especially in the European
Community, these distortions encour-
age farmers to cultivate intensively, SO
they tend to use more harmful fertiliz-
ers, herbicides and pesticides than they
would if they were paid the market
price. The United States proposal would
allow all nations to reduce the budget
cost and the environmental damage of
subsidies. The Europeans Community's
recent proposal to reform its Common
Agricultural Policy is a hopeful
response to U.S. calls for reform in
world agriculture policy.
The Farm Bill also extended or cre-
ated conservation programs that will
protect the most sensitive lands. The
Administration supports these pro-
grams. For example:
The Conservation Reserve Program
THE 1990 FARM BILL
ibility to plant any crop on certain
will withdraw almost 40 million acres
acres. By decoupling current crop
of highly erodible land from produc-
The 1990 Farm Bill, signed by
year yields from payment calcula-
tion for approximately 10 years.
President Bush, is the most environ-
tions, the 1990 Farm Bill helps to
During that time, the government
mentally sensitive farm bill in history.
relieve the pressure to overuse fertil-
pays the landowner an annual rent,
The 1990 Farm bill reflects the
izers.
as well as a portion of the cost to
Administration's determination to
install an alternate ground cover.
26
&
L
A
N
D
M
A
N
A
G
E
M
E
N
T
The Wetlands Reserve Program has
subsidy programs.
the goal of restoring and retiring up
The U.S. is also placing more
to one million acres of wetlands. The
emphasis on sustainable agriculture.
government will obtain long-term or
This form of agriculture is productive
permanent easements on the land,
and profitable and will help to conserve
and pay the owners for those ease-
natural resources. To support sustain-
ments, as well as a portion of the cost
able agriculture practices, the U.S. gov-
of restoring the wetlands.
ernment will:
Producers of agricultural commodi-
Support programs that facilitate the
ties on highly erodible land must
technology transfer of integrated pest
draw up a Conservation Compliance
management practices.
US Agricultural Commodity Subsidies
Plan in order to continue to receive
Offer educational resources and man-
agricultural program benefits, such
agement advice to producers who
30
as deficiency payments and farm
seek eco-efficient means of produc-
25
operating loans.
tion.
Investments in research and tech-
20
PESTICIDE USE
nology which will result in new agricul-
tural inputs which are gentler to the
President Bush has submitted legis-
Outlays in Billions of Dollars
15
10
environment are also being empha-
lation to update the federal statutes
sized. These include:
5
which govern the regulations of pesti-
Increased research and control activi-
0
cide residues on food and the use of pes-
ties utilizing biocontrol instead of
ticides in food production.
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
chemical control methods.
The U.S. is also increasing efforts to
Source: USDA Agricultural Outlook April 1992; Budget on the US, 1993
reduce non-point source pollution
attributed to pesticides and other agri-
cultural inputs. Under this approach,
the U.S. Government will:
Conservation Reserve Program
Assist states in establishing compre-
40
hensive ground-water protection pro-
1800
35
grams which meet the national goals
1600
30
of preventing threats to human
1400
health and protecting the environ-
mental integrity of the nation's
Total Acreage Enrolled Shown in Millions of Acres
25
Annual Outlays Shown in Millions of Dollars
1200
20
1000
15
800
groundwater.
600
Strengthen research at USDA to
10
400
determine how agricultural practices
5
200
might contribute to groundwater con-
0
0
tamination.
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
Implement programs that reduce the
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
incentives to use chemicals in crop
Source: Budget of the US, 1993
27
AGRICULTURE
&
LAND
MANAGEMENT
Economic incentives for pesticide
great beauty or significant historical
restricted or dedicated use has increased
manufacturers and farmers to look
values. Therefore, the use of this land is
significantly - an average of 1.5 million
for and utilize safer pesticidal prod-
dedicated only to visitation and recre-
acres per year have been added to the
ucts.
ation without resource or commercial
national wilderness system.
Streamlined processes to obtain mar-
development.
America the Beautiful consists of the
ket approval for newer and safer pes-
Many Federal public lands are man-
following elements:
ticide products.
aged under a policy of multiple use,
Enhancing Recreation and
which includes a combination of recre-
PRESERVING OUR NATURAL HER-
ation, watershed protection, fish and
ITAGE: U.S. PUBLIC LANDS
wildlife habitat, timber, minerals and
range. Significant quantities of com-
By the turn of the century, the U.S.
modities such as timber, grazed cattle,
already had set aside thousands of
oil, gas and coal have come from the
acres for future generations to use as
Federal lands, in addition to hunting,
national parks, forests, and other con-
fishing, drinking water and camping.
servation purposes. More recently, con-
This multiple-use policy has been in
servation has grown to encompass not
practice on much of the Federal lands
only aesthetic amenities and sustain-
since the 1900's.
able yield of natural resources, but also
recreation and wildlife habitat.
AMERICA THE BEAUTIFUL
Federal ownership comprises 39 per-
cent of the Nation's forests and 43 per-
In 1991 President Bush launched
cent of the Nation's rangeland. Certain
America the Beautiful, a major, multi-
Federal lands are given special designa-
year natural resource conservation and
tions limiting land-use and activities.
recreation initiative to protect and
For example, national parks preserve
enhance America's national parks,
areas of unique and fragile ecosystems,
wildlife refuges, forests, and other pub-
lic lands.
Since 1989, the President has dou-
bled funding for parks, wildlife and out-
"It will not be enough
door recreation and has tripled funds to
states under the Land and Water
to merely halt the damage
Conservation Fund. 20 national park
we've done; our natural
units and 57 wildlife refugees have
Restoration of Natural Resources The
heritage must be
been added or proposed in addition to
Bush Administration has increased
recovered and restored."
the existing units. In total, over 1.5 mil-
Federal funding and expertise to protect
lion acres have been added. Moreover,
threatened natural resource treasures
the length of rivers designated as wild
and key Federal recreation areas in need
President George Bush
and scenic has increased from 868 to
of improvement. The 1993 budget
April 18.1990
9,463 miles over the past 20 years.
includes $365 million for improved
Finally, since 1982, the amount of
28
"We can serve this
generation while preserving
the earth for the next and
resource protection, including wetlands
Projected Soil Erosion from
all that will follow."
conservation and restoration, endan-
Croplands in US, Excess Soil Loss
gered species activities, and enhanced
1800
recreational opportunities in national
President George Bush
1600
park, wildlife refuge, and other public
1400
April 18.1990
lands.
1200
Targeted Parks: America's Crown
Million Tons Per Year
1000
800
600
400
200
Nitrogenous Fertilizer Use
0
50
1985
1990
1995
Source: USDA, Agricultural Resources: Cropland, Water, and
40
Conservation Situation and Outlook Report, 1990
30
NK
Tons Per Square Kilometer of Arable Land (1988)
20
significant resources under stress at 28
10
units in the National Park System and
0
develop management models for long-
United States
Italy
France
Japan
term resource recovery and preserva-
West Germany
United Kingdom
Belgium
tion that provide for continued public
Netherlands
access and enjoyment.
State Challenge Cost-Share
Source: OECD, 1991
Programs America the Beautiful
encourages expanded partnerships with
private parties and State and local gov-
Pesticides Use
ernments through a new challenge cost-
share program for the U.S. Department
2.5
of the Interior's National Park Service.
2
Federal funds will be matched by non-
Federal contributions for the protection
1.5
and enjoyment of parks and refuges.
public interest in experiencing and
miles of new trails and the establish-
Tons Per Square Kilometer Agricultural Area
1
The President's outdoor program
.5
Jewels. To help meet the increasing
has allowed the opening of thousands of
0
understanding America's natural won-
ment of new campsites, boating access,
ders and rich history preserved in our
and handicapped access facilities all
United States
West Germany
France
national parks, the President proposed
across America.
United Kingdom
Italy
Japan
Belgium-Lux
Netherlands
a Targeted Parks Initiative. It will
Source: OECD, 1991, figures for latest available year
establish special monitoring of critically
29
P
U
B
L
P
A
R
T
T
here is no greater force for
PUBLIC PARTICIPATION THROUGH
PUBLIC PARTICIPATION UNDER U.S.
democracy, economic growth, or
UNCED
LAW
environmental protection than a people
armed with facts. For this reason,
During two years of UNCED prepara-
Public participation is a hallmark of
expanding the public's role in decision-
tions, the United States worked suc-
United States environmental law.
making worldwide is a top priority of
cessfully to expand public participation
Under more than 50 U.S. environmen-
the United States.
both in the UNCED preparations them-
tal laws and such statutes as the
selves and in national and international
Freedom of Information Act and the
decision-making.
Community Right-to-Know Act, many
The US worked to establish rules at
opportunities exist for the public to
UNCED that ensured non-governmen-
obtain information and participate in
tal organizations would have access to
the development of laws, regulations,
negotiators and negotiation sites.
permits, and judicial actions.
The U.S. proposed and won lan-
In a comparative ranking of the
guage in the Rio Declaration and
G-7 industrial nations prepared by
Agenda 21 that notes the importance of
environmental groups and released at
expanding public participation in sus-
the 1991 London Economic Summit,
tainable development policy-making.
the United States earned the highest
As part of the preparation of the
score by a wide margin in the "public
U.S. National Report to UNCED, the
right to know" category.
President's Council on Environmental
Environmental Impact Assessments.
Quality held public meetings in five
The United States pioneered the use of
cities to gather the views of diverse
environmental impact assessments,
non-governmental representatives on
which have influenced the design of
U.S. environment and development
thousands of federal projects to better
policies.
accommodate environmental concerns.
The law requires federal agencies to
prepare detailed statements for major
actions that significantly affect envi-
ronmental quality, identifying impacts
and evaluating alternatives. Public
comment is sought, especially from
individuals potentially affected by the
action. Through this process, citizens
have influenced a broad range of
Federal actions.
Community Right-to-Know. A 1986
law requires that local communities
and states receive information on the
routine and accidental chemical emis-
sions of over 20,000 industrial facili-
30
ties. Public awareness of these emis-
P
A
T
o
N
sions has created a strong incentive for
ing" to bring affected parties together to
companies to reduce them voluntarily
design environmental regulations.
to improve community relations. In
Agencies often organize public discus-
fact, in one example, since 1986 emis-
sions, workshops, formal hearings, or
sions from member companies of the
formal advisory committees of interest-
Chemical Manufacturers Association
ed parties to gather information and
(CMA) dropped by 40 percent, even
discuss environmental policy options.
while production was increasing by
Litigation. After final regulations
10%.
and effluent permits are published,
Openness in Legislation and
affected members of the public are
Regulation. The public may influence
afforded a reasonable period of time to
legislation by casting votes in elections,
challenge them in the courts of the
communicating directly with legisla-
United States. Once rules and permits
tors, or testifying in legislative hear-
become effective, affected parties may
ings. Organizations representing mil-
seek through the courts to impose their
lions of members serve as a two-way
requirements on any person alleged to
channel of information and advocacy
have failed to comply with them. The
between legislators and citizens on the
settlements in such cases may compel
full range of issues.
compliance, payment of penalties to the
Public input is a key part of the
government, or require convicted par-
process of developing and establishing
ties to pay the fees of plaintiffs' attor-
regulations that implement a law.
neys.
Proposed regulations are made widely
Enforcement. The Bush
available to the public, which is then
Administration has provided record
provided a period of time to comment on
support for enforcing environmental
the proposal. The regulatory agency
laws. EPA has collected more fines and
vate parties contributed a record $1.4
may then revise the proposed rule and
penalties in the last 3 years then in its
billion in settlements for the cleanup of
must explain to the public why particu-
previous 20 year history. Last year, pri-
Superfund hazardous waste sites.
lar comments were or were not accept-
ed. Both the final regulation and the
written response to public comments
are again published in the Federal
Register.
"Our message about
Effluent permits provided for by law
environmental law is
are issued in a similar manner. Draft
permits are published for public review
simple: Polluters will pay."
and comment; agencies then issue, mod-
ify, or deny the permit based on those
President George Bush
comments.
In recent years agencies increasing-
June 8, 1989
ly have utilized "negotiated rule-mak-
31
F
N
A
N
A
L
A
S
T
he United States has been the
The United States and other OECD
Pollution Prevention project help to
world's leading contributor of
countries agree that the Global
reduce and prevent industrial pollution,
international economic assistance since
Environment Facility (GEF) should be
toxic contamination, and deteriorating
1945. Total United States assistance for
the principal mechanism to direct mul-
health.
economic, humanitarian, environmen-
tilateral aid to developing nations to
Mexico Border Plan. The Bush
tal, and development purposes was over
fund the agreed incremental costs of
Administration has worked to imple-
$11.27 billion in 1991. President Bush's
projects with global environmental ben-
ment and strengthen a joint U.S. -
FY 1993 budget includes $734 million
efits.
Mexico environmental program. The
for international environmental finan-
Administration created an environmen-
cial assistance. This represents an
U.S. BILATERAL ASSISTANCE
tal action plan for the border area. The
increase of $293 million, or 61%, above
Administration secured $103 million in
U.S. Agency for International
1990 levels. When combined with the
fiscal year 1992 for activities that sup-
Development (AID). The primary U.S.
portion of the U.S. contribution to mul-
port the plan and has requested $201
foreign assistance arm is the U.S.
tilateral bank lending that is devoted to
million for these activities in FY 1993.
Agency for International Development
environmental projects, total U.S. envi-
Enterprise for the Americas
(AID), which has an extensive global
ronmental international financial assis-
Initiative (EAI). The Enterprise for
environmental program operating in 90
tance will exceed $1.2 billion next year.
countries and funded at over $400 mil-
the Americas Initiative, announced by
The United States recognizes that
President Bush in June 1990, generates
lion per year. The current program
nations will benefit if a productive bal-
financial resources for conservation and
includes assistance in forestry, biodi-
ance is established between economic
environmental protection in Latin
versity, coastal zone management,
growth and caring for the environment
America and the Caribbean. In fiscal
urban and industrial pollution, and
in both the developed and the develop-
year 1991, the United States took action
water and resources management.
ing world.
to provide $34 million in total contribu-
In implementing its global, national,
The United States believes that each
tions to the environment in the respec-
and regional environmental programs,
nation must pay for the major share of
tive local currencies. President Bush
AID works closely with other U.S. fed-
its environmental efforts; however, the
requested in fiscal year 1992 $100 mil-
eral agencies, other donor countries and
U.S. recognizes the need for outside
lion for the environment component but
non-governmental organizations. AID
resources to assist developing nations in
Congress did not approve the funds. In
environmental projects range from
achieving environmental objectives
the fiscal year 1993 budget, President
small grants for local non-government
while working to fulfill their develop-
Bush has requested $135 million in
organizations (NGOs) to large capital
ment aspirations.
country eligibility.
projects. The $315 million Alexandria
The entire Enterprise for the
Wastewater Project and the $904 mil-
Americas Initiative aims to engage the
lion Cairo Wastewater/Sewage Project
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL
United States in a partnership with its
are examples of large scale activities.
ASSISTANCE
neighbors to increase trade, investment,
More typical are the $7.4 million pro-
and growth in the hemisphere. Progress
gram in Southern Africa to promote
AID Bilateral Assistance
in these areas will also help ease the
regional cooperation to manage and
Enterprise for the Americas
pressure on scarce resources and permit
protect natural resources, the $18.5
Climate Change Country
more attention to domestic problems,
million project in Indonesia for forestry
Studies
including the need for environmental
planning and management, and the $35
32
OPIC Loan Guarantees
protection.
million worldwide Environmental
GEF Core Fund
GEF Parallel Financing
Montreal Protocol Fund
Forest Assistance
Brazil Pilot Program
S
S
T
A
N
C
E
Increases in US Environmental Financial Assistance
The EAI environmental component
800
is applied when countries first qualify
for a reduction of their bilateral conces-
700
GEF Parallel Financing
sional debt to the U.S. Government
600
GEF Core Fund (1)
(AID and P.L. 480 loans) under the EAI
500
Climage Change "Country
by undertaking a strong economic
Studies"(2)
reform program. If they agree to dedi-
400
Montreal Protocol Fund (3)
cate interest payments due on their
Millions of Dollars
Brazil Rain Forest (4)
300
remaining debt to environmental pro-
Mexican Border (5)
grams, these countries may deposit
200
Enterprise for the Americas
(EAI) (6)
these monies into funds that will be
100
Other AID funds going to
administered by committees consisting
Environmental Activities
of host country representatives, U.S.
0
Government representatives and non-
1990
1991
1992
1993
Actual
Actual
Estimate
governmental organizations. Non-gov-
Request
ernmental organizations will hold a
Source: USAID, Budget Office and US Office of Management and Budget
majority.
(1) The US is committed to provide these funds and will do so within the parameters of the FY 1993 budget.
(2) The US has pledged in FY 1994 an additional $12.5 million.
EAI environmental agreements
(3) The President requested $20 million for FY 1992, but Congress provided only $15 million.
(4) The US pledged S20 million to the pilot program in FY 1992, S5 million of which goes to the trust fund. The remaining $15 million is bilateral cofinancing over
have been signed with Chile, Bolivia,
several years.
(5) Only includes spending in Mexico, no dollars are included for US activities in border area.
and Jamaica, all nations that qualified
(6) Shows total contributions by host countries in local currency to the environment as a result of US debt forgiveness. For FY 1992, the President requested $100 million
for the EAI environment component, but Congress did not approve the funds. The FY 1993 amount of $135 million shows the June 1992 estimate of country
for debt reduction under the Initiative.
eligibility.
The Bush Administration is committed
ber of critical environmental areas.
to extending this program to additional
Budapest Regional Environmental
Polish Environmental Foundation.
Center. President Bush has directed
nations in the region once added
The United States provided the means
AID and the Environmental Protection
authority and appropriations are
for the Polish government to fund a
secured from Congress.
Agency to support the Budapest
Polish Environmental Foundation. The
Climate Change "Country Studies".
Regional Environmental Center in
U.S. accomplished this by going beyond
President Bush committed $25 million
Central and Eastern Europe. This cen-
the large Polish debt reduction previ-
in bilateral assistance to help develop-
ter conducts policy analysis, and helps
ously agreed to by the Western creditor
ing countries fund studies of green-
raise public awareness. Public educa-
governments and providing an addition-
house gas emissions. The "country stud-
tion targets include pesticide disposal,
al 10 percent reduction in the debt
ies" will:
lead in drinking water, and energy con-
obligations owed to the U.S.
servation.
assist implementation of reporting
Government.
obligations under the framework cli-
U.S./Japan Environmental
The U.S. action used a provision in
mate convention;
Resource Center Program.
the Paris Club agreement on Polish offi-
aid in conducting emission invento-
The U.S./Japan Environmental
cial debt reduction that allows addition-
Resource Centers will be a network of
ries and vulnerability assessments;
al voluntary debt reduction or debt
four national institutions located where
examine the economic impacts of
swaps. This action is part of a multilat-
the natural resource base is most
greenhouse gas mitigation options;
eral agreement among Poland's bilater-
threatened in Central and South
and
al creditors to reduce its official debt by
build government capacity in a num-
America, Africa, and Southeast Asia or
50 percent.
33
the South Pacific. The Program is
FINANCIAL
ASSISTANCE
designed to support environmentally
apply practical, private sector solutions
Interim Multilateral Fund over a three
sound development by generating the
to pressing environmental needs of the
year period. The fund was established
knowledge and enhancing the human
developing world. Supported projects
under the Montreal Protocol to help
capacity necessary to promote the ratio-
not only foster economic development,
developing countries with the transi-
nal and wise use of natural resources in
but promote a healthy environment, by
tion to CFC replacement technologies.
developing countries.
offering peoples of developing nations
The U.S. is the first and largest contrib-
U.S./Asia Environmental
market incentives for protecting their
utor to the fund.
Partnership (USAEP). The U.S. Asia
natural habitat.
Brazil Pilot Program. The Brazil
Environmental Partnership is an
Pilot Program grew out of a commit-
unprecedented coalition of U.S. and
MULTILATERAL FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE
ment made by the G-7 leaders at the
Asian government units, businesses
Houston and London economic sum-
The United States is providing leader-
and community groups working togeth-
mits. The Bush Administration has
ship in the multilateral development
er to enhance Asia's environment.
responded with action by pledging $20
banks in increasing the environmental
Twenty U.S. Government agencies are
million dollars in fiscal year 1992.
considerations which govern bank lend-
collaborating to support the USAEP.
Projects to be funded through the
ing policies. Progress has been made in
Environmental fellowships in training,
pilot program will focus on: environ-
the areas of environmental impact
technology cooperation, environmental
mental monitoring and surveillance,
assessment and forest policy.
infrastructure and regional biodiversity
environmental enforcement and con-
Global Environment Facility (GEF).
conservation network are the focus of
The U.S. and other OECD countries
trol, strengthening of state environ-
the partnership.
mental entities, and environmental
agree that the GEF should be the prin-
education. A science and technology
OPIC'S CONTRIBUTION
cipal mechanism for providing financial
component is included that has a
assistance to developing nations for the
directed research project and two sci-
The U.S., through the Overseas Private
purpose of funding the agreed incre-
ence centers of excellence.
Investment Corporation (OPIC), is
mental costs of projects with global
The participants in the December
helping to support investments in
environmental benefits.
1991 meeting in Geneva made pledges
developing countries that practice
The GEF, formally established in
of financial support totalling $250 mil-
sound environmental management. The
1991, is managed by the World Bank
lion to be coordinated by the World
Environmental Investment Fund is a
under a tripartite arrangement involv-
Bank which includes new and ongoing
$100 million equity fund, up to $40 mil-
ing the Bank, UNDP and UNEP. It has
lion of which will be contributed by
resources of $1.4 billion and is current-
programs. This program emphasizes
the participation of non-governmental
OPIC, and $60 million of which will be
ly operating on a three year pilot basis.
organizations and aims to develop
raised by the sale of limited partner-
The GEF funds innovative and demon-
replicable demonstration projects.
ships for new or expanding enterprises
stration projects in four key areas:
Multilateral Investment Fund. The
in such countries. The fund, which will
greenhouse gases, ozone depletion, bio-
Multilateral Investment Fund (MIF),
be privately owned and managed, seeks
logical diversity, and international
which will be administered by the
investments in the following fields:
waters.
Inter-American Development Bank,
Sustainable agriculture and forest
The Bush Administration has
will fund advisory services to help coun-
management;
pledged $50 million to the GEF Core
tries reform laws to protect the environ-
Ecological oriented tourism;
Fund and $150 million in parallel
ment. It will also provide resources for
Renewable and alternative energy
financing over a three year period. The
the training of individuals who serve in
technologies; and
U.S. is the largest contributor to the
regulatory positions that are designed
Pollution prevention technologies.
pilot program.
to protect the environment.
By using the power of the marketplace
Montreal Protocol Fund. The United
Environmental Impact Assessments
34
for the environment, OPIC seeks to
States is contributing $50 million to the
"If developed nations ignore
the growth needs of develop-
(EIA) in the World Bank. The World
A number of studies under the ini-
ing nations it will imperil us
Bank's operational directive on environ-
tiative identified organizational and
all. Those who have ascend-
mental impact assessment was revised
procedural constraints within the
in October 1991 to include new and
MDB's and institutional and policy
ed the economic hill must
stronger provisions that were goals of
problems within borrowing countries.
break down the barriers to
the U.S. These provisions included
Recommendations include the use of
progress and assist others
improvements in public access to envi-
integrated resource planning in all eco-
ronmental information in borrowing
nomic sectors, an institutional building
now making the climb."
countries, and strengthening of require-
program in borrowing countries, and a
ments on the use of international envi-
series of institutional and procedural
President George Bush
ronmental advisory panels. These
changes within the MDBs themselves.
changes constitute a dramatically
April 18.1990
improved World Bank approach for
FUTURE OF FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE
addressing the environmental impacts
FOR THE ENVIRONMENT
devising innovative approaches for
of their lending program.
The U.S. is committed to sustainable
funding sources-such as debt-for-
The U.S. continues to work with the
development. The U.S. will continue to
nature swaps;
regional MDBs to strengthen its EIA
do its part to help countries in need of
seeking to mobilize further resources
procedures.
financial assistance to address environ-
from the private sector. Establishing
Multilateral Development Bank
mental concerns and promote sustain-
national policies that create a favor-
Forest Policy. The U.S. has also
able climate for international invest-
able development.
pressed the multilateral development
The U.S. approach will be based on
ment and trade is key;
banks for improvements in policies
principles we believe are necessary for
preparing national development
relating to forests and forest resources.
effective assistance: the need for mar-
strategies, in all countries, that inte-
In August, the World Bank adopted a
ket-based economic systems; economic
grate environmental and economic
new forest policy that represented a sig-
efficiency in projects; the integration of
considerations and identify national
nificant improvement over its previous
environmental and other policy objec-
policies and actions to promote sus-
policy. It places greater weight on the
tives; and the value of public participa-
tainable development;
protection and conservation of forest
tion. Those areas we have identified as
setting priorities for funding;
areas and on considering forest impacts
from policies on transportation and
requiring priority attention are climate
supporting international financial
institutions in their efforts to reorient
change, forests conservation of species
agriculture. It also prohibits direct or
and their habitats, conservation of
and strengthen their assistance
indirect support of commercial logging
marine resources, strengthening
towards the promotion of sustainable
activities in tropical primary forests.
Energy Efficiency and
national capacities and preventing pol-
development;
lution.
devising improved mechanisms for
Conservation. At the suggestion of the
In addition, the U.S. will continue
specific environmental purposes
U.S. Government, language was includ-
efforts to provide financial resources for
where appropriate; for example, the
ed in the IDA-9 Replenishment
evolved GEF which will serve as the
sustainable development more efficient-
Agreement providing for greater atten-
ly This should include:
multilateral mechanism to provide
tion to energy efficiency and conserva-
more effective, efficient, and respon-
needed resources to support the
tion measures on the demand side. One
sible use of available resources-the
agreed incremental costs of achieving
result of the initiative was a restructur-
World Bank's regular lending pro-
agreed global environmental benefits.
ing and reorientation of the World
grams and the use of its resources
Bank's Energy Sector Management
Assistance program (ESMAP).
must integrate environmental and
development goals;
35
T
E
C
H
N
o
L
O
G
Y
ndustrialized and developing
technology is through partnerships
Needs assessments are important
countries, working together, have
with countries with whom we share
because resources are limited and prior-
an opportunity to seek new paths to
common interests.
ities must be developed.
sustainable economic growth and devel-
Free markets and free international
Climate Country Studies will be car-
opment. As awareness of the inter-rela-
trade are the major agents for the adap-
ried out with the help of $25 million the
tionship of global economic and environ-
tation and diffusion of environmentally-
United States has committed to enable
mental issues has grown, SO too has the
sound technologies in the world today,
developing countries to implement
recognition that technology cooperation
especially for commercially applied
reporting obligations they undertake
is at the heart of any strategy for sus-
technologies.
pursuant to the Framework Convention
tainable development. The United
Expanding technology cooperation
on Climate Change. The United States
States strongly supports technology
has been a U.S. priority in preparations
has already begun studies with three
cooperation with developing countries
for UNCED. Agenda 21 reflects U.S.
countries that will help to refine
and countries with economies in transi-
proposals regarding the importance of
methodologies needed to conduct future
tion.
intellectual property rights and the role
analyses. Needs assessments will also
While "technology transfer" is a
of the private sector. Agenda 21 estab-
be an important part of vulnerability
generic term for the process of moving
lishes a framework for technology coop-
assessments carried out by coastal
advanced hardware from wealthy
eration including:
states, which the United States will
nations to poor ones, it is commonly
information networks;
sponsor, through cooperation with other
viewed as a centralized, government-to-
technology assessment;
members of the IPCC Coastal Zone
government process. Indeed, in many
capacity building;
Management Subgroup (CZMS).
important cases, technology transfer
a collaborative network of research
does result from official foreign assis-
centers;
tance and exchanges.
assistance programs;
In most cases, however, technologi-
support for technology transfer; and
cal change occurs as the result of pri-
collaborative arrangements and part-
U.S. TECHNOLOGY
vate sector activities such as direct for-
nerships.
COOPERATION INITIATIVES
eign investment, joint ventures, licens-
Many aspects of technology cooperation
ing, exports, and professional training.
undertaken by the United States fit
For example, more than a third of the
within this framework. Moving into the
Climate Country Studies
total assets of U.S. manufacturing com-
21st century, new and more efficient
Technology Cooperation Corps
panies are in foreign locations. Nearly
technologies will play an essential role
one-half of the students earning
in our efforts to contribute to the
Environmental Training
advanced engineering degrees in the
world's economy, protect the environ-
Institute
United States are from abroad.
ment, and alleviate poverty and human
U.S. - Japan Environmental
"Technology cooperation" is a better
suffering.
Centers
term for the mutually beneficial,
dynamic relationships that occur among
NEW U.S. TECHNOLOGY COOPERA-
ADEPT Mission
all the parties to economic activity.
TION INITIATIVES
America's 21st Century
By calling for a cooperative process,
The U.S. is promoting several tech-
Program
the United States recognizes that the
nology cooperation initiatives.
36
best way to promote the diffusion of
o
o
P
E
R
A
T
o
N
Training and technical assis-
ation efforts. Support for regional cen-
Technology transfer and devel-
tance will be strengthened through the
ters will help strengthen local expertise
opment will be the focus of three new
establishment of a new U.S. Technology
and regional cooperation.
programs - Assisting Deployment of
Cooperation Corps and an Environ-
The new Inter-American Institute for
Energy Practices and Technologies
mental Training Institute (ETI).
Global Change Research, which the
(ADEPT), the America's 21st Century
The Technology Cooperation Corps
United States has taken the lead in
Program, and the International
will be developed with the collaboration
founding, will help strengthen the
Cooperative Biodiversity Group
and participation of representatives of
capacity of countries in the Western
Program.
the U.S. business community, recogniz-
Hemisphere in basic research related to
ADEPT will provide a program of
ing that one of the greatest sources of
global change. The Institute, which will
assistance to developing and Eastern
technical expertise and real world expe-
consist of a Directorate and a number of
European countries in their choice and
rience with environmental technologies
subregional centers located throughout
application of needed new energy tech-
and management systems is the U.S.
the Hemisphere, will bring the region's
nologies. It will promote cooperative
private sector. This initiative will
best global change scientists together
efforts in the areas of 1) energy technol-
engage the private sector with counter-
for research in such areas as the physi-
ogy adaptation, 2) commercial demon-
parts abroad to identify ways in which
cal, biogeochemical and socio-economic
strations and 3) training.
U.S. corporations might share their
aspects of global change.
The ADEPT mission will include
know-how and expertise in environmen-
Four U.S. - Japan Environment
research and demonstration ventures
tal management and technology. In the
Centers will be established in East Asia,
that are jointly supported by DOE and
process, we will identify the needs and
beginning with the first in FY-94. The
host country government agencies.
potential for the transfer of green tech-
goals of the Centers are to: 1) protect
These joint ventures would involve U.S.
nologies and then eliminate the barriers
the environment and conserve biologi-
national laboratory and industrial
to making them available.
cal resources, including tropical forests;
groups working on integrated project
The Environmental Training
2) study and catalog biotic resources;
teams with their host country counter-
Institute will share U.S. environmental
and 3) develop sustainable methods and
parts to assure that a viable and sus-
advances with the international com-
improved practices for the wise use of
tained transfer of technology and oper-
munity by providing training courses to
natural resources. The Centers will
ating practices is achieved. Use of
qualified public and private-sector exec-
have a national emphasis, but lessons
indigenous fuel sources will be stressed,
utives from abroad. The Environmental
learned will be widely disseminated for
including use of biomass, geothermal,
Training Institute represents an impor-
use throughout the region.
solar, wind and improved efficiency in
tant joint venture between the environ-
A new Energy Efficiency Center has
fossil fuel energy conversion.
mental industry and the U.S.
recently been established in Russia,
Through the America's 21st Century
Government. Rather than build costly
complementing the centers previously
Program, DOE will enter into a new
training facilities, the ETI will offer
established by the United States in
partnership with the nations of Latin
courses in existing laboratories, train-
Eastern Europe, including the Polish
America and the Carribean, with whom
ing facilities, and factories of major U.S.
Foundation for Energy Efficiency and
the U.S. has long had a special relation-
corporations and government agencies
the "SEVEN" program in
ship, to promote the use of commercial,
dealing with environmental problems.
Czechoslovakia. The purpose of these
renewable energy technologies. Under
Capacity Building is a primary
centers is to promote economic develop-
this program, DOE will assist the U.S.
concern of developing countries and
ment and environmental protection by
rebewables industry in forming joint
fundamental to U.S. technology cooper-
improving energy efficiency.
ventures in these countries.
37
WORK
EST
ON
TECHNOLOGY COOPERATION
The International Cooperative
Information exchange can be
The Private Sector Energy
Biodiversity Group Program involves
enhanced by our new Environmental
Development Program (PSED) stimu-
AID, the National Institutes of Health
and Energy Efficient Technology
lates and accelerates the development
(NIH), and the National Science
Transfer Clearinghouse that has been
of private energy and power projects in
Foundation (NSF) in joint efforts to
developed jointly by the Agency for
developing countries.
help strengthen global efforts to protect
International Development (AID),
Through its Business and
biological and cultural diversity. The
Environmental Protection Agency
Development Initiative, AID supports
three agencies will pool their resources
(EPA), and Department of Energy
environmentally beneficial energy tech-
to establish productive linkages
(DOE).
nologies, as well as environmental ser-
between economic growth, the discovery
The Environmental and Energy
vices, systems, and technologies.
of pharmaceuticals from natural prod-
Efficient Technology Transfer
International Agricultural Research
ucts, and the conservation of biological
Clearinghouse is an on-line,
Centers (IARCs), supported under agri-
diversity in tropical rainforests. The
computer-based information service for
cultural research cooperation programs
new $7.5 million, five-year program is
which pilot programs are currently
funded at $60 million per year, actively
based on the premise that the wise use
being established in Mexico City and at
support the transfer of biotechnology to
of forest resources, to make new phar-
UNIDO in Vienna. A demonstration
help improve agricultural productivity
maceuticals in this case, will promote
program is being set up in Rio to enable
in developing countries.
both economic growth and conservation
UNCED participants to see how it will
Conservation of Biodiversity, a $48
of biological diversity.
operate. Through a series of databases,
million a year program, supports activi-
An innovative aspect of the program
the Clearinghouse will provide infor-
ties ranging from dendrochronological
will be to ensure that a proportion of
mation on pollution control, renewable
surveys to ecological assessments to
profits derived from any successful
energy, and energy efficiency technolo-
buffer zone development and rehabilita-
drugs are returned to the country
gies.
tion of degraded lands.
where the compounds were first found.
The Forest Resources Management
These funds will then be used to pro-
ON-GOING U.S. TECHNOLOGY COOP-
Project is a $43 million effort designed
mote the conservation of tropical
ERATION
to strengthen the capacity of forestry
forests. In addition, the three agencies
and natural resource management
Technology cooperation is an activity
will work together to develop invento-
institutions in tropical and subtropical
currently supported by many agencies
ries of native species and knowledge of
developing countries.
of the United States government.
medicinal uses.
U.S. - Asia Environmental
The United States Agency for
Partnership (U.S.-AEP) is the first
comprehensive regional environmental
International Development (AID) sup-
partnership program. It is designed to
"Environmentalists and
ports a wide range of programs.
bring together Asian and U.S. business-
Examples include:
entrepreneurs must see how
es, non-governmental organizations,
The Biomass Energy Systems
and governments to enhance Asia's
much their interests are held in
Technology (BEST) Program promotes
environment and promote economic
common. It's time to harness
an array of technologies and innovative
progress.
management practices to lower the cost
the power of the marketplace in
of generating power in rural areas.
The United States Department of
the service of the environment.'
The Program for the Acceleration of
Energy (DOE) supports capacity build-
Commercial Energy Research (PACER)
ing programs, energy policy analysis
is an Indian/U.S. collaboration in sci-
President George Bush
programs and DOE assistance pro-
ence and technology to foster innova-
grams with developing countries.
June 8, 1989
tion in the Indian electric power sector.
With the Mexican Petroleum
"We believe that pollution
is not the inevitable by-
Institute, DOE is helping to build moni-
The Department of the Interior engages
product of progress."
toring and analysis tools to combat air
in forestry, natural resource and energy
pollution in the Mexico City Valley.
supply technology cooperation activities.
Another project has assisted Brazil insti-
The National Park Service and the
President George Bush
tute a national electricity conservation
Fish and Wildlife Service collaborate
June 8, 1989
program.
with other governments and interna-
The inter-agency Committee on
tional organizations to provide technolo-
Renewable Energy, Commerce and Trade
gy cooperation to assist countries in
(CORECT) is led by DOE to facilitate
establishing model parks and also pro-
element of U.S. Support for Eastern
exports of renewable energy technolo-
vide wildlife management training. The
European Democracies (SEED). A
gies. Use of photovoltaics in the
NPS 20-year collaboration with Costa
regional center has also been estab-
Dominican Republic, wind systems in
Rica has helped that country acquire its
lished in the Caribbean.
Guatemala, geothermal development in
strong reputation in eco-tourism.
EPA bilateral and multilateral tech-
Honduras and improved coal-fired tech-
The US Geological Survey and the
nical assistance activities span the
nology in Poland are examples of effec-
Bureau of Mines continue a significant
globe. EPA is working with in-country
tive technology transfers and adaptation
involvement in the activities of the
teams of researchers to assess options
DOE has supported.
Center for Inter-American Mineral
for reducing CFC use and methane
Technology Development and
Resources Information through
emissions from coal mining in China,
Transfer Projects sponsored by DOE
exchanges of information.
increasing energy efficiency in the utili-
include capture of coal mining methane,
The Bureau of Reclamation has
ty and transportation sectors in several
improved use of forest biomass in pro-
trained over 5,000 resource engineers
Asian countries, and developing an
ducing energy, development of small
and scientists from over 80 countries.
environmental plan for the
hydropower projects and transfer of a
The Bureau of Land Management
Mexican-U.S. border area.
variety of solar-powered technologies.
provides training and technical assis-
tance in firefighting and natural
The Department of Agriculture has a
The United States Department of
resources, including training of fire
large reservoir of technical expertise in
Commerce supports technology coopera-
fighters in Honduras and wildlife biolo-
agricultural, forest, and natural
tion through the National Oceanic and
gists in Sri Lanka.
resources sciences and management.
Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)
The Forestry Support Program
and the International Trade
The Environmental Protection Agency
(FSP) works with AID and the U.S.
Administration (ITA).
helps countries address the full range of
Peace Corps to reduce forest and relat-
NOAA's bilateral cooperative activi-
pollution problems, including water, air,
ed natural resource deterioration which
ties include systematic observations and
hazardous waste, pesticides and toxic
threatens the resource base of the rural
research on earth systems; collection,
substances through a range of services,
poor.
analysis, and use of environmental data
including environmental information
The Tropical Forestry Program
and information; prediction of weather,
exchange, training and institutional
(TFP) initiated in 1990, provides train-
severe storms, and climate; and assess-
support, technical cooperation and
ing, technical assistance and support to
ment of vulnerability to sea level rise.
assistance, and related needs.
international organizations in
The International Trade
INFOTERRA/US serves as the U.S.
sustainable tropical forestry manage-
Administration makes potential buyers
focal point for the UNEP environmental
ment. In cooperation with Federal and
and sellers of environmental technology,
information exchange and referral ser-
State agencies, environmental organi-
goods and services aware of each others'
vice, handling over 6,000 requests per
zations, and U.S. universities, the TFP
needs and capabilities and helps put
year.
has plans for training 1,100 people in
them in contact.
The Budapest Regional
more than 25 developing countries.
Environmental Center is an important
39
G
L
0
B
A
L
C
H
A
N
0
ne of the cornerstones to
includes $1.4 billion for global change
inter-governmental organizations, such
economic and industrial develop-
research. The U.S. has already spent
as the World Meteorological
ment is a reliance upon science and
$2.6 billion since 1990 on the USGCRP.
Organization (WMO), the United
technology as the foundation of their
The U.S. investment represents more
Nations Environment Programme
economic development and growth. The
than half the funds spent world-wide
(UNEP), the Inter-governmental
United States is working to use that
for this purpose.
Oceanographic Commission (IOC), and
same foundation as a sound basis for
The scientific goal of the US/GCRP
to a number of agencies of other govern-
environmental decisionmaking and
is to gain a predictive understanding of
ments through the informal
environmental progress. The U.S. has
the interactive physical, geological,
International Group of Funding
had a long history of commitment to
chemical, biological, economic and
Agencies (IGFA) for Global Change
basic scientific research on environmen-
social processes that regulate the total
Research, and space agencies through
tal issues. The U.S., during the later
Earth system and, hence, establish a
the Committee on Earth Observations
part of the 1980's, developed the U.S.
scientific basis for national and interna-
Satellites (CEOS).
Global Change Research
tional policy formulation and decisions
Program(US/GCRP) to address the fun-
relating to natural and human-induced
RECENT PROGRESS AND ACCOMPLISH-
damental research issues centrally rele-
changes in the global environment and
MENTS.
vant to global change, i.e., climate
their regional impacts. The US/GCRP
Substantial progress has been made by
addresses Earth system processes that
scientists in the U.S., often working in
vary on time scales that range from
concert with scientists of many other
seasonal to several centuries. The
nations.
US/GCRP addresses four parallel but
interconnected streams of activity:
1. Documenting Global Change
Documenting Global Change
Space Observing System
(Observations, Data and Information
Deployment. The Upper Atmosphere
Management)
Research Satellite (UARS) was success-
Understanding Key Global Change
fully launched aboard the space shuttle
Processes (Physical, Geological,
Discovery on September 12, 1991. The
Chemical, Biological, and Social)
satellite includes ten scientific instru-
Predicting Global and Regional
ments that are designed to study the
Environmental Change (Earth
energy input, chemistry and dynamics
System Modeling)
of the stratosphere and mesosphere in
Assessing the State of Scientific
an integrated way. UARS has pro-
change, ozone depletion, changes in ter-
Knowledge and its Policy
duced global maps which record details
restrial and marine productivity, global
Implications(Assessment)
of the Antarctic ozone hole and global-
water and energy cycles, sea level
The US/GCRP cooperates closely with
scale measurements of chlorine monox-
changes, the impact of global changes
the U.S. and international scientific
ide. The satellite has also detected the
on human health and activities, and the
communities through the National
large plume of sulfur dioxide from the
impact of anthropogenic activities on
Academy of Sciences (NAS) and the
eruption of Mt. Pinatubo and mapped it
the Earth system. President Bush has
International Council of Scientific
globally.
substantially increased the investment
Unions (ICSU). The US/GCRP is also
40
in this program. His budget for FY 1993
linked internationally to
G
E
R
E
S
E
A
R
C
H
have been conducted that has deter-
Joint Global Ocean Flux Study
mined the feasibility of using acoustical
(JGOFS) - The Atlantic Bloom
measurements to observe the effects of
Experiment. The international Joint
global ocean warming.
Global Ocean Flux Study (JGOFS)
Greenland Ice Sheet Project II (GISP
addresses globally (1) the processes con-
II). A 1,510 m ice core extending back
2. Understanding
trolling the fluxes of carbon and other
approximately 8,000 years has been
Key Global Change
biogenic elements in the ocean, (2) the
recovered on the summit of the
Processes
related exchanges with the atmosphere
Greenland ice sheet. Drilling at GISP
World Ocean
and the sea floor, and (3) the ability to
II is expected to sample the entire
Circulation Experiment
predict the response of these oceanic
depth of the Greenland ice sheet, which
(WOCE). The World Ocean
processes to anthropogenic distur-
is providing a climatic baseline record
Circulation Experiment
bances that may contribute to climate
for the Northern Hemisphere extending
(WOCE) has been developed in
change. The first pilot project of the
back about 150,000 years before the
recognition of the significant and essen-
JGOFS program, conducted in 1990 by
present.
tial role that oceans play in long-term
scientists from the U.S., the U.K., the
Pliocene Warm Climate
climate change. The measurement pro-
Netherlands, Germany and Canada,
Reconstruction. Substantial progress
gram has now commenced. New data on
has resulted in the best data set that
has been made on reconstructing condi-
the general circulation of the Pacific
now exists for studying the seasonal
tions during the Pliocene. The data are
Ocean are now being processed.
changes in the carbon cycle, including
being used to refine and test the ability
Measurement systems are in place to
the air/sea exchange of CO2.
of the general circulation models to
study aspects of the abyssal circulation
First International Satellite Cloud
accurately simulate past warm cli-
of the South Pacific and South Atlantic
Climatology Project Regional
mates.
Oceans.
Experiment (FIRE). The First
Southern Hemisphere Tree Ring
Global Tropospheric Chemistry
International Satellite Cloud
Record from Tasmania. A climatically
Experiment (GTCE). The Global
Climatology Project (ISCCP), the
sensitive huon pine tree ring record
Tropospheric Chemistry Experiment
Regional Experiment (FIRE), is
from western Tasmania has been
(GTCE) has conducted two major air-
designed to investigate the relation-
obtained through the cooperative effort
craft-based experiments. First, the
ships between cloud systems and cli-
of U.S. and Australian scientists that
Atmospheric Boundary Layer
mate. FIRE Phase I (1985-1990) has
provides a thousand-year record of cli-
Experiment, done jointly with Canada,
produced fundamental new information
matic changes in the Southern
has produced a new, extensive data
on the formation, maintenance, and dis-
Hemisphere, showing increased growth
base on emission of methane from high
sipation processes of cirrus and marine
correlating with anomalous warming in
latitude wetlands and on the effects of
stratocumulus clouds including impor-
Tasmania.
long-range transport of pollutants on an
tant radiative properties such as cloud
Global Land Data. The Global Land
otherwise pristine part of the global
reflectivity, optical depth, particle size,
Information System (GLIS), an on-line
atmosphere. Second, the Pacific
and liquid water/ice phase and optical
system to provide information on global
Exploratory Mission experiment, car-
path. FIRE-II (1991-1995) combines
land data to scientists, managers, poli-
ried out jointly with seven Asian coun-
intensive field observations, extended
cymakers, educators and others has
tries in 1991, addressed the impact of
time observations, and modeling stud-
been successfully implemented.
the Asian air mass on the western
ies to further improve understanding of
Pacific.
cirrus and marine stratocumulus
41
GLOBAL
CHANGE
RESEARCH
clouds, validate cloud parameters
are underway that test this
allel computers. This is a significant
deduced by ISCCP, and develop realis-
hypothesis.
milestone toward achieving the goal of
tic cloud-radiation parameterization
Anthropogenic Sulfur Dioxide. It has
a factor of 10,000 increase in computa-
schemes for general circulation models.
been hypothesized that direct scattering
tional speed of global climate models
Hypothesis Testing of Important
of solar radiation by some anthro-
between the years 1990 and 2000.
Earth System Processes. A number of
pogenic aerosols exerts a climate forc-
Nearly a doubling of the model's speed
major Earth system processes hypothe-
ing that is comparable in magnitude to
and higher spatial resolution capability
ses have been advanced to explain
that of carbon dioxide but opposite in
have been achieved.
important Earth system processes, for
sign, and that this forcing is in part
Global Modeling of Methane
example:
delaying the onset of greenhouse warm-
Sources, Sinks, and Distribution. A
Global Ocean Circulation. The
ing at least in the Northern
three-dimensional chemistry transport
process of exchange between the
Hemisphere. Observations and model
model has been used together with an
ocean's warm surface layers and the
calculations are now being conducted to
extensive set of measurements of sur-
cold deep ocean a mile or more down
better understand the role aerosols play
face level methane concentrations in
has been pictured as a global conveyer
in the Earth's radiation budget and the
order to help obtain estimates of the
belt, driven by cooling in the polar
impacts they have on climate.
methane budget, especially the distrib-
regions. The movement in the oceans
ution of sources (fossil fuel, domestic
acts like a giant "flywheel." It is
3. Predicting Global and Regional
animals, wetlands, tundra, landfill,
hypothesized that irregularities in the
Environmental Change
tropical swamps, rice fields, biomass
operation of this flywheel contribute to
Intercomparison of Global Climate
burning, termites).
substantial climate change, such as
Models. The US/GCRP supports the
Modeling Hydrologic Processes. An
during the last ice age when the con-
international model intercomparison
improved representation of terrestrial
veyer belt may have slowed down and
project to diagnose the differences and
hydrologic processes has been demon-
even stopped in the Arctic.
similarities among GCMs. The focus is
strated to significantly improve the per-
Observational and modeling programs
on quantifying important feedback
formance of one GCM.
are aimed at investigating this hypoth-
processes, effects of varying model reso-
esis.
lution on various predicted fields, and
4. Assessing the State of Scientific
Role of Water Vapor in Ameliorating
intercomparisons of GCM simulations
Knowledge and its Policy Implications
Greenhouse Warming. Understanding
using standardized data sets.
Stratospheric Ozone Depletion. The
the role of water vapor, clouds, aerosols
Effects of GCM Resolution. In order
US/GCRP agencies play a key role in
and radiation in climate processes and
to investigate the effects of varying res-
the stratospheric ozone depletion issue,
feedback is critical to understanding
olution in GCMs, a model has been run
including sponsoring and participating
climatic variability. Both observational
at four different grid resolutions of 5, 3,
in international field campaigns as well
and modeling projects are being carried
2 and 1 degrees. Results indicate that
as conducting analyses of ozone and
out to test several hypotheses and to
increasing the resolution beyond 3
atmospheric chemistry data from vari-
enhance understandings of these
degrees does not affect the modelling of
ous sensors. Based on these scientific
processes.
large-scale climatic phenomena.
results, the U.S. announced, in
Western Pacific Region Thermostat.
However, the variability of some
February 1992, that the U.S. would
The "thermostat" hypothesis suggests
aspects may be resolution dependent,
phase out CFC's five years earlier that
that in this region of high sea surface
e.g., high resolution may be required to
that required under the Montreal
temperatures, as a consequence of sur-
simulate properly the regional seasonal
Protocol.
face warming, deep convection develops
cycle.
An International Research Institute
that produces highly reflective cirrus
Increased Computational Power.
for Climate Prediction. Recent scientif-
clouds, thus limiting further sea sur-
Two climate general circulation models
ic advances in observing, understand-
42
face warming. A series of observations
have been transferred to massively-par-
ing, and modeling the El Nino-Southern
Oscillation (ENSO) cycle provide the
The IAI is a partnership among Inter-
nations of the world with a remarkable
American countries and their scientific
opportunity to apply new capabilities
communities that focuses on broaden-
and research results to practical prob-
ing global change research in the devel-
lems of economics and development.
oping world, providing support for truly
Climate variations associated with
multidisciplinary research and educa-
ENSO often have widespread and dev-
tion, and encouraging the development
astating impacts that range from the
of a sound scientific underpinning that
Indian monsoon to the intense storms
supports national, regional, and inter-
in the Pacific and from the viability of
national policymaking needs The legal
commercial fisheries off the coast of
instrument, initiating the IAI, was
South America to the occurrence of
signed by eleven countries of the
short-term regional drought in many
Americas in Montevideo, Uruguay on
parts of the world. The predictive mod-
May 13, 1992.
THE FUTURE
els, developed by this research, have
US/GCRP Data Policy Statement.
provided useful predictions several sea-
The U.S. government has adopted
The US/GCRP seeks to address the
sons in advance of an incipient ENSO
national policy for global change data,
implications of environmental changes,
event. The establishment of an institu-
that governs the management and
through both domestic and internation-
tion to accelerate progress in inter-
exchange of climate and other global
al fora such as the IPCC, the Montreal
annual climate prediction has been dis-
change data and related information.
Protocol (for chlorofluorocarbons), the
cussed extensively during the past two
Among seven fundamental principles,
International Negotiating Committee
years, both within the U.S. and with
it is U.S policy that there shall be (1)
(INC) for a Framework Convention on
partner nations internationally. The
full and open sharing of the full suite of
Climate Change, the United Nations
U.S. is implementing a pilot project to
global data sets for all global change
Conference on Environment and
demonstrate the operating concepts
researchers, and (2) data provided at
Development (UNCED), and a host of
embodied in the plan and invites gov-
the lowest possible cost to global change
other important but lesser-known activ-
ernment officials and scientists from all
researchers, and as a first principle,
ities. The comprehensive nature of the
interested nations to join in developing
those data are available at the marginal
US/GCRP promises not only the avail-
an International Research Institute for
cost of filling a specific user request.
ability of information to respond to
Climate Prediction.
The U.S. invites other countries and
today's policy questions but the mainte-
Regional Institutes of Global
international organizations to consider
nance of a strong foundation of multi-
Change. President Bush, during the
similar data policy arrangements.
disciplinary science required to support
1990 White House Conference on
Global Change Research
the unanticipated problems of tomor-
Science and Economics Research
Information Office. The US/GCRP will
row.
Related to Global Change, invited the
open, during 1992, a Global Change
The United States strongly believes
countries of the world to join the U.S. in
Research Information Office. This
that policy should be based on sound
developing three regional research
Office will provide scientific research
science. U.S. supported science has
institutes that would link the interests
information which can assist in pre-
made possible much of the international
and capabilities of the developed and
venting, mitigating, or adapting to the
cooperative action that has occured in
developing world - one in the Western
effects of global change. While focusing
the efforts to stem ozone depletion and
Hemisphere, one in Europe/Africa, and
on the needs and interests of developing
address climate change. The U.S.,
one in the Far East/Southwest Pacific.
countries, the Global Change Research
through the USGCRP, will continue to
The first such institute, the Inter-
Information Office will also serve
support the world's leading program of
American Institute for Global Change
domestic and other international con-
scientific research.
Research(IAI), has been developed.
43
sumers.
o
N
L
U
S
o
N
T
wenty years ago, when the lead-
ability that democracy provides. Today,
tal protection. This new approach is
ers of the world gathered for the
freedom and democracy have spread
employing innovative approaches and
UN Conference on the Human
around the globe as never before - and
market mechanisms while allowing for
Environment in Stockholm, they identi-
free peoples are demanding a clean
and indeed promoting economic growth.
fied the protection of the environment
environment.
As our experience with environmen-
as "the urgent desire of all peoples."
In the past two decades, the United
tal protection grows, we are learning to
In the intervening two decades, that
States has built a record of commitment
employ market mechanisms in the ser-
urgency has not lessened. But much
to environmental protection both at
vice of the environment. Performance
has been learned, and much has been
home and abroad. That record is being
standards with flexible implementation
accomplished.
strengthened daily through the actions
strategies, such as emissions trading,
Two decades ago, the threat of
of governments, businesses, communi-
can protect the environment at least
nuclear war loomed as perhaps the
ties, and individuals. The United States
cost while allowing for maximum tech-
most grave threat to the environment.
has always had a bias for action. That
nological innovation.
Today, the specter of nuclear war has
bias is reflected in the United States
We are learning that it is more
been calmed as never before in post-war
strategy of moving forward with an
effective to prevent pollution at the
history.
action plan to limit greenhouse gas
source than to clean it up after it has
emissions, of launching a reforestation
occurred.
program at home and proposing
We are learning that new technolo-
increased forest assistance abroad, and
gy may hold the key to achieving more
of working toward a full range of coop-
energy efficient and more environmen-
erative international agreements and
tally sound growth. The United States
sound domestic environmental invest-
is pursuing a new generation of clean
ments.
growth, both at home and around the
In the view of the United States, the
world. To achieve it will require tech-
most important result that can come
nology cooperation.
from the United Nations Conference on
And certainly we are learning that
Environment and Development
environmental problems respect no bor-
(UNCED) is a commitment to sustained
ders. Many of the most important envi-
action on the part of all nations. Thus
ronmental challenges we face - from
the U.S. supports the development of
global climate change to deforestation
processes, institutions, and review
to ozone depletion to degradation of the
mechanisms to ensure that the meeting
oceans - are international in scope and
in Rio de Janeiro is only the beginning
require international cooperation to
of a process that will lead to real
solve.
improvements in the global environ-
The United States believes that pol-
ment.
lution is not the inevitable byproduct of
Two decades ago, environmental
The prospects for such improvement
progress. The U.S. stands ready to
degradation in many countries was
are brightened by the lessons learned
form partnerships at home and abroad
unchecked by effective strategies for
over the past two decades. The U.S. is
to launch a new generation of clean
prevention or mitigation - particularly
today leading the way with a new, more
growth.
44
in nations which lacked the account-
sophisticated approach to environmen-
SEP-12-1992 08:43 FROM
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P.01
OFFICE OF
PRESIDENTIAL ADVANCE
COVER PAGE
TO: Michelle
FROM: Aopson
TOTAL NUMBER OF PAGES:
5
(including cover page)
DATE:
TIME:
MESSAGE:
Aop
IF YOU HAVE ANY QUESTIONS OR PROBLEMS WITH THE TRANSMISSION PLEASE CALL.
TELEPHONE NUMBER:
Where is Los Peñasquitos
formation found in Los Peñasquitos.
Los Peñasquitos- Under
Canyon Preserve?
This endangered.plant is found only in
Pressure from Development
the vernal pools of San Diego, nowhere
Los Peñasquitos Canyon Preserve
Unfortunately, San Diego's explosive
else in the world! The Friends have
encompasses the bottom lands and some
growth hasn't missed Los Peñasquitos.
of the slopes of Peñasquitos and ópez
fought for years to protect the few
Where once you could hike or ride your
5EP-12-1992
Canyons. These two canyons nmeast
remaining pools, including the ones on
horse rom one end to the other without
to west and lay between Rancho
López Ridge
seeing a house, now you can't escape the
Over 146 spécies of birds reside in the
rows of homes lining the canyon rims.
08:43
Peñasquitos on the north and Mira Mesa
on the south. Bordered on the east by
Preserve or the nearby Peñasquitos
All of López Ridge, forming
I-15, Peñasquitos Canvon meets the
FROM
Lagoon. or stop here during their
Peñasquitos' southern rim at the west
mouth of López Canyo. about 6.5 miles
annual North-South migration
end, has fallen to the mercilous scraping
to the west, where the Preserve ends at
of the bulldozer A precious wildlife
Sorrento Valley Blvd
Probably San Diego's greatest variety of
corridor was oblite in the process.
mammals roam the Preserve, including
What Makes
the aptly named mule deer, mountain
Roads and "estates pierce even the
Los Peñasquitos Unique?
lion, bobcats, coyotes, raccoons, rabbits
bottom lands on the northern edge near
skunks. and others.
the Johnson-Taylo ranch house. Here,
Combine history ology, wildlife,
in a single day, the bulldozers wiped
wildflowers, trees, little cliffs
The canyon is an inportant historical
out an entire riparian habitat and a
(Peñasquitos in spanish), a creek, a
site. For thousands of years it was
magnificent cactus patch planted by
waterfall, Indian art facts, Mexican
inhabited by Indians who left priceless
Indians centuries ago.
SAN DIEGO STAFF OFC TO
ruins, a 19th century ranch house, and
relics of their use of the canyon's
what do you get? Los Peñasquitos
Buffer zones of empty land to the north
resources in sties throughout the
Canyon Preserve, algem of a canyon in
canyon Remnants of the Ruíz Adobe
and south are now being developed,
the heart of San Diego
severely restricting the range of the
are located just inside the Preserve's
western en france, evidence of the first
larger mammals who are increasingly
The canyon includes a.wide variety of
isolated in the the Preserve itself.
habitats, from chaparral covered hills to
Mexican land grant in California
riparian habitats and marshes along
Your help is needed to protect this
The newly restored Johnson-Taylor
Peñasquitos Creek.
wildlife the endangered Mesa Mint, the
Ranch House museum at the eastern
vernal pools, and the still remaining
These habitats support a wide variety of
end takes us back to early Mexican and
12024566218
open-space vistas that make Los
plants, including several on the rare and
American periods of the canyon's
Peñasquitos Canyon Preserve unique
endangered species lists. Foremost
history. Crossing part of the Preserve to
among San Diego's parks.
among these is the Mesa Mint, a tiny
the historic "road to Yuma," travelled
P.02
flower that lives its entire life cycle in a
in its day covered wagon- and
vernal pool, a unique geological
stagecoach.
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RANCHO PEÑASQUITOS - A BRIEF HISTORY
Bienvenidos amigos al Rancho de los Peñasquitos. The Rancho name is Spanish in origin, pronounced
pen-yas-kee-tos. Translated, the word means "little cliffs" in reference to the rugged palisades which rim the
long valley. The magnificent canyon site occupies a portion. of San Diego's earliest land grant. Natural
features enrich the scenic profile and afford a habitat for countless species of native chaparral plants, birds and
mammals. Permanence of the site is assured through the participation of the City and County of San Diego
in Los Peñasquitos Canyon Preserve.
HISTORY: In 1823, the first Mexican Governor of California, Luís Antonio Argüello awarded the 1
league (4243 acre) Rancho Santa Maria de los Peñasquitos to Captain Francisco María Ruíz, veteran
Commandant of the Presidio, as a reward for his loyal service. Ruiz built a modest adobe casa in 1824, which
became the core George Alonzo Johnson incorporated into his 1862 Peñasquitos residence. Ruíz found sections
of his rancho covered with brush and useless for cultivation or pasturage, so he requested an extra 1 league
west of Peñasquitos called el Cuervo (the Crow). Governor José María Figueroa granted the addition to Ruiz
in 1834.
In 1837, two years before he died, Ruíz conveyed Peñasquitos to his grandnephew Francisco María
Alvarado, who cared for the old soldier when his health began to fail. Alvarado was politically active in San
Diego both before and after the American occupation and served as regidor (councilman), Town Treasurer,
Justice of the Peace, Elector and Coroner.
Alvarado's Peñasquitos Ranch was the first stopping place for Brigadier General Stephen Watts Kearny
and the half-starved remnant of his Army of the West, marching from defeat in the Battle of San Pasqual in
1846.
In 1857, Alvarado shifted ranch operations to his son Diego, who lived in the west end of the canyon
in the tract called El Cuervo.
From 1850-54, the U.S. Army ran supply trains through Peñasquitos canyon to provision Ft. Yuma,
a garrison on the Southern Emigrant Trail, until Capt. George Alonzo Johnson contracted with the Government
to supply Ft. Yuma from the mouth of the Colorado River.
In 1859, Alvarado's daughter Estéfana married George Alonzo Johnson. Johnson had achieved fame
and wealth on the lower Colorado River. In early 1862, Johnson began to expand the old Ruíz adobe into a
suitable home for himself, Estéfana and their growing family. In 1869, Diego Alvarado conveyed one-half of
Rancho Peñasquitos to his brother-in-law, Johnson, for $1,500.
A series of financial setbacks caused Johnson to forfeit Peñasquitos in 1880. The ranch went through
several land transfers before Colonel Jacob Shell Taylor, a wealthy Texas and New Mexico cattleman bought
the 7000 acre parcel for $15,000. During the land boom of the 1880's, Taylor settled into the ranch house and
ran a direct phone line and stage between Peñasquitos and Del Mar, the popular seaside community he founded.
With F. Weber Benton and two minor partners, Taylor attempted to subdivide Peñasquitos, but the deal fell
through in the crash of the late 1880's and Taylor sold his holdings in 1889 to early day land speculator Adolph
Levi.
In 1910, Levi sold Peñasquitos to Charles F. Mohnike who paid more than $100,000 for the ranch and
built the third adobe east of the Peñasquitos homesite. Mohnike added acreage to the original land grant and
turned the Peñasquitos adobe into a bunkhouse for the ranch cowboys. Soon thereafter, title passed to Wirt
Bowman of Caliente Race Track fame.
In 1921, two of San Diego's best-known cattlemen, George Sawday of Witch Creek, near Ramona, and
Oliver Sexon, a County Under-Sheriff, bought the ranch and stocked it again with cattle and the ranch house
continued as quarters for cowhands.
When Peñasquitos, Inc. purchased the whole ranch in 1962, the land spread over 14,000 acres. In
1974, the County of San Diego acquired the area around the ranch house in a community effort to develop Los
Peñasquitos Canyon Preserve. Theme and focus of the County's contribution is the authentic interpretation of
the Rancho's early days portrayed through a variety of programs.
8/91:mw
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PENASQUITOS CREEK RESTORATION PROJECT
Current Situation: Eucalyptus were introduced into the United States from Australia in
the early 1800's. The tree escaped cultivation and established itself in the natural land-
scape. Old photographs and records indicate that there were no eucalyptus trees in Penas-
quitos creek near the adobe. Since the 1910's the non-native Eucalyptus tree populations
have increased dramatically in the creekbed. Eucalyptus trees crowd out native plants by
producing mild toxins in their leaves and bark. This gets into the soil and provides a means
of controlling plant growth. The result is & significant loss of valuable understory which is
used by numerous species of wildlife. If unchecked Eucalyptus will continue to expand at a
faster rate and eventually dominant the creekbed. This will result in a significant loss of
species populations and biological diversity.
Master Plan Objective: The current draft master plan for Penasquitos Park identified
the removal of exotic, non-native species as a goal to enhance the natural biological values
of the park.
Project: Caltraus, needing a mitigation area, identified a 3 acre concentration of eucalyp-
tus in the creek bed. Almost devoid of viable understory and overshadowing several native
coast live oaks this concentration of trees is ideal for removal and replacement with native
trees and shrubs.
After removal of the eucalyptus the area will be replanted with 3,500 native riparisn trees
and shrubs which naturally occur in the park. These trees include three kinds of willow,
sycamore, and cottonwood. Shrubs and herbaceous plants will include mulefat, mugwort,
sagewort, evening primrose, yerba mansa and common goldfields.
Caltrans will maintain and monitor the new planting area for 5 years. The level of effort
will diminish with time, usually at the third year very little maintenance is required.
In addition to this riparian habitat restoration Caltrans will be helping to save one of the
historic structures in the park. Volunteer palms around the Spring house have jeopardized
its foundation. Caltrans will carefully cut these trees at the base to protect the existing
historic features.
Ecological Context: Penasquitos Preserve is intended to provide visitors with the natural
and historic values of the region. The creekbed and vegetation significantly contribute to
the atmosphere of the park. As the eucalyptus trees continue to expand at an exponential
rate the wildlife values of the creek will diminish. Riparian systems provide habitat for the
majority of wildlife species occurring in California. Many species use the area for foraging
and nesting. The leaf litter and understory with its cooler temperatures provide excellent
habitat for insects, amphibians and some reptiles. These areas are frequently used for
foraging by many birds, reptiles and small mammals. Young plant growth in the riparian
system provides forage and shelter to several wildlife species.
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DRAFT 1
TAB
SAN DIEGO, CALIFORNIA
Ranch de los Penasquitos
Overview Diagram
Monday, September 14, 1992
Limo
XX
Ranger
Ranch
Hold
stoff
$
Office
House
od
Trailer
Planter
Planter
Ranch
House
Ranch
House
Planter
Planter
THE
Bar/)
Driveway
0
THE
≡
0
cut
form
Seated
AID
Audience
protected
Area
seated od Audience
Press Platform
KBY:
THE PRESIDENT
GUESTS/STAFF
PRESS POOL
X GREETERS
TOTAL P.05
San Diego
NATURAL COMMUNITIES CONSERVATION PLANNING EVENT
The Natural Communities Conservation Planning (NCCP) is an
innovative approach to species and habitat conservation. The
California Resources Agency, the Department of Fish and Game, the
U.S. Navy and Marines, private property owners, local governments
and environmentalists are all working together to provide a habitat
which ensures the long-term survival of several endangered species
while allowing for economic development.
The President will be able to reiterate what will be said in
Washington and Oregon about a balance between protecting the
environment and permitting economic growth in California. NCCP
acts proactively to appease both sides of the spectrum: the
developers and the environmentalists.
CO Santa Maria
The President will travel to the Ranch de los Penasquitos
which is located in the center of several thousand acres "enrolled"
by members of NCCP. The President will address a standing crowd of
200-500 people. The audience will be comprised of private business
owners, political officials, environmentalists and private property
owners, all of whom are involved in this cooperative effort by
dedicating land for habitat conservation.
The ranch house was built in the 1800's and is the site of the
first land grant in the state of California. The event will be
held in the inner courtyard. Although the ranch house is at the
base of a canyon, the site is well protected from high ground
because is enclosed on three sides by the ranch house walls and
large trees.
The site is accessible by dirt road (the last 200 yds.) and
the motorcade will arrive next to the ranch house. The President
can either walk through the crowd into the ranch house offices for
a hold and briefing about NCCP and the surrounding conservation
habitat. If a more secure arrival is desired, the rear of the
ranch house has porch steps which lead into the offices. The
President will give his remarks from the porch level, facing the
courtyard audience. The courtyard has scattered landscaping, large
palm trees, cactus, etc. The press platform could be placed head-
on with a 60'- 70' throw. The porch elevates the President
approximately 2 feet above ground level. The angle of the sun
should be strong enough so that the entire porch is well lit and
not shaded. Foliage may have to be placed behind the President
against the ranch house wall because the walls are painted white.
The site is approximately 20-25 minutes from downtown San
Diego and only a short drive from Miramar. Limited parking is
available on site but there is a park within walking distance.
All in all this will provide the President with an excellent
forum to talk about protecting the environment while at the same
time considering the economic factors to the state. Furthermore,
NCCP is a model of public/private partnerships working together for
a common goal.
CONTACTS:
Jim Whalen, Vice President Operations, Newland Corp.
619/455-1230 o
619/225-1470 h
Carol Whiteside, Asst. Secy. for Resources - State of CA. Former
Mayor of Modesto. 916/653-5656 O (Sacramento)
Kathleen Shanahan, Bush Quayle - CA,
916/558-1992 o
916/523-3103 pager
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LEVEL 1 - - 1 OF 2 DOCUMENTS
Public Papers of the Presidents
Remarks at the Presentation Ceremony for the Theodore
Roosevelt Conservation Award
26 Weekly Comp. Pres. Doc. 1636
October 22, 1990
LENGTH: 1059 words
... make conservation more than just a word, but really, in a sense, a way of
life.
You may remember a couple of years back when Time magazine named Earth the
"planet of the year." And Jay Leno said, "What do you expect? All the
judges came from Earth. 11 [Laughter] Well, it was almost exactly 1 year ago
that I met here at the White House with many of you all, many of the same
Congress men and women, joining together to develop a program
...
LEVEL 1 - - 2 OF 2 DOCUMENTS
Public Papers of the Presidents
Remarks at the Texas A&I University Commencement Ceremony in
Kingsville, Texas
26 Weekly Comp. Pres. Doc. 747
May 11, 1990
LENGTH: 2657 words
...
looking back at Earth and taking the pulse of the most important planet
in the universe. You may remember of a couple years back when Time magazine
named Earth "Planet of the Year." And the comedian - you remember Jay Leno,
the comedian - he said: "What did you expect? All the judges came from
Earth. = [Laughter]
We call this initiative Mission to Planet Earth. It's an effort of such
magnitude that it dwarfs everything in the past. A worldwide study of the
complex interactions between land, sea, ice, and air, as
...
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1ST STORY of Level 1 printed in FULL format.
Copyright 1991 The Times Mirror Company
Los Angeles Times
July 19, 1991, Friday, San Diego County Edition
SECTION: Metro; Part B; Page 3; Column 1; Metro Desk
LENGTH: 882 words
HEADLINE: OLDER ADOBE IS DISCOVERED IN LOS PENASQUITOS;
HISTORY: THE REMAINS OF AN 1824 RANCH HOUSE - THE COUNTY'S FIRST -- ARE FOUND
WITHIN THE WALLS OF THE JOHNSON-TAYLOR ADOBE AND ARE OF NATIONAL HISTORIC
SIGNIFICANCE.
BYLINE: By NANCY RAY, TIMES STAFF WRITER
BODY:
The site of the first adobe ranch house in San Diego County and one of only a
few still standing in the state has been found within the walls of a more
recently constructed adobe in Los Penasquitos Canyon.
County Supervisor Susan Golding and county parks department officials
announced Thursday that the site of the area's first ranch house, built in Los
Penasquitos Canyon by Capt. Francisco Maria Ruiz in 1824, has been found within
the walls of the Johnson-Taylor Adobe built in the 1860s.
Adobe ruins at the western end of the canyon, earlier believed to be the Ruiz
ranch house, were built at least 10 years later, the officials said.
Golding said research conducted by historian Mary Ward and archeologist Susan
Hector "proves beyond a doubt" that the original Ruiz rancho is hidden in part
of the later Johnson-Taylor adobe.
Three walls of the north wing of the present ranch house date from the
historic Ruiz rancho, which qualifies the site as the oldest standing ranch
house in the area, making it of national historic significance, Golding said.
Both adobes lie within the city-county park, Los Penasquitos Canyon Preserve,
and the newly authenticated Ruiz ranch house is part of a larger building, the
Johnson-Taylor Adobe, which has been renovated and serves as offices for park
officials, historians and archeologists.
Golding said the Johnson-Taylor ranch house and authenticated portions of the
earlier Ruiz rancho "now meet every criterion to be listed as a National
Historic Landmark and to be eligible for federal grants for its preservation and
improvement."
Until the new evidence came to light, the Johnson-Taylor Adobe rated only a
"locally significant historic site" ranking.
Ruiz, commandant of the Presidio of San Diego, was awarded the first land
grant, Rancho Santa Maria de los Penasquitos, by the first Mexican governor of
California, Luis Antonio Arguello, in 1823 as a reward for his long military
service.
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1991 Los Angeles Times, July 19, 1991
Ruiz built a small ranch house on the land to fulfill the requirements for
keeping the grant.
The square league of land -- 4,400-plus acres --- included the eastern end of
the canyon and mesas to the north and south that are now the suburbs of Rancho
Penasquitos and Mira Mesa. It did not contain the land at the western end of the
canyon where the adobe ruins, formerly thought to be the original ranch house,
are situated.
According to Ward, Ruiz did not obtain the land on which those adobe ruins
are situated until 1834, when he applied for and obtained a second league of
land to the west. That adobe was built after that date, Ward said.
Nancee Hanson, county parks department spokesman, said the historical and
archeological evidence of the Ruiz ranch house came to the attention of park
department officials only two weeks ago after Ward and Hector, who had been
doing research independent of each other for serval years, compared notes and
realized the importance of their find.
Ward noted that the historical documentation for the eastern site "has been
around for 100 years," contained in the 75-page "Proceedings of the Land Case
for Rancho de los Penasquitos. II
Hector said she had begun archeological research at the Los Penasquitos site
in 1983. Excavations during the 1980s "resulted in collection of data supporting
the contention that the early building found under the Johnson-Taylor Adobe was
built by Capt. Francisco Maria Ruiz."
The archeological dig was conducted during the renovation of the north wing
of the building. The western end of the wing was found to contain construction
dating to the 1820s, and the eastern portion of the wing had been a ramada
kitchen, a brush structure enclosed by low adobe walls.
Artifacts found during the archeological exploration included a ceramic
vessel, commonly known as an olive jar and probably made in Europe in the late
1700s. Other artifacts dating to the early 1800s included ceramics, glass beads,
glassware and historic Native American pottery.
A cobblestone foundation flooring and other construction methods date the
hidden structure to the early 1800s, Hector said.
According to historian Ward, Ruiz, a bachelor, lived in the adobe ranch house
until his death in 1839. But two years before, Ruiz had deeded the Penasquitos
land to his old friend, Francisco Maria Alvarado.
In 1846, the Ruiz-Alvarado ranch house was the first stopping place for Gen.
Steven Kearny and his Army of the West as they beat a retreat from their defeat
in the Battle of San Pasqual, the first and last battle fought in the state in
the Mexican-American War.
The rancho then passed to George Alonzo Johnson, who married Alvarado's
daughter, Estefana, in 1859. The former sea captain set about expanding the
modest ranch house, spending $30,000 on the work.
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1991 Los Angeles Times, July 19, 1991
In 1869, it was, according to a local journalist, "not only commodious but
most conveniently planned and tastefully furnished; while outhouses, barns
stables, milkhouse, wash-house and bath-house are in keeping with the dwelling
and are well adapted to the conveniences and pleasures of a gentleman of taste
and refinement."
Johnson later lost the rancho through taxes "and some questionable land
dealings" to Col. Jacob Taylor, who turned the ranch house into a stagecoach
stop on the San Diego-to-Yuma run.
GRAPHIC: Photo, (A2) Historic Find: San Diego County's first adobe ranch house
has been found within the walls of a more recently constructed adobe in Los
Penasquitos Canyon. County officials said research "proves beyond a doubt" that
the original rancho built in 1824 is hidden in part of the Johnson-Taylor Adobe,
built in the 1860s. Above, a 1935 photo of Johnson-Taylor Adobe. San Diego
Historical Society; Photo, The remains of an 1824 adobe, which were incorporated
into the Johnson-Taylor ranch house built about 40 years later, were recently
discovered after an archeologist and historian compared notes. Los Angeles
Times; Photo, HISTORY REWRITTEN: County officials have announced that the
long-disputed site of the ranch house of Capt. Francisco Maria Ruiz has been
found buried in the walls of the Johnson-Taylor Adobe.
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3RD STORY of Level 2 printed in FULL format.
Copyright 1992 The Times Mirror Company
Los Angeles Times
March 28, 1992, Saturday, Home Edition
SECTION: Metro; Part B; Page 7; Column 1; Letters Desk
LENGTH: 362 words
HEADLINE: CLUNKERS
BODY:
Talk about bad science, Alexander Cockburn's recent article on clunkers is a
classic example, ("A Kind, Clean World for the Clunker," Column Left, March 15).
He seems to think that emissions controls on automobiles are some sort of
bureaucratic error that let big industry off the hook. Nothing could be further
from the truth. Cars and trucks are the primary problem in the Los Angeles
Basin. According to the California Air Resources Board, mobile sources emit 56%
of all hydrocarbons, 71% of all oxides of nitrogen and 94% of all carbon
monoxide; refineries and power plants total 1.9%, 8.7% and 0.5%, respectively.
In Unocal's program, the average car scrapped had 99 times more
hydrocarbon emissions per mile than a (then) new 1990 car, 50 times more
carbon monoxide and 11 times more oxides of nitrogen. The worst car emitted
enough unburned gasoline at the tailpipe to power a car getting 32 miles per
gallon. The best car was 40 times cleaner ---- but it was still eight times
dirtier per mile than a new car. The program was a quick, painless and
cost-effective way to reduce air pollution.
His points about sulfuric acid are equally distorted. Nationally, gasoline
contains over 0.030% sulfur; in California, the typical gasoline has 0.015%
sulfur, which will be reduced to 0.004% in 1996. A typical Eastern coal used for
power generation has 3% sulfur, or 200 times more than California gasoline!
Los Angeles, with the highest number of catalytic converter-equipped cars
(Cockburn's "sulfuric acid factories") in the world, is in attainment with state
and federal air-quality standards for sulfur compounds. Since 1975, the first
year the converters were put on cars, emissions of sulfur dioxide from
automobiles have dropped from 35 tons per day to 14. This is only about 11% of
sulfur dioxide emissions from all sources.
And his contention "that auto thieves will now have an incentive to prey on
poor people's old Plymouths or Chevys" also ignores the facts. In Unocal's
program, sellers were required to produce identification showing that they were
indeed the legal owners.
RICHARD J. STEGEMEIER, Chairman, President & CEO, Unocal, Los Angeles
TYPE: Letter to the Editor
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1ST STORY of Level 2 printed in FULL format.
Copyright 1992 The Chronicle Publishing Co.
The San Francisco Chronicle
AUGUST 26, 1992, WEDNESDAY, FINAL EDITION
SECTION: NEWS; Pg. A1
LENGTH: 1078 words
HEADLINE: COST-SAVING IDEA
Buying Up Old Cars to Cut Pollution
BYLINE: Jonathan Marshall, Chronicle Economics Editor
KEYWORD: CASH-FOR-CLUNKERS
BODY:
From Washington to San Francisco, public officials and private executives
are working feverishly on a novel approach to reducing air emissions: paying
owners of pollution-belching gas-guzzlers to drive them off the road and into
the junk yard.
The idea offers something for everyone. Owners of old clunkers may come away
several hundred dollars richer. Private companies that sponsor buy-and- scrap
programs may enjoy relief from much more expensive pollution mandates if they
retire enough dirty cars. And the public would probably have healthier air.
The U.S. Office of Technology Assessment released a report in July estimating
that such a program could save $ 100 million a year over traditional means of
cleaning the air -- as well as saving close to 200 million gallons of gasoline
annually by spurring people to drive more fuel-effi cient cars.
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency also endorsed the concept in an
announcement this March.
This cash-for-clunkers program will give government and private industry a
new, cheaper option for reducing air pollution,' declared EPA Administrator
William Reilly. The program, he said, represents a ''pioneering approach
to achieve desired environmental benefits more cost-effectively through
flexible, market-oriented methods.
Even as the EPA works on drafting guidelines for the states, the idea is
gaining ground on a variety of fronts:
* California's Air Resources Board is developing a program of its own to let
private industry buy up old cars and diesel buses in return for pollution
'credits' that could be used to cover temporary projects such as construction
or drilling operations. Also, numerous local governments are showing interest in
the concept. The Contra Costa County Board of Supervisors voted in March to back
the idea.
* U.S. Generating Co., a joint venture of PG&E and Bechtel based in Delaware,
is now offering $ 500 to the first 125 residents of that state who turn in a
high-polluting, pre-1980 car. The project is a collaboration with the
President's Commission on Environmental Quality, which is sponsoring a
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The San Francisco Chronicle, AUGUST 26, 1992
detailed study of its results.
* In a remarkable alliance of former foes, the Environmental Defense Fund and
General Motors are jointly advising the EPA on strategies to extend
car-scrapping programs nationwide and develop them as a model for other market-
based incentives to promote technological breakthroughs against pollution.
Provoking all this interest is the fact that cars built before federal
pollution mandates usually emit far more smog-producing chemicals than newer
vehicles.
UNOCAL PROGRAM
No one knew quite how big the potential of the cash-for-clunkers strategy was
until Unocal, in cooperation with several other companies and public agencies,
undertook an extensive buy-and-scrap experiment in Los Angeles in 1990. Paying $
700 per car, the company bought up 8,376 pre-1971 vehicles in four months. The
program accepted only cars registered in the area more than six months to
prevent people from trying to trade in out-of-town clunkers.
The cars taken off the road were dirty indeed, according to tail pipe tests.
A 1970 Pontiac LeMans, for example, spewed out 87.4 grams of ozone-forming
hydrocarbons per mile, compared with the 1980s standard of 0.41 grams per
mile. On average, the scrapped cars emitted 99 times more hydrocarbons than
a new 1990 car and 11 times more nitrogen oxides, a component of both smog and
acid rain.
Even taking into account the fact that older cars are driven fewer miles,
Unocal estimated that the 6 percent of cars in the Los Angeles basin built
before 1971 account for 22 percent of all hydrocarbon and 13 percent of all
nitrogen oxide emissions from mobile sources.
In all, the company calculated, its four-month test eliminated 12.8 million
pounds of potential pollutants from the region's air each year. ''It would have
cost us about $ 120 million to reduce the same amount of emissions from our
refinery,' said Unocal spokesman Barry Lane. ''Scrapping the cars cost us
only $ 6 million.'
POLLUTION 'CREDITS'
Under guidelines now being drafted by the state Air Resources Board, other
California firms could use the same approach to earn pollution ''credits'' that
could be sold or used in-house to avoid more costly cleanup efforts.
''Let's say The Chronicle wants to build a new printing plant, said board
spokesman Jerry Martin. 'They need to find ways to offset the pollution
generated in that construction project. They can go to Muni and suggest that
they retire 50 of their old diesel buses and The Chronicle will buy 50 natural
gas buses, obtaining credit for reducing that excess pollution.
Many environmentalists cautiously endorse the idea.
''We think car-scrapping can make a useful contribution, mostly in the short
term, since older cars will fall apart in the not-too-distant future, said A.
Blakeman Early, Washington representative of the Sierra Club.
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The San Francisco Chronicle, AUGUST 26, 1992
But Early said the organization opposes a central tenet of most such
proposals: letting companies earn temporary pollution credits as an incentive to
sponsor the program.
''We are very hostile to this concept, Early said. ''We think scrappage may
be needed in addition to a wide variety of other reductions. Our goal is to get
all possible reductions, not a cost saving.
Joe Goffman, a senior attorney at the Environmental Defense Fund in
Washington, also cited several hurdles in designing a successful program. ''You
have to have a reliable way of measuring the emissions from each car to know how
many pollution credits to give'' the participating companies, he said. ' And you
have to make sure no one has an incentive to tamper with the cars.
But Goffman said his organization, which pioneered market- based approaches
for encouraging utilities to reduce acid rain at the lowest possible cost, sees
the cash- for-clunkers program as an important first step toward harnessing
incentives in favor of a cleaner environment. Instead of fighting a rear-guard
action against government mandates, firms would come to see innovative pollution
control as a source of profit, not just a cost.
If the pollution credit system in the buy-and-scrap program proves feasible,
he said, 'then you've got a real live mechanism to motivate more aggressive
development and commercialization of breakthrough technology.'
TYPE: SPECIAL REPORT: ENTERPRISE COLUMN
SUBJECT:
AIR POLLUTION; AUTO SMOG; ENVIRONMENT; AUTOS; SALES; US; DEPARTMENTS; REPORT
NAME:
U.S. Office of Technology Assessment; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
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2ND STORY of Level 2 printed in FULL format.
Car and Driver
Copyright 1992 Information Access Company
CBS Magazines 1992
June, 1992
SECTION: Vol. 37 ; No. 12 ; Pg. 25
LENGTH: 1060 words
HEADLINE: Fill it with M85; Methanol fuel for automobiles Column
BYLINE: Bedard, Patrick
BODY:
* Nobody has to spend a nickel to demonstrate that automobiles will run on
methanol. Indy racers go over 200 mph on the stuff every May.
So why is California promoting a fleet of 4700 methanol-capable cars and
vans? Best I can tell, the program exists purely because government people have
government money to spend.
Chevrolet began building at least 2000 "variable-fuel" Luminas in March. Ford
plans 2700 vehicles later this year. These cars can operate on gasoline, M85 (85
percent methanol, 15 percent unleaded gasoline) or any mixture of the two. M85
will be available at 90 California stations when the state's plan comes
together.
Automakers have good reason for going along with the scheme-they get paid.
Methanol Luminas sell for $ 2000 more than gas Luminas. Changes are minor: a
corrosion-resistant fuel system, injectors with greater capacity, an electronic
sensor to tell the injectors how much methanol is in the mix, an indicator on
the dash that tells the driver how much methanol (this is for his amusement
only, because the car drives the same regardless of the mixture); and, of
course, distinctive exterior badges to tell bystanders this a "variable-fuel
vehicle."
A few California car buyers will have good reason for going along with the
game, too-they'11 get paid. Rebates up to $ 2000 apply, except in the government
town of Sacramento (state capital), where the rebates can be as large as $ 4200.
In all, $ 4.2 million in government money has been budgeted for these rebates.
While cleaner air is the big petunia in this California program, every press
release throws in the bonus of reducing "California's nearly 100 percent
dependence on petroleum for transportation fuel." Apparently state planners
haven't heard the news that the Arab oil embargo has been over for ten years and
the market is 50 awash in cheap petroleum, most of it non-Arabian, that we enjoy
the luxury of refusing to buy from three Arab OPECers (Iran, Iraq, and Libya)
because we don't like their politics.
I considered the possibility that methanol might be environmentally
preferable to petroleum until Donald Raff, at methanol supplier Hoechst
Celanese, told me that all commercial methanol is made from natural gas and has
been since the 1920s. It could be made from other substances-it was known as
wood alcohol when I was a kid-but any other source makes the price
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Car and Driver, June, 1992
uncompetitive.
Last I heard, natural gas comes from wells, and those wells are right next to
oil wells on the environmentalists' list of crimes against the earth.
Methanol, back when it was known as wood alcohol, was also known as nasty
stuff. "Don't even breathe the fumes," I was told. "They're poisonous." Now we
say, "highly toxic." Worse yet, alcohols mix inseparably with water-there's no
skimming off or filtering out as there is with gasoline. A methanol spill could
easily contaminate ground water and not be noticed until people start dying.
Such a mishap, of course, wouldn't make the phones ring at California's Air
Quality offices. There's nobody but air people at those numbers and they like
methanol because they say "it produces 30 to 50 percent less smog-forming
emissions" than gasoline. The Wall Street Journal regurgitates this to read "up
to 50 percent less polluting," which is not true. These variable-fuel vehicles
actually produce approximately the same amount of pollutants ( hydrocarbons,
carbon monoxide, and oxides of nitrogen) as gasoline cars. It's just that the
hydrocarbons emitted are 30 to 50 "percent less reactive," and therefore less
likely to produce smog.
Still, 30 to 50 percent sounds like a big deal. Until you realize that
today's gasoline cars already have their hydrocarbon emissions reduced 96
percent compared with the unregulated cars of the sixties. So we're talking 97.2
to 98 percent less smog instead of 96 percent less.
How much clean air could California get for its $ 4.2 million if it really
wanted clean air instead of a fancy program to keep its bureaucracies humming?
A lot more. The big emissions sources are out-of-tune cars called "gross
polluters." Just one can produce as much hydrocarbon as 230 new cars. And the
technology exists to find these stinkers as they drive by.
A less selective method is to simply weed out old cars. Unocal last year
offered $ 700 each for pre-1971 cars licensed and operating in California: 8376
cars driven an average of 5500 miles annually were bought and crushed. A sample
of those cars were tested for emissions. On average, each one put out 99 times
the hydrocarbon of a new car.
Hmmm. How many old cars would you have to take off the road to equal the
benefits of this expensive methanol program? Let's assume that these 4700 new
variable-fuel vehicles will be driven 15,000 miles a year. Then we can calculate
the "reactivity" reduction compared with 4700 new gas cars. Giving methanol the
benefit of the most favorable estimate-50 percent less reactivity-my calculator
says 65 old cars. At $ 700 each, you could get the clean-air result of the whole
4700-car program for $ 45,500.
These variable-fuel cars have a downside that doesn't appear in the press
releases California sends to the newspapers. The exhaust contains formaldehyde,
lots of formaldehyde, about ten times more, according to the EPA. State
officials know this. In fact, standards for formaldehyde emissions have been
outlined and are scheduled to take effect in 1993. But the 4700-car program
doesn't meet these standards. Isn't it interesting that in the name of clean air
the state would spend 50 much money to hurry 50 many cars into service that
don't meet a clean-air standard that is just one year away?
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Car and Driver, June, 1992
The $ 4.2 million in rebates is just a small part of this program's expense.
A state agency also distributes the methanol to the retail outlets, and it will
have a budget of $ 1 million a year. Then there are all the state employees
being paid nice salaries. They live in a dream world of other people's money. I
was talking with the clean-fuels program manager from the Sacramento
Metropolitan Air District. He told me, "I'll never deny that petroleum is a
cheap, convenient, attractive thing for transportation, but, you know, in public
policy you have to look beyond that."
Yes, if I look beyond "cheap, convenient, and attractive," I definitely see
methanol.
TYPE:
Column
SUBJECT:
Automobiles, Fuel and fuel systems ; Automobile industry, Product development ;
Methanol, Usage
COMPANY:
General Motors Corp. Chevrolet Motor Div., Product development AZCars and vans
powered by methanol are being promoted in California. General Motors Corp.
Chevrolet Div is building a small fleet variable-fuel Lumina vans. The benefits
are dubious, as variable-fuel cars produce about as much pollutants as
gasoline-powered automobiles. ; SIC: 5012 ; 3711
LOAD-DATE-MDC: May 20, 1992
CO:
GENERAL MOTORS CORP; GENERAL MOTORS CORP CHEVROLET MOTOR DIV;
TS:
GM (NYSE); GMH (NYSE); GME (NYSE);
IND:
031 AUTO MANUFACTURERS; 011 AEROSPACE INDUSTRIES; 072 SOFTWARE DATA
PROCESSING;
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1ST STORY of Level 2 printed in FULL format.
Proprietary to the United Press International 1990
March 20, 1990, Tuesday, BC cycle
SECTION: Regional News
DISTRIBUTION: California
LENGTH: 514 words
HEADLINE: San Diego grand jury urges aggressive water-saving measures
BYLINE: By KATE CALLEN
DATELINE: SAN DIEGO
KEYWORD: WATER
BODY:
The San Diego County grand jury, in a report critical of public water
policies, urged Tuesday that more aggressive water conservation and reclamation
measures be passed into law as quickly as possible.
The jury threw its support behind the Sierra Club in its court battle to
include stronger water-saving efforts in San Diego's planned $2.8 billion
sewage treatment system.
And jurors lamented the region's slowness in requiring low-flush toilets and
low-flow showerheads, measures now in place in Pasadena, Santa Monica and other
Southern California cities.
' 'We in San Diego are very complacent about the water situation and have
been for years and years. The only time we become serious about it is when we
have a drought, said Richard Turnbull, who directed the grand jury review.
According to the nine-page report, San Diego County is using 50,000 acre
feet of water more than its annual allotment of 550,000 acre feet of imported
water.
''In the past, San Diego County has consumed 30 percent of Metropolitan
Water District's Colorado River and Northern California water, although it is
only legally entitled to 11 percent,' said the report.
The jury emphasized that such unbridled use of dwindling water reserves will
prove crippling in the event of a natural disaster.
''A catastrophic flood or earthquake, resulting in severed aqueducts from
Skinner Lake and Perris Lake, would greatly limit imported water, especially in
the northern part of the county,' the report said.
Mandatory water-saving equipment in area homes, the subject of the Sierra
Club's ongoing federal suit against the city of San Diego, could lead to the
reclamation of 70,000 acre feet of water a year or one-third of the total
wastewater flow from the city's sewage system, Turnbull told reporters.
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Proprietary to the United Press International, March 20, 1990
Such reclaimed water could be used in place of potable, or drinking, water
for farm and park irrigation as specified in the state's water code, he added.
''That water being dumped in the ocean is usable water, valuable water. Why
dump it in the ocean?'' he said.
Turnbull, a former Oceanside City Councilman who served on the city's water
board, predicted San Diego eventually will be forced to ban new sewer
hook-ups and otherwise limit water availability for new development.
''It's coming to that,'' he said. ''It's not quite that severe but it's
coming to that.'
In its seven recommendations, the report outlined incentives and penalties
that could change water-use habits throughout the county.
The jury endorsed quick passage of the County Water Authority's Model
Reclamation Ordinance, a comprehensive water-use plan, and urged stringent local
enforcement ''by issuing warnings and citations to offenders, followed by court
action where continued infractions occur.
Homeowners should receive rebates for approximately one-third the cost of
low-flow equipment, and the County Water Authority Board should encourage the
establishment of strategically placed treatment plants ' ' by providing a
financial stipend of $50,000 per project,'' the report said.
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Natural Communities Conservation Planning:
Moving Beyond The Endangered Species Act. Approach
Background:
Within every county in California is a species listed as
threatened or endangered under either the Federal or State
Endangered Species Act (ESA). Continued loss of habitat due to
development and population increases in California's most rapidly
growing counties, as well as petitions for new listingc of
species under the Endangered Species Act, has created situations
where single species protection and regulation under these Acts
neither saves species nor accommodates compatible economic
development.
For example, the small song bird, California gnatcatcher, is
currently petitioned for listing under the ESA. The bird's
habitat -- Coastal Sage Scrub of southern California -- covers
more than 250,000 acres in parts of San Diego, Orange, Riverside,
Los Angeles, and San Bernardino counties and contains more than
60 other potentially throatened or endangered plants and animals,
each of which could require listing and, ultimately, regulation
and continued stalemate.
Response:
The California Resources Agency and the Department of Fish
and Game, as part of Governor Wilson's "Resourceful California"
iniative, have undertaken an innovative approach to species and
habitat conservation called Natural Communities Conservation
Planning (NCCP). Currently, the Resources Agency is working with
the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS), the U.S. Navy and
Marines, private property owners, local governments, and
environmentalists in a planning effort to proactively protect
sufficient habitat to ensure the long-term survival of viable
populations of all the species, and allow for compatible economic
development.
Actions:
0
The NCCP program has established a Scientific Review Panel
composed of five nationally recognized conservation
biologists to develop science-based criteria for
conservation areas.
o
A MOU was signed with the USFWS in December, 1991,
committing its support to the effort and providing over
$500,000 for support of NCCP in 1991.
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0
An Advisory Committee, including ropresentatives of
government, landowners and environmentalists and the
military, is assisting in the process.
O
More than 60 landowners and local governments have
voluntarily enrolled in the NCCP program. The effort
involves a 6,000 square mile study area. To date there has
been less than 2,000 acres of habitat loss and more than
300,000 acres subject to voluntary protection and oversight.
The enrollments include hundreds of thousands of acres of
Coastal Sage Scrub, which will be protected during the
18-month interim planning period. Federal and local
governments, developers, and environmental groups have
joined together in this important effort. In Orange county,
for example, public agencies and private landowners have
enrolled over 90% of the Coastal Sage Scrub habitat in
interim protection.
0
Permanent, enforceable agreements, covering thousands of
acres, are anticipated within eighteen months. These
agreements will be designed to conserve sufficient habitat
to ensure the sustainability of the ecosystem and, ideally,
while allowing compatible economic development to continue,
and ideally obviate the need for future listing decisions.
Natural Communities Conservation Planning agreements will
satisfy the requirements of Federal and State Endangered
Species Acts, should individual species subsequently become
listed.
Future Directions:
The NCCP process improves on the ESA in two significant
ways. First, it provides an ecosystem, rather than a single-
species, approach to protection. Second, NCCP seeks to
anticipate situations before species become threatened or
endangered. It is focused on prevention, rather than remedial
management, and relies on voluntary, locally-based, inclusive
processes to arrive at plans for conservation and compatible
economic development.
The NCCP program is not a substitute for the ESA.
Authorized by new law in California, this pilot project for
Coastal Sage Scrub is intended to demonstrate a positive,
proactive alternative to the sometimes draconian impact of
regulatory authority which can be exercised when species approach
the brink of extinction. Indeed, it is the prospect of listing
that creates the incentive for landowners and local government to
participate in the NCCP program. Thus, the NCCP adds an
important new tool at the front end to reconcile wildlife
conservation with the need for economic development. The NCCP is
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not another mandatory government program; it can only bc
successful with the full cooperation of all levels of government,
private landowners, developers and conservationists.
Businesses and environmentalists across the nation are
watching this proactive alternative to single species
conservation; if successful, this approach will be a model for
the nation.
Key Issues:
The NCCP, if characterized as a non-regulatory, voluntary
way to protect wildlife and habitat, will receive little overt
opposition, though at healthy dosc of skopticism may come from
some quarters who would rather undo all protection, and from
those who are fearful that NCCP could weaken the ESA.
Editorally the Orange County Register and the Los Angeles
Times have been cupportive of the NCCP concept, though the effort
has been criticized for delays and because of the allegations of
a few environmental activists. Riverside County press has been
generally favorable; there has been little editorial comment.
Most opposition to the NCCP comes from (1) those who oppose
ondangered species regulations and (2) some environmentalists who
are concerned that it will undercut the Endangered Species Act.
Any Presidential event for the NCCP ought to consider the
following:
I.
The federal listing decision on the California gnatcatcher
petition is due in mid-September with the possibility of
allowing for an additional 6-month study period. If USFWS
decides to postpone the listing decision for six months,
does the President want to comment before that decision is
announced and appear to influence it? or, does he want to
comment on the NCCP after the USFWS makes its decision,
showing his perspective on the value of the NCCP as a
positive and promising supplement to the Endangered Species
Act?
II. Any mention of endangered species issues enrages some
property rights advocates and some parts of the right wing:
0
Pat Buchanan mentioned (opening night at the Republican
convention) "radical environmentalists" who care more
about spotted owls and fish than about people and jobs
and the economy;
o
The "Wise Use" movement opposes environmental
regulations and is committed to undoing laws and
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8/21/92
resource protection; and
0
The recent "Tucas" decision from the U.S. Supreme Court
has invigorated property rights advocates who believe
any restrictions on the use of land, including EIRs,
are administrative takings that require componsation.
III. Bob Perkins, Executive Director of the Riverside County Farm
Bureau, believes that NCCP is only working because there is
"a gun to the head" of participants and that offorts should
be devoted to undoing the Endangered Spccies Act. The State
Farm Bureau supports the NCCP program as a voluntary
program.
o
Generally, NCCP is not yet widely subscribed to in
Riverside County. The Riverside County BIA supported
enrollment as did TMC Development and Metropolitan
Water who are cnrolled. The County Board enrolled
their publicly owned land, but has not enrolled as a
permitting local government. Property-owner groups and
neighborhood associations spoke against the proposed
county onrollment, based on fears of property rights
issues. Eventually there will be some property rights
conflicts, as actual conservation plans are implemented
-- probably two or more years away. (Enrollment was
unopposed in most other jurisdictions within the Study
Area.)
IV. other established industry and business-oriented
associations are concerned about the program due to
regulations proposed by the Department of Fish and Game.
Although substantially amended, and now deferred, the
regulations are still pending before the California Fish and
Game Commission. Industry associations have opposed
regulations proposed in conjunction with the program,
including the California Cattleman's Association, Western
states Petroleum Association, Riverside County Property
Owners Association, California Association of Realtors, and
the timber industry.
The California Chamber of Commerce, County Supervisors
Association of California and the League of California
Cities have been silent.
IV. A few established environmental organizations, such as
Planning and Conservation League and Audubon Society, attack
NCCP as too weak, and are afraid that NCCP will be
substituted for the Endangered Species Act.
Page 4 of 5
8/21/92
Potential Questions from the Press:
1.
Will you (as President) interfere with the listing decisions
which are pending, if necessary, in order to give the NCCP
time to work?
2.
Do you support re-authorization of the Endangered Species
Act?
3.
What are problems with the Act?
4.
The NCCP program has been criticized as having no "teeth" -
do you honestly believe a non-regulatory program can work?
5.
NCCP is only working because there is a recession -- can it
work if the pressure for growth and development returns?
6.
why do you (should we) really care about the gnatcatcher? or
the lizards? when thousands of them exist across the border
anyhow?
7.
If the federal government decides that species, habitat or
natural systems should be protected, shouldn't the U.S.
Government pay the cost of the program?
8.
A substantial percentage of land in California is already
publicly owned. How much can we afford to own and keep more
off the tax rolls?
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PAGE 1
LEVEL 2 - 1 OF 2 STORIES
Copyright 1990 Federal Information Systems Corporation
Federal News Service
APRIL 17, 1990, TUESDAY
SECTION: FROM THE WHITE HOUSE
LENGTH: 3116 words
HEADLINE: CB
WHITE HOUSE CONFERENCE ON SCIENCE AND ECONOMICS RESEARCH
RELATED TO GLOBAL CHANGE
SPEAKER: WILLIAM REILLY, ADMINISTRATOR,
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
J.W. MARRIOTT HOTEL
WASHINGTON, D.C.
natural systems are in human hands, dependent on human efforts.
A little more than a year ago, Time magazine searched for its man or woman of
the year, and the editors decided after careful review of the year's news to
name its awardee, planet Earth. Now, the comedian, Jay Leno, commented on
this award, and he said, "Well, what could you expect? All the judges came
Federal News Service, APRIL 17, 1990
from Earth." Well, we're all biased, we're
...
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The Washington Times, April 20, 1990
- Bush, May 16, 1988.
I'm an environmentalist; always have been and always will be.
- Bush, Aug. 1, 1988, at a rally in Belmar Beach, N.J.
The fact is that, ultimately, the goal of a clean and healthy
environment is NOT in conflict with the need to create jobs in a growing
economy. Quite the contrary: In the long run, successful environmental
protection is a prerequisite to solid, sustainable economic growth.
- Bush, Oct. 14, 1988, speaking to the Scripps Institution of
Oceanography at the University of California, San Diego.
The Associated Press, October 15, 1988
Merced and Fresno.
He was to spend the rest of the weekend in Denver.
Bush aides view California as critical, and suggest that it could go either
way.
Speaking at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography on Friday in San Diego,
Bush said if elected one of his first acts in office would be to seek passage
of stronger clean-air legislation.
He also called for "a very close look" at whether proposed new oil drilling
of the coast of Southern California might harm the environment before going
ahead with federal approval for the drilling.
"I oppose drilling in those environmentally sensitive areas where the risk of
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PAGE 2
LEVEL 1 - 4 OF 8 STORIES
Copyright (c) 1988 The New York Times Company;
The New York Times
October 15, 1988, Saturday, Late City Final Edition
SECTION: Section 1; Page 8, Column 1; National Desk
LENGTH: 921 words
HEADLINE: Bush, Fighting Back Glee, Vows Tough Battle to End
BYLINE: By GERALD M. BOYD, Special to the New York Times
DATELINE: LA JOLLA, Calif., Oct 14
BODY:
week at Westminster College in Fulton, Mo., where Winston Churchill
delivered his Iron Curtain address.
Pledge on Environment
(c) 1988 The New York Times, October 15, 1988
In addition, Mr. Bush hopes to spend part of the next three weeks shoring up
support among voters
... people.
Mr. Bush also plans to attempt to counter issues that Mr. Dukakis has used to
his advantage, such as the Vice President's record on the environment. Later
today, with the Pacific Ocean as a backdrop, he spoke at the Scripps
Institution of Oceanography at the University of California at San Diego.
Mr. Bush vowed to convene a global conference on the environment in his
first year in office if he is elected, saying that such a gathering would
address concerns such as acid rain and the possible warming of the
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Ed Cowling, lead advance, San Diego, 9/13/92 -- told Gary
Gershowitz:
a)
Thought the speech should be balanced with economic growth
and not just focusing on the environment.
b)
County/city run park open to the public with recreational
facilities and a housing development near by.
c)
Park has maintained natural territory.
d)
Speech should not emphasize that this is a specific place to
preserve endangered species/wildlife.