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Sussex, Wisconsin Train Trip 10/31/92 [OA 7582] [2]
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323154332
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Sussex, Wisconsin Train Trip 10/31/92 [OA 7582] [2]
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13840-008
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Records of the White House Office of Speechwriting (George H. W. Bush Administration)
Speech Backup Chronological Files
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Originally Processed With FOIA(s):
FOIA Number:
S
S
FOIA
MARKER
This is not a textual record. This is used as an
administrative marker by the George Bush Presidential
Library Staff.
Record Group/Collection:
George H.W. Bush Presidential Records
Collection/Office of Origin:
Speechwriting, White House Office of
Series:
Speech File Backup Files
Subseries:
Chron File, 1989-1993
OA/ID Number:
13840
Folder ID Number:
13840-008
Folder Title:
Sussex, Wisconsin Train Trip 10/31/92 [OA 7582] [2]
Stack:
Row:
Section:
Shelf:
Position:
G
26
23
2
2
S
SUPPLE MARSH Fond du Lac County
This large marshy area in Fond du Lac on the west shore of Lake
Winnebago was a source of ice for Fond du Lac from 1888 until the 1930s.
The Supple family owned this marsh and some warehouses on North
Water Street. Blocks of ice were cut from the lake in January and February.
some 60,000 tons during peak seasons. The marsh was sold to the city in
1967, and in 1975 boat ramps were installed.
SURING Oconto County
Joseph Suring and his wife were pioneer settlers at Hayes where he
established a lively trading business with the Indians. Hc gave up the Hayes
store in 1882 and built a sawmill here. When the Chicago and North
Western Railroad was built through in 1896, Mr. Suring suggested the
name Three Rivers because the North Branch, the South Branch and
Peshtigo Brook combine to form the Oconto River near here. But the state
officials advised him that the name Suring had been selected, which
surprised and pleased him very much.
SUSSEX Waukesha County
The three Weaver brothers came here in 1834. They had come from
TABOR Racine County
Sussex in England and laid out this village to resemble the city in England.
"Tabor" reportedly is a Gypsy word meaning "I
In 1842 they built St. Albans Episcopal church as a copy of the church in
was an area north of the city of Racine which was
England's Susscx. Dick Weaver made 3 fortune by raising hops, hanging
around 1852.
them out to dry on long tamarack poles.
TABOR Vernon County
SWALLOW Rock Wood County
J. Clark Tabor was the first postmaster.
A former campsite for the Chippewa Indians, this sandstone cliff is
TAFT RIDGE Crawford County
located on the east bank of the Wisconsin River in Nekoosa. Bank swal-
Located in Haney Township. it was named afte.
lows make nests in holes in this stony elevation.
TAINTER CREEK Crawford County
SWATEK RIDGE Crawford County
(Utica Township)
(Eastman Township)
Running from the county line to the Johnstown
John Swatek, a Bohemian immigrant, was the first scttler on this ridge.
after the Tainter family.
SWIGGUM RIDGE Crawford County
TALLMAN HOMESTEAD Rock County
(Utica Township)
Abraham Lincoln was 3 guest in this house whe
Named after the Swiggum family that settled here.
to deliver a political address in 1859. Built by V
Swiss Burnett County
1855-57, it was an underground railroad station that
When C.H. Chiprian, the first postmaster, sent in the application for a
pre-Civil War days.
post office, he suggested Big Island, for the island in the St. Croix River not
TAMARACK Trempealeau County
far away. This name was refused, supposedly because it consisted of two
Named after Tamarack Creek, the stream flowir
words. Mr. Chipman was the owner of a particularly fine herd of pedigreed
is a larch tree.
Brown Swiss cattle, so he submitted the name Swiss which was accepted
TANKTOWN Brown County
SYENE PRAIRIE Dane County
This settlement was founded by Rev. Nils Otto Ta
(Firchburg) The Biblical Syene was the southern frontier-post of Egypt. The name
missionary who arrived here in 1850 to establish
plan failed tragically and his colony dispersed,
I
may have been given to the settlement here to suggest its remoteness.
Ephraim in what is now Door County.
SYLVAN Richland County
The township was named for its rustic beauty. "Sylvan" means abounding
TAR HOLLOW Richland County
(Bloom Township)
in woods, groves and trees.
Some who came from Ohio may have though
SYLVESTER Green County
valley were reminiscent of those in Tar Hollow in
Amos R. Sylvester was one of the earliest settlers.
to have used the pine tar as a healing salve.
TARRANT Pepin County
The Tarrant family were residents of Duranc
there.
266 Romance of Wisconsin Place Names
18
BEAUTIFUL
BEAUTIFUL
6.
(a) "You're the most beautiful plank in your
1.
husband's platform."
"Once in her life, every woman should have
(b) "That's a heck of a thing to call a
that said to her. I thank you for being the one
woman."
who said it to me."
-(b) Katharine Hepburn taking exception to the
-Ingrid Bergman appreciating Curt Jurgens's com-
compliment from (a) Adolphe Menjou in Frank
pliment in Mark Robson's The Inn of the Sixth Hap-
Capra's State of the Union
piness
(Screenplay by Anthony Veiller and Myles
(Screenplay by Isobel Lennart; based on THE
Connolly; based on the play by Howard Lindsay
SMALL WOMAN, a book by Alan Burgess)
and Russel Crouse)
2.
7.
"Job says that a woman is beautiful only when
"You should attack my guards more often. Bat-
she is loved."
tle seems to become you. You grow more beau-
tiful each time I see you."
-Bette Davis quoting Claude Rains in Vincent Sher-
man's Mr. Skeffington
-Rex Harrison charming a belligerent Elizabeth
(Screenplay by Julius J. Epstein and Philip G.
Taylor in Joseph L. Mankiewicz's Cleopatra
Epstein; based on the story by "Elizabeth")
(Screenplay by Joseph L. Mankiewicz, Ranald
MacDougall and Sidney Buchman; based upon
3.
histories by Plutarch, Suetonius and Appian and
THE LIFE AND TIMES OF CLEOPATRA, a book by
"One day that looking glass'll be the man who
C. M. Franzero)
loves you. It'll be his eyes maybe. And you'll
look in that mirror, and you'll be more than
8.
pretty. You'll be beautiful."
"You're the most beautiful woman I've ever
-Burt Lancaster talking Katharine Hepburn into a
seen, which doesn't say much for you."
beautiful state in Joseph Anthony's The Rainmaker
-Groucho Marx qualifying his ardor in Victor Heer-
(Screenplay by N. Richard Nash; based on his
man's Animal Crackers
play)
(Screenplay by Morrie Ryskind; based on the
musical play by George S. Kaufman and Morrie
4.
Ryskind)
"Oh, Mark, we both know that even the fat,
ugly people of this world believe that being in
9.
love makes them beautiful and justifies every-
"People who are very beautiful make their
thing."
own laws."
-Jennifer Jones reminding William Holden in
-Vivien Leigh discussing Warren Beatty with Lotte
Henry King's Love Is a Many-Splendored Thing
Lenya in Jose Quintero's The Roman Spring of Mrs.
(Screenplay by John Patrick; based on A
Stone
MANY-SPLENDORED THING, a novel by Han Suyin)
(Screenplay by Gavin Lambert; based on the novel
by Tennessee Williams)
5.
"When I get through with you, you'll look like
ALSO SEE: Beauty; Eyes-11; Help-2; Home-8;
-well, what do you call beautiful? A tree?
Memory-4; Painting-6; Paris-3; Prison-2;
You'll look like a tree."
Proposals-12; Propositions-24; Remember-5;
Star-9; Ugly-2; Wealth-8.
-Fred Astaire convincing Audrey Hepburn to pose
for his camera in Stanley Donen's Funny Face
(Original Screenplay by Leonard Gershe)
Holidays
National UNICEF Day
Sponsored by United Nations.
Taiwan
Birthday of President Chiang
Kai-shek
Celebrates the event which
October 31
occurred 1887.
U.S. (Nevada)
Nevada Day
Commemorates Nevada's
admission to the Union, 1864.
(Continues. .)
Birthdates
1705
Clement XIV, Pope 1769-74. [d. September
1838
Luis I, King of Portugal, ruled 1861-89;
22, 1774]
freed slaves in Portuguese colonies. [d. Oc-
1795
John Keats, British lyric poet. {d. February
tober 19, 1889]
23, 1821]
1852
Mary Eleanor Wilkins Freeman, U.S.
1802
Benoit Fourneyron, French inventor; de-
novelist and short-story writer; member of
veloped the water-turbine. [d. July 31,
local color school. [d. March 13, 1930]
1867]
1860
Juliette Gordon Low, U.S. youth leader;
1815
Karl Weierstrass, German mathemati-
established first American troop of Girl
cian; developed many calculus innova-
Guides (which later became the Girl
tions; founded theory of functions of a
Scouts). [d. January 17, 1927]
complex variable. [d. February 19, 1897]
Andrew Joseph Volstead, U.S. politician;
1817
Heinrich Graetz, Jewish historian; author
author of Volstead Act, enforcing prohibi-
of Geschichte der Juden von den Altesten
tion in U.S. [d. January 20, 1947]
Zeiten. [d. September 7, 1891]
1863
William Gibbs McAdoo, U.S. government
1821
Karl Havlíček (Havel Borouský), Czech
official, lawyer; U.S. Secretary of the Trea-
critic, journalist, poet; imprisoned for his
sury, 1912-18; first chairman, Federal Re-
liberal opinions. [d. July 29, 1856]
serve Board; U.S. Senator, 1932-38; son-in-
1827
Richard Morris Hunt, U.S. architect; not-
law of U.S. President Woodrow Wilson (De-
ed most for his advocacy of the Beaux-Arts
cember 28). [d. February 1, 1941]
design of the Metropolitan Museum of
1887
Chiang Kai-shek, Chinese government
Art, New York, 1900; designed residences
leader; President, Republic of China, 1928-
for Vanderbilts, Astors, Belmonts, and
49; assumed presidency in exile in Taiwan,
other wealthy Americans; designed The
1949-75. [d. April 5, 1975]
Breakers and Marble House, Newport, R.I.,
1888
and the Biltmore estate, Asheville, N.C. [d.
Sir George Hubert Wilkins, Australian
July 31, 1895]
polar explorer; leader of a number of Arctic
and Antarctic expeditions, 1913-39. Ad-
1828
Sir Joseph Wilson Swan, British chemist;
vanced use of airplane and submarine in
a pioneer in photographic chemistry; in-
polar research and exploration. [d. Decem-
vented dry plate photography, 1871. [d.
ber 1, 1958]
May 27, 1914]
1895
B(asil) H(enry) Liddell Hart, British mili-
1835
Adolph von Baeyer, German chemist;
tary scientist; military editor of Encyclopae-
Nobel Prize in chemistry for his work with
dia Britannica; wrote numerous books on
dye and uric acid derivatives, 1905. [d. Au-
defense that influenced British military
gust 20, 1917]
strategy. [d. January 29, 1970]
(Continues. .)
799
U.S.
National Magic Day
A day for meetings of magicians
occasioned by the death of
Harry Houdini, 1926.
Protestant Reformation Day
Commemorates the date Martin
Luther posted his 95 theses.
October 31
Continued
Religious Calendar
All Hallow Even, Vigil of All Saints, All Hallow's
Eve, or Hallowe'en; corresponds with the eve of All
Saints' Day, November 1; based on ancient pagan
festival of autumn and Roman festival of Pomona,
goddess of gardens. Halloween is celebrated as a
night of pranks and ghost stories.
1899
Nadezhda Yakovlevna Mandelstam, Rus-
1930
Michael Collins, U.S. astronaut; co-pilot of
sian author, scholar; wife of Osip Mandel-
U.S. Gemini 10 space flight; pilot of com-
stam; spent most of her life trying to pre-
mand module, Apollo 11, lunar exploration
serve her husband's work; wrote memoirs,
flight.
Hope Against Hope and Hope Abandoned.
[d. December 29, 1980]
1931
Lee Grant (Lyova Haskell Rosenthal), U.S.
actress, director; Emmy Award for Peyton
1900
Ethel Waters, U.S. actress, singer. [d. Sep-
Place, 1965; Academy Award for Shampoo,
tember 1, 1977]
1975.
1912
Oscar Dystel, U.S. publisher; President
Dan(iel) Rather, U.S. television broadcast
and Chairman of the Board, Bantam Books,
journalist.
1954-80.
1937
Michael Landon (Eugene Michael Orow-
Dale Evans (Frances Smith), U.S. actress,
itz), U.S. actor, director, writer; starred in
singer; with husband, Roy Rogers (Novem-
and produced the television series, Little
ber 5), starred in numerous 1940s Western
House on the Prairie and Highway to
films and on television's The Roy Rogers
Heaven.
Show, 1951-57.
1918
Thomas R. (Tom) Paxton, U.S. singer,
Griffin Boyette Bell, U.S. lawyer; Attorney
musician, songwriter.
General, 1977-79.
1939
1921
Melinda Dillon, U.S. actress; appeared in
Yves Montand (Ivo Levi), French actor,
the film, Absence of Malice, 1981.
born in Italy.
1942
1922
David Ogden Stiers, U.S. actor; known for
Barbara Bel Geddes, U.S. actress.
his role as Major Winchester on the televi-
Prince Norodom Sihanouk, King of Cam-
sion series, M*A*S*H*.
bodia, 1941-55; established government in
1947
Frank Shorter, U.S. distance runner; win-
exile; established Royal Government of Na-
ner of Olympic marathon gold medal, 1972.
tional Union of Cambodia, 1970; restored
as Head of State when CRUNC forces over-
1950
John Candy, Canadian actor, comedian;
threw Khmer Republic, 1975; abdicated,
appeared in the films, Splash, 1984, and
1976; special envoy of Khmer Rouge to UN,
Trains, Planes, and Automobiles, 1987.
1979.
(Margaret) Jane Pauley, U.S. broadcast
1925
Robin Moore (Robert Lowell Moore,
journalist; co-host of the daily television
Jr.), U.S. novelist; author of The French
program, The Today Show, 1976- ; wife of
Connection.
Garry Trudeau.
800
Reformation Day Celebrated by many Protestant
denominations as the day on which Martin Luther
affixed his 95 Theses to the church door at Witten-
berg, 1517. [minor festival, Lutheran Church]
The Saints
St. Foillan, abbot. [d. C. 655]
St. Wolfgang, Bishop of Regensburg (Ratisbon).
Invoked to heal the good and to keep sheep and
oxen fat. [d. 994]
St. Bega, nun. Also called Begu. [death date
unknown)
St. Quintinus, martyr. Invoked against coughs. Also
called Quentin, Quintin, Quintus. [death date
unknown]
1965
Annabella (Annabella Lwin), Burmese
1981
Caribbean islands of Antigua and Barbu-
singer; lead vocalist for the rock group, Bow
da become a single independent nation,
Wow Wow, 1980-83.
ending three centuries of British rule.
1984
Indian prime minister, Indira Gandhi, is
Historical Events
assassinated by two of her Sikh bodyguards
1517
Martin Luther affixes 95 Theses to door
in New Delhi. Rajiv Gandhi is inaugurated
of Wittenberg Palace Church.
as his mother's successor.
1754
King's College (now Columbia Universi-
ty) in New York City is granted a charter by
King George II.
1864
Nevada is admitted to Union as the 36th
state.
1879
Irish National Land League is founded,
with Charles Parnell as president, for the
purpose of destroying English landlordism
in Ireland and establishing home rule.
1922
Benito Mussolini becomes Prime Minis-
ter of Italy.
1928
Graf Zeppelin completes first round-trip
crossing of the Atlantic.
1941
U.S. destroyer Reuben James is torpedoed
and sunk in the North Atlantic, becoming
the first U.S. Navy warship to be sunk in
the Atlantic during World War II.
1956
British and French troops attack Egyptian
installations along the Suez Canal. Israeli
forces capture the Sinai Peninsula and
reach the banks of the Canal (Suez Crisis).
Auntie Mame opens on Broadway.
1971
Eleven women are elected to the Swiss
parliament in the first election in which
women are allowed to vote and hold
office.
801
Elections Official Expects Record Voter Turnout
MADISON, Wis. (AP) This year's economic worries and hectic
campaigning could send a record 2.4 million or more Wisconsin
voters to the polls Nov. 3, a state elections official says.
Gail Shea, the campaign finance and elections administrator for
the state Elections Board, cited the re-emergence of independent
Ross Perot, a surge in voter registration and a
greater-than-expected interest in the presidential debates as
factors that could contribute to a record turnout.
''We just think there's going to be a higher than usual turnout
for a presidential race this time,' she said, citing 65 percent as
a conservative estimate. She said she believed the turnout could
near 70 percent, or 2.6 million of the state's nearly 3.7 million
eligible voters.
State Democratic Party executive director Jonathan Sender
agreed, but state GOP Party executive director R.J. Johnson
disputed the record-turnout prediction.
"I don't know how you can make a case for 65 percent, Johnson
said.
He said the turnout in presidential races has declined in each
of the last three presidential races, from 67 percent in 1980 to 61
percent in 1988.
Ms. Shea said Wisconsin's 1988 turnout still exceeded the
nation's voter turnout, which was 50.1 percent. She said she knew
of no predictions for a this year's national turnout.
Johnson conceded the presidential contest and the tight U.S.
Senate race between Republican Sen. Robert Kasten and Democratic
challenger Russell Feingold could increase voter turnout.
"But a lot of environmental factors affect voter turnout, he
added.
Ms. Shea cited concern over the economy as a key reason this may
be a record voter turnout in the state.
''There is so much similarity to 1980 and concern over the
economy. The economy is so close to everybody, she said. She
noted that the 67 percent turnout in 1980 amounted to 2.3 million
voters, the current record turnout.
In addition, ``independent, anti-system voters will go to the
polls to vote for Perot, she said.
Ms. Shea also said the debates appear to have generated a lot
more interest in the presidential campaign than previously
expected, and reports from around the state indicate a hefty
increase in voter registration.
"The TV ratings for the debates were very high. People are
really tuning in for this race, Sender said, adding that the
state party has received thousands of requests for copies of the
platforms of Democratic presidential nominee Bill Clinton and the
Democratic Party.
AP-NY-10-22-92 0353EDT
Oneida Indians Criticizes President's Use of 'Tomahawk Chop'
ONEIDA, Wis. (AP) Members of the Oneida Tribe of Indians
reacted angrily to President Bush's use of the 'Tomahawk Chop''
while campaigning in Georgia.
''At a time in history when the President of the United States
declares 1992 the year of the American Indian, it is ludicrous to
think he would display the insensitivity and irrationality to mimic
the Tomahawk Chop on national television, tribal spokesman Lloyd
Powless said in a news release Wednesday.
''He has sent a clear message to the Native Americans in this
country that the declaration he made previously was merely lip
service and most certainly not taken seriously, he said. "This
is the same type of sincerity and solemn promise that the leaders
of this country entered into treaties with our people. Not much has
changed in the past 300 years.
Bush wore an Atlanta Braves jacket and used the chopping motion
popularized by the baseball team's fans, saying, This is what I'm
going to do to Gov. Clinton.
Bush 'just narrowed the choices for president in Indian
Country, Powless said.
Members of the American Indian Student Council at the University
of Wisconsin-Green Bay planned to write a letter to Bush
criticizing his action, said council president Raeann Skenandore, a
member of the Oneida Tribe.
`There have been, over the last year and a half, on the
national level, efforts by Native Americans across the country to
address the mascot issue and the slogan issue, she said.
''There was a lot of work done to raise cultural awareness, to
raise the dignity of the Native Americans and the self-respect of
Native Americans, and we feel that what President Bush has done has
been to defeat a lot of the work that has been done on the national
level. It's been thrown out the window.
Darcey Campbell, assistant press secretary for the Bush-Quayle
campaign in Washington, said Bush meant merely to show support for
the Atlanta Braves.
''He did not in any way mean to demean the Native American
community, she said. "This doesn't in any way lessen his support
for the Native American community.
AP-NY-10-22-92 1025EDT
3 election would affect them personally.
''It's a choice between four more years of the same old stuff
and change, Gore said at the end of the hour-long meeting.
Supporters chanted ''One more week!' as Gore left the hall and
greeted people outside. The Tennessee senator was scheduled to
visit Oshkosh later today and then Marquette, Mich.
The economy and health care dominated the audience's questions.
Gore told supporters that the last four years had witnessed a big
loss of private sector jobs and the worst economic performance
since the Great Depression.
"The other side says four more years, Gore said. 'One more
week is the best alternative.
The Democratic candidate said in response to a question about
race relations that he believed civil rights would be the economic
issue of the 1990s.
''We believe racial tension always goes up during times of
economic stress, he said.
Gore pledged that a Clinton administration would not veto civil
rights bills. He also said the United States was charged with an
historic mission to prove that people of different races and
religions could coexist.
Gore's visit, part of a busy week of campaigning in Wisconsin
before the Nov. 3 presidential election, followed Vice President
Dan Quayle's visit to La Crosse and Eau Claire on Monday.
President Bush is scheduled to spend the night in Racine on
Friday before embarking on a whistle-stop tour across the state.
Bill Clinton campaigned in the state twice last week.
Matt Geary, who voted for Bush in 1988, said at the Gore rally
he expected to vote against the president next week.
"The whole issue of change is very important,' said Geary, 22,
who drove from Kenosha to attend the meeting. ''I don't think we
can afford to go four more years with what we had.
Sultan Siddiqi, a doctor, brought a hard-cover copy of Gore's
book, ''Earth in the Balance. He said he hoped to have Gore
autograph the copy.
Siddiqi, originally from India, said he wanted to vote with the
winner in a presidential election.
''Since I became a voter, I haven't voted for a president who
won, he said. "I'm keeping my fingers crossed.
AP-NY-10-27-92 1230EST
Milwaukee Newspaper Picks Bush
MILWAUKEE (AP) Saying the foundation is in place for an
''astounding economic recovery'' in the next four years, the
Milwaukee Sentinel has endorsed President Bush for re-election Nov.
3.
The Sentinel, in Monday's editions, praised Bush and his
predecessor, Ronald Reagan, for fostering the break-up of the
Soviet Union and the Communist bloc and said Bush's leadership in
the Persian Gulf crisis made the Western powers and international
agencies such as the United Nations better prepared to deal with
post-Cold War contingencies.
The newspaper said the United States has fared better than other
major nations during economic hard times as the world adjusts to
the end of the Cold War.
It said Democrat Bill Clinton seems to have the motto, ' 'the
past is gone; we face today.
''How he proposes to do this is as hard to tell as why he didn't
go into the service during the Vietnam War, a problem George Bush,
who volunteered for service in World War II, never had.
AP-NY-10-25-92 2120EST
State Rate Shot Up in September
MADISON, Wis. (AP) Wisconsin's unemployment rate climbed for a
fifth consecutive month in September, rising half a percentage
point to 5.9 percent, labor officials said.
The rate still was well below the national figure, and officials
said increases over the last several months were caused by more
people looking for work, not people being thrown out of their jobs.
Carol Skornicka, secretary of the Department of Industry, Labor
and Human Relations, declined to speculate about how a rising
unemployment rate would affect President Bush's re-election chances
in Wisconsin.
The agency's job is to provide statistics, not analyze their
political ramifications, she said.
Leaders from both major parties said the unemployment rate
supported their beliefs about the economy.
Democrats said the news reinforces the conviction among voters
that the economy is sour, while Republicans said it was Bush's
policies that enabled Wisconsin's economy to fare so much better
than the country's as a whole.
''This is more verification that President Bush's position that
'everything's all right' is baloney, said Assembly Speaker Walter
Kunicki, D-Milwaukee. ''People think the economy needs to be
stimulated, and I think Clinton is going to win, primarily because
he has an economic message.
Scott Jensen, President Bush's campaign manager in Wisconsin,
said voters should give Bush credit for Wisconsin's healthy
economy.
''Income is up in every city in Wisconsin in the last year,
Jensen said. ''People know Wisconsin is doing a lot better than the
rest of the nation.
Wisconsin's 5.9 percent unemployment rate in September compared
with a national rate of 7.5 percent.
'We're still 1.6 percentage points lower than the nation, and
that's a very significant advantage, said August Cibarich, the
state labor market economist. "There isn't any indication that
there's any long-term deterioration in the state's economy.'
He said the unemployment rate rose most in small cities,
villages and rural areas, possibly reflecting the disappointing
harvest.
However, unemployment in September was up in nine of the state's
11 metropolitan areas, and down only in Racine and Kenosha.
These are the figures for August and September for Wisconsin's
major metropolitan areas:
Appleton-Oshkosh, 4.7 percent to 5.5 percent;
Eau Claire, 6.1 percent to 6.2 percent;
Green Bay, 5.2 percent to 5.4 percent;
Janesville-Beloit, 5.5 percent to 5.7 percent;
Kenosha, 6.8 percent to 6.2 percent;
La Crosse, 5.8 percent to 5.9 percent;
Madison, 2.8 percent to 3.2 percent;
Milwaukee, 4.8 percent to 5 percent;
Racine, 8.4 percent to 6.8 percent;
Sheboygan, 5.7 percent to 6.4 percent;
Wausau, 7 percent to 7.8 percent.
AP-NY-10-27-92 0237EST
MADISON, Wis. (AP) Wisconsin, often almost ignored by
MADISON, Wis. (AP) Wisconsin, often almost ignored by
presidential candidates, has become a new battleground for
President Bush and Democrat Bill Clinton in the final days of the
Nov. 3 election campaign.
Both candidates' campaign officials said Wisconsin has emerged
as a crucial state for Bush because a number of big states,
including California and New York, appear safely in Clinton's
column.
The Bush campaign announced Monday the president and first lady
Barbara Bush would make a whistle-stop train trip across Wisconsin
Saturday, only four days before the election.
MADISON, Wis. (AP) A Republican who lent nearly $400,000 to
his campaign to unseat longtime U.S. Rep. Les Aspin outspent all of
Wisconsin's other congressional candidates through mid-October,
reports show.
Janesville homebuilder Mark Neumann also put up $995,000 worth
of real estate as collateral for a bank loan to mount an expensive
television blitz criticizing Aspin, who for 22 years has
represented the 1st District that hugs the Illinois border.
Neumann spent nearly $655,000 since the first of the year, more
than any other state congressional candidate, according to an
Associated Press review of Federal Election Commission reports that
covered through Oct. 14.
Aspin ranked second in spending with about $497,000.
The 18 major-party candidates have spent a total of $4.34
million in 1992, the reports showed.
MADISON, Wis. (AP) Wisconsin's unemployment rate climbed for a
fifth consecutive month in September, rising half a percentage
point to 5.9 percent, labor officials said.
The rate still was well below the national figure, and officials
said increases over the last several months were caused by more
people looking for work, not people being thrown out of their jobs.
Carol Skornicka, secretary of the Department of Industry, Labor
and Human Relations, declined to speculate about how a rising
unemployment rate would affect President Bush's re-election chances
in Wisconsin.
The agency's job is to provide statistics, not analyze their
political ramifications, she said.
MADISON, Wis. (AP) It could take until Thanksgiving to harvest
Wisconsin's corn crop because of wet fields and the need for good
drying weather, agriculture observers report.
Following last week's snowfall, weather conditions improved over
the weekend and some farmers were ready to enter corn and soybean
fields with tractors and combines, the state-federal Crop Reporting
Service said Monday.
Farm tillage continued to lag behind normal because of late
harvesting conditions, the service said.
AP-NY-10-27-92 0443EST
New Poll Shows Perot Gaining in Wisconsin
MILWAUKEE (AP) Democrat Bill Clinton leads President Bush by
eight percentage points among Wisconsin voters, but independent
Ross Perot seems to be gaining ground on both, a newspaper's poll
indicates.
The Milwaukee Sentinel said in Tuesday's editions that its poll
conducted Oct. 23-24 had Clinton leading Bush 35 percent to 27
percent, Perot with 20 percent and 18 percent undecided in the
statewide survey of 800 likely voters. There was a 3.5 percent
margin of error.
The overall results obtained when undecided respondents were
asked which candidate they were leaning toward were 39 percent for
Clinton, 30 percent for Bush, 23 percent for Perot and 8 percent
undecided.
A poll by The Milwaukee Journal Oct. 16 had shown Clinton
leading Bush 42 percent to 36 percent and Perot with 15 percent in
a survey of 400 likely voters. There was a 5 percent margin of
error.
' 't's close,' said Jeffrey Neubauer, state Democratic Party
chairman. 'We're going to work hard from now until next Tuesday.
' ' I don't think the gap is that bad, said John K. MacIver,
chairman of the Bush-Quayle '92 Committee in Wisconsin, ' 'and I
think it's closing. I think we can make it up.
Cindy Schultz, Wisconsin coordinator for Perot, said Perot can
win in the state.
"It all depends on who votes,' she said.
AP-NY-10-27-92 0043EST
PAGE 1
LEVEL 1 - 3 OF 12 STORIES
Proprietary to the United Press International 1987
January 16, 1987, Friday, BC cycle
SECTION: Financial
LENGTH: 134 words
HEADLINE: Quadgraphics seeking plant sites
DATELINE: PEWAUKEE, Wis.
KEYWORD:
Quad
BODY:
a. proposal.
The company operates four plants, one at the headquarters at Pewaukee and
satellite operations at Lomira and Sussex in Wisconsin and at Saratoga
Springs, N.Y. Among the magazines it prints are Time, Newsweek, U.S. News and
World Report and Playboy.
TM
TM
LEXIS·NEXIS®
LEXIS-NEXIS®
LEXIS:NEXIS
Services of Mead Data Central, Inc.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
iv
Crime
21
WORD OF EXPLANATION
vi
Arrests
22
TABLE OF CONTENTS
vii
Courts
22
GEOGRAPHIC DIVISIONS OF THE U.S.
viii
Jails/Prisons
23
WISCONSIN TODAY
1
Attorneys
23
THE LAND
1
Utilities
24
Climate
3
Taxes
25
Environment
3
Insurance
27
THE PEOPLE
4
RECREATION
27
Voter Participation
5
Professional Sports
27
THE ECONOMY
5
Historic Places
28
Agriculture
5
Public Recreation Areas
28
Business
7
Hunting and Fishing
28
Industry
7
Cultural Attractions
30
Employment
8
WISCONSIN GOVERNMENT
32
Unions
8
STATE EMBLEMS AND CONSTITUTION
32
Foreign Investment
8
LEGISLATIVE BRANCH
33
Imports and Exports
9
EXECUTIVE BRANCH
35
Financial Institutions
9
JUDICIAL BRANCH
40
Construction/Housing
9
LOCAL WISCONSIN GOVERNMENTS
41
Natural Resources
9
County Government
42
Tourism
10
Municipal Government
42
Gambling
11
Town Government
42
Alcoholic Beverages
11
Public School Systems
43
State Defense
12
Special Districts
43
Federal Defense
12
WISCONSIN BUSINESS REGULATIONS
44
Veterans
13
REGIONAL COUNCILS
46
Federal Expenditures
13
ECONOMIC REGIONS
48
COMMUNICATION
13
LAND RESOURCE REGIONS
50
TRANSPORTATION
13
REGIONS OF CLIMATE
52
Roads and Streets
14
WATER RESOURCES
54
Public Transit
15
COUNTY LOCATION CHART
58
Rail
15
THE 72 COUNTIES OF WISCONSIN
59
Aviation
15
COUNTIES: ADAMS-WOOD
60-247
Waterborne Commerce
16
COUNTY POPULATION CHART
248
COMMUNITY SERVICES
16
COUNTY AGRICULTURE CHART
254
Education
16
COUNTY EMPLOYMENT CHART
260
Higher Education
18
THE 13 MAJOR MARKET AREAS
266
Libraries
18
MMAS: APPLETON/OSHKOSH/
Child Care
19
NEENAH-WAUSAU
268-277
Health Care
19
HISTORICAL CHART
278
Churches
19
CHRONOLOGICAL HISTORY OF
Social Services
19
WISCONSIN
279-315
Fire Protection
20
POPULATED PLACES AND
Law Enforcement
20
OTHER LOCATIONS
316-342
vii
WISCONSIN TODAY
rivers, verdant forests and quaint and comely towns, knitted
WISCONSIN TODAY
together by warmth and friendliness and dedication to
An intriguing state, this Wisconsin. A state of crisp, clean,
make-Wisconsin.
cold winters. Beer and barns. Cattle and cognac. Lakes Great
and small; 15,000 in all. It's a land steeped in a rich mix
THE LAND
of ethnic heritage, from Indian to Icelandic, Norwegian to
Diversity best characterizes the land known as Wisconsin.
Swedish. The magical, musical tongue of the Chippewas gave
It is a state of steep erosional hills and valleys, glacial deposits,
the land its name-Wees-Konsan, "the gathering of the
nearly 15,000 lakes in addition to two of the Great Lakes,
waters." Lake Michigan to the east, Superior on the north
magnificent rivers, numerous streams, a rich mixture of natural
and the mighty Mississippi in the west, outlining a palette
vegetation and a wide variety of soils supporting an important
on which is painted a deftly drawn portrait of blue waters,
agriculture industry. Unlike most of the western states and
green forests and amber fields. The bright lights of Milwaukee
some of those east of the Appalachian Mountains, Wisconsin
offer a bold counterpoint to the delicate reflection of bright-
has not been subjected to massive movements of the
night starlight from placid lake waters. A day in Wisconsin
underlying geologic structure. Its geologic history is rather
is a fun-filled visit to the uniqueness of the Wisconsin Dells
stable, but there are occasional physiographic reminders of
with its leisurely distractions; it's a moment's reflection on
ancient movement. The oldest bedrock in the state is
the Mississippi vista from the bluffs of La Crosse; it's a
Precambrian crystalline rock such as granites, quartzites and
crackling fire cooking the day's catch beside quiet waters
slates, formed by volcanic activity more than a billion years
framed by forests. Winters are filled with the busy buzz of
ago. Most of those ancient rocks are deeply buried by more
snowmobiles, the arabesque of the skater, the simple symmetry
recent geologic deposits, though they are near the surface in
of the skier. Wisconsin's land is a wonder, too, and she proudly
the northern portion of the state. Several major landform
displays some of the most beautiful scenery on earth: hills
features such as Rib Mountain, the Baraboo Range and the
and valleys, fields and meadows, a rich mixture of vegetation
Penokee-Gogebic Range are visible reminders of the
types at home on the gently sculpted face of a state that took
Precambrian period. The majority of the bedrock in the state
millenia to create and prepare for the pleasure of people. Her
is derived from sediments deposited in ancient seas. The
location and landscape combine to make Wisconsin a play-
sedimentary rocks such as limestone, dolomite, shale,
ground for many and a stay-ground for more. Wisconsin is
sandstone and conglomerate that cover most of the bedrock
funs and fairs and festivals. It's the world's largest fish fry
are the state's principal ground water sources. Until about
on huge Lake Winnebago, and it's appealing Door County
900,000 years ago, erosion and deposition modified the land,
with its fruit and vegetable stands. The state's appeal ranges
and during the same period, the bedrock underlying northern
from the antlered buck in the hunter's sight to the elevated
Wisconsin was gradually forced upward, resulting in the
Buck on a basketball night. Summers are the lazy float of
creation of a dome-like land surface. At the same time, erosion
the tuber on the Apple River, the masted majesty of sails
stripped away much of the sedimentary rocks in the north,
on Lake Michigan, the tireless toil of the tiller helping feed
but only partially eroded those in the south. Running water
a nation. And everywhere the cattle, whose gentle lowing belies
then shaped the land into valleys and hills. The first of several
the strength and size of America's Dairyland. By herself,
glaciers moved into the state about 900,000 years ago,
Wisconsin produces a quarter of all the milk and butter in
modifying existing landforms by carving away rock in some
the country, and 34 percent of the cheese. The basic ingredient
places, depositing glacial debris in others and changing the
for 320,000 grilled cheese sandwiches beckoned visitors to
drainage patterns of rivers and streams. The last glacial
the 1989 Wisconsin State Fair-the Belle of Wisconsin, a
advance occurred about 70,000 years ago and it had the
40,000-pound block of cheddar 20-feet long. White or wheat?
greatest effect on the state because it covered the deposits
The Wisconsin diary is much more than dairy, however.
of previous movements. One area of the state, known as the
There's mining and manufacturing, paper and produce,
Driftless Area in southwestern Wisconsin, was completely
lumber and lakes. Through it all beats a pulse of commitment
surrounded by glacial ice, but was itself never covered. As
to opportunity and excellence, coursing through a network
the glaciers melted, large lakes formed from the volume of
of arteries nourishing education, government and private
runoff meltwater. Thus, the varied geologic history has resulted
industry. Milwaukee may have been made famous by a beer,
in the physical structure of the state. Wisconsin is structurally
but it has sustained itself as "the machine shop of the world,"
an upwarped dome that slopes downward to the east, west
turning out products vital to a nation's economic engine. Fate
and south from its highest point in the north-central region.
and Mother Nature joined forces to help create Wisconsin
There are five physiographic regions which generally conform
and a part of its image, for when Mrs. O'Leary's cow kicked
to major land use areas and regions. In the far northeastern
over the lantern and set a city ablaze, Chicago brewmeisters
part of the state is the Lake Superior Lowland, a narrow plain
headed north to a land of ice and pure, sparkling water.
10 to 20 miles wide bordering Lake Superior. It represents
Wisconsin renews itself, too, with one of the nation's finest
a fallen piece of the earth's crust that was formed by faulting.
educational systems. Students test high, the drop-out level
Bordering the plain on the south is a steep ridge that rises
is low, and the University of Wisconsin system is widely
to 400 feet where rivers have cut deep valleys. Forests dominate
respected. The state's dedication to the well-being of its
the area and the presence of Lake Superior makes this an
people goes a step further with the nation's finest adult and
important region for tourism. Agriculture has never been a
vocational education system, annually turning out thousands
primary activity because of the heavy clay soils and a short
of workers ready to continue, and improve, a proud, productive
growing season, although small dairy farms serving local
lifestyle. Take a look and the state is a panorama of ice and
urban markets are scattered through the region. Vegetation
water and snow; bat an eye and she becomes swift, deep
through the region is primarily balsam fir and white spruce,
FLYING THE COLORS: WISCONSIN FACTS ©JOHN CLEMENTS 1990
1
WISCONSIN TODAY
though there are isolated pockets of maple, hemlock and
dominate in the Chippewa-La Crosse section. Along the
yellow birch as well as some white and red pine. To the south
eastern border of the section is a steep slope that rises 150
and stretching west to east is the Northern Highland, a gently
to 300 feet above the plain. The La Crosse-Military Ridge
rolling plain with isolated hills that has the greatest average
section is a dissected upland with ridges and valleys commonly
elevation in the state. From an average high of more than
known as coulees. The Baraboo Range rises 500 to 800 feet
1,700 feet at Land O' Lakes, elevations decrease gradually
in this region, and several streams have cut gaps into the range.
in all directions. The Northern Highland has never been a
The Military Ridge-Illinois border section lies south of the
prime agricultural area because of generally poor soils and
coulee region. It runs east-west, parallel to the the south bank
abundant wetlands. In addition, the growing season is rather
of the Wisconsin River for about 60 miles. Because of the
short, though a cool summer season aids in the growth of
resistant dolomite and sandstone caps on ridges, stream valleys
potatoes, and cranberries are grown on wetlands. There are
are narrow and increase in depth and width to the south.
some dairy farms as well. Second-growth forests are the source
Most of the section is unglaciated except for eastern Dane,
today for an extensive pulpwood industry, and the numerous
Green and Rock counties. There, landforms have gentler slopes
lakes combine with the forests to make tourism an important
and broader valleys. Flowing along the entire western border
economic aspect. Most of the soils are grayish loams that
of the region is the Mississippi River. The Western Upland
are often stony. Principal tree species in the region are maple,
is generally an agricultural region. Dairy farms dominate, but
hemlock and yellow birch. Bordering on the southern edge
there are mixed farms with dairy cows, beef cattle and crops
of the Northern Highland is the Central Plain, a lowland
of alfalfa, corn and soybeans. Principal vegetation species
formed primarily on sandstone. Local relief is generally less
throughout the region include bur oak, white oak and
than 100 feet, and the land is covered in parts by river deposits,
bluestem, along with expanses of sugar maple, basswood and
glacial lake deposits, glacial drift and large marshes and
elm. Growing along the river courses are areas of willows,
swamps. In some of the unglaciated portions, sandstone buttes
soft maple and ash. In the Eastern Ridges and Lowlands region
and mesas project above the surrounding plains.
of the state, glacial deposition has had a marked effect on
the landforms. Throughout most of the region, glacial deposits
There are two regions of young glacial deposits in the Central
have obscured the preglacial topography so that low relief
Plain: in the northwest corner behind the southern extent of
and a highly irregular and rough landscape are common. Three
glacial deposits, and in areas east of the western margins of
cuestas (a hill or ridge with a steep face on one side and a
glacial deposits. Landforms in these areas are usually irregular
gentle slope on the other) cross the region, although erosion
and undulating with poor drainage, swamps, kettle lakes and
and glacial deposits have modified them somewhat. The
other glacial features. Older glacial drift deposits occur in
Niagara cuesta forms Washington Island and the Door
portions of Eau Claire, Dunn, Barron, Clark, Wood and
peninsula and extends south into Washington County and
Chippewa counties. Those areas feature better defined stream
south of Milwaukee. It is most pronounced just east of Lake
networks, fewer lakes and swamps, and bedrock hills with
Winnebago. The Galena-Platteville cuesta forms a low ridge
their upper slopes unglaciated. In the unglaciated sections
on the west side of Green Bay and extends southwest. Between
of the region, the lowland is a gently rolling plain with
the Niagara and Galena escarpments, the Fox River Valley
occasional buttes and mesas. A large portion of the
and Lake Winnebago occupy the lowland. The Prairie du
unglaciated area was once covered by a gigantic lake in Adams,
Chien cuesta extends from Marinette County to south of the
Juneau, Jackson, Monroe and Wood counties. The lake
Baraboo Range. Glacial depositional features are notable in
reached a depth of 150 feet and initially drained west down
the Eastern Ridges and Lowlands region and include eskers,
the Black River. Later, it drained to the Wisconsin River, and
kames, crevasse fillings, kettle lakes and ground moraines.
today, the area is a flat plain dotted by large swamps with
Drumlins are another feature of this region, and Fond du
porous sandy soils covering impervious clay. The Dells of
Lac, Dodge, Dane, Jefferson and northern Rock counties
the Wisconsin River were formed as the river eroded a channel
contain one of the three largest drumlin fields in North
through sandstone bedrock of varying resistance. The Dells
America. The hills of glacial drift have the shape of overturned
are the focal point for one of the Midwest's most intensive
spoons and may rise to 150 feet.
tourism industries. The Central Plain is among the least
populated regions in the state because of the sandy soils that
Other prominent features of the region include large, flat
limit agriculture. As in the Northern Highland, however,
outwash plains near Janesville and Beloit, and the huge
potatoes and cranberries are the two leading crops. Second-
Horicon Marsh in Dodge and southern Fond du Lac counties.
growth pine forests provide for the pulp and paper industries.
It is a filled lake formed in a basin created by glaciation and
Vegetation in the region is primarily of the oak savanna type
is a favorite stopping point for migrating Canada geese and
with bur oak, white oak and bluestem the dominant species.
other waterfowl. The region has thick loamy soils and a long
There are expanses of white and red pine, along with white,
growing season supporting an important agriculture industry.
black and red oaks. The most rugged terrain in the state occurs
Corn, soybeans and dairying are the principal farming
in the Western Upland region, an area lying 200 to 300 feet
endeavors, and peas, beans and other vegetables are grown
above the Central Plain. The region itself has four sections:
commercially throughout the region. In addition, cherries are
St. Croix River to the Chippewa River, the Chippewa River
an important crop in Door County. The region's state forests
to the La Crosse River, the La Crosse River to Military Ridge,
are important recreation areas, and the ports on Lake Michigan
and Military Ridge to the Illinois border. The St. Croix-
provide a vital link to national and international markets.
Chippewa section is mainly a plateau with steep hills and
Vegetation varies throughout the region. On the peninsula
deeply incised valleys where tributaries to the Mississippi River
are stretches of maple, hemlock and yellow birch, while the
erode the upland. Wide, flat valleys with narrow ridges
areas to the south contain sugar maple, basswood and elm.
2
FLYING THE COLORS: WISCONSIN FACTS ©JOHN CLEMENTS 1990
WISCONSIN TODAY
There also are extensive areas of bur oak, white oak and
Thunderstorms average about 30 per year in northern
bluestem, as well as pockets of sedges, blue joint and cordgrass.
Wisconsin and about 40 per year in the southern counties,
and occur mostly in the summer. Occasional hail, wind and
CLIMATE There are few places in the United States that
lightning damage also are reported. The average seasonal
experience Wisconsin's variety of weather. The state is subject
snowfall varies from about 30 inches at Beloit to well over
to tropical heat and arctic cold, to periods of drought and
100 inches in southern Iron County along the steep slope of
occasional heavy downpours, ice storms, thunderstorms and
the Gogebic Range. The heavy snowfall there is the result
snow. The state's weather and climate represent a combination
of the prevailing cold northerly winter winds blowing across
of factors on different scales. In the larger sense, the state's
the relatively warm waters of Lake Superior. Greater average
position in the Northern Hemisphere and within the heart
snowfall is recorded over the Western Uplands and Eastern
of the North American continent is responsible for major
Ridges than in the adjacent lowlands. The mean dates of the
seasonal changes. Middle-scale factors largely determine the
first snowfall of an inch or more vary from early November
day-to-day weather changes. Those factors include the general
in northern areas to early December in southern Wisconsin.
westerly circulation of air across the middle latitudes; invasions
Average annual duration of snow cover ranges from 85 days
of warm air masses from the Gulf of Mexico; cold, polar
in southernmost Wisconsin to more than 140 days along Lake
air masses from the arctic plains of Canada and moderate
Superior. Tornadoes occur infrequently in Wisconsin, although
air masses from the Pacific coast; fluctuations in the direction
public awareness in sighting and reporting the storms has
and strength of the jet stream; and the alternate patterns of
resulted in more twisters being reported in recent years. Most
high- and low-pressure systems with associated cold and warm
of the destructive Wisconsin tornadoes occur in the
fronts. Small-scale-or local-factors account for variations
northwestern quarter of the state. Tornado frequency is highest
in daily weather conditions and include the presence of large
in June and July, followed by April, May and September.
bodies of water, orientation to the sun, variations in elevation
Wisconsin's climate combines with the fertile soils and gently
and urban versus rural settings. The Wisconsin climate is
rolling terrain to favor dairy farming in southern and eastern
typically continental with some modification by Lakes
parts of the state. Most southeastern counties have more than
Michigan and Superior. The cold, snowy winters favor a
90 percent of the land in farms as contrasted to the northern
variety of winter sports, and the warm summers appeal to
third of the state where less than 50 percent of the land is
vacationers every year. About two-thirds of the annual
in farms. Farmland constitutes about 43 percent of the total
precipitation falls during the growing season. It is normally
land area of the state, and the primary crops are hay, oats
adequate for vegetation, though drought is occasionally
and corn. Milk is the largest single source of farm income,
reported. The climate is most favorable for dairy farming,
surpassing the combined farm income of all other products.
and the primary crops are corn, small grains, hay and
The state is among the leaders in the production of such
vegetables. The average annual temperature varies from 39
commercial vegetables as green peas, sweet corn, cucumbers
degrees in the north to about 50 degrees in the south. The
for pickles, snap beans, beets, cabbage for sauerkraut, carrots
highest temperature ever recorded in the state was 114 degrees
and tomatoes. Marshy areas are utilized for cranberry crops
at Wisconsin Dells on July 13, 1936, and the lowest
in central and northern localities, and food processing is an
temperature on record is minus 54 degrees at Danbury on
important and growing industry. Forests cover about half the
January 24, 1922. During more than half the winters,
state and they furnish much of the pulpwood used in the paper
temperatures fall to minus 40 degrees or lower, and almost
industry. Wisconsin long has been famous for its rolling hills
every winter temperatures of minus 30 degrees or colder are
and fertile valleys and plains dotted with lakes. It has a
reported from northern stations. Summer temperatures above
stimulating climate well-suited to the numerous recreational
90 degrees average two to four days in northern counties and
activities available to those who enjoy the great outdoors.
about 14 days in southern areas. The freeze-free season ranges
from about 80 days a year in the upper northeast and north-
ENVIRONMENT The responsibility for protection of the
central lowlands to about 180 days in the Milwaukee area.
environment in Wisconsin rests with the Department of
The pronounced moderating effect of Lake Michigan is
Natural Resources (DNR), an agency created in 1967 within
illustrated by the fact that the growing season of 140 to 150
the executive branch of government. Headed by the Natural
days along the east-central coastal area is of the same duration
Resources Board, it was preceded by several agencies, each
as in the southwestern valleys. The short growing season in
concerned with different but interrelated natural resource
the central part of the state is attributed to a number of factors,
responsibilities. The field operations of the department are
foremost among them an inward drainage of cold air and
under the direction of six district directors, each responsible
the low heat capacities of the peat and sandy soils. The first
for the total mission of the department in that district.
autumn freeze occurs in late August and early September in
Program control and management of department operations
the northern and central lowlands to mid-October along the
are the main responsibilities of each district director. Much
Lake Michigan coastline. However, a July freeze is not unusual
of the environmental protection and resource management
in the north and central lowlands. The long-term mean annual
decision-making process has been localized using decentralized
precipitation in Wisconsin ranges from 30 to 34 inches over
authority vested in the district directors. Increased emphasis
most of the Western Uplands and Northern Highlands, then
in the area of environmental protection has transferred some
diminishes to about 28 inches along most of the coastal area
of the central office employees to the districts to provide direct
bordering Lake Michigan and most of the Central Plain and
program support. Examples of the increased control of depart-
Lake Superior coastal area. The higher average annual
ment programs in the field include authority in such areas
precipitation coincides generally with the highest elevations,
as water regulation permits, environmental impact assess-
particularly the windward slopes of the uplands and highlands.
ments, land acquisition, chemical control permits, industrial
FLYING THE COLORS: WISCONSIN FACTS ©JOHN CLEMENTS 1990
3
WISCONSIN TODAY
and municipal self-monitoring waste discharge report reviews
ground water, toxics management, air pollution control and
and wood waste and demolition waste site disposal approvals.
solid waste management programs. Unlike some states where
A primary concern in recent years has been acid rain and
the federal government administers environmental programs,
in 1986, Wisconsin's acid legislation was enacted. The
Wisconsin has given responsibility to the DNR for air, surface
legislation was carefully fashioned to provide some protection
water, drinking water, wastewater and solid waste programs.
to the state's sensitive resources and to provide additional
The division helps implement several Wisconsin Fund grant
impetus toward passage of national legislation. A major
programs for solid waste planning, recycling sewage treatment
objective achieved by the Wisconsin participants (utilities, the
and non-point source water pollution control. Special efforts
paper industry, government and environmentalists) was to
are under way to encourage Wisconsinites to assist DNR in
specify a control program yielding major emission reductions
protecting public health and the environment from toxic and
in a reasonable time frame without imposing large costs. Acid
hazardous substances in the air, in surface waters and in the
rain occurs throughout the state.
ground water supply. The Division of Enforcement is involved
in environmental considerations to the extent that it is
The annual average pH of precipitation in Wisconsin ranges
responsible for enforcement of the laws concerning water
from 4.4 to 4.9. The "normal" pH of rainfall has been defined
management, air pollution control and solid waste manage-
as pH 5.0. The precipitation in eastern Wisconsin is more
ment. Within the division, the Office of Environmental
than twice as acidic as the precipitation in western Wisconsin.
Enforcement develops and implements statewide enforcement
Acid rain is primarily caused by sulphur dioxide and nitrogen
programs covering air pollution, public and private water
oxide emissions, and the most significant cause of acid rain
supplies, water pollution and solid waste management. Also
in the nation and in Wisconsin is the burning of coal,
involved in environmental matters is the Ground Water
especially at the large power plants located across the Midwest,
Coordinating Council, an agency created in 1983 by the
including those in Wisconsin. During 1986, sulphur dioxide
legislature. The council advises and assists state agency efforts
emissions from all stationary sources in Wisconsin totaled
to develop non-regulatory ground water management
459,000 tons. Of that amount, 70 percent originated from
programs. Member agencies exchange information on ground
major electric utilities, 19 percent from pulp and paper mills,
water monitoring, data management, public informational
two percent from other large sources and the remainder from
and educational efforts, laboratory analyses, research and
area and small sources. In the same year, total nitrogen oxide
available funding for research. The total 1990 budget recom-
emissions from all stationary sources in the state totaled
mendation for DNR was more than $266.1 million, a 4.1
175,000 tons, down six percent from 1980 levels. Of the 1986
percent increase over 1989. The recommended budget for 1991
amount, 60 percent originated from major utilities, 10 percent
was more than $284.3 million. In the area of environmental
from large sources such as paper mills, 13 percent from small
response and repair, a total of $356,100 was recommended
sources and 17 percent from area sources. Major utility
for 1990, with the total rising to $377,800 in 1991. In addition,
nitrogen oxide emissions had declined by four percent from
the governor recommended combining the Environmental
1980 and paper mill emissions were 33 percent less than 1980
Repair Fund and the Ground Water Fund into a new Environ-
levels. Wisconsin has considerable resources sensitive to acid
mental Trust Fund to allow more flexibility in responding to
deposition. The resources of most initial concern, and for
contamination problems.
which the most knowledge has been accumulated, are
Wisconsin's lakes. The state has a number of lakes that are
THE PEOPLE
acidic, and many believe the cause is acid rain. The exact
The Wisconsin population in 1988 was estimated at 4,815,502,
number of acidic lakes has not been determined, but a
an increase of 2.3 percent from 1980 figures. Ranking as the
conservative estimate is that three to five percent of the lakes
17th most populous state in the nation, the 1988 figures
in the north-central and northeastern parts of the state are
exceeded projections by the Bureau of the Census in 1986.
acidic. A much larger percentage, 30 to 45 in the north-central
The Bureau had projected that Wisconsin's population would
and northeastern sections, are extremely sensitive to acid rain
top the 4.8 million figure by 1990, growing to 4,811,000 by
as they have very little buffering capacity to protect them.
1995 before declining to 4,784,000 by the year 2000. The state's
Acid rain may contribute to increased levels of mercury in
most populous county in 1988 was Milwaukee with an
fish found in those lakes. Mercury levels in fish from some
estimated population of 931,000, a decline of 3.5 percent from
of Wisconsin's acid lakes exceed two parts per million, more
1980 numbers. The least populous county in the state in 1988
than twice the federal government's human consumption
was Menominee with 4,062 residents, but an increase of more
standard. By 1986, mercury consumption advisories had been
than 20 percent from 1980. Dane County in 1988 was the
issued for 117 lakes, flowages and impoundments in
second most populous with 346,591 residents, an increase of
Wisconsin. Other resources in the state that are potentially
seven percent from 1980. It was followed in 1988 by Waukesha
affected by acid rain include forests, soils and materials.
with 293,438 residents, Brown with 190,996, Racine with
Wisconsin's acid deposition law required a 50 percent
170,670 and Rock with 149,420. Approximately 64 percent
reduction in sulphur dioxide emissions from Wisconsin
of the population lives in urban areas, and the population
utilities' 1980 levels by 1993. The DNR has four functional
per square mile in 1988 was estimated at 88.5, up from 86.5
divisions dealing with the areas of enforcement, environmental
in 1980. Approximately 77 percent of the residents are native
standards, resource management and management services.
Wisconsinites, and 51 percent are female. The median age
Of those four, the Environmental Standards Division has
in 1980 was 29.4, but that figure was projected to rise to 32.9
primary responsibility where the environment is concerned.
by 1990 and 34.9 by 1995, a trend reflected nationally. In
The division plans, supervises and coordinates water quality
1980, there were approximately 183,000 Black residents in the
standards development, water quality planning, water supply,
state, or 3.7 percent of the population. Census Bureau
FLYING THE COLORS: WISCONSIN FACTS ©JOHN CLEMENTS 1990
4
WISCONSIN TODAY
projections for 1990 put the figure at 231,000, or almost five
4.2 percent, down from 4.4 percent the previous April. The
percent of the population. The largest single-ancestry group
average unemployment rate in 1988 was 4.4 percent, well below
in the state, by far, is German, at more than 23 percent of
the national average of 5.2 percent. Manufacturing
the population in 1980. There were more than 1.6 million
employment in Wisconsin stood at 556,500 in April 1989,
households in the state in 1980, and there were more than 1.2
and that compared to 547,100 a year earlier. The 1988 average
million families. More than 648,000 families reported children
was 550,700. The average weekly earnings in manufacturing
under 18, and both spouses were employed in more than
in 1988 amounted to $443.48, and that figure stood at $445.51
468,000. In the state in 1980, 69.6 percent of the population
in April 1989. Cash receipts from farm marketings were up,
were high school graduates and 14.8 percent were college
as well. In February 1989, the figure stood at $426.5 million,
graduates. The birth rate per 1,000 was 14.8 percent, and the
up from $395.8 million a year earlier. Average cash receipts
death rate was 8.8 percent. The marriage rate statewide in 1980
from farm marketings in 1988 were $408.6 million. Contract
was 7.8 percent per 1,000 and the divorce rate was 3.5 percent.
construction employment in April 1989 was 75,900, compared
to 74,100 the previous April. The 1988 average was 71,500.
VOTER PARTICIPATION Wisconsin features a decen-
The manufacturing sector is the largest component in the
tralized voter registration system where the registration of
Wisconsin economy, followed by services in which 489,300 were
voters is a function of local units of government. Based on
employed in April 1989. Retail trade provided employment for
a constitutional amendment ratified in 1882, the Wisconsin
397,800, and the government sector employed 340,000.
Legislature "may provide for the registration of electors."
Today, voter registration is required for every town, village
AGRICULTURE Wisconsin in 1987 produced about $5
or city with a population of more than 5,000 and may by
billion in commodities and, as such, was the ninth most
local ordinance be adopted for municipalities having a
productive in the nation. In addition to its well-known
population of 5,000 or less. Voters may register by mail or
preeminence as a dairy state, Wisconsin continued as a major
in person at various locations, including the polling place on
national force in other agricultural areas as well. On the
election day.
national scorecard, the state was first in mink pelts, corn for
silage, sweet corn for processing and snap beans for processing.
THE ECONOMY
A discussion of agricultural importance, however, necessarily
By almost any measure, Wisconsin's economy was healthy
begins with the dairy industry where Wisconsin is the
through the second quarter of 1989. On a 1979 baseline of
undisputed leader. In 1988, the state led all others in milk
100, the composite index of leading economic indicators stood
production, butter, cheese, condensed milk and whey products,
at 109.9 in April 1989. The April gain of 3.3 points followed
as well as in the number of milk cows. In the dairy category,
a steep decline a month earlier, and was only 1.6 points off
Wisconsin produced 17.5 percent of the nation's milk, 24.5
the yearly peak set in February. Monthly changes in late 1988
percent of the butter and 34.1 percent of the cheese, as well
and early 1989 were somewhat erratic, indicating no strong
as 94.1 percent of the bulk condensed milk. In 1988, Wisconsin
economic trend in either direction. Instrumental in the April
produced 25.4 billion pounds of milk, more than 295 million
index growth was a decrease in initial claims for unemployment
pounds of butter and more than 1.9 billion pounds of cheese.
compensation and a large increase in commercial and
The milk production total was a two percent increase from
industrial building plans examined. Other leading economic
1987. Milk cow numbers continued to decline throughout
indicators are the average manufacturing work week, average
1988, and the January 1, 1989 inventory of 1,740,000 was
manufacturing overtime hours, total job openings, new
the lowest number since 1916. Production per cow for 1988
business incorporations and net gain in business telephone
increased to a record high of 14,407 pounds, up 591 pounds
access lines. Coinciding economic indicators include the help
from 1987. There were 36,000 dairy farms in Wisconsin during
wanted index in Milwaukee, unemployment rates, manufactur-
1988, a decrease of 1,000 farms from the previous year.
ing employment, average weekly earnings in manufacturing,
Receipts from dairying totaled $3 billion in 1988, a gain of
cash receipts from farm marketings and contract construction
one percent from 1987 as increased marketings of milk offset
employment. The average work week in Wisconsin's manu-
lower milk prices. Monthly milk prices averaged $11.97 a
facturing industries declined by one-tenth of an hour in April
hundredweight for 1988, a decline of 18 cents from 1987. A
1989, less than the seasonally normal March to April drop.
major contributor to the increases in milk prices during the
Average weekly overtime hours declined by two-tenths of an
second half of 1988 was higher cheese prices at the National
hour, normal for April. The average weekly claims for unem-
Cheese Exchange in Green Bay. Cheddar cheese prices for
ployment compensation decreased in April by 1,300, much
barrels and blocks rose more than 18 cents a pound from
more than the normal decline of about 360 fewer claims per
mid-June to mid-November. Cheese production utilizes 77
week. The initial claims decreased accompanied a total
percent of Wisconsin's total milk supply. The annual quantity
unemployment level that dropped by nearly 24,000 in April.
of grain and other concentrates fed per milk cow in 1988 was
The number of job openings received by public Job Service
5,330 pounds, 80 pounds more than the previous year.
offices across the state increased by 400 in April, a month
Wisconsin dairy plants manufactured 1.9 billion pounds of
usually attended by a decline. The state's labor force market
cheese in 1988, up 1.4 percent from 1987. Production of
showed good strength as employment grew by nearly 34,000
American cheese totaled 998 million pounds in 1988, a decline
workers. The normal seasonal employment growth is about
of three percent from the previous year. Production of Italian
24,000. The number of new business incorporations decreased
cheese continued to increase, reaching a record high of 664
from March to April. Despite that, new incorporations
million pounds in 1988. Output of Italian cheese was up 11
through the first four months of 1989 were up by more than
percent from 1987 and accounted for 35 percent of all cheese.
a hundred. The statewide unemployment rate in April was
Italian cheese production in Wisconsin doubled between 1982
FLYING THE COLORS: WISCONSIN FACTS ©JOHN CLEMENTS 1990
5
OCTOBER 31
ton. Publication of the projected 100-volume
grain had been gathered, the sun was thanked
Adams Papers series - papers of John Adams
for the harvest and given moral support for the
and other members of the distinguished Adams
coming battle with darkness and cold. Cattle
family - was undertaken by the Harvard Uni-
were brought back from the meadows to the
versity Press with a subsidy from the National
stalls. The Samhain rites were intended to off-
Historical Publications and Records Commission.
set the blight of winter with its perils and anx-
ieties for people and beasts alike. Samhain was
also an occasion for feasting, when the food sup-
OCTOBER 31
plies amassed in summer were first opened.
On this night, Celtic householders extin-
Halloween
guished the fires on their hearths and gathered
at a designated circle, where the priests solemnly
Few holidays have a stranger or more paradoxi-
quenched the sacred altar fire. Having rubbed
cal history than Halloween. As the vigil of All
together pieces of sacred oak to kindle a new fire
Saints' Day - also known as Hallowmass or All
on the altar, the priests passed on the sparks to
Hallows' Day (see November 1) Halloween is
light great bonfires on the hilltops - similar to
the eve of one of the most important feasts of the
those of Midsummer Eve - to honor the sun god
church year, solemnly observed by Roman Cath-
and frighten away any lurking evil spirits. The
olics, Anglicans, and Lutherans. However, some
head of each family received live embers to kin-
of the customs traditional to Halloween com-
dle a new fire on his hearth, which was to last
memorate rites and creatures that Christianity
until the next autumn festival. Blessed fire was
has over the centuries adamantly opposed: au-
thought to protect the home from danger
guries, ghosts, witches, goblins, and fairies. In
throughout the year.
many countries of Western Europe, such as
The Celts also believed that on October 31 the
France, Spain, and Italy, All Hallows' Eve is ob-
lord of the dead assembled the souls of all those
served only as an austere religious occasion with
persons who had died in the previous year, each
extra masses and prayers at the graves of de-
having been required to expiate his sins by
ceased relatives and friends; but in the British
dwelling in the body of an animal. The lord then
Isles and, especially, in the United States Hal-
decreed what forms the dead persons should in-
loween is primarily regarded as a night of mer-
habit for the coming 12 months or perhaps ad-
rymaking, superstitious spells, fortune-telling,
mitted some to the druidic equivalent of heaven.
games, and pranks. To understand this curious
Moreover, the spirits of the departed were be-
mixture of the religious and the secular, and to
lieved to be allowed a brief visit to their rela-
realize how the varied customs of Western Eu-
tives in search of warmth and comfort as winter
rope have affected the American celebration of
approached.
Halloween, it is necessary to trace the remote
Since, it was claimed, the departed souls
origins of the holiday.
roaming abroad sometimes played tricks on Oc-
It is generally accepted that Halloween in its
tober 31, the druids sought to appease them -
more popular or folk aspects represents a combi-
and simultaneously honor the sun god - by sac-
nation of druidic practices and classical Roman
rificing horses and also human beings. Although
religious beliefs. These ancient influences are in-
such practices were outlawed by the Romans in
ferred both from the predominance of nuts and
A.D. 61, during their rule of Britain, the ancient
apples as customary Halloween foods and from
Celtic rites survived for centuries in attenuated
the important part played by ghosts, black cats,
form: for example, horses continued to be sacri-
witches, and skeletons. Halloween has clear con-
ficed at Samhain as late as A.D. 400. Even after
nections with the primitive and sometimes sav-
Christianity had spread over Europe and the
age rites of the priestly druids in the pre-Roman,
British Isles and the pagan temples had been
pre-Christian Celtic communities of Northern
consecrated to Christian uses, oxen were sacri-
and Western Europe, especially in Ireland and
ficed on October 31 "in honor of the saints and
Scotland. The Celtic order of druids, which had
sacred relics." In medieval Europe, black cats -
originated in Gaul in the second century B.C.,
chosen as victims in the belief that they were
performed mystical ceremonies in honor of the
witches in disguise - were burned on that day.
great sun god at various sites.
The modern observance of Halloween also re-
The Celtic year ended on October 31, the eve
flects slight influences from the Roman festival
of Samhain ("summer's end"), and on this oc-
honoring Pomona, the goddess of fruits, espe-
casion the white-robed priests celebrated a joint
cially in the use of fruit and nuts for divination.
festival for the sun god and the lord of the dead.
A grove near Ostia, Italy, was dedicated to the
In the agrarian sense, the last day of October was
goddess in ancient times, and a harvest festival
the festival of the waning year. After the ripened
was held there about November 1. It is supposed
968
OCTOBER 31
d, the sun was thanked
that offerings of the winter stores of nuts and
n moral support for the
and sentenced to death. Although the English
apples were made to her and that the deities of
kness and cold. Cattle
and Scottish laws against witchcraft were re-
fire and water were propitiated to aid in the
pealed in 1736, even Blackstone's renowned
m the meadows to the
growth of the crops.
'S were intended to off-
Commentaries on the Laws of England in 1765
The process of incorporating October 31 into
stated plainly that the existence of witchcraft "is
with its perils and anx-
the Christian calendar as All Hallows' Eve took
asts alike. Samhain was
a truth to which every nation in the world hath
several centuries. The idea of honoring numer-
ting, when the food sup-
in its turn borne testimony." However, John
ous martyrs and, eventually, saints, on a common
were first opened.
Wesley, the founder of Methodism (1703-1791),
day had grown out of the fact that there were
ic householders extin-
expressed regret that men of learning "have giv-
fewer days in the calendar year than there were
ir hearths and gathered
en up all accounts of witches and apparitions as
saints to venerate. In keeping with this idea, dur-
mere old wives' fables."
here the priests solemnly
ing the fourth through the seventh centuries,
tar fire. Having rubbed
Halloween folk customs of pagan origin con-
various localities observed a day for venerating
oak to kindle a new fire
tinued to flourish in Ireland, Scotland, Wales,
all martyrs at one time - usually in the spring of
passed on the sparks to
and parts of England well into the 18th century
the year. It was not until the eighth century that
the hilltops - similar to
and in some instances into the 19th. Country
Pope Gregory III moved the feast to November
) - to honor the sun god
people, especially those in isolated locations,
- probably to offset the residual paganism of the
practiced the ancient methods of dispersing the
lurking evil spirits. The
old Samhain rites. It was a century later, how-
ived live embers to kin-
"spirits," who they believed were out on Hal-
ever, before Pope Gregory IV placed All Saints'
arth, which was to last
loween stealing milk, harming cattle, and de-
Day in the church calendar, decreeing that the
estival. Blessed fire was
stroying crops. They therefore lighted bonfires
day and the vigil - All Hallows' Eve - be gen-
e home from danger
on hilltops on October 31 and set pitchforks
erally observed. Even after that, however, the
plaited with straw on fire to singe the brooms of
Christianizing of the observance took time.
d that on October 31 the
lurking witches.
Outside the church, the conviction that Hallo-
led the souls of all those
Since the prospect of facing a ghost alone was
ween was the gathering time for unsanctified
the previous year, each
not pleasant, country folk huddled together in
spirits persisted and found an outlet during the
to expiate his sins by
groups on that fearful night. To while away the
Middle Ages in the witchcraft cult devoted to
in animal. The lord then
time - because no one dared to relax and sleep
the worship of Satan. The cult included periodic
dead persons should in-
- they related their experiences with strange
meetings, named witches' Sabbaths, which were
months or perhaps ad-
noises and spooky shadows and played tradi-
popularly thought to be given over to orgies
'ic equivalent of heaven.
tional games, such as bobbing for apples. They
and revelry and to which the witches allegedly
the departed were be-
also feasted on the new crop of apples and nuts.
flew on broomsticks, accompanied by their
Halloween was the time when the invisible
brief visit to their rela-
black cats. The most important witches' sabbath,
h and comfort as winter
world of the spirits was closer than at any other
aside from May or Walpurgis Eve, was All Hal-
point in the year. Since spirits supposedly could
lows' Eve, when the Prince of Darkness sup-
help one predict the future, various methods of
d, the departed souls
posedly mocked the feast of the saints with un-
divining the future were used on Halloween and
es played tricks on Oc-
holy rites.
ight to appease them -
the results were accepted in all seriousness.
The opinion of the Church on witches var-
or the sun god - by sac-
They concerned such questions as the identity
ied during the early Middle Ages. At one time it
human beings. Although
of future spouses, the chances for wealth or good
regarded belief in witches as a delusion and at
awed by the Romans in
fortune, and the identity of those who would die
another it accepted the existence of witches and
3 of Britain, the ancient
during the coming months. Welsh peasants
condemned contact with them as a form of traf-
centuries in attenuated
peeked through the keyholes of the church door,
fic with the devil. By the end of the 15th century,
:S continued to be sacri-
convinced they would see apparitions of those
however, it had adopted a policy of punishing
who would soon die. In Scotland each member
as A.D. 400. Even after
witches with extreme severity. A papal bull
over Europe and the
of the family put a stone in the fire and marked
against witchcraft was promulgated in 1484.
gan temples had been
a circle around it. When the fire was burned out,
During the following two centuries, thousands
1 uses, oxen were sacri-
the ashes were raked over the stones. If any
of people were accused of practicing witchcraft,
honor of the saints and
stone was found misplaced in the morning or if
tortured into confessing, and burned.
al Europe, black cats -
there was a footprint near it, it was believed that
There were many persecutions for witchcraft
belief that they were
the person to whom the stone belonged would
in America in the 17th century in the colonies
ere burned on that day.
die within the year.
of Massachusetts, Connecticut, and Virginia.
ce of Halloween also re-
One of the dishes served at supper in Ireland
Through the influence of the intolerant Cotton
om the Roman festival
on Halloween was known as callcannon, or col-
Mather, the New England Puritan minister, the
goddess of fruits, espe-
cannon. It consisted of mashed potatoes, par-
campaign against witches was especially inten-
and nuts for divination.
snips, and chopped onions. A ring, a thimble, a
sive in Salem, Massachusetts.
china doll, and a coin were stirred into it and the
y, was dedicated to the
As the 18th century dawned, belief in witch-
i, and a harvest festival
one who found the ring when the callcannon was
craft was slowly abating. As late as the 1720s, a
vember 1. It is supposed
served was to be married within a year; the
woman in Scotland was judged guilty of sorcery
finder of the doll would have children; the one
969
OCTOBER 31
who got the thimble would never marry; and
people, but with a touch of skepticism not char-
whoever was fortunate enough to get the coin
acteristic of the earlier days.
would have wealth. This was varied, sometimes,
Pranks and mischief were also common in
by baking a ring and a nut in a cake. The one
rural areas of the British Isles on October 31.
whose slice of cake contained the ring would
Roaming groups of merrymakers - in some
marry, and the finder of the nut would marry a
places dressed in masks and the clothing of the
widow or a widower - unless the kernel of the
opposite sex - played tricks on neighbors: steal-
nut was shriveled, in which case the finder would
ing gates, blocking house doors, and covering
never marry.
chimneys with turf so that smoke could not es-
The discovery of marital prospects was also
cape. Blame for the resulting chaos was naturally
sought - by burning nuts in the coals in the fire-
placed on the "spirits."
place. A young woman would put three nuts
Although a few of the original customs are still
in the coals, naming one for herself and the
practiced today in the British Isles on Hallo-
other two for admirers. If one of the nuts burned
ween, most have been forgotten. Transplanted
quietly beside that named for the woman, it
to the New World, however, some of the old tra-
meant that that man was true to her; but if the
ditions have been revitalized and fostered with
nuts separated there would be no lasting happi-
perhaps even more enthusiasm than was once
ness beween her and either of the contenders.
evident in the Old World. Widespread observ-
Another test used by lovers was the sowing of
ance of Halloween nevertheless came relatively
hempseed. The idea was to take a handful of the
late to the United States. Most of the early set-
seed and go out into a field and sow it, while
tlers, the majority of whom were Protestant, did
repeating this rhyme:
not observe All Saints' Day or Halloween. Octo-
ber 31 had little significance in colonial days,
Hempseed, I saw thee,
although records show that some New World
Hempseed, I saw thee,
And her that is to be my true love,
English kept up the secular side of the evening
Come after me and draw thee.
with apple ducking and apple snapping, a game
using a suspended twirling stick with an apple
If the sower had the courage to look back over
on one end and a lighted candle on the other, the
his shoulder, he would see the apparition of his
object being to bite the apple without being
true love following him and reaping hemp.
burned.
In another charm, a girl would throw a ball of
In pioneer days, some Americans celebrated
blue yarn out the window after dark and hold
Halloween with corn-popping parties, taffy pulls,
fast to one end of the yarn. Then she would wind
and hayrides. Farmers, especially, gathered on
it over her hand from left to right, or widder-
what they termed Snap Apple Night or Nut-
shins, and repeat the Creed backwards. If this
crack Night to play some of the customary divi-
charm worked, the end of the yarn still out the
nation games. However, all these Halloween
window would be held by someone so that she
practices were scattered and regional until the
could wind no more. Then the girl would ask,
great Irish immigration in the 1840s, following
"Who holds?" and the name of her sweetheart
the Irish Potato Famine. The Irish brought with
would be wafted through the window by the
them not only the religious observances of All
wind.
Saints' Day and Eve, but also the folklore rem-
Halloween also was the time when young peo-
nants of the eve of Samhain (until recently Oc-
ple went in pairs into the fields blindfolded and
tober 31 was still called Oidhche Shamhna in
pulled up cabbages. The size and shape indi-
Ireland) and the traditional mischief of their
cated the appearance of the future husband or
"fairy folk," or "little people." In fact, one of the
wife. The stalks were placed over the door and
most popular and enduring features of Hallo-
numbered. And if, for example, a youth was the
ween, jack-o'-lanterns, are primarily an Irish tra-
third person entering the door, his name would
dition. In Ireland, oversized rutabagas, turnips,
be the name of the husband of the girl whose
and potatoes - instead of pumpkins, which were
stalk was number three. It was believed that if a
not available - were hollowed out, carved into
girl went into her room at midnight on the fate-
hideous faces and illuminated with candles, to
ful eve, sat down before her mirror, cut an apple
be used as lanterns at Halloween celebrations.
into nine slices, and held each slice on the point
The name jack-o'-lantern supposedly came
of her knife before eating it, she might see in the
from an Irish tale of a man named Jack who was
mirror looking over her shoulder the face of her
notorious for drunkenness and for being stingy.
future lover and he would ask for the last slice.
One evening at the local pub, the Devil appeared
In 1786 the Scottish poet Robert Burns de-
to claim his soul. Jack skillfully persuaded the
scribed in "Halloween" a party in which many
Devil to "have one drink together before we go."
ancient customs were followed by the young
To pay for his drink, the Devil turned himself in-
970
OCTOBER 31
not
char-
to a sixpence, which Jack immediately snatched.
the New World were expected to be particularly
He put it into his wallet, which had a catch in
mischievous on Halloween. Their influence soon
common
in
the form of a cross, thus preventing the Devil
spread in energetic, 19th century US communi-
October
31.
from escaping. Jack eventually released the
ties, where practical jokes furnished welcome
-
in
some
Devil on condition that the latter leave him in
and not-so-welcome diversion. When house
othing
of
the
peace for another year. Twelve months later,
and street numbers were changed, fences built
ghbors:
steal-
Jack played another practical joke on the Devil,
across roads, animals hidden, water faucets
and
covering
letting him down from a tree only on the promise
opened, and store and house windows soaped,
could
not
es-
that he would never pursue him again. Finally,
people good-naturedly said "the fairies or gob-
was
naturally
Jack's body wore out. Barred from heaven be-
lins must have done it."
cause of transgressions and from Hell because of
In the course of the 20th century, Americans
are
still
the pranks he played on the Devil, Jack in des-
have become less tolerant of pranks, which have
on
Hallo-
peration begged the Devil for a live coal to light
often descended into vandalism. Especially after
Transplanted
his way out of the dark. Jack put it into a turnip
World War II, "harmless" jokes, originally in-
of
the
old
tra-
he was chewing and, as the story goes, is con-
tended as good fun, turned into acts of lawless-
fostered
with
demned to walk the earth with his lantern until
ness, such as slitting tires and breaking street
was
once
Judgment Day.
lights. Civic authorities and private citizens
observ-
By the late 1800s, Halloween had become a
alike, concerned about increasing rowdiness and
relatively
national observance in the United States, char-
costly property damage, issued warnings about
the
early
set-
acterized by games, divinations, parties, and es-
vandalism and attempted to deal with the prob-
Protestant,
did
pecially the custom of going "trick-or-treating"
lem by educational means and stricter law en-
loween.
Octo-
dressed in weird masks and costumes.
forcement.
colonial
days,
There are several theories about the origins of
Community Halloween festivals, sponsored by
New
World
trick-or-treating. One claims that the practice
local merchants, civic groups, and schools, espe-
the evening
stems from the custom of "souling" or "soul-cak-
cially PTAs, have done much to curtail the
pping,
a
game
ing," when Englishmen went around on All
widespread vandalism. Even as early as 1908,
with an apple
Saints', and especially All Souls', Day to beg for
some communities sought to prevent damage
the
other,
the
soul cakes (square buns with currants) in re-
by giving Halloween parties for children. How-
without
being
membrance of the dead. Those begging prom-
ever, it was apparently the residents of Anoka,
ised extra prayers for the dead relatives of the
Minnesota, who organized the first citywide,
celebrated
donors.
supervised party in the early 1920s. Similar cele-
taffy pulls,
However, the contemporary custom of trick-
brations were soon inaugurated in diverse
gathered on
or-treating also resembles an ancient Irish prac-
places. In most communities, observances at
Night
or
Nut-
tice on Halloween, when groups of peasants
schools, parks, and downtown areas included
ustomary divi-
went from house to house, asking for money for
costume parades - often with prizes for the
Halloween
which to buy luxuries for a feast and demanding
scariest, funniest, and most original garb. These
until
the
that fatted calves and black sheep be prepared
were supplemented by dramatic skits, carnival
following
for the occasion. These contributions were often
booths, refreshments (the ever-popular candied
brought with
requested in the name of Muck Olla, a druid
apples, popcorn, candy corn, and peanuts), and
of
All
deity, or St. Columba (a monk who in the sixth
such games as the traditional bobbing for apples.
folklore
rem-
century converted the Picts and founded a mon-
Merchants invited young people to soap the
recently Oc-
astery on Iona off the Scottish coast). Prosperity
windows of their stores and offered prizes for the
Shamhna in
was assured liberal givers, and threats were
best soap drawings with Halloween themes.
of
their
voiced against those who were stingy.
Some Halloween festivities have grown
fact,
one
of
the
Another possibility is that trick-or-treating, as
through the years to become major attractions.
of
Hallo-
well as masquerading, is derived from the
In Allentown, Pennsylvania, for example, the an-
an
Irish
tra-
"penny for the Guy" practice in England on No-
nual Halloween parade, held on the Tuesday
bagas, turnips,
vember 5, when Guy Fawkes Day festivities -
evening nearest October 31, has been staged for
which
were
commemorating the foiling of the 1605 Gun-
more than 50 years. Watched by over 80,000
carved into
powder Plot to blow up King James I and Parlia-
people during its 20-block march, it usually has
candles, to
ment - include begging and dressing up in cos-
20 divisions, each headed by a band or musical
celebrations.
tumes. Some scholars claim that masquerading
group followed by marching formations and
posedly came
on Halloween is derived from the medieval prac-
floats. Since 1923 the inhabitants of Anaheim,
Jack who was
tice of celebrating All Hallows' Day with a pro-
California, also have channeled Halloween en-
being
stingy.
cession around the church in which the local
thusiasm into an enterprising community cele-
Devil
appeared
populace sometimes dressed as angels, patron
bration. One of the highlights is the pageant
persuaded
the
saints, or even devils.
parade traditionally scheduled for the Saturday
before
we
go."
According to tradition, the fairy folk or little
preceding October 31. The event, which has
himself
in-
people whom the Irish brought with them to
developed into one of the most outstanding
971
OCTOBER 31
night parades in the West, is often attended by
nually since 1938. An Indian pageant, an 1864
more than 150,000. A typical annual program at
costume ball, the coronation of Miss Nevada
Anaheim also includes a Kiddies' Parade (in
Day, and other events traditionally round out
which over 6,000 costumed schoolchildren par-
the occasion. The Nevada Day celebration has
ticipate), a costume ball, stage entertainment,
expanded each year - with participants and on-
costume judging, display-window decorating
lookers coming from nearby states as well - until
contests, a Pumpkin Bowl football game, and a
the activities are at present spread out over an
community costume breakfast in a city park.
entire week, culminating with the October 31
The trend towards manipulating, rather than
parade.
celebrating, folk festivals such as Halloween
An impressive celebration was staged in 1964,
may be indicative of a declining interest in fan-
when Nevada marked its centennial of state-
tasy and imagination. Halloween has now be-
hood. Observances were held in each of the 17
come what sociologists term a "degenerate" holi-
counties; and groups such as the singing en-
day, the folk vitality of witches, divinations, and
semble "The Centennial Belles," performed at
the black arts having long receded into the past.
civic and community meetings throughout the
But the decline in its significance has not affected
state. But Carson City was the scene of the most
small children, who still enjoy ringing doorbells
elaborate fete. The full program of centennial
and shouting "Trick or treat!" Yet even here, the
events, including the grand centennial ball, cor-
practice of begging for coins, apples, candy, and
onation of Miss Nevada Centennial, rodeo, and
trinkets has often been transformed into a good
fashion show featuring 100 years of wedding
deed instead of mere merriment. Swarms of ex-
dresses, was, as usual, highlighted by the anni-
uberant youngsters still dress up in traditional
versary procession, only this time it was called
costumes, but they are likely to chant "Trick or
the grand centennial parade. A special Indian
treat for UNICEF" (the United Nations Chil-
program featured an all-Indian parade in which
dren's Fund).
tribe members from several western states par-
This worthwhile Halloween project started in
ticipated; an Indian trade fair; and an Indian
1950, when the children in a Sunday school near
princess contest. Coins, flags, historical docu-
Philadelphia sent UNICEF the $17 they had
ments, and a number of items connected with
collected trick-or-treating. The idea caught on,
Nevada's 100th anniversary were sealed in the
and, with the assistance of parents, teachers, and
metal centennial capsule, to remain unopened
religious leaders, it has expanded until in the
until the bicentennial Nevada Day, October 31,
1970s over 3 million American children in
2064.
13,000 communities in all 50 states and at ser-
More typical of the Nevada Day festivities
vice installations abroad were involved in the
was the 1970 program marking the 106th anni-
effort. A presidential proclamation of October
versary of statehood. The celebration began on
27, 1967, covering all successive years, made
Saturday, October 24, and reached a high point
October 31 National UNICEF Day in the United
with the Nevada Day parade the following
States.
weekend. Events early in the week included an
"Trick-or-treating for UNICEF" usually ends
1864 costume ball, as well as motorcycle races,
on a festive note, as the youngsters gather for
an art exhibit, the fall classic football game, cor-
parties at the collection centers. After empty-
onation of Miss Nevada Day, the Kiwanis Club
ing their orange-and-black cartons into a huge
pancake breakfast, and the Nevada Day horse
witches' caldron, they are "treated" to cake and
show. The eagerly anticipated grand parade,
candy, play games, and are awarded prizes for
which got underway at 11:00 A.M. on Saturday,
the best costumes.
October 31, attracted an estimated 20,000 per-
sons to the capital city and lasted more than two
Nevada Day
hours. The 200-odd participants included beauty
queens, marching bands, mounted units, and
The territory of Nevada was admitted to the
military cadets; dozens of floats depicted the
Union as the 36th state on October 31, 1864, by
theme Recreation Unlimited. Immediately fol-
proclamation of President Abraham Lincoln, is-
lowing the parade, the Carson Indian Colony
sued in accordance with the provisions of an act
staged its annual Indian festival and barbecue
passed on March 31 of that year. The anniver-
in Governor's Field. Indian arts and crafts were
sary of Nevada's admission is a legal holiday
exhibited, and there were Indian games and a
in the state and is observed by the display of
pageant depicting events in early Nevada his-
flags on all public buildings. The major Nevada
tory, before the coming of Europeans.
Day festivities take place in Carson City, the
In an early afternoon ceremony at the Capitol
state capital since 1864, which is located 30
on October 31, the governor of Nevada pre-
miles south of Reno. They center on the big Ad-
sented awards to the nine winners selected in
mission Day parade, which has been held an-
the annual Nevada Day historical essay contest.
972
OCTOBER 31
dian pageant, an 1864
The contest has been sponsored each year since
trail to California. At the end of the Mexican
ation of Miss Nevada
1959 by the Nevada Day Committee. The win-
War, the territory from which Nevada was
raditionally round out
ners in the various school districts are chosen
formed came into the possession of the United
la Day celebration has
by their local superintendents or teachers. Their
States by the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo on
th participants and on-
essays and photographs are published as the
February 2, 1848 (see February 2). Since it was
by states as well - until
major editorial material in each Nevada Day
adjacent to the Mormon commonwealth that was
ent spread out over an
souvenir program. Later on in the day, the
just being formed in the Salt Lake City area,
with the October 31
Whiskerino contest entrants vied for the prizes
Nevada was included in the vast Mormon "state"
awarded for the grayest, reddest, heaviest, long-
of Deseret proclaimed by the Mormon leader
ion was staged in 1964,
est, and fanciest beards. Square dancing, a teen-
Brigham Young in March 1849. The Mormons
ts centennial of state-
age dance, and a horse show concluded the
soon established a trading post and base for ex-
held in each of the 17
weekend activities.
ploration in the Carson River valley. Known as
ch as the singing en-
The history of Nevada before it entered the
Mormon Station and later as Genoa, it was the
Belles," performed at
Union reflects - perhaps even more than that of
first permanent white settlement in Nevada.
eetings throughout the
most states - the important role played by geo-
When the US government rejected the Mor-
is the scene of the most
graphical and physical, as well as human, fac-
mon claim to Deseret, most of the area of Ne-
program of centennial
tors. Formed as a result of turbulent geological
vada was included in the newly organized terri-
nd centennial ball, cor-
upheavals, Nevada is a land of picturesque con-
tory of Utah in 1850. Salt Lake City, seat of the
Centennial, rodeo, and
trasts: vast arid stretches of sagebrush and creo-
Utah territorial government, however, proved to
100 years of wedding
sote bush, lofty mountains extending north to
be too far distant to provide adequate political
ghlighted by the anni-
south, and relatively few rivers. Its early inhabi-
control and military protection for the area's
this time it was called
tants, the Basketmakers, and later the Paiute,
westernmost inhabitants. As early as 1851, there-
rade. A special Indian
Shoshone, and Washoe tribes, were preoccu-
fore, these settlers tried to form a more satisfac-
Indian parade in which
pied with eking out a meager living. The sparse
tory - and preferably, in their eyes, a more inde-
ral western states par-
population existed on a diet of wild animals,
pendent form of government. In 1854 the Utah
le fair; and an Indian
insects, and plants.
legislature quashed all such attempts by includ-
flags, historical docu-
The first white men to enter the region of
items connected with
ing the settlements of the western Utah territory
Nevada are said to have been Franciscan mis-
in a newly created Carson County. In 1859 the
ary were sealed in the
sionaries en route from Mexico to California in
people of Carson County made an abortive at-
; to remain unopened
the 1770s. Fray Francisco Garcés probably
tempt to form a state government of their own.
vada Day, October 31,
passed through what is now the extreme south-
In general, life in the area had remained
western part of the state. Fray Silvestre Vélez de
Vevada Day festivities
quiet until 1859, when Nevada's huge min-
Escalante may have crossed the eastern edge in
arking the 106th anni-
eral wealth, missed even by the gold-hungry
search of a new route to the coast. Their reports
Spaniards, was discovered. The famous Com-
3 celebration began on
about the forbidding wilderness of mountains
d reached a high point
stock Lode, one of the richest silver deposits
and semidesert were sufficient to discourage fur-
ever tapped, yielded precious metal worth hun-
parade the following
ther exploration for almost 50 years.
1 the week included an
dreds of millions. Near its site, the little settle-
Only in the 1820s and 1830s did American
ell as motorcycle races,
ment of Virginia City mushroomed overnight as
and Canadian fur traders and trappers penetrate
ssic football game, cor-
news of the strike spread like wildfire. In its hey-
the unknown region for beaver pelts. Peter Og-
Day, the Kiwanis Club
day, Virginia City boasted a population of 30,000
den and other members of Hudson's Bay Com-
the Nevada Day horse
- and 106 saloons. Mark Twain, who was a Vir-
pany, trading out of the Oregon country, crossed
cipated grand parade,
ginia City inhabitant from 1862 to 1864, vividly
into what is now Nevada from the north and
1:00 A.M. on Saturday,
depicted the wild Nevada Days in Roughing It.
discovered the Humboldt River valley. Jedediah
estimated 20,000 per-
He also left little doubt that although the mining
Smith, an American Fur Company trader from
d lasted more than two
boom had unearthed riches underground, the
St. Louis, traversed the area of the present state
ipants included beauty
area's physical attractiveness had not improved:
while journeying from the Mississippi to the
;, mounted units, and
Pacific. Another adventurer, Joseph Walker,
of floats depicted the
scaled the precipitous Sierra Nevadas into
I overheard a gentleman say the other day, that it
ited. Immediately fol-
California. During 1843-1845, Captain John C.
was "the d--dest country under the sun" and that
Carson Indian Colony
comprehensive conception I fully subscribe to. It
Frémont, guided by the renowned frontier scout
never rains here, and the dew never falls. No flowers
festival and barbecue
Kit Carson (after whom the capital city was
grow here, and no green thing gladdens the eye. The
in arts and crafts were
named), conducted the first systematic explora-
birds that fly over the land carry their provisions with
e Indian games and a
tion of the region. Writing in 1846, a trapper,
them. Only the crow and the raven tarry with us.
$ in early Nevada his-
James Clyman, still characterized the area as
of Europeans.
one of the "most STERILE BARREN countrys I
The influx of easy-money men and the lack
eremony at the Capitol
have ever traversed
[having the] most thirsty
of effective federal control made lawlessness
ernor of Nevada pre-
appearance of any place I ever witnessed."
ne winners selected in
rampant in the raucous mining towns. In a move
In the 1840s, emigrant trains and gold seekers
partly designed to impose law and order, Con-
historical essay contest.
hurried across the inhospitable territory on the
gress divided the territory of Utah on March 2,
973
OCTOBER 31
1861, and out of its western portion created the
tant denominations. It is also often marked
territory of Nevada. (The name, originally desig-
by special services, particularly in Lutheran
nating the snow-capped Sierra Nevada, means
churches, on the last Sunday of October (Refor-
"snow-clad" in Spanish.) An effort to achieve
mation Sunday).
statehood in 1863 failed. By the following year,
Martin Luther was born in Eisleben, Saxony,
however, it had become obvious that two more
on November 10, 1483, the son of a poor miner.
Republican senatorial votes were required to
At the age of 13 he was sent to school in Madge-
push through such legislation as the long-con-
burg and then, for three years, attended St.
tested 13th Amendment, formally abolishing
George's school in Eisenach. In return for free
slavery. In a maneuver designed to bolster anti-
lodging and schooling and for being permitted
slavery legislation, Nevada attained statehood
to beg from door to door for his bread, he sang
on October 31, 1864, a mere three years after
in the church with which the school was con-
gaining territorial status. Even then, the "battle-
nected. At the age of 18 he entered the Univer-
born" state formed during the dark days of the
sity of Erfurt, from which he received his bach-
Civil War was considerably short of the 60,000
elor's degree at 19 and his master's degree
population theoretically necessary for entry into
three years later. In accordance with his father's
the Union. In 1866 Nevada reached its present
wishes, Luther began the study of law in 1505.
boundaries by acquiring its southern tip from
It is said that at that time, while returning to
New Mexico and eastern lands from Utah.
Erfurt after a visit to his parents, he was caught
The history of Nevada since its admission to
in a. violent thunderstorm and was so thorough-
statehood has been in great part dependent upon
ly frightened that he vowed to St. Anne, mother
the fate of its mines. The Silver State, as it is also
of the Virgin Mary, that if he was saved he would
called, boomed during the 1860s and 1870s. The
become a monk. Even as a young boy, Luther
Comstock Lode production reached a high of
had had a strong religious inclination. He left
$36 million in 1878. But in the late 19th century,
the university and entered the Augustinian friary
the area's economy was deeply shaken by min-
in Erfurt, allegedly two weeks after the thunder-
ing depressions and fluctuations in the value of
storm.
precious metals. Only eerie ghost towns recalled
In due time Luther took the vows of poverty,
the days of the big strikes; instead the state de-
chastity, and obedience, and in 1507 he was or-
veloped its cattle ranching and sheep grazing
dained a priest. He studied and taught during
potentials.
the next few years, both at the University of
In 1900 the discovery of a new gold and silver
Wittenberg and at his alma mater at Erfurt. Dur-
belt in southern Nevada, amidst the cactus and
ing a visit to Rome on business for the Augustin-
sagebrush at such places as Tonopah and Gold-
ian order in the winter of 1510-1511, he was
field, spurred prosperity. Large-scale copper
scandalized by the luxury and vice he found
production was initiated about 1908. Although
there. In 1511 or 1512 he returned to Witten-
mining still remains a multimillion-dollar indus-
berg, and for the remainder of his life he
try, Nevada has become famous in the 20th cen-
preached in the parish church there and held
tury as a tourist and resort center noted for its
the chair of professor of biblical exegesis at the
legalized gambling, speedy marriages and di-
university. He was awarded a doctorate in the-
vorces, glittering entertainment, and impressive
ology in 1512.
natural phenomena.
Deeply troubled about his own unrighteous-
ness and about the church's teaching that salva-
Protestant Reformation Day
tion could be gained through good works, in-
cluding the purchase of indulgences, Luther
All Saints' Eve, October 31, in the year 1517 was
went through a long period of spiritual search-
the fateful date on which Martin Luther, the
ing. Through deep study of the Scriptures, par-
German religious reformer, nailed his 95
ticularly the Epistles of St. Paul, he came to be-
theses to the door of the castle church in Witten-
lieve that God freely forgives sins because Christ
berg. His challenge to some of the doctrines and
died for all human sins. Since God's forgiveness
practices of the Roman Catholic church gained
is a gift, Luther reasoned, it cannot be gained
such rapid and widespread support among all
by good works but only by faith. As he became
classes of people throughout western Europe
firm in these beliefs, Luther began to teach
that the ensuing religious revolt, which came to
them.
be known as the Reformation, ended the role of
At about this time a German Dominican
the pope as the head of all of Western Christen-
monk, Johann Tetzel, was traveling through Ger-
dom and brought about the formation of the
many granting indulgences to all who contrib-
Protestant churches. Consequently, October 31
uted to a fund for the rebuilding of St. Peter's
is observed as Reformation Day by most Protes-
basilica in Rome. Preaching the importance of
974
OCTOBER 31
is also often marked
ticularly in Lutheran
buying indulgences not only for the living but
though, Holy Roman Emperor Charles V or-
day of October (Refor-
also for the dead, he reached the neighborhood
dered Luther to appear before the Diet of
of Wittenberg in 1517. Convinced that the
Worms in April 1521 to defend himself. Still re-
n in Eisleben, Saxony,
granting of indulgences was doctrinally wrong,
fusing to recant, Luther and his supporters were
he son of a poor miner.
and that the selling of them heaped abuse upon
found guilty by the diet and placed under the
nt to school in Madge-
error, Luther posted his challenging 95 theses
ban of the empire. However, at the behest of
e years, attended St.
in the hope that they would bring about public
Luther's ruler and protector, the elector of Sax-
ach. In return for free
debate. He had no thought at this time of oppos-
ony, Frederick III, Luther was seized upon leav-
d for being permitted
ing the overall authority of the Roman Catholic
ing Worms and taken for protection to the Wart-
for his bread, he sang
church. The theses were written in Latin but
burg, a castle near Eisenach. His identity was
h the school was con-
were soon translated into German. Within two
concealed during his stay there, and he was
he entered the Univer-
weeks they had been printed and circulated
known as the Knight George.
1 he received his bach-
throughout Germany, and within a month word
Only because of the tremendous amount of
1 his master's degree
of them had spread through western and south-
support he received was Luther able to act so
dance with his father's
ern Europe. They were received with great en-
boldly and with such freedom. He had numerous
study of law in 1505.
thusiasm by those who had long sought relief
supporters among both the lower and upper
ne, while returning to
from their economic exploitation by the church
classes, including professors, monks and mem-
parents, he was caught
as well as an end to the corruption within it.
bers of the lower clergy, and rulers. Of particular
and was so thorough-
Luther was ordered by Pope Leo X to recant,
importance was the protection given him by
ed to St. Anne, mother
and various church authorities attempted to
Frederick. One of the aspects of the program
he was saved he would
compel him to do so. He refused each time, say-
proposed by the Lutherans - or Evangelicals, as
; a young boy, Luther
ing that he would recant only if proved wrong
Luther preferred that he and his followers be
us inclination. He left
by Holy Scripture. An agreement was arranged
called - was the placing of the church under
I the Augustinian friary
in 1519 whereby both Luther and his critics
civil authority, a proposal that appealed to rul-
eeks after the thunder-
were to maintain silence while the issue was ar-
ing houses as well as to all those caught up by
bitrated by German bishops. However, the
the rising spirit of nationalism.
k the vows of poverty,
agreement was broken during the year when the
During almost a year spent in hiding in the
and in 1507 he was or-
Catholic theologian Johann Eck challenged Lu-
Wartburg, Luther began his translation of the
ied and taught during
ther to a debate in Leipzig. Luther accepted,
New Testament from Greek into German and
1 at the University of
and the debate brought the issue again to public
also wrote a number of pamphlets, which were
a mater at Erfurt. Dur-
attention.
banned but nevertheless had wide circulation.
iness for the Augustin-
He then gained wider support for his views by
Meanwhile Charles V had become involved in
of 1510-1511, he was
the publication of three pamphlets in which he
war with France and was giving no attention to
ry and vice he found
set forth his arguments and his program for re-
the developing religious revolt. In 1522 Luther
le returned to Witten-
form. These treatises, entitled An Address to the
left the castle to return to Wittenberg. Two years
uinder of his life he
Christian Nobility of the German Nation, The
later the Peasants' War broke out. In their de-
church there and held
Babylonian Captivity of the Church, and The
mands for the redress of economic and other
biblical exegesis at the
Liberty of a Christian Man, were all published
grievances, the leaders of the Peasants' War
led a doctorate in the-
in 1520. In them Luther propounded his funda-
cited Lutheran teachings and biblical quota-
mental doctrine of justification by faith alone, at-
tions. Luther, who did not approve of the use
his own unrighteous-
tacked the belief in the supremacy of the pope
of his religious doctrine to support such a major
is teaching that salva-
and the assumption by the church of the role of
revolt against the existing economic system,
tough good works, in-
sole intermediary between God and Christian
tried to effect a compromise between the peas-
indulgences, Luther
man, suggested that the German rulers establish
ants and their landlords. When the peasants re-
od of spiritual search-
a national church free from Roman domination,
fused and continued in their violent rebellion,
of the Scriptures, par-
and denounced clerical celibacy and monastic
Luther denounced their actions in a pamphlet,
t. Paul, he came to be-
life. He held that the Bible, not the Church, was
Against the Murdering, Thieving Hordes of
ves sins because Christ
the true source of religious authority.
Peasants, and called upon the landlords to sub-
ince God's forgiveness
In the same year, 1520, Leo X moved to ex-
due them by any means. Not surprisingly, this
I, it cannot be gained
communicate Luther, issuing a bull that con-
action lost Luther the support of many peasants.
'y faith. As he became
demned the priest for heresy but permitted him
The revolt was ruthlessly crushed in 1525.
ither began to teach
a final opportunity to recant within 60 days.
Having previously taken a stand against the
When the bull reached him in Wittenberg, Lu-
need for celibacy of the clergy, Luther, in 1525,
German Dominican
ther, accompanied by faculty members and stu-
married Katharina von Bora, a former nun who
traveling through Ger-
dents of the university, took both the bull and a
had renounced her vows as a result of his teach-
es to all who contrib-
copy of the canon law to a meadow and burned
ings. They enjoyed a happy marriage and had
building of St. Peter's
them in a bonfire. In the wake of Luther's in-
six children (one of whom died in infancy).
ing the importance of
transigence, a formal bull of excommunication
Lutheranism had grown so strong in Germany
was issued by the pope. Instead of executing it,
by this time that the Diet of Speyer, convened in
975
OCTOBER 31
1526, decided to allow those German princes
faith. He also finished, in 1534, his translation of
who desired to practice Lutheranism to do so
the Bible from Greek into German. Some of the
for the time being. A Catholic majority at the
poor university students who were frequent
second Diet of Speyer overturned that decision
guests in Luther's home found his conversation
in 1529. The Lutherans protested this retraction
so entertaining that they wrote down everything
of religious freedom and thereby became known
they heard him say. Their material was later
as "Protestants," a term later broadened to cover
published as Table Talk. Luther died during a
all of the Christian denominations formed as a
visit to the town of his birth, Eisleben, on Febru-
result of the Reformation.
ary 18, 1546, before the outcome of the up-
In the hope that compromise was possible, the
heaval inadvertently begun by him was deter-
following year Charles V asked Luther and his
mined.
supporters to submit a summary of their views
Numerous buildings associated with Luther
and ideas for reform to an imperial diet that was
still stand, despite the great destruction wrought
to meet in Augsburg. The statement, prepared
in Germany during World War II. In Eisleben
by the German scholar and religious reformer
the house in which he was born is now a museum
Melanchthon, reaffirmed that the Lutherans
devoted to him. The house in which he died is
were seeking not to separate themselves from
maintained as a memorial. During his school
the Roman Catholic church but to correct what
years in Eisenach Luther was a protégé of Ur-
they considered to be abuses and incorrect inter-
sula Cotta. Although the Cotta mansion suffered
pretation of doctrine within the church. This
bomb damage during World War II, the room
Augsburg Confession - which is still a basis of
used by Luther remains intact. Buildings of the
Lutheran doctrine - was strongly opposed by
former Augustinian monastery at Erfurt, where
the emperor and most of the members of the
he stayed from 1505 to 1508, have been dam-
diet.
aged but still stand.
Expecting that their opponents would now try
In Wittenberg the castle church and its door,
to crush them by force, the Protestant rulers of
to which Luther nailed his 95 theses, may be
such German states as Hesse, Saxony, and Bran-
visited, as may the parish church where he
denburg, along with various free cities, met at
preached for 35 years. Luther's tomb is in the
Schmalkalden to form a league for common
castle church. His home contains a museum. A
defense. Again, however, the attention of the
statue also honors the reformer, and an oak tree
emperor was distracted by his involvement in
marks the alleged place where he burned the
foreign conflicts, this time to such a degree that
papal bull that condemned him for heresy.
the six-month truce with the league to which he
Worms, the seat of the imperial diet that in
consented in 1532 lasted until 1546. In the latter
1521 ordered Luther to recant, is now the site of
year he brought military force to bear and was
one of the most famous memorials to him. In this
initially successful. But a satisfactory, workable
monument, Luther is depicted with his hands on
means of reestablishing the authority of the Ro-
the Bible, uttering these words: "Here I stand. I
man Catholic church over half of the German
cannot do otherwise. God help me. Amen." Sur-
population - so widely had Protestantism taken
rounding the representation of Luther are stat-
hold - was extremely difficult to find. Time
ues of other figures important to the Reforma-
dragged on until the defection of one of the em-
tion. The Wartburg sustained some war dam-
peror's principal supporters, Maurice, duke of
age, but not in the area in which the reformer
Saxony, in 1551, gave the real victory to the
lived and worked. His table and drinking vessel
Protestants.
and various memorabilia - as well as the armor
By the terms of the Religious Peace of Augs-
of "Knight George" - are still there.
burg (1555), each of the rulers of the several
During the late 1960s the character of the ob-
hundred German states was permitted to choose
servances of Reformation Sunday changed con-
either Roman Catholicism or Lutheranism. The
siderably. Previously, emphasis had been largely
inhabitants of each state were bound to practice
upon the celebration of the anniversary of a his-
the same religion as their ruler; if they did not
torical event, with the ideas of the Reformation
wish to practice his religion, they could move to
being considered in their 16th century context,
a state in which the ruler's religious preference
rather than with the thought that they might be
was the same as their own. With this accord, of-
relevant to the current time. But Protestant
ficial consent was given for the first time to the
thinking in this regard changed, at least partly in
establishment within Western Christendom of a
response to the searching self-examination con-
church other than the Roman Catholic church.
ducted by the Roman Catholic church in its
Luther, meanwhile, had continued his activi-
ecumenical Second Vatican Council (Vatican II)
ties, and in 1529 had published his Small Cate-
in the early 1960s. During this period the Cath-
chism, which is still held basic to the Lutheran
olic church accepted some of Luther's ideas as
976
OCTOBER 31
1534, his translation of
valid, and approved certain changes, such as the
most remarkable aspect of the observances was
German. Some of the
translation of the liturgy into the vernacular.
the active participation around the country of
who were frequent
Some of the changes adopted by Catholics went
Roman Catholics, including members of the
ound his conversation
further than some Protestant churches had gone
clergy. For example, in a Reformation Day pro-
vrote down everything
in making church services relevant to contempo-
gram at the Church Center for the United Na-
eir material was later
rary concerns. As Protestants, too, began to look
tions, both Roman Catholic and Protestant
Luther died during a
inward, they felt a need to revise traditional Re-
speakers probed the topic "Reformation Past
h, Eisleben, on Febru-
formation Day observances to stress the continu-
and Present." At Princeton University, a joint
outcome of the up-
ing necessity for reform within their churches
Protestant-Roman Catholic service was held for
un by him was deter-
and within individuals. In addition, they placed
emphasis on the common origin and close simi-
the first time since the university's founding 221
ssociated with Luther
larity of beliefs held by the Roman Catholic and
years before. Dialogue between Catholics and
at destruction wrought
Protestant faiths, and in many cases expressed a
Protestants took place in many parts of the coun-
d War II. In Eisleben
desire for closer ties between the two.
try, and there were special concerts, rallies, pag-
born is now a museum
Traditionally included in Reformation Sunday
eants, art exhibits, dramatic programs, radio and
se in which he died is
services is Luther's great hymn "A Mighty For-
television coverage, and presentations of a full-
ial. During his school
tress is Our God." One of the Bible readings
length film entitled Martin Luther. Of particular
was a protégé of Ur-
Lutherans customarily hear on that day is John
note were performances of Felix Mendelssohn's
Cotta mansion suffered
2:13-17, which tells of Jesus' driving the money-
Reformation Symphony.
orld War II, the room
changers from the Temple in Jerusalem. Because
Reformation Sunday is still observed with spe-
ntact. Buildings of the
of their direct ties to the reformer, Lutherans
cial worship services, special Sunday school les-
astery at Erfurt, where
have had greater interest in observing the day
sons, and special musical programs. Consider-
1508, have been dam-
than have some other sects. Nevertheless, in
able weight is being given to persistent efforts
many places all Protestant churches participate
to bring Christians closer together. The dialogue
de church and its door,
in communitywide services, often held in schools
between Protestants and Catholics that gained
his 95 theses, may be
or theaters that can accommodate large numbers.
such momentum in 1967 has continued. And,
ish church where he
The 450th anniversary of the beginning of
four and a half centuries after its condemnation
uther's tomb is in the
the Reformation was celebrated in 1967 in the
of Martin Luther as a heretic, the Roman Cath-
contains a museum. A
United States with great spirit, born of a widely
olic church began to reappraise its view of the
ormer, and an oak tree
felt desire to imbue the observances with new
Augustinian friar who was responsible for the
where he burned the
life and an ecumenical emphasis. Perhaps the
birth of Protestantism.
d him for heresy.
e imperial diet that in
ecant, is now the site of
emorials to him. In this
icted with his hands on
words: "Here I stand. I
1 help me. Amen." Sur-
tion of Luther are stat-
ortant to the Reforma-
tained some war dam-
in which the reformer
ble and drinking vessel
- as well as the armor
still there.
the character of the ob-
1 Sunday changed con-
phasis had been largely
he anniversary of a his-
leas of the Reformation
r 16th century context,
ight that they might be
time. But Protestant
langed, at least partly in
g self-examination con-
Catholic church in its
can Council (Vatican II)
ng this period the Cath-
me of Luther's ideas as
977
WASHINGTON-WAUKESHA
Mayfield 53037, Meeker 53022, Myra 53095, Nabob 53095,
urban population grew by 18% while the rural population
Nenno 53002, Orchard Grove, Pike Lake, Plat 53017, Richfield
grew by 36%. In 1980, 32% of the population were under
53076, Rockfield 53077, Rugby Junction, St. Anthony 53002,
age 18 and 8% were over age 64. Between 1970 and 1980,
St. Kilian 53010, St. Lawrence 53027, St. Michaels 53040,
the group with the greatest increase was ages 85 and over
Salter 53095, Thiel's Corner 53012, Thompson 53027, Victory
and the group with the greatest decrease was ages 5-9. In 1980,
Center, Wayne 53010, Willow Creek, Young America 53095.
the median age was 29.7, higher than the state average of
FOR ADDITIONAL LOCAL INFORMATION German-
29.4. The 1980 census reported the population as 98% White,
town Area Chamber of Commerce, P.O. Box 12, Germantown,
less than 1% Black, less than 1% American Indian/Alaskan
53022, (414) 255-1812. Hartford Area Chamber of Commerce,
Native and 1% Asian/Pacific Islander, with 2% of Spanish
P.O. Box 305, Hartford, 53027, (414) 673-7002. Metro
origin. The three largest single-ancestry groups reported were
Milwaukee Assoc. of Commerce, 756 N. Milwaukee St.,
German (24%), Polish (3%) and English (3%). REGIS-
Milwaukee, 53202, (414) 273-3000. Slinger Advancement
TERED VOTERS As of November 8, 1988, the county had
Assoc., P.O. Box 422, Slinger, 53086, (414) 644-8566. West
148,935 registered voters, or 6.8% of the state total. For the
Bend Area Chamber of Commerce, P.O. Box 522, West Bend,
1984 general election, there were 140,660 voters. In the 1988
53095, (414) 338-2666.
general election, 90,467 voted Republican, 57,598 voted
Democrat and 402 voted Libertarian.
WAUKESHA (SE3)
THE ECONOMY
County Location Chart p. 58
AGRICULTURE Livestock and fruit area. In 1987, farms
occupied 36% of the land area, with 83% of the farmland
THE LAND
under cultivation. In the state, the county ranked 49th in
The county is located in the southeast part of the state,
agricultural receipts, 57% of which was derived from livestock.
adjacent to the Milwaukee metropolitan area and east of
Primary crops: corn for grain or seed, hay. Primary vegetables:
Madison. Major routes through the county include Interstate
sweet corn and snap beans. Primary fruits/nuts: apples and
94 and State Highway 83. The county contains 554 square
strawberries. Primary livestock and products: dairy cattle, hogs
miles, and elevations range from 660 to 990 feet.
and pigs. Current conservation concerns include improving
Approximately 36% of the land is in farms and less than
drainage on wet soils. BUSINESS/INDUSTRY In 1986, the
1% is government-owned. The county lies entirely within the
number of business establishments totaled 8,782. Estimated
Southern Wisconsin and Northern Illinois Drift Plain major
taxable sales during fiscal year 1988-89, ranking third in the
land resource area. The topography is primarily level to rolling
state, increased 11% from fiscal year 1986-87. In the year
with grayish-brown silt loam soils that range from excellent
ending September 30, 1988, approximately 6% of the
to good for agriculture. There are very small sections of level
employed labor force worked in construction; 31% in
peat and muck bogs with dark, spongy soils in the eastern,
manufacturing; 4% in transportation and utilities; 17% in
southern and southeastern parts of the county. Bedrock in
retail trade; 8% in wholesale trade; 4% in finance, insurance
most of the county is dolomite. Along the western boundary
and real estate; 20% in services, and 9% in state and local
is a strip of dolomite with some limestone and shale.
government. Of the employed labor force in 1980, about 5%
Separating the two is a bedrock formation of shale and
were self-employed and 43% were employed in other counties.
dolomite. Vegetation in the eastern and northwestern sections
The businesses and industries with the most employment were
consists mainly of sugar maple, basswood and elm. In the
special trade contracting, trucking (local and long distance),
center of the county is a large expanse of bur oak, white oak
printing and publishing, restaurants, business services and
and bluestem, and there are sedges, blue joint and cordgrass
hospitals; the wholesale trade of machinery, equipment and
in a few southern areas of the county. CLIMATE The county
supplies; and the manufacture of fabricated metal products,
lies within the state's Southeast climatological region with
metalworking machinery, and electric and electronic equip-
a continental climate having cold, snowy winters and warm,
ment. Non-farm personal income in 1986 totaled
mild summers. The average annual temperature is 48°F.
$4,977,050,000. In 1980, there were 16,925 retired workers
Temperatures in January range from an average low of 10°F
who received an average monthly Social Security payment
to an average high of 27°F and in July from an average low
of $378. FINANCE On June 30, 1987, there were 21
of 61°F to an average high of 84°F. Annual precipitation
commercial banks and 67 branches with total deposits of
averages 32 inches, with an average relative humidity of 84%
$1,557,699,000. On December 31, 1988, there were four FSLIC-
at 6 AM and 65% at 6 PM. Annual snowfall averages 40
insured savings and loan associations with total assets of
inches. The growing season averages 134 days, with the last
approximately $1,413,055,317 and 44 branches. On December
freeze usually occurring in late April and the first usually
31, 1988, there were 15 credit unions with total assets of
occurring in mid-October. During the year, the sun shines
$42,157,445. CONSTRUCTION/HOUSING The median
an average of 60% of the daylight hours. Prevailing winds
value of homes occupied by owners in 1980 was $74,300. In
are from the northwest during winter and from the south
during summer.
1987, permits were issued for 2,849 new, privately owned
housing units, an increase of 31% from 1986. Of these units,
1,732 were single-family dwellings. Between 1970 and 1980,
THE PEOPLE
The 1988 estimated population, ranking third in the state,
the number of housing units increased 42%. In 1980,
approximately 52% of all housing units in the county were
was 293,438, an increase of 5% from 1980. The population
increased 21% between 1970 and 1980, following an increase
air-conditioned, 68% were heated by gas, 6% by electricity
of 46% between 1960 and 1970. Between 1970 and 1980, the
and 26% by fuel oil or kerosene. Housing permits increased
in Waukesha from 428 in 1986 to 699 in 1987, with 468 of
FLYING THE COLORS: WISCONSIN FACTS ©JOHN CLEMENTS 1990
233
COUNTIES
WAUKESHA (continued)
with 30,943 in elementary and 19,162 in secondary schools.
Of the 4,330 high school graduates in 1988, a total of 3,013
the permits issued for apartments. Housing permits increased
planned to attend college. In 1988-89, approximately 96% of
in Butler from two in 1986 to 66 in 1987, with 65 of the
the students were White, less than 1% American Indian/
permits issued for apartments. Housing permits increased in
Alaskan Native, 1% Asian/Pacific Islander and 1% Black,
Delafield from 37 in 1986 to 158 in 1987, with 108 of the
with 2% of Hispanic origin. NON-PUBLIC EDUCATION
permits issued for apartments. NATURAL RESOURCES
In 1988, the county had 11 non-public high schools with 457
Crushed limestone and dolomite, peat, construction sand and
graduates. HIGHER EDUCATION Carroll College is located
gravel. Commercial forestland totaled 32,100 acres in 1983,
in Waukesha. Established in 1846, it is a private institution
including 20,300 acres of sawtimber. Production in 1981
affiliated with the United Presbyterian Church in the U.S.A.
totaled 186 cords of pulpwood and 340,000 board feet of saw
In fall 1988, enrollment was 2,150, with undergraduate tuition
logs. TOURISM In 1986, the county had 32 hotels, motels
per school year of $8,600. The highest degree offered is
and tourist courts. Convention/meeting facilities: There were
bachelor's. Nashotah House is located in Nashotah.
four hotels/motels with facilities for large gatherings in 1989.
Established in 1842, it is a private institution affiliated with
ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES The county is wet. FEDERAL
the Protestant Episcopal Church. In fall 1988, enrollment was
EXPENDITURES The federal government had direct
75, with undergraduate tuition per school year of $6,525. The
expenditures or obligations of $488,925,000 in the county
highest degree offered is master's. University of Wisconsin
during fiscal year 1987, including $61,284,000 by the U.S.
Center-Waukesha County is located in Waukesha. Established
Department of Defense. The federal government provided
in 1966, it is a public institution. In fall 1988, enrollment was
$30,968,000 in grant awards, paid $28,589,000 in salaries and
2,514, with in-district undergraduate tuition per school year
wages, made direct payments to individuals totaling
of $1,089. The highest degree offered is associate's. Waukesha
$345,591,000 (including $269,389,000 in retirement and dis-
County Technical College is located in Pewaukee. Established
ability payments), awarded $75,177,000 in procurement con-
in 1923, it is a state/local institution. In fall 1988, enrollment
tracts and spent $8,600,000 in other expenditures or obliga-
was 9,650, with in-district tuition per school year of $1,147.
tions. The federal government also provided $5,543,000 in direct
The highest degree offered is associate's. VOCATIONAL/
loans and $46,132,000 in guaranteed loans and insurance.
TECHNICAL INSTITUTES Okauchee: Wisconsin School
of Professional Pet Grooming. Pewaukee: Capitol Aviation.
COMMUNICATION
Waukesha: Century 21 School of Real Estate, Training Center
Newspapers: Daily-Waukesha County Freeman, avg. eve.
Inc., University of Aesthetics and Cosmetology. PUBLIC
circ. 22,845. Weekly-Brookfield News; The Index
LIBRARIES Alice Baker Memorial Public Library (Eagle):
(Dousman); Elm Grove Elm Leaves; Lake Country Reporter
12,800 volumes. Barbara Sanborn Public Library (Pewaukee):
(Hartland); Menomonee Falls News; Mukwonago Chief
29,168 volumes. Big Bend Village Library: 8,570 volumes.
(Mukwonago-Eagle-Big Bend); Muskego Sun; New Berlin
Brookfield Public Library: 92,436 volumes. Butler Public
Citizen; Oconomowoc Enterprise. Radio: WHAD-FM
Library: 26,067 volumes. Delafield Public Library: 25,103
(Delafield); WFMR-FM (Menomonee Falls); WKSH-AM
volumes. Elm Grove Public Library: 31,946 volumes. Floyd
(Sussex); WAUK-AM, WCCX-FM, WMIL-FM (Waukesha).
& Jessie McKenzie Public Library (Mukwonago): 17,957
Cable television is available. Local telephone service: GTE
volumes. Hartland Public Library: 26,802 volumes. Maud
MTO Inc., Nelson Telephone Co-op., North-West Telephone
Shunk Public Library (Menomonee Falls): 77,834 volumes.
Co., Wisconsin Bell Inc.
Muskego Public Library: 48,000 volumes. New Berlin Public
Library: 79,126 volumes. Oconomowoc Public Library: 68,152
TRANSPORTATION
volumes. Sussex Public Library: 16,200 volumes. Town Hall
Total public road mileage: 2,465. Interstate mileage: 41. State
Library (North Lake): 23,486 volumes. Waukesha Public
highway mileage: 232. County highway mileage: 384.
Library: 163,429 volumes. CHILD CARE As of February
Municipal road mileage: 1,837. Other road mileage: 11. In
1989, the county had 138 licensed child care facilities.
1987, the county had 231,143 registered vehicles and 6,601
HEALTH CARE The county had 689 physicians and 275
reported traffic accidents, including 31 fatalities. Taxicabs: five
dentists in 1989. There were four hospitals with a total capacity
companies in July 1987. Mass urban transit: one bus system.
of 652 beds. Of these, three hospitals had psychiatric services
Intercity bus carriers: four. Motor freight: 142 carriers. Rail
and one had a home care program. Specialized hospitals
freight: Wisconsin & Calumet Railroad. Aircraft: 342.
included an alcohol and other chemical dependency hospital
Airports: Capitol at Brookfield has three lighted, unpaved
with 58 beds and a psychiatric hospital with 90 beds.
runways. Netzer at Coloma is attended and has a 1,550-foot
Substance abuse treatment programs: 33. Ambulance services:
unpaved runway. Aero Park at Menomonee Falls has two
26. Adult day care centers: three. There were 16 licensed
unpaved runways. Doering Farms at Monches has a 2,600-foot
nursing homes with a total capacity of 1,926 beds.
unpaved runway. Oconomowoc is unattended and has a
CHURCHES The county had 175 churches/synagogues
1,200-foot unpaved runway. Waukesha County at Waukesha
with an estimated combined membership of 188,733. The
has a 4,200-foot lighted, paved runway.
largest denominations were Catholic, Lutheran Church-
Missouri Synod and Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod.
SOCIAL SERVICES In 1988, a total of $1,580,664 in food
COMMUNITY SERVICES
stamps was distributed to an average of 3,323 persons each
PUBLIC EDUCATION The county had 19 school districts,
month. Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC)
with 96 schools and 3,250 teachers. In September 1988, there
payments totaled $6,949,620 in 1988, with an average of 3,517
were 50,105 students enrolled in the county's public schools,
persons receiving AFDC each month. In addition, Medicaid
234
FLYING THE COLORS: WISCONSIN FACTS ©JOHN CLEMENTS 1990
WAUKESHA
payments of $2,291,715 went to 4,657 persons in January 1989.
Armory 127th Regiment Infantry Company G, Oconomowoc
FIRE PROTECTION As of August 1989, the county had
City Hall, Oconomowoc Depot, Clarence Peck Residence,
two fully paid, two partly paid and 27 volunteer fire
Walter L. Peck House, Henry and Mary Schuttler House.
departments. LAW ENFORCEMENT In 1988, the county
Okauchee: Okauchee House. Pewaukee: Deacon West Octagon
sheriff had 140 commissioned officers. In 1988, 15 police
House. Saylesville Vicinity: J.C. Booth House, William
departments had a total force of 387. CRIME A total of
Johnston Lime Kiln. Wales Vicinity: Statesan Historic District.
230 violent crimes (murder, forcible rape, robbery and
Waukesha: Arcadian Bottling Works, Arlington Apartments,
aggravated assault), 6,896 non-violent crimes (burglary,
Sen. William Blair House, Caples' Park Historic District,
larceny-theft and motor vehicle theft) and 45 cases of arson
Walter S. Chandler House, College Avenue Historic District,
were reported in 1988. COURTS The county has its own
Alexander Cook House, Cutler Mound Group, Downtown
Circuit Court with 12 judges and 13 Municipal Courts and
Historic District, George Dwinnell House, Dr. F.C. Elliot
judges as of 1989. In the Circuit Court, a total of 9,802 cases
House, First Baptist Church, First Methodist Church, Andrew
were pending on January 1, 1988, with 39,861 new cases filed
Frame House, Perry Grace House, Grand View Health Resort,
and 40,189 cases disposed of during the year, leaving 9,355
Hadfield Company Lime Kilns, David J. Hemlock House,
cases pending on December 31, 1988. In the Municipal Courts,
John Howitt House, Robert O. Jones House, Laflin Avenue
28,638 reported cases were disposed of during the year. JAILS
Historic District, Lain-Estburg House, William G. Mann
As of June 30, 1983, one county facility had a capacity of
House, McCall Street Historic District, Dr. Volney L. Moore
92 and an inmate population of 49. ATTORNEYS AT
House, National Hotel, William A. Nickell House, Old
LAW In 1989, the county had 623 attorneys. UTILITIES
Waukesha County Courthouse, Pokrandt Blacksmith Shop,
Of the permanent residences, 49% were connected to a public
Hannah Pratt House, Putney Block, Frank H. Putney House,
or privately owned water system and 61% were connected
Resthaven Hotel, Casper M. Sanger House, Silurian Mineral
to a public sewer system. Natural gas was distributed by
Springhouse, William P. Sloan House, Camillia Smith House,
Wisconsin Gas Co. and Wisconsin National Gas Co. In
St. Joseph's Catholic Church Complex, St. Matthias Episcopal
January 1988, a typical residential gas bill for 100 therms
Church, Totten Butterfield House, Waukesha Post Office,
was $60.72, up from $59.39 in January 1987. Electricity was
Waukesha Pure Food Company, C.A. Welch House,
distributed by City of Oconomowoc and Wisconsin Electric
Wisconsin Avenue Historic District, Winconsin Industrial
Power Co. On January 1, 1987, a typical residential electric
School for Boys, Louis Yanke Saloon. Waukesha MRA: Morris
bill for 1,000 kwh was $63.90. TAXES The county had 67
Cutler House. FEDERAL RECREATION AREAS A
units with taxing authority: 24 municipalities, 13 towns, 20
portion of the Ice Age National Scenic Trail is in the county.
school districts, nine special districts and the county.
STATE RECREATION AREAS Kettle Moraine-South State
Forest covers 17,871 acres and offers camping, fishing, boating,
RECREATION/ENTERTAINMENT
water skiing, canoeing, swimming, picnicking, horseback
NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES Big
riding, cross-country skiing, hiking and snowmobiling. Glacial
Bend Vicinity: Big Bend Mound Group No. 2, Dewey Mound
Drumlin State Trail covers 374 acres and offers bicycling, cross-
Group. Goodwin-McBean Site, Haseltine Cobblestone House,
country skiing, hiking and snowmobiling. SCENIC DRIVES
Peterson Site. Brookfield: Dousman Inn, Gredler-Gramins
Highway 83 north from Hartford provides the traveler a view
House. Delafield: Bishopstead, Delafield Fish Hatchery,
of many beautiful lakes. BOATING/FISHING Lakes/
Hawks Inn, St. John Chysostom Church, St. John's Military
reservoirs (surface acres): Ashippun (84), Beaver (316), Big
Academy. Eagle Vicinity: Ahira R. Hinkley House, Koepsel
Muskego (2,260), Crooked (58), Denoon (162), Eagle Spring
House, Christian Turck House, Ward District No. 3 School-
(311), Fowler (78), Lower Genesee (66), Middle Genesee (109),
house. Genesee Depot: Genesee Town Hall. Hartland: Ralph
Golden (250), Hunters (65), Keesus (237), Lac La Belle (1,164),
C. Bailie House, Bank of Hartland, Beaumont Hop House,
Larkin (57), Little Muskego (506), Moose (81), Nagawicka
Burr Oak Tavern, Dansk Evangelical Lutheran Kirke, East
(917), Lower Nashotah (90), Upper Nashotah (133), Lower
Capitol Drive Historic District, First Congregational Church,
Nemahbin (271), Upper Nemahbin (283), North (437),
Hartland Railroad Depot, Harold Hornburg House, Jackson
Oconomowoc (767), Okauchee (1,187), Pewaukee (2,493),
House, Sign of the Willows, Trapp Filling Station, Sara Belle
Lower Phantom (433), Upper Phantom (107), Pine (703),
Van Buren House, Stephen Warren House, Zion Evangelical
Pretty (64), School Section (117), Silver (222), Spring (105),
Lutheran Church. Menomonee Falls: Albert R. Baer House,
Waterville (68). Major rivers: Ashippun, Bark, Fox, Meno-
Andrew Barnes House, Thomas Camp Farmhouse, Cyrus
monee, Oconomowoc, Scuppernong. HUNTING Small
Davis Farmstead, Cyrus Davis-Davis Brothers Farmhouse,
game season for gray and fox squirrel runs from mid-
Friederich Farmstead Historic District, LeRoy A. Henze
September through January, for ruffed grouse from mid-
House, Herbert Hoeltz House, Elizabeth Hoos House, Hoos-
September through January, for cottontail rabbit from mid-
Rowell House, Frank Koehler House and Office, Lincoln High
October through February, for woodcock from mid-September
School, Garwin A. Mace House, Garwin Mace Lime Kilns,
to mid-November, for jackrabbit from mid-October to mid-
Main Street Historic District, Menomonee Falls City Hall,
November, for bobwhite quail from mid-October to early
Menomonee Golf Club, Miller-Davidson House, John A.
December, for pheasant and Hungarian partridge from mid-
Pratt House, Third Street Bridge, Village Park Bandstand,
October to early December, and for snowshoe hare and coyote
Michael Wick Farmhouse and Barn, Johann Zimmer Farm-
year-round. Waterfowl season for ducks is October and for
house. Mukwonago: Sewall Andrews House, Barfoth-Blood
geese runs from mid-September to mid-November. Big game
Mound Group, United Unitarian and Universalist Church.
hunting for bear with bait only is allowed from mid-September
Nashotah Vicinity: Chapel of St. Mary the Virgin.
to early October. Archery deer hunting season runs from mid-
Oconomowoc: George N. Cobb House, National Guard
September to mid-November and from early December to
FLYING THE COLORS: WISCONSIN FACTS ©JOHN CLEMENTS 1990
235
COUNTIES
WAUKESHA (continued)
53151, North Prairie (1,039) 53153, Oconomowoc (10,534)
53066, Oconomowoc Lake (492) 53066, Pewaukee (5,131)
the end of December. Firearm deer hunting season runs from
53072, Sussex (4,483) 53089, Wales (2,301)53183, Waukesha
mid-November to late November with no rifles allowed.
(53,941) 53186. TOWNS Brookfield, Delafield, Eagle,
Furbearer season for red and gray fox runs from early
Genesee, Lisbon, Merton, Mukwonago, Oconomowoc,
November through January, resident hunting for raccoon
Ottawa, Pewaukee, Summit, Vernon, Waukesha. UNINCOR-
from mid-October through January and non-resident hunting
PORATED COMMUNITIES (and ZIP code) Bass Bay
for raccoon from early November through January.
53150, Bethesda 53186, Buena Vista 53072, Calhoun 53151,
MUSEUMS Menomonee Falls: Old Falls Village. New
Camp Whitcomb, Chenequa North 53058, Colgate 53017,
Berlin: The New Berlin Historical Society. Waukesha:
Denoon 53150, Dodges Corners 53149, Duplainville 53186,
Waukesha County Historical Museum. THEATERS Wales:
Durham 53130, Durham Hill 53132, Eagleville 53149,
Reed Marionettes. Waukesha: Waukesha Civic Theatre.
Edgewood 53072, Fussville 53051, Genesee 53149, Guthrie
ORCHESTRAS Waukesha: Waukesha Symphony. ZOOS
53186, Jericho 53119, Lake Five 53017, Lake Keesus 53029,
Dousman: Oak Ridge Farm. OTHER Waukesha: Dorothy
Lower Nemahbin Lake 53066, Mapleton 53066, Marcy,
Goff Frisch Concerts. SPECIAL EVENTS January:
Monches 53029, Monterey 53066, North Lake 53064, Oak
Blizzard Of Arts & Crafts Show (Waukesha). February:
Knoll, Oconomowoc Lake South 53066, Okauchee 53069,
Barbershop On Broadway (Menomonee Falls); Antique Show
Okauchee Lake 53069, Pewaukee West 53072, Phantom Lake
(Waukesha). March: Gem & Mineral Show (Waukesha). April:
53149, Prospect 53151, Saylesville 53186, Stonebank 53066,
Annual Springtime Collection Of Arts & Crafts (Waukesha).
Summit Corners 53066, Sunnyslope 53151, Templeton 53089,
May: Spring Festival (Delafield); Civil War Encampment
Tess Corners 53130, Utica 53066, Waterville 53066, Wepco,
(Eagle); Crazy Quilters Quilt Show (Mukwonago); Hare &
West Sussex 53089, Westchester 53005, Willow Springs. FOR
Tortoise Run (New Berlin); Memorial Day Parade, Tune-Up
ADDITIONAL LOCAL INFORMATION Brookfield
Regatta (Ononomowoc); English Springer Spaniel Dog Show
Chamber of Commerce, 235 N. Executive Dr., Brookfield,
(Waukesha). June: Primitive Art Show, Strawberry Festival
53005, (414) 786-1886. Butler Area Chamber of Commerce,
(Brookfield); Midsummer Festival, Polish Dancing And Food
P.O. Box 331, Butler, 53007, (414) 781-5195. Delafield Chamber
Festival (Eagle); Fun Festival, Volunteer Fire Department July
of Commerce, P.O. Box 171, Delafield, 53018, (414) 646-8100.
4th Celebration (Oconomowoc); Buck Rub Archery Show &
Greater Oconomowoc Area Chamber of Commerce, 175 E.
Sale, Hunter Jumper Horse Show, Olde Car Club Show
Wisconsin Ave., Oconomowoc, 53066, (414) 567-2666.
(Waukesha); July: Circus Day (Brookfield); Delafield Days
Hartland Area Chamber of Commerce, 119 E. Capitol Dr.,
(Delafield); Independence Day Celebration In The Village
Hartland, 53029, (414) 367-7059. Menomonee Falls Chamber
(Eagle); Maxwell Street Day, YMCA Triathlon (Oconomo-
of Commerce and Industry, P.O. Box 73, Menomonee Falls,
woc); Waukesha County Fair (Waukesha). August: Country
53051, (414) 251-2430. New Berlin Chamber of Commerce,
Craft Fair (Brookfield); Heirloom Garden Fair, Quilt Show
15350 W. National Ave., #108, New Berlin, 53151, (414)
(Eagle); 5 & 15 Mile Run-3 Mile Fun Walk, Festival of the
786-5280. Sussex-Lisbon Business and Professional Assoc.,
Arts, Festival Week (Oconomowoc); Dairyland Aero
P.O. Box 24, Sussex, 53089, (414) 246-3120. Waukesha Area
Miniature Modeler Giant Fly-In (Waukesha). September:
Chamber of Commerce, 327 South St., Waukesha, 53186,
Heritage Fair (Delafield); Afternoon With The Morgans,
(414) 542-4249.
Thresheree (Eagle); Annual Classic Car Rally (Lake Geneva);
Falls Fall Fair, Cheery Cherry Fair (Menomonee Falls);
Country Crafts Folk Art & Antique Show, Tour of Homes
(Oconomowoc). October: Town & Country YMCA Arts &
WAUPACA (NC11)
Crafts Fair (Dousman); Autumn on the Farms, Lamplight
County Location Chart p. 58
Tour (Eagle); A Country Affair (Menomonee Falls); Art and
Craft Fall Show (Sussex); Antique Show (Waukesha).
THE LAND
November: Annual Downtown Christmas Walk (Menomonee
The county is located in the north-central part of the county,
Falls); Christmas Country Craft & Gift-O-Rama, Christmas
west of Green Bay. Major routes in the county include U.S.
Parade And Tree Lighting (Oconomowoc); Calico Christmas,
Highways 10 and 45 and State Highway 22. The county
Holiday Fair (Waukesha). December: Hawks Inn Christmas
contains 754 square miles of land, and elevation is about 1,000
Walk (Delafield); Christmas At Old World Wisconsin (Eagle);
feet. Approximately 57% of the land is in farms and less than
Holiday Tour of Homes (Menomonee Falls).
1% is government-owned. The county lies within three major
land resource areas, the largest of which is the Central
COMMUNITIES
Wisconsin and Minnesota Thin Loess and Till which covers
COUNTY SEAT Waukesha, County Courthouse, 53186;
about two-thirds of the county. A small section in the
County Clerk's Office, (414) 548-7010. INCORPORATED
southwest part of the county lies within the Wisconsin and
COMMUNITIES (1988 estimated population and ZIP
Minnesota Sandy Outwash land resource area, and the
Code) Big Bend (1,433) 53103, Brookfield (34,163) 53005,
remainder of the county in the southeast section lies within
Butler (1,998) 53007, Chenequa (482) 53029, Delafield (4,961)
the Northeastern Wisconsin Drift Plain land resource area.
53018, Dousman (1,335) 53118, Eagle (1,083) 53119, Elm Grove
The topography in the majority of the county is level to rolling
(6,346) 53122, Hartland (6,403) 53029, Lac La Belle (242)
with grayish-brown silt loam soils that range from excellent
53066, Lannon (962) 53046, Menomonee Falls (27,198) 53051,
to good for agricultural use. In the southwest area, the terrain
Merton (1,069) 53056, Mukwonago (4,324) 53149, Muskego
is level to gently sloping with sandy soils rated as fair to
(16,293) 53150, Nashotah (582) 53058, New Berlin (31,473)
unsuitable for agriculture. The remainder of the western part
236
FLYING THE COLORS: WISCONSIN FACTS ©JOHN CLEMENTS 1990
Photo Copy Preservation
WEEKEND
Section A
Saturday, October 24, 1992
Waukesha, Wisconsin
THE FREEMAN
Volume 134
WAUKESHA'S LOCAL NEWS TRADITION
50¢
Number 182
Waukesha a possible stop for Bush train
good that you'll be able to see President
consin before Election Day," Baasisaid.
White House officials later cautioned
Since early in the campaign, Thomp-
President courting
Bush if he follows through on a planned
"What we don't know is precisely where
that all plans remain tentative, and the
son has urged Bush to do whistle-stop
whistle-stop train trip through Wiscon-
he will be and when."
course of the campaign could dictate that
campaign trips, said Torie Clarke, Bush-
sin on Halloween weekend.
the Wisconsin trip be altered or
Quayle press secretary. Thompson him-
If the whistle-stop tour becomes real-
canceled.
self ended his 1990 re-election campaign
state voters as
The train trip tentatively plans to make
ity, it is likely to pass through Washing-
stops in Waukesha and Oshkosh, among
ton County, Fond du Lac and Appleton
Wisconsin, with its 11 electoral votes,
with a whistle-stop tour.
other places, according to a Bush-Quayle
before heading through central Wiscon-
is considered by many political-pundits
Bush just completed a two-day train
race winds down
official who asked not to be identified.
sin in the vicinity of Wisconsin Rapids,
as a pivotal state in the Nov. 3 election.
trip through Georgia and the Carolinas.
the official said. The tour probably
Matalin told reporters Bush liked the trip
In Wisconsin, the president has an
Steve Baas, press secretary for the
would slow down enough for Bush to
so much, he decided to do another one
By Michael Popke
exciting message to convey to the vo-
Wisconsin Bush-Quayle campaign,
wave and say "Hi."
ters," Baas said. Bush and Gov. Tommy
before Election Day.
Freeman Staff
would not confirm reports Friday night
and Kevin Keane
Mary Matalin, deputy campaign man-
Thompson have worked together on sev-
Baas said such a tour provides voters
of a train tour or a Waukesha visit.
ager for Bush-Quayle, told reporters ear-
eral state reforms like Learnfare and
with a chance to hear Bush's words "un-
Thomson News Service
Right now, what we do know is the
lier this week that Bush would do a train
Bridefare, and Bush is counting on rid-
filtered," before sound bites and quotes
WAUKESHA - The chances appear
president is very likely to return to Wis-
trip in Wisconsin next weekend.
ing Thompson's wave of popularity.
are culled together by the media.
Real-life
Sheriff looking
history
for identity of
lessons