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Medal of Freedom Awards 12/11/92 [OA 7583] [1]
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Medal of Freedom Awards 12/11/92 [OA 7583] [1]
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3
THE WHITE HOUSE
Office of the Press Secretary
For Immediate Release
December 11, 1992
REMARKS BY THE PRESIDENT
AT PRESIDENTIAL MEDAL OF FREEDOM PRESENTATION CEREMONY
The East Room
11:45 A.M. EST
THE PRESIDENT: Barbara and I thank you all very much.
Barbara and I are just delighted to have you here on this special
occasion. Welcome to the White House.
I'm going to keep this relatively short today because
afterwards Richard Petty and I are going to take a few laps around
the Ellipse in No. 43 -- (laughter) -- so we've got plenty to do.
Mr. Vice President and Mrs. Quayle and members of our
Cabinet, a special welcome to all of you.
One of the great privileges of being President is being
able to recognize and honor some of our finest Americans. And that's
exactly what I'm doing today by awarding the Presidential Medal of
Freedom to 10 people who have made extraordinary contributions to our
country.
Today, freedom is mankind's North Star. And I am
grateful that more people have breathed their first breath of freedom
over the last four years than at any time in history. And the great
question of the Cold War was whether people would put their faith in
the state or in themselves. And freedom won, and America enjoys the
fruits of victory as people around the world join in the great
democratic experiment that we began some 216 years ago.
History honors those people who wrest the torch of
freedom from the hands of their oppressors. But in America, that
torch lies safely in the hands of the people. And the Presidential
Medal of Freedom honors those who carry that torch. And our light of
freedom is bright enough to light the world.
Today, every man on the street in Moscow realizes what
Americans have always understood. And it is human nature to be free.
And just as nature abhors a vacuum, so does human nature abhor the
absence of freedom.
And so today in essence by awarding people from these
various different pursuits, we celebrate the triumph for freedom by
recognizing these 10 American greats who have set an example for the
world.
The Presidential Medal of Freedom was reestablished by
President John F. Kennedy who tragically did not live to award it.
And when President Johnson awarded the medal to its first recipients,
he said that President Kennedy had intended the awards as, and here's
the quote, "a means of national thanks and encouragement for the
selfless effort and the brilliant task." In a sense he was talking
about what we refer to here as Points of Light, as a Point of Light,
because the definition of a successful life must include serving
others. And America's greatness lies not in its government but in
MORE
THE WHITE HOUSE
Office of the Press Secretary
For Immediate Release
December 11, 1992
The President today awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom to
the following individuals. The texts of the accompanying
citations read as follows:
David Brinkley
"The name David Brinkley is synonymous with television news.
From his days as NBC's White House correspondent to his time as
co-anchor of the Huntley-Brinkley Report to his Sunday morning
show on ABC, David Brinkley has explained the complexities of
current events to generations of Americans. with the wisdom of
experience and a wry wit, he has informed the Nation's citizens
and helped hold its leaders accountable. The United States
recognizes his contributions to broadcast journalism."
Johnny Carson
"One of America's greatest television personalities, Johnny
Carson left the Nebraska plains to preside over late night TV for
almost 30 years. With a quick wit and a sure golf swing,
Johnny's good-natured humor kept the pulse of the Nation, and
assured us that even in the most difficult times, it was still
okay to laugh. The United States honors Johnny Carson, who
personifies the heart and humor of America."
Ella Fitzgerald
"Discovered as a teenager at the Apollo Theatre in Harlem, Ella
Fitzgerald and her swing style of vocal jazz transcend the times.
Her trademark scat captivates audiences, and as a cultural
ambassador, her impressive vocal range stretches across oceans
and political boundaries. Honored by the Kennedy Center for her
lifetime achievements, inducted into the Jazz Hall of Fame, and
awarded the National Medal of Arts, it is fitting that the United
States honors this "First Lady of Song.
Audrey Hepburn
"As a gifted actress, Audrey Hepburn captured the hearts of
millions. Yet she has a most profound effect on young people who
will never know her as a princess in "Roman Holiday," as a model
in "Funny Face," or as the woman in black in "Breakfast at
Tiffany's." With a passion that rivals her beauty, Audrey
Hepburn is a tireless worker and a devoted Special Ambassador for
the United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund.
America is proud to honor Audrey Hepburn, a star whose light is
reflected not only on movie screens but in the bright smiles of
children around the world."
Ieoh Ming Pei
"Perhaps the most famous architect in the world today, I. M.
Pei's architectural feats represent the acle of classic
rodernism. Its very name, Ieoh Ming, ins "to inscribe
rightly, buildings have illuminated skylines worldwing.
I. M. Pei has found beauty in simplicity and boldness in
geometry, setting the standard for modern architecture. For the
legacy of artistic elegance he has inscribed in our cities,
America honors I. M. Pei."
- 2 -
Richard Lee Petty
"In the world of stock car racing, there is only one King.
Richard Petty is more than racing's monarch, he is an American
legend. From humble beginnings in Level Cross, North Carolina,
Number 43 became one of racing's finest - and fastest. Winning
a record 200 races and seven Daytona 500 victories, Richard Petty
found freedom at 175 miles per hour. The United States honors
this American hero for exemplifying the dreams, dedication, and
drive that make this Nation great."
Harry W. Shlaudeman
"Ambassador Harry Shlaudeman is one of Americas most decorated
and masterful Foreign Service officers. In almost four decades
of service to eight Presidents, through international crises and
war, he has faced every challenge with personal bravery and
professional skill. He has demonstrated his loyalty again in
1990, when at the request of the President, he came out of
retirement to serve as Ambassador to Nicaragua and helped ensure
that nation's peaceful transition to democracy. For his decades
of meritorious service, courageous diplomacy, and protection of
our interests abroad, the United States commemorates the service
of Ambassador Harry Shlaudeman."
Isaac Stern
"Since his debut 56 years ago, Isaac Stern has become one of the
world's preeminent violinists. His warm and vibrant
interpretations have brought him international acclaim and our
Nation's highest honor for artistic merit, the National Medal of
Arts. But even beyond his triumphant career, Isaac Stern has
enriched the human spirit by broadening the scope of music --
supporting artists from all corners of the world; helping to
found the National Endowment for the Arts; and rescuing Carnegie
Hall from the wrecking ball. For his support of the arts and his
lifetime of achievement, the United States recognizes master
violinist Isaac Stern."
General John W. Vessey
General John W. Vessey was the last four-star combat veteran of
World War II to retire from active duty. A self-described "mud
soldier," the former Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff never
forgot the men in the field, and he returned from retirement to
search for soldiers missing in action in Vietnam. His wise
counsel to two Presidents has helped to break an impasse with
Hanoi, culminating in Vietnam's recent offer to provide all
information about Americans missing in action. The United States
honors General John W. Vessey, a soldier/statesman who could not
leave anyone behind.
Elie Wiesel
"Few people have seen a darker side of humanity than Elie Wiesel.
During World War II, he saw most of his family killed while
imprisoned in the Auschwitz and Buchenwa ! concentration camps.
And yet this author, philosopher, and Timer of the 1986 Mobal
Place Price still sees the promise tecan tolerance,
and faith. He challenges people of all religions to comember
Holocaust, that it may never happen again. His deeply spiritual
life and literature remind us that to protect freedom's flame, we
must remember that which threatens it. The United States honors
this keeper of that flame, Elie Wiesel."
=11 -44.
THE WHITE HOUSE
Office of the Press Secretary
For Immediate Release
December 11, 1992
REMARKS BY THE PRESIDENT
AT PRESIDENTIAL MEDAL OF FREEDOM PRESENTATION CEREMONY
The East Room
11:45 A.M. EST
THE PRESIDENT: Barbara and I thank you all very much.
Barbara and I are just delighted to have you here on this special
occasion. Welcome to the White House.
I'm going to keep this relatively short today because
afterwards Richard Petty and I are going to take a few laps around
the Ellipse in No. 43 -- (laughter) -- so we've got plenty to do.
Mr. Vice President and Mrs. Quayle and members of our
Cabinet, a special welcome to all of you.
One of the great privileges of being President is being
able to recognize and honor some of our finest Americans. And that's
exactly what I'm doing today by awarding the Presidential Medal of
Freedom to 10 people who have made extraordinary contributions to our
country.
Today, freedom is mankind's North Star. And I am
grateful that more people have breathed their first breath of freedom
over the last four years than at any time in history. And the great
question of the Cold War was whether people would put their faith in
the state or in themselves. And freedom won, and America enjoys the
fruits of victory as people around the world join in the great
democratic experiment that we began some 216 years ago.
History honors those people who wrest the torch of
freedom from the hands of their oppressors. But in America, that
torch lies safely in the hands of the people. And the Presidential
Medal of Freedom honors those who carry that torch. And our light of
freedom is bright enough to light the world.
Today, every man on the street in Moscow realizes what
Americans have always understood. And it is human nature to be free.
And just as nature abhors a vacuum, so does human nature abhor the
absence of freedom.
And so today in essence by awarding people from these
various different pursuits, we celebrate the triumph for freedom by
recognizing these 10 American greats who have set an example for the
world.
The Presidential Medal of Freedom was reestablished by
President John F. Kennedy who tragically did not live to award it.
And when President Johnson awarded the medal to its first recipients,
he said that President Kennedy had intended the awards as, and here's
the quote, "a means of national thanks and encouragement for the
selfless effort and the brilliant task." In a sense he was talking
about what we refer to here as Points of Light, as a Point of Light,
because the definition of a successful life must include serving
others. And America's greatness lies not in its government but in
MORE
- 2 -
its people. And it's not enough to be free, we must serve each
other.
And each of us -- each of today's award winners
certainly understands this. And each is a great American. Their
names read like a roll call of American heroes:
Harry Schlaudeman, a tireless crusader for democracy,
who after a life of public service came out of retirement two years
ago to ensure Nicaragua's peaceful transition to democracy.
And David Brinkley, the elder statesman of broadcast
journalism. His record speaks for itself.
Richard Petty, who rose from humble beginnings in Level
Cross, North Carolina, to become "The King" of stockcar racing.
General Vessey, who was the ultimate never-say-die
soldier, the last four-star combat veteran of World War II to retire.
And General Vessey came out of retirement to counsel my predecessor
and me and to help us reach full accounting of all of our Vietnam
veterans. And he's still engaged in this pursuit.
Elie Wiesel is another type of veteran of World War II
who survived the Holocaust and still today keeps watch against the
forces of hatred.
And Isaac Stern, one of the greatest violinists of our
time who has brought music to countless others.
And I.M. Pei, the modern -- modernist architect whose
work graces skylines worldwide.
To much of America Johnny Carson was late-night TV. And
with decency and style, he's made America laugh and think. And
Johnny, I don't care what you say, I still think Dana Carvey does a
better impersonation of you than he does of me. (Laughter.)
And finally, two special medal recipients who couldn't
be with us today, by doctors orders, Ella Fitzgerald and Audrey
Hepburn are unable to join us. Ella Fitzgerald has changed the face
of jazz since she was discovered as a teenager. And she is an
American music legend.
And Audrey Hepburn, whose acting career put her among
out most talented artists, but whose work with the International
Children's Emergency Fund put her in our hearts. And I wish they
could be with us today so that I could recognize them personally on
behalf of our nation.
Today, we reward your greatness with America's highest
civilian honor, the Presidential Medal of Freedom. And you will join
the ranks of our nation's greatest public servants, scholars and
entertainers. And if you 11 please step forward to receive your
medal, as Commander Joe Walsh reads the citation.
(Medals are presented.)
THE PRESIDENT: Well, I think that concludes are
ceremony. And Barbara and I would love to greet you all out here.
And it's been a great pleasure to have everybody here, but a special
pleasure to be able to honor the 10 so recognized today.
Thank you all for coming. (Applause.)
END
11:59 A.M. EST
er 12594-1702
nd Authorities,
ements and
tion of Title-1696
Week Ending Friday, November 22, 1991
ledia
Remarks on Presenting the Presidential
tual in the American conservative move-
Medal of Freedom Awards
ment and a distinguished author. Bill Buck-
November 18, 1991
ley raised the level of political debate in
ed TV stations-1686
this country, and our Nation is better for it.
Welcome. Welcome, and please be
A true Renaissance man, we honor him
seated. Let me first single out President
today for a lifetime of achievement in
ers
Ford and say how pleased we are to have
American political and social thought.
1 Presidential
him here. And of course, members of our
Clergyman and civil rights leader Rever-
Cabinet over here. And especially today,
end Leon Sullivan. Leon has been a voice
the families and friends of the recipients.
of reason throughout the latter half of this
98
It's a special honor to have the privilege
century. A vigorous proponent of equal
-1697
of presenting the Nation's highest civilian
rights for all, Reverend Sullivan founded
Recognition Day-
award: the Presidential Medal of Freedom.
OIC, Opportunities Industrialization Cen-
Since the first Presidential Medal, since
ters, one of the world's largest self-help and
those first recipients were chosen by Presi-
job training facilities. More recently, he has
dential
dent John Kennedy in 1963, some of the
worked hard to develop closer ties between
-1685
world's most notable individuals have been
this country and Africa. Reverend, we
et Union-1695
honored. In this administration alone, the
ersation with
salute your leadership in one of the great
medal is awarded to war heroes like Gener-
35
movements of our time, here and through-
S Sutherland and
al Doolittle, Jimmy Doolittle; General
out the world: equal rights under law.
Schwarzkopf; diplomats and public servants
Conservationist Russell Train has devoted
neeting with
like Jim Baker and Margaret Chase Smith
84
his life to the protection and conservation
and Douglas Dillon; world-famous enter-
of our land and wildlife, serving both in
tainers such as Lucille Ball; and just last
private environmental groups and in the
year, a world leader of enormous conse-
Federal Government. I've often referred to
dent-1711
quence, former Prime Minister Margaret
President Theodore Roosevelt's idea that
ress releases-1711
Thatcher.
we don't inherit the environment from our
se announcements
And each of these extraordinary individ-
parents so much as borrow it from our chil-
the Senate-1709
uals were pioneers in their own right, each
dren. For the legacy you are helping us
a monument to individual achievement. I'll
leave to the children of America, sir, we
never forget that November night 2 years
thank you.
ago when Lech Walesa accepted his medal
Baseball great Ted Williams whom I don't
right here in this room, saying that now one
see sitting here-oops, there he is over on
of the greatest dreams of his life had been
the-don't say anything-|[laughter]-is an
fulfilled because this medal stood for the
American legend, a remarkable figure in
freedom of a nation and the freedom of
American sports and a twice-tested war
mankind.
hero. At the height of his athletic career, he
Today we recognize 10 men and women
answered the call of patriotism, serving his
Committee of the Federal
who have enriched our Nation, whether as
country in both World War II and the
37 FR 23607; 1 CFR Part
leaders of popular movements, as friends of
Korean war-a true champion in the eyes
Superintendent of Docu-
the common man, or as intellectual giants.
of many Americans. An author wrote of his
Vashington, DC 20402. The
Their achievement and dedication are un-
retirement from baseball, "And now Boston
ocuments will be furnished
55.00 per year ($96.00 for
paralleled in America. And their standards
knows how England felt when it lost India."
ribers for $68.75 per year,
of excellence are just as towering as their
[Laughter] Ted, congratulations.
uments, Government Print-
charge for a single copyais
commitment to the ideal of freedom.
Former First Lady Betty Ford, she first
Author Bill Buckley is the celebrated
inspired our Nation when, fighting her own
epoblication of material ap-
Presidential Documents.
founder of one of the largest journals of
battle against breast cancer, she drew na-
opinion in America, a preeminent intellec-
tional attention to the importance of early
1677
Nov. 18 / Administration of George Bush, 1991
detection. Later, as president of the Betty
cause of peace and the American ideal, we
Ford Center, she restored hope and dignity
thank you.
Georgia, 8
to those lost in the desperation of drug and
And finally, we honor Professor Friedrich
Foreign S
alcohol dependency. Mrs. Ford, your com-
or, to be
von Hayek for a lifetime of looking beyond
passion and caring have shown millions the
the horizon. At a time when many saw so-
Plenipoten
way to new lives of freedom.
America 1
F
cialism as ordained by history, he foresaw
Former Speaker of the House Tip O'Neill
would SUCY
freedom's triumph. Over 40 years ago, Pro-
is a legendary figure in American politics,
Since 19
fessor von Hayek wrote that "the road to
blessed with the common touch like few
as Assistant
serfdom" was not the road to the future or
others. Over 50 years ago, Tip entered the
em and Sc
to the political and economic freedom of
rough-and-tumble of Massachusetts politics
partment
and soon became the Bay State's first
man. A Nobel laureate, he is widely cred-
to this, he
ited as one of the most influential economic
Democratic speaker. Throughout 40 years
Policy Plan
as a Member of Congress and a decade as
writers of our century. Professor von Hayek
State, 198
Speaker of the House, Tip O'Neill built one
is revered by the free people of Central and
Lebanon, 1
of the most remarkable political careers of
Eastern Europe as a true visionary, and rec-
at the U.S.
this century. He is a tough partisan. Jerry,
ognized worldwide as a revolutionary in in-
capacities
would you agree to that? [Laughter] But
tellectual and political thought. How mag-
cer in the
nificent it must be for him to witness his
above all, far more important, a true patri-
1986; Print
ot. Congratulations.
ideas validated before the eyes of the
for Europ
world. We salute him.
And to former Puerto Rico Governor Don
Deputy As
Luis Ferré, an old friend. He's known as the
The people of the United States are
fairs, 1982
grand old man of Puerto Rico. Beloved by
indeed indebted to each of our honorees.
Secretary
his people as a patron of the arts, a savvy
You have touched us. You have enriched us.
1981.
businessman, and a public servant of the
You have shaped our Nation's destiny. And
Ambassa
first order, Don Luis is a lifelong advocate
you've also shown us the strength and joy of
University
of statehood for Puerto Rico. And sir, we
a simple but powerful idea: the idea of free-
20. 1939.
dom.
honor you today as an extraordinary leader
Kelly is me
in the life of Puerto Rico.
God bless each of you, and may God bless
sides in Arl
Historian and humanist Hanna Gray is a
our country. And now Barbara and I have
world-class educator, the first woman to
the honor to present these awards, and the
serve as president of a major university, the
aide will read the citations for us.
University of Chicago. Throughout her
[At this point the President and Mrs. Bush
Statement
career, Mrs. Gray has been widely regarded
presented the Medals of Freedom.]
on the Rel
as an outstanding Renaissance scholar. An
That concludes the ceremony. And Bar-
Thomas S₁
example for others in her profession, she
bara and I look forward to greeting all of
Terry Wai
continues to teach at least one class a se-
you out here. And we'll see you in a
November
mester. Mrs. Gray, for your pursuit of the
minute.
highest ideals in your profession and your
We are
commitment to excellence in American
education, we salute you.
Note: The President spoke at 11:30 a.m. on
Thomas Su
release of 1
Vernon Walters enlisted in the Army as a
the State Floor at the White House.
tivity in Lc
private in 1941 before the outbreak of
and their fa
World War II. Nearly half a century later,
For then
he was our Ambassador to Germany during
wish to the
the fall of the Berlin Wall. In the years
Governmer
between, he served six Presidents as a
Our joy
statesman, an ambassador, and a trusted
concern on
aide. His brilliant mastery of the art of di-
Nomination of John Hubert Kelly To
We call age
plomacy is renowned, and his extraordinary
Be United States Ambassador to the
the region
linguistic skills have frequently advanced
Republic of Finland
process of
our diplomatic efforts, often in the face of
November 18, 1991
We support
grave danger. It's been said that courage is
General of
the price that life exacts for granting peace.
The President today announced his inten-
their safe, 1:
For your courageous service, sir, to the
tion to nominate John Hubert Kelly, of
lease. The
1678
July 2 / Administration of George Bush, 1991
democracy in Korea is on course and is
Fourth of July. But I think this year, these
of independence,
moving inexorably forward. Commensurate
festivities take on a very special signifi-
the exceptional se
with its political economic development,
cance, as we properly celebrate the safe
by a special few.
Korea is determined to assume appropriate
return of our sons and daughters from the
The events of
roles and responsibilities in the internation-
Gulf. And we honor those who have fallen
invasion of tiny K
al community. I believe that Korea and the
in the cause of freedom.
orees into the mi
United States should closely cooperate and
We date our independence from the Dec-
center stage, some
encourage changes that will remove ten-
laration of July 4, 1776. But the truth is,
And today we
sion, instability, and the barrier which di-
that in the eyes of the world, the full mean-
whose work took
vides the Korea peninsula.
Mr. President, as valued partners, Korea
ing of America's triumph remained in ques-
in the offices acro
and the United States together shall usher
tion well after our revolution was won. And
in the EOB, in
in a free, new, peaceful, and prosperous Pa-
it wasn't until the War of 1812 and the
across the Potoma
decisive defeat-with all respect Ambassa-
CIA: Robert Gate
cific era in the 21st century. Our meeting
today heralds this commitment to the Pacif-
dor Acland-{laughter}-of the British
curity Adviser; B
ic and to the world.
forces-if I'd known you were going to be
Secretary of State
Ladies and gentlemen, please join me in
here, I'd have changed this-{laughter}-at
the Joint Chiefs,
the Battle of New Orleans. This is historical
Paul Wolfowitz, th
a toast to the health of President and Mrs.
Bush, to the ever-enduring prosperity of the
fact-[laughter]-that America truly seized
fense; the Deput
United States of America, and to the lasting
the world's attention, and Americans truly
Kerr; and Richard
friendship between Korea and the United
believed that they had arrived as a nation.
for Near East Affa
States. Thank you.
That victory helped to shape our new
In the weeks
nation and move our country toward a des-
August 2 of last y,
Note: President Bush spoke at 8:07 p.m. in
tiny that few dreamed possible.
known simply as
the State Dining Room at the White House.
Like that early battle, Desert Storm
was not an attes
President Roh spoke in Korean, and his re-
marks another turning point in America's
[laughter]-but ra
marks were translated by an interpreter.
destiny. The young men and women we've
they came togeti
welcomed home from the Gulf return to a
that any commit!
nation far different than the one they left:
six people alone 1
They come home to a country that is confi-
raculous. But des]
dent and proud, an America that is sure of
contribution mad-
Remarks at the Presentation Ceremony
itself and strong, an America other nations
our success in th
for the Presidential Medals of Freedom
look to for leadership. That's been true in
short of monumer
and Presidential Citizen's Medals
the past, but I think there is a newfound
several times a We
July 3, 1991
credibility around the world. And Desert
crisis, several tim
Storm proved once more that America's
sacrifices; they sp
Thank you all very much. Welcome, all of
strength of character begins in the heart of
family and frie
you, to the White House. And particular
every individual.
worked late into
greetings to those who have come from
And it's always risky to single out a few
ends at home and
State, Defense, the intelligence community,
for special honors, especially in this case,
a honeymoon, wh
the NSC, and other Agencies in this big
where so many inside the Government and
corrected now,
government. And a special welcome to the
out of government played such vital roles in
really I think the
Cabinet members who are here and to our
Desert Storm. Today, here in the White
did made a differ
diplomats who are honoring us with their
House, we honor 10 Americans, 10 of the
In addition to
presence and to those outside of govern-
hundreds of thousands of heroes who an-
honor the Deput
ment who played such a crucial role in
swered the call, who honored the American
Eagleburger, and
building public support for Operations
ideal in ways that warrant special recogni-
Defense, Don At
Desert Shield and Desert Storm.
tion.
the conflict they
Tomorrow, all across this country, Ameri-
Normally, the honors conferred today are
Don Atwood to
cans will celebrate the birth of our nation, a
given for a lifetime of service or near the
tary and economic
day of fireworks and family and parades.
on a single goal
And I know many of us are going to partici-
end of a long career marked by distinction.
pate. I'm looking forward to a small-town
But in Desert Storm, we have, you see, a
images of the was
watershed event-so unique, so singular
Eagleburger on b
parade and then another one in Michigan
hand, amid the
in the afternoon. And it will be a great
given the history of the past half-century-
streets shattered
that it is fitting, particularly before our day
884
Administration of George Bush, 1991 / July 3
of independence, that we recognize now
To Larry and Don and to Bob Gates and
the exceptional service which was rendered
Bob Kimmitt, to Paul and Dick and Dave
by a special few.
and Richard: our heartfelt thanks. Your
The events of August 2d-Iraq's brutal
nation honors you. In recognition of your
invasion of tiny Kuwait-thrust today's hon-
critical contributions to the success of
orees into the midst of history; some were
Desert Storm, I take pride in presenting to
center stage, some behind the scenes.
each of you the Presidential Citizen's
And today we begin by honoring six
Medal.
whose work took place out of the spotlight,
[At this point, the medals were presented.]
in the offices across from the White House,
The next two men that we honor today
in the EOB, in the State Department,
across the Potomac at the Pentagon and the
need little in the way of introduction. They
would be the first to tell us that we owe our
CIA: Robert Gates, the Deputy National Se-
success in Desert Storm to the real heroes,
curity Adviser; Bob Kimmitt, the Under
the brave men and women who served so
Secretary of State; the Vice Chairman of
the Joint Chiefs, Admiral Dave Jeremiah;
proudly in the Gulf, who, half a world away,
Paul Wolfowitz, the Under Secretary of De-
upheld the American ideal. Well, I've met
with many of our sons and daughters who
fense; the Deputy Director of CIA, Dick
fought in the Gulf, and they are the heroes
Kerr; and Richard Haass, the NSC Director
of Desert Storm. No question about that,
for Near East Affairs.
they are the ones. But let me tell you what
In the weeks and the months after
I know, something that speaks volumes
August 2 of last year, these six men became
about the stature of the two men we now
known simply as the "small group." This
honor. These are the men that our heroes
was not an attestation to their intellect-
look up to: General Norman Schwarzkopf
[laughter]-but rather to the way in which
and General Colin Powell.
they came together. And now you know
General Schwarzkopf and Chairman
that any committee in this city limited to
Powell, your commitment and good coun-
six people alone is indeed small. It was mi-
sel, your deep compassion for every one of
raculous. But despite the modest name, the
the thousands of men and women under
contribution made by the "small group" to
your command will always be remembered.
our success in the Gulf was really nothing
Your objective was clear: It was the libera-
short of monumental. That small group met
tion of Kuwait. But our victory secured
several times a week, and at the peak of the
more than even the precious freedom of
crisis, several times a day. And they made
that small country. Desert Storm marked
sacrifices; they spent long hours away from
the end of an era of self-doubt and linger-
family and friends. And literally they
ing uncertainty about America's staying
worked late into the night, missed week-
power and sense of purpose.
ends at home and holidays and, in one case,
Under your leadership, America sent its
a honeymoon, which I understand has been
sons and daughters to confront an enemy
corrected now, Richard. [Laughter] But
abroad, and in the process, you transformed
really I think the bottom line is what they
a nation here at home. Desert Storm dis-
did made a difference.
pelled all doubt: America is and America
In addition to these six men, we also
always will be a force for good in the world.
honor the Deputy Secretary of State, Larry
As President, and in this instance as Com-
Eagleburger, and the Deputy Secretary of
mander in Chief, on behalf of a grateful
Defense, Don Atwood, because throughout
nation I now present to General Schwarz-
the conflict they both worked tirelessly-
kopf and to General Powell the highest civil
Don Atwood to focus the formidable mili-
honor that this country can bestow: the
tary and economic resources of the coalition
Medal of Freedom.
on a single goal. And among the many vivid
images of the war, we will remember Larry
[At this point, the medals were presented.]
Eagleburger on his mission to Israel, cane in
Well, as I think history will show that we
hand, amid the torn and twisted ruins on
had a great team here, at the Pentagon, out
streets shattered by a Scud attack.
at Langley, and in many other departments
885
July 3 / Administration of George Bush, 1991
of this government. It was a team effort,
and I will always be very grateful to those
when war came America was ready, and
Remarks on the F
who were at my side here in the White
Secretary Cheney's leadership contributed
the Mount Rushm
House, particularly the Vice President and
enormously to the victory.
Memorial in the I
the Chief of Staff, to the Director of Central
And lastly, but not leastly, Brent Scow-
Dakota
Intelligence, Bill Webster.
croft. As National Security Adviser, he was
July 3, 1991
Having said that, in my view, this cere-
at my side-poor guy-[laughter] through-
out the crisis, quite literally, from the early
Thank you, and t
mony would not be complete without hon-
morning hours on August 2d until victory.
magnificent music.
oring three more American leaders, excep-
He performed superbly every step of the
Air Force. Thank yc
tional public servants who each contributed
way, coordinating the various national secu-
What a personal
singularly to our success in the Gulf: Secre-
tary of State Jim Baker, Secretary of De-
rity agencies as they prepared recommen-
be introduced by A
fense Dick Cheney, and National Security
dations for the National Security Council
Stewart. May I salt
and for me, and working with our coalition
Interior Manuel Lu
Adviser Brent Scowcroft.
partners. Put simply, he ensured that I re-
Pressler, Tom Dasc
Few Presidents have been better served
ceived the unfettered advice of our key na-
son with us today.
at a crucial point in American history than I
tional security members. He offered his
nor, Governor Mick
have by these three and by the men and
Miller; former G
own consistently sage counsel and practical
former Senators At
women who work for them at State and
advice on all aspects of the crisis. A true
Defense and at NSC.
with us here toda
patriot, General Scowcroft is, in a very real
occasion, and I'm I
Secretary Baker pursued every avenue to
sense, one of the unsung heroes of the Gulf
May I also salu
a diplomatic solution to this crisis, traveling
war.
happen all the tin
tens of thousands of miles to seek any way
And now it is my great pleasure on behalf
National Park Servi
possible to achieve Iraq's unconditional
of the United States-and particularly on
special greetings, o
withdrawal from Kuwait.
behalf of all those who served in Operation
studded cast: Ton
I think history, as we look back, will say
Desert Shield and Desert Storm-to con-
Barry Bostwick, Bil
clude this ceremony by presenting the Pres-
na Meier, Barbar
that nowhere were his achievements more
marked than at the United Nations. The
idential Medal of Freedom to Jim Baker,
White Eagle, who $
Dick Cheney, and Brent Scowcroft.
Rosemary Clooney;
U.N. Security Council adopted 12 resolu-
participated in mal
tions dealing with the Gulf crisis, including
[At this point, the medals were presented.]
day in the life of ou
an historic-perhaps unprecedented-reso-
You talk about a I
lution authorizing the use of force to expel
Iraq from Kuwait.
And now, in conclusion, may I ask the
This is unbelievab
Ambassadors from the various countries
thank you for the F
Jim worked with our European allies, the
represented here today to stand up. We've
cate a memorial th
Congress, our friends in the Middle East,
honored Americans today, but this was truly
to say, "A visit to
the Soviets, and countries around the world
a coalition effort and we're very pleased to
moment of commu
to achieve our goals. And he stood up for
of America."
see you all here. Would you please stand?
American principles and in the process he
Fifty years ago,
earned the admiration of the world.
Thank you all. That concludes the cere-
pleted this monume
mony. And may everybody have a wonder-
builders. It took 14
As to Dick Cheney-Secretary Cheney
ful Fourth of July. Thank you all for
fice, and a daring W
not only oversaw one of the largest deploy-
coming.
heard about one I
ments of forces in American history but also
bers-Tom mentic
worked hard at the beginning of the crisis
through '41, Hap A-
to ensure that America would respond deci-
Note: The President spoke at 10 a.m. in the
with us today-Ha
sively to aggression. His effective testimony
East Room at the White House. In his re-
where? Well, I dor.
before the United States Congress helped
all our fellow countrymen understand what
marks, he referred to British Ambassador to
right there. I want
the United States Antony Acland; Gen.
about the man. H
was at stake in the Gulf. Working swiftly,
Norman Schwarzkopf, Commander of the
Mount Rushmore. S
yet skillfully when time was truly of the
U.S. forces in the Persian Gulf; Gen. Colin
"Hard work? If yo
essence, he traveled to Saudi Arabia and
L. Powell, Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of
35-pound jackham.
arranged for the first deployment of U.S.
and coalition troops to that nation. And
Staff; and John H. Sununu, Chief of Staff
and letting her go
work." And here's 1
to the President.
anatomical. "But n
886
Fd - male clgs,
-qiveo clishing
Cur
(Walters/Smith)
December 5, 1992
Draft One
[MEDAL]
PRESIDENTIAL REMARKS: MEDAL OF FREEDOM AWARDS
DECEMBER 11, 1992, TIME T.B.A
[Acknowledgements] Thank you all for coming and welcome to
the White House. [[ I'm going to keep this short today, because
afterwards, Richard Petty and I are going to take a few laps around
the ellipse in Number 43. ]]
X
One of the great privileges of being America's President is
being able to recognize some of our finest Americans. And that is
exactly what we're doing today by awarding the National Medal of
Freedom to ten people who have made extraordinary contributions to
our Nation.
Today, freedom is truly mankind's north 5ern star, and I'm proud
to say that more people have breathed their first breath of freedom
in the last four years than at any point in history. The great
question of the Cold War was whether people would put their faith
in the state, or in themselves. // Freedom won, and America enjoys
the fruits of victory as people around the world join in the great
democratic experiment we began 216 years ago.
History honors those people who wrest the torch of freedom
from the hands of their oppressors. // But in America, that torch
lies safely in the hands of the people, and the Medal of Freedom
honors those who carry that torch. Our light of freedom is bright
enough to light up the world.
2
every?
Today, (even) the man on the street in Moscow realizes what
Americans have always understood -- it is human nature to be free.
Just as nature abhors a vacuum, so does human nature abhor the
absence of freedom. So today we celebrate the triumph of freedom
by recognizing ten American greats who have set an example for the
world.
The National Medal of Freedom was conceived by President John
if
F. Kennedy -- who, tragically, did not live to award them. When
President Johnson awarded the medal to its first recipients, he
--and I quote - -
said that President Kennedy had intended the awards as "a means of
national thanks and encouragement for the selfless effort and the
brilliant task." In a sense, he was talking about what I call a
means
Point of Light recognizing that the definition of a successful
life must include serving others.
America's greatness lies not in its government programs, but
in its people. It is not enough to be free; we must serve each
other. Each of today's award winners understands this. Each is
a great American.
Today we reward your greatness with America's highest civilian
honor, the National Medal of Freedom. You will join the ranks of
our Nation's greatest entertainers, heroes, public servants, and
scholars. If you will please step forward to receive your medal
as my military aide reads the citation:
3
[Military aide reads citations of medal winners, who receive the
awards.]
That concludes the ceremony. It's a pleasure for [ [Barbara
and]] me to be in your company, and on behalf of the nation, you
have our sincere gratitude. Thank you all for coming.
(Walters/Smith)
December 5, 1992
Draft One
[MEDAL]
PRESIDENTIAL REMARKS: MEDAL OF FREEDOM AWARDS
DECEMBER 11, 1992, TIME T.B.A
[Acknowledgements] Thank you all for coming and welcome to
the White House. [[ I'm going to keep this short today, because
afterwards, Richard Petty and I are going to take a few laps around
the ellipse in Number 43. ]]
One of the great privileges of being America's President is
being able to recognize some of our finest Americans. And that is
exactly what we're doing today by awarding the National Medal of
Freedom to ten people who have made extraordinary contributions to
our Nation.
Today, freedom is truly mankind's north star, and I'm proud
to say that more people have breathed their first breath of freedom
in the last four years than at any point in history. The great
question of the Cold War was whether people would put their faith
in the state, or in themselves. // Freedom won, and America enjoys
the fruits of victory as people around the world join in the great
democratic experiment we began 216 years ago.
History honors those people who wrest the torch of freedom
from the hands of their oppressors. // But in America, that torch
lies safely in the hands of the people, and the Medal of Freedom
honors those who carry that torch. Our light of freedom is bright
enough to light up the world.
2
Today, even the man on the street in Moscow realizes what
Americans have always understood -- it is human nature to be free.
Just as nature abhors a vacuum, so does human nature abhor the
absence of freedom. So today we celebrate the triumph of freedom
by recognizing ten American greats who have set an example for the
world.
The National Medal of Freedom was conceived by President John
F. Kennedy -- who, tragically, did not live to award them. When
President Johnson awarded the medal to its first recipients, he
said that President Kennedy had intended the awards as "a means of
national thanks and encouragement for the selfless effort and the
brilliant task." In a sense, he was talking about what I call a
Point of Light, recognizing that the definition of a successful
life must include serving others.
America's greatness lies not in its government programs, but
in its people. It is not enough to be free; we must serve each
other. Each of today's award winners understands this. Each is
a great American.
Today we reward your greatness with America's highest civilian
honor, the National Medal of Freedom. You will join the ranks of
our Nation's greatest entertainers, heroes, public servants, and
scholars. If you will please step forward to receive your medal
as my military aide reads the citation:
3
[Military aide reads citations of medal winners, who receive the
awards.]
That concludes the ceremony. It's a pleasure for [ [Barbara
and]] me to be in your company, and on behalf of the nation, you
have our sincere gratitude. Thank you all for coming.
December 7, 1992
MEMORANDUM FOR DAN MC GROARTY
FROM:
ED WALTERS
SUBJECT:
LAW SCHOOL LETTER OF RECOMMENDATION
Here it is -- the packet you've been waiting for. I have
enclosed the recommendation forms for 11 law schools. Pink Post-
it's mark the action areas of the forms. They are separated
according to whether you should return them to me or send them
directly to the school.
I know these are a real pain. I can't thank you enough for your
help. If you have any questions, please don't hesitate to ask.
Keep your fingers crossed!
Ed - D'd like to see
The next draft this smith morning Thanks
need set up jone before to a all blanket beforence winners,
(Walters)
Mig
December 5, 1992
Draft One
[MEDAL]
as
PRESIDENTIAL REMARKS: MEDAL OF FREEDOM AWARDS
DECEMBER 11, 1992, TIME T.B.A
[Acknowledgements] Thank you all for coming and welcome to
Antica's
the White House. One of the great privileges of being President
our the queatesh
is being able to recognize some of our finest Americans. And that
is exactly what we're doing today by awarding the National Medal
of Freedom to ten people who have made extraordinary contributions
to our Nation.
[[ I'm going to keep this short today, because afterwards,
Richard Petty and I are going to take a few laps around the ellipse
mly markind's
Dolar North
in Number 43. ]]
better
staff
Today, freedom is at its highest ebb, and I'm proud to say
that more people have breathed their first breath of freedom in the
last four years than at any point in history.
The great question
of the Cold War was whether people would put their faith in the
state, fruits or in themselves. / Freedom won, and America enjoys the
spoils of victory as people around the world join in the great
democratic experiment we began 216 years ago.
wrest
History honors those people who wrenched the torch of freedom
from the hands of their oppressors. / But in America, that torch
lies safely in the hands of the people, and the Medal of Freedom
honors those who carry that torch. This light of freedom is bright
enough to light up the world.
Today, even our counterparts in Moscow realize S/W what Americans
The nan on the sheet
a lack or Libermo
2
have always understood -- it is human nature to be free. Just as
nature abhors a vacuum, so does human nature abhor the absence of
freedom. 'swid So today we celebrate the triumph of human freedom by
celebrating those American greats who have set an example the world
can live by
have relelped see and keep men free.
[Good freedom anecdote]
The National Medal of Freedom was conceived by President John
F. Kennedy, who, had winners, assassinated n too
frasically, selected did not live and then to around was Them.
before he could award them When President Johnson awarded the blent.
medal to its first recipients, he said that President Kennedy had
intended the awards as "a means of national thanks and
encouragement for the selfless effort and the brilliant task" what Ina
I might call ralking a Point alas) Ls of Light --haw Successful we definition life mm of include a sering Has.
sense, 6
America's greatness lies not in its government programs, but
I
in its people. It is not enough to be free; the ethic of service
ones)
citizes/ (lefding a had reading a wind,
saing Gustand 9.man.
to one s country and ta one's fellow man, still defines what it is
to be an American. Each of today's award winners understands this.
Each is a great American.
we min serve
a find new
Today we reward your greatness with America's highest civilian
phrase.
honor, the National Medal of Freedom. You will join the ranks of
our Nation's greatest entertainers, heroes, public servants,
scholars, and philanthropists If you will please step forward to
receive your medal as my military aide reads the citation:
[Military aide reads citations of medal winners, who receive the
medals.]
are then any
this year?
3
That concludes the ceremony. It's a pleasure for Barbara and
me to be in your company, and on behalf of the nation, you have our
sincere gratitude. Thank you all for coming.
Walters/Martin/Aarhus
November 25, 1992
12:00 noon
[MOF]
CITATIONS FOR THE PRESIDENTIAL MEDALS OF FREEDOM,
DECEMBER 11, 1992
TIME TBD
JOHNNY CARSON
The greatest talk show host in television history, Johnny Carson
left the Nebraska plains to preside over late night TV for almost
30 years. With a quick wit and a sure golf swing, Johnny kept
the pulse of the nation, and assured us that even in the most
difficult times, it was still okay to laugh. The United States
honors Johnny Carson, who personifies American humor and
America's heart.
HARRY SHLAUDEMAN
Ambassador Harry Shlaudeman is one of America's most decorated
and masterful foreign service officers. In almost four decades
of service to eight Presidents, he has faced adverse
circumstances, crises, and war with personal bravery and
professional skill. He demonstrated his loyalty again in 1990,
when at the request of the President, he came out of retirement
to serve as Ambassador to Nicaragua and helped ensure that
nation's peaceful transition to democracy. For his decades of
meritorious service, courageous diplomacy, and protection of our
interests abroad, the United States commemorates the service of
Ambassador Harry Shlaudeman.
DAVID BRINKLEY
The name David Brinkley is synonymous with television news. From
his days as NBC's White House correspondent to his time as co-
anchor of the Huntley-Brinkley Report to his Sunday morning show
on ABC, David Brinkley has explained the complexities of
government to generations of Americans. With the wisdom of
experience and a wry wit, he has informed our decisions and held
our leaders accountable. The United States recognizes his
contributions to broadcast journalism.
Walters/Martin/Aarhus
November 25, 1992
12:00 noon
[MOF]
CITATIONS FOR THE PRESIDENTIAL MEDALS OF FREEDOM,
DECEMBER 11, 1992
TIME TBD
DAVID BRINKLEY
to his time as
The name David Brinkley is synonymous with television news. From
his days as NBC's White House correspondent. and the co-anchor of
the Huntley/ Brinkley Ref commentator emeritus of ABC News David
Brinkley has explained the complexities of government to
generations of Americans. With the wisdom of experience and a
wry wit, he has informed our decisions and held our leaders
accountable. The United States recognizes his commitment to
broadcast journalism.
contitution/to his Sun day
JOHNNY CARSON
morns show
The greatest talk show host in television history, Johnny Carson
on Are,
left the Nebraska plains to preside over late night TV for almost
30 years. With a quick wit and a sure golf swing, Johnny kept
the pulse of the nation, and assured us that even in the most
difficult times, it was still okay to laugh. The United States
honors Johnny Carson, who personifies American humor and
America's heart.
HARRY SHLAUDEMAN
Ambassador Harry Shlaudeman is one of America's most decorated
and masterful foreign service officers. In almost four decades
of service to eight Presidents, he has faced adverse
circumstances, crises, and war with personal bravery and
professional skill. He demonstrated his loyalty again in 1990,
when at the request of the President, he came out of retirement
to serve as Ambassador to Nicaragua and helped ensure that
nation's peaceful transition to democracy. For his decades of
meritorious service, courageous diplomacy, and protection of our
interests abroad, the United States commemorates the service of
Ambassador Harry Shlaudeman.
MEDALS OF FREEDOM
NOVEMBER 24, 1992
PAGE TWO
RICHARD PETTY
In the world of professional racing, there is only one King.
Richard Petty is more than racing's monarch, he is an American
legend. From humble beginnings in Level Cross, North Carolina,
Number 43 became one of racing's finest -- and fastest. Winning
a record 200 races and seven Daytona 500 victories, Richard Petty
found freedom at 175 miles per hour. The United States honors
this American hero for exemplifying the American dream and the
dedication and drive that makes this nation great.
GENERAL JOHN M. VESSEY
General John M. Vessey was the last four-star combat veteran of
World War II to retire from active duty. A self-described "mud
soldier," the former chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff never
forgot the men in the field, and he returned from retirement to
search for soldiers missing in action in Vietnam. His wise
counsel to two Presidents has helped to break an impasse with
Hanoi, culminating in Vietnam's recent offer to provide all
information about Americans missing in action. The United States
honors General John M. Vessey, a soldier/statesman who would not
leave anyone behind.
ELIE WIESEL
Few people have seen a darker side of humanity than Elie Wiesel.
During World War II, he saw most of his family killed while
imprisoned in the Auschwitz and Buchenwald concentration camps.
And yet this author, philosopher and winner of the 1986 Nobel
Peace Prize still sees the promise of human tolerance, learning,
and faith. He challenges people of all religions to remember the
Holocaust, that it may never happen again. His deeply spiritual
life and literature remind us that to protect freedom's flame, we
must remember that which threatens it. The United States honors
this keeper of that flame, Elie Wiesel.
MEDALS OF FREEDOM
NOVEMBER 24, 1992
PAGE THREE
ISAAC STERN
Since his debut 56 years ago, Isaac Stern has become one of the
world's pre-eminent violinists. His warm and vibrant
interpretations have brought him international acclaim and our
nation's highest honor for artistic merit, the National Medal of
Arts. But even beyond his triumphant career, Isaac Stern has
enriched the human spirit by broadening the scope of music --
supporting artists from all corners of the world; helping to
found the National Endowment for the Arts; and rescuing Carnegie
Hall from the wrecking ball. For his support of the arts and his
lifetime of achievement, the United States recognizes master
violinist Isaac Stern.
I.M. PEI
Perhaps the most famous architect in the world today, I.M. Pei's
architectural feats represent the pinnacle of classic modernism.
The designer's name, Ieoh Ming, means "to inscribe brightly," and
his buildings have illuminated skylines worldwide. I.M. Pei has
found beauty in simplicity and boldness in geometry, setting the
standard for modern architecture. For the legacy of artistic
elegance he has inscribed in our cities, America honors I.M. Pei.
ELLA FITZGERALD
Discovered as a teenager at the Apollo Theatre in Harlem, Ella
Fitzgerald and her swing style of vocal jazz transcend the times.
As a cultural ambassador, her trademark scat captivates
audiences, and her impressive vocal range stretches across oceans
and political boundaries. Honored by the Kennedy Center for her
lifetime achievements, inducted into the Jazz Hall of Fame, and
awarded a Medal of Arts, it is fitting that the United States
honors this "First Lady of Song".
MEDAL OF FREEDOM
NOVEMBER 24, 1992
PAGE FOUR
AUDREY HEPBURN
As a gifted actress, Audrey Hepburn captured the hearts of
millions. Yet she has a most profound effect on young people who
will never know her as a princess in "Roman Holiday", as a model
in "Funny Face", or as the woman in black in "Breakfast at
Tiffany's". With a passion that rivals her beauty, Audrey
Hepburn is a tireless worker and a devoted Special Ambassador for
the United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund.
America is proud to honor Audrey Hepburn, a star whose light is
reflected not only on movie screens but in the bright smiles of
children around the world.
The name Darid Bunkly in
Syronomour with
televion neur. From
Walters/Martin/Aarhus
November 24, 1992
his days an
10:00 a.m.
[MOF]
24 P3: 47
CITATIONS FOR THE PRESIDENTIAL MEDALS OF FREEDOM,
DECEMBER 11, 1992
TIME TBD
and
DAVID BRINKLEY
Huntley the coarcher / Binhly to
An informed electorate is paramount in a free democracy, and no
television reporter has kept us informed like David Brinkley As
Need to
NBC's White House correspondent and commentator emeritus of ABC
reference
News, David Brinkley has explained the complexities of government
to generations of Americans, since the very beginning of the
Huntley
television age. With the wisdom of experience and a wry wit, he
Whole carree
Rounhley
has informed our decisions and held our leaders accountable. The
United States recognizes his commitment to truth and his
contributions to freedom. broadcast journelism,
JOHNNY CARSON
left the Nebraska
plains to
The greatest talk show host in television history, Johnny Carson
Mention
presided over late night TV for almost 30 years. With a quick
wit and a sure golf swing, his show became the gold standard for
American comedy. Johnny Carson kept the pulse of the nation, and
assured us that even in the most difficult times, it was still
okay to laugh. The United States honors Johnny Carson, who put
the stars within reach of every American, personified the humor
of our country, and reflected America's heart.
a
to
HARRY SHLAUDEMAN
again
Ambassador Harry Shlaudeman is one of America's most decorated
and masterful foreign service officers. In almost four decades
of service for eight Presidents, he has faced adverse
circumstances, crises, and war with personal bravery and
professional skill. He demonstrated his loyalty in 1990, when at
the request of the President, he came out of retirement to serve
as Ambassador to Nicaragua and helped ensure that nation's
peaceful transition to democracy. For his decades of meritorious
service, courageous diplomacy, and protection of our interests
abroad, America commemorates the service of Ambassador Harry
Shlaudeman with the Medal of Freedom
the Unted States
We don't make the
w/ the other
MEDALS OF FREEDOM
NOVEMBER 24, 1992
PAGE THREE
ISAAC STERN
Since his debut 56 years ago, Isaac Stern has become one of the
world's pre-eminent violinists. His warm and vibrant
interpretations have brought him international acclaim and our
nation's highest honor for artistic merit, the National Medal of
Arts. But even beyond his triumphant career, Isaac Stern has
enriched the human spirit by broadening the scope of music --
supporting artists from all corners of the world; helping to
found the National Endowment for the Arts; and rescuing Carnegie
Hall from the wrecking ball. For his support of the arts and his
lifetime of achievement, the United States recognizes master
violinist Isaac Stern.
I.M. PEI
Perhaps the most famous architect in the world today, I.M. Pei's
architectural feats of daring do represent the pinnacle of
classic modernism. The designer's name, Ieoh Ming, means "to
inscribe brightly," and he has illuminated skylines worldwide
with his buildings. I.M. Pei has found beauty in simplicity and
boldness in geometry, setting the standard for modern
architecture. For the legacy of artistic elegance he has
inscribed in our cities, America awards I.M. Pei the Medal of
Freedom.
honors
ELLA FITZGERALD
Discovered as a teenager at the Apollo Theatre in Harlem, Ella
Fitzgerald and her swing style of vocal jazz transcend the times.
As a cultural ambassador, her trademark scat captivates
audiences, and her impressive vocal range stretches across oceans
and political boundaries. Honored by the Kennedy Center for her
lifetime achievements, inducted into the Jazz Hall of Fame, and
awarded a Medal of Arts, it is fitting that the United States
honors this "First Lady of Song".
MEDAL OF FREEDOM
NOVEMBER 24, 1992
PAGE FOUR
AUDREY HEPBURN
As a gifted actress, Audrey Hepburn captured the hearts of
millions. Yet she has a most profound effect on young people who
will never know her as a princess in "Roman Holiday", as a model
in "Funny Face", or as the woman in black in "Breakfast at
Tiffany's". With a passion that rivals her beauty, Audrey
Hepburn is a tireless worker and a devoted Special Ambassador for
the United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund.
America is proud to honor Audrey Hepburn, a star whose light is
reflected not only on movie screens but in the bright smiles of
children around the world.
MEDALS OF FREEDOM
NOVEMBER 24, 1992
PAGE TWO
not dead
IS
RICHARD PETTY
IS
In the world of professional racing, there is only one King.
Richard Petty was more than racing's monarch, he was an American
legend. From humble beginnings in Level Cross, North Carolina,
Number 43 became one of racing's finest -- and fastest. Winning
a record 200 races and seven Daytona 500 victories, Richard Petty
found freedom at 175 miles per hour The United States honors
this American hero for exemplifying the American dream and the
freedom that makes this nation great
addrive
GENERAL JOHN M. VESSEY
General John M. Vessey was the last four-star combat veteran of
World War II to retire from active duty. A self-described "mud
soldier, " the former chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff never
forgot the men in the field, and he returned from retirement to
search for soldiers missing in action in Vietnam. His wise
counsel to two Presidents has helped to break an impasse with
Hanoi, culminating in Vietnam's recent offer to provide all
information about Americans missing in action. The United States
honors General John M. Vessey, a soldier/statesman who is helping
to put the Vietnam War behind us without leaving anyone behind.
would not Leave
ELIE WIESEL
Few people have seen a darker side of humanity than Elie Wiesel.
During World War II, he saw most of his family killed while
imprisoned in the Auschwitz and Buchenwald concentration camps.
And yet this author, philosopher and winner of the 1986 Nobel
Peace Prize still sees the promise of human tolerance, learning,
and faith. He challenges people of all religions to remember the
Holocaust, that it may never happen again. His deeply spiritual
life and literature remind us that to protect freedom's flame, we
must remember that which threatens it. The United States honors
this keeper of that flame, Elie Wiesel.
Walters/Martin/Aarhus
November 24, 1992
10:00 a.m.
[MOF]
CITATIONS FOR THE PRESIDENTIAL MEDALS OF FREEDOM,
DECEMBER 11, 1992
TIME TBD
DAVID BRINKLEY
An informed electorate is paramount in a free democracy, and no
television reporter has kept us informed like David Brinkley. As
NBC's White House correspondent and commentator emeritus of ABC
News, David Brinkley has explained the complexities of government
to generations of Americans since the very beginning of the
television age. With the wisdom of experience and a wry wit, he
has informed our decisions and held our leaders accountable. The
United States recognizes his commitment to truth and his
contributions to freedom.
JOHNNY CARSON
The greatest talk show host in television history, Johnny Carson
presided over late night TV for almost 30 years. With a quick
wit and a sure golf swing, his show became the gold standard for
American comedy. Johnny Carson kept the pulse of the nation, and
assured us that even in the most difficult times, it was still
okay to laugh. The United States honors Johnny Carson, who put
the stars within reach of every American, personified the humor
of our country, and reflected America's heart.
HARRY SHLAUDEMAN
Ambassador Harry Shlaudeman is one of America's most decorated
and masterful foreign service officers. In almost four decades
of service for eight Presidents, he has faced adverse
circumstances, crises, and war with personal bravery and
professional skill. He demonstrated his loyalty in 1990, when at
the request of the President, he came out of retirement to serve
as Ambassador to Nicaragua and helped ensure that nation's
peaceful transition to democracy. For his decades of meritorious
service, courageous diplomacy, and protection of our interests
abroad, America commemorates the service of Ambassador Harry
Shlaudeman with the Medal of Freedom.
MEDALS OF FREEDOM
NOVEMBER 24, 1992
PAGE TWO
RICHARD PETTY
In the world of professional racing, there is only one King.
Richard Petty was more than racing's monarch, he was an American
legend. From humble beginnings in Level Cross, North Carolina,
Number 43 became one of racing's finest -- and fastest. Winning
a record 200 races and seven Daytona 500 victories, Richard Petty
found freedom at 175 miles per hour. The United States honors
this American hero for exemplifying the American dream and the
freedom that makes this nation great.
GENERAL JOHN M. VESSEY
General John M. Vessey was the last four-star combat veteran of
World War II to retire from active duty. A self-described "mud
soldier,' the former chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff never
forgot the men in the field, and he returned from retirement to
search for soldiers missing in action in Vietnam. His wise
counsel to two Presidents has helped to break an impasse with
Hanoi, culminating in Vietnam's recent offer to provide all
information about Americans missing in action. The United States
honors General John M. Vessey, a soldier/statesman who is helping
to put the Vietnam War behind us without leaving anyone behind.
ELIE WIESEL
Few people have seen a darker side of humanity than Elie Wiesel.
During World War II, he saw most of his family killed while
imprisoned in the Auschwitz and Buchenwald concentration camps.
And yet this author, philosopher and winner of the 1986 Nobel
Peace Prize still sees the promise of human tolerance, learning,
and faith. He challenges people of all religions to remember the
Holocaust, that it may never happen again. His deeply spiritual
life and literature remind us that to protect freedom's flame, we
must remember that which threatens it. The United States honors
this keeper of that flame, Elie Wiesel.
MEDALS OF FREEDOM
NOVEMBER 24, 1992
PAGE THREE
ISAAC STERN
Since his debut 56 years ago, Isaac Stern has become one of the
world's pre-eminent violinists. His warm and vibrant
interpretations have brought him international acclaim and our
nation's highest honor for artistic merit, the National Medal of
Arts. But even beyond his triumphant career, Isaac Stern has
enriched the human spirit by broadening the scope of music --
supporting artists from all corners of the world; helping to
found the National Endowment for the Arts; and rescuing Carnegie
Hall from the wrecking ball. For his support of the arts and his
lifetime of achievement, the United States recognizes master
violinist Isaac Stern.
I.M. PEI
Perhaps the most famous architect in the world today, I.M. Pei's
architectural feats of daring-do represent the pinnacle of
classic modernism. The designer's name, Ieoh Ming, means "to
inscribe brightly," and he has illuminated skylines worldwide
with his buildings. I.M. Pei has found beauty in simplicity and
boldness in geometry, setting the standard for modern
architecture. For the legacy of artistic elegance he has
inscribed in our cities, America awards I.M. Pei the Medal of
Freedom.
ELLA FITZGERALD
Discovered as a teenager at the Apollo Theatre in Harlem, Ella
Fitzgerald and her swing style of vocal jazz transcend the times.
As a cultural ambassador, her trademark scat captivates
audiences, and her impressive vocal range stretches across oceans
and political boundaries. Honored by the Kennedy Center for her
lifetime achievements, inducted into the Jazz Hall of Fame, and
awarded a Medal of Arts, it is fitting that the United States
honors this "First Lady of Song".
MEDAL OF FREEDOM
NOVEMBER 24, 1992
PAGE FOUR
AUDREY HEPBURN
As a gifted actress, Audrey Hepburn captured the hearts of
millions. Yet she has a most profound effect on young people who
will never know her as a princess in "Roman Holiday", as a model
in "Funny Face", or as the woman in black in "Breakfast at
Tiffany's". With a passion that rivals her beauty, Audrey
Hepburn is a tireless worker and a devoted Special Ambassador for
the United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund.
America is proud to honor Audrey Hepburn, a star whose light is
reflected not only on movie screens but in the bright smiles of
children around the world.
The President of the United States of America
Awards this
Presidential Medal of Freedom
to
VERNON A. WALTERS
As a soldier and statesman, General Vernon Walters has made service to his country
his life's work. He served six Presidents with distinction during a half century of kaleidoscopic
change, from World War II through the long Cold War to the fall of the Berlin Wall. He has
served on the battlefields of Europe and in the councils of NATO, at the UN and CIA, as Ambassador
and aide to presidents. This extraordinary. adventurer and intellectual has offered his diplomatic,
linguistic, and tactical skills to the cause of world peace and individual liberty. America honors this
steadfast defender of our interests and ideals, this true champion of freedom.
GyBul
The WhiteHouse House
Washington. Forember-18,1991
THE WHITE HOUSE
Office of the Press Secretary
For Immediate Release
December 9, 1992
On December 11 the President will award the Presidential Medal of
Freedom to the following individuals:
David Brinkley, broadcast journalist.
Johnny Carson, television personality.
Ella Fitzgerald, jazz vocalist.
Audrey Hepburn, actress, humanitarian.
Ieoh Ming Pei, architect.
Richard Lee Petty, professional stock car driver.
Harry W. Shlaudeman, diplomat, former Ambassador to Nicaragua.
Isaac Stern, violinist, patron of the arts.
General John W. Vessey, soldier/statesman, former Chairman of the
Joint Chiefs of Staff.
Elie Wiesel, author, philosopher.
The Presidential Medal of Freedom is the Nation's highest civil
award. It may be awarded only by the President of the United
States to persons who have made especially meritorious
contributions to the security or national interests of the United
States, to world peace, or to cultural or other significant
public or private endeavors.
# # #
Gold for
Their Mettle
White House Honors 10
With Freedom Award
By Phil McCombs
Washington Post Staff Writer
On a raw and gloomy day, in the warm
glow of the East Room of the White House,
under sparkling chandeliers and flanked by
four huge Christmas trees, the President and
BY LARRY MORRIS-THE WASHINGTON POST
Barbara Bush presented the Medal of Free-
Johnny Carson is decorated by the First Lady.
dom to 10 American "greats," including one
who, the citation said, "found freedom at 175
to retire. And General Vessey came out of
miles per hour."
retirement to counsel my predecessor and me
Bush himself may have found a kind of
and to help us reach full accounting of all of
freedom, it seemed yesterday, judging by his
our Vietnam veterans, and he's still engaged
relaxed and cheerful demeanor. He started off
in this pursuit.
with a quip about how he wanted to keep it
"Elie Wiesel is another type of veteran of
short, because he and stock car racing king
World War II, who survived the Holocaust
Richard Lee Petty "are gonna take a few laps
and still today keeps watch against the forces
around the Ellipse in No. 43."
of hatred. And Isaac Stern, one of the great-
Bush called the honorees "a roll call of
est violinists of our time.
Pei, the modern-
American heros," whom he chose for the
ist architect, whose work graces skylines
nation's highest civilian honor for lifetimes of
worldwide.
Carson was late-night TV, and
excelling at "the selfless effort and the bril-
with decency and style he's made America
liant task": broadcast newsman David Brink-
laugh and think."
ley, television host Johnny Carson, singer Ella
Here he looked at Carson, saying, "And
Fitzgerald, actor Audrey Hepburn, architect,
Johnny, I don't care what you say, I still think
I.M. Pei, Petty, diplomat Harry W. Shlaude
Dana Carvey does a better impersonation of
man, violinist Isaac Stern, Army Gen. John W.
you than he does of me." It got a good laugh.
Vessey and Holocaust survivor and memorial-
"Fitzgerald," he went on, "has changed the
ist Elie Wiesel.
face of jazz since she was discovered. as a
And there they sat, all in a row up front,
teenager, and she is an American music
mostly white-haired heads, and balding heads,
legend.
Hepburn, whose acting career put
at least from what you could see from back in
her among our most talented artists, but
the press area. Fitzgerald and Hepburn
whose work with the International Children's
weren't there, on "doctors' orders," according
Emergency Fund put her in our hearts."
to Bush; Hepburn had surgery for colon
They came up one by one and the First
cancer last month.
Lady hung the gold medals, on wide blue-and-
Vice President Quayle, chipper and pink-
white ribbons, around their necks. Everyone
tied, went down the row shaking hands. He
smiled. Brinkley seemed stooped, Carson
laughed with Carson, who had spent many a
erect, Petty macho, Shlaudeman proper,
late hour cracking jokes about him. He gave
Stern passionate, Vessey vigorous, Wiesel
Petty a man-to-man type shoulder shove, and
Wiesel an empathetic hug.
sad, Bush bright, Barbara beaming.
The formalities over, the soft strains of
"Our light of freedom is bright enough to
light the world," Bush told an audience that
"Greensleeves" began drifting in from the
included a couple hundred dignitaries and
foyer, where a military band was playing
friends and relatives of the honorees. "
before the formal lunch. Leaving the White
Today, every man on the street in Moscow
House later, Petty said, "I'm in a different
realizes what Americans have always under-
world, that's for sure. I've heard tell of all
stood, that it is human nature to be free.
these people. Then to be thrown into the
And America's greatness lies not in its gov-
same situation with them
makes you feel
ernment but in its people."
good, makes you feel big and really proud of
Then he gave a little rundown on each
what's going on," the Associated Press re-
awardee, starting with "Shlaudeman, a tire-
ported.
less crusader for democracy who, after a life
And Wiesel, the AP reported, called it a
of public service, came out of retirement two
great honor.
years ago to ensure Nicaragua's peaceful
"After all," said the Nobel laureate, who, as
transition to democracy.
Brinkley,
the
a Hungarian Jewish child, had suffered hor-
elder statesman of broadcast journalism.
rors beyond imagining in Auschwitz and Bu-
Petty, who rose from humble beginnings in
chenwald, "I came here as a refugee and now,
Level Cross, North Carolina.
Vessey, who
to get this medal of recognition, means some-
was the ultimate never-say-die soldier, the
thing to me. It means so much to all the
last four-star combat veteran of World War II
refugees who have come, and will come."
Administration of Ronald Reagan, 1989 / Jan. 19
'ence-in space and in
This decision does not represent a change
rorism and subversion as well as Libyan ef-
in the attitude of the U.S. Government
forts to develop a chemical weapons capa-
Public Law 100-681,
toward Libya. We remain deeply concerned
bility.
ary 28, 1989, as "Na-
about Qadhafi's continued support for ter-
lence" and authorized
resident to issue a proc-
ce of that day.
Ronald Reagan, Presi-
Remarks at the Presentation Ceremony for the Presidential Medal
States of America, do
of Freedom
luary 28, 1989, as Na-
lence. I call upon the
January 19, 1989
States to observe that
ceremonies and activi-
The President. When we finish this lunch-
Treasury Secretary, and finally as one of
eon, I hope you'll stick around a little while.
America's great Secretaries of State. Over
of, I have hereunto set
We're having a tag sale upstairs, and every-
the last 6½ years, in managing our foreign
enth day of January, in
thing must go. [Laughter] But, really, thank
policy, he has served wisely and met great
nineteen hundred and
you all for coming to be with us here today.
challenges and great opportunities. George
the Independence of
Truly, one of the privileges of this office
Shultz has helped to make the world a freer
America the two hun-
which I've found greatest joy in exercising
and more peaceful place.
has been the opportunity to present our
And there's nothing so precious and irre-
RONALD REAGAN
nation's highest civilian honor, the Medal of
placeable as America's freedom. In a speech
Freedom. To stand, as I have had the honor
I gave 25 years ago, I told a story that I
'e of the Federal Regis-
of doing, with the recipients of this award
think bears repeating. Two friends of mine
has been to stand with the flesh and blood
ry 19, 1989]
were talking to a refugee from Communist
and spirit that is the greatness of America,
Cuba. He had escaped from Castro, and as
men and women who have so greatly
he told the story of his horrible experiences,
served our nation and helped keep her free.
one of my friends turned to the other and
The contribution of each recipient has been
elations
said, "We don't know how lucky we are."
unique and noteworthy, and today is no ex-
And the Cuban stopped and said, "How
ception, as we honor two remarkable Amer-
lucky you are? I had someplace to escape
icans: Mike Mansfield and George Shultz.
to."
Mike Mansfield has dedicated the entire-
Well, no, America's freedom does not
ty of a very long and productive lifetime to
belong to just one nation. We're custodians
by marketing the U.S.
public service. He served in both Houses of
shares of oil liftings. It
of freedom for the world. In Philadelphia,
Congress, spanning seven Presidents, and
two centuries ago, James Allen wrote in his
oil companies from a
held the post of Senate majority leader
diary that "If we fail, liberty no longer con-
ontract claim, under
longer than any other person. A former
tinues an inhabitant of this globe." Well, we
vernment might other-
professor of Far Eastern history, he played
didn't fail. And still, we must not fail. For
ze the oil companies'
an important part in shaping America's
freedom is not the property of one genera-
withdraw the compa-
Asian policy, serving on both the House
tion; it's the obligation of this and every
ts there. The effect of
Foreign Affairs Committee and the Senate
generation. It's our duty to protect it and
to permit the U.S. oil
Foreign Relations Committee and then as
expand it and pass it undiminished to those
"O the restrictions on
our Ambassador to Japan. For a sizable por-
still unborn.
ch remain in effect, to
tion of America's history as a nation, Mike
Now, tomorrow is a special day for me.
ons in Libya, transfer
Mansfield has been in service to his coun-
I'm going to receive my gold watch. And
1 subsidiaries, or sell
try.
since this is the last speech that I will give
George Shultz-why did my voice crack
as President, I think it's fitting to leave one
trade embargo against
just as I got to you-[laughter]-George
final thought, an observation about a coun-
of Libyan assets in the
Shultz has been a marine, an academic, and
try which I love. It was stated best in a
vere renewed January
a businessman, and a public servant. He has
letter I received not long ago. A man wrote
emain in effect, as do
held four Cabinet-level posts, distinguishing
me and said: "You can go to live in France,
lated transactions and
himself as a Secretary of Labor, Director of
but you cannot become a Frenchman. You
rts for travel to Libya.
the Office of Management and Budget,
can go to live in Germany or Turkey or
1751
Jan. 19 / Administration of Ronald Reagan, 1989
Japan, but you cannot become a German, a
"I had to," he said, "the war ended." The
ter}-is the son of in
Turk, or a Japanese. But anyone, from any
man had been in America as a German pris-
try called Ireland.
corner of the Earth, can come to live in
oner of war.
And now, if N
America and become an American."
Now, I don't tell this story to make the
George Shultz woul
Yes, the torch of Lady Liberty symbolizes
case for former POW's. Instead, I tell this
George, you're due
our freedom and represents our heritage,
story just to remind you of the magical,
"During World
the compact with our parents, our grand-
intoxicating power of America. We may
not yet 15, enliste
parents, and our ancestors. It is that lady
sometimes forget it, but others do not. Even
Navy, crossing the
who gives us our great and special place in
a man from a country at war with the
before he was disc
the world. For it's the great life force of
United States, while held here as a prisoner,
country would spa
each generation of new Americans that
could fall in love with us. Those who
would help shape
guarantees that America's triumph shall
become American citizens love this country
Pacific power. Thr
continue unsurpassed into the next century
even more. And that's why the Statue of
gress-including 1.
and beyond. Other countries may seek to
Liberty lifts her lamp to welcome them to
leader-and with r
compete with us; but in one vital area, as a
the golden door.
U.S. Ambassador to
beacon of freedom and opportunity that
It is bold men and women, yearning for
has set his indelible
draws the people of the world, no country
freedom and opportunity, who leave their
foreign policy and d.
on Earth comes close.
homelands and come to a new country to
dedicated public se.
This, I believe, is one of the most impor-
start their lives over. They believe in the
can."
tant sources of America's greatness. We
American dream. And over and over, they
Ambassador Man
lead the world because, unique among na-
make it come true for themselves, for their
First Lady, Mr. Secr
tions, we draw our people-our strength-
from every country and every corner of the
children, and for others. They give more
Shultz, Ambassador
world. And by doing so we continuously
than they receive. They labor and succeed.
Matsunaga, my form
the House and the S
renew and enrich our nation. While other
And often they are entrepreneurs. But their
countries cling to the stale past, here in
greatest contribution is more than econom-
guests, ladies and g
America we breathe life into dreams. We
ic, because they understand in a special way
to express in words,
how glorious it is to be an American. They
appreciation for wh.
create the future, and the world follows us
into tomorrow. Thanks to each wave of new
renew our pride and gratitude in the
and the encouragen
United States of America, the greatest,
me in my post as
arrivals to this land of opportunity, we're a
nation forever young, forever bursting with
freest nation in the world-the last, best
personal representa'
bassador to Japan.
energy and new ideas, and always on the
hope of man on Earth.
However, I think
cutting edge, always leading the world to
The Medal of Freedom represents the
should go to Maure
the next frontier. This quality is vital to our
reverence the American people have for
through the years h
future as a nation. If we ever closed the
liberty, and it honors the men and women
ful helpmate; whos
door to new Americans, our leadership in
who through their lives do greatest honor
understanding I ap
the world would soon be lost.
to that freedom. The lives of the two men
harder at any job
A number of years ago, an American stu-
we honor here today tell a story about free-
little credit in the p
dent traveling in Europe took an East
dom and all its possibilities and responsibil-
how much I owe
German ship across the Baltic Sea. One of
ities, and, well, both those that inhere in
indebted to her; h
the ship's crewmembers from East Germa-
each free man and woman and those that
what the President
ny, a man in his sixties, struck up a conver-
fall upon a great and free nation. Our hon-
out a sound policy
sation with the American student. After a
orees have dedicated their lives to preserv-
Pacific and East
while the student asked the man how he
ing and protecting America's freedom.
advice and counsel
had learned such good English. And the
They have engaged themselves in the
given to me from t
man explained that he had once lived in
larger cause, that of humanity and of the
preciate the fact th
America. He said that for over a year he
world, to help extend freedom to people of
memory, that we ha
had worked as a farmer in Oklahoma and
other lands. There is no task more fitting
the United States ai
California, that he had planted tomatoes
for Americans than that.
who are actively into
and picked ripe melons. It was, the man
So, I will now read the citations for our
Japan, and in East A
said, the happiest time of his life. Well, the
two very distinguished award recipients and
policies these men
student, who had seen the awful conditions
present to them their medals. Perhaps I
continued.
behind the Iron Curtain, blurted out the
should mention that our first recipient
In conclusion, we
question, "Well, why did you ever leave?"
today-the one who calls me kid-{laugh-
Sandburg [Frost], on.
1752
Administration of Ronald Reagan, 1989 / Jan. 19
the war ended." The
ter]-is the son of immigrants, from a coun-
certain occasion, there are things to do,
rica as a German pris-
try called Ireland.
miles to go, and promises to keep before we
And now, if Michael Mansfield and
sleep. Well, Maureen and I have traveled
his story to make the
George Shultz would please come forward.
many miles. We have had and still have
S. Instead, I tell this
George, you're due here.
things to do. And we still have the promises
you of the magical,
"During World War I, Mike Mansfield,
we made over half a century ago when we
America. We may
not yet 15, enlisted in the United States
were joined together. So, to her I want to
it others do not. Even
Navy, crossing the Atlantic seven times
give special thanks for all that she has been
ry at war with the
before he was discharged. His service to
able to do with me. And to the President
eld here as a prisoner,
country would span seven decades and
and Nancy, my thanks, my appreciation for
with us. Those who
would help shape America's destiny as a
their thoughtfulness and consideration.
ens love this country
Pacific power. Through 34 years in Con-
Thank you very much.
's why the Statue of
gress-including 16 as Senate majority
The President. "Unyieldingly dedicated to
to welcome them to
leader-and with more than a decade as
the protection of the American national in-
U.S. Ambassador to Japan, Mike Mansfield
terest, the advancement of freedom and
women, yearning for
has set his indelible mark upon American
nity, who leave their
foreign policy and distinguished himself as a
human rights, the battle against tyranny,
dedicated public servant and loyal Ameri-
and reductions in nuclear arms, George P.
to a new country to
can."
Shultz has presided over the Department of
They believe in the
over and over, they
Ambassador Mansfield. Mr. President,
State during one of the most critical periods
themselves, for their
First Lady, Mr. Secretary of State and Mrs.
in the history of this nation's foreign policy.
Shultz, Ambassador Matsunaga and Mrs.
For years of public service and his vital part
ers. They give more
Matsunaga, my former colleagues from both
in inaugurating a new era of hope in for-
ey labor and succeed.
the House and the Senate, our distinguished
eign policy, his countrymen honor him."
trepreneurs. But their
S more than econom-
guests, ladies and gentlemen, I can't begin
Secretary Shultz. Mr. President, you
stand in a special way
to express in words, Mr. President, my deep
know, Obie [Helena Shultz] has been trav-
e an American. They
appreciation for what you've said about me
eling a million miles around the world with
me. So, it's been a great partnership. But,
ad gratitude in the
and the encouragement which you've given
nerica, the greatest,
me in my post as your Ambassador, your
Mr. President, I feel very special about re-
world-the last, best
personal representative, our country's Am-
ceiving this award from you, and let me
bassador to Japan.
explain why. There's a phrase that's catch-
However, I think that much of the credit
ing on-"the Reagan years." There's a ring
edom represents the
should go to Maureen, my wife, who down
to it. And, Mr. President, it is the ring of
can people have for
through the years has been such a wonder-
freedom. You have advocated it, fought for
the men and women
ful helpmate; whose advice, counsel, and
it. You have known that the price of free-
es do greatest honor
understanding I appreciated; who worked
dom is eternal vigilance. You have known
lives of the two men
harder at any job I've had and received
this is a matter of principle on which you
tell a story about free-
little credit in the process. So, I want to say
don't compromise. You have known that
bilities and responsibil-
how much I owe to her, how much I'm
there are times when it requires action-
those that inhere in
indebted to her; how much I appreciate
sometimes, at least initially, not necessarily
voman and those that
what the President has said-who has laid
popular action-but you have to do it.
free nation. Our hon-
out a sound policy for our future in the
You have also known-and I've heard you
their lives to preserv-
Pacific and East Asia. I appreciate the
say many times-that the strength comes
America's freedom.
advice and counsel that George Shultz has
from "We the People," that we get our le-
themselves in the
given to me from time to time. And I ap-
gitimacy and you get your legitimacy as
humanity and of the
preciate the fact that, for the first time in
President from the people. And you've
freedom to people of
memory, that we have both a President of
never been in any doubt, and none of us
no task more fitting
the United States and a Secretary of State
have, about who we came here to serve:
at.
who are actively interested in the Pacific, in
the American people.
the citations for our
Japan, and in East Asia. I anticipate that the
And I see you there with your arm
1 award recipients and
policies these men have laid down will be
around Nancy. I had the privilege of going
ir medals. Perhaps I
continued.
with Nancy a couple of months ago to the
our first recipient
In conclusion, we may recall that Robert
United Nations where she spoke about
calls me kid-{laugh-
Sandburg [Frost], one of our poets, said on a
drugs. And she had the courage to say that
1753
Jan. 19 / Administration of Ronald Reagan, 1989
one of the root causes of this worldwide
participate in this recognition of the service
ural resources will C
problem is use of drugs in the United
of these two gentlemen to this great coun-
individual private lar
States. And we have to say no. So Nancy,
try of ours. I'm glad that all of you could be
Production statisti
too, has been a fighter for freedom-free-
here. And now my clock tells me that-like
praisals bear out the
dom from drugs. And we love you for it and
the letter I got the first week I was here
ranchers acting on t
revere you for it, Nancy.
from the little 11-year-old girl who told me
dutifully carried out
So, all of these things make me especially
all the things that I had to do and then said,
this conservation pa
proud to have served with you, to have
"Now, get over to the Oval Office and go to
tive approach, coup.
been your Secretary of State. And to re-
work." I see I've still got a few more hours
grams, has benefited
ceive a medal from you called the Medal of
of work ahead of me, and we're a little
tion effort. The app.
Freedom has a significance for my life and
behind schedule. And so, we'll bid you all
National Conservati
Obie's life and my children that we will
farewell, and thank you again for all being
total solution to the
never forget.
here and participating.
riculture and er
Thank you, Mr. President.
Rather, they are USI
The President. Thank you. Well, ladies
Note: The President spoke at 1:22 p.m. in
conservation partner
and gentlemen, I have been privileged to
the State Dining Room at the White House.
There are some er
problems that warrar
continued role for
ment. Focused atten'
Letter to the Speaker of the House of Representatives and the
on the detection anc
President of the Senate on Soil and Water Conservation
ture nonpoint sourc
well as reduced ero
January 19, 1989
wetlands.
Federal and State
Dear Mr. Speaker: (Dear Mr. President:)
date" by the Secretary of Agriculture.
to play a major role
I am pleased to transmit my Statement of
Sincerely,
education. The kinds
Policy regarding conservation activities on
require extensive at
nonfederal land as required by the Soil and
RONALD REAGAN
and data collection
Water Resources Conservation Act of 1977.
sector has little incer
Accompanying this policy statement is "A
Note: Identical letters were sent to Jim
efforts, and institution
National Conservation Program for Soil and
Wright, Speaker of the House of Represent-
and State Governm
Water Conservation: The 1988-1997 Up-
atives, and George Bush, President of the
whelmed by such uno
Senate.
This National Con:
dates the program de
tary of Agriculture
policy guidance for 1
Statement on Soil and Water Conservation
USDA agencies durir.
The program is bas
January 19, 1989
Today I am transmitting to the Speaker
ble caretakers of natural resources, demon-
of the House and President of the Senate
strating concern for and willingness to
Designation of (
this statement of policy on the Secretary of
maintain the productivity of those resources
Governors of the
Agriculture's National Conservation Pro-
and the quality of our environment.
gram for the Department of Agriculture
Individual stewardship is supported by a
January 19, 1989
(USDA) between 1988 and 1997.
conservation partnership that includes pri-
The fundamental policies that guide the
vate landowners, private business, associa-
The President toda
administration's approach to the manage-
tions, the educational community, State and
Becker to be a men
ment of soil and water resources on nonfed-
local government, and the Department of
Governors of the Uni
eral lands are the principles of responsible
Agriculture and other agencies of the Fed-
tions, Inc., for a terr
stewardship and cooperative action to solve
eral Government. Our policy is to support
succeed Fred H. Gott
resource problems. Those principles rely
this partnership, with the objective that de-
Since 1978, Mr. de
upon individual landowners being responsi-
cisionmaking and responsibility for our nat-
dent of Gavin de Be
1754
Oct. 17 / Administration of Ronald Reagan, 1988
nas called the necessities of salvation. For if
you do, if these lessons become part of the
this great continent between the two great
oceans to be found only by people who had
experience to know
instruction you carry with you when you
that extra love of freedom and that courage
good, maybe the most e:
end your studies here, America will be
within their hearts to uproot themselves
we all have. You are a
stronger; the world will be better; and
from their native land; leave, many times,
good cheer and clear (
there will be no limits to what, in this sweet
family and friends; but to come here and to
who know they've don
land of liberty, you can do with your lives.
cause they believe in.
create this nation that we have created for
Let me just, if I can, say a few words on
The reward for good
ourselves here. I have to believe that that is
my own about this nation of ours. You
come in the hereafter,
know, I received a letter. We're quite
true, just as I believe that Lincoln spoke the
in the knowledge that
truth I've learned in these 8 years as never
unique. I received a letter from a man one
little better because (
day. He pointed out something I had never
before when he said, "I could not perform
done in your life. We'
the functions of this office for 15 minutes if
thought of. He said, "You can go to live in
top a feeling like that, 1
France; you cannot become a Frenchman.
I did not know that I could call upon one
a little pleasure with
who is stronger and wiser than all others."
You can go to live in Germany or Spain,
out today. And so, Wi
Thank you all. God bless you all.
and you cannot become a German or a
will now read the cit
Spaniard." And he went on, naming Japan,
Medal of Freedom rec
Note: The President spoke at 10:56 a.m. in
China, and other countries. But he said,
as I start to read, you"
"Anyone from any corner of the world can
the gymnasium of Archbishop Carroll High
School. He was introduced by James Cardi-
platform. This is the citation f
come to America and become an Ameri-
can." And this country is the only one you
nal Hickey, Archbishop of Washington, DC.
In his opening remarks, the President re-
Cowboy, business exec:
can say has that peculiar melding of people
Cabinet Secretary-Mac
together, revealing as no other area ever
ferred to Bishop Alvaro Corrada, Auxiliary
and more. To every task
has, that we are all the sons and daughters
Bishop of Washington; Father John P.
strength of his integrity
of God.
O'Malley, principal of Archbishop Carroll
vision. In serving his CO
High School; Sister Marcella Scully, princi-
chitect of our internation
You know, I don't say this very often, and
pal of All Saints High School; Secretary of
yet, though he moved
sometimes people may call it mysticism.
Education Lauro F. Cavazos; and Daniel F.
Ministers, and Kings, he
But I have always believed that there was
Curtain, secretary of Catholic education for
the kind of straight-talk:
some divine power and plan that placed
the Archdiocese of Washington, DC.
him to the Cowboy Ha
drige had uncommon ac
acter. He was a true en
can spirit.
Remarks at the Presentation Ceremony for the Presidential Medal
And here to accept
of Freedom
And the citation fc
October 17, 1988
Pearl? As a girl, Pear
her father's church in
all the way to Broad
Good afternoon, and thank you all for
coming here. You know, maybe it'll sound a
and profound introspection. Your lives and
heart. Among the pre
careers testify to a central truth of human-
tainers of this century,
little like bragging, but I have to tell you, I
all over the world. She
ity: It is better to give than to receive.
really have a great job. [Laughter] And one
as a Special Adviser to
You've all given-given of your talent and
of the reasons this is such a great job is that
to the United Nations.
I get to preside at wonderful occasions like
your energy and your resources-because
Bailey, for her songs ar
this one. We're all here today to present the
you know that the only way to fight injus-
The citation for Ir
Medal of Freedom to eight remarkable
tice and promote freedom is to speak a re-
sounding "no" to the forces of international
As the European re,
Americans. It's the highest civilian honor
this nation can bestow, and those who are
complacency and a resounding "yes" to
can Federation of Lab
those whose souls thirst after the cool
Brown played a crucit
so honored have spent much of their lives
of international comm
waters of liberty.
advancing the cause of freedom around the
ern Europe. By doing
world.
What your example-and the examples of
one of the architects
Mac Baldrige and J. Willard Marriott, who
has shunned publicit
Like those who have come before, today's
recipients are artists and statesmen, philoso-
are watching us from a better place-teach
freedom is far more it
phers and academics, and people of action
all of us is that fighting for what you believe
of fame. But his mode
in is not only good; it's fun. It's a pleasant
of his accomplishme.
Irving Brown the gra
1342
Administration of Ronald Reagan, 1988 / Oct. 17
experience to know you've done some
And accepting this award will be his son,
good, maybe the most enjoyable experience
Robert.
we all have. You are all possessed of the
good cheer and clear consciences of those
And this citation for Warren E. Burger:
who know they've done all they can for a
As teacher, lawyer, Assistant Attorney General
cause they believe in.
of the United States, and judge, Warren Burger
The reward for good deeds does not only
proved his abiding love of the law. For 17 years,
come in the hereafter, it comes every day
he served in the highest post on the highest court
in the knowledge that the world is maybe a
in the land as the 15th Chief Justice of the
little better because of the things you've
United States. Chief Justice Burger stepped down
done in your life. Well, we can't hope to
from the Supreme Court to lead our country in a
bicentennial celebration of the Constitution-one
top a feeling like that, but we do aim to add
more act of devotion and distinction by Warren
a little pleasure with the awards we give
Earl Burger to the Republic he loves and serves
out today. And so, without further ado, I
so well.
will now read the citations for the eight
Medal of Freedom recipients of 1988. And
The citation for Milton Friedman:
as I start to read, you'll please come to the
Teacher, scholar, and theorist-Milton Fried-
platform.
man restored common sense to the world of eco-
This is the citation for Malcolm Baldrige:
nomics. A winner of the Nobel Prize, Milton
Cowboy, business executive, political activist,
Friedman's technical mastery of his profession is
Cabinet Secretary-Mac Baldrige was all of these
unchallenged. But more central to his work is its
and more. To every task and role, he brought the
moral component: an idea of human freedom in
strength of his integrity and the power of his
which man's economic rights are as vital as his
vision. In serving his country, he became an ar-
civil and human rights. It is for his celebration of
chitect of our international economic policy. And
the human spirit as well as the brilliance of his
yet, though he moved with Presidents, Prime
mind that I bestow upon Milton Friedman the
Ministers, and Kings, he was always happiest with
Presidential Medal of Freedom.
the kind of straight-talking cowboys who elected
And the citation for Jean Faircloth Mac-
him to the Cowboy Hall of Fame. Malcolm Bal-
Arthur:
drige had uncommon accomplishments and char-
acter. He was a true embodiment of the Ameri-
Vibrant, charming, brave, and ever loyal-as
can spirit.
she always puts it-"to my General," Jean Mac-
Arthur has witnessed the great cataclysms of our
And here to accept is Mrs. Baldrige.
time, survived war and peace, conquered trage-
And the citation for Pearl Bailey Bellson:
dy, and known triumph. Whether on a PT boat
Pearl? As a girl, Pearl Bailey began singing in
evading enemy ships in the South China Sea or
her father's church in Virginia and kept singing
being welcomed home by all Americans in 1951,
all the way to Broadway and into America's
Jean MacArthur was and is a shining example-a
heart. Among the preeminent American enter-
woman of substance and character; a loyal wife
tainers of this century, she has dazzled audiences
and mother; and like her General, a patriot self-
all over the world. She has also served the Nation
less in the service of our country and the cause of
freedom.
as a Special Adviser to the United States Mission
to the United Nations. And America loves Pearl
Citation for J. Willard Marriott:
Bailey, for her songs and for her soul.
The son of a humble Utah sheep rancher, J.
The citation for Irving Brown:
Willard Marriott turned a small root beer stand
As the European representative of the Ameri-
in the Nation's Capital into one of America's larg-
can Federation of Labor in the late 1940's, Irving
est and most successful businesses. Known for his
Brown played a crucial role in breaking the hold
vision, ingenuity, and hard work, J. Willard Mar-
of international communism over postwar West-
riott will also be remembered as a man of devo-
ern Europe. By doing so, he can truly be called
tion to family, a leader in his church, a respected
one of the architects of Western democracy. He
voice in the halls of government, and as a man
has shunned publicity, believing the cause of
who in his life and career brought honor to
freedom is far more important than the pleasure
America.
of fame. But his modesty cannot obscure the size
And his wife, Alice, is accepting.
of his accomplishments, and they have earned
Irving Brown the gratitude of his country.
A citation for David Packard:
1343
Oct. 17 / Administration of Ronald Reagan, 1988
Accomplished businessman and skillful manag-
These are the eight that we honor, and
er, noted philanthropist and public servant of the
I'm very proud to have been able to partici-
making. Such requiren
highest integrity-David Packard has had a leg-
with the constitutional
endary life and career. Dedicated to furthering
pate in this with these wonderful people.
the integrity and confi
the pursuit of scientific, technological, and
ternal deliberations of t.
human progress, devoted to his country and the
Note: The President spoke at 1:23 p.m. in
and the President's autl
cause of keeping her strong in a dangerous
the East Room at the White House. Prior to
Executive branch to
world, David Packard has served the American
his remarks, the President hosted a lunch-
laws be faithfully exe
people effectively, generously, and proudly.
eon in the Residence for the recipients.
art. II, sec. 3, and to co
vise his subordinates. I
with the understanding
Statement on Signing the Bill Supporting the Restoration of a Free
and Independent Cambodia
October 18, 1988
Remarks by Telep
Whale Rescue Tea
I have today signed H.J. Res. 602, which
position of absolute authority from which to
October 18, 1988
expresses congressional support for the res-
wage its rule of terror over the Cambodian
toration of a free and independent Cambo-
people. I have, however, signed this legisla-
The President. Colone
dia, the withdrawal of Vietnamese troops
tion because it makes clear that the United
Col. Carroll. Yes, sir?
from that country, and the protection of the
States will continue to do everything possi-
The President. This is
Cambodian people from a return to power
by the Khmer Rouge. I welcome this clear
ble to assure that the Vietnamese occupa-
Col. Carroll. It's a ple:
tion of Cambodia is brought to an end and
statement of principles on a subject on
The President. Well,
which we are all in agreement.
that effective guarantees are put into place
all-I just have to tell
I note that the Resolution is properly cast
to prevent the Khmer Rouge from ever
impressed by all that
in admonitory terms and accordingly must
again taking control of Cambodia.
there in this effort on
be interpreted as a nonbinding expression
you that down here a g
RONALD REAGAN
of the sense of the Congress. I disagree with
very concerned about th
the wording of certain clauses, which, as
The White House,
and freeing those three
written, could complicate our efforts to
October 18, 1988.
called, well, for one thi
work with other governments to achieve
get an onsite report froi
the objective we all seek: to prevent the
Note: H.J. Res. 602, approved October 18,
effort and how it looks.
Khmer Rouge from ever again being in a
was assigned Public Law No. 100-502.
Col. Carroll. Very goo
lead off by saying that ti
amount of people who
who appreciate the fac
Statement on Signing the Inspector General Act Amendments of
the time from your sch
we'll make sure that eve
1988
that did happen. I know
October 18, 1988
ly pleased.
The President. Well,
I have today signed S. 908, the "Inspector
tant, but we place a g.
tain constitutional concerns. Unless properly
what you're doing up the
General Act Amendments of 1988." My Ad-
construed, the Act's reporting requirements
Col. Carroll. I can giv
ministration has had a long-standing and
could impermissibly interfere with the
an update. Right now, (
deep commitment to the work of the In-
President's control over the deliberative
ronment is extremely hi
spectors General within the Executive
processes of the Executive branch. For ex-
barge that we are going
branch. Their efforts to combat fraud,
ample, the disclosure of opposing views
to actually break the pa
waste, and abuse deserve our sincere thanks
with respect to decisions at issue unneces-
has been sitting for quit
and continued support.
sarily creates divisions within the Executive
2 years. And so, the m:
I must, however, note that S. 908, like the
branch that could chill the frank exchange
VECO, the company tha
Inspector General Act of 1978, raises cer-
of views necessary to effective decision-
barge, has been to enst
safe and free of any ma.
1344
Appointment of Two Members of the Board of Trustees of the
poet, a prophet, ki
will, according to th
Woodrow Wilson- International Center for Scholars
himself born into."
June 23, 1987
Well, the heroes
positive and uplifti
That's why we call 1
The President today announced his inten-
and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Freedom. The Me
tion to appoint the following individuals to
(M.S., 1965). He was born February 7, 1939, in
which we bestow C
be members of the Board of Trustees of the
Chicago, IL. Mr. Reed is married, has four chil-
is this country's top
Woodrow Wilson International Center for
dren, and resides in Greenwich, CT.
of former recipient
Scholars in the Smithsonian Institution for
Dwayne O. Andreas, of Florida. He would suc-
military heroes, like
terms expiring October 23, 1992:
ceed Kenneth B. Clark. Since 1972 Mr. An-
but also the names
John S. Reed, of Connecticut. He would succeed
dreas has been chairman of the board and chief
uals like Dr. Jonas
Stuart E. Eizenstat. Mr. Reed is currently
executive officer of the Archer Daniels Mid-
Disney, Helen Kel
chairman of the board and chief executive of
land Co., in Decatur, IL. From 1970 to 1972,
recipients are of th.
Citibank/Citicorp in New York, NY. Prior to
he served as the chief executive officer of the
this he served as vice chairman of Citibank/
emplify the ideals
Archer Daniels Midland Co. Mr. Andreas was
Citicorp. Mr. Reed graduated from Washington
excelled in the a
born March 14, 1918, in Worthington, MN. He
and Jefferson College and the Massachusetts
works that touch
is married, has three children, and resides in
Institute of Technology (B.S. and B.A., 1961)
Miami Beach, FL.
made us laugh. Th
country more secu
less fortunate. The
best. And today we
Remarks at the Presentation Ceremony for the Presidential Medal
the Medals of Fre
of Freedom
pleasure to annow
June 23, 1987
Anne Legendre
Since her earliest
It's a pleasure to have all of you here
Those of us who lived through it under-
Anne Armstrong has
today to honor some of our fellow Ameri-
stand how simple it would have been for us
the cause of freedom
cans who've made a difference, Americans
to have come home after the war and let
intrusions of big gov
who represent the very best of our country.
the rest of the world fend for itself. Our
and capacity for WC
In my first inaugural, I said: "Those who say
people, after all, had sacrificed life and
national political scer
that we're in a time when there are no
wealth to save mankind, and we could have
party and nation wi
heroes, just don't know where to look."
offices in both. Her
Well, I've been blessed over the years with
easily justified sitting back and enjoying
effort in the service
ourselves and our prosperity.
her the gratitude of (
having had the opportunity to meet many
American heroes and to get to know the
Well, in the days following World War II,
Pope Pius XII said: "The American people
Justin Dart:
truly admirable people who make up our
land.
have a genius for great and unselfish deeds;
And it will be
Sometimes, because we spend so much
into the hands of America, God has placed
Dart, his wife.
an afflicted mankind." Well, we didn't shirk
time and energy on trying to solve our
the great responsibility that was thrust upon
A leading entrepr
country's problems, we lose sight of the fun-
damental strength of character that
us. For four decades, we've carried a heavy
vital contributions 1
load of leadership. It's been four decades of
remembered. Consic
abounds in our citizens. I recently visited
peace in Europe and four decades of eco-
trade, he was alrea
Europe, and a great deal was said about the
nomic growth and prosperity for the West-
company in the wor
Marshall plan, something Winston Churchill
sure hand would $
called "the most unsordid act in history."
ern democracies. The American people
Justin Dart became
were inspired to carry this heavy load, to do
an adviser to the P-
706
Administration of Ronald Reagan, 1987 / June 23
what was right rather than what was easy,
his business acumen but his courageous champi-
by individuals like the ones that we honor
oning of political and economic liberty. Justin
today. Among Thomas Carlyle's many
Dart's life stands as eloquent testimony to the
works is a book about heroes and heroism.
creative force of freedom.
In it he pointed out: "The hero can be a
Danny Kaye:
poet, a prophet, king, priest, or what you
And it will be received by his daughter,
will, according to the kind of world he finds
Miss Dena Kaye.
himself born into."
An entertainer, humanitarian, and an individ-
Well, the heroes in America reflect the
ual who lifted the spirit of his fellow countrymen,
positive and uplifting values of our people.
his enthusiasm for life infected all who saw him.
That's why we call today's awards Medals of
He spread laughter and good will, touching the
Freedom. The Medal of Freedom award,
hearts of people throughout the world, especially
which we bestow on our Americans today,
young people. He was a true professional, a star
is this country's top civilian honor. The list
of film, stage, television, and radio. His dedica-
of former recipients contains the names of
tion to helping less fortunate children is also re-
military heroes, like General Omar Bradley,
membered. He was a good man, a pro who
but also the names of distinguished individ-
cared, an example of the best in America's soul.
And he will always be remembered around the
uals like Dr. Jonas Salk, Jesse Owens, Walt
world by millions of children for his unselfish
Disney, Helen Keller, and others. Today's
willingness to serve every time the U.N. called
recipients are of the same caliber. They ex-
upon him to do so.
emplify the ideals of America. They have
excelled in the arts. They have written
Lyman L. Lemnitzer:
works that touched our hearts. They've
A brave and dedicated military officer who
made us laugh. They've helped make our
served our nation in peace and war, General
country more secure and provided for the
Lemnitzer's skill as a tactician, planner, and ne-
less fortunate. They're some of America's
gotiator was instrumental in the Second World
best. And today we're proud to award them
War. He fought in Korea, he served as U.S. com-
mander in chief in Europe, and eventually
the Medals of Freedom. And now, it's my
became the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff.
pleasure to announce this year's awardees.
His life has been one marked by high military
skill and unselfish devotion to his country.
Anne Legendre Armstrong:
John A. McCone:
Since her earliest days in grassroots politics,-
As Director of Central Intelligence between
Anne Armstrong has been an intrepid fighter for
1961 and 1965, John A. McCone guided our na-
the cause of freedom and liberty, and against the
tion's intelligence community through some of its
intrusions of big government. Her great talents
most difficult hours. He strengthened the Na-
and capacity for work catapulted her onto the
tion's critical capacity for effective intelligence
national political scene, where she has served her
operations, maintained the intelligence communi-
party and nation with distinction, holding high
ty's reputation for unbiased analysis, and played
offices in both. Her great skill and unstinting
an active role in policy debates. Integrity, patriot-
effort in the service of her country have earned
ism-these qualities have marked his long and
her the gratitude of our nation.
distinguished service to our nation.
Frederick D. Patterson:
Justin Dart:
And it will be received by Mrs. Justin
For five decades, as president and president
Dart, his wife.
emeritus of Tuskegee Institute, Dr. Frederick D.
Patterson has been one of America's outstanding
educators. He is also the founder of the United
A leading entrepreneur, Justin Dart has made
Negro College Fund and the College Endow-
vital contributions to America that will long be
ment Funding Plan, and through these, he has
remembered. Considered a revolutionary by his
helped finance excellence throughout America's
trade, he was already head of the largest drug
community of historically black colleges. By his
company in the world at the age of 35, and his
inspiring example of personal excellence and un-
sure hand would soon transform the business.
selfish dedication, he has taught the Nation that,
Justin Dart became a leading force in politics and
in this land of freedom, no mind should be al-
an adviser to the President, valued not only for
lowed to go to waste.
707
June 23 / Administration of Ronald Reagan, 1987
Nathan Perlmutter:
wherever there is need and, as always, is giving
were, he said, "futh
And his will be received by his wife, Ruth
of himself so that others might find hope. He is a
supply, excessive 11
credit to his profession and to his country.
Perlmutter.
ment intervention
Meredith Willson:
short, big govern
In the "Diary of a Cancer Patient," Nathan
Perlmutter wrote: "Funny what I feel I've ac-
And his will be received by Mrs. Willson.
spending and the 1
complished. I married the prettiest girl. I made it
Our country knows Meredith Willson as the
cies it used to finan
to marine infantry officer, wrote a few books, and
composer-lyricist whose musicals and songs cap-
Speaking of reg
became director of the Anti-Defamation
tured the joy and innocence of America. Mere-
nesses, regulations
League." That casual, self-deprecating voice is
dith Willson's career embraced the musical life of
it seemed there
the voice of a hero. For Mr. Perlmutter has made
his nation. His greatest hits, "The Music Man"
around and gover
it his life's work to champion human dignity. He
and "The Unsinkable Molly Brown," will forever
out. It reminds III
is a hero indeed, a hero of the human spirit.
stand as landmarks of the Broadway stage. As one
everything remind
Mstislav Rostropovich:
critic said: "His music is as American as apple pie
ter] This one is nin
and a Fourth of July oration." He will always be
own business. He
He once jokingly asked his mother why she
remembered affectionately and with respect for
had carried him longer than the usual 9 months.
his virtuosity as our music man.
summer home in
"Slava," she answered, "to give you such beauti-
he was good-nature
ful hands." Performing, teaching, and conduct-
And I will always remember him, because
his relatives' relatts
ing, the beautiful hands of Mstislav Rostropovich
as an old ex-lieutenant of horse cavalry in
tion to visit all
have shared with millions his passion for music,
World War II, he wrote a song for the cav-
One day the man
especially the music of the homeland he has
alry.
third niece-in-lnw.
never ceased to love. He is a virtuoso not only of
ter]-who'd ignot
music but of heart and mind, as well.
I know that you're as proud as we are to
she'd overstayed
William B. Walsh, M.D.:
have all of these people with us. And that
sighed and said.
Dr. William B. Walsh has spent a lifetime
concludes our ceremony here, but it doesn't
there, that you'll
giving hope to others. For 14 years, in ports
conclude our feeling of thanks for these
here again?" "WI,
around the world, millions cheered the ship that
people and what they've done.
shouldn't 1 come
Dr. Walsh's dreams launched, the S.S. Hope.
"Well, how can y'
Medical care and training-these were the
Note: The President spoke at 1:14 p.m. in
go away?" [Laugh
Hope's cargo, together with a message of good
the East Room at the White House follow-
Well, before W
will from all Americans. Today Project HOPE has
ing a luncheon for the recipients and their
entrepreneurs 11,
stepped ashore, and Dr. Walsh is reaching people
guests.
and paperwork "
we've ripped 40.1
al book of reg"
Remarks at the National Federation of Independent Business
what seems to 1,
Conference
hours a year of
June 23, 1987
perwork. We cur
gy: lower tax in
The President. Thank you very much, and
highest since the Civil War; growth had
tary stability.
let me say a special word of thanks to a
ground to a stop; and the income of the
spending through
long-time supporter of what we've been
ment to balance
typical American family was on a decade-
doing here in Washington, your president,
three of those "
long roller coaster ride to the cellar, while
John Sloan. It's a great pleasure to be here
gether with review
taxes shot for the sky. Those were particu-
today. For 44 years the National Federation
Federal spending
larly hard times for America's entrepre-
of Independent Business has spoken out for
4 of the best your
neurs, as venture capital for starting new
the most dynamic and creative force in our
Today we're
businesses virtually evaporated and a flood
economy: America's independent business-
terrupted grown
of regulations began to sweep away the
of the longest
es. For 6 years you've been a partner in the
great American spirit of enterprise.
American histon
struggle to pull America back from the eco-
How had the greatest economy in the
we've created
nomic brink and get it back on the trail to
world been brought to its knees? Well, as
the top.
jobs-that's mine
one prominent historian of our times has
Japan combined
You remember those days before we
written-he said, "The most detailed analy-
street in the
came into office. Inflation was the highest
sis of this stagnation and decline suggested
hood, you'll fine
since World War II; interest rates were the
the causes were mainly political." They
ever before in
708
PAGE
1
LEVEL 1 - 79 DOCUMENTS
9. Public Papers of the Presidents, Remarks on Presenting the Presidential Medal
of Freedom Awards, 27 Weekly Comp. Pres. Doc. 1677, November 18, 1991, 1263
words
10. Public Papers of the Presidents, Checklist of White House Press Releases,
The following list contains releases of the Office of the Press Secretary that
are neither printed as items nor covered by entries in the Digest of Other White
House Announcements., 27 Weekly Comp. Pres. Doc. 896, July 5, 1991, 106 words
11 Public Papers of the Presidents, Remarks at the Presentation Ceremony for
the Presidential Medals of Freedom and Presidential Citizen's Medals, 27 Weekly
Comp. Pres. Doc. 884, July 3, 1991, 1891 words
12. Public Papers of the Presidents, Checklist of White House Press Releases,
The following list contains releases of the Office of the Press Secretary that
are neither printed as items nor covered by entries in the Digest of Other White
House Announcements., 27 Weekly Comp. Pres. Doc. 864, June 28, 1991, 243 words
13. Public Papers of the Presidents, Checklist of White House Press Release, The
following list contains releases of the Office of the Press Secretary that are
neither printed as items nor covered by entries in the Digest of Other White
House Announcements., 27 Weekly Comp. Pres. Doc. 273, March 8, 1991, 200 words
LEVEL 1 - - 79 DOCUMENTS
19. Public Papers of the Presidents, Checklist of White House Press Releases, 25
Weekly Comp. Pres. Doc. 1048, July 7, 1989, 132 words
20 Public Papers of the Presidents, Remarks at the Presentation Ceremony for
the Presidential Medal of Freedom, 25 Weekly Comp. Pres. Doc. 1024, July 6, 1989
1788 words
21 Public Papers of the Presidents, Remarks at the Presentation Ceremony for
the Presidential Medal of Freedom, 25 Weekly Comp. Pres. Doc. 85, January 19,
1989, 2224 words
22. Public Papers of the Presidents, Digest of Other White House Announcements,
The following list includes the President's public schedule and other items of
general interest announced by the Office of the Press Secretary and not included
elsewhere in this issue., 25 Weekly Comp. Pres. Doc. 94, January 19, 1989, 1965
words
23. Public Papers of the Presidents, Checklist of White House Press Releases,
The following list contains releases of the Office of the Press Secretary which
are not included in this issue., 25 Weekly Comp. Pres. Doc. 98, January 19, 1989
133 words
TM
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LEVEL 1 - -- 79 DOCUMENTS
24. Public Papers of the Presidents, Remarks at a Luncheon for Recipients of the
Medal of Freedom, 24 Weekly Comp. Pres. Doc. 1479, November 10, 1988, 1082 words
25. Public Papers of the Presidents, Checklist of White House Press Releases,
The following list contains releases of the Office of the Press Secretary which
are not included in this issue., 24 Weekly Comp. Pres. Doc. 1348, October 21,
1988, 61 words
26 Public Papers of the Presidents, Remarks at the Presentation Ceremony for
the Presidential Medal of Freedom, 24 Weekly Comp. Pres. Doc. 1329, October 17,
1988, 1110 words
27. Public Papers of the Presidents, Checklist of White House Press Releases,
The following list contains releases of the Office of the Press Secretary which
are not included in this issue., 24 Weekly Comp. Pres. Doc. 615, May 13, 1988,
104 words
28. Public Papers of the Presidents, Remarks on Presenting the Presidential
Medal of Freedom to Lord Peter Carrington, 24 Weekly Comp. Pres. Doc. 594, May
10, 1988, 1564 words
LEVEL 1 - - 79 DOCUMENTS
39 Public Papers of the Presidents, Presidential Medal of Freedom, Remarks at
the Presentation Ceremony., 23 Weekly Comp. Pres. Doc. 730, June 23, 1987, 1457
words
40. Public Papers of the Presidents, National Medal of Arts, Remarks at a
Luncheon for Recipients., 23 Weekly Comp. Pres. Doc. 701, June 18, 1987, 1484
words
41. Public Papers of the Presidents, Presidential Medal of Freedom, Announcement
of Award Recipients., 23 Weekly Comp. Pres. Doc. 409, April 21, 1987, 245 words
42. Public Papers of the Presidents, Digest of Other White House Announcements,
The following list includes the President's public schedule and other items of
general interest announced by the Office of the Press Secretary and not included
elsewhere in this issue., 23 Weekly Comp. Pres. Doc. 29, January 16, 1987, 314
words
43. Public Papers of the Presidents, Checklist of White House Press Releases,
The following list contains releases of the Office of the Press Secretary which
are not included in this issue., 1986 Pub. Papers 1029, August 1, 1986, 332
words
TM
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44. Public Papers of the Presidents, Presidential Medal of Freedom, Remarks on
Presenting the Medal to Vladimir Horowitz., 1986 Pub. Papers 1006, July 28, 1986
547 words
45 Public Papers of the Presidents, Presidential Medal of Freedom, Remarks at
the Presentation Cememony., 1986 Pub. Papers 611, May 12, 1986, 1297 words
46. Public Papers of the Presidents, Presidential Medal of Freedom, Announcement
of Award Recipients., 1986 Pub. Papers 539, April 24, 1986, 218 words
47. Public Papers of the Presidents, Special Envoy for Central America,
Appointment of Philip C. Habib., 1986 Pub. Papers 319, March 7, 1986, 287 words
48. Public Papers of the Presidents, Presidential Commission on the Space
Shuttle Challenger Accident, Appointment of 12 Members, and Designation of
Chairman and Vice Chairman., 1986 Pub. Papers 129, February 3, 1986, 940 words
49. Public Papers of the Presidents, Presidential Medal of Freedom, Remarks at
the Presentation Ceremony., 1985 Pub. Papers 1365, November 7, 1985, 1530 words
50. Public Papers of the Presidents, Presidential Medal of Freedom, Remarks at
the Presentation Ceremony for Mother Teresa., 1985 Pub. Paper 828, June 20,
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125
is the right
t is the no-
ga y Gasset
) America's
Garry Wills
rejection of
e Leo XIII
Liberty
al the mo-
Nietzsche
Proclaim liberty throughout all the land unto all the inhabitants
thereof.
cures social
Leviticus 25:10
edom and
It is a great and dangerous error to suppose that all people are
ñoz Marin
equally entitled to liberty.
John C. Calhoun
Liberty is the one thing you can't have unless you give it to others.
William Allen White
Liberty doesn't work as well in practice as it does in speeches.
Will Rogers
The people never give up their liberties but under some delusion.
Edmund Burke
They that give up essential liberty to obtain a little temporary
safety deserve neither liberty nor safety.
Benjamin Franklin
Liberty is always dangerous, but it is the safest thing we have.
Harry Emerson Fosdick
The tree of liberty must be refreshed from time to time with the
blood of patriots and tyrants. It is its natural manure.
Thomas Jefferson
Liberty means responsibility. That is why most men dread it.
George Bernard Shaw
126 LIBERTY
Liberty, n. One of Imagination's most precious possessions.
Liberty is
Ambrose Bierce
Few men desire liberty; most men wish only for a just master.
Liberties
Sallust
The history of liberty is the history of resistance.
Liberty is
Woodrow Wilson
Liberty is so much latitude as the powerful choose to accord to the
He that w
weak.
enemy frc
Learned Hand
I know not what course others may take, but as for me, give me
liberty, or give me death!
Patrick Henry
The price we have to pay for money is paid in liberty.
Robert Louis Stevenson
Wherever public spirit prevails, liberty is secure.
Noah Webster
Mankind is tired of liberty.
Benito Mussolini
Only in states in which the power of the people is supreme has
liberty any abode.
Cicero
The contest for ages has been to rescue liberty from the grasp of
executive power.
Daniel Webster
Liberty, equality, fraternity.
Motto of the French Republic
Liberties and masters are not easily combined.
Tacitus
By fraternity only will liberty be saved.
Victor Hugo
Modern liberty begins in revolt.
H.M. Kallen
LIBERTY 127
ions.
Liberty is the sovereignty of the individual.
prose Bierce
Josiah Warren
master.
Liberties
...
depend on the silence of the law.
Sallust
Thomas Hobbes
Liberty is the power that we have over ourselves.
row Wilson
Hugo Grotius
ccord to the
He that would make his own liberty secure must guard even his
enemy from oppression.
arned Hand
Thomas Paine
ne, give me
trick Henry
3 Stevenson
ih Webster
) Mussolini
ipreme has
Cicero
he grasp of
el Webster
1 Republic
Tacitus
ctor Hugo
M. Kallen
John F. Kennedy, 1963
in our cities,
National Day of Mourning Proclaimed by President Johnson.
eams, against
y, and against
November 23, 1963
ent. We have
tursing homes.
By the President of the United States of
Now, THEREFORE, I, LYNDON B. JOHNSON,
America
President of the United States of America,
new attack on
do appoint Monday next, November 25, the
ardation. We
of more physi-
A PROCLAMATION
day of the funeral service of President Ken-
nedy, to be a national day of mourning
ve provided 4
ur elderly citi-
To the People of the United States:
throughout the United States. I earnestly
John Fitzgerald Kennedy, 35th President
recommend the people to assemble on that
d benefits for
of the United States, has been taken from us
day in their respective places of divine
by an act which outrages decent men every-
worship, there to bow down in submission
ok, the story is
where.
to the will of Almighty God, and to pay
1, in Africa, in
world and in
He upheld the faith of our fathers, which
their homage of love and reverence to the
is freedom for all men. He broadened the
memory of a great and good man. I invite
s, there is now
frontiers of that faith, and backed it with the
the people of the world who share our grief
ountry and our
energy and the courage which are the mark
to join us in this day of mourning and re-
of the Nation he led.
dedication.
and it must not
A man of wisdom, strength, and peace, he
IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto
his is a time for
moulded and moved the power of our Nation
set my hand and caused the Seal of the
lenge. Neither
in the service of a world of growing liberty
United States of America to be affixed.
ncy will do.
and order. All who love freedom will
DONE at the City of Washington this
he faint-hearted
mourn his death.
twenty-third day of November in
y as a party is
to the Nation,
As he did not shrink from his responsibili-
[SEAL] the year of our Lord nineteen
t
ties, but welcomed them, so he would not
hundred and sixty-three, and of the
d. Our duty is
have us shrink from carrying on his work
Independence of the United States of Amer-
of political power
ice and freedom.
beyond this hour of national tragedy.
ica the one hundred and eighty-eighth.
hen our cause is
He said it himself: "The energy, the faith,
the devotion which we bring to this endeavor
LYNDON B. JOHNSON
rel amongst our-
uture is at stake.
will light our country and all who serve it-
By the President:
and the glow from that fire can truly light
DEAN RUSK
h renewed confi-
the world."
Secretary of State
I in our heritage
for the future-
and we love shall
frontiers of peace
Remarks of President Johnson and Under Secretary of State George W.
Ball at the Presentation of the Medal of Freedom Awards.
December 6, 1963
[ Delivered in the State Dining Room at the White House ]
MR. BALL. Mr. President, Mrs. Johnson, Mr.
appreciation of a great Nation for the ex-
Chief Justice and Members of the Supreme
traordinary achievements of a remarkable
Court, Members of the Cabinet, Members of
group of men and women, achievements
the Congress, Recipients of the Presidential
spanning a wide spectrum of human en-
Medal of Freedom, and Distinguished
deavor: the arts, science, diplomacy, govern-
Guests: It is my privilege to welcome you
ment, the humanities, the law, and philan-
to an historic ceremony. Today, the Presi-
thropy.
dent of the United States is expressing the
For the first time, the President is estab-
899
Public Papers of the Presidents
lishing what we can proudly call an Ameri-
careful thought, always sparingly so as not
to be a people tou
can civil honors list. Each year hereafter
to debase its currency.
by high destiny t
the Presidential Medal of Freedom will be
He and Mrs. Kennedy studied and revised
Mr. Ball: Mr.
conferred upon a few individuals chosen
the design submitted for this decoration, and
Anderson.
with great care by the President himself.
the beautiful medal you see here today bears
PRESIDENT JOHN
The ceremony today has a dual signifi-
their joint imprimatur.
she has ennobled
cance. We are joining President Johnson
This first year, the Presidential Medal of
while her voice ha
not only in honoring the recipients of the
Freedom is being conferred on 31 individ-
Mr. Ball: Mr. I
Presidential Medal of Freedom and the high
uals. In the case of 9, the special award is
was unfortunately
endeavors that have won them this acclaim
being awarded with distinction.
Mr. President, bu
but also in paying tribute to the man respon-
President Johnson shares with his great
his citation in abse
sible for this new decoration.
predecessor a deep respect for distinguished
PRESIDENT JOHNS
It was characteristic of President Kennedy
achievement and a desire to give gratitude
he has incarnated
that early in his administration he should
and recognition to those who nobly serve
the cello under his
turn his mind to the means by which we
the cause of humanity. He has come here
heart of the world.
could give appropriate encouragement to
today to pay honor to a bright constellation
Mr. Ball: Miss G
deeds well done. He felt deeply that our
of talent and achievement.
PRESIDENT JOHNS
Nation should pay full homage to those who
Ladies and gentlemen, the President of
itarian, she has bee
contribute to enriching the qualities of
the United States.
woman Peace Corp:
American life, strengthening the security of
PRESIDENT JOHNSON. Mr. Secretary, Mr.
ning victories over
free men and building the foundations for
Chief Justice and Members of the Court,
blind to become ful
peace.
Members of Congress, Distinguished Recipi-
Mr. Ball: Dr. Joh
He sought a way of expressing this ap-
ents of the Award, Fellow Americans:
PRESIDENT JOHNS
preciation in a systematic manner so that it
Over the past 2 weeks, our Nation has
searcher, he has op
could become a part of American tradition,
known moments of the utmost sorrow, of
medical discovery an
a means of national thanks and encourage-
anguish and shame. This day, however, is
and companion to tv
ment for the selfless effort and the brilliant
a moment of great pride.
in the demanding q
task.
In the shattering sequence of events that
Mr. Ball: Mr. Kai
So as to provide orderly arrangements for
began I4 days ago, we encountered in its full
PRESIDENT JOHNSO
the conferring of this recognition, President
horror man's capacity for hatred and de-
ing imaginative sol
Kennedy directed the Distinguished Awards
struction.
juvenile delinquenc
Board to survey the fields of achievement and
There is little we do not now know of
generously to develo₁
to suggest candidates for the award for the
evil, but it is time to turn once more to the
ship among our you
Presidential Medal of Freedom. This was
pursuits of honor and excellence and of
Mr. Ball: Mr. Rol
not an easy task, not one to be lightly under-
achievement that have always marked the
PRESIDENT JOHNSO:
taken or quickly accomplished. Those of us
true direction of the American people.
he has inspired gene
who were given this assignment were over-
So we meet today to confer the Nation's
high ideals of achiev
whelmed but gratified by the prevalence and
highest civil honor on 31 of the Nation's
ship.
variety of achievement. We were, in a very
most distinguished citizens, citizens of the
Mr. Ball: Mr. Edv
real sense, embarrassed by riches and the
free world.
PRESIDENT JOHNSON
work of initial selection required solemn
No words could add to the distinction of
tor, he has brought h.
debate and a bold exercise of judgment.
the men and women who are being honored
in industry, governm
The work of the Board, however, was
today. It is rather the reverse. Their names
riching the lives of n
only the beginning of a process. The Presi-
add distinction to the award.
dimensions to photog
dent reviewed our suggestions with care and
So, in joining with my fellow countrymen
Mr. Ball: Governor
reflection. He added and subtracted names
to express the Nation's gratitude to each of
I know that we were
and directed that some nominations be held
you, I want particularly to thank you for
hear yesterday of the
for a later year. The Presidential Medal of
reminding us that whatever evil moments
citizen. Mr. President
Freedom, he felt, should be given only after
may pass by, we are and we shall continue
his citation in absenti:
900
John F. Kennedy, 1963
to be a people touched with greatness called
PRESIDENT JOHNSON. Citizen and states-
agly so as not
by high destiny to serve great purposes.
man, he has used wisdom and compassion
Mr. Ball: Mr. President, Miss Marian
as the tools of government and has made
ed and revised
Anderson.
politics the highest form of public service.
decoration, and
PRESIDENT JOHNSON. Artist and citizen,
Mr. Ball: J. Clifford MacDonald. Mrs.
ere today bears
she has ennobled her race and her country
MacDonald will receive the award on behalf
while her voice has enthralled the world.
of her deceased husband.
ential Medal of
Mr. Ball: Mr. Pablo Casals. Mr. Casals
PRESIDENT JOHNSON. Businessman and
on 3I individ-
was unfortunately unable to be with us today,
philanthropist, he has directed his concern
pecial award is
Mr. President, but you may wish to read
to the quiet but noble work of enlarging
cion.
his citation in absentia.
the lives and opportunities of the physically
with his great
PRESIDENT JOHNSON. Statesman of music,
and mentally handicapped.
or distinguished
he has incarnated the freedom of art, while
Mr. Ball: Mr. George Meany.
) give gratitude
the cello under his fingers has touched the
PRESIDENT JOHNSON. Citizen and national
who nobly serve
heart of the world.
leader, in serving the cause of labor, he has
has come here
Mr. Ball: Miss Genevieve Caulfield.
greatly served the cause of his Nation and
ght constellation
PRESIDENT JOHNSON. Teacher and human-
of freedom in the world.
itarian, she has been for four decades a one-
Mr. Ball: Professor Alexander Meikle-
the President of
woman Peace Corps in Southeast Asia, win-
john.
ning victories over darkness by helping the
PRESIDENT JOHNSON. Educator and liber-
Secretary, Mr.
blind to become full members of society.
tarian, as teacher by example and philos-
rs of the Court,
Mr. Ball: Dr. John F. Enders.
opher in practice, his free and fertile mind
inguished Recipi-
PRESIDENT JOHNSON. Physician and re-
has influenced the course of American high-
Americans:
searcher, he has opened new pathways to
er education.
our Nation has
medical discovery and has been an example
Mr. Ball: Mr. Ludwig Mies van der
itmost sorrow, of
and companion to two generations of doctors
Rohe.
day, however, is
in the demanding quest for scientific truth.
PRESIDENT JOHNSON. Teacher, designer,
Mr. Ball: Mr. Karl Holton.
master builder, he has conceived soaring
nce of events that
PRESIDENT JOHNSON. Innovator in apply-
structures of glass, steel and concrete which
ountered in its full
ing imaginative solutions to problems of
at once embody and evoke the distinctive
r hatred and de-
juvenile delinquency, he has contributed
qualities of our age.
generously to developing responsible citizen-
Mr. Ball: Mr. Clarence B. Randall.
not now know of
ship among our youth.
PRESIDENT JOHNSON. Leader of industry,
once more to the
Mr. Ball: Mr. Robert J. Kiphuth.
counselor to Presidents, he has been a force-
excellence and of
PRESIDENT JOHNSON. Teacher and coach,
ful and articulate philosopher of the role of
lways marked the
he has inspired generations of athletes with
business in a free society.
erican people.
high ideals of achievement and sportsman-
Mr. Ball: Mr. Rudolf Serkin.
onfer the Nation's
ship.
PRESIDENT JOHNSON. Artist and teacher,
3I of the Nation's
Mr. Ball: Mr. Edwin H. Land.
he has given the classical traditions of the
ens, citizens of the
PRESIDENT JOHNSON. Scientist and inven-
piano new life in a disordered age.
tor, he has brought his creative gifts to bear
Mr. Ball: Mr. Edward Steichen.
o the distinction of
in industry, government and education, en-
PRESIDENT JOHNSON. Photographer and
o are being honored
riching the lives of millions by giving new
collector, he has made the camera the in-
verse. Their names
dimensions to photography.
strument of aesthetic perception and there-
award.
Mr. Ball: Governor Herbert H. Lehman.
by transformed a science into an art.
fellow countrymen
I know that we were all deeply saddened to
Mr. Ball: Professor George W. Taylor.
gratitude to each of
hear yesterday of the death of this great
PRESIDENT JOHNSON. Economist and ar-
y to thank you for
citizen. Mr. President, you may wish to read
bitrator, he has been the voice of reason
itever evil moments
his citation in absentia.
and good will in the industrial relations of
d we shall continue
901
Public Papers of the Presidents
our society, enlisting management and labor
Mr. Ball: And now, Mr. President, let me
fu!
in the cause of industrial peace.
present those who are to receive the Presi-
wisdom
tasks
of
Mr. Ball: Dr. Alan T. Waterman.
dential Medal of Freedom with Special
Mr.
Ball
PRESIDENT JOHNSON. Physicist and public
Distinction.
remarks
servant, he has been the far-sighted advocate
First, Mr. Ellsworth Bunker.
of Federal support of the sciences, using the
PRESIDENT JOHNSON. Citizen and diplomat,
[At
this
resources of government to improve the
he has brought integrity, patience and a
point
do
know
quality and increase the thrust of basic
compassionate understanding of other men
ents,"
he
research.
and nations to the service of the Republic
only much
Mr. Ball: Mr. Mark S. Watson.
under three Presidents.
fact that
PRESIDENT JOHNSON. Soldier in the First
Mr. Ball: Dr. Ralph J. Bunche.
President, the
World War and correspondent in the Sec-
PRESIDENT JOHNSON. Scholar and diplomat,
President
ond, he has given the American people
servant of the emerging world order, he has
stowal by him
informed, wide-ranging and independent
opened up new vistas in the demanding
allotted to him
coverage of the Nation's security and defense.
quest for international justice and peace.
Nation the ar:,
Mr. Ball: Mrs. Annie D. Wauneka.
Mr. Ball: Dr. James B. Conant.
and-the public
PRESIDENT JOHNSON. First woman elected
PRESIDENT JOHNSON. Scientist and educa-
and his joy "
to the Navajo Tribal Council, by her long
tor, he has led the American people in the
women everyn
crusade for improved health programs she
fight to save our most precious resource-
pledging the Mich
has helped dramatically to lessen the menace
our children.
furtherance oj the
of disease among her people and to improve
Mr. Ball: Governor Luis Muñoz Marín.
President Kennedy
their way of life.
PRESIDENT JOHNSON. Poet, politician, pub-
of this honor to 3::'
Mr. Ball: Mr. E. B. White. Mr. President,
lic servant, patriot, he has led his people
son then resumed
Mr. White, unfortunately, is unable to be
on to new heights of dignity and purpose
here today because of illness.
and transformed a stricken land into a vital
I have also deter:
PRESIDENT JOHNSON. An essayist whose
society.
idential Medal of
concise comment on men and places has
Mr. Ball: Mr. Robert A. Lovett.
on another noble
revealed to yet another age the vigor of the
PRESIDENT JOHNSON. Servant of the Re-
mourned 6 months
English sentence.
public, he has set high standards for the
John XXIII.
Mr. Ball: Mr. Edmund Wilson. Mr.
private citizen in public service by his selfless
He was a man of
Wilson also unfortunately is unable to be
dedication to the national security under four
faith, of simple cha
with us today.
Presidents.
fice he was still the
PRESIDENT JOHNSON. Critic and historian,
Mr. Ball: Mr. Jean Monnet.
lieved in discussio:
he has converted criticism itself into a crea-
PRESIDENT JOHNSON. Citizen of France,
profoundly respecte.
tive act, while setting for the Nation a stern
statesman of the world, he has made per-
He gave the world
and uncompromising standard of independ-
suasion and reason the weapons of state-
the rights of man.
ent judgment.
craft, moving Europe toward unity and the
to each other, of th
Mr. Ball: Mr. Thornton Wilder.
Atlantic nations toward a more effective
world community it
PRESIDENT JOHNSON. Artist of rare gaiety
partnership.
peace and fraternal
and penetration, he has inscribed a noble
Mr. Ball: Mr. Justice Felix Frankfurter.
ness reached across
vision in his books, making the common-
PRESIDENT JOHNSON. Jurist, scholar, coun-
warm the hearts of
places of life yield the wit, the wonder and
selor, conversationalist, he has brought to all
of all faiths.
the steadfastness of the human adventure.
his roles a zest and a wisdom which has
Mr. Ball: Mr. Andrew Wyeth.
made him teacher to his time.
PRESIDENT JOHNSON. Painter of the Amer-
Mr. Ball: Mr. John J. McCloy.
ican scene, he has in the great humanist
PRESIDENT JOHNSON. Diplomat and public
tradition illuminated and clarified the veri-
servant, banker to the world and godfather
ties and delights of everyday life.
to German freedom, he has brought cheer-
902
John F. Kennedy, 1963
President, let me
ful wisdom and steady effectiveness to the
The citation reads:
receive the Presi-
tasks of war and peace.
m with Special
Mr. Ball: I ask Mr. McCloy to offer some
His Holiness Pope John XXIII, dedicated
remarks on behalf of the recipients.
servant of God. He brought to all citizens
nker.
of the planet a heightened sense of the dig-
zen and diplomat,
[At this point Mr. McCloy spoke briefly. "I
nity of the individual, of the brotherhood of
patience and a
do know that I can speak for all of the recipi-
man, and of the common duty to build an en-
ing of other men
ents," he said, "when I say that we are not
vironment of peace for all human kind.
:
of the Republic
only much honored but deeply moved by the
fact that we receive at your hands, Mr.
Bunche.
President, this award on the very day that
olar and diplomat,
President Kennedy appointed for its be-
John Kennedy is gone. Each of us will
orld order, he has
stowal by him upon us. In the short time
know that we are the lesser for his death.
1 the demanding
allotted to him, he elevated in the life of the
But each is somehow larger because he lived.
tice and peace.
Nation the arts and the sciences, education
A sadness has settled on the world which will
Conant.
and the public service. He had joy in them
never leave it while we who knew him are
ientist and educa-
and his joy was communicated to men and
still here.
can people in the
women everywhere." He concluded by
The America that produced him shall
recious resource-
pledging the talents of the group "to the
honor him as well. As a simple gesture,
furtherance of the high objectives which
but one which I know he would not have
is Muñoz Marín.
President Kennedy intended by the nature
counted small, it is my privilege at this
et, politician, pub-
of this honor to stimulate." President John-
moment to award the Presidential Medal of
has led his people
son then resumed speaking.]
Freedom posthumously to John Fitzgerald
gnity and purpose
Kennedy on behalf of the great Republic
n land into a vital
I have also determined to confer the Pres-
for which he lived and died.
idential Medal of Freedom posthumously
The citation reads:
1. Lovett.
on another noble man whose death we
ervant of the Re-
mourned 6 months ago: His Holiness, Pope
John Fitzgerald Kennedy, 35ᵗʰ President
standards for the
John XXIII.
of the United States, soldier, scholar, states-
ervice by his selfless
He was a man of simple origins, of simple
man, defender of freedom, pioneer for peace,
security under four
faith, of simple charity. In his exalted of-
author of hope-combining courage with
fice he was still the gentle pastor. He be-
reason, and combating hate with compas-
lieved in discussion and persuasion. He
sion, he led the land he loved toward new
onnet.
Citizen of France,
profoundly respected the dignity of man.
frontiers of opportunity for all men and
he has made per-
He gave the world immortal statements of
peace for all time. Beloved in a life of selfless
weapons of state-
the rights of man, of the obligations of men
service, mourned by all in a death of sense-
ward unity and the
to each other, of their duty to strive for a
less crime, the energy, faith and devotion
1 a more effective
world community in which all can live in
which he brought to his extraordinarily
peace and fraternal friendship. His good-
successful though tragically brief endeavors
Felix Frankfurter.
ness reached across temporal boundaries to
will hereafter "light our country and all who
urist, scholar, coun-
warm the hearts of men of all nations and
serve it-and the glow from that fire can
ne has brought to all
of all faiths.
truly light the world."
wisdom which has
time.
McCloy.
Diplomat and public
world and godfather
: has brought cheer-
903
332
333
135. LIBERTY
I of lawsuits
soon as both
8 Liberty, n. One of Imagination's most precious
Principle vs.
135. LIBERTY
possessions.
ar has ever
See also DEMOCRACY; EQUALITY; FREEDOM;
AMBROSE BIERCE, The Devil's Dictionary, 1906.
INDEPENDENCE; TYRANNY
9 Experience should teach us to be most on our
72.
guard to protect liberty when the government's
of law that
1 Things have come to a hell of a pass
purposes are beneficent. Men born to freedom are
When a man can't wallop his own jackass.
naturally alert to repel invasion of their liberty by
:, November,
evil-minded rulers. The greatest dangers to liberty
Anonymous, c.1900.
lurk in insidious encroachment by men of zeal,
2 Liberty Is Always Unfinished Business.
well-meaning but without understanding.
will answer
e is careless
American Civil Liberties Union, title of its annual
LOUIS D. BRANDEIS, in a dissenting Supreme
report, 1955-1956.
Court opinion, Olmstead v. United States, 1928.
n his heart,
duct.
3 I would define liberty to be a power to do as we
10 We have had so many years of prosperity, we
arleston,
would be done by. The definition of liberty to be
have passed through so many difficulties and dan-
the power of doing whatever the law permits,
gers without the loss of liberty-that we begin to
meaning the civil laws, does not seem satisfactory.
think that we hold it by divine right from heaven
k hard, and
JOHN ADAMS, to J.H. Tiffany, March 31, 1819.
itself.
It is harder to preserve than to obtain
liberty.
4 The proposition that the people are the best keep-
ers of their own liberties is not true. They are the
JOHN C. CALHOUN, in a speech in the U.S.
of a night-
worst conceivable, they are no keepers at all; they
Senate, January, 1848.
can neither judge, act, think, or will, as a political
11 People do not understand liberty or majorities.
body.
The will of the majority is the will of a rabble.
I wrongs,
JOHN ADAMS, in Defence of the Constitution of
Democracy is levelling-this is inconsistent
the United States of America against the Attack
with true liberty.
ongues.
of Mr. Turgot, 1787.
Muller,
JOHN C. CALHOUN, quoted in John S. Jenkins,
5 Individual liberty is individual power, and as the
The Life of John Caldwell Calhoun, 1850.
power of a community is a mass compounded of
habit and
individual powers, the nation which enjoys the
12 Attack another's rights and you destroy your
own.
most freedom must necessarily be in proportion to
'rinceton
its numbers the most powerful nation.
JOHN JAY CHAPMAN, on imperialism, in a letter,
1897.
JOHN QUINCY ADAMS, in a letter to James
Lloyd, October 1, 1822.
based upon
13 Liberty like charity must begin at home.
ned by the
6 Our liberty depends on our education, our laws,
JAMES BRYANT CONANT, "Our Unique
and habits to which even prejudices yield; on the
Heritage," in an address at Harvard College,
dispersion of our people on farms and on the almost
June 30, 1942.
1, July 4,
equal diffusion of property.
14 You can only protect your liberties in this world
FISHER AMES, in an address in Boston,
by protecting the other man's freedom. You can
Massachusetts, February 8, 1800.
only be free if I am free.
7 The things required for prosperous labor, pros-
CLARENCE DARROW, addressing a jury in
perous manufactures, and prosperous commerce are
Chicago, 1920, quoted in Arthur Weinberg,
three. First, liberty; second, liberty; third, liberty.
Attorney for the Damned, 1957.
HENRY WARD BEECHER, in a speech in
Liverpool, England, October 16, 1863.
15 The whole history of the progress of human
liberty shows that all concessions yet made to her
135. LIBERTY
334
335
august claims, have been made of earnest struggle.
22 It is a common observation here that our cause
can save it;
If there is no struggle, there is no progress.
is the cause of all mankind, and that we are fight-
even do muc
Those who profess to favor freedom yet deprecate
ing for their liberty in defending our own.
no constituti
agitation, are men who want crops without plowing
BENJAMIN FRANKLIN, in a letter from Paris to
what is this
up the ground, they want rain without thunder and
Samuel Cooper, 1777.
men and wo.
lightning. They want the ocean without the awful
dled will; it
23 Where liberty dwells, there is my country.
roar of its many waters. Power concedes nothing
is the denia
without a demand. It never did and it never will.
BENJAMIN FRANKLIN, in a letter to B. Vaughan,
overthrow.
March 14, 1783. (This Latin aphorism was also
The limits of tyrants are prescribed by the
LEARN
the motto of James Otis.)
endurance of those whom they oppress.
speech
24 Our country has liberty without license, and
FREDERICK DOUGLASS, in a speech in
31 The spiri
Canandaigua, New York, August 3, 1857.
authority without despotism.
sure that it i:
JAMES CARDINAL GIBBONS, in a speech in Rome,
16 The cost of liberty is less than the price of
which seeks
March 25, 1887.
and women;
repression.
25 Liberty is worth whatever country is worth. It
weighs their
W.E.B. DUBOIS, John Brown, 1909.
is by liberty that a man has a country; it is by liberty
bias; the spir
17 Liberty trains for liberty. Responsibility is the
he has rights.
a sparrow f
first step in responsibility.
HENRY GILES, The Worth of Liberty, 1847.
liberty is the
years ago, tai
Ibid.
26 I would remind you that extremism in the de-
learned, but
18 Don't put no constrictions on da people. Leave
fense of liberty is no vice. And let me remind you
a kingdom и
also that moderation in the pursuit of justice is no
sidered side
'em ta hell alone.
virtue.
Ibid.
JIMMY DURANTE, quoted in Nelson A.
Rockefeller, Unity, Freedom and Peace: A
BARRY M. GOLDWATER, in his speech accepting
the Republican presidential nomination,
32 Liberty i.
Blueprint for Tomorrow, 1968.
Republican National Convention, San Francisco,
GEORG
19 The word liberty in the mouth of Mr. [Daniel]
California, July 16, 1964.
Webster sounds like the word love in the mouth of
27 Natural liberty is a gift of the beneficent Crea-
33 Liberty:
hence of no
a courtesan.
tor to the whole human race.
that seeks to
RALPH WALDO EMERSON, entry written in 1851,
ALEXANDER HAMILTON, The Farmer Refuted,
ELBERT
Journals, 1909-1914.
1775.
Book 01
20 Nothing is more disgusting than the crowing
28 Real liberty is neither found in despotism or the
34 The liber
about liberty by slaves, as most men are, and the
extremes of democracy, but in moderate govern-
papers and P
flippant mistaking for freedom of some paper pre-
ments.
phlets and le
amble like a Declaration of Independence or the
ALEXANDER HAMILTON, in the debates of the
weapons in t
statute right to vote, by those who have never dared
Federal Convention, June 26, 1787.
of Thomas
to think or to act.
29 The liberty of the press consists, in my idea, in
abundantly
RALPH WALDO EMERSON, "Fate," The Conduct
publishing the truth, from good motives and for
CHARL
of Life, 1860.
justifiable ends, though it reflect on the govern-
opinion
ment, on magistrates, or individuals.
21 They that can give up essential liberty to pur-
35 What lig
chase a little temporary safety, deserve neither lib-
ALEXANDER HAMILTON, in a speech in New
lungs-wha
erty nor safety.
York City, 1804.
soul of man
BENJAMIN FRANKLIN, motto of the Historical
30 Liberty lies in the hearts of men and women;
geon, where
Review of Pennsylvania, 1759.
when it dies there, no constitution, no law, no court
pinions pres
334
335
135. LIBERTY
that our cause
can save it; no constitution, no law, no court can
ROBERT G. INGERSOLL, "Progress," lecture
it we are fight-
even do much to help it. While it lies there it needs
delivered in Peoria, Illinois, May 14, 1866.
ir own.
no constitution, no law, no court to save it. And
36 There is no slavery but ignorance. Liberty is the
from Paris to
what is this liberty which must lie in the hearts of
child of intelligence.
men and women? It is not the ruthless, the unbri-
dled will; it is not freedom to do as one likes. That
ROBERT G. INGERSOLL, "The Liberty of Man,
iy country.
is the denial of liberty, and leads straight to its
Woman, and Child," 1877.
to B. Vaughan,
overthrow.
37 No people ever lost their liberties unless they
rism was also
LEARNED HAND, "The Spirit of Liberty," in a
themselves first became corrupt.
The
people
are
speech in New York City, May 21, 1944.
the safeguards of their own liberties, and I rely
t license, and
wholly on them to guard themselves.
31 The spirit of liberty is the spirit which is not too
sure that it is right; the spirit of liberty is the spirit
ANDREW JACKSON, to a Presbyterian clergyman
peech in Rome,
in Pennsylvania, 1824, quoted in Robert V.
which seeks to understand the minds of other men
Remini, Andrew Jackson and the Course of
and women; the spirit of liberty is the spirit which
American Freedom, 1981.
ry is worth. It
weighs their interests alongside its own without
it is by liberty
bias; the spirit of liberty remembers that not even
38 Liberty is not the mere absence of restraint, it
a sparrow falls to earth unheeded; the spirit of
is not a spontaneous product of majority rule, it is
liberty is the spirit of Him who, near two thousand
not achieved merely by lifting underprivileged
erty, 1847.
years ago, taught mankind that lesson it has never
classes to power, nor is it the inevitable by-product
ism in the de-
learned, but has never quite forgotten: that there is
of technological expansion. It is achieved only by
ne remind you
a rule of law.
a kingdom where the least shall be heard and con-
of justice is no
sidered side by side with the greatest.
ROBERT H. JACKSON, The Supreme Court in the
American System of Government, 1955
Ibid.
eech accepting
39 The God who gave us life, gave us liberty at the
tion,
32 Liberty is a beloved discipline.
same time.
San Francisco,
GEORGE C. HOMANS, The Human Group, 1950.
THOMAS JEFFERSON, A Summary View of the
neficent Crea-
33 Liberty: 1. A password in universal use, and
Rights of British America, 1774.
hence of no value. 2. The slogan of a party or sect
40 My God! how little do my countrymen know
that seeks to enslave some other party or sect.
ner Refuted,
what precious blessings they are in possession of,
ELBERT HUBBARD, The Roycroft Dictionary and
and which no other people on earth enjoy.
Book of Epigrams, 1923.
THOMAS JEFFERSON, in a letter from Paris to
spotism or the
34 The liberty of the press is not confined to news-
James Monroe, June 17, 1785.
lerate govern-
papers and periodicals. It necessarily embraces pam-
41 The people are the only censors of their gover-
phlets and leaflets. These indeed have been historic
bates of the
nors; and even their errors will tend to keep these
weapons in the defense of liberty, as the pamphlets
to the true principles of their institution. To punish
of Thomas Paine and others in our own history
these errors too severely would be to suppress the
in my idea, in
abundantly attest.
only safeguard of the public liberty.
tives and for
CHARLES EVANS HUGHES, in a Supreme Court
n the govern-
THOMAS JEFFERSON, in a letter to Col. Edward
opinion, Lovell V. City of Griffin, 1938.
Carrington, January 16, 1787.
ch in New
35 What light is to the eyes-what air is to the
42 The tree of liberty must be refreshed from time
lungs-what love is to the heart, liberty is to the
to time, with the blood of patriots and tyrants. It
soul of man. Without liberty, the brain is a dun-
is its natural manure.
1 and women;
geon, where the chained thoughts die with their
law, no court
THOMAS JEFFERSON, in a letter to Col. William
pinions pressed against the hingeless doors.
S. Smith, November 13, 1787.
135. LIBERTY
336
337
Patrick Henry: "Give me liberty, or give me death"
week or tl
totally dis
speech, March 23, 1775
be station
strength b
acquire the
Though one of the most famous speeches in Ameri-
supinely C
can history, Patrick Henry's oration to the Virginia
phantom
bound us
convention was not transcribed as given but recon-
if we mal
structed from memory.
the God
Three m.
cause of ]
which we
Mr. President, it is natural to man to indulge in
the subject up in every light of which it is capa-
which ou
the illusions of hope. We are apt to shut our eyes
ble; but it has been all in vain. Shall we resort
Besic
against a painful truth and listen to the song of
to entreaty and humble supplication? What
alone. Th
that siren, till she transforms us into beasts. Is
terms shall we find which have not been already
destinies
this the part of wise men, engaged in a great and
exhausted? Let us not, I beseech you, sir, deceive
friends to
arduous struggle for liberty? Is it that insidious
ourselves longer. Sir, we have done everything
is not to tl
smile with which our petition has been lately
that could be done to avert the storm which is
received? Trust it not, sir; it will prove a snare
now coming on. We have petitioned; we have
to your feet. Suffer not yourselves to be betrayed
remonstrated; we have supplicated; we have
with a kiss. Ask yourselves how this gracious
prostrated ourselves before the throne and have
reception of our petition comports with those
implored its interposition to arrest the tyrannical
43 The natu
warlike preparations which cover our waters and
hands of the Ministry and Parliament. Our peti-
yield and go'
darken our land. Are fleets and armies necessary
tions have been slighted; our remonstrances have
THOMA
to a work of love and reconciliation? Have we
produced additional violence and insult; our sup-
Carring
shown ourselves so unwilling to be reconciled
plications have been disregarded; and we have
that force must be called in to win back our
been spurned, with contempt, from the foot of
44 You are t
love? Let us not deceive ourselves, sir. These are
the throne. In vain, after these things, may we
a judge of n
the implements of war and subjugation-the
indulge the fond hope of peace and reconcilia-
liberty is to
last arguments to which kings resort. I ask gen-
tion.
contented to
tlemen, sir, what means this martial array, if its
There is no longer any room for hope. If
time, and ete
purpose be not to force us to submission? Can
we wish to be free; if we mean to preserve invio-
get. It takes I
gentlemen assign any other possible motive for
late those inestimable privileges for which we
is for their o
it? Has Great Britain any enemy in this quarter
have been so long contending; if we mean not
THOMA
of the world to call for all this accumulation of
basely to abandon the noble struggle in which
Clay, J:
navies and armies? No, sir, she has none. They
we have been so long engaged, and which we
are meant for us; they can be meant for no other.
have pledged ourselves never to abandon, until
45 We are
They are sent over to bind and rivet upon us
the glorious object of our contest shall be ob-
despotism to
those chains which the British Ministry have
tained; we must fight! I repeat it, sir, we must
been so long forging.
fight!! An appeal to arms and to the God of
THOMA
And what have we oppose to them? Shall
hosts is all that is left us!
Lafayet
the Fre
we try argument? Sir, we have been trying that
They tell us, sir, that we are weak, unable
for the last ten years. Have we anything new to
to cope with so formidable an adversary. But
46 Let us res
offer upon the subject? Nothing. We have held
when shall we be stronger. Will it be the next
and affection
itself are bu
336
337
135. LIBERTY
ath"
week or the next year? Will it be when we are
active, the brave. Besides, sir, we have no elec-
totally disarmed, and when a British guard shall
tion. If we were base enough to desire it, it is
be stationed in every house? Shall we gather
now too late to retire from the contest. There is
strength by irresolution and inaction? Shall we
no retreat but in submission and slavery! Our
acquire the means of effectual resistance by lying
chains are forged. Their clanking may be heard
supinely on our backs and hugging the delusive
on the plains of Boston! The war is inevitable-
phantom of hope, until our enemies shall have
and let it come!! I repeat it, sir, let it come!!!
bound us hand and foot? Sir, we are not weak
It is vain, sir, to extenuate the matter. Gen-
if we make a proper use of those means which
tlemen may cry, peace, peace; but there is no
the God of nature has placed in our power.
peace. The war is actually begun! The next gale
Three millions of people armed in the holy
that sweeps from the north will bring to our ears
cause of liberty and in such a country as that
the clash of resounding arms! Our brethren are
which we possess are invincible by any force
:h it is capa-
already in the field! Why stand we here idle?
which our enemy can send against us.
111 we resort
What is it that gentlemen wish? What would
ion? What
Besides, sir, we shall not fight our battles
they have? Is life so dear or peace so sweet as to
alone. There is a just God who presides over the
een already
be purchased at the price of chains and slavery?
sir, deceive
destinies of nations, and who will raise up
Forbid it, Almighty God-I know not
friends to fight our battles for us. The battle, sir,
everything
what course others may take; but as for me, give
m which is
is not to the strong alone; it is to the vigilant, the
me liberty, or give me death!
ed; we have
1; we have
ne and have
e tyrannical
43 The natural progress of things is for liberty to
THOMAS JEFFERSON, in his first inaugural address,
it. Our peti-
yield and government to gain ground.
March 4, 1801.
trances have
THOMAS JEFFERSON, in a letter to Col. Edward
ult; our sup-
47 The boisterous sea of liberty is never without a
Carrington, May 27, 1788.
wave.
nd we have
the foot of
44 You are too well informed a politician, too good
THOMAS JEFFERSON, in a letter to Richard Rush,
gs, may we
a judge of men, not to know, that the ground of
October 20, 1820.
I reconcilia-
liberty is to be gained by inches, that we must be
48 Liberty in the wild and freakish hands of fanat-
contented to secure what we can get, from time to
or hope. If
ics has once more, as frequently in the past, proved
time, and eternally press forward for what is yet to
serve invio-
the effective helpmate of autocracy and the twin
get. It takes time to persuade men to do even what
which we
brother of tyranny.
is for their own good.
e mean not
OTTo KAHN, in a speech at the University of
e in which
THOMAS JEFFERSON, in a letter to Rev. Charles
Wisconsin, January 14, 1918.
Clay, January 27, 1790.
which we
49 The deadliest foe of democracy is not autocracy
ndon, until
45 We are not to expect to be translated from
hall be ob-
but liberty frenzied. Liberty is not foolproof. For
despotism to liberty in a featherbed.
its beneficent working it demands self-restraint.
r, we must
he God of
THOMAS JEFFERSON, in a letter to the Marquis de
Ibid.
Lafayette, urging him to save his own head during
eak, unable
the French Revolution, April 2, 1790.
50 Liberty without learning is always in peril and
ersary. But
learning without liberty is always in vain.
be the next
46 Let us restore to social intercourse that harmony
JOHN F. KENNEDY, in a speech in celebration of
and affection without which liberty and even life
the ninetieth anniversary of the founding of
itself are but dreary things.
Vanderbilt University, March 18, 1963.
135. LIBERTY
338
339
51 Our reliance is in the love of liberty which God
56 He that would make his own liberty secure must
sive employn
has planted in us. Our defense is in the spirit which
guard even his enemy from oppression.
welfare.
primed liberty as the heritage of all men, in all
THOMAS PAINE, Dissertation on First Principles
WILLIA
lands everywhere. Destroy this spirit and you have
of Government, 1795.
Man, 1
planted the seeds of despotism at your door. Famil-
iarize yourselves with the chains of bondage and
57 Eternal vigilance is the price of liberty; power
63 When I :
you prepare your own limbs to wear them. Accus-
is ever stealing from the many to the few. The
is referred to
tomed to trample on the rights of others, you have
manna of popular liberty must be gathered each day
the individu:
lost the genius of your own independence and be-
or it is rotten. The living sap of today outgrows the
his own life
come the fit subjects of the first cunning tyrant who
dead rind of yesterday. The hand entrusted with
liberty of th
rises among you.
power becomes, either from human depravity or
live, what th
esprit de corps, the necessary enemy of the people.
dinner, and
ABRAHAM LINCOLN, in a speech in Edwardsville,
Illinois, September 13, 1858.
Only by continued oversight can the democrat in
liberty of a r
office be prevented from hardening into a despot;
people to tea
52 The world has never had a good definition of
only by unintermitted agitation can a people be
that they hav
the word "liberty," and the American people, just
sufficiently awake to principle not to let liberty be
every local c
now, are much in want of one.
With some, the
smothered in material prosperity.
shall be edu
word "liberty" may mean for each man to do as he
WENDELL PHILLIPS, speaking at Harvard
run, and who
pleases with himself and the product of his labor;
University in 1852, quoted in Ralph Korngold,
man to choo:
while with others, the same word may mean for
Two Friends of Man, 1950.
a man to run
some men to do as they please with other men and
to be run, as
the product of other men's labor. Here are two, not
58 Whether in chains or in laurels, Liberty knows
right of othe
only different, but incompatible things, called by
nothing but victories.
ROBERT
the same name-liberty. And it follows that each
WENDELL PHILLIPS, "The Lesson of the Hour,"
America
of the things is, by the respective parties, called by
an address at Plymouth Church, Brooklyn, New
two different and incompatible names,-liberty
York, November 1, 1859.
64 He who "
and tyranny.
democracy.
59 The legislature of the United States shall pass
ABRAHAM LINCOLN, in a speech in Baltimore,
no law on the subject of religion nor touching or
NORMA:
Maryland, April 18, 1864.
abridging the liberty of the press.
Literatu
53 Liberty, as it is conceived by current opinion,
CHARLES PINCKNEY, in a resolution presented
65 It is not th
has nothing inherent about it; it is a sort of gift or
before the Constitutional Convention, 1787.
liberty is ex
trust bestowed on the individual by the state pend-
whether liber
60 I am not for a return of that definition of liberty
ing good behavior.
under which for many years a free people were
DOROTH
Ladies 1
MARY McCARTHY, "The Contagion of Ideas," a
being gradually regimented into the service of the
talk given in 1952.
privileged few.
66 When lib.
54 Liberty is to faction what air is to fire, an ali-
FRANKLIN D. ROOSEVELT, in a Fireside Chat,
restored by fo
ment without which it instantly expires. But it
September 30, 1934.
ily by default
could not be less folly to abolish liberty, which is
61
Liberty
is meek and reasonable. She admits
DOROTH
essential to political life, because it nourishes fac-
Milquett
that she belongs to all-to the high and the low, the
tion, than it would be to wish the annihilation of
1958.
rich and the poor, the black and the white-and
air, which is essential to animal life, because it im-
that she belongs to them all equally.
67 I had reas
parts to fire its destructive agency.
GERRIT SMITH, in a speech in the House of
two things I
JAMES MADISON, The Federalist, 1787-1788.
Representatives, June 27, 1854.
could not hav
man should 1
55 All government, of course, is against liberty.
62 Civil liberty is the status of the man who is
HARRIE'
Attributed to H.L. Mencken.
guaranteed by law and civil institutions the exclu-
Galen in
338
339
135. LIBERTY
y secure must
sive employment of all his own powers for his own
68 Liberty, when it begins to take root, is a plant
on.
welfare.
of rapid growth.
rst Principles
WILLIAM GRAHAM SUMNER, The Forgotten
GEORGE WASHINGTON, in a letter to James
Man, 1883.
Madison, March 2, 1788.
berty; power
63 When I say liberty I do not simply mean what
he few. The
69 If the true spark of religious and civil liberty be
is referred to as "free enterprise." I mean liberty of
ered each day
kindled, it will burn. Human agency cannot extin-
the individual to think his own thoughts and live
outgrows the
guish it. Like the earth's central fire, it may be
his own life as he desires to think and to live; the
itrusted with
smothered for a time; the ocean may overwhelm it;
liberty of the family to decide how they wish to
depravity or
mountains may press it down; but its inherent and
live, what they want to eat for breakfast and for
of the people.
unconquerable force will heave both the ocean and
dinner, and how they wish to spend their time;
democrat in
the land, and at some time or other, in some place
liberty of a man to develop his ideas and get other
ito a despot;
or other, the volcano will break out and flame up
people to teach those ideas, if he can convince them
to heaven.
a people be
that they have some value to the world; liberty of
let liberty be
every local community to decide how its children
DANIEL WEBSTER, in an address at Bunker Hill
shall be educated, how its local services shall be
Monument, June 17, 1825.
rvard
run, and who its local leaders shall be; liberty of a
70 Liberty and Union, now and forever, one and
Korngold,
man to choose his own occupation; and liberty of
inseparable.
a man to run his own business as he thinks it ought
to be run, as long as he does not interfere with the
DANIEL WEBSTER, in a speech in the U.S.
berty knows
Senate, January 26, 1830.
right of other people to do the same thing.
71 God grants liberty only to those who love it, and
f the Hour,"
ROBERT A. TAFT, A Foreign Policy for
Americans, 1951.
are always ready to guard and defend it.
oklyn, New
64 He who would save liberty must put his trust in
DANIEL WEBSTER, in a speech in the U.S.
Senate, June 3, 1834.
es shall pass
democracy.
touching or
NORMAN THOMAS, in the Saturday Review of
72 Liberty exists in proportion to wholesome re-
Literature, June 7, 1930.
straint; the more restraint on others to keep off
from us, the more liberty we have.
presented
65 It is not the fact of liberty but the way in which
1787.
liberty is exercised that ultimately determines
DANIEL WEBSTER, in a speech in Charleston,
whether liberty itself survives.
South Carolina, May 10, 1847.
in of liberty
eople were
DOROTHY THOMPSON, "What Price Liberty?"
73 While I trust that liberty and free institutions,
vice of the
Ladies Home Journal, May, 1958.
as we have experienced them, may ultimately
spread over the globe, I am by no means sure that
66 When liberty is taken away by force it can be
all people are fit for them; nor am I desirous of
de Chat,
restored by force. When it is relinquished voluntar-
ily by default it can never be recovered.
imposing or forcing our peculiar forms upon any
other nation that does not wish to embrace them.
She admits
DOROTHY THOMPSON, "New Caspar
he low, the
Milquetoasts," Ladies Home Journal, August,
DANIEL WEBSTER, in a speech at Springfield,
1958.
Massachusetts, September 29, 1847.
vhite-and
67 I had reasoned this out in my mind, there was
74 Liberty is the only thing you cannot have unless
two things I had a right to, liberty and death. If I
you are willing to give it to others.
use of
could not have one, I would have the other, for no
WILLIAM ALLEN WHITE, in the Emporia
man should take me alive.
Gazette, October 24, 1940.
an who is
the exclu-
HARRIET TUBMAN, c.1868, quoted by Marcy
75 To the States or any one of them, or any city
Galen in Ms. magazine, August, 1973.
of the States, Resist much, obey little,
135. LIBERTY
340
341
Once unquestioning obedience, once fully
82 Civil or federal liberty is the proper end and
7 I am convi
enslaved,
object of authority, and cannot exist without it; and
in which me
Once fully enslaved, no nation, state, city of
it is a liberty to do that only which is good, just, and
the mire and
this earth, ever afterward resumes its
honest.
place here am
liberty.
supreme chal
JOHN WINTHROP, in his Journal, 1635.
the noblest ai
WALT WHITMAN, "To the States," 1860.
CHARLI
76 The only soil in which liberty can grow is that
the Mei.
of a united people. We must have faith that the
welfare of one is the welfare of all. We must know
136. LIFE
8 We sleep,
that the truth can only be reached by the expression
See also DEATH
the pattern W
of our free opinions, without fear and without ran-
down is wea
cor.
We must learn to abhor those disruptive
HENRY
pressures, whether religious, political, or economic,
1 Our days begin with trouble here,
9 Life is like
that the enemies of liberty employ.
Our life is but a span,
and sliding di
WENDELL WILLKIE, in his speech accepting the
And cruel death is always near,
Republican presidential nomination, August 17,
JOSH B1
So frail a thing is man.
1940.
Wit an
The New England Primer, c.1683.
77 Happiness must be achieved through liberty
10 Life is a C
rather than in spite of liberty.
2 Gosh! I feel like a real good cry!
ing the mast
Life, he says, is a cheat, a fake.
Ibid.
HEYWO
Well, I agree with the grouchy guy-
Seems 1.
78 Liberty has never come from the government.
The best you get is an even break.
Liberty has always come from the subjects of it.
11 Life is a
FRANKLIN P. ADAMS, "Ballade of Schopenhauer's
The history of liberty is a history of resistance. The
Philosophy," in The Melancholy Lute, 1936.
JOHN E
history of liberty is a history of limitations of gov-
1913.
ernmental power, not the increase of it.
3 I am one of those people who just can't help
12 There are
WOODROW WILSON, in a speech at the New
getting a kick out of life-even when it's a kick in
they go on re
York Press Club, September 9, 1912.
the teeth.
had never h:
79 I would rather belong to a poor nation that was
POLLY ADLER, A House Is Not a Home, 1953.
WILLA
free than to a rich nation that had ceased to be in
4 One must have lived greatly whose record would
13 Whoso d
love with liberty. We shall not be poor if we love
bear the full light of day from beginning to its
and a march
liberty.
close.
destiny.
WOODROW WILSON, in a speech in Mobile,
A. BRONSON ALCOTT, "Learning," Table Talk,
Alabama, October 27, 1912.
LYDIA
1877.
1843-1:
80 Liberty does not consist
in mere declarations
of the rights of man. It consists in the translation
5 Now I am beginning to live a little, and feel less
14 A man S:
of those declarations into definite actions.
like a sick oyster at low tide.
"Sir, I ex
WOODROW WILSON, in a speech on July 4, 1914.
LOUISA MAY ALCOTT, quoted in Edna D.
"Howeve
Cheney, Louisa May Alcott: Her Life, Letters,
"The fac
81 I have always summed up for myself individual
and Journals, 1889.
A sense
liberty and business liberty and every other kind of
6 I have three phobias which, could I mute them,
STEPHI
liberty in the phrase that is common in the sporting
world-"A free field and no favor."
would make my life as slick as a sonnet, but as dull
15 I have a
as ditch water: I hate to go to bed, I hate to get up,
WOODROW WILSON, in a speech to the Electric
In day
and I hate to be alone.
Railway Association, in Washington, D.C.,
Ere yout
January 29, 1915.
TALLULAH BANKHEAD, in Tallulah, 1952.
Ere VC
Fraternity
102
103
Fraternity
No human being, however great, or powerful,
I disapprove of what you say, but I will defer
I have a dream that one day on the red hills of
was ever so free as a fish.
to the death your right to say it.
Georgia the sons of former slaves and the sons
John Ruskin (1819-1900)
epitome of Voltaire (1694-177
of former slave owners will be able to sit
English critic
down together at the table of brotherhood.
SEE FREEDOM; LIBERT
Martin Luther King (1929-1968)
The basic test of freedom is perhaps less in
what we are free to do than in what we are
Friendlessness
I believe in the brotherhood of all men, but I
free not to do.
Friendless. Having no favors to bestow. De
don't believe in wasting brotherhood on
Eric Hoffer (1902-1983)
titute of fortune. Addicted to utterance
anyone who doesn't want to practise it with
American philosopher
truth and common sense.
me. Brotherhood is a two-way street.
Malcolm X (1924-1965)
I gave my life for freedom this I
Ambrose Bierce (1842-19)
American auth
know:
American radical leader
For those who bade me fight had
No one can have a higher opinion of him th.
SEE Gill on WAR
told me so.
I have and I think he is a dirty little beas
Freedom
W. N. Ewer (1885-1976)
W. S. Gilbert (1836-19)
L'homme est né libre, et partout il est dans les
Freedom does not always win. This is one of
English librett
fers.
the bitterest lessons of history.
SEE Shelley on LEADERSH
Man was born free, and everywhere he is in
A. J. P. Taylor (b. 1906)
chains.
British historian
Friendliness
Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778)
The social, friendly, honest man,
SEE Bakunin on EQUALITY; FREEDOM
Whate'er he be,
All that makes existence valuable to anyone
OF SPEECH; LIBERTY; Engels on
'Tis he fulfils great Nature's plan,
depends on the enforcement of restraints upon
NECESSITY; Shaw on SACRIFICE; Lenin on
And none but he!
the actions of other people.
The STATE
Robert Burns (1759-179)
John Stuart Mill (1806-1873)
Freedom of Speech
A friend to all is a friend to none.
Freedom is always freedom for the one who
Give me the liberty to know, to utter, and to
Greek prover
thinks differently.
argue freely according to conscience, above all
Rosa Luxemburg (1870-1919)
liberties.
The American has dwindled into an Od
German revolutionary
John Milton (1608-1674)
Fellow - one who may be known by th
development of his organ of gregariousness.
None who have always been free can under-
Every man has a right to utter what he thinks
H.D. Thoreau (1817-186.
stand the terrible fascinating power of the
truth, and every man has a right to knock him
hope of freedom to those who are not free.
down for it.
SEE Waugh on AMERIC
Pearl Buck (1892-1973)
Dr Samuel Johnson (1709-1784)
Friends
American novelist
People hardly ever make use of the freedom
What is a friend? A single soul dwelling in tw
Freedom is never voluntarily given by the
they have, for example, freedom of thought;
bodies.
oppressor; it must be demanded by the
instead they demand freedom of speech as a
Aristotle (384-322 B
oppressed.
compensation.
So long as we are loved by others I should sa
Martin Luther King (1929-1968)
Sören Kierkegaard (1813-1855)
that we are almost indispensable; and no ma
Freedom is not worth having if it does not
Danish philosopher
is useless while he has a friend.
connote freedom to err.
Liberty of thought means liberty to commun-
Robert Louis Stevenson (1850-189-
M. K. Gandhi (1869-1948)
icate one's thought.
Il est plus honteux de se défier de ses amis qu
The great trouble with the young people today
Salvador de Madariaga (1886-1978)
d'en être trompé.
is their freedom; they can no longer disobey.
Spanish diplomat, writer, critic
It is more shameful to distrust one's friend
Jean Cocteau (1889-1963)
The sound of tireless voices is the price we pay
than to be deceived by them.
French writer, film director
for the right to hear the music of our own
François, Duc de La Rochefoucauld (1613-1680
The free way of life proposes ends, but it does
opinions.
French writer, moralis
not prescribe means.
Adlai Stevenson (1900-1965)
It is in the thirties that we want friends. In th
Robert Kennedy (1925-1968)
American Democratic politician
forties we know that they won't save us an
It is now virtually impossible for the media in
more than love did.
We got a free country here in this island, only
none of us is free, but even so we is unfree
Britain to expose official wrongdoing without
F. Scott Fitzgerald (1896-1940
equally.
technically breaking the law.
If you would have friends, first learn to de
Wolf Mankowitz (b. 1924)
Donald Trelford (b. 1937)
without them.
British author
British newspaper editor
Elbert Hubbard (1856-1915
in 1986
Only very slowly and late have men come to
American autho
realise that unless freedom is universal it is
Freedom of speech does not give a person the
It's the friends you can call up at 4 am tha
only extended privilege.
right to shout 'Fire!' in a crowded theatre.
matter.
Christopher Hill (b. 1912)
Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes (1841-1935)
Marlene Dietrich (b. 1901
British historian
American jurist
I do then with my friends, as I do with my
books. I would have them where I can find
152
153
osophy.
Liberation
A man should keep his little brain attic
There's night and day, brother,
obbes (1588-1679)
We sure liberated the hell out of this place.
stocked with all the furniture that he is likely
things; sun, moon, and stars,
American soldier in ruined French village
to use, and the rest he can put away in the
sweet things; there's likewise a W
ute in any highly
quoted by Max Miller
lumber room of his library, where he can get it
heath. Life is very sweet, brother;
unity ultimately
if he wants it.
wish to die?
nd the means of
Liberty
and so of gaining
I know not what course others may take; but
Sir Arthur Conan Doyle (1859-1930)
George Borrow
E
are leisure and a
as for me, give me liberty or give me death.
The true University of these days is a collec-
goods.
Patrick Henry (1736-1799)
tion of books.
eblen (1857-1929)
American statesman
Thomas Carlyle (1795-1881)
Life is like playing a violin solo in
ican social scientist
Scottish author
learning the instrument as one goe
Liberty means responsibility. That is why most
Samuel Butler
ligently is the last
men dread it.
Every library should try to be complete on
El
George Bernard Shaw (1856-1950)
something, if it were only the history of
Life can only be understood backw
Russell (1872-1970)
He that would make his own liberty secure
pinheads.
must be lived forwards.
must guard even his enemy from oppression.
Dr Oliver Wendell Holmes (1809-1894)
Sören Kierkegaard
ho are the friends
Thomas Paine (1737-1809)
American writer, physician
Danish
)wn.
pamphleteer, revolutionary
My library was dukedom large enough.
'Tis all a Chequer-board of Nig
Disraeli (1804-1881)
Prospero, The Tempest
Liberty has never come from the government.
d that to be very
Liberty has always come from the subjects of
William Shakespeare (1564-1616)
Days
Where Destiny with Men for P
improvement of
it. The history of liberty is a history of
Meek young men grow up in libraries.
plays:
lieves them from
resistance.
R. W. Emerson (1803-1882)
Hither and thither moves,
improvement in
Woodrow Wilson (1856-1924)
American essayist, poet, philosopher
mates and slays,
A regard for liberty, though a laudable
Life
And one by one back in the Cl
Morley (1838-1923)
passion, ought commonly to be subordinate to
Life. A spiritual pickle preserving the body
lays.
er, Liberal politician
a reverence for established government.
from decay.
from the Rubáiyát of On
ned their view of
David Hume (1711-1776)
Ambrose Bierce (1842-1914)
trans. Edward Fitzgerald
live closer to the
American author
It is true that liberty is precious so precious
As flies to wanton boys, a
their perceptions
that it must be rationed.
Life is a mauvais quart d'heure made up of
we to the gods;
1 actuality or give
attributed to Vladimir llyich Lenin (1870-1924)
They kill us for their spor
exquisite moments.
Glouceste
It will be found an unjust and unwise jealousy
Oscar Wilde (1854-1900)
Mead (1901-1978)
William Shakespeare
rican anthropologist
to deprive a man of his natural liberty upon a
The dreamcrossed twilight between birth
supposition that he may abuse it.
and dying.
Life is a ZOO in a jungle.
ne form of gener-
Peter de Vri
Oliver Cromwell (1599-1658)
T.S. Eliot (1888-1965)
ich the majority
Ame
d hence it is the
Of what use is political liberty to those who
Life is an offensive, directed against the
resounded in this
have no bread? It is of value only to ambitious
repetitious mechanisms of the universe.
The meaning of life is that it stops
Franz Kafka
theorists and politicians.
A. N. Whitehead (1861-1947)
Gasset (1883-1955)
Jean-Paul Marat (1743-1793)
British philosopher
But there is good news yet to h
essayist, philosopher
French revolutionary
Life is the art of drawing sufficient conclusions
fine things to be seen
gressive know that
The condition upon which God hath given
from insufficient premises.
Before we go to Paradise by wa
Kensal Green.
every sense except
liberty to man is eternal vigilance.
Samuel Butler (1835-1902)
John Philpot Curran (1750-1817)
G. K. Chesterton
English author
Trilling (1905-1975)
Irish lawyer, politician
It is a tale
Life consists of what a man is thinking of all
American critic
I see that you, too, put up monuments to your
day.
Told by an idiot, full of sound a
great dead.
R. W. Emerson (1803-1882)
Signifying nothing.
choking him and
Macbe
I yet assure myself
anonymous Frenchman
American essayist, poet, philosopher
arriving by sea in New York
William Shakespeare (
sorry for him and
Mon métier et mon art c'est vivre.
1 possible means
during Prohibition
Man that is born of woman hath I
Living is my profession and my art.
ack.
SEE Gibbon on CORRUPTION; FREEDOM;
Michel de Montaigne (1533-1592)
time to live, and is full of misery.
Tolstoy (1828-1910)
Jefferson, Paine on PATRIOTISM; Wilkie on
French essayist
up, and is cut down, like a flower;
REPRESSION; Halifax on REVOLUTION
it were a shadow, and never contint
behind which there
Either the soul is immortal and we shall not
ding behind which
stay.
Libraries
die, or it perishes with the flesh, and we shall
Book of Com
Mussolini (1883-1945)
Knowledge is of two kinds. We know a
not know then that we are dead. Live, then, as
subject ourselves, or we know where we can
if you were eternal.
A useless life is an early death.
ew radicals are the
find information upon it.
André Maurois (1885-1967)
Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (
Dr Samuel Johnson (1709-1784)
French author
ch Lenin (1870-1924)
We should kick and struggle and de
May you live all the days of your life.
live as long as we can. For howev
Jonathan Swift (1667-1745)
live, we shall feel at the last that w
ical
Quotations
Daniel B. Baker, Editor
TTER
Political Quotations
Political Quotations
TTER
our liberty can never be safe but in the hands of
only maxim
The Negro revolution is controlled by foxy white
should prevail on our future masters to learn
liberals 3273
the people themselves 666
of any
heir letters 680
liberal governments have been wrecked on rocks
promote
intelligence
as
the
best
means
of
we hear the
preserving our liberties 671
drivers
of loose fiscal policy 3612
VEL
What spectacle can be more edifying than that
Though the
that every man shall be on a level with every
LIBERALISM
of Liberty & Learning 674
to shine
ther man 360
Liberalism is trust of the people tempered by
Liberty can be safe only when Suffrage is
Liberty must
iance to play for higher stakes and perform at
prudence; 2267
illuminated by Education. 682
possessed
higher level 2815
The main principle of liberalism is the rejection
Liberty without learning is always in peril 695
The true
of the divine law 2269
equality
in
fact
as
ABILITY
primordial condition of
away
Political liberalism should also be defined in terms
liberty 753
The people
erican newspapers as one of its assets--liability
of objectives. 2273
Liberty without equality is a squalid result 759
some delus
ould be a better term 1174
Politics without ideology equals
Corruption, the most infallible symptom of
The tree of
greater liability than a command of
Liberalism 2278
constitutional liberty. 779
blood
of
inguage 2616
LIBERATE
The Union, next to our liberty, most dear. 865
What
AR
Liberty and Union, now and forever, one and
The
natural
We have to talk about liberating minds as well as
Income Tax has made more Liars 3607
inseparable. 866
yield
liberating society. 1463
This regard for the liberties of Europe 887
not
to
BEL
it's men who must be liberated in this
country 4009
extremism in the defense of liberty is no
liberty
tical truth is a libel-religious truth
The
ground
vice 1042
asphemy. 856
LIBERATION
inches
notwithstanding Mr. Mill's principle as to
condition
BERAL
first step toward liberation is to use the power
liberty 1118
freedom of the press is one of the great bulwarks
man
in hand 721
nguished from the Liberal, who wishes to
rather
be
Liberation is not deliverance. 1300
place them with others 207
of liberty 1158
too
liberation of the diverse energies of free nations
complete liberty must prevail 1162
ehow liberals have been unable to acquire
o
liberty
and free men 1443
the inestimable benefits that the liberty of the
om life 221
name
True liberation can be acquired only when the
press ensures 1167
onservative is a liberal who was mugged the
who
has
Negro people possess power 2872
We have all of us at times suffered from the
ght before. 223
counted
the indispensable condition of the liberation of the
liberty of the press 1172
Liberals talk about a stable
He
that
human being 3559
liberty of the press approved when it takes
overnment 1047
With
liberties with the other fellow 1175
re are times when one must govern
LIBERTY
Proclaim liberty throughout all the land 1198
spirit
An efficient bureaucracy is the greatest threat to
The
love
10w
perally 1545
cism of the criminal justice system
liberty. 12
A man cannot part with his liberty 1203
Individual
-
was
so
If liberty and equality are chiefly to be found in
no such Thing as publick Liberty, without
uch liberal bleating 1817
rescue
democracy 264
Freedom of Speech 1205
power
a moderate liberal, as all rational people
The basis of a democratic state is liberty. 266
Liberty of thought is the life of the soul. 1206
5'
-
e 2266
God
"Liberty, freedom, and enfranchisement." 270
Lean liberty is better than fat slavery. 1207
ral institutions straightway cease from being
The Liberty of Man is to be under no other
One of the greatest blessings a people can enjoy
Keep
peral 2268
is liberty; 1208
liberts
1
beral mind is a mind that is able to imagine
Legislative Power 278
trust no man living with power to endanger the
Liberty is the right of doing whatever the laws
Liberty
-
self believing anything. 2270
public liberty 283
permit. 1209
reserve
iberal is a man who uses his legs at the
Liberty is the right of doing whatever the laws
1
:hest of his head 2271
Real liberty is neither found in despotism or the
extremes of democracy 295
permit. 1209
-
of the liberal to protect the basic
Those who would give up essential Liberty 1210
The
-
emocratic freedoms 2272
liberty doesn't even go to the trouble of
What man loses by the social contract is his
-
ice of the Liberal outlook lies not in what
accomplishing small things legally 318
but that every man shall have liberty to be what
natural liberty 1211
-
inions are held 2274
To renounce liberty is to renounce being a
must
God made him 360
who are liberal know that the poor are our
100ml
-
peace must be planted on the foundations of
man 1213
[uals 2275
Three millions of people, so dead to all the feelings
-
-
political liberty 386
eral is a man who tells other people what to
retain all personal liberty which does not adversely
of liberty 1215
-
with their money 2276
The cause of Liberty is a cause of too much
-
affect their neighbors 410
liberals in the House strongly resemble
dignity to be sullied 1216
1
erals I have known 2277
foundation of democratic liberty is a willingness to
the more liberty is given to everything 1217
-
believe 445
give me liberty, or give me death! 1219
and
1
are no more liberals. They've all been
For the people, I desire their liberty and
-
ugged. 2279
freedom 526
Liberty can no more exist without virtue and
The
-
ther a little Liberal/ Or else a little
The more a regime claims to be the embodiment
independence 1220
onservative! 2486
of liberty 627
Abstract liberty is not to be found 1221
1
-
al ideology makes people believe that
The arms we will employ for the preservation
-
Liberty cannot be preserved without general
mething is being achieved 2941
knowledge 665
of our liberties 1223
399
398
Political Quotations
Political Quotations
LIBERTY
e Negro revolution is controlled by foxy white
our liberty can never be safe but in the hands of
iberals 3273
only maxim which can ever preserve the liberties
the people themselves 666
of any people 1224
:ral governments have been wrecked on rocks
promote intelligence as the best means of
of loose fiscal policy 3612
we hear the loudest yelps for liberty among the
preserving our liberties 671
drivers of negroes 1225
BERALISM
What spectacle can be more edifying
than
that
Though the flame of liberty may sometimes cease
of Liberty & Learning 674
eralism is trust of the people tempered by
to shine 1227
rudence; 2267
Liberty can be safe only when Suffrage is
Liberty must be limited in order to be
illuminated by Education. 682
e main principle of liberalism is the rejection
possessed. 1229
of the divine law 2269
Liberty without learning is always in peril 695
The true danger is when liberty is nibbled
itical liberalism should also be defined in terms
equality in fact as primordial condition of
away 1230
f objectives. 2273
liberty 753
The people never give up their liberties but under
itics without ideology equals
Liberty without equality is a squalid result 759
some delusion. 1232
iberalism 2278
Corruption, the most infallible symptom of
The tree of liberty must be refreshed with the
constitutional liberty. 779
blood of patriots 1234
BERATE
The Union, next to our liberty, most dear. 865
What country can preserve its liberties 1235
have to talk about liberating minds as well as
Liberty and Union, now and forever, one and
The natural progress of things is for liberty to
berating society. 1463
inseparable. 866
yield 1237
men who must be liberated in this
This regard for the liberties of Europe 887
Keyword Index
not to expect to be translated from despotism to
ountry 4009
extremism in the defense of liberty is no
liberty in a feather bed 1239
vice 1042
BERATION
The ground of liberty is to be gained in
notwithstanding Mr. Mill's principle as to
step toward liberation is to use the power
inches. 1240
liberty 1118
hand 721
condition upon which God hath given liberty to
eration is not deliverance. 1300
freedom of the press is one of the great bulwarks
man is eternal vigilance 1241
of liberty 1158
ration of the diverse energies of free nations
rather be exposed to the inconveniencies attending
nd free men 1443
complete liberty must prevail 1162
too much liberty 1243
e liberation can be acquired only when the
the inestimable benefits that the liberty of the
o liberty! what crimes are committed in thy
press ensures 1167
egro people possess power 2872
name! 1246
We have all of us at times suffered from the
indispensable condition of the liberation of the
who has done nothing for liberty deserves to be
liberty of the press 1172
uman being 3559
counted as an enemy 1247
liberty of the press approved when it takes
He that would make his own liberty secure 1248
BERTY
liberties with the other fellow 1175
With what deep worship I have still adored/ The
efficient bureaucracy is the greatest threat to
Proclaim liberty throughout all the land 1198
spirit of divinest Liberty. 1250
berty. 12
A man cannot part with his liberty 1203
The love of liberty is the love of others; 1252
berty and equality are chiefly to be found in
no such Thing as publick Liberty, without
Individual liberty is individual power 1254
emocracy 264
Freedom of Speech 1205
rescue Liberty from the grasp of executive
basis of a democratic state is liberty. 266
Liberty of thought is the life of the soul. 1206
power 1258
erty, freedom, and enfranchisement." 270
Lean liberty is better than fat slavery. 1207
God grants liberty only to those who love
Liberty of Man is to be under no other
One of the greatest blessings a people can enjoy
it 1259
egislative Power 278
is liberty; 1208
Keep a check upon your rulers. Do this, and
no man living with power to endanger the
Liberty is the right of doing whatever the laws
liberty is safe. 1261
blic liberty 283
permit. 1209
Liberty exists in proportion to wholesome
liberty is neither found in despotism or the
Liberty is the right of doing whatever the laws
restraint. 1267
tremes of democracy 295
permit. 1209
It is harder to preserve than to obtain
ty doesn't even go to the trouble of
Those who would give up essential Liberty 1210
liberty. 1268
complishing small things legally 318
What man loses by the social contract is his
hat every man shall have liberty to be what
natural liberty 1211
The liberty of the individual is the greatest thing
of all 1269
d made him 360
To renounce liberty is to renounce being a
"liberty" sounds like the word "love" in the
e must be planted on the foundations of
man 1213
mouth of a courtesan 1270
litical liberty 386
Three millions of people, so dead to all the feelings
Eternal vigilance is the price of liberty. 1272
n all personal liberty which does not adversely
of liberty 1215
Liberty unregulated by law degenerates into
ect their neighbors 410
The cause of Liberty is a cause of too much
anarchy 1273
dation of democratic liberty is a willingness to
dignity to be sullied 1216
lieve 445
the more liberty is given to everything 1217
True liberty acknowledges and defends the equal
rights of all men 1275
the people, I desire their liberty and
give me liberty, or give me death! 1219
edom 526
Liberty can no more exist without virtue and
let all lovers of liberty everywhere join in the great
and good work 1277
more a regime claims to be the embodiment
independence 1220
liberty 627
The whole history of the progress of human
Abstract liberty is not to be found 1221
liberty 1280
ty cannot be preserved without general
The
arms we will employ for the preservation
owledge 665
of our liberties 1223
struggle between liberty and authority is the most
conspicuous feature 1282
399
LIBERTY
Political Quotations
Political Quotations
warranted in interfering with liberty is self-
than to a rich nation that had ceased to be in love
representatives of the people are tax
protection 1285
with liberty 1343
liberty 2228
The liberty of the individual must be thus far
Liberty does not consist in mere general
legislatures are the ultimate
limited; 1287
declarations of the rights of man 1346
liberties of the people 224
Liberty consists in doing what one desires. 1288
Liberty is often a fierce and intractable
Liberty is to faction what air
liberty knows nothing but victories 1290
thing 1349
Liberty to be saucy 2835
I am the son of Liberty and to her I owe all that I
We do not profess to be the champions of
and Liberty but its satellite 2843
am. 1296
liberty 1353
then liberty will soon be dead In the
Liberty we understand as the faculty of
Liberty is not collective, it is personal. 1356
To give moderate liberty for gnets
choosing 1297
All liberty is individual liberty. 1356
discontentments to evaporate
Human liberty, the only true foundation of human
They valued liberty both as an end and as a
It behoves every man who values the
government. 1301
means. 1359
conscience for himself 3143
Where Slavery is, there Liberty cannot be; 1302
They believed liberty to be the secret of
All religions united with government
the wolf denounces him for the same act, as the
happiness 1359
inimical to liberty 3145
destroyer of liberty 1303
Liberty don't work as good in practice as it does
tree of liberty grows only when
Where the State begins, individual liberty
in Speech. 1360
blood of tyrants 3193
ceases 1306
greatest dangers to liberty lurk in insidious
The spirit of revolution is
a
Lads
I should fight for my liberty as long as my
encroachment 1361
opposed to liberty 3200
strength lasted 1309
Liberty is so much latitude as the powerful
a nation which has undertaken 16
one of two things I had a right to, liberty or
choose 1364
liberty 3210
death 1309
liberty is the hardest test that one can inflict on a
They did not exalt order at the COM
Liberty is not a means to a higher political
people 1365
liberty. 3246
end. 1310
a rarer thing to give liberty to others who do not
This country should be agitated
a
Liberty, next to religion, has been the common
agree with us 1366
liberty is won 3319
pretext of crime 1312
Liberty is not just an idea, an abstract
Next to the right of liberty, the nght
The shallow consider liberty a release from all
principle. 1367
is the most important 3330
law 1314
saddest epitaph which can be carved in memory of
the personal right to liberty and the
Liberty cannot live apart from constitutional
a vanished liberty 1373
in property 3382
principle. 1316
you cannot create liberty when it has gone 1380
The true aim of government is libert
When liberty becomes license 1317
If liberty has any meaning it means freedom to
wherever these two powers are unite
Liberty is the soul's right to breathe 1318
improve. 1383
there can be no public liberty
Liberty recast the old forms of government into
liberty has largely been the observance of
Peace is liberty in tranquility: 36%
the Republic 1321
procedural safeguards 1384
Women have, or ought to have, but
Liberty produces wealth and wealth destroys
Liberty lies in the hearts of men and
liberty; 3976
liberty. 1322
women; 1389
Liberty and monopoly cannot live together. 1323
spirit of liberty is not too sure it is right 1393
LIBRARY
Political liberty is nothing else but the diffusion of
I heard his library burned down and
Irreverence is the champion of liberty 1327
books were destroyed 2665
Liberty is the most jealous and exacting
power. 1395
mistress 1328
The cause of liberty becomes a mockery 1401
LICENSE
Liberty means responsibility. 1329
Too little liberty brings stagnation 1403
License of the press is no proof of
distinction between freedom and liberty is not
Liberty is the possibility of doubting 1410
the tendency of its liberty to degene
accurately known 1331
We can afford no liberties with liberty
license 1171
Liberty, n. One of Imagination's most precious
itself. 1415
When liberty becomes license
possessions. 1332
We can afford no liberties with liberty
LICK
The ideals of liberty cannot be fixed from
itself. 1415
Liberty is always unfinished business. 1422
If you can't lick 'em, jine 'em.
generation to generation; 1333
Liberty is the means in the pursuit of
Liberty is never out of bounds or off limits; 1432
I believe that we could single-han
There is no "slippery slope" toward loss of
nation in the world. 1646
happiness. 1334
Liberty trains for liberty. 1335
liberties 1471
In politics women type the letter
The cost of liberty is less than the price of
(American liberty) is premised on the
stamps 4006
repression. 1336
accountability of free men 1473
LIE
The history of liberty is a history of limitations of
as government expands, liberty contracts 1475
Communist countries never expel
governmental power 1340
(Liberty) is indeed little less than a name 1512
for telling lies. 178
Liberty has never come from the
we shall pay any price to assure the survival
A lie is an abomination unto the
government. 1340
and the success of liberty 1670
Repetition does not transform a be
Liberty is its own reward. 1341
the judiciary is the safeguard of our liberty and of
truth. 958
You cannot safely plant the tree of liberty in
our property 1731
But it means, above all things. free
soil that is not native 1342
Liberty, my fellow citizens, is responsibilty 1898
lies. 1363
400
Political Quotations
LIFETIME
representatives of the people are not defenders of
the inherent right of the Government to lie to save
liberty 2228
itself 1567
legislatures are the ultimate guardians of the
an honest man sent to lie abroad for the good of
liberties of the people 2241
his country 1603
Liberty is to faction what air is to fire 2455
Then he doesn't lie. 2432
Liberty to be saucy 2835
All political parties die at last of swallowing their
and Liberty but its satellite 2843
own lies. 2448
then liberty will soon be dead in this nation 3029
Political language is designed to make lies
To give moderate liberty for griefs and
sound truthful 2498
discontentments to evaporate 3082
McCarthy invented the multi Lie-the lie with so
It behoves every man who values liberty of
many tiny gears 2617
conscience for himself 3143
if they stop telling lies about us, we would stop
All religions united with government are
telling the truth 3172
inimical to liberty 3145
LIEUTENANT
tree of liberty grows only when watered by the
blood of tyrants 3193
The most terrible warfare is to be a second
lieutenant leading a platoon 3884
The spirit of revolution is a spirit radically
Keyword Index
opposed to liberty 3200
LIFE
a nation which has undertaken to be the refuge of
namely, the enjoyment of life and liberty 286
liberty 3210
experience of democracy is like the experience of
They did not exalt order at the cost of
life itself 489
liberty. 3246
The poorest he hath a life to live as the greatest
This country should be agitated till the battle of
he 739
liberty is won 3319
Life'd not be worth livin' if we didn't keep our
Next to the right of liberty, the right of property
inimies. 921
is the most important 3330
Believe in life! 1014
the personal right to liberty and the personal right
Is life so dear, or peace so sweet 1219
in property 3382
For what avail the plow or sail,/ Or land or life, if
The true aim of government is liberty. 3409
freedom fail? 1305
wherever these two powers are united together,
There are two good things in life-freedom of
there can be no public liberty 3505
thought and freedom of action. 1348
Peace is liberty in tranquility; 3656
Freedom has its life in the hearts 1390
Women have, or ought to have, but little
Government and co-operation are in all things the
liberty; 3976
laws of life; 1541
LIBRARY
Life and liberty can be as much endangered from
illegal methods 1929
I heard his library burned down and that both
Only those engaged in the jar of life have the
books were destroyed 2665
material for it; 2061
LICENSE
as soon as men are not afraid to risk their
lives 2107
License of the press is no proof of liberty. 1157
the tendency of its liberty to degenerate into
There is something better that a man can give
than his life. 2109
license 1171
When liberty becomes license 1317
I only regret that I have but one life to lose for
my country. 2393
LICK
worst thing that can be said of the most powerful
If you can't lick 'em, jine 'em. 950
they can take your life 2847
I believe that we could single-handed lick any
among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of
nation in the world. 1646
happiness 3290
In
politics
women type the letters, lick the
Every dollar that we waste means that their life
stamps 4006
will be the more meager 3608
LIE
LIFE-SIZED
Communist countries never expel correspondents
Great men are but life-sized. 2110
for telling lies. 178
LIFETIME
A lie is an abomination unto the Lord 803
we shall not see them lit again in our
Repetition does not transform a lie into a
lifetime 930
truth. 958
No man is truly great who is great only in his
But it means, above all things, freedom from
lifetime. 2038
lies. 1363
Of the four wars in my lifetime 3956
401
Political Quotations
Political Quotations
has never weakened the stamina
A free people ought not only to be armed, but
disciplined; 3701
Freedom and not servitude is the cure of
ple. 1377
anarchy; 1222
lways been free can
if we allow it a free hand to corrupt democratic
386
societies 3971
Those who expect to reap the blessing of
freedom 1226
be starving and free than fed in
FREEDOM
how much it cost the present generation to
on within the framework of
The Constitution is the sole source and guaranty
preserve your freedom 1231
of national freedom. 241
Freedom
of
religion
press
free society 1400
person
rently
free
If political freedom is more advantageous for the
bright constellation 1251
person
may
be
)5
development of wealth 309
the nation which enjoys the most freedom
know where he is not free; 1407
that this nation, under God, shall have a new
the most powerful 1254
birth of freedom 344
els so rich in his opportunities for
one cure for the evils freedom produces, and
1407
We are inclined to confuse freedom and
that cure is freedom 1255
democracy 475
The history of the world is the
not free where there is no
progress
of
the
Necessity is the plea for every infringement of
consciousness of freedom 1257
not a free man. 1411
human freedom. 541
True freedom is to share/ All the chains our
at land where man is free 1418
True individual freedom cannot exist without
brothers wear 1263
knows how to keep in his own
economic security 653
revolutions do not always establish freedom
freedom of action without freed capacity of
The only freedom which deserves the name, IS
er to decide 1424
ire to be free and
thought behind it is only chaos 685
of pursuing our own good 1283
1425
Equality-the informing soul of Freedom! 755
In giving freedom to the slave, we assure freed
d the free with the free and
When people talk of the freedom of writing,
to the free. 1299
speaking or thinking 1110
For what avail the plow or sail,/ Or land or life
Freedom of expression is the matrix of nearly
freedom fail? 1305
ife proposes ends 1448
every other form of freedom. 1130
The spirit of truth and the spirit of freedom the
ociety only if we recognize that in
1465
The problem of freedom
is
maintaining
a
pillars of society 1311
oscillation
ed to brandish the word
competition of ideas 1132
between anarchy and despotism
be
Laws alone cannot secure freedom of
replaced
by
freedom
1313
what
is
free life is being able to
expression; 1133
freedom? the will to be responsible to
ourselves 1319
freedom of speech means you shall not do
in negotiate; 1472
something for the views they have 1144
freedom of speech, freedom of conscience, and the
nless government is
freedom of the individual is not just the luxury of
prudence never to practice 1324
one intellectual 1152
worthy to fight for one's freedom; it is finer
to fight for another 1325
will threaten free nations and
if he permits his freedom of expression to be
S 1699
abolished 1152
Freedom remains still the wisest cure for
ation is the characteristic of a free
The freedom of the press is one of the great
freedom's temporary inconveniences. 1326
bulwarks of liberty 1158
The distinction between freedom and liberty
Sovereignty of the people and freedom of the press
accurately known; 1331
by which we judge whether a
ly free 2297
are each necessary 1168
The only freedom consists in the people taking
Freedom of conscience among the very
care of the government. 1339
ee in proportion to the rights it
he minority 2311
fundamentals of democracy 1178
Most men, after a little freedom, have preferred
authority 1344
n free 2334
I
will die for the freedom of the press 1180
times must be/ Who would keep
Freedom from something is not enough. It should
two good things in life-freedom of thought and
freedom of action 1348
e. 2416
also be freedom for something. 1182
While the state exists there is no freedom: when
are things inseparable from free
Freedom of the press is not an end in itself but a
there
is
freedom
2450
no
state
1350
means to the end 1184
Radicalism is always applied to people who are
exist in a free country. 2452
Freedom is nothing else but a chance to be
ents are party government. 2483
better 1186
endeavoring to get freedom 1355
Ily entitled to the free exercise of
necessary to grow accustomed to freedom before
Freedom of the press belongs to those who own
one
may
walk
one. 1194
sure-footedly
1358
Men born to freedom are naturally alert to repel
country ceases to be free for
Freedom regained bites with keener fangs than
59
invasion of their liberty 1361
freedom never endangered 1199
free for religion 3159
Freedom is a very great reality. But it means
Freedom can't be kept for nothing. 1200
freedom from lies. 1363
its as women, not only to be
Without Freedom of Thought
no
such
Thing
as
Freedom belongs to the strong. 1368
Wisdom; 1205
omen become, the freer will men
Freedom to learn is the first necessity 1374
no such Thing as publick Liberty, without
Freedom of Speech 1205
Freedom is not worth fighting for if it means no
ant social service
more than license 1375
is to keep
The jaws of power are always open to devour
free 3479
the ideal of freedom which is the political
freedom 1214
expression of morality 1376
358
359
Political Quotations
FREEDOM
Freedom and not servitude is the cure of
We have learned that freedom in itself is not
anarchy; 1222
enough. 1378
Those who expect to reap the blessing of
Freedom of speech is of no use to a man who has
freedom 1226
nothing to say. 1378
how much it cost the present generation to
If a nation values anything more than freedom, it
preserve your freedom 1231
will lose its freedom; 1381
Freedom of religion press person form the
dagger plunged in the name of Freedom is
bright constellation 1251
plunged into the breast of Freedom 1382
the nation which enjoys the most freedom must be
Freedom is an indivisible word. 1385
the most powerful 1254
Freedom has its life in the hearts of men 1390
one cure for the evils freedom produces, and
The winning of freedom is not to be compared to
that cure is freedom 1255
the winning of a game 1390
The history of the world is the progress
of
the
The ruling class or race must share their freedom
consciousness of freedom 1257
with everyone 1391
True freedom is to share/ All the chains our
I wish that every human life might be pure
brothers wear 1263
transparent freedom. 1394
revolutions do not always establish freedom 1274
No man is entitled to the blessings of freedom
Keyword Index
The only freedom which deserves the name, is that
unless he be vigilant 1397
of pursuing our own good 1283
Freedom and slavery are mental states. 1398
In giving freedom to the slave, we assure freedom
not enough merely to realize how freedom has
to the free. 1299
been won 1399
For what avail the plow or sail,/ Or land or life, if
Freedom always entails danger. 1402
freedom fail? 1305
A Country can get more real joy out of just
The spirit of truth and the spirit of freedom
the
hollering for their Freedom 1404
pillars of society 1311
they lose their social freedom in seeking to
oscillation between anarchy and despotism is to
become like each other 1406
be replaced by freedom 1313
Everything that is really great and inspiring is
what is freedom? the will to be responsible to
created by freedom 1408
ourselves 1319
The right to be let alone is indeed the beginning of
freedom of speech, freedom of conscience, and the
all freedoms. 1414
prudence never to practice 1324
The real guarantee of freedom is an equilibrium of
worthy
to fight for one's freedom; it is
finer
social forces 1419
to fight for another 1325
We cannot choose freedom established on a
Freedom remains still the wisest cure for
freedom's temporary inconveniences. 1326
hierarchy of degrees of freedom 1423
The distinction between freedom and liberty is not
Freedom has been defined as the opportunity for
accurately known; 1331
self-discipline. 1426
The only freedom consists in the people taking
you
can't allow freedom to be pushed back to
the
United States 1427
care of the government. 1339
Most men, after a little freedom, have preferred
Freedom is a hard-bought thing. 1428
authority 1344
Freedom is not worth having if it does not
two good things in life-freedom of thought and
connote freedom to err. 1429
freedom of action 1348
If men are in chains, anywhere in the world,
While the state exists there is no freedom; when
then freedom is endangered 1430
there is freedom no state 1350
only a few generations have been granted the role
Radicalism is always applied to people who are
of defending freedom 1433
endeavoring to get freedom 1355
Conformity is the jailer of freedom and the enemy
necessary to grow accustomed to freedom before
of growth. 1434
one may walk sure-footedly 1358
Freedom is not something given; freedom is
Men born to freedom are naturally alert to repel
something people take 1435
invasion of their liberty 1361
We stand for freedom. 1436
Freedom is a very great reality. But it means
then the peril to freedom will continue to
freedom from lies. 1363
rise 1437
Freedom belongs to the strong. 1368
The best road to progress is freedom's road. 1438
Freedom to learn is the first necessity 1374
The cost of freedom is always high 1439
Freedom is not worth fighting for if it means no
capitalism is a necessary condition for political
more than license 1375
freedom 1440
the ideal of freedom which is the political
competitive capitalism, also promotes political
expression of morality 1376
freedom 1441
359
FREEMAN
Political Quotations
Political Quotations
Freedom in economic arrangements is a
freedom includes the freedom to buy whatever a
component of freedom broadly
white man can buy 3377
No friend of the Amenda
understood 1442
Freedom is never granted; it is won. 3380
a friend of American but
Economic freedom is also an indispensable means
Freedom and justice must be struggled for by the
A state worthy of the name
toward political freedom 1442
oppressed of all lands 3380
Whenever you put a man
Economic freedom is also an indispensable means
for freedom is never a final fact 3380
he ceases to be your friend
toward political freedom 1442
a celebration of individual freedom, not of
that friend shall be down IDA
Today, in the world of freedom, the proudest
homosexuality 3394
I have lost every friend on
boast is "Ich bin ein Berliner." 1444
the freedom of man the sole objects of all
have one friend left 20-
the cause of freedom versus tyranny 1446
legitimate government 3434
the king was the only monar
Freedom is indivisible, and when one man is
a friend 2340
If freedom makes social progress possible, so social
enslaved, all are not free. 1447
progress enlarges freedom 3546
when they talk of supporting
There can be no real freedom without the freedom
serving their friends 244-
essential to freedom that no taxes be imposed
to fail. 1449
but
with
never attempt to buy the fav
consent
3579
Freedom is the understanding of necessity and the
the expense of your friends
History does not long entrust the care of freedom
transformation of necessity. 1451
Let no man be put out or
to the weak 3876
After you get your freedom, your enemy will
is our friend. 2555
Peace and freedom do not come cheap 3906
respect you. 1453
it brings nothing but
a struggle for freedom on every front of human
daily
Freedom to many means immediate
But my damn friends, my god.
betterment 1454
activity 3920
The Negro revolt is not aimed
less a matter of horror than the curtailment of the
When man enjoys his natural freedom, let him
friends 3372
freedom to profit 1455
despise woman 3978
If I had to choose between betra
You can't separate peace from freedom 1456
with the same freedom to express herself in the
and betraying my friend 304
Freedom is sweet fat, and that's for me. 1457
religion and government 3988
FRIENDLESS
Freedom is sweet, on the beat 1457
FREEMAN
to be Omnipotent but friendless
Freedom is an internal achievement rather than an
Vote, n. The instrument of a freeman's power to
external judgment. 1460
make a fool of himself 709
FRIENDSHIP
In the act of resistance the rudiments of freedom
No freeman shall be taken, or imprisoned 1829
Peace, commerce, and honest for
are already present. 1461
nations 1612
We know that the road to freedom has always
FREETHINKING
to allow the friendship between to
been stalked by death. 1467
The freethinking of one age is the common sense
upon deep and permanent thing
The biggest menace to American freedom is the
of the next. 906
The friendships of nations, built
intelligence community. 1470
FREIGHT
interests 1643
We know what works: Freedom works. We know
The farmer is the only man
who
pays
the
passion for politics stems usually
what's right: Freedom 1474
freight both ways 656
insatiable need for friendship
either the people must have freedom based on
law 1487
FROG
FRESH
Man is about the same whether with
Eternal truths will be neither true nor eternal
become like the log that was given
freedom 1544
unless they have fresh meaning 968
be their king 1842
The freedom of the city is not negotiable. 1674
FRONT
in the highest position the least freedom of
FREUD
action 1972
Fifty years ago if we had gone the way of
A leader should not get too far
the duty of the liberal to extend the basic
Freud 2803
troops 2207
however extreme may seem to x
democratic freedoms 2272
FRICTION
on the Front Bench 2583
Nor do men enjoy any greater share of this
inevitable friction incident to the distribution of
freedom in a pure commonwealth 2331
FRUGAL
the governmental powers 3510
No free Country without parties a natural
A wise and frugal Government.
offspring of Freedom 2456
FRIEND
restrain men 1517
Power in defense of freedom is greater than power
I am a good friend to Communists abroad 165
in behalf of tyranny 2883
FRUSTRATING
that he that holds it does not trust his
never wear your best trousers when you go out to
friends 518
He'll find it very frustrating
fight for freedom 3103
Abuse a man unjustly, and you will make friends
FRUSTRATION
it wants more freedom to graze on its own 3133
for him. 926
Absolute frustration is a dangeress
"Freedom from fear" could be said to sum up
Instead of loving your enemy, treat your friend a
a world with. 2889
human rights 3348
little better. 936
as the Negro plunges deeper into the quest for
FUEL
Let the word go forth from this time and place, to
freedom and justice 3350
friend and foe alike 1025
The problem isn't a shortage of fun
The Negro revolt is not aimed at winning friends
The 5th Amendment is an old friend and a good
of government. 1574
but at winning freedom 3372
friend 1417
if there be fuel prepared, it IS hard
the spark shall come 3180
360
D THE FRENCH
FRANCE AND THE FRENCH
FREEDOM
167
g of the prizes
vention (May, 1787) be opened with
Part siren and part Socrates.
le to bear.
Likeness.
prayer.
PERCY MACKAYE, France.
1
11
Fifty million Frenchmen can't be wrong.
The cross of the Legion of Honor has been
its a man to his fortunes,
Attributed to TEXAS GUINAN. (New York
fruit of his character.
conferred upon me. However, few escape
World-Telegram, 21 Mar., 1931)
that distinction.
t of Life: Fate.
2
MARK TWAIN, A Tramp Abroad, ch. 8.
The last time I saw Paris.
fortune, is never sure of
OSCAR HAMMERSTEIN II, Title of lyric
FRANKNESS, see Candor
from the film Lady Be Good (1940).
KLIN, Poor Richard,
This was also the title of a memoir
FRAUD, see Deceit
(1942) by Elliot Paul.
FREEDOM
hurts a wise man no
3
See also Liberty
the moon.
These things are managed so well in France.
12
BRET HARTE, The Tale of a Pony.
I for one will never concede that we cannot
KLIN, Poor Richard,
4
do as much in defense of our freedoms as
Something of the monkey aspect inseparable
any enemy may be doing to destroy them.
to all that comes not
from a little Frenchman.
BERNARD M. BARUCH. (New York Times
NATHANIEL HAWTHORNE, Journals, 5 July,
obituary of Baruch, 21 June, 1965, p.
1837.
H LONGFELLOW, The
16)
5
act iii, SC. 5, 1. 281.
13
Everything is on such a clear financial basis
"Freedom!" their battle-cry,-
and round,
in France. It is the simplest country to live
"Freedom! or leave to die!"
in. No one makes things complicated by be-
some are on the down,
G. H. BOKER, The Black Regiment.
round.
coming your friend for any obscure reason.
14
The Wheel of For-
If you want people to like you, you have
O Freedom! thou art not, as poets dream,
only to spend a little money.
A fair young girl, with light and delicate
ERNEST HEMINGWAY, The Sun Also Rises.
limbs,
rial as in the moment
6
And wavy tresses.
A bearded man,
In a comparison of this with other countries
ne.
Armed to the teeth, art thou; one mailèd
Hur, bk. v, ch. 7.
we have the proof of primacy which was
hand
given to Themistocles after the battle of Sa-
Grasps the broad shield, and one the sword;
lamis. Every general voted himself the first
THE FRENCH
thy brow
reward of valor, and the second to Themisto-
Glorious in beauty though it be, is scarred
5. "I am a woman and
cles. So, ask the travelled inhabitant of any
With tokens of old wars; thy massive limbs
ng foreign to me ap-
nation, in what country on earth you would
Are strong with struggling.
rather live? Certainly in my own.
WILLIAM CULLEN BRYANT, The Antiquity
d Lectures: Table-
which would be your second choice? France.
of Freedom.
THOMAS JEFFERSON, Writings, vol. i, p.
15
159.
Freedom comes from human beings, rather
mity (Liberté, égali-
7
than from laws and institutions.
Never was there a country where the prac-
CLARENCE DARROW, in his defense of Hen-
IIN FRANKLIN, who
tice of governing too much had taken deeper
ry Sweet, 19 May, 1926. Sweet was on
sted it. This became
root and done more mischief.
trial in Detroit as a result of a civil
the French Revolu-
THOMAS JEFFERSON, Writings, vol. vii, p.
disorder that came about when, with a
ely used as a motto
445.
group of fellow Negroes, he moved into
8
a district of Detroit populated, up to
How'ya gonna keep 'em down on the farm,
that time, exclusively by whites.
st (Ça ira, ça tien-
After they've seen Paree?
16
SAM M. LEWIS AND JOE YOUNG, Title and
But we were born free.
according to CASSA-
Refrain of song (1919) with music by
ELMER DAVIS, Title of book (1954).
Girondists, i, 373),
Walter Donaldson. This was one of the
17
Ça Ira, the revolu-
most enduring songs inspired by World
We must be ready to dare all for our coun-
ice, was composed
War I.
try. For history does not long entrust the
cian who took the
9
care of freedom to the weak or the timid.
ervation by Frank-
The Frenchman feels an easy mastery in
DWIGHT D. EISENHOWER, First Inaugural
speaking his mother tongue, and attributes it
Address, 20 Jan., 1953.
to some native superiority of parts that lifts
18
all without God's
him high above us barbarians of the West.
May the light of freedom, coming to all
mpire rise without
JAMES RUSSELL LOWELL, On a Certain
darkened lands, flame brightly-until at last
Condescension in Foreigners.
the darkness is no more.
in proposing that
10
DWIGHT D. EISENHOWER, Second Inaugu-
onstitutional Con-
Half artist and half anchorite,
ral Address, 21 Jan., 1957.
168
FREEDOM
FREEDOM
FREEDOM
1
9
out a shot being fired, by I
Only our individual faith in freedom can
In the beauty of the lilies Christ was born
bullets. The success of our
keep us free.
across the sea,
pendent upon respect for 0
DWIGHT D. EISENHOWER, Let's Be Honest
With a glory in his bosom that transfigures
world as well as our missi
with Ourselves; The Reader's Digest,
you and me;
recognition of the virtues 0
Dec., 1963.
As he died to make men holy, let us die to
as the evils of tyranny.
2
make men free,
JOHN F. KENNEDY, Spe
For what avail the plough or sail,
While God is marching on.
delivery in Dallas, Tex
Or land or life, if freedom fail?
JULIA WARD HOWE, Battle Hymn of the
the day of his assassina
EMERSON, Boston.
Republic.
1
3
10
The masses that Hitler was
Wherever snow falls, man is free. Where the
There is no freedom on earth or in any star
inate are the modern men
orange blooms, man is the foe of man.
for those who deny freedom to others.
dom from the constraints
EMERSON, Journals, 1862.
ELBERT HUBBARD, A Thousand and One
order an intolerable loss 0
4
Epigrams.
When "freedom" is worshipped as a sublime
support. With Gide they a
11
burden of freedom is too
and mystical state rather than as simply a
We Americans know that freedom, like
WALTER LIPPMANN, The
necessary condition for human fulfillment,
peace, is indivisible.
bk. ii, ch. 8.
the faith in freedom itself ceases to express
HAROLD L. ICKES, Speech in New York
2
the democratic spirit and becomes something
City, 18 May, 1941.
What we are suffering fro
quite different; it ceases to express the con-
science of a conservative and becomes in-
Freedom is an indivisible word. If we want
is the failure of the prim
stead the faith of a fanatic.
to enjoy it, and fight for it, we must be
that freedom does not beg
prepared to extend it to everyone. whether
overthrown. Freedom is a
J. W. FULBRIGHT, Address, Sept., 1964,
they are rich or poor, whether they agree
requires authority, disci]
during the presidential campaign. The
with us or not, no matter what their race or
ment of its own kind.
reference is to the Republican nominee,
the color of their skin.
WALTER LIPPMANN, Syr
Barry Goldwater.
WENDELL L. WILLKIE, One World, ch. 13.
Column, 4 Aug., 196-
5
3
Why read ye not the changeless truth,
12
The only struggle worthy of man's unceasing
Freedom is re-created yea
The free can conquer but to save?
JOHN HAY, Northward. This was quoted
sacrifice-the struggle to be free.
In hearts wide open on th
LYNDON B. JOHNSON, Address in New
JAMES RUSSELL LOWE!
by President McKinley in a message on
4
the Philippines.
York City, 23 Feb., 1966, upon accept-
No! true freedom is to sh.
ing the national freedom award of Free-
6
All the chains our brother
If we wish to be free-if we mean to pre-
dom House. The concluding words.
JAMES RUSSELL LOWEL
13
serve inviolate those inestimable privileges
In the long history of the world. only a few
dom.
for which we have been so long contending
5
generations have been granted the role of
-if we mean not basely to abandon the no-
Our present and future di
defending freedom in its hour of maximum
ble struggle in which we have been so long
failure to recognize th
danger. I do not shrink from this responsibil-
engaged, and which we have pledged our-
achieve freedom from re
ity-I welcome it. I do not believe that any
selves never to abandon until the glorious
freedoms would be los
of us would exchange places with any other
object of our contest shall be obtained-we
mankind has achieved
people or any other generation. The energy,
must fight! I repeat it, sir, we must fight!
achieved only because
the faith, the devotion which we bring to this
PATRICK HENRY, Address to Virginia con-
responsibility.
endeavor will light our country and all who
vention of delegates to the Continental
ARTHUR H. MOTLEY,
serve it-and the glow from that fire can
Congress, 23 Mar., 1775.
28 Jan., 1965.
truly light the world.
6
7
Freedom is the open window through which
JOHN F. KENNEDY, Inaugural Address, 20
Free men set themselves
pours the sunlight of the human spirit and of
Jan., 1961.
JAMES OPPENHEIM, T
14
human dignity. With the preservation of
7
My fellow citizens of the world: ask not
these moral and spiritual qualities and with
Tyranny, like hell, is n
what America will do for you, but what to-
God's grace will come further greatness for
yet we have this consol
gether we can do for the freedom of man.
the harder the conflict,
our country.
JOHN F. KENNEDY, Inaugural Address, 20
HERBERT HOOVER, Statement on his nineti-
triumph. What we obta
Jan., 1961.
eth birthday, New York City, 10 Aug.,
teem too lightly.
15
indeed if so celestial a
1964.
All free men, wherever they may live, are
citizens of Berlin. And therefore. as a free
should not be highly rat
8
We are not free; it was not intended we
THOMAS PAINE, The
man, I take pride in the words Ich bin ein
should be. A book of rules is placed in our
8
Berliner.
cradle, and we never get rid of it until we
Those who expect to
JOHN F. KENNEDY, Address in West Ber-
reach our graves. Then we are free, and only
freedom, must, like me
lin, 26 June, 1963.
then.
16
of supporting it.
EDGAR WATSON HOWE, Howe's Monthly.
In today's world, freedom can be lost with-
THOMAS PAINE, The
FREEDOM
FREEDOM
FREEDOM
169
out a shot being fired, by ballots as well as
9
f the lilies Christ was born
a,
bullets. The success of our leadership is de-
The first is freedom of speech and expres-
pendent upon respect for our mission in the
sion-everywhere in the world. The second is
his bosom that transfigures
world as well as our missiles-on a clearer
freedom of every person to worship God in
ake men holy, let us die to
recognition of the virtues of freedom as well
his own way-everywhere in the world. The
as the evils of tyranny.
third is freedom from want
everywhere
ee,
JOHN F. KENNEDY, Speech prepared for
in the world. The fourth is freedom from
arching on.
HOWE, Battle Hymn of the
delivery in Dallas, Tex., Nov. 22, 1963,
fear
anywhere in the world.
the day of his assassination.
FRANKLIN D. ROOSEVELT, Message to
1
Congress, 6 Jan., 1941. These "essential
lom on earth or in any star
The masses that Hitler was planning to dom-
human freedoms," upon which the world
y freedom to others.
inate are the modern men who find in free-
of "future days" was to be founded, be-
ARD, A Thousand and One
dom from the constraints of the ancestral
came famous as the "four freedoms."
order an intolerable loss of guidance and of
10
support. With Gide they are finding that the
We cannot save freedom with pitchforks and
know that freedom, like
burden of freedom is too great an anxiety.
muskets alone after a dictator combination
e.
WALTER LIPPMANN, The Public Philosophy,
has gained control of the rest of the world.
KES, Speech in New York
bk. ii, ch. 8.
FRANKLIN D. ROOSEVELT, Address by
1941.
2
radio, 4 July, 1941.
What we are suffering from in modern times
11
divisible word. If we want
is the failure of the primitive liberals to see
If freedom had been the happy, simple, re-
fight for it, we must be
that freedom does not begin when tyranny is
laxed state of ordinary humanity, man would
d it to everyone, whether
overthrown. Freedom is a way of life which
have everywhere been free-whereas through
poor, whether they agree
requires authority, discipline, and govern-
most of time and space he has been in
matter what their race or
ment of its own kind.
chains. Do not let us make any mistake
kin.
WALTER LIPPMANN, Syndicated Newspaper
about this. The natural government of man
ILLKIE, One World, ch. 13.
Column, 4 Aug., 1964.
is servitude. Tyranny is the normal pattern
3
worthy of man's unceasing
of government.
Freedom is re-created year by year,
gle to be free.
ADLAI E. STEVENSON, A. Powell Davies
In hearts wide open on the Godward side.
HNSON, Address in New
Memorial Address, Washington, D.C.,
JAMES RUSSELL LOWELL, Freedom, 1. 21.
Feb., 1966, upon accept-
18 Jan., 1959. (Contemporary Forum,
4
al freedom award of Free-
No! true freedom is to share
ed. by Ernest J. Wrage and Barnet Bas-
he concluding words.
All the chains our brothers wear.
kerville, p. 360)
JAMES RUSSELL LOWELL, Stanzas on Free-
12
of the world. only a few
We have confused the free with the free and
dom.
been granted the role of
5
easy.
in its hour of maximum
Our present and future danger may lie in our
ADLAI E. STEVENSON, Putting First Things
rink from this responsibil-
failure to recognize that if we were to
First: A Democratic View.
I do not believe that any
achieve freedom from responsibility, all our
13
nge places with any other
freedoms would be lost. All the freedom
What other liberty is there worth having, if
r generation. The energy,
mankind has achieved to date has been
we have not freedom and peace in our
ion which we bring to this
achieved only because individuals accepted
minds,-if our inmost and most private man
our country and all who
responsibility.
is but a sour and turbid pool?
glow from that fire can
ARTHUR H. MOTLEY, Speech in St. Louis,
HENRY D. THOREAU, Journal, 26 Oct.,
1.
28 Jan., 1965.
1853.
)Y, Inaugural Address, 20
6
14
Free men set themselves free.
That man is free who is protected from in-
JAMES OPPENHEIM, The Slave.
jury.
of the world: ask not
7
DANIEL WEBSTER, Address to the Charles-
do for you, but what to-
Tyranny, like hell, is not easily conquered,
town Bar, 10 May, 1847.
or the freedom of man.
yet we have this consolation within us, that
15
)Y, Inaugural Address, 20
the harder the conflict, the more glorious the
Freedom exists only where the people take
triumph. What we obtain too cheap, we es-
care of the government.
teem
too
lightly.
It
would
be
strange
WOODROW WILSON, Speech in New York
rever they may live, are
indeed if so celestial an article as freedom
City, 4 Sept., 1912.
And therefore, as a free
should not be highly rated.
16
in the words Ich bin ein
THOMAS PAINE, The Crisis: Introduction.
Only free peoples can hold their purpose and
8
their honor steady to a common end, and
Y, Address in West Ber-
Those who expect to reap the blessings of
prefer the interests of mankind to any nar-
63.
freedom, must, like men, undergo the fatigue
row interest of their own.
of supporting it.
WOODROW WILSON, War Address to Con-
eedom can be lost with-
THOMAS PAINE, The Crisis, No. iv.
gress, 2 Apr., 1917.
LEISURE
LETTERS
LIBERTY
227
Philadelphia lawyer to solve
ople know that there is a basis
of the world. We should rejoice that technol-
east corner of post office, Washington,
: expression, for in 1735, when
ogy is now freeing us from that burden.
D.C.
lawyer could be obtained to
BRUCE BLIVEN, Using Our Leisure Is No
11
'eter Zenger, accused of crimi-
Easy Job; New York Times Magazine,
Messenger of sympathy and love,
use his two lawyers, James Al-
26 Apr., 1964, p. 115.
Servant of parted friends,
William Smith, having chal-
1
Consoler of the lonely,
isdiction of the court, had al-
I feel like a locomotive hitched to a boy's
Bond of the scattered family,
sbarred, the friends of Zenger
express wagon.
Enlarger of the common life.
delphia and obtained the serv-
GROVER CLEVELAND, in 1897, upon being
CHARLES W. ELIOT, Inscription on south-
asked how it felt to have no official re-
V Hamilton, then eighty years
west corner of post office, Washington,
o New York without fee, and
sponsibility. (MCELROY, Grover Cleve-
D.C.
tion in the face of a hostile
land, ii, 269)
12
2
The tongue is prone to lose the way,
Is there no road now to Leisurely Lane? We
NBERGER, Address: The Lib-
Not so the pen, for in a letter
traveled it long ago!
he Press, Independence Hall,
We have not better things to say,
A place for the lagging of leisurely steps,
ia, 9 Mar., 1934.
But surely say them better.
sweet and shady and slow.
EMERSON, Life.
VIRGINIA WOODWARD CLOUD, Leisurely
13
LEADER
Lane.
For my part, I could easily do without the
3
post-office.
I never received more than
Sweet is the pleasure itself cannot spoil.
arely know that he exists.
Is not true leisure one with true toil?
one or two letters in my life that were worth
JOHN S. DWIGHT, True Rest.
the postage.
Laotzu. NER, The Way of Life Ac-
4
HENRY D. THOREAU, Walden, ch. 2.
A life of leisure and a life of laziness are two
things.
LIBERTY
eader of our time has been
BENJAMIN FRANKLIN, Poor Richard,
See also Freedom
y the foulest deed of our
1746.
14
5
The broad goal of our foreign policy is to
OHNSON, to joint session of
Employ thy time well if thou meanest to
enable the people of the United States to
7 Nov., 1963, five days after
gain leisure.
enjoy in peace the blessings of liberty.
ation of John F. Kennedy.
BENJAMIN FRANKLIN, Poor Richard,
JOHN FOSTER DULLES, Address before the
1758.
Foreign Policy Association, New York
f a leader is that he leaves
6
City, 16 Feb., 1955.
ther men the conviction and
Leisure is the time for doing something use-
15
ful.
on.
Liberty is always dangerous, but it is the
MANN, Column, in tribute to
NATHANIEL HOWE, A Chapter of Proverbs.
safest thing we have.
7
Roosevelt, 14 Apr., 1945.
He enjoys true leisure who has time to im-
HARRY EMERSON FOSDICK, Liberty.
16
prove his soul's estate.
of and look there is to me
HENRY D. THOREAU, Journal, 11 Feb.,
Those, who would give up essential liberty to
rofoundly affecting in large
1840.
purchase a little temporary safety, deserve
men following the lead of
8
neither liberty nor safety.
not believe in men.
A broad margin of leisure is as beautiful in a
Attributed to BENJAMIN FRANKLIN. In
N, Thought.
man's life as in a book.
Historical Review of Pennsylvania
HENRY D. THOREAU, Journal, 28 Dec.,
(1759), and often heard during the
LEISURE
1852.
Revolutionary period.
17
0 Idleness, Sport
LENDING, see Borrowing
Only in fetters is liberty:
n this country has become
LETTERS
Without its banks could a river be?
9
hat it is now hard work.
LOUIS GINSBERG, Fetters.
far from the time when a
Not even a formal autobiography is quite so
18
revealing as the relaxed, informal words a
Is life so dear or peace so sweet as to be
weekend of leisure will go
is job to unwind.
man sets down at a particular place and time
purchased at the price of chains and slavery?
for the eyes of a friend.
Forbid it, Almighty God! I know not what
"Observer" Column, New
28 July, 1964.
CARLOS BAKER, A Search for the Man As
course others may take; but as for me, give
He Really Was; New York Times Book
me liberty, or give me death!
Review, 26 July, 1964, p. 4.
PATRICK HENRY. Speech in Virginia House
: perspective, it is ironic, if
10
of Delegates, 23 Mar., 1775.
easing the burden of toil
Carrier of news and knowledge,
19
as a problem and not as a
Instrument of trade and industry,
Sir, we are not weak if we make a proper use
e immemorial, men's lives
Promoter of mutual acquaintance,
of those means which the God of nature hath
cted by the need for ex-
Of peace and good-will
placed in our power. Three millions of peo-
hey still are in many parts
Among men and nations.
ple. armed in the holy cause of liberty, and
CHARLES W. ELIOT, Inscription on south-
in such a country as that which we possess,
228
LIBERTY
LIBERTY
are invincible by any force which our enemy
word we do not all mean the same thing.
can send against us.
With some the word liberty may mean for
PATRICK HENRY, Speech in Virginia House
each man to do as he pleases with himself,
of Delegates, 23 Mar., 1775.
and the product of his labor; while with oth-
1
ers the same word may mean for some men
Liberty is the breath of progress.
to do as they please with other men, and the
ROBERT G. INGERSOLL, How to Reform
product of other men's labor. Here are two,
Mankind.
not only different, but incompatible things,
2
The tree of liberty must be refreshed from
called by the same name, liberty. And it fol-
time to time with the blood of patriots and
lows that each of the things is, by the respec-
tyrants. It is its natural manure.
tive parties, called by two different and in-
THOMAS JEFFERSON, Letter to William S.
compatible names-liberty and tyranny.
Smith, Paris, 13 Nov., 1787. (Writings,
ABRAHAM LINCOLN, Address in Baltimore,
iv, 467)
18 Apr., 1864.
11
3
The God who gave us life, gave us liberty at
My hope is that both liberty and democracy
the same time.
can be preserved before the one destroys the
THOMAS JEFFERSON, Summary View of the
other. Whether this can be done is the ques-
Rights of British America.
tion of our time, what with more than half
4
the world denying and despairing of it.
The ground of liberty must be gained by
WALTER LIPPMANN, The Public Philoso-
inches.
phy, bk. i, ch. 1 (1955).
THOMAS JEFFERSON, Writings, vol. viii, p.
12
The inescapable price of liberty is an ability
3.
5
to preserve it from destruction.
We are not to expect to be translated from
GENERAL DOUGLAS MACARTHUR, to Presi-
despotism to liberty in a feather bed.
dent Quezon of the Philippine Islands.
THOMAS JEFFERSON, Writings, vol. viii, p.
(MILLER, MacArthur, p. 192)
13
13.
6
The history of the world shows that repub-
The boisterous sea of liberty is never without
lics and democracies have generally lost their
a wave.
liberties by way of passing from civilian to
THOMAS JEFFERSON, Writings, vol. xv, p.
quasi-military status. Nothing is more con-
283.
ducive to arbitrary rule than the military
7
junta.
The purpose of liberty is not merely to allow
GENERAL DOUGLAS MACARTHUR. (Gener-
error but to discover truth, not only to re-
al's Words Live On; New York Herald
strict the powers of the government but to
Tribune, 6 Apr., 1964, p. 15)
enrich the judgment of the nation.
14
LYNDON B. JOHNSON, Speech at gradua-
He that would make his own liberty secure
tion exercises of the National Cathedral
must guard even his enemy from oppres-
School for Girls, Washington, D.C., 1
sion.
June, 1965.
THOMAS PAINE, Dissertation on First
8
Principles of Government, p. 242.
The deadliest foe of democracy is not autoc-
15
racy but liberty frenzied. Liberty is not fool-
Eternal vigilance is the price of liberty.
proof. For its beneficent working it demands
WENDELL PHILLIPS, Address: Public Opin-
self-restraint.
ion, before the Massachusetts Antislav-
OTTo KAHN, Speech at the University of
ery Society, 28 Jan., 1852. When it was
Wisconsin, Madison, 14 Jan., 1918.
said that Phillips was quoting Thomas
9
Jefferson, he challenged one and all to
Let every nation know, whether it wishes us
find this famous statement in the works
well or ill, that we shall pay any price, bear
of Jefferson or anyone else. The state-
any burden, meet any hardship, support any
ment has also been attributed to Patrick
friend, oppose any foe to assure the survival
Henry. A close approximation of it ap-
and the success of liberty.
pears in a speech by the Irish judge
JOHN F. KENNEDY, Inaugural Address, 20
John Philpot Curran, 10 July, 1790.
Jan., 1961.
16
10
The manna of popular liberty must be
The world has never had a good definition of
gathered each day, or it is rotten.
Only
the word liberty, and the American people,
by uninterrupted agitation can a people be
just now, are much in want of one. We all
kept sufficiently awake to principle not to let
declare for liberty; but in using the same
liberty be smothered by material prosperity.
LIBERTY
LIBRARY
229
IBERTY
Republics exist only on tenure of being agi-
World War I had been a futile strug-
all mean the same thing.
tated.
gle.
ord liberty may mean for
WENDELL PHILLIPS, Address: Public Opin-
is he pleases with himself,
LIBRARY
ion, Boston, 28 Jan., 1852.
f his labor; while with oth-
See also Books, Reading
d may mean for some men
Liberty, 1 when it begins to take root, is a
10
se with other men, and the
plant of rapid growth.
The richest minds need not large libraries.
men's labor. Here are two,
GEORGE WASHINGTON, Letter to James
AMOS BRONSON ALCOTT, Table Talk:
t, but incompatible things,
Madison, 2 Mar., 1788.
Learning-Books.
11
e name, liberty. And it fol-
the things is, by the respec-
2 If the true spark of religious and civil liberty
A library is but the soul's burial-ground. It is
d by two different and in-
be kindled, it will burn. Human agency can-
the land of shadows.
HENRY WARD BEECHER, Star Papers: Ox-
-liberty and tyranny.
not extinguish it.
COLN, Address in Baltimore,
DANIEL WEBSTER, Address at Bunker Hill
ford, The Bodleian Library.
12
t.
Monument, 17 June, 1825.
Libries niver encouraged lithrachoor anny
both liberty and democracy
3 God grants liberty only to those who love it,
more thin tombstones encourage livin'. No
wan iver wrote annythin' because he was tol'
before the one destroys the
and are always ready to guard and defend
that a hundherd years fr'm now his books
his can be done is the ques-
it.
DANIEL WEBSTER, Speech in U.S. Senate,
might be taken down fr'm a shelf in a granite
what with more than half
sepulcher an' some wan wud write "Good" or
g and despairing of it.
3 June, 1834.
"This man is crazy" in th' margin. What
MANN, The Public Philoso-
4
lithrachoor needs is fillin' food.
h. 1 (1955).
Liberty exists in proportion to wholesome re-
straint; the more restraint on others to keep
FINLEY PETER DUNNE, Dissertations by
price of liberty is an ability
off from us, the more liberty we have.
Mr. Dooley: The Carnegie Libraries.
13
m destruction.
DANIEL WEBSTER, Speech, 10 May, 1847.
Consider what you have in the smallest chos-
GLAS MACARTHUR, to Presi-
5
en library. A company of the wisest and wit-
n of the Philippine Islands.
Liberty has never come from the govern-
tiest men that could be picked out of all civil
[acArthur, p. 192)
ment. Liberty has always come from the sub-
countries, in a thousand years, have set in
jects of it. The history of liberty is a history
best order the results of their learning and
the world shows that repub-
of resistance. The history of liberty is a his-
wisdom. The men themselves were hid and
cies have generally lost their
tory of limitations of governmental power,
inaccessible, solitary, impatient of interrup-
of passing from civilian to
not the increase of it.
WOODROW WILSON, Speech before New
tion, fenced by etiquette; but the thought
tatus. Nothing is more con-
which they did not uncover to their bosom
rary rule than the military
York Press Club, 9 Sept., 1912.
friend is here written out in transparent
6
UGLAS MACARTHUR. (Gener-
I would rather belong to a poor nation that
words to us, the strangers of another age.
Live On; New York Herald
was free than to a rich nation that had
EMERSON, Society and Solitude: Books.
14
Apr., 1964, p. 15)
ceased to be in love with liberty. We shall
Meek young men grow up in libraries.
not be poor if we love liberty.
EMERSON, Nature, Addresses and Lectures:
make his own liberty secure
WOODROW WILSON, Speech in Mobile,
The American Scholar.
en his enemy from oppres-
Ala., 27 Oct., 1912.
15
7
Every library should try to be complete on
INE, Dissertation on First
Liberty does not consist in mere general dec-
something, if it were only the history of pin-
if Government, p. 242.
larations of the rights of men. It consists in
heads.
the translation of those declarations into
OLIVER WENDELL HOLMES, The Poet at
ce is the price of liberty.
definite action.
the Breakfast-Table, ch. 8.
ILLIPS, Address: Public Opin-
WOODROW WILSON, Address in Independ-
16
the Massachusetts Antislav-
ence Hall, Philadelphia, 4 July, 1914.
I have often thought that nothing would do
28 Jan., 1852. When it was
8
more extensive good at small expense than
Phillips was quoting Thomas
A liberty to do that only which is good, just,
the establishment of a small circulating li-
he challenged one and all to
and honest.
brary in every county, to consist of a few
imous statement in the works
JOHN WINTHROP, Life and Letters, ii,
well-chosen books, to be lent to the people of
n or anyone else. The state-
341.
the county, under such regulations as would
also been attributed to Patrick
9
secure their safe return in due time.
close approximation of it ap-
The thing they forget is that liberty and
THOMAS JEFFERSON, Writings, vol. xii, p.
a speech by the Irish judge
freedom and democracy are so very precious
282.
pot Curran, 10 July, 1790.
that you do not fight to win them once and
17
of popular liberty must be
stop.
Libraries can be of indispensable service in
SERGEANT ALVIN C. YORK. Quoted by
lifting the dead weight of poverty and ignor-
day, or it is rotten.
Only
Franklin D. Roosevelt in an Armistice
ance.
ted agitation can a people be
Day speech, 11 Nov., 1941, as a reply
FRANCIS KEPPEL, Address at opening ses-
y awake to principle not to let
to those who were then saying that
sion of annual American Library Associ-
thered by material prosperity.
237
95. FREEDOM
4 There is no force so powerful as an idea whose
Plank of the platform of the Conference for
time has come.
Progressive Political Action, 1924.
EVERETT DIRKSEN, referring to the Civil Rights
2 Oh, Lord, I want to be free, want to be free;
Bill, in a speech in the U.S. Senate, 1964.
Rainbow round my shoulder, wings on my
feet.
5 Force cannot give right.
Folk song, quoted in Howard W. Odum, Wings
THOMAS JEFFERSON, A Summary View of the
on My Feet, 1929.
Rights of British America, 1774.
3 All men are born free and equal, and have certain
6 Force, the vital principle and immediate parent
natural, essential, and unalienable rights.
of despotism.
JOHN ADAMS, Constitution of Massachusetts,
THOMAS JEFFERSON, in his first inaugural address,
1779.
March 4, 1801.
4 When people talk of the freedom of writing,
7 You use whatever force is necessary to achieve
speaking, or thinking, I cannot choose but laugh.
the purpose, and I would like to feel that there
No such thing ever existed. No such thing now
wouldn't be a need for using armed force if we
exists; but I hope it will exist. But it must be
made it apparent that we have the will, if necessary,
hundreds of years after you and I shall write and
to do that.
speak no more.
RONALD REAGAN, quoted in Hedrick Smith et.
JOHN ADAMS, in a letter to Thomas Jefferson,
al., Reagan the Man, the President, 1980.
July 15, 1818.
8 There is such a thing as a nation being so right
5 The truth is, all might be free if they valued
that it does not need to convince others by force
freedom, and defended it as they ought.
that it is right.
Attributed to Samuel Adams.
WOODROW WILSON, in a speech at Convention
6 Driven from every other corner of the earth,
Hall, Philadelphia, May 10, 1915.
freedom of thought and the right of private judg-
9 There is
but one response possible from us:
ment in matters of conscience direct their course to
force, force to the utmost, force without stint or
this happy country as their last asylum.
limit, the righteous and triumphant force which
SAMUEL ADAMS, in a speech in Philadelphia,
shall make right the law of the world and cast every
August 1, 1776.
selfish dominion down in the dust.
7 Free speech is to a great people what winds are
WOODROW WILSON, in an address at Baltimore,
to oceans and malarial regions, which waft away
Maryland, on the first anniversary of the U.S.
the elements of disease, and bring new elements of
entry into World War I, April 6, 1918.
health. Where free speech is stopped miasma is
bred, and death comes fast.
HENRY WARD BEECHER, Royal Truths, 1866.
95. FREEDOM
8 Freedom, n. Exemption from the stress of au-
thority in a beggarly half dozen of restraint's infi-
See also AMERICA; CIVIL RIGHTS;
DEMOCRACY; EQUALITY; INDEPENDENCE;
nite multitude of methods. A political condition
LIBERTY; RELIGIOUS FREEDOM; TYRANNY
that every nation supposes itself to enjoy in virtual
monopoly. Liberty. The distinction between free-
dom and liberty is not accurately known; natural-
1 Every generation must wage a new war for free-
ists have never been able to find a living specimen
dom against new forces that seek through new de-
of either.
vices to enslave mankind.
AMBROSE BIERCE, The Devil's Dictionary, 1906.
95. FREEDOM
238
239
9 I am for the First Amendment from the first
premium on conformity we will, in the end, get
22 We grant n
word to the last. I believe it means what it says.
conformity.
We hold
HENRY STEELE COMMAGER, Freedom and Order,
Equal on Si
Hugo BLACK, in an interview before the
On Mon-
American Jewish Congress, April 14, 1962.
1966.
For what a
10 An unconditional right to say what one pleases
16 The justification and the purpose of freedom of
Or land, or
about public affairs is what I consider to be the
speech is not to indulge those who want to speak
RALPH W
minimum guarantee of the First Amendment.
their minds. It is to prevent error and discover
and Other
HUGO BLACK, in a Supreme Court decision, New
truth. There may be other ways of detecting error
York Times Company V. Sullivan, 1964.
and discovering truth than that of free discussion,
23 Systems po
but so far we have not found them.
tional-will no
11 Fear of serious injury cannot alone justify sup-
freedom, they
Ibid.
pression of free speech and assembly. Men feared
WILLIAM
witches and burned women. It is the function of
17 To say that a man is free to choose to walk while
June, 195
speech to free men from the bondage of irrational
the only walk he can take will lead him over a
fears.
precipice is to strain words as well as facts.
24 We cannot
erarchy of degr
LOUIS D. BRANDEIS, in a Supreme Court opinion,
JOHN DEWEY, Human Nature and Conduct,
Whitney V. California, 1927.
1922.
equality like m
because we clai
12 We are so concerned to flatter the majority that
18 It is not easy to be free men, for to be free you
it.
we lose sight of how very often it is necessary,
must afford freedom to your neighbor, regardless of
Ibid.
in order to preserve freedom for the minority,
race, color, creed, or national origin, and that some-
let alone for the individual, to face that majority
times, for some, is very difficult.
25 Economic a
down.
HELEN GAHAGAN DOUGLAS, in a speech in
promotion of a
WILLIAM F. BUCKLEY, JR., "We Want Our
Congress, 1945.
dom in econoi
Politicians to Be Hypocrites," October 17, 1964,
nent of freedo
collected in The Jeweler's Eye, 1968.
19 Freedom has its life in the hearts, the actions,
freedom is an
the spirit of men and so it must be daily earned and
economic free<
13 Freedom of expression is the matrix, the indis-
refreshed-else like a flower cut from its life-giving
toward the acl
pensable condition, of nearly every other form of
roots, it will wither and die.
freedom.
MILTON
)
DWIGHT D. EISENHOWER, in a speech to the
1962.
BENJAMIN N. CARDOZO, in a Supreme Court
English Speaking Union, London, 1944.
opinion, Palko V. Connecticut, 1937.
26 Freedom is
20 To preserve his freedom of worship, his equality
ble individuals
14 Freedom is not a luxury that we can indulge in
before the law, his liberty to speak and act as he sees
when at last we have security and prosperity and
MILTON
fit subject only to provisions that he trespass not
to Choose
enlightenment; it is, rather, antecedent to all of
upon similar rights of others, a Londoner will fight.
these, for without it we can have neither security
So will a citizen of Abilene.
27 A society t
nor prosperity nor enlightenment.
dom will end
DWIGHT D. EISENHOWER, July, 1945, quoted in
HENRY STEELE COMMAGER, Freedom, Loyalty,
Richard M. Nixon, The Challenges We Face,
dom.
Dissent, 1954.
1960.
Ibid.
15 We cannot have a society half slave and half
21 Freedom all winged expands,
28 Before eve
free; nor can we have thought half slave and half
Nor perches in a narrow place;
poenaed, plea
free. If we create an atmosphere in which men fear
Her broad van seeks unplanted lands;
JUDY G,
to think independently, inquire fearlessly, express
She loves a poor and virtuous race.
Edwards.
themselves freely, we will in the end create the kind
RALPH WALDO EMERSON, "Voluntaries,"
of society in which men no longer care to think
published in the Atlantic Monthly, October,
29 I hold a jai
independently or to inquire fearlessly. If we put a
1863.
judgment and
238
239
95. FREEDOM
in the end, get
22 We grant no dukedoms to the few,
world if I were to submit to repression and be
We hold like rights and shall;
denied the right to express myself.
edom and Order,
Equal on Sunday in the pew,
SAMUEL GOMPERS, Seventy Years of Life and
On Monday in the mall.
Labor, 1925.
For what avail the plough or sail,
se of freedom of
Or land, or life, if freedom fail?
30 The freedom of speech and the freedom of the
0 want to speak
press have not been granted to the people in order
or and discover
RALPH WALDO EMERSON, "Boston," May-Day
that they may say the things which please, and
and Other Pieces, 1867.
detecting error
which are based upon accepted thought, but the
free discussion,
23 Systems political or religious or racial or na-
right to say the things which displease, the right to
n.
tional-will not just respect us because we practice
say the things which may convey the new and yet
freedom, they will fear us because we do.
unexpected thoughts, the right to say things, even
though they do a wrong.
WILLIAM FAULKNER, in Harper's Magazine,
se to walk while
June, 1956.
SAMUEL GOMPERS, reply before being sentenced
:ad him over a
for contempt of court in the Bucks Stove case,
as facts.
24 We cannot choose freedom established on a hi-
1908, from Seventy Years of Life and Labor,
nd Conduct,
erarchy of degrees of freedom, on a caste system of
1925.
equality like military rank. We must be free not
31 There have existed, in every age and every coun-
because we claim freedom, but because we practice
to be free you
try, two distinct orders of men-the lovers of free-
it.
dom and the devoted advocates of power.
)r, regardless of
Ibid.
and that some-
ROBERT YOUNG HAYNE, in a speech in the U.S.
25 Economic arrangements play a dual role in the
Senate, January 21, 1830.
speech in
promotion of a free society. On the one hand, free-
32 The most stringent protection of free speech
dom in economic arrangements is itself a compo-
would not protect a man in falsely shouting fire in
nent of freedom broadly understood, so economic
a theater and causing a panic.
ts, the actions,
freedom is an end in itself. In the second place,
tily earned and
OLIVER WENDELL HOLMES, JR., in a Supreme
economic freedom is also an indispensable means
n its life-giving
Court opinion, Schenck V. United States, 1919.
toward the achievement of political freedom.
33 When a nation is at war many things that might
MILTON FRIEDMAN, Capitalism and Freedom,
eech to the
be said in time of peace are such a hindrance to its
1962.
1944.
effort that their utterance will not be endured so
26 Freedom is a tenable objective only for responsi-
long as men fight and no court could regard them
ip, his equality
ble individuals.
as protected by any consitutional right.
d act as he sees
MILTON FRIEDMAN AND ROSE FRIEDMAN, Free
Ibid.
e trespass not
iner will fight.
to Choose, 1979.
34 If there is any principle of the Constitution that
27 A society that puts equality
ahead of free-
more imperatively calls for attachment than any
945, quoted in
dom will end up with neither equality nor free-
other it is the principle of free thought-not free
; We Face,
dom.
thought for those who agree with us but freedom
Ibid.
for the thought that we hate.
OLIVER WENDELL HOLMES, JR., in a Supreme
28 Before every free conscience in America is sub-
Court opinion, United States V. Schwimmer,
poenaed, please speak up!
1928.
ands;
:e.
JUDY GARLAND, c.1947, quoted in Anne
35 Free speech does not live many hours after free
Edwards, Judy Garland, 1975.
'aries,"
industry and free commerce die.
October,
29 I hold a jail more roomy in the expression of my
HERBERT HOOVER, in a speech in New York
judgment and convictions than would be the whole
City, October 22, 1928.
95. FREEDOM
240
241
36 We are not free; it was not intended we should
45 Every difference of opinion is not a difference of
be. A book of rules is placed in our cradle, and we
50 Private prope
principle. We have called by different names breth-
dom. It still is i
never get rid of it until we reach our graves. Then
ren of the same principle.
If there be any among
we are free, and only then.
WALTER L
us who would wish to dissolve this Union or to
EDGAR WATSON HOWE, in E.W. Howe's
change its republican form, let them stand undis-
51 No! true fre
Monthly, published from 1911-1937.
turbed as monuments of the safety with which
All the chair
37 I express many absurd opinions. But I am not
error of opinion may be tolerated where reason is
JAMES Rus
the first man to do it; American freedom consists
left free to combat it.
1843.
largely in talking nonsense.
THOMAS JEFFERSON, in his first inaugural address,
52 And I hono
EDGAR WATSON HOWE, Preaching from the
March 4, 1801.
Half his pre
Audience, 1926.
46 I tolerate with the utmost latitude the right of
think,
38 You often hear that this is a free country, and
others to differ from me in opinion without imput-
And, when
that a man is at liberty to express his opinions. It
ing to them criminality. I know too well the weak-
strong
is not true.
ness and uncertainty of human reason to wonder at
Will risk t'
its different results.
speak.
EDGAR WATSON HOWE, The Indignations of
E.W. Howe, 1933.
THOMAS JEFFERSON, in a letter to Abigail
JAMES Ru:
1848.
39 As He died to make men holy,
Adams, September 11, 1804.
Let us die to make men free,
53 Freedom ne
47 We are reluctant to admit that we owe our
While God is marching on.
Who give
liberties to men of a type that today we hate and
And to the
JULIA WARD HOWE, "The Battle Hymn of the
fear-unruly men, disturbers of the peace, men
Her wild
Republic," Atlantic Monthly, February, 1862.
who resent and denounce what Whitman called
"the insolence of elected persons"-in a word, free
JAMES Ru
40 There is no freedom on earth or in any star for
Hood," ho
those who deny freedom to others.
men.
Freedom is always purchased at a great
1848.
ELBERT HUBBARD, The Roycroft Dictionary and
price, and even those who are willing to pay it have
Book of Epigrams, 1923.
to admit that the price is great.
54 What is fi
choose: the rigi
41 Poverty curtails individual freedom. So do illit-
GERALD W. JOHNSON, American Freedom and
tives of choice
the Press, 1958.
eracy, prejudice, lack of education, inability to ob-
and the exercis
tain the basic needs of life.
48 The defense of freedom is finally grounded in
a member, an
HUBERT H. HUMPHREY, The Cause Is
an appreciation of its value. No government, no
ARCHIBAI
Mankind, 1964.
foreign policy, is more important to the defense of
Freedom."
42 The opinions of men are not the object of civil
freedom than are the writers, teachers, communica-
55 Freedom is
government, nor under its jurisdiction.
tion specialists, researchers-whose responsibility it
Ibid.
is to document, illustrate, and explain the human
THOMAS JEFFERSON, Virginia Statute of
Religious Freedom, 1779.
consequences of freedom and unfreedom.
56 Since the g
lieve there are
JEANE J. KIRKPATRICK, in an address to the
43 Is uniformity of opinion desirable? No more
Committee for the Free World, Washington,
the freedom 0
than that of face and stature.
D.C., January 23, 1982.
encroachments
THOMAS JEFFERSON, Notes on the State of
and sudden us
Virginia, 1784.
49 The cause of freedom is identified with the des-
JAMES M
tinies of humanity, and in whatever part of the
Conventi-
44 Subject opinion to coercion: whom will you
world it gains ground, by and by it will be a com-
make your inquisitors? Fallible men; men governed
mon gain to all those who desire it.
57 We must
by bad passions, by private as well as public reasons.
EDWARD
Ibid.
LAJOS KOSSUTH, in a speech in New York City,
McCarth
1851.
March 7.
95. FREEDOM
241
50 Private property was the original source of free-
58 Our best hope, both of a tolerable political har-
dom. It still is its main bulwark.
mony and of an inner peace, rests upon our ability
to observe the limits of human freedom even while
WALTER LIPPMANN, The Good Society, 1937.
we responsibly exploit its creative possibilities.
51 No! true freedom is to share
REINHOLD NIEBUHR, The Structure of Nations
All the chains our brothers wear.
and Empires, 1959.
JAMES RUSSELL LOWELL, "Stanzas on Freedom,"
1843.
59 As long as men are free to ask what they must,
free to say what they think, free to think what they
52 And I honor the man who is willing to sink
will, freedom can never be lost, and science can
Half his present repute for the freedom to
never regress.
think,
And, when he has thought, be his cause
J. ROBERT OPPENHEIMER, in Life magazine,
October 10, 1949.
strong or weak,
Will risk t' other half for the freedom to
60 There can be no prescription old enough to su-
speak.
persede the Law of Nature and the grant of God
JAMES RUSSELL LOWELL, A Fable for Critics,
Almighty, who has given to all men a natural right
1848.
to be free, and they have it ordinarily in their power
to make themselves so, if they please.
53 Freedom needs all her poets: it is they
Who give her aspirations wings,
JAMES OTIS, The Rights of the British Colonies
And to the wiser law of music sway
Asserted and Proved, 1764.
Her wild imaginings.
61 Freedom hath been hunted round the globe.
JAMES RUSSELL LOWELL, "To the Memory of
Asia and Africa have long expelled her. Europe
Hood," honoring the English poet Thomas Hood,
regards her like a stranger, and England hath given
1848.
her warning to depart. Oh, receive the fugitive, and
54 What is freedom? Freedom is the right to
prepare in time an asylum for mankind!
choose: the right to create for oneself the alterna-
THOMAS PAINE, Common Sense, 1776.
tives of choice. Without the possibility of choice
and the exercise of choice a man is not a man but
62 Those who expect to reap the blessings of free-
a member, an instrument, a thing.
dom must, like men, undergo the fatigue of sup-
ARCHIBALD MACLEISH, in "A Declaration of
porting it.
Freedom."
THOMAS PAINE, The American Crisis, No. 4,
55 Freedom is the right to one's dignity as a man.
September 12, 1777.
Ibid.
63 Blandishments will not fascinate us, nor will
threats of a "halter" intimidate. For, under God,
56 Since the general civilization of mankind, I be-
we are determined that wheresoever, whensoever,
lieve there are more instances of the abridgment of
or howsoever we shall be called to make our exit,
the freedom of the people by gradual and silent
we will die free men.
encroachments of those in power than by violent
and sudden usurpations.
JOSIAH QUINCY, Observations on the Boston Port
Bill, 1774.
JAMES MADISON, in a speech in the Virginia
Convention, June 16, 1788.
64 Cabal is the necessary effect of freedom. Where
57 We must not confuse dissent with disloyalty.
men are left free to act, we must calculate on their
being governed by their interests and passions.
EDWARD R. MURROW, in a report on Sen. Joseph
McCarthy, on the television program See It Now,
JOHN RANDOLPH, in a letter to Littleton Waller
March 7, 1954.
Tazewell, April 21, 1804.
242
243
95. FREEDOM
65 We have plenty of freedom in this country but
72 A hungry man is not a free man.
h,
not a great deal of independence.
ADLAI E. STEVENSON, in a campaign speech,
JOHN W. RAPER, What This World Needs,
September 6, 1952.
1954.
73 My definition of a free society is a society where
66 There can be no greater good than the quest for
it is safe to be unpopular.
peace, and no finer purpose than the preservation of
freedom.
ADLAI E. STEVENSON, in a speech in Detroit,
Michigan, October 7, 1952.
RONALD REAGAN, in a speech to Congress on the
Geneva summit meeting, November 21, 1985.
74 Freedom-effective freedom-does not exist as
a formula which can be written out by some and
67 Freedom breeds freedom. Nothing else does.
then used by others. The freedom that counts is
ANNE ROE, The Making of a Scientist, 1952.
simply what is in the minds and hearts of millions
68 Freedom of conscience, of education, of speech,
of free people. It is nothing more than the total of
of assembly are among the very fundamentals of
the feelings of people as they are expressed in the
democracy and all of them would be nullified
way we, the people, deal with our own families and
should freedom of the press ever be successfully
our own neighbors and associates.
challenged.
ADLAI E. STEVENSON, in an address before the
General Federation of Women's Clubs,
cre-
FRANKLIN D. ROOSEVELT, in a letter to W.N.
Philadelphia, May 24, 1955.
Hardy, September 4, 1940.
eater
69 We look forward to a world founded upon four
75 If our freedom means ease alone, if it means
ety is
and
essential human freedoms. The first is freedom of
shirking the hard disciplines of learning, if it means
speech and expression everywhere in the world.
evading the rigors and rewards of creative activity,
1 his-
The second is freedom of every person to worship
if it means more expenditure on advertising than
-in a
God in his own way everywhere in the world. The
education, if it means in the schools the steady cult
of the trivial and the mediocre, if it means-worst
ution
third is freedom from want
everywhere in the
world. The fourth is freedom from fear
of all-indifference, or even contempt for all but
elf to
any-
where in the world.
athletic excellence, we may keep for a time the
ntra-
forms of free society, but its spirit will be dead.
The
FRANKLIN D. ROOSEVELT, in a speech to
on of
Congress, January 6, 1941.
ADLAI E. STEVENSON, in an address to the
National School Boards Association, San
dly,
70 Privacy is absolutely essential to maintaining a
Francisco, California, January 26, 1959.
free society. The idea that is at the foundation of
the
76 Freedom is not an ideal, it is not even a protec-
the notion of privacy is that the citizen is not the
and
tion, if it means nothing more than freedom to
tool or the instrument of government-but the re-
guid-
stagnate, to live without dreams, to have no greater
verse.
If you have no privacy, it will tend to
y of
aim than a second car and another television set-
follow that you have no political freedom, no reli-
es to
and this in a world where half our fellow men have
gious freedom, no freedom of families to make their
keep
less than enough to eat.
own decisions [regarding having children]. All
ose.
these freedoms tend to reinforce one another.
ADLAI E. STEVENSON, "Putting First Things
save
First," Foreign Affairs, January, 1960.
BENNO C. SCHMIDT, JR., in an interview in The
Christian Science Monitor, December 5, 1986.
77 If I want to be free from any other man's dicta-
tion, I must understand that I can have no other
71 Who ever walked behind anyone to freedom? If
man under my control.
we can't go hand in hand, I don't want to go.
HAZEL SCOTT, quoted in Ms. magazine,
WILLIAM GRAHAM SUMNER, in the essay "The
Forgotten Man," in The Forgotten Man and
November, 1974.
Other Essays, 1919.
95. FREEDOM
244
78 What other liberty is there worth having, if we
have not freedom and peace in our minds-if our
ship
inmost and most private man is but a sour and
96. FRIENDS
an
turbid pool?
See also AFFECTION; LOVE
HENRY DAVID THOREAU, entry written on
October 26, 1853, Journal, 1906.
1 Accident counts for much in companionship as in
11
79 How rarely I meet with a man who can be free,
marriage.
me money
even in thought! We all live according to rule.
Some men are bedridden; all world-ridden.
HENRY ADAMS, The Education of Henry Adams,
1907.
HENRY DAVID THOREAU, entry written on May
12, 1857, Journal, 1906.
2 Seneca closed the vast circle of his knowledge
12
80 It is by the goodness of God that in our country
by learning that a friend in power was a friend
cannot
->
we have those three unspeakably precious things:
lost.
thought
freedom of speech, freedom of conscience, and the
Ibid.
prudence never to practice either of them.
3 Friends are born, not made.
MARK TWAIN, "Pudd'nhead Wilson's New
11
A
Calendar," Following the Equator, 1897.
Ibid.
cere
81 If men are to be precluded from offering their
4 One friend in a lifetime is much; two are many;
sentiments on a matter which may involve the most
three are hardly possible.
serious and alarming consequences that can invite
Ibid.
11
A
the consideration of mankind, reason is of no use to
of Nature
us; the freedom of speech may be taken away, and
5 You and I ought not to die before we have ex-
dumb and silent we may be led, like sheep to the
plained ourselves to each other.
140
slaughter.
JOHN ADAMS, in a letter to Thomas Jefferson,
" I hate
GEORGE WASHINGTON, address to officers of the
July 15, 1813.
to signih
Army, urging moderation in seeking redress of
6 The perfect friendship of two men is the deepest
1501
grievances from Congress, March 15, 1783.
and highest sentiment of which the finite mind is
82 You can have no wise laws nor free enforce-
16
Better
capable; women miss the best in life.
ment of wise laws unless there is free expression of
her
the wisdom of the people-and, alas, their folly
GERTRUDE ATHERTON, The Conqueror, 1902.
with it. But if there is freedom, folly will die of its
7 Acquaintance, n. A person whom we know well
The
own poison, and the wisdom will survive.
enough to borrow from, but not well enough to
WILLIAM ALLEN WHITE, The Editor and His
lend to. A degree of friendship called slight when
People, 1924.
its object is poor or obscure, and intimate when he
is rich or famous.
83 Freedom exists only where the people take care
I
of the government.
AMBROSE BIERCE, The Devil's Dictionary, 1906.
WOODROW WILSON, in a speech in New York
8 Friendless, adj. Having no favors to bestow.
City, September 4, 1912.
Destitute of fortune. Addicted to utterance of truth
84 Only free peoples can hold their purpose and
and common sense.
their honor steady to a common end and prefer the
Ibid.
interests of mankind to any narrow interest of their
own.
9 Friendship, n. A ship big enough to carry two in
fair weather, but only one in foul.
WOODROW WILSON, in his war message to
Congress, April 2, 1917.
Ibid.
Ed- a few edits.
DM27
Walters
November 24, 1992
10:00 a.m.
[MOF]
CITATIONS FOR THE PRESIDENTIAL MEDALS OF FREEDOM,
DECEMBER 11, 1992
TIME TBD
DAVID BRINKLEY
An informed electorate is paramount in a free democracy, and no
television reporter has kept us informed like David Brinkley. As
NBC's White House correspondent and commentator emeritus of ABC
News, David Brinkley has explained the complexities of government
to generations of Americans from the very beginning of the
television age. With the wisdom of experience and a wry wit, he
has informed our decisions and held our leaders accountable. The
United States recognizes his commitment to truth and his
contributions to freedom.
JOHNNY CARSON
graucsh
quich
?
The greatest talk show host in television history, Johnny Carson
presided over late night TV for almost 30 years. With a cool) wit
and a sure golf swing, he showed us what it was to be American
Johnny Carson kept the pulse of the nation, and assured us that
he
even in the most difficult times, we could all still laugh. The
set
United States honors Johnny Carson, who put the stars within
reach of every American.) emblem of Gminican humor of amenias
heart.
the in standard
HARRY SHLAUDEMAN
shill
(?)
american
Ambassador Harry Shlaudeman is one of America's most decorated
and skillful foreign service officers. In almost four decades of
service for eight Presidents, he has faced adverse circumstances,
crises, and war with bravery land wisdom. He demonstrated his
loyalty in 1990, when at the request of the President, he came
out of retirement to serve as Ambassador to Nicaragua and helped
ensure that nation's peaceful transition to democracy. For his
decades of meritorious service, courageous diplomacy, and
protection of our interests abroad, America commemorates the
service of Ambassador Harry Shlaudeman with the Medal of Freedom.
MEDALS OF FREEDOM
NOVEMBER 24, 1992
PAGE TWO
RICHARD PETTY
In the world of professional racing, there is only one King.
Richard Petty was more than racing's monarch, he was an American
legend. From humble beginnings in Level Cross, North Carolina,
Number 43 became one of racing's finest -- and fastest. Winning
a record 200 races and seven Daytona 500 victories, Richard Petty
found freedom at 175 miles per hour. The United States honors
this American hero for exemplifying the American dream and the
freedom that makes this nation great.
GENERAL JOHN M. VESSEY
After enlisting as a 17 year-old private in the National Guard in
1939, General John M. Vessey was the last four-star combat
veteran of World War II to retire from active duty. A self-
described "mud soldier," the former chairman of the Joint Chiefs
of Staff never forgot the men in the field, and he returned from
retirement to search for soldiers missing in action in Vietnam.
His wise counsel and service to two Presidents has helped to
Cuta-3
break an impasse with Hanoi, culminating in Vietnam's offer to
provide all information about Americans missing in action. This
champion of freedom is helping to put the Vietnam War behind us
without leaving anyone behind. The United States recognizes
soldier statesman General John M. Vessey, a true diplomat for
freedom.
ELIE WIESEL
Few people have seen a darker side of humanity than Elie Wiesel.
During World War II, he saw most of his family killed while
imprisoned in the Auschwitz and Buchenwald concentration camps.
And yet this author, philosopher and winner of the 1986 Nobel
Peace Prize still sees the promise of human tolerance, learning,
and faith. He challenges people of all religions to remember the
Holocaust, that it may never happen again. His deeply spiritual
life and literature remind us that to protect freedom's flame, we
must remember that which threatens it. The United States honors
this keeper of the flame, Elie Wiesel.
MEDALS OF FREEDOM
NOVEMBER 24, 1992
PAGE THREE
ISAAC STERN
As one of the world's foremost violinists, Isaac Stern has
committed his life to bringing music to others. His wabill and
cut for
vibrant interpretations have brought him international acclaim
since his debut 56 years ago, and he has won our nation's highest
acclaim for artistic merit, the National Medal of Arts, But even
Space?
beyond his triumphant career, Isaac Stern has enriched the human
spirit by broadening the scope of music -- he has supported
artists from all corners of the world; he helped found the
National Endowment for the Arts; and he rescued Carnegie Hall,
the concert arena that made him famous, from the wrecking ball.
For his support of the arts, his lifetime of achievement, and for
the expanded opportunities he has created for others, the United
States recognizes master violinist Isaac Stern.
Tcut T 3 lines?
Ella Fitzgerald
trademark
Discovered as a teenager at the Apollo Theatre in Harlem,
Ella Fitzgerald and her swing style of vocal jazz transcend the
times. As a cultural ambassador, her improvised scat captivates
audiences, as her impressive vocal range stretches freedom's
light across oceans and political boundaries. Honored by the
Kennedy Center for her lifetime achievements, inducted into the
Jazz Hall of Fame, and awarded a Medal of Arts, it is fitting
that the United States honors this "First Lady of Song".
MEDALS OF FREEDOM
NOVEMBER 24, 1992
PAGE THREE
ISAAC STERN
Since his debut 56 years ago, Isaac Stern has become one of the
world's pre-eminent violinists. His warm and vibrant
interpretations have brought him international acclaim and our
nation's highest honor for artistic merit, the National Medal of
Arts. But even beyond his triumphant career, Isaac Stern has
enriched the human spirit by broadening the scope of music --
supporting artists from all corners of the world; helping to
found the National Endowment for the Arts; and rescuing Carnegie
Hall from the wrecking ball. For his support of the arts and his
lifetime of achievement, the United States recognizes master
violinist Isaac Stern.
I.M. PEI
Perhaps the most famous architect in the world today, I.M. Pei's
architectural feats of daring-do light up the skylines of cities
around the Earth. The designer's name, Ieoh Ming, means "to
inscribe brightly," and he has earned his namesake in the shining
creativity of his cultural, government, and corporate buildings.
I.M. Pei has found beauty in simplicity and boldness in geometry,
setting the standard for modern architecture. For the legacy of
artistic elegance he has inscribed in our cities, America awards
I.M. Pei the Medal of Freedom.
ELLA FITZGERALD
Discovered as a teenager at the Apollo Theatre in Harlem, Ella
Fitzgerald and her swing style of vocal jazz transcend the times.
As a cultural ambassador, her trademark scat captivates
audiences, and her impressive vocal range stretches across oceans
and political boundaries. Honored by the Kennedy Center for her
lifetime achievements, inducted into the Jazz Hall of Fame, and
awarded a Medal of Arts, it is fitting that the United States
honors this "First Lady of Song".
Walters
November 24, 1992
10:00 a.m.
[MOF]
CITATIONS FOR THE PRESIDENTIAL MEDALS OF FREEDOM,
DECEMBER 11, 1992
TIME TBD
DAVID BRINKLEY
An informed electorate is paramount in a free democracy, and no
television reporter has kept us informed like David Brinkley. As
NBC's White House correspondent and commentator emeritus of ABC
News, David Brinkley has explained the complexities of government
to generations of Americans since the very beginning of the
television age. With the wisdom of experience and a wry wit, he
has informed our decisions and held our leaders accountable. The
United States recognizes his commitment to truth and his
contributions to freedom.
JOHNNY CARSON
The greatest talk show host in television history, Johnny Carson
presided over late night TV for almost 30 years. With a quick
wit and a sure golf swing, his show became the gold standard for
American comedy. Johnny Carson kept the pulse of the nation, and
assured us that even in the most difficult times, it was still
okay to laugh. The United States honors Johnny Carson, who put
the stars within reach of every American, personified the humor
of our country, and reflected America's heart.
HARRY SHLAUDEMAN
Ambassador Harry Shlaudeman is one of America's most decorated
and masterful foreign service officers. In almost four decades
of service for eight Presidents, he has faced adverse
circumstances, crises, and war with personal bravery and
professional skill. He demonstrated his loyalty in 1990, when at
the request of the President, he came out of retirement to serve
as Ambassador to Nicaragua and helped ensure that nation's
peaceful transition to democracy. For his decades of meritorious
service, courageous diplomacy, and protection of our interests
abroad, America commemorates the service of Ambassador Harry
Shlaudeman with the Medal of Freedom.
MEDALS OF FREEDOM
NOVEMBER 24, 1992
PAGE TWO
RICHARD PETTY
In the world of professional racing, there is only one King.
Richard Petty was more than racing's monarch, he was an American
legend. From humble beginnings in Level Cross, North Carolina,
Number 43 became one of racing's finest -- and fastest. Winning
a record 200 races and seven Daytona 500 victories, Richard Petty
found freedom at 175 miles per hour. The United States honors
this American hero for exemplifying the American dream and the
freedom that makes this nation great.
GENERAL JOHN M. VESSEY
General John M. Vessey was the last four-star combat veteran of
World War II to retire from active duty. A self-described "mud
soldier," the former chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff never
forgot the men in the field, and he returned from retirement to
search for soldiers missing in action in Vietnam. His wise
counsel to two Presidents has helped to break an impasse with
Hanoi, culminating in Vietnam's recent offer to provide all
information about Americans missing in action. The United States
honors General John M. Vessey, a soldier/statesman who is helping
to put the Vietnam War behind us without leaving anyone behind.
ELIE WIESEL
Few people have seen a darker side of humanity than Elie Wiesel.
During World War II, he saw most of his family killed while
imprisoned in the Auschwitz and Buchenwald concentration camps.
And yet this author, philosopher and winner of the 1986 Nobel
Peace Prize still sees the promise of human tolerance, learning,
and faith. He challenges people of all religions to remember the
Holocaust, that it may never happen again. His deeply spiritual
life and literature remind us that to protect freedom's flame, we
must remember that which threatens it. The United States honors
this keeper of that flame, Elie Wiesel.
DAVID BRINKLEY
AN INFORMED ELECTORATE IS PARAMOUNT IN A FREE DEMOCRACY, AND NO
TELEVISION REPORTER HAS KEPT US INFORMED LIKE DAVID BRINKLEY. As
NBC's WHITE HOUSE CORRESPONDENT AND COMMENTATOR EMERITUS OF ABC
NEWS, DAVID BRINKLEY HAS EXPLAINED THE COMPLEXITIES OF GOVERNMENT
TO GENERATIONS OF AMERICANS FROM THE VERY BEGINNING OF THE
TELEVISION AGE. WITH THE WISDOM OF EXPERIENCE AND A WRY WIT, HE
HAS INFORMED OUR DECISIONS AND HELD OUR LEADERS ACCOUNTABLE. THE
UNITED STATES RECOGNIZES HIS COMMITMENT To TRUTH AND HIS
CONTRIBUTIONS To FREEDOM.
JOHNNY CARSON
THE GREATEST TALK SHOW HOST IN TELEVISION HISTORY, JOHNNY CARSON
PRESIDED OVER LATE NIGHT TV FOR ALMOST 30 YEARS. WITH A COOL WIT
AND A SURE GOLF SWING, HE SHOWED US WHAT IT WAS TO BE AMERICAN.
JOHNNY CARSON KEPT THE PULSE OF THE NATION, AND ASSURED US THAT
EVEN IN THE MOST DIFFICULT TIMES, WE COULD ALL STILL LAUGH. THE
UNITED STATES HONORS JOHNNY CARSON, WHO PUT THE STARS WITHIN
REACH OF EVERY AMERICAN.
HARRY SHLAUDEMAN
AMBASSADOR HARRY SHLAUDEMAN IS ONE OF AMERICA'S MOST DECORATED
AND SKILLFUL FOREIGN SERVICE OFFICERS. IN ALMOST FOUR DECADES OF
FOREIGN SERVICE FOR EIGHT PRESIDENTS, HE HAS FACED ADVERSE
CIRCUMSTANCES, CRISES, AND WAR WITH BRAVERY AND WISDOM. HIS
CONVICTION WAS DEMONSTRATED IN 1990, WHEN AT THE REQUEST OF THE
PRESIDENT, HE CAME OUT OF RETIREMENT To SERVE AS AMBASSADOR TO
NICARAGUA AND TO ENSURE THAT NATION'S PEACEFUL TRANSITION TO
DEMOCRACY. FOR DECADES OF MERITORIOUS SERVICE, COURAGEOUS
DIPLOMACY, AND PROTECTION OF AMERICA'S INTERESTS ABROAD, AMERICA
COMMEMORATES THE SERVICE OF AMBASSADOR HARRY SHLAUDEMAN WITH THE
MEDAL OF FREEDOM.
RICHARD PETTY
IN THE WORLD OF PROFESSIONAL RACING, THERE IS ONLY ONE KING.
RICHARD PETTY WAS MORE THAN RACING'S MONARCH, HE WAS AN AMERICAN
LEGEND. FROM HUMBLE BEGINNINGS IN LEVEL CROSS, NORTH CAROLINA,
NUMBER 43 BECAME ONE OF RACING'S FINEST -- AND FASTEST. WINNING
A RECORD 200 RACES AND SEVEN DAYTONA 500 VICTORIES, RICHARD PETTY
FOUND FREEDOM AT 175 MILES PER HOUR. THE UNITED STATES HONORS
THIS AMERICAN HERO FOR EXEMPLIFYING THE AMERICAN DREAM AND THE
FREEDOM THAT MAKES THIS NATION GREAT.
GENERAL JOHN M. VESSEY
AFTER ENLISTING AS A 17 YEAR-OLD PRIVATE IN THE NATIONAL GUARD IN
1939, GENERAL JOHN VESSEY WAS THE LAST FOUR-STAR COMBAT VETERAN
OF WORLD WAR II TO RETIRE FROM ACTIVE DUTY IN 1985. A SELF-
DESCRIBED "MUD SOLDIER," THE FORMER CHAIRMAN OF THE JOINT CHIEFS
OF STAFF NEVER FORGOT THE MEN IN THE FIELD, AND HE RETURNED FROM
RETIREMENT TO SEARCH FOR SOLDIERS MISSING IN ACTION IN VIETNAM.
HIS WISE COUNSEL AND SERVICE TO TWO PRESIDENTS HAS HELPED To
BREAK AN IMPASSE WITH VIETNAM, CULMINATING IN HANOI'S OFFER To
PROVIDE ALL INFORMATION ABOUT AMERICANS MISSING IN ACTION. THIS
CHAMPION OF FREEDOM IS HELPING TO PUT THE VIETNAM WAR BEHIND US
WITHOUT LEAVING ANYONE BEHIND. THE UNITED STATES RECOGNIZES
SOLDIER STATESMAN GENERAL JOHN M. VESSEY, A TRUE DIPLOMAT FOR
FREEDOM.
ELIE WIESEL
FEW PEOPLE HAVE EVER SEEN A DARKER SIDE OF HUMANITY THAN ELIE
WIESEL. ELIE WIESEL SAW MOST OF HIS FAMILY KILLED IN THE
AUSCHWITZ AND BUCHENWALD CONCENTRATION CAMPS DURING WORLD WAR II.
AND YET THIS AUTHOR, PHILOSOPHER AND WINNER OF THE 1986 NOBEL
PEACE PRIZE, STILL SEES THE PROMISE OF HUMAN TOLERANCE, LEARNING,
AND FAITH. HE CHALLENGES PEOPLE OF ALL FAITHS To REMEMBER THE
HOLOCAUST, THAT IT MAY NEVER HAPPEN AGAIN. HIS DEEPLY SPIRITUAL
LIFE AND LITERATURE REMIND US THAT TO PROTECT FREEDOM'S FLAME, WE
MUST REMEMBER THAT WHICH THREATENS IT. THE UNITED STATES HONORS
THIS KEEPER OF THE FLAME, ELIE WIESEL.
RICHARD PETTY
In the world of professional racing, there is only one King.
Richard Petty was more than racing's monarch, he was an American
legend. From humble beginnings in Level Cross, North Carolina,
yes
Number 43 became one of racing's finest -- and fastest. Winning
a record 200 races and seven Daytona 500 victories, Richard Petty
found freedom at 175 miles per hour. The United States honors
this American hero for exemplifying the American dream and the
freedom that makes this nation great.
GENERAL JOHN M. VESSEY
General Vessey has conducted a passionate and thorough search for
American soldiers missing in action in Vietnam. His wise counsel
has informed the Vietnam policy decisions of two Presidents, and
he has helped to break an age-old impasse between the two nations
in the search for America's finest. This champion of freedom is
helping to put the Vietnam War behind us without leaving anyone
behind. The United States recognizes this soldier statesman, a
true diplomat for freedom.
/v
ELIE WIESEL
A survivor of the Auschwitz and Buchenwald concentration camps,
Elie Wiesel committed his life to ending the hate that spurred
the Nazis. An author, philosopher and winner of the 1986 Nobel
Peace Prize, Elie Wiesel challenges people everywhere to remember
the Holocaust, that it may never happen again. His life and his
literature serve as reminders that we must remain vigilant in the
face of intolerance, that liberty does not come for free The
United States honors this defender of freedom and his crusade to
keep the painful memory of the Holocaust alive.
too colloquial
DAVID BRINKLEY
from the any fequing of The television age.
An informed electorate is paramount in a free democracy, and no
television reporter has kept us informed like David Brinkley. As
NBC's White House correspondent and commentator emeritus of ABC
News, David Brinkley has explained the complexities of government
to generations of Americans. With the wisdom of experience, he
has informed our decisions and held our leaders accountable.
The
United States recognizes his commitment to truth and his
contributions to freedom.
wry wit
JOHNNY CARSON
The greatest talk show host in television history, Johnny Carson
presided over late night for almost 30 years. With a cool wit
and a sure golf swing, he took pride in putting America to sleep
for 30 years. Johnny Carson kept the pulse of the nation, and
assured us that even in difficult times, it was still okay to
laugh. The United States honors Johnny Carson for bis many years
chronicling the American spirito freedom.
a career
more an imbodement of
than chronicle
hmm,
HARRY SHLAUDEMAN
3,4?
Ambassador Harry Shlaudeman is one of America's most decorated
2229
&
and skillful foreign service officers. In his decades of foreign
service from Europe to Latin America, he has faced adverse
circumstances, crises, and war with bravery and tact His
2?!7
conviction was demonstrated in 1990, when at the request of the
President, he came out of retirement to serve as Ambassador to
Nicaragua and to ensure its peaceful transition to democracy.
For decades of meritorious service, courageous dipl/omacy, and
honors Ambassador Harry Shlaudeman.
protection of America's interests abroad, the United Le States
that nation's
be the word ?
Sounds like
"arshed-eyebrow" "arched
stuff.
PAGE
3
13TH STORY of Level 1 printed in FULL format.
Copyright 1992 The Houston Chronicle Publishing Company
The Houston Chronicle
October 24, 1992, Saturday, 2 STAR Edition
SECTION: A; Pg. 1
LENGTH: 832 words
HEADLINE: Bush hails major step on POWs;
Vietnam to turn over all its records
BYLINE: WILLIAM E. CLAYTON JR., Houston Chronicle Washington Bureau; Staff
DATELINE: WASHINGTON
BODY:
WASHINGTON - President Bush announced Friday a ""real
breakthrough'' in U.S. efforts to get a full accounting of
Americans missing as a result of the Vietnam War.
""Hanoi has agreed to provide us with all - and I repeat all
-- information they have collected on American prisoners of war and
missing in action. This includes photographs, artifacts, detailed
records on Americans who fell into Vietnam's hands,' Bush told a
White House audience at the Rose Garden.
In return, the United States will provide some flood-relief
money to Vietnam and boost contributions to help Vietnamese
disabled veterans of the war, Bush said.
The president has said full normalization of relations
between the two former enemies cannot come until Hanoi has
accounted fully for every American prisoner or missing person.
""Today, finally, I am convinced that we can begin writing
the last chapter of the Vietnam War, Bush told the small audience
of POW-MIA families and officials working on the matter.
With Bush were Gen. John Vessey, former chairman of the
military joint chiefs of staff, and Sen. John McCain, R-Ariz., a
former prisoner of war, who were in Vietnam last weekend on a
special mission to learn more about the missing Americans. Vessey
and McCain reported they brought back many new pictures of
Americans captured in the war.
Vietnam has furnished the Defense Department thousands of
photographs and promised access to field reports, equipment and
artifacts such as helmets, flight suits and identification cards.
Vessey said the Vietnamese have promised to transfer the
material from their military archives to museums and to allow U.S.
representatives to study them. He said it would take months to comb
through the material.
TM
TM
LEXIS·NEXIS®
LEXIS-NEXIS®
LEXIS·NEXIS®
Services of Mead Data Central, Inc.
PAGE
4
The Houston Chronicle, October 24, 1992
U.S. teams have also received permission to follow POW-MIA
leads anywhere in Vietnam and to dig in battlefields for American
dead.
""We have never found anyone alive, Bush said, ""but WE
vowed to follow every lead.
Vietnam hopes to get normalization of relations with the
United States out of furnishing the war materials. Bush emphasized
again that the process has a way to go.
""I want to stress that it is only a beginning, but it is a
significant beginning.
Hanoi knows today that we seek only
answers without the threat of retribution from the past, and as we
cooperate in bringing that painful era to a close, Vietnam and the
United States can begin to look toward the future, the president
said.
Bush started the paperwork for $ 25,000 to go to Vietnam, from
the Office of Foreign Disaster Assistance in the Agency for
International Development, to help flood-damaged areas. The
president called it a modest amount, hinting that more could come
depending on Vietnamese cooperation on the POW-MIA issue.
Bush also announced he wants to increase the money going to
Vietnam to help Vietnamese veterans hurt in the war.
The Department of Veterans Affairs has provided $ 250,000
through the Defense Department for medical supplies, and AID has
chosen two non-governmental groups to use $ 1 million for medical
supplies for Vietnamese disabled veterans. Those two programs began
in September, and Bush's announcement served as notice the
administration wants to increase the effort, administration
spokesmen said.
Sen. John Kerry, D-Mass., chairman of a special Senate
committee on POW matters, appeared at the White House ceremony and
discounted any talk that Bush was making election-year hay out of
the issue.
Hanoi's decision to furnish the POW-MIA information ""is not
an October surprise, Kerry said. The timing ""is totally
coincidental' and comes at the end of a long process in which both
Democrats and Republicans have worked to complete the files on
Americans unaccounted for after the Vietnam War, Kerry said.
Bush's main challenger, Democrat Bill Clinton, said he was
encouraged by the uncovering of the photographs but that there must
be ""a good accounting before we normalize relations' with Vietnam.
Vessey said Hanoi has not done enough yet to warrant talking
about lifting a U.S. embargo on trade with the former enemy.
""It's very important that WE not -- that both we and the
Vietnamese not get into a tit-for-tat exercise here, Vessey said.
LEXIS:NEXIS®
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Services of Mead Data Central, Inc.
PAGE
5
The Houston Chronicle, October 24, 1992
Both nations need to move forward, Vietnam with furnishing
information and the United States with furnishing aid, he said.
Vietnam's ambassador to the United Nations, Trinh Xuan Lang,
told The Associated Press that the U.S. government has been playing
politics with the issue.
Lang said Vietnam and the United States had agreed several
years ago to treat the MIA issue ""in a humanitarian spirit''
isolated from politics.
"We never link the MIA issue with political issues, he
said. ""But it seems to me that on the U.S. side, you are not doing
the same thing. The MIA issue has been turned into a political
issue, and you are linking it with normalization of relations. 11
GRAPHIC: Photo: George Bush announced Friday that the Vietnamese government has
agreed to turn over all its material on U.S. prisoners of war, as Sen. John
McCain of Arizona, Sen. John Kerrey of Massachusetts and acting Secretary of
State Lawrence Eagleburger stood near him (p. 14); Associated Press
TM
TM
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Services of Mead Data Central, Inc.
THE WHITE HOUSE
WASHINGTON
11/23
MEMO TO ED WALTERS
FROM:
JIM MCGRATH June
Presidential Correspondence
RE:
PRESIDENTIAL MEDAL
OF FREEDOM NOMINEES
Attached is the information that you
requested regarding those selected to
receive the Medal. However, our records
do not include letters of nomination for
I. M. Pei, Johnny Carson, Audrey Hepburn,
David Brinkley, or Elie Weisel. Please
do not hesitate to contact me at x7610
with any questions.
Also, please return all materials when no
longer needed.
Thank you.
THE WHITE HOUSE
washington
February 16, 1990
MEMORANDUM FOR: JIM CICCONI
FROM:
AUSTEN FURSE
SUBJECT:
Medal of Freedom Suggestions
Attached is a list of suggested persons to receive the
Presidential Medal of Freedom. If there is one name that
stands out, it is Friedrich Hayek, whose life's work,
perhaps more than any living 20th century thinker, has
been vindicated by the events of the past year.
Also attached is a short biography of Hayek. He is a
Nobel Laureate economist, probably most famous as the
author of The Road to Serfdom (1944), and The Constitution
of Liberty (1960). In 1947, he founded the Mont Pelerin
Society to promote classical liberalism and point out the
errors of socialism. He has been associated with a
remarkable number of thinkers, ranging from Ludwig Von
Mises to Karl Popper to Milton Friedman and George
Stigler.
What makes Hayek particularly topical is the popularity
of his writings in Eastern Europe, where he is idolized.
Timothy Garton Ash, the British journalist who has been
reporting from Eastern Europe for several years now, notes
that cheap samizdat reproductions of Hayek's books are
found everywhere there, especially in the universities.
Yesterday's George Will column points out that Vaclav
Klaus, the Czech Finance Minister, boasts of his
allegiance to the "Vienna School" of economics, which
Hayek and Von Mises exemplify.
The influence of Hayek's work elsewhere is hard to
exaggerate. The Nobel Laureate James Buchanar: has said
that "Hayek's insights of the Thirties and early Forties
are already being incorporated in economic theory without
explicit recognition." The work of Hernando de Soto, for
example, owes a good deal to Hayek.
On the downside, Hayek lives in West Germany (he is
Austrian by birth), although he has spent much of his life
in this country. He is 89 years old and, according to the
attached Forbes article dated last May, his health is not
good. But perhaps no 20th century person is more the
intellectual embodiment of the New Breeze than Hayek.
Withdrawal/Redaction Sheet
(George Bush Library)
Document No.
Subject/Title of Document
Date
Restriction
Class.
and Type
01. List
Re: Presidential Medal of Freedom Suggestions. (3 pp.)
n.d.
P-5, P-6, (b)(6)
Collection:
Record Group:
Bush Presidential Records
Office:
Speechwriting, White House Office of
Series:
Speech File, Backup
Subseries:
WHORM Cat.:
File Location:
Medal of Freedom Awards 12/11/92 [1]
Date Closed:
12/8/2004
OA/ID Number:
07583
FOIA/SYS Case #:
Re-review Case #:
2004-2265-S
P-2/P-5 Review Case #:
MR Case #:
Appeal Case #:
MR Disposition:
Appeal Disposition:
Disposition Date:
Disposition Date:
RESTRICTION CODES
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Freedom of Information Act - [5 U.S.C. 552(b)]
P-1 National Security Classified Information [(a)(1) of the PRA]
(b)(1) National security classified information [(b)(1) of the FOIA]
P-2 Relating to the appointment to Federal office [(a)(2) of the PRA]
(b)(2) Release would disclose internal personnel rules and practices of an
P-3 Release would violate a Federal statute [(a)(3) of the PRA]
agency [(b)(2) of the FOIA]
P-4 Release would disclose trade secrets or confidential commercial or
(b)(3) Release would violate a Federal statute [(b)(3) of the FOIA]
financial information [(a)(4) of the PRA]
(b)(4) Release would disclose trade secrets or confidential or financial
P-5 Release would disclose confidential advise between the President
information [(b)(4) of the FOIA]
and his advisors, or between such advisors [a)(5) of the PRA]
(b)(6) Release would constitute a clearly unwarranted invasion of
P-6 Release would constitute a clearly unwarranted invasion of
personal privacy [(b)(6) of the FOIA]
personal privacy [(a)(6) of the PRA]
(b)(7) Release would disclose information compiled for law enforcement
purposes [(b)(7) of the FOIA]
C. Closed in accordance with restrictions contained in donor's deed of
(b)(8) Release would disclose information concerning the regulation of
gift.
financial institutions [(b)(8) of the FOIA]
(b)(9) Release would disclose geological or geophysical information
Nearly half a century ago, most of the
of production and prices is almost un-
limited."
smart people sneered when Friedrich
Followers of John Maynard Keynes,
who then controlled the Free World's
Hayek published "The Road to Serfdom."
post-World War II economics depart-
The world was wrong and Hayek right.
ments, found Hayek an embarrass-
ment, if not a "fascist." Didn't he
Now almost 90, be bas written a new book,
know "laissez-faire" was forever dis-
credited? What was wrong with tak-
but this time no one is sneering.
ing-from the rich and undeserving and
giving to the poor and deserving?
The world didn't buy Hayek's mes-
The world turns
sage, but it listened. Since 1944 in the
U.S. and Canada alone, over 200,000
copies of The Road to Serfdom have
been sold; the slim volume still sells
around 3,000 copies a year.
The world turns. Today the com-
munists abandon communism almost
everywhere, while in the West free
By Ronald Bailey
the communist system of our Russian
market economics has become main-
allies was in all important respects
stream. At 90, Friedrich Hayek has
N
EARLY HALF A CENTURY later, it
little better than that of our Nazi ene-
lived to see his lonely message widely
is hard to remember how rude-
mies. Hayek's thesis, startling then,
accepted. Economics Nobel laureate
ly Friedrich A. Hayek shocked
fairly widely accepted today, was that
James Buchanan pays him tribute:
people when he published The Road to
without economic freedom there
"Hayek's insights of the Thirties and
Serfdom in September 1944. Here was
could be no political freedom, and
early Forties are already being incor-
a relatively obscure economist, then
communism stood for economic coer-
porated in economic theory without
45 and a professor at the London
cion. Hayek warned: "The power con-
explicit recognition." On the liberal
School of Economics, asserting that
ferred [upon the state] by the control
end of the sprectrum, Robert Heil-
Alan Reingold
broner recently wrote, "Less than 75
all THE wall STREET MURNAL WEDNESDAY. NOVEMBER H.
INTERNATIONAL
years after it officially began, the con-
Wall St. on the Danube
test between capitalism and socialism
1 Privatization on Track With Uncertainties British Ste
is over: Capitalism has won."
Despite Industry's
To spur its willsomy.admit
FORBES called on Hayek at his apart-
-
VOL CCXII
only
ment in a large stucco house on
North Population Africa
Urachstrasse in Freiburg, West Ger-
GORBACHEV URGES
Full of
many. His health is not good; he has
Cast Shadow on
never fully recovered from a recent
NEW FARM POLICY
Rioting Already Hits
bout with pneumonia, during which
AND FREER MARKET
Emistation to Fine
he lay critically ill for six weeks in
to Keep
hospital. But he cheerfully agreed to
SYSTEM
Mexico Com
an interview. A tall, thin man whose
1
I
bearing even now recalls his days as
African Rebel
3
ome Resistance Lik
Tanzania Is Reviving
an officer in the Austrian army in
Economy by Using
World War I, Hayek welcomed
VIH. CCIX NO.
Its Tools of a Free Marke'
Burma R
FORBES at the door of his book-strewn
Changing Course
Julius Nyevere. Who Presider Best
Admitting to Flaws
Agree to H
and elegantly furnished third-floor
The Process -
Remains Skeptical of
in Economy. Vietnam
Open Elect
apartment. Leaning on a cane, he ush-
Pierre Cardin and Of
Flirts With Capitalism
Move Would End
ered his visitor into a small sunroom
I
Private Enterprises Flourish,
One- Party Rule
whose windows look out on pine-cov-
-
Innovation
Encouraged:
KOLORA
ered Schauinsland Mountain-the
Drive to Attract Tourists
Hisbert
same room we interviewed him in for
Spain Now Set on Denationalization
a cover story ten years ago ("Friedrich
A. Hayek: The Revolt Against
EXPARD
Keynes," FORBES, Oct. 1, 1979).
Hayek told FORBES that he is more
optimistic about the future of capital-
ism than he was ten years ago. He
believes that the public has come to
understand some of the problems
posed by central planning. Around the
world-from Algeria to Burma to Chi-
e
na to Yugoslavia-promises of the
better life through socialist planning
S
Friedrich A Hayek, author of "The Fatal Conceit"
have soured. In particular, Hayek sees
He has a new convert: Mikhail Gorbachev.
a greater appreciation for the market
among the younger generation. Today
FORBES, MAY 15, 1989
43
unemployed youth in Algiers and
argued that the economic order is far
intimacy we share with our families
Rangoon riot not for a centrally
too complex to be distilled into a five-
and friends. By comparison, the more
planned welfare state but for opportu-
year plan or simulated with comput-
recently evolved institutions of the
nity: the freedom to buy and sell-
ers. He has a new convert: Mikhail
extended order-contracts, the rule of
jeans, cars, whatever-at whatever
Gorbachev.
law, private property, profit-and its
prices the market will bear.
The most profound and fascinat-
impersonal operation strike socialists
Watching the events of the world
ing-and controversial-insight in
as cold, selfish and unjust.
prove him right, Hayek now believes
The Fatal Conceit is that our civiliza-
To Hayek, then, leftists and Marx-
that the West will probably win the
tion, its morals and traditions, are not
ists, not capitalists, are the true coun-
battle with collectivism-even
the result of mankind's conscious, ra-
terrevolutionaries.
though the fight is by no means over.
tional design. Rather, they developed
After reading The Road to Serfdom,
Pulling a blanket further up his lap, he
through a process of cultural evolu-
John Maynard Keynes wrote to Hayek
remarks: "Communism has ended."
tion similar in many ways to biologi-
what he regarded as a mild rebuttal to
But, he adds, Russia and China are
cal evolution.
Hayek's arguments against central-
"very unstable" because "they've no
Capitalism, then, becomes the high-
ized planning: "Moderate planning
longer any clear idea of what they
est product of this evolution, not an
will be safe if those carrying it out are
really want."
interim phase as the Marxists have
rightly orientated in their own minds
What of Ronald Reagan and Marga-
always believed. As he puts it: "Those
and hearts to the moral issue.
ret Thatcher and their battles against
groups following its [capitalism's] un-
Dangerous acts can be done safely
government control of the economy?
derlying rules increased in numbers
in a community which thinks and
Here Hayek surprises. He does not
and in wealth relative to other groups."
feels rightly, which would be the way
disapprove of Reagan and Thatcher,
to hell if they were executed by those
but he has no high opinion of modem
At 90, Hayek has lived to
who think and feel wrongly."
politicians in general. He does, how-
see his message widely
Keynes, a consummate elitist, was
ever, say that Reagan's and Thatcher's
accepted. Nobel laureate
treading on dangerous ground. He
policies "are as reasonable as we can
James Buchanan pays him
was, in effect, arguing that coercion
expect at this time. They are modest
in their ambitions."
tribute: "Hayek's insights
was all right so long as it was exer-
of the Thirties and early
cised by the "right" people. But that
Modesty. The capacity to under-
Forties are already being
was what Hitler thought, too, and
stand that well-meaning politicians-
incorporated in economic
what Stalin thought and what Ayatol-
and their advisers, the intellectuals-
theory without explicit
lah Khomeini thinks today. This is
will only wreak mischief if they try to
recognition."
precisely the point expressed so well
guide economic development: This
in The Fatal Conceit-that those who
antipolitical concept is at the heart of
believe themselves morally compe-
Hayek's theory of economic and so-
For Hayek, economics is no Mal-
tent to determine what is good for
cial development.
thusian "dismal science." Capitalism
other people are dangerous. Society
As a kind of last testament, Frie-
is an ever expanding means to increas-
would do better to trust tradition and
drich Hayek has just published a
ing abundance. Economist W.W. Ros-
free markets than to put its future in
brilliant summary of his life's work,
tow estimates that in the past two and
the hands of those who spout the lat-
The Fatal Conceit: The Errors of Social-
a half centuries the world's manufac-
est bit of social engineering theory.
ism (University of Chicago Press,
turing output has increased seventeen
Interviewed by FORBES last year
$24.95). He starts out with the claim
hundredfold-an annual average
(Dec. 12, 1988), Nobel economist Mil-
that civilization and capitalism are
growth rate of 2.8%, including years
ton Friedman gave Friedrich Hayek
inevitably interlinked. As Hayek
of war and depression.
the highest praise. He said that in
puts it, "our civilization depends,
But doesn't the explosive popula-
today's revival of faith in free markets
not only for its origin but also for its
tion growth in the Third World con-
"the Adam Smith role was
preservation, on what can be precise-
tradict Hayek's thesis? No. The popu-
played
by Friedrich Hayek's The
ly described only as the extended
lations of these nonmarket econo-
Road to Serfdom." In The Wealth of Na-
order of human cooperation, an order
mies have multiplied thanks to a
tions, Smith had warned: "The states-
more commonly, if somewhat mis-
spillover of technological advances
man, who should attempt to direct
leadingly, known as capitalism."
and innovations forged in market
private people in what manner they
The "fatal conceit" of the book's
economies. Without the market sys-
ought to employ their capitals,
title is the belief "that man is able to
tem, these nonmarket economies
would
assume an authority which
shape the world around him accord-
would stagnate and starve; again and
could safely be trusted, not only to no
ing to his wishes." This belief under-
again the capitalist world is called
single person, but to no council or
pins the socialists' claim that they
upon to feed and otherwise succor the
senate whatever, and which would
can replace the market with planning
noncapitalist countries.
nowhere be so dangerous as in the
boards and consciously design a supe-
If the market has so multiplied
hands of a man who had folly and
rior social organization that would
mankind's productive capacities, why
presumption enough to fancy himself
guarantee greater equality and greater
do so many intellectuals hate capital-
fit to exercise it."
material prosperity.
ism and embrace state planning in
Think of the horrors the world
We asked Hayek: Won't advances
one fashion or another? Here Hayek is
would have been spared had it heeded
in information technology and com-
nothing if not controversial. He be-
these wise words. Think, too, of the
puters enable central planners to ful-
lieves that "an atavistic longing after
sufferings that have been imposed
fill their promises?
the life of the noble savage is the main
upon communist and Third World
Hayek: "No."
source of the collectivist tradition."
countries in this generation in the
FORBES: "Never?"
The tribal instincts once helped rov-
name of what Smith called "folly and
Hayek: "No."
ing bands of primitive men to survive,
presumption," what Hayek calls "fa-
Throughout his career, Hayek has
and are still the bases of the bonds of
tal conceit."
274
HAYEK, FRIEDRICH A. VON
by Hicks (1932), where neutrality is defined as
1968a Dollar-Sterling Collaboration: Basis for Initia-
profes:
tive. London: Atlantic Trade Study.
also W
a stream of inventions that changes the margi-
1968b Keynes, John Maynard: I. Contributions to Eco-
nomics. Volume 8, pages 368-375 in International
tistical
nal productivity of labor and capital in equal
Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences. Edited by David
called
proportions. The differences in categorization
L. Sills. New York: Macmillan and Free Press.
lery 01
may not be great, but Harrod claimed superi-
1969 Money. London: Macmillan; New York: St. Mar-
1918
ority for his method on the grounds that his
tins.
1971 Sociology, Morals and Mystery: The Chichele Lec-
the un
classifications depended on the intrinsic char-
tures Delivered in Oxford Under the Auspices of All
At 1
acter of the invention, whereas Hicks's de-
Souls College, 1970. London: Macmillan; New York:
pended on circumstances unrelated to the in-
part 0
St. Martins.
vention itself.
1973 Economic Dynamics. London: Macmillan; New
develo
York: St. Martins.
while
IVAN C. JOHNSON
(Karl
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CLARK, J. M. 1917 Business Acceleration and the
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1934 Doctrines of Imperfect Competition. Quarterly
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1937 Mr. Keynes and Traditional Theory. Economet-
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1939 An Essay in Dynamic Theory. Economic Journal
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1943 Britain's Future Population. Oxford Pamphlets on
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Bates
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1958a Policy Against Inflation. London: Macmillan;
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Annal
New York: St. Martins.
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resum
1958b The Pound Sterling, 1951-58. International Fi-
nance Section. Department of Economics and So-
the methodology of science; social, legal, and
on the
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1959 The Prof.: A Personal Memoir of Lord Cherwell.
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1961 Topical Comment: Essays in Dynamic Economics
Austrian school of economics.
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Applied. London: Macmillan; New York: St. Mar-
Family background and education. Hayek
Vie:
tins.
(1963) 1977 The British Economy. Westport, Conn.:
was born on May 8, 1899, in Vienna, Austria, the
first 1
Greenwood.
1965 Reforming the World's Money. London: Macmil-
son of August von Hayek, a senior municipal
found
lan; New York: St. Martins.
health officer who also taught biology (plant
ence
1967 Towards a New Economic Policy: Lectures Given
geography) at the University of Vienna, and of
The g
in the University of Manchester. Manchester (Eng-
Felicitas, née von Juraschek, a daughter of a
as Gc
land) Univ. Press.
HAYEK, FRIEDRICH A. VON
275
professor of public law at the university who
Morgenstern) but also social philosophers (such
also was president of the Austrian Central Sta-
as Alfred Schutz), some members of the "Vienna
tistical Authority. In March 1917, Hayek was
Circle" of logical positivists, sociologists, histor-
called to military service and became an artil-
ians, art historians, musicologists, literary critics,
lery officer on the Italian front. In November
and lawyers (including Herbert Fürth, cofounder
1918 he returned to Vienna and registered at
of the group). Of the twenty-odd members of
the university to study law.
the circle, many emigrated later to the United
At that time, economics was taught only as
States and some of them exerted a strong in-
part of the law curriculum. Hayek had earlier
fluence on social science and philosophy.
developed some interest in this field, had for a
In 1924, von Mises invited Hayek to join his
while been attracted by some moderate socialists
private seminar, probably the most important
(Karl Renner, Walter Rathenau), and even read
center of economic discussion in Austria. It was
a textbook on economics while in the army. At
a selected group of postdoctoral economists and
the university, he attended the lectures of Fried-
methodologists, including many members of
rich von Wieser and Othmar Spann but was
Hayek's "circle," all of them engaged in profes-
more interested in methodology-inspired by
sional or avocational research. Its members
reading Ernst Mach and Max Weber-and in
later formed the core of the Nationalökono-
psychology; indeed, in 1920 Hayek wrote a draft
mische Gesellschaft (Economic Society), which
of a paper on psychology to which he returned
was founded in 1927 at the initiative of von
32 years later with a book on The Sensory Order
Mises and Hayek. The society met two or three
(1952b).
times a month and many foreign visitors pre-
Upon his return to civilian life, Hayek founded,
sented important papers.
together with some friends, the Association of
Both Hayek and von Mises had seen, on their
Democratic Students-his first action in his life-
visits to the United States, the new empirical
long battle against the forces of nationalism and
research programs on industrial fluctuations.
socialism. In November 1921, he obtained the
Von Mises persuaded Austrian financial, indus-
degree of DR. JURIS and started to work in the
trial, and labor organizations as well as the
war-claims settlement office, directed by Ludwig
government to join in the establishment and
von Mises. At the same time, he continued to
funding of the Austrian Institute for Business
study at the university for a second doctorate,
Cycle Research, with Hayek as its director. It
in economics. He wrote a dissertation on the
started its monthly reports in 1927; after three
theory of imputation and in March 1923 ob-
years, with the help 'of an American grant,
tained the degree of DR. RERUM POLITICARUM.
Hayek obtained Oskar Morgenstern as collabora-
Immediately afterwards Hayek took a leave
tor.
of absence from his job in order to continue his
Von Mises, as Hayek's patron and superior-
studies of economics in the United States. He
first in the government office, then in the re-
worked as a research assistant to Jeremiah W.
search institute-as his fellow officer in the
Jenks of New York University, audited lectures
Economic Society, and as discussion partner in
and seminars of Wesley C. Mitchell and John
the von Mises circle, could not help influencing
Bates Clark at Columbia University, and as-
Hayek's thought and work. But far beyond these
sisted Willard Thorp with material for Business
institutionalized associations go the intellectual
Annals. He returned to Vienna in May 1924,
ties of shared interests in specific economic and
resumed his government work, finished articles
philosophical issues: the theory of money and
on the incompatibility of stable price levels and
the trade cycle, the problem of economic calcu-
fixed exchange rates (1924), American mone-
lation under socialism, and the foundations of
tary policy (1925), and imputation (1926a),
classical liberalism. These had been the major
and worked on the concept of neutral money.
subjects of von Mises' research and they became
In 1926 he married Helene von Fritsch; the
the foci of Hayek's work. Three other econo-
couple had two children, Christine and Lorenz.
mists were among Hayek's closest associates in
Vienna, 1924-1931. In 1921, still before his
his Vienna period: Haberler, Morgenstern, and
first university degree, Hayek had helped to
Machlup.
found a circle of young scholars, whose influ-
In 1929 Hayek submitted his book, Geldtheorie
ence on his thinking he often- acknowledged.
und Konjunkturtheorie as habilitation to the
The group included not only economists (such
University of Vienna and was admitted as
as Gottfried Haberler, Fritz Machlup, Oskar
Privatdozent (lecturer). His trial lecture on "The
276 HAYEK, FRIEDRICH A. VON
Paradox of Saving" (1929c) came to the atten-
demnation of socialism in all its forms. The
tion of Lionel Robbins, who invited Hayek to
book, dedicated to "the socialists of all parties,"
present four lectures at the London School of
was lavishly praised and roundly panned, and
Economics. These lectures on Prices and Pro-
often distorted by admirers as well as critics.
duction (1931b) led to the offer of a visiting
In October 1940, the London School of Eco-
professorship, which was followed by a regular
nomics (L.S.E.) was evacuated to Cambridge,
appointment to the Tooke professorship of eco-
which afforded Hayek closer relationships with
nomic science and statistics at the University
economists at Cambridge-including Keynes-
of London.
when they were not involved in wartime duties.
London, 1932-1950. Hayek's tenure at Lon-
In 1941 Hayek was awarded the degree of
don began with a dramatic controversy with
D.SC. (Econ.) of the University of London. His
John Maynard Keynes. Hayek had been asked
closest associates at the London School of
by Robbins to review Keynes's Treatise on Money
Economics were Lionel Robbins, Arnold Plant,
(1930) for Economica (1931-1932), and Keynes
and Karl R. Popper. Robbins was a faithful
had asked Piero Sraffa to review Hayek's Prices
friend, an invaluable critic, and a treasure
and Production for the Economic Journal
house of knowledge on the history of doctrines.
(1932a). Keynes replied (1931) to Hayek's re-
Popper, the Austrian-born philosopher, was help-
view, Hayek wrote a rejoinder to Keynes (1931c)
ful in destroying the myth of the so-called scien-
and a reply to Sraffa (1932c), and Sraffa wrote
tific method in empirical disciplines. Plant earned
a rejoinder to Hayek (1932b). The controversy
Hayek's gratitude as the man who guided him
was joined by Ralph G. Hawtrey, Arthur C.
towards rediscovering David Hume, who "not
Pigou, Dennis H. Robertson, Arthur Marget,
only laid
the foundation of the liberal the-
Alvin Hansen, and others in notes, reviews, and
ory of law, but
also provided an interpreta-
replies. In addition, Hayek published, between
tion of English history as the gradual emergence
1932 and 1937, ten articles on such controver-
of the Rule of Law" (Hayek 1978a, p. 124). Be-
sial issues as the pure theory of money, the rela-
sides Hume, the voices of the past that seem to
tion between saving and investment, the forma-
have had the most profound influence on Hayek's
tion and maintenance of capital, and the causes
thinking on society, law, and liberty were John
of industrial fluctuations. The "drama," as John
Locke, Bernard Mandeville, Adam Smith, Ed-
Hicks called it (1967), ended with a majority
mund Burke, Alexis de Tocqueville, Lord Acton,
decision of the profession in favor of the modi-
and Albert Venn Dicey.
fied expansionist views of Keynes, as expressed
In 1945 Hayek published an article on "The
in his General Theory of Employment, Interest
Use of Knowledge in Society," another funda-
and Money (1936), which fitted the times of
mental disquisition on the division of knowledge
deflation and mass unemployment better than
in society. In a pamphlet on Individualism: True
Hayek's monetary temperance did.
and False (1946a) he contrasted a voluntaristic,
Although Hayek continued to work on the
spontaneous, undesigned order of freedom of
theory of capital, leading to his books on
the individual with a rationalistically designed
Profits, Interest and Investment (1939c) and
and constructed system. "True" was the unde-
The Pure Theory of Capital (1941b), he devoted
signed individualism described and esteemed by
increasing amounts of effort to philosophical
Hume, Smith, Burke, Acton, and de Tocqueville;
problems and intellectual history. In 1935 he
"false" the individualism designed and promoted
edited a volume on Collectivist Economic Plan-
by the encyclopedists, Jean Jacques Rousseau,
ning for which he wrote two essays. In 1937
and the Physiocrats. Most of Hayek's essays
appeared his presidential address to the London
completed in these years were collected in a
Economic Club on "Economics and Knowledge";
volume on Individualism and Economic Order
in 1940, "Socialist Calculation: The Competitive
(1948a).
'Solution'"; in 1941, "The Counter-revolution of
In his last five years at the L.S.E., Hayek
Science," largely an analysis of the teachings
made several foreign trips, mostly to the United
of Saint-Simon and Auguste Comte; in 1942-
States. The success of The Road to Serfdom
1944, in three parts, "Scientism and the Study
led to a lecture tour in the spring of 1945.
of Society"; and in 1943, "The Facts of the So-
He came again in 1946, to lecture at the Uni-
cial Sciences." In 1944 Hayek published his
versity of Chicago in April and May and at
bestseller, The Road to Serfdom, a severe con-
Stanford and in Mexico during the summer. In
HAYEK, FRIEDRICH A. VON 277
April 1947, Hayek convened a group of 39 lib-
(1955a; 1956; 1958; 1963c). The chief work of
eral thinkers in a conference on Mont Pélèrin,
Hayek's Chicago period was The Constitution of
near Vevey, Switzerland. (The participants-
Liberty (1960), an ambitious "restatement
economists, philosophers, jurists, historians,
of the basic principles of a philosophy of free-
political scientists, literary critics, and publi-
dom" (p. 3).
cists-founded the Mont Pélèrin Society. Hayek
After 12 productive years in Chicago, Hayek
served as president for more than 12 years, and
returned to Europe in 1962 as professor of
as honorary president since 1960. This exclusive
economic policy at the University of Freiburg
society has admitted some 400 members from
im Breisgau, in Western Germany.
33 countries.) In 1948 Hayek spent the spring
Freiburg, 1962-1968. Hayek's inaugural lec-
in Chicago and the summer at the University of
ture at Freiburg, on "The Economy, Science and
Vienna; in 1950, January to March in Chicago
Politics" (1963a), was a very personal statement
and April at the University of Arkansas in
of his scientific and political philosophy. He paid
Fayetteville. It was then that he obtained a
his respects to the late Walter Eucken, the emi-
divorce from his first wife to marry his Viennese
nent representative of libertarian economics,
cousin and childhood sweetheart, Helene War-
who had taught at Freiburg for many years, and
hanek, née Bitterlich, and resigned from the
to Max Weber, the influential social scientist
L.S.E. to assume a professorship at the Univer-
who had forcefully explained the role of value
sity of Chicago.
judgments in academic teaching.
Chicago, 1950-1962. At the University of Chi-
During his 6 years at Freiburg, Hayek pub-
cago Hayek was professor of social and moral
lished 2 books, 5 pamphlets, and 24 articles,
sciences and a member of the committee on
not counting numerous reproductions and trans-
social thought. He offered courses in the de-
lations. Of the articles, 17 were collected in a
partment of economics, but his major function
volume of Freiburger Studien (1969a), and
was to conduct a seminar, mostly on intellectual
6 of these were also included in an English
history. It was attended by senior specialists in
volume of 29 collected papers, Studies in Phi-
various fields, including physics, classical and
losophy, Politics and Economics (1967b).
modern literature, art, archeology, history, so-
In Freiburg, the Austrian Erich Streissler
ciology, as well as economics (Letwin 1976). His
(later at Vienna) was Hayek's closest associate.
closest associates were John V. Nef, Frank H.
Both the university and the Walter Eucken In-
Knight. Aaron Director, George Stigler, and Mil-
stitute gave technical assistance to Hayek's pub-
ton Friedman. The first book Hayek published
lishing activities.
in this period was the product of research done
Salzburg, 1968-1977. Professor emeritus of
previously in England and in America, John
Freiburg University in 1968, Hayek accepted an
Stuart Mill and Harriet Taylor: Their Friendship
invitation to the University of Salzburg. His
and Subsequent Marriage (1951b). It was an
inaugural lecture, on "The Errors of Construc-
"impartial presentation of documents," virtually
tivism," was published (1970). The move to
all letters they exchanged during the first 18
Salzburg proved rather unsatisfactory. The uni-
years of their friendship and some after her first
versity had no degree program in economics,
husband's death in 1849 and their marriage in
and few law students had serious interests in
1851. Hayek had himself followed Mill's itiner-
either economics or political philosophy. Thus
ary on a journey through Italy and Greece, as
he was cut off from the scholars who had every-
described in Mill's letters. Three other books
where been his stimulating and sympathetic
followed in quick succession: The Counter-
discussion partners. This, combined with ill
revolution of Science (1952a) containing his
health, delayed completion of his ambitious
earlier articles; The Sensory Order (1952b), his
three-volume work on Law, Legislation and Lib-
tract in psychology elaborating his draft paper
erty. The first volume, Rules and Order, ap-
of 1920; and Capitalism and the Historians
peared in 1973, the second, The Mirage of Social
(1954), a collection, edited and introduced by
Justice, in 1976; and the third, The Political
Hayek, of essays by economic historians expos-
Order of a Free Society, is expected in 1979.
ing the anticapitalist bias of much historical
The biggest event during Hayek's Salzburg
research. Important new articles and papers in
period was the award of the Nobel Prize for
epistemology, methodology, and political phi-
economic science, shared with Gunnar Myrdal.
losophy were completed in subsequent years
His Nobel lecture on "The Pretence of Knowl-
278
HAYEK, FRIEDRICH A. VON
edge" (1975) was a fervent condemnation of
would be impossible to give a digest of Hayek's
the propensity of economists to predict on the
ideas in a short space. Some highlights, how-
basis of too limited knowledge macroeconomic
ever, may be noted.
results of expansionary policies. Hayek's pre-
Money, prices, investments, and fluctuations.
scription for ending the ongoing inflations of
Preoccupation with price levels and disregard of
moneys and prices was to terminate the govern-
relative prices obscure the effects of money cre-
ments' monopolies in the creation of money, a
ation upon investment and the structure of pro-
Denationalisation of Money (1976). The Nobel
duction. Stability of the price level does not
award led to such a flood of invitations that
prevent credit expansion from "distorting" prices
even selective acceptances put Hayek "on the
and production (1925; 1929b; 1931b). A rate
road" for large portions of the years, traveling
of investment accelerated through monetary
to all continents.
stimulus is not sustainable and the inevitable
Back to Freiburg, 1977. Disappointed with
retrenchment generates unemployment of both
his working conditions in Salzburg, Hayek re-
labor and specific capital goods. Thus, monetary
turned to live in Freiburg. Another volume of col-
causes can lead to structural disturbances
lected essays, New Studies in Philosophy, Politics,
(1929b). The natural rate of interest (Wicksell
Economics and the History of Ideas (1978a), con-
1898) is not the same as the rate that stabilizes
tains six pieces previously published in Ger-
the price level when physical output increases
man in the Freiburger Studien (1969a), and
and increased demand for credit is met by a
other papers, including his Salzburg inaugural
supply of loanable and investible funds in ex-
lecture and several contributions to intellectual
cess of voluntary saving (1931b). Changes in
history. In 1978, he also completed the third
the ratio of demand for investment goods and
and last volume of Law, Legislation and Liberty
consumer goods can cause prosperity and de-
with an epilogue on "The Three Sources of Hu-
pression. Since the depression is usually asso-
man Values," which he regards as his intellec-
ciated with an induced reduction in investment,
tual last will and testament.
an additional extension of consumption is not
Honors and awards. Besides his three earned
the appropriate remedy; it may reduce employ-
doctorates, Hayek received honorary doctorates
ment even further (1931b).
from Rikkyo University (Tokyo, 1964), Uni-
Capital theory. Internal rates of interest are
versity of Salzburg (1974), University of Dallas
reflected in the margins between the costs of in-
(1975), Marroquin University (Guatemala,
puts and the prices of (intermediate) outputs
1977), Santa Maria University of Valparaiso
in various stages of production. An increase in
(Chile, 1977), and University of Buenos Aires
interest rates will be indicative of a need to
(Argentina, 1977); he also was made honorary
widen the margins between costs and prices,
senator of the University of Vienna (1971). He
and the production stages requiring relatively
became fellow of the British Academy (1945),
much capital become unprofitable (1931b).
honorary member of the Austrian Academy of
This is equivalent to a "shortening" of the period
Sciences (1976), honorary fellow of the London
of production or investment (Böhm-Bawerk).
School of Economics (1976), fellow of the
Hayek's Pure Theory of Capital (1941b) pro-
Econometric Society (1947), foreign honorary
vides lucid expositions of his notions of "inter-
member of the American Economic Association
temporal equilibrium," the "physical produc-
(1976), and honorary fellow of the Argentine
tivity of investment," and the "vertical or
Academy of Economic Science (1977) and of the
successive division of labor" (pp. 72-73). Al-
Academia Sinica (Taipei, 1969). After receiving
though Hayek rejects the concept of a "supply
the Nobel Prize in economic science in 1974, he
of capital" as a measurable quantity (p. 147),
was decorated with the Austrian medal of honor
he derives a meaningful "marginal productivity
for science and art (1976) and the German
of investment" (p. 179).
order pour le mérite for science and arts (1977).
The popular notion that an expansion of con-
sumer demand will always increase demand for
Highlights of Hayek's work
and production of investment goods is shown to
With a publication record of 185 titles-18
be a fallacy. Under conditions of full employ-
volumes of sole authorship, 10 volumes edited
ment it is obvious that either of the two de-
and/or introduced, 15 pamphlets, and 142 arti-
partments of production can increase only at
cles in journals and chapters in collective books
the expense of the other. However, when wage
(not counting new editions and translations)-it
rates behave as if there were full employment-
HAYEK, FRIEDRICH A. VON 279
i.e., when they are raised whenever total de-
ner that no deliberate instructions or commands
mand is expanded-the same condition holds:
could bring about" (p. 189).
an increase in consumption will reduce real
Liberty and the law. Hayek showed the con-
investment (1969c, pp. 284-285).
ceptual and empirical links between an eco-
Socialism, planning, and competitive capital-
nomic system based on free markets and a
ism. Hayek added important arguments to the
political system based on "liberty under law."
problem of the possibility of rational economic
The latter rules out coercion and arbitrariness;
calculation in socialist central planning (1935a;
the former, i.e., the impersonal mechanism of
1940). Although he had in 1935 anticipated the
market prices, communicates dispersed knowl-
so called "competitive solution," or "market so-
edge to masses of free individuals acting and
cialism," Oskar Lange and Henry D. Dickinson
reacting to it without commands. These ideas
actually proposed this "solution" in 1937 and
were gradually refined, starting from the essays
1939. This prompted Hayek to explain why the
on the division of knowledge in society (1937a;
required decentralization of decision making
1945b) and a pamphlet on Freedom and the
would be too complicated, and too unorthodox
Economic System (1939a), continuing with
to be acceptable to hard-line socialists (1940).
the books Road to Serfdom (1944b) and Con-
(One may hold that the Czechoslovakian events
stitution of Liberty (1960), and culminating in
of 1968 proved this hypothesis.)
Law, Legislation and Liberty (1973-1979).
More fundamental was Hayek's realization of
There he showed the fundamental contradiction
the role of the "division of knowledge" in eco-
between the idea of constitutionalism-limited
nomic society (1937a; 1945b), not of scientific
government"-and the [mis]conception of a de-
or technological knowledge but of the unorga-
mocracy "where the will of the majority on any
nized "knowledge of the particular circumstances
particular matter is unlimited" (1973-1979, vol.
of time and place." Practically every individual
1, p. 1); he emphasized the difference between
"possesses unique information of which bene-
the rules of a spontaneous order and the rules
ficial use might be made" (1945b, p. 521) but
of organization (p. 48), i.e., between cosmos
which "cannot be conveyed to any central au-
("the law of liberty") and taxis ("the law of
thority in statistical form"; decisions based on
legislation").
such knowledge must be "left to the 'man on
Of all of Hayek's pronouncements the one
the spot" (p. 524). The problem is not that a
that most flagrantly negates the tenets of domi-
unique rational solution could be derived from
nant schools of social philosophy is his claim
a complete set of data but "how a solution is
that in a free society the concept of "social
produced by the interaction of people each of
justice" is void of meaning. It may have mean-
whom possesses only partial knowledge" (p. 530).
ing in a "command economy"; but where people
The price system is the "mechanism for com-
are free, guided only "by rules of just individual
municating information."
conduct," the notion of social justice-epito-
As to the organization of competitive capital-
mized by a call for equality of incomes-is mean-
ism, Hayek is not impressed with the modern
ingless (1973-1979, vol. 2, pp. 62-100).
theories of imperfect and oligopolistic competi-
Philosophy of science. Hayek's condemnation
tion. Important are only the institutional and
of "scientism" (1942-1944) was originally a
contractual obstacles to competition as a dyna-
protest against the fallacy of regarding certain
mic process, restrictions on entry and on at-
procedures of the natural sciences as the only
tempts to "discover new ways of doing things
"scientific method." Later he learned from Pop-
better than they have been done before" (1948a,
per ([1935] 1959) "that natural scientists did
p. 101). He condemns the "mechanical exten-
not really do what most of them not only told us
sion of the property concept by lawyers" to non-
that they did but also urged the representatives
tangible things such as inventions (p. 114). In
of other disciplines to imitate" (1967b, p. viii).
a lecture on "Competition as a Discovery Pro-
Hayek emphasized the differences between the
cedure" (1968b), Hayek holds that competition
kinds of "facts" observed, described, and ex-
is important "as a process of exploration in
plained by the physical and the social sciences.
which prospectors search for unused opportuni-
The facts of the social sciences are "opinions-
ties that, when discovered, can also be used by
not opinions of the student of social phenom-
others" (p. 188). Competition produces "a kind
ena, of course, but opinions of those whose
of impersonal compulsion
for numerous
actions produce his 'object''; moreover, we can-
individuals to adjust their way of life in a man-
not "observe" these opinions directly "in the
280 HAYEK, FRIEDRICH A. VON
minds of the people but [only] recognize [them]
Thornton (1939b), Ricardo (1950), John Stuart
from what they do and say merely because we
Mill (1942; 1943b; 1945a; 1951b), Macleod
have ourselves a mind similar to theirs" (1942-
(1934d), Gossen (1932a), Carl Menger (1934b;
1944, p. 279).
1934c; 1968d; 1972), Wieser (1926b; 1929a;
In his essay on "Degrees of Explanation"
1968e), and Philippovich (1934f); also obitu-
(1955a), Hayek distinguished positive and nega-
aries for Cannan (1935b), Strigl (1944a),
tive predictions, with those of disjunctive al-
Mitchell (1948b), and Leoni (1968a); he ap-
ternatives between the two. He stressed the
praised schools of thought such as the École
difficulty, in as complex situations as in eco-
Politechnique (1941a), the L.S.E. (1946b), and
nomics, of ascertaining "by observation the
the Austrian School (1965; 1968c); noted some
presence and specific arrangement of the multi-
parallelisms in Comte and Hegel (1951a); ex-
plicity of factors which form the starting point
amined the methodological position of Mach
of our deductive reasoning" (1955a, p. 216). He
(1967a) and the philosophical and historical
did not, however, deny the possibility of testing
ideas of Hume (1955b; 1960; 1963b; 1967a).
and falsifying propositions about such complex
Hayek's writings on intellectual history are testi-
situations. Yet he stressed the importance of
monies to his profound and assiduous scholar-
"orientation" where prediction is not possible,
ship.
and of "cultivation" where control is beyond
Memorable traits noticeable in almost all of
our capacity (p. 225).
his writings are Hayek's chivalry and tolerance
Hayek warned of the consequences of exces-
in criticism and polemics, and his modesty and
sive specialization:
humility not only in acknowledging the contri-
The physicist who is only a physicist can still be a
butions of his intellectual forebears but also in
first-class physicist.
But
the economist
arguing against the views of his intellectual
who is only an economist is likely to become a
opponents.
nuisance if not a positive danger. The degree of
abstraction which the theoretical disciplines in our
FRITZ MACHLUP
field requires makes them at least as theoretical,
WORKS BY HAYEK
if not more so, than any in the natural sciences.
1924 Das Stabilisierungsproblem in Goldwährungs-
This, however is precisely the source of our diffi-
ländern. Zeitschrift für Volhswirtschaft und Sozial-
culty. Not only is the individual concrete instance
politik New Series 4:365-390.
much more important to us than it is in the natural
1925 Die Währungspolitik der Vereinigten Staaten
seit der Überwindung der Krise von 1920. Zeit-
sciences, but the way from the theoretical con-
schrift für Volhswirtschaft und Sozialpolitik New
struction to the explanation of the particular is
Series 5:23-63, 254-317.
also much longer. (1956, pp. 463-464)
1926a Bemerkungen zum Zurechungsproblem. Jahr-
bücher für Nationalöhonomie und Statistik 124:
In an important paper on "Rules, Perception
1-18.
and Intelligibility" (1963c) Hayek pointed to
1926b Friedrich Freiherr von Wieser. Jahrbücher
für Nationalöhonomie und Statistik 125:513-530.
"rule-guided perception" and "rule-guided ac-
1927 Introduction. In Hermann Heinrich Gossen,
tion," neither of which presupposes that we can
Entwicklung der Gesetze des menschlichen Verkehrs
state or describe the guiding rules. He elab-
und der daraus fliessenden Regeln für menschliches
Handeln. 3d ed. Berlin: Prager.
orated the existence of subconscious rules that
1929a Introduction. In Friedrich Freiherr von Wieser,
guide perception and defended the proposition
Gesammelte Abhandlungen. Tübingen (Germany):
that perception of the concrete presupposes an
Mohr.
(1929b) 1978 Monetary Theory and the Trade Cycle.
organizing capacity of the mind. Against the
New York: Kelley.
First published as Geldtheorie
numerous believers in the primacy of the con-
und Konjunkturtheorie.
crete, Hayek went back to the tenet of major
(1929c) 1931 The Paradox of Saving. Economica
11:125-169. First published as "Gibt es einen
philosophers and psychologists who recognized
Widersinn des Sparens."
the primacy of the abstract (1969b).
1931a Introduction. In Richard Cantillon, Abhandlung
über die Natur des Handelns im Allgemeinen. Jena
History of ideas
(Germany): Gustav Fischer.
(1931b) 1978 Prices and Production. New York: Kelley.
As a dedicated historian of ideas Hayek pre-
1931c The Pure Theory of Money: A Rejoinder to Mr.
sented the descendancy of virtually every major
Keynes. Economica 11:398-403.
issue that figured in the development of his
1931-1932 Reflections on the Pure Theory of Money
of Mr. J. M. Keynes. 2 Parts. Economica 11:270-
thoughts. Besides such incidental intellectual
295; 12:22-44.
history, he wrote about the lives and works of
1932a Gossen, Hermann Heinrich. Volume 6, page 3
Mandeville (1961; 1966), Cantillon (1931a),
in Encyclopaedia of the Social Sciences. New York:
Macmillan.
HAYEK, FRIEDRICH A. VON
281
1932b Kapitalaufzehrung. Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv
published in 1956 by the University of Chicago
36:86-108.
Press.
1932c Money and Capital: A Reply to Mr. Sraffa.
1945a HAYEK, FRIEDRICH A. VON (editor) Notes on
Economic Journal 42:237-249.
N. W. Senior's Political Economy by John Stuart
1932d A Note on the Development of the Doctrine of
Mill. Economica New Series 12:134-139.
"Forced Saving." Quarterly Journal of Economics
1945b The Use of Knowledge in Society. American
47:183-198.
Economic Review 35:519-530.
1933 Uber "Neutrales Geld." Zeitschrift für National-
1946a Individualism: True and False. Dublin: Hodges,
ökonomie 4:659-661.
Figgis.
The twelfth Finlay lecture, 1945. Re-
1934a Capital and Industrial Fluctuations. Economet-
printed in Hayek 1948a.
rica 2:152-167.
1946b The London School of Economics 1895-1945.
1934b Carl Menger. Economica New Series 1:393-420.
Economica New Series 13:1-31.
1934c Introduction. In Carl Menger, The Collected
1948a Individualism and Economic Order. London:
Works of Carl Menger. London: Routledge.
Routledge & Kegan Paul; Univ. of Chicago Press.
1934d Macleod. Henry D. Volume 10, page 30 in
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