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USSR 1989 [OA 8486] [2]
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323154403
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USSR 1989 [OA 8486] [2]
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13846-003
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Records of the White House Office of Speechwriting (George H. W. Bush Administration)
Speech Backup Alphabetical Files
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Originally Processed With FOIA(s):
FOIA Number:
S
S
FOIA
MARKER
This is not a textual record. This is used as an
administrative marker by the George Bush Presidential
Library Staff.
Record Group/Collection:
George H.W. Bush Presidential Records
Collection/Office of Origin:
Speechwriting, White House Office of
Series:
Speech File Backup Files
Subseries:
Alpha File, 1987-1991
OA/ID Number:
13846
Folder ID Number:
13846-003
Folder Title:
USSR, 1989 [2]
Stack:
Row:
Section:
Shelf:
Position:
G
26
23
3
3
RCV BY:XEROX TELECOPIER 7011 ; 9-18-89 3:26PM ;
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Xtra
CF: Richard Haass
SAMUEL D. BERGER MEMORIAL LECTURE
GEORGETOWN UNIVERSITY
SEPTEMBER 13, 1989
UNCHARTED WATERS: U.S. FOREIGN POLICY
IN A TIME OF TRANSITION
U.S. DEPUTY SECRETARY OF STATE
LAWRENCE S. EAGLEBURGER
RCV BY:XEROX TELECOPIER 7011 ; 9-18-89 3:26PM ;
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Xtra
CF: Richard Haass
SAMUEL D. BERGER MEMORIAL LECTURE
GEORGETOWN UNIVERSITY
SEPTEMBER 13, 1989
UNCHARTED WATERS: U.S. FOREIGN POLICY
IN A TIME OF TRANSITION
U.S. DEPUTY SECRETARY OF STATE
LAWRENCE S. EAGLEBURGER
RCV BY:XEROX TELECOPIER 7011 ; 9-18-89 3:27PM ;
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09/18/89 15:27
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- 2 -
TO BE FAIR, THE UNITED STATES DID LEARN ONE IMPORTANT
LESSON FOLLOWING THE BITTER EXPERIENCE OF THE PERIOD BETWEEN
THE FIRST AND SECOND WORLD WARS, AND THAT WAS THE NEED FOR AN
ACTIVE AMERICAN ROLE AND THE ACCEPTANCE OF AMERICAN
RESPONSIBILITY IN THE PRESERVATION OF INTERNATIONAL PEACE AND
STABILITY. BUT NOW FOR THE THIRD TIME IN THIS CENTURY, WE RISK
BECOMING VICTIMS OF OUR OWN SUCCESS. FOR WE ARE HEARING IT
SAID THAT THE REMORSELESS POLITICAL, IDEOLOGICAL AND MILITARY
COMPETITION BETWEEN THE U.S. AND THE SOVIET UNION KNOWN AS THE
COLD WAR IS NOW COMING TO AN END. WE ARE ALSO HEARING IT SAID
THAT THIS IS A WAR WHICH IS ENDING LARGELY ON OUR TERMS.
WHILE I BELIEVE MUCH OF THE DEBATE ON THIS SUBJECT IS
PREMATURE, IT IS INDISPUTABLE THAT WE ARE ENTERING A NEW ERA IN
INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS, AN ERA WHICH IS LARGELY THE PRODUCT OF
OUR SUCCESSFUL POST-WAR POLICIES. NOW IS NOT THE TIME,
HOWEVER, FOR US TO BE PATTING OURSELVES ON THE BACK.
COMPLACENCY OVER OUR SUCCESS IS NO SUBSTITUTE FOR HARD-NOSED
THINKING ABOUT THE NEW ORDER OF FOREIGN POLICY CHALLENGES THAT
AWAITS US IN THE COMING YEARS. WE ARE ENTERING UNCHARTED
WATERS, AND WE ARE GOING TO REQUIRE A COMPASS DIFFERENT FROM
THE ONE WHICH HAS THUS FAR GUIDED US SAFELY THROUGH THE SECOND
HALF OF THE 20TH CENTURY.
RCV BY:XEROX TELECOPIER 7011 ; 9-18-89 3:27PM ;
202 647 0244->
;# 3
09/18/89
15:27
202 647 0244
PA/PRS
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003/016
- 2 -
TO BE FAIR, THE UNITED STATES DID LEARN ONE IMPORTANT
LESSON FOLLOWING THE BITTER EXPERIENCE OF THE PERIOD BETWEEN
THE FIRST AND SECOND WORLD WARS, AND THAT WAS THE NEED FOR AN
ACTIVE AMERICAN ROLE AND THE ACCEPTANCE OF AMERICAN
RESPONSIBILITY IN THE PRESERVATION OF INTERNATIONAL PEACE AND
STABILITY. BUT NOW FOR THE THIRD TIME IN THIS CENTURY, WE RISK
BECOMING VICTIMS OF OUR OWN SUCCESS. FOR WE ARE HEARING IT
SAID THAT THE REMORSELESS POLITICAL, IDEOLOGICAL AND MILITARY
COMPETITION BETWEEN THE U.S. AND THE SOVIET UNION KNOWN AS THE
COLD WAR IS NOW COMING TO AN END. WE ARE ALSO HEARING IT SAID
THAT THIS IS A WAR WHICH IS ENDING LARGELY ON OUR TERMS.
WHILE I BELIEVE MUCH OF THE DEBATE ON THIS SUBJECT IS
PREMATURE, IT IS INDISPUTABLE THAT WE ARE ENTERING A NEW ERA IN
INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS, AN ERA WHICH IS LARGELY THE PRODUCT OF
OUR SUCCESSFUL POST-WAR POLICIES. NOW IS NOT THE TIME,
HOWEVER, FOR US TO BE PATTING OURSELVES ON THE BACK.
COMPLACENCY OVER OUR SUCCESS IS NO SUBSTITUTE FOR HARD-NOSED
THINKING ABOUT THE NEW ORDER OF FOREIGN POLICY CHALLENGES THAT
AWAITS US IN THE COMING YEARS. WE ARE ENTERING UNCHARTED
WATERS, AND WE ARE GOING TO REQUIRE A COMPASS DIFFERENT FROM
THE ONE WHICH HAS THUS FAR GUIDED US SAFELY THROUGH THE SECOND
HALF OF THE 20TH CENTURY.
RCV BY:XEROX TELECOPIER 7011 ; 9-18-89 3:28PM ;
202 647 0244->
;# 4
09/18/89
15:27
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- 3 -
BUT FIRST, LET ME INDULGE IN A BIT OF COMPLACENCY OF MY
OWN. HISTORY WILL RECORD THAT THE UNITED STATES, WHILE NOT
ANTICIPATING THE COLD WAR, FULLY MET THE CHALLENGES AND THE
RESPONSIBILITIES AS A GLOBAL POWER WHICH IT THRUST UPON US,
WHAT DID WE ACCOMPLISH? FIRST, WE HELPED SAVE WESTERN EUROPE
FROM ECONOMIC RUIN AND PERHAPS PERMANENT DECLINE, LAYING THE
GROUNDWORK FOR THE CONTINENT'S STARTLING STRENGTH AND
PROSPERITY TODAY. SECOND, WE TOOK THE LEAD IN ESTABLISHING A
NUMBER OF MULTILATERAL INSTITUTIONS WHICH PERMITTED, FOR THE
FIRST TIME IN HISTORY, THE RATIONAL MANAGEMENT OF AN
INTERDEPENDENT FREE MARKET WORLD ECONOMY. THIRD, WE WELCOMED
OUR FORMER ENEMIES, WEST GERMANY AND JAPAN, INTO THE FOLD OF
DEMOCRATIC WESTERN NATIONS, BURYING THE ENMITIES OF THE PAST
AND RENDERING WAR BETWEEN AND AMONG OURSELVES PERMANENTLY
UNTHINKABLE. AND FOURTH, WE, TOGETHER WITH OUR ALLIES IN NATO,
STOOD FIRM AGAINST SOVIET EXPANSION IN EUROPE AND GLOBALLY.
THESE WERE NO SMALL ACCOMPLISHMENTS. IT IS NOT EASY FOR A
DEMOCRACY TO MAINTAIN THE STEADINESS OF PURPOSE AND THE POPULAR
CONSENSUS ESSENTIAL TO A SUCCESSFUL AND COHERENT FOREIGN
POLICY. THE DIFFICULTY OF OUR TASK WAS COMPOUNDED BY THE FACT
THAT WE WERE BUT ONE OF A COALITION OF DEMOCRACIES, AND THAT WE
FACED A FORMIDABLE ADVERSARY WHOSE MESSIANIC ZEAL WAS MATCHED
ONLY BY ITS SEEMINGLY LIMITLESS ABILITY TO IGNORE THE NEEDS OF
ITS OWN PEOPLE AND DEVOTE VAST RESOURCES TOWARD ACQUIRING THE
INSTRUMENTS OF INTIMIDATION AND AGGRESSION. WE SUCCEEDED
RCV BY:XEROX TELECOPIER 7011 ; 9-18-89 3:28PM ;
202 647 0244->
;# 4
09/18/89
15:27
202 647 0244
PA/PRS
004/016
- 3 -
BUT FIRST, LET ME INDULGE IN A BIT OF COMPLACENCY OF MY
OWN. HISTORY WILL RECORD THAT THE UNITED STATES, WHILE NOT
ANTICIPATING THE COLD WAR, FULLY MET THE CHALLENGES AND THE
RESPONSIBILITIES AS A GLOBAL POWER WHICH IT THRUST UPON US.
WHAT DID WE ACCOMPLISH? FIRST, WE HELPED SAVE WESTERN EUROPE
FROM ECONOMIC RUIN AND PERHAPS PERMANENT DECLINE, LAYING THE
GROUNDWORK FOR THE CONTINENT'S STARTLING STRENGTH AND
PROSPERITY TODAY. SECOND, WE TOOK THE LEAD IN ESTABLISHING A
NUMBER OF MULTILATERAL INSTITUTIONS WHICH PERMITTED, FOR THE
FIRST TIME IN HISTORY, THE RATIONAL MANAGEMENT OF AN
INTERDEPENDENT FREE MARKET WORLD ECONOMY. THIRD, WE WELCOMED
OUR FORMER ENEMIES, WEST GERMANY AND JAPAN, INTO THE FOLD OF
DEMOCRATIC WESTERN NATIONS, BURYING THE ENMITIES OF THE PAST
AND RENDERING WAR BETWEEN AND AMONG OURSELVES PERMANENTLY
UNTHINKABLE. AND FOURTH, WE, TOGETHER WITH OUR ALLIES IN NATO,
STOOD FIRM AGAINST SOVIET EXPANSION IN EUROPE AND GLOBALLY.
THESE WERE NO SMALL ACCOMPLISHMENTS. IT IS NOT EASY FOR A
DEMOCRACY TO MAINTAIN THE STEADINESS OF PURPOSE AND THE POPULAR
CONSENSUS ESSENTIAL TO A SUCCESSFUL AND COHERENT FOREIGN
POLICY. THE DIFFICULTY OF OUR TASK WAS COMPOUNDED BY THE FACT
THAT WE WERE BUT ONE OF A COALITION OF DEMOCRACIES, AND THAT WE
FACED A FORMIDABLE ADVERSARY WHOSE MESSIANIC ZEAL WAS MATCHED
ONLY BY ITS SEEMINGLY LIMITLESS ABILITY TO IGNORE THE NEEDS OF
ITS OWN PEOPLE AND DEVOTE VAST RESOURCES TOWARD ACQUIRING THE
INSTRUMENTS OF INTIMIDATION AND AGGRESSION. WE SUCCEEDED
RCV BY:XERUX TELECOPIER 7011 9-18-89 3:28PM ;
202 647 0244->
;#5
09/18/89 15:28
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PA/PRS
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- 4 -
BECAUSE WE AND OUR ALLIES AGREED THAT THE THREAT WE FACED IN
COMMON WAS IMMINENT AND REAL, AND BECAUSE THE PEOPLES OF THE
WEST WERE WILLING TO BEAR THE SACRIFICES NECESSARY TO MEET THAT
THREAT.
OUR SUCCESS SPEAKS FOR ITSELF. THE WEST TODAY IS STRONGER
COLLECTIVELY THAN AT ANY TIME SINCE WORLD WAR II. WE ARE
PROSPEROUS AND WE ARE SECURE. WE ARE CONFIDENT OF OUR PURPOSE
AND OF THE VALIDITY-AND UNIVERSALITY-OF OUR DEMOCRATIC
IDEALS. ON THE OTHER SIDE, COMMUNISM AS A PHILOSOPHY OF
GOVERNMENT AND AS A GUIDE TO ECONOMICS IS IN DISARRAY. TODAY,
COMMUNISM IS THE REFUGE OF DESPOTS AND OLIGARCHS WHO CLING
DESPERATELY TO POWER BUT WHO KNOW THEY ARE CONDEMNED BY
HISTORY. FROM EASTERN EUROPE TO NICARAGUA, AND FROM ETHIOPIA
TO CUBA, COMMUNIST ECONOMIES ARE RECOGNIZED FAILURES. THE
HISTORY OF THE LAST TEN YEARS IS AN ALMOST UNBLEMISHED RECORD
OF MOVEMENT TOWARD MARKET-ORIENTED REFORMS THE WORLD OVER AND
OF THE VICTORY OF DEMOCRATIC FORCES OVER DICTATORSHIPS OF THE
LEFT AND THE RIGHT.
BUT THE RECORD OF OUR ACHIEVEMENTS IS NOT THE SUBJECT OF MY
ADDRESS TO YOU THIS EVENING. INSTEAD, I WOULD LIKE
DELIBERATELY TO PROVOKE REFLECTION ON THE FUNDAMENTALLY
DIFFERENT SET OF CHALLENGES THE UNITED STATES IS GOING TO FACE
IN THE INTERNATIONAL ARENA AS WE MOVE INTO THE NEXT CENTURY.
RCV BY:XEROX TELECOPIER 7011 9-18-89 3:28PM ;
202 647 0244->
;#5
09/18/89 15:28
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PA/PRS
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- 4 -
BECAUSE WE AND OUR ALLIES AGREED THAT THE THREAT WE FACED IN
COMMON WAS IMMINENT AND REAL, AND BECAUSE THE PEOPLES OF THE
WEST WERE WILLING TO BEAR THE SACRIFICES NECESSARY TO MEET THAT
THREAT.
OUR SUCCESS SPEAKS FOR ITSELF. THE WEST TODAY IS STRONGER
COLLECTIVELY THAN AT ANY TIME SINCE WORLD WAR II. WE ARE
PROSPEROUS AND WE ARE SECURE, WE ARE CONFIDENT OF OUR PURPOSE
AND OF THE VALIDITY--AND UNIVERSALITY-OF OUR DEMOCRATIC
IDEALS. ON THE OTHER SIDE, COMMUNISM AS A PHILOSOPHY OF
GOVERNMENT AND AS A GUIDE TO ECONOMICS IS IN DISARRAY. TODAY,
COMMUNISM IS THE REFUGE OF DESPOTS AND OLIGARCHS WHO CLING
DESPERATELY TO POWER BUT WHO KNOW THEY ARE CONDEMNED BY
HISTORY. FROM EASTERN EUROPE TO NICARAGUA, AND FROM ETHIOPIA
TO CUBA, COMMUNIST ECONOMIES ARE RECOGNIZED FAILURES. THE
HISTORY OF THE LAST TEN YEARS IS AN ALMOST UNBLEMISHED RECORD
OF MOVEMENT TOWARD MARKET-ORIENTED REFORMS THE WORLD OVER AND
OF THE VICTORY OF DEMOCRATIC FORCES OVER DICTATORSHIPS OF THE
LEFT AND THE RIGHT.
BUT THE RECORD OF OUR ACHIEVEMENTS IS NOT THE SUBJECT OF MY
ADDRESS TO YOU THIS EVENING. INSTEAD, I WOULD LIKE
DELIBERATELY TO PROVOKE REFLECTION ON THE FUNDAMENTALLY
DIFFERENT SET OF CHALLENGES THE UNITED STATES IS GOING TO FACE
IN THE INTERNATIONAL ARENA AS WE MOVE INTO THE NEXT CENTURY.
RCV BY:XEROX TELECOPIER 7011 ; 9-18-89 3:29PM ;
202 647 0244->
;# 6
09/18/89
15:29
202 647 0244
PA/PRS
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006/016
- 5 -
WHAT WE HAVE TO UNDERSTAND IS THAT THE BIPOLAR WORLD OF THE
POST-WAR ERA, IN WHICH THE U.S. AND THE SOVIET UNION DOMINATED
WORLD EVENTS AND SET THE AGENDA FOR THEIR RESPECTIVE ALLIANCES,
IS OVER. WE ARE NOW MOVING INTO, OR I SHOULD SAY BACK INTO --
FOR SUCH HAS BEEN THE NATURE OF INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS SINCE
TIME IMMEMORIAL-A WORLD IN WHICH POWER AND INFLUENCE IS
DIFFUSED AMONG A MULTIPLICITY OF STATES.
OBVIOUSLY, THIS DEVELOPMENT HAS BEEN WELCOMED IN THE WEST
INSOFAR AS IT REFLECTS A DECLINE IN SOVIET ECONOMIC POWER AND.
THE PROCESS OF POLITICAL DECAY WHICH NOW SEEMS ENDEMIC TO
EASTERN EUROPE. BUT LET US NOT FOOL OURSELVES. IF IT IS TRUE
THAT WE HAVE EMERGED VICTORIOUS FROM THE COLD WAR, THEN WE,
LIKE THE SOVIETS BEHIND US, HAVE CROSSED THE FINISH LINE VERY
MUCH OUT OF BREATH. BOTH WE AND THE SOVIETS ARE FACED WITH A
FRANKLY DIMINISHED CAPACITY TO INFLUENCE EVENTS AND PROMOTE OUR
RESPECTIVE INTERESTS THROUGHOUT THE WORLD ON THE SCALE TO WHICH
WE HAVE BECOME ACCUSTOMED.
THIS IS NOT TO SAY THAT THE U.S. AND THE SOVIET UNION WILL
CEASE TO BE THE WORLD'S ONLY TRUE SUPERPOWERS, OR THAT THE
SOVIETS WILL NOT REPRESENT THE PRINCIPAL THREAT TO WESTERN
SECURITY INTERESTS- FOR THE FORESEEABLE FUTURE. NOR IS THE
MULTIPOLAR WORLD INTO WHICH WE ARE MOVING NECESSARILY GOING TO
RCV BY:XEROX TELECOPIER 7011 ; 9-18-89 3:29PM ;
202 647 0244->
6
09/18/89
15:29
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PA/PRS
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- 5 - -
WHAT WE HAVE TO UNDERSTAND IS THAT THE BIPOLAR WORLD OF THE
POST-WAR ERA, IN WHICH THE U.S. AND THE SOVIET UNION DOMINATED
WORLD EVENTS AND SET THE AGENDA FOR THEIR RESPECTIVE ALLIANCES,
IS OVER. WE ARE NOW MOVING INTO, OR I SHOULD SAY BACK INTO --
FOR SUCH HAS BEEN THE NATURE OF INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS SINCE
TIME IMMEMORIAL-A WORLD IN WHICH POWER AND INFLUENCE IS
DIFFUSED AMONG A MULTIPLICITY OF STATES.
OBVIOUSLY, THIS DEVELOPMENT HAS BEEN WELCOMED IN THE WEST
INSOFAR AS IT REFLECTS A DECLINE IN SOVIET ECONOMIC POWER AND.
THE PROCESS OF POLITICAL DECAY WHICH NOW SEEMS ENDEMIC TO
EASTERN EUROPE. BUT LET US NOT FOOL OURSELVES. IF IT IS TRUE
THAT WE HAVE EMERGED VICTORIOUS FROM THE COLD WAR, THEN WE,
LIKE THE SOVIETS BEHIND US, HAVE CROSSED THE FINISH LINE VERY
MUCH OUT OF BREATH. BOTH WE AND THE SOVIETS ARE FACED WITH A
FRANKLY DIMINISHED CAPACITY TO INFLUENCE EVENTS AND PROMOTE OUR
RESPECTIVE INTERESTS THROUGHOUT THE WORLD ON THE SCALE TO WHICH
WE HAVE BECOME ACCUSTOMED.
THIS IS NOT TO SAY THAT THE U.S. AND THE SOVIET UNION WILL
CEASE TO BE THE WORLD'S ONLY TRUE SUPERPOWERS, OR THAT THE
SOVIETS WILL NOT REPRESENT THE PRINCIPAL THREAT TO WESTERN
SECURITY INTERESTS- FOR THE FORESEEABLE FUTURE. NOR IS THE
MULTIPOLAR WORLD INTO WHICH WE ARE MOVING NECESSARILY GOING TO
RCV BY:XEROX TELECOPIER 7011 ; 9-18-89 3:30PM ;
202 647 0244->
-]
09/18/89
15:29
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- 6 -
BE A SAFER PLACE THAN THE COLD WAR ERA FROM WHICH WE ARE
EMERGING, GIVEN THE EXISTENCE AND INDEED THE PROLIFERATION OF
WEAPONS OF MASS DESTRUCTION. FOR ALL ITS RISKS AND
UNCERTAINTIES, THE COLD WAR WAS CHARACTERIZED BY A REMARKABLY
STABLE AND PREDICTABLE SET OF RELATIONS AMONG THE GREAT
POWERS. A BRIEF LOOK AT THE HISTORY BOOKS WILL TELL US THAT WE
CANNOT SAY AS MUCH ABOUT THE PERIOD LEADING FROM THE BIRTH OF
THE EUROPEAN NATION-STATES UP THROUGH THE OUTBREAK OF THE
SECOND WORLD WAR.
WE LIVE, THEN, IN A TIME OF TRANSITION, ONE OF RISKS AND
OPPORTUNITIES. THERE IS THE PROSPECT BEFORE US THAT THE EAST
BLOC COUNTRIES WILL AT LAST JOIN THE FAMILY OF DEMOCRATIC
NATIONS, AND THAT THE DEVELOPING COUNTRIES WILL ENJOY THE
FRUITS OF PROGRESS BY EMBRACING MARKET-ORIENTED REFORMS. BUT
THERE IS ALSO THE DANGER THAT CHANGE IN THE EAST WILL PROVE TOO
DESTABILIZING TO BE SUSTAINED, AND THAT THE NATIONS OF THE
THIRD WORLD WILL BE CRUSHED BY THE WEIGHT OF DEBT AND DECAY,
LEADING TO INSTABILITY ON A BROAD SCALE.
IF THERE IS ONE MESSAGE I WOULD LIKE TO CONVEY THIS
EVENING, IT IS THAT OUR ABILITY TO MEET THE CHALLENGES IN
EAST-WEST AND NORTH-SOUTH RELATIONS WILL DEPEND SUBSTANTIALLY
ON HOW WELL THE MAJOR WESTERN INDUSTRIAL NATIONS MANAGE THE
TRANSITION TO A NEW SET OF RELATIONS AND A NEW DISTRIBUTION OF
TELECUPIER
9-18-89
3:30PM ;
202 647 0244->
;#7
09/18/89
15:29
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1
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- 6 -
BE A SAFER PLACE THAN THE COLD WAR ERA FROM WHICH WE ARE
EMERGING, GIVEN THE EXISTENCE AND INDEED THE PROLIFERATION OF
WEAPONS OF MASS DESTRUCTION. FOR ALL ITS RISKS AND
UNCERTAINTIES, THE COLD WAR WAS CHARACTERIZED BY A REMARKABLY
STABLE AND PREDICTABLE SET OF RELATIONS AMONG THE GREAT
POWERS. A BRIEF LOOK AT THE HISTORY BOOKS WILL TELL US THAT WE
CANNOT SAY AS MUCH ABOUT THE PERIOD LEADING FROM THE BIRTH OF
THE EUROPEAN NATION-STATES UP THROUGH THE OUTBREAK OF THE
SECOND WORLD WAR.
WE LIVE, THEN, IN A TIME OF TRANSITION, ONE OF RISKS AND
OPPORTUNITIES. THERE IS THE PROSPECT BEFORE US THAT THE EAST
BLOC COUNTRIES WILL AT LAST JOIN THE FAMILY OF DEMOCRATIC
NATIONS, AND THAT THE DEVELOPING COUNTRIES WILL ENJOY THE
FRUITS OF PROGRESS BY EMBRACING MARKET-ORIENTED REFORMS. BUT
THERE IS ALSO THE DANGER THAT CHANGE IN THE EAST WILL PROVE TOO
DESTABILIZING TO BE SUSTAINED, AND THAT THE NATIONS OF THE
THIRD WORLD WILL BE CRUSHED BY THE WEIGHT OF DEBT AND DECAY,
LEADING TO INSTABILITY ON A BROAD SCALE.
IF THERE IS ONE MESSAGE I WOULD LIKE TO CONVEY THIS
EVENING, IT IS THAT OUR ABILITY TO MEET THE CHALLENGES IN
EAST-WEST AND NORTH-SOUTH RELATIONS WILL DEPEND SUBSTANTIALLY
ON HOW WELL THE MAJOR WESTERN INDUSTRIAL NATIONS MANAGE THE
TRANSITION TO A NEW SET OF RELATIONS AND A NEW DISTRIBUTION OF
RCV BY:XERUX TELECOPIER 7011 ; 9-18-89
3:30PM ;
202 647 0244->
;# 8
09/18/89
15:30
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7 -
RESPONSIBILITIES AMONG THEMSELVES. CLEARLY, THE BALANCE OF
POWER AMONG THE U.S., WESTERN EUROPE AND JAPAN HAS SHIFTED OVER
THE LAST DECADE. WE CAN DO SOMETHING ABOUT OUR TRADE AND
BUDGET DEFICITS, BUT WE CAN DO NOTHING TO ALTER THE FUNDAMENTAL
FACT THAT WE ARE NO LONGER GOING TO BE ABLE TO GET OUR WAY IN
INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS AS WE ONCE DID. HOW WE ADJUST TO THIS
FACT, AND HOW OUR WESTERN PARTNERS ADJUST TO THEIR NEW-FOUND
INDEPENDENCE AND RESPONSIBILITIES WILL DETERMINE WHETHER THE
STABLE INTERNATIONAL FRAMEWORK THE U.S. DID so MUCH TO FOSTER
IN THE POST-WAR PERIOD WILL CONTINUE TO FUNCTION FOR THE
BENEFIT OF ALL, OR WHETHER WE WILL SLIP BACK TOWARD THE DARK
DAYS OF AUTARKY, UNILATERALISM, AND PROTECTIONISM WHICH PROVED
so DAMAGING TO THE WEST IN THE 1920S AND 30s.
THE SHIFT IN THE BALANCE OF POWER AMONG THE LEADING WESTERN
COUNTRIES DOES NOT MEAN THE U.S. MUST ABANDON ITS LEADERSHIP
ROLE. ON THE CONTRARY, THE U.S. WILL REMAIN FOR LONG INTO THE
NEXT CENTURY THE ONLY POWER ABLE - OR AT LEAST WILLING -- TO
THINK IN GLOBAL TERMS AND TO FASHION POLICIES IN THE OVERALL
POLITICAL, ECONOMIC AND SECURITY INTERESTS OF THE WEST. WE
HAVE NOT ALWAYS DONE THIS WELL, NOR HAVE WE NECESSARILY DONE SO
FOR SELFLESS REASONS, BUT THE FACT REMAINS THAT NONE OF OUR
WESTERN PARTNERS HAS THE GLOBAL REACH OR THE DISPOSITION TO
TAKE THE LEAD IN SAFEGUARDING AND EXPANDING THE INSTITUTIONAL
MECHANISMS WHICH ARE VITAL TO THE PRESERVATION OF INTERNATIONAL
RCV
TELECOPIER
7011
9-18-89
3:30PM ;
202 647 02449
;# 8
09/18/89 15:30
202 647 0244
PA/PRS
1
008/016
- 7 -
RESPONSIBILITIES AMONG THEMSELVES. CLEARLY, THE BALANCE OF
POWER AMONG THE U.S., WESTERN EUROPE AND JAPAN HAS SHIFTED OVER
THE LAST DECADE. WE CAN DO SOMETHING ABOUT OUR TRADE AND
BUDGET DEFICITS, BUT WE CAN DO NOTHING TO ALTER THE FUNDAMENTAL
FACT THAT WE ARE NO LONGER GOING TO BE ABLE TO GET OUR WAY IN
INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS AS WE ONCE DID. HOW WE ADJUST TO THIS
FACT, AND HOW OUR WESTERN PARTNERS ADJUST TO THEIR NEW-FOUND
INDEPENDENCE AND RESPONSIBILITIES WILL DETERMINE WHETHER THE
STABLE INTERNATIONAL FRAMEWORK THE U.S. DID so MUCH TO FOSTER
IN THE POST-WAR PERIOD WILL CONTINUE TO FUNCTION FOR THE
BENEFIT OF ALL, OR WHETHER WE WILL SLIP BACK TOWARD THE DARK.
DAYS OF AUTARKY, UNILATERALISM, AND PROTECTIONISM WHICH PROVED
SO DAMAGING TO THE WEST IN THE 1920S AND 30s.
THE SHIFT IN THE BALANCE OF POWER AMONG THE LEADING WESTERN
COUNTRIES DOES NOT MEAN THE U.S. MUST ABANDON ITS LEADERSHIP
ROLE. ON THE CONTRARY, THE U.S. WILL REMAIN FOR LONG INTO THE
NEXT CENTURY THE ONLY POWER ABLE - OR AT LEAST WILLING -- TO
THINK IN GLOBAL TERMS AND TO FASHION POLICIES IN THE OVERALL
POLITICAL, ECONOMIC AND SECURITY INTERESTS OF THE WEST. WE
HAVE NOT ALWAYS DONE THIS WELL, NOR HAVE WE NECESSARILY DONE so
FOR SELFLESS REASONS, BUT THE FACT REMAINS THAT NONE OF OUR
WESTERN PARTNERS HAS THE GLOBAL REACH OR THE DISPOSITION TO
TAKE THE LEAD IN SAFEGUARDING AND EXPANDING THE INSTITUTIONAL
MECHANISMS WHICH ARE VITAL TO THE PRESERVATION OF INTERNATIONAL
RCV BY:XEROX TELECOPIER 7011 ; 9-18-89
3:31PM ;
202 647 0244->
;# 9
09/18/89
15:31
202 647 0244
PA/PRS
1
009/016
- 8 -
ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL STABILITY. OUR CAPACITY TO PLAY THIS
ROLE MAY HAVE BEEN DIMINISHED, BUT THE NEED FOR US TO DO SO HAS
NOT.
FOR THE U.S. TO CONTINUE TO PLAY THIS ROLE, HOWEVER, WILL
INCREASINGLY REQUIRE A RECOGNITION BY OUR WESTERN DEMOCRATIC
PARTNERS THAT, WITH INCREASED WEALTH AND INFLUENCE, COME
INCREASED RESPONSIBILITIES. FOR EXAMPLE, THE WEST EUROPÉANS,
AS THEY MOVE TOWARDS THE CREATION OF A SINGLE INTERNAL MARKET
IN JANUARY 1993, WILL HAVE TO INSURE A CONTINUED OPEN TRADE
RELATIONSHIP WITH THE U.S. IF WE ARE GOING TO AVOID A
PROTECTIONIST SPIRAL AND A CONSEQUENT DETERIORATION IN THE
TRANSATLANTIC RELATIONSHIP. SIMILARLY, THE JAPANESE ARE GOING
TO HAVE TO ACCEPT THE FACT THAT THEY CANNOT AFFORD TO PURSUE
UNILATERAL ADVANTAGE TO THE DETRIMENT OF THE OVERALL STABILITY
OF THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM. IN THIS RESPECT, IT IS INCUMBENT
ON BOTH THE U.S. AND THE WEST EUROPEANS TO FIND INSTITUTIONAL
MEANS OF BRINGING THE JAPANESE INTO A CLOSER CONSULTATIVE
RELATIONSHIP ON A BROAD RANGE OF POLITICAL AS WELL AS ECONOMIC
ISSUES, SO THAT THEY CAN PLAY THE CREATIVE AND POSITIVE
INTERNATIONAL ROLE WHICH IS RIGHTFULLY AND NECESSARILY THEIRS.
THE PROBLEMS OF ADJUSTMENT WHICH WE IN THE WEST FACE PALE
IN COMPARISON TO THOSE FACING THE SOVIETS TODAY. THE SOVIET
UNION IS GOING THROUGH WHAT CAN ONLY BE DESCRIBED AS A CRISIS
ROV BY:XEROX TELECOPIER 7011 9-18-89
3:31PM ;
202 647 0244->
;# 9
09/18/89 15:31
202 647 0244
PA/PRS
1
009/016
- 8 -
ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL STABILITY. OUR CAPACITY TO PLAY THIS
ROLE MAY HAVE BEEN DIMINISHED, BUT THE NEED FOR US TO DO SO HAS
NOT.
FOR THE U.S. TO CONTINUE TO PLAY THIS ROLE, HOWEVER, WILL
INCREASINGLY REQUIRE A RECOGNITION BY OUR WESTERN DEMOCRATIC
PARTNERS THAT, WITH INCREASED WEALTH AND INFLUENCE, COME
INCREASED RESPONSIBILITIES. FOR EXAMPLE, THE WEST EUROPÉANS,
AS THEY MOVE TOWARDS THE CREATION OF A SINGLE INTERNAL MARKET
IN JANUARY 1993, WILL HAVE TO INSURE A CONTINUED OPEN TRADE
RELATIONSHIP WITH THE U.S. IF WE ARE GOING TO AVOID A
PROTECTIONIST SPIRAL AND A CONSEQUENT DETERIORATION IN THE
TRANSATLANTIC RELATIONSHIP. SIMILARLY, THE JAPANESE ARE GOING
TO HAVE TO ACCEPT THE FACT THAT THEY CANNOT AFFORD TO PURSUE
UNILATERAL ADVANTAGE TO THE DETRIMENT OF THE OVERALL STABILITY
OF THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM. IN THIS RESPECT, IT IS INCUMBENT
ON BOTH THE U.S. AND THE WEST EUROPEANS TO FIND INSTITUTIONAL
MEANS OF BRINGING THE JAPANESE INTO A CLOSER CONSULTATIVE
RELATIONSHIP ON A BROAD RANGE OF POLITICAL AS WELL AS ECONOMIC
ISSUES, SO THAT THEY CAN PLAY THE CREATIVE AND POSITIVE
INTERNATIONAL ROLE WHICH IS RIGHTFULLY AND NECESSARILY THEIRS.
THE PROBLEMS OF ADJUSTMENT WHICH WE IN THE WEST FACE PALE
IN COMPARISON TO THOSE FACING THE SOVIETS TODAY. THE SOVIET
UNION IS GOING THROUGH WHAT CAN ONLY BE DESCRIBED AS A CRISIS
RCV BY:XEROX TELECOPIER 7011 ; 9-16-89
3:32PM ;
202 647 0244->
;#10
09/18/89 15:31
202 647 0244
PA/PRS
010/016
- 9 -
OF MASSIVE PROPORTIONS. MIKHAIL GORBACHEV HAS HAD THE WISDOM
TO UNDERSTAND THAT RADICAL CHANGE IS NECESSARY TO SAVE HIS
COUNTRY FROM PERMANENT DECLINE. THIS IS NOT THE FIRST TIME,
HOWEVER, THAT THE KREMLIN HAS ENGINEERED AN IDEOLOGICAL RETREAT
IN ORDER TO STIMULATE NATIONAL RECOVERY. LENIN FIRST DID so
WITH HIS MARKET-ORIENTED NEW ECONOMIC PLAN IN THE 1920s, AND
STALIN SUBMERGED IDEOLOGY IN FAVOR OF RUSSIAN NATIONALISM
DURING THE GREAT PATRIOTIC WAR AGAINST NAZI GERMANY. WE NEED
TO KEEP THIS HISTORY IN MIND, AS WELL AS THE FACT THAT
GORBACHEV IS NO ANTI-COMMUNIST, AND THAT HE INTENDS TO MAKE THE
SOVIET UNION AS STRONG AS HE POSSIBLY CAN.
NEVERTHELESS, IT IS TRUE THAT THE CHANGES INTRODUCED BY
GORBACHEV OFFER THE FIRST REALISTIC HOPE FOR A TRANSFORMATION
IN THE NATURE OF THE SOVIET SYSTEM AND FOR A QUALITATIVE
IMPROVEMENT IN EAST-WEST RELATIONS. AS PRESIDENT BUSH HAS
ARGUED, WE HAVE A HISTORIC OPPORTUNITY NOW TO END THE POST-WAR
DIVISION OF EUROPE ON TERMS WHICH REFLECT OUR DEMOCRATIC
PRINCIPLES. THIS IS BECAUSE MR. GORBACHEV APPARENTLY HAS
UNDERSTOOD THAT HIS COUNTRY WILL NOT BE ABLE TO COMPETE
ECONOMICALLY UNLESS RESOURCES ARE SHIFTED AWAY FROM THE
MILITARY, AND THAT THE SOVIET UNION WILL NOT BE ABLE TO ENTER
THE POST-INDUSTRIAL AGE UNLESS IT OPENS ITS SOCIETY TO THE
OUTSIDE WORLD AND ESTABLISHES RELATIONS WITH THE WEST ON A
NORMAL FOOTING. IT IS FOR THESE REASONS THAT HE HAS MADE
RCV BY:XEROX TELECOPIER 7011 ; 9-18-89 3:32PM ;
202 647 0244->
;#10
09/18/89
15:31
202 647 0244
PA/PRS
010/016
- 9 -
OF MASSIVE PROPORTIONS. MIKHAIL GORBACHEV HAS HAD THE WISDOM
TO UNDERSTAND THAT RADICAL CHANGE IS NECESSARY TO SAVE HIS
COUNTRY FROM PERMANENT DECLINE. THIS IS NOT THE FIRST TIME,
HOWEVER, THAT THE KREMLIN HAS ENGINEERED AN IDEOLOGICAL RETREAT
IN ORDER TO STIMULATE NATIONAL RECOVERY. LENIN FIRST DID SO
WITH HIS MARKET-ORIENTED NEW ECONOMIC PLAN IN THE 1920s, AND
STALIN SUBMERGED IDEOLOGY IN FAVOR OF RUSSIAN NATIONALISM
DURING THE GREAT PATRIOTIC WAR AGAINST NAZI GERMANY. WE NEED
TO KEEP THIS HISTORY IN MIND, AS WELL AS THE FACT THAT
GORBACHEV IS NO ANTI-COMMUNIST, AND THAT HE INTENDS TO MAKE THE
SOVIET UNION AS STRONG AS HE POSSIBLY CAN.
NEVERTHELESS, IT IS TRUE THAT THE CHANGES INTRODUCED BY
GORBACHEV OFFER THE FIRST REALISTIC HOPE FOR A TRANSFORMATION
IN THE NATURE OF THE SOVIET SYSTEM AND FOR A QUALITATIVE
IMPROVEMENT IN EAST-WEST RELATIONS. AS PRESIDENT BUSH HAS
ARGUED, WE HAVE A HISTORIC OPPORTUNITY NOW TO END THE POST-WAR
DIVISION OF EUROPE ON TERMS WHICH REFLECT OUR DEMOCRATIC
PRINCIPLES. THIS IS BECAUSE MR. GORBACHEV APPARENTLY HAS
UNDERSTOOD THAT HIS COUNTRY WILL NOT BE ABLE TO COMPETE
ECONOMICALLY UNLESS RESOURCES ARE SHIFTED AWAY FROM THE
MILITARY, AND THAT THE SOVIET UNION WILL NOT BE ABLE TO ENTER
THE POST-INDUSTRIAL AGE UNLESS IT OPENS ITS SOCIETY TO THE
OUTSIDE WORLD AND ESTABLISHES RELATIONS WITH THE WEST ON A
NORMAL FOOTING. IT IS FOR THESE REASONS THAT HE HAS MADE
RCV BY:XEROX TELECOPIER 7011 ; 9-18-89 3:32PM ;
202 647 0244+
;#11
09/18/89
15:32
202 647 0244
PA/PRS
011/016
- 10 -
HOPEFUL PRONOUNCEMENTS ON ARMS REDUCTIONS, AND HAS SLOWED THE
OVERSEAS ADVENTURISM WHICH DID so MUCH TO GALVANIZE WESTERN
SOLIDARITY IN THE EARLY 1980s.
AND HEREIN LIES A DANGER TO WESTERN INTERESTS: THAT WITH A
PERCEPTION GROWING AMONG THE WESTERN PUBLIC THAT THE SOVIET
THREAT HAS DIMINISHED, THERE WILL BE A TENDENCY FOR THE MEMBER
STATES OF THE NATO ALLIANCE TO COMPETE IN EXPANDING THEIR
RELATIONS WITH THE EAST. ALREADY, WE ARE HEARING IT SAID THAT
WE NEED TO TAKE MEASURES TO INSURE THE SUCCESS OF GORBACHEV'S
REFORMS. THIS, HOWEVER, IS NOT THE TASK OF AMERICAN FOREIGN
POLICY, NOR SHOULD IT BE THAT OF OUR WESTERN PARTNERS. OUR
TASK, AFTER ALL, IS TO DEVISE POLICIES WHICH WILL SERVE OUR
INTERESTS WHETHER MR. GORBACHEY SUCCEEDS OR FAILS. AND OUR
COMMON GOAL OUGHT TO BE THE MAINTENANCE OF THE SECURITY
CONSENSUS WHICH HAS SERVED THE WEST so WELL OVER THE PAST 40
YEARS UNTIL THE PROCESS OF DEMOCRATIC REFORM IN THE EAST HAS
TRULY BECOME IRREVERSIBLE.
THIS WILL BE EASIER SAID THAN DONE. IF THE WESTERN
TENDENCY TOWARDS UNILATERALISM ON TRADE MATTERS IS MATCHED IN
THE FIELD OF SECURITY RELATIONS WITH THE EAST BLOC, THE SOVIETS
MAY BE ABLE TO PLAY NATO MEMBERS OFF AGAINST EACH OTHER, AND
OBTAIN TRADE AND ARMS CONTROL CONCESSIONS WITHOUT UNDERTAKING
THE KIND OF SYSTEMIC REFORMS WHICH ALONE CAN MAKE FOR A STABLE
RCV BY:XEROX TELECOPIER 7011 ; 9-18-89
3:32PM ;
202 647 0244->
;#11
09/18/89
15:32
202 647 0244
PA/PRS
011/016
- 10 -
HOPEFUL PRONOUNCEMENTS ON ARMS REDUCTIONS, AND HAS SLOWED THE
OVERSEAS ADVENTURISM WHICH DID so MUCH TO GALVANIZE WESTERN
SOLIDARITY IN THE EARLY 1980s.
AND HEREIN LIES A DANGER TO WESTERN INTERESTS: THAT WITH A
PERCEPTION GROWING AMONG THE WESTERN PUBLIC THAT THE SOVIET
THREAT HAS DIMINISHED, THERE WILL BE A TENDENCY FOR THE MEMBER
STATES OF THE NATO ALLIANCE TO COMPETE IN EXPANDING THEIR
RELATIONS WITH THE EAST. ALREADY, WE ARE HEARING IT SAID THAT.
WE NEED TO TAKE MEASURES TO INSURE THE SUCCESS OF GORBACHEY'S
REFORMS. THIS, HOWEVER, IS NOT THE TASK OF AMERICAN FOREIGN
POLICY, NOR SHOULD IT BE THAT OF OUR WESTERN PARTNERS. OUR
TASK, AFTER ALL, IS TO DEVISE POLICIES WHICH WILL SERVE OUR
INTERESTS WHETHER MR. GORBACHEY SUCCEEDS OR FAILS. AND OUR
COMMON GOAL OUGHT TO BE THE MAINTENANCE OF THE SECURITY
CONSENSUS WHICH HAS SERVED THE WEST so WELL OVER THE PAST 40
YEARS UNTIL THE PROCESS OF DEMOCRATIC REFORM IN THE EAST HAS
TRULY BECOME IRREVERSIBLE.
THIS WILL BE EASIER SAID THAN DONE. IF THE WESTERN
TENDENCY TOWARDS UNILATERALISM ON TRADE MATTERS IS MATCHED IN
THE FIELD OF SECURITY RELATIONS WITH THE EAST BLOC, THE SOVIETS
MAY BE ABLE TO PLAY NATO MEMBERS OFF AGAINST EACH OTHER, AND
OBTAIN TRADE AND ARMS CONTROL CONCESSIONS WITHOUT UNDERTAKING
THE KIND OF SYSTEMIC REFORMS WHICH ALONE CAN MAKE FOR A STABLE
RCV BY:XEROX TELECOPIER 7011 9-18-89
3:33PM
202 647 0244-
;#12
09/18/89
15:33
202 647 0244
PA/PRS
012/016
- 11 -
AND CONFIDENT RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN EAST AND WEST.
OBVIOUSLY, IT IS IN THE EUROPEANS' INTEREST AS MUCH, IF NOT
MORE THAN OUR OWN, TO AVOID BANKROLLING MERELY COSMETIC SOVIET
REFORMS OR TO REACH ARMS CONTROL AGREEMENTS WHICH UNDERMINE
NATO'S ABILITY TO DETER AGGRESSION. AFTER ALL, THE EUROPEANS
ARE CONDEMNED BY GEOGRAPHY TO LIVE IN THE SHADOW OF SOVIET
MILITARY POWER WHETHER OR NOT THE SOVIET UNION IN THE LONG RUN
CHANGES AS MUCH AS ALL OF US HOPE. AND WHILE THE U.S.
COMMITMENT TO NATO WILL REMAIN SECURE, IT IS INCREASINGLY
INCUMBENT UPON OUR EUROPEAN ALLIES -- PARTICULARLY AS THEY
UNIFY THEIR ECONOMIES - TO ASSUME GREATER RESPONSIBILITY FOR
THEIR OWN DEFENSE AND TO ESTABLISH A MORE EQUITABLE DIVISION OF
LABOR WITHIN THE ALLIANCE THAT REFLECTS THE RELATIVE STRENGTH
OF OUR ECONOMIES.
THERE IS AN ADDITIONAL REASON WHY THE EUROPEANS WILL HAVE
TO BECOME MORE RESPONSIBLE FOR MANAGING THEIR OWN INTERESTS.
WE ARE NOW DISCOVERING THAT THE PROCESS OF REFORM IN THE SOVIET
BLOC AND THE RELAXATION OF SOVIET CONTROL OVER EASTERN EUROPE
ARE BRINGING LONG-SUPPRESSED ETHNIC ANTAGONISMS AND NATIONAL
RIVALRIES TO THE SURFACE, AND PUTTING THE GERMAN QUESTION BACK
ON THE INTERNATIONAL AGENDA. WHILE AMERICAN POLICY CAN HAVE A
STEADYING INFLUENCE IN DEALING WITH THESE QUESTIONS, IT IS
ULTIMATELY THE EUROPEANS THEMSELVES WHO HAVE THE PRINCIPAL
RCV BY:XEROX TELECOPIER 7011 ; 9-18-89 3:33PM ;
202 647 0244->
;#12
09/18/89
15:33
202 647 0244
PA/PRS
4
012/016
- 11 -
AND CONFIDENT RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN EAST AND WEST.
OBVIOUSLY, IT IS IN THE EUROPEANS' INTEREST AS MUCH, IF NOT
MORE THAN OUR OWN, TO AVOID BANKROLLING MERELY COSMETIC SOVIET
REFORMS OR TO REACH ARMS CONTROL AGREEMENTS WHICH UNDERMINE
NATO'S ABILITY TO DETER AGGRESSION. AFTER ALL, THE EUROPEANS
ARE CONDEMNED BY GEOGRAPHY TO LIVE IN THE SHADOW OF SOVIET
MILITARY POWER WHETHER OR NOT THE SOVIET UNION IN THE LONG RUN
CHANGES AS MUCH AS ALL OF US HOPE. AND WHILE THE U.S.
COMMITMENT TO NATO WILL REMAIN SECURE, IT IS INCREASINGLY
INCUMBENT UPON OUR EUROPEAN ALLIES -- PARTICULARLY AS THEY
UNIFY THEIR ECONOMIES - TO ASSUME GREATER RESPONSIBILITY FOR
THEIR OWN DEFENSE AND TO ESTABLISH A MORE EQUITABLE DIVISION OF
LABOR WITHIN THE ALLIANCE THAT REFLECTS THE RELATIVE STRENGTH
OF OUR ECONOMIES.
THERE IS AN ADDITIONAL REASON WHY THE EUROPEANS WILL HAVE
TO BECOME MORE RESPONSIBLE FOR MANAGING THEIR OWN INTERESTS.
WE ARE NOW DISCOVERING THAT THE PROCESS OF REFORM IN THE SOVIET
BLOC AND THE RELAXATION OF SOVIET CONTROL OVER EASTERN EUROPE
ARE BRINGING LONG-SUPPRESSED ETHNIC ANTAGONISMS AND NATIONAL
RIVALRIES TO THE SURFACE, AND PUTTING THE GERMAN QUESTION BACK
ON THE INTERNATIONAL AGENDA. WHILE AMERICAN POLICY CAN HAVE A
STEADYING INFLUENCE IN DEALING WITH THESE QUESTIONS, IT IS
ULTIMATELY THE EUROPEANS THEMSELVES WHO HAVE THE PRINCIPAL
RCV BY:XEROX TELECOPIER 7011 ; 9-18-89 3:34PM ;
202 647 02449
;#13
09/18/89
15:33
202 647 0244
PA/PRS
4
013/016
- 12 -
POLITICAL STAKE IN MAKING THE TRANSITION TO A NEW AND UNDIVIDED
EUROPE A PEACEFUL AND ORDERLY ONE. MOREOVER, THE COOPERATIVE
AND MULTILATERAL APPROACH WHICH HAS MADE FOR A PROSPEROUS AND
SECURE WESTERN EUROPE IN THE POST-WAR PERIOD WILL BE KEY TO
OVERCOMING THE INHERENT INSTABILITY AND UNPREDICTABILITY OF THE
MULTIPOLAR ERA INTO WHICH THE WHOLE OF EUROPE IS NOW ENTERING.
THE UNITED STATES WILL ALSO FACE A NEW SET OF CHALLENGES
OVER THE NEXT DECADE IN ITS RELATIONS WITH THE DEVELOPING
WORLD. HERE, TOO, THE POST-WAR STRUGGLE BETWEEN LIBERAL
DEMOCRACY AND COMMUNIST OR STATIST IDEOLOGIES FOR THE HEARTS.
AND MINDS OF THE PEOPLES OF THE THIRD WORLD APPEARS TO BE
MOVING IN WAYS FAVORABLE TO THE WEST. BUT WE SHOULD BE
REALISTIC ABOUT THE UNDERLYING MEANING OF THE TREND TOWARDS
DEMOCRACY AND THE MOVEMENT TOWARDS FREE MARKET REFORMS WHICH WE
ARE WITNESSING TODAY THROUGHOUT MUCH OF THE DEVELOPING WORLD.
THE FACT IS THAT THE TREND IS AGAINST INCUMBENT GOVERNMENTS
EVERYWHERE, OF ALL POLITICAL STRIPES - GOVERNMENTS WHICH ARE
OVERWHELMED BY THE PROBLEMS OF OVERPOPULATION, UNEMPLOYMENT AND
STAGNANT ECONOMIC GROWTH.
CLEARLY, MANY OF THE PROBLEMS OF THE DEVELOPING NATION:- ARE
OF THEIR OWN MAKING. BUT IF THEY ARE WILLING TO UNDERTAKE THE
NECESSARY REFORMS, WE IN THE WEST MUST RESPOND WITH CREATIVE
APPROACHES TO THE DEBT PROBLEM AND WITH A LEVEL OF INVESTMENT
RCV BY:XEROX TELECOPIER 7011 ; 9-18-89 3:34PM ;
202 647 0244->
;#13
09/18/89 15:33
202 647 0244
PA/PRS
1
013/016
- 12 -
POLITICAL STAKE IN MAKING THE TRANSITION TO A NEW AND UNDIVIDED
EUROPE A PEACEFUL AND ORDERLY ONE. MOREOVER, THE COOPERATIVE
AND MULTILATERAL APPROACH WHICH HAS MADE FOR A PROSPEROUS AND
SECURE WESTERN EUROPE IN THE POST-WAR PERIOD WILL BE KEY TO
OVERCOMING THE INHERENT INSTABILITY AND UNPREDICTABILITY OF THE
MULTIPOLAR ERA INTO WHICH THE WHOLE OF EUROPE IS NOW ENTERING.
THE UNITED STATES WILL ALSO FACE A NEW SET OF CHALLENGES
OVER THE NEXT DECADE IN ITS RELATIONS WITH THE DEVELOPING
WORLD. HERE, TOO, THE POST-WAR STRUGGLE BETWEEN LIBERAL
DEMOCRACY AND COMMUNIST OR STATIST IDEOLOGIES FOR THE HEARTS.
AND MINDS OF THE PEOPLES OF THE THIRD WORLD APPEARS TO BE
MOVING IN WAYS FAVORABLE TO THE WEST. BUT WE SHOULD BE
REALISTIC ABOUT THE UNDERLYING MEANING OF THE TREND TOWARDS
DEMOCRACY AND THE MOVEMENT TOWARDS FREE MARKET REFORMS WHICH WE
ARE WITNESSING TODAY THROUGHOUT MUCH OF THE DEVELOPING WORLD.
THE FACT IS THAT THE TREND IS AGAINST INCUMBENT GOVERNMENTS
EVERYWHERE, OF ALL POLITICAL STRIPES - GOVERNMENTS WHICH ARE
OVERWHELMED BY THE PROBLEMS OF OVERPOPULATION, UNEMPLOYMENT AND
STAGNANT ECONOMIC GROWTH.
CLEARLY, MANY OF THE PROBLEMS OF THE DEVELOPING NATION:- ARE
OF THEIR OWN MAKING. BUT IF THEY ARE WILLING TO UNDERTAKE THE
NECESSARY REFORMS, WE IN THE WEST MUST RESPOND WITH CREATIVE
APPROACHES TO THE DEBT PROBLEM AND WITH A LEVEL OF INVESTMENT
RCV BY:XEROX TELECOPIER 7011 ; 9-18-89 3:34PM ;
202 647 0244->
;#14
09/18/89
15:34
202 647 0244
PA/PRS
014/016
- 13 -
WHICH MANY OF THESE COUNTRIES FORMERLY SHUNNED BUT NOW URGENTLY
SOLICIT. IF WE SHOULD FAIL TO RESPOND ADEQUATELY TO THE DEBT
CRISIS, WE MAY FIND THE TREND TOWARDS DEMOCRACY IN THE
DEVELOPING WORLD TO BE SHORT-LIVED. WE MAY ALSO FIND THAT SOME
OF THE FRAGILE NATION-STATES OF THE THIRD WORLD WILL COLLAPSE
INTO THEIR ETHNIC OR REGIONAL COMPONENTS, WHILE THOSE WHO ARE
WELL-ARMED MAY SEEK EXTERNAL SOLUTIONS TO THEIR INTERNAL
PROBLEMS. AND WE MAY FIND INSTABILITY IN THE DEVELOPING WORLD
BROUGHT TO THE VERY DOORSTEP OF THE WEST, BOTH IN EUROPE AND
THE UNITED STATES.
FINALLY, THERE IS A FURTHER HOST OF PROBLEMS WE ARE GOING
TO FACE AS WE MOVE INTO THE NEXT CENTURY WHICH WILL EXCEED THE
ABILITY OF THE U.S. OR ANY SINGLE NATION TO RESOLVE, AND WHICH
WILL, THEREFORE, REQUIRE A COLLECTIVE APPROACH. THESE INCLUDE
THE PROBLEMS OF WEAPONS PROLIFERATION, INTERNATIONAL
DRUG-TRAFFICKING, TERRORISM AND THE IMPERILLED STATE OF THE
WORLD ENVIRONMENT. THESE ARE PROBLEMS WHICH DO NOT RESPECT
BORDERS AND FOR WHICH NATIONAL OR STRICTLY UNILATERAL SOLUTIONS
DO NOT EXIST.
IF MIKHAIL GORBACHEV IS SINCERE WHEN HE SAYS THAT WE HAVE
TO SET ASIDE OUR IDEOLOGICAL DIFFERENCES AND MILITARY
COMPETITION IN ORDER TO ADDRESS THE FUNDAMENTAL THREATS TO THE
SURVIVAL OF THE PLANET, HE WILL FIND IN THE UNITED STATES A
RCV BY:XEROX TELECOPIER 7011 ; 9-18-89 3:34PM ;
202 647 0244->
;#14
09/18/89
15:34
202 647 0244
PA/PRS
014/016
- 13 -
WHICH MANY OF THESE COUNTRIES FORMERLY SHUNNED BUT NOW URGENTLY
SOLICIT. IF WE SHOULD FAIL TO RESPOND ADEQUATELY TO THE DEBT
CRISIS, WE MAY FIND THE TREND TOWARDS DEMOCRACY IN THE
DEVELOPING WORLD TO BE SHORT-LIVED. WE MAY ALSO FIND THAT SOME
OF THE FRAGILE NATION-STATES OF THE THIRD WORLD WILL COLLAPSE
INTO THEIR ETHNIC OR REGIONAL COMPONENTS, WHILE THOSE WHO ARE
WELL-ARMED MAY SEEK EXTERNAL SOLUTIONS TO THEIR INTERNAL
PROBLEMS. AND WE MAY FIND INSTABILITY IN THE DEVELOPING WORLD
BROUGHT TO THE VERY DOORSTEP OF THE WEST, BOTH IN EUROPE AND
THE UNITED STATES.
FINALLY, THERE IS A FURTHER HOST OF PROBLEMS WE ARE GOING
TO FACE AS WE MOVE INTO THE NEXT CENTURY WHICH WILL EXCEED THE
ABILITY OF THE U.S. OR ANY SINGLE NATION TO RESOLVE, AND WHICH
WILL, THEREFORE, REQUIRE A COLLECTIVE APPROACH. THESE INCLUDE
THE PROBLEMS OF WEAPONS PROLIFERATION, INTERNATIONAL
DRUG-TRAFFICKING, TERRORISM AND THE IMPERILLED STATE OF THE
WORLD ENVIRONMENT. THESE ARE PROBLEMS WHICH DO NOT RESPECT
BORDERS AND FOR WHICH NATIONAL OR STRICTLY UNILATERAL SOLUTIONS
DO NOT EXIST.
IF MIKHAIL GORBACHEV IS SINCERE WHEN HE SAYS THAT WE HAVE
TO SET ASIDE OUR IDEOLOGICAL DIFFERENCES AND MILITARY
COMPETITION IN ORDER TO ADDRESS THE FUNDAMENTAL THREATS TO THE
SURVIVAL OF THE PLANET, HE WILL FIND IN THE UNITED STATES A
9-18-89
3:35PM ;
202 647 0244->
;#15
09/18/89 15:35
202 647 0244
PA/PRS
015/016
- 14 -
READY PARTNER. BUT MOST OF THE PROBLEMS TO WHICH I REFERRED --
PROBLEMS WHICH ARE LIKELY TO DOMINATE THE INTERNATIONAL AGENDA
IN COMING YEARS - DO NOT LEND THEMSELVES TO SOLUTION IN A
STRICTLY EAST-WEST FRAMEWORK. TAKE, FOR EXAMPLE, THE PROBLEMS
OF POLLUTION AND WEAPONS PROLIFERATION. WE IN THE
INDUSTRIALIZED WORLD NOW FIND OURSELVES IN THE AWKWARD POSITION
OF ASKING THE DEVELOPING NATIONS TO ESCHEW METHODS OF ECONOMIC
DEVELOPMENT WHICH WE OURSELVES PRACTICED IN THE NOT-TOO-DISTANT
PAST, AND WHICH ACCOUNT IN PART FOR OUR CURRENT PROSPERITY.
SIMILARLY, WE ARE ASKING MANY OF THESE SAME NATIONS TO FOREGO
THE PRODUCTION OF WEAPONS WHICH WE OURSELVES POSSESS, AND WHICH
CONTRIBUTE TO OUR SECURITY IN A DANGEROUS AND UNPREDICTABLE
WORLD.
CLEARLY, EAST-WEST COOPERATION WILL BE FUNDAMENTAL TO
RESOLVING MANY OF THE UNDERLYING POLITICAL AND REGIONAL
TENSIONS WHICH ARE AT THE ROOT OF TRANSNATIONAL PROBLEMS SUCH
AS TERRORISM AND WEAPONS PROLIFERATION. BUT THE CHALLENGE OF
ERADICATING DRUG-TRAFFICKING AND ELIMINATING THE THREAT TO THE
WORLD ENVIRONMENT, IN PARTICULAR, ARE INTERNATIONAL IN SCOPE
AND WILL REQUIRE THE COOPERATIVE EFFORTS OF THOSE NATIONS
WEALTHY ENOUGH TO MOBILIZE THE RESOURCES NECESSARY TO THEIR
SOLUTION.
9-18-89
::35PM
202 647 0244->
;#15
09/18/89 15:35
202 647 0244
PA/PRS
015/016
- 14 -
READY PARTNER. BUT MOST OF THE PROBLEMS TO WHICH I REFERRED -
PROBLEMS WHICH ARE LIKELY TO DOMINATE THE INTERNATIONAL AGENDA
IN COMING YEARS - DO NOT LEND THEMSELVES TO SOLUTION IN A
STRICTLY EAST-WEST FRAMEWORK. TAKE, FOR EXAMPLE, THE PROBLEMS
OF POLLUTION AND WEAPONS PROLIFERATION. WE IN THE
INDUSTRIALIZED WORLD NOW FIND OURSELVES IN THE AWKWARD POSITION
OF ASKING THE DEVELOPING NATIONS TO ESCHEW METHODS OF ECONOMIC
DEVELOPMENT WHICH WE OURSELVES PRACTICED IN THE NOT-TOO-DISTANT
PAST, AND WHICH ACCOUNT IN PART FOR OUR CURRENT PROSPERITY.
SIMILARLY, WE ARE ASKING MANY OF THESE SAME NATIONS TO FOREGO
THE PRODUCTION OF WEAPONS WHICH WE OURSELVES POSSESS, AND WHICH
CONTRIBUTE TO OUR SECURITY IN A DANGEROUS AND UNPREDICTABLE
WORLD.
CLEARLY, EAST-WEST COOPERATION WILL BE FUNDAMENTAL TO
RESOLVING MANY OF THE UNDERLYING POLITICAL AND REGIONAL
TENSIONS WHICH ARE AT THE ROOT OF TRANSNATIONAL PROBLEMS SUCH
AS TERRORISM AND WEAPONS PROLIFERATION. BUT THE CHALLENGE OF
ERADICATING DRUG-TRAFFICKING AND ELIMINATING THE THREAT TO THE
WORLD ENVIRONMENT, IN PARTICULAR, ARE INTERNATIONAL IN SCOPE
AND WILL REQUIRE THE COOPERATIVE EFFORTS OF THOSE NATIONS
WEALTHY ENOUGH TO MOBILIZE THE RESOURCES NECESSARY TO THEIR
SOLUTION.
RCV BY:XEROX TELECOPIER 7011 ; 9.-18-89 3:36PM ;
202 647 0244->
;#16
09/18/89 15:35
202 647 0244
PA/PRS
016/016
- 15 -
I HAVE NOT INTENDED TO PAINT A BLEAK PICTURE OF THE TYPE OF
INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENT THAT AWAITS US IN THE NEXT DECADE AND
INTO THE NEXT CENTURY. THE PERIOD OF TRANSITION THROUGH WHICH
WE ARE NOW PASSING CAN BE MANAGED SUCCESSFULLY IF WE BUT
UNDERSTAND THE FACT THAT WE ARE FACING A DIFFERENT SET OF
CHALLENGES FROM THOSE TO WHICH WE HAVE BECOME ACCUSTOMED OVER
THE PAST 40 YEARS. WE ARE MILITARILY STRONG TODAY. WE ARE
STRONG ECONOMICALLY. AND WE ARE ON THE VERGE OF SEEING OUR
DEMOCRATIC VALUES TRIUMPH IN PLACES WHICH WOULD HARDLY HAVE
BEEN IMAGINABLE ONLY A FEW YEARS AGO. BUT THE POSITIVE AND
INDEED REVOLUTIONARY CHANGES WHICH ARE SWEEPING THE WORLD TODAY
ARE REVERSIBLE, AND THEY CANNOT BE SUSTAINED BY THE EFFORTS OF
THE UNITED STATES ALONE. THEY CAN, HOWEVER, BE SUSTAINED, AND
THE DANGERS WHICH EXIST TURNED INTO OPPORTUNITIES, IF THE
WESTERN DEMOCRACIES RENEW THEIR COMMITMENT TO A COLLECTIVE AND
COOPERATIVE APPROACH TO THE MAJOR ISSUES WHICH CONFRONT THEM.
AND THIS WILL REQUIRE AMERICAN LEADERSHIP OF THE HIGHEST ORDER.
RCV BY:XEROX TELECOPIER 7011 ; 9-18-89 3:36PM ;
202 647 0244->
;#16
09/18/89 15:35
202 647 0244
PA/PRS
1
016/016
- 15 -
I HAVE NOT INTENDED TO PAINT A BLEAK PICTURE OF THE TYPE OF
INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENT THAT AWAITS US IN THE NEXT DECADE AND
INTO THE NEXT CENTURY. THE PERIOD OF TRANSITION THROUGH WHICH
WE ARE NOW PASSING CAN BE MANAGED SUCCESSFULLY IF WE BUT
UNDERSTAND THE FACT THAT WE ARE FACING A DIFFERENT SET OF
CHALLENGES FROM THOSE TO WHICH WE HAVE BECOME ACCUSTOMED OVER
THE PAST 40 YEARS. WE ARE MILITARILY STRONG TODAY. WE ARE
STRONG ECONOMICALLY. AND WE ARE ON THE VERGE OF SEEING OUR
DEMOCRATIC VALUES TRIUMPH IN PLACES WHICH WOULD HARDLY HAVE
BEEN IMAGINABLE ONLY A FEW YEARS AGO. BUT THE POSITIVE AND
INDEED REVOLUTIONARY CHANGES WHICH ARE SWEEPING THE WORLD TODAY
ARE REVERSIBLE, AND THEY CANNOT BE SUSTAINED BY THE EFFORTS OF
THE UNITED STATES ALONE. THEY CAN, HOWEVER, BE SUSTAINED, AND
THE DANGERS WHICH EXIST TURNED INTO OPPORTUNITIES, IF THE
WESTERN DEMOCRACIES RENEW THEIR COMMITMENT TO A COLLECTIVE AND
COOPERATIVE APPROACH TO THE MAJOR ISSUES WHICH CONFRONT THEM.
AND THIS WILL REQUIRE AMERICAN LEADERSHIP OF THE HIGHEST ORDER.
Typical* Procedure for Inviting a
The Helsinki Accords and Family Visits
Contacts and Regular Meeting on the Basis of Family Ties is
Person from the USA to the USSR
Few exit/entrance
the first of the Human Contacts provisions agreed to by the thirty-
points exist. An
five member States of the Conference on Security and Cooperation
Alaskan who wants
in Europe.
*Procedure may vary from one location to another depending on local authorities
to visit Irkutsk needs
to fly via Moscow.
According to the Helsinki Final Act:
"the participating States will favourably consider applications
for travel
on a regular basis if desired, in order to visit
members
of
their
families.
cases of urgent necessity - such
USSR relative or
Send permit, visa
Work with travel
as serious illness or death - will be given priority treatment."
friend invites relative
form, photos, pass-
agent to set up
or friend from USA
port copy, $15 money
itinerary.
Recommendations for liberalized US-USSR
for visit.
order to consulate.
travel procedures:
American writes to
US relative applies
Wait 14 days for visa.
1. Establish a U.S.-Soviet bilateral working group on family visits.
Soviet consulate for
for passport.
2. Establish a procedure for quick action in case of serious illness
forms or contacts
or death.
certain travel agents.
3. Ease procedures and requirements for private visits; eliminate
the 4-6 month-long invitation (vyzov) process.
Wait 3 weeks
Why are these
US relative
Travel to USSR via
4. Ease travel requirements for Soviet citizens, especially elimi-
for forms.
steps necessary?
completes visa
Moscow.
application.
nate the 200 ruble visa/foreign passport fee. Eliminate need for
Soviet citizens to appear in person to apply for a US visa.
5. Re-examine criteria of US visa denial to Soviet citizens who fit
Complete application
Send permit to apply
Exchange $1.65 for 1
an arbitrary profile of potential defectors.
form in triplicate for
БАНК
for a visa to US
ruble.
6. Open up more entry/exit points into the Soviet Union and
each adult. Include
relative.
open additional cities and regions in each country. Ease travel
children with adult.
If refused,
procedures for related Alaskan and Siberian natives living as
wait 6 months
little as 3 miles apart across the Bering Strait.
Send form, three
photos, and $15
to re-apply
Receive good news
Take train to city
7. Repeal Soviet decrees which intimidate or restrict visitors.
after 90 days. Au-
where relatives live.
money order to
thorities issue permit
8. Encourage airlines to increase availability of flights, including
Soviet consulate.
for visitor.
low-fare and charter flights.
9. Improve mail and telephone communication. Remove prohibi-
Complete separate
According to Soviet
Meet at last!
tive duties from gift parcels.
applications to visit
law decision
relatives in other
should be made
Visits Problems?
cities or for tour.
within 30 days.
To register complaints about visits, contact the following govern-
Why?
ment agencies. Please send a copy of your complaint to VISA.
Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe
Wait 30 days.
Authorities measure
(U.S. Congress Helsinki Commission)
size of living space &
House Annex #2, Room 237
inspect suitability.
Washington, D.C. 20515
and
Soviet Desk
Consulate stamps
Send form, known
Relative or friend
U.S. Department of State
form; returns to you
as vyzov, to relative
takes form to local
Washington, D.C. 20520
and disclaims know
or friend in USSR.
militia (police) or
edge of its future
OVIR.
VISA
PO Box 2361
Berkeley
California
94702
USA
Typical* Procedure for Inviting a Person from the USSR to the USA
*Procedure may vary from one location to another depending on local authorities
USA relative or friend
Travel to Moscow.
Aeroflot booked one
decides to invite
Sleep in train station.
relative or friend from
АЭРОФЛОТ
Line up at 4 AM in
Provide 2 photos,
year in advance. Get
rain or snow at US
passport and 12
standby reservation
Embassy for US visa.
rubles for US visa.
USSR for visit.
two weeks hence.
Return home.
Return to Moscow.
Write to Soviet con-
60 rubles per
Pay 200 rubles for
BAHK
sulate for forms or
Couldn't this be done
Stand in line 6 hours
new passport. Listen
month is a
200
to lecture about
at bank. Bank runs
contact certain travel
through the mail?
typical pension
rubles
out of dollars.
agents.
proper behavior.
Note that the 200 ruble
temporary exit visa is useless
Wait 3 weeks
Give up internal
if the us denies a visa
Return to bank.
for forms.
passport at oblast
(which sometimes happens)
Exchange maximum
CCCP
office.
of 210 rubles into
dollars (about $330).
If refused,
Average monthly
Complete form. If
wait 6 months
Wait 30 days.
wage is 180 rubles
Offered first class
using travel agent
to re-apply
Receive good news.
ticket for 2400 rubles
pay $35-$125 and skip
Going to USA!
- refuse.
4 steps.
Go to notary public,
Why?
Interview with KGB.
Pay 1400 rubles to
then to county clerk
Answer questions
To avoid much of this,
final US destination.
Z.
Z
to certify notary.
regarding politics,
the American can pay
Sleep in airport
military service, etc.
dollars for a flight on
several days.
a Western airline
Send form and $25
Why is validity of
Workplace and city
On the way to the
money order to
officials answer
USA!
your signature impor-
consulate.
questionnaires.
tant in this case?
Wait 30 days.
Militia out of
Free baggage economy excursion fare:
necessary forms.
10kg carryon + one 32kg bag.
Wait one week.
Full fare:10 kg carryon + two 32 kg bags
Consulate stamps
Why is this
Take form to militia.
Sorry, return flights
form; returns to you
sold out for 4 months.
and disclaims knowl-
stamp necessary?
I can put your name
edge of its future fate.
DOI
VISA is a non-partisan, non-profit, human rights organization
on a waiting list.
which works toward one goal: the basic right of millions of relatives
in the USA, Baltic States, and USSR to exchange regular home visits.
Send form, known
Relative or friend
Pay advocate (lawyer)
as vyzov, to relative
takes form to local
12 rubles to complete
For more information, including Soviet applications to and from
Pay Aeroflot $108
each for excess
or friend in USSR.
militia (police) or
additional form about
USSR, send $1 for postage & handling to:
baggage.
OVIR.
self and family.
VISA, PO Box 2361, Berkeley, CA 94702 USA (415) 540-8472
An
Appeal for
Freedom of Travel
Between the United States
And the Soviet Union
For Millions of Relatives
On the Occasion of the Fortieth Anniversary
Of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights
Обрашение
C Призывом Ha
Право Свободного Передвижения
Миллионов Родственников
Живуших B Соединённых Штатах Америки
И B CoBeTcKoM Союзе
K Сороковой Годовщине
Всеобщей Декларации по Правам Человека
Обрашение C Призывом Ha Право Свободного Передвижения
Миллионов Родственников Живуших
B Соединённых Штатах Америки и B CoBeTcKoM Союзе
K Сороковой Годовщине Всеобщей Декларации по Правам Человека
Генеральному секретарю
Коммунистической партии Союза
Советских Социалистических Республик, и
государства-участники будут
Президенту Соединённых Штатов Америки.
благожелательно рассматривать просьбы 0
поездках.
если этого пожелают, регулярной
C
оединённые Штаты ЯВЛЯЮТСЯ по существу
ocHoBe ДЛЯ встреч C членами своих семей. B
страной иммигрантов, миллионы которых
случаях срочной надобности - таких, KaK
прибыли тремя большими волнами C
серьезная болезнь, смерть, -80 внеочередном
территорий, которые занимает B настоящее время
порядке.
Советский Союз. Каждая группа оставляла позади
Американский ceHaTop Деннис Деконсини
членов СВОИХ семей.
подитожил важность посещения родственников
Миллионы американцев утверждают что они
следующим образом:
являются выходцами C территорий CoBeTcKoΓo Сою
"Цивилизация зиждется Ha единстве
3a. Около трёх миллионов американцев
человеческой семьи.
без семьи ne было бы
армянского, белорусского, Эстонского, немецкого,
.Судьба наций TecHo связана
еврейского, латвийского, литовского, pyccKoΓo,
C жизнеспособиостью и стабильностью семьи."
украинского и других происхождений всё ещё
продолжают общаться CO своими родственниками.
Для родителей, детей, бабушек и дедушек,
M
Ы 3HaeM KaK Советский Союз и Россия B
течепие истории препятствовали KoHTaKTaM
братьев, сестёр, двоюродных братьев и сестёр,
между ЛЮДЬМИ по другую cTopoHy границы.
тётей и дядей и даже дальних родственников
Ho Hac обнадёживают последние перемены B
необходимо поддерживать постоянное человеческое
политике CoBeTcKoΓo Союза, обещающие
общение между собой.
борльшую открытость и контакты C другими
странами.
Сейчас, BO BpeMeHa HoBoΓo мышления, мы
10
декабря 1988 года отмечается сороковая
годовщина принятия Всеобщей
должны соедипить наши усилия ПО поиску
Декларации ПО Правам Человека
конструктивных Mep по избежанию конфроптации
Генеральной Ассамблеей Соединённых Наций.
и для поиска возможностей для примирения и
Статья 13 (2) Каждый человек имеет право
взаимного понимания. HaM необходимо искать и
покидать любую cTpaHy, включая свою
созидать, взяв 3a ocHoBy наши взаимные интересы,
собственную, u возвращаться 8 Свою cTpaHy..
и сглаживать наши различия.
B Заключительном aKTe Хельсинкского
Мы, KaK и весь мир, апплодируем прогрессу,
совещания, подписанного B 1975 году, Советский
который был достигнут нашими странами B
Союз и Соединённые Штаты, BMecTe C тридцатью
области сокращения вооружений. Мы 3HaeM, что
тремя другими странами, признали:
благодаря гласности и перестройке MHoΓoe
Государства-участники признают всеобщее
меняется B CoBeTcKoM Союзе B лучшую cTopoHy.
значение прав человека и основных свобод,
включая права человека высказывать своё мпение и
уважение которых является существенным
право эмигрировать.
фактором мира, справедливости u
Люди B наших страпах верят, что придер-
благополучия, необходимых ДЛЯ обеспечения
живание принципов, изложенных BO Всеобщей
развития дружественных отношений u
Декларации ПО Правам Человека, приведёт K более
сотрудничества.
стабильным, надёжным и демократичным
Вобласти прав человека и основных свобод
правительствам. Уважение K правам отдельного
государства-участники будут действовать B
человека приведёт K уважению прав наций.
соответствии C целями и принципами Устава
OOH и Всеобщей декларацией прав человека.
2
An Appeal for Freedom of Travel
Between the United States and the Soviet Union
For Millions of Relatives on the Occasion of the Fortieth Anniversary
Of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights
To the General Secretary of the
Communist Party and President of the
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics; and the
President of the United States of America:
the participating States will favourably consider
T
he United States is basically a country of
applications for travel
on a regular basis if desired,
immigrants, millions of whom came from
in order to visit members of their families
cases of
the present territory of the Soviet Union,
urgent necessity - such as serious illness or death
mostly during the course of three great waves.
will be given priority treatment.
Each group left relatives behind.
U.S. Senator Dennis DeConcini summed up
Millions of Americans claim ancestry from
the importance of family visits in these words:
what is now the Soviet Union. About three
"Civilization rests upon the integrity of the human
million Americans of Armenian, Byelorussian,
family
without family there could be no
Estonian, German, Jewish, Latvian, Lithuanian,
civilization
The fate of nations is intimately
Russian, Ukrainian, and other ethnic back-
linked to the vitality and stability of the family."
grounds still keep contact with their relatives.
Parents, children, grandparents, brothers,
sisters, cousins, aunts, uncles, as well as distant
W
e are familiar with the historic practice
relatives, need to maintain regular human
of the Soviet Union and its predecessor
contact with each other.
to limit contact with people outside its
borders. We are encouraged by recent policy
changes in the Soviet Union which promise more
D
ecember 10, 1988 marks the Fortieth
openness and ties with other countries.
Anniversary of the adoption and procla-
In this era of new thinking, we must join
mation of the Universal Declaration of
together to search for constructive ways to avoid
Human Rights by the General Assembly of the
confrontation and to find opportunities for
United Nations. Article 13 (2) of the Declaration
conciliation and mutual understanding.
confirms the right of individuals to travel:
We must search for, and build on our common
Everyone has the right to leave any country,
interests and work to bridge our differences.
including his own, and to return to his country.
We join the world in applauding the progress
In the 1975 Helsinki Final Act, the Soviet
of our countries in the area of arms reduction.
Union and United States, along with 33 other
We note the changes in the Soviet Union due to
countries, agreed to the following provisions:
glasnost and perestroika including improvements
The participating States recognize the universal
in the right of people to voice their opinions, and
significance of human rights and fundamental free-
the right to emigrate.
doms, respect for which is an essential factor for the
Some individuals in our countries believe that
peace, justice and well-being necessary to ensure the
adherence to the principles expressed in the
development of friendly relations and co-operation
Universal Declaration of Human Rights will
In the field of human rights and fundamental
result in more stable, secure, and more demo-
freedoms, the participating States will act in
cratic governments. Respect for human rights of
conformity with the purposes and principles of the
the individual will carry over to respect of the
Charter of the United Nations and with the Universal
rights of nations.
Declaration of Human Rights.
3
У
величение KoHTaKToB между родственниками
y Hac вызывает TpeBoΓy произвольность B oTKa3e
C течением времени должно привести K из-
B визах. Американцы получают oTKa3 B туристских
менению прошлых враждебных отношений.
визах для встречи C родственниками; советским
Настоящий, прочный мир, столь необходимый B
людям отказывают B праве путешествовать 3a
ядерный BeK, может наступить тогда B обозримом
границу произвольным решением местных офици-
будущем.
альных лиц; советским гражданам отказывают
Руководители Соединённых Штатов Америки и
B американских визах.
CoBeTcKoΓo Союза MoΓyT быть примером для
Свобода путешествий должна быть правом,
остальных cTpaH, каким они ЯВЛЯЮТСЯ B области
гарантированным 3aKoHoM, a He привелегией.
контроля 3a вооружением, культурном обмене, под-
Миллионы семей мечтают 0 дне, когда простые
держивая права членов семей посещать друг друга.
люди He будут-зависеть OT прилива и отлива
B 1987 году Американский KoHΓpeccMeH
политических соображений.
Кристофер Смит предложил резолюцию, утвержда-
B 1985 году, перед Женевской встречей B
ющую, что содействие беспрепятственному
Bepxax, президент Рональд Рейган сказал:
общению семей является необходимой частью
"Посещения родственников, KaK основная
американской политики ПО отношению K
форма культурного обмена, являются хорошим
CoBeTcKoMy Союзу. B предисловии OH утверждает:
фундаментом ДЛЯ этого мира."
Я полягаю, что право Ha семейные визиты
есть ocHoBHoe право человека u советские
Γ
енеральный секретарь Михаил Сергеевич
реформы способны потенциально улучшить
Горбачёв выразил сходное мнение B интервью,
атмосферу между двумя сверхдержавами.
данном B 1987 году: "Непосредственный
KoHTaKT между людьми очень важен. Без HeΓo,
M
ы смотрим C энтузиазмом Ha значительные
без широкого общения и понимания между
улучшения B выдаче виз Советским
людьми, политика He может MHoΓoΓo дать."
государством C Tex пор KaK Кристофер
B своём заявлении B 1988 году Ha Московской
Смит сделал своё заявление.
встрече B Bepxax президент Рейган позволил
Мы приветствуем прогресс K большей свободе Ha
надеяться многим членам семей, что координиро-
что указывает yKa3 0 путешествиях oT 1 января
BaHHoe, постоянное внимание K проблеме посещения
1987 года, который упростил некоторые процедуры
родственников обеспечит большую либерализацию
и позволил недавним советским эмигрантам увидеть
политики B отношении путешествий:
членов СВОИХ семей.
B недавнее время немногие люди u семьи
B 1988 году более 000 советских людей
получали разрешение посетить своих
посетило друзей и родственников B США, что
родственников Ha Западе. Мы можем только
является значительным повышением по сравнению
надеяться, что HeMHoΓo времени пройдёт
C 5 700 B 1987 году, и B среднем 1 500 B год
прежде чем BceM будет это позволено, u
B предыдущие годы. Между TeM эти цифры MoΓyT
украинские-американцы, прибалтийские-
зпачительно повыситься при дальнейшей либерали-
американцы, армяне-американцы cMoΓyT
зации правил 0 путешествиях для миллионов
также свободно посещать Свою родину, KaK
родственников.
это делает ирландец-американец."
Мы разочарованы, ч TO большинство американцев
"Hac обнадёживает, что число mex, KTo
всё ещё должны оформлять туристические
получает разрешения Ha кратковременные
проездки, которые более дорогие чем частные
поездки, B ToM числе ДЛЯ посещения членов
поездки и также значительно урезают время
семей, растёт. Мы верим, что cKopo HacTaHeT
общения C семьёй. Bo время туристкой поездки
полная свобода путешествий."
американцам трудно посетить родственника B
Мы верим, что прогресс BO Bcex сферах прав
больнице, побывать Ha кладбище или просто
человека, которые столь ЯСНО выражены BO
находить удовольствие B нормальном человеческом
Всеобщей Декларации прав человека, приведёт
гостеприимстве, He нарушая советских 3aKoHoB.
K улучшению отношений между нашими
Мы думаем, что ОСНОВНОЙ проверкой глубины и
странами и таким образом будет способствовать
значения гласности послужит распространение
делу сохрапения мира Ha земле.
правила путешествий для учёных и бизнесменов Ha
По поводу сороковой годовщины Всеобщей
обычных людей, особенно B случаях тяжёлого
Декларации по правам человека, мы призываем
заболевания и смерти родственников.
Bac K уважению обязательств налагаемыми меж-
дународными соглашениями 0 фундаментальном
праве человека Ha свободное передвижение.
4
F
amily visits between relatives could, in time,
We express our concern about arbitrary visa
help reverse the adversarial nature of the
denials: Americans denied tourist visas to meet
past relationship. A true and lasting peace,
with relatives; Soviet citizens denied the right to
necessary in this nuclear age, can come within
travel abroad by arbitrarily decisions of local
our grasp.
officials; Soviet citizens denied U.S. visas.
The leaders of the United States and Soviet
Freedom of travel should be a right guaran-
Union can set an example for the rest of the
teed by law, not a privilege. Millions of families
world, as they have in arms control and cultural
dream of the day when ordinary people are no
exchanges, by upholding the basic right of
longer victimized by the ebb and flow of political
families to visit one another.
considerations.
In 1987, U.S. Congressman Christopher Smith
In 1985, prior to the Geneva Summit, President
introduced a Resolution which states that promo-
Ronald Reagan said:"
the cause of peace would
tion of unrestricted family visits is an essential
be well served if more individuals and families
part of American policy toward the Soviet Union.
could come to know each other in a personal way."
In his introduction he stated:
Family visits, the most basic form of cultural
"I believe family visitation rights are basic human
exchange, are a good foundation for that peace.
rights and Soviet reforms have the potential to improve
the atmosphere between the two superpowers.
G
eneral Secretary Mikhail Gorbachev
expressed similar sentiments in a 1987
W
e are heartened by significant improve-
interview: "Direct people-to-people contact is
ments in the granting of visas for
a great thing. Without it, without broad communica-
relatives by the Soviet Union since the
tion and understanding between peoples, politics
time of Christopher Smith's statement. We
cannot provide much."
welcome the liberalization in policy instituted
President Reagan gave hope to relatives that
with the decree on travel effective January 1, 1987
coordinated, continued, attention to the issue of
which resulted in some simplification of proce-
family visits will bring further liberalization of
dures, and allowed recent Soviet emigres to
travel policies by his statements at the 1988
exchange visits with their relatives.
Moscow Summit:
In 1988, over 14,000 Soviet citizens visited
"Recently, a few individuals and families have been
friends and relatives in the U.S. - a significant
allowed to visit relatives in the West. We can only hope
increase from 5,700 in 1987, and an average of
that it won't be long before all are allowed to do so, and
1,500 per year in previous years. However, these
Ukrainian-Americans, Baltic-Americans, Armenian-
numbers could increase dramatically with
Americans, can freely visit their homelands, just as
further liberalization of travel procedures for
this Irish-American visits his.
million of relatives.
"
We're encouraged as well that the number of
We are disappointed that most Americans
those permitted to leave for short trips, often family
must still take tours which are more expensive
visits, has gone up.
It is our hope that soon there will
than private stays, and severely limit the time
be complete freedom of travel."
available to spend with family. Tours make it
We believe that progress in all areas of
difficult for Americans to see hospitalized
human rights, so well expressed in the Univer-
relatives, visit gravesites or enjoy normal
sal Declaration of Human Rights, will lead to
hospitality without breaking Soviet law.
improved relations between our countries and
We feel that the fundamental test of the depth
therefore, to a safer, more peaceful, world.
and meaning of glasnost is whether the easing of
On the occasion of the Fortieth Anniversary
travel procedures for business and scientific
of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights,
travelers will be extended to ordinary family
we appeal to you to honor the commitments
members, especially in cases of serious illness or
made in international agreements on the funda-
death.
mental human right of freedom of travel.
5
Рекомендации по облегчению KoHTaKToB между США и CCCP.
1
Образовать двустороннюю американо-
4
Облегчить поездки 3a границу для
советскую рабочую группу, занимающуюся
советских граждан.
специально вопросами посещения родствен-
a. Отменить принятую B настоящее время
ников B другой cTpaHe, C TeM, чтобы, установить
для советских граждан плату 3a визу B pa3Mepe
юридические нормы B процедуре подачи заявлений
200 рублей (равную средней месячной заплате
Ha выезд 3a границу, расширить возможности
B CCCP). 3a визу Ha поездку B социалистичес-
взаимных посещений и создать инстанцию, B
кие страны прежде взималась плата B pa3Mepe
которую можно было бы обращаться C жалобами
20 рублей, HO C 1 января 1988 года и caMa по
па oTKa3 B выдаче визы или B случае других помех
себе такая виза, и плата 3a Hee отменены. По
B поездке 3a границу.
Хельсинкским соглашениям, Советский Союз
обязался выдавать разрешения Ha поездки K
2
Разработать меры, обеспечивающие
родственникам 3a границу независимо oT ToΓo,
ускорение бюрократических процедур B
KaKoΓo они происхождения и B какой cTpaHe
случае поездок, связанных C серьёзным
они проживают. OTMeHa виз для поездок-в
заболеванием или смертью родственника 3a
социалистические страны B этом cBeTe должна
рубежом. Установить каналы срочной процедуры,
повлечь 3a собой аналогичную акцию и ПО
позволяющей советским гражданам совершать
отношению K поездкам B страны Запада.
экстренные поездки B США.
6. Предоставить молодёжи и целым семьям больше
возможностей я - путешествий Ha Запад.
3
Упростить процедуру рассмотрения
B. Увеличить cpoK годности документов (B частнос-
ходатайств 0 поездке 3a границу и выдачи
ти иностранных паспортов), выдаваемых ДЛЯ
визы.
заграничных поездок. По существующей coBeT-
a. Значительно ускорить процесс рассмотрения
СКОЙ практике, визы действительны только B
ходатайств («ВЫЗОВОВ") 0 частных поездках
течение шести месяцев для каждой поездки.
родных (и друзей) B гости. Ныне эта процедура
Необходимо обеспечить условия, по которым
ДЛИТСЯ 4-6 месяцев. Родственникам следует
одного ходатайства было бы достаточно для,
предоставить такие же права получения B
ToΓo, чтобы cpa3y получить разрешение Ha He-
течение 2-5 дней множественной вьездной
сколько поездок B течение большего, чем ныне
визы, действительной B течение двух лет,
разрешённый, периода. TaK, Венгрия выдает
которые B настоящее время предоставлены
СВОИМ гражданам паспорт, действительный B
только западным бизнесменам и учёным.
течение пяти лет и позволяющий неограничен-
6. Отменить Bce ограничения, связанные CO
Hoe ЧИСЛО выездов 3a пределы государства.
степенью родства, при рассмотрении ходатайств
Γ. Отменить практику, обязывающуюсоветских
0 частных поездках и разрешить американским
граждан лично ЯВЛЯТЬСЯ B посольство США B
туристам останавливаться Ha дому y их
MocKBe для подачи ходатайства 0 вьездной
родственников и друзей по их желанию He
американской визе.
ограничивая их только включёнными B
программу экскурсиями.
5
Установить большее число, B дополнение K
B. Отменить практику, обязывающую заполнять
существующим, советских пограничных
несколько отдельных aHKeT B случае посещения
пунктов вьезда и выезда иностранных
родственников, проживающих B различных
туристов. Ныне MocKBa является главным
областях CoBeTcKoΓo Союза.
транзитным пунктом; нужны новые пункты и B
Γ. Разрешить американским туристам, заинт-
Европейской части CCCP, и Ha Дальневосточном
ересованным B экскурсиях по CoBeTcKoMy Сою
побережье. Прибалтийские республики, Армения,
3y наряду C посещением родных TaM, продлить
Белоруссия, Украина и Российская Федерация,
время пребывания B каждом из городов
должны иметь дополнительные, СВОИ собственные
(B настоящее время, B большинстве городов это
вьездно-выездные пункты. Упростить процедуры
время ограничено 3-4 сутками).
для взаимных KoHTaKToB представителей
д. Ввести B coBeTcKoM консульстве B Сан-Фран-
народностей Аляски и Сибири, разделённых по
ЦИСКО анкеты и процедуры, идентичные TeM,
Берингову проливу подчас расстоянием, He
которые приняты B консульстве B Вашингтоне.
превышающим три мили.
6
Recommendations for liberalized U.S.-USSR travel procedures:
1
Establish a U.S.-Soviet bilateral working
4
Ease travel requirements for Soviet citizens.
group on family visits in order to set
a. Eliminate the current 200 ruble visa fee
standard application procedures, continue
(over one month's average salary) as the
progress in improving opportunities for
Soviet Union has done for visits to Eastern
exchanged visits, and to create a means for
Europe.
appeal of visa denials or visit problems.
b. Allow entire families and more young people
to travel to the West.
C. Increase period of validity of travel permis-
2
Establish a procedure for quick action in
sion/international passports. Under present
case of serious illness or death. Set up
Soviet policy visas are valid for six months -
procedure which will allow an American
for one trip. One application procedure
relative to apply and receive visa from Soviet
should allow multiple trips for an extended
consulate via telephone, overnight mail, or
period.
facsimile machine for emergency travel to the
d. Eliminate the need for Soviet citizens to
Soviet Union. Establish fast procedure for
appear in person at the U.S. Embassy in
residents of the Soviet Union to apply for travel
Moscow to apply for a U.S. visa.
to the USA in emergency situations.
e. U.S. consulates in the Soviet Union should
re-examine their policy of visa denial to
Soviet citizens who fit an arbitrary profile of
3
Ease procedures and requirements for
a potential defector.
private visits.
a. Streamline or eliminate the 4-6 month-
long invitation (vyzov) process for private
visas for relatives (and friends). Like
Western businessmen and scientists, relatives
5
Open up more entry/exit points into the
Soviet Union. Moscow is now the primary
transit point for the Soviet Union. The
should receive two year multiple-entry visas
Baltic States, Armenia, Byelorussia, Central Asia,
within 2 to 5 days.
Ukraine, Russia, and the Pacific coast should
b. Remove relationship requirements for private
have additional entry/exit points.
visits, and allow Americans the right to stay
in homes of relatives or friends, rather than
Ease travel procedures for related Alaskan and
confining most Americans to tours.
Siberian natives living three miles apart across
C. Eliminate need for multiple applications to
the Bering Strait.
visit relatives in different regions.
d. For those Americans who prefer to combine a
tour with visits to relatives, increase the
length of time permitted in each city (now
limited to 3 or 4 days except in certain cities).
e. Provide identical standard forms and
procedures at the Soviet consulates in U.S.;
and U.S. consulates in Soviet Union.
7
Совещание по Безопаспости и Сотрудничеству B
6
B настоящее время крайне ограниченное
Европе, Заключительный AKT, 1 ABΓycTa 1975 Γ.
ЧИСЛО населённых пунктов B CoBeTcKoM Сою
VII. Уважение прав человека u основных свобод...
3e открыто для американских туристов 90
Сотрудничество B гуманитарных и других областях
для посещения C ночёвкой и ещё 90 для ИСКЛЮ
Государства-участники, Желая содейстовать укреп-
чительно дневных экскурсий. Это ЧИСЛО
лению мира и взаимопонимания между народами...,
необходимо увеличить. Соответствующим образом,
Сознавая, что развитие... контакты между людьми и
и Соединённые Штаты ДОЛЖНЫ открыть большее
решение гуманитарных проблем будут содействовать
достижению этих целей... Исполненные решимости
ЧИСЛО населённых пунктов для советских туристов.
поэтому сотрудничать между собой...
Увежденные, что это содрудничество должно
7
Отменить советские законодательные акты,
осуществляться при полном соблюдений принципов,
отпугивающие иностранных туристов или
регулирующих отношения между государствами-
ограничивающие свободу их передвижения,
участниками.. Приняли следующее:
KaK TO:
1. Контакты между людьми
a. 3aKoH 0 coBeTcKoM гражданстве oT 1 июля 1979
Государства-участники, Рассматривая развитие
года, согласно KoTopoMy граждане США,
KoHTaKToB B качестве важного элемента B укреплении
дружественных отношений и доверия между народами,
родившиеся Ha территории, ныне принадле-
Подтверждая B СВЯЗИ C их нынешними усилиями по
жащей CoBeTcKoMy Союзу, и их дети, хотя бы
улучшению условий B этой области важное значепие,
и родившиеся 3a пределами CCCP, считаются
KoTopoe они придают гуманным соображениям,
советскими гражданами.
Ставят своей целью облегчать более свободное
6. 3aKoH OT 25 мая 1984 года, по KoTopoMy
передвижение и контакты... и содействовать решению
советские граждане принадлежат денежному
вопросов ΓyMaHHoΓo xapaKTepa...
штрафу 3a предоставление жилья, средств
Заявляют 0 своей готовности принимать B этих целях
передвижения и других (He названных) услуг
меры, которые они сочтут подходящими, a также заклю
иностранцам без предварительного разрешения
чать между собой, B случае необходимости, соглашения
властей.
или достигать договоренностей и
B. 3aKoH oT 23 июля 1966 года, налагающий
Выражают cBoe намерение B настоящее время
приступить K осуществлению следующего:
наказание Ha иностранцев, «Сознательно
a) Контакты u регулярные встречи Ha ocHoBe
нарушающих установленные правила передви-
семейных связей
жения, посещающих пункты, He перечисленные
Имея B виду содействовать дальнейшему развитию
B их советских вьездных визах или уклоняю
KoHTaKoB Ha ocHoBe семейных связей, государства-
ЩИХСЯ oT маршрута. без специального Ha TO
участники будут благожелательно рассматривать
разрешения".
просьбы 0 поездках C целью разрешения лицам въезда Ha
их территорию или выезда C Hee Ha временной и, если
этого пожелают, регулярной ocHoBe для встреч C
8
Необходимо увеличить ЧИСЛО авиарейсов,
членами СВОИХ семей.
включая чартерные рейсы и рейсы C удешев-
ленными билетами ( B настоящее время
Заявления 0 временных поездках для встреч C членами
своих семей будут рассматриваться безотносительно K
билеты Ha рейсы, оплачиваемые рублями,
cTpaHe выезда или въезда; существующий порядок
раскуплены Ha MHoΓo месяцев вперед, что создает
оформления проездных документов и виз будет
большие трудности, особенно для проживающих B
применяться B этом духе. Оформдение и выдача таких
провинции.
документов и виз будут осуществляться B разумные
сроки, B случаях срочной надобности таких, KaK
9
B дополнение, необходимо улучшить и иные
серьезная болезнь, смерть, BO внеочередном порядке.
Они подтверждают, что подача просьбы, относящейся
способы международных KoHTaKToB граждан
K KoHTaKTaM Ha ocHoBe семейных связей, He будет
CCCP и США:
приводить K изменению прав и обязанностей лица,
возобновить прямую автоматическую
подавшего просьбу, или членов ero семьи.
телефонную СВЯЗЬ (без услуг
b) Воссоединение семей
телефонистов);
c) Браки между гражданами различных государств
отменить пошлины Ha подарки,
d) Поездки no личным или профессиональным
пересылаемые почтовыми бандеролями;
причинам
отменить почтовую перлюстрацию;
e) Улучшение условий для туризма Ha инд
обеспечить беспрепятственную доставку ЛЮ
ивидуальной или коллективной ocHoBe
бых почтовых отправлений.
f) Встречи между молодежью
g) 0 спорте
h) Расширение KoHTaKToB
8
Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe,
Final Act, August 1, 1975 (Helsinki Accords)
6
Open up additional cities and regions now
VII. Respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms
closed to Americans, beyond the present
Co-operation in Humanitarian and other Fields
limit of about 90 cities for overnight stays,
The participating States, Desiring to contribute to the
and an additional 90 cities for day trips. The
strengthening of peace and understanding among peoples.
United States should open additional regions to
Conscious that increased cultural and educational
Soviet visitors.
exchanges, broader dissemination of information, contacts
between people, and the solution of humanitarian problems
will contribute to the attainment of these aims.
Determined therefore to cooperate among themselves,
7
Repeal decrees which intimidate or restrict
irrespective of their political, economic and social systems, in
visitors.
order to create better conditions in the in the above fields, to
a. Soviet citizenship decree of July 1, 1979
develop and strengthen existing forms of co-operation and
to work out new ways and means appropriate to these aims,
which states that naturalized U.S. citizens
Convinced that this cooperation should take place in full
born in the present territory of the USSR, and
respect for the principles guiding relations among participat-
their children, although born outside the
ing States Have adopted the following:
1. Human Contacts
USSR, are regarded citizens of the USSR.
The participating States, Considering the development of
b. Soviet decree of May 25, 1984 which makes
contacts to be an important element in the strengthening of
Soviet citizens liable to fines for providing
friendly relations and trust among peoples,
housing, transportation, and other
Affirming, in relation to their present effort to improve con-
[unspecified] services to foreigners without
ditions in this area, the importance they attach to humanitar-
ian considerations,
prior permission.
Make it their aim to facilitate freer movement and contacts,
C. Soviet decree of July 23, 1966 which provides
individually and collectively, whether privately or officially,
penalties for foreigners who "maliciously
among persons, institutions and organizations of the partici-
violate travel regulations, visiting places not
pating States, and to contribute to the solution of the
humanitarian problems that arise in that connexion,
mentioned in their USSR entry visas or
Declare their readiness to these ends to take measures which
deviating from the itinerary.
without
they consider appropriate and to conclude agreements or
special permission."
arrangements among themselves, as may be needed, and
Express their intention now to proceed to the implementa-
tion of the following:
(a) Contacts and Regular Meetings on the Basis of Family Ties
8
Encourage airlines to increase availibilty of
In order to promote further development of contacts on the
flights, including low-fare and charter
basis of family ties the participating States will favourably
flights. (Currently, flights payable in
consider applications for travel with the purpose of allowing
rubles are sold out many months in advance,
persons to enter or leave their territory temporarily, and on a
regular basis if desired, in order to visit members of their
making it difficult for people, especially from
families.
the provinces, to arrange a trip.)
Applications for temporary visits to meet members of their
families will be dealt with without distinction as to country
of origin or destination: existing requirements for travel
documents and visas will be effected within reasonable time
9
Improve other means of communication
between relatives.
limits; cases of urgent necessity such as serious illness or
death - will be given priority treatment. They will take
reinstate direct dial telephone
such steps as may be necessary to ensure that the fees for
communications
official travel documents and visas are acceptable.
remove prohibitive duties from gift
They confirm that the presentation of an application con-
parcels
cerning contacts on the basis of family ties will not modify
the rights and obligations of the applicant or of members of
stop mail censorship
his family.
ensure delivery of all mail
(b) Reunification of Families
(c) Marriage between Citizens of Different States
(d) Travel for Personal or Professional Reasons
(e) Improvement of Conditions for Tourism on an Individual or
Collective Basis
(f) Meetings among Young People
(g) Sport
(h) Expansion of Contacts
9
Отчет KoHΓpecca США
100-й KoHΓpecc
Совместная Резолюция KoHΓpecca 68
1-ая сессия
Совместная Резолюция CeHaTa 29
United States
of America
Выражающая отношение KoHΓpecca K
переписка, телефон, телеграф и посылки, встречаются
невозможности для Американских граждан
C огромными трудностями;
поддерживать регулярные контакты C их
Поскольку советская политика накладывает
родственниками B CoBeTcKoM Союзе
ограничения, меньше чем 1000 из многих ТЫСЯЧ
американцев, которые посетили Советский Союз B
Поскольку миллионы граждан Соединенных Штатов,
1986 году, получили разрешение посетить
включая представителей национальных и этнических
родственников y них дома, и только 1500 советских
групп, таких KaK Армяне, Белорусы, Эстонцы, Немцы,
граждан получили разрешение посетить своих
Евреи, Латыши, Литовцы, Поляки, Русские и
родственников B США;
Украинцы, имеют родственников B CoBeTcKoM Союзе;
Поскольку многие американцы, обескураженные
Поскольку Советский Союз, подписав B 1975 году
задержкой или oTKa3oM B получении частной визы для
окоичательный AKT Конференции ПО Безопасности и
посещения членов семьи по их MecTy жительства B
Сотрудничеству B Европе, общеизвестны под названием
CoBeTcKoM Союзе, стали прибегать K групповым
Хельсинские Соглашения, обязался "благожелательно
туристическим поездкам ПО CoBeTcKoMy Союзу KaK K
рассматривать заявления 0 поездках C целью выезжать
средству повидать СВОИХ родных;
и въезжать B cTpaHy BpeMeHHo, и регулярно, если они
Поскольку родственники должны иметь возможность
ToΓo пожелают, для посещения членов их семей";
помогать и поддерживать друг друга B критических
Поскольку B TOM же документе Советский Союз
обстоятельствах, таких KaK Чернобыльская катастрофа,
обязался B TOM, что «Заявления 0 временных визитах C
или когда специализированная медицинская помощь
целью встретиться C членами семьи будут
недоступна B определенной cTpaHe;
рассматриваться без различий B отношении страны
Поскольку B случае серьезной болезни или смерти
отправления или назначения ...; случаи срочной
родственники должны иметь гарантию Ha немедленное
необходимости - такие KaK серьеезная болезнь или
получение визы;
смерть - будут рассматриваться B срочном порядке";
Поскольку посещение родственников выходит 3a рамки
Поскольку Советский Союз принял Хартию
различий B политических взглядах, и правительства,
Объединенных Наций и подлисал другие
которые разрешают нормальные и регулярные
международние документы 0 правах человека, такие
семейные визиты, демонстрируют соблюдение
KaK Международное Уложение 0 гражданских и
важнейших принципов порядочности и справедливости,
политических правах, T.e. документы, ЯВНО
разделяемых BceM человечеством; и
констатирующие право покидать СВОЮ cTpaHy и
Поскольку Ha Венской конференции ПО безопасности и
возвращаться B Hee;
содружеству B Европе делегация Соединенных Штатов
Поскольку B преддверии Женевского совещания B
перечислила недопустимые ограничения, наложенные
Bepxax B ноябре 1985, Президент PeΓaH заявил, что
Советскими властями Ha советских граждан, желаю-
«дело мира выиграет, если большее ЧИСЛО отдельных
щих путешествовать 3a границей, и Ha американских
лиц и семей узнают друг друга лично.";
граждан, желающих посетить родственников B
Поскольку частные визиты неизмеримо помогли бы
CoBeTcKoM Союзе; таким облазом,
нашему пониманию CoBeTcKoΓo народа и улучшению
Палата Представителей и CeHaT Постановляют,
отношений C Советским Союзом, TaK KaK семейные
Что, no мнению KoHΓpecca, -
визиты ЯВЛЯЮТСЯ основной формой культурного
(1) поощрение неограниченных визитов между
обмена;
родственниками B Соединенных Штатах и B CoBeTcKoM
Поскольку He подобает правительствам решать, какая
Союзе является неотъемлемой частью Американской
степень родства является достаточно близкой для ToΓo,
политики B отношении CoBeTcKoΓo Союза; и
чтобы разрешить родственникам посещать друг друга;
(2) Президент, Государственный Секретарь и другие
Поскольку современная политика CoBeTcKoΓo Союза
члены администрации должны поднимать вопрос 0
делает практически невозможным для миллионов
семейных визитах при Bcex подходящих
родственников B обеих cTpaHax обмениваться
обстоятельствах B обсуждении C руководством
домашними визитами, И родственники, прибегающие K
Коммунистической партии и Правительства
другим формам поддержания общения, таким KaK
CoBeTcKoΓo Союза.
Совместная Резолюция KoHΓpecca 68 принято (405-0).
Совместная Резолюция CeHaTa 29 принято единогласно.
10
Signatories to the Appeal *
*
Organizational affiliations are for identification purposes only. Signatories join the Appeal as individuals.
Ludmilla Alexeeva
Szymon Chodak
Lillian Foreman
Helsinki Watch
Concordia University
Bay Area Council for Soviet Jews
Right Rev. Bishop Alypy
Noam Chomsky
Jonathan Freedman
Vicar of Chicago-Detroit Eparchy,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Pulitzer Prize winner;
Russian Orthodox Church Oustide Russia
The Tribune, San Diego
Monica Clark
Alexander Amerisov
The Catholic Voice
Milton Friedman
Soviet-American Review
Nobel laureate; Hoover Institution,
Pamela Braun Cohen
Stanford University
George B. Avisov
Union of Councils for Soviet Jews
Congress of Russian Americans
Si Frumkin
Congress of Russian Americans
Southern California Council
Judy Balint
for Soviet Jews
Seattle Action for Soviet Jewry
Ginte Damusis
Stanley A. Gecys
Most Rev. Paul Baltakis, O.F.M.
Lietuviu Informacijos Centras
Lithuanian-American Community
Bishop, Lithuanian Roman Catholic
(Lithuanian Information Center)
of the USA, Southeastern Region
Church outside Lithuania
Richard T. Davies
Istvan B. Gereben
Arnold Beichman
Research Center for Religion and Human
Coordinating Committee of Hungarian
Hoover Institution, Stanford University
Rights in Closed Societies;
Organizations in North America
U.S. Ambassador to Poland, 1973-78
Saul Bellow
Sister Ann Gillen, S.H.C.J.
Rev. Richard Deats
Nobel laureate; University of Chicago
National Interreligious Task Force
Fellowship of Reconciliation
Howard L. Berman
Arthur J. Goldberg
U.S. House of Representatives, California
Midge Decter
Former Associate Justice
Committee for the Free World
U.S. Supreme Court
Yaroslav Bihun
The Washington Group
George Deukmejian
Marshall Goldman
Governor, State of California
Wellesley College; Harvard University
Russian Research Center
Jacob Birnbaum
Father Luis Dolan
Center for Russian Jewry
The Center for Citizen Diplomacy at
Ernest Gordon
Wainwright House
Walter Bodnar
Christian Rescue Effort for the
Emancipation of Dissidents (CREED)
Americans for Human Rights in Ukraine
Robert K. Dornan
U. S. House of Representatives, California
Nancy A. Graham
David Brower
Institute for Soviet-American Relations
Earth Island Institute
Robert F. Drinan, S.J.
Georgetown University Law School
Dr. Lucile Green
Ronald H. Brown
World Citizens Assembly
Democratic National Committee
Peter Duignan
Hoover Institution, Stanford University
Dr. Thomas Greening
Edmund G. Brown, Jr.
Journal of Humanistic Psychology
California Democratic Party
Gary Finder
Michael Car
Soviet Jewry Legal Advocacy Center
Edward Gudava
Center for Democracy in the USSR
Ukrainian-American Coordinating
Council of Northern California
Jonathan Fine, M.D.
Physicians for Human Rights
Oscar Handlin
Andrew Ceelen
Harvard University
Christian Care East/West
James Finn
Freedom House
Willis W. Harman
Leo Cherne
Institute of Noetic Sciences
: Larissa Fontana
International Rescue Committee
Ukrainian-American Community Network
Scott Harrison
Mäido Kari
Ulana Mazurkevych
Amnesty International Urgent Action
Estonian World Council, Inc.
Ukrainian Human Rights Committee
Charles Henry
Natalia Kats
Bruce McColm
University of California, Berkeley;
Bay Area Council for Soviet Jews
Freedom House
former Chairman, Amnesty International
Stephen Klitzman
Dr. Mohammad T. Mehdi
Arthur Hertzberg
American Bar Association Committee on
National Council on Islamic Affairs
Dartmouth College
International Human Rights
Gunars Meierovics
Rev. Theodore M. Hesburgh, C.S.C.
Helmut Konsen
World Federation of Free Latvians
University of Notre Dame
Baltic American Freedom League
Patricia M. Mische
Ira Michael Heyman
Nicholas C. Kotow
Global Education Associates
University of California, Berkeley
Ukrainian Technological Society
Ellen Moore
Right Rev. Bishop Hilarion
Vladislav Krasnov
Amnesty International Urgent Action
Vicar of North American and New York
Monterey Institute of International
Eparchy, Russian Orthodox Church
Studies
Louis E. Moore
Outside Russia
Communications Workers of America
Gene Kudirka
Kent R. Hill
Lithuanian-American community
Most Rev. Robert M. Moskal
Institute on Religion and Democracy
Bishop, St. Josaphat Ukrainian Catholic
Myron B. Kuropas
Diocese in Parma
Lillian Hoffman
Ukrainian National Association
Colorado Committee of Concern
Rabbi Sheldon W. Moss
for Soviet Jewry
John Kwapisz
Soviet-American Forum
Center For Peace & Freedom
Arthur J. Holland
William Ker Muir, Jr.
Mayor, City of Trenton
Aino Lauri
University of California, Berkeley
Estonian American Republican Club
Paul Hollander
Robert C. Mussehl
University of Massachusetts at Amherst
Dr. Ernest W. Lefever
American Bar Association House of
Ethics and Public Policy Center
Delegates and Standing Committee
Sidney Hook
World Order Under Law
Hoover Institution, Stanford University
Dr. Dietrich Andre Loeber
University of Kiel
Micah H. Naftalin
Daniel Horodysky
Union of Councils for Soviet Jews
VISA, Visits International for Soviets and
Most Rev. Basil H. Losten, D.D.
Americans
Bishop, Ukrainian Catholic Diocese of
Aleksandr M. Nekrich
Stamford
Harvard University
Tamara P. Horodysky
Russian Research Center
VISA, Visits International for Soviets and
Americans
Bishop Innocent Lotocky, OSBM
Bishop, St. Nicholas Ukrainian Catholic
Richard John Neuhaus
Diocese of Chicago
The Rockford Institute Center
Rev. Blahoslav Hruby
on Religion and Society
Research Center for Religion and
Joseph E. Lowery
Human Rights in Closed Societies
Southern Christian Leadership
Brian F. O'Connell
Conference
National Association of Evangelicals
Daiva Izbickas
Lithuanian Catholic Religious Aid
Askold J. Lozynskyj
Bozhena Olshaniwsky
Attorney
Americans for Human Rights in Ukraine
Helen H. Jackson
Henry M. Jackson Foundation
Weyman I. Lundquist
Robert Ontell
Attorney
Fred J. Hansen Institute for World Peace;
John E. Jacob
San Diego State University
National Urban League, Inc.
Craig Lunt
Underground Ministries
Eugenia Ordynsky
Orest Jejna
Congress of Russian Americans
Attorney
Ceslovas Masaitis
Lithuanian Catholic Academy of Sciences
Yuri Orlov
Sviatoslav Karavansky
Cornell University
Former Soviet political prisoner
Lawrence A. Parr
Zeesy Schnur
Rama J. Vernon
Center for Democracy in the USSR
Coalition to Free Soviet Jews
Center For Soviet-American Dialogue
Vladlen Pavlenkov
Albert Shanker
George Voinovich
Freedom of Communications
American Federation of Teachers
Mayor, City of Cleveland
Valdis V. Pavlovskis
Amy L. Sherman
Theodore H. Von Laue
American Latvian Association in the US
James Madison Foundation
Clark University
Yulia Pessina
Philip Siegelman
Roman Voronka
Center for Democracy in the USSR
San Francisco State University
New Jersey Institute of Technology
Dr. Nicolai N. Petro
Marian Skabeikis
David Waksberg
Foreign Policy Research Institute
Lithuanian Catholic Religious Aid
Bay Area Council for Soviet Jews
Robert Pickus
Alexander Slepak
George Wald
World Without War Council
Slepak Foundation
Nobel laureate; Harvard University
Dr. Morris Pripstein
Vytas Sliupas
Michael Y. Warder
Scientists for Sakharov, Orlov and
Lithuanian-American community
The Rockford Institute
Shcharansky (SOS)
Christopher H. Smith
George Weigel
Rev. Casimir Pugevicius
U. S. House of Representatives, New
James Madison Foundation
Lietuviu Informacijos Centras
Jersey
(Lithuanian Information Center)
W. Bruce Weinrod
Dr. Gregory H. Stanton
Heritage Foundation
Earl Raab
Washington and Lee University,
Jewish Community Relations Council
School of Law
Elie Wiesel
of San Francisco
Nobel laureate; Boston University
Nina Strokata
Mary Coleman Ragsdale
Former Soviet political prisoner
New Options
Aaron Wildavsky
University of California, Berkeley
Most Rev. Stephen Sulyk
Peter Reddaway
Archbishop of Philadelphia;
Pete Wilson
George Washington University
Metropolitan for Ukrainian Catholics
in the United States
U.S. Senate, California
Nicholas V. Riasanovsky
University of California, Berkeley
Darius A. Suziedelis
Wojceich A. Winkler
Lithuanian American Youth Association
Polish American Congress,
Northern California Division
Mari-Ann Rikken
Estonian American National Council, Inc.
Nadia Svitlychna
Robert Woito
External Ukrainian Helsinki Group
World Without War Council,
Toomas Rikken
Midwest Regional Office
Mart Laar Action Committee-U.S.
Frank E. Sysyn
Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute
Helen Yakobson
Fr. Keith Roderick
George Washington University
Society of St. Stephen
Kathryn Szczepanska
Center for Democracy in the USSR
Yuri Yarim-Agaev
Françoise Rothstein
Center for Democracy in the USSR
Women's American ORT
Alicia Szendiuch
Ukrainian Professionals Association of
Dr. Mark A. Roy
Boston
Alexander S. Yessenin-Volpin
Mathematician
Foundation for International
Human Rights
Ludmilla Thorne
Freedom House
Catherine A. Young
Freedom of Communications
Holt Ruffin
World Without War Council,
Jaak Treiman
Northwest Regional Office
Mara Zigurs
Baltic American Freedom League
Inroads, Inc.
Ginetta Sagan
Valentin F. Turchin
Aurora Foundation
Osyp Zinkewych
City University of New York
Smoloskyp, Organization for Defense
of Human Rights in Ukraine
Signatories to the Appeal from the USSR
Александр Рафаилович Анкудинов
Po3a Петровна Лановая
Андрей Всеволодович Полуянов
Свободная миграциия, шофер
Филолог
Свобода миграции
Лариса Богораз
Виктор Евгеньевич Лановой
Євген Васильович Пронюк
Филолог
Независимая психотерапевтическая
Філософ
ассоциация, психотерапист
Александр Буланов
Олег Румянцев
Иммигрант-88
Дмитро Іванович Лапичак
Клюб демократическая перестройка,
Пенсіонер, інженер
комптолог
Владимир Галитзин
Член комиссии no правам человека
Левко Григорович Лук'яненко
Виктор Иванович CepΓeeB
межждународного фонда 3a
Українська Гельсінська Спілка
Свободная миграциия экономист
выживание и развитие человечества
Наталия Владимировна Магазаник
Надежда Семёновна CepΓeeBa
Анатолий Яковлевич Глазунов
Юридический семинар
Свободная миграция,
Свободная миграция
ABΓycTa CeMeHoBHa Манжура
Екатерина Сергиенко
Сергей Иванович Григорьянц
Свободная миграциия економист
Инвалид mpyga
Журнал Гласность," Движение .3a
свободу и демократию"
OKcaHa Юрьевна Манжура
Анатолий Всеволодович Сиромаха
Свободная миграция, студентка
Свободная миграция, философ-
Василь Гурдзан
комптолог
Художник
Юрий Игнатович Манжура
Свободная миграция, физик
Виктор Скажинский
Виктор Викторович Давлятин
Свободная миграция
Свободная миграция, Доверие
Олексій Маркитан
Художник
Вадим Слободянюк
Анатолій Михайлович Доценко
Студент
Українська Гельсінська Спілка
AHHa Михайлівна Марченко
EKoHoMicT
Алексей Владимирович Соловьев
Евгений Дмитриевич Жуковский
Свободная миграция
Свободная миграция
Микола Іванович Матусевич
Кооператив Самоцвіт"
Анатолий Анатольевич TapacoB
Вячеслав Валентинович Ильященко
Свобода миграции
Художник
Таміла Матусевич
Інженер, інститут цивільного
Жанна Теслер
Галина Викторовна Зигмонд
будівництва
Юридический семинар
Учитель
ΓaHHa Василівна Михайленко
Игорь Николаевич Черепашкин
Константин Юревич KapMaHoB
Бібліотекар, пенсіонерка
Свободная миграция
Институт восточний студий
Игорь Владимирович Мешков
Борис Чернобыльский
Володимир Якович Кауфман
Свободная миграциия, переплетчик
Член комиссии no правам человека
Художник
межждународного фонда 3a
Сима Борисовна Мостинская
выживание и развитие человечества
Иосиф Григорьевич Кац
Пенсионерка
Пенсионер
Григорий Васильевич Черных
Микола Ф. MypaToB
Свободная миграция
Михайлина XoMiBHa Коцюбинська
Українська Гельсінська Спілка
Літературознавець
Ольга Дмитрівна Шамрай
Михаил Осадчев
Редакція " - Трибуна робітника"
Игорь Евгеньевич Кирякин
Инженер компюторщик
Свободная миграция
Игорь Шелюто
Лев Станиславович Перелкин
Телевизионный Технический Центер
Ирина Владимировна Кронрод
Этнограф, Институт этнографии
Студентка
AHCCCP
Алексей Николаевич Шерстнёв
Свободная миграциия слесарь
Александр Лавут
Алексей Евгениевич Петров
Член комиссии no правам человека
Свободная миграция
Наталка Шимін
межждународного фонда 3a
Художник
выживание и развитие человечества
BiKTop Богданович Покиданець
Художник
BiKTop Володимирович Лазор
Студент
TaMapa Л. Половникова
Домогосподарка
Postscript
The Appeal for Freedom of Travel was drafted in November 1988; following are
some of the changes that have occurred since:
A. The Air Ministry raised the price
F. Local authorities continue to in-
of an airline ticket to the U.S.
timidate some Americans who try to
from 1250 to 1800 rubles ($3000,
visit relatives outside their tour
about one year's average pay) and
city.
no longer sells tickets beyond New
G. Soviet citizens, some traveling
York or Washington, DC. Aeroflot
thousands of kilometers, wait long
tickets are sold out as much as
hours, sometimes in inclement
one year in advance, partly be-
weather, for their interview at
cause speculators are allowed to
the U.S. Consulates in Moscow or
buy up tickets.
Leningrad to obtain a U.S. visa.
B. Currently, Soviet citizens can
Some are denied U.S. visas.
exchange only 210 rubles ($330)
H. Increased travel and trade make
into dollars, no matter the length
opening the long-delayed U.S. con-
of their stay in the West. This
sulate in Kiev and USSR consulate
drastic cut in currency allowance
in New York vital to serve Ameri-
came nearly simultaneously with
can and Soviet citizens.
new baggage rules which allow So-
viet citizens returning to the
There are constant changes in im-
USSR on economy excursion fare
plementation of customs duties, visa
tickets only one suitcase as free
regulations and application proce-
baggage. Additional baggage is
dures. There are near-riots in OVIR
charged $108 per piece.
lines.
C. Soviet authorities ignore rampant
theft and vandalism of tourist
Many of the new measures put into
luggage committed by baggage han-
effect in 1989 create a financial
dlers.
squeeze on Soviet visitors and their
D. According to the January 1987 de-
hosts.
cree on foreign travel, visa deci-
sions are to be made within one
Proposed Soviet legislation on
month. Even if local authorities
travel will not address underlying
do make the decision within that
policy problems and will not ensure
time, the procedure to get to that
local compliance with the law.
point still makes it a 4-6 month
long process. In contrast, a
Soviet officials continue to make
tourist visa takes as little as
promises regarding freedom of travel,
two or three weeks, while a busi-
just as they did at Helsinki, Madrid,
ness or conference visa takes as
Vienna, Bern, and Paris. We should
little as two hours.
not be content with mere promises,
E. Soviet Customs officials arbitrar-
but should demand improvements in
ily charge exorbitant customs du-
performance regarding freedom of
ties from some American citizens
travel.
carrying gifts for relatives.
15
Congressional Record
100th CONGRESS
House Concurrent Resolution 68
FIRST SESSION
Senate Concurrent Resolution 29
United States
of America
Expressing the sense of Congress
relatives who have used other forms of communications,
regarding the inability of American citizens
such as mail, telephone, telegraph, and gift parcels have
to maintain regular contact with relatives
experienced enormous difficulties;
Whereas because of restrictive Soviet policies, less than
in the Soviet Union
1,000 of the many thousands of Americans who visited
the Soviet Union in 1986 were allowed a private visa to
Whereas millions of United States citizens, including
stay with their relatives in their homes, and only about
members of national and ethnic groups such as
1,500 Soviet citizens were allowed to visit their relatives
Armenians, Byelorussians, Estonians, Germans, Jews,
in the United States;
Latvians, Lithuanians, Poles, Russians, and Ukrainians,
Whereas many Americans who have been frustrated by the
have relatives in the Soviet Union;
delay or denial in obtaining private visas to visit family
Whereas the Soviet Union, as a signatory of the 1975 Final
members in their homes in the Soviet Union have
Act of the Conference of Security and Cooperation in
resorted to joining package tours to the Soviet Union as a
Europe, commonly known as the Helsinki Accords, com-
means of seeing their family members;
mitted itself to "favourably consider applications for
Whereas relatives should be able to comfort and assist each
travel with the purpose of allowing persons to enter or
other in the event of medical emergencies such as those
leave their territory temporarily, and on a regular basis if
which resulted from the Chornobyl disaster, or when
desired, in order to visit members of their families.";
specialized medical treatment is not available in a
Whereas in that same document the Soviet Union pledged
particular country;
that "applications for temporary visits to meet members
Whereas in the case of serious illness or death the victim's
of
families will be dealt with without distinction as to
relatives should be guaranteed expeditious determination
country of origin or destination
; cases of urgent
of their visa applications;
necessity - such as serious illness or death - will be
Whereas family visitation is an issue which transcends
given priority treatment.";
political differences, and governments which permit
Whereas the Soviet Union has ratified the United Nations
normal and regular family visitation demonstrate a
Charter and signed other international human rights
commitment to basic values of decency and fairness
documents such as the International Covenant on Civil
which are shared by all mankind; and
and Political Rights, documents which clearly protect the
Whereas at the Vienna Conference on Security and Coop-
right to leave one's country and return thereto;
eration in Europe Follow-up Meeting, the United States
Whereas in anticipation of the Geneva Summit Conference
delegation enumerated the inappropriate restrictions
of November 1985, President Reagan stated,
the
placed by Soviet authorities on Soviet citizens who wish
cause of peace would be served if more individuals and
to travel abroad and on United States citizens who wish
families.
could come to know each other in a personal
to visit family members in the Soviet Union: Now,
way.";
therefore, be it
Whereas home visits would immeasurably aid our under-
Resolved by the House of Representatives and the Senate,
standing of the Soviet people and improve relations with
That it is the sense of the Congress that -
the Soviet Union, since family visitation is one of the
(1) the promotion of unrestricted family visits between
most basic forms of cultural exchange;
related people in the United States and the Soviet Union
Whereas it is not proper for governments to decide which
is an essential part of U.S. policy toward the Soviet
relationships constitute close family ties for the purpose
Union; and
of determining which relatives should be allowed to visit
(2) the President, the Secretary of State, and other members
each other;
of the administration should raise the issue of family
Whereas the present policies of the Soviet Union make it
visitation at all appropriate opportunities in discussion
virtually impossible for the millions of relatives in the
with the leadership of the Communist Party and the
two countries to exchange visits in their homes, and
Government of the Soviet Union.
Senate Concurrent Resolution 29 passed unanimously July 29, 1987.
House Concurrent Resolution 68 passed unanimously (405-0) October 27, 1987.
11
An Appeal for Freedom of Travel is a program of
VISA - Visits International for Soviets and Americans.
VISA is a non-partisan, non-profit, human rights
organization which works toward one goal: the basic right
of millions of relatives in the USA and USSR to exchange
regular home visits.
VISA is a project of the World Without War Council
of Northern California.
Co-chairs: Daniel and Tamara Horodysky
For more information contact:
VISA
PO Box 2361
Berkeley, California 94702 USA
Telephone (415) 540-VISA
VISA - Visits International for Soviets and Americans - ВИЗА
VISA
PO Box 2361
Berkeley, California 94702
(415) 540-VISA
Advocates of visits between relatives in the USA and USSR
Board of Advisors
Ludmilla Alexeyeva
VISA
Zinta Arums
Vladimir Bukovsky
PO Box 2361
Gary Carpenter
Joe Hagin
Berkeley, California 94702 USA
Robert Conquest
telephone & fax (415) 540-VISA
Anatoly Koryagin
Deputy Assistant to the President
Dietrich Loeber
John Martinson
for Appointments and Scheduling
Daniel Horodysky, Chairman
William Muir
The White House
Member, Human Rights Commission,
Bozhena Olshaniwsky
International Foundation for the
Yuri Orlov
Washington, DC 20500
Development and Survival of Humanity
Robert Pickus
Mari-Ann Rikken
Philip Siegelman
Dear Joe,
Alexander Slepak
Vytas Sliupas
Nina Strokata-Karavanska
George Weigel
Enclosed is An Appeal for Freedom of Travel for Millions of Related Persons
Aaron Wildavsky
in the United States of America and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
Yuri Yarim-Agaev
Chairman
We request an appointment to present the Appeal to the President at a public
Daniel Horodysky
ceremony. We are available at the President's earliest convenience.
Co-chair
If you wish further information about our organization and us please contact
Tamara Horodysky
one our advisors, Sandy (William) Muir, Professor of Political Science at the
University of California, Berkeley. Sandy was a speech writer for Vice
President Bush.
His telephone number at his office is 415- 642-4685, Political Science
Department 642-6326, (home) 653-8888.
We will be in Washington for a conference from October 5-10th. If you wish
to contact us please call 703-998-8570, or leave a message at 301-365-2490.
Sincerely yours,
Daniel Horodysky
Tamara Horodysky
October 4, 1989
VISA is a Project of the World Without War Council of Northern California
Berkeley
VISA - Visits International for Soviets and Americans - ВИЗА
VISA
PO Box 2361
Berkeley, California 94702
(415) 540-VISA
President George Bush
Board of Advisors
The White House
Ludmilla Alexeyeva
Washington, DC 20500
Zinta Arums
Vladimir Bukovsky
Gary Carpenter
Dear Mr. President,
Robert Conquest
Anatoly Koryagin
Dietrich Loeber
John Martinson
In spite of euphoria over glasnost - visits between relatives in the USA and
William Muir
Bozhena Olshaniwsky
the Soviet Union, although improved during the past two years, are still
Yuri Orlov
fraught with great difficulties.
Robert Pickus
Mari-Ann Rikken
Philip Siegelman
Changes in US policy can create conditions which will allow relatives the
Alexander Slepak
Vytas Sliupas
opportunity to visit each other just like normal people. (A businessperson or
Nina Strokata-Karavanska
George Weigel
scientist can get a visa the same day, while a private visa to stay with relatives
Aaron Wildavsky
takes 4-6 months. Please note the enclosed diagrams of travel procedures.)
Yuri Yarim-Agaev
Proposed Soviet legislation will not address underlying policy problems and
Chairman
will not ensure local compliance with the law.
Daniel Horodysky
The USA and USSR can set a strong, humanitarian example for the world,
Co-chair
raising the hopes of families separated by conflicts and politics, in the Koreas,
Tamara Horodysky
Southeast Asia, the Germanies, Mid East, Central America, and elsewhere.
The issue of family visits gained increasing prominence in the past four years:
Ambassadors Michael Novak at the Bern Human Contacts Conference,
Warren Zimmerman at the Vienna CSCE, Morris Abram at the Paris
Conference on the Human Dimension, overwhelming, unanimous support
of HConRes 68 and SConRes 29 in 1987, and President Reagan's stress on
family visits at the Moscow Summit in May 1988.
We enclose An Appeal for Freedom of Travel for Millions of Related Persons
in the United States of America and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
addressed to you and the leader of the Soviet Union, signed by many
concerned individuals representing a cross section of Americans and Soviet
citizens.
Placing the Recommendations outlined in the Appeal into practice is the next
logical step.
We request an appointment to discuss this issue and present this Appeal to
you at a public ceremony. We are available at your earliest convenience.
Enclosed is a brief description of VISA.
Respectfully yours,
Daniel Horodysky
Tamara Horodysky
October 4, 1989
VISA is a Project of the World Without War Council of Northern California
Berkeley
VISA Goal
VISA is an non-partisan, non-profit, human rights organization which works toward one
goal: the right of millions of relatives in the USA and USSR to exchange regular home visits - like
normal people. VISA believes it is a basic right - not a privilege - for any relatives to exchange
visits in their homes.
Visits as a Lever for Change
Millions of relatives in the USA and Soviet Union, who maintain contact in spite of wars,
repression, politics, and censorship, are a valuable resource to encourage independent thought,
expression and as vehicles for dissemination of information.
Improvements in the U.S. -USSR situation can set an example for other parts of the world
where millions of families are also separated by wars and politics.
VISA Background
The idea for VISA dates back to 1954 when Daniel Horodysky was denied a visa to visit his 92
year-old grandmother. In 1977, Tamara Horodysky was able to visit her 93 year-old grandfather for
only one hour during a tour. Soviet militia (police) prevented them from meeting again. A fellow
tourist was unable to visit his dying mother - his sole purpose for taking the tour. VISA was
formed in March 1985 when our 7 year-old daughter presented a bilingual letter to a visiting Soviet
dignitary asking why she couldn't exchange home visits with her cousins.
Family Visits in the Era of Glasnost
During the past two years travel by Soviet citizens to the U.S. increased dramatically: from an
average of 1,500 per year earlier this decade, to 5,700 in 1987, and rising to 20,000 in 1988. Travelers
included people from various ethnic groups, from villages and large cities, and from all walks of life.
In a few rare instances, entire families were permitted to travel together. Recent emigrés from the
USSR, who had been barred from exchanging visits with their relatives, are now granted tourist
visas to the Soviet Union.
In spite of glasnost, few visitors are granted visas to stay in private homes. Most visitors
must pay for hotels and meals, but many manage to spend the night with family, albeit, illegally.
Treatment of foreign visitors varies from town to town, and depends strictly upon the whim of local
authorities, so some travelers still report difficulties in seeing their relatives. Soviet law still places
restrictions on contacts with foreigners and on movement of tourists, especially relatives. Legally,
travel by foreigners is restricted to 5% of the territory of the USSR: approximately 90 cities with
Intourist hotel facilities, plus an additional 90 cities accessible during chauffeur-driven excursions.
The attached diagram graphically represents the 4-6 month long process for application for a
private visa. A businessman or scientist can receive a Soviet visa on the same day, and tourists can
receive a visa in 2-3 weeks.
Currently, the limiting factor on travel by Soviet citizens is the lack of Aeroflot flights to the West
(payable in rubles), and the U.S. requirement that travelers appear in person in Moscow or
Leningrad to complete a questionnaire with 48 items. Some Americans are still denied tourist visas
to the Soviet Union.
VISA
9/20/89
1
International Agreements Addressing Family Visits
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Article 13 (2) states, "Everyone has the right to
leave any country, including his own, and to return to his country." The USSR ratified the UN
Covenants on Civil and Political Rights which are international laws binding signatory countries.
The Covenants reiterate the rights of persons to leave and re-enter their country.
In the 1975 Helsinki Final Act, the concluding document of the Conference on Security and
Cooperation in Europe, the Soviet Union agreed to:
"favourably consider applications for travel with the purpose of allowing persons
to enter or leave their territory temporarily, and on a regular basis if desired, in order
to visit members of their families.
Applications for temporary visits to meet members of their families will be dealt
with without distinction as to country of origin or destination: existing requirements
for travel documents and visas will be effected within reasonable time limits; cases of
urgent necessity - such as serious illness or death - will be given priority treatment.
They will take such steps as may be necessary to ensure that the fees for official travel
documents and visas are acceptable."
What We Do
1. Encourage visa applications and provide help to individuals.
VISA offers information and advice to individuals and members of ethnic groups including
Armenians, Byelorussians, Estonians, Germans, Jews, Latvians, Lithuanians, Russians, Ukrainians.,
and others. We direct individuals with problems to the U.S. State Department and Commission on
Security and Cooperation in Europe (Helsinki Commission), and highlight selected cases with press
conferences and letters to various officials.
We attend ethnic festivals and conferences and provide information to ethnic newspapers,
churches and organizations to inform individuals with relatives in the USSR about our
organization. We respond to telephone and written requests from individuals throughout the
country and overseas (including Israel, Finland, France, Canada, and West Germany) for advice
regarding procedures for applying to see relatives.
2. Encourage Non-Governmental organizations to raise family visits issue.
We inform American human rights, peace and cultural exchange groups about the
difficulties faced by relatives, and encourage them to discuss the issue with their members, national
leaders and Soviet authorities and visiting Soviet delegations. We network with many
organizations throughout the U.S. including:
Americans for Human Rights in Ukraine
Center for Democracy in the USSR
Center for Soviet-American Dialogue
Congress of Russian Americans
External Representation of the Ukrainian Helsinki Monitoring Group
Fred J. Hansen Institute for World Peace
Freedom of Communications
Global Education for Human Rights
Joint Baltic American Committee
VISA
9/20/89
2
League of Women Voters
Lithuanian Information Center
Underground Ministries
Union of Councils for Soviet Jews
World Without War Council-Northwest Regional Office
3. Publish newsletters and other documents to disseminate information
We distribute newsletters and other literature to national and ethnic leaders and individuals
emphasizing the humanitarian aspect of visits between relatives and Soviet obligations under
international agreements.
4. Serve as source of information to national leaders and organizations.
VISA is the only organization in the U.S. focusing on family visits, and we provide
information to Members of Congress, Senate, Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe,
and State Department.
In 1987, Congress unanimously passed House Concurrent Resolution 68 and Senate
Concurrent Resolution 29 which addressed the issue of family visits. VISA initiated these two
Resolutions which were introduced by Congressman Chris Smith (R-New Jersey), and Senators
Dennis DeConcini (D-Arizona), Chuck Grassley (R-Iowa), Paul Simon (D-Illinois), Bill Bradley (D-
New Jersey), Al D' Amato (R-New York), Frank Lautenberg (D-New Jersey), and Pete Wilson (R-
California).
Tamara Horodysky gave a speech at the White House in December 1987 (prior to the
Washington summit). Anna Horodysky delivered her plea to Reagan and Gorbachev for easier
travel to Assistant Secretary of State John Whitehead and to the Soviet Embassy.
During the Moscow Summit President Reagan mentioned family visits during his speeches
at Spaso House and Moscow University. This was the first time that family visits received
prominent exposure in the U.S. and Soviet media.
At Moscow State University President Reagan said:
"Recently, a few individuals and families have been allowed to visit relatives in the West.
We can only hope that it won't be long before all are allowed to do so, and Ukrainian-
Americans, Baltic-Americans, Armenian-Americans, can freely visit their homelands, just as
this Irish-American visits his."
Spaso House:
"Freedom of travel.
We're encouraged as well that the number of those permitted to leave
for short trips, often family visits, has gone up. And yet the words of the Universal
Declaration go beyond these steps. Everyone has the right to leave any country, including his
own, and to return to his country. It is our hope that soon there will be complete freedom of
travel."
Dan Horodysky participated in the Paris Conference on the Human Dimension (June 1989), a
follow-up to the Helsinki Conference.
VISA
9/20/89
3
5. Inform media about family visits.
An important thrust of our work is to inform the national media about the issue of family
visits. Various newspapers including New York Times, San Francisco Chronicle, Seattle Times,
Washington Times, Christian Science Monitor have printed letters to the editor and op-ed articles
from VISA.
Articles about VISA have appeared in Moscow's underground journal Glasnost, Paris-based
Russkaya Mysl, Newark Star Ledger, Asbury Park Press, Ukrainian Weekly, Svoboda, San Francisco
Chronicle, Daily Californian, and others.
In May 1988, Tamara Horodysky of VISA was interviewed by Jane Pauley on NBC's Today
Show. Voice of America, Cable Network News, Radio Moscow, and various television and radio
stations have covered VISA.
6. Work With Independent Groups in the USSR.
VISA works with human rights activists in Moscow, Leningrad, Kiev, Lviv. We provide
them with copies of the Soviet law on travel to the West, VISA literature and copies of international
agreements dealing with freedom of travel. Recently, we provided a personal computer to one of
these groups to assist them in their work.
International Foundation for the Survival and Development of Humanity
Ukrainian Helsinki Union
Sajudis
Free Migration
Democratic Union
International Society for Human Rights
Ukrainian Catholic Church
In May 1989 Dan Horodysky presented a paper at a Moscow Symposium entitled Freedom of
Movement for Everybody, sponsored by the International Foundation for the Survival and
Development of Humanity.
VISA Staff
Tamara (Toni) Horodysky, a native of Ukraine, is fluent in Ukrainian and understands
Russian and other Slavic languages. Tamara holds a Bachelor of Arts degree in Chemistry from
Rutgers University, and was formerly employed as a writer of technical literature. She is an active
member of the Ukrainian community in the Bay area.
Daniel Horodysky, the founder of VISA, holds a Bachelor of Arts degree in the Russian Area
Program, a Master of Arts in Geography from Rutgers University, and was a PhD candidate at
University of California, Berkeley. He was a Fulbright Fellow in the Federal Republic of Germany
(1956-57). Dan has traveled extensively throughout the world, including four trips to visit family in
Ukraine. He has been a college instructor, city planner, and is retired from the U.S. Civil Service.
He is a member of the Human Rights Commission of the International Foundation for the
Development and Survival of Humanity (Moscow - Stockholm - Washington, D.C.).
VISA
9/20/89
4
10/17/89
INTERNA
Gorbachev Tells
Korean Car Makers Find Relief i
Liberal Media
By DAMON DARLIN
about half of that for export.
Staff Reporter of THE WALL STREET JOURNAL
It's an optimistic move in a industry al-
SEOUL, South Korea-Korean car ex-
ready facing world-wide overcapacity. But
To Watch Step
ports have slid about 40% SO, far this year,
South Korean auto makers are confident
but auto makers here aren't panicking.
that the export market will bounce back
They are enjoying domestic sales that
and that demand in Korea will stay strong.
are more than making up for lost overseas
Currently only one in 38 South Koreans
At Meeting, Soviet Leader
sales. South Korean consumers are ex-
owns a car, up from one in 200 a decade
pected to buy almost 500,000 passenger
ago. "In the year 2000 it will be one car per
Tries to Rein In Editors,
cars this year, up 60% from 1988. In fact,
family. At that point domestic sales will
some auto executives suggest that slack-
slow down," says Kim Yoon Kwon, direc-
Suggests That One Quit
ened demand for their cars in the U.S. and
tor of marketing for Daewoo Motor.
Canada is a blessing; otherwise they
The reason for the tremendous demand
wouldn't be able to keep up with demand
is simple: South Koreans suddenly have a
By PETER GUMBEL
in the more profitable local market.
lot more. money. "We never thought we'd
Staff Reporter of THE WALL STREET JOURNAL
"We are very lucky to easily change
own a car," says Kwang Ok Kyong, who
MOSCOW-Soviet leader Mikhail Gor-
an export loss to domestic plus," says
just bought a Daewoo LeMans on a five-
bachev wants to bring the nation's reform-
Hong Tu Pyo, managing director of do-
year loan. She and her husband started a
ist press back into line, blaming it for con-
mestic marketing for Hyundai Motor Co.
small printing business and need the car
tributing to the many problems he faces
As it is, waiting lists of a month aren't
for work as well as for weekend jaunts.
and even suggesting that one liberal editor
unusual for popular models. Demand is SO
resign.
strong that all of the domestic makers-
Hefty Pay Raises
Mr. Gorbachev's comments, made at a
Hyundai, Kia Motors Corp., Daewoo Motor
Pay raises of 60% over the past three
meeting with Soviet national editors and
Co. and even upstart SsangYong Motor
years have given many South Koreans the
media executives Friday, indicate his
Co.-plan to build more factories. Industry
money to enjoy the things they were sup-
growing frustration with the nation's
analysts predict that by 1995, South Korea
plying the rest of the world.
mounting problems. According to people
will be building three million cars a year-
The success of newcomer SsangYong
who attended, he didn't advocate an end to
glasnost, his policy of openness. But he
readers' letters and contained some criti-
Nintendo Co.
made clear that the press should show
cism of Mr. Gorbachev himself.
greater responsibility in its reporting and
The newspaper wrote that readers as-
cut back on criticism of his reforms.
Pretax Profit Climbed 23%,
sessed his role both positively and nega-
The text of his remarks hasn't been
tively. It said many thanked the Soviet
Sales Were Up 40% in Yea
published, and editors say they have no in-
leader for his "self-control, modesty, cul-
structions as to whether it will be. Ac-
ture and ability to hear a speaker out.'
Nintendo Co., a Japanese maker (
counts of previous such meetings with me-
But others criticized him, "for imposing
video games, electronic information sy
dia and other groups have been printed,
his opinion on other deputies, giving com-
tems and playing cards, posted a 23% un
sometimes after a delay of several days.
mentaries to many speeches, holding elec-
consolidated surge in pretax profit to 61.4
Although glasnost has given the govern-
tions with no choice of candidate, putting
billion yen ($429 million) from 50 billic
ment-controlled media here much greater
pressure on the voting process and maneu-
yen ($349.9 million) for the fiscal ye:
freedom to report and criticize, Mr. Gorba-
vering between the right and left wings" of
ended Aug. 31.
chev and other Soviet leaders still regard
the Parliament. All this, the paper quoted
Sales surged 40% to 250.17 billion y
newspapers and TV as important propa-
from 178.61 billion. Net income rose 11%
readers as saying, "has seriously weak-
ganda tools they can use at will.
ened his authority."
29.62 billion yen from 26.68 billion. P
According to participants at the meet-
The Soviet leader apparently suggested
share net fell to 423.3 yen from 457.7 y
ing and Soviet journalists who were later
to Argumenty i Fakty's editor, Vyacheslav
because of expenses and capital adju
briefed by their editors, Mr. Gorbachev
ments.
Starkov, that he should resign. The com-
blamed the press for, fueling a nationwide
ment, which Mr. Starkov relayed to his
Without detailing specific produ
mood of despondency. In particular, he
staff, has sparked anger and bitterness at
breakdowns, Nintendo credited its bulli
complained about some articles this sum-
the paper. Mr. Starkov has been sum-
upsurge in sales-including advanced con
mer that openly discussed the possibility of
moned to see the Kremlin's ideology chief,
puter games and television entertainme
a coup or civil war in the Soviet Union, and
Vadim Medvedev, in the near future, and
systems-to surging "leisure-oriente
accused the media of fueling panic buying
may discover then if he is to be fired.
sales in foreign markets. Export sales
of goods by printing stories about impend-
Izvestia was criticized for a front-page
leisure items alone, for instance, tota
ing shortages.
article last Wednesday that took a sharp
184.74 billion yen in the 12 months, up fro
He singled out the daily Izvestia and the
look at the Parliament's activities. It at-
106.06 billion in the previous fiscal ye
weekly Argumenty 1 Fakty, and also gave
tacked the level of a debate on the private-
stinging criticism of Yuri Afanasyev, a
sector cooperative movement, saying "the
Societe National Elf Aquitaine
leading reformist historian who has writ-
discussion was more like a riot than a civi-
ten articles attacking the Communist
lized exchange of points of view." And it
Agip S.p.A. and Societe National I
Party.
questioned the speed with which the Par-
Aquitaine, the state oil companies of Ita
The meeting lasted a little under two
liament was adopting new legislation.
and France, respectively, submitted an
hours and was attended by most members
fer to buy Gatoll Sulsse S.A. The pri
Speaking to foreign reporters, Ivan Lap-
wasn't disclosed.
of the ruling Politburo. There was no other
tev, Izvestia's editor, sought to play down
speaker apart from the Soviet leader, and
A spokesman for Gatoil said that t
Mr. Gorbachev's criticism, but he ac-
those attacked weren't given the opportu-
Swiss oil concern was examining the off
knowledged that his paper had been sin-
nity to defend themselves.
submitted last Friday, along with tv
gled out. The Parliament yesterday ap-
other offers, also submitted last we
According to participants, Mr. Gorba-
proved legislation that imposes new re
Those two offers were private and t
chev was particularly incensed by an arti
strictions on the cooperative movement,
spokesman refused to identify the biddi¹
cle on the front page of Argumenty i Fakty
1
enabling local authorities to set cellings for
companies.
this month that examined the popularity of
prices and preventing the speculative
The spokesman further said that
members of the Soviet Parliament. The
sale of goods in short supply for prices
piece was based on a survey of 1,500
least two more offers are expected fr
higher than that charged by the state.
other companies within two weeks.
Photo Copy Preservation
THE WALL STREET JOURNAL THURSDAY, SEPTEMBER 14, 1989
Back in the U.S.S.R. as the Storm Clouds Gather
By MARTIN FELDSTEIN
Although It is Illegal for Sovlets to trade
they fear that price decontrol would lead to
public has come to accept.
rubles for foreign currency, this trading
My second visit to the Soviet Union
skyrocketing inflation. Such Inflation is po-
Popular opposition to economic reform
has become blatant. The official exchange
within six months left two very clear and
litically unacceptable in a nation where
extends not only to the policies required to
rate is $1.60, while the rate on the street is
disturbing impressions. First, the Soviet
Lenin's promise of price stability has been
prevent inflation but to the basic market
only 10 to 20 cents a ruble.
repeated for more than 70 years. Moreo-
economy is on the verge of collapse. And,
reforms themselves. While most Soviet
A primary cause of the shortages and
ver, since Soviets do not own shares or
second, in the current political environ-
economists continue to recognize the ne-
price rises is the government budget defi-
ment, the economic deterioration cannot
homes or other assets that would preserve
cessity of price decontrol and movement
cit, now estimated at more than 10% of
continue for long without provoking a
their value during Inflation, a rapid infla-
toward a market economy, they report
gross national product. Although a deficit
sharp political change.
tion would wipe out the life savings of ev-
that these notions are not supported by the
need not be Inflationary if it is financed by
Ironically, the recent political reforms
ery Sovlet citizen-hardly a propitious
mass of Soviet people.
Issuing bonds that crowd out private
are making It particularly hard for the So-
start for a government that wants to de-
Sovlet citizens want a higher standard
spending, the Soviets do not Issue bonds
viets to achieve the economic reforms that
velop confidence In capitalist ways!
of living but do not see how that will follow
but finance their deficits by adding to the
they need. And yet It is the new politi-
The prerequisite to price decontrol and
from market forces. Instead they see price
cash in the hands of Soviet workers. In a
cal freedoms that will permit the public to
the establishment of a market economy is
reform as eliminating the subsidies on
Western economy, such an excess infusion
hold the political leadership accountable
therefore appropriate anti-inflationary
bread and rent and adding to a general
for the economy's abysmal performance.
price inflation that would lower their al-
The Soviet Union's Inability to reconcile
Board of Contributors
ready low standard of living. And they un-
economic reform and political freedom
derstand that with fewer regulations some
could cause a repressive political swing to
Individuals will become much richer than
the right In which both will be lost.
others, in sharp conflict with their values.
The increasing shortages of consumer
Soviet citizens want a higher standard of living but do
With democratization, such popular opposi-
goods-both a symptom and a cause of the
not see how that will follow from market forces.
tion inevitably increases the political reluc-
worsening economic situation-are de-
tance to act decisively.
stroying the already poor system of distri-
Some Possibilities
bution. Leningrad has had to issue ration
of cash would cause prices to rise. Soviet
macroeconomic policies. First, the excess
coupons for soap, sugar and salt. Many
experts privately estimate their inflation
Infusion of cash by the budget deficit must
The deteriorating economic conditions
basic goods are no longer available to all.
rate at nearly 10% even though most
be stopped. Soviet officials acknowledge
make the continuation of current policies
And although consumer durables have ex-
prices are not allowed to rise. And with
this and say that they will cut the budget-
very unlikely. One possibility is that the
tremely high official prices, especially rel-
only a limited number of prices free to In-
ary money growth In half during the next
leadership will accept the political risks of
crease, the excess cash chasing a limited
adopting radical reforms that simulta-
ative to Soviet wages, they too have gener-
year by a combination of reduced defense
ally disappeared from the shelves.
supply of goods causes shortages.
outlays, Increased revenue from the sale of
neously contain Inflationary pressures and
move toward a market economy. Or, Mr.
Black Markets
The fear of future Inflation encourages
imported consumer goods, and the use of
people to spend their savings before the ru-
bond finance. But eliminating a budget
Gorbachev might lose power to a politician
The rise of nationalism is also contrib-
ble's purchasing power decreases even fur-
deficit of 10% of GNP will not be possible
prepared to adopt the needed reforms.
uting to the economic breakdown. The Bal-
ther. With the interest rate limited to only
without raising taxes, cutting subsidies or
But there is a darker possibility. The
tic states and other Soviet republics are
3%, any kind of good that can be stored for
reducing the already low standard of pub-
Soviet public and many of those in govern-
preventing the shipment of locally made-
future use Is a better Investment than
lic services. Any such painful changes will
ment or military circles may conclude that
products to other parts of the Sovlet Union
money In the bank.
Inevitably be criticized in the press and re-
Inflation, shortages, strikes and corruption
and denying Soviet citizens who are not lo-
But the shortages reflect declines in
flected In votes against Communist Party
are all evidence that the Gorbachev gov.
cal residents the right to buy things in
production as well as Increases in demand.
candidates in contestable elections.
ernment Is too weak. They may yearn for
their stores. The Moscow government has
One cause of the reduced output is the new
Even more important than deficit re-
a government that can bring back price
retallated by announcing that Soviet citi-
system of factory management in which
duction is raising the interest rate that
stability, crack down on black marketeers
zens from other republics who visit Mos-
managers are elected by the workers and
households receive on their bank deposits.
and stop the nationalist political move-
cow may not buy consumer durables, Im-
have some discretion over pay and work
That rate must be high enough SO that
ments. Such a political change could spell
ported products and other desirable goods
requirements. Without the discipline from
households will want to leave their past
the end of economic perestroika and of po-
that may happen to be available.
owners or creditors, managers have ralsed
savings In the bank when prices are decon-
litical liberalization. The very fear of such
This disintegration of the regular mar-
wages and met production quotas by ac-
trolled, rather than spending them and
a political ouster might make Mr. Gorba-
ket in consumer goods encourages black
counting gimmicks. In addition, workers
thereby bidding up the prices of available
chev and his colleagues adopt a tougher,
markets and widespread corruption. The
and farmers whose Income Is related to
less reform-oriented stance themselves.
goods. At a minimum, that Is likely to re-
Soviets readily acknowledge that retailers
their own effort frequently have cut back
Those of us who want to see an increase
quire an interest rate that exceeds the in-
and others involved in the distribution sys-
because the rubles that they would earn by
flation rate, a substantial rise from the
In pluralism, democracy and market
tem help themselves to consumer goods
extra effort are of such limited value.
current token rate of Interest. Such a rise
forces in the Soviet Union can only hope
that can be sold on the black market for
What Is needed to rescue the Soviet
In Interest payments would be unpopular
that the current government will have the
much more than official prices or, better
economy Is a radical reform of the price-
with a Soviet public raised on the commu-
courage to adopt the needed reforms be-
yet, for dollars or other hard currency.
setting process and a move toward a much
fore It Is too late.
nist ideology that all capital Income is un-
The combination of shortages and of
more market-oriented economy. Mr. Gor-
fair. Moreover, since the ownership of sav-
rapklly rising prices for the limited range
bachev's economic advisers recognized
Ings Is highly concentrated, paying higher
Mr. Feldstein, former chairman of the
of goods for which price Increases are per-
that two years ago but have now aban-
Interest rates would conflict with the egall-
president's Council of Economic Advisers.
mitted Is destroying the value of the ruble.
doned those proposed reforms because
tarian standard of fairness that the Soviet
is a professor of economics at Harvard.
or
made.
.00
deap
DR- However, the annual 2 percent decline in
........ planning assump-
See BUDGET, Page 8
U.S., Soviets Nearer
eficit
To Open Skies Deal
ading were discussed
By PETER ADAMS
Defense News Staff Writer
it a White House meet-
that while the Open Skles pro
veen Defense Secretary
WASHINGTON Aircraft
posal is being negotiated sepa-
nency and other adminis-
equipped with a variety of in-
rately from the conventional
Ticials, according to
frared sensors, cameras and
arms-and the chemical weap-
sources. The redue-
radar could be flying over any
ons talks, the flights could be
subtracted from
corner of the United States
a valuable addition to any
in defense
sand Soviet Union by next year
arms control verification
Rea-
part of an Open Skies
regime.
treaty
In February, U.S. State De-
A senior level administra
partment and Soviet Foreign
tion official said that the Unit-
:ne
Ministry officials will begin
ed to
ed States and Soviet Union are
working out the details of an
:e. It is
negotiating the details of an
Open Skies treaty that could
service
Open Skies treaty that could
be signed by the middle of the
h 1996,
include two to three flights a
year. Any of the 16 NATO and
1 Penta-
week anywhere over the Sovi-
seven Warsaw Pact nations
et Union and reciprocally one
also can sign up,
all, re-
flight a week over any part of
The U.S. Arms Control and
pro-
the United States,
Disarmament Agency said So-
In briefing last Tuesday in
viet working groups respond
Washington, the official said
9
See SKIES, Page, 26
Photo Copy Preservation
brown fanuscape at
officially adopt it and begin
tervals.
The West's enthusiasm for these
Please sec ETHIOPIA, A8
10/23/89 patting the reforms into effect.
Please see LEBANON, A7
Muscovites Hoard Goods
as Consumer Crisis Grows
buy anything that's available."
By MASHA HAMILTON
In Moscow, the city to which
TIMES STAFF WRITER
much of the rest of the country
MOSCOW-10 was fear that
travels for shopping sprees, a firm
A
drove Valentina Grebenschikov to
conviction has grown this fall that
stand in line to buy two packages
for the consumer things are worse
of imported razor blades for which
than almost ever before.
she had no use, the same anxiety
Ask for anything from shampoo
that made her, for the first time in
to shoes, and the salesman is likely
memory, salt away in her cup-
to reply "Nyet."
boards extra sacks of flour and rice
While long lines and emply
against Moscow's long winter.
stores have long been an inescapa-
It was fear, she explained, of
ble part of life in the Soviet Union,
ever-emptier store shelves, of ru-
staggering shortages today in what
mors of total government rationing
always have been considered the
of food and energy, of a downward
basics are sparking unprecedented
spiral in day-to-day living condi-
panic buying, Muscovites say.
tions that shows no signs of abat-
And as people grow more wor-
ried and anxious, they also grow
photo Copy Preservation
ing.
"It has gotten more difficult in
increasingly disillusioned with
the last two months. There are
President Mikhail S. Gorbachev's
shortages in practically everything
policy of perestroika, the restruc-
right now," said Grebenschikov, a
turing of Soviet society, which has
44-year-old economist and mother
been unable so far to improve their
of two. "So, for the time being, I
Please see HOARD, A9
I.OS ANGELES TIMES
COLLEGE DEGREE
HOARD: Moscow Consumer Crisis
BACHELOR'S MASTER'S DOCTORATE
For Work, Life and Academic
Experience No Classroom
Attendance Required
for
'89
Continued from A1
broad range of consumer goods
Many Muscovites say that, in
New
Call (213) 471-0306
economic plight.
that initially were caused by a
preparation for winter, they are
12.0
or send detailed resume
"Gorbachev says we are on the
breakdown in the transportation
now storing nonperishable food,
for Free Evaluation
OUTSTANDING OFALER
verge of a crisis, but he is wrong.
network and a dip in production in
just in case. Here their voices often
trail off, but the implication is
Pacific Western University
LA CO.
213
We are already in a crisis," said
some industries, according to Sovi-
600 M Sapulveda Blvd Dept. Angeles Callf 90049
ORANGE CO.
714
34-year-old Tatyana Otson of
et economic analysts.
clear. What If there are shortages
Kiev, who came to Moscow to buy
Other factors cited as possibly
in the critical items, things that
winter clothes for her three chil-
contributing to the barren store
have always been available except
dren. "I'm not worried about me.
shelves are outright sabotage by
during times of war?
I'll survive. But I am worried about
conservative opponents of peres-
"I personally feel a sinking feel-
OFF
the future of my children."
troika and the raised expectations
ing, almost a physical sensation of
Gorbachev himself acknowl-
of consumers, who are buying
going under,' Berger said in an
edged that, despite a 10% increase
more of certain products than they
interview. "People like me, don't
68-4-11
Thrift
in consumer goods available for
ever did before.
have any trust any more, any faith
sale this year-three or four times
Glaring shortages in basic items
that the government is going to get
the annual increases of the past-
such as soap and matches are
them out of this. They aren't
35%
KITC
"our shops are empty.'
caused primarily by panic-buying,
confident that what they sce on the
"Sales are up 10%. There is too
according to Mikhail L. Berger, one
shelves today will be there tomor-
much money chasing the goods,"
of the country's most respected
row. So, almost without thinking,
he told journalists at a U.S. trade
economic commentators. Berger,
they just buy.'
show last week. "We did not pay
who works for the government
Economist Grebenschikov is a
CABINET
sufficient attention to this new
daily Izvestia, points out that pro-
case in point. She saw a line outside
Let our kitchen cabinet refacing experts give you
development at the right time, and
duction of these items is no less
her office and found out people
existing cabinets. Select from a wonderful choice
this has caused many uncontrolled
than it was before and generally is
were waiting to buy the imported
oak. All our work is prepared in our factory and fu
problems and uncertainties.
greater.
razor blades.
"Customers are hoarding these
Fear of the loss of basic, every-
"They were just snapping them
FOR SHOP AT Ho
days, and of course there are
day goods became widespread in
up," she recalled.
shortages," he continued. "For us
So, although her husband has a
Valley: (818) 994-2180
L.A.,
Moscow last month when families,
(213)
today, the market is our No. 1
returning from vacation, found no
full beard and the family does not
problem."
school notebooks on sale for their
even own a disposable razor, she
The shopping hysteria and
children. The absence of something
found herself rushing downstairs
hoarding of the last several weeks
so commonplace, which had always
when the line had shortened to buy
have magnified shortages in a
been available, set off alarms.
Please see HOARD, A10
ETHIOPIA: Donor Fatigue a Problem
Continued from A8
tivized, about four times the ratio
projects that exchange food for
farmers are now villagized, mean-
in the rest of the country, in the
work promoting development.
ing they have been moved from
space of two years.
There are still many complica-
their scattered homes into small
Meanwhile, the Swedes saw that
tions-hindering a genuine expan-
communities, where they are given
government agricultural extension
sion of the food-for-work concept.
some common tools and permitted
agents, who at the outset were
One is the problem facing any
to till modest private plots.
helping to train the farmers in the
similar proposal in the United
In some cases, villagization is
use of modern equipment and
States to make welfare recipients
useful, say agronomists, because it
cropping techniques, "from the be-
work: How does one avoid depriv-
makes available tools and equip-
ginning of the 1980s were con-
ing the disabled or sick of food?
ment that farmers could not other-
cerned less and less with technical
Another is the need to avoid
wise afford. But few of the experts
assistance and more with political
make-work.
have such good words for collec-
propaganda," Stenson said.
"Unless the thing is useful, you
livization, a Soviet-style program
Over the last 18 months, some
might as well just give the food to
that strips the farmers of all pri-
government agricultural policies
them," said the World Food Pro-
vate holdings and binds them to
have been liberalized. The prices
gram's Morton. He alludes to a
work for their collective.
paid farmers by the government
euculyptus project that planted the
It's a system that has been
marketing board, to which they
wrong trees on the wrong land: "If
acknowledged as a failure in the
must sell a certain share of their
you get a couple of thousand people
two places where it was created,
crop, have been raised, encourag-
planting trees [which] all die, it
China and the Soviet Union, and
ing farmers to grow more. Rules
will be hard to get them to plant
today exists in its unalloyed form
that prohibited the shipment of
trees again."
only here, perhaps the least suita-
grain across provincial borders,
Many Western donors also resist
ble place in the world.
which contributed to famines by
such unconventional proposals as
"Collectivization requires good
hampering the distribution of food
to sell the food they contribute in
management because there is no
from places where it was abundant
Ethiopian markets, then use the
individual incentive, and that's
to those where il was scarce, have
cash to pay workers in places here
precisely what this country doesn't
been lifted.
where a cash economy still exists.
have," Stenson said.
Although some Western agrono-
But many Ethiopians do not
One region that did have man-
mists say the changes are too
share these misgivings.
ri-oriented farmers, how-
gradual to mean much, some do-
"We should put people to work
8 Arsi, because the Swedes
nors, including the European Com-
to improve the land,' said Ghirmai
of them. The government
munity and the World Bank, view
Woldu, chief project engineer 1
age of that to Institute
them positively enough to Increase
the Ethiopian Catholic Secretaria
intedly rapid collec-
development aid. But many still
which is financing the Embatekalla
he project. More than
think a more efficient use of their
water project. "What should we be,
THE BRO
armers were collec-
money is to support the small-scale
always a nation of beggars?"
LOS ANGELES TIMES
HOARD: Shortages Worsen in Moscow
Continued from A9
some blades to take home. "Maybe
we will give them to someone as a
gift," she said, "or trade for some-
thing we need."
Irina Popov, 29, is another exam-
plc. She was standing in a long line
in GUM, the Soviet Union's largest
department store, just across from
the rust-colored Kremlin walls,
waiting to buy an iron for 7 ru-
bles-or about $11 at the official
exchange rate.
"Sure, I already have an iron,"
she said with a smile. "But what If
it breaks? I always try to buy
extras. I'll probably buy two to-
day."
Soviet officials, for their part, pin
primary blame for the shortages on
the distribution system.
More than 2 million tons of
imported goods bought with scarce
foreign currency are sitting in
Soviet ports waiting to be unload-
ed, First Deputy Premier Lev Vo-
ronin told the Supreme Soviet, the
country's Parliament, earlier this
month.
That includes about 25,000 tons
of food, which is rotting where it
sits, as well as spare parts for
trucks that are broken down and
thus cannot be used to unload the
trains and ships, Prime Minister
Nikolal I. Ryzhkov noted later on
national television.
Strikes, including a three-week
walkout last summer at the coun-
try's biggest coal field, also hurt.
Power stations have 4.5 million
ROBERT D. TONSING
fewer tons of coal on hand than at
Muscovites line up at a produce market; on this occasion, only some small melons were available.
this time last year, Voronin said,
warning that rationing of heat and
will grow and perestroika will fail.
be more closely linked to what he
Asked to name the items currently
electricity may be necessary this
Pravda, in its brief front-page
referred to as a mentality of depen-
winter.
unavailable or in short supply in
article raising the possibility of
dency dating from the time of the
"I have an image that we are
GUM, deputy director Svetlana N.
sabotage, reported that 13,500
czars.
riding in a communal taxi cab and
Shevyakov laughed. It would be
freight cars packed with much-
"People are used to being told by
the meter is ticking away and
easier, she said, to list the goods
needed consumer goods were wait-
Moscow: how much sugar they
that shoppers are able to find in the
when it stops, we will all stop,"
ing in railway yards across the
should put in the cake they bake in
store.
Berger said. "But right now I hear
country, and the paper wondered
Vladivostok," he said, referring to
"Just now, you can buy costume
that ticking all the time. It drives
why they were not being unloaded.
the Pacific port city in Siberia. "In
jewelry, purses, fabrics, plates and
me crazy.'
"Pravda correspondents saw
the past, everything always had to
cups," she added, but all winter
But why are failures in the
with their own eyes unloaded
be resolved in one place, in one
clothing was "deficit," the word
transportation system so much
freight trains that had brought to
building, practically in one office.
used for "in short supply.'
greater this year than last? One
Moscow imported furniture, COS-
"Now that Gorbachev is encour-
Shevyakov noted, however, that
word is on nearly everyone's lips.
metics, coffee, tea, soap, shampoo,
aging them to work on their own,
higher consumer expectations have
At first it was only whispered in
washing powder and Soviet-pro-
people simply are producing less,"
contributed to the problem because
the streets and hissed by people
duced television sets, refrigerators,
he said. "The ruble doesn't buy
Soviet people are seeing for the
standing in lines, but last week the
batteries and cigarettes," the
them anything, so they don't feel
first time, because of Gorbachev's
Communist newspaper Pravda
newspaper said. "More goods are
any motivation."
asked on its front page "Is this
policy of glasnost, or greater open-
stored in depots or are simply
Because there is so little to buy,
sabotage?"
ness, the wide range of consumer
outside without anything to protect
people rarely take a shopping list
goods available in the West.
Many people in the capital be-
them from the weather.
with them when they go to the
lieve that conservatives who op-
"A man used to want one pair of
Berger discounted the sabotage
store. It is less frustrating, they
pose Gorbachev are purposely
shoes for autumn and one pair for
theory, saying that although the
say, simply to scout out what is on
making things difficult for con-
winter. Now he wants three pairs
population is cager to find a villain,
the shelves.
for each season-and he can't find
sumers so that public frustration
the country's economic woes can
But even that is often tricky.
them," she said.
COLOR
TV
Photo Copy Preservation
Nixon,
popular
Villiam
The New Dead Sea in Soviet Central Asia
of Oak-
ogram,
By DAVID McCLAVE
Three large deserts, the Kyzyl Kum, the
the region an ecological disaster area.
istic be-
Kara Kum and the Barsuki, surround the
Next, a resolution was passed last Septem-
position
In the past 30 years, the geologic equiv-
Aral Sea. To turn them into fertile and pro-
ber mandating measures aimed at halting
of pro-
alent of a millisecond, one of man's most
ductive land, the engineers built the 800-
the region's environmental decline.
derable
devastating assaults upon nature has de-
mile-long Kara Kum Canal, the linchpin of
Since then, the Aral region has hosted
cal offi-
stroyed what was once the world's fourth
a woefully ill-conceived water redistribu-
at least two high-powered, high-profile
"He's
largest lake, the Aral Sea in Soviet Central
tion plan.
groups of Soviet politicians, writers, scien-
ndously
Asia. In the course of a generation, its
By the late 1970s, this giant irrigation
tists and lawyers. For example, the ARAL-
level has fallen 40 feet-losing one-third of
ditch was fully operational and siphoning
88 Expedition completed its 69-day mission
its area and 60% of its volume. Measured
commu-
off enormous quantities of one of the sea's
to Soviet Central Asia last October. The ex-
ct where
another way, the lost waters of the Aral
two source rivers, the Amudarya. This ca-
pedition, led by writer Grigoriy Rezni-
l'. Hidden
Sea (called a sea because of its size and
nal has poured SO much water into the des-
chenko, submitted its report this May. Pre-
fierce storms) would fill Lake
rant pro-
viewing its conclusions, in an in-
Erie.
) Oakland
As recently as 1973, the Aral
Aral'sk
U. S. S. R.
terview following the expedition,
alization."
Sea, straddling the border be-
BAESERI
Mr. Reznichenko stated that "as
NII in Oak-
a biological object the Aral Sea
tween the Soviet Central Asian
ty's newest
town" is a
republics of Kazakhstan and Uz-
Arul
bekistan, supported commercial
Muynak
Surdorpo
has perished." Other conclu-
Sea
sions: Life expectancy is plum-
I Township
meting in the region; infectious
shipping and a thriving fishing
diseases, especially hepatitis,
it is to "pur-
industry that supplied 10% to
DESERT KARA king
are nearing epidemic levels; and
located in a
15% of the Soviet Union's fresh-
unemployment is on the rise with
oodison is so
water catch. The major ports of
CHINA
the loss of traditional local
ive a traffic
Aral'sk in the northeast and
Ashkhabad
trades and professions.
Muynak in the south were linked
America.ru DESERT XTXYL KUM
At the Congress of Peoples'
because it
by steamships that traveled the
IRAN
Kara Kum
Deputies in Moscow in late
loan Buser,
220-mile-route between them.
0
100
Canal
PAKISTAN
spring, the Aral Sea disaster was
an supervi-
By 1987 these once active
Miles
AFGHANISTAN
one of the most frequently cited
dison, what
ports were 25 to 30 miles from
items on a long list of Soviet eco-
lage. It's not
the receding water. Rusting freighters and
ert that the city of Ashkhabad has resorted
logical calamities. It is clear that some
an enigma."
fishing boats littered the newly formed
to flood-control barriers for protection.
help is on the way. However, given the per-
na, but HUD
sand dunes nearby. Fishermen cast their
Withdrawals from the Amudarya and Syr-
sistent, expensive aftereffects of the Cher-
iship an $11,-
nets out for the last time in 1983. Salinity,
darya increased SO much that not a drop of
nobyl nuclear plant explosion and the Ar-
erest charges
which had more than doubled, killed off
their water reached the sea in 1985-86.
menian earthquake, the Soviets will be
Goodison His-
most of the sea's aquatic life. To preserve
In the finest traditions of Soviet monu-
hard pressed to finance the rescue effort,
grant to con-
employment in Muynak and Aral'sk, the
desertbound canneries now process frozen
mentalism, several years ago another "na-
estimated at 25 billion to 30 billion rubles.
ents" at the
fish shipped from the Atlantic and Pacific
ture-conquering" proposal was approved to
Perhaps it would be best to do what one
fix the damage from the first project.
impassioned speaker at the Congress sug-
ly for more
oceans.
Dwarfing anything conceived by the Ten-
gested: Make the restoration of the Aral
S and com-
Each year 47 million tons of dust and
ounty. Over-
salt from the exposed bottom are blown
nessee Valley Authority, plans were drawn
Sea a critical project of international di-
over and deposited in the cotton fields and
up to divert portions of north-flowing Sibe-
saster relief.
received by
deserts surrounding the sea. The salt, com-
rian rivers through a long and broad ca-
S under the
nal-the Sibaral. The water was to be
Mr. McClave is a research analyst in
lion-is spent
bined with enormous quantities of pesti-
pumped down more than 600 miles from
Soviet and East European affairs at the
how.
cides applied to the fields, makes a poi-
the Ob-Irtysh system far to the northeast.
Library of Congress.
ded by HUD
sonous mixture. Everything from drinking
water to mothers' milk is contaminated. A
A rough analogy would be pumping the
buld be paid
pipeline to bring drinkable water from afar
Mississippi waters at New Orleans up to ir-
gh millages.
is frantically under construction. Infant
rigate West Texas. This canal was to pro-
THE WALL STREET JOURNAL.
$161,649 in
mortality in the region has climbed to the
vide relief to water-deficient parts of So-
cal year for
highest levels in the world.
viet Central Asia and replenish the Aral
Warren H. Phillips
Peter R. Kann
rovements."
Sea, the plight of which had become pain-
Chairman
Publisher & President
bolishing the
One of the greatest ecological disasters
fully obvious to the three million people
't have a ma-
of the 20th century, it turns out, was no ac-
living in its environs.
Norman Pearlstine
Robert L. Bartley
es not make
cident. In the 1950s and 1960s, the Kremlin
Managing Editor
Editor
1 HUD funds
decided to make the Soviet Union a leading
Mikhail Gorbachev canceled this proj-
George Melloan
producer of cotton by dramatically ex-
ect early in his tenure as Communist Party
Paul E. Steiger
Deputy Editor,
panding the area in Central Asia under ir-
general secretary, a decision hailed as a
Deputy Managing Editor
Editorial Page
ility to tax it-
rigation and cultivation. Some oútspoken
major victory for the fledgling Soviet envi-
Kenneth L. Burenga
scientists and engineers expressed serious
ronmental movement. However, the un-
General Manager
to some of
reservations about the wisdom of this plan.
folding ecological disaster that prompted
Bernard T. Flanagan
Dorothea Coccoli Palsho
Bob Carr, a
Vice President,
the diversion scheme would not abate. It
Vice President,
But the leadership openly proclaimed that
Marketing
Circulation
ludes part of
the Aral Sea, an oasis in the Soviet Union's
now seems likely that the part of the Aral
F. Thomas Kull Jr.
Charles F. Russell
most arid region, was a dispensable re-
Sea that escapes desertification will be a
Vice President,
Vice President,
ing eligibility
Production
source that could be bartered at cost for
mere cluster of lifeless, briny lakes by the
Technology
He supports
crops, especially cotton and rice. Glasnost
year 2010.
areas such
Published since 1889 by
and rising environmental consciousness in
ect. 'For an
To its credit, the Soviet government has
the Soviet Union have revealed the terrible
DOW JONES & COMPANY, INC.
dwindling
belatedly taken several steps to repudiate
consequences of this miscalculation.
its earlier positions, such as that of a dep-
Editorial and Corporate Headquarters:
yourself
200 Liberty Street, New York, N.Y. 10281.
Soviet engineers and scientists were
Mr. Carr
uty minister who asserted that "the Aral
Telephone (212) 416-2000
inding for
taught by Stalin to "make no small plans."
should die beautifully." First, it declared
Warren H. Phillips, Chairman & Chief Executive;
trict and
Notable & Quotable
We have hopes that 9/19/89 market forces will
Peter R. Kann, President & Chief Operating Officer;
y in need
William L. Dunn, Executive Vice President; Kenneth
L. Burenga, James H. Ottaway Jr., Carl M. Valenti,
Senior Vice Presidents.
Detroit,
1, "There
Vice Presidents: Frank C. Breese III, Administration;
at need to
Desmond Watkins, a director of
William R. Clabby, Information Services; Karen Elliott
ould have
Shell Petroleum, addressing the Inter-
bring about fundamental changes in the
House, International; Donald L. Miller, Employee
that don't
national Business Conference in Lon-
U.S.S.R. So with South Africa. The present
Relations; Kevin J. Roche, Finance; Peter G. Skinner,
don last October:
South African state system is protectionist,
Corporate General Counsel; Sterling E. Soderlind,
ith HUD's
bureaucratic, inefficient and wasteful. In
Planning. John S. Goodreds, president, Ottaway
I believe that most genuinely interna-
Newspapers.
h enriches
this it is anti-business. Left to itself the
tional businesses, certainly Shell, share
Associate Editor: Laurence G. O'Donnell.
expense.
market system will seek to develop the
most of the objectives of the anti-apartheid
black community and market, train black
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campaign. Apartheid is incongruous with
businessmen, develop black entrepreneurs,
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ty resident,
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Telephone (202) 862-9200
sweep away the artificial prejudices and
arch at the
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Mich.
economic growth is a rationalizing force.
Road, Chicopee, Mass. 01020, giving old and new
cess.
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Photo Copy Preservation
9/23/89
THE BOSTON HERALD, SA
JEANE KIRKPATRICK
The Cold War isn't over just yet
T
HERE Is something va-
their economics, they acknowl-
zambique, Vietnam, Laos, and
guely frivolous about the
accord was signed (in April '88)
edge that it needs elements of a
so forth. It is the resistance
the supply was stopped. They
great debates now under
free market.
movements - the Mujahedeen,
preferred a deal with Moscow
way among American commen-
Nonetheless, a good many
the KPNLF (Cambodia's demo-
on Afghanistan."
tators concerning whether we
states - including the USSR it-
cratic forces), UNITA, the Con-
have "won" the Cold War,
His group has faced two
self, all the Warsaw Pact coun-
tras that have been stopped
arms cutbacks and decreased
whether Communism Is "fin-
tries except Hungary and Po-
In their tracks.
Ished," whether the Idea
of
effectlveness. Now the U.S. gov-
land, China, North Korea,
This brings us to the third
Freedom has triumphed.
ernment says It was "a mis-
Ethlopia, Cuba, Vietnam, Nica-
contradiction: The ambivalence
take."
It has been a heady exper-
ragua, et al. - still centralize
of U.S. policy and the Bush ad-
lence to hear the leader of the
In Angola, the forces of Gen.
their economies and vest con-
ministration in the effort to ex-
Jonas Savimbl are also con-
Kremlin describe the problems
trol of everything in "the van-
pand freedom.
and failures of his system and
fronting critical shortages. The
guard of the proletariat," that
George Bush has repeatedly
adopt Western strategies for
State Department assured Sa-
is, In the leaders of their na-
expressed support for "freedom
dealing with them. It has been a
vimbl's forces (and perhaps
tional communist parties.
fighters" who struggle against
heady experience to hear him
South Africa's government)
The discrepancy between the
Marxist governments and In-
encourage liberalization In
that UNITA could be resupplied
Ideal and the roal, between
corporation of their country
Hungary, Poland and the Soviet
through Zaire In case of South
theory and practice. Invites un-
Into the Soviet world empire.
African withdrawal from Nami-
Union Itself. It is nearly enough
wary optimists to imagine that
But during his relatively brief
to make cockeyed optimists of
bia. But now that resupply route
the world has changed a groat
tenure In power, each of the re.
us all.
la sald to be endangered. In
deal more than It has.
sistance movements has suf-
But in fact the evidence on
spite of the improved relations
It is true that the trend is
fered setbacks to which U.S. pol-
between Zaire's ruler and the
these questions Is more mixed
toward a freer society. It is pos-
icy has made a direct
than most current American
State Department. It la not clear
sible we may strengthen that
contribution.
whether UNITA will receive the
comment Implies.
trend with wise policy. But the
Today State Department of-
Three major contradictions
Stingers it desperately needs to
struggle is not over. The out-
ficials explain off the record
have developed in the course of
fend off a new offensive by Cu-
come Is not certain. And It is
that "Washington" believed So-
the broad struggle between the
ba's troops, who have not yet
always Imprudent to assume a
viet troop withdrawal meant an
withdrawn.
forces of freedom and unfree-
victory that has yet to be
end to Soviet ambitions for con-
dom. These contradictions need
achieved.
trol of Afghanistan. They ex-
It Is, as the Marxists like to
to be taken into account in as-
Some observers consider
pected, one high official ex-
say, no coincidence that the
sessing who won, or indeed, who
that liberalizing trends in the
KPNLF and the contras also
plained, "that Moscow really
is winning:
Soviet Union and Eastern Eur-
was looking for little more than
cannot fight because they do not
. The contradiction between
ope are proof enough that the
a decent Interval," between
have the necessary arms and
what Hegel and Marx called
Cold War is over and the West
troop withdrawal and the col-
ammunition. Or that the admin-
"the ideal" and "the real";
has won. But they Ignore the
lapse of the Najibullah govern-
istration has recently aban-
. The contradiction between
second major contradiction:
ment.
doned Its efforts to send $3 mil-
what is happening at the center
That between the center and the
llon to the democratic
Apparently, It never OC-
of the Soviet empire and at its
periphery.
curred to them that Soviet troop
opposition candidate for presi-
periphery; and
It is true that under Mikhall
withdrawal meant a new phase
dent of Nicaragua - while the
. The contradiction within
Gorbachev more freedom of
of competition. So naturally
Soviet Union continues ald at
American foreign policy be-
speech, press and assembly
they were surprised that the So-
previous levels.
tween the desire to support re-
have been granted to the Soviet
viet Union still provides $200 to
Deputy Secretary of State
sistance movements and the de-
people than anyone predicted. It
$300 million a month in weapon-
Lawrence Eagleburger offered
sire to negotiate political
is true that more independence
ry to prop up "its" government
an original explanation that
settlements.
has already been tolerated In
In Afghanistan. And naturally
links current retreats to the
An accurate assessment of
Hungary and Poland than any-
"end of the Cold War" thesis.
where we are requires under-
the Mujahedeen, facing a criti-
one expected. It is also true that
cal shortage of ammunition,
Both superpowers, Eagleburger
standing these contradictions.
the people of these countries
have found It difficult to hold
suggested, crossed the "finish
First, the contradiction be-
have seized the freedom offered
their ground.
line" "very much out of breath"
tween "the Ideal," the domain of
them.
ideas, and "the real," the mater-
Like other rebel leaders, the
and are faced with "a frankly
Wonderful.
Ial world.
Mujahedeen's Gulbydin Hekma-
diminished capacity to in-
But at the periphery of the
tyr blames the United States for
fluence events,"
It is true that the Idea of
"world socialist system," the
much of the resistance's prob-
I hope that during Eduard
freedom has triumphed in the
forces of repression remain
Iem.
West. Almost everyone, includ-
Shevardnadze's visit, Secretary
strong and are actually grow-
ing the current rulers of the
"The American government
of State James Baker and Law-
ing.
is responsible for Najibullah's
rence Eagleburger make him
Kremlin, pay verbal homage to
The Soviet Union's non-Eur-
government not falling," he told
understand that the Soviet Un-
government by the people.
opean client governments re-
Washington Post correspondent
lon Is really too tired and too
Whatever form of politics they
main firmly entrenched In
Lally Weymouth recently. "Sud-
practice, they call It democra-
broke to support an empire.
Cuba, Ethiopia, Yemen, Afghan-
cy. And however they organize
denly we face a shortage of am-
Then we could talk about the
istan, Nicaragua, Angola, Mo-
munition. Just after the Geneva
triumph of freedom.
Photo Copy Preservation
kia.
Moscow withdrew the threat of the
Communism understood that if ever
foul prisons.
revolt.
captors.
time.
can
NO
Some European fighters against
confusion, no "moral
the Iron Curtain there was no such
different kinds of exploitation. Behind
capitalism and Communism just
ethical difference between Western
Many preached that there was no
tion' was just propaganda.
thought even the phrase "captive na-
place never truly understood. They
erners who interpret what is taking
scured is that so many of the West-
One of the reasons this truth is ob-
century of struggle. "Why, how fast.
revolution to say after almost a half-
lack of grace to all who fought the
It is a distortion of truth and cruel
and 60's in Hungary and Czechoslova-
every decade in Poland, in the 1950's
crushed by Soviet power almost
One after another, uprisings were
one can even guess, spent decades in
lions. More millions, how many no
for fighting against Soviet rule, mil-
Men and women were murdered
nations, the fight against it began.
Soviet empire swallowed the captive
Stalin. Almost from the moment the
was created by V. Lenin d Joseph
That is that the revolution of 1989
and Eastern Europe know.
knows and all the people of Central
nothing from his role to say what he
about by Mikhail Gorbachev. It takes
chronicling.
The revolution was not brought
tory unfolds, it can be distorted in the
stand what is is happening. Even as his-
The first step helping is to under-
revolution against it?
despotism, which creates ceaseless
comes not from freedom but from
Can't we remember that instability
bling slow, slow, to the prisoners in
are fearful of instability, are mum-
some of the governments of the West
before it comes to full fruit. Already
even if it is not reversed, can wither
Second, without help the revolution,
chologically identify them with their
Westerners forget this truth and psy-
prisonment makes so many other
ing is that the very fact of their im-
ironies of their long period of suffer-
ture and history. One of the sad
always been part of the West in cul-
Most of the nations in revolt have
ideals that they draw strength.
surging nations look and from West-
to the West that the people of the
First, this is revolution, too. It Is
the most important questions of our
For at least two reasons, is one of
MY
tions escaping captivity? What
lution sweeping through the na-
ow can we help the great revo-
MIND
at home.
one thing.
ing it still, in the crumbling empire
to all who fought are fight-
munism not cowardice. a duty
Caution against preserving Com-
Mr. Gorbachev.
IIIIS may
technological and political power
goes before we commit our economic,
We have time to see which way he
them o power.
preserve the system that brought
halt the reforms and tighten up to
decide to go the other way at home
and the Communist apparatus may
But more likely, Mr. Gorbachev
the Soviet Army to keep it alive, even
kills initiative and needs the power of
the existing Soviet system, which
growing out of creative energy and
perestroika real economic change
They tell him he cannot have both
him what he most dislikes to hear.
privately from some people around
Already Mr. Gorbachev is hearing
eager to live their own lives.
at least some of the nationalities so
agreement to political separation by
system, an unshackled economy and
Union the creation of a multiparty
essential to full freedom in the Soviet
change his mind and take the steps
it started.
and when
its goals
its roots,
Understand
Perhaps Mr. Gorbachev will
West is to take him at his word on this
country. Peculiar how reluctant the
the death of Communism in his own
that he intend to preside over
nism, Mr. Gorbachev says repeatedly
are in revolution to destroy Commu-
But while the once-captive nations
and heritage.
their Communist rulers. Doing so, we
those peoples, who are overthrowing
So help of all kinds should go to
flipped out of political control.
problems at home, and how quickly
Soviet strength for the devastating
jettison Eastern Europe to save
do that, how soon he would have to
quickly Mr. Gorbachev would have to
But even they did not foresee how
gimes would eventually collapse.
captive nations, the satellite re-
Red Army to put down the struggle of
Helping the Revolution
A25
A20 THE WALL STREET JOURNAL THURSDAY, NOVEMBER 16, 1989
POLITICS & POLICY
The Winds of Change Battering Communism
former Soviet satellites then would be
given "nearly full sovereignty" that would
guarantee their. independence. But they
Tear Also at the Fabric of U.S. Conservatism
would be barred from such actions as join-
Ing any military alliance or allowing for-
eign troops on their soll. This, Mr. Pines
By ROBERT S. GREENBERGER
contended, would allay Moscow's security
Staff Reporter of THE WALL STREET JOURNAL
Lifting the Iron Curtain
on domestic Issues. Howard Phillips, chair-
concerns, particularly its fear that Ger-
In
WASHINGTON-For more than four
man of the group. says the rumors are
man troops might someday once again be
decades, anti-communism has been the
March 26 Soviet Union holds the
false.
on its border. As part of the deal, Moscow
glue that held the conservative movement
first competitive elections in its history
The hard-liners have begun to press
also would receive credits and other finan-
together. But now the breathtaking col-
for seats in its new parliament.
their case with the Bush administration,
cial help as It restructures Its economy.
tapse of the enemy Is provoking a bitter
Aug. 24 Polish lawmakers elect
which has adopted a cautious approach to-
Mr. Pines's article prompted a barrage
fight among victors on the political right.
Solidarity activist Tadeusz Mazowiecki
ward the startling changes under way In
of criticism In the magazine's next Issue.
Hard-liners want to strike the final blow
as the East Bloc's first non-Communist
the communist world. At meeting earlier
Mr. Pines's Idea is based on "extremely
against the ailing "evil empire." even to
prime minister.
this month of the Stanton Group, a regular
dubious" assumptions, complained Jeane
the point of supporting the nationalist re-
private gathering of hard-line conserva-
Kirkpatrick, the Reagan administration
bellions bubbling up within the Soviet Un-
Oct. 18 Hungary's parliament
tives, Brent Scowcroft, President Bush's
ambassador to the United Nations. "Mis-
lon Itself. Mainstream conservat want
changes the country's name to
national security adviser, was asked If the
taken and self-contradictory," added An-
to declare victory In the Cold War and of-
Republic of Hungary. shucking its
administration was seeking "the peaceful
gelo Codevilla of the Hoover Institute, a
fer Moscow a deal that guarantees Inde-
East Bloc moniker of Peoples Republic
dissolution of the Sovlet Union. He didn't
conservative think tank in California.
pendence for Eastern Europe and stability
of Hungary.
give a clear reply, according to one partic-
across the continent.
ipant.
Long-Term Interest
Oct. 18 East German Communist
"This may be the the Issue that divides
Party leader Erich Honecker. who
Cautious Instincts
The hard-liners strongly oppose helping
conservatives, says Jack Wheeler, a
supervised the building of the Berlin
communist regimes. both because they
Wall in 1961, is replaced by Egon
The administration's cautious instincts
hard-liner who conceived the Reagan Doc-
don't believe Mr. Gorbachev is a true re-
Krenz.
put It on the side of the mainstream con-
trine, the banner under which the previous
former and because they worry that a new,
servatives. To avoid the appearance of
administration supported insurgencies
Improved Soviet Union wouldn't be in the
Nov. 9 East Germany declares the
gloating over the chaos In the communist
West's long-term interest.
against Marxist Angola, Nicaragua and Af-
end of restrictions on emigration or
world, President Bush has Ignored critics
ghanistan. Now, Mr. Wheeler wants to
Mr. Phillips of the Conservative
travel to the West.
who are urging him to go to Berlin to show
press the fight to the Ukraine and the Bal-
Caucus, for Instance, notes that the Inter-
tics. "The Sovlets are vulnerable and It
Nov. 14 Czechoslovakian Premier
support for the East German reform move-
national Monetary Fund currently has a
Ladislav Adamec announces that his
ment. And Secretary of State James Baker
ought to be our business to exacerbate
mission In Poland and probably will dis-
nation will permit its citizens to travel
last weekend stressed that the U.S. has as-
those vulnerabilities, he says.
perse loans to Warsaw by year end. Mr.
But Richard Perle, one of the most
freely to the West beginning next year.
sured Moscow that It won't take "unllat-
Phillips argues that because Poland owes
eral advantage" of the unraveling of the
hard-line anti-Soviet U.S. foreign-policy
money to the Soviet Union, the IMF. with
Soviet empire.
makers in the past decade, now assalls
ized traditional Republicanism before the
U.S. help. could Inadvertently be helping
The disagreement among conservatives
to subsidize Mr. Gorbachev.
such tactics as "terribly dangerous. The
rise of the "Red menace, while most
was fueled this summer by Burton Pines,
former Reagan administration official
"You have to let the sickness run its
hard-liners want to keep battling commu-
senior vice president of the conservative
says. "The prospect for successful rebel-
nism abroad. These.contradictory positions
course," contends Mr. Phillips. "To give
Heritage Foundation. In an article In "Pol-
lion in a place like the Ukraine is SO slim
are dividing conservatives over major for-
ald to communist governments Is, In ef-
tcy Review, the organization's magazine;
tatroheipthe-eancer-survive
it." that it would be Irresponsible to encourage
elgn-policy Issues, such as whether the
Mr. Pines argued that the Cold War was
Mr. Pines counters that the world is
U.S. should aid ailing Marxist economies
"melting" and It was time to cut a deal
changing and that It Is time to take advan-
Ironically, Soviet leader Mikhail Gorba-
and whether to push for substantial U.S.-
with the Sovlets to ensure future stabil-
chev's reform efforts, which triggered the
Soviet arms cuts.
tage of emerging opportunities. "Every
ity.
turmoil In the communist world, also pro-
free-market factory set up in a communist
But the fight on the right Is over more
Mr. Pines proposed that Moscow with-
voked the debate here. "Gorbachev has
country Is a virus that spreads democ-
than ideology. "The conservative move-
draw its troops from Eastern Europe. The
made It respectable for the traditional con-
racy," he says.
ment raises money through fear, says one
servatives to come out of the closet and
right-wing activist. "Groups have to be
say that Instead of being obsessed by the
able to say, 'give me $25 or southern AF-
communist threat we ought to be more
rica will go communist, and that's getting
concerned about America's needs," says
harder to sell." Indeed. rumors are circu-
Christopher Layne of the Cato Institute, a
lating in conservative circles that some
think tank that often reflects conservative
groups, such as the Conservative Caucus,
views on foreign-policy topics.
already are having difficulties raising
SH
Many mainstream conservatives are re-
funds, as some big-money conservative
verting to the isolationism that character-
backers begin to focus their attention more
At Garn Institute, S&L Executives Get
ANN
To Rub Shoulders With U.S. Regulators
By PAULETTE THOMAS
Staff Reporter of THE WALLSTREET JOURNAL
Senate Banking Committee. Dozens of in-
KEY LARGO, Fla.-While the ethics
dustry officials and lobbylsts bought
spotlight is glaring on five U.S. senators
plates, happily getting the ears of the offi-
caught up in the burgeoning Lincoln Sav-
cials determining the course of the land-
ings & Loan Association scandal, Sen. Jake
mark S&L law, the biggest financial over-
Garn of Utah is quietly taking part In a
haul since the 1930s.
subtle form of influence peddling.
Participation In Garn Institute functions
The Garn Institute of Finance, estab-
is open to contributors, of which the insti-
lished as a think tank, has also become a
tute has many from the thrift industry.
magnet for S&L
They Include Thomas Spiegel, chief execu-
money and schmooz-
tive officer of junk-bond thrift Columbia
ing-not to mention
Savings of Beverly Hills, Callf., who has
a political power
contributed $100,000 and who sits on the in-
base and rare me-
stitute's board of trustees. There' also "
Photo Copy Preservation
morial to a sitting
vid Paul, chairman of Centrust
U.S.
Bank of Miami, which was TP
senator.
!! the Uni-
by 20. Florida banking regular
A: Mr.
1
VOL. CCXIV NO. 99
anic
add II
This resulted in what could have been a
Struggling Reforms
minor shortfall of some consumer goods,
kets,
but in the Soviet Union, the psychological
The
effects have been much greater: Peres-
ahea
How Gorbachev's Plan
troika unwittingly helped touch off panic
buying and hoarding.
If soap were the only Item to disappear
She
Has Left Soviet Union
on Mr. Gorbachev in this manner, Soviet
broke
consumers might grin and bear it. But ac-
cut fc
Without Much Soap
Bu.
cording to official figures, 1,000 of 1,200 ev-
Amer
eryday consumer goods in the Soviet Union
are now in short supply. Public disgruntle-
by sa{
B
OEI
Trying to Bring Efficiency,
ment with perestroika has soared, influ-
sett
encing the government to spend a whop-
chinists
Perestroika Has Triggered
ping $16 billion on emergency imports of
Fec
six-week-
consumer goods this year. Among items
push di
Inflation, Panic Buying
contract
being purchased abroad are 1.5 billion ra-
partly
by a fe(
zor blades, 170 million pairs of tights and
'wou)
voted OI
40 million tubes of shaving cream.
Mr. Gorbachev and his economic plan-
tempi
The Burden of Stalin's Legacy
A settle.
hers have now acknowledged that they
Boeing
miscalculated just how difficult reform
anxious)
would be. They are preparing for what the
A 1
By PETER GUMBEL
Staff Reporter of THE WALL STREET JOURNAL
compan
Soviet president himself has called a more
drugs
MOSCOW-Back in the days when the
radical stage of perestroika, one that they
meet
Soviet Union was thought of as an "Evil
well know could cause further short-term
dards,
Empire" and run by septuagenarian hard-
Grea
upsets in the economy, harden conserva-
liners, life was tough for the people, but at
a sweet
tive, opposition to the reform movement
least they had soap.
and perhaps even threaten Mr. Gorba-
Market
cific of
Then came Mikhail Gorbachev, promis-
chev's job.
Stock
The suit
ing to change, the system, making the
No Turning Back
Jones in
higher,
tation 1,
economy more efficient and consumer
"We can neither return to the begin-
goods more plentiful. Life here is still
predict
1.32.
thing, nor can we stop half-way," the Soviet
tough and in some ways tougher: Now
purchas
Bonds
leader told a meeting of Soviet economists
there is precious little soap.
ury inde
last month. "We've already lost many
People line up for hours outside stores
Comn
years."
at the first hint that soap, detergent, wash-
East
131.81, 11]
But perestroika's own soap opera shows
ing powder or tooth-
Dollar
to sell
just how perilous it can be to tinker with
paste might be for
up 0.0005
Air. An
an inflexible, centrally planned economy.
sale. On the black
to $500
A market economy would likely have been
market, such items
fetch three to four
vance it
able to adjust to the changes brought by
the Soviet leader, but they caused portions
times the official
of the Soviet economy to break down.
price and more.
When the nation's
Gen
The story begins just before Mr. Gorba-
coal miners went on
chev took over in March 1985. Soviet plan-
up to $
Abreast
strike this summer,
GORBACHEV'S
ners. were confronting a nasty problem:
Amex Ste
years,
more soap was one
BROKEN
too much soap. Ministries and the State
Bond Da'
of their main de-
foreca
Planning Commission were receiving let-
Commod
ECONOMY
mands. In Septem-
after a
ters from government retail organizations
Correctio
ber, two policemen
First of Two Articles
also bo
complaining that they had more soap than
Credit Ma
were stabbed when they tried to separate
stock r
they could cope with. Clearly, the forecasts
Dividend
DJ Indus
Vietnamese and Russian workers who
of supply and demand-based largely on
Earning
were fighting over bottles of shampoo.
the previous year's production-were inac-
Econom
"In all my life I've never seen anything
U.S
curate. The time had come to "balance the
Editoria
like it," says Margarita Boyarskaya, a
fourth
market," as the planners like to call it.
Enterpri
cheery woman who has worked at Mos-
So they cut. Imports were the big casu-
Financin
seven-\
cow's Svoboda soap factory for 30 years.
slowdo
alty. "They stopped buying because they
Foreign
Heard on
For almost five years now, Mr. Gorba-
said local production was sufficient," re-
outlook
Index Tr
chev has been trying to revamp the mori-
calls Ram S. Rastogi, president of Che-
Interest
bund Soviet economy with a blizzard of ini-
owned
mimpex, an Indian trading firm that was
Int'l Ne
tiatives and slogans known collectively as
one of the Soviet Union's biggest foreign
Law
perestroika, or restructuring.
suppliers. Until 1984, he says, Moscow had
Bureaucratic red tape was to be cut,
Non
Please Turn to Page A14, Column 3
factory managers given more leeway to
appart
make their own decisions and a small
New H
amount of private entrepreneurship en-
billion
couraged. All this was supposed to make
and re
life better for the average Soviet citizen
and cure a Soviet budget deficit bulging
from decades of subsidizing inefficient fac-
tories and farms.
Lot
But while few economists hold any rev-
blund
erence for the old system, and most agree
that m
it, had to be revamped to halt a troubling
millio
decline, Mr. Gorbachev's attempts. to
stock
make things better have yielded few posi-
tive results and have at times made things
Photo Copy Preservation
worse.
A
Some factory managers, for example,
recei
took advantage of their new freedom by
giving themselves and their employees big
cong
raises, boosting purchasing power at the
still
same time other managers were using
parts
their new-found freedom to raise prices
and cut back production.
A14 THE WALL STREET JOURNAL MONDAY. NOVEMBER 20, 1989
Sov ECON
INTERNATIONAL
Wholesale Trade in U.S.S.R. Remains
Struggling Reforms:
used to make the chemical sulphanol,
The Plight of Soviet Consumers
which in turn is one of 13 Ingredients that
Negligible After 5 Years of Perestroika
Soviet Soap Shortage
Recent fast growth
Outstrips growth in
Fueling jump in
go Into Soviet washing powder. Until re-
in wages
consumer goods
inflation
cently, sulphanol was the responsibility of
Percentage change in wages
a completely separate ministry from Mr.
By PETER GUMBEL
Tied to Gorbachev
Estimated inflation-adjusted
Estimated annual consumer
most five years of perestroika. wholesale
without adjusting for inflation
percentage change in output
price inflation in percent
Aliev's. and its plants are hundreds of
Staff Reporter of THE WALLSTREET JOURNAL
trade remains negligible.
of consumer goods
miles away from the ones producing paraf-
KHABAROVSK. U.S.S.R. The words
12%
12%
12%
fin. They in turn are far from the ones
Bureaucratic intrigue now threatens the
"wholesale trade" may not make many
Continued From First Page
making washing powder.
commercial centers, which have enjoyed
Western hearts beat faster, but for Soviet
bought 30,000 tons of detergent and 20,000
"Of course it would be better to produce
growing success and expect to handle
10
10
10
reformers they represent one of the key el-
tons of toilet soap every year from India
paraffin at the same place as sulphanol,'
trade transactions valued at about S4 bil-
ements of perestroika-and one Important
alone.
Mr. Aliev says. But "I'm a specialist in
lion this year. five times the amount in
8
8
At the same time, because soap was not
8
reason for its failure SO far.
paraffin. don't have any responsibility for
1988. The head of Gossnab who initiated
deemed a priority. life suddenly got harder
sulphanol.'
Under the centralized economic system,
the centers, Lev Voronin, has recently
bureaucrats In Moscow tell the nation's
been promoted to a higher post in the gov-
for soap producers. One aging factoryjin
6
6
6
Pressure to Produce
factories what to produce and provide
ernment, as deputy prime minister "for
Moscow that was undergoing renovation,
Mr. Aliev's bosses in the ministry are
them with necessary raw materials. The
its 50-year-old equipment in the midst of
4
4
4
general matters. His successor, Pavel
now under terrific pressure to increase
factories, in turn, pass their output back to
Mostovoi, is reportedly far less supportive
being replaced. suddenly found its funds
production. That means Mr. Allev is, too.
the bureaucrats. Soviet advocates of eco-
of economic reform and is trying to close
for modernization frozen, according to the
2
2
2
But he beams with a ready answer: From
nomic reform reason that if only this verti-
down the centers.
director. Nikolai Leshchenko. Local au-
the first of January next year, 100,000 tons
cal structure could be broken, with plants
thorities said they needed the money for
0
0
0
of high-quality liquid paraffin will be di-
buying and selling directly to each other,
Serge! Karnaukhov, a senior Gossnab
something more pressing.
1980
85
'89'
1980
'85
'89'
1980
an embryonic market system would
official, says the organization still supports
verted to sulphanol production. And where
The Svoboda plant in Moscow, the big-
Source: PlanEcon Inc.
*Estimate
the centers, but "until the financial system
does this paraffin go now? Mr. Allev pon-
emerge in which prices. supply and de-
gest soap-producer in the country, didn't
ders before answering. "Microbiologists.
mand all play a role.
recovers, the state central organs should
have equipment problems. But It was
than they do excess stocks. Rationing was
concentrate all resources in their
ucts: the Ministry of Chemical Industry.
It's used for making animal feed,' he
To speed the process and help man-
forced to battle with its customers in the
hands."
soon introduced almost everywhere. and
the Ministry of Oil and Chemical Industry.
says. So where will the microbiologists get
Photo Copy Preservation
agers adapt to new conditions, the Soviet
retail organizations. "Two months before
then the recriminations started. Last April.
the Ministry of Fertilizer Production. the
their supplies? He shrugs. Not his prob-
government agency
But Gossnab now has to fight to do SO.
the soap crisis started, we had to persuade
a plenary meeting of the Communist Party
State Agro-Industrial Committee, the Min-
lem.
that allocates sup-
Liberated by their freedom to do real busi-
them to take it. recalls Mrs. Boyarskaya
Central Committee accused the two chemi-
Mr. Leshchenko. whose factory modern-
ness, rather than just give orders, some
istry of Machine Building and Ministries of
plies to industry
picking a bar off the table and smelling it)
cal industry ministers of causing the trou-
started nationwide
50 of these centers in October banded to-
"The shops were overstocked and they
Local Industry in the nation's 15 repub-
ization was halted, says one committee af-
ble. One of them shot back with a letter to
lics.
ter another has been coming to visit him,
program to create
gether to form their own association, inde-
were rejecting any kind of soap.'
Mr. Gorbachev saying that the retail peo-
such wholesale
pendent of Gossnab. Others are expected
This year, the two chemical industry
pounding on the table and demanding
It took a couple of years for the soap
ple were to blame.
ministries were merged and the agro-in-
more. He seems as close to breaking down
system. In early
to join by the time the association holds its
crisis to actually set in. Despite Mr. Gor
An official from the State Planning
dustrial committee disbanded. But to make
as his ancient equipment.
1988, the agency,
first nationwide conference in mid Decem-
bacher's efforts to introduce greater flexij
Commission attacked the market research
Gossnab, set up 140
ber. "Our first aim is to defend peres-
bility, the Soviet system remains one char-
things more complicated. its soap-related
Meanwhile, at the big Svoboda plant.
institute for not foreseeing the surge in de-
troika,' says Valery Kosarev, president of
functions have been split between regional
managers finally added an extra shift this
"commercial cen-
GORBACHEV'S
acterized by rigid planning and a danger-
mand. 'No scientific research can foresee
ters" that were to
ous reliance on industrial monopolies.
agricultural agencies and the Ministry of
fall to cope with the increased demand.
BROKEN
the new association and, like most of his
panic buying." sniffs Mr. Nefedov, claim-
Medical Industry.
But even now, the third shift takes place
act as middlemen,
ECONOMY
colleagues. himself a former Gossnab offi-
"The entire economy operates on the edge
ing the Institute did warn someone in the
The reason for such a jumble of organi-
only three times week because of a short-
bringing together in-
cial. "A market for goods can't exist with-
of crisis." says Anatoly Anshitz, a Soviet
planning agency, who never passed it on.
zations is largely historical, linked to the
age of personnel.
dustrial buyers and sellers and stimulating
out us.'
journalist who specializes in shortages. "It
Mr. Gorbachev told the Soviet parlia-
growth of centralized control of the econ-
Why did it take S0 long to react? Chief
the growth of wholesale trade.
So far. five of the centers are consider-
is geared to producing as little as neces
ment this fall that the soap shortage was
omy under Joseph Stalin. Although Mr.
accountant Serget Loginov, in the middle
One such center lies at the end of a
ing pulling out from under Gossnab's juris-
sary.
the fault of the fledgling private-sector CO-
Gorbachev has tried to cut back the bu-
of proudly explaining how Svoboda is now
bumpy dirt road on the edge of Kha-
diction altogether, and Mr. Kosarev is fly-
Given such conditions, it takes only one
operative movement, something that he
reaucracy, his measures have S0 far had
over fulfilling its plan for soap production
barovsk, an Industrial town in the Soviet
ing around the country trying to drum up
seemingly small breakdown to create enor
began as part of perestroika but which has
almost no effect. Following rough guide-
by 10%, is taken aback by the question.
Far East. Here Vitaly Shalduga, an ener-
support for his cause. He hopes that as an
mous problems. In the case of soap; it was
become so unpopular with the people-be-
lines given by the state planning commis-
"We needed supplies of materials. We only
getic 42-year-old former chemist, waxes
independent organization, the association
probably a dearth of sulphanol, a key in-
cause of allegations of profiteering-that
sion and the agency in charge of supplying
started when we got guarantees that we
enthusiastically about his job. "We must
will be able to organize trade fairs, auc-
gredient in washing powder. that set off a
even Mr. Gorbachev himself often finds it
materials, each ministry is still supposed
would get the supplies," says the nervous,
break the old psychology about producers
tions and even a "trade bourse," where
chain reaction.
an easy target.
to provide the necessary ingredients and
humorless number-cruncher. The guaran-
and consumers,' he says. "There can be
buyers and sellers of equipment can do
The nation's entire sulphanol production
Amidst all the finger-pointing. the lum-
equipment and oversee the operation of
tees took months of negotiation between
no perestroika without a wholesale mar-
business directly. Some of the centers'
comes from a single plant in the Azerbai-
bering Soviet bureaucracy set about solv-
plants under Its jurisdiction.
the various ministries.
ket.'
managers refused point-blank when told by
jan town of Sumgait. Trying to start up a
ing the problem. Mr. Rastogi. the Indian
With the help of East German com-
Gossnab to provide It with all the informa-
new line. the plant had been having trouble
No Communication
"It's a colossal task,' he says. "It all
businessman, last year got an urgent call
takes time."
puters, Mr. Shalduga tries to match facto-
tion they had gathered about local indus-
meeting production targets, according to
from the people who had cut him off a
The trouble for the Soviet economy is
ries and farms with equipment and goods
try's needs. They said the details were
Soviet officials. Ethnic unrest also proba-
!few years previously. "It was distress buy-
that communication and coordination be-
Bass PLC
they want to buy or sell. He also has
commercial secrets.
bly played a role. In March 1988, growing
Sing. he chuckles. "They wanted any
tween these bodies is almost nonexistent
staged auctions of such hard-to-find items
In early November, Mr. Mostovol, the
tension between Azerbaijan and the neigh-
Quantity available. This year, Soviet im-
because some of the ministries are rivals
Bass PLC, London, declined to com-
as roofing tiles,with his center picking up
new head of Gossnab, sent- Invitations to
boring republic of Armenia erupted on the
ports of soap and detergents will total
and because, well, some reasons just defy
ment on a weekend news report suggesting
a small commission fee for each successful
representatives of the association, intend-
streets of Sumgait and at least 30 people
more than 200,000 tons, four times the
logic.
it will sell some of the Holiday Inn hotels in
transaction.
ing to give them a dressing down and; Mr.
were killed in a race riot.
"amount bought before the import morato-
The Ministry of Machine Bullding. for
North America that it agreed to buy last
But despite the enthusiasm of men like
Kosarev presumes, to tell them they must
Enter Perestroika
frium. In 1990, Mr. Rastogi says, Moscow
example, is a hush-hush place that turns
summer.
Mr. Shalduga, wholesale trade is off to a
close. After lobbying by association mem-
is likely to spend more than $200 million on
out military hardware as well as machines
Perestroika turned this one production
The report, which appeared in London's
faltering start. And now the very agency
bers, several Soviet journalists came to the
purchases abroad.
that produce soap. It isn't even listed in So-
bottleneck into a national nightmare. Try-
Sunday Telegraph newspaper Sunday, said
that created the commercial centers is try-
rescue and wrote articles supporting their
ing to encourage factory managers to
Important Boom
viet phone books, what few there are, be-
Bass may sell some of the hotels to reduce
ing to curb their activities.
cause. The day before the meeting, a se-
cause of the military connection, and It es-
make decisions rather than just obey or-
One problem dogging the change-over
nior Gossnab representative sat down with
# The orders have been coming in S0 fast
debt after its agreement last August to buy
ders, Mr. Gorbachev unwittingly triggered
chews all contact with outsiders, including
the world's largest hotel chain from Holi-
to a horizontal economic structure was the
association leaders for the first time to lis-
that he has run out of containers on which
other soap ministries.
a surge in inflation. Using their new free-
day Corp. Bass is funding the $2.23 billion
unwillingness of Soviet managers them-
ten to their arguments. The question of the
to load them in India. When he tried to
The advantage for the bureaucrats in
doms, factories awarded their workers big
acquisition with 11 billion ($1.58 billion of
selves. It is much easier for them to rely
centers' existence was then taken off the
send some supplies loose on board ship. he
all this is that when mishaps do occur, no-
pay increases, often 30% or more. That in
syndicated two-year loans.
on state orders and handouts than to find
agenda of the meeting with Mr. Mosto-
says 10% was stolen by soap-starved
body quite knows whom to blame.
turn boosted demand for goods. setting off
Concern about the company's debt level
their own suppliers and customers. Minis-
voi.
dockers and others when they reached the
Mamed Aliev is one small cog in this gi-
tries have made ample use of such inertia
concerns that eventually sparked panic
has pushed its shares down sharply on Lon-
Soviet Union.
Despite the cease-fire. Mr. Kosarev
buying.
gantic. creaking machine. An Azerbaijani
don's Stock Exchange. Bass's per-share
to keep the old system-and their powers-
Perhaps Inevitably. Soviet soap facto-
says "trench warfare" between the associ-
"We completely underestimated the in.
with a shock of white hair and rumpled
tes have been the last in
price has fallen nearly 16% to 967 pence
tries have made ample use of such inertia
( mon
Despite the cease-fire, Mr. Kosarev
buying.
to keep the old system-and their powers-
says "trench warfare" between the associ-
Perhaps inevitably, Soviet soap facto-
gantie, creaking machine An Azerbaljani
"We completely underestimated the in-
ries have been the last to react. Until re-
with a shock of white hair and rumpled
don's Stock Exchange. Bass's per-share
ation and Gossnab is far from over.
crease In personal Incomes: That was our
collar. he is responsible for production of
price has fallen nearly 167 to 967 pence
as intact as possible. As a result, after al-
cently, no fewer than six separate depart-
liquid paraffin at the Ministry of Chemical
late Friday from last Aug. 23, before
main mistake. says Alexander Voronov,
ments were Involved In making soap prod-
the agreement with Holiday was an-
U.S. Is Leaning Toward West Germany
deputy director of the All-Union Institute
Industry. Among other things, paraffin is
nounced.
for Market Research. "As the market de-
2.6
As Its Closest Trans-Atlantic Partner
velops, it's natural that we make quite a
few mistakes, he adds humbly.
Although prices of most Soviet goods re-
WASHINGTON
U.S. Mr. Genscher himself arrives tomor-
main centrally fixed, perestrolka, In the
row on a similar mission. And second-level
name of efficiency. enabled factories to
INSIGHT
Bush administration officials have been
switch production from cheap, unprofitable
busily building ties to their own counter-
Items to more expensive ones.
By WALTER S. MOSSBERG
"The cabbie grumbled when I
parts in Bonn. comparing world views.
The Svoboda plant, for example,
Staff Reporter of THE
Germany's rising prominence in Wash-
stopped making its "Wood Nymph and
asked her to pull over. But needed
WASHINGTON-The Bush administra-
Ington has been noted In London, where
'March 8" soap brands that sold for 70 ko-
to check this stock before my flight.
tion is considering making West Germany,
any perceived slackening of the prized
peks a bar. and began producing the pric-
It was time to sell. T'll give you
not Britain, Washington's closest partner
"special relationship' with the U.S. sets
ier "Balsam" and "Start," which retail for
in trans-Atlantic affairs.
off alarm bells. British officials privately
100 kopeks, or one ruble. Svoboda man-
two minutes,' says the cabbie. I only
This "tilt" toward Germany isn't yet
settled policy: it may never be announced
complained that the May NATO meeting at
agers insist that they continued to turn out
needed one."
which the short-range missile fight was
the same volume. But others didn't. Since
even If officials agree on it. And strong ties
settled was too much of a U.S.-German af-
their economic plans are largely calcu-
Photo Copy Preservation
with Britain would continue. But the new
fair in which Washington conceded too
lated in rubles, not bars or tons of soap,
approach to Germany is seen by some key
much to Bonn.
the higher prices meant they could pro-
administration advisers as the best way
No Break With Thatcher
duce less soap and still fulfill their produc-
for the U.S. to continue exerting influence
tion
quotas.
over a rapidly changing geopolitical and
Naturally. Mr. Bush isn't about to break
"What does the consumer stand to gain
economic situation in Europe. And it is
with British Prime Minister Margaret
from this?" the newspaper Pravda thun-
viewed as necessary to keep a future reu-
Thatcher. He even has invited her to Camp
dered recently. "Absolutely nothing."
nified Germany squarely in the Western
David Friday for a meeting to help him
camp, rather than neutralized or leaning
plan for his Dec. 2-3 summit with Soviet
The First Shortage
Eastward.
President Mikhail Gorbachev. After dec-
Vyacheslav Nefedov, a department
Even without being formally adopted.
ades of extraordinary closeness, the U.S.
head at the Market Research Institute,
the tilt toward Germany has been in the
isn't eager to jettison its partnership with
says the first shortage to hit the stores was
wind since last spring. when the adminis-
London.
washing powder-probably due to the sul-
tration settled a bitter fight with Bonn over
But Mr. Baker and most of his key
phanol shortage-about 18 months ago.
the North Atlantic Treaty Organization's
aldes became used to viewing Germany
When that began disappearing from stores,
policy on short-range nuclear missiles. Of-
(and Japan) as more important than Brit-
people started buying up cheap soap to
ficials say that fight and its. resolution led
ain when they conducted economic and
wash their clothes. But, of course, many
both President Bush and Secretary of State
monetary diplomacy at the Treasury. And
factories were making less and less cheap
James Baker to forge a closer bond with
U.S. officials privately believe Mrs.
soap, and this fact wasn't lost on con-
their West German counterparts.
Thatcher is out of step on some key issues
sumers.
In particular, the cautious and conser-
that could be crucial in establishing a new
The problem was compounded by fast-
vative Mr. Baker has developed a personal
stability in Europe as Eastern Europe
spreading rumors of new shortages of all
rapport and respect for the bold and leftish
gains a measure of independence from
kinds of goods, and by a growing public
West German Foreign Minister, Hans-Die-
Moscow.
lack of confidence in the future. A recent
trich Genscher. Their friendship was born
For instance. the U.S. is considering
opinion poll commissioned by government
during an all-night, hardball negotiating
throwing its weight behind giving the Eu-
economists found that 93.5% of Soviets be-
session last May over the missile dispute-
ropean Community, which currently deals
lieve the economy is in a "critical" or "un-
the kind of tussle Mr. Baker savors, and
primarily with economic issues, a greater
favorable" condition. Worried that exist-
through which he has built similar ties to
role in political and foreign policy. Admin-
ing supplies would disappear and not be re-
domestic political foes.
Istration officials also are looking for ways
plenished, and with more disposable in-
Role Ceded to Bonn
to increase the direct American role in the
come thanks to the raises their factory
Over the ensuing months, the U.S.
activities of the Brussels-based EC. They
managers gave them, Soviet citizens began
snapping up every imaginable kind of con-
Relax. Schwab confirms my
openly ceded to Bonn the lead role in pre-
hope that the EC can provide a stable
framework for integrating Eastern Europe
sumer good: soap, sugar, salt-even
paring the West's aid package for Poland
into the Western orbit and toning down an-
matches.
and Hungary, saying it was appropriate
(for Europe's richest country to take charge
cient European ethnic and national con-
One Moscow department store director
flicts, which are now awakening as Mos-
reports seeing old women staggering out of
of helping Its poor neighbors, especially
cow removes Its iron hand.
the shop with 70 bars and more. In the Arc-
trades in seconds."
hit my price right then,
given U.S. budget woes. And the presi-
Mrs. Thatcher opposes any accretion of
tic town of Murmansk, supplies sold out in
right there.
dent's much-criticized faint response to the
two days. At the Svoboda factory's shop,
breaching of the Berlin Wall was partly
power in Brussels as an assault on Brit-
lot of brokers take your
"Schwab brokers have
When I make the decision,
ain's sovereignty and a backdoor victory
assistants told Mrs. Boyarskaya that they
based on a desire to do what Bonn
had cupboards full of the stuff at home.
market order and promise
a direct connection to the
Schwab is my call.
wanted-namely. keep quiet, lest Moscow
for Europe's socialists. But West Germany
generally has backed the Idea of European
"My old uncle rushed out and bought 10
to call back later with a
exchanges So my order
be tempted to crack down.
"Once I've made up my
countries ceding some political. as well as
bars of soap when he heard the rumors,
confirmation: You can
"The relationship to Germany is a key
doesn't sit around.
even though he may not live long enough
mind to buy or sell, I expect fast,
for us," says one U.S. official. "What we
economic, sovereignty to the EC. In fact,
go for hours without
German officials have argued for a strong
to use them," Mrs. Boyarskaya says.
Within seconds, my
accurate, efficient service from
need to focus on isn't some deal on Europe
EC as a way of assuring other countries
When she asked him why, he replied: "It's
knowing what price
trade is out there-
my broker. That's why I call
with Gorbachev, but how we can work with
better to have it now, while it's avail-
you got.
that a reunified Germany won't be too
getting executed
Schwab
the Germans to keep them anchored in the
even when the
able."
powerful.
don't like
West."
Instant
meter isn't running"
The president and Mr. Baker frequently
So a new U.S.-German "special rela-
Soviet planners hate panic even more
that kind of uncer-
45
confirmations.
are in phone contact with West German
tionship" may be forming. How it develops
tainty: And that's
For free account information
40
Chancellor Helmut -Kohl and Mr.
could be crucial in the evolution of the new
America's Largest Fine Watch
and Jewelry Discounters
why call Schwab.
"Often, stay on
without sales pressure, visit
Genscher. The Americans were moved re-
European power structure and of U.S. ef-
(cently when the German leaders person-
forts to retain its influence there.
Iknow 'm talking
30
the phone with the
Schwab today or call:
Schwab broker and
ally thanked them for America' steadfast
to brokers who will
PEARLS
1-800-222-5321
protection of West Berlin over the past 40
take action-and give
get a confirmation
Canadian Steel Production
SALES. SERVICE
years. Even Mr. Genscher's personal sec-
ACCESSORIES
me answers-in a hurry.
of my trade
retary emotionally thanked Mr. Baker for
OTTAWA Canadian steel production
within 20 sec-
America's help.
totaled 299,982 metric tons in the week
SUITE 204
Computer links to all the
onds know
During the East German turmoil. Mr.
ended Nov. 11. a 2.1% increase from 293,-
Washington, 20006
major exchanges.
CharlesSchwab
Kohl's national security adviser, Horst
902 tons in the previous week and an 8.4%
202/331-0671
Teltschik. his defense minister. Gerhard
decline from 327.557 tons a year earlier,
Member PC/New York Stock Exchange, Inc.
©Charles Screwab Co. Inc.
We give you more ways to succeed.
Statenberg. and his intelligence chief.
Statistics Canada. a federal agency. said.
!MARCUS&CO
time.
society.
ways.
was
FRIDAY, DECEMBER 8, 1989 A 19
Right now, we need a year. Within a
out of the Soviet reach. It might take a
governments. Imperial restoration would
then require a World War II-style reoccu-
Why is Eastern Europe so central? Not
pation against the resistance of perhaps
ary working-class movement of their
life and the practice of the revolution-
the
year, Eastem Europe could be entirely
Charles Krauthammer
year for Czechoslovakia, East Germany
and Hungary to elect on-Communist
Our Man
CA22 FRIDAY. APRIL 6, 1990
cialist idea, relying on actual social
new society. They developed the so-
mechanisms for the development of a
gaged in inventing specific forms and
The founders of Marxism never en-
responsible for the crisis state of our
it has not justified itself because it is
ism that expressed and substantiated
future, and that the theory of Marx-
struction and therefore is devoid of a
idea is an artificial, abstract con-
creasingly often that the socialist
Opinions are now being voiced in-
Stalinism with which we have parted
characteristic
squeeze actual life into schemes. This
schemes on society again, or tried to
if we began to impose ready-made
would have made a theoretical error
the question is put. believe that we
One can hardly agree with the way
realize the concept of perestroika
we have no clear-cut, detailed plan to
Some people try to reproach us that
number of recent speeches.
rdeas set forth by Mr. Gorbachev in a
having synthesized and developed
stroika, was described by Pravda as
cialist Idea and Revolutionary Pere-
Pravda. The article, titled "The So-
Communist Party newspaper
Tass, from yesterday's edition of the
lated by the official press agency
chev of the Soviet Union, as trans-
ticle by President Mikhail S. Gorba-
Following are excerpts from an ar.
only because without If the Soviet empire
four legitimate democracies with wide
Gorbachev
Moscow Clown
feature
becomes a shell. But because de-commu-
popular words, imperial
pization there is the surest road to the
restoration will be inconceivable.
de-communization of Russia. Until a few
Our immediate agenda, therefore, is to
Defects in U.S.,
of
MOROW was push-
help Gorbachev buy time. Help him resist
Uncharacteristically, the hard-
and
ing reform in Eastern Europe. The pro-
the internal discontent that comes from
liners have got it wrong. They are
cess is now reversed. Soviet reformers,
the empty shelves and rising inflation. If
upset that President Bush gave away
Seeks Asylum
seeing East Europe's aberation, are in-
the store at Malta, dubbed "the Door-
that requires Western credits, or emer-
spired to demand the same at home.
gency food aid or some GATT politi-
mat Summit" by one critic.
Los Angeles Times
In Poland, Hungary. East Germany
cal concession to placate the Politburo,
What happened? At the summit Bush
SAN FRANCISCO, April 5-A
and Czechoslovalea, the Communist
went from interested spectator to Gor-
the price is cheap.
Moscow Circus clown left his Soviet
Party has been stripped of its leading
Now is not the time to push Gorbachev
bachev partner. He preemptively recalled
all instruments of economic war (such as
troupe earlier this week in Nevada
role. Gorbachev still hangs on to it. Last
on Baltic independence, on the formal
punitive tariffs) against the Soviet Union.
and is seeking asylum in the United
Immensely if not decisively.
month, however, a motion in the Su-
dismantling of the Warsaw Pact, on the
States, as well a job with a circus
preme Soviet to reconsider the party's
German question, on economic reform or
here, an attorney who represents
leading role lost by only three votes (in a
even on Central American mischief
him said today.
Party, which is called upon to be the
ganism belongs to the Communist
A special role in the new social or-
The Political Vanguard'
time oriented toward the future.
Notions of a new aspect of social-
motivation.
He approved its partial entry into the
West's economic system (observer status
ism depend on the party's activities
of society and a new aspect of social-
tainment of a qualitatively new state
The destiny of perestroika and the at-
political vanguard of Soviet society.
present-day reality but at the same
and programs adequate to the
basis, it is possible to work out goals
Interests of people nowadays. On this
hending the busic requirements and
identifying and theoretically compre-
ism form naturally in the process of
ments different in their composition
the world and some social move-
rents socialist thought in the rest of
opment, there are also various cur-
of sociocconomic and political devel-
clalist countries with different stages
world process in which, along with so-
in the recent past. We view it as a
more realistic view of socialism than
We now take a wider, deeper and
due to the substance of the matter.
the theory and those events, but also
period separates the emergence of
not only because a century-long
tions of some political figures and
stagnation, and for the erroneous ac-
years, of the personality cuit and
deformations of socialism over the
cannot bear responsibility for the
Marxism and the theory they created
It is clear that the founders of
chamber of 542). Moreover, last week
in the Western trading club of GATT).
in Pravda, Gorbachev himself defended
He gave Gorbachev and perestroika a
The clown, Sergei Uhanov, "is
political blessing to match the pope's.
alive and well and happy, and he is
the leading role of the party as neces-
sary "at the present complex stage," a
Within a year,
He gave these concessions for free-
in the process of applying for polit-
remarkably telling qualification. Given
before having received anything in re-
ical asylum," his lawyer, Michael
Gorbachev's history. in which today's
Eastern Europe
turn. No commitment to real economic
Ross, said.
ests.
tive
the
qualification becomes tomorrow's new.
reform. No pledges of good behavior in
Ross would not reveal his client's
to
principle, it is concervable that some
could be entirely.
Central America. "Will someone tell me,"
whereabouts, but a San Francisco
sort of political piurabsm is next.
asked a pained Richard Viguerie, how it
restaurateur said the lawyer and
is in the interests of the Free World to
tion, the Ukrainian Helsinki Group,
member of a human rights organiza-
Anatoly Dotsenko, a Moscow-based
the head of Roman Catholicism.
counter between a Kremlin leader and
John Paul II at the Vatican, the first en-
dent, Mikhail S. Corbachev, and Pope
ing on Friday between the Soviet Presi-
sure on Suviet officials before a meet-
The protest was timed to put pres-
paigners for religious rights reported.
banned since the rule of Stalin, cam-
of the Ukrainian Catholle Church,
public today to demand the legalization
in three cities in the vast southern re-
thousands of Ukrainians demonstrated
MOSCOW, Nov. 26 (AP) Tens of
Demonstrators Support Ukrainian Church
or to the spontanelty of group Inter-
nationalist or chauvinistic currents
either
the party may not concede the initia-
ple. In the efforts to renew socialism,
interests of democracy and the peo-
and the broadening of glasnost In the
emulation
mote the development of pluralism,
And in this case, the party will pro-
one-party system.
prompt the advisability of keeping
of the difficult tasks of perestrolka
sound forces on the accomplishment
ety and the concentration of all its
Interests of the consolidation of socl-
At the present complex stage, the
Excerpts From Pravda Article by Gorbachev
Give the mar. time. Gorbachev rep-
of the Soviet reach."
the clown dined in his establishment
resents the greatest imperial self-trans-
save this failed, fatally flawed system?"
two nights this week.
formation since Constantine converted to
The answer is simple: it is in the
Moscow Circus, which had been
populist
of
making. Our supreme interest is an inde-
Uhanov was a member of the
Christianity. These types do not come
highest interest of the Free World to
along too often. (Constantine saw the
pendent East Europe-and that means
the continued survival of Gorbachev and
save, to whatever extent we can, Gorba-
performing at Bally's Casino Resort
opinions
light in 312 AD.) To the extent that we
chev, because Gorbachev-not the with-
his reforms. Everything else is secondary
in Reno..Uhanov was last seen after
can help Gorbachev, it is crazy not to.
and, if it poses any threat to perestroika,
holding of GATT membership or squeez-
Sunday night's performance, the
in
ing the Soviets on Central America-is
Photo Copy Preservation
counterproductive.
the key to burying this failed, fatally
circus's final one on the U.S. tour.
Vice President Dan Quayle complains
When Uhanov failed to make the
demagoguery,
flawed system.
society
that Gorbachev's top national security
The hard-liners are missing the big
bus that took the performers to the
advisers are still hard-line. He misses the
picture. Their hearts are in the right
Reno airport Monday, other per-
point. We are far beyond caring about
place-ice-but they have got the tactics
formers packed his belongings and
intentions. Events have outrun intentions.
wrong. The terminal phase of the Cold
took them to the airport, assuming
No doubt, Gorbachev intends to make
War, as any war, should be focused on the
he would arrive later for their flight
the Soviet Union a stronger, more effi-
center, not the periphery. The periphery
to New York, according to circus
cient, more formidable power-some-
was the major battleground when the
promoter Bill Franzblau. After
thing that is not particularly in our inter-
million Catholics are in the Ukraine.
analysts estimate that more than four
cial recognition from Moscow. Western
Ukrainians) openly demanded offi-
underground and in the last two years,
1946. The church continued to operate
with the Russian Orthodox Church in
Stulin merged the Ukrainian church
central topic in the Vatican talks.
church. The issue is expected to be a
fasting today for legalization of the
chivsky, urged a day of prayer and
fan church, Myroslav Cardinal Luba-
The Rome-based head the Ukrain-
attended of thousands.
Frankovsk reported demonstrations
cities Lvov, Chernovisy and ivano-
said that people in three Ukrainian
thesis and development" of several re-
newspaper was presented as "a syn-
Mr. Gorbachev's article in the party
One Doubt Concerning Lenin
cigarettes and other consumer goods.
freeze on the prices of soap, nylons,
Soviet legislature last week approved a
Responding to this new lobby, the
with moves toward market economy
economic insecurity certain to come
are demanding protection against the
by party and trade union functionaries,
"worker fronts. These groups, backed
nessed the growing influence of new
lars, Mr. Gorbachev has recently wit-
In addition to the restive party regu-
'let us shoot,' Mr. Yakoviev said.
times wonder if they' re really saying,
'When they say, "let us steer, some-
conservatives.'
center was untouchable. No longer.
Uhanov missed the flight, Franzblau
est. But his actions have set in train
It is true that the Soviets are still
filed a missing person's report.
forces that defy his control and under-
mine his intentions. Gorbachev could
acting duplicitously in Central America
"The only picture we had [to give
hardly have intended to give up half of
and still trying to hang on to Afghanistan.
police] was of a man with size 22
Europe in six months. But it will soon be
But these are peripheral issues. From the
shoes and a big plastic nose," said
point of view of strategy, we don't partic-
Franzblau.
try must guard against "these danger-
gone.
ularly care right now if the Soviets insist
on spending themselves dry in Havana
and Kabul. We don't particularly care if
Gorbachev refuses to release prices and
make the other changes essential to re-
viving his economy. (In the end, what
hard-liner really wants a revived Soviet
economy? So why insist on real reform?)
What we care is that Eastern Europe
DO NOT FORGET THE NEEDIEST!
law on the press.
the freedoms outlined in a new draft
newspaper, and for intervening limit
editor of the country's most popular
under open attack for trying to fire the
Mr. Medvedev has recently been
A. Medvedev.
irrevocably eludes the Soviet grasp. The
Soviet empire is in collapse at the cen-
ter, where it counts. Every day Gorba-
chev remains in power is another day of
further collapse. Our supreme interest,
therefore, is to help Gorbachev remain
in power. He has done more for rollback
longs to the more conservative Vadim
sively with ideology, portfollo that be-
But his comments tonight dealt exclu-
nominally in charge of foreign affairs.
bachev's main intellectual ally, is
Mr. Yakovlev, regarded as Mr. Gor-
in the Politburo.
was tantalizing hint of further shifts
interview with Mr. Yakovlev tonight
For Kremiinologists, the television
the 21st century.'
that will stretch beyond the decade into
remaking of socialism "is a process
Mr. Gorbachev today conceded that the
public expectations of quick results,
Often criticized for falsely raising
public pressure.
in Czechoslovakia was wobbling under
ception, and as the Communist Party
Moscow after a remarkably warm re-
ernment in the Soviet bloc, was leaving
the first non-Communist to lead a gov.
Prime Minister, Tadeusz Mazowiecki,
The article appeared as the Polish
Timing Amid Turmoll
ing next weekend with President Bush.
can and prepares for his Malta meet-
heads off on visits to Italy and the Vati-
than John Foster Dulles could have
dreamed.
1.
"
y
51
le
av
ou
the
101
re:
10S
ye:-
tiny
the
rap
mu
our
and
to
1
sur
2.0
DEC GORD Mtg SOVECON
A16 THE WALL STREET JOURNAL WEDNESDAY, NOVEMBER 1, 1989
POLITICS & POLICY
Bush and Gorbachev Plan to Meet Dec. 2-3
he said. "Those things will all come up.
cials had been insisting for weeks that Mr.
the leaders of Poland and Hungary. who
but in a fairly informal way."
Bush wasn't interested in such an informal
urged him to support Mr. Gorbachev's ef-
Instead, this official said, "This is vin-
get-together.
forts to transform the Soviet system and to
Aboard U.S., Soviet Shipsi in Mediterranean
tage George Bush. This was George Bush's
Though President Bush's political
urge him to loosen his grip on Eastern Eu-
own idea. It's George Bush wanting to
critics at home have been urging him to
rope. a senior aide said. While flying home
meet a foreign leader and talk to him di-
open a more direct dialogue with Mr. Gor-
from those discussions. Mr. Bush drafted a
sion and the calculated effort to hold down
gional disputes, relations with allies, eco-
rectly."
bachev, it actually was the arguments of
letter to Mr. Gorbachev suggesting an in-
Aside from the Soviet economic plight
leaders within the Soviet bloc itself that led
formal get-together to precede their formal
White House Avoids Calling
expectations, the meeting could pay signif-
nomic cooperation. arms control, and joint
icant political dividends for both leaders.
and talks on cutting strategic and chemical
the president to seek the December meet-
summit next year.
efforts to fight narcotics, terrorism and
Talks 'Summit' to Damp
Mr. Gorbachev badly needs a diversion
arms, one other issue the Soviets are likely
ing. Mr. Bush decided he wanted the meet-
-Peter Gumbel in Moscou contributed
pollution.
from the serious economic problems and
to want to raise is naval force reductions.
ing after talking in Europe in July with
to this article.
Expectations for Accords
ethnic unrest he faces at home. American
The president specifically mentioned
Western analysts say that. given the meet-
officials have sald that a meeting with the
U.S. economic advice to Moscow as a pos-
ing's setting at sea. Gorbachev is unlikely
leader of the U.S. could help bolster his
sible topic. Mr. Gorbachev has for months
to pass up the opportunity to press once
stature among Soviet politicians and aca-
been publicly urging the U.S. to drop its re-
1,234,000
By GERALD F. SEIB
again for negotiated cuts in the navies of
And WALTER S. MOSSBERG
demics, whose support he needs.
strictions on Soviet trade. He recently told
both the North Atlantic Treaty Organiza-
Staff Reporters of THE WALLSTREET JOURNAL
For his part, Mr. Bush has been criti-
a small group of American businessmen in
tion and the Warsaw Pact.
WASHINGTON President Bush and
cized regularly at home for moving too
Moscow that he hoped to sign a general
Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev will hold
slowly and cautiously in reacting to Mr.
That theme has been a recurring one
trade agreement with the U.S., possibly at
an informal meeting in early December. a
Gorbachev's reforms and the historic
for Soviet military officials for much of
the 1990 summit. The Soviets hope a trade
move that should give both leaders a politi-
moves away from communism in Eastern
this year. They argue that as the Kremlin
1,031,000
Europe. A face-to face meeting with Mr.
agreement would give them Most-Favored
cal boost at home.
Nation status, which would lower the tar-
follows through on announced plans to cut
63%
The White House is purposely not call-
Gorbachev should damp such criticism,
land forces-the Soviets' area of greatest
though it will hardly eliminate it.
Iffs on Soviet exports to the U.S.
ing the meeting a summit so that there
Senate Majority Leader George Mitch-
In an unusually candid article about the
strength-the U.S. should show more will-
won't be any expec-
Ingness to cut sea forces-Washington's
ell (D., Maine), who has been the most
latest economic woe-unemployment-
tation of detailed ne-
prominent Democratic critic of Mr. Bush's
area of greatest superiority.
gotiations or agree-
Pravda yesterday
ments. Rather. se-
handling of the Soviet relationship. praised
One of the reasons Bush administration
the president for arranging the meeting.
million Soviets have
aides are anxious to insist that the coming
nior administration
meeting will be informal is to avoid com-
Shipments Growth
But he added: "The mere fact of a meet-
officials said that
lost their jobs as a
ing doesn't deal with the substance of pol-
result of perestrolka
parisons with the last such loosely struc-
Photo Copy Preservation
the
unexpected
Since we began in 1985
icy.
and
the
number
meeting was sched-
tured superpower gathering, former Presi-
Mr. Bush said that the December meet-
mil
uled at Mr. Bush's
dent Reagan's 1986 meeting with Mr. Gor-
648,000*
request because of
ing. which was announced simultaneously
lion. by the year
bachev in Reykjavik, Iceland. That meet-
in Moscow, will be held in the unusual set-
2005. Economists in
his preference for
ing sent shivers through the Western alli-
conducting diplo-
ting of ships at sea to hold down the "fan-
Moscow are now
fare" and force the two sides to limit par-
ance because Mr. Reagan was pulled into
macy through highly
proposing that the
ticipation to just small groups of advisers.
state start a sys-
discussing the possible elimination of nu-
personal and infor-
"By doing it in this manner we can have, I
mal meetings with
tem of unemploy-
clear weapons without consulting Ameri-
George Bush
would say, more time without the press
ment benefits.
can allies.
other leaders.
of social activities or mandatory joint ap-
But one Bush ad-
Mikhail Gorbachev
Mr. Bush said that he initiated talks
421,000
The two leaders will meet on Dec. 2 and
pearances, things of that nature for public
ministration official
with the Soviets on the informal meeting
BIRMINGHAM
3, alternating the two days of meetings be-
consumption," Mr. Bush said.
knowledgeable about the summit plan cau-
by sending a proposal to Mr. Gorbachev
tween a U.S. and a Soviet naval vessel in
CORPORATI
Soviet Foreign Minister Eduard She-
the Mediterranean Sea. The unusual sea-
tioned against assuming that there will be
last July. which the Soviet leader readily
vardnadze, at a news conference in Mos-
For all the figures
borne meeting won't disrupt plans for a
bold new initiatives on the Soviet economy
accepted. But word of the possible session
219,000*
cow. said, "As the two sides plan to hold a
Phillip E. Casey at 1-8
formal summit meeting next spring or
or other Issues.
@
was closely held by the president and a
(101/2 mos.)
full-scale summit in late spring-early sum-
summer. at which an arms-control treaty
"Don't take this as some big opening
handful of top aides, and word of it didn't
is likely to be completed.
mer next year, they found it useful, I
for major movement on economic coopera-
reach many second-level officials until the
in Tons
1985
1986
1987
19
would say even necessary, to hold an In-
In announcing the meeting yesterday,
tion, or arms control, or the environment."
past few days. Indeed, many senior offi-
Mr. Bush told reporters at the White House
terim informal meeting. Although no spe-
that neither he nor Mr. Gorbachev expects
cific agreements are expected, Mr. She-
any "substantial decisions or agree-
vardnadze said "that doesn't mean they
ments." Instead, he said that the purpose
will be without an agenda."
is simply for the two to get "better ac-
If the two leaders cover the subjects
quainted" and discuss a wide range of is-
that have been featured in lower level
sues without a formal agenda.
U.S.-Soviet meetings. their talks would in-
Despite the informal nature of the ses-
those the West.
SOVIET
clude human rights, Soviet reforms, re-
the three months to
Business and Labor Reach a Consensus
cutting TNT's profits 70%
the: cost of the dispute had
try's two major domestic
TNT, which owns half of one
On Needto Overhaul
tee. a return flight?" Transport
By KENNETH H. BACON
to sell a holiday when he cannot guara
iff Reporter of THE STREET JOURNAL
Rising Business
He:added: "How Is a travel agent going
Australian Tourist Industry Association.
sald Frank Moore, chairman of the
people who are flying are those who have
continent's tourist industry. "The only
airtine earnings and crippled much of the
tralla's 1,640 domestic pllots has slashed
An 11-weck dispute Involving Aus-
AUSTRALIAN STRIKE DRAGS ON
Soviets, or work
says the number of jobless is 23 million
of the Unemployed" has cropped up that
unemployment but said an "Association
Insurance and retraining programs like
VASHINGTON-After 20 years of push-
Pravda gave no estimate for overall
the,Soviet Union to create unemployment
The newspaper said It is past time
the past months.
all but Kirgizia have reported rioting In
southern border of the Soviet Unton, and
are; non-Russian republics along the
Communist Party newspaper sald. All
In Armenia and 16.3% in Kirgizia, the
In Uzbekistan, 18.8% In Turkmenia, 18%
Azerbaljan; 25.7% In Tadzhikistan, 22.8%
Health-Care Costs
Unemployment has reached 7.6% in
factory payrolls.
said the situation is caused by efforts to
g.to.27% In some areas, Pravda sald. It
The Sovlet Union's jobless rate is soar-
RRIO
abor proposals to overhaul the nation's
h-care system, Bert Seidman of the
AVERAGE
PERCENTAGE
"IO is finding interest from an un-
COST PER
CONSUMER
YEAR
EMPLOYEE
INCREASE
PRICE RISE
10 big business.
Hers, frustrated by double-
1985
$1.724
4.8%
3.6%
basl
'3" mets. are be-
1986
1.8"
Most
super.
invest
author
The
tentia.
non
day's
progr.
swap
unou
part
tion
a
VEN
with
Kor
rect
Po
Wa
THE WASHINGTON POST
A15
Jeane Kirkpatrick
Fred C. Ikle
New World,
Moscow's Costly Empire
The Soviet Union is not having a good year.
The living standard of the population is
The March economic report acknowledged that
declining. Unemployment has increased.
total production for the month was to
Soviet economists also note that their trade is
Old Strategy
percent less than the year before. Production of
disadvantageous not only with Socialist countries
food, coal and electric power had declined. So had
in the Third World, but also with Poland, Czecho-
output of textiles, footwear and oil-drilling equip-
slovakia and the German,Democratic Republic,
As history speeds ahead,
nuclear
strategy
ment., Meanwhile, the country was confronted
all of which profit from Soviet products delivered
can't keep
with an unprecedented 600,000 refugees who
at discount prices. Under current practices the
Ten years hence, Moscow may
no
longer
desperately need basic necessities.
Soviet Union subsidizes the reorientation of the
control all of its present empire-regardless of
The pinch is causing Soviet-economists to look 16
economies of Eastern Europe at a time it can ill
what it now does to Lithuania. Yet, our long-term
for ways to economize. One obvious choice
is
afford to do
nuclear plans depend on Moscow's commanding
trade relations with the Socialist bloc
The answer to Soviet economic problems may
all nuclear arms in today's Soviet Union.
Western economists have long understood that
lie in reordering its political relations well as,
Fifteen years hence, our president, may be
empires are a political luxury that almost no one
adopting a market approach to trade with other
confronted by more nuclear weapons in China,
countries.
Iraq, and other countries than President Eisen-
can afford. But Lenin and his disciples always
The solution, according to the authors cited
hower ever confronted under Soviet control. Yet,
believed that empires enrich the imperial power
above, is "to separate aid from commerce and
our arms control policy now (seeks long-term
trade from politics" and get fair prices for Soviet
stability. through U.S. Soviet nuclear parity, a
products. The fault is not with the debtors in the
"stability" that can be unhinged if other signifi-
Russians have begun to
Soviet countries but with the bureaucracy that
cant nuclear powers shift alliances.
"sacrifices the Interests of the country at home 0
In the future as in the past; what can go wrong
notice that as the Soviet
and abroad for the sake of high-sounding slogans."
will go wrong some day. Occasionally Cherno-
Once the question "who profits?" le raised, It
byls will happen, and an irrational despot will gain
Union is not getting a fair
catches on.
power somewhere. Yet our present nuclear strate-
Russians have begun to notice that as the
gy would be impotent against accidental or irratio-
shake in the world
Soviet Union is not getting a fair shake in the
nal use of nuclear arms by anyone, anywhere.
world Socialist system, Russia is not getting
For years to:come; our nuclear strategy and
fair shake in the Soviet Union: Russia contributes
armaments will remain warped by NATO's doc-
Socialist system, Russia IS
a disproportionate share of fuel;energy, miner-
trine for initiating nuclear attacks against East
als, timberland and water resources to the Soviet
Germany, and Eastern Europeito halt a Warsaw
not getting fair shake in
Union, according to a recent report Sovetska
Pact onslaught. Yet, a divided Germany, a hostile
ya Rossiya. "Russia accounts for nearly two-
East Europe and a militarily effective Warsaw
the Soviet Union.
thirds of the U.S.S.R. 8 national product, But
Pact are all ghosts of the past.:
the Soviet economy is not geared to the needs of
Risk however, is not diminished by: strategy
that compels America and Russia to plan against
by Impoverishing its colonies. Now at long last,
Russia's population. Russia ranks last among
Soviet economists have begun to examine and
the union republics in terms of the proportion of
each other, decade after decade, as their most
lethal enemy.
discuss the high cost: to the Soviet Union of
expenditures on social needs, and eighth in terms
assisting Socialist countries on three continents.
of housing provisions.'
For the near term, to be sure, we need to hold
An article in the March issue of a leading
"Economic independence" is; the preferred
on to our massive deterrent as insurance, and
develop strategic defense while guarding our
economic journal, Ekonomika I Zhizn, raises
answer. to the Soviet Union's trade imbalances
best technology as leverage. For the long term,
doubts about whether the "world Socialist eco-
with its Socialist dependencies and to Russia's
nomic system" is worth the price.
problems inside the Soviet Union:
however, the unexpected global transformation
The whole question of Soviet aid to its associ-
Why not? As the autonomous republics develop
should embolden us to reach for an exit from this
ated states is obscured by secrecy and complexi-
national identifications and demands, why should
nuclear Cold War.
To begin with, it's time to recognize that
ty, the authors warn. Part of the "aid" consists of
anyone expect that the Russians will not do so?
NATO's hoary doctrine-to deter conventional
the Soviet habit of paying inflated prices for
The Baltics are not the only republics who
were independent nations. So was Russia. And a
war by. threatening nuclear holocaust-has lost
goods readily available elsewhere: seven to nine
democratic national Russian movement has
its military rationale and political support. This,
times more for Cuban sugar," greatly swollen
emerged in time to win elections In Moscow and
in turn, will clear the way for drastic curbs on:
prices for Vietnamese cement. A second type of
Leningrad
ballistic missiles and other hair-trigger catapults
"aid" involves selling goods far below the market
This is very good news.
designed for doomsday.
price, as Soviets sell oil to Cuba. A third form of
In the Soviet Union nationalism and democracy 3
In addition, we can build new institutions to
hidden "aid" consists of providing services at
link Washington and Moscow in the prevention of
can go hand in hand. Both have been suppressed
virtually no cost, as when the Soviets commit
in the multinational internal empire. But Alexan-
nuclear war. For example, the remarkable U.S.-
300 of their ships to transporting Cuban prod-
der Solzhenitsyn, Vladimir Bukovsky and genera-
Soviet arrangements for. verification, already
ucts, thus freeing Cuban ships for profitable
tions of Russian dissidents have rightly pointed
agreed to, might gradually be given ever broader
engagements. A fourth form of "aid" is the
out that Russian culture has been suppressed
Bcope and purposes, to lead eventually to effec-
provision of credit on fantastic terms, such as
tive controls on nuclear arms. Where President
along with that of the Ukraine and all other
allowing Mongolia 200 years to reimburse funds
nationalities.
Truman was bound to fail with his Baruch Plan
for a poultry farm.
for controlling the atom bomb, President Bush
Today virtually all the people of the U.S.S.R
An article in' Argumenty I. Fakty (March
might start us on the road toward a new, more
support democratic self-determination for them-
17-23) asserts that nonequivalent conditions of
selves and for Eastern Europe.
realistic design for the 21st century,
trade with Cuba currently cost the Soviet Union
The age of empire has passed for the Soviet
The writer was undersecretary of defense for
some $6 to $10 billion annually. The authors see
Union as for Western Europe. The sacrifice of
policy in the Reagan administration.
no sign of lessening Cuban dependence, "not one
national interest to remote colonies no longer
sector of the economy fulfilled the plan quotas in
makes sense,
1989 (except for transport and sugar production)
1990, Los Angeles Times Syndicate
forthbal
Photo Copy Preservation
THE WALL STREET JOURNAL MONDAY, MARCH 19, 1990
A19
So Where Does President Gorbachev Go From Here?
Having completed his carefully-spun
Communism is being widely celebrated.
withdrawal of Soviet troops from Eastern
ing up his mind. After Lithuania's non-
Much of the world now sees it for what it
Europe. Keep in mind as well that the So-
Communist parliament voted to secede
power web by winning the new Soviet pres-
idency last week, Mikhail Gorbachev cele-
always has been, a systematic tyranny
viet Communist Party has not failed and
just over a week ago, he first called the
through which a governing elite destroys
there is as yet no sign that it will. Last
vote "illegal and invalid," even though the
brated with an ultimatum to Lithuania:
the personal identity of masses of people.
week, Mr. Gorbachev obtained final repeal
Soviet constitution has long maintained the
Drop that secessionist nonsense or else. Or
else what? We may soon learn. But we
Exposure of the high living of party bosses
of a constitutional provision that had
fiction that members of the Soviet union
de unit
from Bucharest to Managua has exploded
awarded the Communist Party the "lead-
freely chose to join and are free to leave.
iplies a
know one thing already: this is not the
the myth of Communist egalitarianism.
ing role" in Soviet politics. That opens the
Then he began to sound more conciliatory.
acting
kinder, gentler Soviet leader of popular
Even while many Western liberals were
way to the legalization of competing par-
And then after winning election-although
myth.
clinging to such myths, Mr. Gorbachev
ties. But the Communist bureaucracy still
by a surprisingly small vote when you con-1
try to
In fact, he never was. Mikhail Gorba-
ess am-
chev is mainly a skillful, tough politician
saw the need for changes. The destruction
controls property and wealth and will be
sider that he was the only candidate-he
of human initiative had sent the Soviet
difficult to dislodge.
got tough again. Clearly he wants to stop
ning co-
Global View
economy into a tailspin that even cooked
To be sure, the Soviet Union is becom-
the unraveling of the Russian empire.
statistics could not conceal. A huge govern-
ing more democratic. Two thirds of the
where he has the means to do SO.
'LORECK
ment deficit, a rising inflation that mani-
2,250 seats in the congress were filled by
What about Soviet power generally? As
By George Melloan
fests .itself in shortages and a declining
popular vote and only one-third by the
Harvard's Richard Pipes writes in a bril-
GNP now are visible to everyone. By some
party and its various organs. This month's
liant article in the March issue of Com-
onderful
estimates, many Russian workers and pen-
elections to republic legislatures and local
mentary, there has been no diminution of
Straight
who was driven toward political liberal-
sioners today have a lower level of nutri-
and regional offices also were relatively
Soviet military muscle. Its nuclear build-
earch of
ism by events he could not control. Even
tion than their counterparts of 75 years
up continues. It is building a major naval
ion." As
now, he may be no better able to manage
t attest,
the great forces that are fracturing the
What the Lithuanian
facility at Tartus, Syria, which will
ago.
Mr. Gorbachev attempted reform be-
strengthen its power in the Mediterranean,
ack of a
Russian empire. But he could choose a
cause he had no choice. He knew he had to
ultimatum suggests is that
It is expanding its Cam Ranh Bay base in
Photo Copy Preservation
words
harder response. What the Lithuanian ulti-
open up the system to vent some of the
Vietnam. While the military's heavy
"due")
matum suggests is that we may be seeing
steam that was building up under him. And
we may be seeing the end
weapons do not have application for con"
tters of
the end of Mikhail Gorbachev as Mr. Nice
he knew he had to do something about the
trolling internal dissent-and while troop
ars ago,
Guy
economy, although his "restructuring"
of Mikhail Gorbachev as
disloyalty could be a factor in any such
Keep in mind that the Soviet leader is
was hardly the revolutionary change his
Mr. Nice Guy.
effort-they do have another use. They
in God;
no Vaclav Havel or Lech Walesa. They
sales talks proclaimed.
would make it very dangerous for any out
overthrew Communist parties. He heads
side power to intervene on behalf of a
0 LOGAN
one. He is trying to reform socialism, not
Letting Communist parties fail in East
free. But elections have not banished the
threatened population.
kill it. Putting it mildly, he is not having
Europe did not stem from some grand
party. Although it has split into factions, it
much luck and that is why he will be
democratic vision. Again, he had no
dominates the political system.
Other well placed sources say that the
when
choice. With his economy sinking fast, he
All of Mr. Gorbachev's changes have
world-wide espionage and political activi-
tempted to take desperate actions.
he was
As economic conditions worsen and
badly needed Western trade and invest-
had party approval. Obviously, the party
ties of the KGB have if anything been ex-
western credit becomes harder to obtain,
ment. When it became apparent that the
sees him and his reforms as vital to its
panded. It has to make up for the loss of
'S, corn,
le are
Polish Communist Party had lost all sup-
own survival, and it is most likely right.
East European assets. Mr. Gorbachev
he faces further secessionist attempts. Lat-
via, Estonia, Georgia are lined up behind
port, he was faced with letting it fail or
Mr. Gorbachev already has used force
badly needs the KGB in his corner if he is
NDERSEN
Lithuania. Even in Russia, shortages of
using force. Given his larger agenda of
on the party's behalf. When a popular front
to control the party, so he continues-to
food and other essentials are stirring civil
courting the West, plus the truculence of
ousted the party in Azerbaijan, he sent in
fund it generously.
disorder. So far, Mr. Gorbachev has made
the Poles, military action was out of the
the Red Army and restored it to power, at
The crucial element for Mr. Gorbachev
"I have
question. So he gave tacit backing to Soli-
least in a nominal sense. Because the Azer-
remains the Soviet economy. If it continues
little use of military force, but that doesn't
means,
mean he won't do SO if he feels more belea-
darity and sought to maintain contact after
baijanis don't have many friends outside
to sink, even the use of force against popu-
like a
that movement's overthrow of Commu-
the Muslim world, there were few objec-
lar uprisings might prove to be of little
gured. In last week's presidential debate, a
nism.
tions in the West.
avail. Communism will have to go, and not
Congressman warned of civil war. The out-
After Poland, the Soviet leader was
Lithuania would be another matter. The
just in name. Whether it will go with a
side world soon could be faced with some
forced to watch the other East European
Lithuanians do have friends. For that rea-
whimper or a big and dangerous bang is a
messy situations.
Recent events have conditioned western
dominoes falling. Keep in mind, however,
son, Mr. Gorbachev may treat events there
matter all of Russia's neighbors should
thinking in an opposite way. The decline of
that there has as yet been no wholesale
differently. So far he has had trouble mak-
worry about.
SDAY. MARCH 28, 1990
INTERNATIONAL
Secessionist Fever Spreads in Soviet Union
WORLD
Air's Stake in Unit
WIRE
ena Is Investigated
STREET JOURNAL Reporter
Georgia Monarchists Join Bandwagon in Defiance of Gorbachev
ON-The British government
SOVIET OIL
a monopoly inquiry into the
Mites
Activists claim that they control the re-
rways purchase of 20% stake
By PETER GUMBEL
Moscow doesn't Intend to ask Its for-
World Airlines, a new unit of
(Reporter JOURNAL
SWEDEN
FINLAND
200
public's police force, but that can' be veri-
mer satellite countries In Eastern Europe
TBILISI, U.S.S.R.-Al the Institute of
fled. Still. demonstrations take place al-
to begin paying for oll supplies with hard
ag carrier Sabena S.A.
rprise move casts cloud over
Marxism-Leninism, two dozen people
most every day in Tbillsi without anything
currency, as rumored. In the near future.
ESTONIA
happening to the protesters. Last Satur-
mg British Airways. Europe's
crowd Into an office to hear Levan Kiladze
a senior Sovlet official sald.
rline. a wider presence on the
give a distinctly unorthodox talk.
day. thousands rallied in the town center to
LATVIA
Andrel Bugrov, deputy director of the
"For 70 years we have suffered under
©Moscow
support Lithuania. One huge placard sar-
départment of International economic re-
It may hasten the European
the dictatorship of the proletariat. de-
POLAND
LITHUANIA
castically showed Mr. Gorbachev dressed
lations at the Soviet Foreign Ministry,
:y Commission' own informal
review of Sabena World Air
clares Mr. Kiladze, a 20-year-old scientist,
U. S. S. R.
in toga crowning himself emperor. Police
also indicated that his country isn't plan-
ch is -owned by Sabena
to nods from the audience. "Our new state
were nowhere in sight.
ning any major changes in the terms of
should be built on a strict principle of hier-
"We are definitely on the path to con-
its longstanding oll-supply contracts with
y KLM Roval Dutch Airlines.
archy. A monarchy Is our ideal."
UKRAINE
frontation,' says Mr. Chanturia, who has
Eastern Europe.
tish and Belgian airlines have
the link between the dominant
This Is a regular meeting of the 7,000-
been jalled twice In the past seven years.
Mr. Bugrov noted that the Sovlet Un-
ROMANIA
strong Monarchy Party. which wants to re-
"The only way out [for Mr. Gorbachev Is
Ion's existing contracts with East Euro-
of the three countries.
Trade Secretary Nicholas
store the kingdom abollshed in 1801. when
GEORGIA
repression. But this will be just the begin-
pean states are long-term government-to-
BULGARIA
Georgia was annexed by ezarlst Russia.
Black Sea
Tbills
ning. Our people are not afraid to fight."
government accords and so can't easily
dered the government's Mo-
and Mergers Commission to
Far from being a fringe group. It Is one of
Elguje Tsiklauri Is already prepared for
be renegotiated. He also noted that most
and report by June 28 about
the biggest of several political parties in
battle. He Is a bearded 7-year-old sports
East European states can't afford to pay
Soviet Georgia committed pulling the re-
TURKEY
Instructor who resigned from the Commu-
for their crude supplies In hard currency.
h Airways's share purchase.
"may give rise to possible ef-
public out of the U.S.S.R. and restoring In-
nist Party after last April's killings and set
Pointing out that the Soviet Union
impetition' In the market for
dependence.
dragged off 23 Red Army deserters who
up a paramilitary organization known as
buys manufactured goods from Eastern
and from the United Kingdom,
This month, the monarchists and the al-
had sought crefuge there, beating some in
the Legion. He sits on a park bench near
European countries, the minister said the
lied Georgian Independence Party took
the center of town, dressed in camouflage
most convenient way of paying for those
y said in a statement
over the Marxism-Leninism Institute and
the process.
King, British Airways chair
fatigues, and talks about his troops. "We
goods was through oil exports.
But the use of force is a dangerous
ressed disappointment at the
stripped it of all traces of Marx or Lenin.
gamble. Mr. Gorbachev's intimidation
love our people, our religion, our culture,"
ecision. He added that British
Just down the road, the National Demo-
campaign in Lithuania is already sparking
Mr. Tsiklauri says. "We are prepared to
has "every confidence" that
cratic Party and two other independence
international concerns. It could also back-
die for them."
CREDIT FOR CHINA
ission will rule in its favor.
groups have moved into the republic's
fire domestically. Activists in the various
He says several thousand people
The World Bank cleared a $50 million
popolies Investigation won't
Young Communist League headquarters.
republics, while differing widely on how to
throughout the republic belong to the Le-
credit to China for education projects.
KLM because that stake
"Georgia is no longer controlled by the
achieve Independence, are united in their
glon, which he describes as "a volunteer
The loan, which will be provided by the
have a substantial effect on
(local Communist government but by us,
refusal to be cowed into submission.
patriotic-military sports club." He dodges
International Development Association. a
market. a trade-department
the democratic forces," boasts Georgy
The example of Georgia shows how
the question of whether they are armed. A
World Bank affiliate, will be used primar-
nan said. A Sabena spokes-
Chanturia, the National Democrats'
dozen teen-age recrults, all in uniform,
leader. The republic's Communist chief,
counterproductive the use of force can be.
Ily to train teachers who will be assigned
ned comment on the action.
stand or squat around him, listening with
to technical schools. After a hlatus in
Givl Gumbaridze, seems to agree. Meeting
Last April. Sovlet troops armed with
shovels and tear gas broke up a peaceful
rapt attention. Others wander around town
lending that followed China's crackdown
with leaders of the Georgian KGB security
police last week, he talked darkly of "a
o-Independence demonstration In Tbillsl.
In their fatigues, manning information
on pro-democracy demonstrations in Bei-
or plant together
vacuum of power" in the republic.
the Georgian capital, killing 23 people.
stalls or rulsing money.
jing last June, the bank and IDA have
suard said Framatome had al-
They unwittingly gave a major boost to In-
Such activities alarm some of the radi-
approved three loans to China totaling
to be intimidated by the West
The battle raging over Lithuanian Inde-
cals, who fear that Moscow will use the ex-
about $140 million. Including the $50 mil-
il. Although Framatome nu-
pendence Is just the start of Mikhall Gor-
dependence (activists, who have become
Istence of a paramilitary force as a pretext-
llon credit.
plant sales are larger than
bachev's problems with deflant secession-
more openly radical.
ramatome accepted a 50-50
"Il Was a big mistake by the Kremlin,
to march In. But Georgian passions are un-
1st movements. Throughout the Baltic
derstandable, given the region's long and
ement. Mr. Suard said Fra-
states, and In parts of the Ukraine and the
because people saw with their own eyes
proud history. Until It was annexed by
TRAVELING IN CZECHOSLOVAKIA
dd have made a better agree-
Caucasus, anti-Soviet radicals are selzing
that Ithe Soviets are an occupation force,"
Russla in 1801. It was centuries-old king-
power and pushing for independence. Mr.
says Mr. Chanturia of the National Demo-
Czechoslovakla Is ralsing gasoline
d been controlled by larger
dom that extended throughout the Cau-
ich as CGE. Framatome re-
Gorbachev will soon have to fight on sev.
cratic Party. The blood that flowed on
prices for tourists to stop them crossing
casus. Between 1918 and 1921 It was an
GE officials say today that
April 9 "has united people. It is like a
the border to fill up their cars cheaply.
eral fronts to prevent the breakup of the
Independent state run by social democrats
mystical force."
the Communist Party daily Rude Pravo
seek a renegotiation of the
Soviet Union, a task that may prove Impos-
who held out against the imposition of Bol-
said. Czechosloval citizens would pay the
sible without the use of force.
Call for a Boycott
shevik rule. But the Bolsheviks won out,
1 announcement follows Du-
Last weekend Estonia's Communists
same prices as before, but tourists would
In the past few weeks, the Georgian In-
and Georgia was Incorporated Into the So-
be entitled only to limited amounts of gas
in last year to sell its shares.
voted to split with Moscow, and the repub-
dependence movement has started to
viet Union.
in exchange for coupons available in
lustry Ministry, siding with
lic Is likely to follow Lithuania In declaring
throw Its weight around. Last week, the re-
How to Pull Out
banks and hotels, Vice Prime Minister
ad then proposed that the Du-
Independence. Activists in Latvia are close
public's government was forced to post-
to winning the majority they need in Par-
The best way to pull out of the U.S.S.R.
Vladimir Dlouhy was quoted as saying.
split between CGE and the
pone local elections until the fall after ac-
and that CGE be allowed to
is now a point of contention among the 100
One liter (0.26 gallon) of 96-octane super-
llament to pass their secessionist plans. In
tivists called for a boycott. Georgian offi-
matome.
western Ukraine, the Independence opposi-
or so political parties committed to Inde-
grade gasoline costs about 56 cents; un-
cials feared that less than 50% of the re-
officials of the Socialist-led
tion got boost in local elections and poses
public's population would turn out, render-
pendence that have sprung up in the re-
der the new regulation. tourists would
Ing the poll Invalid under Soviet law.
public. Some believe that Georgia should
pay as much as they do at home. with
unhappy at Mr. Suard's close
a major threat to local Communists.
opposition Gaullist party, re-
make use of Mr. Gorbachev's "democ-
varying prices for different countries.
A Desperate Scramble
Statues of Vladimir Lenin, the founder
Pa. Framatome and its em-
racy" campaign to be elected to local gov-
nted a campaign against It.
Mr. Gorbachev is desperately scram-
of the Soviet state, have been pulled down
ernment. But militant groups, who seem to
ought it had simply died.
bling to curb the growing secessionist
in dozens of Georgian towns and villages In
have the upper hand, say they don't want
AIRLINES PROTEST EC PROPOSAL
d CGE both are non-govern-
trend. Refusing to negotlate with the
recent days. Now only two remain in Tbl-
anything to do with Sovlet institutions.
list. One Is In the town center, under con-
Proposed European Community rules
des, however, and they had a
rebels, he Is trying to push a law through
Some of them want to elect a new Geor-
Parliament to prevent republics pulling
stant guard. Activists have bullt a wire
to protect air travelers from overbooking
ement to offer one another
glan Congress that would proclaim Inde-
ights on the shares. In an un-
of the union unilaterally.
cage around the other, which is outside a
on flights from EC airports were attacked
pendence and organize strikes and civil
by the Association of European Airlines.
move for France. they have
As of late yesterday he had stopped
polytechnic institute, to symbolize the tam-
disobedience to press its demands.
Sefik Yuksel, general manager of com-
to move ahead without gov-
short of crushing the Baltic revolts with
Ing of Soviet power.
The Monarchy Party is the only group
mercial affairs for the trade group, com-
roval.
tanks, but he was turning up the heat. The
Georgian officials have either supported
pressing for. restoration,of the Georgian
that the proposals-which Include
Kremlin ordered all. foreigners to leave
such, activities, or turned a blind eye.to
yesterday occu.
them. "In many places; local authorities
"replacing" a program of voluntary finan-
12th-century rule of King David the Re-
cial compensation for overbooking with a
.S. Pleas
pled the headquarters of the breakaway
wanted to take down [the Lenin statues)
builder, the party wants a constitutional
standardized, mandatory arrangement-
Lithuanian Communist Party, the fifth
themselves, but we told them: no, that's
monarchy at the head of a democracy, and
are "too rigid' and would Impose undue
party building occupled by Soviet troops
our job, says Zviad Gamsakhurdia, a
not an absolute monarchy. It has been in
financial penalties on airlines. He said
Sinking In
since the weekend. Soviet paratroopers
longtime dissident who now heads the Hel-
contact with the nominal heir to the
the association plans to lobby for changes.
earlier had Invaded two hospitals and
sinki Union party.
throne, a prince who lives in Spain.
of the U.S. deficit with Japan.
ins are coming to a head as
Swedes Sing a Baltic Chantey:
ULTIMATE EASTER EGG
are supposed to produce an
LUI Is Seeking
The London jewelers Kutchinsky said
rt by the middle of next
are now preparing for a cru-
Yo and a Bottle of Bargain Beer
they had crafted a 2-foot-high Easter egg
in Washington next week.
To Aid Embattled
made from 37 pounds of gold and studded
with 20,000 pink diamonds; It will sell for
alks began in September. the
Continued From First Page
chure, the port city of Mariehamn Is billed
$11.3 million. "So far as we know. it is
ratedly argued that Its posi-
dersson says one person year on average
as a "Finnish Miami Beach." In March,
Insurance Units
the biggest decorative egg of its kind in
S streamlining Japan's com-
goes overboard on the Baltic ferries. "We
It looks more like Nome, Alaska. The tem-
the world and contains the largest single
inp system. toughening Ja-
think most Jump," he says, "but they are
perature Is nine degrees Fahrenhelt, not
collection of rare pink diamonds In any
it enforcement and lowering
so drunk that we cannot be sure." By clr-
counting the wind-chill factor from a whip-
would benefit Japanese con-
cling back, he has saved two of three who
ping Baltic draft. "This is nothing." says
By CRAIG FORMAN
one piece,' said designer Paul Kut-
chinsky. The egg opens to reveal a minia-
Ill as U.S. exporters.
have fallen during his watch.
Lisa Pettersson, her voice muffled by a
Staff Reporter of THE STREET JOURNAL
ture library with cabinets and books. A
was first greeted with much
The 50-year-old captain has plloted oll
hooded snowsult and balaclava. "You
LONDON-London United Investments
carousel then revolves to display a tiny
it has since been followed
tankers through the Dardanelles and coal
should be here In January.
PLC Is trying to assemble an Increase In
portralt gallery where the eventual
11 the Japanese press about
ships across the Atlantic. But the Baltic
Ms. Pettersson used to prepare smor-
financial reserves for Its Insurance units,
owners could feature their family.
law standard of living In Ja.
run demands a special skill: patience. By
gasbord on the ferries. Now she sells pick-
some of which may be technically Insol-
growing rhetoric from politi-
law, travelers must stay offshore for at
led gherkins and three specles of frozen
vent due to U.S. liability claims.
an should make changes to
least 24 hours to buy duty-free. So the cap-
fish In Marlehamn's square. She Is the only
LUI, a London-based Insurance and In-
TOYOTA IN TURKEY
insumers.
tain salls at half-speed to stretch the short
Alander In sight.
vestment company, suspended trading of
trip Into a day-long voyage. "If dropped
its shares on London's Stock Exchange
Japan's Toyota Motor Corp. has ap-
anchor outside Stockholm, he says, "al-
Stamps and a Stuffed Reindeer
Monday after announcing that "additional
plied to the Turkish government for ap-
Legislators Balk
most no one would know the difference."
"This one like salmon," she says,
reserves may need to be made" for possi-
proval of a plan to start passenger-car
grasping stiff fish In her mitten. Picking
ble Insurance claims largely stemming
production In that country together with
TE JOURNAL
No Room in the Jall
apanese legislators, meeting
up another, she adds. "this one also like
from Its U.S. liability policies. The suspen-
two other companies. Toyota officials
0100 hours Unsteady as she goes. The
salmon.' The third, she says, Is "not like
sion followed a review requested by Brit-
sald the Turkish government is now con-
inls Tuesday. balked at U.S.
Boomerang Disco Is rocking at full till
salmon." She offers three for the price of
ain's Department of Trade and Industry,
sidering the plan submitted jointly with
they enact broad economic
when the ferry hits rough water. Swaying
one. "Business Is not SO good," she says.
which the government agency said ex-
Toyota's partner In Turkey, Hacl Omer
Ip shrink the U.S. deficit In
dancers sway some more, lose their sea
In summer, Aland Is a nice place for a
posed "financial uncertaintles" at the
Sabanel Holding AS, and Mitsul & Co., a
pan.
legs and fall on the crowded floor. Disc
blke ride and piente. Now, the only attrac-
units. The British government then or.
giant Japanese trading house. The com-
members of the Japan-U.S.
jockey Margareta Thelander splus a slow
tion Is the museum. which boasts a stuffed
dered the units to suspend new underwrit-
pany, to be tentatively capitalized at $150
IIIS League told U.S. Ambas-
song and turns off the fog machine. "Peo-
relndeer and a complete collection of
Ing at the request of the company.
million, would be owned 40% by Toyota,
III Michael Armacust and
hassy officials that reform
ple are blind enough already,' she says.
Aland stamps; An autonomous territory,
LUI said Its best-known Insurance unit,
50% by Subancl and 10% by Mitsul.
As the ferry tilts, dancers stugger Into
Aland Issues Its OWN postage. good only for
Walbrook Insurance Co., has
d-use policies and Its retail
the lobby. clutching at posts. The floor Is
mail on the Island.
stopped accepting new premiums, though
stem would be difficult to
carpeted with cigarette butts, broken glass
Many day trippers end up at the police
It continues to pay claims. Six smaller LUI
FRENCH RACISM
y. lawmakers attending the
and passed-out drunks. Two men begin
station. "Wei find them sleeping under
reinsurance units, some of which advisers
ting said.
wrestling but the security guard. Mr. The
bushes." says officer Lars Holmberg.
descriped yesterday as "technically inso)-
A French government commission
mander decides MM to intervene "The
Photo Copy Preservation
really consumed.
ernment. It came from the right na-
The notion of locking up old for-
ests from all man-
and keep
tion, too. Consider that East Ger-
many carries the burden of a double
agement and har-
outrage against humanity. First it
52-1987
vesting is
was a participant in Hitler's Reich,
anathema to
the media seem to be cele-
Percent
Swedish conser-
A
then - unlike West Germany - in
brating Earth Day, which
Stalin's. For a ruling class to have
87
change
vationists, and 75
is fine with me. I am all for
been so closely linked with two suc-
percent of Swed-
the current homage to the
cessive imperial monsters might
ish forests are
earth that is happily sweeping the
well need some forgiving.
28
9.6
still in private
planet. But in giving the earth a pri-
hands. Mr. Rem-
ority, it would be self-defeating if we
56
23.9
rod said, while the
failed to complete the triad of neces-
Greens have in-
L
ong before Hitler, toward the end
%
sary human orientations. For being
of the Age of Reason in the
earth-oriented must be linked with
late 18th Century, Immanuel
fluenced Swedish
being human-oriented and God-
Kant gave us the right frame for
90
79.2
forestry some-
judging the irrationalisms of the
what, "At heart,
oriented.
1%
Herewith some reflections on the
20th Century. He put the now-
the forester is a
cultivator. For-
triad. They were first evoked when
historic question, "Was ist der
Lothar de Maiziere, prime minister
Mensch?" What is-man? Or putting
38
66.4
estry workers are
creative people,
of the new East German regime, ex-
it differently, what does it mean to be
human?
0%
and after a har-
It contains within it the enigma of
vest, they want to
26
9.7
see something
Max Lerner is a nationally syndi-
cated columnist.
new grow again."
see LERNER, page F4
Not only has
that approach led
to a 30 percent
The Washington Times
ARNOLD BEICHMAN
rise in annual
Swedish timber
growth (not to mention thriving pa-
per, pulp and lumber industries), but
it is far better for the world's envi-
Ultimate arsenal
ronmental "carbon budget" (carbon
dioxide released into the atmos-
MOSCOW
Gorbachev, the Soviet peoples, the
phere).
ikhail Gorbachev is do-
proposed economic and political re-
A major new study by the God-
M
ing what he can with
structuring of the Soviet Union and
dard Space Institute and Columbia
threats and with tanks
in particular the future of national
University shows forests may actu-
and soldiers on the
subdivisions such as the three Baltic
ally "sink" (consume) more carbon
streets of Vilnius to persuade the
countries.
than the ocean. But that is only true
Lithuanian people to back off from
The particular method of rule that
of growing forests. Researchers
independence demands. The Soviet
Lenin introduced and that Stalin as
found that mature forests give off as
president is trying persuasion, pres-
Lenin's brilliant disciple system-
much carbon dioxide as they con-
sure, an arrest here and there -
atized was terror. However, it was a
sume, and dead trees are carbon
iron-fist-velvet-glove.
particular kind of terror utterly dif-
emitters.
ferent from the anti-human actions
His tactics and warnings will not
NASA's James Hansen told a Na-
of other modern tyrants, like those
work. Lithuanians will not listen to
tional Academy of Sciences work-
of Mussolini, Generalissimo Franco
him, or if they do it will not be for
shop in January that, because of our
of Spain, Antonio Salazar of Portu-
growing forest volume, the United
long. Estonians
gal, the Greek
and Latvians
States may actually now be "sinking
colonels, Trujillo
won't listen to
as much carbon as we emit." Yet all
him, either, nor
STALIN
of the Dominican
that growing wood volume is under
Republic and
private ownership!
will the Moslems
other Latin Amer-
of Central Asia.
ican dictators.
And eventually
Stalin's con-
S
adly, the socialist Greenies are
the Ukrainians.
temporaries prac-
among the environment's
They will not lis-
ticed. torture and
worst, if well-meaning, en-
ten to Mr. Gorba-
imposed horrible
emies. Consider the outrage
chev-unless
of journalist Phyllis Austin in the
prison conditions
Unless he re-
Boston Globe on March 26 over the
against their op-
introduces Stalin-
ponents. What-
purchase of the Great Northern
ism, the Soviet
Nekoosa forest by Georgia Pacific-
ever one can say
empire will fly
about these evil
a sale between two forest products
apart. The exple-
men, they did not
companies:
tive "Stalinism" not only refers to
practice genocide as Stalin did.
"For much of the 1980s, con-
the totalitarian dictatorship of the
cerned men and women stood
Stalinist era but also refers to a par-
Horrifying and genocidal as Hit-
around hands in pockets while big
ticular method of rule.
ler's terror was, it still was different
landowners sold and greedy subdi-
The question of "Stalinism" has a
from Stalin's because it was predict-
viders carved up some of the north-
great bearing on the future of Mr.
able. If you were a Jew, a gypsy, a
ern lands' cherished but unpro-
Roman Catholic, your life in Nazi
tected natural gems. But much
Germany was in danger. Under Sta-
remains within our grasp to save."
lin all lives were in danger regard-
Arnold Beichman, a research fel-
less of race, creed or national origin.
For the forests' sake, we hope not
low at the Hoover Institution, is a
too much.
columnist for The Washington Times.
see BEICHMAN, page F4
Copy
Preservation
Photo
Photo Copy Preservation
BEICHMAN
Stalin's terror "worked." Today's
gonov, recently described how on
GPU executioner could tomorrow ai
Dec. 12, 1937, Stalin and Molotov, the
From page F1
GPU victim be, and the day after his
then-Prime Minister, sanctioned the
feared provoking a war with the So-
as a defender of democracy.
entire family. Today someone could
executions of 3,167 people and then
viet Union. Gen. Clay prevailed, ar-
Administration officials have de-
Stalin's secret police chiefs were
be sentenced to 10 years in a labor
they went off to the movies in the
guing, "I believe the future of de-
clined to speculate or hypothesize
themselves executed scriatim.
camp for a non-existing crime and
evening. A story current in the black
mocracy demands that stay put."
about what they might do in the face
Thousands of Red Army officers
tomorrow someone else could be tor-
days of Stalinism recounts how a
On July 8, the Berlin airlift was
of a blockade, but they had better
were executed regardless of rank or
tured and executed for the same
Moscow concierge went around
officially proclaimed. Joined by the
have a workable contingency plan,
service.
non-existing crime.
pounding on people's doors in the
French and British, the airlift made
as Gen. Clay did nearly 42 years ago.
What made Stalin's terror unique
200,000 flights to Berlin and brought
Where there are those who remain
in history was that it was indis-
Indiscriminate, unpredictable
middle of the night and reassuring
and, above all, ideological that was
the trembling tenants, "Don't worry,
nearly 2 million tons of food, indus-
the reluctant captives of the ham-
criminate, unpredictable and delib-
the key to the "success" of Stalin's
comrades, it's only the building on
trial goods and coal to the city.
mer and sickle, the least they should
erately SO. "Docs any man tremble
fire."
As West German Chancellor Hel-
expect is support from the United
as I speak?" thundered Robespierre
terror, how one man could so cow
as he addressed the Constituent As-
millions of people including his
Purges, executions, assassina-
mut Kohl has written, "Above and
States and its allies when they put
IN
beyond these figures, the airlift was
their lives on the line for freedom. At
sembly during the French Rev-
close associate, V.M. Molotov, who
tions, torture, slave labor, a world of
olution. "Then say he is guilty." Like
paid no heed to the imprisonment at
concentration camps went on for al-
k-
an important political demon-
a minimum this should include food
Stalin's order of Mrs. Molotov. A
most a quarter of a century in the
et
stration." It showed the Soviets we
and raw materials essential for daily
Robespierre, who pioneered revolu-
meant business about democracy
living.
tionary terror, for Stalin everybody
Russian historian, Dmitri Volko-
Soviet Union. Stalin never had any
16
organized opposition in his lifetime.
iff
and were willing, as John Kennedy
was guilty; everyone was an enemy,
No summit is worth trading away
The old dictator died in bed in
would later say, "to pay any price,
women and children included.
to
a nation so leaders can smile at one
March 1953 while he was planning
ito
bear any burden, support any friend,
The victims of Stalin's terror,
another. Neville Chamberlain tried
Herein lie the seeds
what would have been another purge
le-
oppose any foe" in tspursuit for oth-
many of them his close associates,
appeasing Hitler- by giving him
of party associates and Russian
its
ers as well as its preservation for:
could not predict their fates. Nikita
Czechoslovakia. It didn't work. Nei.
of Mr. Gorbachev's
Jewry.
an
ourselves.
Khrushchev described in his mem-
ther will Mr. Gorbachev be pacified
ict
oirs how when a call came from Sta-
In other words, Stalin's power was
Such resolve has always worked
if the United States "gives" him Lith-
imminent failure.
credible and his use of terror was
th
with the Soviets. Under Ronald Rea-
lin for a midnight conference at the
uania. The U.S. policy should be
credible. Nobody was safe because
gan, it produced the current wave of
freedom for all until all are free. If
Kremlin, you kissed your family
Without Stalinism,
Stalin completed the work Lenin had
freedom now sweeping most of East-
an airlift or sealift is necessary, then
goodbye because you didn't know if
ern Europe.
you would come back.
the Soviet Union is
begun - the destruction of civil so-
Berlin offers the model. All that re-
The innocent and the so-called
ciety. Everybody was turning every-
President Bush is in a delicate po-
mains is for the Bush administration
doomed.
body else in, including best friends
sition over Lithuania. He wants next
to exercise the courage.
guilty were equally at risk during
and, relatives, in the vain hope of
month's summit to come off without
the Stalin terror. And that was why
self-exculpation. It was life in a state
r
a hitch in order to maintain the mo-
of nature, the war of all against all.
mentum that has brought Eastern
Mr. Gorbachev has not used ter-
Europe so far, so fast. But there is a
ror to impose and extend his rule. In
greater question involved. Is the
fact, there has been nothing like
price of freedom for the rest of Eu-
PSST...!
Stalin's reign of terror since 1953,
rope worth the refusal of support
necessary for Lithuania to be free?
not under Khrushchev, Brezhnev,
ob-
If Lithuania's leaders were to
CRUSH LITHUANIA!
Andropov or Chernenko. Mr. Gorba-
chev has introduced a simulacrum
m-
plead for Western help to survive a
red
Soviet blockade, surely the United
of a rule of law that, of course, pre-
cludes a reign of terror. Without in-
States would be guilty of gross im-
to
discriminate, unpredictable use of
morality if it turned its back.
nit
terror, people, hitherto cowed by the
What if Lithuania's president
ion
state, will risk punishment, at worst
were to make a speech similar to the
ion
imprisonment, sure in the knowl-
one delivered on Sept. 9, 1948, by
ing
edge that there will be no execution,
Berlin's mayor, Ernst Reuter:
ity.
no torture, no long jail terms, and
"People of the world, people of
ray,
above all no reprisals against fam-
America, England, France, Italy|
ilies.
ted
Look at this city and admit that you
off
Herein lie the seeds of Mr. Gorba-
may not and cannot betray this city
23,
chev's imminent failure. Without
or its citizens! We have done our
hey
Stalinism, the Soviet Union as we
duty and we will continue to do our
of
have known it since Stalin's death is
duty. People of the world, do yours!
the
doomed. And that raises the ques-
Help us in the time ahead not just
tion:
with the rumble of your aircraft en-
Will Gorbachev or his successors
-in-
gines, not just with the means of
and
in an act of desperation born out of
transportation which you send, but
of
an hysterical apprehension try to
im-
also by standing as firmly, as indomi-
resurrect Stalinism? Even if he or
tably for those common ideals which
es-
his successors wanted to, could they
alone can guarantee our future and
or have things gone too far for a
me
yours! People of the world, look to
perestroika'ed Stalinism? I don't
in.
Berlin! And people of Berlin, you
Ira-
know nor at the moment, in my opin-
can be certain, we want to win this
ion, does Mr. Gorbachev himself
me
battle and we will win!"
President Bush could not ignore a
similar call from Lithuania's leader-
GORBACHEV
know as he improvises from day to
day.
ndi-
COPLEY
NEWS
But soon he'll have to make up his
ship and maintain much credibility
mind what it's to be.
any way against him, he will wipe
sein is like that of other state and
FIELDS
In the sexual
foundered only when she chose to
out half of Israel with his military
sectarian terrorists in the Middle
make it prosaic in her semiautobio-
technology. This includes lethal
East. They accept no limits because
From page F1
equation, the woman
graphical novel, "The Mandarins."
chemical and biological weapons,
of their certitude that they are act-
Nelson Algren knew something that
be
and can desolate a population, even
ing as agents of God. What they for-
without the atom bomb that Saddam
like
get is that to strip yourself of your
everyone is sexy, and everyone is
is the more powerful,
Simone de Beauvoir never learned,
Hussein is trying to assemble. There
powerful."
the
And that's why these women will
holding the power to
that such a love affair requires mys-
humanity is to betray the very god-
tery. He reviewed her book, bitterly.
was some protest in the West, but it
head to which you are oriented.
ary
was lost amid the onrush of other
This applies, in a somewhat differ-
never find a party to be as "sexually
say yes or no. It is
Today, Hollywood strains to incor-
now
charged" as they want it to be. Love
porate feminism into scripts by giv-
events.
ent fashion, to the pollution and des-
een
real
olation of the earth. Like Eden, the
and desire require difference, not
just this power that
ing women ideologically correct
I take threats from armed psycho-
equality. Sexual attraction relies on
roles to play, which often lead to
ex-
paths seriously. I go back, in mem-
earth was given to humans "to dress
perceived power, which is very dif-
the rapist wants to
emotions deeply felt but ideologi-
ong
ory, to Hitler's 1938 speech at one of
and to keep." It is a striking fact that
ferent from actual power. John Gil-
vho
the big Nazi rallies, after a young
the Marxist elites, who had de-
destroy.
cally incorrect. In "Impulse," for ex-
nounced God but were certain of
bert, the man, was not more pow-
ample, a movie directed by a woman,
em-
Jew in Paris had shot a German dip-
erful than Greta Garbo, the woman.
a female cop is stalked by a serial
that
lomat. With a glacial coldness, amid
their dream society, were as ruthless
It was the differences between male
killer. Although she's as tough as
his fiery oration, he said he would
with the desecration of the earth as
and female that gave them their on-
of the pleasures of the Garden of
ling
nails on her beat, she goes all
viet
with the massacre at Katyn Forest
Eden forever.
hold the "parasite" Jewry to ac-
screen electricity, compelling elec-
squishy inside when she's with her
count, and promised to wipe out|Eu-
or the liquidation of the kulaks in the
ma-
tron to pursue electron. Off-screen,
Simone de Beauvoir, mother of
boyfriend, an assistant district at-
pof
rope's Jews. He all but did.
Soviet Union. The earth pollutions
she rejected him.
modern feminism, enjoyed intellec-
torney. She cries hysterically that
ible
uncovered in Eastern Europe today
tual equality with Jean Paul Satre,
she's more afraid of losing the boy-
Radical evil is an enigma because
be
go beyond anything that the West
In the sexual equation, the woman
but she paid a price. She had to suffer
friend than being found by the killer.
its perpetrators, whether Nazis or
German Greens railed against.
is the more powerful, holding the
his bringing his mistresses home to
Garbo is more convincing as
communists or world terrorists,
What does it mean to be human?
power to say yes or no. In fact, it is
meet her.
woman, as in her role as Anna Chris-
90,
have usually acted out of a belief that
It means awe for the limits that God
just this power that the rapist wants
When she met Chicago novelist
tie, a woman tough and proud, who
de-
they were the agents for building a
imposes on our arrogance, rever-
to destroy. It was the power of the
Nelson Algren, who didn't give a
understands what it takes to be fe-
Its
better world. Secure in that belief,
ence for the earth out of which we
female that made Adam reach for
hoot about her feminism, she reveled
male: "Gimme a visky with chincher
ned
they recognized no limits on their
come, and the understanding that as
the fruit proffered by Eve, even
in what she describes as "a beau-
ale the dun't be stingy,
in
actions. The case of Saddam Hus-
humans we are part of each other.
though he knew it would deprive him
tiful, corny love story," a love that
baby."
A28
THE NEW YORK TIMES, WEDNESDAY, OC'
ARTHUR OCHS SULZBERGER. Publisher
Letters
ARTHUR OCHS SULZBERGER JR., Deputy Publisher
MAX FRANKEL. Executive Editor
ARTHUR GELB. Managing Editor
JOSEPH LELYVELD. Deputy Managing Editor
Capital
The New York Times
WARREN HOGE, Assistant Managing Editor
DAVID R. JONES. Assistant Managing Editor
To the Edit
JOHN M. LEE. Assistant Managing Editor
Your
ALLAN M. SIEGAL. Assistant Managing Editor
Gains
Founded in 1851
made
JACK ROSENTHAL. Editorial Page Editor
ADOLPH S. OCHS, Fublisher 1896-1935
LESLIE H. GELB. Deputy Editorial Page Editor
the 0'
ARTHUR HAYS SULZBERGER, Publisher 1935-1961
and S
ORVIL E. DRYFOOS. Publisher 1961-1963
LANCE R. PRIMIS. President
pose
HOWARD BISHOW, Sr. V.P., Operations
hidd-
RUSSELL T. LEWIS, Sr. V.P., Production
tax I
ERICH G. LINKER JR., Sr. V.P., Advertising
is or
JOHN M. O'BRIEN, Sr. V.P., Finance/Human Resources
by b
ELISE J. ROSS, Sr. V.P., Systems
W
WILLIAM L. POLLAK, V.P., Circulation
gair
cen
adc
tak
$8
Photo Copy Preservation
the
Help Who?
av
be
ga
sa
We are prepared to provide technical assist-
"show-me" stance. Saying it was time to move "be-
lic
ance in certain areas of Soviet economic reform.
yond containment" to "integration of the Soviet
us
We want perestroika to succeed
Union into the community of nations," Mr. Bush in-
CI
Such words would have been unutterable in offi-
sisted the new relationship had to be "earned."
le
cial Washington even a few months ago. Such
di
The deputy national security adviser, Robert
thoughts would have been unimaginable just a few
Gates, wondered whether the Soviet changes were
be
years ago. To Ronald Reagan, the Soviet Union was
fundamental and irreversible. Defense Secretary
Iii
the evil empire. To Americans generally, the
Dick Cheney predicted Mr. Gorbachev would fall.
kr
U.S.S.R. remained the implacable enemy.
Deputy Secretary of State Lawrence Eagleburger
at
That Secretary of State James Baker can now
warned of "the danger that change in the East will
qu
say these words, out of American self-interest, sig-
prove too destabilizing to be sustained" and dispar-
W.
nals a welcome, monumental moment in the history
aged calls for "measures to insure the success of
sr
of the cold war and of the Bush Administration.
Gorbachev's reforms."
fo
hi
Probably not since World War II, when U.S.
Now, in one strong speech, Mr. Baker has
cargo ships carried lend-lease aid to Murmansk and
moved to reassure the Soviets that the Administra-
ca
Stalin was still old "Uncle Joe," have American offi-
tion recognizes its own interest in their reforms and
til.
cials spoken so openly in support of a Soviet leader.
to enlist Americans to act on that recognition.
the
And at no time since taking office has this Adminis-
Mr. Baker's offer of technical assistance is
me
tration so clearly acknowledged the significance of
modest, yet to be spelled out. Even so, there's noth-
pe:
Mikhail Gorbachev's efforts to transform his econ-
ing presumptuous about this help. The U.S. may not
sou
omy and society.
clin
have an answer to the Communists' problem, how
In marked contrast to the dangers perceived by
to move from a command economy to a demand
others in the Administration, Mr. Baker looks upon
economy. But it can share its abundant experience
F
perestroika as a "historic opportunity." He offers
with markets.
few specifics but his tone is reassuringly right.
Soviet and U.S. economists already exchange
To
The Administration's hesitancy till now has in-
ideas, as the Federal Reserve chairman, Alan
spired puzzlement, even alarm. The White House
Greenspan, did in Moscow last week. Economics de-
"R
seemed unable to comprehend the vast transforma-
partments and business schools are welcoming
(Se
tion in the Soviet Union, even conveying the impres-
Soviet students and managers. Perhaps Washington
duo
sion that it wanted Mr. Gorbachev to fail. First the
can help with a new version of Fulbright (why not
ave
Administration spokesmen said Mr. Gorbachev
bee
call them Kennan?) grants. The Jackson-Vanik
last
wasn't serious; then that he wouldn't last; finally
amendment awaits repeal, to open trade.
nie:
that his reforms posed risks to the U.S.
But before the Administration finally starts
is n
President Bush set the earlier tone in four
doing the right thing, it's worth applauding Mr.
tion
speeches this spring. Instead of welcoming the
Baker's willingness, finally, to say the right thing:
thir
changes in Moscow and reciprocating, he adopted a
We want perestroika to succeed.
D
5/12
not?
parr
5/1
chin
Unnecessary or Worse, for Airlines
7/17
than
more
lion
year)
Your editorial, ("Help Who?" October 18, 1989), based on a
speech earlier this month by Secretary of State James Baker,
claims to see a shift in U.S. -Soviet policy where there is none.
This results from the heavy emphasis placed by the Times'
editorial writers on Secretary Baker's statement that "We want
perestroika to succeed."
Mr. Baker's views on perestroika are right on the money.
What readers of the Times editorial wouldn't know is that Mr.
Baker's views are also the President's. Despite the fact the
Times' claims Mr. Baker's statement on the the success of
perestroika to "have been unutterable
even a few months ago,"
those words were uttered all spring -- and on two continents --
by none other than George Bush.
While speeches don't carry footnotes, interested readers can
find the phrase "I want to see perestroika succeed" in President
August and September 18.
Bush's statements of May 1, May 24, June 8, July 6, July 17, July 27
28
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presde
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3RD STORY of Level 1 printed in FULL format.
Copyright (c) 1989 The Washington Post
November 24, 1989, Friday, Final Edition
SECTION: EDITORIAL; PAGE A23
LENGTH: 920 words
HEADLINE: Looking Back on the Eighties-And the revival and triumph of the West.
BYLINE: Charles Krauthammer
BODY:
Rarely does history respect the calendar, but this time events have conspired
to demarcate precisely the 1980s. Christmas, 1979, the day of the Soviet
invasion of Afghanistan, marks the apogee of the Soviet empire. November of
1989, with the communist crackup in Eastern Europe, marks its nadir. What
happened in the interval defines the '80s. They will be remembered - long after
the avarice, the corruption and the other delightful excesses of the time are
forgotten ----- as the decade of the revival and triumph of the West.
Nineteen-seventy-nine was the annus mirabilis of the Soviet imperium. In that
one year, Iran turned fanatically anti-American, and the Soviets or their
clients seized Afghanistan, Nicaragua, Cambodia and, just to rub it in, Grenada.
It was also the West's postwar low, as oil shocks, inflation and the hostage
crisis completed America's post-Vietnam demoralization.
Then, the great turn, which came not with Reagan's inaugural but, in the
interest of historical neatness, in 1980, the last year of the Carter
administration. It was a post-Afghanistan Jimmy Carter who reasserted a foreign
policy hard line (arming the mujaheddin, embargoing Soviet grain, cutting off
aid to the Sandinistas). It was then too that Carter's Federal Reserve chairman,
Paul Volcker, began squeezing the economy to break inflation.
Reagan finished the job with a vengeance. He let Volcker's cruel but
inflation-breaking recession proceed though the 1982 election year. He
challenged the Soviets to an all-out arms race with which they could not keep
up. He brandished SDI, which the Soviets read as a sign that the United States
was prepared to use its technological superiority to trump Soviet military
power, their one claim to superpower status.
NATO then held together for the most overlooked geopolitical victory of the
'80s: the successful deployment of the intermediate-range nuclear missiles (INF)
in Europe, thus facing down both Soviet threats and the West's peace movement.
The final straw was the Reagan Doctrine, which put American arms and money
behind a worldwide anticommunist guerrilla campaign that gave the Soviets
"bleeding wounds" on three continents.
And just when they thought they had America down, the combination of INF,
SDI, the Reagan Doctrine and the huge defense buildup made it clear to the
Soviets that they were facing a future that they could only lose. American
resilience in this decade came as a shock to the Soviets. Their new foreign
policy is the residue of that shock.
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After all, the Soviets had achieved something astonishing: for 40 years they
had singlehandedly taken on the most formidable alliance of great powers in
history - the United States, Britain, France, Japan, two-thirds of Germany and
a host of other highly industrialized countries -- and held it to a draw. At the
end of the '80s, it became clear to Gorbachev that this could not continue. In
July of 1988, Eduard Shevardnadze before his own Foreign Ministry workers
scornfully rejected "the idea, which gained a firm hold in the minds and deeds
of certain strategists, that the Soviet Union could be as strong as any possible
coalition of states opposing it." Their only hope was to abandon a losing
contest. They sued for peace.
Who killed communism? There is a lot of credit to go around. But certainly
none goes to those who since 1972 have urged, "Come home, America." Who opposed
the defense buildup. Who inflamed the nuclear hysteria of the early '80s and
joined its panicked, now merely quaint, call for a nuclear freeze. Who called
for a moratorium on INF, i.e., a surrender to the street. Who denounced the
Reagan Doctrine on the grounds that it was the road to Vietnam, when, in fact,
it turned Brezhnev's empire into a Soviet Vietnam.
Wrong on every count. Now foreign policy liberals are reduced to arguing that
the monumental collapse of the Soviet empire is the work of one man whose rise
is some complicated accident of Russian history. The Gorbachev reversal is no
accident. It was the premise and the goal of the entire policy of containment,
as outlined by George Kennan in 1947. "It would be an exaggeration to say that
American behavior unassisted and alone could bring about the early fall of
Soviet power in Russia," he wrote. "But the United States has it in its power to
increase enormously the strains under which Soviet policy must operate and
in this way to promote tendencies which must eventually find their outlet in
either the breakup or the gradual mellowing of Soviet power." The '80s represent
the final fulfillment of that policy.
Which is why with the waning of the decade the conservatives' time might soon
be up. Voters are not sentimental. They don't give points for past achievement.
They turned out Winston Churchill less than three months after V-E Day.
The rule is: What have you done for me lately? After the Democratic Party
built the magnificent structure of the New Deal, it ran out of ideas, and the
voters threw the rascals out. Conservatives have done what they were asked to do
in 1980: break inflation and restore Western power. Their job is done.
The voters sense it. The Republicans took a whipping in the 1989 elections.
Their social agenda (most prominently, abortion) proved unenactable. And that
was the fallback for a party whose economic and foreign policy agenda has
already been enacted.
There is another turn ahead. Democrats will do everything in their power to
blow it, but one new idea and the '90s belongs to them.
GRAPHIC: ILLUSTRATION, WELLS FOR THE AUGUSTA CHRONICLE
TYPE: OPINION EDITORIAL
ENHANCEMENT: NINETEEN-EIGHTIES
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5TH STORY of Level 1 printed in FULL format.
Copyright (c) 1989 The Washington Post
November 17, 1989, Friday, Final Edition
SECTION: EDITORIAL; PAGE A23
LENGTH: 859 words
HEADLINE: Dangers of Liberation
BYLINE: Charles Krauthammer
BODY:
There was some mindless complaining last week that President Bush had shown
insufficient enthusiasm for the fall of the Berlin Wall. What was he supposed to
do? Get up and sing "Deutschland Ueber Alles?" Senate Majority Leader George
Mitchell (D-Maine) suggested that Bush hasten to Berlin. And say what? You don't
visit the site of a revolution in order to emote. You go to give definition to
the revolution, to enunciate a new policy, to offer a vision of (forgive the
phrase) a new order. Mitchell had no suggestion as to what the new order might
be.
Or you can go to gloat. There is little the United States can do to help the
liberation of Eastern Europe. But there is one thing it can do to hinder. That
is to shove a thumb in Mikhail Gorbachev's eye by crowing about the obvious,
namely that communism is finished, and its empire dissolving. Proclaiming our
manifest victory would serve only to energize Gorbachey's internal enemies and
further demoralize his allies.
Which is why Bush's semi-comatose response to the opening of the Wall,
whether calculated or not, was exactly right. Not because we are unmoved. This
is the fulfillment of a 40-year twilight struggle. If we don't make any radical
errors, we win. Eastern Europe will be normalized. Stalin's empire will be
liquidated. The Soviet Union itself might see its fate and future tied to ours.
A couple of days of dancing in the streets to mark the beginning of the end
are perfectly appropriate. But that was Nov. 9. Time is now up. After the party,
sober reflection on the dangers of liberation.
Those who insist on raising cautions as the Wall falls are said to be either
nostalgic for the Cold War or pathologically obsessed with the German threat.
Let's be clear: there is nothing about the Cold War to warrant nostalgia. It was
a worthy struggle, as any Pole or Berliner will tell you, but like all war it
was nasty and wearing. The only thing to recommend it was its simplicity.
Simplicity, however, is not a reason for nostalgia. World War II was simple,
too, and no one pines for Pearl Harbor or, for that matter, Hiroshima.
Larry Eagleburger was jumped on as a Cold War nostalgic for saying the
obvious: that the bipolarity of the Cold War made for intellectual simplicity
and political stability. The multipolar world that is dawning will, at least at
the beginning, be less simple and less stable. Às the game goes from ping-pong
to billiards it gets harder. The more interactions, the more possibilities for
error and tragedy.
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(c) 1989 The Washington Post, November 17, 1989
The billiard balls that have been set in motion are precisely those Central
European nationalisms Serbian, Hungarian, German, etc. -- that earlier in
this century collided and combusted into two world wars. You don't have to have
Hitlerian nightmares or believe in the mechanical repetition of history to
temper your enthusiasm for a sudden end to Europe's cruel but tranquilizing
postwar division.
History has not ended It has merely moved east. Central Europe, frozen for
half a century by totalitarianism, is rejoining history. In many ways that means
pick ing up where it left off. It is yet another cosmic joke that the great
questions rising to meet Europe at the end of the 20th century are precisely
those it faced at the beginning --- and mistakenly assumed to have been buried by
two world wars.
From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic, an Iron Curtain is
collapsing. And behind it, nationalisms long suppressed are astirring. They're
back: the Balkan, Hapsburg and now, the German question.
The names may change. Now we ask: Can Yugoslavia survive? What kind of
independence is possible for the successor states of Central Europe (Poland,
Hungary, Czechoslovakia)? But the underlying issue -- Central European
nationalism -- endures. Can Europe contain the dynamism of a reunified German
giant? Will that giant forever renounce its lost territories and forever
forswear nuclear weapons?
The German question, though the largest, is just one of many. Albanians and
Serbs, Bulgarians and Turks, Hungarians and Romanians are remembering
antagonisms that the 20th century was thought to have rendered obsolete. When
Hungary held its intensely moving reburial of Imre Nagy last spring, Romania
denounced the act as not only anti-socialist but "anti-Romania." In Budapest,
the kiosks already carry maps of "Greater Hungary" that include territory now
belonging to Yugoslavia. When Chancellor Kohl visited Poland last weekend, he
was greeted in the lost German province of Silesia by signs saying "Helmut,
you're our chancellor, too." Ein Volk
Irredentism did not die in 1945. It was merely suppressed by the superpowers.
The West may have transcended its murderous nationalisms during the last half
century by developing such a high degree of economic integration, cultural
symbiosis and political coordination that territorial complaints (of the
Basques, for example) look positively quaint. But Eastern Europe, which has lost
half a century of economic and social development, may need that much time to
work out its long-suppressed ancient animosities.
Three cheers for liberation. Now comes the hard part.
TYPE: OPINION EDITORIAL
SUBJECT: U.S. PRESIDENT; UNITED STATES; EAST GERMANY/GERMAN DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC;
EASTERN EUROPE / SOVIET BLOC; INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS
ORGANIZATION: COLD WAR
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14TH STORY of Level 1 printed in FULL format.
Copyright (c) 1989 The Washington Post
October 27, 1989, Friday, Final Edition
SECTION: EDITORIAL; PAGE A19
LENGTH: 876 words
HEADLINE: Baker on Perestroika's Promise
BYLINE: Charles Krauthammer
BODY:
Is Mikhail Gorbachev the Soviet Union's Jimmy Carter? His conduct, which has
post-Afghanistan syndrome written all over it, is strikingly reminiscent of
American conduct at a similar malaise-ridden juncture in our history. Consider:
Gorbachev repudiates his country's role in a losing foreign adventure,
denouncing the invasion of Afghanistan as immoral and illegal. He openly admits
to a whole host of national sins, the latest being the brazen Soviet violation
of the 1972 Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty. He pledges absolute independence and
hands off for countries previously under Soviet domination. He at least suspends
the Brezhnev Doctrine and lets Eastern Europe go its own way (much as Carter did
for our back yard, Latin America - backing off Nicaragua, decolonizing the
Panama Canal and generally retiring the Monroe Doctrine for the rest of the
hemisphere). He repeatedly renounces hegemony and embraces interdependence,
which recalls Sestanovich's Law (named for the noted Sovietologist) that
countries that talk about interdependence - the United States in the '70s, the
Soviets today - are invariably in decline. His domestic economy is failing,
with inflation surging and living standards falling. For his labors, he is
earning points abroad, while steadily losing support at home.
The reason that this should be a cautionary analogy is that while the Carter
years were good for the U.S.S.R., which acquired an impressive Third World
empire during that time. Those years were immediately followed by the Reagan
reaction, which was bad for the Soviet Union. It is thus quite possible that the
Gorbachev years will be followed by the Ligachev reaction -- though the betting
is that if there is a Soviet counterrevolution, Gorbachev will lead it ---- that
will not be good for us.
The corollary is that for now Gorbachev is good for us. Secretary of State
James Baker's loud and official declaration to that effect is a welcome
development. We do have a large stake in the success of Gorbachev's program.
True, the chances of that success are small and receding. Gorbachey's attempt to
reform the Soviet economy incrementally has been likened to a country trying to
switch, gradually, from driving on the left-hand side of the road to the right.
Nonetheless, even if perestroika ultimately fails, we have an interest in its
mere continuation. The longer it goes on, the harder it becomes to reverse its
effects. And these effects are dramatic: the rapid de-communization of Hungary
and Poland, with East Germany and Czechoslovakia to follow; the arousal of
nationalist feelings within the Soviet republics; and, most important, the rise
of civil society as a challenge to the state throughout the Soviet Empire, a
challenge that heretofore totalitarianism had specialized in crushing.
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(c) 1989 The Washington Post, October 27, 1989
China shows that these expressions of popular sentiment are not irreversible.
They can be put down. But the longer they go on and the more organized they
become, the higher the cost of putting them down and, thus, the less the
likelihood of massive repression if Moscow suffers a change of regime or
Gorbachev a change of heart.
Baker is less convincing when he says that because Gorbachev may not be there
forever, all the more reason for us to hurry and conclude arms control
agreements with him while we can. His point is that if these agreements impose
structural constraints on the Soviets -- troop withdrawals, reductions in
military personnel, destruction of weapons -- even a new regime in the Kremlin
could not easily reverse these changes.
True, but it could still reverse them far more easily than any American
government could. (Arms agreements would impose structural changes on the United
States too.) When it comes to rearmament, the White House is far more
politically constrained than the Kremlin. In a soured international environment,
which country would be more likely to rebuild the military, reactivate the
assembly lines and return troops to Central Europe?
This is not to argue against concluding arms treaties with Gorbachev. It is
only to argue against rushing into them. They have to be framed in such a way
that if post-Gorbachev they are broken, as the Soviets now admit they broke the
ABM Treaty, Western deterrence will not have been fatally compromised.
Those who issue such cautions are usually derided as hard-liners, closed to
the marvelous new possibilities of the Gorbachevian universe. As I recall,
however, not too long ago those who insisted that the Soviets unconditionally
tear down their radar station at Krasnoyarsk were also denounced as hard-liners
- seeking, by stressing Soviet violations, to undermine the entire arms control
enterprise. It was a group of congressional soft-liners who traveled to
Krasnoyarsk, looked at the radar, and said, with wonderful sophistry, that while
it might be illegal it wasn't. Why? Because "it is clearly not deployed. Thus we
judge it not to be a violation of the ABM Treaty at this time."
Soft-liners are now in retreat. Indeed, they have suffered the ultimate
humiliation: they are being refuted, not by Cap Weinberger but by Eduard
Shevardnadze. It is Gorbachev who is telling us that the hard-liners were right
all along. His authority is good enough for me.
TYPE: OPINION EDITORIAL
SUBJECT: UNITED STATES; U.S.S.R.; INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS
NAMED-PERSONS: MIKHAIL GORBACHEV; JAMES BAKER III
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19TH STORY of Level 1 printed in FULL format.
Copyright (c) 1989 The New York Times Company;
The New York Times
October 22, 1989, Sunday, Late Edition - Final
SECTION: Section 6; Page 38, Column 1; Magazine Desk
LENGTH: 4738 words
HEADLINE: WHAT IS FUKUYAMA SAYING? AND TO WHOM IS HE SAYING IT?
BYLINE: By James Atlas; James Atlas is an editor of this magazine.
BODY:
THE YEAR 2000 FAST APPROACHES, and millennial doom is in the air. Global
warming, nuclear proliferation, chaos in Eastern Europe. Even the notion of post
is over. Post-modernism, post-history, post-culture (to borrow the critic George
Steiner's term) - we're beyond that now. 'The sun is about to set on the
post-industrial era,'' declares the economist Lester C. Thurow in The New York
Times.
What follows post? Samuel P. Huntington, Eaton Professor of the Science of
Government at Harvard, has a name for the latest eschatological craze:
''endism. The critic Arthur C. Danto theorizes on ''the end of art.'' Bill
McKibben, a former staff writer for The New Yorker, issues a dire report on
''The End of Nature. Clearly, it's late in the day.
On the face of it, the lead article in the summer issue of The National
Interest, a neoconservative journal published in Washington, seemed like more
bad news. ''The End of History?'' it asked. The author, Francis Fukuyama, a
State Department official, was unknown to the public, but his article was
accompanied by ''responses'' from Irving Kristol, Allan Bloom, Senator Daniel
Patrick Moynihan and others notable for their gloomy prognostications.
The magazine's readers were in for a surprise. What was Fukuyama saying? That
the end of history is good news. What is happening in the world, claimed his
eloquent essay, is nothing less than ''the triumph of the West. How else to
explain the free elections in Poland and Hungary? The reform movement in China?
The East German exodus?
In Fukuyama's interpretation, borrowed (and heavily adapted) from the German
philosopher G.W.F. Hegel, history is a protracted struggle to realize the idea
of freedom latent in human consciousness. In the 20th century, the forces of
totalitarianism have been decisively conquered by the United States and its
allies, which represent the final embodiment of this idea 'that is, the end
point of mankind's ideological evolution and the universalization of Western
liberal democracy.'' In other words, we win.
Within weeks, ''The End of History?'' had become the hottest topic around,
this year's answer to Paul Kennedy's phenomenal best seller, ''The Rise and Fall
of the Great Powers. George F. Will was among the first to weigh in, with a
Newsweek column in August; two weeks later, Fukuyama's photograph appeared in
Time. The French quarterly Commentaire announced that it was devoting a special
issue to ''The End of History?'' The BBC sent a television crew. Translations of
the piece were scheduled to appear in Dutch, Japanese, Italian and Icelandic.
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(c) 1989 The New York Times, October 22, 1989
Ten Downing Street requested a copy. In Washington, a newsdealer on Connecticut
Avenue reported, the summer issue of The National Interest was ''outselling
everything, even the pornography.'
''Controversial'' didn't begin to cover the case. Unlike that other recent
philosophical cause celebre, Allan Bloom's ''The Closing of the American Mind,
Fukuyama's essay was the work of a representative from what is often referred to
in academic circles as the real world. This was no professor, according to the
contributor's note that ran in the magazine, but the 'deputy director of the
State Department's policy planning staff.
It wasn't just the message, then; it was the source. Maybe there was an
agenda here
By mid-September, Peter Tarnoff, president of the Council on
Foreign Relations, could speculate on the Op-Ed page of The New York Times that
''The End of History?'' was ''laying the foundation for a Bush doctrine. Not
bad for a 16-page article in a foreign-policy journal with a circulation of
6,000.
YOU HAVE TO PASS THROUGH A METAL detector to get to Francis Fukuyama's office
in the State Department, and the silver plaques beside the doors - INTERNATIONAL
NARCOTICS MATTERS, NUCLEAR RISK REDUCTION CENTER confirm that this isn't a
philosophy department. But the elegant private dining room on the 8th floor,
overlooking the Potomac, could easily be mistaken for an Ivy League faculty
club. Plush carpets, chandeliers, a sideboard out of Sturbridge Village, oil
portraits of 19th-century dignitaries on the walls - an environment conducive to
shoptalk about Hegel.
It's mid-September, and the arrival of Soviet Foreign Minister Eduard
Shevardnadze for meetings with Fukuyama's boss, James A. Baker 3d, is less than
a week away. ''It's a busy time,' says Fukuyama, apologetically. Apart from
assisting in the preparation of ''talking points'' for the Secretary of State,
he's been besieged with telephone calls from book editors and agents eager to
cash in on his famous article.
How does he account for the commotion? ''I don't understand it myself,'
Fukuyama says quietly, sipping a Coke. ''I didn't write the article with any
relevance to policy. It was just something I'd been thinking about.
He does seem an unlikely celebrity. (But so was Paul Kennedy. So was Allan
Bloom.) His khaki suit has an off-the-rack look about it, and he speaks in a
tentative, measured voice, more intent on making himself clear than on making an
impression. A youthful 36, he emanates a professorial air - an assistant
professorial air.
Fukuyama doesn't quite fit the neo-conservative stereotype. Whatever
ideological direction he has gone in lately, he's still a child of the 60's. He
belongs to the Sierra Club; he's nostalgic for California, where he worked for
the Rand Corporation; he worries about pesticides in the backyard of the small
red-brick bungalow in the Virginia suburbs where he lives with his wife and
infant daughter.
' 'The last thing I want to be interpreted as saying is that our society is a
utopia, or that there are no more problems, he stresses. ''I simply don't see
any competitors to modern democracy.' In short, he's a liberal
neo-conservative.
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(c) 1989 The New York Times, October 22, 1989
Fukuyama grew up in Manhattan's Stuyvesant Town, a middle-class housing
development on the Lower East Side. His father was a Congregational minister who
later became a professor of religion, and Fukuyama's own direction in the
beginning was toward an academic career. As a freshman at Cornell in 1970, he
was a resident of Telluride House, a sort of commune for philosophy students;
Allan Bloom was the resident Socrates. They shared meals and talked philosophy
until all hours, living the good life Bloom would later evoke in ' ' The Closing
of the American Mind,' the professor and his disciples sitting around the
cafeteria discussing the Great Books.
Fukuyama majored in classics, then did graduate work in comparative
literature at Yale, where he studied with the deconstructionist Paul de Man (who
would achieve posthumous notoriety when it was discovered that he'd published
pro-Nazi articles in the Belgian press at the height of World War ID. ''It was
kind of an intellectual side journey,' Fukuyama says.
After Yale, he spent six months in Paris, sitting in on classes with Roland
Barthes and Jacques Derrida, whose abstruse and fashionable discours would
become required reading for a generation of American graduate students. Fukuyama
was less than impressed. ''I was turned off by their nihilistic idea of what
literature was all about, he recalls. ''It had nothing to do with the world. I
developed such an aversion to that whole over-intellectual approach that I
turned to nuclear weapons instead. He enrolled in Harvard's government
department, where he studied Middle Eastern and Soviet politics. Three years
later he got a Ph.D. in political science, writing his thesis on Soviet foreign
policy in the Middle East.
Fukuyama's first job out of the academic world was at the Rand Corporation in
Santa Monica. Then, in 1981, Paul D. Wolfowitz, director of policy planning in
the Reagan Administration (and also a former student of Bloom's), invited him to
join his staff. Fukuyama worked in Washington for two years, then returned to
Rand.
For the next six years, he wrote papers for Rand on Soviet foreign policy,
speculating on such weighty matters as ''Pakistan Since the Soviet Invasion of
Afghanistan'' and 'Soviet Civil-Military Relations and the Power Projection
Mission. In ''Gorbachev and the Third World'' (published in the spring 1986
issue of Foreign Affairs), Fukuyama claimed that Soviet foreign policy was still
expansionist, and that despite efforts to economize at home and act conciliatory
abroad, Gorbachev was quietly ''trying to stake out a more combative position'
in client nations like Angola and Afghanistan, Libya and Nicaragua. The message
of these heavily footnoted articles was clear: The cold war is still on.
Last February, shortly before he returned to Washington to become deputy to
Dennis Ross, the new director of policy planning, Fukuyama gave a lecture at the
University of Chicago in which he surveyed the international political scene. It
was sponsored by his former professor, Allan Bloom. ' 'My whole life has been
spent in organizations that prize technical expertise, says Fukuyama. ''I was
anxious to deal with larger and more important issues'' - what Bloom calls ''the
big questions.
As it happened, Owen Harries, co-editor of The National Interest, was looking
around for a think piece on the current situation - a piece, as Harries explains
it, that would ''link history with the great traditions of political thought.
Harries got hold of Fukuyama's lecture and instantly recognized that it was
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(c) 1989 The New York Times, October 22, 1989
''a provocative, stimulating essay, just what the times needed.'
HARRIES, A DONNISH, PIPE-SMOKING Welshman whose desk is piled high with books
- he was educated at Oxford and was for many years a professor of politics -
belongs to a type that exists only in Washington. Leon Wieseltier, literary
editor of The New Republic, calls them ''policy intellectuals. In New York,
people talk about the latest issue of Vanity Fair; in Washington, they talk
about the latest issue of Foreign Policy.
Some of these policy intellectuals are in government; Carnes Lord, the author
of a highly regarded translation of Aristotle's 'Politics,' is national
security adviser to Vice President Quayle. Others are ''fellows'' or
''scholars'' at the Heritage Foundation or the Brookings Institution. Often,
they have grand titles; Michael Novak, for instance, is the George Frederick
Jewett Scholar in Religion and Public Policy at the American Enterprise
Institute. Many are fugitives from academic life. ''A lot of people around the
office came up to me after the article appeared, Fukuyama says. 'Hegelians
who hadn't gotten tenure.
The political orientation is well to the right. 'We hold to a traditional
view of foreign policy, says Owen Harries. And what does he mean by
'traditional''? ''The belief that power politics is still in business. A belief
in the efficacy of force.
The National Interest is clearly a well-heeled outfit. It's funded by the
Lynde and Harry Bradley Foundation, a prominent neo-conservative organization;
the John M. Olin Foundation, established by a wealthy manufacturer who made his
fortune largely in munitions, and the Smith Richardson Foundation -which, says
Harries, 'supports a number of good causes around the place.
The magazine's quarters, in a modern office building on 16th Street in
Washington, are a far cry from the grubby cubicles one associates with political
journals on the left (if there still are any). The floors are carpeted and the
phones ring with a muted chirp. The elevator has piped-in Mozart instead of
Muzak. Directly across the street, behind a high wrought-iron fence, is the
Russian Embassy.
The National Interest, now four years old, is the creation of Irving Kristol
- listed on the masthead as its publisher. His desk at the magazine is sort of
in the lobby area; but then, he occupies many desks. Apart from his two
magazines (he's also publisher of The Public Interest), Kristol is a
distinguished fellow at the American Enterprise Institute. Last year, he gave up
his professorship at New York University and moved to Washington. New York was
no longer the nation's intellectual center, he wrote in The New Republic a few
months later, explaining his decision. The intellectuals had disappeared into
the universities. The culture of Washington was just as ' 'nasty and brutish,'
in Kristol's Hobbesian view, as anywhere else. ''But there is one area in which
Washington is an intellectual center, and that is public policy: economic
policy, social policy, foreign policy, today even educational policy.'
Living in Washington doesn't make Kristol any less a New Yorker. The
cigarette, the rumpled seersucker jacket, the shrewdly self-deprecating wit are
more congenial to a seminar room at the City University of New York's graduate
center on 42d Street than to a Washington think tank. Why did ''The End of
History?'' make news? ''I'd like to think it's because my coming to Washington
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from New York has raised the level of discussion,' Kristol says with a laugh.
And Fukuyama's thesis? ''I don't believe a word of it.
Neither did a lot of other prominent opinion-makers around town. ''At last,
self-congratulation raised to the status of philosophy!'' sneered Christopher
Hitchens, a Washington-based Englishman who writes a column for The Nation.
''The Bush years have found their Burke, or their Pangloss. For Strobe
Talbott, editor at large for Time magazine, ''The End of History?'' was ' 'The
Beginning of Nonsense.
If it wasn't nonsense, Fukuyama's basic thesis wasn't exactly news, either.
For months, conservatives had been gloating over the demise of Communism. ''The
perennial question that has preoccupied every political philosopher since Plato
-what is the best form of governance? - has been answered,' wrote Charles
Krauthammer in The Washington Post last March, before anyone had ever heard of
Francis Fukuyama. ''After a few millennia of trying every form of political
system, we close this millennium with the sure knowledge that in liberal,
pluralist, capitalist democracy we have found what we have been looking for.
Essentially, that was Fukuyama's message, but it didn't draw swarms of reporters
to Krauthammer's door.
So how did ''The End of History?'' become such a big event? It was the Hegel
spin that did it. Not only is America winning, Fukuyama claimed, but the
flourishing of democracy around the world is the fulfillment of a grand
historical scheme. The end of the cold war and the disarray of the Soviet Union
reflected a larger process -the realization of the Idea. History, Hegel believed
(or Fukuyama says he believed), 'culminated in an absolute moment - a moment in
which a final, rational form of society and state became victorious. And that
moment, it just so happens, is now.
A weird thesis, utterly speculative and impossible to prove. But ''The End of
History?'' was a stylish performance, erudite and written with a rhetorical
flair rare in the somber prose of Washington policy journals; it possessed
intellectual authority.
Fukuyama's respondents greeted the piece with open arms. ''I am delighted to
welcome G.W.F. Hegel to Washington, declared Kristol. Senator Moynihan,
himself a Harvard government professor before he discovered politics, confessed
that his grasp of Hegel was shaky; but he dusted off his European history,
tossing in a few references to Marx and Rousseau. ''It is not often that one has
the opportunity to argue about Hegel in The National Interest (or anywhere else,
for that matter), noted the historian Gertrude Himmelfarb, who is the wife of
Irving Kristol. Soon after the article appeared, there was a conference held to
discuss it at something called the United States Institute of Peace. Kristol,
Himmelfarb and Krauthammer were in attendance, along with the Sovietologist
Richard Pipes. The rest is
history?
IT'S NOT HARD TO SEE why Fukuyama's essay won favor among this community.
It's not only the high-flown references to Kant and Hegel, not only the message
that Western democracy beat out the competition. ''The End of History?'' has a
polemical edge familiar to readers of ''The Closing of the American Mind.
Like Bloom, Fukuyama doesn't have much patience for non-Western cultures.
For our purposes, he writes, ''it matters very little what strange thoughts
occur to people in Albania or Burkina Faso. And like Bloom, Fukuyama's no
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booster. The West isn't so hot either. At the heart of his critique is a veiled
contempt for the very culture whose triumphs in the political sphere it purports
to celebrate.
What distinguishes Fukuyama from the crowd of conservative pundits elated by
Gorbachey's troubles is his curled-lip attitude toward the victorious party. Say
the West has won, that fascism and Communism are dead, that no significant
ideological challenges are on the horizon - then what? There's an ''emptiness at
the core of liberalism, Fukuyama maintains. What does America have to offer?
''Liberal democracy in the political sphere combined with easy access to VCRs
and stereos in the economic. The society Hegel envisioned at the end of
history, a universal state in which the arts flourish and virtue reigns, is
nowhere to be found. Instead we're stuck with a 'consumerist culture'
purveying rock music and boutiques around the world.
So the end of history may not be such a good thing after all. In fact,
Fukuyama concludes, it will be ''a very sad time.' Why? Because the meaning of
life lies in the causes that we fight for, and in the future there won't be any.
'The struggle for recognition, the willingness to risk one's life for a purely
abstract goal, the worldwide ideological struggle that called forth daring,
courage, imagination and idealism, will be replaced by economic calculation, the
endless solving of technical problems, environmental concerns and the
satisfaction of sophisticated consumer demands. Put plainly, we're heading for
a time of 'boredom.'
As a Washington cab driver said when I tried to explain why I was in town,
'Give me a break!' Does Fukuyama really believe all this? ''I guess I prefer
not to answer that,' he said one afternoon, talking in his State Department
office. 'Leave it ambiguous. All I can say is, if people can't take a joke
That he meant to be provocative is obvious; but it's clear from his rational,
erudite prose that he wasn't fooling around. As a political theorist, Fukuyama
is more in the tradition of Bentham or Locke than of pop futurists like Alvin
Toffler. ''All I meant by that last paragraph, he says, ''was that there's a
tension in liberalism that won't go away. There are all kinds of reasons for
being a liberal: the security and the material wealth it provides, the
opportunity for spiritual and intellectual development. But it fails to address
some fundamental questions. You know, what are the higher ends of man? Should we
just be content with having secured the conditions for a good life, or should we
be thinking about what the content of that good life is?''
IF LIBERALISM STILL has a few kinks to work out, Communism is finished,
although 'there may be some isolated true believers left in places like
Managua, Pyongyang or Cambridge, Massachusetts, writes Fukuyama with
characteristic acerbity.
In Cambridge, the contempt is mutual. Even in that citadel of 1960's
subversion, there aren't too many Communists left, but there is an inordinately
dense concentration of people around Harvard Square who know their Hegel, and
the summer issue of The National Interest sold out there virtually overnight. By
and large, the Cambridge intelligentsia is dubious about The End of History?'
The distinguished Harvard government professor Judith N. Shklar didn't even have
to read Fukuyama's piece in order to dismiss it as ''publicity.' Her colleague
Daniel Bell, who did, pronounced it ' 'Hegel at third remove
and wrong.
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(c) 1989 The New York Times, October 22, 1989
(Bell's classic book, ''The End of Ideology,' anticipated Fukuyama 30 years
ago.) The historian Simon Schama, author of ''Citizens: A Chronicle of the
French Revolution,'' is more tolerant. Himself an idiosyncratic practitioner of
the genre, he found the piece ''spirited and lively, but wonders how Fukuyama
could have failed to address the revival of religious fundamentalism or the
conflicts that could arise out of nationalism. ''It's more of a theological
document, don't you think, a work of prophecy,' he says. ''I mean, nobody
really believes in the end of history.'
It's not too hard to think of scenarios that would spoil Fukuyama's end of
history. Who's to say what would happen in the Soviet Union if glasnost and
perestroika collapse? What new dangers might a reunified Germany pose? Or a
newly industrialized China? And what about the nuclear threat? That would put an
end to things, the political scientist Pierre Hassner observed, ''in a more
radical sense than he envisages.'
Gertrude Himmelfarb's response in The National Interest was perhaps the most
damaging refutation of all. To begin with, Hegel never said that history would
end in a literal sense; it's a continuous process in which ''the synthesis of
the preceding stage is the thesis of the present, thus setting in motion an
endless dialectical cycle - - and thus preserving the drama of history. And what
about black poverty, the poverty of the underclass? asked Himmelfarb. In
southeast Washington, where young blacks are dying nightly in the front lines of
the drug war, history doesn't seem over; it seems to be just beginning. As
Irving Kristol tartly put it, ''We may have won the cold war, which is nice -
it's more than nice, it's wonderful. But this means that now the enemy is us,
not them.
Liberals complained that Fukuyama ignored the third world. Conservatives
weren't too enthusiastic about his dour assessment of the winning team. Where is
it written that government should provide for the spiritual needs of its
citizens? Michael Novak wondered in Commentary. Democracy promises freedom from
tyranny; it doesn't promise to make us happy. ' ' The construction of a social
order that achieves these is not designed to fill the soul, or to teach a
philosophy, or to give instruction in how to live,' Novak wrote. Democracy
isn't a required course; it's an elective.
ANUMBER OF COMMENTATORS have compared ''The End of History?'' to the famous
article published by George F. Kennan in Foreign Affairs in July 1947 and signed
with an anonymous "X." Kennan's essay warned of Moscow's expansionist
tendencies and called for a policy of ''firm and vigilant containment, thus
supplying the term that would come to characterize America's foreign policy in
the postwar era.
In an article in Policy Review last summer, ''Waiting for Mr. X,'' Burton
Yale Pines, the magazine's associate publisher, called for an update. The cold
war was over, Pines agreed; only what was the United States doing about it? How
to deal with the turmoil Gorbachey's reforms have provoked? What should be our
policy toward Eastern Europe? 'Needed, in essence, is another 'X' article,
wrote Pines - an article that would encourage the United States to seize the
initiative. Given this hunger for a sequel, it's not surprising that Fukuyama is
being touted as our ''X.''
But is he? It's tempting to dismiss the whole thing as a media phenomenon.
'Each year needs a new sensation,' says Daniel Bell. ''It encapsulates a
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mood that people feel and gives it a vocabulary.'
The practical consequences have been more difficult to measure. In the wake
of Shevardnadze's visit, interpreters of foreign policy were busy scrutinizing
speeches for evidence of endism. Did Fukuyama's article reflect President Bush's
thinking? Was it a high-level policy paper in disguise? Senator Moynihan, for
one, is skeptical. ''The minute you announce that the cold war has ended and
history is over, he notes, ''a lot of people are going to say, 'Hey, wait a
minute, we're out of a job. If only for bureaucratic purposes, then, history
is still a going concern. As for the article's actual influence, 'there's no
connection between this piece and what the Government does,' Kristol says
flatly. 'No one in the Administration has read it.''
Everyone else has. Whether or not we've reached the end of history, we
haven't reached the end of ''The End of History?'' The fall issue of The
National Interest featured more 'responses, and you still can't pick up a
magazine or a newspaper without stumbling across some reference to Fukuyama. ' ' I
don't see much of a future for liberal democracy here in Peru's Shining Path
country, but people would be pretty excited about VCRs if they only had
electricity,' the journalist Tina Rosenberg reported with laconic irony in The
New Republic, writing from Baja Collana, Peru. ''But that's just one of those
technological problems Francis Fukuyama says we'll have to spend our time
grappling with now that there are no more ideological conflicts to keep us
busy.''
In a way, though, the question mark in Fukuyama's title has pre-empted
criticism. History, after all, is only a way of making sense of things. Human
beings depend on narrative to create an illusion of order, the literary critic
Frank Kermode has argued in his profound book, ''The Sense of an Ending. ''To
make sense of their span they need fictive concords with origins and ends, such
as give meaning to lives and to poems.'
' 'The End of History?'' is a poem. (No wonder no one in the Administration
has read it.) Even if we have come to the end of history, that may not be the
end of it. As the historian Jerry Z. Muller observed, writing in Commentary last
December, ' ' After late capitalism comes more capitalism. And after the end of
history comes more history.
THOUGHTS FROM 'THE END'
The passing of Marxism-Leninism, first from China and then from the Soviet
Union, will mean its death as a living ideology of world historical
significance. For while there may be some isolated true believers left in places
like Managua, Pyongyang, or Cambridge, Massachusetts, the fact that there is not
a single large state in which it is a going concern undermines completely its
pretensions to being in the vanguard of human history. And the death of this
ideology means the growing ' ' Common Marketization'' of international relations,
and the diminution of the likelihood of large-scale conflict between states.
This does not by any means imply the end of international conflict per se.
For the world at that point would be divided between a part that was historical
and a part that was post-historical. Conflict between states still in history,
and between those states and those at the end of history, would still be
possible. There would still be a high and perhaps rising level of ethnic and
nationalist violence, since those are impulses incompletely played out, even
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in parts of the post-historical world. Palestinians and Kurds, Sikhs and Tamils,
Irish Catholics and Walloons, Armenians and Azeris, will continue to have their
unresolved grievances. This implies that terrorism and wars of national
liberation will continue to be an important item on the international agenda.
But large-scale conflict must involve large states still caught in the grip of
history, and they are what appear to be passing from the scene.
The end of history will be a very sad time. The struggle for recognition, the
willingness to risk one's life for a purely abstract goal, the worldwide
ideological struggle that called forth daring, courage, imagination and
idealism, will be replaced by economic calculation, the endless solving of
technical problems, environmental concerns and the satisfaction of sophisticated
consumer demands. In the post-historical period there will be neither art nor
philosophy, just the perpetual caretaking of the museum of human history. I can
feel in myself, and see in others around me, a powerful nostalgia for the time
when history existed. Such nostalgia, in fact, will continue to fuel competition
and conflict even in the post-historical world for some time to come. Even
though I recognize its inevitability, I have the most ambivalent feelings for
the civilization that has been created in Europe since 1945, with its North
Atlantic and Asian offshoots. Perhaps this very prospect of centuries of boredom
at the end of history will serve to get history started once again.
(From ''The End of History?'' By Francis Fukuyama, The National Interest, No.
16, Summer 1989.)
GRAPHIC: Francis Fukuyama wrote 'The End of History?'' (Dan Borris/Outline)
(pg. 38); Irving Kristol (Bruce Hoertel/Gamma-Liaison) (pg. 42)
SUBJECT: INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS; COMMUNISM (THEORY AND PHILOSOPHY)
NAME: FUKUYAMA, FRANCIS
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24TH STORY of Level 1 printed in FULL format.
Copyright (c) 1989 The Washington Post
October 13, 1989, Friday, Final Edition
SECTION: EDITORIAL; PAGE A19
LENGTH: 889 words
HEADLINE: Holding On To Brezhnev's Empire
BYLINE: Charles Krauthammer
BODY:
The Soviet Empire is collapsing in the most paradoxical way: the inner empire
is rapidly falling apart, while the external empire is managing to hold
together. That's not the way things are supposed to happen. That certainly is
not the way it had been predicted, say, a year ago when it seemed that the
Soviets were being pushed out of their newer colonies of Afghanistan, Cambodia,
Angola and Ethiopia.
The collapse of the East European inner empire is proceeding at an
astonishing pace. Poland is actively decommunizing under Solidarity. (Though
Solidarity may have rushed history a bit by agreeing to act as bill collector
for 40 years of Communist misrule.) And Hungary's Communists have molted into
what they say is a traditional, albeit left-wing, social democratic party.
East Germany, however, presents the Soviets with the most insoluble imperial
dilemma. Hungary or Poland can exist without communism. East Germany cannot. It
is not a country but a creation. It exists solely so that one group of Germans
may experience the joys of a workers' state. Take that away, and the state
ceases to have a reason for existence. Which is why reform in East Germany is
almost a contradiction of terms. Perestroika will not solve East Germany's
problems. It will make them terminal.
We are speaking here, of course, just of Warsaw Pact allies. Gorbachev has to
worry even more about the centrifugal forces at work in Latvia, Lithuania,
Estonia, Azerbaijan, Armenia, Georgia, the Ukraine and the Soviet Moslem
republics.
Which makes for the oddity: while the Soviet inner empire, the crown jewel of
its postwar conquests, spins out of control, the external Third World empire
remains intact:
Afghanistan. The puppet government of Najibullah (like Cher and Charlemagne,
he goes by one name) has survived far longer than anyone thought possible when
Soviet soldiers pulled out in February.
Cambodia. As Vietnam withdraws, its puppet (Hun Sen) is gathering grudging
support, even in the West, as perhaps the only realistic alternative to Pol Pot
and the Khmer Rouge.
Angola. Jonas Savimbi, trying to topple the Soviet client regime, is on the
defensive and having increasing difficulty getting supplies.
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Nicaragua. The contras get ready to test Miami's housing market. The
Sandinista regime is as secure as at any time in its 10-year history.
Ethiopia. This may be the exception. Mengistu's regime is retreating in the
face of advances by Tigray and Eritrean secessionists. But even this would not
be quite the loss it seems, because both the Tigrayans and the Eritreans are led
by Communists.
What is going on? It is not an accident, comrade, that Gorbachev is holding
on to these colonies. Contrary to expectations, he did not write them off when
he began withdrawing Soviet (and proxy Cuban and Vietnamese) troops and calling
for negotiation rather than confrontation. He is instead trying to do what Nixon
tried to do in South Vietnam: sustain, with huge amounts of aid, a client regime
after the metropolitan support troops have gone home. The U.S. Congress cut
short that experiment in proxy power in 1975. The Soviet parliament is unlikely
to follow suit.
The size of Gorbachev's continued investment in the colonies is breathtaking.
Afghanistan is getting a quarter of a billion dollars a month in military
supplies from a Soviet economy that is self-advertised as bankrupt. Cambodian
aid has apparently doubled in the last year to about half a billion dollars a
year. Aid to Angola holds steady at a cool $ 1 billion a year. And the
Sandinistas are getting their usual half a billion, albeit, now in the age of
perestroika, laundered through Eastern Europe and Cuba.
Which raises the question: Why, at a time when soap, salt and sugar are
rationed even in Moscow, is Gorbachev investing at least $ 5 billion a year to
maintain Brezhnev's empire?
Because empires, even those cobbled together absent-mindedly, do not
voluntarily dissolve themselves. As they shed their ideology, the Soviets are
reverting to the natural condition of a great power: trying to maintain power
where they have it and extend it where they don't. To assume otherwise is to
assume that they have not only overthrown Communist ideology but reversed human
nature. Great powers do not voluntarily abjure power. Small countries, like
Canada or Finland, living in the protective shadow of great powers, sometimes
do. But great powers, unless utterly defeated in war, like Germany and Japan, do
not.
About Eastern Europe, Gorbachev can do little. The growth of civil society
has reached the point at which its challenge to the Soviet-imposed state cannot
be resisted. Gorbachev has few tools to arrest the dissolution of the inner
empire. Accordingly, his strategy is to finesse the crisis by trying to
Finlandize states that he can no longer control.
In the external empire, on the other hand, the anticolonial battle is more
primitive: tanks and guns can still decide the issue. And tanks and guns are a
Soviet specialty. Gorbachev will use them to try to hang on to what he can.
Gorbachev is not a decolonizer. He is a realist. He will decolonize only
where he must. The external empire can still be held together militarily. The
internal empire cannot. Where he still retains the means to resist, he shows
every willingness of doing so.
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(c) 1989 The Washington Post, October 13, 1989
TYPE: OPINION EDITORIAL
SUBJECT: U.S.S.R.; EASTERN EUROPE / SOVIET BLOC; COMMUNISM; INTERNATIONAL
AFFAIRS; RIOTS
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30TH STORY of Level 1 printed in FULL format.
Copyright (c) 1989 Newsweek
October 2, 1989, UNITED STATES EDITION
SECTION: THE COLUMNISTS; Meg Greenfield; Pg. 80
LENGTH: 1048 words
HEADLINE: Needed: A New Compass
BYLINE: MEG GREENF IELD
HIGHLIGHT:
We can no longer put our minds on automatic in thinking about these things. It's
a damned outrage.
BODY:
These days when I open my paper I am put in mind of that old man in the
cartoons who walks around with a sign saying, "Repent, the end is nigh." For the
end, we are told, of practically everything is nigh: history, liberalism,
ideology, the cold war. I suspect that all these entities actually have a
little more life in them and that what's happening is something different. What
we are confronting is the destruction of many of our premises and expectations
about all of the above. Our pat arguments don't work anymore. We can no longer
put our minds on automatic. It is, of course, a damned outrage, as this means
we all have to start thinking again.
Nowhere is this more apparent than in our internal conflicts over foreign
policy. For years is seemed enough to many people to take their foreign-policy
compass reading from what the other side in the domestic argument said; whatever
it was, they took the opposite stand and were confirmed in their judgment by the
looniness of the forces rallied against them.
Thus, a lot of conservatives did not much credit either complexity or
constructive change in communist countries. Evidence of either was dismissed as
a trick or a fantasy of the liberal goo-goos, and they could continue to pursue
1951-type approaches to 1980s-style governments in Eastern Europe. This was
enough for their liberal counterparts, who found in these absurd rigidities of
the right-wingers justification for their own brand of non-sense -- namely, the
notion that it was benighted to look upon those governments as oppressive
("mindless anticommunism" was their phrase); they habitually put the word
"threat" in quotes when it followed the word "communist."
These were two groups of people so busily and happily fighting each other
here at home that for a while they seemed almost not to notice when the objects
of their argument abroad managed to mortally undermine both their positions.
For only the most paranoid an dimwitted of right-wing observers would any longer
deny the reality of enormous change for the better in large parts of the
communist world. And only the lunatic left could refuse to see in the reforms
and uprisings and remarkable confessions, exposes and commentary coming from the
East evidence that the repression has been much more onerous and diabolical than
liberal discourse often implied.
If only the changes in the Soviet-bloc world had been clean, clear and
totally transforming it would have been easy, but they have not been. We are
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faced with an uneven, uncertain and only partially changed situation, one that
could, at least in some measure, revert to the old status quo. Therefore across
the whole American political spectrum those who would participate in the policy
response have been forced to think, to weigh, to choose.
What do we want, anyway, from and for the communist countries? What was and
is the nature of their threat to us? Does the definition of our interest begin
and end with protecting ourselves against aggression? Or dose it also include
attempting to preserve and actually extended democratic values? Do we give a
hoot what kind of domestic political lives other countries laid? If Third World
disputes were not overlaid with East-West meaning, would we care how they came
out? Would we be concerned only as our economic interests were affected?
Outside the cold-war context, does any of the currently burgeoning ethnic mayhem
around the world matter to us, warfare between peoples with exotic names who
have been trying to annihilate each other for centuries and whom most of us
probably never even heard of until the 6 o'clock news tonight?
Many questions: All of these questions are being wrangled in the current
political debate over what to do about Eastern Europe. There are ironies and
oversimplifyings. The self-evident truth that the Soviet military is
exceedingly strong and still being stoked by the Gorbachev leadership is invoked
as a way of answering more questions than it actually does. To point to their
military might and continuing military ambitions answers the question as to
whether this country needs to maintain its own military strength, but it does
not tell you how to capitalize on the genuine political changes that are
occurring in the Soviet Union. To say that Poland and Hungary, now at the
cutting edge of democratic reform, could yet revert to the old dispensation does
not tell you what steps we should take to try to encourage them the other way.
And to say simply "more money, more money" for the countries struggling to shed
their repressive systems does not really address the tougher issues of whether
their reforms are solid enough to justify the investment and whether a huge
injection of money might not in effect harm reform by enabling the recipients to
avoid the painful steps they must take to restructure their economies. These,
in other words, are no yes-no, black-white, am too-are not questions. They are
questions of proportion and degree and as such require through, calculation,
trade-off.
But there is an even more taxing order of questions that have arisen in the
wake of the change in Eastern Europe than those concerned with policy and
program responses to what is going on. These are the big, blowzy but critical
questions of our basic purpose. They have always lurked, unresolved, in our
acrimonious debates about human rights, authoritarians versus totalitarians,
whose dictators --- those of the left or the right ---- are worse, and what if any
our interest may be in the various places in which we intervene around the
world. Some on the same side of the debate over intervention were always
arguing from different values - American strategic interest, for instance, and
American missionary democracy. Are we out there to do good or merely to do in
anyone who threatens our well-being?
Charles Krauthammer has wisely written about the way these arguments are
playing out within the American conservative complex. The conservatives aren't
the only ones affected. The cold war may or may not be over. What is clearly
over is the intellectually easy cold-war period in which there seemed to be only
two sides in the world and only two ways of thinking about their relationship
here at home.
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