Ask the Scholar
Document scope · 1 page
Scholar
Ask about this object, its catalog metadata, its source description, or the page inventory.
For page-specific OCR and visual context, open one of the page chats.
Scholar Source Context
Document identity
localId
323154419
label
[Alaskan Oil] Pipeline [Research Materials Collected by Peggy Dooley, Research Assistant] [OA 6900] [4]
core
doc
dtoType
document
citationUrl
pageCount
1
Source metadata
id
323154419
contentType
document
title
[Alaskan Oil] Pipeline [Research Materials Collected by Peggy Dooley, Research Assistant] [OA 6900] [4]
citationUrl
identifierLocal
13859-005
collections
Records of the White House Office of Speechwriting (George H. W. Bush Administration)
Carol Aarhus Alpha Files
imageCount
1
hasImages
yes
source
import
hasTranscription
no
Source extras
naId
323154419
levelOfDescription
fileUnit
recordType
description
ocrSource
nara-archive
Single page context
seq
1
pageIndex
0
type
document
mediaId
b2136e5914002d3f
ocrText
Originally Processed With FOIA(s):
FOIA Number:
S
FOIA
MARKER
This is not a textual record. This is used as an
administrative marker by the George Bush Presidential
Library Staff.
Record Group/Collection:
George H.W. Bush Presidential Records
Collection/Office of Origin:
Speechwriting, White House Office of
Series:
Aarhus, Carol, Files
Subseries:
Alpha File, 1990-1992
OA/ID Number:
13859
Folder ID Number:
13859-005
Folder Title:
[Alaskan Oil] Pipeline [Research Materials Collected by Peggy Dooley, Research Assistant] [4]
Stack:
Row:
Section:
Shelf:
Position:
G
19
2
4
7
THE WHITE HOUSE
WASHINGTON
March 15, 1991
MEMORANDUM FOR PHILLIP BRADY
FROM:
PEGGY DOOLEY
SUBJECT:
ALASKAN OIL PIPELINE -- DIRE PREDICTIONS
In the debate prior to the construction of the trans-Alaska
pipeline, a wide array of predictions were made as to what the
pipeline's effect on Alaska's wilderness would be. Following are
some of the more dire predictions made at the time -- some are
outrageous, some merely fretful. None of these forecasts has
turned out to be as terrible as put forward, and many have simply
not occurred:
oil coursing through the pipeline at up to 170 degrees F. would
thaw the subsoil into a trans-Alaska quagmire, with incalculable
consequences.
oil on Ice, Tom Brown, Sierra Club, San Francisco, 1971,
p. 10
The simple passage of a tracked vehicle that destroys the
vegetation mat is enough to upset the delicate balance and to cause
the top of the permafrost layer to thaw.
Once
the
equilibrium is upset, the whole process can feed on itself and be
practically impossible to reverse.
ibid, p. 11
Another problem posed by arctic oil development is the widespread
mining of gravel. The gravel lining the beds and banks of North
Slope rivers is important not only to some fish, which lay their
eggs in it, but to the water quality. In some cases, in fact,
removal of gravel can cause disastrous silting.
ibid, p. 68
In order to build the pipeline north of the Yukon River, the
industry consortium, the Alyeska Pipeline Service Co. (ALPS), first
must construct an access road through the now trackless area.
The possibility has thus been raised of opening a vast amount
of wilderness to the certainties of litter, man-made forest fires,
the scarring of terrain by four-wheel-drive vehicles and increased
hunting pressure on several species of game.
ibid, p. 74
2
"I personally don't think there is any question but that the Barren
Ground grizzly is going to go," says David M. Hickok of the
University of Alaska. "He is extremely curious and is going to be
nosing around garbage dumps. He also presents a certain menace.
So he is going to get shot. There may be 'no guns in camp, but
he's going to get shot. Same for the wolves and the Dall sheep."
ibid, p. 99
NOTE:
All the above-mentioned species are still present
in the pipeline area.
The construction of the trans-Alaska pipeline may be the coup de
grace that will finally convince the rest of the world that we are
no longer a civilized nation.
New York Times, Letter to the Editor, Kenneth Quade,
Pembine, Wis., August 7, 1972, p. 26, col. 4
Timber: 28 per cent of the area supports timber growth. Leaving
this plant cover in a natural state has favorable social,
biological, and physical impacts. The esthetics of an undisturbed
forest are important to some people.
Oil and Natural Gas Pipeline Rights-of-Way, Hearings
before the House Subcommittee on Interior and Insular
Affairs, May 22, 1973, "Response to Final Statement of
Department of Interior on Trans-Alaskan Pipeline by
University of California at Santa Cruz Task Force"
A proliferation of these and other lines and roads will eventually
turn the wonderland into a junkyard.
ibid, June 7, 1973, Statement of T.Y. Lin, Professor of
Civil Engineering, University, Berkeley, California
The associated 361-mile road from Livengood to the North Slope will
open this heretofore unblemished wilderness, resulting in increased
hunting pressures that will threaten the populations of grizzly and
brown bear, polar bear, and mountain sheep; increased forest fires
that will destroy forage for caribou and mountain sheep; and rapid
deterioration of the "spectacular fishing quality" of northern
streams.
ibid, brief submitted to hearing: U.S. District Court
for the District of Columbia, The Wilderness Society,
Environmental Defense Fund, Inc., and Friends of the
Earth, et al., V. Rogers C.B. Morton, Secretary of the
Interior, et al., Civil Action No. 928-70, July 17, 1972
3
CARIBOU
MR. RUNNELS. What I am trying to say is: I don't know the
habits of the caribou. How would the construction of this pipeline
in your opinion and what you are basing your facts on -- how would
this stop the migration of the caribou?
MR. SMITH. It would act as a wall.
MR. RUNNELS. How would it act as a wall?
MR. SMITH. It would either be too high for them to jump or
unable to get under it or turned away from it.
oil and Natural Gas Pipeline Rights-of-Way, Hearings
before the House Subcommittee on Interior and Insular
Affairs, May 21, 1973, Statement of Anthony Wayne Smith,
President and General Counsel, National Parks and
Conservation Association, and Chairman, Environmental
Coalition for North America
MR. CLAUSEN
Could you be more specific in light of your
expertise? What effect would it have now on the fish and wildlife?
MR. FROME. I believe it would destroy the habitat, food
supply, of the great caribou herds. It would have serious impact
on the finest fisheries in North America.
the impact would
be serious and devastating and long-lasting on fish, wildlife, and
ecosystem.
ibid, June 7, 1973, Statement of Michael Frome,
Conservation Editor, Field and Stream
ON THE OTHER HAND:
Sheaves of reports have discussed the example of Prudhoe Bay, where
caribou of the central Arctic herd feed beside roads, and the herd,
which live in the vicinity year-round, has increased from 5,000 to
18,000 head in the past 15 years.
National Geographic, "Oil in the Wilderness, An Arctic
Dilemma," December, 1988, p. 868
Since 1970, scientists have tried to measure the impact of man and
drilling on flora and fauna of the Arctic slope
Caribou of
the central Arctic herd graze along the runways, they hide from the
summer sun in the shade of elevated pipelines, they stick their
faces up to ventilation exhausts to blow biting flies out of their
eyes. Ducks, swans and foxes abound.
Los Angeles Times, "Mideast Crisis Endangers Pristine
Alaskan Refuge," John Balzar, August 26, 1990, p. 1
4
"You've got these bleeding hearts who are worrying about a bunch
of caribou bumping their heads on a pipeline, when they ought to
be worried about being victims of the Middle East oil cartel."
Ohio Sen. Bill Saxbe
"A lot of people worried that the Alaskan Pipeline was going to
interfere with the mating habits of the caribou. They found out
that the pipeline created some heat, and the caribou started
breeding five times faster than they did in Mother Nature."
Ohio Governor Jim Rhodes
FAR, FAR OUT
ALASKA PIPE DREAM
One fine day like the day after tomorrow while the Canadian
Energy Minister was minding his own business by saying the Alaska
oil pipeline was really an "internal matter" in the U.S.A. and not
for Canadians to jump into, one fine day in the not too distant
future while the Energy Minister was talking he suddenly noticed
that one leg of his trousers was wet, and hoping it was not what
he thought it was, he reached down and determined that in fact it
was not an internal matter at all but an external matter of oil,
and yet not pure oil for when he inspected his hand and when he
rushed to the lab to find out why blood was mixed. with oil and
whether or not it was his blood mixed with their oil or their blood
mixed with his oil or whatever, he was informed by the laboratory
hired by the oil company that there was really nothing to worry
about at all, since the blood would not stop the oil from working
perfectly in American war machines and automobiles, not to mention
the Mayor of Montreal's automobile, and in any case the blood was
not the Canadian ministry's blood and it was not the American
people's blood, it was simply the blood of one billion waterfowl
who had been unable to feed in the tundra which had been disrupted
by the perfectly innocent pipeline, and it was simply the blood of
one billion fish in Canadian waterways and one billion fish in
Canadian seaways who were no longer able to eat the plankton now
flavored with salted oil, and it was simply the blood of one
billion deer in the Northern Territory and one billion other wild
animals in other frozen territories in the Siberia of Canada which
had gradually become unfrozen for the first time in recorded time
due to the world's largest oil spill which had resulted from
earthquake pipeline rupturings which caused a great wash of hot
underground oil to pour eastward from Alaska all over the geologic
underground strataface of Canada, so that the St. Lawrence dripped
both oil and animal blood into the water supply of Montreal, but
this was strictly an Internal American Matter, and we were not
concerned at all, at all
Lawrence Ferlinghetti is a poet who lives in
San Francisco where there is no tundra.
Editorial, New York Times, July 28, 1973, p. 23, col. 3
5
I believe the construction of the Trans-Alaska pipeline will
eventually result in a crisis for the Nation. The seriousness of
the crisis could rival and even exceed the turmoil Vietnam created
for the country,
I estimate the size of at least 20,000 square miles and
the possibility 50,000 square miles will be devastated by oil
spills and permafrost erosion.
But after oil exploitation, this area could be damaged
beyond repair for centuries. Its value as a nesting area, wildlife
refuge, and the values of virgin wilderness with its intangible
effects on the human psychic may never be recovered.
The trans-Alaska pipeline is to be constructed under
strict stipulations. But what good are stipulations if they are
not viable? And they won't all be viable because this is a new
experience for both the oil industry and Government. Plus
gentlemen, you would be surprised what a case of Scotch can do to
stipulation.
If Hitler had the ovens and Stalin had the salt mines,
then we have the equivalent in the oil industry.
Pick up a dictionary and notice how few words separate
prosperity and prostitution
We are prostituting our natural
resources in the form of materialistic gluttony that is resulting
in global suicide.
Oil and Natural Gas Pipeline Rights-of-Way, Hearings
before the House Subcommittee on Interior and Insular
Affairs, May 21, 1973, Statement of Kenneth Quade,
Concerned Citizen, Pembine, Wis.
CC: David Demarest
°H
uncritically.
writes
ou,
,Visi "II owng /NOLLYN THE
SYL
S quite difficult to formulate
1841 pames peop
there no reason debate the method or route
$ to expose the weal
petroleum moguls were so certain. that they
sitting there help feed an ener y-hungry nation,
The
carried away Im four 100.00
one looked at it merely big bowl energy
they should cooperate in the
proor 'sdnois these 10 been you THE
nates to become its, debtors
of the Earth and the Environmental Defense Fund
ПО JO релого ey 10 pinom
1 going to persuade the
court battle waged by The Wilderness Society, Friends
01 100
e else a over its
the and the almost , mir culously.
billion barrels: optimistic estimates increase
neo-mercantilist mood, pub-
because they successfully violated many
on this continent. Conserv tive estimates 10
: With Washington,
of a which the companies had assumed was defunct
chusett thought to the larges such discovery
ive? Kissinger did
1 Millers em pio us
3 the material and economic,
an company ПО em moment em IV
three enormous pools in the rudhoe rea,
sides should somehow setti
futile debate at all.
Alas an ambitions; for the oil at the source of the line
he Old World and the New
So the debate over how the oil should be handled is not
companies which have already sunk billion into their
rized' all of the very real
fortunately protectable by the pressures of public opinion.
tion project ever underta but well worth it to the
Europe, for instance, Henry
the rest the state of Alaska, in till
The line would the construc-
on more than a little wishful
hands, most of it owned by the (ederal * government
to think they lying
nent. For it is obvious that
other fuels." Moreover, the wilderness still in
Joisur B. eq of has
there's (IBUI IIIM TO
any must eventually be supplanted by nuclear or
le or available answer: Indo
our myse We CORSEJ 'S'O em DO
is only another form: of expendable
ment suggest that I, or any-
01 (U) pus 49 ZOPIBA 52
once be gone forever, where
of oil would pass through the pipeline each day,
er some alternative to this
Alaska more priceless in ense the itself;
rlier, and not just an anti-
Gulf ** las At peak production, 2 million barrels
III 44
A JO. our 01 Ocean am
S, serious-if it is a. peace;
&
are pust go the B inoqe
if. they are to build their pipeline from rudhoe Bay,
wilderness available to those living under the U.S. flag.
depun alleady May 10.19811.10 39
of JO and andsu
first giant step destroying the
ruled they must have (in, dditionato,
nd that al Metternichian con-
to domain of the companies and would
mon excedded THAT PHONE
July sp put GABY
purposes tal merica's forty-ninth the
01, care company THAN 11 pur
gh arbitration. This means
the oil companies' plan, the pipeline would
agree to disagree amicably
could be its blagest ecological blunder of
Alask splitting Alaska
Common Marl apan, the
miles ar United States what
south," and would roughly parallel the border between
constirical at
line of frontier: wide and 800
The pipeline would cross the entire state, north to
is going to lower its
under the Henn
for-bringing it out. But geography of this
e clearly developed
the peace movement
impresod The suado X10
I X
Basser ou $
suggests, and therefore even
r are more complex than
HIGIM VSNO
1 would guarantee peace
ons of the Left. that equity
car pwos 49 po
re would be no guarantee
8
impera
-9P B every perjuurent
ven if all of that were
Unerry pusq 194L - элошов
tipulated had a genuine full-employ-
because they would have
stake which merican vor men. ind women have in
present." And at least one strand solution
nship between the wor
international to clucidate the economic
TO also attainable the miserable constraints
nt expectations. Then there
activists to define and develop those domestic
mediate solutions which will promote the final goal'but
And think that the crucial step
in defining this necessity to for inter-
he world labor movement
Therefore MOLIOMO Sujor 9 you 7.184L
dreams and that the inter-
ment., Yet Isee no alternative to accepting the challenge.
powed em soddies T
credibly difficult it is going be to build
social! international institutions
ediately throw some cold
suspect that have mainly demonstrated to how
of: institutions, but of Socialist,
divide, the wor ters of the various countries
our jou :12MOD PHON JO
movement of the globe and which unite, rather
the solution of these, antagonisms' structural change in
Concern centure to eq &
American union~ policies which coordinate with the
can testify. Therefore what is required ultimately for
full employment: that opens up the possibility
national money markej (which is only about twenty # years
in protectionism; it migh
portunity, to stress its own special reasons or championing
hers of the Common Markel or the denizens of the inter-
S than at any time in
combated, etc. But the movement the
literally burst the bounds of the nation state,
practical need forolabor
only context in which economic racism and sexism
encies toward capitalist internat ionalism. echnolog has,
'op .8
ment policy: it BY in and of itself: it provides the
there are established and profound tend-
as sure: signs that the
101 eleans of Suem эль There
bilities. If there are some tentative. moves toward labor
pmom # 'BQ18 siq: ur
protectionism would be removed the
the present situation the in radical
the multinationals. After
state cent
1641
the
me
nearly 50,
viaran
Amerada
easeholders
the leased
line Service
had preferr
Alaska Pipe
corporate.
mune from
retary of
the toilets
allies the
othe four
Co. umbrell
Alveska be
and John
time overru
His veto
sup
coming from
one
weeks
Humble
s coter-
With
posed
litical'slusi
But of of
contributed
ever
man
have
reasons
such
column
the H
instead of
of tarv of
Atlantic
Indeed
was governo
oil com
built high
distance of
equipment
ment was
engineering
$125,0
constructed
still on
Rich-
of
Atlantic
share
Petro-
ing was granted, Sinclair executive worl ted as as an ad-
gnowhile
tices. ct.) And guess who the tations British
Petroleum, which by ARCO's partner, in the
One reason" why ARCO had plenty of of-money to bid
leases: that the company had any had been
receiving ome striking avors from the Internal Revenue
Service. From: 1962 968, ARCO earned net in- in-
Of course, possible that the IRS Ht Atlantic
Richfield government agency, there's been so much
interplay between ARCO and the bureaucracy. ARCO
subsidized some of the films to the public
as "government films the by the Interior epartment's Bu-
reau of Mines. when Hollis Dole quit Assistant
Secretary for Mineral esources at the Departmen of the
Interior few natural that headed
but it had consistently failed to find a crack to slip
through It hand for one thin "by British
Eden
British
the Midwest and the East... (The year, before this
campaign
the company' payroll-a violation of the Corrupt
come, of 797 million but paid not one penny
with
Mette
for ritish Petroleum, parlayed holdings
Alas kajinto fulfilling ablon -time dream. For twelve years
B. had wanted to penetrate the United States cet,
restrictions on taking much money out of out of the country.
position to strike. By cleverly barterin oil from future
the purchase of the the Sinclair service stations: from ARCO
also bought Standard Oil Oil of of Ohio (the company
founded in the Roc Rockefeller oil (empire) giving B.P
nearly perfent the U.S. mar For emphasis,
lying under federal and to the U.S
citizenry used it buy a slice U.S.
The move tightens the ties of the international
oil giants. Standard "of Ohio ive an excellent
keting and refining operation in this country; gives
Sohio one of the world's great supplies of oil
re gularly produces more crude oil than
any company. For years been or bart-
accounted
violence. one industry spectator put account
Anthony
Nixon-A
the
venture.
top
for
man
With its discovery in Alaska, however,
production, in was not
me state again what happened B. took our
draw without being. able to tap its
with 2011 firms in the exploitation of the
the Suez War. On account of British Petroleum, the Ibos
decided seced from Nigeria and fight to the death for
honor and oil revenues It may not be fair to lay so
flare-ups
leum's door, the firm's adventurous nature has been
well proved over the years. With B B.P. and one wing of
the Standard Oil empire in partnership a this
country, anything can happen-as. future developments
In in a 1969,in a lease auction that brought a nearly
THE
whining,
the
for
neat
a
fields
That's
Petroleum's
blame
tax.
frican:
British
the
are likely to show.
a. billion dollars- 900,220,590 to be exact which
UB)
straight
of
vance
Alas
come
field."
(Juttr
and.
of
much
justify
who
Jo,
principles
on
no
and
to
fellow
particle
largest
PIP
billion,
through
5
government
the
is
antitrust
the
was
Department
$1.81
(probably.
He
requires
acted
Wildlife the mauling of explorers:
Jersey.) and British Petroleum (B.P.)
of
federal
billion,
number
Justice
worth
Japan
future oil delivery) and out the pipe along several
portions of & the chosen route-a bit of arrogance, that
reportedly costing them million month just to fight
the They had good reason to be confident the
Nixon crowd turn turn.over the oil-rich wilder-
them. But unfortunately for their plans, the
great vironmentalist movement of the 1960s had cul-
minated the National Environment Policy of
the
federal
impact" statement showing that project balances out
on of public good." Court battles built around
the Act destroyed the oil companies timetable.
Ultimately, they will probably bis corporations
habitually win consumer encounters: During this lull in
the fighting, however, we well to review what
been done to us thus and what being prepared
The discovery to the Prudhoe Bay oil
fields were granted Interior. Secretary Stewart Udall
June in June timed, if such was the intent, for
a quid pro quo or il company contributions to Lyndon
Johnson's campaign that year." Udall talks as
though.he were on the side of the environment he
that
also granted the Santa. Barbara offshore oil oil leases . and
in, 965, with only obscure notice in... the Federal
Register to the public, opened part of the Arctica
for oil oil-on the North Slope northern
slope of the Brook mountain range, the of Alaska)
had going on on without uci much lucl for two decades,
mostly conducted taxpayers" expense by, federal RT geolo-
Despite this record, oilmen were certain that
rich field aited the driller.
of suspicious frame of mind one-might
the
Sinclair.
of
though a
-but
of
tation.of
suspect the government where the oil
always
was found. for when the first productive leases
were granted they ent to companies which have had
an unusual amount of good luck in their dealings with
the government in recent Atlantic Richfield Co.
(ARCO) Humble (a- subsidiary of diary of St Standard of
Atlantic Richfield and British Petroleum are the king-
pins of the Prudhoe adventure. January 1967
the well came for ARCO, prévious
had
seem have been violated in the of the Atlantic
Refining Co., one of the are dis listributors in the East.
with Richfield Oil Co., of ed distributors butors
the West Coast. This merger, creating company
assets
which
ARCO
combined
record, to that suppressed competition is
more than grump Moreover, 1969 Atlantic
gobbled
once the Justice Department did nothing, except
force Atlantic Richfield to divest itself of $400 million
worth of Sincl Sinclair's retail distributor -that ARCO
had most of Sinclair's 10,500 filling stations
1969,
year,
putting
Richfie
746
V
2
1
9
/
2
4
J
E
1
1
7
3
UMI
6775 "Il PUN&/NOLLYN signs
8161 IN PURE/NOILYN THE
had raised the probable cost of the line by several
constructed that after the first winter it resembled all
from net profits, and the delay in building the
poorty os sem # IS 0) use nq 0012500 1800
00,220,590 to be exact, which was
ing the state in another way: the royalties would
01. posoddmî STA ¥ disaster. ecological pus
auction that brought Alaska nearly
delay was costing plenty in royalties. It was also
ment was flown in.) The highway was a budgetary,
MO
square yard of the state. Right now, Now! Every day
equipment to the drilling site. (Up to then, all equip-
happen-as future developments in
cerned, the oil companies could come in and drill
distance of about 400 miles, so that trucks could carry
pire in open partnership with this
our dreams!" As far as most Alaska officials were
built 15 highway from Fairbanks to the Arctic Ocean, a
years. With B.P. and one wing of
out to claim our birthright! We will rendezvous
the oil companies open up. the North Slope that he had
firm's adventurous nature has been
evening of the great leasing, "Tomorrow we will
was governor of Alaska, and he was so eager to help
or these flare-ups at British Petro-
As formel Gov. Keith Miller shouted with joy on
Indeed he did. Before coming to 'Washington, Hickel
es." It may not be fair to lay so
lease, pocketing 12.5 cents of every net dollar
Atlantic Richfield made a fabulous oil strike in Alaska."
m Nigeria and fight to the death for
Alaska still controlled 800,000 acres which it
tary of Interior. Hickel proved most cooperative when
count of British Petroleum, the Ibos,
sorts of, delicious rake-offs and fringe benefits.
instead of Gov. Tim Babcock of Montana as his Secre-
s whining, Anthony Eden initiated
million that same year, it was heady stuff; promising
as "the kingmaker who influenced Nixon to choose Hickel
ustry spectator put it, "On account
For a state whose entire budget came to only
column (January 26, 1969)-Anderson being identified
nd has accounted for its share of
after they got the $900 million lease money in
in such places as Lloyd Shearer's Parade magazine
s in the exploitation of the Mideast
officials, whose for money had become extravaga
reasons being so obvious that they were even mentioned
or years B.P. has been a major part-
Other pressures to build the line came from
have given more than $100,000 to Nixon that year, his
larly produces more crude oil than
opinion that building the pipeline was a swell idea.
man of the board of Atlantic Richfield, is alleged' to
t being able to tap its new Alaskan
Council, a responsibility that did not change Trait
by any one industry. Robert Orville Anderson, chair-
rld's gréat supplies of crude oil to
Nixon would make Train head of his Environmen
ever before been contributed to a Presidential election
peration in this country; B.P. gives
didn't seem to bother either Hickel or Train.
contributed more money to Nixon's campaign than had
f Ohio gives B.P. an excellent mar-
safety plans at all and didn't care to make any.
been 1968, an election during which the Yankee sheiks
thtens the ties of the international
companies at that time had made no environmen
the 1972 campaign opened to buy favor. There had also
Inclus 1
admitted in his book, Who Owns America?, the
But of course the őil companies had not waited until
t to buy a major slice of the U.S.
and approve the construction permit. As Hickel
coming from the oil companies.
lands and belonging to the U.S.
1969, that he was recommending that Hickel go
litical slush fund in history-with a major share of it
happened: B.P. took our oil-oil
Yaised by the proposed pipęline, he said, in
that time was the gathering together of the largest po-
the U.S. market. For emphasis let
not know the answers to all the énvironmental proble
on this is not the time." Among the things going on at
feller oil empire), thus giving B.P.
Russell B. Train admitted that govèrnment officials
Sujos я,зицм to мэра CIn :)red up pear oweer 019A "IH
lard Oil of Ohio (the first company
Even though then Under Secretary of the
time, overruled the recommendation for an investigation.
inclair service stations from ARCO
chief fund raiser for Nixon's 1972 campaign
and John Mitchell, who was still Attorney General at the
B.P. was able not only to swing
pro-oil position paid off royally when he later
1461 . up SEM 184L "smuj posod
cleverly bartering oil from future
ruled environmental scientists in his department.
Alyeska be investigated to see if its control of the pro-
in Alaska, however, B.P. was in a
where Maurice Stans was then Secretary. He, too,
tice Department's antitrust division recommended that
$ much money out of the country.
was coming also from the Department of Commerc
ship was obviously so intense that the staff of the Jus-
licapped, for one thing, by British
not stand in their way. Pressure to build the
panies dominating the pool, the concentration of owner-
dns 01 Crack B pay of sp
a "full understanding" that the Interior Department
pool of oil on the continent, and with only three com-
penetrate the United States market,
Publicly he conceded that he and oil officials had
With only seven companies involved in the biggest
a long-time dream. For twelve years
would not interfere and "the pipeline will be
unbrella. Co.
roleum, it parlayed its holdings in
your the mem porness puve Aued
other four companies under the Alyeska Pipeline Service
pipeline to buckle and rupture, Hickel met with oil
to enter into the formal corporate arrangement with the
nagement post with Atlantic Rich-
Supsneo pus mož się Buoje punor8 Summar
allies in the Interior Department save face, they agreed
ago, it was natural that he headed
ing oil at 140 degrees would create serious problems
Humble loved that anarchistic freedom, but to:let their
Resources at the Department of the
scientist's warning that burying the 48-inch pipeline
the toilets in the construction camps." ARCO, B.P. and
when Hollis Dole quit as Assistant
three days after the Interior Department published
weeks just to get an agreement on whàt color to paint
s by the Interior Department's Bu-
or anything else that the oil companies wanted.
Texas, New York, California and London, it could take
of the films circulated to the public
Hickel was ready to try again to build roads or pipelin
"by the time all the principals could be telephoned in
CO and the bureaucracy. ARCO
Once in the Interior Department, the unrepenta
retary of the Interior Walter Hickel, complained that
nment agency, there's been so much
mune from government regulation. Its friend, then Sec-
ible that the IRS thought Atlantic
decision, destroyed without the knowledge of most
corporate structure at all and therefore was almost im-
with past ages destroyed-destroyed without a
Alaska Pipeline System (TAPS), for TAPS had no formal
n but paid not one penny in in-
great Range [Brooks Range] had been split and its
had preferred their old alliance, known as the Trans-
to 1968, ARCO earned a net in-
North America, and all the more shocking because
Actually the big three (ARCO, B.P. and Humble)
g favors.from the Internal Revenue
modern industrial world" into the last great wilderness
5 was that the company had been
first violent change, the first major intrusion of
line Service Co.
RCO had plenty of money to bid
shall has written of the Hickel Highway that it was
the leased land), called themselves the Alyeska Pipe-
in the history of mankind in the Arctic.' George
leaseholders (who controlled more than 80 per cent of
1969 was ARCO's partner in the
versity of Alaska professor called "the biggest screw-u
Amerada Hess. These, along with the original three
who bought the stations-British
tender frozen soll of that region, it was what one
joined the consortium: Mobil, Phillips, Union and
-a violation of the Corrupt Prac-
Ecologically, because of the destruction it caused to
via an oil lease auction before-four other companies
on-Agnew campaign while still on
drainage ditch more than a road, and was impassabl
nearly 50 per cent more than had ever been obtained
nclair executive worked as an ad-
East. (Thè year before this merg-
U
1973 'II JUNI/NOLLYN HRLL
7488
IWN
Brandt, chairman of the University of California (Davis)
and jeers and catcalls from press and Congress, it was
trooped forward to assist them-men like. Dr. Harry
ridiculously superficial that, under a barrage of hoots
be ignored only by willingly ignorant bureaucrats,
impact statement that was only 200 pages long and so
Altogether seventy-five experts, whose opinions could
E
Thereupon Interior threw together an environmental
with scientific assessments.
line until Interior came up with some answers.
tained no mincing tea-party complaints but was heavy
issued an injunction stopping construction of the pipe-
argument running to 1,300 pages. Their rebuttal con-
suits, U:S.; District Court Judge George L. Hart. Jr.,
L
it was: plenty of time. They pulled together a counter
In April 1970, responding to the environmentalists law-
which had kept right on top of the situation all along-
terior Department is required to answer such questions.
Friends of the Earth and Environmental Defense Fund-
Under the National Environmental Policy Act, the In-
for a couple of weeks), but for The Wilderness Society,
Sound as to ruin the annual $58 million fishing industry?
they of the statement and not getting a new supply
into the waters between the port of Valdez and Puget
all the more difficult by Interior's "running out," so
planned by the Alyeska consortium spill 80 much oil
been too/brief a time in which to prepare rebuttal (made
from the pipe? Would the forty, one tanker fleet
For anyone coming cold to the debate, that would have
our aim is to make money." Would there be endless leaks
to Interior's 3,500-page environmental impact statement.
to think we re socially responsible, but in' the long, run
L
forty-five days to read, digest and submit written replies
to New York Times writer Steven Roberts, "We like
public hearing was banned, Morton didgive the public
oilmen, would act any. differently, for, as one confessed
atmosphere to the decision-making. However, though a
hall tables. There 'was no reason to think Prudhoe Bay
L
said Morton, public hearings would only add a "circus"
that field had even left dirty plates sitting on' their mess-
asked, hold public hearings on the question? Because,
As a final insult, the federal workers who plundered
Again, environmentalists fought back. Why not, they
by miles of ruts through the tundra that will never heal:
permit for building the pipeline as soon as he legally could.
of rusting oil drums: a vast garbage dump, laced together
complete satisfaction, "and said that he would issue a
rusting bulldozers, broken mobile cranes and hundreds
had succeeded Hickel at Interior, also annöunced his
tegrating Quonset dormitories, squalid recreation shacks,
two-year-old ban on construction. Rogers Morton, who
pollution still marked a quarter century later by disin-
nounced), ruled that this satisfied: him and lifted his
Reserve No. 4; just to the east of Prudhoe Bay?-a
'versus environmentalist vise ("I'm dead tired," he an-
as hideously as had the oil explorers at Naval Petroleum
and drained of juices by being squeezed in the industry
Would the Alyeska companies pollute their domain
No sooner was it off press than Judge Hart, exhausted
project dead in its frozen tracks.
ment was launched, this one running to 3,500 pages.
groups who filed a lawsuit in 1970 and stopped the
of attack: overkill. On March 20, 1972, a new state-
reckoned without the opposition of environmentalist
withdrawn and Interior settled down to a different form
it would be in operation by 1972, but the oilmen had
such quick approval from the Interior Department that
Joseph Mastringelo; The Washington Post
line. The oil consortium had; supposed that it would get
tration, things were not going smoothly for Alyeska Pipe
friendliest possible cooperation from the Nixon Adminis-
3
"making Them: nervous, even frightened. Despite the
fight among themselves because the conservationists were
company
FORTS NOTEROA 'wn WILLO OL
The political and corporate allies had begun to
UNITED STATES
economic giant sitting in their political pygmy lap.
from the moment the North Slope leases were let, an
7
SELLOW
TANKER
not only, will have" but indeed do have, and have had
That was a classic case of whistling in the dark. Alaskans\
more powerful than the political state which contains it.
Z
control or we will have an economic state, larger and
of the enterprise: in Alaska demands effective public
in New York, Los Angeles and Houston. The sheer size
panies involved is to the stockholders and board rooms
still be mindful that the primary obligation of the com-
moment, Governor Egan warned Alaskans that "we must
a billion dollars* a year." In assensible but rather pathetic
9
the opportunity for industry to make huge, shuge profits,
Gov. William A. Egan, that would in no way "diminish
million dollars income every year-a modest sum, argued
L
guarantee that they would get at least a few hundred
ELOOW
which the oil companies have challenged in court-to
TRANS.
got a bit hysterical and began writing all sorts of laws-
2
As, the cost of waiting mounted, Alaska politicians
got another penny.
dollars. This would have to be paid off before Alaska
^
IWN
104 (IM 101/0
VIGOL
"A'N
THE
THE PUI
###
10 цион,
not punors chold
uoe
10ng. security "pano8
by
18318
at he would issue.
into leave indelible.
released_by tha that e thquake_was
(
enough coupled with the
Valdez had imagnitude
(IASO)
podta
YOUR
Rogers, Morton,
of Alaska' total
and ca a tidal ave that
1800
arenbs 088 #100q COVER
Alaskan uake of - 1964, which
dead tired " he
The Prudhoe
up to 8.5 magnitude should be
Ansupur ut
out 021
THE expn
That's the equivalent
nourse
pages.
01 8
pug: runs
emos
state-
613,000 burrels_of"oll washing
ointhalong
a 01 U
and that always occur,
carth
ouldecross
ipeline
oqting
!sexunbque 000'1
have an-average of 1.69
terlor's :own documents)
tan
sponb
amxiux
the
Asjou, 1,009.10
outors
an jo presse
UNO
artinent
savis
Amound 4214A
member peroid
Biologists are raid of.
1.
tenance mater ial.would
U.S.A.
for.comments
out of line luded that ? forton's
left in the tundra.
pinom-
Society,
Coup
yards yards needed for de
am anga 01 X1 103
1
SU UOO
10-th
pmoss put
buttals) Morton
beds, with great to harm to fish
11 (only four days after his
America 10
ABW
1 347 1
STATE
requiring the excavation/of about 2
SAUD AM
JABAC
PMOM Suo $11.00
into the of potential
Between
Addoms
utop
PART
THE
University
H. Gray,
di:
trap for caribou and
penuiod
Mechanical
UMI
3
7
1
1
E
J
4
2
9
1
2
V
UNO
Sp!
and
The
Alaska clique."] ackson chairman of the the Senate Senate Interior
son shington, the major or spokesman or the
6, for squared o gains him Sen. Henr ack
serious contenders Democratic ic nomination
between two men who are spoken, en
Canada advocates With in we-may we may be see->
has become perhaps the spo kesman mon the trans-
In recent months alter Mondale of Minnesot ot
the worst and the Coast
and supplie , the Midwest
tion petroleum products.) the l.companies
constituents ho have beeng ting shorted tribu-
Middle Western and Easter member of Congress of
loudly sometimes almost hreatening
October 1972.]
trans-Canada Canada route being most
for thinking about See retio Pipeline: forgiven
oil-which the that our-less our
beaches each pipeline were
600,000 barrels of oil nto their West their West Coast
them to for
First this route buld also ave many
Canadian officials mucl this (proposal,
and the central United:S
down Mackenzie Valleysto Edmonton,
Alas pipeline is a trans to be built
present the only the seriously proposed OF trans
trans lasks route is the correct one width,
into he much more question /whether the
from simple tion.of of the right-of- sharply width away
Congression
the the environn wouldn' vouldn't have trouble getting fuel.
where
who are are under remendous pressure from
Effects' Quincy disman, Nation,
the
north
it could also also to Canadian,
debate
certainly
than the tanker fleet
ощ
vocred
consideral
year) to persuade us.tha vould only them drill
million ton it TV the national press last
energy campaign $3
have been.using for several years. If part of their
heating fuel and of coercive maneuve the companies
Congress withholdin an gasoline and nd
companies as they increase the on the public and
than will cooperate acitly with the the oil
Nixon respond to their pra that ashion. ore
out debate.i but Secretary Morton say doesn't think
national emer end one way to get roi round drawn-
Some oilmen have President Nixon to declare
now how slowly things that quicksand quicl cand
That i terrible blo to the companies
thus, the whole question was thrown to Congress
Court would the lower court stand, and
ing the decades) decades! On On the U.S Supreme
the Interior Department and other.court court had been
idea,'inte interpreting the law exactly as is_written when
low the oilmen pulled their hair in The very
propriations needy recipients
than have the power to icrease Congressional ap-
oil companies' request for width waiver] course,
no more to grant reques [that the
group
-goid
or
eventually
companies
PINOM and
Service
that
The
expect to to baild an oil pipeline's along the sami
years This is: to repeat, a natural gas pipeline; b
late summer.and hope to have have it completed with
building natural gas pipeline down through Car
of the Prudhoe Ba fields, Moreover, they intend
they are saying it is is the only.way to bring natural
Mac Mackenzie cenzie Valley perfectly feasible. More than 1
their mouths that building pipeline down thro thro
route 1s are saying out of the other
are group and claiming the C the
Gas Journal, or example to find that group
lem has lem only to source
magazines: ma Anyone with any curiosity," about the
realize that just plain people are capablero readir
U a examp of how corporate hotshot
lousy idea. tha it would tak too long to build, e to
the it would too, much money
tium saying that the tha Canadian route
route as phony. The Alyeska Pipeline
commercial
trans las route
bargains in
submarine
it's for R ecurity" to keep
youl
fact.
7
the
some pf.
fused to to endorse the national $ security irgument
embarr by Morton's oolishness, has pointe
buy.In Department Defense, apt
tried to ell us more companies (prefer
from: from bein unreliable source of Canadal
through boondocl the
THE NATION/J
same
countries
wherea the trans- would be routed:so
for -building the pipeline ai
ma not not be be the he world, but
arguments
Thornton Bradshaw Atlantic R
the loaded
to_admire
half the
ouspoints (1) trans-A oil wou oil
tion tha Canada, our clos our
to totally? U.S If
Patton,
him.
for
and
against
just plain stupid Secretary Morton, or instand
building
compani
trans-
the United
Alyeska
were with such
pipeline du into
our
of
example): accused 11 ackson his hearings
Wilderness
result hislissue," Already he ias los with
claimed for for some some time but which he could ort
fight that ack
He would also h ve N good chance of coming ou
oil, in thel direction via via Canadian
somehow help chieve of
throughout the Central Central states . states New Englan
other Mondale and would zain tremendous.
anneven: greater claim to their campaign funds.
deliver the trans- Alaski route to ) pals he w
dustry. with which he high."If
Commi is in a powerful position to help th to
) have w:
Soci
vith 125 billion barrels for the North Interior
crews. (The Jones
orton's foolishness, has
ment, Interior.di closed in (971 estimates
they
traffic
avoiding
he Department of Defense,
starred worma or ST
For WA
the Arab countries have
more optimistic: crude oil potential Gulf o
pinool
, than our companies (preferrin
Ausnpur us '2L6 to
persum
2,08
'IIO 10 counos
out of the Arctic." But the International Petroleum
Sungnq TILL u.e
& pm H puy of Sujan state
plied by the oil companies, 100 billion barrels oil
pmon
cks all the way to market tha is
today's prices. kel, no doubt using.
01 a PINOM ПО adada
worth, fter all expenses half billion
PU drys
half the way to the United
-IIO, 10
war the trans-Alaska oil wculd
experts estimate, there is a res volr
of some executive began pre-
orton's argument disregards
barrets PLANT pmous
Sours ON
99 chose ino 'Bp
inq
person
oncur of
our 01 ABM out 118
Oll and Gas lourn [February 28 1972).
executives philosophy wilderness conz
"national "security" to reep the ol
2011 phone JIPHS V
ecretary Morton, for instance,
01 JURM Arm
AN
earlier.
passandra
the trans -Alaska pipeline are
have in mind, There?
the best in the world, but the
beginnin
'd'a TIM
)-summ em Suppling JOJ no
One thing
lots more drilling, wouldn't spoll the state
ton, president of Alyeska
where through another pipeline or of
Rhere [ 01,0109]
shaw, president of Atlantic ichi
isn!,, 11 personal
United
отощ
nels were loaded with such
" 'Sum 1841 En region
evore a
by tricking critics into staying
Alaska pipeline now because once they spoil the
surplus (that' one- fourth_the pro-)
kson of rigging his hearings
across Alaska. The companies, want to force+the trans-
000'00$ 10 000 00 PINOM there
; him., The Wilderness Society
isujuse 01 uppisod Suons UI eq
Angu pres OUT
Iready he has lost face with
Canada pipeline came first, the environment
ie, but which he could for
and # 1841 SI serv -suell Total Supervid
about it) In National
mentalist" title that Jackson
(2) Another (1) the Alyes
) good chance of coming out
none it fair price And they' probably
ass,
Alyeska oil
direction via a Canadian
-
JO II jo Aue ,UOM Canada,
achieve the miracle of redirection
"joop quoj the of 14811 padid 3,00 THE 1841 eas
with their commodity
feeding into give the oil
& English NCW put $ 1818 TB in
of.""fair_play".in the marketing of the Alas They
would gain tremendous
states are understandably leery of any vague promises
routing inflexible -Alaska
to their campaign funds.
the Alyeska companies, politicians from the Central
(1):The Canadian, pipeline would ma ke the source-
a route to his pals he will
With that cind of commercial conscience directing
states
poor are these
e already stands. high. If.
atsmoods
all to the much , pressed Central
owerful position to, help the
on Coast mar et and allowed
{mou 1 Pling,
are
Thou
school
DJJ they paid
building the 800-mile,
For oil n For oil men, evening of July 27 should
(4) RANI *ALAS is $ : - y 8
15 RANS-ALAS U
PROMISES AND AND AYALS
NO Vernacular Static Static ic,
it's too bad
Naturally, it in Naturally,
their hands of
mission libbers Irritate
TM:
deliver
The Am The dislect the language has
repeal o
Equal
lyeska
ALL
passive been alto-
0
teel con
the
MAIL
THE
federal
1)
1 1 As the discovered www.approsching
uquad.quo
or less.
thing" and Joh have in common
Korea,
a geyler of of c oll that
pooply prom:
a test in
пмор
separate
House
or even's
HIHA 1
d is only the
8 g
three
"On
international giant Britial
of share of British "etroleum" cum's
assortment of public and
for the billion for the pipeline.
Sohio's on its Alaskan Alaskan
incleding H modey
pipeline
1976 Dub-
approved the
go
builders the
extent."
Center,
UI
back
its third the project.
editor
million de
campaign to for
"Our can
20
we
pewj
pipeline
шол
Coordinator's
spen
asourt
till protect it.",
area
-de pus pedical
eq Щ
UEI)
shortcuts,in
WA an 01 F
09 uro 9
pepeau
executive ло, if
proved
practical extent.'
tankers
minimum where
am
ША
101
*
Department
SAK
-13APM
prosecutors.
federal
am
"O" per area
are CRESS solum
However, with the
their ecological
spills, including the
for
PIP am pus "wo
11/10 owos pus pons on m
Conservation Ernst Mueller, believes a
am JO at
e : the builders to
The Alaska Department of Environments
em.
ttention on three.,
Office bent over backward to help Alyeaka
PINOM
The result of situation was that
30
DO
pellids
national roal and construction began on
по
10
000 099
1974,
and approved the
олош
income
SEM
1976
DO
COSIGAO
LOON x
treements
eqi
quality
state
sup
om
is permitted they Le
!urve)
surveillance
'Ifo пмор
Summ
area
toward Alves-
12
inoqu
поца
1975.
June
grade
charade
ine' monitor (he
remote But they were
peep.
to
moj.,U
more than 300 During thirty-eight
"qoi our 10 chon
such
environmental
state
equal
(wooq
Center, says the
person
jo Auvus)
your
rumor. 11018
900
no
подм
part
Arp
om
'street
a
Arp
state
MOT
OUL
$11.00 18
public
am
p
guardian
eno
our
128
stronger case for relaxing construction
reeman, "now or
One doubts that Alyeska itself could have
for the pipeline.
100
of the Cleveland
up will 005 usq about
dolined
roject. According
twelve months, costing the impoverished
por jo "I"
29 melt peford am legi Sujure "&q
costs 0
project. Then he tipped the açales with no delicacy
ritish Petroleum's
cary pus spreadles
nal giant British
proposed am 6) Modes 1975 THE
plos opios '6961
another Arctic exploration project) paid service
n in the country.
NO Aueduros ПО US 201 sooq su got . united
em Ajuo s] puw
ineffective man
oun pus put
to to political exp
Among Len
subp
port, THE to In a being being to: Inco on Alyeska while be The " of dollars full added in E the 9 Cost co president
8
i -
vice
ignored mored Alyes
ads ÁQUOUR
becarte o
irre
From a po pol
B
line
want to-mak
project
Alyeska had
E esta
8
deral agency, warned
might
And the report report indi- indi-
be ould_be half only half uld_be_only_half as
staff report report-was:wa-
firm's Alaskan Alaskan team, team,
thirty years of nine-se
Has
subsidiaries, Without of pipe-
whether the the leak- leak-
to to frequent break- frequent break-
rithout results rithout.results of field
tem. the the Alaska, Pipe-
don system.
Offici $ Office didn't didn't press
price
ed-monitor Champion
THM SBM
at nt that may that may well have
that computer
be fact fact that
d and that the art art of art of
ecisely to ecisely to the extent
oil the
in project the its honoring its be
at me project to question: private
monitors
for the for the far north
that an
led the
former Watergate
J3AO
charge
$7.7 billion
charges) investi-
attorneys
THE
divided
the
payments
P
struction,
shows inad
1-month 5
-ardal OMMER
the investi
billion when
billion
y
dollar over-
Watergate
eline led the the
rtation
of the price
leased to the
nomma IS
char
compo-
he Interstate
deprive
that an that
money be to
promises.
monition? 1 to
to the extent
LIVE pur an 104
that computer
well well have have
impatible
101
that
com-
by the
billion
north
The
didn't press
Alaska Pipe-
results of field
equent break-
ther the leak- 51
aries, Without
of pipe-
Alaskan team,
-UM; SEAL Hod:
only half 23
report India
might be
gency, warned
want
to
the
рюль
still
around
be well t
it
it appear
for
far short of
, ARCO's
late . and standards a standard result,
blast they
still seel
amssaid
fective
of irrevocable committed
they
SASP
money be spent for critical planning in the in
approval.
repeated more
president for construction, said the said the corporate
In a subpoensed interview, Alyeska's Peter Alyeska's Peter DeMay,
Among Lenzner's findings:
political expediency."
a willin willingness willing meas to sacrifice prudent business
cation and and unclear lines unclear lines of responsibility
Sunot
pus
ineffective structure characterized by depli-
1976. Thi
1975
twenty-
season,
permit
ncentive
ou
lanned,
prob-
judgment
resolve
policies B.
sion sion also also
AQUITOME
responding remains to be to be seen be
the
ment oitation Altskan oll--
sorr
their own deceptions
problems, public cheer
forming Even better/daring better Alyeaka's pipeline its lifetime surprises than its critics
The case is expected to
launched
owners
general,and the the line particular
an
files,
to
sease pipeline an Interim tariff of-about 35,1
bac
Supson
accountants
percent on equity could find
in pipeline reg
including ICC
increase
billion tion ! billion.
It is tive that 1974
will
separate
back the
001
to the
Congressional
retained
been
another
the price
in 1974-don don'
have
to
construction
investigation
swy
the
vigorous
is
tariff)
by the
positive
lebt into
national
Sohio's
record
an
overruns.
- -
companies, In
pushover
start-up an editorial titorial decrying environments
the esponsible industry-oriente industry for the the cost OR overruns, Journa Taking heralded
oursup pedreg
(CC), several speeches year the consortium
(Patton says Alyeska Alycaka will respond before the the
investigation
care
constraints
5.
the same
the
The Great
Alaska Pipeline
Controversy
It's the No. 1 conservation flap of all
time, and so far there are no winners-to
the agony of our biggest state
By PAUL FRIGGENS
F
OUR years ago, word flashed
ing oil rigs on the North Slope
round the world that there was
are "stacked," the derrick lights
black gold buried deep beneath
dimmed, and fewer than 300 men,
the desolate permafrost of Alaska's
mostly caretakers, remain in the
North Slope, a 1000-mile-wide wil-
frigid ghost camps to guard moun-
derness that gently descends the 150
tainous piles of pipeline and silent
miles between the Brooks Range and
fleets of bulldozers and trucks.
the Arctic Ocean. In the flat, feature-
Shutting down everything, the oil-
less tundra near Prudhoe Bay, oil
company men have quietly packed
companies had tapped one of the
their bags, leaving behind bankrupt
world's greatest energy reserves-
airlines and drilling-supply firms,
conservatively estimated at 10 billion
soaring unemployment and welfare
barrels of oil. Soon more than 3000
rolls. "Already," says Alaska Gov.
men were laboring in round-the-
William Egan, "because of the pipe-
clock shifts in isolated drilling
line delay, the state stands to lose $1.2
camps. Nearly 80 wells were drilled,
billion in expected oil revenues, and
many at a cost of $2 million to $4
Alaskans themselves have lost addi-
million apiece, as the oil companies
tional hundreds of millions." Each
gambled some $2 billion in explora-
year now, the state budget requires
tion and drilling rights. Alaskan
deficit financing to the tune of $100
business boomed.
million.
But today the great Alaska oil
What happened? What brought
rush is stopped dead. The tower-
the great boom to a halt?
125
126
THE READER'S DIGEST
November
Pipe Dreams. Sitting atop one
rate of 600,000 barrels a day, eventu-
quarter of the nation's proven crude-
ally at 2 million.
oil reserves, the oil companies have
But the pipeline wasn't built.
been locked for more than three
There were two unexpected road-
years in a struggle with conser-
blocks. First, in a flood of lawsuits,
vationists over construction of an
Alaska's emerging natives-some
800-mile pipeline to bring the oil to
60,000 Eskimos, Indians and Aleuts
market. Alaska has become the na-
-laid claim to virtually all of the
tion's No. 1 test case for the future
great state's 375 million acres, effec-
of our natural resources, pitting free
tively blocking the granting of any
enterprise against the nation's grow-
pipeline right-of-way permit. Final-
ing environmental concerns.
ly, Congress, in December 1971,
As originally blueprinted, the 48-
voted Alaska's natives nearly $1 bil-
inch-diameter pipeline would cost
lion in cash and 40 million acres of
about $1 billion and extend from
land, and settled that matter.
Prudhoe Bay on the Arctic Ocean
The second roadblock was the
southward to the ice-free port of
conservationists. When the oil com-
Valdez on the Gulf of Alaska. There,
panies planned the engineering of
huge new oil tankers, ranging up to
their giant pipeline in 1969, they
250,000 tons in size, would load for
complied with the then-existing en-
West Coast cities. The pipeline
vironmental stipulations. But envir-
would traverse some, of the wild-
onmental concerns were rapidly
est, most environmentally sensitive
growing. Congress, later that year,
country on earth-frozen tundra,
enacted a new and stricter law, the
three rugged mountain ranges, 70
National Environmental Policy Act.
streams and rivers. one earthquake
Then, in March 1970, three small but
zone. It would have to carry oil at
powerful conservation groups-the
140° F. across 400 miles of perma-
Wilderness Society. Friends of the
frost without melting it, and be
Earth, and the Environmental De-
routed to avoid serious damage to
fense Fund-charged in court that
delicate tundra and wildlife.
the pipeline didn't meet the new
Altogether it would be the biggest
standards, that it would lead to "ir-
non-government construction proj-
reparable" environmental degrada-
ect in history-so big that seven ma-
tion of a significant part of the "last
jor oil companies organized a giant
great wilderness in the United
consortium, Alyeska Pipeline Serv-
States." They cited adverse effects
ice Company, to build it. The com-
that the pipeline would have on
panies prepared to mobilize from
plant and animal life along its route,
8000 to 10,000 men and a vast arma-
and claimed there would be disas-
da of machines, and confidently pre-
trous oil spills caused by earthquakes
dicted that Alaskan crude oil would
and tanker accidents. In April 1970,
flow to market in 1972-at first at a
the conservationists were granted a
1972
THE GREAT ALASKA PIPELINE CONTROVERSY
127
temporary injunc-
tion enjoining then
ARCTIC OCEAN
Beaufort
Secretary of the In-
Sea
Prodkce
terior Walter J.
Bay
Hickel from issuing
a construction per-
mit.
Back to the Draw-
ing Board. Halted
by the court action,
Alyeska took a new
look at its pipeline.
There was no ques-
Gulf
of
tion but that a line
Alaska
built without due
PROPOSED PIPELINE
concern for the en-
EXISTING PIPELINE
vironment could re-
TANKER ROUTE
sult in irreparable
damage. As Max
Brewer, a distin-
guished scientist
with 21 years' arctic experience,
has made a two-year-long, six-vol-
told me, "The oil people are used
ume environmental-impact review
to engineering pipelines as they go,
costing more than $9 million. A
but this can't be done in the com-
multitude of federal and state agen-
plex, inhospitable arctic." Even so,
cies, universities and research in-
eager to exploit their discoveries,
stitutes and consultants have been
they had plunged ahead with their
involved. Probably no private engi-
design. Privately, some oil people
neering project in history has been
admitted that they had underesti-
so exhaustively examined.
mated the task.
As a result, much of the pipeline
To meet the stricter government
has been re-engineered. Today,
standards, Alyeska has since expend-
wherever necessary, the plan is to
ed some $350 million in massive new
route the line to avoid unstable
pipeline engineering and environ-
ground and geologic hazards. If
mental studies. Ferrying drilling
or when it is completed, about
crews into the remote area by heli-
half the line will be insulated and
copter, in bitter arctic winter and
elevated on steel piles or gravel
mosquito-infested summer, for ex-
ledges to avoid melting the perma-
ample, it has taken nearly 18,000 soil
frost, and a few buried miles of pipe
samples along the pipeline's route.
will be refrigerated to keep the
In addition, the Interior Department
ground frozen. The other half will
128
THE READERS DIGEST
November
be buried in rock or freely draining
nearly $1 billion to over $3 billion,
gravel or sand. Where it crosses
the nation's biggest conservation
rivers and flood plains, the pipe will
controversy appears to have paid,
be concrete-coated and anchored
for the ecologists, large dividends.
deep to prevent pipe damage result-
"A Model for the World." The
ing in environmental damage.
basic conflict, however, remains un-
Because earthquakes are a hazard,
resolved. Last May, after months of
engineers have designed the pipeline
deliberation, Secretary of the Interi-
to sustain a horizontal movement of
or Rogers C. B. Morton indicated
20 feet, and three feet vertically,
his intent to issue a permit for the
without rupture. The entire line
pipeline. He declared it to be "in
will be continuously monitored from
the national interest," and stressed
a computer-control center at Valdez.
that Alaskan oil would offset the
Remote-control cutoff valves will
need for foreign oil and increase the
detect any pressure changes and seal
U.S. tanker fleet operating on the
off the line on both sides of a leak or
high seas. Morton conceded that
rupture within minutes. To prevent
there would be "some environmen-
ocean oil spills, the crude will be
tal costs and risks," but gave assur-
carried in new, super-safe, U.S.-built
ance that possible damage would be
ships, and no dirty ballast will be
protected against by extraordinarily
dumped at sea. Alaska has just
rigid government stipulations.
passed a tough new oil-pollution
Morton's decision was widely
law and promises "strict regulation."
welcomed in Alaska. Says Walter
With similarly unprecedented pre-
Hickel: "Four years ago, neither in-
cautionary measures, Alyeska seeks
dustry nor government had the req-
to protect fish and wildlife. At Prud-
uisite knowledge to build a line in
hoc Bay, I saw a 10,000-foot-long,
the arctic. Today the trans-Alaska
simulated pipeline, designed to be
pipeline can be environmentally safe
tested on migrating caribou. The
and a model for the world."
caribou grazed contentedly among
All of the state's newspapers,
the oil rigs and were free to wander
banks and business officials support
through the line's convenient over-
building the pipeline. They point
passes and underpasses. Biologists
out that pipeline construction alone
have located and mapped the nesting
will generate an estimated 22,000
sites and breeding grounds of rare
new jobs. Then there are the state's
bird species and mountain sheep
60,000 natives, who look to their
along the pipeline route, and have
$500 million in oil revenues. "The
catalogued the habits of the salmon
overshadowing consideration among
and grayling during spawning. Con-
Alaskans today," says the Anchorage
struction timetables will be set so as
Daily Times, "is that the pipeline
not to disrupt them. Though the cost
opens the way for a great new era
of the pipeline has ballooned from
of economic growth."
1972
THE GREAT ALASKA PIPELINE CONTROVERSY
129
Stopping the Flow. Some conser-
probably take the case to the U.S.
vationists, however, are still unalter-
Supreme Court. This means that the
ably opposed to the trans-Alaska
pipeline cannot be completed and
pipeline and determined, as one
oil cannot flow before 1975 or 1976
leader vowed, "to use every legal
at the earliest-if it ever flows at all.
handle we can find to stop it." They
Lessons Learned. While Alaska
don't agree that Alaska oil is vitally
agonizes, and the courts continue
necessary to our security. They ques-
to deliberate, what are the lessons
tion Secretary Morton's findings.
for the rest of us in this high-stakes
They insist that the pipeline will
conservation flap? Briefly, these:
open all Alaska to exploitation and
Never again can free enterprise
thus be a threat to the whole of our
boldly barge in to develop a resource
last great wilderness area.
without giving serious concern to
Most conservationists are not
the environment. But somehow we
averse to the use of North Slope oil.
must find a balance, a trade-off,
Instead of the Alaska pipeline, they
through which we can develop our
urge the building of an alternative
natural resources in an orderly way
line from Prudhoe Bay down the
and look to ecology, too. Warns Gov-
Mackenzie Delta, in Canada, to Ed-
ernor Egan: "If every great private
monton, and thence into the United
project were subjected to the same
States at some point in the Midwest.
exhaustive scrutiny and costly de-
But oil companies, state officials and
lay as this pipeline, the nation would
Interior Secretary Morton sharply
face economic stagnation."
disagree. They argue that the Ca-
We need more sober, informed
nadian line's greater length-2200
discussion about both ecology and
vs. 800 miles-would pose additional
economics, in place of so much pub-
environmental hazards, and that it
lic clamor and hysteria. This project
would cost vastly more (estimates
has nearly been talked to death,
range from 1, billion to $8 billion
while Alaska, with only 300,000 pop-
for construction), involve at least
ulation and unprecedented econom-
three to five years' additional con-
ic problems, is denied rightful
struction time and thus prolong
development of its natural resources.
Alaska's fiscal agony.
In short, we need better balance
Last summer, the conservationists
and perspective in our thinking. As
asked the U.S. District Court in
Walter Hickel observes: "To care for
Washington, D.C, for a permanent
the wildlife and nature, while dis-
injunction that would kill the pipe-
regarding the needs of the people, is
line. In August, the court lifted the
neither human nor humane. We
ban. Now anticipated appeals will
must have total concern."
Be the life of your party-vote. -Jack Herbert
d.oll.development
этэшор,
Anchora and ihe the
spend
where
copies
an:
-SUNA
2011
pauc
DI prepust
Atlantic
flort
110.10 Nuj
his
эло
centipf;the.$3 5-billion
01 STEAL
Bay PAR
control
en
three
DUE
controy restriction of competi-
the initrust Divisio the Justice
obscured another element of The
eur
orje
similar that In the days
XUNTU
no
AFTER ECOLOGY, MONOPOLY
THE ALAS A PIPELINE
am
Q n.tthesbattle
jugi
pay (o) 9 9.04 sampuad
decide to
should a candidate with
WI
pm
ролод
pus
no
IIM
Jecting
Suning
the
your
Supply
ever
sening
Bloux
rhetoric
01
won
mojing
51$
But consider what
COL NAD 241.10 1-8 241
my Injpury relative Ajuo
RECORD
loidds
no цэпш 001 luguads are damag
M
than 60 per cent of the people nationwide are telling
session
ABAA
Supmp.
lexico
any understand
me
ABM system, building ) national consensus
SULIN
galloping
am
powedding IT The
чалэ
Committee dominated by pro-military hard liners. Except
signal
and SANE
behind the program and as has as its ally an Armed Services
snoighp
Center'loi
Impox on souj
the
surai
Funday
V
Un
the oil companies first undefestimated. the North Slope's
major partners in the pipeline venture, or by a combina-
ownir
potential in order to minimize the value of their holdings
tion of these companies. B.P. owns or controls leases
this y
2
and to evade the déduction that the proposed pipeline
on about 55 per- cent of the Prudhoe Bay formation
Emina
would bê only a first step in- developing the American
ARCO controls. 20 per cênt; Exxon, 20 per cent. The
tion
Arctic. Now proponents of the Alaska pipeline predict
remaining 5 per cent is held by other companies, includ-
memb
1
enough oil to justify both 'this' pipeline andya second one
ing Mobil, Phillips, Union Oil and Amerada-Hess, all of
"Thre
through Canada, while conservationists and Midwestern-
which also own small portions of the proposed pipeline
more
ers who want the oil to come' toutheir refineries rather
After the 1969 lease sále, more companies became
statio
than to those on the West Coast quote conservative
involved on the North Slope. Some are major integrated
7
is a
figure to support their contention that it is a question
oil companies, like Texaco, Shell and Gulf (which holds
be in
of one pipeline or the other unless more oil is discovered
its leases jointly with B.P.), but many are so-called in,
in the Canadian Arctic.
speed
dependents companies which are not involved in all
and
For Prudhoe Bay, center of the most intensive ex-
four phases of the :business-production, transportation
Becau
ploratory, drilling, the figure generally used by the petro-
refining and marketing.
may
leum+industry has been 9.6 billion barrels of crude oil, an.
Obviously, access to the pipeline will influence future
flow,
1
estimate made in 1969 by De Golyer and MacNaughton,
lease sales: No company is going to buy lease without
trunk
a respected Texas petroleum consulting firm, for the
first making sure that it can get the oil. to market. Both
of cr
Cabinet Task Force-on Oil Import Controls. Three years
the state of Alaska, as the real owner of the oil at Prud-
later, one of the North Slope giants, ARCO, began talking
5
hoe Bay, and the federal government, as towner of the
about 16 billion barrels, but the American Petroleum
oil in Pet Four, have a stake here, too.
stitute
Institute, the official trade organization of the industry
In addition to holding most of the leases, as far back
had
continued to use 9.6 billion But while the industry would
así 1964, the three major North Slope companies have
be ex
admit- to the existence of, only 9.6 billion to 16 billion
made a väriety of operating agreements which further.
despi
barrels of oil on the 'North. Slope, others were less con-
solidify their control over the resource. The 1964 'Arctic
decla
servative. Even De Golyer and MacNaughton upped the
Slope Agreement between ARCO and Humble (now
Inters
figure to 25 billion. This guess is supported by information
Exxon) provided for equal sharing of all exploration and
this I
the Navy recently released about the results of its ex-
development north of the Brooks Range and east al
pipeli
ploratory drilling after World War IL in Naval Pétroleum
Pet Four. It further stipulated that neither company
the I
Reserve # 4 (Pet Four) to, the west of Prudhoe Bay
would sell its interests without first offering them to the
in ef
Prodded by Congress, which is considering legislation to
other company. In 1968, B.P. became the beneficiary
rates
open that 23-million-acre reserve to exploration and de-
of this agreement when ARCO acquired the Sinclair Oil
vertio
velopment, the Navy admitted that there were probably
Co. which, with B.P., held a substantial number of joint
trans
14 billion or 15 billion barrels of oil, there. The U.S.
leases on the Slope.
refine
Geological Survey. estimate for Pet Four is somewhat
broader-between 10 billion and 33 billion barrels-and
Exxon, ARCO and B.P. have also negotiated a num-
finers
N
ber of unit' operating. agreements to, insure the efficient
more
USGS's figures for Alaska's ultimate total oil- production
development of Prudhoe Bay. Unitization, which is not
or de
go as high as 117 billion barrels, a figure that includes
other parts of the state. And the 300-billion barrel figure
unusual, involves pooling equipment and prorating profits
O
which Alaskan members of Congress like to quote comes
and dry-hole losses among all the participants, accord-
from their. optimistic Governor, William A. Egañ, and
ing to individual acreage and reserves. In view of the
presumably reflects the research of the Alaska Department-
cost of exploration and development in the Arctic (ARCO
of Natural Resources,
sank $4.5 million into its first well, Susie Unit #1, be-
fore deciding in January 1967 that it was a dry hole),
5
unitization is economically wise. It is also a way to con-
In any case; there is a lot of 'oil.' In 1971; the
serve the resource. However, as Lamont observed in a
country's proven reserves" were only 38 billion barrels.
letter to Sen. Floyd Haskell (D., Colo.), a member of
Thus, using the most conservative estimate, 9.6 billion,
the Senate Interior Committee, "thè situation is entirely
the North Slope contains about one-fifth of the crude
different when unit agreements between these major com-
oil reserves. "A junior Persian Gulf, commented Sen.
panies could cover one-fourth of all United States proven
Henry M. Jackson (D., Wash.), whose Senate Interior
reserves."
Committee spent the spring tackling legal obstacles to the
construction of the Alaskan line, in the course of which
The Alyeska Pipéline Service Co., which proposes to
members considèred and rejected ways to regulate the
construct the 48-inch, hot-oil pipeline from Prudhoe Bay:
ARCO Exxon-British Petroleum bonanza.
to Valdez, an ice-free port on the Gulf of Alaska, is
owned by seven oil companies. This, too, is not unusual.
The oil companies acquired roughly two-thirds of their
Most U.S. pipelines are owned by one or more oil com-
leases on the North Slope before ARCO announced in
7
panies. ARCO and B.P.-Sohio each owns 28.1 per
1968 that it had found commercial' quantities of oil at
cent of Alyeska; Exxon owns' 25.5 per cent;- the rest is
Prudhoe Bay. And these leases were had at quite a bar-
gain-the $900-million lease sale in 1969 brought: the
divided among Mobil (8:7), 'Phillips (3.3), Union Oil
state of Alaska almost ten times what it had made from
(3.3) and Amerada-Hess (3). As projected, the pipe-
3
all twenty-two previous lease sales, including three for
'line has a tôp capacity of 2 million barrels a day. It was
land on the North Slope. Most of the leases. acquired
designed with the API's, 9.6 billion barrels in mind. (Its
before 1969 are held by Exxon, ARCO or B.P., the
capacity can be increased by converting the single line
into à pipeline "system.")
UMI
466
THE N
THE NATION/November 5, 1973
Under
Industry
including thre shipping
inc venture, or by a combi
it will
The way
limited storage facilities.
B.P. owns or controls New
June 973
For example, the Colonial Pipeline
the Prudhoe Bay formation
on
ission's
product pipeline from Port Arthur, Tex. to ! York
Exxon, 20 percent
of the
industry
by other companies,
The report
owned facilities and 60-mile feeder
city one of its with Colonial
Oil and Amerada-Hess, all
pipeline
system,
Texaco's Venice, La., refinery main
ons of the proposed
more "companies
basis,
Trunk
it required another Louisian refinery, which did
can
share the to build own
Some are ma
in for it,
and pipeline to feeder point
Shell and Gulf (which
lins second
but many are so-called;
miles from facility, half the distance to
are not involved in
d must bl
dvance
lins stiplus some financial jugglin ultim
-production, transportal
have
difficulty in securing a place,
30g a barrel 1 Texaco for the oth
pipeline will influence
future
no relatively tanks
The system, Donald (D., Minn.)
going to buy a lease
witho
"General
Motors
get the oil to market. I
toll for
owner of the oll at Prud
all cars that It
government, as owner of th
The FTC that these
Pipeline
imong
antitrus
violations
e. here, too
which 3ed.In 1911 to the dissolution/of th Standard
ost of the leases; as far t
could
Oil colossus, However, the individual 'companies which
North Slope companies
the
In thelr
rose from ID abuses went right on usin control
agreements
which
in the Hepburn Act of 1906kwhich
pipellnes to 111ml cition.In fact, pipellne a
resource The 96
carriers
subject to
were among the violations
0 and Humble
Commerce
Commissionate
sharing
of all
However,
the Yederal overnment's omnibus Mother Hubbard
antitrust> suit against all, the integrated
Brook Range and east
and the that was dropped'in 1940,
lated that neither
ly with
the
API
to
it would not.Interfere with th (industry
first offering them to
regulatory
Excessive
though portions of this case WEG eventually
became the benefic
problem
fot the
the overnment/decided that it as untriable originally
acquired the Sinclair 0
owners of spipeline (they simply
concelved (there-were more efendants
substantial number
department
to
(their
pipeline have continued:tinal ited.)
the independen producers
Above
also negotiated
actually payMine transportation charges. Further-
pipeline what is called "undivided Interest
nents to insure the
employ Availely f harasting
Une."AT in effect, that peline visualized
Unitization, which
(even)
alpment and prorating
all the participants, accord-
reserves. In view of th
pment in the Arctic (ARCQ
well, Susie Unit #1, be
that it was a dry
hole)
It is also a way to
as Lamont observed in
(D., Colo.) a member o
"the situation is entirely
BIGOIL
between these major co
all United States proven
you
Co., which proposes to
GAS
pipeline from Prudhoe Bay
the Gulf of Alaska,
This, too, is not unusual
by one or more`oil com-
&
each owns 28.1 per
a
25.5 per cent; the rest is
Phillips A (3.3), Union. 01
As projected, the pipe-
hillion barrels a day. It
billion barrels in-mind. (In
converting the single line
Think to Point Where, Anything
75,2973
MATHON/November 5,
Each company owns
oretical eline pipeline capac
will own "pipeline"." ble to
crude oil : a day,*
"pipeline" could move 510.00
pipelines would K
ities one owners
more than than that
must approachy the other
-consuming
Added to
anewly discovere
a Alyeska arrangement SILL
proven of AMY
West Co I Coast. M. Adelman
and West Co.
cheaper ( -it is How) D) but-Ex
riners
each of the of the the seven seved oil comps
bullying.
Slope companies
M.I.T. and an
tion, has North
This
$3.85 a barrel. No
las Canadar
Even i otential:
Governor in optimistic
( "padde 20.01 29 01
% ≤
country's domestic supply of oll
emment, Congress
wours
centage
they
sellin for
1
to
barre
taxes
tion.
terna
competing
In late
Tate
igreements
the cessor, the Transl/ X
tion into
into
the de partment
February
the Hickel who?
portion of the
problems. /cons
quently. prevented Hickel from
mits and both Interior Ind
voted their time to to resolving
suits In the In the summer "ol
2.a Alyes ca.The The
of series Civil RA
istrative subpoena
Gen. Richard W. W.McL 06 aren's office
1971, Atty: Gen, John Gen, John John N. N. Mitc
these
468
V
2
1
7
/
1
5
5 O N
7
3
UMI
Securing America's Energy Future
Testimony of
William F. Martin
Before the
Subcommittee on Energy and Power
of the
U.S. House of Representatives
February 27, 1991
Securing America's Energy Future
Testimony of
William F. Martin*
Before the
Subcommittee on Energy and Power
of the
U.S. House of Representatives
February 27, 1991
*William F. Martin was formerly Deputy Secretary Department of Energy from
1986 to 1988, Executive Secretary of the National Security Council from 1985 to
1986 and Special Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs from
1983 to 1985. Mr. Martin coordinated the Reagan Administration report, Energy
Security: Report to the President which was published in 1987. Mr. Martin is
presently a Partner of Washington Policy and Analysis - A Miller & Chevalier
Consulting Group - in Washington, D.C.
Table of Contents
Executive Summary
3
Part I - Response to Crisis
There have been some important lessons in coping with oil market disruptions
10
Effective international response -- led by the United States -- has reduced oil market
volatility during the Gulf war
12
Despite short term successes, our long term vulnerability remains
14
Part II - U.S. National Energy Strategy
U.S. Energy Prospects, 1990-2010: Even with development of alternatives and
conservation our oil imports are likely to rise
18
What is the likely range of worldwide demand on OPEC under different energy
policy approaches?
20
A Ten Point Plan
22
A Competitive U.S. Oil Industry is Vital to Our Energy Security
24
Natural Gas: A Strategic Resource for the Future
26
Coal has substantial potential to limit dependence on imported oil in an
environmentally sound manner
28
Nuclear power deserves another look in light of energy security and
environmental concerns
30
Energy, efficiency, alternative fuels for transportation and renewable energy resources
32
Part III - International Energy Security
The U.S. cannot "go it alone." All nations must reduce reliance on Gulf oil.
36
The IEA should coordinate short term responses and long term energy policies
38
Conclusions
40
Executive Summary
The Committee has asked some challenging questions to frame the discussion of energy problems and goals at this hearing. Let me
summarize my testimony by answering several of them.
What is the outlook for U.S. energy between now and the year 2010 assuming "business as usual ?" U.S. energy demand will grow
from about 76 quads of energy today to as much as 95 quads in the next twenty years, based on reasonable assumptions about eco-
nomic growth (2.5% per year) and oil prices (real oil prices rise from $18 to $25 over the period).
What supply options are available to meet this demand and what level of oil imports will result to balance supply and demand? Over
the next twenty years, due to the aging U.S. geological base, domestic oil and gas production is likely to fall. Coal production will
continue to meet some 50-60% of electric needs, the higher range being more likely if clean coal technology is deployed. Nuclear
power will increase slightly due to plants under construction, but no new orders are anticipated in the near future and, as the nuclear
plants now operating reach the end of their useful life and are retired, nuclear's share in the U.S. energy mix will eventually drop.
Natural gas demand is likely to increase, stimulated by the provisions of the Clean Air Act. Despite some penetration by alternative
fuels, the transportation sector will continue to rely heavily on gasoline. We can expect continued gains in energy efficiency, particu-
larly as turnover of existing stock in industry, homes and autos replace less- efficient older technology. These "business as usual"
assumptions lead to the conclusion that available U.S. domestic oil supply will fall far short of demand expectations. Oil imports -
the "swing source"- are likely to rise from almost 8 million barrels per day (mbd) today to as high as 14 mbd by the year 2010.
What level of oil imports will other nations require and what does this imply for OPEC production levels? Oil imports are also likely
to rise in most nations unless energy policies are substantially adjusted. Production in the North Sea cannot keep pace with European
oil demand, which has been increasing due to slowdowns in coal and nuclear power programs. Japan has a national energy program in
place to stabilize oil imports over the next twenty years, but to achieve this commendable goal a major effort is required to site new
electrical production facilities and to develop alternative fuels and/or constrain gasoline use in a rapidly increasing auto fleet. Devel-
oping countries-particularly in East Asia, Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union - are also increasing their oil demand. We expect
that under a "business as usual" scenario consistent with the U.S. import levels - cited above, OPEC production may have to increase
from 23 mbd today to as much as 40 mbd by 2010. Most of the increase in OPEC production would have to come from the Persian
Gulf region. Saudi Arabia, in particular, may be asked to increase its production to between 15 and 20 mbd, roughly 300-400% of its
pre-war 1990 OPEC quota.
-3-
Is this a prudent level of U.S. oil imports, based on international oil market vulnerability? It is clear that higher levels of oil imports
may be more economically efficient for the United States - at least in the short term. Other energy options - both supply and
demand - are far more expensive. At the same time, we know that over-reliance on Middle East producers can pose serious national
security problems. Concentrating so much of the world's oil production in the volatile Persian Gulf region is unwise; certainly, an
OPEC production level of 40 mbd under the business as usual scenario is not in the U.S.' best national interest. Also, Saudi Arabia
may have serious and legitimate reservations about more than doubling their present production levels. As demand rises and OPEC
production is stretched, we would expect another shock in oil prices. Higher levels of dependency also reduce our foreign policy
flexibility as former Energy Secretary James Schlesinger has so eloquently described. Keeping OPEC production at more moderate
levels is in both our long term economic and foreign policy interests.
What would be a prudent level of OPEC production and what would this imply for U.S. imports? An overall OPEC level of 30 mbd
by 2010 would be more sustainable and prudent. OPEC's major swing producer, Saudi Arabia, would have to expand production to
10-12 mbd, but such a level would not put undue pressure on the Kingdom's large resource base. This level would allow some in-
crease in oil imports for Europe, Japan and United States, as well as developing nations dependent on oil for their economic develop-
ment. Achieving such a sensible global balance would require that the U.S. import no more than 10 million barrels per day by the
year 2010 with comparable commitments by other OECD nations.
Can U.S. oil imports be "capped" at a level of around 10 mbd? This testimony recommends that the U.S. embark on an effort to keep
oil imports below 10 million barrels a day (mbd) by the year 2010 which would correspond to an OPEC production level of 30 mbd.
The President's National Energy Strategy and recommendations by the Congress suggest that this level can be achieved. Achieving
this would require a relatively active (but not excessive) U.S. energy policy to stimulate energy supply options and enhance energy
conservation opportunities, based primarily on market forces.
What policies are required? Keeping oil imports at this more reasonable level will require: development of frontier oil and gas re-
serves, support for clean coal technology, a reduction in gasoline use in automobiles of 20% by the year 2010 through a gasoline tax,
more stringent CAFE standards and/or support for alternative transportation fuels, expanded research for energy efficiency technolo-
gies and renewable energy sources, redesign of licensing procedures for nuclear power plants, resolution of the nuclear waste problem
and greater deregulation of our electric utility sector.
-5-
What would be the contribution of individual policy actions in reducing our imports from 14 mbd to 10 mbd? The major contributing
factors would be development of frontier oil and gas which could add 1.5 million barrels per day to expected U.S. production levels,
and a more aggressive approach to efficiency and/or implementation of alternative fuels in the transportation system yielding a savings
of 1.5 mbd. All other recommended actions combined would probably reduce oil imports another 1 mbd. The reality is that to make a
dent in our oil imports we need to be fairly aggressive on both adding to supply and cutting demand. Pursuing just one goal without
the other will, over the long run, be insufficient.
What is the maximum we could expect to achieve if we launched a major effort to reduce imports? If the United States really wanted
to, we believe that oil imports could be kept at today's level of 8 million barrels per day - but this may require unsuitable govern-
ment regulations inconsistent with market principles and very expensive supply options. Energy insurance is expensive- - we should
just "buy" as much as we need. Keeping oil imports at a level of 10 mbd will not make the United States totally secure, and certainly
not energy independent - - but it may be just about the maximum we can afford.
Recognizing that we live in an interdependent worldwide energy market, what steps can the U.S. take to encourage other nations to
limit their oil dependence on the Gulf? Our individual energy security is, in reality, a collective security problem which we share with
other oil consuming nations. The President and Secretary Watkins should consider promoting an international energy security initia-
tive within the International Energy Agency and at the next Economic Summit meeting in London - calling on all nations to expand
alternatives and conserve energy. If other nations fail to adopt comparable energy policies then tough actions we take at home- - like
opening ANWR or reducing gasoline consumption in our autos - will be negated. Likewise, we can understand why there is so
much concern in Europe and Japan about the energy policies of the U.S. We, in turn, through inaction, can negate any gains other
countries make in reducing their dependency on the Persian Gulf.
Can we achieve an international coalition for energy security and environment quality for the New World Order? The President has
achieved an unprecedented degree of Allied cooperation in the political-military dimension of the Gulf crisis. It would be appropriate
and appreciated if the U.S. were now poised to assume a leadership position in crafting sensible international energy and environmen-
tal policies.
What added protection do we need in the event of future oil market disturbances? Since even under the best of circumstances world-
wide dependence on the Persian Gulf is likely to increase, we should continue domestic and international efforts to build strategic oil
reserves. A billion barrel SPR in the U.S., coupled with a billion barrels of reserves by our IEA partners, is an essential goal for our
long term energy security.
-7-
PART I - RESPONSE TO CRISIS
There have been some important lessons learned in coping with oil market disruptions
Oil Prices Reflect International Events
70
Outbreak of
U.S. Oil Price
60
Iran/Iraq War
Decontrol
50
OPEC Decision
Iranian Revolution
To Regain
1985
Market Share
40
Dollars
per Barrel
30
Arab OII
Embargo
20
10
0
1970
1972
1974
1976
1978
1980
1982
1984
1986
.
Average quarterly cost of crude oil imported by U.S. refiners.
-10-
Today's situation is a reminder of the serious problems the U.S. and other OECD countries encountered in the 1970s and 1980s in
securing adequate oil supplies. Revolution, war and a politically-inspired embargo resulted in several major supply disruptions that
sent prices sky-rocketing and wreaked havoc on international oil markets in 1973-74 (the Arab Embargo), 1979-80 (the Iranian Revo-
lution) and the Iran-Iraq war (1981-86) and, most recently, in 1990 (Iraq's invasion of Kuwait).
Oil consuming countries learned some very important lessons from the last two decades:
International oil markets are extremely interdependent - a loss of supply anywhere in the world affects prices
for all nations;
-Energy could be used effectively as a political weapon especially if the world was caught unprepared; and
-Government efforts to control prices and allocate oil supplies were unsuccessful and led to confusion, tightening
supplies and consumer hardship. Allowing market forces to allocate worldwide and domestic supplies and set
prices kept world oil markets in equilibrium and minimized price increases.
The U.S., together with other IEA countries, developed a variety of oil market strategies to cope with disruptions including the IEA
emergency sharing system, plans to build and coordinate stockdraw in the event of a disruption, and measures to curtail abnormal
purchases of crude during times of market disruptions.
President Reagan's Energy Security study in 1987 and members of this Committee warned that lower prices would encourage
greater dependency on oil - increasing our vulnerability to future disruptions - - and encouraged action to counter that trend; never-
theless, attention to energy security matters dwindled in those days of cheap, plentiful fuel. As we entered the late 1980s, a sense of
complacency regarding energy supply issues emerged in many consuming countries.
Saddam Hussein's cruel invasion of Kuwait on August 2 altered this situation, perhaps forever, by reminding us our vulnerability
had not disappeared and, for the U.S. and other countries, had actually grown worse.
-11-
Effective international response - led by the United States - has reduced oil market volatility
during the Gulf war
Global Energy Use, 1950-1985*
125.0
250
Other
112.5
Hydro
100.0
Nuclear
200
87.5
Coal
75.0
150
62.5
Quadrillion BTU's
Natural Gas
50.0
100
Millions of Barrels per Day
of Oil Equivalent
37.5
Oil
25.0
50
12.5
00.0
0
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1950
1955
*Excludes centrally planned economles
Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration, United Nations.
Shell Briefing Service
-12-
A combination of factors have brought about a remarkably calm oil market situation, despite real and potential supply disruptions.
We have learned the lessons of history well and a number of actions have been taken which have contributed to market stability.
These include:
-Stepped up production by OPEC nations since last August. The Saudi Arabians, in particular, have contributed to market
stability by increasing production by as much as 3 million barrels per day.
-Lower demand brought about by economic slowdown fueled, in part, by higher energy prices. OECD economic growth fell
below 1% for the last six months, bringing about a drop in oil consumption. Nevertheless "pent up" demand in non-OECD
areas could easily erase these gains once the world economy begins to recover.
-A successful war campaign, demonstrating that the coalition forces can successfully defend Middle East oil fields.
-Coordinated release of IEA stocks and demand restraint by industrialized countries at the outbreak of the war.
-Timely and accurate information about oil markets by DOE's operation center have reduced speculation based on rumor.
Officials of the Bush Administration - the White House, State Department and DOE- should be commended for waging an
effective campaign to moderate steep price fluctuations, thereby protecting the U.S. and the world economy from potentially far more
damaging price increases.
As we look ahead toward successful resolution of the war, there will be downward pressure on oil prices due to reduced uncertainty
and a probable increase in supply, with a good possibility of prices dropping to between $12 and $18 per barrel. Such a development
will be well received by a world economy struggling out of a modest regression. At the same time, however, lower oil prices will tend
to bring about uncertainty about future energy investment - both to conserve and to develop alternatives to oil.
-13-
Despite short term successes our long term vulnerability remains
Danger Signals
Falling non-OPEC production
Slow rate of alternative energy development
Increased reliance on Persian Gulf oil
Middle East political instablity
-14-
Saddam Hussein's aggression is a stark reminder that we cannot afford to take our energy security for granted, now or in the future.
Trends that have increased our vulnerability to oil shocks in the past persist and are seemingly irreversible, including:
-Oil production outside of OPEC is faltering. With the exception of OPEC countries, most other major oil produc-
ers (U.S., USSR, Mexico) have reached their peak and production from traditional sources has leveled off or is in
decline. OPEC's share of the oil market, held in check during periods of high exploration and drilling in the
1980s, is once again on the rise.
-Oil reserves are concentrated in the Persian Gulf. The disruption that we are struggling with today focuses on
oil production: Hussein is in control of about 8% of current world oil production capacity. A more ominous fact
is that 25% of the world's proven oil reserves are in Iraq and Kuwait. In total, 63% of the world's known oil
reserves that can be recovered economically with current technology are in the countries surrounding the Persian
Gulf. As time goes on, and non-OPEC production continues to decline, our dependence on Persian Gulf oil
supplies will grow even stronger. We estimate that if OECD nations implement "minimal energy policies",
OPEC production may have to climb to as much as 35-40 million barrels a day by the year 2010 with Saudi
Arabia required to produce some 15-20 mbd.
-Continued Middle East conflict. Revolution, wars and other armed hostilities that have affected life in the Middle
East for centuries show no signs of abating. In addition to the ongoing Arab-Israeli conflict, the resurgence in
Islamic fundamentalism, the use and spread of terrorism, and failure of the UN forces to sustain a peace-keeping
mission in Lebanon, Saddam Hussein's tactics are a reminder of two new threats to stability and peace in the
region: the growing ability of countries to acquire advanced military technology and the rising dissatisfaction
over the gap between the "haves" (in Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, UAE) and the "have nots" (in Jordan, Syria, Iraq, and
Yemen).
-Slow development of energy alternatives. Fluctuations in the oil price which discourages energy investment,
concern over the environment arising from energy production and use, and public skepticism over the safety of
nuclear power - - could slow the development of alternatives and conservation.
-15-
PART II - U.S. NATIONAL ENERGY STRATEGY
U.S. Energy Prospects, 1990-2010: Even with development of alternatives and conservation our oil imports are
likely to rise
30
26.6
25.5
25
22.6
20.3
20
18
17.7
Quads 15
12.6
10.4
10
6.3
4.9
4.3
5
3.3
0
Imported Oil
Gas
Coal
Nuclear
Other
Domestic Oil
1987
2010
-18-
The Committee has asked my views on energy supply and demand over the next twenty years. Obviously this depends on many
assumptions about economic growth and world oil prices, as well as public policy decisions.
The pie charts above show my base estimate, based on the WEFA econometric model, which was run using assumptions of eco-
nomic growth averaging 2.5% per year (roughly the rate of growth we have seen over the past twenty years) and a rising real world
oil price from about $18 today to $25 (in real terms) by 2010.
The results show:
-Rising demand for energy from 76 quads to 96 quads by the year 2010. This represents a relatively low energy/
GNP growth ratio, signifying considerable conservation.
-Domestic oil production is foreseen to drop from 20 quads to 10.4 quads - this assumes continued deterioration
of our lower 48 production and no new development in Alaska. If the ANWR reserve can be successfully devel-
oped in an environmentally sensitive manner, then perhaps another 3 quads could be added, bringing total U.S.
production to around 13.5 quads.
-An increase in coal production from 18 quads to 25.5 quads. This reflects the model's assumption that coal
remains a competitively-priced fuel for electricity generation. This relatively optimistic projection assumes rapid
deployment of clean coal technology, so that emission standards rising out of the newly enacted Clean Air
Amendments can be met in a timely and economically efficient manner.
-An increase in natural gas from 17.7 to 22.6 quads. This is a modest projection of natural gas consumption
arising from greater needs of the utility sector to conform with the Clean Air Act. We foresee a relatively stable
supply from the lower 48. Growth in demand is met mainly by expanded imports from Canada, use of existing
LNG facilities and a small, but growing, contribution from Alaskan North Slope gas by late in the period.
-Nuclear energy is assumed to grow from about 5 quads to 6.3 quads. This assumes that plants under construction
come on stream during the period, but that no new orders are forthcoming.
The bottom line is that U.S. oil imports are likely to rise - even in this relatively optimistic scenario- - to 26.6 quads or almost 14
million barrels per day by the year 2010.
-19-
What is the likely range of worldwide demand on OPEC under different energy policy approaches?
Illustrative Scenarios - Oil Imports In the Year 2010
(mbd)
Scenario
U.S.
Required
Required
Comment
Imports
OPEC
Saudi
Production
Production
Minimal
12-14
35-40
15-20
Low cost in short term -
Energy
long term vulnerability.
Policy
Bush NES,
10-12
32-34
12-14
Middle of the road.
Congressional
Balanced between short
proposals
term costs and long term
security.
Aggressive
8-10
27-29
8-9
Very expensive but
global energy
security benefits.
policy
-20-
It is interesting to speculate on the degree of the long term energy vulnerability confronting the U.S. and other consuming nations.
To illustrate the scope of the potential threat, we have formulated three long term energy strategies which are "policy excursions" on
our basic econometric analysis of long term domestic supply and demand conditions, extended to include international energy pros-
pects and policies.
Minimal energy policy response. This scenario assumes that no significant change in current U.S. or OECD-wide energy policy.
The basic strategy is to import oil, relying increasingly on the lowest cost suppliers from the Persian Gulf and protect the free flow of
oil, when necessary, with military muscle. Rising OECD oil needs, coupled with growing demands in LDCs, Eastern Europe and the
Soviet Union could result in required OPEC production of some 35-40 million barrels per day by the year 2010. OPEC production to
meet this level would require Saudi Arabia - the producer with the largest reserves - to increase production to some 15-20 million
barrels a day. This is an attractive scenario in the short term because, under normal market conditions, increased oil supply will lower
oil prices and fuel economic growth, but the long term security costs of increased reliance on Gulf supplies could be severe.
Middle of the Road Energy Policies. The President's proposals and many in the Congress are a commendable effort to improve our
domestic energy situation. Certainly some U.S. resources will have to be expended today to provide for lower imports in the years
ahead. However, such a "balanced" approach would probably still lead to U.S. imports of between 10-12 mbd by the year 2010 - a
level that many policymakers and analysts feel is too high. Furthermore, OPEC production levels would have to rise to some 30-33
mbd, with Saudi Arabia producing at levels around 15 mbd to ensure that U.S. oil imports do not rise still higher.
Aggressive Energy Policy. The last scenario illustrates that U.S. oil imports could be kept at today's level with a very aggressive
"all out" approach which could be quite costly and probably result in excessive regulatory burden. Nevertheless such an approach,
coupled with a comparable level of effort from other OECD nations, could reduce our collective long term vulnerability and allow
non-OECD nations a greater share of economically priced oil. By keeping our dependence low over the long run, we would also
encourage a market environment of lower oil prices.
Tough choices. The ultimate question we face is how much are we willing to spend for security? How expensive do we want our
energy "insurance bill" to be? The challenge is to assess the various costs and benefits of energy options and combine them into a
meaningful program which carefully balances the price we are willing to pay with the risks we are willing to face. On the next pages I
recommend an energy policy which exceeds the moremodest middle of the road approach - while falling short of the most costly,
intrusive, aggressive scenario- - with an overall object of capping U.S. imports at no more than 10 mbd, implying an overall OPEC
production around 30 mbd.
-21-
A Ten Point Plan
THE GOAL:
Providing for U.S. Energy Security in a Environmentally-Sensitive, Cost-Effective Manner
STRATEGIES:
Build our strategic oil stocks and encourage IEA countries to do the same.
Freeze imports at today's levels.
Reduce harmful power plant emissions.
TACTICS:
Maintain a strong domestic oil and gas industry.
Conserve and diversify energy resources.
Remove regulatory obstacles to efficient energy production and transport.
Foster international cooperation, including cost-sharing.
-22-
The U.S. cannot afford for national security reasons to import as much as 14 million barrels of oil by the year 2010; at the same time we probably
cannot afford the financial resources it would cost to keep imports at today's level. In my view, a reasonable "energy insurance policy" for the U.S.
would be to limit imports to 10 mbd. Such an objective would require action to:
Shore up domestic production of oil and gas by providing tax incentives for oil exploration, focusing on field extension and enhanced recovery and
allow further exploration in frontier areas (Alaska) and offshore in an environmentally-sensitive manner.
Encourage greater use of natural gas in alternative fuels for transportation and electrical power plants through more timely FERC approvals of
transportation routes and timely implementation of the Clean Air Act. Efforts to "modernize" the functions of FERC should be pursued, including the
Administration's recommendation that the functions of this agency be transferred to the Department of Energy.
Reevaluate nuclear power in light of growing concern over the greenhouse effect. Encourage research into modular standardized designs, push
forward on the contentous nuclear waste issue, streamline nuclear licensing procedures and ensure that regulation results in high standards of nuclear
safety.
Maintain coal's important position in the U.S. energy mix while protecting the environment by encouraging the development and rapid deployment
of clean coal technology. Joint-country coal research could be pursued under the auspice of the IEA as a cost-effective, efficient way to spur technol-
ogy development. With regard to global coal consumption, the Administration's proposal to support coal slurry pipelines can help improve the
competitiveness of U.S. coal exports.
Reduce oil use in the transportation sector by 20% through implementation of a gasoline tax, enhanced CAFE standards and/or strong support for
alternative fuels, especially methanol and electric vehicles. An analysis of the costs and benefits to the overall economy of these alternatives should
be systematically performed to facilitate an informed debate. The National Academy of Science study on fuel efficiency is likely to provide a very
important contribution.
Increase federal funding for promising conservation and renewable technologies, especially projects where joint industry-govemment funding is
possible and practical. Enlist the talent at our "scientific power houses" - the U.S. National Laboratories - to develop renewable and alternative
energy, utilizing joint-country research wherever appropriate.
Maintain the tax credit for renewable technologies.
Seek greater deregulation of electric generation with prudent concern for reliability of service and cost competitiveness.
Build a 2 billion barrel strategic petroleum reserve - half coming from the United States and half provided by other IEA countries.
Initiate a strong international energy program, aimed to reduce the collective dependence of oil consuming nations using the IEA and Economic
Summit process, to keep energy security issues at the top of the international foreign policy and economic agenda. Such action will ensure that there
is a collective and individually comparable effort not to exceed an OPEC production level of 30 mbd.
-23-
A Competitive U.S. Oil Industry is Vital to Our Energy Security
Crude Oil Production From the "Lower 48"
Alaskan North Slope OII Production
(Includés Natural Gas Liquids)
12
2.0
Other Known
Flelds*
11
10
1.5
9
Million Barrels
per Day
Higher ON
7
Production from
Price Case
new reserves
Million Barreis
New
.
per Day
Flelds**
1.0
6
Lower ON
Price Case
5
Production from
1965 known reserves
4
0.5
Prudhoe Bay
$
2
1
0.0
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
0
1973
1975
1977
1979
1981
1983
1965
1967
1989
1991
1993
1095
Actual
Projected
"Includes Kuparuk, Lisbume, Milne Point, NGL Project, Gwydyr Bay,
Point Thompson, Seal Island, and West Sak.
"Includes potential development of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge
(ANWR).
-24-
Sustained lower oil prices since 1986 inflicted serious damage to the U.S. oil industry. Many "high cost producers" were driven out
of business, production dropped, investment plummeted and thousands of skilled oil industry personnel were laid off. Primarily
because of the collapse in oil prices during 1986, U.S. crude oil and natural gas production declined by 12% over the 1986-89 time
period. "Lower 48" production began to decline in 1986-87, and the pace of the decline in the future will depend, in part, on oil
prices, government policies, and other factors.
Like many oil economists, we believe that oil prices are likely to fall to between $12-$18 in the months following a successful
conclusion of the Gulf war. This will bring welcome relief to a world climbing out of a recession, but it will also bring increased
uncertainty to the energy investment climate.
Our most promising oil and gas reserves lie on federal lands in frontier areas and offshore. ANWR is estimated to have up to 9.2
billion barrels of recoverable oil, which would support production of about 1.5 mbd. A mean estimate of the undiscovered recover-
able oil underlying the Outer Continental Shelf (OCS) is more than 12 billion barrels. Substantially larger amounts of oil and gas may
exist beneath the coastal plain of ANWR and the OCS, but its existence can only be verified by exploration.
The Congress and Administration should also consider instituting favorable tax treatment for new oil and gas exploration. We
estimate a 10% tax credit for production arising from new exploration would contribute another 300,000 barrels to U.S. supply at an
annual cost to the Treasury of $740 million.
High priority should be given building a consensus between the Administration, Congress and important environmental groups as to
the future development of domestic reserves in a timely and environmentally sensitive manner.
-25-
Natural Gas: A Strategic Resource for the Future
U.S. Natural Gas Resources
are Comparable to Oil Resources
1985 Consumption
593.8
1985 Proved Reserves
600
1980 Estimated Undiscovered
Alaska
Recoverable Resources
500
459.3
Trillion Cublc Feet
Alaska
Equivalent
400
300
193.4
200
157.9
Alaska
Alaska
100
31.7
17.3
0
GAS
OIL
Source: Energy Information Administration
-26-
U.S. natural gas resources are large when compared to current domestic gas consumption. At the end of 1989, the U.S. had approxi-
mately 168 trillion cubic feet (tcf) of proven reserves, compared with consumption in 1989 of 19 tcf.
We expect demand for gas to increase by about a third to almost 23 tcf over the next twenty years due to increased needs for electric
utilities to comply with stricter emission standards brought about by the Clean Air Act. In addition, an increasing amount of natural
gas can be used to fuel the beginning of an alternative fuel industry.
Domestic gas production in the lower 48 is not likely to increase over this period. Therefore, customers will have to look to supplies
from Canada and over the longer term Alaska. There is the possibility that existing LNG facilities will be brought on line again to
bring supplies from Algeria, Norway, Nigeria and other producers who have expressed an interest in shipping LNG to the U.S.
Government policy in the first two years of the Bush Administration has been very successful. The removal of price controls in the
Natural Gas Wellhead Decontrol Act of 1989 was an important development for the domestic gas industry. Also, the Clean Air Act
will help stimulate gas use at the same time that it helps improve our urban air quality.
However, additional action is needed to address some of the remaining regulatory impediments to an efficient natural gas industry
including restricted access to pipelines and end-use restrictions. In my judgement, over-regulation of natural gas has stifled its effi-
cient production, transport and use. A freer gas market would benefit consumers, the energy industry and the Nation. A combination
of regulatory reforms (including the possibility of folding FERC functions into the DOE) and comprehensive legislation could in-
crease the competitiveness of natural gas and lower prices paid by consumers.
Through a sensible approach of deregulation and streamlining the permitting process of FERC, most of these recommendations can
be achieved without adding to the national deficit.
-27-
Coal has substantial potential to limit dependence on imported oil in an environmentally sound manner
Actual and Projected U.S. Coal Production
1,400
1,200
Total Production
1,000
Exports
Million Short Tons
800
600
400
Consumption
200
0
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
-28-
Coal meets almost 60% of our electricity needs today and it will continue to be the "work horse" of our electrical utility sector in the
years ahead.
Significant progress has been made in reducing harmful emissions and pollutants over the last decade, but further progress is re-
quired to satisfy the public's demands for cleaner air. The Clean Air Act will allow for the continued use of coal in an environmen-
tally-sensitive manner.
We must also continue efforts to fully understand the impact of CO2 burning on the greenhouse effect. The International Panel on
Climate Change is playing a useful international role in determining the scientific basis of global warming and, at the same time,
considering potential policy responses consistent with our economic priorities. I am impressed that the President's NES and the
Congress' Office of Technology analysis concludes that the U.S. can make an effective contribution to this potential problem through
prudent, cost-effective energy and environmental policies.
Our best government coal option at the moment is to continue funding for DOE's Clean Coal Technology Program - an innovative
program which establishes a useful government-industry partnership. Once these technologies are developed and demonstrated, we
should follow the excellent suggestion made by the President's National Energy Strategy to examine regulatory means to commercial-
ize them more rapidly.
Finally, the Administration should support a strong coal export program. Over the last decade the U.S. coal and transportation
industries have improved their competitive position and are well situated to expand coal exports to the Pacific nations and to Europe.
At the moment, however, some European nations still subsidize their highly unprofitable coal industries. Such subsidies go against
the spirit of free trade and should be eliminated, thereby paving the way for greater imports of competitively-priced U.S. coal. Our
industry might also look for ways to couple selling coal with clean coal technologies or state-of-the-art electricty generating equip-
ment, thereby providing our trading partners with a clean and reliable energy source and system.
These policies should not result in undue drain on our Federal budget. Given that the five year Clean Coal Technology Program is
about to be completed, it is reasonable to expect that greater use of coal and coal exports and the successful commercialization of
clean coal technologies, will in fact generate revenue for the Federal Treasury.
-29-
Nuclear power deserves another look in light of energy security and environmental concerns
Percentage of Electricity
Installed Nuclear Capacity
Supplied by Nuclear Power
(Net Gigawatts Electric)
France
71
Belgium
64
United States
90.5
Talwan
52
Sweden
42
Switzerland
40
Finland
38
Bulgaria
32
F.R. Germany
31
France
37.5
Japan
27
Spain
24
Hungary
24
South Korea
22
United Kingdom
20
U.S.S.R.
27.8
United States
16
Czechoslovakla
15
Canada
13
D.R. Germany
12
Japan
23.7
Argentina
11
U.S.S.R.
11
Netherlands
6
United Kingdom
10.1
Yugoslavia
6
Italy
4
Brazil
1
Canada
9.8
0
20
40
60
80
-30-
The over one hundred nuclear power plants in the United States today supply over 15% of U.S. electrical needs. As we look toward
the future nuclear power can help improve energy security and enhance environmental quality. At the same time, nuclear power's
future is likely to depend upon whether three conditions can be satisfied:
-Nuclear power should be able to compete with other sources of electricity supply in the marketplace on its
economic merits, as it did in the United States in the early 1970's and as it does in many other countries now.
-The safety of existing and future nuclear power plants must continue to be satisfactorily demonstrated, so that
general public acceptance is restored.
-Progress must be evident in the siting and building of high-level waste-management systems in a safe and pub-
licly acceptable manner.
In the United States, utilities will be unlikely to order new plants until several interrelated issues are satisfactorily resolved. These
include:
-Establishment of an appropriate balance between prospective risks and prospective rewards for utilities that invest in new
capital-intensive generation.
-Continued forward progress in the deployment of satisfactory waste-management systems.
-True "one stop" licensing that removes the likelihood that a license will be denied after a sizeable investment has been made
in plant construction.
-31-
Energy efficiency, alternative fuels for transportation and renewable energy resources improve energy security
and environmental quality
United States
OECD Economies
200
200
175
175
Reduced Energy
Use
150
150
125
Quads
Quads
125
100
100
Reduced Energy
Use
75
75
50
50
Actual Energy Use
Actual Energy Use
25
25
0
0
1976
1978
1984
1972
1974
1976
1978
1980
1982
1984
1972
1974
1980
1982
-32-
Today, the United States uses virtually no more energy (and less oil) than it did in 1973 - although its population is still expanding
and the Nation continues to turn out more products and services. Without the improvements in energy productivity that have taken
place since 1973, the United States would now require the equivalent of about 14 million more barrels of oil every day.
Advances in technology have accounted for two-thirds of the recent energy-productivity improvements in U.S. industry and three-
fourths of those in transportation-resulting in more product output per energy unit and more miles per gallon. Energy efficiency has
also improved in other OECD countries.
The most heavily oil dependent sector remains transportation. U.S. transportation uses more oil each year than we produce, ac-
counting for more than 60 percent of all oil use. Therefore, continued priority should be given to improving automobile efficiency
standards, as well as in encouraging greater use of alternative fuels such as natural gas derived fuels (e.g., methanol) and electric
vehicles.
The majority of renewable energy used in the world now comes from large hydroelectric plants and wood fuel. Hydroelectric plants
provide 20 percent of all electricity, or 8 percent of total free-world energy use. The United States and the rest of the world will, in
time, rely more heavily on essentially inexhaustible renewable energy sources, including many diverse sources such as solar, wind,
geothermal, water, and biomass energy. At the moment, however, these sources represent only a small percentage of our total energy
use and their competitiveness has been harmed by several years of depressed oil prices. Retaining a tax credit for renewable sources,
and increasing funding for those technologies that hold commercial promise would ultimately reap a solid long term investment.
Many of the recommendations made in this testimony are supply oriented but it is important to note that conservation should be
given equal weigh, including reducuing gasoline in transportation through greater use of alternative fuels. Reliance on the market has
proved to be a successful strategy, but if we are once again in for lower oil prices, then the Administration and Congress should
develop policies to maintain conservation's momentum. I look forward to hearing from others on the panel and elsewhere strategies
that advance economic efficiency and make economic sense.
-33-
PART III - INTERNATIONAL ENERGY SECURITY
The U.S. cannot "go it alone." All nations must reduce reliance on Gulf oil.
Global Energy Use, 1950-1985*
125.0
250
Other
112.5
Hydro
100.0
Nuclear
200
87.5
Coal
75.0
150
62.5
Quadrillion BTU's
Natural Gas
50.0
100
Millions of Barreis per Day
of Oil Equivalent
Oil
37.5
25.0
50
12.5
00.0
0
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1950
1955
*Excludes centrally planned economies
Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration, United Nations,
Shell Brieling Service
-36-
In addition to efforts undertaken by the U.S. and other individual countries to limit their vulnerability to energy disruptions,
coordinated international energy action can make important contributions to global energy security. A nuclear power plant in Japan,
a clean-coal generation project in Italy, a geothermal project in Central America or a hydropower plant in China all serve to reduce
world demand for oil-and all countries reap the benefits. Important alternatives include:
Coal, which has increasingly been used as a substitute for oil in generating electricity in the U.S., Japan and other countries, can be
expanded further to reduce oil consumption in the utility sector. The contribution of clean coal technology will enable expanded coal
use with an overall reduction of harmful emissions. Expanded international trade in steam coal can help lower energy costs in coal-
importing countries. Efforts should be made to reduce domestic production subsidies in Europe (particularly in Germany, the UK and
Belgium) which raise costs and lower economic efficiency. As noted in the President's National Energy Strategy, U.S. clean coal
technology exports can improve the global environment and enhance the energy security of our trading partners.
The environmentally superior attributes of natural gas-and its abundant worldwide reserves and relative low price-will make it
the world's fastest growing fossil fuel in the next two decades. Increased production in the North Sea, Alaska, the Middle East and
the Pacific Basin would help ensure supplies that could keep pace with demand. European efforts to deploy timely investment in gas
infrastructure and diversify gas supplies would contribute to a more secure supply of natural gas in the years to come. Japan is evalu-
ating the economic attractiveness and security of alternative supplies - from the Middle East, Pacific Basin, Soviet Union and
Alaska.
Nuclear power has been a major contributor to reducing major energy consumers reliance on imported oil (including the U.S.,
France and Japan) in the utility sector, and continued or expanded use could extend these benefits further. Public opposition remains a
constraint to further development of nuclear power, but new, more modular and standardized designs may help nuclear energy regain
its momentum. International efforts to develop the new generation of "inherently safe" reactor technology, establish efficient and
safe procedures for nuclear waste disposal, and enforce stringent international public safety standards will help protect nuclear's role
in the global energy mix.
Finding substitutes for oil in the transportation area offer promise for the future and would provide substantial security benefits by
reducing dependence on oil; international research collaboration could help bring these technologies to market in a timely, cost-
effective manner. Non-oil-based transportation fuels offer special promise in this regard, since most of the world's oil consumption is
devoted to the transportation sector. International research programs on effective, economic conversion technologies for non-petro-
leum transportation fuels such as electric vehicles, and natural gas-based fuels such as methanol, and high quality coal-based transpor-
tation fuels could go a long way toward realizing the potential contribution of renewable resources to worldwide energy security.
-37-
The IEA should coordinate short term responses and long term energy policies
"The problem we face is not just an oil problem--it's an energy
problem. And it is not just a domestic problem--it is international.
We simply cannot view the U.S. in isolation. After all, a barrel
of oil or unit of energy saved, produced or stockpiled anywhere
is one less barrel that has to be produced in the Persian Gulf."
William F. Martin, Deputy Secretary of Energy
"Energy and National Security: The Past and Future Crisis"
Council on Foreign Relations, Washington, D.C. 4/29/87
-38-
Over the past fifteen years, the International Energy Agency has played a useful role in coordinating both short term responses to energy emergen-
cies and pursuing long term energy policies that reduce collective dependence on instable sources of oil. In the months ahead, the IEA should use the
opportunity to highlight the importance of energy security in a number of areas including:
Oil stock policies. The U.S., Germany and Japan account for nearly all government controlled stocks in IEA countries. Stocks act as a very
important source of stability in a crisis and their use "buys time" for diplomacy. The U.S. and its Allies could take a tougher stand in the Gulf know-
ing that their oil reserves were sufficient to provide adequate supplies in the event of a Middle East oil cutoff. The IEA should commit to the estab-
lishment of a 2 billion barrel reserve level - half coming from the U.S. and half coming from other nations - to bolster our responsiveness to oil
shocks in the future.
Consideration of a Minimum Safeguard Price. Faced with the prospects of fluctuating oil prices, the IEA might consider reestablishing a minimum
safeguard price (MSP) - an initiative which was first implemented in 1977 at a price of $7 per barrel. The MSP acts as a IEA-wide floor price for
oil, thereby providing a more stable environment for long term energy investments. This policy is not without its critics. The MSP would essentially
act as a tax, thereby dampening economic activity. The OECD and IEA might be encouraged to prepare an economic analysis of the costs and ben-
efits of this policy on OECD countries' energy situation and economic competitiveness.
Support for Developing Nations and Eastern Europe. Nations outside the OECD will soon consume over half of the world's energy. Therefore,
OECD nations have a special interest to assist energy supplies and energy efficiency development in rapidly industrializing nations, including
Eastern Europe. The IEA should be encouraged to continue its energy policy assessments of East European nations, while lending agencies such as
the World Bank and AID should expand their energy lending practices, based on sound, market-based energy policy programs. Efforts should be
made, wherever feasible, to transfer appropriate energy technologies (particularly renewables) from industrialized countries to the developing world.
Long Term Energy Policies. The IEA should continue its efforts to evaluate long term energy policies of Member governments. One of the best
energy policy books produced is the annual review of IEA energy policies. This represents a roadmap for reducing our collective dependence on
imported oil in an environmentally sensitive manner. The recommendations in this excellent publication, however, are not self-fulfilling but need
political backing and strong support for their implementation in all Member nations.
Joint Research and Development. All nations face budget problems. Therefore the time is ripe for a reevaluation of international energy R and D
priorities to identify areas where expertise and expenses can be shared for the benefit of all participating nations.
Coordination of Economic, Environmental and Energy Policies. The IEA, and its sister organization the OECD, are well placed to provide analyti-
cal approaches to finding a balance between energy, environmental and economic policies. Some energy policies have potentially major economic
consequences - - such as gasoline taxes and import fees. Likewise, environmental policies - such as restricting CO₂ - have major economic and
energy impacts. The OECD and IEA secretariats are uniquely qualified to analyze multi-disciplined policies and their joint effects.
-39-
Conclusions
-40-
Mr. Chairman, in conclusion, let me say that the task of the President and Congress to construct a balanced energy policy is not
easy, but the time is excellent to do so and a good start has been made by the President, Secretary Watkins, Senators Johnson and
Wallop and by this Committee.
Over the next weeks the Committee will not only struggle with energy policy, but will have to consider broader national objectives
- such as our economic prosperity, environmental quality and national security. Ultimately the costs and benefits of our energy
policies must be weighed against their impact and contribution to these other important objectives.
The program identified in this testimony achieves many national objectives. It relies on market forces, but with a prudent regard for
national security. It is based on healthy - but not overly optimistic - economic projections. Overall, environmental quality would
be improved. Finally, national security objectives are enhanced by maintaining oil imports at a level which will keep reliance on the
Middle East at a sustainable level.
Finally, we must not view this as a "national" energy strategy. Our energy security is very much dependent on the actions or inac-
tions of other nations. We must seek to strengthen our cooperation with other OECD nations to pursue our common goals of secure,
affordable long-term energy supplies; at the same time we must begin the interesting and challenging task of integrating both develop-
ing nations and formerly centrally planned economies into the world economic and energy system.
Any questions about this testimony can be addressed to:
William F. Martin
Washington Policy and Analysis
A Miller & Chevalier Consulting Group
655 15th Street, N.W.
Washington, D.C. 20005
(202-626-6087)
-41-
6/20/77 - pipeline starts
1/9/77 uplosion, pipilare closed for lwk
4/17/77 IV 3:2
6/3/77 IV 9:3
A
6/19/77 1:2
7/31/77 24:2
7/11/73 25.2
7/12/73 38:5
5/6/76 51:3
7/14/73 54:3
7/14/73 59:2
3/13 73 4:4
7/17/73 Sen. vote 49.50
8/31/73 34:5
7/18/73 X!
1/28/73 23:3
1/23/72 IV 12:2
8/2/73 - ly.paraed
8/2/73 34.2
3/21/72 1:4
8/3/73 1.6
3/26 IV 4:6
9/10/73 37:1
4/21/72 38:1
1/14/73 1:3
4/26/72 44:5
5/10/72 36:2
5/14/72 IV 4:1
5/14/72 IV 12:2
7/31/72 27:5
8/7/72 26:4
8/10/72 24:3
8/14/72 26:55
10/25/72 47:2
RATURE March 1980
GUIDE TO PERIODICAL LITERATURE March 1980-February 1981
1139
Nigeria
UM meter reading. See Meter reading
Nagging problem of too much crude. 11 Bus W
oil-rich Ja '81 and nervous. P. Gupte."
UM pipelines
p25 Ag 18 '80
of pipeline plans. map Bus W p65-6
Non-shortage. P. Deutsch. Nation 231:567 N 29
Group, Mobil and Gulf Oil
0 smut [allegations that Royal
'80
Alaska
OPEC's bickering may prolong the glut [min-
than alloted share of crude]
isterial-level meeting in Viennal Bus W p37-8
25 '80
pipeline. five years later [impact on
S 29 '80
Africa's oil weapon
J. Rearden. 11 Outdoor Life 165:57-9+
OPEC's woes are good news for consumers.
S. Shagari] J. White. [view por
K. R. Sheets. U.S. News 88:78 F 25 '80
connection? [proposed Northern Tier
On embargo might cost $270 billion, CBO re-,
Norway
B. Friedland. il map Mech Illus 76:
ports. E. Marshall. Science 208:1123 Je 6 '80
strike for the cruel sea
80 R. Norris. il Outdoor Life 165:60 Ap
Oil glut: a brief respite. M. Stone. U.S. News
disaster] P. Lewis and
INo
89:76 S 8 '80
[acleans 93:29-30 Ap 7 80
can see the big Alaska pipeline. il
OII imports fall as supplies bulge. Newsweek 96:
emain in capsized rig lafter
ff the coast] S. Begley and
Sunset you 165:26 Ag '80
53 Ag 4 '80
Oil, Iran, and the American energy crisis. J.
eek 96:6 D 29 '80
A. Schnepper. USA Today 108:7 Mr '80
Canada
Oil: no need to panic-for now [war between
is abroad in a land still pure.
leans 93:8+ Je 2 80
transportation arrangements [state-
Iraq and Iran] M. Shells and others. 11 News-
the North Sea [Norwe
oil September 27, 1979] J. L. Katz. Dept
week 96:32-3 o 6 '80
r] E. Hughes. il Read Digest
Bull 79:38-9 D '79
Oll-supply prospects and U.S. international en-
ergy policy [statements, July 1, 1980] G. A.
North Sea Region
Rosen: J. W. Twinam. Dept State Bull 80:36-45
1 an oil rig [North Sea rig)
LeMoyne. il map Newsweel
pipeline at the bottom of the
'80
froiling the J. Carroll. il Pop Mech 153:93-7+
Planning for an oil cutoff. E. Marshall. Science
209:246-7 J1 11 '80
Seal 11 Time 115:49 Ap 7
she toppled over [oil rig disa
pollution of water. See Oil pollu-
Rumblings of another oil shock: How the Pen-
tagon sees the threat to oil routes. il Bus W
sea
p30-2 o 6 80
Puerto Rico
lso
products
Shattering oil's false calm IOPEC's annual price-
wealth Oil Refining Company
22 setting session in Ball] 11 Bus W p 16-17 D
NAME oil
'80
Russia
Some blunt talk from OPEC [excerpts from in-
a Russian energy crisis? M.
Chapman. New Repub
terview by B. Van Voorst] A. Z. Yamani. por
Atlantic 246:55-7+ S 80
Mr 29 '80
Time 116:57 D 22 '80
the Soviets. M. Frankland:
Lining the old refrain [Petro-Canada's pro-
Threat to oil stability [Iranian-Iraqi War] M.
27:56 S '80
purchase of Come by Chance refinery in
Shells and others. il Newsweek 96:81-2 D 15
ter has resume. will travel
foundland] G. Hunt. il map Macleans 93:
80
or Bus W p 18 S 8 '80
CARE '80
Threat to the oil flow [warfare between Iraq
earch for power. il Time 115:$40
and Iran] J. Palmer and others. il Time 116:
Accidents and explosions
50 O '80
should worry about the Soviet
effect [effect of petroleum refinery
Two gloomy views of an energy future [Harvard
0
S. E. Meyer. il Fortune -161°
and Georgetown studies] M. Shells and W. J.
explosion in Texas on fixed base operators]
Collins. il Flying 106:32 My '80
Cook. il Newsweek 97:49-50 Ja 5 '81
Saudi Arabia
Uh oh for OPEC [views of William Brown and
Environmental aspects
Herman Kahn] P. Jones. Sr Schol 113:30 S 19
American Oil Company
'80
Idea that won't go away [proposed Eastport.
Under the gun-once more. il U.S. News 89:64-5
oil. D. J. Feith. New Repub'in
refinery of Pittston Company M. Sullivan.
N 3 '80
maps Nat Wildlife 19:41-3 D '80/Ja '81
Warm winter brings the West a breather. Bus
for zooming oil prices Thigh
smouth: stop oil refineries in the Bay [Vir-
W p48 F 11 '80
production rate] 11 Bus
S. M. O'Connell. Nat Wildlife 18:28H
What the D.O.J. didn't tell us [exculpation of
Big Oil by Justice Department] P. Achnacar-
53-4 D 8 '80
bia's dilemma: too much too
Fires and fire prevention
ry. Nation 231:182-4 Ag 30-S 6 '80
fire cuts aviation gas supply. Aviation
When price fails to spur supply. Bus W p82-3
e control of oil prices. 11 Bus
Rennery 112:18 F 11 '80
JI 28 '80
her OPEC price hike [Saudi
Location
Whitewashed oil [exculpation of Big Oil by Jus-
tice and Energy Departments] Nation 231:100-1
meeting] il Time 116:58 S
Idea that won't go away [proposed Eastport,
Ag 2-9 '80
oil giant must keep pumping
Me: refinery of Pittston Company] M. Sullivan.
Why a new oil shortage is inevitable. Bus W
17 '80
maps Nat Wildlife 19:41-3 D '80/Ja '81
n34-5 N 10 '80
United States
Portsmouth: stop oil refineries in the Bay [Vir-
Why Iran's oil cutoff won't hurt. il Bus W p36-7
etroleum industry
rinia) S. M. O'Connell. Nat Wildlife 18:28H
My 5 '80
O/No
80,
Venezuela
Why OPEC is vulnerable. W. M. Brown and H.
STROLEUM refiners. See Petroleum industry
Kahn. il Fortune 102:66-9 J1 14 '80
emocracy in Venezuela. D.
r Hist 78:71-5+ F '80
STROLEUM refining. See Petroleum-Refining
Why the price of oil will rise still more. il Bus W
ETROLEUM reserves. See Petroleum-Reserves
D51-2 D 1 '80
M Industry lobby. See Lobbyists
ITROLEUM shipping terminals
World economic crisis in the 1980s? An American
M investment trusts
Bonds save the first U.S. offshore port [Loudsiana
viewpoint [address, September 1, 1980] R. N.
30
Offshore Oil Port] Bus W p38 My 5 '80
Cooper. Dept State Bull 80:37-40 D '80
Ieritage Savings Trust Fund
Once again, a plunge into deepwater oil ports
PETROLEUM waste as fuel. See Refuse as fuel
[Texas projects] map Bus W p79 D 22 '80
PETROLEUM workers
et in royalties [oil royalty
STROLEUM supply
See also
Ling. Forbes 126:134 S 15 8070
See also
Oil, Chemical and Atomic Workers Interna-
nanza [refunds on state incomests
Gasoline supply
tional Union
paid and dividends from the ats
Petroleum-Reserves
Petroleum engineers
nue fund for Alaskan taxpayers
5:27 Ap 28 '80
another oil crisis in the cards? [Iranian-Iraqi
Strikes-Petroleum workers
B are the limited partners' yack
War] il map U.S. News 89:28-9 o 6 '80
Canadians abroad in a land still pure [workers
Itered oil and gas drilling funds)
Can OPEC control itself? M. Sheils and others.
in Norway] G. Clark. il Macleans 98:8+ Je 2
y. il Forbes 126:128+ S 15,80
11 Newsweek 95:70+ Je 9 '80
'80
tax gusher [royalty trust spinoffel
Cassandra out of season. A. Smith. il Esquire
Training
Forbes 126:72 Ag 4 80
*$4:12-13 N '80
rofit, not tax breaks. il Bus
Changing picture of energy. [address, January
Classroom in the oil fields [Bradford Area High
1980] C. Robbins. Vital Speeches 46:294-7
School's petroleum production course: Pa.] J.
'80
Hammond. il Am Educ 16:27-32 Ja/F '80
rich and 23 (E. W. Goldman's XO
Resources) E. J. Tracy. 11 por
Down-home costs of a. faraway war [Iraqi-
PETROLEUMLYTIC bacteria. See Bacteria. Pet-,
99-100+ o 20 '80
Iranian War] il Fortune 102:9 N 3 '80
roleumlytic
e pipeline of petroleum trusts [v]e]
Editorial page [Iranian-Iraqi War] A. McGowan.
PETROSKI, Henry
Lynn] D. G. Santry. Bus W DSES
Environment 22:inside front cover 0 '80
Amory Lovins guides hard technologists. il por
Energy nightmares. J. S. Nye, Jr. For Pol 40:
Tech R 82:12-13 Je/Jl '80
bil profits excite the bulls.
132-54 Fail '80; Discussion. 41:188-90 Wint
70 JI 21 '80
'80/'81
Game of the name. Pol Today 7:58 Ja/F '80
tax dodges. 11 Time 116:61 S 15
M
Are of cheap energy rides into the sunset. R.
PETROVSKII, Boris Vasil'evich
Corrigan. USA Today 108:11-13 My '80
Vital links in the health chain. il World Health
it rake royalties off the top.
11 Fortune 101:125-6 Ap 7. 80
Gasoline gauges rest on full. il Time 116:60 J1
p26-31 N '79
'80
M laws and regulations
PETS
Global growth is hit anew. C. Byron and others.
See also
0
Time 116:100-2 0 13 '80
Prices
Birds
Prices
How decontrol plans split the oil refiners. il
Cats
Bus W p 17-18 D 22 '80
ates-Energy. Department of
Dogs
How not to pay the pumper. Commonweal 108:3-4
Pet stores
ticians urge study: should blg oili
Ja 16 '81
Travel with pets
zed? P. Johnson. il Encore 8:14:10
Hubbert's curve. S. Goodwin. II por Blair &
9
Ketchums 7:56-61 N '80
Add to your knowledge about pets. T. Locke.
the eighties (address, May 11
If oil facilities are ablaze, can $2-a-gallon gas
il 50 Plus 20:42-3 Ap '80
veland. Vital Speeches 46:653-6 Artil
be far behind? [Iranian and Iraqi War] il
Animal advisers. W. Chandoha. il Ladies Home J
U.S. News 89:38 0 27 '80
97:146 D '80
lks back [interview; ed by
Invisible hand strikes. S. W. Angrist. il Forbes
Fish as pets. J. Loeb and P. Loeb. il Parents
0 F. Loveland. por Mech Illus 76:41
125:166 Ap 28 '80
55:118 Ap '80
would be required LO
and
the
tered as a result.
pay $1 billion in a one-time payment
Federal Government and lifted his in-
that could generate permanent income
junction. But in an order he signed this
Economists who have studied the
through annual interest payments.
afternoon, Judge Sporkin said he would
spill for the state and Federal govern-
Thus, the annual payments, spread out
review the settlement after it is signed
ments said today that the $1.1 billion
over 10 years, are much less valuable
to make sure the rights of the villages
settlement represents only a portion of
to the state's efforts to clean up and
are ensured.
the actual value of the damage to fish-
study the effects of the spill.
"The court shall retain jurisdiction
eries, water, wildlife and land. The
Senator Frank Murkowski, a Repub-
over this matter to ensure that the de-
economists said the Exxon Valdez dis-
lican from Alaska, said today that
fendants' representations are carried
aster will have caused $2.5 billion to $5
Alaska was fortunate to have gained a
out SO the plaintiffs' rights are protect-
billion in damages from the time of the
settlement. The alternative was years
ed," Judge Sporkin wrote in the order.
Bush Digs In on Arctic Drilling Plan
WASHINGTON, March 12 (Reu-
most prolific in the nation, and the
is Senator Bill Bradley, Democrat
ters) President Bush will veto
other is the Kuparuck River field.
of New Jersey, who is an Energy
any national energy strategy that
These two fields and five smaller
Committee member and favors a
does not include his proposal allow-
ones nearby produce from 1.8 mil-
national energy strategy that
ing drilling in part of the Arctic Na-
lion to 2 million barrels of crude oil
places greater emphasis on con-
tional Wildlife Refuge in Alaska,
a day, about 25 percent of Amer-
servation and less on production.
the Secretary of Energy told a Sen-
ican domestic production.
ate hearing today.
Mr. Bradley has proposed rais-
Decline in Oil Output Seen
ing the price that Americans pay
Both the White House energy
But Mr. Watkins said today that
for their oil through higher taxes.
plan and a Senate version propose
there was already evidence of a de-
Today he said the United States
opening a 1.5-million-acre coastal
cline in the oil flow from the North
could either raise taxes or adopt. a
plain in the wildlife refuge to oil
and gas drilling, a provision that
Slope. And an Energy Department
policy of "In Fahd We Trust" in
environmentalists and some law-
study whose results were issued to-
which the nation would continue to
makers oppose.
day predicted that by the year
be dependent on the Saudi king and
2009, the use of the Trans-Alaska
the leaders of other major oil-
Testifying today before the Sen-
Pipeline, which carries oil from the
producing nations.
ate Energy and Natural Resources
North Slope down the 800-mile
Environmentalists today also re-
Committee, the Energy Secretary,
length of the state to ports on Alas-
iterated their opposition to the Arc-
James D. Watkins, said that any
ka's southern coast, might no
tic refuge drilling. Brooks Yeager,
strategy that does not include drill-
longer be technically or economi-
vice president of the National
ing in part of the wildlife refuge "is
cally feasible if North Slope pro-
Audubon Society, said the drilling
a veto-able issue with the Presi-
duction drops, as expected, to less
would "destroy one of the earth's
dent."
than 300,000 barrels a day.
last great dynamic ecosystems."
Mr. Watkins also told the panel
Estimates of the amount of oil to
But Mr. Hickel disagreed.
that if no new large oilfields were
be found on the Arctic coastal plain
"We are tired of those who dis-
developed on Alaska's North Slope,
range from zero to between 500,000
tort the arguments about
STA'S TENTH ANNIVERSARY WITH
where the refuge is situated, de-
and 2 million barrels a day. "It
A.N.W.R.'s coastal plain," he said.
tlining production would probably
could be a small Middle East,"
"It is a barren, marshy wilderness
INNER AT WINDOWS ON THE WORLD*
force the Trans-Alaska Pipeline to
Gov. Walter J. Hickel of Alaska, an
in the summer, infested with un-
shut down within 18 years.
enthusiastic advocate of the drill-
countable mosquitoes, and locked
the gift: the breathtaking sights and superb
The two largest oilfields in North
ing provision, said at the hearing
in temperatures of 60 and 70 de-
On The World restaurant. With each stay,
America are on the North Slope.
today.
grees below zero for up to nine
ner at this landmark restaurant 107 stories in
One is the Prudhoe Bay field, the
Among the critics of the proposal
months of the year."
ide away. Plus, our convenient location at the
enjoy Hilton International's renowned hospi-
nd Manhattan's financial center.
11th club facilities with heated indoor pool,
ck; a fully equipped business center and our
PER ROOM, PER NIGHT
unge. For reservations call the hotel, your
TONS.
W YORK VISTA
Operated by
ON INTERNATIONAL
The New York Times
For home delivery call
1-800-631-2500
are Center, New York, NY 10048 (212) 938-1991
offer good through April 15, 1991. Subject to availability and applicable sales tax.
ISTON, CHICAGO, HONOLUW, MINNEAPOLIS, NEWARK, PITTSBURGH AND WASHINGTON
S641-46.2
S641-46.2: Aug. 19, 1970. p. 49-110.
Hearings on July 6 held in Kodiak, July 7 in
Statement and Discussion: Operation and
Witness: LIFF, Noah, chm, Task Force on Dis-
Anchorage, July 8 in Fairbanks, and July 10 in
budget of Alaska Railroad; determination of
posal of Obsolete Automobiles, Inst of Scrap
Juneau.
railroad saleable assets; rate of railroad growth
Iron & Steel, Inc; accompanied by Story, Wil-
(For summaries of brief items of testimony, see
compared to other transportation systems in
liam S., exec vp.
S641-47.5 and S641-47.7.)
Alaska; question of retaining railroad under
Statement: Reasons for opposing S. 4204; sup-
S641-47.1: July 6, 1970. p. 2-13.
Federal authority. (For further discussion, see
port for S. 4197 with modifications. (p. 49-55)
S641-47.9.)
WHITE, Wilton, chm, Kodiak Island
Discussion: Transportation costs for scrap;
Borough.
Insertions: Alaska Railroad Enabling Act, text
steel industry needs for scrap. (p. 55-60)
(p. 92-94).
Statement and Discussion: Recommends
Equipment register and charts on Alaska
Insertions: "Special Report: The Abandoned
locating the Trident program of marine re-
Car Crisis," by the Institute of Scrap Iron and
sources and fisheries research in Kodiak; de-
Railroad assets and liabilities, tonnage, reve-
nue tonnage, and summary statements for in-
Steel (p. 61-62).
scribes need for harbor expansion in Kodiak.
come, expenses, and operations, FY69 (p. 95-
Proceedings of the National Conference on
S641-47.2: July 6, 1970. p. 13-16.
125).
the Abandoned Automobile (p. 63-110).
Witness: MIYAHARA, Tak, Wakefield Fish-
History of Alaska Railroad (p. 126-137).
S641-46.3: Aug. 19, 1970. p. 111-115.
eries.
S641-47.9: July 7, 1970. p. 153-204.
Witness: MORRIS, Raymond E., managing
Statement and Discussion: Need to maintain
Witness: SWALLING, A. C., chm, Northern
dir, Natl Auto and Truck Wreckers Assn.
Bureau of Commercial Fisheries as a practical,
Ops of Rail Transportation and Hwys Com-
Statement and Discussion: Describes auto and
individual unit, and to coordinate biological
mission (NORTH).
truck wrecking industry; comments on
and oceanographic research data.
Statement and Discussion: (Includes testimony
proposed legislation.
S641-47.3: July 6, 1970. p. 16-22.
from S641-47.8.) Recommends establishment
S641-46.4: Aug. 26, 1970. p. 117-236.
Witness: DYSON, Oscar, Fishermen's Assn.
of State transportation authority and a delay in
Witness: STITT, William, Spec Asst to Asst
Statement and Discussion: Reports Coast
any decision to sell Alaska Railroad; discusses
Sec for Planning and Evaluation, HEW; ac-
Guard ill-equipped and under-staffed to han-
relationship of Alaska Railroad to oil fields and
companied by Vaughan, Richard D., Dir,
dle its duties in Alaskan waters; opposes inter-
pipe line.
Bur of Solid Waste Mgmt.
nationalizing 200 meter level; discusses intru-
Insertions: Report of the NORTH Commis-
sion of foreign fishing vessels in Alaskan
Statement: Reviews magnitude, causes, and
sion to the Governor of Alaska (p. 169-177).
waters.
remedies of abandoned car problem, invento-
Arctic pipeline economic analysis (p. 183-
ries of processors and dismantlers, and incom-
S641-47.4: July 6, 1970. p. 22-28.
194).
plete reutilization of scrap by steel mills and
Witness: HAMMOND, Robert E. (Rear
Alaskan legislation to incorporate the
foundries; reports proposed legislation is not a
Adm.), Cmdr, 17th Coast Guard Dist, Juneau,
Alaska Railroad, text (p. 200-204).
comprehensive answer to problem. (p. 117-
Alaska.
S641-47.10: July 7, 1970. p. 205-208.
122)
Statement and Discussion: Coast Guard activi-
Witness: FROID, Stanley H., vp, Tudor Engi-
Discussion: Analyzes higher scrap prices and
ties in Alaskan waters; problems of oil pollu-
neering Co.
fines and penalties as solutions to problem. (p.
tion.
Statement and Discussion: Describes feasibil-
122-236)
S641-47.5: Brief Testimony, Kodiak, Alaska.
ity study of northern extension of Alaska Rail-
Insertion: "The Auto Wrecking/Dismantling
Witnesses: DENNING, Carl (Dr.), gen practi-
road. (For further testimony, see S641-47.15.)
Industry," draft of Commerce Dept and Busi-
tioner, p. 33-34.
ness and Defense Services Administration
S641-47.11: July 7, 1970. p. 209-214.
LEE, John H., chm, Puget Sound Tug & Barge
study (p. 137-235).
Witness: BROWN, Lyle K., Regional Dir,
Co, p. 28-31.
FAA.
S641-46.5: Aug. 26, 1970. p. 237-240.
RESOFF, Pete, mayor, Kodiak, p. 31-33.
Statement and Discussion: Alaska aviation ser-
Witness: KARR, Richmond, roadside dev
Statements and Discussion: Brief items of tes-
vices needing expansion.
engr, Vt St Hwy Bd.
timony praising Coast Guard maritime acci-
Statement and Discussion: Describes Vermont
dent activities and air evacuations.
S641-47.12: July 7, 1970. p. 215-222.
plan to dispose of undesirable scrap metal ac-
S641-47.6: July 7, 1970. p. 39-68.
Witness: WAKEFIELD, Harry A., dir, Alaska
Div of Aviation.
cumulation.
Witnesses: HARDIN, E. L., Jr., Dist Engr.
GEORGE, Warren, Chief, Engineering Div,
Statement and Discussion: Describes Alaskan
S641-46.6: Brief Testimony.
Witnesses: GURNEY, Edward J., (Sen, R-
Alaska Dist, both from Army Corps of Engrs.
5-year aviation program.
Fla), p. 36-41.
Statements and Discussion: Need to develop
Insertion: Capital improvement project
JAVITS, Jacob K., (Sen, R-NY), p. 27-36.
Kodiak small boat harbor; damages caused in
proposals, 1972-76 (p. 219-222).
PACKWOOD, Robert W., (Sen, R-Oreg), p.
Anchorage by 1964 earthquake; problems re-
S641-47.13: July 7, 1970. p. 222-224.
42.
maining in earthquake slide area.
Witness: BLODGETT, Robert R., St sen.
Statements and Discussion: Brief items of tes-
Insertion: Final Recommendations on Risk
Statement and Discussion: Personal dissatis-
timony explaining provisions of and support-
Classification, Anchorage and Vicinity, joint
faction with aviation progress in Alaska.
ing S. 4197 and S. 4204.
release by Army Corps of Engineers, Task
Force 9, Alaska (p. 54-56).
S641-47.14: July 8, 1970. p. 234-248.
S641-47.7: Brief Testimony, Anchorage,
Witness: OLSSON, John P., Dep Under Sec,
Alaska.
DOT.
S641-47
PROBLEMS OF ALASKA.
Witnesses: GOTTBERG, Robert, vp, Mort-
Statement: Background, terms, and status of
July 6-8, 10, 1970. 91-2. t
gage Dept, Natl Bank of Alaska, p. 75-76.
Alaska rail-highway corridor study. (p. 234-
Item 1045. vi+426 p. il.
SHARP, Robert E., city mgr, Anchorage, p.
237)
Y4.P96/10:A11/7.
76-87.
Discussion: Financial breakdown of Alaska
17717(70).
72-609632.
SMITH, Lloyd A., representing a property
Railroad revolving fund; Alaska exclusion
Joint hearings with the Committee on Com-
owners group, p. 71-73.
from Federal interstate highway fund. (p. 237-
merce on problems in Alaska dealing with tran-
TVEIT, James H., FHA, p. 68-71.
248)
sportation, oceanography, the Coast Guard, har-
Statements and Discussion: Brief items of tes-
S641-47.15: July 8, 1970. p. 249-258.
bor facilities, and results of the 1964 earthquake.
timony concerning land development and
Witness: FROID, Stanley H., vp, Tudor Engi-
Includes submitted statements and correspond-
mortgage load insurance in the high risk area
neering Co.
ence throughout hearings, a statement of the
of the 1964 earthquake slide in Anchorage.
Trans-Alaska Pipeline System (p. 259-263) and:
Statement and Discussion: (For previous tes-
S641-47.8: July 7, 1970. p. 89-152.
timony, see S641-47.10.) Reviews feasibility
a. Parker, Walter B. "Social Impact and Sug-
Witness: MANLEY, John E., gen mgr, Alaska
study recommendations for northern rail-high-
gested Goals for Alaska's Transportation Sys-
RR; accompanied by Heiss, Harold, Spec
way corridor; discusses complete transporta-
tem" (p. 406-424).
Asst to Fed RR Administrator, DOT.
tion systems corridor versus railroad corridor.
724 CIS/INDEX
January-December 1970
H501-22.3
H501-20.6: July 20, 1976. p. 338-371.
H501-21
MUNICIPAL BONDS RATING
H501-21.8: June 24, 1976. p. 88-94.
Witnesses: McGINTY, John M., pres-elect,
REGULATION.
Witnesses: REILLY, James F., financial
Amer Inst of Architects.
June 23, 24, 1976. 94-2.
counselor, Ketchum, MacLeod and Grove Inc.
FEINBERG, Kalman N., exec asst, Dubin-
101 p. t CIS/MF/4
NASH, John M., vp.
Bloome Assocs.
Item 1019.
Statements and Discussion: Viewed unrespon-
SAULS, Marshall N., vice pres, Property
"Y4.In8/4:94-115.
siveness of bill to investors' needs; advantages
Mgmt and Dev, Rich's, Inc.
MC 77-2473. LC 76-603739.
of improved communication between rating
Statements and Discussion: Support for Title IV;
Committee Serial No. 94-115. Hearings before
agencies and investing public.
importance of monitoring cost effectiveness of
the Subcom on Consumer Protection and Financeto
conservation measures and requiring an ener-
consider H.R. 675 (text, dept rpts, p. 5-12), to
gy audit; overview of Dubin-Bloome studies
amend the Investment Advisers Act of 1940 and
on electrical energy consumption in New Jer-
establish SEC-administered standards for invest-
H501-22
ALYESKA OIL PIPELINE
sey and existing energy consumption in Long
ment agencies rating of municipal bonds. Also
OVERSIGHT.
Island, N.Y. (graphs, p. 344-347); success of
establishes SEC registration requirements for
June 21, 1976. 94-2.
efforts (charts, p. 364-367) to determine rea-
rating agencies and grievance procedures for ap-
iii+175 p. il. t CIS/MF/4
sons for and control of increased electrical use
peal of unsatisfactory bond ratings.
Item 1019.
in Rich's Atlanta, Ga., stores.
Testimony focuses on recent controversy over
°Y4.In8/4:94-125.
Insertion: "Scope of Current Energy Conserva-
leading investment agencies' downgrading of
MC 77-4058. LC 77-600508.
tion and Solar Energy Projects," reviewing
NYC municipal bond issues.
Includes correspondence and submitted state-
Committee Serial No. 94-125. Hearing before
Dubin-Bloome consulting projects as of May
1976 (p. 348-359).
ments (p. 94-101).
the Subcom on Energy and Power to examine
problems surrounding alleged falsification of X-
H501-20.7: July 20, 1976. p. 373-434.
H501-21.1: June 23, 1976. p. 13-20.
ray test results used to verify the adequacy and
Witnesses: BREUCHERT, Carl J., chm, energy
Witness: LOOMIS, Philip A., Jr., Commr,
safety of welds along the Trans-Alaska Pipeline
conservation committee, Mechanical Contrac-
SEC.
System (TAPS).
tors Assn of Amer (MCAA).
Reviews charges of construction contractors'
Statement and Discussion: Objections to S. 675;
ASPENSON, Richard L., mgr, Energy, Con-
noncompliance with welding quality standards,
preference for public disclosure legislation to
servation and Utilities, Minn Mining and Mfg
and examines efforts by the Alyeska Pipeline
provide accurate and timely rating informa-
Co (3M Co).
Service Co. and responsible Federal agencies to
tion.
HAUSZ, Walter, member, professional staff,
investigate possible faulty welding cover-ups and
General Electric Center for Advanced Studies.
H501-21.2: June 23, 1976. p. 20-26.
correct TAPS construction deficiencies.
GIBBONS, John H., dir, Environment Cen-
Witness: GOULD, George, finance committee
ter, Univ of Tenn.
chm, Municipal Assistance Corp. (MAC),
H501-22.1: June 21, 1976. p. 4-27.
Statements and Discussion: Proposals for expan-
NYC.
Witness: KELLEY, Peter L, former radiogra-
sion of energy conservation incentives to in-
Statement and Discussion: Objections to
pher, Ketchbaw Industries.
clude tax credit plan for energy saving systems
Moody's Investors Service rating criteria for
Statement and Discussion: Allegations concern-
investments; potential for joint production of
and downgrading of MAC bonds.
ing falsification and subsequent cover-up of
heat and power as means to conserve energy in
TAPS welding X-rays; claimed absence of
the industrial sector (charts, article, p. 414-
H501-21.3: June 23, 1976. p. 26-43.
Federal inspectors along pipeline construction
424); support for Title IV.
Witness: HARRIES, Brenton W., pres, Stand-
route; operational aspects of X-ray verification
Insertion: "Energy Conservation: Opportunity
ard and Poor's Corp.
procedures; suggested reasons for X-ray re-
for Mechanical Contractors," MCAA rpt,
Statement and Discussion: Summary of rating
sults falsification.
1974 (p. 385-391).
procedures; predicted adverse effects of feder-
H501-20.8: July 20, 1976. p. 435-446.
ally mandated ratings on municipal bonds
H501-22.2: June 21, 1976. p. 28-106.
Witnesses: McCLINTOCK, Michael, adjunct
marketability.
Witness: BARNUM, John W., Dep Sec, DOT;
prof, Center for Energy Studies, Boston Univ.
Insertion: Standard & Poor's municipal bond
accompanied by Curtis, James T., Jr., Dir,
CRONIN, Paul W., chm, govt relations com-
rating criteria (p. 34-39).
Materials Transportation Bur; DeLeon, Ce-
mittee, Solar Energy Industries Assn.
sar, Act Dir, Office of Pipeline Safety Ops
PRICE, Travis Lee, architect, alternate ener-
H501-21.4: June 24, 1976. p. 45-63.
(OPSO); and Ulrich, Lloyd L., Tech Div,
gy designer, NYC.
Witness: PHILLIPS, Jackson, exec vp,
OPSO.
Statements and Discussion: Support for increas-
Moody's Investor Service, Inc.
Statement and Discussion: Explanation of DOT
ing H.R. 12169 assistance to solar energy pro-
Statement and Discussion: Opposition to bill's
and Interior Dept cooperation in enforcing
jects; need to aid low income homeowners.
interference in established procedures for
pipeline welding and corrosion control stand-
H501-20.9: Additional Testimony.
bonds rating; justifications for downgrading
ards; clarification of quality control monitor-
MAC bonds in light of NYC potential for de-
Witnesses: BROWN, George E., Jr., (Rep, D-
ing procedures (memo, p. 39-43);
fault.
Calif), p. 44-48.
unworkability of on-site inspection to insure
DRINAN, Robert F., (Rep, D-Mass), p. 48-55.
quality standards compliance for each weld;
H501-21.5: June 24, 1976. p. 63-69.
O'NEILL, Thomas P., Jr., (Rep, D-Mass), p.
description of TAPS pipeline fabrication
Witness: GOLDIN, Harrison J., compt, NYC.
55-56.
specifications. (p. 28-55)
KOCH, Edward I., (Rep, D-NY), p. 56-57.
Statement and Discussion: Support for bill, and
Definition of OPSO responsibilities regard-
McCORMACK, Mike, (Rep, D-Wash), p. 57-
needed Federal action to improve municipali-
ing TAPS safety verification; investigatory ef-
65.
ties' credit ratings.
forts to determine nature and extent of
welding defects; likelihood of defectively
Statements and Discussion: Support for various
H501-21.6: June 24, 1976. p. 69-83.
welded pipes to split under high-pressure
energy conservation proposals.
Witnesses: MALONY, Matthew, mgr, munici-
flows, and results of tests to determine pipeline
pal bond div, Fitch Investors Service, Inc.
stress capabilities; plans for repairing defective
CACCHIONNE, Mario R., employee.
welds, and efforts to improve OPSO surveil-
Statements and Discussion: Purposes and opera-
lance of contractors' welding practices. (p. 55-
tions of bond rating agencies; criticism of
106)
Moody's downgrading of MAC bonds.
H501-22.3: June 21, 1976. p. 107-140.
H501-21.7: June 24, 1976. p. 83-88.
Witness: FRIZZELL, D. Kent, Under Sec, In-
Witness: SOLARI, William J., vp, Donaldson,
terior Dept; accompanied by Rollins, Andrew
Lufkin and Jenrette Securities Corp.
P., Jr. (Maj. Gen., ret.), Authorized Officer,
Statement and Discussion: Consequences of
Alaska Pipeline Office; and Latz, John E.,
excessive reliance on bond ratings.
Technical Asst to Under Sec.
Volume 8, Number 1-12
1977
CIS/INDEX
349
H501-22.3
Statement and Discussion: Interior Dept efforts
Hearing on June 12, 1976, was held in Las Vegas,
to verify effectiveness of TAPS quality assur-
"Review Based on Scientific Evidence of the
Nev.; on July 16, in Richmond, Ind.; and on July
Decision Banning the Use of DDT," L. R. Ax-
ance program, including granting of stopwork
31 in Hackensack, N.J. Appendix (p. 238-298)
elrod, June 5, 1975 (p. 148-157).
authority to Alyeska quality control division;
contains submitted statements and correspond-
"Case Study: An Outsider's View of the
claimed presence of Federal inspectors along
ence and:
DDT Decision," Angus A. MacIntyre, pre-
pipeline route, and reasons for failure to detect
a Speer, Edgar B. (bd chm, US Steel Corp),
pared for Natl Research Council, Jan. 1975 (p.
welding quality misrepresentations; prospects
"Are the Regulatory Agencies Changing Our
158-172).
for effecting weld repairs within TAPS com-
Government?" address questioning regulato-
Environmental Def Fund V. EPA DC Circuit
pletion deadline.
ry agencies' control over the private sector,
Court affirmation of EPA Administrator deci-
H501-22.4: June 21, 1976. p. 141-152.
Mar. 15, 1976 (p. 267-275).
sions on DDT usage, 1973, text (p. 176-183).
Witness: McCAMISH, Harley M., mgr, div
b. Robson, Margaret (consultant, Natl Small
ops, pipeline and production div, Bechtel
Business Assn), comments suggesting reform.
H501-23.4: June 8, 1976. p. 193-237.
Corp.
or abolition of Consumer Product Safety
Witness: VIEG, Karsten J., dir, traffic safety,
Statement and Discussion: Bechtel's role in qual-
Commission, with related news excerpts,
Ill Dept of Transportation.
ity assurance and performance evaluations of
Apr. 29, 1976 (p. 275-283).
Statement and Discussion: Recommended
TAPS welding; defense of radiographic
Includes submitted statements (p. 468-472).
changes in NHTSA approach to administra-
evaluation procedures and results.
H501-23.1: June 6, 1976. p. 2-76.
tion of highway safety standards to emphasize
H501-22.5: June 21, 1976. p. 153-175.
cooperative Federal-State development of pri-
Witnesses: CLAYBROOK, Joan B., dir, Public
ority safety program areas; importance of cost
Witness: PATTON, Edward L., bd chm, chief
Citizen's Congress Watch.
analysis of research allocations given probable
exec officer, Alyeska Pipeline Service Co; ac-
LENNY, David M., staff atty.
increased politicization of traffic safety fund-
companied by Von Rosenberg, Edgar L.,
Statements and Discussion: Critique of pending
ing; costliness and questionable benefits of
professional engr, Exxon Production Re-
legislative proposals relating to regulatory re-
vehicle inspection programs.
search.
form, including provision for congressional
Insertion: "Periodic Motor Vehicle Inspection:
Statement and Discussion: Assurances of TAPS
veto of agency rules (summary, p. 13-17); sug-
Its Accident Prevention Potential, Cost and
structural safety, and efforts to correct welding
gested strategies to advance consumer inter-
Benefit," Larry F. Wort (Ill Dept of Transpor-
deficiencies; results of fracture mechanics test-
ests, including establishment of a central
tation) prepared for III. Motor Vehicle Laws
ing of TAPS welds; justifications for Alyeska
consumer agency, citizen access to courts, and
Commission, Apr. 12, 1976, with graphs (p.
assumption of future radiographic verification
civil service accountability procedures.
210-228).
responsibilities.
Insertions: "Proposals for Reform of the Feder-
al Regulatory Agencies," Congress Watch
H501-23.5: June 12, 1976. p. 303-317.
memo with table showing legis status of Ad-
Witnesses: LUNDBERG, Rex W., commr,
H501-23
REGULATORY REFORM,
ministrative Conf of the U.S. recommenda-
Consumer Aff, Nev; also on behalf of:
VOL. 6: Public Witnesses;
tions, 1968-76 (p. 30-38).
O'CALLAGHAN, Michael, Gov, Nev.
Federal Rate Regulation of
Review of regulatory issues in automobile,
Statements and Discussion: Summary of local
Electric Utilities; Wholesale
energy, and food, drug, and cosmetic indus-
utility issues; importance of legislation to forb-
Power; Gulf Warranty Case.
tries, statement of Ralph Nader (p. 44-51).
id FPC authorization of rate increase im-
June 6, 7, 12, July 16, 31,
Citizen access to Fed courts for judicial re-
plementation prior to hearings.
1976. 94-2. viii+800 p. il.
view of agency actions, R. Nader testimony
t CIS/MF/11 oltem 1019.
before Senate Judiciary Committee Subcom on
Administrative Practice and Procedure, on S.
H501-23.6: June 12, 1976. p. 326-334.
"Y4.In8/4:94-85.
MC 77-9057. LC 76-602163.
3296, the Administrative Procedure Act of
Witness: TYNES, Rex A., consulting engr, Las
1976 (p. 63-73).
Vegas.
Committee Serial No. 94-85. Continuation of
hearings before the Subcom on Oversight and
H501-23.2: June 6, 1976. p. 76-115.
Statement and Discussion: Need to prohibit
utility applications for successive rate in-
Investigations to consider the need for reform of
Witness: OFFEN, Neil H., sr vp, legal counsel,
creases before resolution of original request
nine Federal regulatory agencies. This volume
Direct Selling Assn; member, FTC Issues
(pancaking).
examines proposals for citizen participation in
Working Group, Chamber of Commerce of
agency proceedings, additional agencywide
USA.
H501-23.7: June 12, 1976. p. 353-411.
recommendations, and the following issues relat-
Statement and Discussion: Dissatisfaction with
Witness: JOURNEY, Drexel D., Gen Counsel,
ed to individual agency activites:
delay and viewed ambiguity of FTC decision
FPC.
a. FTC trade regulations governing door-to-
on Federal preemption of local direct sales
Statement and Discussion: Review of FPC cost-
door selling and other marketing enterprises.
contract terms; digest of prior testimony on
based ratemaking process for wholesale elec-
b. EPA review during 1973-75 of a 1972 deci-
FTC trade regulation proposals, including sup-
port for S. 2408 provision for judicial review of
tric power; analysis of pending legislative
sion to ban use of DDT as a pesticide.
rules' content (summaries, p. 86-106, passim);
proposals affecting electric utilities; explana-
C. Federal-State roles in promulgation and en-
value of increased congressional scrutiny of
tion of "top sheet" (summary cost data) pre-
forcement of National Highway Traffic Safe-
FTC interaction with business and consumers.
sentations to expedite rate regulation
ty Administration (NHTSA) safety
proceedings; implications of recent judicial in-
standards.
H501-23.3: June 7, 1976. p. 115-191.
terpretations concerning Federal and State
Witness: HAZELTINE, William E., mgr-envi-
ratemaking jurisdictions.
d. FPC regulation of electric utilities wholesale
rates and sales related to customer com-
ronmentalist, Butte Cty Mosquito Abatement
Insertions: Public and staff input to FPC regula-
Dist, Oroville, Calif.
tory. process, FPC administrative orders,
plaints following successive rate increase ap-
Statement and Discussion: Analysis of two ver-
Docket No. RM 76-12, and memo, Apr. 1,
plications filed by Nevada Power Co., power
supplier for Henderson, Nev., through the
sions of EPA scientific report (texts, p. 131-
1976 (p. 358-377).
California-Pacific Utilities Co. and by In-
141, 148-157) on DDT effects, charging EPA
Nevada Power Co. applications to FPC for
manipulation of information to support pesti-
rate increases to wholesale customer Cali-
diana-Michigan Electric Co. (I&M), power
cide ban; claimed EPA violation of Freedom of
fornia-Pacific Utilities Co., FPC Docket Nos.
supplier for 15 municipal utilities and 7 rural
Information Act by refusing inspection of
E-8721 and E-9104, Apr. 9, Nov. 12, 1974 (p.
electric cooperatives in Indiana.
documentary bases for original decision; ques-
379-385).
e. FPC performance and pending enforcement
tioned validity of litigation upholding EPA ac-
Comments on S. 3311, the Electric Utility
case (commonly known as the Gulf Warranty
tion.
Coordination Act, and S. 3310, the Electric
Case) in connection with Gulf Oil Corp. fail-
Utility Rate Reform and Regulatory Reform
Insertions: "Toxicology of DDT: An Over-
ure to fulfill its natural gas delivery obliga-
Act, and draft bill to amend section 206 of the
view," Leonard R. Axelrod, Dir, Criteria and
tions in New Jersey under a 1963 contract
Federal Power Act to expedite FPC ratemak-
Evaluation Div, Office of Pesticide Programs,
with Texas Eastern Transmission Corp.
ing, FPC staff analyses and correspondence,
EPA (p. 141-147).
Apr., June 1976, Sept. 1975 (p. 388-401).
350
CIS/INDEX
JANUARY-DECEMBER 1977
H501-53.1
H501-50
ALYESKA OIL PIPELINE
mosphere to investigate recent charges of data
H501-52.6: Aug. 9, 1976. p. 143-154.
OVERSIGHT.
analysis irregularities in the EPA's Community
Witness: GERRY, Martin H., Dir, Office for
Dec. 14, 1976. 94-2.
Health and Environmental Surveillance System
Civil Rights, HEW.
iii+129 p. t CIS/MF/4
(CHESS) studies program. (For complete sum-
Statement and Discussion: Clarification of HEW
oltem 1019.
mary, see H701-29.)
responsibilities for anti-discrimination en-
"Y4.In8/4:94-158.
forcement in public broadcasting.
MC 77-9066. LC 77-601552.
Committee Serial No. 94-158. Supplemental
H501-52.7: Aug. 10, 1976. p. 155-254.
H501-52
ENFORCEMENT OF EQUAL
hearing before the Subcom on Energy and Powerto
OPPORTUNITY AND
Witness: WILEY, Richard E., Chm, FCC; ac-
investigate additional allegations of falsification
ANTIDISCRIMINATION
companied by Shiben, Richard J., Chief,
of X-rays used to verify the safety and integrity
LAWS IN PUBLIC
Renewal and Transfer Div, Broadcast Bur.
of double-joint welds along the Trans-Alaska
BROADCASTING.
Statement and Discussion: Review of FCC rules
Pipeline System (TAPS). Charges arose during
Aug. 9, 10, 1976. 94-2.
and proceedings to insure nondiscriminatory
testimony by radiographic subcontractors during
iv+262 p. il. t CIS/MF/5
employment practices by public broadcast lic-
Dec. 10 subcom executive session hearings on
Item 1019.
ensees; justification for exemption of small sta-
alleged involvement of Bechtel Corp., the TAPS
"Y4.In8/4:94-139.
tions from affirmative action program; effect of
quality control contractor, in radiograph falsifi-
MC 77-7464. LC 77-600768.
FCC enforcement efforts on broadcasters' em-
cation.
Committee Serial No. 94-139. Hearings before
ployment practices.
H501-50.1: Dec. 14, 1976. p. 4-13.
the Subcom on Communications to determine
Insertions: FCC decision involving Alabama
Witnesses: OLIVE, Donald W., organizer, Intl
agency responsibility for enforcement of equal
Educ TV Commission application for license
Union of Operating Engrs.
employment opportunity and anti-discrimina-
renewal for eight stations and construction li-
tion laws in public broadcasting. Examine civil
cense for one station, FCC 74-1385 (p. 174-
POWDERS, Kenneth R., organizer.
rights responsibilities of Corporation for Public
210).
Discussion: Personal knowledge of additional
Broadcasting (CPB) and CPB treatment of wom-
"Affirmative Action Plan for Employment
X-rays falsification.
en, minorities, and the handicapped in employ-
of Physically Handicapped and Disabled Vet-
H501-50.2: Dec. 14, 1976. p. 13-42.
ment and program content policies.
erans," FCC (p. 216-223).
FCC minority employment, by pay grade
Witness: BARNUM, John W., Dep Sec, DOT.
H501-52.1: Aug. 9, 1976. p. 2-12.
and occupation code, July 18, 1976, tables (p.
Statement and Discussion: Review of DOT test-
Witness: STOKES, Louis, (Rep, D-Ohio)
226-246).
ing efforts to verify adequacy of TAPS welds;
Statement and Discussion: Charged CPB failure
H501-52.8: Aug. 10, 1976. p. 254-262.
explanation of procedures for investigating X-
to adequately enforce Federal civil rights laws
rays falsification, and results of Coast Guard
Witness: WALSH, Ethel B., Vice Chm, Equal
in public broadcasting.
weld identification and X-ray verification ac-
Employment Opportunity Commission.
tivities (summary, p. 33-34).
H501-52.2: Aug. 9, 1976. p. 12-15.
Statement and Discussion: Need for Govern-
Witness: ABZUG, Bella S., (Rep, D-NY)
ment enforcement, together with private ac-
H501-50.3: Dec. 14, 1976. p. 43-122.
tion and voluntary compliance, to eliminate
Written Statement: Need for a single Federal
Witness: FRIZZELL, D. Kent, Under Sec, In-
employment discrimination.
agency to assume responsibility for nondis-
terior Dept; accompanied by Latz, John E.,
crimination in public broadcasting.
Technical Asst to Under Sec; and Rollins, An-
drew P., Jr. (Maj. Gen., ret.), Authorized Of-
H501-52.3: Aug. 9, 1976. p. 15-72.
H501-53
FEDERAL POLICIES
ficer, Alaska Pipeline Office.
Witness: LOOMIS, Henry, Pres, CPB.
RELATING TO THE
Statement and Discussion: Disputed credibility
OPERATIONS OF PASNY.
Statement and Discussion: Claimed CPB com-
of subcom staff findings and unidentified wit-
pliance with and enforcement of equal oppor-
Sept. 29, 1976. 94-2.
nesses' assertions regarding extent of addition-
tunity laws; explanation of CPB authority to
iv+279 p. t CIS/MF/5
al X-rays falsification; clarification of memo
Item 1019.
insure compliance by its grantees and contrac-
(text, p. 98-104) on efforts to coordinate radio-
"Y4.In8/4:94-154.
tors; efforts to encourage licensees to increase
graphic verification with welding repairs; de-
MC 77-9063. LC 77-601335.
women and minority employment.
fense of Interior Dept investigation of TAPS
Insertion: CPB comments before FCC on non-
Committee Serial No. 94-154. Hearing before
welding deficiencies.
discrimination in employment policies and
the Subcom on Energy and Power to evaluate the
Insertion: Exchange of correspondence regard-
practices of broadcast licensees, Oct. 10, 1975
effectiveness of FPC oversight of Power Authori-
ing original allegations of radiograph falsifica-
(p. 48-64).
ty of the State of New York (PASNY) wholesale
tion, K. D. Frizzell and Subcom Chm.
power marketing practices. PASNY presently
Aug.-Dec. 1976 (p. 44-73).
H501-52.4: Aug. 9, 1976. p. 72-84.
sells electric power produced from an FPC-lic-
H501-50.4: Dec. 14, 1976. p. 123-129.
Witness: POTTINGER, J. Stanley, Asst Atty
ensed Niagara River hydroelectric project ini-
Gen, Civil Rights Div, Justice Dept.
tiated under the Niagara Redevelopment Act of
Witness:PATTON, Edward L., bd chm, Alyes-
1957. Controversy centers on whether PASNY
ka Pipeline Service Co; accompanied by Wor-
Statement and Discussion: Confirmation of CPB
has adequately fulfilled the terms of its license
meli, John, sr welding engr.
obligation to insure nondiscrimination in pub-
which stipulate that 50% of the Niagara power be
lic broadcasting employment; suggested HEW
Statement and Discussion: Refutation of
sold to municipal utilities or cooperatives (pref-
role in monitoring CPB grantees' compliance.
charged noncompliance with welding repair
erence customers) at reasonable rates.
orders.
H501-52.5: Aug. 9, 1976. p. 85-142.
H501-53.1: Sept. 29, 1976. p. 3-271.
Witness: GROSSMAN, Lawrence K., pres,
Witnesses: FITZPATRICK, James A., chm,
Public Broadcasting Service (PBS).
PASNY; accompanied by Moore, Thomas,
H501-51
CONDUCT OF THE EPA'S
Statement and Discussion: PBS commitment to
gen counsel.
"COMMUNITY HEALTH
and alleged success in insuring equal employ-
CORSO, Ronald A., Dep Chief, Div of Lic-
AND ENVIRONMENTAL
ment opportunity in public TV; objection to
ensed Projects, Bur of Power, FPC; accom-
SURVEILLANCE SYSTEM"
CPB role as enforcer of anti-discrimination
panied by Lamke, Daniel C., Office of Gen
(CHESS) STUDIES.
regulations; need for enforcement by Federal
Counsel.
Apr. 9. 1976. 94-2.
agencies.
Statements: Chronology of Niagara hydroelec-
vi+419 p. il: t CIS/MF/7
Insertions: Analysis of amendment to H.R.
tric project development; defense of PASNY
oltem 1025-A.
14232, the CPB approp bill, relating to regula-
power sales to industrial and out-of-State cus-
°Y4.Sci2:94-2/109.
tion of equal opportunity in public broadcast-
tomers in light of New York municipalities
MC 77-9152. LC 77-601622.
ing, PBS memo, Aug. 9, 1976 (p. 97-128).
unwillingness to purchase bulk power supplies
Joint hearing before the Subcom on Health and the
PBS employment analyses, 1974-76 and
at the time of initial offering; reasons for
Environment and the Science and Technology
1972-75, Aug. 9, 1976, with tables (p. 129-
PASNY inability to meet current power de-
Committee Subcom on Environment and the At-
136).
mand of preference customers. (p. 3-76)
Volume 8, Number 1-12
1977
CIS/INDEX
367
H441-10
H441-10
ALASKA NATURAL GAS
H441-10.3: Oct. 9, 1975. p. 283-340.
ka Oil Pipeline," Max C. Brewer, Alaska Dept
TRANSPORTATION
Witness: SMITH, Don S., Vice Chm, FPC.
of Environmental Conservation, rpt (p. 498-
SYSTEM.
Statement and Discussion: Status of pending
503).
Oct. 9, 1975. 94-1.
Arctic Gas and El Paso Alaska Co. applica-
H441-11.3: Dec. 11, 1975. p. 507-544.
iii+340 p. il. t CIS/MF/6
tions; extent of estimated Alaskan and other
Witness: CARR, Jessie L., sec-treas, Intl
Item 1023.
U.S. natural gas reserves (tables, p. 284-290,
Brotherhood of Teamsters, Local 959, An-
Y4.In8/14:94-36.
passim); probable schedule for FPC decision
chorage, Alaska.
MC 76-3753. LC 76-601272.
and time span of possible resultant litigation
Statement and Discussion: Justification for
Committee Serial No. 94-36. Oversight hearing
(summaries, p. 306-307); description and es-
trucking industry shutdown during TAPS con-
before the Subcom on Public Lands to consider
timated costs of pipeline proposals, including
struction; charged violations of safety stand-
status of Interior Dept planning for the Alaska
anticipated gas liquefaction and shipping costs
ards by pipeline contractors; need for more
natural gas transportation system. Focuses on
under El Paso plan.
stringent Occupational Safety and Health Ad-
the following industry group proposals:
Insertions: FPC certification of gas pipeline
ministration (OSHA) construction site inspec-
a Arctic gas study group (Arctic Gas Co. and
facilities, major contested applications, 1945
tions; criticism of time required to settle labor
13 other American and Canadian compa-
to present, table (p. 314).
disputes, and outline of union grievance proce-
nies), trans-Canada pipeline proposal to carry
El Paso Alaska Co. et al., FPC Docket Nos.
dures.
Prudhoe Bay, Alaska and Mackenzie Delta
CP75-98 et al., testimony of Walter B. Willis-
ton, Queen's Counsel, Canada, Mar. 19, 1975
H441-11.4: Pipeline Contractors.
gas from Alaska North Slope to lower 48
States.
(p. 320-340).
Witnesses: PATTON, E. L., pres, Alyeska Pipe-
line Service Co, p. 3-17, 251-263, 350-359.
b. El Paso Alaska Co., proposal for trans-Alaska
FOX, Edward D., vp, Fluor Engrs and Con-
pipeline to carry Prudhoe Bay gas to liquefac-
H441-11
OVERSIGHT HEARINGS ON
structors, p. 18-29, 258-263, 369-371.
tion facilities in southern Alaska, and by sea
CONSTRUCTION ON
CARTHER, E. P., project mgr, Chicago Bridge
in tankers to U.S. Pacific Coast.
TRANS-ALASKA PIPELINE.
and Iron Co, p. 29-32, 373-374.
C. Alberta Natural Gas Trunk Line Ltd., Cana-
Feb. 12, Mar. 11, 13, Apr. 15,
LYNCH, Edward C., vp, Peter Kiewit Sons
da and Westcoast Transmission Co., British
Aug. 8, Dec. 11, 1975. 94-1.
Co, p. 32-36, 374-378.
Columbia, all-Canadian pipeline proposal to
iv+544 p. il. t CIS/MF/8
LEAVER, James M., gen mgr, Bechtel Con-
serve Canadian markets.
Item 1023. Y4.In8/14:94-5.
struction Co, p. 36-45.
H441-10.1: Oct. 9, 1975. p. 1-238, 255-259.
MC 76-3750. LC 76-601621.
BURNS, William C., vp, Morrison-Knudsen
Witness: CARLSON, Jack W., Asst Sec for
Committee Serial No. 94-5. Oversight hearings
Co, p. 45-50, 380-399.
Energy and Minerals, Interior Dept; accom-
before the Subcom on Public Lands to consider
FALLOW, William L, project mgr, Arctic
panied by Anderson, Robert, project mgr,
various aspects of the planning, construction,
Constructors, p. 50-57, 387-399.
Aerospace Corp. study.
and utilization of the Trans-Alaska Pipeline Sys-
GILFILLIAN, G. W., vp, Morrison-Knudsen
tem (TAPS). Hearings, held on Feb. 12 and Aug.
Co, p. 371-373.
Statement and Discussion: Description of vari-
8, 1975, in Anchorage, Alaska, assess the impact
McCARTHY, Jerry, exec vp, Majestic-Wiley
ous Alaskan pipeline route proposals, includ-
of materials shortages, labor disputes, and envi-
Contractors; project mgr, Perini Arctic As-
ing land use implications and other unresolved
ronmental regulations on TAPS construction
SOCS, p. 383-384.
issues; preliminary results of Aerospace Corp.
and completion schedules. Also consider advan-
SMITH, Travis, project mgr, Price-Potash-
economic and risk analysis of alternative tran-
tages of equipment supply priorities established
nick-Codell and Oman, p. 385-386.
sportation systems; feasibility of capital mar-
under the Defense Production Act, and review
BEARD, T.L., mgr, Associated-Green, p. 386-
ket funding for proposed projects.
agency and contractor efforts to expedite TAPS
387.
Insertions: "Multimodal Transportation and
completion.
Statements and Discussion: Status reports on
Utility Corridor Systems in Alaska: A Prelimi-
H441-11.1: Mar. 11, 1975. p. 266-272.
various aspects of TAPS construction includ-
nary, Conceptual Analysis," Interior Dept
Witness: PRICE, Robert I. (Rear Adm.),
ing Valdez, Alaska, terminal facilities; need to
study Oct. 1974, with summary of major stat-
Chief, Office of Marine Environment and Sys-
coordinate planning to avoid construction
utes and regulations, maps, and tables (p. 4-
tems, Coast Guard (USCG).
bottlenecks and maximize available working
103).
Statement and Discussion: Description of USCG
time; causes of construction delays.
"Alaska Natural Gas Transportation Sys-
Criticism of Federal and State construction
tem: Draft Environmental Impact Statement,"
tanker routing system for Valdez, Alaska, ter-
Interior Dept study on Arctic Gas Co. applica-
minal and potential environmental hazards of
specifications and environmental regulations;
tanker movements.
responses to charged violations of OSHA
tion, for right-of-way across Federal lands,
worksite safety regulations.
June 1975 (p. 105-133).
H441-11.2: Aug. 8, 1975. p. 400-505.
H441-11.5: Agency Witnesses.
"Financial Problems Associated with Deve-
Witnesses: SCHOLES, Peter, coord, Alaska
lopment of Transportation Systems for Arctic
Center for the Environment; on behalf of:
Witnesses: CHAMPION, Charles A., state
Gas," prepared for Interior Dept by Hiram C.
ZEMANSKY, Gil M., environmental engi-
pipeline coord, Alaska, p. 57-68, 365-369.
Caroom, finance prof, Loyola Univ, Aug. 25,
ROLLINS, A. P., Authorized Officer, Alaska
neer.
1975 (p. 135-222).
Pipeline Office, Interior Dept, p. 69-250, 359-
Statement and Discussion: Defense of environ-
365.
H441-10.2: Oct. 9, 1975. p. 238-255, 260-283.
mental protection standards for TAPS con-
LYONS, William W., Dep Under Sec, Interi-
Witness: KATZ, Julius L., Dep Asst for Eco-
struction and denial of their responsibility for
or Dept; accompanied by Lindgren, David E.,
nomic and Business Aff, State Dept.
construction delays; charged violations of
Dep Solicitor; and Latz, John E., Tech Asst,
State and Federal environmental laws by pipe-
Statement and Discussion: History and current
line contractors (notices, p. 459-463); opposi-
p. 272-285.
status of negotiations with Canadian govern-
tion to Bureau of Land Management utility
Statements and Discussion:Summary of Federal
ment on transit pipeline treaty; explanation of
corridor easements across Alaskan native
and State involvement in and oversight of
recent change in Canadian bilateral accord po-
lands.
TAPS construction; assessment of efforts to
sition: differences between pipeline taxing au-
Insertions: Control of Water Pollution for Pro-
ease equipment shortages and expedite com-
thority of States and Canadian provinces;
tection of Fish and Wildlife Resources Along
pletion of auxiliary pipeline facilities; appraisal
assessment of potential interference with pipe-
the Trans-Alaska Pipeline," spec rpt, Jt State-
of Commerce Dept investigation of competi-
line construction caused by Canadian native
Fed Fish and Wildlife Advisory Team (p. 436-
tive effects of priority materials allocations to
claims settlement difficulties.
442).
private contractors (Lyons).
Insertion: Expanded Guidelines for Northern
Alyeska pipeline camp inspection, memo,
Insertion: Interior Dept contract issued to Me-
Pipelines," tabled in Canada's House of Com-
Lance G. Elphic, Feb. 24, 1975 (p. 444-452).
chanics Research, Inc. for technical support in
mons, June 28, 1972, by Jean Chretien (p. 271-
"Analysis of the Problem of Oil Spills As-
reviewing pipeline construction, start-up, and
283).
sociated with Construction of the Trans-Alas-
commissioning activities, text (p. 73-238).
266
CIS/INDEX
1976 JANUARY-DECEMBER 1976
H441-13.1
H441-11.6: Oil Companies.
H441-12.5: Nov. 3, 1975. p. 219-260.
Insertions: "One Third of the Nation's Land,"
Witnesses: HARNETT, Joseph D., exec vp,
Witness: McGUIRE, John R., Chief, Forest
Public Land Law Review Commission, June
Standard Oil Co of Ohio; chm, Construction
Service.
1970, rpt to Congress and Pres (p. 12-16).
Committee for TAPS, p. 295-322.
Statement and Discussion: Opposition to H.R.
"Critique of Payments in Lieu of Taxes and
UTHLAUT, George E., asst to pres, Exxon
Corp, p. 298-322.
9719; overview of Forest Service payments to
Revenue Sharing on Public Lands-Nevada
HENRIKSEN, Donald A., North Slope coord,
State and local governments.
Section," James C. Lien (Nev Tax Commis-
sion), tables (p. 72-79).
Atlantic Richfield Co, p. 300-322.
Insertion: "National Forest Contributions to
"Public Lands and Local Government,"
LUCAS, Dale, mgr of transportation, BP Pipe-
State and Local Governments-1962," Forest
Nev Tax Commission, tables (p. 79-86).
lines Inc, p. 302-322.
Service, Jan. 1965, tables (p. 237-255).
SLACK, Howard A., vp, Atlantic Richfield
H441-12.8: Additional Testimony.
H441-12.6: Nov. 4, 1975. p. 282-296.
Co, p. 323-342.
Witnesses: BUCKLER, Clark, exec dir, Colo
WALKER, David, vp, BP Alaska Inc, p. 333-
Witness: BERKLUND, Curt, Dir, Bur of Land
Counties, Inc, p. 50-57.
342.
Mgmt (BLM); accompanied by Turcott,
SEEVERS, Don, chm, Bd of Commrs, Mineral
LYBARGER, David, vp, oil and gas, Standard
George L, Assoc Dir.
Cty, Nev, p. 110-114.
Oil Co of Ohio, p. 338-342.
Statement and Discussion: Opposition to H.R.
FAIRFIELD, James, representing Mineral
Statements and Discussion: History of and need
9719; need for further study of in lieu payment
Cty, Nev; Bd of Commrs, p. 111-114.
for TAPS; pipeline completion forecasts based
system; BLM payments to local govts (tables,
BEST, Robert, exec sec, Nev State School Bds
on construction and drilling equipment availa-
p. 285-286).
Assn, p. 124-141.
bility; evaluation of projected Alaskan oil pro-
H441-12.7: Bill Supporters.
PICOLLO, Marvin, supr, Washoe Cty, Nev,
duction rates; analysis of oil company field
Witnesses: ABDNOR, James, (Rep, R-SDak),
School Dist, p. 125-141.
development programs for Prudhoe Bay, Alas-
ka, and North Slope; overview of petroleum
p. 264-269.
HAWKINS, Douglas, chm, cty commrs,
ABOUREZK, James, (Sen, D-SDak), p. 263-
White Pine Cty, Nev, p. 141-144.
industry financing of Alaskan oil development
projects.
264.
LEE, Kenneth, commr, Lincoln Cty, Nev, p.
145-149.
BLACK, Calvin, Commr and chm, San Juan
Cty, Utah Commission, p. 27-32.
MacDONALD, Bill, dist atty, Humboldt Cty,
Nev, p. 149-157.
BOIES, Eyer, chm, Elko Cty Bd of Commrs;
H441-12 PAYMENTS IN LIEU OF
JAMELLO, Joe, mayor, Winnemucca, Nev,
TAXES.
pres, Nev Cty Commrs Assn, p. 101-104.
p. 154-157.
Oct. 24, Nov. 3, 4, 1975.
BUZIANIS, George, chm, Tooele Cty Com-
DUFURRENA, Mr., commr, Humboldt Cty,
94-1. vi+325 p. il. t
mission, Utah, p. 9-27.
Nev, p. 156-157.
CIS/MF/6 Item 1023.
CALHOUN, Mrs., member, bd of supvrs, Car-
BUCHAN, John, mgr, Chamber of Com-
Y4.In8/14:94-40.
son City, Nev, p. 105-107.
merce, Humboldt Cty, Nev, p. 156-157.
MC 76-1242. LC 76-601174.
CARPENTER, Red, chm, bd of commrs,
BLAKEMORE, Rick, Nev State sen, p. 172-
Committee Serial No. 94-40. Hearings before the
Pershing Cty, Nev, p. 109-110.
175.
Subcom on Energy and the Environment on H.R.
CHRISTENSEN, Jack, exec dir, Utah Assn of
RUNNELS, Harold, (Rep, D-NMex), p. 269-
9719 and identical H.R. 10008 (texts, p. 319-
Counties, p. 60-62.
278.
320, dept rpts, p. 314-319), authorizing State and
CONRAD, H. R., Nev citizen, p. 172.
OBERSTAR, James L, (Rep, D-Minn), p.
local governments to elect to receive a 75 cents
DeRICCO, Elmo J., dir, Nev Dept of Conser-
296-300.
per acre payment in lieu of existing formula pay-
vation and Natural Resources; representing of-
fice of cty mgr, Douglas Cty, Nev, p. 67-89.
Statements and Discussion: Examples of and
ments to compensate for the presence of various
non-taxable Federal lands within their boundar-
ETCHEMENDE, Henry, city mgr, Carson
suggested solutions for financial burdens im-
City, Nev, p. 104-107.
posed on local governments by federally
ies. Also considers the alleged inadequacy of ex-
owned lands.
isting revenue sharing to make up for the tax loss.
HIRAI, Roy, Malheur Cty judge, Vale, Oreg;
Hearings on Oct. 24 held in Salt Lake City,
representing Assn of Oreg Counties, p. 167-
Utah; and in Reno, Nev.
172.
Contains submitted statements and corre-
H441-13
NORTHWEST REGIONAL
MAHAN, A. G., pres, Western Region Dist,
spondence (p. 320-325).
POWER ISSUES.
Natl Assn of Counties (NACo), p. 162-167,
Oct. 27, 1975. 94-1.
300-313.
H441-12.1: Oct. 24, 1975. p. 114-123:
iv+201 p. il. t CIS/MF/5
MARTENEY, Wayne, chm, Esmeralda Cty
Witness: LAWRENCE, Cariton, representing
oltem 1023.
School Bd, Nev, p. 107-109.
Henderson, Nev.
Y4.In8/14:94-43.
MATHESON, Ivan, commr, Iron Cty, Nev,
Statement and Discussion: Support for transfer-
MC 76-3756; 76-5877.
representing Cty Officials Assn, p. 33-35.
ing certain Federal lands to localities.
LC 76-601965.
MOCK, H. Byron, counsel, Interstate Assn of
H441-12.2: Oct. 24, 1975. p. 157-162.
Public Land Counties; consultant, NACo, p.
Committee Serial No. 94-43. Hearing held in Eu-
9-27, 40-41.
gene, Oreg., before the Subcom on Energy and the
Witness: YOUNG, Roy, chm, Nev State Graz-
MONAHAN, George, dir, public works,
Environment to explore national and regional
ing Bd.
Clarke Cty, Nev; also on behalf of:
implications of the development of new sources
Statement and Discussion: Need for clarification
of H.R. 9719 to continue Federal partial re-
OGLEBY, George, cty administrator, p. 98-
of energy and the role of the Federal Govern-
101.
ment in energy production; and to consider H.R.
funds of grazing fees to localities.
NESSETH, Lloyd, administrator, Itasca Cty,
3111, to create a National Energy and Conserva-
Minn, p. 57-59, 302-313.
tion Corp. (AMPOWER) to develop and market
H441-12.3: Nov. 3, 1975. p. 177-214.
RAMPTON, Calvin L, Gov, Utah, p. 35-40.
energy resources.
Witness: EVANS, Frank E., (Rep, D-Colo)
Full Committee Member Rep. Allan T. Howe
Statement and Discussion: Explanation of H.R.
RHODES, Dean, Nev citizen, p. 162.
(D-Utah) participates in hearing discussion.
9719; overview of types of Federal in lieu pay-
SHEEHAN, John J., dir, Nev Dept of Taxa-
Includes submitted statements (p. 4-6, 73-78).
ments (tables, lists, p. 185-201); inequities of
tion, p. 89-97.
SIMON, Paul, (Rep, D-III), p. 278-282.
H441-13.1: Oct. 27, 1975. p. 31-48.
existing in lieu payment system; methods of
financing H.R. 9719 payments.
SOWARDS, Dale, commr, Conejos Cty,
Witness: REYNOLDS, John S., assoc prof of
Colo; pres, Colo Counties, Inc, p. 41-49.
architecture, Univ of Oreg.
H441-12.4: Nov. 3, 1975. p. 214-219.
Statements and Discussion: Support for H.R.
Statement and Discussion: Description of solar
Witness: SEIBERLING, John F., (Rep, D-
9719; overview of property tax rates and Fed-
energy R&D in Oregon; costs of solar energy
Ohio)
eral land ownership in Nevada (Sheehan);
conversion projects.
Statement and Discussion: Support for short-
inadequacy of current timber, grazing, and
Insertion: "The Atypical Mathew Solar House
term funds to communities negatively affected
mineral leases in compensation for the tax im-
at Coos Bay, Oregon," Center for Environ-
by creation of new Federal facilities.
munity of public lands (Buziania).
mental Research, Univ of Oreg (p. 33-43).
Volume 7, Number 1-12
CIS/INDEX
267
mothers or wiss drug concern, says containers in which drug
of child-bearing age, Mr 4,16:4; CIBA-
21, Ap 3, S 10,17, 13, D 5,25,31. NYC Transit-
advantage of lengthy service delay to make a friend an
Concessions (Sales and Services), Mr 7. NYC Transit -
that seated riders exch places with riders who were
carry specific warning that it is
Crime, My 15, Je 12, Ag 19, S 6, D 19. NYC Transit -
standing, which they did; illus, Ap 1,23:1; illus compart
to pregnant women and that drs who
Fares, Ja 1,2,4,7,18,29, Mr 11,14,15, Ag 17, O 1. NYC
subway stations in London, NYC, Paris and Moscow,
did not so must bear responsibility, Mr 4,16:5; CIBA-Geigy Ltd,
Transit Labor, Ja 1,2,3,7,8,9,11,14, F 9,13, Ag 18,23,24,
X,p33; I Dolin Ir says new edition of Eur on $5 and $
preparations.destmistence a of any hard evidence that its
used in tranquilizing
S 7, O 14,23,24,30, D 1,8,13,16,24,31. NYC Transit Police,
Day fails to include Victoria Line, section of London
Ap 16, S 7. NYC Transit-Subways, Ja 7,9, F 11,19,28,
Underground opened in '69, My 21,X,p45; London
study questions raised about it; says drs should continue to
unborn children but pledges to
Mr 6,7, Ap 4,8,16,21, My 6,30, Je 4, Ag 8,11,29, S 2,6,7,11,
Transport spokesman says on Nov 10 that plans to con
14, 0 18,19,21, N 25,26, D 2,5,31. Ocelots, My 13.
all bus operations in London to 1-man service over nex
prescribe drug as they have in past; concern says it warned
Recordings, My 30. Transit Systems Francisco
to 7 yrs have been postponed for time being; double-de
drs that prescribing imipramine is inadvisable during 1st 3
(Calif), S 14
buses which carry conductors who collect fares will be
most of pregnancy; Australian Health Dept urges women of
Bklyn Assemblyman Sharoff charges NYCTA cutbacks in
continued on busiest routes of central London for
child-bearing age refrain from using drug until McBride's
bus service in Bklyn are particularly distressing because
foreseeable future, N 12,49:1
findings are evaluated, Mr 8,7:1; Repr Halpern introduces
NYCTA is in process of creating 10 'no-show political jobs'
Italy
legis to ban sale of antidepressant drug Tofranil until it can
as supts, at salaries of $25,000 each; says NYC Civil
Officials in Rome rept they are encouraged with resul
be determined whether drug causes birth deformities, Ap 9,
Service Comm approved removal of jobs from competitive
city's 9-day suspension of fares on public transportation
43:7
lists earlier in Feb and that Civil Service Merit Council
Govt is considering another test suspension of 8c fare de
Sen Finance Com plan to cover certain drugs under
Watchdog Com has protested action; NYCTA spokesman L
munic buses and streetcars in effort to discourage use d
Medicare for elderly persons will not include tranquilizing
Collins says jobs pay between $22,000 and $23,000 and are
autos in city; also weighs permanent abolishment of far
drugs and antacids, used by elderly mostly for short-term
being filled by men who already make these salaries from
and ban on use of private autos in most or all of histor
disorders, Je 9,8:5
within NYCTA, F 19,62:7; MTA bd is reptd to have
center of city, Ja 4,5:1; officials in Rome rept auto traft
increased salaries of most execs of its subsidiary, NYCTA,
heavy as usual as motorists shun free public transportat
TRANS Alaska Pipeline System (TAPS). See also Gas-
by 5 1/2% last May, June 26 announcement; pay of sr exec
experiment; illus, Ja 5,74:1; Rome's 9-day experiment
Pipelines, Je 10. Ag 8. United
officer D T Scannell increased from $50,000 to $52,750,
public transportation ends, Ja 9,8:1; analysis of Rome's
to
States, JI 5,12. Oil-US, Ja 2,23, F 11,24, Mr 5,21,26 in Mr
Je 27,45:1; FBI arrests F P Boutelle on charges of
day experiment in free public transportation and city's
21 par, Ap 4 in Ap 4 par, Ap 21,26, My 10,12,14 in My 10
threatening to bomb Transit Auth bldg in Bklyn and Park
continuing traffic problem notes that 60% more riders
par, Je 2,10,15 in Je 2 par, Je 24,27 in Je 17 par, J1 8,25,31,
Ave bldg in Manhattan, JI 3,21:3; NYS Controller Levitt
buses during experiment; officials in Rome are now
Ag $ 16,27. 25, D 7
invokes his rarely used subpoena powers on Sept 21 and
evaluating experiment, which reptdly cost almost $1-
Highway. See also Roads Brazil. Mr 5.
orders MTA chmn Dr W J Ronan to bring to his office next
million; question remains whether traffic jams were eas
wk records he said NYCTA withheld from state auditors;
during test period, Ja 9,IV,3:6; T Wicker discusses curr
TRANSAMERICA Corp. See also Motion Pictures
Levitt has been conducting regular audit of MTA and says
experiments in fare reductions on mass transit systems;
Personnel. F 8 in 2d F 8 par. Office Calif, Mr 30.
he is unable to continue because his auditors were denied
cites recent experiments in Rome, Italy, and Atlanta, C
9
Prices, N 5.
access to various records and officials of NYCTA; Dr
Ja 11,37:1; Rome's 9-day no-fare transit experiment
27
Ronan says Audit and Controls Dept 'endeavor to go
becomes pol issue in Italy; Communist party, at special
Pres J R Beckett assures investment analysts that CO is
beyond bounds of financial auditing' into NYCTA's
meeting of Rome's traffic comm and other experts, cha
back to its usual earnings trend after small setback in '69
operations poses difficulties and certain legal questions;
some munic depts were unenthusiastic about experimer
and sharp slide in '70; is optimistic about CO prospects.
Levitt also subpoenas NYCTA sr exec officer D T
announces it will organize plan for free public
Econ
Ja 16,111,2:2; annual rept; co made strong comeback in '71,
Scannell; says he has ordered Ronan and Scannell to
transportation; contends no-fare system must be couple
with earnings more than double those of '70 and a 637.9%
produce records dating back 5 yrs including consultants'
with permanent ban on all private autos in Rome's cen
increase for 4th ar: other data, F 19,41:1; co repts, July 17,
repts, purchasing procedures, productivity records, train on-
Communist party paper expresses suspicion that Rome
that revenues and earning were at record high in ar and
time records and financial data: says there must be public
police comr 'sabotaged' plan because it had support of
Jan-June period: net income for June qr put at $23,378,000;
accountability for all of NYCTA's actions and operations
organized labor; Rome's Traffic Comr B Cazora and pr
net income for Jan-June period at $45,410,000. Jl 18,52:4; CO
as it spends millions in public funds, S 22,24:2; NYS Con-
2 munic transit systems rept that temporary suspension
repts consolidated net income for 3d qr totaled $21.4-million
troller Levitt on Dec 3 repts that 34 public authorities have
bus and streetcar fares brought increase in rides of alm
31
or 32c per share, up from 7-million or 25c in '71 period;
$8.9-billion in debts outstanding; NYCTA's net deficit
50% during test period; say rolling stock was better uti
profits for 9-mo period reach record levels, O 18,61:6
totaled $320-million for 5 yrs ended June 30,'71, with '70-71
but concede that buses and streetcars traveled no faste
TRANS-American Trailer Transport Inc. See also Ports
net loss reaching $117,829,000; salaries and fringe benefits
than before experiment; Bologna, Italy, recently annou
NY Port. Ag 15. Services Nations,
alone were $73,338,000 more than '70-71 revenue of
it will start permanent no-fare transit service combined
25, Mr 10, Je 16. Ships - US - Labor, D 13
$515,499,000. D 4,44:4
ban on private cars in its historic center during rush hr
TRANS Atlantic Youth Forum. See also Airlines Internatl
TRANSIT Operating Authority, Manhattan and Bronx
next spring; Milan transit official opposes trying no-far
Services-Trans-Atlantic, Ag 13
(MABSTOA). See also NYC Transit Buses, S 10. NYC
system in Milan, Ja 17,9:1; Rome Traffic Comr Cazora
TRANS-Canada Pipelines Ltd. See also Gas-Canada,
Ja 5. NYC Transit Labor, Ja 2,4
proposes bus and streetcar fares be abolished permaner
Mr 1, S 6. Pipelines, Mr 1
TRANSIT System, Bay Area Rapid (BART). Use Bay Area
during morning and evening rush hrs beginning March
Trans-Canada Pipelines Ltd issues $125-million in stock;
Rapid Transit System (BART)
also backs expansion of downtown areas from which al
plans to sell 2.5-million $2.65 cumulative redeemable
TRANSIT Systems. Note: All material on short-haul
private motor vehicles are banned; promoters of plan,
second prefered shares to pay its short-term debt. Mr 2.
passenger (commuter) transport (bus, St car, subway etc)
including heads of 2 munic transit systems, assert plan
57:1; G W Woods apptd Trans-Canada Pipelines group vp,
and on the inclusion of private auto traffic and rrs in transit
only way to relieve chronic congestion in center of city
succeeding V L Horte, who resigns, Ag 5,30:7
planning is carried here except New York City System,
to lower air pollution; city's parliament is expected,
TRANS Caribbean Airways Inc. See also Airlines, D 15
carried under New York City Transit System, and
however, to give priority to establishing new munic go
TRANSCENDENTALISM
commuter railroads, carried under Railroads
officials rept 50% increase in number of riders during 9
Prof D Noble article describes excursion to Walden Pond.
See also Taxation Fed Taxes Tax, Ja 20
free transit experiment, even though many of riders we
1
Mass. with univ group to study transcendentalism and H D
Dunlop Ltd announces development of a new way of
joyriding youngsters; poll conducted during experiment
Thoreau's life in most appropriate setting, Ag 13,IV,7:1
moving people around cities on belts traveling 10 mph
shows 11% of riders would give up driving cars in city
TRANS-Coast Investment Co
through tubes with controlled environment; says system,
efficient bus service were available; local leaders of ma
Calif Financial Corp says it has agreed in principle to
refinement of moving sidewalks already in use at air and
trade unions and left-wing parties have been campaigni
acquire Trans-Coast Investment Co, S 19,93:3; Calif
bus terminals, is noise- and pollution-free and easy to build
for some time for ban on all private motor traffic in CC
Financial Corp says it has signed definitive agreement to
and maintain; repts belts are capable of moving 30,000
of Rome and reorgn of munic transit network to insure
acquire Trans-Coast Investment Co. N 21,67:1
people an hr across Manhattan and could show profit with
quick, punctual and inexpensive or free transportation;
TRANS Com Productions Inc. See also Ad Motion
5c fare; says system, called Speedway, takes passengers
map, Ja 27,6:1; proposal to permanently institute free
Pictures, F 4. Airlines. 4
aboard at 2 mph and accelerates them until they are
and subway transit in Rome noted; illus, Ja 30,IV,4:4;
TRANS-Community Broadcasting Corp. See also TV -
moving 10 mph; repts it has presented system to officials in
Rome's City Hall announces plan to permanently aboli
Personnel. D 25. Stations. D 25
London, Liverpool, Paris and NY; illus, Mr 9,16:4
bus and streetcar fares during rush hrs and to submit
TRANS-Continental Casualty Insurance Co Ltd. See also
Chile
proposal to city's parliament calling for gradual bannin
US. Ja 26 par
Santiago bus drivers on strike for higher pay, J1 5,7:1;
all private motor traffic from historic center of city; air
TRANSCONTINENTAL Gas Pipe Line Corp. See also
private buses disappear from Santiago, Chile, sts on Oct 20
proposals is to relieve congestion in downtown Rome
Mr 12, J1 14 par. O 8. Jersey Meadows. Ag 20.
as their owners join mounting wave of strikes backed by
luring and forcing motorists back to public transit syst
Subsidiary names, eg, Trans-Gulf Transmission Corp
opposition to Chilean Pres Allende, O 21,2:4
permanent free-ride program begins Apr 15 between 6
Repts 3d qr income of $11.6-million in '72, compared to
Connecticut
9:30 AM every weekday; later, daily free-fare period i:
$10.9-million in 3d qr of '71, O 24,63:6; repts 3d qr operating
Penn Central announces that bus service will be sub-
afternoon will be fixed; financing of program has yet to
revenues of $117.9-million in '72 against $107.5-million in
stituted for train service during noncommuting hrs at
resolved, Mr 31,1:1
'71, o 27,56:3
stations on New Canaan branch of New Haven div for
Rome on May 1 begins 2d experiment in 6 mos in fr
TRANSCONTINENTAL Investing Corp. See also Omega-
about 3 wks beginning Ap 10 in order to facilitate platform
transit on buses and streetcars during morning and eve
Alpha Inc. F 24, Mr 8
work, Ap 9,70:3
rush hrs; if plan lures enough motorists into buses to r
TRANSCONTINENTAL Motor Inns. See also United Inns
France
Inc, O 11. N 14
in a significant reduction of traffic, it will become
14 sculptors exhibit 50 pieces of figurative and abstract
TRANSCOT (Co). See also Sales etc, S 2
permanent, regardless of its cost; officials says 6-wk
sculpture in St-Augustin subway station, Paris; if show is
TRANSFER Factor (Immunologic Substance). See also
experiment will cost city $2.4-million in uncollected fa
success, others will be staged; illus, Mr 10,4:4; illus
city originally planned to adopt no-fare system permar
Biology, Ap 19. Leprosy, N 26
TRANSGLOBAL Growth Funds. See also Investors
comparing subway stations in London, NYC, Paris and
in Apr, but tech and pol disputes led to several
Moscow, Ap 9,X,p33
Overseas Services Ltd, N 28, D 1,2,8
postponements and eventual compromise on another t
TRANS-Gulf Transmission Corp. See also Canada,
W. A Krauss article describing virtues of Metro system in
period, My 3,7:1; Rome, Italy, announces, June 13, th
Paris; list of his 10 best Metro stations; illus, N 5,X,pl; W A
14
fare experiment on munic buses and streetcars which I
TRANS International Airlines. See also Airlines-Internatl
Krauss offers itinerary using Metro system in Paris that lets
on May 2 will continue until end of June instead of en
South
Services, O 20. Airlines Internatl Services
tourist see city in single day at total transportation cost of
on June 15th, in effort to gather additional data; exper
about $1.50; map of system, N 5,X,p23; improvements on
Atlantic, Ap 23. Airlines-Internatl Services-Trans-
is being conducted in attempt to pursuade motorists to
Pacific, My 21. Airlines Ap 16, My 10
Paris rapid transit system, part of 1 of most imaginative
public transit, Je 14,94:1; Rome, Italy, ends on July 1
JI
22
TRANSISTÓRS. See also Electronics, F 14,19, Ag 2.
transport plans for any major city in world, noted; some
ride experiment on its bus and streetcar network; it is
Headache. Ag 22
riders see system as distant and cold' as well as too
unlikely that no-fare system will be revived in near fur
TRANSIT, Committe for Better. See also NYC Transit -
mechanical and automated; illus of ticket-dispensing
but city is introducing low-cost monthly commuter tic
Subways. S 2
machines, which confuse many passengers, and station,
another effort to lure people out of private cars and or
TRANSIT, Institute for Rapid. See also Transit Systems -
D 3,V,13:1; Epstein, N Reynolds and J Childs Irs on W A
public transportation; it is generally realized, though n
US. Mr 11. N 20
Krauss Nov 5 article on his visit to Paris and his ex-
officially acknowledged for pol reasons, that glaring
TRANSIT Advertising Assn
periences on Paris Metro, D 3,X,p44
inadequacies of present transit system were major reas
Great Britain
for experiment's failure; 2-mo test is estimated to have
in
Transit Ad Assn names E C Stevens chmn, Mr 20,57:6
TRANSIT Assn, American. See also Transit Systems NYC
Fare increase on London's subways and buses brings
over $2.5-million in uncollected fares; new commuter
Met Area. 01. Transit Systems F 2, Ap 12,
angry response from riders; increases, announced in Oct,
described, J1 1,2:5
of
Amer Transit Assn conv; pres C Cochran S. Ap 12,90:5
averaged only 8% but some short-distance riders paid
Japan
TRANSIT Authority, Chicago. See also Transit Systems -
double normal fare because of changes in basic fare
Unusual display of militance by 1.6-million Japanese
structure: officials estimate new fare structure will result in
Chicago (III), F 20
transportation workers virtually paralyzes nation's trai
TRANSIT Authority, Hartford. See also Transit Systems -
additional $28-million yrly to meet steadily rising costs,
and subways and disrupts airline and taxi service;
US. 0 14
primarily wages, Ja 4,66:6; 2d fare increase in 17 mos on
coordinated strike action came as climax to spring wa
TRANSIT Authority, Massachusetts Bay. See also Transit
London transit system noted; increases avg about 8% but
offensive; Govt officials estimate that 20 million peop
some riders, especially those going short distances, have to
were inconvenienced in Tokyo, Ap 28,2:7
US, S 22
TRANSIT Authority, Metropolitan Atlanta Rapid. See also
pay 100% more; in central area of city minimum under-
Michigan. See also subhead US, My 21
Transit Atlanta (Ga), Mr 5, Ap 2
ground fare of 13c now pays for up to 1/2 mi of travel
New Jersey
instead of 2 mi of travel, Ja 16,X,p4; food, fuel and transit
Newark, NJ, Planning Dept begins study to explore
maintenance workers causes traffic jams (S), N 24,13:1;
ones; cites Tack of standardization that
Conference Conditions
TRANQUADA, Robert E (Dr). See also Med - US Educ.
illus (M), F 6,III,1:1
effects described (S), D 7,7:1
28
France
Article on subway car production ind
de, Conditions. Ag 18 in 2d Ag
TRANQUILIZING Drugs. See also Mental Health
N 29. Monkeys and Apes, Ag 4
Paris Metropolitan subway system puts on 4-day event.
Transit Assn official Deane Aboudara
Metro Allegro; musicians hired to play in 20 Metro
has never been profitable; suggests majo
Bergen County (NJ) Prosecutor's office is considering
is environmental impact statements. alt
ns after 30 mins
possible indictment of Jerry Schwam. who is charged with
stations: event is 'overture' to granting previously illegal
and other planning input required at va
choice of conf
carrying prescription tranquilizers in unmarked container:
underground performers 3-mo permits to play below ground;
Wood-ridge Boro Magistrate Mark Aurigemma turns down
performing group illus; sampling of NYC subway riders
says only Boeing-Vertol and Pullman-S
building subway cars; notes failure of B
also Intl
appeal by Schwam atty Theodore Maloof that '70 Con-
shows no great enthusiasm for underground music (M),
Mr 29,33:3
Industries to remain in mkt: illus (M),
trolled Dangerous Substance Act is aimed solely at major
Dr William M Beute Ir asks what eve
uropean
drug peddlers and not med patients: Assemblyman John A
Hundreds of thousands of Parisians jam city's express
subway trains, trying out new lines and visiting huge new
proposed rapid-transit monorail service
2. Mr 10
Spizziri offers new amendment permitting person with
main station at Les Halles; rides are free and Paris
Pky in light of decreased efficiency of 0
NYC. 0 3
legitimate need for controlled drug to carry 2-day supply of
transit systems. F 6,XI,27:6
Commerce-
Transport Auth provides concerts and art shows under-
med in any container: Schwam por (M). My 28,23:2; Bergen
Article on failure of experimental free
nd Rubbers. My 2.
County, NJ. Prosecutor Roger W Breslin Jr drops charges
ground; station was formally opened by Pres Valery
Westchester cities: says White Plains su
(S), Je 8.11.3:1
Giscard d'Estaing; station and new express system
described: illus (M), D 12.1:5
Transportation Dept indicates population
herce-Cuba-
FDA acts to require mfrs to include warning brochures
Great Britain
advantage of service, which aims provid
with some tranquilizers: Comr Donald Kennedy orders
shopping dists and lessening auto traffic
Drugs Bur to draft patient leaflet on so-called minor
Group of Brit scientists and workers contend London
or antitrust
subway system is dangerously dusty and needs cleaning;
pollution: Mayors. White Plains Regiona
rust.
tranquilizers such as Valium Librium and Miltown (S)
London Transport. which operates system, denies
Harold E Vogt and Westchester Transpo
ection.
27.18:1
ng. For specific
TRANS Alaska Pipeline System (TAPS). See also
allegations and says system is cleaned regularly (S), N 29.
Raleigh D'Adamo comment (M), F 13.>
6:1
Article on Conn's 10-yr master transpo
duct names
Ja 18,23. Mr 11.22.23,26. Ap 17.20.21. My 6.14. Je 1.2.3.5,
Queen Elizabeth opens 3.5-mile $55-million direct subway
switches emphasis from hwy constructio
15.17,19.20,21,22.25.26,28.29.30 J1 3.6.7,8.9.10.11.12.13.15.
ee also Labor.
16.18,19,20,21.24.25,27,29.30.31 Ag 1.2.8.11,18.21.22,23,26.
link between London's central business district and
solutions: major projects revd: transporta
F
13.XXIII.1:3
30. S 1.5.11.21.24. O 21.28. N 15.30. D 3.30. Petrochem.
Heathrow airport: extension has been under discussion for
Pres Carter. in his proposed revision of
names
Mr 19
31 yrs and under construction for 7; London Transport chmn
Marketing,
TRANSAMERICA Corp. See also Motion Pictures US
Kenneth Robinson estimates ridership of 12-million
recommends additional $50-million in fis
transit and increase in amount of overall
Mr 27. Office Bldgs Calif. Mr 2
annually; illus (M). D 17.27:4
Ireland, Northern
available to meet operating costs (M). F
ecting each others
4th qr earnings rose 16.3% to $26.4-million (S). Ja 19.IV.
9:6
Bus drivers refuse to work in protest of killing of driver in
Transportation Sec Brock Adams says en
Belfast (M), My 12.3:1
available for nation's mass transit fundini
US. D 8
TRANSAMERICA Financial Corp
Israel, State of
recommends against any new major proje
University.
Arthur E Van Leuven elected pres. succeeding H J
Finance Min Simcha Ehrlich says Govt will gradually cut
testimony, Sen Housing and Urban Affail
Schmidt. who becomes vice chmn and continues as chief
to submit to Cong by May 78 details of
also GB
exec officer (S). My 6.IV.10:2
public transportation subsidies (S). O 24.4:4
7.8.10.11. Labor-
Italy
plan for '80 and beyond: abandons Ford
TRANSAMERICAN Roosevelt Industries Inc. See also
which Transportation Dept sets aside ent
Mopeds. Ag 24
Student extremists bomb Milan subway. halting service:
TRANS Arabian Pipeline Co (Tapline). See also Intl
no injuries reptd (S). My 20.4:3
transit projects as they are approved: say
n-Fed
Mexico
available only as different stages of proje
Trade. Ag 10
Mex Govt plans to extend subway system (S). D 26.6:1
construction: says he would implement C
TRANSATLANTIC Reinsurance Co
Netherlands
giving larger subsidies to cities with high
B. JI 1.
Amer Internatl Group repts it and 7 others will join with
officials express concern over status of on
o Ltd
its Amer Home Assurance subsidiary in forming CO.
Amsterdam police arrest man for attempting to throw
Sen Harrison Williams comments: MTA
capitalized at $100-million (S). D 16.IV.11:5
paint at Crown Princess Beatrix. husband Prince Claus and
Transport Min Tjerk Westerterp after subway system
Harold L Fisher urges continuation of $2
Ja 16
annual subsidies to continue on-going con
F. Mr 17.
TRANS Canada Pipelines Ltd. See also Canada.
opening ceremonies: paint-thrower was I of several persons
D 20. Canada US-Canada Trade. F 16.23.
demonstrating against demolition of homes (S), O 15,21:1
says Auth desires full funding' of $1.5-bi
Bloc. JI 31
Spain
construction program: large NY-NJ trans
Pipelines. S 10
of financial commitments noted (M). F 2
Madrid police wound 2 urban guerrillas and block attempt
Article on switch many local officials an
-School Adm.
TRANSCENDENTAL Meditation. See also Educ NJ.
to bomb 6 subway stations (S). S 25,5:1
Fed funds committed to build roads to ml
rcial. Je 10.
25. O 21,22. O 23.31. N 6.9. F 6. Labor
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
YC. Brabham.
Indus Hazards, N 20. Mystics and Mysticism. D +
Moscow subway explosion kills at least 4 passengers and
projects: Washington (DC) Transportation
James Clark and Natl League of Cities sta
blph. D 29. NYC -
maims several others: journalist Viktor Louis says explosion
Debbi Duffy comment: existing transfer p
Attys, Ja 19.20.23.
TRANSCO Companies Inc. See also Intl Trade. N 9.
was caused by bomb: police and subway officials refuse to
summarized (M), Mr 1.14:4
3
N8 US. Ja 21,25. Mr 9. Ag 5. N 7. Oil - Offshore.
comment (S). Ja 11.5:1: USSR dissident Andrei D Sakharov
Article on Fairfield County. Conn. plans
suspects secret police set off subway blast to discredit
OWS. Ap 10
dissidents: has no proof but asks world pub opinion demand
scale bus systems as alternative to private
TRANSCOM Airways. See also Airlines US Air Taxi
result of availability of millions of dollars
-Cardinais
Services. My 18
probe: 4-7 people reptd killed (S). Ja 15.7:6: USSR security
TRANSCONTINENTAL Gas Pipe Line Corp. See also
police continue to investigate explosion in Moscow subway
transit funds: Southwestern Regional Plant
official Michael J Breen. Greenwich Trans
ee also Baron
Trade. Ja 22. Ag 5. D 17.23.24.30. US.
in wake of 2 to 5 more explosions around city (S), Ja 22.
4:4: Sakharov is summoned by legal authorities and warned
Richards Ford 3d. Greater Bridgeport Tral
Ja 114.15.16,19.20.21.22.29.31, F 4.9.11.22. Mr 7. Je 23.29.
Michael Gratt. Norwalk Transit Dist com
JI 22.23. S 22.26. N 19. Accidents etc.
about statement he made on Moscow subway explosion:
and city planner James E Ross comment:
ght. Mr 26
Ja 19.22. US Rates. Ja 15.16. Mr 7. N 19
might have been provocation by repressive organs.
XXIII.1:3
Includes all
TRANSCONTINENTAL Oil Corp. See also Je 8
allusion to state security police: statement responding to
TRANSFAIR '77. See also Airplane.
London Evening News article by Soviet journalist Viktor
Transportation Comr Alan Sagner denies
esidential. boat
NJ's $45-million bus-subsidy program fund
Ag 3
Louis disavowed dissident responsiblity for blast: Tass rept
squandered or mismanaged. statement. Joi
ods Ap 25.
TRANS-Intermountain Gas & Energy Resources. See also
on Sakharov noted: ind sources say bombing was I of 3
Com hearing (M). Mr 9.11.19:2
Mr 6.
Pipelines. O 25
explosions in city on Jan 8: other recent bombings recalled
TRANS International Airlines. See also Airlines
(M). Ja 26.7:2: Sakharov. in Ir to Pres Carter urging support
Public Utilities Comm hearing examiner
bia. S 15.
(for inclusion).
Services Far East. Ag 23. Airlines Services
of persecuted pol and religious activists in USSR and E
rules Hudson County (NJ) Independent B
cannot eliminate free rides for some childr
Atlantic. Ag 2.18.23. N 19.20. Airlines US Labor. S 11.29
Eur. repeats assertion that Moscow subway explosion was
to charge fares for children must be includ
hipments during
TRANSIT, Action for Rational (Orgn). See also Roads -
used as provocation by Soviet security police in maneuver
increase request (S). Mr 13,17:1
64.000 (S).
Express. West Side Hwy. Ja
to blame dissidents: US State Dept officials say other
Article on work of Northport. NY. HS S
TRANSIT, Committee for Better. See also NYC Transit
Moscow dissidents do not share Sakharov's view on blast
of sales after
(M). Ja 29.2:5
teachers to bring trolley travel back to tow
hicles: seeks
Subways. Mr 11. Transit Met Area.
John R Woods Ir on effective use of mass transit in
incorporated into Northport Trolley Corp
Ap 3
otorized mobile
Kalinin. D 19.30:4
worked out details whereby horse-drawn ti
hicles to be
TRANSIT Assn, American Public. See also Transit
Systems US. F 6.26. Je 19. S 15.23. 9.11.13. Transit
United States
through town on weekends starting in '77
ewton Kindlund
(M), Mr 13.XXI.3:1
Systems US Angeles (Calif). Je 19. Transportation -
Environmental reprs. meeting with NJ Gov Byrne. suggest
Tom Wicker on need for 'low-floor bus'
rs comment:
US. Ap 28
that state put more emphasis on mass transit rather than on
TRANSIT Authority, Atlanta Metropolitan Area Rapid. See
investing more money in superhwys: Byrne says he is not
accommodate handicapped and aged: critic
motor homes by
Patricelli. Urban Mass Transportation Adm
says sales have
also Transit Systems S 13
convinced NJ residents will use mass transit because they
approving design that handicapped reprs sa
TRANSIT Authority, Chicago. See also Transit Systems -
seem to prefer autos (M). Ja 7.11.15:3: Byrne calls for
Mr 15,37:5
Chicago (III). F 5.6.7.13.16. Mr 17.18.19.21
creation of new public transit agency within Transportation
nobile homes:
Transportation Dept and Sens developing
TRANSIT Authority, Massachusetts Bay. See also Transit
Dept to centralize regulatory functions now performed by
0 units. valued
transit legis agree on most aspects of Sen C
(Mass). 01
commuter operating agency and PUC. state of State of
valued at $3.13-
TRANSIT Authority, New York City (NYCTA). See also
State new agency would be able to exercise firmer control
about $11-billion available for transit capita
aid over next 5 yrs: plan proposed by Sen
NYC Transit
over how bus and rail subsidies are spent (M), Ja 12.11.21:6
use of brake
Williams Jr would make $8.65-billion availa
Public Affairs dir Jacques Nevard says it is possible' that
Transportation Sec-designate Brock Adams says he favors
giving communities broad latitude in deciding whether to
projects. $2.88-billion for operating assistna
he listed as his guests newsmen who were not actually
present and thus may have made false statements on
spend allotted Fed hwy money for roads or for other
million for operating assistance available un
based on ridership rather than population;
expense account statements (M). N 5.46:1: Nevard plunges
transportation purposes such as mass transit. Jan 7 Sen
Diana Cohen
compromise has been reached with Carter
rs students
to death from TA bldg. Bklyn: biog: was newsman with NY
Commerce Com confirmation hearing: promises to discuss
Mr 18,1I,4:1: Transportation Dept and Sen
Times until 67 (M). N 6,44:3
question with Northeastern govs: illus (M). Ja 8,6:4
IS areas of
Sen Harrison A Williams Jr to introduce legis providing
agree on stretching mass-transit assistance
cts of program
TRANSIT Authority, Southeast Michigan. See also Transit
'82 with additional $5.7-billion in funding a
4-billion in additional funds for mass transportation
Williams; illus (M). Mr 19,49:4
also Indians.
TRANSIT Authority, Washington Metropolitan Area. See
US Detroit (Mich). Ag 16.17.18
over next 5 yrs: 3.8-billion in capital-grant money
Lrs by John Dowlin. Helene S Berg, Bern
remaining in existing Fed program has been committed to
Robert B Welner and Herman Herst Jr on
also Transit Mr 2
well-advanced projects still awaiting grants: new bill. to be
g 27
TRANSIT District, Southern California Rapid. See also
called Natl Mass Transportation Assistance Act of '77.
decline in popularity of subways across US;
Mr 20,111,16:3
ames,
Transit Angeles (Calif): Je 19
would authorize capital grants ranging upward from $1.9-
Ed urges Pres Carter and Transportation
billion in fiscal.'78 to $2.8-billion in fiscal '82 (M), Ja 12,
tion-US. 0. Energy and
TRANSIT Districts, Assn of. See also Transit Systems -
19:2; article on Sen Daniel P Moynihan's 1st few days in
Adams to adopt strong urban transit policy,
US. Je 19
Seymour N Weinstein Ir on Fairfield Cour
S-Depts
office notes he plans to urge establishment of special mass
Ja
See TRANSIT System, Municipality of Metropolitan Seattle.
transit fund simular to hwy trust fund: por (M). Ja 23.19:1
introduction of new fleet of buses: illus (M)
17:6
1. Ja 2.12
also Transit Systems Seattle Vashington).
NJ Transportation Dept is considering plan to promote
(Washington). Mr 30
Patricelli Ir disputes T Wicker's Mar 15 ar
more efficient bus service and increased ridership: Comr
ing-NYS.
TRANSIT Systems. Note: All material on short-haul
Alan Sagner says key element of plan will center on how
bus design that seemingly ignores elderly an
Ap 12.32:3: Transportation Sec Brock Adam
passenger and (commuter) transport (bus. St car. subway etc)
state distributes commuter subsidies to financially troubled
Systems
planning is carried here except New York City System.
on the inclusion of private auto traffic and rrs in transit
bus lines (S). Ja 24,51:2
should be carmarked to improve public tran:
ergy-US-
Article on increasing popularity of trolley cars in Boston.
order to overcome resistance to gas tax incr
no benefit for rural population (M), Ap 13,1
carried under New York City Fransit System. and
Mass. and other urban areas: revival has brought updated
fiberglass version of trolley, now known as light rail
Former Transportation Sec William T Cole
Hackensack
carried under Railroads
Apr 1 ed on Pres Ford's and Pres Carter's a
faith in subways in US and
vehicles. to Boston: other cities that plan experiments with
Article on exhibit in NYC IND subway station. sponsored
expansion abroad revd (S). D 18.IV.7:1
new vehicles and others that still use older-type trolleys
transit. Ap 18.30:4: Carter Adm reptdly has
noted: Boston residents comment: illus (M), F 4.8:1;
energy conservation program with policy to
transportation: recent NY Times' int with T1
24
grants fromt for Urban Mass Transportation Adm and Natl
revitalization of trolley car system in cities and towns
Sec Brock Adams. in which he suggested the
some the Arts. on worldwide subway systems:
around US. including Boston (Mass). revd (S). F 6.IV.7:4
n. My 1.18
Transportation See Brock Adams says Hwy Trust Fund
taxes aimed at reducing energy consumption
NYC straphangers comment (M). D 23.11.3:1
public in form of more flexible subsidized pu
should be opened to let localities use it for mass transit and
system. recalled (M). Ap 20,18:1
decline in popularity of motor homes in
etc, Ja 4. Traffic Accidents
d with 5,423 in Noved with 5.423 in in Noved
$21.2-million, Mr
indus repts that sales are down 21%
etc, New Jersey, O 25. Transit Systems D 10
Beckett reports 1s
as factor
'72; says some reasons for decreasing sales
including capital
that there were 48 traffic in
from repts of gasoline shortage, sluggishness of stock mkt,
TRAIN, Russell E (Chmn). See also Air Pollution
rose to $495.3-mi
probably contributed to
in Nov '72; says fewer cars on
are in value of dollar in foreign-exchange trading and
Je 14, Ag 7, S 7,13,14,20, O 16,17,27, N 7,9,12,13,18, D 4,5,
TRANSAMERICAN
uneasiness decline over Watergate scandal; Winnebago Industries,
6,10,19. Animals, F 11, Mr 3,4. Area Planning, S 13. Area
Internatl Services
contends that one major
is dramatic reduction benefit in
which 31, is hardest-hit co; GM, which started mfg motor
had 36% drop in earnings for its fiscal 1st qr ended
Planning and Renewal, F 7. Atomic Energy
Services-Maiden
Light, D 12. Autos My 2. Coal-US, F 15,16, Mr 14.
TRANSAMERICAN
many states have experienced hwy as
May on pilot basis in Jan and began regular production in
Delaware River, Je 25. Elec Met Area, D 5,
P A Holzer nam
versally applied and strictly
speed limits; holds that lower
homes repts that sales are 'beyond all initial expectations';
14,18. Energy and Power, My 2, Je 14, O 28, N 9,12, D 19.
Ap 4,62:7
Feb, Indus pres A M Robin and other indus
S 11,13,14,20, N 9,12,13,18, D 4,5,6,18.
TRANS Arabian P
15,III,1:3
Offshore Exploration and Installations, S 6. Econ
East-Israeli-Arat
on recent 2-wk vacation in
Conditions, S 13. US-Environment, S 13, D 23. US-
Middle East-Leb
andt announces on Nov 16
will be imposed on Nov 25 that
which he drove US in motorhome; says not having
Environmental Quality, Council on, Ja 12,13. US-
TRANSASIATIC Oi
eat in roadside restaurants is main benefit of traveling in
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), JI 22,27, Ag 2,7,
TRANS Caribbean
motorhome, to S 9,X,p27
S 15. US - Environmental Quality, Council on, Jl 27. Water
TRANSCENDENTA
Comment on NYS Thruway Auth experiment in which
Pollution, Je 6, Ag 7, S 11,13, N 3. Water Pollution -
Massachusetts, A
npose system, but urges
owners of recreational vehicles are permitted to park
Sewage etc, S 27, o 13
TRANSCO Compa
nph, N 17,10:4; German Min H
ary restraints, such as limiting
overnight without charge on grounds of Newburgh Charter
R E Train, pres Nixon's chief environmental adviser, is
TRANSCONTINEN
Bus Stop; experiment will end on Oct 31, S 23,X,p4
soon expected to become EPA Admr; career sketch, J1 22,
Communications,
Sunday driving for next 4
P J C Friedlander incorporates his wife's reply to B Miller
38:3; Train named to head Environmental Protection
Ja 9, Ap 29, My
mits to about 62 mph on 4- and
Ir contending that Mrs Friedlander probably did not enjoy
Agency, J1 27,32:4
Ag 21, N 13
lesser rds beginning Nov 26; cites 6-
2-wk vacation in which she prepared meals in their
Corporate profil
Arab imports and expectation of
recreational vehicle; Mrs Friedlander says all chores in
TRAIN Dispatchers Assn, American. See also RRs-US-
details recent CO
moves, N 20,63:2; W
motorhome were shared; Friedlander also quotes Ir of R C
Labor, Mr 13,17,18
execs comment, S
chs in Nov 19 bans all private
Elwell, o 7,X,p29
TRAINA, Albert S. See also Bartell Media Corp, D 21
TRANS Delta Corp
and cuts speed limit to 62 miles
Article discusses declining popularity of recreational
TRAININ, Isaac N (Rabbi). See also Mental Health, Ag 8
Inc, J1 10
es per hr on town roads in effort
vehicles in US; illus, 0 21,XI,22:1
TRAINS. See NYC Transit. Railroads. Transit Systems
TRANSFER RNA (
oil, N 20,63:2; Sunday driving
Article offers advice to potential buyers of recreational
TRAMMEL, George W 3d (Judge). See also Bridges, D 18
(Transfer) (tRNA
of Arab oil embargo on Eur; illus,
vehicles; drawing, O 21,XI,22:5
TRAMP Shipping. See Ships
TRANS Florida Tel
are empty on Sunday, Nov 25,
Holiday Inns Inc announces plans to construct series of
TRAMPS. Use Vagrancy
TRANSGLOBAL G
g with traffic as result of Sunday
mini-parks for recreational vehicles adjacent to some of its
TRAMUNTI, Carmine. See also Crime My 18,31,
Violations, IOS L
Ger because of oil shortage; E
motels; each park will be able to accommodate 30 to 50
Ag 7,20. Drug Addiction NYC, O 5. Murders
TRANS Internation
se most of its oil comes from
camping vehicles, with 3 to 5 acres of land available;
Toutoian, George, D 25. S 27. Stocks-US-
My 12. Airlines
unday driving ban by dancing,
parkers will have access to each inn's swimming pool,
Violations, Imperial Investment Corp, O 26. Taxation-US-
Ap 24. Melia Inte
g on car-free sts, N 26,2:4; West
restaurants and other services, O 28,X,p4
Tax Evasion, O 26
TRANSIT Advertis
on Dec 12 discloses that Govt
Ford Motor Co on Oct 30 announces that it will go into
TRAN Ba Di (Brig Gen). See also Cambodia, Ap 19
A C Alexander
oliday period, D 13,5:5
imposed over last 3 wks during
motor home business in early '75, O 31,62:4
TRAN Kim Phuong (Amb). See also Vietnam, Ja 21
Assn. Mr 19,56:6
Interior Dept's Land Mgt Bur has recently imposed
TRAN Nam Trung. See also Vietnam, F 6
TRANSIT Authorit
restrictions on public use of large part of great southern
TRAN Ngoc Chau. See also Vietnam, Ap 30, My 1,6,10.
Transit Systems -
red on Aug 11 when bus skids
Calif desert in effort to curb its accelerating despoilation by
POWs, JI 23,24,26. Vietnam-South Vietnam -
TRANSIT Authorit
y and plunges into Moraca
motorized recreationists and vandals; action is 1st under-
Pol, Mr 12,27, J1 28
Systems-US-D
taking of this sort by bur, which has responsibility for more
TRANSIT Authorit
See also Traffic-NYC, Je 7,
than 1/2 of 750-million acres of Fed land in US; bur's action
TRAN Ngoc Hien. See also Vietnam, Ap 30. Vietnam -
Systems-US-B
Ja 21
fails to satisfy conservationists and displeases motorists;
POWs, JI 23
TRANSIT Authorit
vilian). See also Traffic-
bur's Calif dir J R Penny holds that resources in area are
Transit Systems
3, D 12
being lost daily at 'very significant rate': agency's plan,
TRAN Nguon Phieu (Min). See also Vietnam, F 8.
TRANSIT Authorit
of. See also F 11
published in Sept, deems 16 desert areas to have ex-
Vietnam Mr 8
Culture US, Ag
Armament-Reserves-
ceptional ecological or historical value and therefore are
MTA appts E B
closed to pleasure vehicles; restrictions detailed; Calif Assn
TRAN Qui Than. See also Vietnam, O 1
TRANSIT Authorit
also China, Nationalist,
of Four Wheels Drive Clubs. major desert-user orgn, asks
Fares, D 7
ns - China, People's Republic
US Dist Ct in San Diego to enjoin permanently pursuance
TRAN Quoc Buu. See also Vietnam, Ja 12
TRANSIT Authorit
of regulatory program on ground that adequate public
also Transit Syste
-US. J1 3
hearings have not been held: reprs of 5 deserts recreation
TRAN Quoc Lich (Brig Gen). See also Vietnam, N 10
TRANSIT Homes I
also Sciences, Natl Acad of,
orgns have displayed petitions to Cong bearing 42,000
TRANSIT Patrolme
signatures and asking for 'fact-finding mission to inquire
TRAN Thi Ngo. See also Laos, S 13
Benevolent Assn,
also RC Ch, F 27
into alleged discrimination against their interests in desert
TRANSIT Systems
US. JI 3. Banks My 8.
planning; southern Calif Sierra Club repr L Moss calls bur's
TRAN Thien Khiem (Premier). See also Stocks Vietnam.
passenger (comm
Co (NYC), N 27
plan 'lackluster,' one that basically circumvents Natl
F 22. Vietnam, Ja 31, JI 24. Vietnam
and on the inclusi
Environmental Policy Act: group of 14 zoologists at Calif
JI 13
planning is carrie
sr vp, Ja 30,60:6
Univ has protested that program is too liberal and that off-
carried under Ne
Housing-NYC-
road vehicles should be confined to those areas of desert
TRAN Thip Phuong (Mrs). See also Typhoons, N 18
commuter railroa
already damaged beyond recovery, N 4,41:1
Gen Signal Cor
My 26
Chamonix Chalets Properties Inc. which wants to put
TRAN Van Cam (Brig Gen). See also Vietnam, N 22
contracts with co
Camps. Note: Includes all
trailer camp on slopes of Spruce Mountain near Plainfield,
production of aut
rted trucks, residential, boat
Vt, has been thwarted by local opposition; after plans for
TRAN Van Dinh. See also Indochina, S 9. Vietnam, F 6,
systems and other
development were announced. Friends of Spruce Mountain
05
projects; largest c
25. O 10. Fish
was formed to preserve wilderness: R Hoffman, organizer
signaling and bral
ng, Sport, JI 17. Housing-
of Friends of Spruce Mountain, says group has approached
TRAN Van Do. See also Vietnam. Ja 5.8.17,19. Vietnam -
Jerome Av subwa
2. Housing NJ. F 4 in 2d F
Nature Conservancy, private orgn that buys up endangered
South Vietnam, Ag 26
Vertol Co and Gl
Housing,
land, in hopes that it would purchase land; state has also
Canada. See als
expressed interest in applying for matching grant from US
13, Ag 18. Housing - U
Bur of Outdoor Recreation: map; illus. N 5,64:4
TRAN Van Huong (Vice Pres). See also France-Foreign
Toronto Transit
Service, JI 18. Vietnam, Ja 31. J1 18
public pressure ha
Housing Met Area,
Many Penna residents are opposing state's decision to
South Vietnamese Govt sources rept, Oct 16, Vice Pres
decision to phase
Finances. JI 7.
permit 14-ft-wide mobile homes on hwys; poll by affiliates
Tran Van Huong has been hospitalized in serious condition,
electrically driven
Garment District, My 17.
of Penna AAA is running 10-to-1 against extra-wide
O 17,10:8
pollutants, D 30,2
US Accidents etc. Missouri,
vehicles: survey by Scranton Times shows that 90% of its
China, People's
etc. New Jersey, JI 29.
readers are against wider mobile homes: Penna
TRAN Van Khoi. See also Far East-South Vietnam,
Peking's 4-yr-ol
4, Ap 30. JI 22. 2, O 17,
Transportation See J Kassab. who will make final decision
JI 10
line is clean, free
ensing, O 21. Zoning - N
on issue on Nov 20. says his mail has also turned against
most underutilize
them. N 7,93:8
Winnebago Industries. maker of motor homes and related
TRAN Van Lam (Min). See also Cambodia, Ja 20.
apparently function
mley, who is circumventing
by LIRR strike by living in
travel equipment, announces on Nov 30 that it has laid off
Johnson, L B, Ap 8. Laos, Ja 20. Vietnam, Ja 18.19.20.22.
utility; officials sa
23,24,26,27,28,31, F 3,21,24,25. Mr 1, My 5,15,25. Je 8,14,
daily, relatively lo
in office: Lemley comments;
more than 500 employes, effective Nov 30: notes move is
19. Vietnam-South Vietnam Ap 26, J1 13, Ag 28.
speculate that pas
Ja 14,106:3
taken to reflect sales decline caused by fuel shortage;
Vietnam - Truce, Mr 16
demonstration rid
nounces it will enter
employed 3,500 persons during peak production 2 yrs ago;
open; illus of sub
ring with 11 1/2-ft slide-in
now has about 1,600 employes, D 1,49:7; fuel shortage is
TRAN Van Tra (Lt Gen). See also Vietnam, F 2,5,6,10,15,
France
ad, news conf, Tucson,
cutting sales of recreational vehicles; publicity for Internatl
Camper and Trailer Show, NYC, stresses advantages of
21, Mr 3,10,11,16,18, Ap 1. Vietnam Truce, F 4, My 15
Group of counc
record 50 hold-up
amily Camping Fed con-
using recreational vehicles in place; examples, D 2.111,13:1;
which claims to be 2d
TRAN Van Tuyen (Deputy). See also Vietnam, Ja 8,
occurred in subwa
recreation vehicle indus spokesmen contend that high prices
Mr 31. Vietnam-South Vietnam-Pol, S 15
morning rush-hr S
cational vehicles in US,
of vehicles combined with uncertainty surrounding
workers protest di
availability of gas because of energy crisis are reasons why
TRANE Co. See also Air Conditioning, Ja 24
by a passenger, A
Vacation and Travel Show
recreation vehicle sales have nosedived in recent mos after
ominating affair is array of
decade of specatacular sales that topped 500,000 a yr
Trane Co elects V R Simpson pres succeeding T Hancock,
construction of su
who is named chmn and continues as chief exec, Je 27,
system will have
bile homes; growing trend
mark: there are 5 million recreational vehicles now on rd;
S for fun described: other
motor homes get only 4 or 5 miles to gallon of gasoline, and
101:2; Trane Co names G R Horton marketing vp for
lauds Paris subwa
noted. Mr 13,44:5
travel trailer pulled by car or camper mounted on pickup
commercial air conditioning div, J1 2,42:6
traveled; suggests
Ir takes issue with
on vehicles in US
truck may drag mileage of those vehicles down to 7 or 8
TRANPOSCH, Jack. See also Wood-Carving, Ja 7
subways; holds th
new campers described;
miles a gallon on hwy; illus, D 22,33:1; Winnebago
passengers accord
Industries chmn J K Hanson repts that CO sales were down
K Hanson on Apr 30
43.3% in 3d qr and 28.7% for 9 mo period; says co, nation's
TRANQUILIZING Drugs. See also Drug Addiction-1
Great Britain. Se
brought by Life-Time
largest producer of motor homes, posted 98.1% decline in
My 10. Drug Addiction- US, Ag 16. Horse Shows, S 16.
Brit civil servan
70 has been settled for $4-
earnings for 9 mo period; says sales were lower because of
Surgery and Surgeons, N 28
series of strikes:
Common Mkt comm confirms probe of Common Mkt
will also affect Lo
sly rendered against co:
consumer uncertainty about availability of gasoline; Skyline
pricing policies of Hoffman-La Roche & Co for its
system's motorme
ling himself, will pay
Corp. nation's largest producer of mobile homes, repts that
tranquilizers Librium and Valium: probe reptdly is in
28 one-day strike
gate $800,000 judgment
its earnings declined 36.3% for 2d fiscal qF ended Nov 30
ed as part of settlement:
and 41% for 6 mo period: repts that sales were down 9 and
preliminary stages; prices for products reptdly are higher in
London hardest b
stributor of Winnebago
3.8% in respective periods, D 22,39:1
Common Mkt countries than in GB, Ag 10,41:2
involved, Mr 1,4:
says London bus
oducer of recreation
Fire in Lennon, Michigan, kills 8 people on Dec 24 in
industries chmn J K
mobile home. D 25,19:5; family of five dies on Dec 25 in
TRANS Alaska Pipeline System (TAPS). See also
are too many cars
ed off plans for $20-
John Day, Oregon, as fire sweeps through trailer home: 4
Ja 27 in Ja 18 par, F 10,11,13 in F 10 par, F 16,28, Mr 1,4,
banned; repts 144
persons die near Lakeland, Fla, as fire destroys mobile
6,11,13,14,15, Mr 16,20,28,31. Ap 3,5,6,13,19, My 22,26,
3,500 buses durin
Keno, Nev; cites cost of
Je 6,11,14,21,23,29, J1
traveled in 97,000
and moving, and other
home in trailer park, D 26,21:1; Genesee County (Mich)
stimates, My 25,49:5;
Prosecutor R F Leonard on Dec 28 orders grand jury
24,28,29, Ag 2,3,5,11 in Ag 2 par. Ag 19,26 in Ag 19 par,
of buses were can
door recreational vehicles;
investigation into state mobile home indus: asserts that
O N 8,9,
quit in frustration
200 employes will be laid
Mich's 800,000 mobile home occupants are flirting with
13,14,16,17,18,19,24,27,29. D 1,2,5,9,17,23. Oil-US-
announces free bu
imminent disaster': 8 persons died on Dec 24 in mobile
Pipelines, D 23
1.2-million pensio
and plummeting sales,
Sept during off ru
home fire near Flint: authorities say that victims had no
TRANS America Computer Corp. See also Data
will be issued free
Processing, D 15
1665
TRANSIT
TRAGER, David G (US Atty). See also Airlines Intl
Services Trans-Atlantic. Ap 28. JI 28. Chemical Bank
TRANS Alaska Pipeline System (TAPS). See also Air
(NYC). Ag 11. Crime NYC. JI 29. Crime US. JI 4. Ag 1.
Pollution Calif. S 26. US. Ja 8,11, F 13.29, Mr 13,
Quito and Guayaquil (S), Ja 6,5:1; Ecuador's Cabinet
Day Care Centers, JI 2. Drug Addiction US. F 19.
Ap 3. My 16.22.23,28, Je 2,13,17,27, JI 2,6,7,8,9,14,16,20,22,
resigns in midst of transport strike (S), Ja 8.9:1
D 10. Elections (US) Finances, Ag 11. Food US. JI 24,
23.25.31. Ag 6.7.13,29, S 4,5,9,10,11,28, O 3.5.15.17.29, N 9.
Egypt, Arab Republic of
Ag 27. Hotels etc NYC. JI 22. Housing US, JI 30. Juries -
14,23,28,30, D 1.2.5,6, D 12,15, D 16,18,24,26. Oil US
Egyptian police fire over heads of striking bus drivers to
US. 20. Labor US. O 20. Meat US. Ap 5. Nassau
Pipelines. Ag 5
prevent them from attacking Cairo's main bus terminal (S),
County (NY), F 1. Mr 6.17. Ap 29. NYC Econ Conditions
TRANS-Amazon Highway. See also Roads - Brazil. S7
S 20,10:5: Prime Min Mamdouh Salem says Cairo's illegal
Antipoverty. JI 2. Ethics. JI 2,3. Numismatics.
TRANSAMERICA Corp. See also Saturn Airways, Ag 28.
2-day bus strike has ended in violence and sabotage; says
Ag 1. Trucks Crime, F 6. US Pol. JI 4. Ag 1. Water
Div and subsidiary names, eg, Trans International Airways
some persons were injured when police and soldiers charged
Pollution Sewage etc. Ap 17,22. My 3. Yugoslavia
Repts consol net income for '75 was $73.8-million, 117%
suburban station as Pres Sadat was thanking nation for
$15.22. 24, D 25
above '74 income of $34-million; repts 4th qr net income
having re-elected him: says 11 Communists were arrested
TRAGER, William (Prof). See also Malaria, Je
1
of '74; chmn and pres John R Beckett comments (S), Ja 16.
was $22-million compared with loss of $1.2-million in 4th qr
for France inciting bus drivers to strike (S), S 22,16:3
TRAIL Conference, New York-New Jersey. See also Waste
Materials NYS. Ap 23
37:3: correction on Jan 16 story on Transamerica Corp
Paris subway is nearly paralyzed by workers staging 24-
TRAIL of Self-Determination (Orgn). See also Indians. JI 8
earnings rept: percentage of contributions of major sub-
hr strike for pay increases and better working conditions
TRAILERS (Auto) and Trailer Camps. Note: Includes all
sidiaries to earnings incorrectly given as subsidiaries'
(S), Mr 16,11:5
types of mobile homes, converted trucks. residential. boat
percentage gains in earnings in 4th qr, Ja 21,39:7
Lisa Lansing article on using public buses to tour Paris;
and small cargo trailers. etc
See also N 7. Housing Alabama-
S 3.4
TRANSCANADA Pipelines Ltd. See also Canada.
map: illus (L), My 30,X,pl
Subway station workers stage 24-hr strike, Paris, to
Discrimination, JI 27. Housing NJ. F 14. Housing
TRANSCENDENTAL Meditation. See Meditation
protest rising violence and vandalism: trains stop for 15
Ja 11. Housing US. JI 4,20. S 9, O 16. Prisons US, S 5.
Article on Maharishi Internatl Univ, Fairfield. lowa, which
mins (S). Je 2,7:5; passengers who were recently robbed by
Recreation Vehicles. Roads NYC. F 3. Tornadoes. S 27
is operated by transcendental meditation movement and
gang of youths on Paris, France, subway train failed to rept
GM recalls 3.575 autos and motor homes in separate
named in honor of movement's leader, Maharishi Mahesh
crime to police and engineer took 4 days to rept it to union
campaigns to correct problems involving auto transmission
Yogi: illus (M), My 18.16:1
(S). JI 18,11:7; increase in crime on Paris, France. subway
and motor homes' steering systems (S), F 11.7:1
TRANSCO Companies Inc. See also Offshore.
system stirs controversy between Gen Workers Fed and
5 persons die in mobile home fire on March 7 in
Ag 7. US Rates. Ja 1
Paris police. who say situation is exaggerated: recent
Belvidere, NJ: victims tentatively identified: map (M),
TRANSCONTINENTAL Gas Pipe Line Corp. See also
incident in which 3 youths robbed about 20 passengers
Mr 8,56:8
US. Ja 20. Je 26. JI 31, N 7.8
noted (M), J1 21,5:1: article compares NYC subway system
B F Goodrich introduces air disc brake system for trucks
TRANSFORMATOREN-Union AG. See also Elec
and trailers that will cost about 25% to 30% more than drum
Appliances. JI 10
Ag 7.23:1
with subways in Paris and other foreign cities illus (M),
brakes: says unit will go into production at Troy, Ohio,
TRANS International Airlines. See also Saturn Airways,
Plainclothes subway agent and policman die in gun fight
plant in June (S), My 7,1V,3:8
Ag 28
in subway near Eiffel Tower (S), Ag 9.12:8
TRANS International Forwarders. See also Middle East -
Great Britain
Head-on collision between camper carrying family of
seven and small foreign car with two passengers kills 8 and
Israeli-Arab Conflict. O 19.20
Elec generator explodes at London subway station,
injures 1 when car apparently crosses center line, La
TRANSISTORS. See also Electronics. O 31
trapping 4 trainloads of rush-hr passengers in smoke-filled
Cygne. Kan (S). JI 4.10:4
TRANSIT, Committee for Better. See also NYC Transit.
tunnels for 2 1/2 hrs; at least 21 persons are treated at
Roy Bongartz article on experiences traveling across US
N 26. NYC Transit Labor, Mr 22
hosps but none are seriously injured (S), 7,7:2
in motor home: illus (L), N 21,X,pl
TRANSIT Assn, American Public. See also Transit
Attache case containing 20 pounds of explosives is
TRAILERS (Truck). Use Trucks
Systems US. Mr 21
removed from entrance to Oxford Circus subway station
TRAILSIDE Country School (Vt). See also Educ US. N 14
TRANSIT Authority, Chicago. See also Transit Systems -
during evening rush hr (S). F 14,2:4: unidentified man sets
TRAILSIDE Museum (Westfield, NJ). See also Zoos
US Chicago (III), Ja 10
off explosive device in London subway train, wounding 8
Westfield (NJ). Ja 27
people; shoots engineer of train to death and wounds
TRAIN, Harry D (Vice Adm). See also NATO Mil
TRANSIT Authority, New York City (NYCTA). See also
another man before shooting himself; is in critical condition
Personnel, My 7. Ag 6. US Armament Mil Personnel.
NYC Transit
and police are waiting to question him: incident linked to
My 7. US Armament Navy (US). Ag 6
NYCTA dismisses Jack D Belsky, $46,000-a-yr chief of
Irish Repub Army; illus (M), Mr 16.3:1: Scotland Yard.
TRAIN, John. See also Fires Fire Prevention, D 21
auth's surface operations. for misconduct: accepts
seeking to thwart Irish Repub Army terrorism on London's
TRAIN, John P C. See also Harvard University. Mr 9
recommendations for dismissal made by auth hearing
trains. assigns 1,000 policemen to city's subway system
TRAIN, Russell E (Admr). See also Air Pollution. O 17. Air
referee Eric J Schmertz: Belsky is accused of having transit
(M), Mr 19.4:4
Pollution NJ. JI 30. Air Pollution US. Ja 25. Je 6, Ag 23.
employees build furniture for his Fla home and of falsifying
Thousands of London taxicab drivers bring traffic to
$ 3.25. D 11.19. Air Pollution Washington (DC), Ap 19.
entries in expense records: loses all his pension benefits (S),
standstill when they converge on Parliament to protest
Airplanes. Ap 6. Airplanes Concorde Airplane. Ap 6.
7.17:3; NYC Personnel Dir Alphonse Ambrose named
plans for new bus service (S), My 26.6:4
Engines. Ja 25. Chem. F 27. D 19 in D 19 par.
general counsel. succeeding John S Riedel, who retired (S).
Rush-hr bomb blast at London subway station causes no
My 12, My 19. Environment. N 20. Fish
25,23:5: Alphonse E Ambrose to succeed J Stuart
injuries and very minor damage; Pinnico station is closed to
Fishing. Commercial. Ag 18. Heating, JI 8. Labor
Reidel as NYCTA gen counsel (S). O 26,43:1
passengers (S), Je 2,8:5
Unemployment. S 3. US. S 3. Oil Offshore.
TRANSIT Authority, Washington Metropolitan Area. See
Stranded commuters faint and smash windows on London
26. F 19. Mr 2. D 27.31. Pesticides. F 19. Ap 10. US.
also Transit Systems Washington (DC), Ja 9,10. Mr 15
subway train during heat wave in northwest Eur (M).
Environment. F 19. JI 8. D 19. US Environmental
Je 26,25:8
Protection Agency (EPA). Ja 12. D 19. Waste Materials -
TRANSIT Authority Police Captains Endowment Assn. See
Hong Kong
NYC Water Met Area. S 26. Water Pollution Metals. Mr 28.
also NYC Transit Transit Police. N 9
TRANSIT Inc, Committee for Better. See also NYC Transit -
Hong Kong begins construction of controversial $1.2-
Pollution Sewage etc. Ag 18,21. O 9. D 14
Pollution Mr 2. D 21.22.27.29,31. Water
Subways. Ag 14
billion subway line, which is biggest capital investment and
TRANSIT Operating Authority, Manhattan and Bronx
largest single engineering project that it has undertaken (S).
Homes, Ap 14. Ag 25
TRAINING and Development Corp. See also Nursing
(MABSTOA). See also NYC Transit Labor, Ap 3
F 1.14:5: Otis Elevator receives orders totaling over $23-
million for escalators and elevators to be installed in
TRAMPS. Use Vagrancy
TRAKAS, George. See also Parks NYS. Ap 11
TRAINS. See NYC Transit. Railroads. Transit Systems
TRANSIT Systems. Note: All material on short-haul
subway systems being built in Hong Kong, Rio de Janeiro
passenger (commuter) transport (bus, st car, subway etc)
and Melbourne (S), JI 30.IV.2:7
and on the inclusion of private auto traffic and rrs in transit
Hungary
RAMWAYS. Use Cable Cars
See also NYC Transit Accidents etc. JI 11
planning is carried here except New York City System.
carried under New York City Transit System. and
S 19.X.p5: Ir. O 3.X.p21
Lr describes man carrying falcon in Budapest subway.
TRAN Ngoc Chua. See also Vietnam. S 17
TRAN RAN Quoc Hoan (Min). See also Vietnam. JI 4. D 21
commuter railroads. carried under Railroads
Iran
25 Van Tra (Gen). See also South Vietnam. Ja 22. F 8.
Friends of Central Pk study indicates that NYC subway
Rept by group of Govt planners on staff of Teheran
system, while lagging behind many others in design and
Development Council questions plans to build 39-mi. $1.3-
esthetic innovations. still does best overall job of serving
billion subway system for city; urges weighing bldg modest.
RANE BRANCA, Dumitru (Min). See also Rumania. JI
TRAN Van Tuyen. See also Vietnam. S 17
vast urban population: over 300 members of group meet in
elevated-rail system instead: rapid growth of city's
CANADA D 7
Co. See also Air Conditioning, JI 13.14. 12 D7.
World Trade Center to view slides of world's major subway
systems and hear them evaluated by experts: Robert Makla
(S), Je 6.19:1
population has made public transportation urgent concern
in '74 than NYC system: chart compares world's major
says Moscow and Tokyo subways carried more passengers
Japan. See also Transit Systems. Mr 18
See also Mental Health
New Jersey
Affair. S 21
subway systems: illus (M), Mr 18,45:8; rev of Friends of
Byrne adm plan to reduce state spending by $450-million
walium discusses controversy surrounding prescription of
valium by physicians to relieve anxiety; examines charges
(M), Mr 21,IV,6:3
Central Pk study; chart compares major subway systems
includes further service cuts and fare increases on state-
subsidized bus lines (S). Ja 3,45:7
defects is 1st choice of drug abusers. causes birth
Australia
Sen Clifford P Case says Fed rejection of funds for ex-
and impotence as well as confusion and
its takers: notes Amer spend $500-million excitement annually
(S), JI 13,11:1
24-hr natl strike in Australia halts all public transportation
for new era in coordinated transit planning, Ir to Fed Urban
tension of PATH rapid-transit line in NJ could open way
that physicians wrote 59.3-million
Austria
Mass Transportation Admr Robert E Patricelli; has opposed
drug in '74; drawing (L), F
Motley bars Goshen 1,VI,p34 Center
37 persons injured when cable cars collide at Mt
plan, which calls for extending PATH Manhattan-Jersey
NY, from using thorazine. or for other
Kitzsteinhorn, Brazil Austria (S), Ag 7,2:2
transit line 17 miles from its present terminus in Newark to
Plainfield (M), Ja 4,34:3
5 punitive device (M), F 15,31:1
Otis Elevator receives orders totaling over $23-million for
NJ Assembly will convene on Jan 5 in final effort to
Vl,p34 on Gilbert Cant's Feb 1 article on and
Pekkanen Dr Richard J Brzustowicz, Marilyn Rice
escalators and elevators to be installed in subway systems
approve $37-million supplemental budget appropriation that
are Dr Jordan Scher says growing number valium, of drug
being built in Hong Kong, Rio de Janeiro and Melbourne
would head off scheduled cutbacks in state's commuter rail
(S), JI 30,1V,2:7
and bus-subsidiary programs (S), Ja 5,61:1: last-minute
drs linked to tranquilizer Valium, which he
workesman for on Drug Abuse Sunday; cites paper
prescribe as casually as aspirin, presented says
Article compares NYC subway system with subways in
supplemental budget appropriation to forestall cutbacks in
Sao 23:1 Paulo (Brazil) and other foreign cities; illus (M), Ag 7.
NJ bus and rail subsidy programs is decisively defeated in
Hoffmann-La Roche Inc, which statistics; mfrs drug
Assembly (S), Ja 6,65:5; Byrne and legis leaders will not
Canada
attempt to restore $6-million in bus and rail subsidies that
name Valium, says Scher's statistics
scientific publications about Valium con- (S),
during Olympic Games (S), Ag 3,23:4
Record number of passengers use Montreal subway system
was part of $37-million package that failed to win
Assembly approval on Jan 5 (S), Ja 7,79:1
Morities Roche & Co says in Basel, Switzerland, that
Canadair Ltd awarded $36-million contract to continue
Transport of NJ asks State Superior Ct for permission to
alium; have granted its Brit CO price increase
price had already doubled recently. (S), of Ap 45% 7,
developed by Ontario's Urban Transportation Development
work on advanced-technology urban transit system being
increase student bus fares (S), Ja 7,79:7; Byrne signs bill to
Corp (S), N 6,29:1
extend program of half-fare bus rides for elderly to rides on
trains and interstate buses: bill also gives benefits of
Connecticut
of documentary Hurry Tomorrow at Whitney
Conn Transportation Dept will seek $29.5-million from Fed
panel of Appellate Div of NJ Superior Ct rules that
program to handicapped persons; (S), Ja 9,67:3; 3-judge
patients in men 5,49:1 ward of Met State Hosp.
use of tranquilizing drugs in treatment of
Govt to buy and modernize Conn Bus Co (S), Ja 23.29:5;
Transport of NJ could increase student fares in line with
Fed Urban Mass Transit Adm gives Conn 1st $8.5-million
adult fares. which were raised on Dec 15: students will now
of $28.4-million grant to purchase CO (S), My 21,11,3:7
pay 2/3 of each full fare (S), Ja 10,56:2
many Park Av surgeon whose
prominent athletes, is acquitted of patients prescribing
Amalgamated Transit Union Local 425 official Frank
Partridge says Hartford. Conn, bus drivers and mechanics
Formation of South Jersey transportation auth is proposed
Health and dispensing tranquilizers in of
(S), Je 21,33:1
have authorized strike against state-run commuter lines
at meeting of planning bd directors of 7 counties called by
Repr William J Hughes (S), Ja 13,71:1
as Code: $2-million defamation suit violation filed
result begin trial by suit
NJ Transportation Dept will ask Fed Govt to approve
mustics former special citywide May 24:
Urban Mass Transportation Admr Robert E Patricelli
comprehensive rail commuter plan for northern NJ that is
says MTA has recd 5.7-million for improving New Haven
designed to salvage controversial PATH extension; under
warns drs against Manfredi noted (S), My 12,81:1
Rich and NYC:
community line (S), JI 22,62:2
plan, extension of PATH line from Newark to Plainfield
and others in in in in in tranquilizers Valium, Librium,
has been reached between mgt and union reprs for bus
Conn Labor Comr Frank Santaguida says tentative pact
would be financed by NJ, Port Auth and Fed hwy money
may cause cleft lip and other birth
drivers who had threatened to strike in New Haven
Ja currently 15,71:7; tagged Citizens for state rd-construction projects (S),
RE March 1977-February 1978
READERS' GUIDE TO PERIODICAL LITERATURE March 1977-February 1978
845
Finance
Forber
PETROLEUM Industry-Continued
Alaska's line starts piping-at last. 11 Time 109:
hing it or aren't they? 11
16-17 Je 27 '77
5 '77
Middle East
Alaska's oil flows south; with interview with
How big are big
attack. il pors Time
Oil power in the Middle East. J. C. Campbell.
E. L. Patton. K. M. Chrysler. il map U.S.
bibl f For Affairs 56:89-110 O '77
News 82:35-8 Je 20 '77
Blast shuts the pipeline. 11 map Newsweek 90:75
var; Big oil's big bucks.
Norway
J1 18 '77
others. il Newsweek 90:38-40
Blowout at Bravo. E. Keerdoja. Newsweek 91:7
800 miles of pipeline 2-way energy conductor;
assessing pipeline potential. Sci Digest 82:33
demand in doubt. il Bus W. p iss
Ja 9 78
Puerto Rico
0 '77
rbes 121:152-4 Ja 9 '78 39
See also
Filling the pipe. A. J. Mayer and W. J. Cock.
Commonwealth Oil Refining Company
11 Newsweek 89:86+ Je 13 '77
nfronts '77 the oil industry. America
For Sohio, it was Alaskan oil-or bust. A. L.
ight. opportunity; investment
Saudi Arabia
Morner. il por Fortune 96:172-6+ Ag '77
Oil will soon flow, but where will it go? P. L.
drilling ventures. il Forbes
Can OPEC be broken up? J. Cook. 11 Forbes
Fradkin. 11 Audubon 79:86-8+ Ja '77
119:48+ F 15 '77
Pipeline lessons. Progressive 41:6 S 77
continuing glut. il Bus W D50-2
OPEC: where does the balance of power lie?
Pipeline to nowhere? 11 Time 110:50 Ag 1 '77
interview. J. Akins. il por Forbes 120:34-6 O
Promises and betrayals: the trans-Alaska pipe-
efiners aren't expanding. 11 Bus W
on '77 glut slows OPEC's production. il Bus W
line. R. A. Fineberg. Nation 225:293-7 o 1 '77
Still the wrong route; Trans Alaska pipeline.
History
Strain on OPEC. M. R. Benjamin and others.
p23-4 Ag 22 77
C. J. Cicchetti. il Environment 19:2-3 Ja '77
Taming of Alaska. R. Rau; discussion. Nat Wild-
t the trust: Ida Tarbell's John D
11 Newsweek 89:46-7 Ja 24 77
life 15:17 Ap '77
225:561-4 N 26 '77
Standard Oil Company. R. Stin.
U.S. Saudi relations and the oil crises of the
U.S. Canada transit pipeline treaty transmitted
1980s. D. A. Rustow. bibl f For Affairs 55:494-
to the Senate; message, March 30, 1977. J.
516 Ap '77
Carter. Dept State Bull 76:425 Ap 25 '77
nternational aspects
Who gets to distribute that extra Saudi oil.
eum-International aspects
Bus W p35-6 F 7 '77
Canada
First and forgotten pipeline; the War Depart-
Marketing
United States
ment's Canol project. P. L. Fradkin. 11 pors
Bitter rijsttafel; U.S. corporate contributors to
map Audubon 79:58-79 N '77
dependent Gasoline Marketers of
the Ramayana restaurant. por Time 109:58
14 '77
Egypt
Public relations
Can't lose for winning; Crown Central Petroleum.
Arab pipeline that's thirsty for oil: Sumed
S made possible by a grant:from
Forbes 120:42-3 J1 15 '77
'78 Schmertz. M. Gerrard. Esquire
Crime and no punishment; Home-Stake oil
pipeline. il Bus W p39-40 N 7 '77
swindle. J. K. Galbraith. il Esquire 88:102+ D
PETROLEUM pollution of waters. See Oil poilu-
tion of the sea
Regulation
eum laws and regulations
From coast to coast, an all-out race to find
PETROLEUM ports, See Petroleum shipping ter-
more oil. il U.S. News 82:30+ My 16 77
minals
Securities
George Mitchell and his edifice complex; Mitchell
petroleum refineries
Energy & Development Corp. L. Minard. il
Why oil refiners are drowning in crude. il Bus
nce to buy more of BP. Bus
por Forbes 120:81-2+ J1 1 77
W p37-8 Ag 15 '77
25 '77
Go get it, fellows! il Forbes 119:25-7 Je 1 '77
a sellers' market. il Forbes 120:
New octane race quietly revs up. il Bus W
Environmental aspects
p38-9 Ja 31 '77
Cancer mortality in U.S. counties with petroleum
Taxation
No rush. E. Marshall. New Repub 177:13-14 Ag
industries. W. J. Blot and others. bibl Sci-
in the energy plan. il Bus W p82
Oil 20 industry under siege: how it plans to meet
77.
ence 198:51-3 0 7 '77
Using cancer's rates to track its cause. map
the challenge. il U.S. News 83:73-4+ 0 31 '77
imills. Nat R 29:1476-7 D 23 77.
Bus W p69-70+ N 14 '77
On sources of energy. W. F. Buckley, Jr. Nat R
Wages and hours
29:1320-1 N 11 '77
Location
Populism and petroleum. il Progressive 41:6-7
wage levels cluster in petroleum
D '77
Boys from Buffalo Creek; proposed Pittston
Barsky. bibl il M Labor R 100:
Pumping money; Sigmor Corp. il por Forbes
Company refinery in Eastport. Me. J. E.
120:37 D 1 '77
Chappell, Jr. Progressive 41:11 N '77
Belgium
Should we break up the oil companies? contro-
blems come by the barrel. Bus
versy surrounding horizontal and vertical di-
Wages and hours
vestiture. I. Ross. Read Digest 110:153-4+ Je '77
See Petroleum industry-Wages and hours
Canada
Spanking the sisters; views of J. M. Blair.
PETROLEUM refining. See Petroleum-Refining
Canadian oil prices. Bus W p314
Time 109:47-8 F 28 '77
Tesoro's $130 million burden. por Bus W p93-4
PETROLEUM shipping terminals
My 9 77
Alaskan oil still can't find a Midwest route. Bus
me; Dome Petroleum. W. Schmick
U.S. energy crisis; horizontal divestiture; ad-
W p44 N 28 77
120 :24-5 Ag 1 '77
dress, November 30, 1976. R. Warner, Jr. Vital
Can they head off the tankers at the pass? pro-
Speeches 43:246-51 F 1 '77
posed Harbor Island superport off Texas coast.
Europe, Western
Watch your language, fellows! Parker Drilling
D. G. Schueler. Audubon 79:146-8 N '77
Co. Forbes 119:51 F 15 '77
Go-ahead at last for an oil superport: Louisiana
0 help the underdogs in oil. il Bus
77
Why chemical companies are nervous; expansion
Offshore Oil Port Inc. map Bus W p38 Ag
Great Britain
of ethylene production by oil companies. Forbes
15 '77
120:68 D 15 77
Valdez connection; question of Valdez as Alaska
th Sea save Britain? J. Ross
uns R 109:82-4+ My '77
See also names of oil companies, e.g. Mobil
pipeline shipping terminal. P. L. Fradkin. maps
Oil Company
Audubon 79:134-40 Mr '77
th Sea oil; P. Odell. por Forbes
History
PETROLEUM supply
77
Texas became Texas; excerpt from Early Texas
Adding to the gloom over world oil supplies;
pany takes a private loan; British
oil. il Am Heritage 28:48-55 Ap '77
Workshop on Alternative Energy Strategies re-
Corp. il Bus W D48 Je 20 771
port. Bus W p25-6 My 30 '77
PETROLEUM Industry lobby. See Lobbyists and
Another energy binge. M. Ruby and others.
eum Company
lobbying
il Newsweek 89:67 F 28 '77
PETROLEUM laws and regulations
Days dwindle down for a precious fuel. F.
Indonesia
Oil industry under siege: how it plans to meet
Kendig. il Sci Digest 82:44-6 o '77
the challenge. il U.S. News 83:73-4+ 0 31 '77
Drain Texas first-it's said with bitterness,
at Pertamina owes-and to whom:
surrounding payment to B. Rap-
Socking it to big oil. il Time 110:68-9 Ag 8 '77
partner. il U.S. News 82:29 My 9 '77
ental of oil tankers. il Bus W p90
Teddy bared; Kennedy bill to prevent horizontal
Guess what? We've got an oil glut. L. Smith.
divestiture by oil companies. Nat R 29:1097-8
il Duns R 110:58-60 S '77
S 30 '77
Guessing what's there. map Time 109:76-8 My 9
Iran
See also
'77
udas; excerpts from interview, ed
Oil and gas leases
How much more oil? P. H. Abelson. Science 198:
chmidt. Mohammed Reza Pahlevi.
PETROLEUM pipeline companies. See Pipeline
451 N 4 '77
week 89:47-8 Ja 24 '77
companies
Looming gap: study by Workshop on Alternative
Energy Strategies. A. J. Mayer. il Newsweek
Malaysia
PETROLEUM pipelines
89:48+ My 23 '77
See also
Now, an oil glut. D. Pauly and W. J. Cook. il
the international bankers. map
Pipeline companies
Newsweek 90:85+ S 19 '77
1y 16 '77
Oil will soon flow, but where will it go? P. L.
Shipping terminals
Fradkin. il Audubon 79:86-8+ Ja '77
Mexico
See Petroleum shipping terminals
Running short, no matter what: report by the
Pemex' Mexican pipeline plan.
Workshop on Alternative Energy Strategies.
and W. J. Cook. il map News
Alaska
Time 109:63 My 23 '77
Ag 1 '77
Alaska: now that oil is flowing, what next?
Secretary Vance testifies on energy program:
kes it rich; Petróleos Mexicanos
K. M. Chrysler. il map U.S. New 83:48-51 JI 11
statement. May 4, 1977. C. R. Vance. Dept
rbes 120:88 J1 1 '77
State Bull 76:564-6 My 30 '77
77
own & Root; yankee, come inia
Shortage of intelligence; CIA report on oil
Alaska oil. Audubon 79:155-6 S '77
supplies. Nat R 29:705 Je 24 '77
ontractor for state oil company
8 Ag 15 '77
Alaska pipeline. R. Gannon. 11.. Pop Sci 210:90-3
U.S.-Saudi relations and the oil crises of the
Ap '77
1980s. D. A. Rustow. bibl f For Affairs 55:494-
dollars for a new gas line. il Bus
Alaskan oil. P. H. Abelson. Science 196:13 Ap
516 Ap '77
'77
1 '77
What energy crisis? Current 198:42-3 D '77
U.S. over the price of gas; Pemex
p Bus W p32 Ja 9 '78
Alaskan oil still can't find a Midwest route. Bus
Whatever happened to the energy crisis? J. J.
W p44 N 28 '77
Du Pont. Conservationist 31:1 Ja '77
a
daring,
ple stacked like sardines?
South Street's piers; where will Pio-
the
private
If lower Manhattan is to be res
neer berth? What will happen to the
and
financing
vitalized, then why not start by elimi-
planned working shipyard, which has
as
it
is
nating cars from its streets, replacing
stirred up so much excitement?
evasion
by
the asphalt with cobblestones, lining
The proposal says that restaurants,
responsibility
the resulting malls with trees, flower
theaters, shops and offices are to be
beds and benches-and then turning
housed in new buildings for the Sea-
building
these attractive malls over to pedestri-
port. It has been South Street Sea-
above
the
ans, bicycles and mass transit?
port's plan to have such sources of
anhattan.
But
The air would be cleaner. The noise
entertainment in restored buildings,
it
necessary,
would be gone. The people would be
standing proud and beautiful.
East
Side
of
happier. And the whole. enterprise
South Street Seaport, supported not
ky-high
costs
would probably cost much less than
by tax dollars but by historic-minded
ruction
when
the proposed 113 acres of large build-
organizations and individuals, includ-
of
acres
ings.
ing its 17,000 members, wants to pre-
and
aban-
If 113 additional acres of land are
serve and restore not only old ships
available
to be added to lower Manhattan, then
and the buildings of the area but the
struction?
why not make the entire 113-acre site
pride of New Yorkers in their past.
ecause
even
a park of grass, trees and flowers? A
South Street was once known as "the
it's
a
safer
museum or two could be included and
Street of Ships." Let it be known as
invest-
perhaps an outdoor theater like the
that again.
is
in
"bad"
one in Central Park. If 'a' parking
Much has Been accomplished with
all,
who
garage has to be built on this site,
contributions of mőney, talent and
eautiful
new
why not build a garage for parking
time. Now that it is a "going thing,"
surround-
bicycles?
it should not be taken from the peo-
poor
people
The way to revitalize lower Manhat-
ple who created it. It should not be
that
in-
tan is to make it more livable, not
diminished and degraded.
sperate
pov-
less.
WILLIAM R. STIMSON
MARIE LORE
New York, April 13, 1972
Brooklyn, April 21, 1972
of "Thou Shalt Not Hit'
Alaska Pipeline Alternative:
ly stable parent in this matter, and
Tankers Are No Solution
amusement
"thou shalt not hit" is neither more
To the Editor:
irabile
dictu,
nor less viable than "the old virtues."
Walter Kohn's April 14 letter sug-
earing.
I
am
MATTHEW MENKEN, M.D.
gests the use of an alternative to the
the
under-
New Brunswick, N.J., April 6, 1972
trans-Alaska pipeline for the trans-
the
routine
portation of oil from Prudhoe Bay to
achers.
It
is
refineries within the United States.
however,
"rule
by
Sympathy for Jews
Unfortunately, his suggestion that the
oil be shipped by tanker directly from
force
tri-
To the Editor:
the North Slope during the summer
I read Joseph Kutay's April 11 letter,
poses severe environmental hazards of
that
indicate
"J.D.L. Antics," excoriating the Jewish
its own.
instructors
Defense League. True they seem to be
There are various ways in which
in
child-
rather foolish, but "fools rush in where
spills could result from transporting
Times,
I
angels fear to tread," and the J.D.L.
the oil by tanker. Many Arctic vet-
my
opin-
does seem to have been the only group
erans believe that the ever-present
the
notion
making a real fuss about Soviet Jews
oceanie ice flows could cripple a
surrogate,
for many months, while wiser people
250,000-ton tanker at any time of the
than
anger,
did nothing or proceeded cautiously.
year. The Arctic Ocean, off the North
occasionally
Concerning Mr. Kutay's worry about
Slope, is extremely shallow. Thirty
dissipating the outside world's sym-
miles is probably the closest any tank-
of
punish-
pathy, I've never noticed the outside
er terminal could be built to shore.
by
First
world feeling particularly sympathetic
Loading the tankers at sea will lead
are,
in
toward Jews, although maybe we
to spills, which would have disastrous
however
bring some of our troubles on our own
effects on wildlife, such as the bow-
Nothing
can
heads.
S. KRIZER
head whale, the polar bear and oceanic
emotional-
Jersey City, April 12, 1972
plankton. Chemical breakdown of the
oil on the ocean or shore would be
virtually nonexistent because of the
frigid temperatures. Thus, spilled oil
could remain in an area for decades
ARTHUR OCHS SULZBERGER, President
or even centuries.
HARDING F. BANCROFT, Executive
Vice President
The dangers of direct tanker ship-
IVAN VEIT, Executive Vice President
ping of Alaskan oil from Prudhoe Bay
are evident. The recently issued en-
JAMES C. GOODALE, Senior Vice President
vironmental impact. statement còn-
SYDNEY GRUSON, Senior Vice President
cerning the removal of oil from the
Times
WALTER MATTSON, Senior Vice President
North Slope must be studied Intensive-
JOHN MCCABE, Senior Vice President
ly before any action is decided upon.
The possibility of not removing the
10036
FRANCIS A. cox, Vice President
oil until a greater need arises must be
JOHN MORTIMER, Vice President
considered. The interests of mankind
FRED D. THOMPSON, Vice President
must be served before the demands of
business.
PETER FORSHAY
C. RAYMOND HULSART, Secretary
Environmental Studies Program
RALPH BOWMAN, Treasurer
Princeton University
Princeton, N. J., April 4, 1973
4/24/77 HILi5
death.
Adams, defeated by Jefferson In 1800,
"jurisdiction."
been started in Malaysia and Sri
and Secretary of State John Marshall,
Who shall be our law-makers?
Lanka. Population programs are being
who also became his Chief Justice
To dishonor traditions of yesterday
supported in India, Pakistan, the
and Chief Justice in Jefferson's Ad-
means stealing from today the hopes
Philippines and elsewhere in the de-
ministration. Jefferson was Marshall's
of tomorrow.
FRED G. MORITT
veloping world.
bitter personal and political enemy.
Acting Justice
The fund has now been given the
How were judges made? Adams,
New York State Supreme Court
task of making preparations for World
after his defeat, appointed 58 political
Brooklyn, March 21, 1973
Population Year (1974), which* it
regards as a vital beginning of an on-
NYT3/31/73 24:5
going worldwide program of public
education and information to intensify
public awareness of the need for coun-
In Defense of Prosperity
tries to adopt policies and measures
to deal with the situation in the varied
To the Editor:
is considered inflationary since it
ways in which it manifests itself in
Several years ago an article pub-
creates a situation where more money
different areas of the world. It Is
lished in the St. John's University
is chasing comparatively fewer goods,
hoped that by next year it might be
Review of Business raised the ques-
thus bidding up prices." This implies
possible for governments to reach
tion: "What is so bad about pros-
the need for the classic remedy:
workable international consensus. on
perity?" The question, and the
Reduce the supply of available money
population leading to a world plan` of
-always creating a depression.
action. The World Population Year
If that is a correct statement of the
secretariat hopes to enlist the active
equation: "More money than goods
support of governments, professional
equals inflation," why not try to in-
associations, business houses; labor
crease the supply of goods, rather
unions, women's organizations, reli-
than decrease the supply of money?
gious bodies, youth groups and xthe
UL
Of course, it is much simpler and
media everywhere to help in generat-
easier to restrict credit and reduce the
ing the information and creating the
supply of money, and, besides, that is
awareness through which practical
the way it has always been done.
solutions might be found.
But if the old way always leads to
TARZIE VITTACHI
depression, why not try the opposite
Executive Secretary
course? The result could not be any
World Population Year
worse, and the new way just might
United Nations, N. Y., March 22, 1973
be better.
An economist is a man (or woman,
today) who can draw a mathematically
Pipeline and Nature
Gabug
exact line from an unwarranted as-
To the Editor:
sumption to a foregone conclusion
Harvey Holman's March 4 letter
Clemenceau said, "War is too serious
("Why the Alaska Pipeline Should Be
suggested approach to the problem,
a matter to be left to the generals."
Built-Now") states that "the pro-
The direction of the economy of our
operated posed without significant ecologi-
pipeline
can
be
built
and
is timely today.
The viewpoint of the massive brains
country is too serious a matter to be
in the economists' fraternity is summed
left to the economists.
cal harm."
up in what all the economists always
PAUL D. SEGHERS
What does Mr. Holman consider
tell each other: "The booming economy
New York, March 16, 1973
"significant ecological harm"? Any
heated pipeline crossing the streams
in Alaska is bound to raise the tem-
perature of the water, resalting in
trouble for temperature-specific fish
Advances in Bolivia
We believe it is clear for all the
and killing sensitive nearby lichens
world to see that Bólivia has become
and other plants which have managed
To the Editor:
a far less ferrifying place than it was
to survive in this relatively unspoiled
Your Op-Ed page recently carried
a few years ago, and that those op-
territory.
an article under the headline "Govern-
posed to the present Bolivian Govern-
Is the large-scale alteration of flora
ment by Colonel," signed by Jaime
ment do not "daily meet death in the
and fauna without consideration of
Calderon and James Petras, who, it is
streets." On the contrary, it now ap-
the delicate balance of nature really
stated, are members of the United
pears that Bolivia enjoys the greater
the "service to humanity" Mr. Hol-
States Committee for Justice to Latin
prospects for broad economic and
man calls it? The solution to the
American Political Prisoners. After giv-
social advances than at any time in the
fuel crisis is not to exhaust the finite
ing this matter careful consideration,
recent past.
JORGE LONSDALE
oil supply left in the world but to
we have concluded that, as an institu-
CARLOS A. CONTRERAS
wind down the technology that cre-
tion that represents substantial effort
La Paz, Bolivia, March 14, 1973
ates a market for this fuel and a
for the better understanding between
The writers are, respectively, president
"need" for the destruction of natural
the peoples of Bolivia and the United
States, it is incumbent upon us to try
and secretary of the Bolivian-North
wilderness.
ELIZABETH SAENGER
to rectify the distorted image of
American Business Council.
New York, March 8, 1973
Boliyia presented by this unfortunate
article.
Though we do not question the right
To Protect Teachers and Students
of these individuals to express their
To the Editor:
ments by employes begins with the
personal opinions, we are surprised
that a publication as serious as yours
Under the title of
Muzzled
premise that "every employe of the
Teachers," your editorial of Feb. 24
district is free and encouraged to dis-
can give such favored treatment to
opinions which create a distorted and
characterized, without describing, the
cuss privately and publicly district
and school matters of public interest
incomplete image of the situation in
recent guidelines adopted by the Com-
and concern consistent with his obli-
Bolivia, as your. own reporters can
munity School Board of School District
16 concerning employes' statements
gations and responsibility as such
easily verify. We find it difficult to
as "dictatorial." We think the editorial
employe."
understand why The Times should ele-
fails to deal with the complex prob-
The guidelines then invoke the
vate what amounts to no more than a
heavily biased letter to the editor to
lems which prompted the guidelines,
propriate statutory power to disci-
the level of a major column accom-
whose premise goes to the protection
pline only where the school district
can sustain the burden of proving
panied by a large headline and a gro-
of the rights of our community's
tesque cartoon.
teachers and students alike.
that a statement either "demonstrates
a lack of capacity" on the part of a
The destructive bias of the article is
The guidelines grew out of a situa-
teacher to teach or is both a falsity
indicated by the writers' assertion that
tion in which a teacher in the school
and interference with the "effective
Bolivia "has become a terrifying place
district gave an interview to a re-
and proper operation of the district
for those concerned with social justice
porter who later published an article
or any of its schools."
containing the teacher's characteriza-
and political freedom" and that there
This is a heavy burđen which-the
tion of the school district as a "func-
are those "who daily meet death in the
school board has assumed to deal with
tional disaster area" and otherwise
streets." We do not intend to mention
this problem so that its weight bears
presented an unbalanced and distorted
down in favor of freedom of speech
all the distortions that appear in the
version of the educational conditions
to the maximum extent in considera-
article or enter into a political discus-
and efforts of the district.
tion of the duties and responsibilities
sion as that"lies beyond the scope of
Notwithstanding strong and articu-
a teacher, like any employe, volun-
the Bolivian-North American Business
lated community reaction, the Com-
tarity assumes in his accountability
Council. We do not hesitate, however,
munity School Board decided to press
to his employer.
to voice what appears to be obvious to
no charges and take no action against
Community school boards are em-
us in order to correct the pernicious
the teacher because of the absence
ployers and are as entitled to deal
exaggerations contained in the glori-
of guidelines defining his responsibili-
with the competency of their e,ma-
fied letter of Messrs. Calderon and
ties in the circumstances.
ployes as other employers. The
Petras.
The guidelines' reference to state-
guidelines of School District 16 were
drafted with specific reference to the
of
the
American
THE NEW YORK TIMES, MONDAY, AUGUST 7, 1972
26:4
Letters to the Editor
ARTHUR OCHS SULZBERGER
Publisher
Pipeline for Alaska's Oil
Storm King Project Opposed
JAMES RESTON, Vice President
To the Editor:
To the Editor:
The "rusty bottoms" that now de-
HN OAKES, Editorial Page Editor
I noted with more than usual Inter-
Your recent editorial ("Oil in
liver oil to scores of U.S. and Canadian
ASKIN, Assistant Editorial Page Editor
est the July 27 letter by Norman
Canadian Waters") covers two sub-
ports cannot be compared to the ves-
Macbeth.
M. ROSENTHAL, Managing Editor
jects lightly and fumbles around with
sels that the Alaska pipeline project
R TOPPING, Assistant Managing Editor
Since Mr. Luce, the chairman of
another, namely the Alaska oil pipe-
will be using.
ANTEL SCHWARZ, Sunday Editor
line.
Con Edison, has departed from the
Contemplate this: When the Alaska
First, out of one side of your mouth
path of fact-blaming the recent power
pipeline is in operation and modern,
failures on forces opposed to the
you are echoing and reinforcing the
IFTON DANIEL, Associate Editor
safe, American-built, American-oper-
fact that Canadians should be con-
pumped-storage plant at Storm King
ISON E. SALISBURY, Associate Editor
ated tankers are hauling Alaska crude
Mountain-I suppose it should not be
ToM WICKER, Associate Editor
cerned about "foreign" domination,
oil to West Coast refineries, the same
surprising that Mr. Macbeth has
saying "that Canada is rapidly losing
old foreign-registered "rusty bottoms"
chosen the wrong path, too.
control of its own resources, economy,
will still be in operation. And they
environment, and culture through deci-
probably will still be slopping a little
Mr. Macbeth seems to feel the oppo-
sions made south of the border."
oil around some of the ports. They are
sition to the Storm King project is
Then, out of the other side of your
the problems-not the Alaska pipeline.
provincial, selfish and centered in a
ty hospital system, still light-years
mouth you advocate that an oil pipe-
KATHLEEN DALTON
pocket on the east side of the Hudson
1 the mountainous problems of a
line from Alaska's oil-rich Arctic be
Middlebury, Vt., July 18, 1972
River. Nonsense. Those supporting
it, has benefited greatly from his
built through Canada and probably by
the Scenic Hudson Preservation Con-
Canadian labor. The Alaska pipeline
ference include national associations
To the Editor:
project is the costliest construction
with impeccable credentials. the City
The final environmental impact
ever undertaken by private industry.
of New York and individuals from
statement on the proposed trans-
And you want to give that economic
Maine to Hawaii.
SALT Ploy
Alaska pipeline is a documented report
boost to Canada?
on how systematically to abuse nature
Mr. Macbeth feels the pumped-
You are, advocating more south-of-
and destroy a wilderness. Only in a
storage plant "provides the least pol-
olitics as well as economics that
the-border decision-making for Canada.
society such as ours that is shockproof
lution of any energy-creating facility."
I "on the margin." Possessors of
Your point about the western Cana-
to violence whether against nature
Wrong again. Con Edison plants in
dian concern over a recent 12,000 gal-
eeded to pass a law or win an
or man - could such a report be
New York City, now a serious air-
lon oil spill in Washington state by a
tolerated.
pollution factor, would have to run all
termine policy for the majority.
Liberian tanker is not arguable. It hap-
Only in a society such as ours, where
night* to provide pumping power for
inistration has been paying to its
pened. The Canadians are concerned.
the tangibles like affluence, gross na-
Storm King. Three kilowatts of power
rs for acceptance of the historic
Washingtonians are concerned. As an
tional product, economic growth and
would be consumed for every two re-
tion (SALT I) agreements with
Alaskan, I am concerned.
a high standard of living are more
turned from the mountain.
eginning to seem excessive even
Your editorial leaves the wrong
important than the intangibles of life,
Mr. Macbeth says the Storm King
1 White House itself. The over-
impression that if an oil pipeline is
is it welcomed. Only in a nation such
plant would cost us "some fish" and
built through Alaska and oil is trans-
as ours, which is becoming devoid of
that "a few fish is a small price to
support given to reservations in
ported south by sea that hundreds of
ethics, principles, conscience and re-
pay for the reserve power the plant
by Senator Henry Jackson report-
miles of beautiful British Columbia
sponsibility, and where its people are
would provide." A "few" fish? Noted
ered. It has to be seen whether
coastline may be fouled by a massive
consumers instead of citizens, would
biologists have predicted that a signifi-
really can be found that does not
batch of black goo.
it be accepted.
cant number of the 35 species in the
pacts and, even more, the pros-
Tankers being built to carry Alaska
The çonstruction of the trans-Alaska
river would be endangered, with pos-
uctions of nuclear weapons in
crude oil to U.S. ports are the best-
pipeline may be the coup de grâce that
sible ultimate massive decimation,
designed, safest, best-engineered and
will finally convince the rest of the
which would be a fatal blow to com-
best-outfitted in the world. They are
world that we are no longer a civilized
mercial and sports fishing.
tone for strategic arms limitation,
equipped with the most sophisticated
nation.
KENNETH QUADE
Mr. Luce's statement is a misrepre-
defensive antiballistic missiles
navigational instruments.
Pembine, Wis., July 24, 1972
sentation. The cause of the recent
I side, already has been approved
power failures has nothing to do with
It halts the offense-defense race-
the Storm King plant or generating
S it feasible not only to limit but
capacity. On the contrary, the failures
were due to the inadequacy of Con
ategic offensive forces, only some
Starving Public TV
Ed's distribution within the city. And
mporarily restricted now.
To the Editor:
no one has ever objected to the utility
year agreement limiting numbers
In his "debate" with Douglas Cater
properly maintaining its distribution
ne missiles could make a useful
regarding public television (Op-Ed,
system.
ALEXANDER SAUNDERS
control, even though it permits
July 21), Jeffrey St. John rather glibly
Chairman, Scenic Hudson
in offensive missile forces and
consigns public TV to starvation. At
Preservation Conference
one point he condemns it for serving
New York, Aug. 1, 1972
entagon efforts to accelerate non-
not the public but an "élitist audience
pons programs, such as the long-
of students, academics, intellectuals,
submarine and the B-1 bomber.
professionals and politicians." Then he
To the Editor:
tion, as it now stands, makes it
concludes that public broadcasting
The July 27 letter of Norman Mac-
hat interim agreement is worth
should get no Government money and
beth on the Storm King power project
should "go elsewhere for its funds."
is misleading, to say the least:* The
vation in the Jackson resolution
The "élite audience" argument, of
letter says there is no air pollution
course, could be used equally against
from the project. Unfortunately, this
Union against taking steps to
public libraries, museums, and public
is not so.
rategic deterrent forces, saying
colleges and universities. Must those
The-water must first be pumped up-
ounds for abrogating the treaty.
who want something more tasteful or
hill. This requires three kilowatts of
stimulating than lowest-common-de-
00
eady is covered by the standard
00
energy for every two produced. The
erim offensive missile agreement.
nominator TV entertainment be a
energy will have to be generated by
permanent, deprived minority?
operating fossil fuel power plants in
abrogate that agreement at any
As for "going elsewhere," one must
the heart of New York City during
developments actually endanger
ask, "Where?" Non-Government fund-
low-power-demand periods of the day
re is no need to specify as one
ing was tried thoroughly and proved
(i.e. night and early morning).
et deployment of MIRV multiple
totally inadequate. Even with the
Air pollution will actually be in-
S-9 missiles-a development that
present modest Federal funding, pub-
Fred Schwab
creased by 50 per cent through the
has made inevitable by inventing
lic television is on a starvation diet—
use of Storm King and the pollutants
with one-fifth the per capita funds of
ing committed in advance. But public
and refusing to make realistic
will be released at a period of the day
England's noncommercial B.B.C.-TV,
broadcasting in the United States is a
when ventilation of the city is at its
MIRV ban. If Soviet MIRV's one
one-quarter of Japan's noncommercial
long way from unleashing a great out-
worst.
ROBERT N. RICKLES
he American Minuteman force-
television, and one-twentieth or less of
pouring of creativity. Most program
New York, July 28,
has insisted that they could not
United States commercial TV.
schedules are planned and funded in a
To develop creative programing
of chaotic uncertainty.
statute
in
force.
And so Gov. Thomas J. Meskill
called the General Assembly into spe-
cial session this Tuesday to write a
new abortion law, one he himself
hopes will be as strong as the one the
The IS
The New York Times/William E. Saurol United Press International,
courts have struck down. For Gover-
Audio-visual aids in the battle over New York State's
nor Meskill is a vehement opponent of
liberal abortion law in the legislature last week. For
liberalized abortion. He considers
you
repeal: a photograph of a 21-week-old fetus. Against
abortion to be murder, whether per-
repeal: a coat hanger, said to be the kind of instrument
formed by a surgeon in a hospital or
many women used to self-abort before the 1970 law was
by "an old woman with a hatpin in
Profes
a dirty alley."
Housir
passed.
-WILLIAM E. FARRELL
Busine
nouncements in 1970 that he would
Pipeline:
But there were other arguments in
save the environment. But since then
the Administration has consistently
favor of a pipeline. In his four-page
backed off on that. We intend to use
statement announcing Thursday's deci-
For further
Friends
sion, Mr.. Morton outlined some of
it as an opening wedge against Nixon's
515 Park Av
them. By 1980, he said, the United
entire environmental policy in this
or
120
States will be consuming 20 to 25 mil-
year's Presidential campaign."
Of the
lion barrels of crude oil a day. Domes-
Geritlemen:
The Alaska pipeline concept dates
tic production will be only 9 to 12
back nearly a half decade. The nation's
million barrels daily. The expected out-
Please
major petroleum companies were con-
Earth vs.
put of the Alaskan field (2 million
sidering the best methods of milking
barrels a day) will help make up part
I wou
the tremendous reservoir of oil they
had discovered under the frozen
of that energy deficit. Thus, faced
with the choice between energy needs
(please print
Secretary
wastes of the Alaskan North Slope
Name
and environmental danger, the Ad-
around Prudhoe Bay. A giant, ice-
Address
ministration was opting for the former.
breaking tanker had been sent through
City.
Morton
the Northwest Passage across the top
The Alaskan production would also
Profession of
of Canada but the tremendous diffi-
cut into the amount of oil the United
culty encountered on that trip forced
States would have to bring in from
the petroleum companies to look to
abroad-a national security considera-
At 3 P.M. last Thursday, the Interior
other means of transport.
tion. As one Administration official
Department workers filling the lobby
Their solution: a pipeline to an ice-
put it, much of the foreign oil could
in Washington were informed that
free port or directly to the consumer
easily be cut off "by any bunch of
Secretary Rogers C. B. Morton would
market. The alternative routes: directly
Arab sheiks that may decide to boy-
not be there in person to kick off the
south nearly 800 miles across Alaska,
cott the United States for blackmail."
annual campaign to Duy savings bonds.
or southeasterly across the entire
To underline the problem, while the
He had "another meeting upstairs."
breadth of Canada to the American
Alaska pipeline approval was being
And it was quite a meeting. Up-
Midwest.
announced at Interior, across town at
stairs, Mr. Morton was announcing the
In the interim, however, spurred on
the White House President Nixon was
most important environmental decision
by the growing environmental lobby,
telling reporters that he planned to
yet made by the Nixon Administration
the Nixon Administration had passed
increase by 15 per cent the amount
-the decision to approve construction
the National Environmental Policy Act
of oil allowed into, this country from
of the controversial trans-Alaska oil
-providing that each branch of gov-
the Middle East, Latin America and
pipeline.
ernment had to take into account, as
Canada. Another import quota in-
The timing of the announcement was
a central criterion for its review of
crease had been announced just last
a surprise, since many had expected
December.
any major project, that project's total
it would not come until the November
effect on the environment.
Meanwhile, environmental groups
Presidential election was safely past.
The Alaskan pipeline was slated as
were preparing for the long court test
But the responsè to the decision, with
the first major test of that act. And
ahead. Friends of the Earth was
its implications for the nation's eco-
six weeks ago, the Department of the
searching in Alaska for a group of
logical and energy policies, was rapid.
Interior published a nine-volume En-
individuals directly affected by the
Environmental leaders said they would
vironmental Impact Statement on the
trans-Alaskan pipeline route to act, as
contest the issue, in the courts and on
project. "The most comprehensive en-
plaintiffs in a suit.
the political battlefield.
vironmental impact statement ever
"What we're more concerned about
JEWE
"It's an indication of the attitude of
prepared," Secretary Morton called it
than anything else is that once an
FRO
the entire Administration," said Robert
last Thursday.
Administration makes a major decision
Rauch of Friends of the Earth, one of
It raised many questions about the
like this it will be taken as an indica-
four environmental groups-the Sierra
damage the pipeline would have on the
tion of their attitude," Mr. Rauch said.
Club, the Environmental Defense Fund
environment. The heat of the high
"The oil lobby and the Industrialists
and the Wilderness Society are the
temperature crude oil would melt the
in all areas ill, be thinking to them-
others-that have pledged to challenge
permafrost and destroy the fragile
selves, "Well, now the Administration
the pipeline all the way to the Supreme
tundra. There might be breaks and
will be an easy pushover on all this
Court. "Nixon came in with great pro-
oil spills along the route.
stuff.'
-DAVID A. ANDELMAN
a
series
of
costs of production and
news-
can
develop-
paper advertisements which propound
transportation of their products, and
ment of effective, coherent energy
vigor.
the end of the
was more essential.
eign Relations
The petroleum industry has under-
this message: We have an energy
the costs were passed on to consumers,
policies by consuming nations.
The
crisis; cheap energy Is essential;
consumers would adjust their quantity
this.
ator Fulbright
gone significant changes in recent
One area where greater international
years. We are moving away from an
cooperation is required is in the
environmentalists are hostile to growth
demanded accordingly. The spectre of
munis
resident Eisen-
to Khrushchev
Organization for Economic Cooperation
and are preventing us from supplying
growing demand disregards the possi-
in con
era when oil was a relatively low-
everyone's energy needs.
bility of influencing the demand for
tors
illance flights
priced commodity with ample sup-
and Development. I would hope that
The ads quietly promote offshore
energy with prices.
plies available into a period of tight
their
ver Russia.
the United States, as the largest
drilling in the Atlantic to ease the
The explanation most often given
commonplace
supplies and rapidly rising costs. The
consumer of oil, would take a more
tional
energy crisis and loudly propose
for growing demand is "More people,
t is such a ha-
major industrial nations have become
active role in the deliberations of this
was
increasingly dependent on oil from
organization. The group's oil commit-
energy conservation primarily through
plus rising living standards." Yet the
interes
'nt life that it
tee is the only intergovernmental
appropriate tuning of automobile
declining birth rate is also read as a
oks, not quite
the Middle East. Recognizing their in-
mandate "that new oil and gas reserves
Sec
creased bargaining power, the oil-pro-
group where oil issues are under
engines. Although we recognize the
right of any company to advertise its
will have to be discovered at a higher
nism
id movies as a
r than books
ducing nations have set up the Or-
continuing review.
rate than ever before." It is clear that
popula
n.
ganization of Petroleum Exporting
product, the companies have used
I am convinced that the international
advertising space to address directly
oil companies cannot envision any
ing the
Countries, which has welded them
oil companies can make a vital
circumstances which would not require
Sociali
esting lies be-
into an alliance of interest.
issues of public concern. And the
contribution toward the objectives
discovery at a higher rate than ever
feasible
ays is the lie
Because demand continues to rise
message has been one-sided-a matter
ia. The devi- e
listed. Petroleum is essentially a
of some significance since many of the
before.
norma
and because world oil resources are
business of international management,
Because environmentalists have
attemp
n shows what
finite, we can expect further increases
suggestions made in the ads have
foreign policy
and the existing companies have
in the cost of crude oil. The cost of
found their way into the President's
noted the risks in increasing energy
tion W
demonstrated their ability to organize
energy messages.
production, they are accused of being
only f
new discoveries elsewhere also will
the financial and human resources
In the ads, as in the President's
hostile to growth and indifferent to
munist
ment version
be high. Complicating the problem are
needed to search for new reserves,
the needs of ordinary people. Business,
vostok
ind President
the many new environmental regula-
message, projections of energy use are
develop technology and expand the
tions which govern both the produc-
presented as facts: 1985 Americans
on the other hand, is described in
The
to go ahead
distribution system to meet increasing
several ads as adaptive, responsive,
out of Cam-
tion and consumption of oil. What is the
will be consuming twice as much
with
demand.
energy as they do today." Or, "The
clever, the most effective instrument
where
0 the Ameri-
best response to these new problems?
Secretary of
U.S. will consume twice as much oil
of change (even "revolutionary") and
joined
I think the best way to answer that
J. K. Jamieson is chairman of the
in the next thirty years as it has in the
especially efficient in serving the
tionists
atter, that it
question is to identify energy objec-
it miserable
hoard of Exxon Corporation. This
entire history of the country's oil
needs of the poor. In fact, "the poor"
preside
tives on which oil-exporting and oil-
article is adapted from a speech in
industry." These projections assume
are used to legitimize increasing
Relativi
consuming countries can agree, and
that the price of energy will remain
energy production: "There will be
Tokyo.
attemp
ers wanted
would suggest as possible goals: The
millions more of us in the years ahead
An
rican public,
recognition that both have an interest
and each of us-especially the poor-
France
the Penta-
in maintaining a wide range of op=
will require more energy to improve
munist
ere actually
tions. It is equally important for pro-
If they had
ducers to have a number of markets
Alaska Pipe Dream
our living standards." But this concern
ture-
for the poor does not ring true. The
actually at
and for consumers to have a number
poor, clustered in cities, have suffered
range
which
e leaked to
of suppliers; reasonable prices, based
most from the pollution of automobiles.
working perfectly in American war
than in
on competitive and commercial fac-
(Automobiles consume 55 per cent of
tors and a firm adherence to con-
By Lawrence Ferlinghetti
machines and automobiles, not to
ties the
transportation energy, more than half
mention the Mayor of Montreal's auto-
a Gaul
tracts; efforts to reduce the potential
of which is consumed within urban
R
for environmental damage in all
MONTREAL-One fine day like the
mobile, and in any case the blood was
areas.) Nor do pricing policies reflect
phases of oil operations; more efficient
day after tomorrow while the Canadi-
not the Canadian ministry's blood and
a concern for the poor.
FO
red the po-
use of petroleum, and an effort to help
an Energy Minister was minding his
it was not the American peophys
Consumer education is necessary
the Cambo-
developing countries meet energy
own business by saying the Alaska oil
blood, it was simply the blood of one
but the individual consumer cannot
needs. Rising costs could prevent them
pipeline was really an "internal matter"
tly-so the
billion waterfowl who had been unable
solve the energy problem. Energy price
reform
from meeting minimum energy de-
in the U.S.A. and not for Canadians
to feed in the tundra which had been
structures as well as the level of
The
very im-
mands, much less supporting economic
to jump into, one fine day in the not
dent
it was okay
disrupted by the perfectly innocent
prices need to be corrected. Intracity
development. Such a failure could af-
too distant future while the Energy
pipeline, and it was simply the blood
and intercity mass transit will have to
back in
rt the Viet-
fect their political stability.
them, pro-
Minister was talking he suddenly
of one billion fish in Canadian water-
be improved. The favored treatment of
longer
I am hopeful these objectives can
noticed that one leg of his trousers
ways and one billion fish in Canadian
primary production, through taxes and
seem
SS about it.
be achieved, but it will not be done
was wet, and hoping it was not what
sion of the
seaways who were no longer able to
subsidies, will have to be eliminated.
is certa
easily. Some people feel the consum-
he thought it was, he reached down
eat the plankton now flavored with
Advertising has played its part in
Commu
represented
ing nations should form a bargaining
and determined that in fact it was not
and Stalin-
salted oil, and it was simply the blood
the energy problem by encouraging
than at
group to offset the organization. Such
an internal matter at all but an ex-
of one billion deer in the Northern
consumption and oversimplifying or
War II.
ilt to sum-
a confrontation could rule out rational
ternal matter of oil, and yet not pure
Territory and one billion other wild
ignoring the complicated issues. The
Altho
1 high sta-
compromise in future negotiations.
oil for when he inspected his hand
animals in other frozen territories in
energy question demands more dis-
ocratic
00 may be
There is also the possibility of de-
he found it not only oily but bloody.
h whether
the Siberia of Canada which had grad-
cussion and debate than advertising
ter-left
structive competition among individual
and when he rushed to the lab to find
ually become unfrozen for the first
allows:= And more is demanded than
regime.
consuming nations seeking privileged
out why blood was mixed with oil and
time in recorded time due to the
exhortation from the media. Until the
as well
1e Govern-
access to energy supplies.
whether or not it was his blood mixed
world's largest oil spill which had re-
oil companies come out from behind
more lef
ent about
I suggest an alternative course
with their oil or their blood mixed
sulted from earthquake pipeline rup-
the smokescreen they have created
-includ
e. The ex-
based on cooperation and mutual ac-
with his oil or whatever, he was in-
turings which caused a great wash of
there can be little hope of an intelli-
Italian
e was jus-
commodation. Producing countries,
formed by the laboratory hired by the
hot underground oil to pour eastward
gent dialogue concerning the necessary
the West
ary neces-
consuming countries and oil companies
oil company that there was really
from Alaska all over the geologic un-
actions.
are parts of an interdependent system.
In Ind
nothing to worry about at all, since
derground strataface of Canada, so
Dr. Robert K. Davis is an economist.
We must all cooperate if we are to
and othe
roves also
the blood would not stop the oil from
that the St. Lawrence dripped both oil
He is on the staff of the national
attain our energy goals.
Marxist
and animal blood into the water sup-
Some of the issues that need to be
Auduhon Society and a faculty member
be offered
Lawrence Ferlinghetti is a poet who
modified
ply of Montreal, but this was strictly
addressed are Government policies on
of the Johns Hopkins University.
lives in San Francisco where there is
a pragm
absolutely
an Internal American Matter. and we
Carole Grossman works with Dr.
development of new energy sources,
no tundra.
ance, see
were not concerned at all, at all
Davis on environmental policy issues.
regular
d be that
Almost
Iged with-
ne a vice
locracy re-
23:3
Look Back in Sentiment
ception
minority
longer
izenry in-
tionary
electorate,
Exactly what kind of a way is hard
By Roger Rosenblatt
that was the point; it 'Was that the
soup lines. We know this is true, just
favor leg
to tell. Like art, nostalgia deals with
desire for innocence on the part of the
as we also know that only from the
even rela
however,
snows of yesteryear, emotion recol-
hero was not sincere. The*skeptics of
comfort and safety of marriages and
massive
support of
WASHINGTON-It's a boom all
lected in tranquillity, the affectionate
the story were right from the start,
families, do we pine for that scarred
calmer se
its lying.
right. We can tell because nostalgia
and painful remembrance of things
and were proved right. Joel McCrea
gym floor, streamers dangling from
AS far
most dan-
record companies and movie houses
past. Unlike art, it does not deal with
craving to participate in tramp life rep-
both baskets, blue cellophane taped to
Chinese
em to be
are rąking in dollars like they're going
these things seriously. There is, in the
resented the wish to participate in a
the spot lights, and Flora in our arms.
balance th
t acquires
out of style. If dollars do go out of
reclamation of the past, the claiming
traditional American freedom dream
dging that
style, they will become objects of nos-
of a kind of eternity, in a sense, the
It seems reasonable, then, that if
the nation
and simultaneously to observe and re-
t very im-
talgia themselves. The only qualifica-
achievement of an afterworld in the
nostalgia is a consequence of affluence,
the ninet
arrange (direct) the dream. In other
be better
tion for the feeling is that it be di-
shape of the world already gone. We
it may also be a product of the kind of
feverish
words, it was pure nostalgia, as we
rected toward something remote and
progressivism attached to it. Our af-
philes and
stening to
find this sense in Joyce, Proust and
know and practice it. It was the wish
credulity
irrecoverable, thereby making every-
Wordsworth, but nothing nearly so im-
fluence is, after all, an emblem of our
who wishe
to retrieve a condition of freedom and
ution and
thing in our experience available to it.'
portant in nostalgia. In a stream of
faith in progress, in an onward-and-
latent pov
carelessness apart from any cogni-
r has for
consciousness one seeks both inno-
upward mobility whose principal, and
Slavs and
The word is a gift from the Greeks
zanoe of responsibility, and at the same
national, caveat has been "Don't look
and develo
best the
(nostos return home; algos pain),
cence and an understanding of experi-
time to be able to delimit, or give
ence. In nostalgia one seeks only inno-
back." When, however, we have gone
What
who connected it with nostology, as-
order to that freedom solely in person-
as on or as up as we can or care to,
called the
tched the
suming nostalgia to be the practice of
cence, though there is artfulness with-
al terms.
the old. Lately even that connection
in that seeking and probably more than
we do look back, partly because we are
sense, duri
he Water-
This is child's play, of course, which
secure enough to know that we won't
nant factio
developed
has worn away. In our time nostalgia
we care to admit.
ut almost
seems to be most heatedly felt by col-
In an old movie called "Sullivan's
is exactly what nostalgia encourages.
actually fall back by doing so, and
the revolut
It is the sincere-expression of what is
partly because we may be feeling more
counting he
is particu-
lege students and teen-agers who are
Travels," Joel McCrea played a great
at base an insincere desire. Yes, cer-
too young to remember anything.
Hollywood director whose fame had
than a little guilty about the ruthless-
battlefield.
ent were
tainly, we want to relive those thrill-
ness and thrust of our forward motion.
much of the
ural men-
been built on turning out a number of
What has happened, evidently, is
ing days of yesteryear, but only be-
Nostalgia, so used, becomes a form of
and comme
verything
successful sophisticated comedies. But
that people have begun to sentimental-
cause we are absolutely assured that
the director regarded these former
absolution, an ideal form because the
try. Subse
ize experiences at such a rapid rate
those days are out of reach. We believe
successes as frivolous and sought to
pain it causes is merely charming.
most Weste
at the fa,
that the sentimentalization has be-
in yesterday, as the song says, just as
make a movie about tramp life in
These varieties of regeneration and
But now
al spokes-
come at least as interesting and
long as we can exercise control over
America instead. In order to do it
absolution account more than any
China has
1e Depart-
memorable as the experiences them-
the objects of faith. In short, nostalgia
right, he ran away from his girl (Ve-
other element, I think, for the nostal-
political str
have-you,
selves. One does not need to have
does for us what history cannot
ronica
and
H441-23.2
H441-22.4: Apr. 19, 1973. p. 245-362.
responsibility of seven companies forming
b. Letter from subcom requesting assurance
Witness: EGAN, William A., Gov, Alaska: ac-
Alyeska; rights-of-way required to construct
from members of Alyeska that Alaska pipe-
companied by Havelock, John, atty gen.
Alaska pipeline (charts, p. 576-577).
line oil will remain in the U.S.; and compa-
Statement and Discussion: Economic advan-
H441-22.9: May 2, 1973. p. 549-571.
nies' responses (p. 590-596).
tages of Alaska pipeline; importance of foreign
Witness: SPAHR, Charles E., chm, Standard
C. Canadian government position on negotia-
crude oil prices in determination of U.S. refi-
Oil Co. Cleveland, Ohio; accompanied by Ma-
nery prices; comparative costs of Alaskan and
tions with U.S. on proposed trans-Canada
dar, William, mgr of crude oil.
Canadian pipelines, and denial of cost savings
pipeline, correspondence and articles (p. 916-
Statement and Discussion: Adverse effect of
from Canada route.
932).
delays in Alaska pipeline construction: eco-
Insertions: "Moving Alaska Oil, Trans-Canada
nomic advantages of Alaska pipeline to both
d. Plaintiffs' brief in National Environmental
or Trans-Alaska? A Study of the Merits" by
West Coast and Midwest; extent of U.S. oil
Policy Act issues before U.S. District Court
Alaska Pipeline Coordinating Committee,
and natural gas exports to Japan; effect on pe-
for D.C. in Wilderness Society et al V. Rogers
May 1973 (p. 252-272).
troleum supply of environmental restrictions
C. B. Morton (p. 996-1125).
"Energy in California. Its Supply/Demand
on refinery site and construction.
Problem" by Calif Dept of Conservation, Jan.
e. Environmental impact statements evaluation
1973 (p. 272-310).
H441-22.10: Brief Testimony.
for plaintiffs, by Center for Law and Social
"Trans-Alaska Pipeline System Preliminary
Witnesses: CAMP, John N., (Rep, R-Okla).
Policy (p. 1126-1179).
Feasibility Study" by Tippetts-Abbett-
p. 128-130.
(For summary of brief items of testimony, see
McCarthy-Stratton, Mar. 1972 (p. 311-327).
CRANSTON, Earl, pres. Oil Resources Inc.
H441-23.9.)
"An Environmental Analysis of the Mack-
Billings. Mont. p. 515-522.
enzie Valley Pipeline Research Limited Re-
DINGELL, John D., (Rep, D-Mich), p. 362-
H441-23.1: May 17, 1973. p. 609-729.
port Entitled 'Arctic Oil Pipeline Feasibility
371.
Witnesses: DIENELT, John F., staff counsel.
Study of 1972" by Max C. Brewer (p. 343-
HOSMER, Craig, (Rep, R-Calif), p. 507-515.
representing Wilderness Soc. Environmental
348).
McGUIRE, John R., Chief. Forest Service.
Def Fund. and Friends of the Earth.
USDA. p. 390-395.
H441-22.5: Apr. 19. 1973. p. 371-390.
CURRY, Robert R., assoc prof. environmen-
MEEDS, Lloyd, (Rep. D-Wash). p. 111-119.
tal geology. Univ of Mont.
Witness: ASPIN, Les, (Rep. D-Wis)
RUPPE, Philip E., (Rep. R-Mich). p. 106-111.
CICCHETTI, Charles J., visiting assoc prof
Statement and Discussion: Explanation of
TANKERSLEY, G. J., pres. East Ohio Gas
of economics and environmental studies. Univ
H.R. 4707: environmental advantages of
Co: representing Amer Gas Assn, p. 497-506.
of Wis.
Canadian pipeline. and its effect on Midwest
UDALL, Morris K., (Rep. D-Ariz), p. 70-82.
FREEMAN, A. Myrick, III, visiting prof of
oil supply and price: alleged willingness of
YOUNG, Don, (Rep. R-Alaska). p. 119-128.
economics. Univ of Wis.
Canadian government to negotiate.
Brief Items of Testimony: Views on Alaska
STOEL, Thomas B., Jr., atty. Natl Resources
Insertion: Comparative supply and demand
pipeline construction and on legislation to
Def Council.
data for Alaska and Canada pipelines. by re-
change rights-of-way limitations on public
Statements: Claimed superiority of trans-
gion, 1980 (p. 379-381).
lands for oil and gas pipelines.
Canada pipeline alternative and request for
H441-22.6: Apr. 30. 1973. p. 401-432.
congressional action to insure its conformity
Witness: SIMON, William E., Dep Sec. Treas
with National Environmental Protection Act
Dept: accompanied by Essley, Phil, Spec Asst
H441-23
OIL AND NATURAL GAS
objectives: geographic and environmental ad-
on Energy.
PIPELINE RIGHTS-OF-WAY,
vantages of Canada route: benefit-cost com-
Statement and Discussion: Urgent need for
Part 2.
parisons of trans-Canada and trans-Alaska
Alaska's North Slope oil reserves: claimed
May 17. 21. 22. 29, June 7.
pipelines. (p. 609-658)
economic benefits from Alaska pipeline. and
1973. 93-1.
Criticism of trans-Alaska impact state-
its effect on balance of payments. national
$3.45 S/N 5270-01932.
ment's inadequate consideration of alterna-
security. and employment opportunities: poss-
Item 1023.
tives: economic advantages from Canadian
ibility of Canadian gas pipeline construction:
vii+579-1180 p. il.
route: denial of balance of payments benefits
comparative costs (tables. p. 427-429) of
Y4.In8/14:93-12/pt.2.
from Alaska pipeline: security advantage in
North Slope and foreign oil.
31026(73).
73-602599.
delivering oil to area with greatest need. (p.
658-706)
H441-22.7: Apr. 30. 1973. p. 432-495.
Committee Serial No. 93-12. Continuation of
Witness: WHITAKER, John C., Under Sec of
hearings before the Subcom on Public Lands on
Discussion: Problem of delays from Canada's
Interior.
legislation relating to trans-Alaska and trans-
need to negotiate for settlement of native
Statement and Discussion: Adequacy of In-
Canada pipeline construction and to rights-of-
claims: possible oversupply of oil on West
terior Dept's environmental impact statement
way in general for unconstructed petroleum and
Coast resulting from Alaska pipeline: concern
on Alaskan pipeline: objection to delays
natural gas pipelines (for complete list and sum-
over inadequate research on effect of perma-
caused by considering an alternative Canadian
maries of bills. see H441-22). This volume con-
frost on oil lines (p. 706-729)
route: predicted supply and demand (tables. p.
siders the following:
Insertions: "The Trans Alaska Pipeline: A
467-471) for petroleum to 1965.
H.R. 6756. the Trans-Alaska Pipeline Authori-
Benefit Cost Analysis of Alternatives" by C.J.
Insertions: "Stipulations for Proposed Trans-
zation Act of 1973.
Cicchetti. research study including graphs, ta-
H.R. 5524. the Federal Lands Rights-of-Way
bles, and formulas for estimating costs (p. 631-
Alaska Pipeline." rpt prepared by Interior
652).
Dep: and Fed Task Force on Alaskan Oil Dev.
Act of 1973.
"An Evaluation of the Final Environmental
Fet 972 (p. 444-461).
H.R. 54-1, the National Resource Lands Man-
Impact Statement on the Proposed Trans-
in Analysis of Alaskan Oil: Alternative
agem...t Act of 1973.
Alaska Pipeline and An Analysis of the Eco-
Routes and Markets" by - ept of Interior Of-
Also considers the following additional bill:
nomic and Security Aspects of the Trans-
fice of Economic Analysis. May 1, 1973 (p.
H.R. 7851 (text. p. 579-582), the Arctic Oil
471-483).
Alaska Pipeline" by A. M. Freeman, III,
and Natural Gas Act of 1973. to provide for
research study. including tables and formulas
Trans-Alaska Versus Trans-Canada Routes
a study of an available trans-Cunada pipeline
for estimating costs 665-694).)
for North Slope Oil. Some Economic Consid-
route to transmit petroleum from the Alaska
erations" by Dept of Interior Office of Eco-
North Slope to continental U.S.
H441-23.2: May 1973 p. 741-756.
nomic Apr. 30. 1973 (p. 483-495).
H.R. 9130. appearing on cover of hearing, is not
Witness: ROSAN, Richard A., sr vp and gen
H441-22.8: May 1. 1973 p. 522-544. 572-577.
considered in this volume.
counsel. Columbia Gas System Service Corp.
Witness: PATTON, E. L., pres. Alyeska Pipe-
Submitted material (p. 982-1179 and through-
Wilmington. Del.
line Service Co: accompanied by Knodell,
out) includes:
Statement and Discussion: Support for H.R.
John D., gen counsel and sec.
a. A oint energy policy statement by Amer Gas
6756: importance of natural gas to economy
Statement and Discussion: Objection to delays
Assn, Amer Petroleum Inst, Atomic Indus-
and need for development of reserves: com-
in Alaska pipeline construction and to legisla-
trial Forum, Edison Electric Inst. and Natl
parison (table. p. 746-747) of gas line construc-
tion requiring further study of project: legal
Coal Assn (p. 584-588).
tion bills.
Volume 4, Number 1-12
1973
CIS/INDEX
207
H441-23.3
H441-23.3: May 22, 1973. p. 784-795
MOORE, Terris, pres emeritus, Univ of
Alaska, p. 600-608.
H441-24.1: June 15, 18, 1973. p. 1183-1702
Witness: NYMAN, Alexander, consulting
professional engr, Dover, Mass.
PHILLIPS, Glenn M., student, Evergreen
Witness: MORTON, Rogers C. B., Sec of In
Statement and Discussion: Concern over oil
State Coll, Olympia, Wash, p. 822-826.
terior; accompanied by Carter, Jared G., De
spillage and earthquake risk from Alaskan and
QUADE, Kenneth, Pembine, Wis, p. 756-
Under Sec; Silcock, Burton W., Dir, Bur 0
Canadian pipelines; recommendation for
759.
Land Mgmt; Gryc, George, Chief, Alaska
ARCTRAN system using conveyor-type
SMITH, Anthony W., pres and gen counsel.
Geology Br; Lindren, David E., Dep Solicitor
sealed airocabs to transport gas and oil.
Natl Parks and Conservation Assn; chm, Envi-
Vogely, William A., Dir, Office of Economi
ronmental Coalition for North Amer, p. 760-
H441-23.4: May 22, 1973. p. 805-822.
773.
Analysis; Turner, Jack, Bur of Land Mgmt
Witnesses: UBAN, Charles J., Waterloo,
TOMLINSON, Alexander C., gen partner,
Alaska Br; Latz, John, Chm, Technical Advil
Iowa.
sory Bd, TAPS; Dubois, Jean M., Chief, Di
Morgan Stanley & Co, NYC: pres, Morgan
HAGLUND, Gordon, both representing Natl
Stanley Canada, Ltd, p. 731-741.
of Appraisal, Bur of Land Mgmt; Caldwell
Oil Jobbers Assn.
VIGORITO, Joseph P., (Rep, D-Pa), p. 597-
Joseph C., Office of Pipeline Safety, DOT
Statements and Discussion: Importance of
599.
Caldwell, Joseph M., Army Corps of Engrs
and Keith, Virgil (Cmdr.), Coast Guard.
trans-Canada pipeline to correct Midwest pe-
Brief Items of Testimony: Advantages and
troleum shortage; support for H.R. 7851; criti-
disadvantages of Alaskan and Canadian pipe-
Statement and Discussion: Chronology 0
cism of Interior Dept study comparing Alas-
lines: environmentalists' interest in ecological
events from Feb. 1968 leading to environment
kan and Canadian pipelines.
effect of pipelines and their impact on wildlife.
tal impact statement for TAPS: objections to
further delays in TAPS construction: compari
H441-23.5: May 29, 1973. 847-863.
son of Canadian with proposed Alaskar
Witness: EVANS, Brock, Wash rep, Sierra
routes: difficulties in oil shipments by railroad
Club.
(p. 1183-1329)
Statement and Discussion: Charged potential
H441-24
OIL AND NATURAL GAS
Analysis of environmental effects of a join
environmental damage from proposed Alaska
PIPELINE RIGHTS-OF-WAY,
oil-gas delivery system through Canada; ex
pipeline; support for Canadian route and H.R.
Part 3.
amination of Canada's attitude toward ga
7851; objection to various bills' granting Secre-
June 15, 18. 1973. 93-1.
pipeline through Canada: adequacy of existin
tary of Interior authority over rights-of-way
$5.95 S/N 5270-01933.
environmental studies; economic impact 0
Item 1023.
TAPS on socioeconomic development 0
H441-23.6: May 29, 1973. p. 863-869.
1181-1740 p. il. 28 maps.
Alaska. (p. 1330-1539)
Witness: HALL, John F., vp for forestry aff.
Y4.In8/14:93-12/pt.3.
Explanation of TAPS safety features and en
Natl Forest Products Assn.
31026(73).
73-602599.
gineering; evaluation of potential disastrou
Statement and Discussion: Support for H.R.
Committee Serial No. 93-12. Continuation of
consequences of earthquakes and oilspills; re
5524 and H.R. 5441 and a comprehensive
hearings before the Subcom on Public Lands on
sponses to critical 1972 engineering repor
Federal lands right-of-way policy.
legislation relating to trans-Alaska and trans-
(text, p. 1568-1593) regarding material
H441-23.7: May 29. 1973. p. 869-905.
Canada pipeline construction and to rights-of-
proposed for TAPS. (p. 1543-1651)
way for unconstructed petroleum and natural gas
Clarification of Coast Guard role in regar
Witness: SEATER, Stephen R., staff biolo-
pipelines.
to ocean movement of oil from pipeline south
gist. Defenders of Wildlife. Wash. DC.
This volume focuses on the 9-volume environ-
ern terminus at Valdez (p. 1652-1702).
Statement and Discussion: Advantages of
mental impact statement on the proposed Trans-
Insertions: "U.S. Department of the Interior
Canadian over Alaskan pipeline: objection to
Alaska Pipeline System (TAPS), released by the
Geological Survey, Existing Environment a
granting executive branch the right-of-way au-
Interior Dept. Mar. 1972, and on State Dept dis-
Natural Corridors From Prudhoe Bay to Ed
thority over public lands: request for further
cussions with Canadian officials regarding the
monton. Canada" rpt by D. B. Krinsley et al (p
study and negotiations on Canadian pipeline.
possible construction of an oil pipeline from
1188-1222).
Insertion: Statements from Canadian officials
Northern Alaska through Canada. Also consid-
"An Alternative to the Trans Alaska Pipe
and excerpts from Canadian TV broadcasts de-
ers pipeline safety and engineering features of
line" political. intl. economic. energy. and en
scribing Canadian attitude toward proposed
TAPS.
vironmental considerations. Interior Dep
pipeline (p. 888-905).
Includes text (p. 1182) of H.R. 8523. to amend
summary (p. 1222-1244).
H441-23.8: June 7. 1973. p. 933-973.
the Mineral Lands Leasing Act of 1920 by
Canada map showing four pipeline system
Witness: BRANDBORG, Stewart M., exec
removing limitations on the Secretary of Interior
crossing Canadian/ border (p. 1225).
to grant rights-of-way for pipeline construction.
dir. Wilderness Soc: accompanied by Deane,
Comparative costs of North Slope oil deliv
James G., exec editor.
H.R. 9130, appearing on cover of hearing, is not
ery, estimated Alyeska costs. begin 1973, tabl
considered in this volume.
(p. 1226-1227).
Statement and Discussion: Economic and en-
Also includes: submitted statements. and ex-
Comments on TAPS Environmental Impac
vironmental advantages of Canadian pipeline
tensive supplemental material throughout, sub-
Statement received by Interior Dept, includin
for both U.S. and Canada: objections to Ad-
mitted by witnesses and subcom members; set of
summaries of four-volume submission by th
ministration's seeming unwillingness to con-
28 maps. with legends. of the proposed pipeline
Wilderness Society, the Environmental De
sider alternatives to Alaska route: objection to
construction areas (in back cover pocket); and
fense Fund and the Friends of the Earth (F
relaxing restrictions on public lands rights-of-
correspondence. articles, memoranda, and com-
1229-1275).
way: possible political implications of
ments in. 1702-1740). including:
Text of R. C. B. Morton's statement, Ma
Canadian route
a. Patton, E. L. (pres Alyeska Pipeline Service
11, 1972, granting TAP right-of-way (p. 1275
Insuran: Into mation relating to negotiations
Co.). letter to subcom chairman. commenting
1292).
WITH Unadian govt, including statements by
on criticism APS pipe material, June 22.
"Trans-Alaska versus Trans-Canada Route
Se: Fed Stevens (R-Alaska) (p. 958-968).
1973 (p. 704).
For North Slope Oil: Some Economic Consid
947
H441-23.9: Brief Testimony.
b. Marsden. S. S. (prof of petroleum engineer-
erations" Interior Dept Office of Economi
Witnesses: ALDERSON, George, legis dir,
ing, Stanford Univ) "Arctic Pipeline Tran-
Analysis, Apr. 30, 1973 (p. 1292-1302).
Friends the Earth P. 773-780.
sportation of Petroleum As A Cold Disper-
"An Analysis of Alaskan Oil Alternativ
EICH, William, chm. Wis Public Service
sion In Brine" paper from Logistics and
Routes and. Markets" Office of Economi
Commission: P. 796-805.
Transportation Review (p. 1705-1710).
Analysis evaluation of Dr. Charles Cicchetti'
FROME, Michael, editor, Field
"Alaskan Oil," May 1, 1973 (p. 1303-1315)
c. Bran borg, Stewart M. (exec dir. Wilderness
and Stream P. 973-982.
"U.S. Energy Fact Sheets" energy an
Society): Cameron. Roderick A. (exec dir.
HILLYER, Saunders C., 11 sn rep, Cordova
population statistics by States and region:
Envilonmental Defense Fund): and Alder-
Dist Fisheries Union: also or behalf of United
third in a series of studies on the overall energ
Fishermen 0: Alaska and Nati Fedn of isher-
son. George (legis dir. Friends of the Earth)
picture. Interior Dept. Feb. 1973 (p. 1355
letter to subcom chairman, July 9. 1973.
men p. 905-915.
1495).
LANDSTROM, Karl S., atty. Arlington. Va.
memo, and two comments regarding
"Mineral Industry Surveys," petroleum an
p. 781-784.
Canadian government attitude toward oil and
petroleum products statistics, Bur of Mine:
gas pipeline development (p. 1710-1740).
Dec. 1972 (p. 1496-1535).
208
CIS/INDEX
JANUARY-DECEMBER 197
THE WHITE HOUSE
WASHINGTON
March 21, 1991
MEMORANDUM FOR PEGGY DOOLEY
FROM:
ANDREW SIEG OMS
SUBJECT:
Alaska Pipeline Quotations
Attached are some quotations concerning the Alaska
Pipeline debate. Please let me know if you would like to see
any of the source materials, which I have in my office.
I hope these are helpful to you.
Attachment
ALASKA PIPELINE QUOTATIONS
"The route proposed and the methods proposed for the pipeline
across Alaska are obviously environmentally disastrous from all
standpoints.'
Brock Adams, President, the Sierra Club, Testimony before
House Interior Committee, March 27, 1973.
"If only one-hundredth of 1 percent of the oil carried were
spilled, some 30 tons a day would be deposited in both Puget
Sound and Valdez Harbor by 1980.
--
Edward Wenk, former White House Science Advisor, quoted in
Newsweek, March 1, 1971.
"This proposal by the Department of the Interior simply aids
and abets the greed of the oil industry in its efforts to use
the Alaska pipeline and the energy crisis as the excuse for
acquiring authority to devastate the forests and public lands
of our nation.'
Representative Dingell, August 2, 1973 Congressional
debate.
"Being above ground, the pipe will be easy prey to vandals.
'You could shoot a hole in this pipe with certain big-game
rifles,' says engineer Frank Therrell."
"Help From the North, Newsweek, January 14, 1974.
Referring to accidents in Prince William Sound:
spills will
occur, and we will not be able to clean them up.
--
Representative Vanik, August 2, 1973 Congressional debate.
Quoting a UCAL Davis study: "The pipe has been so under-
designed that we already know that it will wrinkle.:
Representative Vanik, August 2, 1973 Congressional debate.
"The steel pipe itself
has no special design or properties
to allow it to withstand the rigors of bringing oil through
some of the most difficult terrain and weather conditions in
the world."
Representative Vanik, August 2, 1973 Congressional debate.
"The profit which would accrue to the few corporations seems to
take precedence over every environmental danger."
--
Representative Vanik, August 2, 1973 Congressional debate.
"Because of the nature of the terrain, the land and aquatic
systems along the pipeline route will be subjected to unusual
hazards of oil spills resulting from earthquakes, landslides,
floods, erosion, and slippage not encountered in the rest of
the United States."
"Showdown Nears for Alaska Pipeline, U.S. News and World
Report, September 13, 1971, quoting environmentalists'
arguments against pipeline construction.
2
"The approval of this bill will wreak irreparable damage upon
both the environment and the legal system which I sincerely
cherish."
Representative Abzug, August 2, 1973 Congressional debate.
"
we are playing out the scenario that has reduced so much of
the nation to an environmental theater of the absurd."
Richard Pollak, "Are We About to Plunder Alaska?,"
Current, May 1971.
"No matter how many points the industry accrues for neatness,
the hard fact remains that in pumping out two million barrels
of oil a day industry will irrevocably hash up the North Slope
with a maze of roads, feeder pipes, and drill sites. And
whatever safeguards, an 800-mile pipeline is certain to burst
periodically once the daily dose of hot petroleum starts
squirting down to Valdez.' "
--
Richard Pollak, "Are We About to Plunder Alaska?,"
Current, May 1971.
"That [spilled] oil would turn the [Prince William] Sound into
another Lake Erie and seal a slick lid over the Gulf of
Alaska's multimillion-dollar fishing industry for years to
come.
"
--
Richard Pollak, "Are We About to Plunder Alaska?,
Current, May 1971.
"Once widespread, oil pollution from the fleet of tankers and
from the North Slope field as well could seriously alter arctic
heat patterns, upsetting fundamental weather balances thousands
of miles away."
--
Richard Pollak, "Are We About to Plunder Alaska?,"
Current, May 1971.
"It took two centuries to desecrate the forty-eight states.
Given the impact of modern technology, the population boom, and
the ever-shrinking supply of open space elsewhere, it should
only take a decade or two to foul Alaska."
-- Richard Pollak, "Are We About to Plunder Alaska?,"
Current, May 1971.
"The pipeline can probably be build safely, but maybe not...A
comparison would be to say that it is about as safe as driving
your car."
--
James W. Kross, environmental geologist, Alaska
Environmental Institute, quoted in Science News, March 25,
1972
3
"Permafrost would undoubtedly thaw locally causing settlement
of the gravel berm and if settlement were severe, unless prompt
maintenance could be done, the pipe could be damaged."
--
James W. Kross, environmental geologist, Alaska
Environmental Institute, in Science News, March 25, 1972
On the problems of building embankments for the pipeline:
"Gravel would sometimes have to be taken from river bottoms,
with possible damage to aquatic ecosystems, and then hauled to
the construction site in vehicles that would gouge tracks in
the tundra."
-- "The Big Pipeline: Focus on Impact," Science News, March
25, 1972.
"Alaskan studies indicate that such a buried pipe, almost
regardless of insulation, would radiate heat into the
permafrost. This could create a massive cylinder of mud and
slush the length of the buried pipe. This in turn could open a
river of mud all along the line, if it didn't wash the support
out from under the pipe, causing a fracture and a river of oil
instead, with deadly results."
"Concern for the Arctic Environment," Science News, May
16, 1970.
"Any route [through Canada or Alaska], they argue, will cause
irreversible damage to an ecosystem SO fragile that building
the pipeline would scar the North a millennium in the future."
-- Summarizing environmentalists' concerns, "Known Problems
and Unknown Effects," The Nation, October 2, 1972.
"If the tundra is destroyed and the muddy ice that underlies it
melts and flows away, the surface in many areas will be below
sea level. It would then not be long before Alaskan territory
would be correspondingly reduced."
-- "Our Last Great Wilderness," American Heritage, August
1970.
"As soon as 20 tankers a week start docking at Valdez, oil
spills will become a fact of life. Even small, but regular
spills might alter the harbor's ecosystem, says Dr. Robert B.
Weeden, professor of wildlife management at the University of
Alaska.'
--
"Alaska: Closer to cashing oil's riches," Business Week,
March 25, 1972.
"The elevated sections might block caribou, moose, and sheep
migrations, pipeline construction would destroy or modify at
least 60 sq. mi. of bird habitat, and ground and air traffic
would drive large mammals from part of their habitat. Fish,
too, might be affected by excessive siltation of rivers."
-- "Alaska: Closer to cashing oil's riches," Business Week,
March 25, 1972.
4
Various Anticipated Problems
1. Disruption of Caribou migration
2. Destroyed fish habitats through gravel removal and oil
spills
3. Noise from the compressors and pumps adversely affecting
waterfowl and other birds
4. Disruption of bear habitats
5. Melting of large sections of tundra caused by the heat
from the pipeline, eventually leading to mud slides and
rupturing of the pipe.
6. Earthquake damage to pipeline causing major spill
7. Tanker accidents in Prince William Sound spilling oil
8. Changing heat flows in the arctic region causing global
climate change
9. Inability to clean-up oil spills that occur
10. Vandalism to the elevated sections of the pipeline
TIME
12-13-68
96-
9-19-69
65
9-19-69
87-8
5-11-70
84
3-29-71
48
7-26-71
58
7-30-73
43
6-27-77
16-7
8-1-77
50
NEWSWEEK
4-27-70
78
1-25-71
71
3-1-71
81
4-3-72
62-
5-22-72
79
2-26-73
70
1-14-74
66-7
6-13-77
86-
7-18-77
75
READERS DIGEST
11-72
125-9
NATION
12-6-71
580-1
10-2-72
262-6
6-11-73
745-51
11-5-73
465-8
10-1-77
293-7
TIME
Alaska's New Strike Dec. 13, 1968 96- -
Challenge of the North Slope Sept. 19,1969 65
Richest Auction in History
Sept. 19, 1969
87-88
Alaska: money V. law
May ", 1970
Alaska Arustrating freeze
84
New freeze on Al. oil
July 24, 1971
58
Mar. 29,1971
Pipeline lives
48
Alaska's pipeline
June 27,1977
July 30 1973
43
Pipeline to nowhere
14-17
Aug. ", 1977
50
NEWSWEEK
Blocking that line
Apr. 27, 1970
78
Blow to the Pipeline
Mar. 1, 1971
81
Vote for the pipeline Jan. 25,1971 71
Al. pyoline gets so ahead May 22, 1972 79
Pipe dreams?
April 3,1972 3, 62 -
Help fr.the North
Jan. 14, 1974 46-7
Pipe dreams
Feb 26, 1973 70
Blast shuts pipeline
July 18', 1977
75
Filling the pipe
June 13, 1977
86-
READERS DIGEST
Great Alaska pipeline contro. Nov. 1972 125-9
NATION
Cordova fishermen
Dec. 4, 1971
580-1
Arctic pipeline
Oct 2, 1972 242-6
Al. pipe line
Nov 5, 1973
465-8
Unsafe @amy Width
Promises+ Betrayals
June 11, 1973
745-51
Oct. 1,1977 293-7
LITERATURE March 1974-February 1975
READERS' GUIDE TO PERIODICAL LITERATURE March 1974-February 1975
831
Ibya: quiet negotiations behind the bluster.
Bus W p39-40 Mr 30 74
PETROLEUM-Continued
Oil money: a crisis as the billions pile up?
itile help from Aruba. or allies. il U.S.
Plpe lines
interview. D. Rockefeller. il por U.S. News
News 76:15-16 10 25 74
77:10-2 Ag 12 '74
iving 111 " wizardness world. D. Rockefeller.
Alaska embarks on Its biggest boom a3 oil
Oil money and world money: conflict or con-
Sat R World 2:23-1+ D 14 '71
pipeline gets under Way. R. Corrigan. 11
ilitary option. Nation 220:36 Ja 18 '75
Smithsonian 5:38-19 '74
fluence? T. R. Stauffer. il Science 184:321-
5 Ap 19 '74
ote 74 and the beam. il Forbes 114:18-19+ D 1
Alaskan pipeline activities are expected to
Oil stays up. Time 104:68-9 AK 26 '74
create airline traffle surge. R. G. O'Lone.
EW hard line on oll. 11 Newsweek 84:49-52
11 Aviation W 100:33-41 Je 3 '74
Oil: 12 supply 74 and price. Nat R 26:410-11 Ap
07 '71
Alaska's great oil rush-the story from the
scene: with Interview with W. A. Egan.
Oil, trade. and the dollar. L. A. Mayer. il
:W imperiatism: effects of oll embargo tac-
Fortune 89:192-9 in '74
29 ties. it L. S. Fever. il Nut R 26:369-72+ Mr
G. Yalowitz. il U.S. News 76:47-50 Jo 10
'74
Pay now, win later? OECD report. il Time
105:69-70 In 20 '75
orwegian oil: the blue-eyed Arabs: inter-
Bold proposal: 3. bridge for Alaskan oil: In-
views, ed by J. Ross-Skinner. I. Ulveseth:
tegrated pipeline transportation system. TG.
Penny-a-gallon 74 pinch. II Time 104:78+ S 23
A. Johnson. 11 pors Duns 101:62-4+ Ag '74
Christopherson. 11 Pop Mech 141:106-9+ Ja
'74
Petrocurrency peril. il Time 103:83 Je 17 '71
024-5 If 9 '74
& catalyst for more cooperation? Bus W
Carriers seek tochold in pipeline boom. R.
Price cut that may raise prices. Il Bus W
p22 N 2 '74
4 '7.1
and politics. 11 Sr Schol 104:17-19 F
G. O'Lone. Aviation W 100:28-9 Je 10 74
Developing the last frontier: construction of
Price of Saudi oil may slip. too. Bus W p 15
JI 27 74
and pumped-up income. G. W. McKinney,
the trans-Alaskan pineline: with photo-
r. por Nations Bus 62:594 Je '74
graphs and maps Fortune 90:120-7 D '74
Pronting 7 '74 from paranoia. Nat R 26:633-4 Je
boyeotts: new reckoning. il Newsweek
Gearing up to build the Alaska pipeline.
5:33 Ja 13 '75
11 Bus W p28 F 23 '74
Prospects '71 for price cuts. Time 104:62-3 Ag 5
connter-strategy. L. J. Walinsky. New
If the Alaska pipeline leaks? Sci N 105:175 Mr
16 '74
Sagging hopes for cheaper oil. il Bus W p21
Repub 170:19-21 in 26 '74
S 7 '74
18:421-2 Ap 6 '71
for the third world. M. Tanzer. Nation
Last treaty; effect of plpe line on Alaskan
native land claims. E. Treisman. Harper
Saudi holding action. 11 Time 104:50 JI 1 '74
-grah scenario: fear of force in the Mid-
250:37-9 Ja '75
Shaping a price plan. Time 105:67 Ja 13 75
Power and Hght on a lonely land; Alaska
Single high price. il Time 104:26 D 23 '74
4-16 Ja 18 '75
le East. E. C. Ravenal. New Repub 172:
pipeline. B. Gilbert. 11 Sports Illus 10:80-4+
Slippery job of decontroising oil. 11 Bus W
p60+ S 7 '74
illa. Bus W 1:35 Ap 6 '74
how the poor nations hope to pay their
Mr 25 74
U.S. journal: Valdez, Alaska: terminus of
Standing in their own light? por Forbes 114:
74 N 1 '71
indigestion. J. A. Goodman. Commonweal
the trans-Alaska oil pipellne. C. Trillin.
10.56-S AIr 22 74
New Yorker 50:71-8 S 2 '74
Time for toughness. Newsweek 84:94 N 25 '74
languisheth. Chr Today 19:33-4 0 25 '74
Waiting for the pipeline: Trans-Alaska pipe-
Togetherness. 11 Newsweek 84:62-3 o 21 '74
the owindling treasure. N. Grove. il Nat
line system. G. FTIII. il Nat Wildlife 12:
Trade: a payments deficit haunts oil con-
sumers. Bus W p37 IF 9 '74
002 145:792-825 Je 74
4-10 Je '74
Why Bechtel won't build Egypt's pipeline:
Trying to cope with the looming crisis. il
ning the Arab well to money-dry na-
Time 104:33-8 C 11 74
ons. il Bus W p24-5 Mr 30 '74
Sumed pinctine. Bus W D39 Ap 20 '74
Trying to talk oil prices down. 11 Bus W p30-
bankrupt oil policy. G. W. Ball. por
2 S 28 '74
ewsweek 84:25 () 21 '74
Caricatures and cartoons
What price independence? il Forbes 113:25-C
4 CG and oil. Commonweal 99:451-2 F 8
Barefaced Alaskan plpelayer and other sub-
Mr 15 '74
jects: a pipeline perspective: with introd
What's next in the oil crisis? T. Szule. Es-
the with matches; effect of oil prices
by J. G. Deane. Llv Wildn 37:37-40+ Wint
quire 81:178+ Mv '74
:112 O 14 '74
world economy. H. Flieger. U.S. News
73
When the Arabs lift their oll einbargo. il U.S.
Prices
News 76:26-7 Mr 18 '74
Brdent Nixon exténds invitations to con-
After Simon's talks with Arabs--hope for
Why should we cut the price of oil to U.S?
rence on energy: text of letter to heads
lower oil prices. il U.S. News 77:39 Ag 12
interview. ed by C. S. Foltz. Jr. Mohammed
nuary 9, 1974. R. M. Nixon. Dept State
government of oil-consuming countries,
'74
6 Reza '74 Pahlevi. 11 por U.S. News 76:34-6 My
111 70:123-4 F4 '74
Arabs hone their price weapon. il Bus W
p40+ N 23 '74
Will western allies go broke trying to pay
sident Nixon's news. conference: February
Back-door increase: Saudi Arabla. 11 Time
for oil? G. A. Salisbury. 11 U.S. News
1974. R. M. Nixon. Dept State Bull 70:
104:38 N 25 '74
77:32-3 JI 29 '74
0-2 Mr 18 "74
Bizarre bilking. Newsweek 85:52 Ja '75
st for a unitied oil policy; proposed con-
Can petrodollars buy superpower? 11 Sr Schol
Production methods
rence of oil consuming nations. 11 Bus W
105:8-9 o 31 '74
18-19 Ja 19 '74
See Petroleum engineering
Economic consequences of the energy crisis.
cling showdown. Time 105:69 Ja 20 '75
G. A. Pollack. For Affairs 52:452-71 Ap '74
Prospecting
plution in the desert. V. S. Kearney. 11
Energy arithmetic. P. A. Samuelson. News-
herlen 130:125-7 F 23 '74
week 83:92 Ap 15 71.
Bright spot: better seismological indicators
of international oil companies: address.
Energy crisis: strategy for cooperative ac-
of gras and oil. A. L. Hammond. il Science
y 8. 1974. J. ID. Loo. Vital Speeches 40:
185:515-17 Ag 9 '71
tion; address, November 14, 1974. H. A.
-32 Je 15 '71
Kissinger. Dept State Bull 71:749-56 D
CEQ weighs oil exploration in the Atlantic,
inble for new oll-can it break the Arab
2'74
off Alaska. C. Holden. Science 184:778 My
angic 74 bold? 11. U.S. News 77:38-40 D
Far-reaching consequences of high-priced oil.
17 74
S. Rose. il Fortune 89:106-11+ Mr "74
nistrator Simon hold joint news confer-
stary Kissinger and Federal energy ad-
Hundred-million-dollar battle for Peru's oil.
Feeding the Ares. il Newsweek 84:66-8 S 30
J. Benham. il U.S. News 76:80-2 My 20 '74
'74
ce. H. A. Kissinger and W. ID. Simon.
First shots in the energy war. il Time 104:44+
Man who didn't quit: T. Weeks. por Forbes
pt State Bull 70:109-22 F 4 '71
113:20-1 Je 1 71
0 "74
tury of the Treasury Simon discusses
Ford's warning to the Arabs-will It bring
Responsibilities of energy-rich states; the
THY proposals; address, November 18,
down oll prices? with excerpt from ad-
obligation to permit mining and oil drill-
1. W. E. Simon. Dept State Bull 71:794-
D 9 '74
dress by G. R. Ford. 11 U.S. News 77:41-2
inv: address, February 1, 1974. A. Harrigan.
0774
Vital Speeches 40:381-2 Ap 1 '74
high price. 11 Time 104:26 D 23 '74
le 103:35-6 F 25 '74
toward France. 11 por
Fuel for another burst of inflation.
11
P.io Grande to Cape Horn-energy hunt goes
Fortune 89:12 F '74
on. i! U.S. News 76:82 Mv 20 '74
ght talk to the U.S; Interview. ed by
Getting even; effect of oil prices on world
When utilities go wildcatting for fuel. il Bus
VS 77:31-4 i) 9 '74
A. 11 reger. H. Schmidt. 11 por U.S.
monetary systems. P. Lewis. 11 N. Y Times
W p26-7 Ap 13 '74
Mag P 13+ D 15 '74
gle for the world product. H. Schmidt.
How can the world afford OPEC oil? K.
Refining
Affairs 52:437-51 Ap '74
Farmanfarmalan and others. For Affairs
One barrel of oil. R. W. Stock. il N Y Times
ulareas: a wily negotiator on Aramco.
53:201-22 Ja '75
May P. 14-17+ Ap 21 '74
Bus W pli8-9 Jil 20 '75
re in debt to the Yankee driller. 11
How much will prices drop? il Time 103:49
Refineries step on the EAS. 11 Bus W p23-4
Ap 22 74
F 9 '71
fons Bus 62:62-14 0 '74
How to recycle the petrodollars. Il Newsweek
Transportation
for toughness. Newsweek 84:94 N 25 '74
84:91-2+ O 14 '71
800 also
header for Henry. 11 Newsweek 83:41+
Tank ships
5 '71
Is there any way to heat Arabs at their mon-
Well drilling
ey game? G. A. Salisbury, il U.S. News
R to ease the money shock; how to
77:60-1 D 16 '74
Sec Oil well drilling
the oil bills. Bus W p25-6 F 23 '74
More gas, at higher prices. il Newsweek 83:
Alaska
to net It together il Newsweek 84:
61-2 Ap 1 '74
D 23 71
Moving cautiously to decontrol oil. Il Bus W
New wildcat in Alaska-clue to vast riches?
il U.S. News 77:40 D 30 '74
getting tough on oil? il U.S. News 78:20-
p23-4 Ag 31 '74
20 '75
Mysterious freeze on petroleum prices. 11
Antarctic Regions
Germany: cracking down on the oil
Bus W p27 D 21 '71
ors. Bus W p40 Mr 30 '74
Antarctica: world hunger for oil spurs Secur-
New hard line on oil. 11 Newsweek 34:49-52
ity council review. D. Shapley. 11 Science
U.S. selzo Mideast oil? 11 U.S. News
o 7 '74
184:776-7+ My 17 '71
8-20 U 2 '7.1
Not-so-hidden move. Newsweek 84:78 S 23
oll cooperation or International chaos.
'74
Arctic Regions
also 1. VV. II For Affairs 52:690-713 JI '74
OII: n price sittle that may not last: Bus W
Aretic offatiore gamble. D. 11. Pimlott. 11 Llv
coordinating group
p41+ JI 20 174
Wildn 38:16-25 Aut '71
zation of petroleum exporting coun-
Oil broil. New Repub 170:8 Mr 16 '74
Arctic '74 oil boom. il Newsweek 84:81-4 o 28
Oil crisis: a. whodunit for the great Holmes.
Anecdotes facetias. satire, etc.
J. H. Douglas. 11 Scl N 105:36-7 Ja 10 '74
How to drill for oil beneath the Arctic ice.
il Bus w p73-4 Mr 9 '71
Isam's remedies. J. L. Auspitz. Harper
Oil crisis: it threatens to bring down the
Sue also
8+ Ja '75
West. 11 U.S. News 77:23-4 0 14 74
Petroleun-Alaska
880
READERS' GUIDE TO PERIODICAL LITERATURE March 1971-February 1972
READERS' GUIDE TO PI
PETERSON, Patti. See Altbach, P. G. jt.
Alaska's governor covets the pipeline. por
PETROLEUM-Alaska-
auth.
Bsns W p44 N 13 '71
Klondike 70, by D.
America must have the Alaskan oil. S. G.
Newsweek il 77:73
PETERSON, Peter G.
Slappey. il Nations Bsns 59:40-3 S '71
Sokolov
America: still the top producer, but
interview. por U Si News 71:34-7 JI 12 '71
Archaeology along the pipeline; trans-Alaska
Pipeline reports suppré
President Nixon establishes Council on inter-
pipeline. R. J. Trotter. 11 Sei N 100:396-7 D
Alaska pipeline. L.
11 '71
& Con Mag 45:25-8 A)
national economic policy; excerpts from
Are we about to plunder Alaska? R. Pollak.
Piper's tune. il Sr S
news conference. Janurary 19, 1971. Dept
State Bul 64:169-72 F 8 '71
Cur 129:39-46 My '71
Blow to the pipeline; hearings in Alaska.
Arctic R
See also
about
Newsweek 77:81 Mr 1 '71
Petroleum-Alaska
Mr Peterson's assignment. Fortune 83:63-4
Cordova fishermen; proposed Alaskan oil
Petroleum-Canada
Mr '71
pipeline. Nation 213:580-1 D 6 '71
Dealing with a northern sheik. 11 Time 98:
Asia, Sout
PETERSON, Richard
78 N 29 '71
My love affair with orchids. 11 Home Gard
Great pipeline flap; Alaskan route or a trans-
Asian enigma. il New
58:46-7 Ap '71
Canadian route down the Mackenzie Val-
Little error that grew.
peterson, Richard S. and Le Boeuf, B. J.
JI 71
ley. D. Coxe. Nat R 23:703+ Je 29 '71
Fur seals are coming back to California. il
Offshore oil boom. B. \
Lawyers seek pipeline facts; Trans-Alaska
Sci Digest 69:74-9 Ap '71
oil pipeline. Liv Wildn 34:64-5 Wint 70
294-5 Mr 8 '71; Same
PETERSON, Robert
Josh Gibson was the equal of Babe Ruth,
Morton questions pipeline project; with edi-
boom change U.S. I
torial comment. Liv Wildn 35:2, 45 Spr 71
My '71
but. il N Y Times Mag p 12-13+ Ap 11 '71
New freeze on Alaskan oil; proposed
Oil: hidden factor in th
PETERSON, Robert (poet)
Mackenzie Valley pipeline. 11 Time 97:48
Forbes 107:19-20 Mr 1
Resolutions; poem. Nation 213:56 J1 19 '71
Mr 29 71
Those mysterious oil le
5 71
PETERSON, Russell Wilbur
North slope boom is in a deep freeze. il Bsns
Canad
He slammed the door in industry's face: in-
W p 152-3+ My 15 '71
terview. il por Nat Wildlife 10:50-1 D '71
Oil across Alaska. Sci N 99:64 Ja 23 '71
Legacy of the Manha
Paris helps the Arabs build; unique Franco-
11 Sea Front 17:292-7 S
PETERSON, S. W. and others
Arab bank. il Bsns W p38 My 1 '71
Antiprismatic coordination about xenon: the
Patience for n pipeline. A. A. Butkus. 11 por
Colora
structure of nitrosonium octafluoroxenate
Duns 97:76 My 71
Biggest burled treasur
(VI) bibliog il Science 173:1238-9 S 24 '71
Pipeline; Alaska. New Repub 164:9 Jn 30 '71
shale. R. Schiller. il I
PETERSON, Susan
Pipeline reports suppressed; proposed trans-
S '71
California design XI. il Craft Horiz 31:52-3+
Alaska pipeline. L. Aspin. por Nat Parks &
Flori
Je '71
Con Mag 45:25-8 Ap '71
Newest trouble on Ever
PETERSON, Virgil W.
Productivity in the petroleum pipelines indus-
W p44+ Je 5 '71
Development of local and state law enforce-
try. C. S. Fehd. 11 Mo Labor R 94:46-8 Ap
'71
Indone
ment. bibliog f Cur Hist 60:327-34 Je '71
Search for alternatives: Alaska pipeline. Sci
General and the gushe
PETITT, Dorothy
N 99:143 F 27 '71
Duns 98:34-5+ 0 '71
(ed) Professional publications. See issues of
Showdown nears for Alaska pipeline. il U S
English journal
News 71:80-2 S 13
Kuwa
PETRAKIS, Nicholas L.
State teetering between hope and despair.
Curse of too much. il Fo
Cerumen genetics and human breast cancer.
N. J. Margolin. il U S News 70:53-4 Mr
bibliog il Science 173:347-9 J1 23 '71
15 '71
Latin Ar
PETRICCIANI, John c. and others
Trans-Alaska pipeline: impact study receives
Boom in the Andes.
bad reviews. R. Gillette. il Science 171:1130-
Subhuman primate diploid cells: possible sub-
O 18 '71
2 Mr 19 '71
strates for production of virus vaccines.
Mediterranea
bibliog 11 Science 174:1025-7 D 3 '71
Trio of doubters; Alaska pipeline. Sci N
99:196 Mr 20 '71
Oil men scramble for
PETRICK, Helmutt
Vote for the pipeline: Alaska. 11 Newsweek
Mediterranean. il Bsns
Tube that sees through the Wall: interview,
77:71+ Ja 25 '71
Middle I
ed. by R. Hemming. por Sr Schol 98:8+
Will oil and tundra mix? W. S. Ellis. il Nat
Mr 8 '71
Geog 140:484-517 O '71
Challenge of change: p
in the Middle East. J.
PETRIE, Graham
(tr) See Rohmer, E. Eric Rohmer: an inter-
Prices
cus 22:1-5 S '71
Middle East: the makin
view
Big squeeze. 11 Newsweek 77:63 F 15 '71
W p86-7 Ap 10 '71
PETRIE, Paul
Higher prices for oil: who will get hit. 11
Scattered craft. J. Galassi. Poetry 118:291
U S News 70:52-4 Mr 1 '71
North Sea
Ag '71
How Libva set a stiffer price. il Bsns W p87
Ap 10 '71
Gusher in North Sea 0
PETRIFACTION. See Paleontology
Mideast oil pact: stability at a price. il
Duns 98:50-2+ S '71
PETRIFIED forests
Bsns W p23 F 20 '71
Oil fever strikes the
Gingko, a petrified forest. H. D. Brown.
Power to the producers. Time 97:74+ Mr 1
p40 Je 26 '71
il Hobbies 76:144+ Ag '71
'71
Raising the ante on N
Petrified forest of Key Biscayne. il Sci Digest
Tears in Teheran. Newsweek 77:76 Mr 1 '71
p32-3 Ag 28 '71
69:32-3 F '71
What is a fair price for oil? P. H. Abelson.
Russi
PETROGLYPHS
Science 171:633 F 19 '71
Now red bloc struggles
Brimhall saga: some remarkable discov-
What's good for oil and no one else. B. D.
11 U S News 71:84-5
eries in the cliffs of Utah. F. Brodie. il
Nossiter. New Repub 164:17-18 F 6 '71
por Am West 8:4-9+, 18-23+ J1. S '71
Vletnam (R
Riddle of America's elephant slabs. N. J.
Production methods
Offshore oil activities il
Harris. il Sci Digest 69:74-7 Mr '71
See Petroleum engineering
text of letters. D. M.
Semites first in America? B. Ford. il Sci D1-
Bul 64:491-4 Ap 5 '71
gest 71:43-8+ Ja '72
Proration
Offshore oil. New Repub
See also
Another shot fired at the oil producers;
Offshore oil sweepsta
Cave drawings and paintings
proposed suspension of Connally act. Bsns
comment. M. Tanzer,
petroleum
W p30 F 13 '71
Je 28 '71
See also
Oil in Vietnam. A. Be
Oil lands
Prospecting
9:8+ My 71
Oil shales
Oil on the waters. J.
Conservation
Mr Prescott's class goes wildcatting. Ed
See also
Digest 37:32-4 71
94:274 My 28 '71
Oiling the escalator: a
Petroleum-Proration
Oiling the escalator: an economic incentive
for winning the war? G. Kolko. New Repub
for winning the war?
pub 164:18-20 Mr 13 '71
International aspects
164:18-20 Mr 13 '71
Saigon affair. Newswee
Is a cartel next for oilmen? il Bsns W p70-1
Politics behind the new oil hunt. il Bsns W
Ja 23 '71
D 104-6 Mr 6 '71
PETROLEUM engineering
Oil giants brace for big changes. il Bsns W
Getting more oil from
P 14-15 Ja 30 '71
Secondary recovery processes
flood recovery proces
Politics behind the new oil hunt. il Bsns W
Mr 6 '71
See Petroleum engineering
p 104-6 Mr 6 '71
See also
Showdown with oil nations: the stakes in
Oil field flooding
Storage
prices, markets. il U S News 70:43-4 F1 '71
See also
PETROLEUM equipment i
What's good for oil and no one else. B. D.
Oil tanks
See also
Nossiter. New Repub 164:17-18 F 6 '71
Transportation
Ocean drilling and explor
See also
See also
Organization of petroleum exporting coun-
petroleum exporting
Petroleum-Pipe lines
tries
tion of. See Organizat
Tank ships
porting countries
Pipe lines
Alaska
Alaska pipeline reports hit economics, safety.
PETROLEUM In submerge
Alaska pipeline reports hit economics, safety.
Nat Parks & Con Mag 45:31 Jl '71
Offshore oil boom; Sout
Nat Parks & Con Mag 45:31 J1 '71
Alaskan oil. A. W. Smith. Nat Parks &
berg. il Nation 212:29
Alaska's frustrating freeze in oil; report. P.
with title Will an oi
Con Mag 45:2+ Mr '71
Delaney. il Time 98:58 J1 26 '71
Alaska's frustrating freeze in oil; report. P.
policies? Cur 129:47-51 I
Are we about to plunder Alaska? R. Pollak.
Offshore oil; coastal oi
Delaney. il Time 98:58 J1 26 '71
Cur 129:39-46 My '71
New Repub 164:8-9 Ap
TURE March 1977-February 1978
READERS' GUIDE TO PERIODICAL LITERATURE March 7-February 1978
845
Finance
PETROLEUM industry-Continued
Alaska's line starts piping-at last. il Time 109:
earning it or aren't they? il Forbes
16-17 Je 27 '77
Ja 15 '77
Middle East
Alaska's oil flows south; with interview with
p-off; How big are big oil's profits?
Oil power in the Middle East. J. C. Campbell.
E. L. Patton. K. M. Chrysler. il map U.S.
attack. il pors Time 110:24-7 O 24
bibl f For Affairs 56:89-110 O '77
News 82:35-8 Je 20 '77
Blast shuts the pipeline. il map Newsweek 90:75
il war; Big oil's big bucks. A. J.
nd others. il Newsweek 90:38-40 O 24
Norway
JI 18 '77
Blowout at Bravo. E. Keerdoja. Newsweek 91:7
800 miles of pipeline 2-way energy conductor:
assessing pipeline potential. Sci Digest 82:33
th demand in doubt. il Bus W p 110+
Ja 9 '78
O '77
Puerto Rico
Filling the pipe. A. J. Mayer and W. J. Cock.
Forbes 121:152-4 Ja 9 '78
See also
il Newsweek 89:86+ Je 13 '77
confronts the oil industry. America
Commonwealth Oil Refining Company
For Sohio, it was Alaskan oil-or bust. A. L.
29 '77
Morner. il por Fortune 96:172-6+ Ag 77
resight. .opportunity; investment in
Saudi Arabia
Oil will soon flow, but where will it go? P. L.
as drilling ventures. il Forbes 119:23
Can OPEC be broken up? J. Cook. 11 Forbes
Fradkin. il Audubon 79:86-8+ Ja '77
119:48+ F 15 '77
Pipeline lessons. Progressive 41:6 S 77
a continuing glut. il Bus W p50-2
OPEC: where does the balance of power lie?
Pipeline to nowhere? il Time 110:50 Ag 1 '77
interview. J. Akins. il por Forbes 120:34-6 O
Promises and betrayals: the trans-Alaska pipe-
77 refiners aren't expanding. il Bus W
Oil glut slows OPEC's production. il Bus W
1 '77
line. R. A. Fineberg. Nation 225:293-7 1 77
Still the wrong route: Trans Alaska pipeline.
History
p23-4 Ag 22 77
C. J. Cicchetti. il Environment 19:2-3 Ja 77
Strain on OPEC. M. R. Benjamin and others.
Taming of Alaska. R. Rau; discussion. Nat Wild-
ept the trust; Ida Tarbell's John D.
il Newsweek 89:46-7 Ja 24 77
life 15:17 Ap '77
Standard Oil Company. R. Stin-
U.S.-Saudi relations and the oil crises of the
U.S.-Canada transit pipeline treaty transmitted
225:561-4 N 26 '77
1980s. D. A. Rustow. bibl f For Affairs 55:494-
to the Senate: message, March 30. 1977. J.
516 Ap '77
Carter. Dept State Bull 76:425 Ap 25 '77
International aspects
Who gets to distribute that extra Saudi oil.
oleum-International aspects
Bus W p35-6 F 7 '77
Canada
First and forgotten pipeline; the War Depart-
Marketing
United States
ment's Canol project. P. L. Fradkin. il pors
Bitter rijsttafel; U.S. corporate contributors to
map Audubon 79:58-79 N '77
ndependent Gasoline Marketers of
the Ramayana restaurant. por Time 109:58
F 14 '77
Egypt
Public relations
Can't lose for winning; Crown Central Petroleum.
Arab pipeline that's thirsty for oil; Sumed
as made possible by a grant from
Forbes 120:42-3 JI 15 '77
pipeline. il Bus W p39-40 N 7 '77
H. '78 Schmertz. M. Gerrard. il Esquire
Crime and no punishment; Home-Stake oil
swindle. J. K. Galbraith. il Esquire 88:102+ D
PETROLEUM pollution of waters. See Oil pollu-
tion of the sea
Regulation
From '77 coast to coast, an all-out race to find
petroleum ports. See Petroleum shipping ter-
eum laws and regulations
more oil. il U.S. News 82:30+ My 16 77
minals
Securities
George Mitchell and his editice complex; Mitchell
petroleum refineries
Energy & Development Corp. L. Minard. il
Why oil refiners are drowning in crude. il Bus
nce to buy more of BP. il Bus
por Forbes 120:81-2+ J1 1 '77
W p37-8 Ag 15 '77
25 '77
Go get it, fellows! il Forbes 119:25-7 Je 1 '77
sellers' market. il Forbes 120:
New octane race quietly revs up. il Bus W
Environmental aspects
p38-9 Ja 31 '77
Cancer mortality in U.S. counties with petroleum
Taxation
No rush. E. Marshall. New Repub 177:13-14 Ag
industries. W. J. Blot and others. bibl Sci-
in the energy plan. 11 Bus W p32
20 '77
ence 198:51-3 O 7 '77
Oil industry under siege: how it plans to meet
Using cancer's rates to track its cause. map
mills. Nat R 29:1476-7 D 23 '77
the challenge. il U.S. News 83:73-4+ O 31 77
Bus W p69-70+ N 14 '77
On sources of energy. W. F. Buckley, Jr. Nat R
Wages and hours
29:1320-1 N 11 '77
Location
Populism and petroleum. il Progressive 41:6-7
age levels cluster in petroleum
Boys from Buffalo Creek: proposed Pittston
D '77
Barsky. bibl il M Labor R 100:
Pumping money; Sigmor Corp. il por Forbes
Company refinery in Eastport, Me. J. E.
Chappell, Jr. Progressive 41:11 N '77
120:37 D 1 '77
Belgium
Should we break up the oil companies? contro-
lems come by the barrel. Bus W
versy surrounding horizontal and vertical di-
Wages and hours
vestiture. I. Ross. Read Digest 110:153-4 Je 77
See Petroleum industry-Wages and hours
Canada
Spanking the sisters: views of J. M. Blair.
PETROLEUM refining. See Petroleum-Refining
anadian oil prices. Bus W p31+
Time 109:47-8 F 28 '77
Tesoro's $130 million burden. por Bus W p93-4
petroleum shipping terminals
Alaskan oil still can't find a Midwest route. Bus
e; Dome Petroleum. W. Schmick.
My 9 '77
U.S. energy crisis; horizontal divestiture; ad-
W p44 N 28 77
0:24-5 Ag 1 '77
dress, November 30, 1976. R. Warner, Jr. Vital
Can they head off the tankers at the pass? pro-
posed Harbor Island superport off Texas coast.
urope, Western
Speeches 43:246-51 F 1 '77
D. G. Schueler. Audubon 79:146-8 N '77
Watch your language, fellows! Parker Drilling
Go-ahead at last for an oil superport: Louisiana
help the underdogs in oil. il Bus
Co. Forbes 119:51 F 15 77
Offshore Oil Port Inc. map Bus W p38 Ag
Why chemical companies are nervous; expansion
15 '77
Great Britain
of ethylene production by oil companies. Forbes
Valdez connection; question of Valdez as Alaska
Sea save Britain? J. Ross-
120:68 D 15 '77
R 109:82-4+ My '77
See also names of oil companies, e.g. Mobil
pipeline shipping terminal. P. L. Fradkin. maps
Audubon 79:134-40 Mr '77
Sea oil; P. Odell. por Forbes
Oil Company
History
petroleum supply
Texas became Texas; excerpt from Early Texas
Adding to the gloom over world oil supplies;
takes a private loan; British
Workshop on Alternative Energy Strategies re-
oil. il Am Heritage 28:48-55 Ap 77
orp. il Bus W D48 Je 20 77
port. Bus W p25-6 My 30 '77
PETROLEUM industry lobby. See Lobbyists and
Another energy binge. M. Ruby and others.
Company
lobbying
il Newsweek 89:67 F 28 '77
PETROLEUM laws and regulations
Days dwindle down for a precious fuel. F.
Indonesia
Oil industry under siege: how it plans to meet
Kendig. il Sci Digest 82:44-6 O '77
the challenge. il U.S. News 83:73-4+ o 31 '77
Drain Texas first-it's said with bitterness.
Pertamina owes-and to whom:
rounding payment to B. Rap-
Socking it to big oil. il Time 110:68-9 Ag 8 '77
partner. il U.S. News 82:29 My 9 '77
of oil tankers. il Bus W p90
Teddy bared; Kennedy bill to prevent horizontal
Guess what? We've got an oil glut. L. Smith.
divestiture by oil companies. Nat R 29:1097-8
il Duns R 110:58-60 S '77
Iran
S 30 '77
Guessing what's there. map Time 109:76-8 My 9
See also
77
: excerpts from interview. ed
Oil and gas leases
How much more oil? P. H. Abelson. Science 198:
dt. Mohammed Reza Pahlevi.
451 N 1 '77
PETROLEUM pipeline companies. See Pipeline
89:47-8 Ja 24 '77
Looming gap: study by Workshop on Alternative
companies
Energy Strategies. A. J. Mayer. il Newsweek
Malaysia
PETROLEUM pipelines
89:48+ My 23
See also
Now, an oil glut. D. Pauly and W. J. Cook. il
International 77 bankers. map
Pipeline companies
Newsweek 90:85+ S 19 '77
Oil will soon flow, but where will it go? P. L.
Shipping terminals
Fradkin. il Audubon 79:86-8+ Ja '77
Mexico
See Petroleum shipping terminals
Running short, no matter what; report by the
nex' Mexican pipeline plan.
Workshop on Alternative Energy Strategies.
W. J. Cook. il map News-
Alaska
Time 109:63 My 23 '77
'77
Secretary Vance testifies on energy program:
rich; Petróleos Mexicanos
Alaska: now that oil is flowing, what next?
statement. May 4, 1977. C. R. Vance. Dept
20:88 J1 1 '77
K. M. Chrysler. il map U.S. New 83:48-51 JI 11
State Bull 76:564-6 My 30 '77
77
Shortage of intelligence: CIA report on oil
& Root: yankee. come In:
Alaska oil. Audubon 79:155-6 S '77
supplies. Nat R 29:705 Je 24 '77
or for state oil company. il
15 '77
Alaska pipeline. R. Gannon. il Pop Sci 210:90-3
U.S.-Saudi relations and the oil crises of the
for a new gas line. il Bus
Ap '77
1980s. D. A. Rustow. bibl f For Affairs 55:494-
Alaskan oil. P. H. Abelson. Science 196:13 Ap
516 Ap '77
1 '77
What energy crisis? Current 198:42-3 D '77
over the price of gas; Pemex
W p32 Ja 9 '78
Alaskan oil still can't find a Midwest route. Bus
Whatever happened to the energy crisis? J. J.
W p44 N 28 '77
Du Pont. Conservationist 31:1 Ja '77
March 1973-February 1974
READERS' GUIDE TO PERIODICAL LITERATURE March 1973-February 1974
815
Transportation
PETROLEUM-Continued
cassette, which are the sweetest
Oil and Puget Sound. M. F. Baldwin and P.
tape? Ain Home 76:42-3 F '78
Pipe lines
L. Baldwin. il Liv Wildn 37:14-23 Aut '73
annel speaker systems. il Radio-
Alascom pipeline link to use satellites. K. J.
Oil by rail; North Slope option: reprint. D.
5+ Mr 73
Stein. il Aviation W 99:42-3 O 1 '73
P. Morgan; reply. E. L. Patton. Environ-
basics. Am Home 77:32-3 Ja
Alaska pipeline: after ecology, monopoly. M.
ment 11:40 D '72
C. Berry. Nation 217:465-8 N 5 73
Trans-Alaskan tube? Sut R Scl 1:88 Ap '73
different systems. 11 Radio-
Alaska pipeline: Congress deaf to environ-
See also
41 Je 73
mentalists. L. J. Carter. Science 181:326
Tank ships
& F. See Petras, B. Jt. auth.
Jl 27 '73
m
Alaska pipeline: NEPA put aside. L. J. Car-
Well drilling
0 auteurs. biblios Film Q 26:
ter. Science 181:641 Ag 17 73
See on well drilling
Alaskan oil. New Repub 168:8-9 Ap 28 '73
Alaskan oil: court ruling revives Canada
Alaska
DREST NATIONAL PARK
pipeline issue. L. J. Carter il Science
nd. tourists carry off Petrified
Making money work; oil. S. Meisenberg. il Ret
179:977+
aycock. Audubon 75:110 J1 '73
Sumed pipeline. N News
Liv 12:12-13 o '72
AL industry. See Chemical
15
73
Another setback in trying to get oil from
Alberta
A. See Petroleum industry-
Alaska. il U.S. News 74:74-5 F 26 '73
See Petroleum-Canada
Clogged pipeline; Alaskan and Canadian
pipelines. il Newsweek 81:84 Ap 16 '73
Asia, Southern
ld mystery starts a new fight.
Help from the North; trans-Alaska pipe-
line system. W. J. Cook. il Newsweek 83:
Asia: searching harder for offshore crude.
or Sci Digest 73:57-61 Ap '73
11 Bus W p32 Ag 4 73
How the U.S. won the Suez pipeline. il
66-7 Ja 14 74
ze age drawings; Valley of
Sel Digest 74:54-5 Ag 73
Bus W p48 '73
Canada
the man who explored Africa's
erland. il por UNESCO Courier
Italy: ENI's big deal for Algerian gas;
Transmediterranean pipeline. 11 Bus W
At last, Canada's tar sands look economic; oil
in Alberta. il Bus W p42-3 Ja 5 '71
plea for protection: Indian
Man behind the Sumed pipeline. por Fortune
piG+ O 27 '73
in Wyoming. J. Kitching. 11
Indonesia
Con Mag 47:25-6 Mr '73
Oil in cold storage: consideration of the
88:49 N '73
Texas accent. Nation 216:805 Je 25 '73
ise in Bishop. il Sunset 151:54
dangers of the Alaskan pipeline. E. T.
DeWitt and D. W. Hood. 11 Sea Front 19:
Latin America
of the Aborigines: Northern
130-40 My '73
Latin America: oil and politics in the Ama-
Breeden and S. Breeden. il
Oil slip-up: official Canadian position on
pipelines. New Repub 169:11-12 Ag 11 '73
zon basin. il Bus W p64+ My 12 '73
143:174-87 F '73
One step closer: bringing Alaska's oil to
lower 48. il U.S. News 75:28 JI 30 '73
North Sea Region
Perceptions and choices; congressional vote
Big iron moves to the North Sea. J. F. Pear-
rlean oil and natural gas. H.
on the trans-Alaska oil pipeline. R. C.
son. il Pop Mech 140:128-33+ O '73
J. J. Schanz, Jr. bibliog f
Olson. Liv Wildn 37:2 Sum '73
Blue-eyed Arabs scramble for the riches of
410:24-34 N '73
Pipe dreams: trans-Alaska pipeline News-
the North Sea. H. B. Meyers. il Fortune
week 81:70 F 26 73
87:140-5+ Je '73
Pipeline delayed on width technicality; trans-
Free Britannia! il Forbes 112:68+ N 15 '73
Alaska pipeline. Sci N 103:103 F 17 '73
North Sea oil. W. C. Patterson. Environment
national aspects
Pipeline lives; trans-Alaskan pipeline. Time
15:2-3 N '73
North Sea oil: Europe's best hope. 11 U.S.
dissenting view of the oil
Political pipeline; pipeline linking the Red
102:43 J1 30 73
News 75:58 D 24 '73
litorial comment. C. T. Rand.
41, 42-6+ Ja '74
and Mediterranean seas to be built by U.S.
North Sea rush. 11 Time 101:94 My 14 '73
eapons, gentlemen; oil as the
firms. il Time 102:101-2 15 73
Norway: a go-ahead to tap on and gas riches.
pon. J. Burnham. Nat R 25:
Promise of peace on the pipeline; trans-
Bus W D35-6 My 5 '73
Alaska pipeline. il Bus W p20-1 D 1 '73
Second thoughts; British oil. il Forbes 111:88
That unstoppable pipeline: trans-Alaska
Je 15 '73
Libya Il Time 102:86 0 8
pipeline. T. M. Brown. il N Y Times Mag
To sup wi' the dev'l: oil and the Shetland
Islands. J. Barnes. il Newsweek 81:41-2 Je
cartel. por Forbes 111:88 Mr
Unsafe at any width: the trans-Alaska pipe-
p34-5+ 0 14 73
25 '73
East oil. W. E. Griffith. Read
line R. Sherrill. 11 Nation 216:745-51 Je
Saudi Arabia
JI '73
Washington scene: statement by Alaska pub-
11 '73
Fabulous wealth in a desert, and how it
affects America. J. Law. 11 U.S. News 74:
cusses recent negotiations In
oll Industry; statement,
lic interest coalition. Parks & Rec 8:13-14+
84-7 My '73
W. 73 J. Casey. Dept State Bull
Whose Alaskan oil? M. Allen and R. Levy.
Jl '73
Faisal's threat. N. C. Proffitt. il Newsweek
82:35-7 S 10 '73
'73 P. A. Samuelson. il News-
New Repub 169:14-16 JI 28 '73
Nation we'd better get to know; with edi-
Wrong route: trans-Alaskan vs. trans-Cana-
torial comment. il Forbes 111:9, 28-30+
gh is up? il Newsweek 83:18-
dian pipeline systems. C. J. Cicchetti. bibliog
F 15 '73
il Environment 15:4-13 Je '73
Texas
ueeze to price embargo; big
Yes and a maybe on the Alaska pipeline. il
Games Texans play: oil vs. football; revoca-
S; Arab oil flowing through
Bus W p97+ N 10 '73
tion of S. Walton's permit to drill in Burk-
103:36-8 Ja 7 '74
burnett. G. Cartwright. Il Sat R Soc 1:7+
Prices
ads 22 73 pinch the oil majors. il
F '73
Credibility and controls: Phase III. 11 Time
United States
of it. Sisyphus. Common-
101:70 Mr 19 '73
New oil hunt at home. il Time 103:16+ Ja 14
D 21 '73
Energy: how high is up? il Newsweek 83:18-22
'74
ations spiit their spolls. 11
Ja 7 '74
Problem of getting oil from the navy's Elk
'74
Gas shortage, fact or fiction? interview W. E.
Hills. il Bus W p24 N 17 '73
operative efforts in energy
Simon. il pors U.S. News 76:16-20 Ja 14
Akins. Ann Am Acad 410:
'74
Western hemisphere
hat's at stake? 11 Sr Schol
Global deal on prices? il Time 103:15 Ja 14
What U.S. can do to tap energy sources
'74
closer home. 11 U.S. News 75:25-6 D 3
oil: address, June 8, 1973.
High price of high oil prices; Why crude
'73
Vital Speeches 39:716-19
oil prices aren't what they seem. il Bus
PETROLEUM as fuel
W P 18-20 Ja 5 '74
Critical choices; sharing between the military
oil weapon. J. Burnham.
Oil countries raise the ante and world feels
and civilian sectors. Nation 217:642 D 17
18 74
the impact. il U.S. News 76:18-19 Ja 7 '74
'73
and E. Luttwak. Commen-
73
Oil masters. M. J. Ulmer. New Repub 170:13-
General aviation gets deepest cuts in fuel.
Aviation W 99:28 D 17 '73
price, pulling together. il
15 Ja 5 '74
Ja 14 '71
Oil: paying the price, pulling together. il
How much fuel you'll be able to get; govern-
Samuelson. Newsweek 83:
ment allocations. il U.S. News 75:13 D 24
Newsweek 83:27 Ja 14 '74
'73
Repub 169:7 S 15 '73
Phase IV takes alm at petroleum. Bus W
Rationing of oil for homes: here are the
fiction and fair play.
p 17 28 '73
J.
rules. U.S. News 75:124 O 22 '73
Affairs 51:676-89 J1 '73
Soaring gas prices. why. il U.S. News 76:13
PETROLEUM engineering
world's oil: test of a potent
Ja 14 '74
See also
Foltz, Jr. U.S. News 75:28-9
Solving the gasoline shortage. Nat R 25:1339-
Oil well drilling
the embargo. 11 Time 102:
40 D7 '73
PETROLEUM equipment industry
Why some prices should rise. M. Friedman.
IBM of the energy crisis; Schlumberger ltd.
erendipity. il Time 102:27 D
Newsweek 82:130 N 19 '73
il Forbes 111:30-1 Mr 15 '73
It's Slumber-jay and it's a money gusher:
ngton: debate over détente.
Prospecting
Schlumberger ltd. S. H. Brown. il Fortune
O 20 '73
ESRO studies oil exploration satellite. D. C.
88:198-201+ S '73
the heat. Nat R 25:1042
Winston. Aviation W 100:39 Ja 7 '74
North Sea oil. W. C. Patterson. Environment
oil embargo. W. F. Buck-
Revived search for oil at home. Bus W p49-
15:2-3 N '73
50 N 10 '73
See also
25:1374 D 7 '73
Why oilmen are over a barrell. T. Trussell. il
Cooper industries. Inc.
for oil is building to a
Jews 75:82-4 S 17 '73
Nations Bus 62:52-6 Ja '71
petroleum exporting countries, Organiza-
Wildcatters wanted. 11 Newsweek 82:76-7 Ag
tion of. See Organization of petroleum ex-
petroleum exporting coun-
13 '73
porting countries
LITERATURE March 1975-February 1976
READERS' GUIDE TO PERIODICAL LITERATURE March 1975-February 1976
827
International aspects
PETROLEUM industry-Continued
Venezuela
See Petroleum-International aspects
Middle East
Are windfall profits in oil legitimate? ISC-
CVP partnership. Bus W p24-5 Mr 31 '75
Regulations
Arab world, inc. J. J. Putman. 11 Nat Geog
How oil is creating a new power center in
See Petroleum laws and regulations
148:494-533 O '75
Latin America. J. Benham. il por U.S.
Middle East oil. R. H. Magnus. bibl f il Cur
News 78:48-50 Mr 24 '75
Hist 68:49-53+ F '75
Securities
Nationalizing oil, building steel. 11 Time 105:
Middle East: the politics of pipeline econo-
57 Mr 24 75
Bullish prospects for oil-service stocks. Il
mics. il Bus W p34 Ap 28 75
Bus W p70 Mr 10 '75
Venezuela: a study In third world strategy.
Oil producers cool off on nationalization. il
il Bus W 059-60 O 13 '75
Bus W p22-4 Je 9 '75
Venezuela: on the petroleum merry-go-round.
Taxation
See also
P. Lernoux. Nation 220:165-70 F 15 '75
Iow to make an energy crisis: Canadian gov-
Petroleum pipelines-Middle East
Venezuela's own; formation of Petrovén.
ernment taxes. D. Coxe. Il Nat R 27:508-9+
Time 107:59 Ja 12 '76
My 9 75
Nigerla
ule that could cost oilmen $3-billion. il
Nigeria: where oil is business, not politics. 11
Anecdotes, facetiae, satire, etc.
Bus W p76-7 JI 28 '75
Forbes 115:40-1 Ja 15 '75
axing the American public: more accounting
O faithful hearts: oilé! oilé! 11 Time 106:33
for the oil crisis. J. A. Schnepper. il In-
Norway
O 27 '75
tellect 103:504-6 My '75
See also
Dour Norsemen. M. R. Benjamin and others.
PETROLEUM Jelly. See Petrolatum
il Newsweek 86:39 J1 14 '75
pletion allowances
PETROLEUM laws and regulations
Assailing the giants. Time 78+ N 3 '75
Saudi Arabia
Big trouble for big oil: divestiture bill. D.
Alaska
New roles for the oil giants. Bus W p52+
Pauly and J. Bishop. Jr Il Newsweek
Id comfort: with report by W. J. Cook. 11
Mv 26 '75
86.81-2 O 27 '75
Newsweek 85:48-9 Ja 27 '75
bergs and oil tankers: USGS glaciologists
Sheik who hates to gamble; interview, ed by
Breaking up oil. New Repub 173:7-8 D 27 '75
O. Fallaci. A. Z. Yamani. il pors N Y
Different kind of oil pollution. W. A. Mon-
re concerned. L. J. Carter. il Science 190:
Times Mag p 18-19+ S 14 '75
crief and R. C. Cowan. Atlantic 235:49-50+
41-3 N 14 75
My '75
C to conduct massive Alaskan airlift. R.
O'Lone Aviation W 103:33 O 6 '75
Scotland
Federal oil firm: proposed National energy
supply corp. and National energy produc-
ecial report: aerospace taps Arctic resour-
Britain's oil boom: thank the Americans.
tion board il Time 105:27 F 24 75
es. Aviation W 103:14-17 N 17: 38-9+ N
R. Knight. il U.S. News 79:54 Ag 4 '75
Oil talk: price control bill vetoed. W. F.
4; 36-8 D 1; 49-50 D 8; 49-51+ D 15 '75
Flying Scots. M. R. Benjamin and others.
Buckley, Jr. Nat R 27:1134-5 O 10 '75
il Newsweek 86:40 J1 14 75
Refiners rebel against the FEA. il Bus W
Angola
p28-9 F 17 '75
ange bedfellows: Gulf oil corporation's sus-
United States
Senators for sale. M. Kempton. Progressive
Behind the sudden drop in oil drilling in
39:17 N '75
ension of operations. Time 107:75 Ja 5 '76
U.S; loss of oil depletion allowance. il U.S.
Unchain the beast? objections of oil com-
News 78:43 Je 16 '75
panies to federal regulation. New Repub
Arab countries
See also
Big oil's barrel of problems. A. J. Mayer
172.7-8 Mr 22 '75
roleum industry-Middle East
and others. il Newsweek 86:63-4+ Ag 11
What's an independent? Nat R 27:1098-9 O 10
75
'75
Brazil
Damson and the Indians; oil partnership
Who controls Atlantic oil? States' rights. J.
deal with Montana's Blackfeet Indians. R.
Ridgewav New Renub 172:11-13 Mr 22 '75
zil invites the oil hunters. Bus W D34
27 '75
Levy. por Duns R 106 77+ N '75
Who's entitled? Forbes 116:16 S 1 '75
Different kind of oil pollution. W. A. Mon-
See also
distribute the bread. D. L. Kirchner.
merica 132:400-1 My 24 '75
crief and R. C. Cowan. Atlantic 235:49-50+
Oil and gas leases
My '75
PETROLEUM pipeline companies. See Pipe-
Canada
Dr West engineers a big takeover try;
line companies
Tesoro petroleum corp.'s tender offer for
that keeps Canada's oil underground.
PETROLEUM pipelines
Commonwealth oll refining CO. stock. por
A. Dubin. il Bus W p46 F 10 '75
Bus W p29-30 My 12 '75
Alaska
Ing the oil fields: Canadian oil drilling
Drilling for money; Adobe oil CO. 11 Forbes
Alaska pipeline: battle at the top of the
lustry. Il Bus W p 118 My 19 '75
116:80 N 15 '75
world. P. Friggens. 11 Read Digest 107:189-
to make an energy crisis. D. Coxe. 11
Energy '75: from apathy to dependence: ad-
90+
S
'75
t R 27:508-9+ My 9 '75
dress, February 17. 1975. M. T. Halbouty.
Alaska pipeline hits another snag. 11 Bus W
icea no. two: tar sands: Athabasca tar
Vital Speeches 41:335-9 Mr 15 '75
nds Forbes 115-18-19 My 1 '75
p46 My 19 '75
Federal oil firm: proposed National energy
retie strikes oil In the nick of time. =
Alaska's pipeline road: new conflicts loom.
supply corp and National energy production
q W p51-2 N 10 '75
M. Panitch. il Science 189:30-2 JI 4 '75
board. il Time 105:27 F 24 '75
Big pipe dream comes true at last! Alaskan
ze on Panaretic. il Bus W p 116+ Ap 21
Golden flood returns. il Time 105:75+ Ja 27
pipeline. N. Sklarewitz. il Pop Mech 143:74-
'75
China (People's Republic)
How decontrol threatens independent oil-
7+ AD '75
men. il Bus W p50-2 S 29 '75
Birth pangs of a boom: Alaska pipeline. il
I's new competitor. D. Pauly and oth-
Time 105:56 Mr 24 '75
il Newsweek 86:68-9 S 29 '75
Hunt heirs play for high stakes. 11 Bus W
Blood. toil. tears and oil: effects of the
's bootstrap oil production. Forbes 116:
p58-62+ F 17 75
S 15 '75
Living under the gun: R V. West of Tesoro
Alaskan pipeline W Griffith. il N Y Times
on-Peking axis: oil for China's lamps
petroleum. Il por Forbes 116:39+ S 1 '75
Mag p8-9+ JI 27 '75: Reply with rejoinder.
E. L. Patton. p 102+ S7 75
more. 11 U.S. News 79:27 D 22 '75
Oil and Congress. M. W. Levin. Nation 220:
Cry crisis, by H. Manning. Review
132 F 8 '75
Am For 81:51-2 Mr '75. M. Bush
Egypt
Oil importers await a superport signal. 11
Desperate gamble to supply Prudhoe. 11 Bus
hand-over: Israeli withdrawal from
Bus W p28-9 D 8 75
W p35-6 O 13 75
Sudr oilfield. W. Wynn. Il Time 106:33
Oil independent that hit it right: Swann oil,
Devaluation of Alaska. B. Gilbert. 11 Audubon
75
inc. il Bus W p77-8 Je 2 '75
77:64-80 My '75
France
Oil industry: prices, profits and taxes; ad-
Dissolute Alaska: the coming of the pipe M.
8: a host of troubles plague the oil gi-
dress, January 28. 1975. J. K. Jamieson.
Roberts. New Repub 173:17-21 N 1 75
Bus W p30 F 3 '75
Vital Speeches 41:278-80 F 15 '75
Good news on oil: Alaska has more than anv-
Oil: the source. J. Conaway. Atlantic 235:
one knew. G. Yalowitz. II U.S. News 79:
Germany (Federal Republic)
60-70 Mr '75
46-9 N 17 '75
Germany: disenchanted with a rich
market. il Bus W p38 Ag 18 '75
Oilman financier: R. V. West, Jr of Tesoro
Icy Alaska delay. il Time 106:62 0 6 '75
petroleum corporation. por Duns R 105:
One man's meat: the effect of influx of pipe-
Great Britain
79-80 Mr '75
line workers on Alaskan economy. K. K.
Other Carey: M. Carey of Carey energy
Howell and S. Kline. il Oceans 8:34-9 J1 '75
a tax package that favors the oil-
il Bus W p35-6+ Ap 7 '75
corp. il por Time 106:44+ J1 21 75
Pitfalls in Alaska's road to riches. il Bus W
drills-and prays. D. Yergin. 11 N Y
Refiners rebel against the FEA. 11 Bus W
p76 S 8 '75
8 Mag D 13+ N 2 '75
p28-9 F 17 75
Rush for riches on the great pipeline; Alaska.
puts a great tactician on the North
Sheiks of Texas are upon us. 11 Forbes 115:
il Time 105:12-18+ Je 2 '75
British national oil company. por
36-7 F 1 '75
Sohio books passage on a gas pineline:
me 92:17 S '75
Thwarting the cartel: how to treat para-
agreement with El Paso CO. 11 Bus W p21
S oil bonanza has a catch to it. Bus W
sites. M. J. Ulmer. New Repub 172:9-10
Je 2 '75
Je 30 '75
F 15 '75
Middle East
stormy petrol. Time 105:28 Mr 8
Two case histories: Inflation by oligopoly.
Middle East: the politics of pipeline econom-
urceful British. Nat R 27:205 F 28
B. Harrison. Nation 221:147-8 Ag 30 '75
ics. il Bus W p34 Ap 28 '75
Unchain the beast? objections of oil com-
PETROLEUM pollution of waters. See Oil pollu-
also
panies to federal regulation. New Repub
tion of rivers, harbors. etc
petroleum company
172:7-8 Mr 22 '75
petroleum ports. See Petroleum shipping
oil company, ltd
Who opposes oil decontrol? M. Friedman.
terminals
Indonesia
Newsweek 86:64 S 15 '75
PETROLEUM products
ia: an all-out effort to rescue Per-
Why Apco is worth fighting for: stock tender
offer by Alaska interstate CO. Bus W p28
Additives
a. il Bus W p30 JI 21 '75
See also
member that spent too much: Pert-
JI 28 '75
See also
Lubrizol corporation
il Bus W p25-6 Mr 31 '75
Government investigations-Petroleum indus-
PETRO' EUM refineries
try
OIl and Congress. M. W. Levin. Nation 220:
Italy
King ranch. Inc
132 F 8 75
ne Italian hand. il Forbes 115:38+ Ap
also names of oil companies, e.g. Exxon
Oil refining: output stays flat, 11 Bus W D98-
corporation
4 Ja 18 '76
JRE March 1972-February 1973
William
READERS' GUIDE TO PERIODICAL LITERATURE March 1972-February 1973
899
e reacts. Nat R 24:520-1 My 12
peterson, Peter G.-about -Continued
n 1349-50+ of the D 8 Japanese-Americans.
No. 1 aim of new chief at Commerce. 11 por
Darkness at the end of the pipeline; trans-
U.S. News 72:22 If 7 72
.
Alaska pipeline. C. R. Zelnick. Liv Wildn
Arthur G.
Supersalesman arrives. il por Time 99:76+ F
36:6-12 Sum '72; Reply. 1. M. Cowan. 36:38
plates. 11 Hobbies 77:98X-98Z
7 '72
Aut '72
Burr
Tapping Soviet treasure. 11 por Time 100:63
Department discusses national security as-
Ag 21 '72
PETERSON, Rex
June 22, 1972. J. N. Irwin, 2d. Dept State
pects of trans-Alaskan pipeline; statement,
58 Ja '73
as a house plant. Org Gard &
Carolyn M.
Record bear of the Manti; ed. by H. Wixom.
Bull 67:100-2 Jl 17 '72
11 Field & S 76:36-74 Ja '72
Escalating war for Alaskan oil. A. M. Louis.
ther and the environment crisis.
il Fortune 86:80-4+ JI '72
120-4 Ja '72
peterson, Roger Tory
Chester, Jr
Fuertes legacy will never die: excerpt from
Frozen oil from Alaska? brine-oil solution.
S. V. Jones. Sci Digest 72:61 0 '72
without adding an acre. il Farm
Louis Agassiz Fuertes and the singular
Mr '72
beauty of birds: with reproductions of paint-
Great Alaska pipeline controversy. P. Frig-
dward c.
ings. Nat Wildlife 10:20-4 Je '72
Oil polities. New Repub 166:9 My 27 72
gens. Il Read Digest 101:125-9 N '72
now 41 Mr a 22 nationwide '72 Issue. Chr
Tourist as a conservationist. 11 Audubon 74:
44-51 Mr '72
Pipe dreams? Interior department report on
trans-Alaskan pipeline. Newsweek 79:62+
dwin P.
PETERSON, Russell Wilbur
Ap 3 '72
light tackle. 11 Field & S 77:54-
Showdown on Delaware Bay; interview. ed.
Pipeline approved despite ecologists' warn-
by 72 S. Lindsay. il por Sat R 55:34-9 Mr 18
325-6 My 20 '72
ings: Trans-Alaska pipeline. 11 Sci N 101:
igene H.
PETERSON, Susan
Public documents; Alaskan pipeline. C. R.
eeting; poem. Chr Cent 89:121
Ellamarie and Jackson Woolley. 11 Craft
Zelnick. Il Harper 245:28-31 N '72; Reply.
quartet. Chr Today 16:4-6 Mr
Horiz 32:16-19 Je '72
R. C. B. Morton. 245:8 D '72
PETERSON, Thomas
Which pipeline? B. Hobbie and R. B. Mancko.
anklynn
First colored voter. A. M. Daniel. Negro
New Repub 166:16-18 Je 24 '72
the bad guys and other tech-
Hist Bull 35:172 D '72
Prices
72 ting the exposé. Writers Digest
PETERSON, William L.
1972 Urban vehicle design competition. 11 Pop
Debate over rising oil prices. 11 Bus W p60
J1 29 '72
ed A.
Mech 138:40-2 Ag '72
Iding boom. 11 Parks & Rec 7:
PETERSON, Willis
Prospecting
Baja California; photographs. 11 Audubon
Multibillion-dollar gamble: wildcatting in the
74:4-23 Mr '72
North Sea. il U.S. News 72:88-9 Je 5 '72
B. and others
Is proach and contact behavior
PETITS fours. See Cake
Refining
for food or brain-stimula-
PETITT, Dorothy
72 ment bibliog II Science 177:
(ed) Professional publications. See issues of
GM's gasoline specs upset the refiners. por
Bus W D20 Ja 22 "72
English journal
old
PETKAS, Peter. See Green, M. J. jt. auth.
Transportation
Illus 36:59 My 1; 73 My 29;
PETRAKIS, Harry Mark
Oil by rail; North Slope option; reprint. D.
all. 11 Sports Illus 36:54+ Mr
Growing together. il Todays Health 50:22-5+
P. Morgan. il Environment 14:30-1 0 '72
N '72
See also
7:94 + 11 Sports S 18 '72 Illus 36:69-70 Je
PETRAS, Fred
Tank ships
4 channels on a disc; CBS-Sony SQ matrix.
Alaska
asketball + (cont) Sports Illus
11 Radio-Electr 13:25-7+ Mr '72
Oil stalks the caribou. R. Belous. il Liv
7-8 D 14: 11 48+ '72 F 21; 48+ Mr 6;
VTR's: ready for your home? 11 Radio-Electr
Wildn 35:20-4 Wint '71
43:33-7 J1 '72
PETRICCIANI, John C. and others
Canada
30 ke their work (the enlisted
Galactose utilization in galactosemia. bibliog
New oil strike gets Canada feverish. 11 Bus
'72 gung-ho) Il N Y Times
11 Science 175:1368-70 Mr 24 '72
W p76+ Ap 1 72
Subhuman primate diploid cells: possible sub-
strates for production of virus vaccines. bib-
China (People's Republic)
haeology. 11 Sel Digest 71:35-
liog il Science 174:1025-7; 176:814 D 3 '71, My
19 '72
China: a bid for U.S. help in unlocking its
oil. Bus W p10+ S 23 '72
PETRIE, Donald Archibald
S. Goodman. Il pors Dance
He tries harder for McGovern. 11 por Bus W
Florida
'72
p50 Ag 5 '72
PETRIE, Paul
Florida oil boom with more to come. il Bus
Bennett
W D78 JI 8 '72
backfires. il Nations Bus
Identity; poem. New Yorker 47:88 F 6 '72
Kuwalt
Manhood; poem. Poetry 120:342 S '72
When the wells run dry. il Newsweek 79:102+
PETRIFIED peat. See Peat, Fossil
My 1 72
L.
PETROCELLI, Rico
Middle East
T neath the Spanish Main. il
25:23-44 My '72
Petrocelli pulls up his Sox. B. McDermott. 11
Middle Eastern oil since the second World
di
por Sports Illus 36:67+ Ap 8 '72
war; with tables T C. Barger. Ann Am
e Hartke-Burke bill; ad-
PETROGLYPHS
Acad 401:31-44 My '72
72. Vital Speeches 38:571-5
Valley of Marvels. il Time 100:100+ O 30 '72
See also
North Sea Region
Idress. November 13, 1972.
Cave drawings and paintings
Multibillion-dollar gamble: wildcatting In the
39:130-4 D 15 '72
PETROLANE, Inc.
North Sea. il U.S. News 72:88-9 Je 5 72
ussia: excerpts from
Think small. Forbes 109:46 F 15 '72
8, 1972. 11 por U.S. News press
North Sea oil boom. il Newsweek 80:80-2 O
PETROLEUM
2 72
See also
sues policy statement on
Hydrocarbons
North Sea oil scramble. J. Ross-Skinner. il
Duns 100:108-9+ D '72
ce and investment secur-
On lands
January 19, 1972. Dept
nations; excerpts from
International aspects
Scotland bathes in a North Sea oil boom.
il Bus W D 148+ N 11 '72
0 F 72
Facing a powerful cartel. il Time 99:59-60 Ja
PETROLEUM chemicals
erce Peterson holds news
24 72
See also
R. COW on first meeting of
Middle East squeeze on the oil giants. il Bus
Benzene
commercial commis-
W p56+ J1 29 '72
972. Dept State Bull 67:
See also
PETROLEUM equipment Industry
Organization tries of petroleum exporting coun-
North Sea oil scramble. J. Ross-Skinner. il
Ign agreements on trade
Duns 100:108-9+ D 72
ews conference: October
Pipe lines
North Sea oilmen search for U.S. aid. Bus W
e S Bull 67:582-92 N 20 '72
Alaska: closer to cashing oil's riches; Interi-
p27 D 2 '72
from Russia in trade
Alaska pipeline: approval expected. Sci N 101:
or dept. report. il Bus W p78-83 Mr 25 '72
PETROLEUM exporting countries, Organiza-
pors U.S. News 73:40-4
184 Mr 18 '72
porting countries
tion of. See Organization of petroleum ex-
Alaska pipeline plan spins off a science bo-
Ja '73
nanza. J. E. Brown. il Pop Sci 202:50-3+
PETROLEUM See also in submerged lands
out
Oil well drilling, Submarine
Alaskan pipeline. A. W. Smith. Nat Parks &
Con Mag 46:2+ F '72
Petroleum-North Sea Region
Soviet 72 trade. II News-
Alaskan pipeline gets a go-ahead. 11 Newsweek
petroleum Industry
79:79 My 22 '72
See also
eterson. G. R. Rosen.
Jl '72
Arctic pipeline. known problems & unknown
Royal Dutch-Shell group
rce. 11 por Time 100:39
0272
effects. Q. Dadisman. il Nation 215:262-6
Imports problem
rs. Il Newsweek 79:64-5
Big pipeline: focus on impact. Sci N 101:199
Case against oil and steel import quotas.
Mr 25 '72
Consumer Rep 37:528-31 Ag '72
Bringing Alaska's oil to market: outlook
Certain oil import levels increased by
now. U.S. News 72:37 Mr 27 '72
Dept State Bull 66:822-3 Je 12 '72
dent Nixon: proclamation. R. M. Nixon. Presi-
READE
896
READERS' GUIDE TO PERIODICAL LITERATURE March 1968-February 1969
PETRO
PETERSON. Rudolph Arvid
PETROLEUM engineering
Banking. por Nations Bsns 56:84 Ap '68
See also
Paradox of prosperity; address, April 22, 1968.
Oil well drilling
Peru
Vital Speeches 34:177-80 My 16 '68
Oil well logging
PETERSON. Severin, and Peterson, Peggy
PETROLEUM in submerged lands
Psychedelle exercises. Ladies Home J 85:
Battle royal over offshore claim: Maine's off-
Putti
112- F '68
shore oil. Bsns W p44 Je 22 '68
ow
PETERSON. Suran
Bill to ald conservation fund gets a rough
J1
(ed) See Lukens. G. Glen Lukens 1887-1967
ride; on revenues to stabilize the Land and
Russ
PETERSON, Virgil W.
water conservation fund. C. H. Callison.
Hu
Problems of law and order. bibliog { Cur Hist
Audubon 70:86 J1 '68
55:352-6- D '68
Britain's gas may fizzle; North Sea bonanza.
PETERSON. William F.
Bsns W p42 o 5 '68
Hints for the pregnant traveler. Redbook 130:
Continental shelf: scramble for federal oil-
Grim
lease revenues. L. J. Carter. Science 160:
aft
55+ Ap '68
PETERSON, Willis
1431-3 Je 28 '68
Oil 8
Meet dipo. 11 por Audubon 70:28-35 Mr '68
East coast oil? it may happen: SeaMap
C.
PETITION: story. See Barth, J.
project. il Bsns W p 182+ O 26 '68
Petro
Offshore sale sets record. Bsns W p34 N 23
56
PETITS fours. See Cake
T.R.
'68
Ollmen bid high for Gulf leases. 11 Bsns W
vo
PETITT, Dorothy
(ed) Professional publications. Engl J 57:
D48 My 25 '68
159
Striking it rich under the sea: the rush for
Tick
1359-63 D '68
PETKEVICH, John Misha
offshore oil. il US News 65:66-8 Ag '68
sys
il
Bold Bourkey for John Misha. B. Ottum.
See also
il Sports Illus 23:22-3 Ja 29 '68
Oil well drilling. Submarine
Will
J1
PETRAKIS, Harry Mark
PETROLEUM Industry and trade
Rosemary: story. Mue 66:134-5 F '68
Oil & the Arabs. R. Scheer. il Ramp Mag
Ph
6:36-42 Ja '68
PETRAS, Fred
Oil: the biggest business, by C. Tugendhat.
PETR
How to buy 8. tape recorder. Radio-Electr
Review
39:92-5 O '68
Newsweek 11 72:72+ Ag 5 '68. R. A
Oil
Recorders: what's happening. Radio-Electr
Sokolov
PETR
39:59-61 O '68
See also
line
PETREAT, Russ
Oil shale industry
PETR
Blind tests unvell purchasing savings. por
Pennzoll company
Inter
Am City 83:117-18 Ap '68
Royal Dutch-Shell group
an
PETRELS DDT residues and declining reproduction in
Consolidations and mergers
W
the Bermuda petrel. C. F. Wurster, Jr.
Big oil merger moves ahead; Atlantic Rich-
PETR
and D. B. Wingate. bibliog il Science
field co. and Sinclair oil corp. Bsns W p30
Acro
Jn 11 '69
Me
159:979-81 Mr 1 '68
on merger awaits the word; Sun oil CO. and
PETRI
PETRIE, Graham
Sunray DX oil CO. Bsns W p32 Ag '68
Films of Sidney Lumet: adaptation as art.
Otta
What comes naturally; Signal-Occidental
qua
Film Q 21:9-18 Wint '67
merger. Newsweek 71:72 F 12 '68
I
PETRIE. Paul
Kindertöten; poem. Poetry 112:21 Ap '68
Finance
PETS
OII: vardsticks of performance. 11 Forbes 101:
Born
PETRIFIED prince; drama. See Miller. H. L.
156+ Ja 1 '68
32
PETROLEUM
Putting in more chips; U.S. Royal Dutch/
Fam
See also
Shell. il Forbes 101:43 Ap 15 '68
cai
Bituminous sand
Hous
Oil lands
Securities
the
International aspects
Back to the old mill stream. 11 Forbes 101:35
lio
F 15 '68
Let
See also
Petroleum industry and trade-Middle East
Next on the agenda; finding oil abroad.
exo
Forbes 101:36 F '68
S
Pipe lines
Opportunities in Alaskan oil. 11 Duns R 91:
Lode
Race across the sand: Israell and Egyptian
105-6 Ap '68
Ne
Pet
projects. 11 Time 92:57 J1 5 '68
Wages and hours
Pets
Prospecting
Wages in crude petroleum and natural gas
Mc
Geophysical methods
production C. E. Scott, Jr. 11 Mo Labor R
Wild
To
East coast oil? It may happen; SeaMap proj-
91:54 Jl '68
Alaska
Zoo
ect. 11 Bsns W p 182+ O 26 '68
Alaska report: technology on the tundra. W.
Transportation
Pet
L. Hennefrund. 11 Duns R 92:101-2+ N '68
Trav
See also
Tank ships
Arabla
0
Well drilling
See also
See Oil well drilling
Petroleum Industry and trade-Middle East
Cari
Alaska
Belglum
An
Alaska: biggest In oil, too? U S News 65:8 J1
Belgium's pioneering othnan: Fernand Sten-
Pet
29 '68
ult. G. Well Duns R 91:70+ Je '68
71:
Alaska strikes It rich; with interview with
Safet
Governor W. J. Hickel. 11 U S News 65:48-53
Canada
Ja
Sce also
D 9 '68
Alaska's black-kold rush: problems of drilling
Great Canadian oil sands. limited
on the North slope W.J. Cook. il News-
Succ
Colombia
week 73:46-8 Ja 6 169
try
Alaska's new strike. 11 Time 92:36- D 13 '68
See also
PETSO
Alaska's oil may be flood. 11 Bsns W p40 J1 27
Petrolem-Colombla
Get
'68
Je
Hercules freighters seen alding Alaskan off
France
PETTE
strike exploitation Aviation W 89:70 N 4 '68
For the subsidized grandeur of France:
Resis
Opportunities In Alaskan oil. 11 Duns R 91:105-
ERAP-Elf. Fortune 78:176 S 15 '68
6 Ap '68
French oil and de Gaulle; ERAP-EM co. V.
PETTI
Right time. wrong place: Atlantic Richfield
Lewis. Duns R 92:99-100+ S '68
Our
and Humble Alaskan oil find. 11 Forbes
str
102:36 O 1 '68
Great Britain
Canada
See also
Drive for riches In Canada's Far North 11
British petroleum company
Riot
US News 65:62-3 Ag 26 '68
PETTI
Middle East
I had
Colombia
OII. Arabs and communism. E. K. Roosevelt.
N
Hannibal In the Andes: Texaco-Gulf project.
America 119:216-17 S 21 '68
Long
Il Time 91:85-6 [ 9 '68
PETTI
Nigerla
Blrd
Middle East
Let them eat oil. R. Fitch and M. Oppen-
Birdi
Russian drill ceep in the Middle East. E.
helmer. il Ramp Mag 7:34-8 S 7 '68
'68
Hughes. 11 Fortune 78:102-5 JI '68
PETTU
PETROLEUM, Synthetic
Oklahoma
Plane
See also
See also
Coal liquefaction
Kerr-McGee oil Industries, Incorporated
RATURE March 1969-February 1970
READERS' GUIDE TO PERIODICAL LITERATURE March 1969-February 1970
919
SON, Arthur G.
Northwest Passage: an ice-breaking tanker
coloring.
P. Okladnikov. il
pioneers in opening the long-sought Arctic
patterns: Hobbies
136) Ag 69
route. N. Wood. il Travel & Camera 32:14+
y.
ware patents by Charles
Mikase,
maze. Sunset 143:38 N 69
N '69
graven on Mojave
Northwest Passage to what? Manhattan's
11 Sunset 143:108-9 o
69 art glass. Bob Hobbies 73:76+ Vi Ballingts,
bies 74:98DD-98EE Je '69
voyage. J. Lear. il Sat R 52:55-6+ N 1 '69
Northwest Passage; voyage of the Manhat-
put the handprints on Prayer rock?
tan. Nation 209:301 S 29 69
SON,
Who C. Hildreth. 11 Sci Digest 65:54-6 Je 69
Oil in the Arctic: with report by J. Bonfante.
SON, irls 30:34-9 in Chester, Des F 17 Moines; '69 jr photographs. Boorge
11 Life 66:20-9 F 14 '69
Richest auction in history. il Time 94:87-8
aspects
S 19 '69
SON, an 4F-24H assembly Donald J1 '69 O. line for calving. Farm
Changing seopolitics Ap 14 '69
of the world's oil. 11
Rising stars; Hamilton brothers successful
in Alaska bidding. Forbes 104:26-7 O 1 '69
meet BP. il Forbes
Ultimate confrontation. R. Cantwell. 11 Sports
SON, Eric
69 are they now? 1] por Newsweek Tea
Illus 30:66-70+ Mr 24 '69
link to Arab states;
Arctic Regions
V. am Mlle has 69:261+ helped Ag me '69 know that I don't
Hispanoil in French-American oil con-
sortium. Bsns W p50+ O 11 '69
It adds up to an icebreaker; supertanker Man-
SON, Ervin L.
nuch D '69 is enough? address. por Am For
a oil and
hattan to open up route to Arctic oil. Bsns
Tanzer.
W p53 My 31 '69
Real meaning of Alaskan oil finds. 11 U S
SON, George A.
Review Nation 209:605-7 D 1 '€9. R. Engler
News 66:66-7 Mr 3 '69
the oil giants are under the gun. il Bsns
Search for Golconda: converting biggest
er: 9 Don Redlich. il Dance Mag 42:56-3
Why W p82-3+ n 25 69
tanker in the U.S. merchant fleet into
SON, Harold
an icebreaker to open route to Arctic
Pipe lines
oil. il Newsweek 73:77+ Mr 10 '69
all's + Ap Johnny 14 69 Appleseed. Sports Illus
to tap Alaskan oil. il
Underwater route to Arctic oil. il Bsns W
p47 J1 12 '69
F with 24 '69 the heathen. Sports Illus 80:38.
'70
SON, J. W. See Vela, G. R. jt. auth.
Interior Parks 43:22 D '69
limits on Alaska oil pipeline.
Asia, Southeastern
World's newest hunt for oil bonanza. 11 U S
SON, Jeanne G.
on trans-Alaska il Bsns W
a a oil; gamble
News 67:66-8 D 1 '69
Motor o quell B the 124:107 midnight Ag '69 halyard orches.
p31-2 N 29 '69
Indonesia
ON, Jessie
North Slope: oil rush. L. J. Carter. il Science
O 3 '69: Reply. F. F. Wright. 166:
Japan the target for Indonesian oil; offshore
exico's sunspot. Travel 132:48-9 Ag
1220+ D 5 '69
oil. 11 Bsns W p60-1+ My 31 '69
uth. ON, Margaret R. See Anderson, J.
Operation Hannibal: jungle oil for world
Oil general. 11 Newsweek 73:81 Je 16 '69
ON, Mary Nygaard
markets. R. S. Diamond. il Fortune 79:
World's newest hunt for oil bonanza. 11 U S
mutiny; drama. Plays 29:61-6 o 'c)
Pipeline 109-11 and permafrost; Alaska's north
F
'69
News 67:66-8 D 1 '69
S amplification in of Jacobsen, E. E. Hz. electro
ON, Paul D. and
slope. Sci N 96:524 D 6 '69
Iraq
Iraq. R. A. Fernea and E. W. Fernea. bib-
sapphire doped
Production methods
liog il Focus 20:1-8 O '69
1 My impurity 30 '69 ions. bibliog with Scive 1942
See Petroleum engineering
Japan
ON, th. Richard S. See Le Boeuf, B, J.
Prospecting
Undersea oil for Japan? Sci Am 221:48 O '69
ON, Robert
Bad days for wild ones. il Time 94:76 JI 11
Michigan
Je
red '69 schoolhouse reopens. Har Yrs
69
Challenge of the North Slope. il Time 94:
Oil explorers find hope in Michigan. il Bsns
W p46 0 18 '69
cup of tea. Flying 84:56-9 Je '69
65 S 19 '69
Changing geopolitics of the world's oil. il
Russla
to copy? Flying 85:50-2+ S '69
e Cavalli, C. I retired to the library
U S News 66:98-100 Ap 14 '69
Soviet icebox yields treasure: oil and gas
ON, Roger Tory
Underwater route to Arctic oil; plan of
fields at Arctic Circle. 11 Bsns W p43-4
Marine resource consultants. inc; of San-
Je 21 '69
136:52-67 JI '69; Same abr. with title
endangered world citizen. Il Net
ta Monica, Calif. il Bsns W p47 Jl 12 69
petroleum engineering
World's newest hunt for oil bonanza: the
ry of the vanishing osprey. Read
They're mining oil with buckets. D. Fales. 11
t 95:86-9 N '69
oil rush in southeast Asia. il U S News
Pop Mech 131:108-10 F '69
uchheister, C. W. jt. auth.
67:66-8 D 1 '69
petroleum engineers
Transportation
Universities: industry links raise conflict of
about
interest issue; questioning relation of petro-
Peterson's whooping cranes. 11 Audubon
Alaska's oil challenge. il Bsns W p 120+ S
leum engineering professors to oil industry.
2 N '69
13 '69
J. Walsh. Science 164:411-12 Ap 25 '69
ON, Rudolph Arvid
Real meaning of Alaskan oil finds. il U S
News 66:66-7 Mr 3 69
petroleum equipment Industry
erson to head task force on inter-
See also
Southwest passage? to get crude out of
al 29 '69 development. Dept State Bul 61:
Alaska. Forbes 104:50 O 15 '69
Halliburton company
See also
PETROLEUM in submerged lands
SS for the biggest. por Time 94:50 D
Petroleum-Pipe liner
Abyssal oil? Sci Am 221:54 J1 '69
Tank ships
Japan the target for Indonesian oil. il Bsns W
rade and investment; address, March
p60-1+ My 31 '69
9. Vital Speeches 35:413-16 Ap 15 '69
Well drilling
N, Russell K. and Rash, B. B.
Offshore oil: channel blowout points up in-
learns to train the hardcore. Ed
See Oil well drilling
formation gap. L. J. Carter. Science 164:
530-2 My 2 69
35:35-7 0 '69
Alaska
See also
N, Ted T. See Brown, S. B. jt. auth.
Oil well drilling, Submarine
N,
Willis
Alaska: bonanza for blacks? il Ebony 25:
titan. Nat Wildlife 7:4-7 Je '69
123-6+ N '69
petroleum Industry and trade
Irra
Alaskan prospect. A. W. Smith. Nat Parks
Why the oil giants are under the gun. il
43:2
S
'69
Bsns W p82-3+ 0 25 '69
terview, ed. by H. E. Phillips. por
N 34:17 6 '69
Bubble, bubble, Alaskan oil and trouble. I.iv
See also
George A.
Wildn 33:37-8 Sum '69
Government investigations-Petroleum in-
dustry and trade
Iluminations. Sch Arts 69:16-17 S '69
Canada's oilmen stake claim in U.S. market:
Dorothy
Alaska threaten Canadian sales in U.S. il
fessional publications (cont) Engl J
Bsns W p24-5 Ap 5 '69
Consolidations and mergers
8, 281-7. 450-7, 602-6+, 945-8, 1250-4,
Challenge of the North Slope. il Time 94:65
Affair of state; Justice department suit to
S 19 69
Ja-Ap. S. N-D '69
Driller's luck; Alaskan North Slope. News-
halt BP-Sohio merger. Newsweek 74:98B+
A, Anthony J.
O 20 69
situation in Ernest Hemingway's
week 74:94+ 0 13 '69
Ashland oil scrambles hard to become an
's home. Engl J 58:664-7 My '69
Great Alaska oil rush. P. Friggens. il Read
Digest 95:66-70 J1 '69
energy giant. 11 Bsns W p64-5 Ag 2 '69
Paul
BP's new boy has welcome mat yanked;
poem. Atlan 223:76 Ja '69
Great Alaska oil sweepstakes. il Bsns W D43-
BP-Sohio merger. Bsns W p48 0 11 '69
4 S 13 '69
e of old stoves; poem. Poetry 114:
Marriage, divorce style; Atlantic Richfield CO.
'69
Great oil hunt: North Slope auction: with
and Sinclair oil corp. Newsweek 73:95-6
report by G. C. Lubenow. il Newsweek 74:
Mr 17 '69
for the march king; poem. Atlan
9 N '69
80-2+ S 22 '69
Not so dumb; American petrofina's purchase
S lament; poem. New Yorker 45:38
Hickel and the Arctic. M. Frome. 11 Field
of '69 Cosden petroleum. Forbes 104:54-5 Jl 15
69
& S 74:12-14+ N '69
Oil merger O.K. but: Justice dept. sanctions
<, Joe
Interior sets limits on Alaska oil pipeline.
Atlantic Richfleld-Sinclair oil merger. Bsns
Rico; outside San Juan. Travel 131:
Nat Parks 43:22 D '69
W p94 Mr 8 '69
Ap 69
North Slope: oil rush. L. J. Carter. il Sci-
Trustbusting and common sense: Justice de-
YPHS
ence 166:85-92 O 3 69; Reply. F. F. Wright.
partment to block proposed merger of Brit-
a's petroglyph canyons: a gallery
166:1220+ D 5 '69
ish petroleum and Standard oil CO. of Ohio.
ient Indian art. G. F. Jackson. II
Duns R 94:140 N '69
rks 43:15-17 o '69
North Slope showdown. 11 Newsweek 74:63-
4 Ag 25 69
What price Hess? proposed Hess-Amerada
merger. il Forbes 103:51+ Mr '69
L LITERATURE March 1970-February 1971
EDERS' GUIDE TO PERIODICAL LITERATURE March 1970-February 1971
911
PESEK, Pattl Jo
ESTICIDES and the environment-Continued
PETERSON, Eugene H.
Traveler's choice. Travel 133:22 My '70
@membering Rachel Carson. S. A. Briggs. il
Morning prayers; poem. Chr Today 14:4 S
PEST control
por Am For 76:8-11 J1 '70
25
'70
Agricultural pest control and the environment
Nince silent spring, by F. Graham, Jr. Re-
peterson, Eugene K.
G. W. Irving, jr. bibliog Science 168:1418
New
Atmosphere: a clouded horizon. il Environ
Je 19 '70
Environ 11 12:30-1 My '70. K. P. Shea
12:32-9 Ap: 44-5 D '70
Co-evolutionary race. P. R. Ehrlich and 3.
RETICIDES and wildlife
PETERSON, Fritz
Holdren. Sat R 53:66 D 5 '70
What's new for pest control. Suc Farm
litterflies, yes! fate of harmless or beneficial
Dreamy times for Mini-bombers. P. Carry. il
40.
insects. A. W. Smith. Nat Parks 44:2 Mr
por Sports Illus 32:20-2+ Je 22 70
MI AD '70
70
PETERSON, George A.
See also
Household pest control
Hunts on pesticides today. J. E. Forbes. bib-
Discovery. J. Dreyfuss. il Mod Phot 34:84-5+
Insect control
liog il Cons 24:2-4 Ag '69
Mr '70
PT: effect on calcium metabolism and
PETERSON, Gunnar A.
ESTICIDE labels. See Labels
concentration of estradiol in the blood.
Laura Beall Woods. 11 Nat Parks 44:24-5 Ja
ESTICIDE pollution. See Pesticides and the
D. B. Peakall. bibliog il Science 168:592-4
70
environment
PETERSON, Harold
ESTICIDES
Publicides and the reproduction of birds. D.
Baseball. Sports Illus 32:50 My 4: 50+ My
Government's plan to phase out persiatent
and Peakall. il Sci Am 222:72-8 bibliog() 130)
18; 56 Je 8 '70
chemicals. il Farm J 94:20-1+ Ja '70
Unwanted Ap harvest. K. P. Shea. bibliog il En-
'70
Lift, liberty and the pursuit of happiness. il
Sports Illus 33:64-7+ O 19 '70
Handy guide for diluting pesticides. Suc Farm
wiron 11:12-17-+ S '69
Moving in for a land grab. il Sports Illus 33:
68:D10 Ap '70
Where have all the pelicans gone? il Chem
22-4+ J1 13 '70
Intestinal hydrolysis and conjugation of
pesticidal carbamate in vitro. J. C. Poloce
425 Mr 70
Week. See occasional issues of Sports illus-
and G. D. Paulson. bibliog il Science
TICIDES regulation division. See United
trated published during baseball season
States-Agricultural research service-Pes-
Week: college football. Sports Illus 33:71-2+
77-8 O 2 '70
Weeding out the pesticides. Bsns W p594 #
ticides regulation division
N 30 '70
RESTO. See Sauces
PETERSON, Malcolm
26 '70
Space available; excerpts from testimony be-
What canceling a pesticide could mean to you
MESTS
fore the Joint congressional committee on
Suc Farm 68:46 Ap '70
Bee also
atomic energy, January 29, 1970. bibliog 11
See also
Agricultural pests
Environ 12:2-9 Mr 70
Herbicides
NT caskets. See Coffins
PETERSON, Mary Nygaard
nsecticides
ILT food
Magic box: dramatization of an Italian folk
Disposal
See also
tale. Plays 29:39-45 F '70
How to discard chemicals. Suc Farm 68:13
Cats-Food and feeding
PETERSON, Richard B.
Ag '70
Food and feeding
Worker participation in Swedish enterprise;
nsecticide disposal: the heat's on. a Pup
NTER 111, emperor of Russia
excerpt from Worker participation in the
Sci 197:32 O 70
Tennestic policies of Peter III and his over-
enterprise: the Swedish experience. Mo
afe disposal of home pesticides. Consumer
throw. M. Raeff. bibliog f Am Hist R 75:
Labor R 93:48-50 Ap '70
Bul 53:26 O '70
1289-310 Je '70
ETER, Paul and Mary (folk singers) See
PETERSON, Robert
Boston stranglers; or, How to pack a pack
Injurious effects
Singers
of Cub scouts in a Bonanza. il Flying 86:
o-evolutionary race. P. R. Ehrlich and J.
ITER, John
Housing: from crisis to disaster? il Look
72-5 Ja '70
Holdren. Sat R 53:66 D 5 '70
anger! pesticides at work. W. B. Furlons
34:53-9 F 10 70
How to get a multi-engine rating. 11 Flying
86:64-70+ Je '70
il Good H 170:82-3+ Mr '70
INTER, Klaus J.
Burh-quality AM section in new hi-fi re-
Say again everything after ATC clears
eath of the oceans; pesticides; address
selver. il Electr World 83:30-1 Je '70
il Flying 88:62-4 Ja '71
March 13, 1970. D. Epel. Vital Speeches 25
RTER. Robert
PETERSON. Roger Tory
411-14 Ap 15 70
ghting the fire ant; toxic side effects from
# was a terrible scene. Nat R 22:1001+ S 22
Where have all the ospreys gone? interview,
Mirex. il Time 96:40 N 2 '70
*70
ed. by J. Hess. il Nat Wildlife 9:36-7 D '70
ad hatter visits Alice's restaurant; mercury
INTER Grimes: opera. See Britten, B.
PETERSON, Rudolph Arvid
poisoning. H. Martin. il Todays Health 43
INTER Scott's Wildfowl trust, Slimbridge, Eng-
Birth pains. Forbes 106:44 S 15 '70
39-43+ O '70
land. See Bird sanctuaries-England
Jumping into a pool. por Time 95:16 Mr 23
erve gas in the orchards. R. B. Taylor. 3ia-
TERBORO, N.H, town library
'70
tion 210:751-3 Je 22 '70
my the library closed its doors. E. Yates.
PETERSON, Tyrone
Am Lib 1:179-80 F 70
Counsel for the G.I. defense. Time 96:44-5
Laws and legislation
PETERBOROUGH, Cyril Eastaugh, bp. of.
O 19 '70
rds and bees. D. Zwerdling. il New Repub
See Eastaugh, C.
PETIOLES
63:17-20 O 31 '70
TERLE, Tony J.
Tramiding damage. bibliog 11 pors Environ
Senescence in detached betel leaves: role of
vernor announces strict controls on harm.
the petiole. S. D. Mishra and B. K. Gaur.
ul pesticides: with text of commissioner's
11:34-40 J1 '69
bibliog 11 Science 167:387-8 Ja 23 '70
order. il Cons 25:4-6 D '70
WITERS, Leslie K. See Sinclair. W. jt. auth.
blic hearings express pros and cons
PETITT, Dorothy
ITERS, Muriel, and Peters, William
esticide use. R. H. Smith. 11 Cons 20:3-4
(ed) Professional publications. See issues of
How college students feel about love, sex
'70
English journal
and marriage. 11 Good H 170:84-5+ Je '70
11 EPA take away your pesticides? G.
PETLEY-JONES, Evan William
Vormley. Farm J 94:32 N 70
TERS, Ruth Marie
Scrimshaw. il Antiques 98:256-62 Ag '70
See also
Bonquets for winter. il Horticulture 48:32-3+
PETRAS, Fred
ited States-Agricultural research service
$
70
Family fun in your own backyard. il Home
Pleasures of portables. 11 Hi F1 20:secI 46-52
esticides regulation division
Gard 57:32-40 Je '70
My '70
Research
Juy from a window greenhouse. il Home Gard
PETRIFIED peat. See Peat, Fossil
ging out? Newsweek 76:94+ N 2 '70
67:42-3+ S '70
PETROCHEMICAL plants. See Chemical plants
Poppy clan. il Horticulture 48:28-31+ Je '70
Spectacular amaryllis. 11 Horticulture 48:30-
PETROGLYPHS
Residues
Ancient landings in America: findings of
1+ '70
lysis of pesticide residues: new problems
Woodland gardens under glass. 11 Home Gard
C. H. Gordon. J. Lear. il Sat R 53:18-19+
J1 18 '70
d methods. D. J. Lisk. bibliog Science
07:46-7 N '70
Canaanite Columbus? the Metcalf stone. il por
0:589-93 N 6 '70
PETERS, Svetlana. See Stalina, S. I.
Newsweek 76:65 () 26 '70
als of medicine; case of organic mercury
isoning by pork from hogs fed surplus
METERS, Thomas R.
Mystery of the Nazca lines. D. Cohen. il Sci
Imscent to wisdom; address. December 2. 1969.
Digest 67:46-8+ My '70
ed grain chemically treated. B. Rousche,
ew Yorker 46:64-70+ Ag 22 '70
Vital Speeches 36:394-6 An 15 '70
Secrets of the stones; Argentine Northwest.
No provision for now: address. October 13.
B. Pastor. il Américas 22:32-7 Ap '70
S not kill ourselves; mercury residues in
me birds. B. East. Outdoor Life 14514
1970. Vital Speeches 37:75-9 N 15 '70
See also
'70
PETERS, William. See Peters, M. jt. auth.
Cave drawings and paintings
ution is a dirty word. R. Sanders. #
PETROLEUM
RETERS, William Wesley
c Farm 68:23-5 Ag '70
See also
Newsmakers. il por Newsweek 75:69 Ap 20
ution, your problem too; food residus
Gasoline
ntrol. R. Sanders. il Suc Farm 68:32-3 8
Hydrocarbons
villains; Pesticides regulation division
INTERSEN, L. J. See Butler, E. E. jt. auth.
Oil lands
d the mercury pesticide industry. IL
TERSEN, Marjorie
International aspects
errill. Nation 211:208-12 S 14 '70
Gernoway progress report. il por Motor B
Mr Scripps said it: control of world petro-
CIDES and the environment
125:122-3-1- Ja '70
leum: address, June 18, 1970. M. T. Hal-
and bees. D. Zwerdling. il New Repub
NETERSON, Allen M. and others
bouty. Vital Speeches 36:688-92 S 1 '70
:17-20 O 31 '70
Bistatic-radar observation of long-period, di-
See also
stream: Crooked Creek in Missouri. &
rectional ocean-wave spectra with loran
Petroleum industry and trade-Middle East
Shea. il Environ 12:12-15 Jl '70
A. bibliog il Science 170:158-61 O 9 '70
Pipe lines
1, air, water. J. Frost. bibliog 11 Environ
4-29+ Jl '69
ETERSON, Arthur G.
Alaska: money V. law. il Time 95:84 My
cides: prescribing for the ecosyntem
Pagle glass and manufacturing company. 1]
11 '70
Van Den Bosch. il Environ 12:20-5 AD
Hobbies 75:112-13 Ap; 82-3 My '70
Blocking that line: ruling on Alaskan project.
Class salt shakers: twelve rarities. 11(p 1)
miding damage: experimental study
il Newsweek 75:78 Ap 27 '70
Hobbies 74:114-15 Ja '70
T movement in the environment.
Breathing spell: Trans-Alaska pipline system.
erle. bibliog il pors Environ 11:34-40
X-Ray pattern glass. il Hobbies 75:68-9 Je '70
Sci N 97:389 Ap 18 '70
ETERSON, Bob
Canada's bid for Arctic oil. W. Kornberg.
Callery; photographs. Life 69:8-9 N 6 '70
il Sci N 97:442-3 My 2 '70
03/25/91
11:59
BORDEN GROUP
P.01
91 MAR 22 P8: 25
NATIONAL
WILDERNESS
NWI
INSTITUTE
a voice of reason on the environment
25766 Georgetown Stution
Washington, D.C. 20007
(703) 836-7404
FAX TRANSMITTAL
Fax # to be called: (202) 456 6218
Business #: (201) 456-7750
Number of pages being sent including cover page: 3
Attn: Peggy Dooley
Company: WHITE House RESEARCH DEPT.
Comments: Here in one other articles that we published
on the Pipatines It deals with something called
"the SMART PiG." I Ine mailed a opy.of that
rewsletter as well. Hope le is well.
Robert E. Cordin "
Divector
Benjamin W. Pation
Depany Director
Joel K. Describe Exq.
Logal Counsel
National Advisory Board
Honorable Becky Norting Dunlop
Furmer Activities Secretary of Internal
Honorable George S. Dunkep
(If any of these pages do not transmit properly, please call 703-548-3692.)
Former Authori Secretary of Agriculum
Dr. Bernard 1. Fears
Honorable Dowld P. Hodel, like
Foreur Security of Income, Energy
Hundrable Diay Lee Ray, Ph D.
Former General Washington
Sender's name: B.L.P.K
Forms Charman,
U.S. Aumic Energy Commission
Hausable Steven D. Symme
United Sease, Senaux
as
03/25/91
11:59
BORDEN GROUP
P.02
ENERGY
Daniel J. Sullivan
"Smart Pig":
A Different Kind of Wildlife
In pipeliner's parlance, a pig is not a large, roundish animal
destined for the dinner table; a pig is a large roundish machine that
snuffles along the inside of a pipeline, propelied by whatever it is
the pipeline is carrying, and a "smart pig" is a machine that inspects
the interior walls of the pipeline as it goes.
The idea is to avoid ruptures and spills through early detection
of threats to the structural integrity of the pipeline. The Alyeska
Pipeline Service Company maintains and operates the 800-mile-
long Trans-Alaskan Pipeline, which has been carrying Alaskan
crude oil from Prudhoe Bay 10 the port of Valdez since its
completion in 1977. Ever since the pipeline was first proposed,
during its construction and in the years since, people have been
scriously concerned about possible damage to Alaska's environ-
ment from a pipeline rupture. Alyeska's record has done a lot to
allay those fears. It has not had one leak due to corrosion in its 13
years of existence, in large part due to its leading role in the
development and use of smart pigs.
"Our record of zero leaks for 800 miles is very unusual for a
pipeline, says Anchorage-based Bill Howitt, manager of Alyeska's
engineering department. "Our goal is 'no leaks,' ever. That's not a
goal we can guarantee, but with the help of advances in pig
technology. it's
APSC
a goal we can
attain."
A new and
advanced smart
pig using ultra-
sound technol-
ogy was intro-
duced last year,
and it is a big
reason
for
Howitt's confi-
dent
tone.
"Early smart
pigs used some-
Alyeska's Smart Pig
thing called
magnetic flux technology to detect metal loss in the pipe walls. It
was primitive technology compared to ultrasound; the minimum
metal loss had to be 50% before the pig could detect it."
That, Alyeska decided, was not good enough. "In 1984, we
initiated a worldwide search for new technology to apply to pigs,"
Howitt says. "We found an advanced magnetic flux technique that
lowered the threshold from 50 to 30%, which helped, but then we
hit on ultrasound, which could reduce the threshold to 10%."
Ultrasound is the technology familiar to most people from its
use as a medical diagnostic tool. Alyeska and the Japanese
Dr. Sherwood B. Idso is a Research Physicist with the USDA's Agri-
industrial giant NKK adapted ultrasound to pipeline needs and
cultural Research Service and an Adjunct Professor in the Departments
jointly developed a system that could measure variations of five
of Botany and Geography at Arizona State University. His book,
one-thounsandths of an inch in a one-half inch thick pipe wall: then
Carbon Dioxide and Global Change: Earth in Transition, is available
for $21.95 per copy. Make checks payable to and order from: Institute
see ENERGY, next page
for Biospheric Research, 631 E. Laguna Dr., Tempe, AZ 85282.
03/25/91
12:01
BORDEN GROUP
P. 03
rivals that of the entire real-world atmosphere. Something must be
ENERGY
drastically wrong with today's state-of-the-artclimate models; and
from page 3
we must not rush head-long into energy policy formulations based
they figured out a way to package the system to survive an 800-mile
on so faulty a foundation. As seen in this light, the current global
ride in hot oil down a 48" pipeline at a speed of six feet per second,
warming scare amounts to little more than a tempest in a (compu-
reading the pipe walls square inch by square inch and storing all the
terized) teapot.
data for retrieval at three stations along the way.
"The pig is not perfect," Howilt warns, "but the error rate is
Wildlife Management
very low and it errs on the conservative side. If gives us a slightly
more pessimistic picture of conditions than we find actually exist
Tim T. Taylor, Ph.D.
when we go out and inspect the pipe. For example, the pig reported
116 possible high-priority anomalics on its first run in 1989. We
Beyond Conservation's Adolescence
investigated every one and found that only 30 actually required
repairs." (The pipeline runs above ground for half its length and
When Aldo Leopold, father of modern wildlife management,
below ground for the remainder. Corrosion problems requiring
wrote about the ethical treatment of our American landscape, he
repair have been found almost exclusively on pipe exteriors in the
regarded the conservation movement in his day as the embryo of
below ground sections, due to the failure of an anti-corrosion
moral attitudes towards our land. If the conservation movement
coating applied when the line was first installed.)
was embryonic in the late 1940's and early 1950's. when Leopold
Advanced technology costs money, of course. It costs $2
penned his thoughts, then the conservation movement must have
million to send the ultrasonic smart pig on its annual pipeline ride.
been born shortly thereafter and passed through various stages of
And it costs roughly $50 million to carry out the annual schedule
childlike development through the 60's and 70's. Possibly, we can
of inspections and repairs to potential and real problems that smart
mark the first Earth Day in 1970 as a point of early adolescence,
pig roots out.
where growing pains and peer pressure begin to play a role in the
"The money is well spent," said Howitt. "It substantially
conservation movement's development. Land ethic, as Leopold
reduces the risk of damage to the environment."
called it, began to grow beyond itsroots. Emotions grew faster than
reason; questions arose without answers and land ethics became
polarized between preservation. conservation, and resource utili-
ATMOSPHERE
zation. Just as our children must deal with the frustrations of
from page 3
adolescence, the conservation has had its growing pains.
regions would be predicted to warm by 34°to 51' C.
When Leopold talked about land ethic, he was voicing concern
To provide some perspective on these predictions, it is useful
over the attitudes of people towards their land. He pointed out that
to note that:
man was over-using his rightful privileges to his land without
[1] the total greenhouse warming provided by earth's cur-
We can only hope that the conservation
rent entire atmosphere, which captures 90% of the Earth's
heat (thermal radiative efficiency), is itself only 34° C; and
movement has matured beyond adolescence, and
[2] a 300 to 6,000 ppm increase in the equivalent CO2
will now begin to collectively sink its roots into
content of the air represents a change of less than one percent
America's heartland and bear its own fruit.
(0.57%) in the total composition of the atmosphere.
Clearly, there is no way that this small increase in the equiva-
carrying out the obligations that must come with it. It is true that
lent CO₂ concentration can have a global warming impact that
most of America's top-soil has been pushed towards the Gulf of
Mexico and most of its timber is holding up or sitting in our
25
American homes. However, the conservation movement has seen
significant progress in forcing obligations to the land through
legislative landmarks requiring protection and consideration of
20
America's remaining natural resources. Yet the land ethic that
GLOBAL GREENI-OUSE WARMING (*C)
Leopold was talking about cannot be written in Congress. It must
15
come from within the American people. Most importantly it must
come from among those that control most of the remaining natural
resources in this great Nation, the landowners and tenants of
10
private land.
The good news is that private landowners are slowly develop-
ing this long needed land ethic along avenues that even Aldo
5
eopold would have never dreamed. Leopold blamed over-use of
our natural resources on economic considerations rather than
0
ecological considerations. In his day he may have been absolutely
O
2400
4800
7200
9600
correct. However, across the U.S. we are seeing a new land
EQUIVALENT CO2 CONCENTRATION (ppm)
management philosophy under the influence of a competitive
Climate model predictions of mean global warming to an initial
market in land values and partitioning of scarce resources. In many
atmospheric CO₂ concentration of 300 ppm as a function of the
areas, the once useless marsh or thicket has become inherently
equivalent CO2 content of the air.
valuable to its owner; no longer in the way. but needed in order to
NATIONAL
WILDERNESS
INSTITUTE
NWI
a voice of reason on the environment
25766 Georgetown Station
Washington, D.C. 20007
(703) 836-7404
March 21, 1991
Dear Ms. Dooley
Enclosed is the information on
ANWR that you requested along with
the latest issue of our newsletter,
NWI "Resource"
Please see Volume I, Issue 4 of
the "Resource" for an article on page 2
concerning exploration of ANWR.
I hope this helps you. Donot
hesitate to call on US should you require
more information.
Sincerely.
Robert E. Gordon, Jr.
Director
Benjamin W. Patton
Deputy Director
Joel R. Burcat, Esq.
General Counsel
Tessell T. Bakes 111
National Advisory Board
Honorable Becky Norton Dunlop
Former Assistant Secretary of Interior
P.S. also consider.
Honorable George S. Dunlop
Former Assistant Secretary of Agriculture
Dr. Bernard J. Ficarra
AlAska 01 & Gas Association
Honorable Donald P. Hodel, Esq.
Former Secretary of Interior, Energy
(907) 272-1481
Honorable Dixy Lee Ray, Ph.D.
Former Governor, Washington
Former Chairman,
AND
U.S. Atomic Energy Commission
Honorable Steven D. Symms
NATIONAL
United States Senator
API in D.C.
WILDERNESS
INSTITUTE
Benjamin W. Patton Terrell Baker
Recycled Paper
Deputy Director
Project Manager
25766 Georgetown Station
Washington, D.C.
20007
703-836-7404
Volume II, Issue 1
NWI
a publication of
INSIDE:
February/March, 1991
the National Wilderness Institute
Acid Rain:
RESOURCE
The Rest of the Story
page 3
Bird on a Wire
page 4
a voice of reason on the environment
Wilderness Apartheid
page 4
Interview:
Dr. Dixy Lee Ray
page 7
Wildlife Conservation
in Perspective
page 10
The Entertainment &
Media Environment
page 10
NWI Programs
& Activities
page 11
USAEC
One of these two owls is considered
by Robert E. Gordon, Jr.
The Honorable
Dixy Lee Ray, Ph.D.,
threatened by the Federal Government.
Joins NWI
Advisory Board
Can you tell which one?
The Institute has the dual
honor of welcoming Dr. Dixy
Lee Ray, biologist, fmr. governer,
and author of Trashing the Planet
as the newest member of its
National Advisory Board and
interviewing her for this issue's
NWI Perspective.
Chris West
J. Verner
For more on Dr. Ray and
NWI's exclusive interview,
please turn to page 7.
Without knowing where the pictures were taken it would be pretty tough. The one on the
left is a threatened Spotted owl of the Northwest. The one on the right is a Spotted owl from
California and not threatened. They are nearly identical in appearance and genetic structure.
The primary difference may be that they live in different places.
The Northwest Spotted owl is now part of an exclusive club. According to the 1991 Budget
Justification for the Fish and Wildlife Service, there were some 1,070 endangered and
threatened plants and animals listed as of 1989. The Service states that "the ultimate goal of
threatened and endangered species conservation is to recover populations to levels where
protection under the Act is no longer required." While that may sound pretty straightforward,
Printed on Recycled Paper
a closer look at the Endangered Species Act, the listed plants and animals, and their record
of recovery tells quite a different story.
see ENDANGERED, page 9
From the Editor
NWI's Mission
The National Wilderness Institute
Benjamin W. Patton
is dedicated to the wise manage-
ment of natural resources, unique
and special wildlife habitat, and wet-
Throwing Science Out the Window
lands. NWI embraces the perspective that
renewable resources such as air, water, soil,
wildlife, fish, forest and range are dynamic,
Imagine a world where science no longer
from NAPAP (see page 3). Could it be
resilient and respond positively to wise man-
played a role in formulating environ-
that it just wasn't what Hawkins wanted to
agement.
mental policy, a world in which hype and
hear? After all, justifying the costly
The Institute stresses the need for a private
rhetoric meant everything and science
legislation ($4-7 billion) for which he
sector stewardship which enhances the
resource base without unnecessarily inhibit-
nothing. Watching a recent edition of 60
lobbied is more difficult in light of NA-
ing economic growth. NWI encourages en-
Minutes on acid rain made me realize just
PAP's findings. Furthermore, people are
vironmentally sound, site and situation
how frighteningly real this prospect is.
more likely to fund Hawkins and others
specific practices which harness the dynamic
and creative forces of the private sector, in-
like him if they are convinced of impend-
The story focussed on the National
cluding the extending of the protection of
ing disaster.
private property rights, and which reduce the
Acid Precipitation Assessment Program
regulatory burden of the Federal Govern-
(NAPAP), without a doubt the most
Hawkins himself admits that "the envi-
ment.
comprehensive study ever done on acid
ronmental community has spent almost no
NWI realizes its mission through programs
rain or any environmental issue for that
effort attempting to monitor the progress of
which network ideas among individuals,
matter. One of the most astounding
this program because we'felt [it] was essen-
officials, organizations and corporations.
aspects of the study was its conclusion
tially a misdirection of resources." He goes
that acid rain is sig-
on to say that "we
nificantly less of an
"Environmental policy should be
should control
ecological crisis
based on what we do know, not
pollution now rather
NWI Resource
than has been
than wait for addi-
Benjamin W. Patton, Editor
portrayed by much
on fear of the unknown."
tional years of re-
Samantha Grey Boyd, Art Director
of the environ-
search." Apparently,
mental community. But in spite of the
such opinions weigh heavily on Capitol
Contributors
considerable data, I was amazed at how
Hill. The half-billion dollar NAPAP study
Joel R. Burcat, Esq.
Environmental Law
Travis C. Cork III
Forestry
little the scientific evidence seems to
received a mere one hour of debate in a
William L. McDowell, Ph.D. Nuclear Energy
affect the views of many in the environ-
U.S. Senate subcommittee and was never
Steven T. Ragiel
Environmental Engineering
Daniel J. Sullivan
Energy
mental lobby.
even formally presented on the House
Tim T. Taylor, Ph.D.
Wildlife Management
floor.
Referring to NAPAP's findings, David
NWI
Hawkins, a lobbyist for the National
In short, Hawkins' statement is a slap to
Robert E. Gordon, Jr., Director
Benjamin W. Patton, Deputy Director
Resources Defense Council, told 60
the face of science, dismissing the impor-
David A. Jenkins, Director of Development,
Minutes: "[Scientists] are saying that
tant maxim that environmental policy
Western Region
because we spent a few years backpacking
should be based on what we do know, not
National Advisory Board
around these forests with a lot of instru-
on fear of the unknown. What is most dis-
Honorable Becky Norton Dunlop
ments and we can't find anything, we
turbing, however, is that not only does
Honorable George S. Dunlop
Bernard J. Ficarra, M.D.
should assume there is nothing."
Hawkins believe this, but he and others
Honorable Donald P. Hodel
like him have a powerful effect. What
Honorable Dixy Lee Ray, Ph.D.
First of all, it was disheartening to see a
Honorable Steven D. Symms, US Senator
would Galileo, Newton and Einstein think?
supposedly informed "environmentalist"
equate the EPA's ten year program
Copyright © 1991 by The National Wilderness Institute,
25766 Georgetown Station, Washington, D.C. 20007.
involving over 3,000 top scientists and
Telephone: (703) 836-7404. The NWI Resource is a
costing $570 million, to a couple of guys
publication of NWI. Excerpts may be quoted, provided that
Readers are encouraged to submit comments to:
full credit is given to NWI. Nothing printed here is to be
wandering in the woods. His statement
NWI Resource
construed as necessarily reflecting the views of NWI or as an
implies that during a full decade of
25766 Georgetown Station
attempt to aid or hinder the passage of any legislation before
Congress.
research virtually nothing was found.
Washington, D.C. 20007
Additional copies of the NWI Resource are available for $2 each
On the contrary, a great deal was learned
up to ten copies and for $1.50 thereafter. For additional copies,
please send a check or money order to the above address made
payable to NWI. Prices are subject to change without additional
notice. For annual membership ormation see page 6.
2
For more than a dozen years, conven-
Guest Column
Yet NAPAP found only 35,000 acres of
tional wisdom has blamed acid rain for the
Edward C. Krug, Ph.D.
the 200 million acres of eastern lakes, 0.02
depletion of sports fisheries in the north-
percent, to be critically acidic ( pH of 5 or
eastern United States. Thousands of lakes
less). And, the amount of acid water is not
were believed to have been acidified by
Acid Rain:
perceptibly changing at this time. Further-
acid rain, with thousands more soon to
follow. There has also been much concern
The Rest of the Story
more, elimination of acid rain will do little
to bring sport fisheries back. The acidity of
about acid rain damaging our forests. The
lakes is the result of the absence of alkaline
perception of mounting environmental
substances to neutralize acid. Most fish
devastation created an overwhelming sense
Edward C. Krug has served as a soil scientistspecial-
cannot survive in runoff from unpolluted
of urgency. The feeling was, "For heaven's
izing in watershed and lake acidification with the
pH 5.0 rain coupled with acidity from peaty
sake stop talking about it and do something
Illinois State Water Survey. He has performed as-
soils and vegetation through which water
before we kill everything!" There was,
sessments and impact studies for the U.S. Dept. of
Energy, EPA, and Forest Service. Dr. Krug's work
feeding acid lakes and streams runs.
however, no sound data concerning the
has been published in journals and magazines across
overall effect of acid rain in the Northeast.
NAPAP research indicates that liming
the country including Science, Nature, and Policy
Review. Most recently, he appeared on CBS' 60
lakes or their surrounding watersheds is a
Accordingly, in 1980 President Carter
Minutes to provide expert testimony on acid rain.
surefire way of deacidifying water, after
recommended the creation of a 10-year
which fish could be introduced. Acidic
National Acid Precipitation Assessment
Program (NAPAP) to research what was
taken in the 1950's and 1960's to improve
Northeast lakes can be deacidified by
being called one of the two most serious en-
human health and reduce materials
liming at about $500,000 a year.
vironmental problems of the century.
damage. It increased as new particle
Inadvertent "liming" occurred for over
precipitators and cleaner-burning fuels
99.9 percent of the Northeast and subse-
removed the emissions that blackened our
quently fish could be stocked.. Slash-and-
lungs and buildings. But the soot we
burn forestry and agriculture practices re-
removed also contained alkaline substances
moved the acid soil and vegetation, leaving
which previously neutralized much of the
behind alkaline ash and residues which
acid.
imparted alkalinity to water. For many
Subsequent action (the 1970 Clean Air
lakes, this was the first and only time that
Act) effectively decreased emissions of ac-
they were able to support fish. The discon-
ids. For example, emissions of the main
tinuation of such land-use practices resulted
ingredient of acid rain sulfur - are only
in formation of acid soils and vegetation,
NWI
half of what they would be without the
and concomitant widespread reacidification
1970 Act. Nevertheless, the public and
of water and loss of stocked fisheries, all of
Dr. Ed Krug in the Adirondacks
political perception that the Act was not
which was blamed on acid rain.
working and that immediate action is
Such an inception guaranteed that
required to prevent ecological catastrophe
"The facts demonstrate
NAPAP's life would be a difficult one.
to our forests and lakes led to new 1990
that acid rain is not an
NAPAP has been incessantly criticized for
legislation.
its perceived soft-selling of acid rain why
impending catastrophe.
Acid rain falls on 300 million acres of
wait to research when we know that it is
forest in the eastern United States.
What problems it does cause
such a horrendous problem? Conversely,
scientists complained that scientific objec-
NAPAP found that virtually all of the
are certainly manageable in a
tivity was seriously handicapped by NA-
nitric acid in acid rain goes to fertilize
cost effective manner."
PAP's self-interest in proving acid rain to
nitrogen-starved forests. Similarly, the
be a serious problem whether it is one or
world's leading acid rain research water-
shed, the Hubbard Brook Experimental
Many ecologists, however, do not want a
not.
Forest, shows that the watershed supplies
return to the days when acidic lakes and
Yet, NAPAP performed much better
only 40 percent of the sulfur being taken
streams were made into artificial bass and
than could have been expected. It con-
up by the growing forest and organic forest
trout ponds. For example, the New Jersey
firmed that acid rain comes from combus-
floor. The remaining 60 percent comes
Pine Barrens Commission forbids land-use
tion of fossil biomass such as coal. Often
from the sky. In 0.1 percent of Eastem US
practices that will deacidify waters to less
when burned nitrogen and sulfur are con-
forests fertilization may cause damage. Fer-
acidic than pH 5.0 for the same reason that
verted to gases and then combine with
tilization of high altitude spruce-fir forests
the U.S. National Park Service forbids the
water to form nitric and sulfuric acids.
may cause these forests to grow too long
liming of acid lakes it will destroy the
These acids, however, are also naturally
and make them more prone to severe
sparse but unique aquatic fauna and flora
produced by biogeochemical cycling of
winters or frosts.
naturally inhabiting highly acidic waters.
nitrogen, sulfur, and other acid-forming
substances. Natural processes acidify rain in
However, amounts of atmospherically-
The facts demonstrate that acid rain is
forested areas to about pH 5.0. Few species
deposited sulfur typically exceed a forest's
not an impending catastrophe. What prob-
sulfur nutrient requirements, so some de-
lems it does cause are certainly manageable
of fish would be able to survive in lakes and
posited sulfur is carried in runoff to lakes
in a cost effective manner. It is unfortunate
streams if this naturally acidic rain was not
and streams. There is also some excess
that the valuable and expensive informa-
neutralized by alkaline substances like lime
in watersheds.
nitric acid which washes away in runoff.
tion gathered by many scientists has been
As a result, the principal ecological effects
obscured by cries for drastic action by an
Ironically, the unnaturally acidic rain we
of acid rain appear to occur in lakes, not
irresponsible few.
know today is a consequence of actions
forests.
3
search program. He and his associates
cutions were first identified as a problem,"
trained a young golden eagle to fly to
Thorsell recalls. "We went right to the
Energy
mock-ups of common power line pole
government with the problem, as well as
Daniel J. Sullivan
types. The flights were filmed and
to non-profit groups and got cooperation
examined, frame-by-frame, to find eco-
all around." Thorsell and Nelson soon
nomical ways to protect the birds from
crossed paths. The most visible result of
Bird on a Wire
electrocution. Nelson found several
the coming together of environmentalists
solutions: extensions to the poles and
Out West, where small animals scurry
and private commercial interests was
higher perches above the power lines, ob-
"Silver Wires, Golden Wings." Produced
through the sand and scrub-brush of a
stacles that prevent birds from spreading
by the Edison Electric Institute with the
semi-arid landscape, the shadow of an
their wings and touching two wires, and
cagle gliding over the land can be the only
support of half a dozen Western public
insulation on some wires. But putting
power companies, the phenomenally
proof to an observer that there is any life.
one or more of these contrivances on
successful 1980 documentary poetically
Eagles, hawks, falcons and owls are
every power pole would have been fabu-
captured Nelson's research. Since its
called by the menacingly evocative name
lously expensive; fortunately, more re-
debut, it has been seen by tens of millions
"raptor." In the West, they often make
search revealed that birds of prey are very
of people around the world.
careful that their poles of choice meet
The goal of all the people connected
certain specifications, namely, having
with the 20-year-long effort to protect
good views and strong updrafts. Only two
percent of power poles exhibit one or
birds of prey is to "make it possible for the
creatures of the wild to live in harmony
both of these characteristics, S.O the
with modern society's works," Nelson
problem was reduced to a manageable
says. Here is one heartening example
size.
among many of a signal success.
Echo Films, Inc.
Nelson also designed an inexpensive
nesting box that proved to be a smash
with prospective tenants. "When we put
up the first nesting platforms, eagles
moved into them before the power
Environmental Law
A bald eagle perches on a utility tower in Idaho
company had strung the lines," Nelson
Joel R. Burcat, Esq.
remembers. "There are now three times
their living off the rabbits and rodents that
as many ferruginous hawks living in our
eke out an existence in a lonely landscape
nests as there are in other locations." The
Wilderness Apartheid
occasionally bisected by curious and useful
popularity of the nests raised yet another
human constructions-power lines. Birds
There is a nation that excludes a
concern: Does proximity to power lines
of prey need high perches, as observation
sizable, identified portion of its population
cause genetic damage to birds over time?
posts from which to sweep the ground for
from public property. This form of
Measurements of magnetic fields and ob-
prey and as nesting places safe from preda-
apartheid is supported by a small, but
servation and testing of birds over a 15
tors. In the American West, a region
influential, portion of the population.
year period showed no ill effects, even
where natural perches are at a premium,
Those who have been excluded have
from lines carrying the highest voltages.
the power line pole came as a boon to the
done nothing wrong and are just like you
preying birds-with some drawbacks.
and me in virtually every respect. Those
who exclude are the privileged elite. The
Shooting a bird off a power line pole is
excluded people include mobility-
not difficult. In addition to this idiocy,
impaired persons, the blind, senior
there was another, unintended danger-
citizens, and others who cannot meet
electrocution. If a bird, particularly a bird
vigorous physical requirements. The
with a large wingspan such as an eagle,
excluded areas are the "Wilderness Areas"
touches two wires simultaneously, while
owned and operated by the United States
landing or taking off, it completes a circuit,
Government. Those who seek to exclude
with predictable results.
Echo Films, Inc.
some from our public lands might as well
Enter Morlan Nelson, naturalist and
install signs that say, "No Handicapped
trainer of birds of prey since he was first
Allowed-Backpackers Only." This
captivated by the sight of a falcon hurtling
shameful form of "wilderness apartheid,"
down onto a teal duck when he was 12
A golden eagle in one of Nelson's nesting boxes
based solely upon physique, age and mo-
years old. "When the bald eagle was put
bility, has not been abolished by the
on the endangered species list, one result
With that concern allayed, Nelson's nests
recent enactment of the Americans with
was that power companies became liable
are a common sight today in Washington,
Disabilities Act of 1990 (ADA).
for a $10,000 fine for each eagle electro-
Idaho and Montana, and they're going up
cuted on their lines. The Idaho Power
in neighboring states. But the story
Likewise, this same privileged elite has
doesn't end here.
prohibited the federal government from
Company came to me and said, 'Find out if
managing these publicly-owned areas in
we have a problem, and if we do, see if you
Richard Thorsell, another lifelong ad-
any kind of a sensible manner. Roads—
can find a solution to it."
mirer of birds of prey, is Environmental
be they for fire breaks, maintenance or
Nelson, now 74 years old and a director
Programs Manager for the Edison Electric
access by mobility-impaired persons-are
Institute. "Environmentalists came to us
of the World Center for Birds of Prey near
either completely excluded or limited in
(Edison Electric) back when bird electro-
Boise, began a long and painstaking re-
these areas. Generations of professional
4
foresters have taught the benefits
Wilderness Act or regulations.
of such practices as preemptive
FEDERAL
In a significant slap to the face of
fires. Yet these techniques are
HEY!
WILDERNESS
AREA
such managers, Congress specifi-
generally excluded from Federal
YOU WITH THE
cally stated that the Wilderness
wilderness.
MECHANICAL
DEVICE-FREEZE!
Act should not be construed as
The Wilderness Act of 1964
prohibiting the use of wheel-
was enacted in response to the
chairs. (Wheelchairs with
concern that "wilderness areas
motors, however, are still
were disappearing in the face
prohibited from wilderness trails
of continued development.
by the U.S. Forest Service.)
Congress had hoped that a
by Henry Payne NWI 1991
Presumably, this means that'a
statutory mandate preserving
mobility-impaired person may
large areas of federal land in a
drive to the gates of a wilderness
primeval condition would
area and enter without fear of
result in an "enduring resource
arrest. Ironically, however, the
of wilderness." Initial contro-
government is under no obliga-
versies under the Wilderness
tion to see to it that paths or
Act related to the designation
roads are constructed that would
of wilderness areas. Often the current
view the Wilderness Act as mandating
enable this person to actually move about
dispute centers over the management
that managers of wilderness take an active
in the wilderness area. Even if a handi-
techniques used by the federal govern-
role in restoring disturbed areas to their
capped person can legally enter a wilder-
natural state. In addition, the agencies
ness area, he cannot move about in a
ment.
interpret the Act as permitting restric-
wheelchair. So for all practical purposes
Congress has set guidelines in the
tions on human use of wilderness areas
he is being denied its use. This is akin to
Wilderness Act for the management of
when restrictions are necessary to
allowing a child to stand at the door of an
wilderness areas by the Departments of
maintain the wilderness character of such
educational institution, but prohibiting
Interior and Agriculture. Section 4(b) of
areas.
him from going inside and benefitting
the Act requires federal agencies to
In practice, the agencies have prohib-
from learning.
preserve wilderness character. The Act
specifically states that, "wilderness is
ited the construction of permanent roads
Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act
further defined to mean. an area of un-
in Wilderness Areas and removed
of 1973 specifically prohibits discrimina-
developed federal land retaining its
existing roads. In addition, wheeled and
tion by the federal government against
primeval character and influence without
mechanical devices, such as bicycles and
disabled individuals. The Rehabilitation
permanent improvements or human habi-
paddleboats, are prohibited from wilder-
Act has not been specifically applied in a
tation, which is protected and managed
ness areas. Obviously, the management
dispute involving an interpretation of the
so as to preserve its natural condition
of wilderness areas has also been limited.
Wilderness Act; however, the law
Section 4(c) of the Wilderness Act lists
Significant battles have taken place over
appears to apply to almost all federal
types of objects and activities banned
the years regarding the ability of federal
facilities, including wilderness areas.
from wilderness areas, including perma-
agencies to control agricultural and forest
Provisions such as those found in the
nent roads, motorized vehicles and equip-
diseases or forest fires in wilderness areas.
ADA and the Rehabilitation Act may
ment, permanent structures, and commer-
The policies regarding wilderness areas es-
operate to reduce the discrimination
cial enterprises. Exceptions to the restric-
sentially require Americans who wish to
currently practiced by the federal govern-
tions contained in Section 4(c) allow for
use such areas to walk in and walk out.
ment regarding the use of wilderness areas
activities such as, mining, grazing and
Because of these requirements, mobility-
by disabled individuals.
aircraft landings or motorboat use (where
impaired persons, the elderly, and other
such activities existed prior to the area's
"disabled" individuals are prohibited from
being designated as wilderness). Limited
using wilderness areas because they
"It is time for the federal
permission is granted to control fire,
cannot gain access.
government to re-evaluate the
insects and diseases. Needless to say, the
After years of public debate, Congress
management of wilderness...'
language of the Wilderness Act has been
enacted the Americans with Disabilities
dissected by both friend and foe of wilder-
Act of 1990 (ADA). The ADA is the
ness. The current interpretation of
most significant civil rights legislation to
There can be little doubt that individu-
activities allowable in wilderness areas is
have been enacted by Congress for many
als with disabilities and wilderness
to allow only the "minimum tools"
years. Major provisions of the Act
preservationists are on a collision course.
necessary to accomplish any particular
prohibit state and local governments and
Preservationists would exclude wheel-
task.
private entities from discriminating
chairs, improved trails, and other aids to
The federal agencies that interpret the
against persons with physical or mental
disabled and elderly individuals. For the
language of the Wilderness Act are the
impairments that substantially limit one
millions of Americans with disabilities
Department of Agriculture (U.S. Forest
or more major life activities.
and the elderly, the only way they can
Service) and the Department of the
Section 507 of the ADA responds to
have access to wilderness areas is through
Interior (National Park Service, Bureau of
the recent practice by some governmental
improved management of such areas. It is
Land Management, and Fish and Wildlife
managers of prohibiting wheelchairs in
time for the federal government to re-
Service). The regulations promulgated by
wilderness areas. The thinking of such
evaluate the management of wilderness
these agencies permit them not only to
managers was that wheelchairs were not
areas and to do away with "Wilderness
manage wilderness areas but to restore
consistent with the purposes of the
Apartheid" so that all Americans may
wilderness character. These agencies
appreciate and use our public lands.
5
"The NWI Resource is filled with
environmental fact, not fiction. It
is an indispensable tool for
decision makers."
Honorable Donald P. Hodel
Fmr. Secretary of Interior, Energy
"Charting a new course in
environmental thought and
PV=nRT
C6H12O6
action!"
Dr. John B. Garver, Jr.
Chief Cartographer, National Geographic Society
KNOWLEDGE=THE POWER TO CHANGE
"The Resource provides accurate
analysis and scientific background
on pressing issues. Something rare
E=MC2
π= 3.1415926
in environmentalism today."
a2+b2=c2
Honorable Dixy Lee Ray, Ph.D.
Fmr. Governor of Washington
Fmr. Chairman., U.S. Atomic Energy Comm.
Fmr. Asst. Secretary of State, Bureau of Oceans
"An invaluable source of
information on a new, realistic
approach to environmentalism -
soundly incorporating the
market."
Don't be locked out! The NWI Resource
NWI will work with you to arrange gift
Rep. Richard K. Armey, Ph.D.
is fast being recognized as an important,
memberships that best suit your needs,
Member, U.S. Congress, Texas
dependable and timely source of accurate
whether they be provided in bulk, with
information on environmental issues and
a letter of recognition or other. Annual
trends that affect you. If you are not
Corporate Associate Memberships of
already a contributing member of NWI,
$125, Individual Associate
"Truly a unique and precious
join today. Guarantee that you continue
Memberships of $25, and Student
resource. While so many modern
to receive the fact-filled NWI Resource.
Associate Memberships of $15 include a
'environmentalists' reject
The number of complimentary member-
year's subscription to the quarterly NWI
responsibility, the National
ships is being reduced! If you already
Resource.
Wilderness Institute embraces it."
subscribe, make sure others get the facts.
Give the gift of knowledge-give the
Influence the debate with memberships
NWI Resource.
Brad Miner
for:
Literary Editor, National Review
See envelope in center section for details
National and state representatives
or call (703) 836-7404.
Judges, governors, mayors, county
and city council members
"Apollo 8's flight around the
Key decision makers in private en-
Moon in 1968 gave mankind its
terprise, corporate employees and
first visions of the hostility of
the media
space and the beautiful sanctuary
Professors, teachers, university
classes and libraries
we call Earth. Likewise, the NWI
Resource provides unique,
exciting perspectives of our
magnificent and dynamic
NWI RESOURCE
environment."
a voice of reason on the environment
Robert C. Seamans, Jr., Ph.D.
Fmr. Deputy Administrator, NASA
NWI is classified as a non-partisan, educational organization under Section 501 (C)(3) and as publicly supported under
Fmr. Dean of Engineering, MIT
Sections 170 (b)(1)(A)(IV) and 509 (a)(1) of the Internal Revenue Code. Individuals, corporations and foundations are
eligible to support the work of the Institute through tax-deductible gifts.
Fmr. Secretary of the Air Force
6
NWI
NEWS
for immediate release
Robert E. Gordon, Jr.
Director
In a recent issue of Policy Review, an article authored by NWI Director Robert
Gordon and NWI Advisor George Dunlop, Creature Comfort: The Revitalization of
Benjamin W. Patton
Deputy Director
American Wildlife, demonstrates that contrary to popular perception, all of our Nation's
wildlife is not decreasing in number and health.
National Advisory Board
With 14 different animals, the authors show that by employing site and situation
Honorable Becky Norton Dunlop
specific practices instead of natural regulation, positive results can be achieved.
Fmr. Asst. Secretary of Interior
Through examples ranging from alligators to wild turkeys to elk, Gordon and Dunlop
Honorable George S. Dunlop
demonstrate the positive role the private sector can play in stewarding our wildlife and
Fmr. Asst. Secretary of Agriculture
the resilient and dynamic characteristics of nature.
Dr. Bernard J. Ficarra
NWI's Creature Comfort has garnered sufficient attention to be reprinted or editorial-
Honorable Donald P. Hodel
ized in newspapers across the country including:
Fmr. Secretary of Interior
Honorable Dixy Lee Ray, Ph.D.
Fmr. Governor, Washington
NEWSPAPER
ARTICLE
Fmr. Chmn.,
U.S. Atomic Energy Commission
Birmingham Post-Herald, AL
Saving the Endangered
Honorable Steven D. Symms
Santa Maria Times, CA
Endangered Species
United States Senator
Marietta Daily Journal, GA
Man as Part of Nature
Evansville Courier, IN
Consider Human Too
Cleveland Plain Dealer, OH
And Plenty of Alligators: Man, Nature
Bring Back Some Species
Vindicator, Youngstown, OH
The Other Side of the Survival Coin
Pittsburgh Press, PA
Saving Endangered Species
The Eagle, Reading, PA
Reconsidering the Endangered Species Act
Times Herald, Norristown, PA
U.S. Wildlife Management Works
Chattanooga News-Free Press, TN
Leaving the List
Chattanooga News-Free Press, TN
Animals Making a Comeback
Denton Record Chronicle, TX
The Remarkable Comeback of Wildlife
Seattle Times, WA
The Remarkable Comeback of Wildlife
Bremerton Sun, WA
Spotted Owl Debate Must Not Forget
the Human Species
Vancouver Columbian, WA
The Remarkable Comeback of Wildlife
Northwestern, Oshkosh, WI
Endangered Species Can Come Back
National Wilderness Institute
25766 Georgetown Station
Washington, D.C. 20007
(703) 836-7404
"Human beings are natural creatures, too."
- Pittsburgh Press
"The contributions of economic growth should be weighed
heavily when lawmakers reconsider the Endangered Species Act."
- Evansville Courier
Editorials
"In fact, human activity is sometimes indispensable to the survival
Spotted owl debate
of endangered species."
must not forget
- The Eagle
the human species
EDITORIAL
In Washington they appoint commissions the way
hypochondriacs consult doctors: Keep looking until
you find one who tells you what you want to hear.
"You may recall the little fish called the snail darter. It was
This spring a panel of scientists told President
virtually "invented" to stop construction of TVA's Tellico Dam
Bush that saving the endangered spotted owl would
result in the loss of 28,000 timber jobs in the Pacific
It is important to use common sense in protecting animals that
Northwest; the resulting loss in revenue was
need protection without going to any ridiculous extremes."
estimated as high as $2 billion.
Faced with such unpalatable conclusions, Bush
- Chattanooga News-Free Press
appointed a task force to reexamine the issue, with
an eye toward minimizing the economic impact of the
decision. That panel is reportedly split over a debate
on the merits of the Endangered Species Act, which
requires the federal government to flex considerable
muscle, if necessary, to save endangered species and
subspecies.
Critics argue that the 1973 act is too inflexible,
allowing sometimes dubious environmental
calculations to override the human costs such as
lost jobs and stifled economic development Indeed,
the act favors a "letting nature take its course
philosophy, the premise being that man's impact on
nature is invariably destructive.
Man as part of nature
But as environmentalists Robert Gordon and
George Dunlop demonstrate in a recent issue of
Policy Review, that assumption is flawed. In fact,
human activity is sometimes indispensable to the
n Washington they appoint commissions the
But as environmentalists Robert Gordon
survival of endangered species.
I
way hypochondriacs consult doctors: Keep
and George Dunlop demonstrate in a recent
For instance: There were fewer than 150 javelina,
looking until you find one who tells you what
issue of Policy Review, that assumption is
a wild pig indigenous to New Mexico's Gila National
you want to hear.
flawed. In fact, human activity is sometimes
Forest, in 1950; the number has increased almost ten-
This spring a panel of scientists told
indispensable to the survival of endangered
fold since then. Why? Wildlife workers pumped water
President Bush that saving the endangered
species.
into areas favored by the javelina and set controlled
spotted owl would result in the loss of 28,000
For instance: There were fewer than 150
fires to encourage plant life it uses for food.
timber jobs in the Pacific Northwest; the
javelina, a wild pig indigenous to New Mexico's
Controlled fires have also helped boost the size of
resulting loss in revenue was estimated as high
as $2 billion.
Gila National Forest, in 1950; the number has
the bighorn sheep herd in Wyoming. Similarly, there
Faced with such unpalatable conclusions,
increased almost ten-fold since then. Why?
are 4,000 moose in New Hampshire today, up from 50
President Bush appointed a task force to
Wildlife workers pumped water into areas
in 1950. Black bears are thriving in Pennsylvania, and
favored by the javelina and set controlled fires
mountain lions are making a comeback in California
reexamine the issue, with an eye toward
minimizing the economic impact of the de-
to encourage plant life it uses for food.
- all thanks to prudent human involvement.
Controlled fires have also helped boost the
The contributions of outdoorsmen and wildlife
cision. That panel is reportedly split over a
size of the bighorn sheep herd in Wyoming.
managers should be weighed heavily when
debate on the merits of the Endangered Species
lawmakers reconsider the Endangered Species Act.
Act, which requires the federal government to
Similarly, there are 4,000 moose in New
"So should the benefits of economic growth. Human
flex considerable muscle, if necessary, to save
Hampshire today, up from 50 in 1950. Black
beings, after all, are natural creatures, too.
endangered species and subspecies.
bears are thriving in Pennsylvania, and moun-
Critics argue that the 1973 act is too
tain lions are making a comeback in California
inflexible, allowing sometimes dubious en-
- all thanks to prudent human involvement.
vironmental calculations to override the human
The contributions of outdoorsmen and
costs such as lost jobs and stifled economic
wildlife managers should be weighed heavily
development. Indeed, the act favors a "letting
when lawmakers reconsider the Endangered
nature take its course" philosophy, the premise
Species Act. So should the benefits of economic
being that man's impact on nature is invariably
growth. Human beings, after all, are natural
destructive.
creatures, too.
"Prudent legislation, conservation officials, farmers,
"These are encouraging animal success stories that give
hunters and fishermen have all played important roles in
promise for the revitalization of many more species."
what is aptly described as the 'revival of the species'."
- Chattanooga News-Free Press
- Youngstown Vindicator
U.S. wildlife management works
While public attention focuses on the 259 animal
where herds had been absent for as long as 100
species and subspecies classified as endangered by
years. Using a.5,265-square-foot net dropped from a
the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, one of America's
helicopter, wildlife officials capture and transport
great untold stories is
sheep to new habitats in Utah, New Mexico, Nevada,
the remarkable come-
Idaho and South Dakota; as well as various Wyom-
back of many species of
ing mountain ranges and the Wind River Indian
wildlife.
guest
Reservation.
One of the most dra-
Many other animals also have experienced popu-
matic recovery stories
COLUMN
lation explosions thanks to wildlife officials. The
involves our national
number of moose in New Hampshire has grown
symbol, the bald eagle. A
BY
from only about 50 in 1950 to approximately 4,000
decade ago, the bald
today. By encouraging selective deforestation and
eagle was on the verge of
ROBERT E.
prescribed burning, New Hampshire's Fish and
extinction. Thanks to
GORDON JR.
Game Department allows hardwood and softwood
substitutes for the pes-
and
saplings - important elements of the moose diet -
ticide DDT (which was
to flourish.
damaging eagle eggs)
GEORGE S.
In California, density levels of three to four
and harsh penalties for
DUNLOP
mountain lions per 100 square miles used to be
poaching, the bird's
cause for excitement. Now five to nine is the
population has tripled in
standard. Because mountain lions can only prosper
15 years, and it may soon
where there are many smaller animals to prey on,
be taken off the endan-
their presence is a good indication of positive wild-
gered species list.
life trends. Similarly, the black bear population has
Temporary restrictions on hunting have similarly
grown steadily to more than 7,500 in Pennsylvania
led to an explosion of the American alligator popu-
alone. Wildlife managers have been improving bear
lation. Although this reptile was on the first federal
habitat by planting apple and crab apple trees and
endangered species list when the Endangered Spe-
pruning old apple trees to provide a healthy food
cies Act passed in 1973, there are now as many as
source.
one million alligators in the state of Florida alone.
Hunters, fishermen, and farmers also have played
Some species have recovered because their
an important role in the revival of many species.
habitats have improved as the unintended con-
Although giant Canada geese were believed to be
sequence of human activity. The population of white-
extinct in the 1950s, it was discovered that farmers
tailed deer, for instance, has risen nearly thirtyfold,
and hunters in Minnesota had kept some of them
from 500,000 in the 1920s to 14 million today,
alive. By collecting eggs and rearing goslings in
partially because of reforestation in the northeast.
captivity for food and for farm or decoy flocks, these
Indeed, because industry and farming have moved
farmers and hunters greatly benefited subsequent
westward, there are now 26 million more acres of
restoration programs. Current estimates of the giant
forest in Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont and New
Canada goose population run as high as 150,000.
York than there were at the turn of the century.
There are several lessons from these stories. One
But many of the most remarkable recoveries have
is that humans can care for and expand wildlife
occurred as the result of deliberate human efforts.
populations not just through negative means, such
For example, specially designed birdhouses have
as bans on pesticides or restrictions on hunting but
helped the Eastern bluebird make a comeback. Sixty
through sound management techniques such as
years ago it faced extinction as a result of com-
prescribed fires, improvement of food and water
petition from the European starling.
sources, and other enhancements of habitat.
In the Whiskey Mountain area of Wyoming, the
A second lesson is that farmers, outdoor sports-
size of the bighorn sheep herd has grown steadily
men and others from the private sector play an
from about 150 in 1930 to about 1,000 today, making
important role in effective wildlife policies, some-
it the largest wintering herd for the species in North
times on their own, sometimes in association with
America. Although the bighorn had dwindled in
government. Sportsmen naturally have an incentive
number primarily because of competition for grazing
to care for an expand the species they like to hunt
lands from cattle and horses, a joint effort by the
and fish.
Wyoming Game and Fish Department, the U.S.
One of the glories of nature is how strong and
Forest Service and the Bureau of Land Manage-
renewable it is. While many species have been
ment helped the biggest population thrive.
devastated by natural forces and human action, such
Using an aggressive approach to managing the
as encroachments on habitat and over-hunting,
herd and its habitat, the three agencies deliberately
many of our threatened species can regain their
started controlled fires in the grazing land to in-
numbers.
crease the spread of Idaho fescue and blue bunch
wheat grass, favorite foods of the bighorn. When
Robert E. Gordon is director of the National
matty vegetation began to take over the grasslands,
Wilderness Institute in Washington, D.C. George S.
the problem was solved by aerial spraying of an
Dunlop was formerly assistant secretary of agri-
herbicide.
culture for natural resources and environment.
Wyoming wildlife officials also helped to spread
This article is excerpted from Policy Review, the
bighorn herds to areas both in and out of the state
quarterly publication of the Heritage Foundation.
"The contributions of outdoorsmen and wildlife managers
"Human beings, after all, are natural creatures, too."
should be weighed heavily when lawmakers reconsider
- Santa Maria Times
the Endangered Species Act."
- Birmingham Post-Herald
Leaving The List
EDITORIAL
Much attention"Is gives to wildlife
Specially designed birdhouses have
species
that
have
halped
hinahied
Endangered species
EDITORIAL
The other side of the survival coin
I
Washington they appoint commissions the way hypochon-
the This looking way want to until Bush spring you hear. Washington find panel they one Saving who consult appoint tells you doctors: what Keep doctors: Keep commissions species endangered species
doctors: Keep looking until you find one who
Critice and subsn
ne of the glories of nature is how strong and
experien
resilient it is. The "comebacks" of many of the
growth
Animals Making A Comeback
ou want to hear.
a panel of scientists told President Bush that
259 animal species classified as endangered are
the fin
We hear lots of claims that certain
the Tennessee River's lakes.
red spotted owl would result in the loss of 28,000
the result of deliberate efforts to reverse unin-
passed
species, of animals are about the
Alligators. once listed
Pacific Northwest; the resulting loss in revenue
inn
CREATURE COMFORT
Heritage Foundation
and E.
timber owl world that same of srin.
S. Dunlop
The Revitalization of American Wildlife
you
President
spotted
ROBERT E. GORDON JR. AND GEORGE S. DUNLOP
O
ne of America's great untold stories is the remark-
Similarly, the chestnut-sided warbler was sighted only
able comeback of many species of wildlife. Public atten-
once by Audubon in all his peregrinations across
lions ment. per Now 100 five to square nine is miles the used to be cause for excite-
tion focuses on the 259 species and subspecies of animals
America. It is now a more common songbird because its
North America. wintering herd for the making species the in
to about 1,000 today, it
classified as endangered by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife
have expanded in the past century-though there has
species-from moose in New Hampshire to black bear
recently been a slight decline.
in Pennsylvania to mountain lions in California-are
While public attention focuses Endangered species can come back
tain animals lions to can prev only on prosper where there standard are many Because moun- smaller
habitats of forest edges, slashings, and brushy pastures
Service. It is less often observed that hundreds of
But many of the most remarkable recoveries have
increasing in population, demonstrating the resiliency
occurred as the result of deliberate human efforts. Spe-
and dynamism of nature.
cially designed birdhouses have helped the Eastern
One of the most dramatic stories of recovery involves
bluebird make a comeback since it faced extinction in
our national symbol, the bald eagle. A decade ago, it was
1930 as a result of competition from the European
Robert The 27L8 George Gordon remarkable Jr. largest 1930 in comeback in STS the nic sult missions In Washington the of way hynnah they wildlife appoint com-
on the verge of extinction. Thanks to substitutes for the
starling. Setting aside land for state and national parks
have been improving
pesticide DDT (which was damaging eagle eggs) and
and forests, as well as private wildlife sanctuaries, has
harsh penalties for poaching, the bird's population has
preserved valuable natural habitat for hundreds of
tripled in 15 years, and it may soon be taken off the
species.
endangered species list. In northern California 16 adults
and one juvenile eagle were recently counted in a single
Sheepshape
tree. In Montana the number of observed nesting pairs
Simply setting land aside for nature, however, is not
has risen from 12 to 96.
always enough for species recovery; many of the come-
the This article National is by Robert E. Gor don, director of
Temporary restrictions on hunting have similarly led
backs in the animal world have required careful manage-
sistant ington, D.C., and George S. Dunlop, former as- Wash-
to an explosion of the American alligator population.
ment of the habitat. It has become fashionable in much
Wilderness Institute in
This reptile was on the first federal endangered species
of the environmental movement to support a let-nature-
list when the Endangered Species Act passed in 1973,
take-its-course approach to the regulation of park and
secretary of agriculture
although it probably wouldn't have been included by
wilderness lands, a philosophy that led to the great
current standards. Dennis David of the Florida Game
Yellowstone fire of 1988. However, many of the success
and Fresh Water Commission estimates that there are
stories in wildlife recovery result from a contrary view,
Saving the endangered
now as many as one million alligators in his state alone,
in which government agencies or private organizations
take an active, managerial role in support of species that
the species extends in an arc from North Carolina to
people care a great deal about.
recent Dunlo- Robert
and environmentalists George
and alligators are not limited to Florida. The range of
Oklahoma. The creature has been downgraded from the
A good example comes from the Whiskey Mountain
endangered to the threatened species list, which allows
area of Wyoming, where the size of the bighorn she
a certain leeway in harvesting. The fees collected from
herd has grown steadily from about 150 in 1930 to ab
egg collectors, hunters, and others virtually offset
1,000 today, making it the largest wintering herd the
Florida's management costs.
species in North America.
Some species have recovered because their habitats
The majestic bighorn, easily recognized by its massive
on the 259 animal
have improved as the unintended consequence of
coiling horns, had dwindled in number in the Whiskey
cies Fish and subspecies classified as endangered by the U.S. spe.
wildlife. is the remarkable comeback of many species untold of
human activity. The population of white-tailed deer, for
Mountain region primarily because of competition for
instance, has risen nearly 30-fold from 500,000 in the
gered spotted Northwest;
stories and Wildlife Service, one of America's great
One of the most dramatic recovery stories involves
grazing lands from cattle and horses. But in the 1950s,
1920s to 14 million today, partially because of reforesta-
tion in the Northeast. (Because industry and farming
ROBERT E. GORDON JR. is director of the National Wilderness
have moved westward, there are now 26 million more
Institute in Washington, D.C. GEORGE S. DUNLOP, formerly
acres of forest in Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, and
assistant secretary of agriculture for natural resources and en-
New York than there were at the turn of the century.)
vironment, is a member of NWI's national advisory board.
ing int ctors: ton to panel hear. Keep of owl scientists would the result told resulting President in the loss loss Bush of in 28,000 revenue timber was
Consider human too
60
Policy Review
Bush appointed Primizing task the
they appoint looking commissions until you find the way one hypochondri- who that tells saving you
And plenty of alligators
Man, nature bring some species back
the Endangered ENDANGERED Species ENDANGERED Spotted om Act
By ROBERT E. GORDON JR.
1930 to about 1,000 today. making
and GEORGE S. DUNLOP
largest wintering herd for the
North America. Although the had
W
Phile public attention focuses on
dwindled in number primarils
the 250 animal species and sub-
competition for grazing
species classified as endangered
and horses. a joint effor
Reconsidering
ENDANGERED
Red Wolf Red California Wolf Condor
Spotted Wolf own
Whooping Crane
>by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. one
Red
Came and Fish Denartm
Condor
PERSPECTIVE
An Exclusive Interview with The Honorable Dixy Lee Ray, Ph.D.
Dr. Dixy Lee Ray is certainly one of
magazines. And, since there is much misin-
Q. Are individuals who predict impend-
the most outspoken and highly re-
formation, some of it deliberate some of it
ing environmental doom, like Carl Sagan
garded advocates of sound environ-
not, and such a lack of information on the
and Paul Erlich, representative of the scien-
scientific basis for many of these accusa-
tific community?
mental thought. Having served as,
among other things, governor of
tions, I decided that it was important to
A. By no means. They certainly do not
Washington, chairman of the U.S.
provide some kind of reference that was
represent the mainstream thinking nor what
more informative and more reliable than
the majority of the scientists of the aca-
Atomic Energy Commission, Assis-
the popular press.
demic or industrial or technical worlds know
tant Secretary of State in the U.S.
about and believe. They have their own
Bureau of Oceans, and esteemed fac-
Q. Do you see a general disregard for sci-
prejudices which they promote.
ulty member of the University of Wash-
entific evidence and the scientific method
ington's Zoology Department, her cre-
among many environmental organizations?
Q. Do you believe that many environ-
dentials speak for themselves.
mental organizations are pushing for zero
risk criteria for new technologies and, if so,
Most recently, Dr. Ray published
how the alternatives they propose rate?
Trashing the Planet. In The Wall Street
Journal's rave review of Trashing the
A. The interesting thing is that, of course,
Planet, former EPA staffer Barbara
there is no such thing as zero risk. Zero risk
is simply doing without. And that in itself
Bankoff applauds Dr. Ray for doing
poses other kinds of risks. But the interest-
"an effective job investigating some of
ing thing, as I started to say, is that most of
the alarm-laden topics of the day." Ms.
these environmental organizations that push
Bankoff goes on to say that, "more sci-
for zero risk don't have any alternatives
entific inquiry and debate, more scien-
except in the case of many substances and
tists speaking out on environmental is-
energy and SO on; they push conservation.
sues, more measured discussion rather
But they never say exactly how that conser-
than rabble-rousing would be a wel-
vation is supposed to be achieved, or why
come change from the current and de-
doing with less is going to make enough for
scending level of debate."
everybody.
Dr. Ray is the recipient of numerous
Q. You state that it is ironic that it is often
awards and honors including the
considered more feminine for women to be
United Nations Peace Prize. In 1977,
The Honorable Dixy Lee Ray, Ph.D.
anti-technology. Could you briefly describe
Harper's named her one of the ten most
why?
influential women in America, and
A. No, I didn't mean to imply that. But
she was voted Woman of the Year by
I do think that many of the more activist-
"
Ladies' Home Journal in 1973. Dr. Ray
type of environmental organizations do have
very clearly
now lives on her farm in Washington
an agenda where they select their informa-
demonstrated that many, many
state.
tion and support just those data which
species of wildlife are more
support their positions, ignoring scientific
abundant today than
in
evidence that is on the opposite side.
Q. What was the impetus for your book
decades past."
Trashing the Planet?
Q. Do you believe that modelling studies
A. Well, I have for the last several years
used to determine the threat posed by sub-
stances such as Alar and PCBs are used by
A. I don't know why this should be so
been doing a fair amount of speaking at
various types of meetings, generally profes-
many to terrify rather than develop sound
because technology has done so much to
policies?
improve the condition of women. Women
sional groups or business groups of various
kinds. Most of them are keenly interested in
A. Yes. There is a place for modelling
today can handle almost any kind of a job
the environmental issues that have gotten
studies but they at best can tell you what
because even heavy lifting can now be done
so much publicity lately; but I found that, by
trends there may be - they can't give you
with machines and electric motors and so
and large, they had no place to get addi-
definitive answers. And I think the models
on. And the drudgery that used to be asso-
tional information beyond what they had
are being misused to a considerable extent.
ciated with housework, for example, has
learned from television or newspapers or
been made infinitely easier by technology
providing all manner of household devices
that make life easier and more pleasant.
7
Q. Would you argue that nuclear power
appearance, can be described as a separate
Q. Would you argue that technology has
holds many benefits in environmental terms,
species. So I would just recognize this and
in fact managed to successfully meet the
and if so, what are they?
realize that many of the so-called species
needs of a growing population and make
A. There's no question but that there is
that have been described would not stand
available more wildlife habitat?
great advantage to using nuclear power to
up to careful scrutiny.
A. I think that's been proven over and
generate electricity. It does not produce any
over again. In all of the developed countries
emissions to the atmosphere. Therefore it
Q. What would you propose as a good
and in many of the undeveloped countries
does not contribute to air pollution. It
working definition of species?
as they adopt more technology, not only has
doesn't contribute to any sort of degrada-
A. Well, I think that the species concept
the quality of life improved, but the length
tion of the environment whatsoever. It uses
has its place in science but I think we should
of life; people live longerand healthier lives
a resource, namely Uranium, that really
be talking about groups of organisms, simi-
where they live in a technology-based soci-
hasn't got any other good application. And
lar organisms and so on, when we're talking
ety and also there is a greater appreciation
SO in every respect, it's efficient, it's safe and
about ecological systems and the sort of
and preservation of natural environments
it's economic; it's by far, I believe, the
practical issues that involve taking steps to
as well.
preferred way to manufacture electricity.
ensure the healthy continuation of differ-
ent forms of life. We shouldn't be trying to
Q. You quote David Brower of Friends of
"Every individual that differs
segregate them all out into individual spe-
the Earth:
cies because, as I say, the concept comes
"Childbearing should be a punishable crime
even in a most insignificant
down to where it really has no applicability.
against society unless the parents hold a
can be described as a
government license. All potential parents
Q. You argue in your book that, managed
should be required to use contraceptive
separate species."
under the philosophy of natural regulation,
chemicals, the government issuing anti-
national parks, wilderness areas and other
dotes to citizens chosen for childbearing."
Q. The general condition of American
similarar often have a negative environ-
Do you believe such statements are repre-
wildlife is often portrayed as bad and getting
mental impact. Why?
sentative of Friends of the Earth's claimed
worse. Is this accurate?
40,000 members?
A. No. No, I think it's very clearly dem-
Dixy Lee Ray with Lou Guzzo
A. Whether members of the organiza-
onstrated that many, many species of wild-
life are more abundant today and living in
TRASHING
tion Friends of the Earth would agree with
Mr. Brower, I really do not know. But I feel
healthier condition than in decades past-
quite confident that the majority of U.S.
whether that's the grizzly bear, the moun-
tain goat, the buffalo, various species of
THE PLANET
citizens would not. Incidentally, Mr. Brower
has four children. So it's only other people
deer, foxes or whatever. We have come to
that should be prevented from having fami-
understand a great deal more about the
HOW SCIENCE
lies.
environmental needs of wildlife, and
CAN HELP
US DEAL WITH
through a whole system of local parks, na-
ACID RAIN,
DEPLETION
gardens have been proving that. Moreover,
through the use of carefully controlled
NUCLEAR
conditions in zoos, aquariums and so on, we
Jacket design by Ben Santora
Q. Could you explain your statement
tional parks, wildlife refuges and botanical
that 60 to 100 million die each year as a
OF THE OZONE.
AND
result of anti-pesticide campaigns?
A. I was referring there specifically to the
WASTE
(AMONG
removal of DDT-the banning of DDT.
have learned a good deal more about wild-
OTHER
When DDT was introduced, it was used
life species and how they can be bred and
THINGS)
extensively in African and tropical coun-
returned to their natural environment.
tries to control malaria. The annual deaths
A. What I was referring to specifically in
from malaria dropped from about 50 million
Q. There are a seemingly huge number of
that instance were the wilderness areas and
a year to almost nothing. But when DDT
creatures on the endangered species list. In
national forests where the use of any kind of
was banned, malaria made a comeback, and
an earlier discussion you stated that there
control measure is forbidden. For that rea-
now there are people dying from malaria
was a need for a stricter definition of species.
son, especially in national forests, there are
and other related insect-born diseases be-
Why and what would you propose?
insect pests that develop, infect the trees,
cause the use of insecticides and substances
A. Well, in the first place, many of the
and if those are not brought under control,
like DDT is no longer approved.
creatures named on the endangered species
then those pests escape from the national
list are not really full species, they are sub-
forest boundary itself and infect other stands
Q. How would you briefly characterize
species. There is always a considerable
of timber, private property, public property
the environmental organizations that you
doubt as to how definitive and unique a sub-
alike. There has to be some kind of manage-
mention in Trashing the Planet?
species really is. Moreover, species, and
ment.
A. I think we have to be careful to distin-
what constitutes a species, while that ap-
guish the old line nature groups from the
pears to be perfectly clear among higher
Q. Would that also include such prac-
ones I mention, the ones that I would call
plants and higher animals, when you get
tices as prescribed burning.
radical, extremely left-wing, anti-develop-
into the lower plants and into what we call
A. Yes that's right. We learned at Yel-
ment, anti-science, anti-technology and SO
the lower animals- insects, worms, bugs of
lowstone that the idea of letting fires just
on; these I would consider to be essentially
various kinds and so on, it's extremely diffi-
burn out of control certainly has its limits.
promoting anarchy.
cult to determine what constitutes a species.
There are times when human beings have
Hence, every individual that differs even in
to step in and intervene. The same thing is
a most insignificant way, in terms of bumps
true of various types of natural pests.
and whiskers or whatever kind of physical
Text edited for brevity and clarity
8
ENDANGERED, from page 1
1989 to 1,170 in 1991. According to the
downlisted and 17 delisted since the Act
'91 Budget Justification, "the Service has
was passed nearly 20 years ago. Not too
The Service assesses different animals
set an expanded goal of 55 species
good when you consider there were over
and plants for listing primarily on the
proposed for listing in '91." This is only a
100 U.S. animals already listed prior to
"degree and immediacy of threat and
minute fraction of what could be consid-
the Act's passage in 1973. It is even
taxonomic uniqueness." What is and
ered since "nearly 4,000 species are
worse when you look at what 'delisted'
isn't taxonomically unique has become
formally recognized as potential candi-
means. Four of the 17 were removed
extraordinarily hazy in recent years. The
dates for listing." This figure undoubtedly
because of original data error. Six of the
species is the basic category for taxonomi-
includes many subspecies and popula-
17 were removed because they are now
cal classification of living things - it is a
tions. But listing is supposed to be only
considered extinct. In five of those cases
kind of animal. A fairly common defini-
the first step, with recovery as the
the creature was a subspecies, and in at
tion, as stated in one of the National
"ultimate goal".
least four of them introgression, or
Wildlife Federation-sponsored Peterson
breeding, (recall the confusion over the
Field Guides, is that, "two animals are
The first tactical step in recovering an
definition of species) with other subspe-
considered to be of the same species, or
endangered species is preparing a recovery
cies was considered a contributing factor
kind, if they are fundamentally similar in
plan. The Service admits a "backlog" and
to "extinction." Seven of the 17 are con-
structure and interbreed to produce off-
states that "recovery efforts shifted
sidered recovered. Three of the seven
spring but do not ordinarily interbreed
towards increasing multi-species
recovered species are found on a Pacific
with other groups." Harvard biologist E.
recovery plans." As of 1989,
Trust Territory, Palau Island. According
O. Wilson would contend that "under
there were 550+
to one Fish & Wildlife official, early
naturally occurring circumstances" should
population counts of these animals may
be added. What is and isn't a naturally
have been inaccurate. Additionally, their
occurring circumstance can be subjec-
numbers improved following natural
tively interpreted in any number of ways.
habitat recovery since the end of WWII.
Consequently, many of the species and
The Palau owl recovered in part because
subspecies currently listed may not merit
locals eradicated a coconut beetle which
such distinct taxonomic classification.
it ate causing it to die of internal wounds
inflicted by a spine on the beetle. An-
The degree to which truly taxo-
other "recovered" animal is the Ameri-
nomic uniqueness is an important
can alligator which Dennis David of the
prerequisite for listing is question-
Florida Game and Commis
able. About 30% of the animals
sion surmises would not even have been
listed as endangered or threatened
put on the '73 list by today's standards.
in the U.S. are subspecies, some-
thing many scientists consider an
He ought to know, considering there
unreliable unit of classification. For
may be as many as a million alligators
in Florida.
example, some antelope in Arizona
are called Antilocapra americana
The Service states it "has increased
sonoriensis and listed as endan-
gered, while antelope at the species
emphasis on implementation of highest
Florida Panther,
level, Antilocapra americana-which
priority recovery actions.. Such actions
Felis concolor coryi
is not listed, and includes all the
included $580,000 worth of programs for
One of 550+ listed U.S. animals
antelope in Arizona-is increasing
the Bruneau Hot Springs snail in 1990.
in number in much of its range. In
The Service also states "that for many
other cases, the listing at the species level
species, particularly those that are
is debatable. In addition to species and
U.S. listees of which 291 are covered by
habitat-limited, maintenance of remain-
plans. More than 40 plants and animals
subspecies, Fish & Wildlife lists popula-
ing populations to prevent extinction
tions-a group of a kind of animals living
are covered by the multi-species plans.
may be a more realistic objective."
The Ash Meadows plan, for example,
somewhere. Some argue that (what they
includes four fish, one insect and seven
consider) distinct populations may
Many of the listed species have severely
plants. Peromyscus polionotus, a mouse
eventually evolve into entirely different
restricted natural ranges such as islands:
creatures and therefore merit listing.
which inhabits beaches, has five subspe-
there are at least 44 in Hawaii, 27 in
Smaller groups of creatures with smaller
cies listed. It might be on sounder taxo-
Puerto Rico and 17 inhabiting other
odds for a beneficial random mutation in
nomic grounds to have only one listing
Trust Territories. Additionally, some are
and do as well with one plan. But if the
genetic structure is certainly a debatable
naturally rare in the U.S. like the ocelot
basis for listing.
total population of each of the variants
that wanders up from Mexico to the
listed were combined, one must wonder
extreme northern part of its range in
Undaunted, Fish & Wildlife projects an
whether the mouse would merit listing at
Texas, Arizona and New Mexico.
all?
increase for listed species from 1,070 in
Furthermore, many of the listed popula-
tions or subspecies may be losing the
It's been said that failing to plan is
battle for survival of the fittest. There
Artwork courtesy of noted wildlife artist Ed
planning to fail; that certainly holds true
are, for example, at least 11 animals on
French and Elk Prints Studios. Mr. French has
been a wildlife artist for over 35 years and is a
for Fish and Wildlife's record of achieving
the list limited to a cave or cave system,
senior artist with Walt Disney World. Those
its "ultimate goal" in endangered species
and one salamander known only from
interested in learning more of Mr. French's
conservation-"recovery". Through
algae mats in a system of spring-fed pools
work may contact the Institute.
1989, a total of 27 species had been
in Texas. The natural rarity of another
listee, the New Mexican ridge-nosed
9
rattlesnake, Crotalus willardi obscurus (read:
heath hens, and passenger pigeons as a
obscure), is revealed by its name. As Greg
result of these disturbances. However,
The buffalo's prairie is now a shrub-
Easterbrook states in The New Republic:
tremendous benefits to wildlife population
infested habitat, suitable for deer and
"More than 99% of the creatures to have
have also occurred as a result of man's
golden-cheeked warblers. Is that good or
ever come into existence have been
disturbance to many areas. There are two
bad? It's good for deer and warblers, but it
would be bad for buffalo.
rendered extinct Nature discards
ways to look at our wildlife resources-the
creatures with a pitilessness that makes
cup can be half empty or half full. It often
Do we really want everything like it
humanity seem saintly."
depends on your perspective on conserva-
was? If the prairie could return to the Hill
tion issues.
These examples are not uncharacteristic
Country, the buffalo and antelope could
not come back because our fences and cit-
of this issue. There are undoubtedly many
Many of us look back and long to pre-
valid cases that deserve our attention,
serve the past. We want to clutch on to
ies would not allow for their grazing pat-
including some in the above statistics.
what we have and prevent change. How-
terns. Habitat loss to the golden-cheeked
However, there are clearly many problems
ever, preserving a memory is one thing,
warbler and the black-capped vireo (an-
with the current approach that detract
and holding back the inevitable clock of
other Hill Country endangered species)
from the ability of the talented biologists
Mother Nature is another. Man attempts
would be greater than today. Deer would
and others at Fish & Wildlife to achieve
to harness Mother Nature in the name of
also drastically decline. Deer and vireos
their ultimate endangered species conser-
protecting and preserving her on public
live on edges of habitat that would be too
vation goal-recovery. Sticking things on
lands. We have found, however, that she
far apart in a prairie. The warblers live in
the list seems to be a priority-something
often tries to free herself with uncon-
mature juniper stands which are now more
common. This would also undermine the
for which we in the environmental com-
trolled fury as in the Yellowstone fires of
economic incentives for local landowners
munity must bear some responsibility.
1988.
to maintain diverse habitats suitable for
Additionally, it appears evident that
more wildlife which thrive on such distur-
serious taxonomic ground rules are
needed. And finally, it would seem logical
"Most existing wildlife
bances.
that the Service be required to succeed in
populations can be attributed
Diversity provides long-term stability.
recovering at least a few more listees
to conservation-minded
As we gaze upon the patchwork of private
before it considers increasing the rate at
lands across this Nation, we can observe a
which it lists things. One bright point in
Americans who own
diversity of habitat types. We cannot
the '91 budget justification is the state-
private property."
deny that much of America's wildlife
ment that the service intends to "encour-
habitat has suffered in the wake of the
age greater public participation in the
Recently, I watched the Texas Hill
march of progress. However, there remain
recovery planning process." Hopefully
ample opportunities for conservation of
this is true because the current record of
Country unfold in front of my car between
our Nation's wildlife resources. The great-
Austin and Fredericksburg, Texas. I
performance would not be tolerated in the
est number of opportunities are not within
thought of the recent concern of the
private sector.
threat to endangered species in this part of
our preserved parks and refuges, but in
America's backyard-its private lands.
the country and about the notes of the
Spanish explorers who first described this
From bluebirds to brown pelicans to
territory. Several years ago, I read the
peregrine falcons, we can see that Ameri-
Wildlife Management
accounts of some of the explorers who first
can wildlife resources can coexist with
Tim T. Taylor, Ph.D.
crossed the Balcones Escarpment (Texas
economic development on private lands
Hill Country); they described a sea of
and sea shores. The fragile cup that repre-
prairie grasses as far as the eye can see,
sents our natural resources is more than
Conservation in Perspective
herds of buffalo and antelope, but few
half full of America's wildlife, not half
Early European explorers in America
deer. It was hard to imagine that this
empty. The cup can fill once again.
saw an expanse of changing horizons as
same country now has the highest deer
Remember that populations of ospreys,
they went from east to west. Within each
density in the U.S.
eagles, geese, turkeys, songbirds, deer, elk
of these horizons lived associated wildlife,
and freshwater fish to name a few have
suited for life within or between these
Historically in the Hill Country, trees
rebounded in this past century from disas-
habitat types. Natural disturbances
were only along the rivers and streams.
trously low numbers. Most existing wild-
created a dynamic and bountiful mosaic of
The Ashe juniper, SO common to the Hill
life populations can be attributed to
natural resources.
Country today, could only survive on
conservation-minded Americans who own
rocky cliffs where the frequent fires could
A new kind of disturbance shaped wild-
private property and want to leave their
not reach them. These fires maintained
life habitat when Europeans came to settle
land better than they found it.
the prairie and provided fodder for the
in America. Today, as we look from east
buffalo and antelope. I thought of where
to west, areas once thick in timber are
the endangered golden-cheeked warbler
now scattered fields; unbroken treeless
might have been back then. (This warbler
prairies are now divided by trees along
depends on mature stands of juniper for
Climate Change in the
roads and cities. Large expanses of habitat
nesting habitat.) Mature juniper stands
Entertainment & Media
types are now broken-up into smaller
back then would make up only a fraction
Environment
units, creating a patchwork of various
of the current stands of this vegetation
habitat types across America. With each
type. Based on historical vegetative de-
Recent news segments and entertain-
disturbance, an increased opportunity for a
scriptions, it's likely that there is more
ment programs are clear indicators that
diversity of wildlife associated within the
habitat now for the warbler than there was
the message of sound environmentalism is
new mosaic of habitats occurs. There
then.
getting out. A November '90 edition of
have been heartbreaking losses of buffalo,
ABC's 20/20 news program included a
10
major segment which took an in-depth
University's Politically Correct Person, by
look at the bottled water industry. The
student cartoonist Jeff Shesol, appears
piece, "Is Bottled Better?" revealed some
regularly in the Brown Daily Herald and re-
surprising facts.
cently in The Wall Street Journal (below).
One of the selling points of bottled
water is often the notion that it comes
directly from natural springs and is free of
chlorine, which is added to tap water to
NWI Programs
kill bacteria. In fact, ABC reports,
& Activities
despite a label that suggests a mountain
Last Fall, NWI initiated its first habitat
spring or a glacier source, pricey bottled
enhancement project as part of the REAL
water is more likely to have come from
Program (Revitalization and Enhancement
local rivers or even tap water itself.
of America's Lands). Initial research includ-
Furthermore, tests revealed that due to the
CBS Inc.
aerial surveys, soil sampling and prelimi-
absence or removal of chlorine, bottled
nary analysis of existing wildlife resources
water contains comparatively large
has proven very promising. NWI will keep
amounts of bacteria, in one case up to
The 1989 episode of Murphy Brown,
you abreast of this project as it develops.
300,000 colonies per milliliter. To be fair,
"Whose Garbage Is It, Anyway?"
(See photos below.)
ABC's John Stossel stated, "A high
bacteria count doesn't automatically make
of the Northern Hemisphere" and result in
In other news, "Creature Comfort: The
you sick What the tests show, however,
"massive agricultural failures in the U.S."
Revitalization of American Wildlife", by
is that just because it comes in a sealed
Fortunately, this frightening rhetoric
Robert Gordon and George Dunlop, has
bottle, that doesn't necessarily make it
was countered by considerable scientific
generated considerable interest at the
cleaner than tap."
data presented by another guest on the
national level. (See press release in center
In taste tests, 50 randomly selected
same program, Dr. Richard Small. Small,
section.)
individuals who normally purchase bottled
a thermal science expert with the Pacific
water tested 12 different waters ranging
Sierra Research Corporation, recently
from some of the best-selling waters to
completed a high level study on the
New York tap. New York tap came in
impact of just such an event. He stated
second.
that Dr. Sagan had "badly overestimated
the effects." Dr. Small concluded, based
On CBS, 60 Minutes broadcast an
on widely accepted supercomputer
excellent segment on acid rain. The
simulations using actual Kuwaiti crude
report centered on the recent ten year,
production figures and absolute worst case
$570 million study which involved over
scenarios that, "there is simply not enough
NWI
3,000 scientists and concluded that lake
smoke, nor is it injected high enough, to
acidification may not be the pressing crisis
influence climate." According Dr. S. Fred
Biologist Tim Taylor and Rob Gordon
many believe it to be. One of those scien-
Singer, Director of Science and Environ-
extract a soil sample
tists is the guest columnist in this issue of
mental Policy at the Washington Insti-
For some reason, NWI's ideas appear to
the Resource; so for the facts, turn to page
tute, "Where there's smoke, there's Carl
3. Also, aspects of the same 60 Minutes
aggravate the organization Friends of the Earth
Sagan."
to no end. The inaugural issue of FOE's
piece are addressed in the "From the
Editor" column on page 2.
In entertainment broadcasting, the CBS
sit-com Murphy Brown has made an effort
Another recent episode of 60 Minutes,
to present some important issues such as
addressed possible environmental conse-
recycling and wetlands from a common
quences of the current Gulf crisis. Specifi-
sense perspective. The wetlands episode
cally, it discussed astronomer and eco-
perhaps surprised many viewers when, at
Malthusian Carl Sagan's contention that,
one point, Murphy Brown herself was
were Saddam Hussein to purposely
kidnapped for not supporting extreme
explode all of Kuwait's oil wells, the
activists' demands.
resulting smoke would rise into the upper
NWI
atmosphere, blackening skies and blocking
Finally, questioning of overzealous envi-
out sunlight across "some tens of percent
ronmentalists has been popping up even
Ben Patton back from conducting aerial surveys
in the most unexpected places. Brown
magazine derided NWI as "a propaganda
HMM.. DO I WANT
POLITICALLY CORRECT
NOW HOLD ON...
P.C. PERSON?
CHOCOLATE CHIP
PERSON! "AMAZON
YOU'RE TELLING ME
front group for radical free market" ideas. As
OR "AMAZON CRUNCH?
CRUNCH IS THE RIGHT
MY CHOICE OF ICE
CHOICE MY FRIEND!
YOUR
to what that means, we are still uncertain.
WAIT! THIS
IT SHOWS you RE AN
CREAM HELPS STOP
AMAZON DEFORESTATION?
RATIONAL
IS A DE
ENVIRONMENTALLY
CISION FOR.
COME ON!
ARGUMENTS
Reprinted by Permission/© Jeff Shesol
The piece went on to indict NWI for claim-
CONSCIOUS KIND OF Guy!
WEAKEN...
ME.
ing that "progress and technological devel-
opment hold some of the keys to an en-
hanced and healthy environment." While
it may seem strange to FOE, we stand by this
statement and apparently so do others. The
FOE article has already generated many new
NWI members.
11
Also, NWI recently produced a press re-
lease on the important positive relation-
ship between sound environmental ste-
Notes
wardship and private property. Senator
Symms' office distributed the release to
History-making Alaska Sea
the entire Senate prior to the introduction
Otter Pup Doing Well
of the Private Property Rights Act of 1991.
at Sea World
Additionally, NWI provided substan-
tial background information for a recent
Last summer, biologists at San Diego's Sea
publication of the Washington-based
World announced the birth of the first pup
born to sea otters rescued from the Prince
Capital Research Center. The piece, by
Robert Pambianco, which appeared in
William Sound oil spill. Since being treated
CRC's Organizational Trends publication,
for hypothermia this fall, the pup, pictured at
focussed on environmental groups and
right with keeper, is reported to be in healthy
condition.
workplace fund-raising; it was distributed
to over 4,000 individuals in the public and
Sea World was instrumental in capturing,
private sector.
cleaning and releasing many otters affected
Sea World
by the spill. However, several otters, includ-
Animal
Care
Finally, NWI continues to be successful
in its energetic outreach and networking
ing this pup's parents, were chronically ill
efforts. In particular, the Institute would
and taken to the San Diego facility for treatment and study. According to Sea World
like to welcome the establishment of
spokesman Fred Jacobs, many of the animals had consumed large amounts of crude oil
Citizens for the Environment in Wash.,
which remained in their digestive systems. With the input of scientists from around the
D.C. and the Responsible Environmen-
country, Sea World's veterinary staff quickly developed a substance which would bind
talism Foundation in Portland, Oregon.
chemically with the oil, allowing it to pass harmlessly out of the animals.
Jacobs feels that the newborn pup is convincing proof of the program's success. "In zoo-
logical terms, breeding is a good measure of an animal's satisfaction with its environment."
NWI T-shirts
NWI Associates are encouraged to submit photos
suitable for publication depicting their own
adventures in NWI shirts. Order yours today:
100% cotton shirts in white or pink with
multi-color, hand-screened logo
Available in S, M, L, XL
$12 (members)
$14 (non-members)
(includes shipping and handling)
NWI
NWI
Allow four weeks for delivery
Send Check or Money Order to:
NWI
NWI shirts turn up everywhere. Above, a sergeant
Little members during Christmas past, Gregory and
25766 Georgetown Station
of the 48th Tactical Fighter Wing in Saudi Arabia.
Robby Menna of Sterling, VA, sport their NWI i-
Washington, D.C. 20007
NWI salutes all of our troops proudly serving in
shirts in front of the family tree.
Operation Desert Storm.
National Wilderness Institute
NON-PROFIT ORG.
U.S. POSTAGE
25766 Georgetown Station
PAID
Washington, D.C. 20007
ALEXANDRIA, VA
PERMIT NO. 438
address correction requested
please forward
NWI RESOURCE
PER
EXCLUSIVE INTERVIEW WITH
DR. Tom J. CADE
TIVE
FOUNDER OF HE-PEREGRINE FUND
A PUBLICATION OF THE NATIONAL WILDERNESS INSTITUTE
25766 GEORGETOWN STATION WASHINGTON, D.C. 20007 (703) 836-7404
Q. Could you describe for us the peregrine falcon and its typical habitat?
scale. A few falconers had succeeded on a hit-or-miss basis with a few
birds but no one had ever tried to build up a large colony and establish-
A. The peregrine falcon is the most widely distributed bird in the world,
ment where you could raise dozens or hundreds of birds per year. It took
occurring on all the continents (except Antarctica) and on many islands.
us about three years to iron out all the problems. We raised our first
It's a medium-sized predator that feeds almost exclusively on other birds
peregrines at Cornell in 1973. We produced about twenty that year from
ranging from the smallest sparrows up to large ducks. Its favorite food
about four pairs. By 1975, we were raising enough young so that we
is probably pigeons. In North America, it most frequently nests on cliffs
could begin some experiments to learn how to release the birds in the
or bluffs on small rivers, occasionally in old thick nests of other birds,
wild. About that time, the Fish and Wildlife Service came into the act
and even right on the ground in arctic situations. A number of our
and began to help us and became a big partner and supporter of the
reintroduced birds nest on man-made structures, particularly buildings,
program, albeit somewhat reluctantly. The Endangered Species pro-
bridges and old grain elevators.
gram people never gave the peregrine as high a priority as we thought it
deserved. It was always a matter of pushing them along to keep their
Q. Could you provide an overview of the decline of
interest up. Anyway, by the late 1970's we were re-
the peregrine falcon in the United States?
leasing something on the order of 100 birds per year
and continued that right up until the last couple of
A. Nearly everyone agrees that the main culprit was
years. We have released something like 1600 in the
the chemical pesticide DDT or its environmental
East from Maine to South Carolina. We got our first
breakdown product DDE. It affected the bird be-
birds breeding naturally in 1980 in New Jersey. I
cause they're at the top of the so-called food chain.
don't have complete figures yet for this year but it
This material gets concentrated up the chain. It
should be right around 100 pairs in the East, and that
caused the eggs to have abnormally thin shells and
was starting from scratch.
other structural problems that frequently resulted in
the eggs breaking or in embryo mortality because of
Q. Where did you get your original stock and where
improper gas exchanges with the environment. Too
did you begin to release them?
few young were being produced to replace losses in
the adult population, and this resulted in a popula-
A. Quite a few were provided by falconers, and then
tion decline in the eastem part of the country fol-
we also got permits to obtain some birds from the
lowing World War II. By the early 1950's many of
wild. They came from places like Arctic Alaska,
the birds had already disappeared from their histori-
British Columbia, a few from the West, and some
nesting locations. By the mid-60's there were no
exotic ones from Spain and Scotland.
nesting peregrines left anywhere in the U.S. east of
We started with natural, historically-known
the Mississippi. In the West, in themid-1970's there
nesting sites, but we had trouble with predation
were probably no more than 20 to 30 percent of their
from great horned owls, which had taken over since
original numbers left. Now there's a very big popu-
Jerry Soesbe
the peregrines were gone. That was such a discour-
lation. The largest segment of the continental popu-
Dr. Tom Cade with a falcon
aging experience for us that we beganto think about
lation nest in Canada and Alaska and that's a long-
some alternatives cities, for example. There
distance migratory population that goes clear down into Argentina to
would be no natural predators, a pretty significant food supply in terms
spend the winter. We think that they may have been picking up most of
of feral pigeons and starlings, and you could mimic a cliff site with a
their pesticides there. Those birds bounced back spectacularly in the late
building. That worked effectively. Now there are probably over 20
70's and 80's. In many places in the Arctic there are more peregrines
cities in the U.S. and Canada that have nesting peregrines. New York
nesting at the present than were known before DDT came into use, such
City has 10 pairs. We did go into some natural areas like coastal salt
as on the Cold Bill River in Arctic Alaska and the Yukon River. I knew
marshes. We built special releasing towers in the hope that they would
these rivers quite well in the 50's and they now have 2 or 3 times as many
get a fixation on these towers and come back to them for nesting sites.
peregrines. Natural recovery in the more southern latitudes has been
That worked. We've got something like 18 or 20 towers along the
much more uneven. There has been some natural recovery in northern
Atlantic coast and all but one or two are occupied. The salt marshes are
California and adjacent parts of southern Oregon. But beyond that, most
a pretty rich environment for prey species and have wide open habitat
everything else that's happened in the coterminus U.S. has been the result
which falcons need for their style of hunting. These features fit the need
of this big release program since about 1975.
of the peregrine well, but there were no suitable nesting sights. As soon
Q. How did you first begin working to reestablish the falcons?
as we put these towers in we had all the right features to make superior
peregrine habitat. It's worked exceptionally well--the birds nesting on
A. We started at Cornell actually in 1970, and the first problem was to
those towers are by and large are the most productive pairs.
learn how to breed the birds in captivity on some kind of a significant
- continued on back
Q. Could you explain how you worked with different populations or
of those birds that were released. We have 80 to 100 pairs in the East,
sub-species of peregrines for reintroduction?
close to 40 pairs in Colorado, and I've got 25 pairs in the greater Yellow-
stone area where there were none a few years ago. There are about 100
A. Since we didn't have the original stock, we didn't know what
pairs in California and half or more of those are released birds. They're
peregrines would be most suitable for release. So we thought that maybe
slowly building up in places like the northern plains area of Montana, in
the best thing to do would be to mix many different varieties of peregrine
Oregon, Washington and Idaho. So we continue to make progress. For
stock together in the hopes that some of the combinations would work.
example, the Arizona bird should be delisted in my opinion--they've got
There was also the practical matter that we simply could not accumulate
more now than they ever had. The same is probably true for parts of
enough breeders from any one stock to make a practical program. We
California, the interior of California, but not the California coast. The
have some of all of the breeds. We don't have really enough information
birds in Colorado could at least be downlisted to threatened if not taken
yet analyzed to know whether some stocks have worked better than
off the list entirely. Again, there are more there now than we knew about
others. My impression is that it hasn't made much difference; they'r all
in the old days. The arctic birds should be delisted completely, I mean
doing about equally well. It turns out that for peregrines a lot of behav-
they're almost supernumerous by falcon standards. Eastern birds might
ior is environmentally induced rather than being determined by the
soon be candidates for downlisting but not delisted for a while. Things
genotype.
are actually looking pretty good.
Q. Were there objections to your mixing birds from different popula-
Q. I would assume that you would consider yourself a proponent of ac-
tions?
tively managing the environment as opposed to natural regulation?
A. Oh, yes. There was quite a big to-do. There
A. Basically, the answer is yes. I believe very
was some objection within the Fish and Wild-
firmly that we have to manage things. We need
life Service's Office of Endangered Species.
to be intelligent about it, and careful about it.
According to some interpretations of the En-
But I think that we, as human beings, have
dangered Species Act, using an exotic, non-en-
screwed the world up so badly now that expect-
dangered bird would not be appropriate for
ing it take care of itself without some intelligent
support under the Endangered Species Act.
intervention is not very realistic. I am a propo-
The question was first raised with regard to
nent of preserving wilderness where it can be
proposals for reintroduction of grey wolves
preserved and having some large tracts of natu-
national forests. The wolves would have to
ral lands set aside that we can sort of enjoy as
be brought in from some distance away. The
big museum pieces. But even those require
then Chief of the Forest Service questioned
some management. None of them are really big
whether use of wolves from a non-endangered
enough to say, "Well, it can manage itself.
population could be justified under the Endan-
Leave it alone and it can just take care of itself."
gered Species Act. I think that Fish and Wild-
The Peregrine Fund has gotten a lot of
life Service and others eventually said, 'No, it
support from corporations and from people
couldn't.'
because we are management-oriented, because
This happened about the second year into
Peregrine Fund
we can show that there should be a way in
our release program and naturally impacted on
which we can use the world and not abuse it. A
us. If it were true for the wolf then it would be
Feeding newborn peregrines
lot of companies have liked that and helped us.
true for the peregrine. I had to get as many of my scientific colleagues
But on the other hand, some of them like to use it as an excuse to go ahead
as I could from the U.S. and abroad to support our position which was
and be exploitative, which I like to guard against as much as possible.
that the main concern was to restore the species not necessarily the local
This current thing with the spotted owl is a perfect example of this whole
population that had once existed there. The Service finally made a
issue. There's absolutely no reason at all why there can't be intelligent
special exception for the peregrine, and as far as Iknow, it's still the only
sustainable yield harvesting practices carried on in an environment
exception they've made. The other objections were more from natural-
where you can also have spotted owls. But you can't convince some of
ists and conservationists who objected to it on a philosophical or
the hard-line protectionists about that and you can't convince the forest-
aesthetic grounds that these were unnatural creatures that shouldn't be
ers and the timber companies to change their practices in ways that would
allowed to contaminate the natural ecosystem. The other point that
be reasonable in terms of the interest of wildlife preservation. We feel
conservationists and some biologists have raised is that you might be
that this particular issue could easily be solved with some intelligent
creating a wolf in sheep's clothing by putting an exotic organism into an
management and would like to get into it, but so far haven't been able to
environmental situation where it had not existed. Other people were
get any support. The protectionists don't want to see any big trees cut at
concerned that they would compete with other birds of prey like Marsh
all. They're afraid that if you can manage a secondary forest and make
Hawks. I think that a lot of it was more or less philosophical. I guess
it suitable habitat for the owl, then you can go ahead and cut down the rest
you would say, philosophical and maybe aesthetic. There was some
of the big trees. Well, I wouldn't want to see that happen. The timber
emotionalism involved even among biologists because when you deal
industry, on the other hand, doesn't want to admit to a problem with the
with a predator it raises certain images and feelings. Some people, even
spotted owl.
some biologists basically did not understand how limited the effect of
predation by a few widely-scattered peregrines is.
Q. Do you have any closing words of wisdom for us?
Q. How is the peregrine now doing?
A. Well, I think you just have to be vigilant. Just hang in there and do
the best you can and try to keep open discussion going with all of the
A. Well, it's come back spectacularly. It's come back as result of natu-
various interests that are involved in these issues and you'll eventually
ral processes, since DDT was essentially eliminated in 1972, in our arctic
get somewhere.
and southwest regions. Quite a few peregrines have returned as a result
Text edited for brevity and clarity
N
W
RESOURCE
I
A PUBLICATION OF THE NATIONAL WILDERNESS INSTITUTE
"A Voice of Reason on the Environment"
Volume I, Issue 4
October/November, 1990
THE HONORABLE DON HODEL
PEREGRINE FUND'S ToM CADE
JOINS NWI's ADVISORY BOARD
DISCUSSES FALCON RECOVERY
The Institute is honored to welcome the Honorable Donald
EFFORTS WITH NWI
Paul Hodel as the newest member of NWI's National Advisory
Board. Mr. Hodel served under President Reagan as Secretary of
In this issue's PERSPECTIVE (see insert), NWI conducts an ex-
the Interior from 1985 to 1989. As Secretary, Mr. Hodel reported
clusive interview with Dr. Tom J. Cade, founder and chairman of
directly to the President on all Departmental activities and opera-
The Peregrine Fund. Dr. Cade launched the Idaho-based non-
tions. He supervised all agencies within the Department includ-
profit in 1970, thus beginning a dramatic effort to recover the Pere-
ing the Fish and Wildlife
grine Falcon from near extinction. Through its programs, the Fund
Service and National Park
has played a leading role in reestablishing the falcon in the wild.
Service. He also served
Dr. Cade earned his Ph.D. from UCLA in 1958 and went on
as Reagan's Energy Sec-
to become a professor of ornithology at Cornell University where
retary from 1982 to 1985.
he served as Director of Raptor Research, Curator of the Bird Col-
Throughout his ca-
lection, and Acting Chairman of the Section of Ecology and
reer Mr. Hodel has been a
Systematics. Currently, Dr. Cade is a professor of Biology at
driving force in the pro-
Boise State University and Director of the Raptor Research
motion of sound, market-
Center. He has published over 150 scientific articles and papers
oriented environmental
and three books, and received numerous conservation honors.
strategies. Prior to join-
Dr. Cade is an outspoken proponent of management-oriented
ing the Reagan Admini-
approaches to
stration, he served as
environmental
President of Hodel Asso-
stewardship.
ciates, Inc., an energy
Of private sec-
consulting firm. In addi-
USDI
tor involve-
tion, Mr. Hodel served on
Donald Hodel
ment, Cade
the Board of Directors of the Electric Power Research Institute
says: "I think
and the National Committee of the World Energy Conference,
the more the
and was a delegate to four of the last five World Energy Confer-
private sector
ences. In 1974, he received the Department of Interior's Out-
can get in-
standing Service Award for energy conservation.
volved the bet-
Mr. Hodel received his bachelor's degree from Harvard Uni-
ter. My basic
versity and his Juris Doctorate from the Oregon School of Law
feeling is that
Bill Burnham
and is a member of the Oregon State Bar Association.
whoever
A peregrine falcon at its eyrie
knows how to
with young
manage a spe-
cies best ought to be in charge. That often isn't the case, because
INSIDE:
you get these little fifedoms developed in government and they
want to keep it all to themselves. We got into the peregrine work
before the government and kind of aced them out. But I'm glad to
Interview with Dr. Tom Cade
insert
see that other programs have developed since, like the black-
Environmentally Sound French Fries
3
footed ferret program, which partakes of agencies and private
Private Property as an Environmental Safeguard
3
organizations. They're starting to de-emphasize the federal in-
Inexpensive Air Pollution Reduction
4
volvement with the whooping crane, turning it over to experts. I
The Legal Foundations of the National Forests
5
think that bodes well for the species. I like to see private initiative
Nuclear Energy and Bureaucracy
6
involved, but I think the government needs to hang in there.
Basically the real experts ought to be the ones doing the work."
From the Editor
NWI's MISSION
by
The National Wilderness Institute is dedicated to the
Benjamin W. Patton
wise management of natural resources, unique and special
wildlife habitat, and wetlands. NWI embraces the perspec-
Saddam Hussein and Alaska's Oil
tive that renewable resources such as air, water, soil, wildlife,
fish, forest and range are dynamic, resilient and respond
When it was announced last year that the United States had
positively to wise management.
become more than 50% dependent on foreign oil, the American
The Institute stresses the need for a private sector ste-
public scarcely raised an eyebrow. Now that Saddam Hussein
wardship which enhances the resource base without unnec-
is beginning to make us feel the effects of that dependency it is
essarily inhibiting economic growth. NWI encourages envi-
a different story. The price of a barrel of oil has sky-rocketed,
ronmentally sound, site and situation specific practices which
the White House Budget Office has increased FY 1991 budget
harness the dynamic and creative forces of the private sector,
deficit estimates by $1 billion, and our economic forecast looks
including the extending of the protection of private property
ever bleaker. Actions like Hussein's coupled with our own
rights, and which reduce the regulatory burden of the Federal
shortsightedness could eventually take their toll on the environ-
Government. The National Wilderness Institute realizes its
ment.
mission through programs which network ideas among indi-
In 1987, NWI National Advisor, Secretary Hodel recom-
viduals, organizations and corporations.
mended to the Congress that the Department of Interior be
allowed to begin tapping the oil reserves of the Alaska National'
Wildlife Refuge (ANWR). He warned that "in the event of a
NWI RESOURCE
future energy crisis, there would be strong pressure to develop
Benjamin W. Patton, Editor
rapidly, promising areas like the 1002 area [in ANWR], without
regard for environmental factors." Now there is a great debate
Contributors
Joel R. Burcat, Esq.
Environmental Law
Hopefully, the environmental lobby will
Travis C. Cork
Forestry
recognize the importance of encouraging
William L. McDowell, Ph.D.
Nuclear Energy
responsible resource development rather than
Steven T. Ragiel
Environmental
rushed development under the gun
Engineering
Daniel J. Sullivan
Energy
as to whether or not exploration of ANWR should go forth.
Tim T. Taylor, Ph.D.
Wildlife Management
Congress has set the stage for rushed and environmentally
irresponsible development in the future by forbidding any and
NWI
all exploration in ANWR. Furthermore, most of the half billion
Robert E. Gordon, Jr., Director
dollar environmental lobby continues to fight against any ex-
Benjamin W. Patton, Deputy Director
ploratory activity there. Instead, many are pushing for measures
David A. Jenkins, Director of Development,
like increased Corporate Average Fuel Economy standards as
Western Region
solutions despite a Brookings Institution study which revealed
that CAFE standards have reduced average auto weight by 500
National Advisory Board
pounds and resulted in a 14 to 27 percent increase in auto
Honorable Becky Norton Dunlop
fatalities. An increase of 2,200 to 3,900 car fatalities annually,
Honorable George S. Dunlop
the impact of foreign oil dependency, and the prospect that
Bernard J. Ficarra, M.D.
rushed development in the future would be environmentally
Honorable Donald P. Hodel
reckless are strong reasons to discuss tapping ANWR's re-
sources in a responsible manner. In this case, responsible
Honorable Steven D. Symms, US Senator
development means providing ourselves the time needed (10 to
15 years) to recover the oil in a manner which will have a
Copyright © 1990 by The National Wilderness Institute,
25766 Georgetown Station, Washington, D.C. 20007. Telephone:
minimal negative impact on wildlife.
(703) 836-7404. The NWI RESOURCE and NWI RESOURCE PER-
Located in the northeastern corner of the state, ANWR is
SPECTIVE are publications of NWI. Excerpts may be quoted, pro-
roughly the size of Maine. It was established in 1960 as refuge
vided that full credit is given to NWI. Nothing printed here is to be
for wildlife such as musk oxen, caribou and polar bear. In
construed as necessarily reflecting the views of NWI or as an
addition to having abundant wildlife, seismic exploration indi-
attempt to aid or hinder the passage of any legislation before
cates the refuge may also have between 5 and 29 billion barrels
Congress.
see ANWR, page 4
Additional copies of the NWI RESOURCE and NWI RESOURCE
PERSPECTIVE are available for $1.50 each up to ten copies and for
Readers are encouraged to submit comments to:
$1.25 thereafter. For additional copies, please send a check or
NWI RESOURCE
money order to the above address made payable to NWI. Prices are
25766 Georgetown Station
subject to change without additional notice. For annual member-
Washington, D.C. 20007
ship information see back page.
2
Environmental Engineering
Guest Column
Steven T. Ragiel
Private Property as an
Environmental Safeguard
Full Circle French Fries
by
There has long been a controversy over the relationship be-
Senator Steve Symms
tween economic growth and environmental quality. Many believe
that increased productivity means sacrificing environmental qual-
ity and vice versa. But the efforts of Jack Simplot prove that this
Many Americans understand "environmental safeguards"
need not be the case. His food-processing company, J.R. Simplot
to be the volumes of regulations issued by federal and state
Company, which has its roots in the last great era of U.S. recycling
agencies, telling individuals and businesses how to manage their
during World War II, has significantly raised the agricultural pro-
property. This perception has led to the unfortunate conflicting
ductivity of the land that it
of private property rights against "environmental protections."
manages while producing
This view, however, is relatively unique to the United States. On
very few "wastes" from its
an increasing basis, other nations around the world are viewing
operations. And such effi-
private property rights very differently, as a solution to rather
than cause of their environmental woes.
ciency has its reward. The
company is now an employer
A good case in point is the Central American country of
of over 9,000, with annual
Costa Rica with its diverse tropical forest, mountain-side cloud
sales approaching $1.5 bil-
forest, and dry coastal forest. Each of these forests, the dry
lion.
coastal forest in particular, has suffered from the encroachment
Simplot operates under
of development. This development most often took the form of
a strict environmental phi-
individual settlers who, leaving the depressed economies of the
losophy which focuses on
maximizing the efficiency of
The U.S. cannot afford to be pedalling back-
its operation by recycling or
ward on something as intrinsic to American
reworking all of its opera-
society as the institution of private property.
tional by-products (not
called "waste" in this part of
developed rural areas, would move onto undeveloped and na-
the world) into gainful en-
J.R. Simplot Co.
tively forested lands.
terprises. This full circle
Potato wastes make up a significant
Two aspects of Costa Rican law, however, encouraged the
philosophy is exemplified by
portion of the feed ration at Simplot's
destruction of these forested lands. First, settlers were by law
Simplot's production of etha-
feedlots.
given the right to "take" property away from larger land owners
nol (a transportation additive), biogas (a supplement to natural gas
merely by squatting on it. This fact alone made it very difficult
with 65% of its energy content) and fertilizer for the growth of
for larger land owners to maintain their ownership of extensive
animal feed grasses. Currently, the company is researching ways
tracts of undeveloped land. Secondly, the deeding of property
(both from the government and "squatted" from other owners)
Environmental technology can be creatively
was contingent on the settler demonstrating "economic use" of
applied to promote both resource conservation
the property -- defined to mean "cutting down of the trees." This
and economic growth.
requirement virtually assured that the hacking down and burn-
ing of tropical forest was the first activity of nearly every Costa
to use potato products for the raising of tilapia fish.
Rican settler.
Mr. Simplot started the business in the 1940's producing dehy-
Led by Environmental Minister Alvaro Amanha, Costa
drated potatoes and onions as rations for the arsenal of democracy.
Rica recently reformed its laws to strengthen private property
After the war, the company adapted its freeze-drying equipment to
protections. These reforms include redefining "economic use"
the production of civilian food products such as frozen french fries.
to allow settlers to acquire deeds to property without cutting
The current production of frozen french fries produces initial by-
down the trees on it. The integrity of that property right is also
products such as potato peels and shavings as well as rinse water
better protected, and squatting is now generally discouraged.
and starch residue.
The United States is lucky to have developed in an atmos-
The potato peel by-product has been utilized over the years in
phere where private property was considered inviolable, rank-
three different ways. One method is to provide it directly to cattle
ing together with life and liberty. Because of this, America has
as feed. A second method is the anaerobic digestion (forced decay/
see SYMMS, next page
decomposition without oxygen) to produce biogas and a land-
spreadable compost (a soil enhancer). The third method is distil-
The Honorable Steven D. Symms (R-ID) is a member of the National
lation to produce ethanol and a high protein residue - distiller's
Advisory Board of NWI. Currently serving his second term in the
grain. Biogas is presently used on site at the plant as a supplemen-
U.S. Senate, Senator Symms is on the Environment and Public
tary boiler fuel for the production of electricity and steam which is
Works Committee, as well as on the Budget, Finance and Joint
Economic Committees.
see SIMPLOT, next page
3
ANWR, from page 2
SYMMS, from page 3
of oil and around 31 trillion cubic feet of natural gas, making it
been able to avoid the type of widescale environmental destruction
North America's most promising new source of onshore fossil fuel.
that the West recently became privy to in Eastern Europe. Through-
The reserves are believed to lie below the Coastal Plain which rep-
out the industrialization of the United States, it was mostly private
resents less than 8% of ANWR's 19 million acres. Based on similar
property owners, seeking to protect their property values from the
operations in Alaska's Prudhoe Bay area, only 23 square miles of
pollution and waste of neighboring plants and factories, that raised
the Plain (less than one-tenth of one percent of ANWR) would be
the nation's consciousness about the need for protecting our envi-
affected by oil operations.
ronment. In countries where this kind of individual stewardship of
Unfortunately, the environmental lobby has managed to falsely
the land and its resources is lacking, the surrounding environment
portray
has all too often become the communal cesspool, into which
Prudhoe
everyone disposes of their wastes.
Bay as an
As America's environmental agenda becomes more aggres-
environ-
sive, it is essential that private property rights be defended just as
mental
aggressively. In a world where Soviet politicians advocate the sale
mess and
of buildings to private interests, where Eastern European farmers
promote
demand ownership of their land, where Brazilian naturalists pro-
the idea
pose privately-owned biodiversity preserves financed by chemical
that tap-
and pharmaceutical companies, the United States cannot afford to
ping the
be pedalling backward on something as intrinsic to American
reserves
society, and as critical a safeguard to protecting our environment,
of ANWR
would
cause simi-
U.S. Fish & Wildlife
ENERGY
lar prob-
Caribou pass beneath a raised segment of
Daniel J. Sullivan
lems. Yet,
Trans-Alaska Pipeline near Prudhoe Bay
in contrast
to oil imported by tanker, according to Bill Howitt of Alyeska, the
Air Pollution Reduction Made Easy
Alaskan Pipeline has had zero leaks since its construction in 1977.
Furthermore, much of the pipeline is underground and thus allows
free roaming of animals. The Central Arctic caribou herd, which
migrates through the region, grew spectacularly from 3,000 in
1970 to over 18,000 in 1988. Finally, as ANWR's Coastal Plain
lies just 65 miles east of Prudhoe, a pipeline connecting the two
areas would be considerably shorter than the already leak-free
Trans-Alaska Pipeline which runs 800 miles.
With currently active domestic oil reserves on the decline, it
seems inevitable that the energy reserves of ANWR will be tapped
someday. Hopefully, the environmental lobby will recognize the
importance of encouraging responsible resource development rather
than rushed development under the gun of another Saddam Hussein.
SIMPLOT, from page 3
then used to operate the plant. The ethanol produced is sold to
Reprinted by permission
Illustration by David Clark
gasoline distributors as a fuel additive.
Southern California, and particularly the Los Angeles basin,
The waste water produced from Simplot's food processing
are legendary for "smog," the visible shroud that proves to the most
plants is utilized in a number of valuable processes. The most
hardened skeptic the reality of air pollution. Southern California
notable is the land application process in which the waste water is
has the most serious air quality problem in the country; the idea that
applied to fields planted with prairie grass which is used as cattle
this land of sunshine and outdoor pleasures can be threatened by
feed. Neighboring grass fields that do not benefit from the nutri-
pollution has led to proposals for some radical remedies. The
ents found in the Simplot waste water can usually be harvested
Southern California Air Quality Management District recently
three times per year; the Simplot fields have consistently produced
unveiled a sweeping plan for pollution reduction that included eve-
four or five harvests per year.
rything from mandating the use of questionable alternative vehicle
The J.R. Simplot Company has provided a pragmatic example
fuels and non-existent technologies to banning home barbecues.
of how existing environmental technology can be creatively ap-
Sixty percent of the air pollution in the region comes from cars,
plied to promote both resource conservation and economic growth.
trucks and buses. That simple fact led to the oil company Unocal,
As Simplot expands into new business areas, the environmental
which does a good part of its business in California, to pick up on
programs which undoubtedly arise from its creative philosophy
a well-known but politically sensitive datum: old cars emit a much
will hopefully serve as a model for sound resource management.
see ENERGY, page 5
4
ENERGY, from page 4
California (and who knows how many unregistered) could become
greater volume of pollutants than new cars; get the older cars off
targets of a public-private partnership for their removal. Do the
the road and you remove a disproportionate amount of pollutants.
arithmetic: 400,000 cars times 30 or more equals the equivalent of
at least 12,000,000 new cars removed from the road.
The problem is that many people who drive old cars do so be-
cause they cannot afford new ones. Some sort of government edict
It is just possible that Southern California will be able to bring
banning, say, pre-1971 cars from the roads would work a real
its air quality to acceptable levels without radical interference in the
hardship on low-income people.
lives of its residents. And if Unocal and its supporters are right, this
Unocal decided to overcome that problem by making a star-
experiment in simplicity could be the solution, or a large part of the
tling offer. It would buy 7,000 pre-1971 cars for $700 apiece, a
solution, to pollution problems in cities across the country.
good price for many pre-'71 autos, and scrap them, removing them
Why, in the end, did Unocal elect to spend upwards of $5
forever from
million on SCRAP? "It's a long-term investment," Blum says. "If
the region's
we're right and this is as important as we think it is, then society as
highways.
a whole benefits -- and that's a very good bottom line result."
Under the
Unocal New ideas for cleaner air
name
PROTECH
SCRAP
SMOG
PATROL
FIGHTER!
ENVIRONMENTAL LAW
SCRAP
(South Coast
Joel R. Burcat, Esq.
Recycled
Auto Pro-
gram), Un-
Conflicting Claims and Legal Guidelines
ocal began
for National Forest Management
buying and
crushing cars
A great deal has been said lately regarding the purposes to
June 1.
Unocal Corp.
which our National Forests should be put. Should National Forest
"This is
Unocal's SCRAP Program Kickoff, June 1, 1990
habitat be preserved for spotted owls or should timber be har-
a pilot project," says Frank Blum, project manager for SCRAP.
vested? When should natural resource utilization give way to
"Our motivation was to try something new and different and to get
recreational uses? How much National Forest land should be
the Air Quality Management District to look at alternatives. We've
designated as wilderness? None of these questions may be re-
found through our tests that these old cars produce something like
solved easily. In spite of the conflicting claims that organizations,
30 times the pollutants of newer cars. If you do the arithmetic, the
companies or bureaucracies may make on National Forest lands,
SCRAP program works out to the equivalent of 210,000 new cars
these lands were established by federal law and are managed under
removed from the road."
the authority of and guidelines set by federal law.
Much of the recent debate has surrounded the "Multiple-Use
This experiment in simplicity could be
Sustained-Yield Act of 1960." Interest groups of all kinds have
the solution to pollution problems in cities
offered varying interpretations of that law. The following anal ysis
across the country.
is offered as a common-sense means of interpreting the law.
On June 4, 1897, Congress enacted a law which established the
More, in fact. SCRAP generated so many expressions of
purposes for which National Forests were to be established and
administered:
interest that Unocal started a fund to match contributions from the
public for the purchase of old cars. Then the First Interstate Bank
of California announced a special financing program to help people
No National Forest shall be established, except to improve and
who scrapped their cars to buy new ones. Then Ford Motor Com-
protect the forest within the boundaries, or for the purpose of
pany chipped in with an offer to buy 1,000 more cars through the
securing favorable conditions of water flows, and to furnish a
SCRAP program, and local Ford dealers anted up for another 100.
continuous supply of timber for the use and necessities of the
But the most gratifying response came from the Southern Cali-
citizens of the U.S.
fornia Air Quality Management District itself, which has contrib-
uted $100,000 to the program, enough to end the polluting lives of
Sixty-three years later, Congress enacted the Multiple-Use
almost 150 cars. "SCRAP has excited the air quality purist," Blum
Sustained-Yield Act ("MUSY"). This new law declared that "it is
says.
the policy of the Congress that the National Forests are established
How important is the SCRAP program? First, it will provide
and shall be administered for outdoor recreation, range, timber,
hard data on emissions. "We've contracted with an independent
watershed, and fish and wildlife purposes." At the same time,
group to exhaustively test 30 cars that come through SCRAP, and
Congress declared that the purposes enunciated in MUSY "are
the California Air Resources Board is doing its own tests on our
declared to be supplemental to, but not in derogation of" the
cars," Blum says. "Once we've got the data from those tests, we'll
purposes established by the law of June 4, 1897.
be able to make responsible claims about the effect removal of
Section 2 of MUSY gave direction to the Secretary of Agricul-
these cars has on air quality."
ture and established a balancing test for the competing uses of
If the numbers hold up-- and, if anything, the test results will
National Forests:
probably prove the polluting ratio to beworse than the current 30-
to-one data-- then the 400,000 pre-1971 cars registered in Southern
The Secretary of Agriculture is authorized and directed to develop
and administer the renewable surface resources of National For-
5
ests for multiple use and sustained yield for the several products
ronmental Policy Act, Clean Water Act, National Forest Manage-
and services obtained therefrom. In the administration of the
ment Act, Wild and Scenic Rivers Act and Wilderness Act) should
National Forests due consideration shall be given to the relative
be considered in determining the use of a particular National Forest
values of the various resources in particular areas.
or segment of a National Forest. Nevertheless, less than one
hundred years ago Congress directed that our National Forests
Congress established a balancing test through its definitions of
would be sources of natural resources. Sixty years later, Congress
"multiple use" and "sustained yield."
added supplemental uses for our National Forests that were not to
take away from their original purpose. Rhetoric and argument
"Multiple use" means: the management of all the various renew-
aside, the original purpose of our National Forests remains today,
able surface resources of the National Forests so that they are
until Congress decides to overrule itself.
utilized in the combination that will best meet the needs of the
American people; making the most judicious use of the land for
some or all of these resources or related services over areas large
NUCLEAR ENERGY
enough to provide sufficient latitude for periodic adjustments in
use to conform to changing needs and conditions; that some land
William L. McDowell, Ph.D.
will be usedfor less than all of the resources; and harmonious and
coordinated management of the various resources, each with the
When Reason Meets Bureaucracy:
other, without the relative values of the various resources, and not
necessarily the combination of uses that will give the greatest
The Savannah River Debacle
dollar return or the greatest unit output.
"I've got a beautiful piece of swampland in Florida for sale"
"Sustained yield of the several products and services" means: the
used to be a joke. Nowadays, wetlands are recognized as often
achievement and maintenance in perpetuity of a hig level annual
providing valuable and diverse biological habitat and are the
or regular periodic output of the various renewable resources of
subject of new laws and even national attention. Some, however,
the National Forests without impairment of productivity of the
may still be going for more than they are worth about $6.7 million
land.
per acre.
Although not in Florida, the Department of Energy's Savannah
A simplification of these laws will assist in understanding
River Site in Georgia has some of if not the most expensive
them and the existing legal guidelines for administration of our
swampland in the world. The reactors at the Savannah River Site
National Forests. In 1897, our Congress established the purpose of
are the only remaining source of tritium in the United States. They
our National Forests, which was to protect and improve the forests,
secure water, and to furnish a continuous supply of timber. In 1960,
Apparently, some organizations have
Congress supplemented this policy to include "outdoor recreation,
no concern over how much their projects cost.
range and wildlife and fish purposes." In 1960, Congress clearly
It isn't their money anyway.
enunciated that the additional provisions would "be supplemental
to, but not in derogation of" the original purpose for which the
also provide isotopes for the space program, research, and nuclear
National Forests were established. The common meaning of
medicine. For years the plant's low temperature reactors dispelled
"derogate" is to take away or detract. Thus, the additional uses of
secondary cooling water into a 12 acre man-made cooling pond so
National Forests were intended only to add to the uses of National
that it would return to ambient temperature prior to the return of this
Forests as established in 1987, while not detracting from the pre-
water to the Savannah River watershed. Environmental regula-
existing uses.
tions enacted since the original construction of the reactors now
By examining the directions to the Secretary of Agriculture
require the construction of two cooling towers to protect the pond
and the definitions, it is clear that Congress never really changed
from the impact of heated water. Cooling heated water so it won't
the overall concept of multiple use and sustained yield. Rather,
hurt a cooling pond does not make much sense. Not only does it
Congress added to the uses to which our National Forests could be
seem illogical but it costs $80 million to boot. What's worse is that
put.
it is a short term fix to a debatable problem. These cooling towers
The purposes established in the Act of 1897 are still viable
will have an expected lifetime of approximately eight years. They
today. Congress has never rescinded this law. In fact, when it
will be rendered useless by the projected start-up of the New
enacted the Multiple-Use Sustained-Yield Act, Congress reiter-
Production reactor. And, based on observations made during pre-
ated the vitality of the old law. The simplest reading of all of the
vious shut-downs, the wetlands read man-made cooling pond
foregoing legalese, is that the primary purpose for which National
- will quickly return to their normal state after the final shut-down
Forests were established is to maintain a continious supply of
of the three existing reactors.
natural resources such as timber and water. Other uses to which
One way economists measure the value of something is by
National Forests may be put include recreation, range and wildlife
seeing what it costs in terms of lost opportunities (i.e., opportunity
and fish purposes. These newer uses are "supplemental to, but not
costs). Though the twelve acre cooling pond will now be protected
in derogation of" the original uses. At times, the newer uses may
from any possible thermal damage, the money spent on saving
prevail over the original purposes for our National Forests, even
these twelve acres could have been used to purchase a far larger
though the greatest dollar return or the greatest unit output may not
parcel of land which could have been added to existing wetland
be achieved.
reserves. A report by the General Accounting Office has deter-
There may be times when other laws (e.g. the National Envi-
mined that the $80 million being used to build the two cooling
6
towers could have been used to purchase 90,000 acres of the
"save what's left" of American wildlife but enhance and improve
Ashepoo, Combahee and Edisto drainage basin. This land would
it. For a copy of the article, please contact the Institute.
include 20 thousand acres of wetlands near the South Carolina
NWI has also contributed a chapter for an upcoming univer-
coast. These wetlands are far more unique than the man-made
sity textbook on business ethics. The piece, written by Robert
cooling pond and annually contribute approximately $2.73 million
Gordon, focuses on the importance of promoting a market-ori-
to the South Carolina commercial fishing industry.
ented environmental ethic.
The reaction to this report, prepared at the request of U.S.
Finally, the Institute is assisting on a study by the Institute for
Representative John Spratt (D-SC) and Senator James Exon (D-
Molecular Biology and Biochemistry of the Free University of
NE), has been mixed. Many environmental groups which have been
Berlin. Re-
pushing for the protection of the previously mentioned basin lands
searchers
were encouraged. Two environmental groups, however, had opin-
there are
ions that were strangely divergent from the majority. Brian Costner,
studying the
director of the Energy Research Foundation, found the report
DNA in the
"counterproductive". Tom Clements, the Southeast nuclear cam-
blood of
paigner for Greenpeace, stated he hoped that the GAO "is not trying
softshell
to blame environmental groups for not proceeding on other environ-
turtles from
mental projects."
around the
In spite of the GAO report and the efforts of other environ-
world. This
mental groups, the EPA and South Carolina Department of Health
is a high
and Environmental Control (DEHEC) decided to require the con-
level study
struction of cooling towers. A compromise solution offered by
which could
Representative Butler Derrick (D-SC) which would have waved
NWI
add to our
construction of the cooling towers in favor of using roughly half of
A softshell turtle photographed during a recent
knowledge
the authorized funds on clean-up efforts on the site was fruitless.
NWI field study in Georgia
of
such
The Westinghouse Savannah River Company promptly complied
things as biogeography and continental drift, as well as chemical
with regulations and at this time construction is well underway in
relationships among softshell turtles. The research will employ
anticipation of a projected start-up of the K-reactor in late 1991 and
restriction anal using enzymes to isolate DNA in blood samples
possible later start-ups for the P- and L- reactors.
taken without harming any turtles. NWI will assist in the captur-
Apparently, some organizations have no concern over how
ing and transporting of specimens from around the country. Upon
much their projects cost. It isn't their money anyway. It seems
completion of the study, the turtles will be returned to their natural
obvious that if one wanted to spend his own $80 million to benefit
habitat.
wetlands, 90,000 acres including 20,000 acres of coastal lands
would come much higher on the list than a 12 acre man-made pond.
It is difficult to understand how organizations and individuals who
New Primate Species
proclaim themselves to be environmentalists can favor wasting so
much money, human energy and opportunity. The saddest part is
Discovered In Brazil!
that they not only promote these ideas but are successful at making
everyone else pay for them. Apparently, the input of single issue
One of Nature's most exclusive clubs with only about
groups such as the Energy Research Foundation were given far
200 species, the primates, has a new member: Leontopith-
more value by the decisionmaking bureaucracies than the opinion
ecus caicaras.
of on-site groups such as Westinghouse Savannah River Company
Named caicaras after the coastal fisherman of Brazil,
and others truly interested in the environment of the area.
this previously unknown species of lion tamarin monkey has
been found on Superaqui Island in Southern Brazil. The
animal is golden in color, with a black face, tail and fore-
NWI
arms. Scientists here were particularly surprised that the
PROGRAMS & ACTIVITIES
monkey was discovered along the country's heavily popu-
lated East Coast region.
UPDATE
In a recent interview with The New York Times, Dr.
Russell A. Mittermeier, President of Conservation Interna-
It has been a busy Fall here at the Institute. Among other things,
"Creature Comfort", co-authored by Director Robert Gordon and
tional, termed it, "one of the most amazing primatological
discoveries of this century." According to Dr. Mittermeier,
NWI Advisor George Dunlop appeared in Policy Review's Sum-
mer issue. Edited versions of the article were distributeted to and
"To find a new species of such importance in a highly
developed part of Brazil like the Atlantic forest is little short
have appeared in major newspapers around the nation such as The
of phenomenal and shows how little we still know of the rich
Cleveland Plain Dealer and The Chattanooga Free Press. Whereas
much of what one reads on the subject of American wildlife today
biological diversity of the tropics. It's almost like finding a
is negative and rather discouraging, Gordon and Dunlop correctly
major new species in a suberb of Los Angeles."
Prior to this discovery, experts say, there were but three
point out many encouraging trends resulting from sound manage-
ment. Citing various case examples such as elk, black bear, bighorn
species of lion tamarin monkeys: the golden lion tamarin,
sheep and giant canada geese, the authors emphasize the idea that
the golden-headed lion tamarin and the black lion tamarin,
all of which are found in Brazil.
through wise, active management techniques, we can not only
7
At right, Emmanuel de
Villiers and Mother Scholas-
tica do their part to clean up
ATTRACTIVE 100% COTTON
following the Abbey of Re-
gina Laudis' annual fair in
Bethlehem, Connecticut.
NWI T-shirts
NWI Associates are en-
SHIRTS ARE WHITE OR PINK WITH
couraged to submit photos
MULTI-COLORED, HAND SCREENED LOGO
suitable for publication of
ON FRONT AND BACK
themselves wearing NWI
shirts while on their own out-
Available in S,M,L,X
door adventures. Please
Price : $12
include name, address and
(includes shipping and handling)
place where photo was taken.
Allow 4-6 weeks for delivery
H. Patton
TO ORDER, SEND CHECK
OR MONEY ORDER TO:
NWI
WELCOME TO NWI
25766 Georgetown Station
NEW MEMBERS (THROUGH SEPTEMBER, 1990)
Washington, D.C. 20007
BG (Ret.) and Mrs. Walter E. Adams, Aeroglide Americas Int'l, Inc., Mr.
Peter Axene, Dr. Roderick T. Beaman, Mrs. Mary Bell Belaire, Mr. David
Bernstein, Mr. Thomas L. Blanton, Mr. C. Clayton Bromberg, Mrs.
NOTES:
Magalen O. Bryant, Joel R. Burcat, Esq., B.G. (Ret.) John C. Burney, Miss
Susanna Colloredo-Mansfield, Mr. Francis G.A. deMonterey, Mr. Boris
In their own words
De Wiel, Miss Randi L. Dorman, Mr. Larry D. Dupriest, R. Adm. (Ret.) and
"Six million people died in concentration camps, but six
Mrs. Eugene H. Farrell, Dr. Richard S. Fawcett, Dr. John Fedkiw, Ben S.
billion chickens will die this year in slaughterhouses."
Fletcher III, Esq., Mr. Michael H. Focht, Jr., Mr. Ed French, Mr. and Mrs.
-- Ingrid Newkirk, Director
Lawrence C. Greene, H. Houston Groome, Jr., Esq., Mr. Hrvoje Hrgovcic,
People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals
Mr. Kenneth E. Huggins, Mr. and Mrs. Robert R. Isen, Miss Lisa A.
Kovner, Mr. and Mrs. Donald Lloyd-Jones, Miss Tracy Loughlin, Mrs.
"I suspect that eradicating smallpox was wrong. It
Mary Bland Love, Mr. George Maney and Mrs. Nancy Petite, Mr. Jack W.
played an important part in balancing ecosystems."
Maxwell, Dr. William L. McDowell, Mr. and Mrs. W.R. Meckstroth, Mr.
-- John Davis, Editor
and Mrs. Steve Meyer, Ms. Karen Michalski, Mr. Carl Olsen, Paramount
Earth First Journal
Packaging Co., Miss Jill E. Posnick, Mr. and Mrs. Ira E. Robinson, Mr.
James C. Robinson, Mr. Allen S. Ross, Mr. and Mrs. John Scanlon, Mr.
"It ["the Environmental Revolution"] will be socially
Dan Siehl, Mr. Ben Smet, Ms. Kelly Smith, Mr. Eric Stansfield, Mr. and
disruptive, potentially violent but will receive massive
Mrs. Mark D. Stevens, Mr. Kenneth J. Swanson, Mr. W.H. Tomlinson, Mr.
support."
Patrick Tuohey, Mr. Woodville J. Walker, Mr. Thomas G. White, Mr. Pitts
Jay D. Hair, President
Wilson
National Wildlife Federation
"Someone has to remind corporate America that it
Subscription and Membership
should run business as a service to the public and not as
something to buy and sell for personal profit."
The NWI RESOURCE is the bulletin of The National Wilderness Institute
-- Rep. Pat Schroeder
(NWI). Annual membership is $25 for Associates, $15 for students. This
includes a year's subscription to the NWI RESOURCE.
NWI is classified as a non-partisan, educational organization under
What's Next
Section 501 (C)(3) and aspublicly supported under Sections 170(b)(1)(A)(IV)
and 509 (a)(1) of the Internal Revenue Code. Individuals, corporations and
in the NWI RESOURCE?
foundations are eligible to support the work of the Institute through tax-
deductible gifts. For information:
Health: why more science means
NWI
less fear. Cost-effective solutions
25766 GEORGETOWN STATION
to acid rain NWI researches pos-
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20007
sible REAL project in Georgia
(703) 836-7404
and much more
TABLE OF CONTENTS
RECOMMENDATION OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR TO CONGRESS
OF THE UNITED STATES, APRIL 1987
Selection of Preferred Alternative (Alternative A)
ANWR COASTAL PLAIN FACT SHEET
AMERICA NEEDS ALASKA'S OIL
ANWR Fact Sheet
LIST OF COMPANIES/ORGANIZATIONS SUPPORTING OIL & GAS
EXPLORATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE COASTAL PLAIN OF THE
ARCTIC NATIONAL WILDLIFE REFUGE
ANWR: GLOSSARY OF KEY TERMS
ANWR QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
ECONOMIC IMPACT OF ALASKA OIL DEVELOPMENT ON THE UNITED STATES
COMPATIBILITY OF PETROLEUM OPERATIONS WITH THE ARCTIC
ENVIRONMENT
Air Emissions
Drilling Wastes/Muds
Produced Water
Protecting the Environment on the North Slope
TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCES IN NORTH SLOPE DRILLING OPERATIONS
I.
Drilling and Waste Handling Technology
II.
Production Technology
III.
Oil Field Support Services
IV. ANWR Coastal Plain
V. Summary
MINIMIZING THE IMPACT OF DEVELOPMENT ON WILDLIFE, WATER AND THE
ENVIRONMENT
I.
Arctic Drilling
II.
ANWR Coastal Wilderness
THE OIL SPILL -- NO REASON TO PROHIBIT OPENING OF COASTAL PLAIN
COMPATIBILITY OF OIL AND GAS OPERATIONS IN AND ADJACENT TO
WILDLIFE REFUGES AND CONSERVATION UNITS
PETROLEUM POTENTIAL OF THE ANWR COASTAL PLAIN: ONLY A FEW
MONTHS' SUPPLY OF OIL
Status of Domestic Oil Reserves
The Importance of a Major Oil Discovery
Conclusion
CONSERVATION ALONE CANNOT SOLVE THE NATION'S DEPENDENCE ON
FOREIGN OIL
U.S. OIL DEPENDENCE
Two Likely OPEN Scenarios
The Dimensions of Energy Policy
Background Facts on U.S. Oil Dependence
ENERGY IMPORTS -- THE GROWING NATIONAL THREAT
NATIONAL ENERGY POLICY
PETROLEUM POTENTIAL IN THE ARCTIC NATIONAL WILDLIFE REFUGE
The Importance of a Major Oil Discovery
CURRENT ANWR LEGISLATION
IMPORTANT LEGISLATIVE AND OTHER DATES IN THE HISTORY OF THE
ARCTIC NATIONAL WILDLIFE REFUGE (ANWR)
ALASKA STATEHOOD ACT OF 1958 (16 U.S.C. 21)
ALASKA NATIVE CLAIMS SETTLEMENT ACT (ANCSA) (43 U.S.C. 1601)
ALASKA NATIONAL INTEREST LANDS CONSERVATION ACT (ANILCA)
(16 U.S.C. 410)
RECOMMENDATION OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR
TO
THE CONGRESS OF THE UNITED STATES
APRIL 1987
I recommend the Congress direct the Secretary of the Interior to conduct an orderly
oil and gas leasing program for the entire 1.5 million-acre 1002 area at such pace and in
such circumstances as he determines will avoid unnecessary adverse effects on the
environment.
The Secretary should be given authority to establish requirements for oil and gas
operations that allow them to proceed in an economically reasonable manner but
avoid unnecessary adverse effects on the 1002 area's wildlife, habitat, and
environment.
Competitive leasing authority should be granted to the Secretary to delegate as he
believes proper, and should be similar to that used to lease the National Petroleum
Reserve in Alaska. The Secretary should also have authority to decide such issues
as unitization, drainage, diligence, and lease terms and management.
The Secretary should be granted authority to suspend or terminate any leases in the
1002 area at any time, in the same manner prescribed by the Outer Continental Shelf
Lands Act as amended. If leases are terminated for reasons beyond the control of
the operators/lessees, operators/lessees should be compensated in a manner similar
to that prescribed by the Outer Continental Shelf Lands Act as amended.
The Secretary should have the authority to require lessees to restore the leased tract
to protect environmental values to the extent reasonably possible and desirable.
The Secretary should be granted authority, which supersedes ANILCA Title XI, to
grant rights-of-way and easements across 1002 area lands for oil and gas-related
activities and facilities. This authority must allow the Secretary to require siting and
modifications of proposed facilities to avoid unnecessary duplication of roads and
pipelines.
All geological and geophysical data acquired with respect to the 1002 area should be
shared, upon request, with the Secretary who should ensure its confidentiality.
In light of the extensive environmental analysis done to prepare the final
report/LEIS, I recommend that it be adopted statutorily as the programmatic EIS for a
leasing program for the 1002 area.
Because Section 1002(i) of ANILCA withdrew the 1002 area from operation of the
mineral leasing laws, and Section 1003 prohibited "leasing or other development leading to
the production of oil and gas" in the area "until authorized by an Act of Congress," specific
legislation must be enacted to implement my recommendations.
In recommending that Congress enact legislation to open the 1002 area for oil and
gas leasing, I also recommend that Congress enact legislation to open the Kaktovik Inupiat
Corporation (KIC)/Arctic Slope Regional Corporation (ASRC) lands within the Arctic
Refuge to similar activities.
The ASRC's right to develop and produce any oil and gas which may underlie the
KIC/ASRC lands within the Arctic Refuge is, by virtue of the 1983 Chandler Lake
Exchange Agreement, expressly contingent upon Congressional authorization of oil and gas
leasing or development and production within the 1002 area, or on the KIC/ASRC lands
specifically.
Selection of Preferred Alternative
(Alternative A)
I have selected Alternative A, Full Leasing, as my preferred alternative for
management of the 1002 area, after evaluating carefully the five alternatives in Chapter V
of the final report/LEIS, pursuant to the requirements of the National Environmental Policy
Act. I believe that Alternative A best meets the Nation's goals and responsibilities.
Before selecting this alternative, I considered the information presented in the final
report/LEIS, the draft recommendation of the Assistant Secretary for Fish and Wildlife and
Parks, comments and information received during the public comment period, and
consultations with the Government of Canada.
I have considered the 1002 area's unique opportunity to provide potentially enormous
quantities of domestic oil, in light of America's increasing dependence on imported. Oil
production from the 1002 could begin at a time when America's largest producing field,
Prudhoe Bay, will be diminishing. I also have considered the potential $79 billion to $325
billion contribution to the Nation's economy from development of the 1002 area's estimated
oil resources, as well as the favorable effects on our balance of trade and national security.
In addition, I evaluated the potential effects of developing these potential
hydrocarbon resources on the wilderness, wildlife, and subsistence values of the coastal
plain. Many commenters indicated the need and desire to conserve the significant
environmental values of the 1002 area. Public comment also overwhelmingly supported
opening the area for oil and gas development. My recommendation reflects my firm belief,
based on demonstrated success at Prudhoe Bay and elsewhere, that oil and gas activities can
be conducted in the 1002 area in a manner consistent with the need and desire to conserve
the area's significant environmental values.
Our ability to conduct oil exploration, development, and production in a careful and
environmentally sound manner is a factor leading me to designate Alternative A as the
environmentally preferred alternative. This conclusion is based on the environmental
impacts of substitute sources of energy. The Department of the Interior's analysis of these
impacts, described in Chapter VI of the final report/LEIS, concludes that each of the
available substitute possibilities involves a large measure of environmental harm. Also, in
the event of a future energy crisis, there would be strong pressure to develop rapidly,
promising areas like the 1002 area, without regard for environmental factors.
ANWR COASTAL PLAIN FACT SHEET
The 19 million-acre Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR) lies in the northeast
corner of Alaska. It is bordered on the north by the Beaufort Sea, on the east by the
U.S.-Canadian border, and on the northwest by the Canning River. The entire
refuge lies north of the Arctic Circle.
The Coastal Plain -- considered the nation's most promising onshore area for
significant discoveries of crude oil and natural gas -- comprises the northernmost
section of ANWR. The Coastal Plain comprises 1.5 million acres, which is less than
eight percent of the total refuge. Less than one percent of the Coastal Plain would
be affected by oil activities.
At its widest points, the Coastal Plain (the area in which the petroleum industry is
interested) is about 100 miles across and about 30 miles deep and covers an area
slightly larger than the state of Delaware.
Along the coastal area, the plain is an almost featureless expanse -- barren and
dotted with thousands of unconnected small ponds; the area to the south becomes
gently rolling, treeless hills which merge into foothills and then into the northern
edges of the Brooks Range.
There is a Native population of about 200 residents at Kaktovik -- a village on
Native-owned lands at Barter Island, adjacent to the Coastal Plain and within the
boundaries of ANWR.
The 75.4 million acres of National Wildlife Refuges in Alaska would comprise the
fourth largest state in the U.S. Comparatively:
Arizona
72.9 million acres
New Mexico
77.8 million acres
If ANWR was a state, it would be larger than 10 other states:
1.
ANWR
19.0
2.
West Virginia
15.5
3.
Maryland
6.6
4.
Vermont
6.1
5.
New Hampshire
5.9
6.
Massachusetts
5.3
7.
New Jersey
4.9
8.
Hawaii
4.1
9.
Connecticut
3.2
10.
Delaware
1.3
11.
Rhode Island
.7
Although little oil and natur. gas exploration has taken place, the Coastal Plain is
believed to have economical. recoverable oil resources. Some seismic surveys have
been made and an exploratory well was drilled on Native Alaskan land southeast of
Barter Island. The Coastal Plain lies between two known major discovery areas.
About 65 miles west of ANWR, the Prudhoe Bay, Lisburne, Endicott, Milne Point,
and Kuparuk oil fields are currently in production. Approximately two million
barrels of oil a day are produced from these fields. Several other discoveries have
been made along the Beaufort Sea at Niakuk, Point Thomson and Seal Island. To
the east of ANWR, major discoveries have been made in Canada, near the
Mackenzie River Delta and in the Beaufort Sea.
According to the 1980 U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 80-916:
All of the potential petroleum of
(ANWR)
is thought
to be in the Coastal Plain portion. This Coastal Plain area lies
on the intersection of several major geological trends and has
characteristics of both the Prudhoe Bay and Mackenzie Delta
petroleum provinces.
The U.S. Department of the Interior (DOI), in its April, 1987 report on the oil and
gas potential of the 1.5 million-acre ANWR Coastal Plain, estimates that there are
billions of barrels of oil to be discovered on the Coastal Plain. DOI estimates that,
under different geological and economic assumptions, "recoverable resources" range
from 600 million to 9.2 billion barrels of oil. The "in-place resources" range from 4.8
billion to 29.4 billion barrels. Recoverable resources are those which can be
produced economically using today's technology: In-place resources is the total
amount of oil thought to be in the reservoir -- some of which will not be
economically recoverable.
The ANWR Coastal Plain provides one of the best opportunities this nation has in
the next 10 to 15 years to replace the decline in Alaskan production -- oil supplies
which would otherwise have to be replaced from foreign sources to fuel this country's
economy.
It is essential that lands having high petroleum potential -- such as those within the
ANWR Coastal Plain -- be made available for environmentally sound exploration and
production operations.
If the ANWR Coastal Plain were opened to exploration and development, and
significant commercial discoveries of crude oil were made, production could begin
around the year 2000. This newly-found oil could make a significant contribution
toward offsetting the decline in existing fields -- both on the North Slope and in the
Lower 48 states.
That new oil could help lessen America's future dependent on imports and reduce
the effects of any future cutoff in the flow of imported oil during political and
military disturbances. The crude oil and natural gas resources of the ANWR Coastal
Plain could provide an "insurance policy" against future disruptions, such as those
accompanying the 1973-74 Arab oil embargo and the 1978 Iranian revolution.
AMERICA NEEDS ALASKA OIL
ANWR Fact Sheet
The 1989 U.S. trade deficit was over $108 billion. Imported oil accounted for almost
$50 billion or 45 percent of the total.
Current trends indicate U.S. oil imports could cost $150 billion by 1995. This is $15
billion more than the total 1986 trade deficit.
In January, 1990, oil imports reached 8.6 million barrels per day or 54 percent of
consumption. In July, 1988, imports were only 7.3 million barrels a day or 43 percent
of consumption.
Without Alaska production, the U.S. would be importing well over 60 percent of its
oil needs.
The U.S. Department of Energy estimates future oil imports will reach 60 percent
of consumption by 1995, and as much as 65 percent by the year 2000.
U.S. oil production is declining. In January, 1990, domestic oil production was 7.4
million barrels a day. The 1989 average for domestic crude production was 7.8
million barrels a day, a 5.5 percent decrease.
U.S. oil consumption is increasing. Since 1986, it has climbed more than eight
percent (8%).
Currently, Alaska provides almost 25 percent of all U.S. oil production.
Prudhoe Bay, this nation's largest oil field, provides about 1.5 million barrels of oil
each day. However, oil production at Prudhoe Bay is declining, and in 10 years is
expected to be less than 40 percent of what it is today.
The 1.5 million-acre Coastal Plain of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR)
represents only eight percent (8%) of the refuge's 19 million acres.
The U.S. Department of the Interior estimates that the Coastal Plain could contain
as much as 9.2 billion barrels of recoverable oil. The mean estimate is 3.2 billion
barrels.
The Office of Technology Assessment predicts that the surface area, or the footprint
of oil development on the Coastal Plain, would be only 5,000 to 7,000 acres of the
1.5 million-acre Coastal Plain.
Oil exploration and development in the Arctic is a lengthy process, and can take
anywhere from 10 to 15 years before an oil field is actually producing. If Congress
authorized exploration tomorrow on the Coastal Plain, it would be between the year
2000 and 2005 before oil production could take place.
Alaska already has 57 million acres of designated wilderness. This represents 62
percent of all federal wilderness in the U.S. Alaska's wilderness would rank as the
11th largest state.
Investment and development of Alaska's North Slope oil fields exceeded $36 billion
between 1974 and 1986. Every state in the union has contributed goods and services
in building and operating the North Slope oil fields.
Oil development on the Coastal Plain will not be unique. Many millions of barrels
of oil have been produced safely in wildlife refuges across the country.
The Aransas National Wildlife Refuge in south Texas has coexisted with oil
operations since 1947. The Delta Wildlife Refuge, southeast of New Orleans, houses
an oil production field and terminal station. The National Audubon Society's Paul
J. Rainey Sanctuary in southern Louisiana, which has hosted petroleum operations
for over 25 years, is used by thousands of migratory birds.
The Central Arctic Caribou herd calve on the North Slope oil fields. The herd has
grown from 3,000 animals in 1970 to more than 18,000 today.
Prudhoe Bay
State of Alaska
Federal
Conservation Areas
State
Conservation Areas
Arctic National
Wildlife Refuge
Coastal Plain
AREA AFFECTED
1002 AREA/COASTAL PLAIN
BY FULL DEVELOPMENT
ANWR
5%
(8%)
(1%)
ALASKA
ANWR
1002 AREA/
COASTAL PLAIN
ANWR represents five percent (5%) of Alaska. The Coastal Plain represents eight percent
(8%) of ANWR. Development of the Coastal Plain would take up less than one percent
(1%) of the entire Coastal Plain.
ARCTIC NATIONAL WILDLIFE REFUGE
Prudhoe Bay
(ANWR) - 19 Million Acres
Barrow
Coastal Plain
ANWR COASTAL PLAIN
ANWR
SECTION 1002 STUDY AREA-
1.5 Million Acres
AA
OIL AND GAS FIELDS
Nome
TRANS-ALASKA PIPELINE
Mille Paint on Floid
Prudhes Bay
Beaufort Sea
Kuparuh
ON Field
Constal Plain
Anchorage
Valdez
Juneau
THE
ANWR
U.S.
CANADA
00
100 Milles
Scale
ECONOMIC IMPACT OF ALASKA OIL DEVELOPMENT
ON THE UNITED STATES
Development of the Coastal Plain of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR)
could yield a net national economic benefit or more than $150 billion. New jobs, lower
balance of trade deficits, and increased tax revenues at every government level are just some
of the benefits that would reach all 50 states.
Increased direct and indirect employment. Based on an Interior
Department peak production estimate of 659,000 barrels daily
(assuming recoverable resources of 3.2 billion barrels), cumulative
employment gains from Coastal Plain development could amount to
254,085 jobs. Using the same base projection of production, the gross
national product could increase about 0.25 percent above exiting levels.
Greater revenues for federal government. Using the same base
projection, the gross national product (GNP) would increase by from
0.14 percent to 1.01 percent.
Greater economic security through reduced dependence on foreign oil.
According to the National Petroleum Council, with a continuing
decline in domestic exploration and production, the potential U.S.
dependency on oil imports could rise to nearly one-half of total
demand by 1990 and to more than two-thirds of U.S. oil needs by
2000; and,
Improvement in the national trade deficit. Currently, we are spending
about $40 billion every year for imported oil. The expenditure is due,
in part, to the increase in domestic consumption and the decline in
production of domestic oil fields. Experts predict that if the current
trend continues, by 1995 the U.S. could be importing $150 billion
worth of oil. This would be $15 billion more annually than the entire
U.S. trade deficit in 1986.
Since 1977 when production began at Prudhoe Bay -- America's largest oil field --
America has saved $140 billion. But that savings will soon be lost because production at
Prudhoe Bay has begun to decline. Unless Congress considers the dangerous trend of
increased oil imports, America's trade deficit will continue to grow.
It is estimated that the cost of developing the Prudhoe, Kuparuk, Milne Point,
Lisburne and Endicott oil fields -- including some $8 billion spent on the Trans-Alaska
Pipeline -- exceeded $44 billion between 1974 and 1986.
Between 1980 and 1986, the major oil companies operating on the North Slope
nt
more than $10.5 billion in the United States developing those oil fields. Every state
the
union participated in supplying goods and services.
If a large field were discovered on the Coastal Plain and substantial production
resulted, large royalty payments would be generated. The distribution of the potential
revenues among the federal, state, and local governments depends on how the area will be
leased, which has not yet been determined. However, the federal share of the bonus money,
rents, and royalties could help offset declining federal revenues from other fields which have
passed peak production.
The present downturn in petroleum exploration and production in the United States,
which began in the early 1980's and accelerated rapidly following the sharp decline in crude
oil prices in 1986, could seriously impair the nation's goal of greater economic stability the
growth. The impact of the downturn continues to be felt throughout the country. Virtually
every state in the union has been affected to some degree by the sharp drop in oil field
operations -- some states and institutions far more seriously than others.
Certainly discoveries of large deposits of petroleum on the ANWR Coastal Plain
would not bring an "instant" end to the problems caused by the present downturn. Nor
would it mean that America would no longer need to import oil. But it would go a long way
towards securing economic benefits for the United States and securing our energy future.
Oil imports have been one of the largest contributors to the U.S. trade deficit. The
cost of U.S. oil imports rose from less than $5 billion per year in the early 1970's to around
$25 billion in 1975 and a peak of more than $75 billion in 1980. (For a time in the early
1980's, payments of oil imports declined because both imports and prices fell.)
In 1986 and 1987, after prices collapsed, oil imports increased 31 percent, reaching
6.5 million barrels a day. In 1987, oil imports cost the United States an estimated $42
billion, accounting for more than 10 percent of the cost of all U.S. imports. This amount
was equivalent to almost 25 percent of the trade deficit. Americans spent twice as much on
foreign crude oil as on new Japanese cars and four times as much as on imported iron and
steel.
Last year, this nation's trade deficit totaled more than $171 billion. Of that amount,
we spent almost $45 billion on imported oil.
If the current trend continues, the U.S. could be importing $150 billion worth of oil
by 1995. This would be $15 billion more than the entire trade deficit in 1986.
U.S. oil imports are higher than they need to be because of government policies that
prevent development of considerable amounts of oil and natural gas that could be produced
economically even at current world oil prices.
If that production were available, current oil imports would be lower. Prudent action
by the 101st Congress and the Bush Administration can help realize this potential in the
1990's.
North Slope Alaska
Oil Development Dollars Spent in the U.S.
1980- 1986
Washington 764.8
(Millions of Dollars)
3.0
4.3
0.3
5.9
Montana
North Dakota
Vermont 1.3 New
Maine
60.5
128.0
Minnesota
50.5
Oregon
183.0;
Massachusett
84.7
0.6
Wisconsin
Idaho
14.0
South Dakota
541.2
65.7
0.6
Wyoming
Michigan
Rhode is
33.6
175.5
13.7
7.7
69.9
Iowa
Nebraska
83.3
Pennsylvania
Conneticut
Nevada
126.0
47.9
42.1
146.5
Ohio
New Jersey
Illinois
Indiana
245.8
0.2
Utah
West
0.3
1816.3
Colorado
84.2
Virginia
2.3
Delaware
53.1
California
Kansas -
12.3
Virginia
30.5
Missouri
Maryland
Kentucky
42.7
2.0
1.8
North Carolina
Dist of Col
8.8
442.8
53.3
Tennessee
Arizona
6.9
Oklahoma
3.2
Arkansas
South
New Mexico
Carolina
6.0
73.5
Georgia
3475.9
2.4
Alabama
Mississippi
Texas
147.6
18.3
Louisiana
Florida
0.8
1350.6
Hawaii
Alaska
Total = $10,536.2
*
This total excludes about $7 billion spent on intangible items for
Kuparuk, East Prudhoe Bay, and Lisburne oil fields.
NORTH SLOPE ALASKA OIL DEVELOPMENT COSTS IN THE U.S. - 1980 - 1986
(Millions $)
STANDARD
ARCO
CONOCO
TOTAL
Alaska
$1,271.3
$
79.3
n/a
$1,051.3
Alabama
5.4
0.6
-
6.0
Arizona
8.4
0.4-
-
8.8
Arkansas
1.9
51.4
-
53.3
California
1,723.0
69.5
23.8
1,816.3
Colorado
146.3
99.5
-
245.8
Connecticut
1.1
12.5
0.1
13.7
Delaware
0.1
0.2
-
0.3
District of Columbia
2.0
-
-
2.0
Florida
2.8
15.4
0.1
18.3
Georgia
57.2
16.2
0.1
73.5
Hawaii
0.8
-
-
0.8
Idaho
79.4
0.3
5.0
84.7
Illinois
79.4
46.2
0.4
126.0
Indiana
1.8
45.1
1.0
47.9
Iowa
1.6
30.7
1.3
33.6
Kansas
9.0
75.2
-
84.2
Kentucky
2.4
9.4
0.5
12.3
Louisiana
118.0
28.7
0.9
147.6
Maine
5.6
0.2
0.1
5.9
Maryland
28.0
2.4
0.1
30.5
Massachusetts
15.1
35.2
0.2
50.5
Michigan
8.0
57.3
0.4
65.7
Minnesota
43.5
16.9
0.1
60.5
Mississippi
1.8
0.6
-
2.4
Missouri
23.0
30.0
0.1
53.1
Montana
2.4
0.6
-
3.0
Nebraska
68.9
1.0
-
69.9
Nevada
2.3
5.4
-
7.7
New Hampshire
0.2
0.1
-
0.3
New Jersey
9.5
32.6
-
42.1
New Mexico
6.3
0.6
-
6.9
New York
122.3
415.0
3.9
541.2
North Carolina
1.9
40.3
0.5
42.7
North Dakota
1.8
2.5
-
4.3
Ohio
15.4
67.3
0.6
83.3
Oklahoma
246.7
192.6
3.5
442.8
Oregon
18.9
99.1
10.0
128.0
Pensylvania
25.2
150.0
0.3
175.5
Rhode Island
0.3
0.15
0.2
0.6
South Carolina
2.9
0.1
0.2
3.2
South Dakota
0.1
0.5
-
0.6
Tennessee
0.6
1.25
-
1.8
Texas
2,339.8
1,114.8
21.3
3,475.9
Utah
6.4
139.1
1.0
146.5
Vermont
1.0
0.3
I
1.3
Virginia
1.6
0.6
0.1
2.3
Washington
211.8
506.3
47.5
764.8
West Virginia
0.1
0.15
-
0.21
Wisconsin
8.9
173.6
0.5
183.0
Wyoming
12.5
1.5
-
14.0
TOTAL COSTS
$6,745.0
$3,669.6
124.1
$10,536.2
STANDARD:
Total accounts paid to vendors in 1981 - 1986 for West side
Prudhoe Bay field $7.003 billion
:
Accounts paid to vendors in 1985 - 1986 for Endicott field
development $627 million.
:
$6.745 billion.
Payments paid to identified U.S. vendors traceable to a ZIP code
ARCO :
Total payments for tangible items for East side of Prudhoe Bay,
Kuparuk and Lisburne 1980 - 1985 $3.669 billion
CONOCO
:
Payments for goods and services to develop Milne Pt. oilfield,
1983-86 - $124 million.
It is estimated that the cost of developing the Prudhoe, Kuparuk, Milne
Lisburne and Endicott oil fields on the North Slope of Alaska has Pt.,
$36 billion since 1974. This amount includes the cost of the trans-Alaska exceeded
U.S. domestic oil production.
pipeline (approximately $8 billion). The fields currently supply 20% of
THE NEW YORK TIMES, Wednesday, February 17, 1988, Page A22
Is This Icy Strip Worth $32 Billion?
The frozen Arctic coastal plain
of, northeast Alaska may hide the
are right that building roads and
other infrastructure on this fromen
largest untapped oilfield in America.
Should Congress let the ou compa-
desert would inevitably have some
lasting effects.
nies search for 5?
The environmentalists are also
Interior Secretary Donald Hodel
right on another point: there are
believes that energy from the Arctic
ways to conserve 13 billion barrels
National Wildlife Refuge offers a
of all without great disruption. If
last hope for "preventing OPEC
conservation is cheaper than buying
from regaining its stranglehold over
fuel, though, n is worth accomplish-
the American economy." Environ-
ing with or without oil from the wild
mentalist opponents argue that as.
alauka
life refuge.
plaration will mutilate a wilderness
How, than, should Congress
that phelters cartbou, polar bears
weigh the potential environmental
and other Aretic animals.
COSLS against the economic benefits?
Both sides are induiging in by-
The principal answer is that the
perbole. Arctic oil probably won't
decision can be made in stages.
spell the difference between energy
Little is risked by the explora-
independence and long lines at the
tory drilling. If there last much all
gas pumps. Nor is drilling a sure
to be found, the project would be
ticket to ecological disaster, as environmentalists
abandoned and the refuge would be secure. Sup-
ashert. There is, however, a good case for a middle
pose, though, the refuge does contain a vast reserve
way - careful exploitation of what could be a multi-
of, say, 22 billion berreis. Suppose, further, that the
billion dollar resource.
average cost of getting each barret to market is,
Pinned between the contradictory demands,
conservatively, just $10 less than the cost of all pur-
Congress in 1960 passed the buck. It ordered the in-
chased on the world market. The total savings
terior Department to weigh the merits of drilling -
would be $10 times 12 billion.
the Arctic coastal plain. Last spring the department
is n worth $32 billion w avoid modest ecological
reported that between 600 million and 9.2 billion
damage to this small strip of tundra? That to 100
barrels of oil probably could be recovered from a
times the amount Washington spart in 1996 to ac-
strip of land some 100 miles long and 20 miles wide.
quire land for national parts; n to 10 times the an-
Environmentalists think the most likely figure
musi budget for the national forests and parks -
is about 3.2 billion barrels, 200 days' national supply,
bined. If Congress were to hand $32 billion to earvi-
and to them that's not nearly enough to justify scar-
renmental groups to invest as they wished, they
ring the tundra or disrupting the caribou calving
would have many higher prierities before protec-
grounds. The far better course, they say, is to re-
tion for a aliver of the Arctic National Wildlife
duce oil consumption an equivalent amount by can-
Refuge.
servation. They are pressing to defeat drilling legis-
Drilling there can't solve America's energy
lation pending this week in the Senate Energy Com-
problems, but # might well save the country tens of
mistee.
billions that could be better invested elsewhere.
To judge from a decade's experience on the ad-
Congressional failure to explore, and only then to
jacent North Slope, oil production can coaxist com-
exploit the resource, would irresponsibly distort ma-
fortably with Arctic wildlife. But environmentalists
tional priorities.
Oil and the caribou
E
NVIRONMENTALISTS ARE raising
many cases, greatly exaggerated. and the ef.
alarms about the recommendation of In-
fects of oil-drilling can be largely mitigated.
terior Secretary Donald Hodel that a north.
Hodel contends the consequences would be
ern coastal stretch of the Arctic National
"negligible" for grizzly and polar bears. snow
Wildlife Refuge be made available for oil
geese, wolves and moose. Oil operations do
drilling. The proposal should not be rejected
not seem to damage the herds of musk oxen.
automatically as a deadly threat to Alaskan
caribou and musk oxen. Congress instead
The coastal plain is used for calving by the
should weigh the plan thoughtfully as a po-
migratory Porcupine caribou herd. and this
tential contribution to the nation's energy
activity might be displaced. But fears for the
requirements, and consider ways of minimiz-
caribou in the past have proved to be mistak-
ing the environmental effects.
en. They thrive around Prudhoe Bay. and
concern that migration would be blocked by
Exploration of the 1.5 million acres is seen
the Trans-Alaska Pipeline turned out to be
as having only a one-fifth chance of turning
unfounded.
up major oil fields. But if this does happen,
the find could rival Prudhoe Bay. 100 miles
One advantage of the proposed drilling
away on Alaska's North Slope, which already
tract is that the pipeline from Prudhoe Bay to
accounts for 20 percent of domestic produc-
the Gulf of Alaska already is there. No need
tion. Looking toward the day when foreign
to replay the long fuss over placing the pipe
oil again will be expensive and subject to
on the fragile tundra.
interruption in periods of international tur-
Wildlife can and should be protected in the
meil, the United States cannot afford to ig-
18.9 million-acre refuge while oil is sought in
nore such a possible boon to the cause of
the coastal sector, and protective measures
energy independence.
must be extended if important amounts of oil
The fears being expressed for the unique
are found. This could be the useful focus of
wildlife in that part of the far north are, in
congressional serutiny.
SACRAMENTO (CA) BEE, Sunday, May 3, 1987
Oil And Caribou Do Mix
T
be Department or we materior is asking
the U.S. Geological Survey says the probabili-
for a true hand to open 1.5 million acres
ty of finding oil in the coastal plain is greater
00 the coasts) plain of the Arctic National
than in any other potential onshore field la
Wildlife Refuge for oil_expioration. Given the
the United States. That's why Congress specif-
administration's environmental record.
ically set this area aside for study of its petro-
there's DO reason for Congress to go that far.
leurn potential when 18 created the 19 mil-
But If the legislators can define sufficient
lion-acre wildlife refuge in 1980.
constraints to ensure that this fragile wilder-
am area will be treated with as much care
as possible, Interior's basic proposal to per-
W
ithin the refuge. environmentalists are
specifically concerned with the poten-
mit pumping in the region deserves support.
tial impact of development on the places
Environmentalists are opposed to any de-
where the caribou historically come to breet.
velopment in what they describe as the only
But the caribou population in the central
undisturbed arctic ecosystem left in North
plain has tripled in size since the Trans Als-
America. They argue that we ought to do
ka Pipeline was built there a decade ago. And
more for energy conservation before we be-
while there are significant differences in the
gin developing additional sources of supply.
size and migratory babits of those herds and
Of course they're right that the president's
the one along the arctic coast, there's at least
opposition to energy conservation has been
some evidence to suggest that the oil compa-
short-sighted and self-defeating. But America
nies have learned how to cohabit with the
doesn't face a simple choice between devel-
caribou. In any event. if the debate over Int-
ppment and conservation: the two go hand in
rior's proposal devolves into a choice be
hand.
tween protecting the caribou and increasing
domestic oil production as a hedge against
I
aterior argues that any oil found on the arc-
continued dependence on foreign petroleum
tic plain won't be used to supply additional
suppliers. there's not much doubt that the e.
demand anyway. Since the oil companies es.
vironmentalists would lose.
timate that it will take 10 to 15 years to tap
California's congressional delegation his
into this area. oil from the coastal plain will
generally opposed Interior's efforts to expard
only come on line at about the time that the
pumping along the state's coastline. arguits
Prudhoe Bay fields begin to run out. So. the
that the risks to public health and the ecom-
proposal's supporters contend. this develop-
my of the coastal zone are too great. None of
ment will just replace supplies we're already
those conditions exist in the case of the arcic
consuming.
coastal plain. where not only the state of Als-
Opponents of the plan have focused on the
ka but the Indians who live in the area active-
administration's admission that there's only
ly support development. If we don't want
one chance in five that any recoverable oil
pumping in our patch. then we ought to re
will be found here. But that means there's an
able to suggest an alternative. And If not 20
80 percent likelihood that the effort will re-
miles above the arctic circle. then where
sult in no major development of the area. And
else?
Drill with care in Alaska
INTERIOR Secretary Donald
sands of oil jobs. Imports, once at
Illodel has recommended that
30 percent, have soared to 40 per-
Congress allow oil exploration in
cent and still are climbing.
the fragile, wildlife-rich coastal
If the U.S. continues becoming
plain that forms part of Alaska's
more dependent upon foreign oil,
Arctic National Wildlife Refuge.
we will once again become prey to
Twenty years ago, such a proposal
OPEC. And it is certain that
would have been justifiably spura-
OPEC's present low prices would
ed because of the risk of environ-
begin rising with a vengeance in
mental damage. But today's more
such a seller's market, threatening
ecologically sensitive search and
both our national economy and our
recovery techniques should en-
national security.
courage Congress to allow the ex-
Thus, it's obvious that the Arctic
ploration - under strict controls.
Refuge will be opened to drilling
Tracks left by 1960s-era explora-
and exploration sooner or later. It
tion crews still scar the tender
would be better to do n now - un-
Arctic tundra. But today's quest
der careful controls - than to wait
for oil is carried out from wide-
until a new 1973-style energy short-
track vehicles that leave barely a
age sent the rigs rushing madly in-
trace. And our experience in build-
to Alaska amid 8 national franzy
ing the 800-mile Alaska oil pipeline.
that would override all environ-
which many feared would become
mental sensitivity.
a man-made disaster, shows that
Of course, there is much more
oil facilities can be built with mini-
to a sound national energy policy
mal damage to the land and wild-
than just probing Alaska's riches.
life.
We should keep on promoting 60-
Many environmental groups still
ergy conservation, through on-
argue that the 34-mile by 100-mile
forced automobile engine stan-
shoreline is so valuable to caribou
dards and other energy-saving
and other wildlife that it should be
devices, better construction mate-
preserved in pristine form. But
rials and cogeneration of electric-
years of selsmic study have estab-
tty. We also must keep up research
lished that this same strip, sand-
into solar energy, synthetic fuels
wiched between Canada's oil prov.
and other alternative sources of
inces and the rich Prudhoe Bay
energy.
field, also is the richest onshore oil
But as the Prudhoe Bay expert-
and gas prospect in the United
once proves, we've learned a great
States. It could yield billions of
deal about how to explore respon-
barrels of oil.
sibly in the Arctic. And n is clearly
And we need that oil. See-saw.
better for America to develop a
ing prices and falling domestic
balanced and prudent exploration
production have hammered at the
plan now than to lock up the Arctic
U.S. oil industry, Denver and
shore and risk provoking a new en-
Houston, both key energy centers,
ergy crisis that would unlock It in
share 30 percent vacancy rates in
the worst of all circumstances in a
office buildings and have lost thou-
few years time.
Oil Exploration Justified
If Environment Protected
Twenty years of drilling for oil in
Alaska without any appreciable envi-
during the winter, when some animals
ronmental problems should be enough
hibernate or migrate.
to show that oil development can exist
The same kind of precautions could
in harmony with the environment. Con-
be taken at the wildlife refuge. where
gress should keep that in mind as it
less than one-half of 1 percent of the
debates whether to open a small part
refuge's acres would be affected by
of the Alaska National Wildlife Refuge
the oil work.
for oil exploration.
A dependable supply of domestic oil
Federal law prohibits oil and gas de-
is needed to help the United States
velopment unless the environment IS
avoid becoming the target of foreign
protected. Oil exploration in Alaska's
oil suppliers' attempts to increase the
Prudhoe Bay. about 65 miles from the
price by restricting supplies. The
wildlife refuge. has shown that such
wildlife refuge has been identified as
work can even benefit the environment
the outstanding oil and as frontier re
and wildlife.
maining in the United States.
Since Prudhoe Bay was opened to oil
Sierra Club officials and other envi-
work. the caribou herd in the area has
ronmental groups have opposed a bill
grown from about 3.000 animals to
that would allow the development
more than 15.000 animals - a faster
work. Their concern for the preserva-
rate of growth than some areas with-
tion of the area IS understandable. The
out oil development have experienced.
refuge LS a national treasure that needs
The number of muskoxen. birds and
to be protected.
fish has remained constant or in-
But oil exploration doesn't pose the
creased. Interior Department officials
automatic danger that some environ-
report. The increases were accom-
mentalists and members of Congress
plished by keeping construction out of
say it does. An environmentally sound
sensitive habitat areas. designing
oil development plan that would help.
pipelines to avoid migration routes and
safeguard the nation's energy future
doing most of the construction work
should be supported.
THE
FLORIDA
TIMES-UNION
(JACKSONVILLE,
FL)
MAY
4,
1988
Arctic oil is needed to disrupt
cartel's plans to regain hold
Attempts by the oil cartel to regain its
man who is a member of the Texas Rail-
stranglehold on the world are a signal
road Commission, which regulates that
that the United States needs to get
state's large petroleum industry.
more serious about domestic oil, includ-
Hance saw his mission as "opening a
ing a potentially huge supply in Alaska
dialogue" with the cartel, which he
The U.S. Department of the Interior
called a friendly group that's "glad to
says the coastal plain of the Arctic Na-
have someone from the United States to
tional Wildlife Refuge is the best pros-
have a dialogue with"
pect in North America for finding sub-
"We're not in love with OPEC, but we
stantial new supplies of oil and natural
need to have input" into decisions by an
gas. It could provide 1 million barrels of
organization that controls about 35 per-
oil a day from 2000 to 2030.
cent of the world's oil supplies, he said.
By that time, the oil find at Prudhoe
He says OPEC will become increasing-
Bay will be either exhausted or nearly
ly important to the United States in the
so and a new source will be desperately
next decade. He predicted that 65 per-
needed.
cent of American oil supplies would be
Even as oil consumption is rising, do-
imported by 1992.
mestic production is falling The result
OPEC failed to get cooperation with
is an increase in oil imports. Only three
the nonproducing nations but has not
years ago oil imports amounted to less
given up hope. It will resume efforts at a
than one-third of the oil supply. Today
meeting in Vienna next month.
they are nearing 40 percent.
The best hope is that any agreement
The Senate Energy and Natural Re-
might not hold any better than the pre-
sources Committee has approved a bill
vious agreements. Cartel members have
to open 1.5 million acres of the 19 mil-
been unable to avoid cheating each oth-
lion acre refuge for oil exploration. The
er, which has been of great benefit to
House Merchant Marine and Fisheries
consuming nations.
Committee, of which U.S. Rep. Charles
The elements that have subordinated
Bennett of Jacksonville is a member,
greed will not hold sway forever.
was marking up the bill yesterday.
Right now the Saudis are so adamantly
Barring a technological leap, the Unit-
opposed to Iran that they are willing to
ed States and other oll-consuming na-
keep the price of their own oil low so
tions are going to have to pay the piper
that Iran's oil will not bring it enough
some day. Two-thirds of the known oil
revenue to escalate its war against Iraq.
reserves are in the Mideast.
On Iran's side the utter irrationality
But it would be foolish to get into that
shown in response to the American at-
position before it is necessary. Increas-
tack cannot be expected to persist in-
ing domestic oil production is one of the
definitely. In retaliation for the attack,
best ways to buy time at this point. Con-
Iran destroyed an oil-producing facility
servation can still be a factor but much
of the United Arab Emirates. The irra-
of that has been used up in previous
tional part of that attack was that Iran
squeezes in 1973-74 and in 1979.
had been receiving 50 percent of the
One of the warning signs on the hori-
revenues of the facility it destroyed.
zon is the reported offer of six indepen-
Oil experts now predict that by about
dent producers to cut oil exports by 5
1990, OPEC will be back in the driver's
percent for two months if the Organiza-
seat. And we all know what can happen
tion of Petroleum Exporting Countries
to both prices and availability of oil
did likewise.
when that takes place.
The offer from the non-OPEC produc-
America's best energy course is to
ers - Mexico, Egypt, China, Oman, Ma-
find, develop and use its own oil for as
laysia and Angola - amounts to about
long as possible.
200,000 barrels a day.
The most potentially productive oil
Another new factor was the presence
producing area in the United States is
at an OPEC meeting of Kent Hance, a
the Alaskan area being considered by
smooth-talking. former U.S. congress-
Congress.
BIRMINGHAM (AL) POST HERALD, July 12, 1988
Oil vs. caribou?
"The caribou love it (the Trans-
America will need that oil, if not
Alaska Pipeline). They rub up against
now when prices are low and squab-
it and they have babies."
bling OPEC nations are overproduc-
- Vice President George Bush
ing. then someday. Even if drilling
began immediately, it would be
"We view the (proposal to allow oil
roughly a decade before oil would
exploration in Alaska's Arctic
flow in significant quantities. Wasn't
National Wildlife Refuge) as a no-win
it only 10 years ago that we were all
situation for both the Porcupine Cari-
waiting in gas lines?
bou Herd and the people who depend
Concerns about damage to wildlife
on it"
and environment are valid. They are
- Canadian Porcupine Caribou
also substantially addressed both in
Management Board
the bill before Congress and in the
drilling techniques proposed by the
Somewhere between these
oil companies. Experience in Alaska's
extremes lies the truth about the
Prudhoe Bay oil field 65 miles to the
effect oil drilling in Alaska has on
west has led to significant improve-
caribou, other wildlife and wilderness
ments in technology and techniques.
values. After letting it lie for several
For instance, drill pads in the refuge
months, Congress has again taken up
will be able to hold twice the number
the task of sorting truth from hyper-
of wells on half the acreage of the
bole as it considers opening 1.5 mil-
drill pads at Prudhoe.
Lion acres of Alaska's Arctic National
Experience with Prudhoe Bay and
Wildlife Refuge to oil exploration.
the Trans-Alaska Pipeline also should
Simultaneously, the House Interior
convince reasonable persons that oil
Committee is reviewing a bill that
development can be especially com-
would designate the same coastal
patible with caribou. If Bush went
plain a wilderness area and thus for.
comically overboard in his assess-
ever close the option of oil drilling.
ment, predictions of caribou doom
The option should be kept open; in
have proved even more laughable.
fact, oil exploration should proceed.
The Central Aretic Caribou Herd has
The chances of a major oil find are
instead thrived in the oil pipeline's
too good (estimated at one in five.
presence.
high by industry averages) and the
Yet environmental groups have
size of the potential strike too great
incredibly trotted out the same myo-
(up to 3.2 billion barrels) to throw
pic prediction of caribou devastation
away.
to oppose oil drilling in the refuge.
BOSTON (MA) HERALD, JULY 19, 1987
A balancing act
on oil exploration
WE ALL know that energy.
Bank. and as long as the in-
conservation efforts in the
dustry refuses to do the kind
United States are lagging.
of risk/benefit analysis poll-
We have only to look at the
ey-makers are looking for.
resurgence in popularity of
how can it expect Congress
bigger cars and the long
to make such distinctions?
lines of traffic to the Cape on
The Interior Department
a summer weekend to know
estimates that should the 19.
that.
million-acre Alaskan tract
Each day this nation. its
beopentonilcxplorationand
people and its industries con-
development. the nation
sume 17.5-million barrels of
stands to gain some 10-bil-
oil, far too much of it import-
lion barrels of oil. Other esti-
ed. Interior Secretary Don-
mates are nearly triple that
aid Hodel estimates that,
figure. The environmental
within three to five years, we
risks are minimal. and If the
will be importing more than
exploration of Prudhoe Bay
50 percent of our oil, thus
is any example. the caribou.
exposing the country to na.
about which environmenta.
tional-security risks and un-
lists are concerned, are in
anticipated shortages.
little danger (in nearby
Clearly. something must
Prudhos Bay the caribou
be done to assure our energy
hard has quadrupled since
future. and despite conser-
exploration and drilling be-
vation efforts. oil will need to
gan there some 20 years
be a part of the mix for a long
ago).
time to come.
But off our own shores on
On all of this, we find com-
Georges Bank. estimates as
mon ground with the petro-
to the oil potential run-ealy
leum industry, which stands
as high as 1-billion barrels.
ready and eager to drill
and oll-industry officials say
wherever and whenever the
n is likely to be only half that.
political power structure al-
Keep in mind that of the
lows. But n is also there that
eight wells drilled in tracts
we part company, for the all
leased in 1901, eight came up
industry is just a little orer-
dry. Here the richs to the
eager, not making the care-
fishing and tourism industry
ful and considered choices
from an offshore spill, how.
that need to be made by our
ever remote that possibility,
policy.makers.
are enormous.
"We have to win the public-
Congress is holding hear.
relations battle on Georges
iags on the Alaska develop.
Bank to win on Alaska." said
ment and Georges Bank. In.
Frank Tivnan, associate di-
terior has scheduled another
rector of the Massachusetts
lease sale for Georges Bank
Petroleum Council. "Clear-
for February 1959, unless
ly. we need to go both to
Congress votes to extend a
Georges Bank and Alaska.
moratorium on such ar.
and to California, too."
rangements.
Well. lots of luck, Mr. Tiv.
At the risk of sounding like
nan. Because as long as the
those folks who say. to one
Industry fails to distinguish
issue or another. OK, "but not
between the enormous en-
in our backyard." we indeed
ergy potential of the Arctic
must say yes to oil explora-
National Wildlife Refuge in
tion - certainly in Alaska.
Alaska with the fairly no-
but no, indeed. not in our
minal potential of Georges
backyard.
THE SUN (Baltimore, MD), Saturday, April 25, 1987
Oil in Alaska
Environmentalists are caught up in a sky-is-
be displaced. But there are millions of untouched
falling frenzy over the prospect of oil drilling on a
adjacent acres. and the displacement will not sig.
any scrip of land in northern Alaska.
nifleantly affect the size of the cartbou herds.
The area. a 20-by-100-mile strip. is part of a
Some scarring of the land to inevitable. But the
19-million acre wildlife reserve in the frague tun-
affected area is minuacule and remote. Environ-
wa. in 1960. Congress protected most of the terri-
mental regulations and restoration technology can
tory by establishing the Arctic National Wildlife
minimize the impact.
Refuge. Eight million acres were set aside as wit-
These effects must be balanced against the po-
derness - forever untouchable by human tech-
tential economic benefits of exploration. Current-
inology. At the same time. Congress directed the
ly. the United States imports 40 percent of its oil.
Intertor Department to conduct a five-year study of
and low prices have discouraged the development
the area's ell-producing potential.
of new sources worldwide. in a few years. produc-
Now comes Interior Secretary Donald Hodel re-
tion around Alaska's Prudhoe Bay will drop to
porting a 20 percent chance that the tiny strip on
between 250.000 and 500,000 barrels. - from
the Aretic Ocean could be sitting on 600 million to
the current 1.8 million per day. By that time for-
9.2 billion barrels of all. He wants Congress to
eign production may have slowed further. and
lease drilling rights to find out.
eloppiness about conservation could boost de-
But environmental realots. long on doctrine and
mand. Some estimates are that by the early
short on cost-benefit considerations. claim the ex-
1990s. OPEC again will be able to dictate prices.
pleration and drilling would tarnish the environ-
The U.S. needs to make certain that in a pinch
ment and disturb cartbou and musk exen native to
x can take care of more of its own energy needs.
the tundra. Their concerns are overblown.
Drilling on the Alaskan coastal plain to not going
Interior Department geologists estimate only
to meet the need entirely. But x is a key part of a
15,000 acres of the 1.5-million acre coastal plain
prudent. forward-lecking energy policy. The U.S.
would experience surface disturbance. Caribou in
has the technology. the regulations and reviews to
that are - plus an area around the factities the
ensure an efficient. safe and environmentally
animals deem a safe distance for calving - will
sound effort. Congress must forge ahead.
THE COLUMBUS (OH) DISPATCH, Sunday, May 24, 1987
Arctic oil potential
Environmentalists and petro-
small portion of which would actual-
leum interests, bolstered by the Rea-
ly contain drilling rigs.
gan administration, are squaring off
Successful drilling to the west
in a battle over a new - and one of
and by Canadian interests to the
the last - oil frontiers in the United
north and east suggest a high proba-
States.
bility that the coastal plain would be
The Arctic National Wildlife
productive.
Refuge along the northern coast of
Balancing environmental inter-
Alaska is closed to oil exploration
ests with the nation's legitimate en-
under the terms of a 1980 law
ergy needs often leads to conflict.
pushed through by the Alaska Coali-
The issues are seldom as black and
tion, a dozen or so environmental
white as the proponents and oppo-
organizations.
nents imply.
Oil interests, including Standard
In northern Alaska, oil interests
Oil Co., have joined forces with the
have 8 track record. The dire predic-
U.S. Department of Interior to open
tions that preceded the Prudhoe Bay
the coastal plain. to drilling. They
drilling failed to materialize. The
project that up to 9.2 billion barrels
caribou herd actually thrived while
of oil could be pumped.
other environmental damage was
The administration, through the
kept to a minimum.
Interior Department, says this will
Oil production in the contiguous
reduce dependence on foreign oil,
48 states has declined in recent
particularly that acquired from the
years increasing reliance on foreign
volatile Middle East; produce royal-
sources and setting the stage for a
ties for the treasury and realize a
new crisis, should an interruption in
net economic benefit for the nation
that supply and the predictable in-
as high as $325 billion.
crease in demand occur.
Environmentalists are adamant.
While an oversupply of oil now
They want oil rigs kept out of the 19-
exists, decreased exploration and in-
million-acre refuge, which they see
creased demand could tighten sup-
as one of the nation's finest. They
plies dramatically in just a few
fear drilling will upset and threaten
years. In the best interests of the
reproductive activity among the re-
nation, carefully monitored explora-
gion's 180,000-head Porcupine eari-
tion and production within the Are-
bou herd, which migrates between
tic National Wildlife Refuge should
Alaska and Canada, but uses the
be pursued.
coastal plain for calving.
The Prudhoe Bay experience sug-
To this concern, the oil compa-
gests that this can be accomplished
Lies point to the Prudhos Bay area,
with minimal damage to the envi-
west of the wildlife refuge, where
ronment. The alternative is a nation
drilling has gone on for the past 10
increasingly held hostage to a for-
years. During that time, the size of
sign oil supply. Because the process
its once-5,000-head caribou herd has
from lease to exploration to discov-
tripled.
ery to actual production can take 10
Spokesmen for the Standard Oil
to 15 years, prolonged opposition
Co. say constraints on drilling would
will only compound the nation's er-
prevent all but minimal damage to
ror of giving too little regard to its
the coastal plain area, only a small
energy self-sufficiency.
THE PITTSBURGH PRESS, SATURDAY, JULY 16, 1988
Oil VS. caribou?
"The caribou love it (the Trans-Alaska
size of the potential strike too great to throw
Pipeline). They rub up against it and they have
away.
babies."
America will need that oil, if not now when
- Vice President George Bush
prices are low and squabbling OPEC nations
"We view the (proposal to allow oil explors-
are overproducing, then someday.
tion in Alaska's Arctic National Wildlife Ref-
Even if drilling began immediately, it
uge) as a no-win situation for both the
would be roughly a decade before oil would
Porcupine Caribou Hard and the people who
flow in significant quantities. Wasn't it only 10
depend on it."
years ago that we were all waiting in gas lines?
- Canadian Porcupine Caribou Manage-
Concerns about damage to wildlife and
ment Board
environment are valid. They are also substan-
Somewhere between these extremes lies
tially addressed both in the bill before Congress
the truth about the effect oil drilling in Alaska
and in the drilling techniques proposed by the
has on caribou, other wildlife and wilderness
oil companies. Experience in Alaska's Prudhoe
values. After letting it lie for several months,
Bay oil field 65 miles to the west has led to sig-
Congress has again taken up the task of sorting
nificant improvements in technology.
truth from hyperbole as it considers opening 1.5
million acres of Alaska's Arctic National
Experience with Prudhoe Bay and the
Wildlife Refuge to oil exploration.
Trans-Alaska Pipeline also should convince
reasonable persons that oil development can be
Simultaneously, the House Interior Com-
especially compatible with caribou.
mittee is reviewing a bill that would designate
the same coastal plain a wilderness area and
If Mr. Bush went comically overboard in his
thus forever close the option of oil drilling.
assessment, prodictions of caribou doom have
also gone unfounded. The Central Arctic
The option should be kept open. The chances
Caribou Herd has instead thrived in the oil
of a major oil find are too good and the
pipeline's presence.
PARTIAL LIST OF COMPANIES/ORGANIZATIONS
SUPPORTING OIL & GAS EXPLORATION AND DEVELOPMENT
OF THE
COASTAL PLAIN OF THE ARCTIC NATIONAL WILDLIFE REFUGE
Air Transport Association of America
Alaska Association of Realtors
Alaska Business Strategies
Alaska Farm Bureau Federation
Alaska Oil and Gas Association
Alaska State Chamber of Commerce
Alaska Support Industry Alliance
Amerada Hess Corporation
American Association of Blacks in Energy
American Association of Petroleum Landmen
American Institute of Merchant Shipping
American Mining Congress
American Petroleum Institute
American Sheep Industries Association
American Trucking Association
Americans For A Rational Energy Policy
Amoco Production Company
Anchorage Chamber of Commerce
Anchorage Sand & Gravel
ARCO Alaska, Inc.
Arctic Slope Regional Corporation
The Associated Builders and Contractors
The Associated General Contractors of America
Association of Oil Pipelines
BP Exploration
BP North America
Brown & Root, Inc.
Caterpillar, Inc.
Chevron U.S.A., Inc.
Columbia Helicopter, Inc.
Conoco, Inc.
Cooper Industries, Inc.
Crowley Maritime
Dresser Industries, Inc.
Exxon Company, U.S.A.
Fluor Corporation
Free Committee
HEHR International, Inc.
Highway Users Federation
Independent Petroleum Association of America
International Association of Drilling Contractors
International Association of Geophysical Contractors
Interstate Natural Gas Association of America
Joint Maritime Congress
Marathon Oil Company
Marriott Corporation
Mobil Oil Corporation
NAACP-Anchorage Branch
National Association of Home Builders
National Association of Manufacturers
National Association of Realtors
National Cattlemen's Association
National Coal Association
National Council of Farmer Cooperatives
National Federation of Business and Professional
Women, Alaska Chapter
The National Grange
National Inholders Association
National Marine Engineers Beneficial Association
National Marine Manufacturers Association
National Ocean Industries Association
National Tour Association, Inc.
Natural Gas Supply Association
NL Industries, Inc.
Petroleum Equipment Suppliers Association
Public Lands Council
Recreation Vehicle Industry Association
Resource Development Council
Retired Officers Association
Rocky Mountain Oil and Gas Association
Shell Western E & P, Inc.
Texaco, Inc.
The Transportation Institute
U.S. Chamber of Commerce
U.S. Hispanic Chamber of Commerce
Western States Petroleum Association
ANWR: GLOSSARY OF KEY TERMS
1.
Alaska National Interests Lands Conservation Act (ANILCA): Passed in 1980, the
law nearly doubled the size of the existing refuge (formally called the Arctic National
Wildlife Range), giving it a total of more than 19 million acres. The law also
required the Department of Interior to study the ANWR Coastal Plain area to
determine whether oil and gas exploration should be allowed. Section 1002 of
ANILCA specifically required the Secretary of Interior to report to Congress within
five years. The report was released in April, 1987 and recommended oil and gas
exploration and development in the Coastal Plain.
2.
Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR): Sits in the northeast corner of Alaska and
is comprised of 19.3 million acres or 30,000 square miles. The terrain varies
substantially over the entire range, including coastal plains, foothills, and mountains.
3.
ANWR Coastal Plain: The ANWR Coastal Plain, which has not yet been fully
explored, is 1.5 million acres and has been identified as offering the greatest
potential for onshore oil in the U.S. The Coastal Plain is a remote, flat, treeless
expanse which is frozen nine months of the year.
4.
Arctic Slope Regional Corporation: An Inupiat Eskimo-owned corporation, ASRC
has major cultural, subsistence, and economic interests in ANWR and was
established pursuant to the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act of 1971. The
village of Kaktovik, which is adjacent to the Coastal Plain, is part of ASRC.
5.
Kaktovik: The village is located on Barter Island, just north of the ANWR Coastal
Plain. It is the only village within the refuge and has approximately 210 residents,
most of whom are Inupiat Eskimos. The Inupiat traditionally have had a subsistence
economy. Today their subsistence economy has been partially integrated with a cash
system.
6.
Prudhoe Bay, Kuparuk, Lisburne, Milne Point: Prudhoe Bay was discovered in 1968
by oil companies conducting exploration operations primarily on state lands east of
the Colville River. It is the largest oil field in North America, with recoverable
reserves of 10 billion barrels.
Kuparuk, Lisburne, and Milne Point are the three other producing fields of the North
Slope. Together with Prudhoe Bay, these fields account for about 25 percent of all
U.S. oil production.
7.
Caribou: Man's activities in the Arctic have given rise to concerns for potential
effects on the caribou herds that migrate across the North Slope for about three
months out of each year. ANWR is within the range of the Porcupine Caribou Herd
(approximately 180,000 animals) and the Central Arctic Caribou Herd (about 18,000
fields. animals) that migrate through Prudhoe Bay and other North Slope oil-producing
8.
Musk Oxen: Musk oxen, which had previously become extinct in the ANWR area,
were reintroduced in the early 1970's. The herd is still small, numbering a little over
400 animals. The musk oxen spend most of their time in areas adjacent to rivers in
the Coastal Plain where oil and gas operations would be restricted.
9.
Permafrost: The entire Coastal Plain area is underlain by up to 1,500 feet of
permafrost, which is permanently frozen water, rock, sand, and loose soil. The thin
layer above the permafrost is tundra.
10.
Tundra: Tundra is comprised of silt, rocks, and vegetation which varies in thickness
from a few inches to about three feet. Annually, this layer freezes and thaws to a
depth of several feet. The permafrost is susceptible to long-term damage unless care
is taken to minimize the effects of man's activities. In the tundra area, off-road
traffic movement is limited to that time when the surface is frozen and covered with
ice or snow. Special vehicles with large tires that exert little pressure on the surface
are used to protect the surface layer.
ANWR QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
1.
What is the status of legislation to open the Coastal Plain of the Arctic National
Wildlife Refuse (ANWR) to oil and gas exploration and development?
Although ANWR Coastal Plain legislation was put on hold after the oil spill in Prince
William Sound, significant progress was made prior to March 24, 1989.
In 1989, the Senate Energy and Natural Resources Committee reported a bill in
support of opening the Coastal Plain to oil operations. The House Merchant Marine and
Fisheries Committee was working on ANWR legislation at the time of the oil spill.
In 1988, both the Senate Energy and Natural Resources Committee and the House
Merchant Marine and Fisheries Committee reported bills to open the Coastal Plain to oil
and gas development. However, Congress adjourned without taking further action on the
measures.
During 1987-88, a total of 35 hearings or mark-up sessions ^I15(^U(R Coastal Plain
legislation were held by the Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources, the
Senate Committee on Environment and Public Works, and the House Committee on
Interior and Insular Affairs. Legislation favoring opening the ANWR Coastal Plain was
approved by the Senate Energy and Natural Resources Committee (S. 2214) and the House
Merchant Marine and Fisheries Committee (H.R. 2601). Neither bill received floor action.
The Subcommittee on Water and Power Resources of the House Interior and Insular Affairs
Committee; which also considered ANWR legislation, did not conclude action on either
H.R. 3601 or other ANWR legislation.
2.
The U.S. Interior Department estimates that the chances of finding oil in the ANWR
Coastal Plain is about one-in-five, and only a one-in-twenty chance of finding a field
the size of Prudhoe Bay. Given these long odds, is this area really worth developing?
The odds are always long in the search for domestic energy supplies. But if the U.S.
oil industry does not take the calculated risks necessary to replace the nation's declining
reserves, America will be even more dependent on oil imports. The U.S. is currently
importing over 50 percent of its oil needs.
New-field wildcat wells in the United States -- wells that are drilled in previously
unexplored areas -- find new major discoveries only two percent of the time.
In an industry that has grown accustomed to finding major oil fields only two percent
of the time with its wildcat drilling programs, a 19 percent chance of finding economically
recoverable oil on the ANWR Coastal Plain -- especially a chance of finding what may be
billions of barrels of oil -- is viewed as an excellent opportunity.
The Interior Department estimates that up to 9.2 billion barrels in conomically
recoverable oil may be found beneath the Coastal Plain area and that the met amount of
expected oil would be 3.2 billion barrels. If the Department's high estimate of 9.2 billion
barrels were to be realized, this would place the Coastal Plain close in size to Prudhoe Bay,
the largest U.S. discovery to date. The mean estimate of 3.2 billion barrels would also be
a significant addition to U.S. oil supplies, and would represent the third largest oil find in
U.S. history.
3.
The Department of the Interior did not drill a single well in its study of the oil
potential on the Coastal Plain. Granted, the surface geology looks good, but is that
enough to be sure that there is any petroleum, let alone producible quantities?
The Department of the Interior did not drill an exploratory well within the Coastal
Plain because Congress, in writing the law establishing the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge
(ANWR), specifically prohibited any drilling.
Although one cannot be sure whether petroleum will be found without actually
drilling, a reasonable estimate of the potential for the existence of petroleum resources was
made. The Department of the Interior makes such estimates prior to virtually every
offshore federal lease sale and seldom bases them on data obtained by actually drilling
within the prospective lease sale area.
Rather, the Interior Department collected a substantial amount of geological data
on which to estimate the petroleum resource potential of the Coastal Plain. For example,
the department considered:
More than 1,300 line miles of seismic data;
approximately 1,300 gravity readings;
field observations and surface measurements conducted by exploration
crews, including studies of the known natural surface seeps of oil, such
as those at the Katakturuk and Jago rivers;
carefully researched maps of the geology of the area; and
outcrop rock samples collected and analyzed for age and geochemistry
(hydrocarbon-generation potential) and porosity and permeability
(potential reservoir characteristics).
The Department of the Interior's report concludes that data from nearby wells in the
Prudhoe Bay area and in the Canadian Beaufort Sea and Mackenzie Delta, combined with
the promising seismic data gathered on the Coastal Plain, indicate extensions of producing
trends and other geologic conditions extremely favorable for discovery of one or more giant
(reserves exceeding 100 million barrels) or supergiant (reserves exceeding 500 million
barrels) oil fields on the Coastal Plain.
4.
Doesn't it make sense to significantly increase the U.S. strategic petroleum reserve
with currently cheap and plentiful foreign oil, rather then draining America of its
frontier oil reserves?
Yes, it does make sense to buy oil for the Strategic Petroleum Reserve (SPR). That
does not preclude the necessity for leasing the Coastal Plain area. It is not an either/or
issue; both are essential to America's energy security, although the objectives are different.
The purpose of the government's SPR is to provide a limited supply of crude oil
should a cutoff in oil imports occur. The reserve cannot provide a long-term supply of oil
to meet normal demand. Moreover, creating the storage facilities to hold that emergency
oil is an expensive and time-consuming process, which adds significantly to the total cost of
acquiring and storing the emergency oil supply.
There are currently 550 million barrels of crude oil stored in the SPR -- less than a
three-month supply of imported oil at current import rates. It could not provide more than
a temporary replacement for foreign oil and could not replace the sharp decline in domestic
oil production that is occurring as older U.S. oil fields are depleted of their reserves.
Replacement of those domestic reserves can be accomplished only through new
domestic discoveries or increased imports.
In recent months, U.S. oil imports have exceeded 50 percent of demand. According
to industry and government estimates, that percentage could rise dramatically, if low prices
and over-production on the world market continue for long. By the year 2000, just 10 years
from now, oil imports could account for some two-thirds of total U.S. demand, unless
significant domestic oil discoveries are made.
5.
Why is it necessary to open all of the Coastal Plain to oil and gas operations?
Geological surveys and seismic studies indicate that the Coastal Plain has vast
potential for discovery of significant oil and gas reserves. However, only a very small
portion of the area would actually be disturbed during exploration and production activities.
Based on the experience at Prudhoe Bay, less than 23 square miles would be affected by
drilling and production pads, roads, and other facilities. That is less than one-tenth of one
percent of the total area of ANWR (30,000 square miles).
If economically significant oil and gas discoveries are made, activities in the area
would last only as long as the reserves are producible -- usually on the order of 20 to 30
years. Once exploration and production operations come to an end, the land would be
restored.
6.
What would be the environmental effects of oil and gas development on the Coastal
Plain?
The area would see minimal environmental impact. The oil industry's 23-year track
record on Alaska's North Slope shows that oil exploration and development can and do
coexist in harmony with the environment. The amount of land which would be affected by
development is less than one-tenth of one percent of the total Arctic National Wildlife
Refuge area.
When oil operations cease in the area, all facilities would be removed and the land
rehabilitated. If exploratory drilling did not reveal promising oil reserves, operations would
cease and no further development would occur.
If a significant petroleum find resulted, the industry would employ the same
protective measures in developing the area that it has used successfully to safeguard the
environment in other North Slope oil fields.
For example, the Transalaska Pipeline has been specially constructed to provide
caribou the access they need to roam freely throughout their range. The pipeline is fully
insulated to avoid melting and damaging the permafrost which supports it.
Other environmentally-sensitive techniques that would be used in ANWR include:
Selecting exploration and production sites where they will cause the
least adverse environmental impact;
minimizing the surface area used during exploration and production by
consolidating facilities (and using directional drilling technology);
designing water crossings to minimize disturbance of river or stream
beds, and to prevent obstruction of the water flow; and
using vehicles that exert low pressures per square inch on the ground
to minimize disturbance of the insulating active layer of tundra.
7.
Environmentalists charge that opening the Coastal Plain to petroleum operations
could have a devastating effect on the migration of the Procupine Caribou Herd.
Industry claims that the smaller Central Arctic Caribou Herd is thriving amid
petroleum operations at Prudhoe Bay. Who's right?
The arguments made by the environmentalists concerning the effects on caribou are
virtually the same as those they presented prior to the first Prudhoe Bay area lease sale in
1964. Events have proven they were wrong then, and there is no reason to suppose that
their arguments today are correct concerning the herds in the neighboring Coastal Plain
area.
The Central Arctic caribou herd, which occupies the Prudhoe Bay area throughout
the year, has adapted well to petroleum operations on the North Slope. For the most part,
the animals roam freely throughout the area, although some females apparently do avoid
the immediate area of the pipeline and other major facilities during calving and post-calving
periods.
According to the U.S. Department of the Interior, the Central Arctic herd has grown
in size since 1970. That year, the herd numbered about 3,000; in 1978, 6,000; in 1981, 9,000;
in 1985, 15,000; and in 1988, 18,000 animals.
To minimize the impact of petroleum operations on the 180,000 Porcupine caribou,
the following actions will be taken:
Burying pipelines where possible;
where burial is not practical, placing ramps over structures in areas of
natural crossings or where development tends to funnel caribou, or
elevating the pipelines to allow free passage in areas without ramps;
reducing vehicle disturbance by limiting the use of the area to essential
industry and agency personnel;
separating roads and pipeline as necessary to make caribou passage
easier;
restricting the seasons when surface activities can take place to
minimize disturbance in areas of calving or concentrated use;
monitoring the size, productivity, movement, and general health of the
herd and the effect of oil development on caribou, so that other
mitigating actions can be taken, if needed;
allowing free movement of caribou to and in insect-relief areas; and
locating facilities away from watercourses and keeping transportation
crossing facilities to a minimum.
8.
How do the Eskimos, who are dependent on the fish and wildlife in the Coastal Plain
area for their subsistence economy, feel about opening the area to petroleum
operations?
Many Eskimos, including community and business leaders, have expressed strong
support for efforts to open the Coastal Plain to development in an environmentally-
responsible manner, citing both economic and energy security reasons.
For example, George Ahmaogak, Sr., an Inupiat Eskimo and Mayor of the North
Slope Borough, points out that tax revenues from Prudhoe Bay and other oil fields, during
the past 10 years, have been the primary source of funds for building schools, roads, housing,
and other facilities throughout the borough. Oil revenues have also made it possible for the
borough to provide medical care and many other types of services in all of its villages.
Another Eskimo leader, Jacob Adams, who is president of the Native-owned Arctic
Slope Regional Corporation, agrees, stating that "our land near the 1002 area represents the
Eskimo people's best chance to participate directly in the economic benefits that North
Slope oil development has brought to Alaska."
9.
There are only a few streams deep enough to sustain fish in the Coastal Plain area.
What assurance is there that oil operations would not pollute or damage these
waterways?
The Interior Department has identified eight streams within the Coastal Plain that
support fish populations. The technology developed and experience gained at Prudhoe Bay
and nearby oil fields and in the construction of the 800-mile Transalaska Pipeline, are
applicable to future petroleum operations within region.
The following mitigating actions will be taken:
Avoiding construction near fish-inhabited streams as much as possible
during spawning seasons;
properly designing and locating roads and pipelines;
restricting gravel removal and other stream alterations;
minimizing the number of stream crossings;
using appropriate containment procedures to prevent any spilled oil or
contaminants from reaching the streams and to protect invertebrate
and aquatic food plant resources; and
constructing road culverts to reduce the potential for trapping fish
lacking overwintering habitats.
COMPATIBILITY OF PETROLEUM OPERATIONS
WITH THE ARCTIC ENVIRONMENT
Opponents to oil and natural gas leasing of the Coastal Plain of the Arctic National
Wildlife Refuge (ANWR) have alleged that petroleum operations at Prudhoe Bay, some 65
miles to the west, have adversely affected the arctic environment. They charge that Prudhoe
Bay operations caused major environmental problems. The allegations, however, are at
odds with the facts.
The petroleum industry's 20 years of experience with operations on the North Slope
of Alaska provide overwhelming evidence that oil and natural gas exploration, development,
and production are environmentally acceptable and would pose no threat to the ecology or
wildlife of the ANWR Coastal Plain. Stringent federal, state, and local regulations are
major safeguards that would protect the ANWR Coastal Plain if oil operations were
permitted there.
The oil and gas fields discovered in the Prudhoe Bay area are currently providing
one-fourth of all the oil produced in the United States. Based on the Prudhoe Bay
experience, less than one-tenth of one percent of ANWR -- or under 23 square miles of the
29,688 square-mile refuge -- would be affected by oil operations. Disruptions of this small
area would be temporary, with the affected areas rehabilitated when operations are
completed.
Air Emissions
Prudhoe Bay air quality consistently meets federal and state standards and is not
comparable to that of large cities.
For example, the Average Annual National Ambient Air Quality Standard for
nitrogen dioxide is 100 micrograms per cubic meter (ug/m3). The monthly average
concentrations downwind of Prudhoe Bay are consistently below 15 ug/m3. In contrast,
levels in New York City average 68 ug/m3 -- four times greater than on the North Slope.
And Washington, D.C., an area virtually devoid of heavy industry, annually averages 74
ug/m3 -- almost five times greater than at Prudhoe Bay.
Research shows that emissions from Prudhoe Bay facilities resulting from the
flaring of natural gas make no significant contribution to air pollution, nor are
production operations the cause of "arctic haze," as some charge.
The plant life (primarily lichens and mosses) eaten by caribou has not been
damaged by air pollution from production operations on the North Slope.
Drilling wastes/muds
Stringent government regulations and tested industry procedures have ensured that
drilling wastes and muds do not pose pollution hazards to the Prudhoe Bay environment.
Drilling operations result in three types of wastes: drilling muds, produced water, and
associated wastes.
Drilling operations produce used drilling muds (natural minerals -- along with small
nontoxic concentrations of additives -- that are used to cool and lubricate the drill bit,
maintain well pressure and carry cuttings to the surface for disposal) and cuttings (rock
fragments removed by the drill bit). After one freeze-thaw cycle, the salts and solids settle
out and the water quality of the pit fluids significantly improves. Melting snow contributes
additional fresh water which further dilutes these fluids.
Current practice for handling of fluids accumulated in reserve pits involves disposal
through injection into deep zones beneath the permafrost. Research is being conducted into
other reserve pit designs and alternative disposal methods for muds and cuttings.
Numerous federal, state and local permits must be obtained in order to construct and
operate a reserve pit on the North Slope. Required permits include a Clean Water Act
permit issued by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and a solid waste disposal permit issued
by the Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation. The lessons learned at Prudhoe
Bay have led the state of Alaska to recently revise its solid waste disposal regulations to
impose additional requirements for the design and operation of reserve pits, incorporating
provisions for environmental monitoring and specific closure procedures.
Produced water
Most produced water, which represents the highest volume by-product from oil
production, is recycled through injection back into the reservoir to assist in pressure
maintenance. Produced water unsuitable for recycling is disposed of through deep well
injection that is regulated under the federal Safe Drinking Water Act and by the State of
Alaska. Deep well injection is an environmentally sound method of disposal.
On the North Slope, fluids are injected below the zone of continuously frozen ground
(permafrost), which extends to as much as 2,000 feet below the surface. Above this zone,
only 18 to 36 inches of soil thaw in the short summer period. Fluid migration through the
permafrost does not occur and water aquifers beneath the zone have been exempted as
drinking water sources by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency because of their high
salt content.
Protecting the environment on the North Slope
The experience gained and technology applied at North Slope oil fields have clearly
demonstrated that such operations are compatible with environmental protection.
Moreover, this knowledge and technology are transferable to operations within the Coastal
Plain of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR).
In developing the North Slope oil fields, many steps have been taken to protect the
environment. These include:
Federal and state regulations that limit many of the off-road
transportation activities in the tundra area to that time when the
surface is completely frozen and snow-covered;
using vehicles that exert low pressures per square inch on the ground
to minimize disturbance of the insulating active layer of tundra;
limiting most seismic and construction work to the winter months,
when the ground is frozen and the snow cover is sufficient to prevent
surface damage;
completing the drilling and testing of exploratory wells during one
winter season, where possible;
minimizing the number of roads and elevating roadways by using
gravel pads up to five feet thick;
placing heated buildings on pillars over gravel pads to allow the air to
flow between the buildings and the pads providing insulation from the
tundra;
selecting exploration and production sites where they will cause the
least adverse environmental impact;
minimizing the surface area used during exploration and production by
consolidating facilities (for example, by using directional drilling
technology many production wellheads may be located on one pad);
designing water crossings to minimize disturbance of river or stream
beds and to prevent obstruction of the water flow;
maintaining stringent quality controls over-sewage discharges, including
secondary treatments;
constructing primary and secondary containment facilities around oil
storage areas and other potential sources of pollution; and
building above or below ground sections for pipelines to allow passage
by caribou and other mammals.
Even before exploration and production begins, there will be extensive surveys made
of wildlife, vegetation, archeological sites and Native populations. These surveys are
important in avoiding nesting sites of threatened or endangered species, in understanding
migration patterns of mammals, fish and waterfowl, and in preserving cultural artifacts of
earlier generations of Native Alaskans.
NATIONAL AMBIENT AIR QUALITY NITROGEN OXIDES STANDARD
The national ambient air quality standard for nitrogen dioxide is 100 micrograms per cubic meter,
based on an annual average. Averages are for 1987.
Los
Angeles
103
National Standard
100
New York
City
Chicago Philadelphia
80
80
80
Micrograms/Cubic Meter
St. Louis
55
50
Prudhoe
Bay
19
Area Affected by
8%
Full Development
1002
Area
1%
X
ANWR
1002 Area
TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCES IN
NORTH SLOPE DRILLING OPERATIONS
Oil was discovered at Prudhoe Bay on Alaska's North Slope in 1968. The first oil
was produced from the Prudhoe Bay field in 1977. Since then, oil has been flowing 800
miles through the Trans-Alaska Pipeline to Valdez. At this time, the Prudhoe Bay,
Kuparuk, Lisburne, Milne Point, and Endicott oil fields account for 25 percent of domestic
oil production.
Over the years, important strides have been made in drilling and production
technology that have reduced the amount of land needed for oil field facilities. This
evolution in technology minimizes the "footprint" of oil activities and is important as we look
to the future and consider development on the Coastal Plain of Alaska's Arctic National
Wildlife Refuge (ANWR).
The oil fields on Alaska's North Slope stand as a model of careful development and
as an example of evolving arctic technology. Because of these technological advances, the
"footprint" of future development in the arctic will be even smaller than the Prudhoe Bay
region.
I. Drilling and Waste Handling Technology.
Wells and facilities in the Arctic are placed on gravel pads which insulate the
permafrost from thawing. The size of new well pads will be dramatically reduced as a result
of improved drilling technology. For example, through the use of directional drilling, many
wells can be drilled at high angles from a single pad.
Hundreds of wells reaching out to all corners of the oil reservoir can be drilled from
just a small number of pads. With experience, drilling technology continues to be refined
and wells are drilled at ever greater angles. As a result, the number of wells that can be
drilled from a single pad continues to increase and the pads have become dramatically
smaller.
Other major advances in technology include new drilling rigs which decrease the
distance between wells on the surface. The space required for drilling operations is now
one-third to one-half what it was a decade ago.
When Prudhoe Bay was first developed, well spacings of 120 feet or more were
common. When the neighboring Kuparuk field was built, wells were initially drilled 60 feet
apart. Now, with directional drilling, high angle wells, and newly designed rigs, wells can
be drilled 25 feet apart. In special cases, wells have been drilled as little as 10 feet apart.
Previously, drill pads included reserve pits large enough to hold drilling mud, cuttings,
and fluids from all the wells drilled on that pad. Alternative methods for handling fluids
have been implemented. Reserve pits are now designed to contain only the solid cuttings
removed from the well. Fluids are either placed back in the well from which they are
produced, or collected and placed in another well. Advances in drilling and waste handling
technology have reduced the footprint of a well pad by more than one-half.
II. Production Technology.
As with drilling technology, a decade of experience has led to the development of
new production equipment and the refinement of facility design. Production facilities
separate the oil from the natural gas and water. Recently, efforts to redesign the production
facilities at Prudhoe Bay showed the same facilities could be rebuilt today using
approximately one-half the surface space.
III. Oil Field Support Services.
On the North Slope, many contractors provide equipment and special support
services to the oil companies operating the fields. At Prudhoe Bay, the State of Alaska
leases the land to these businesses in an area known as Deadhorse. The facilities at
Deadhorse cover about 1,050 acres.
A new satellite service center in the Kuparuk oil field occupies only 55 acres. The
Kuparuk Industrial Center (KIC) has consolidated many of the support service companies
at a single facility which minimizes the duplication of common facilities required by
contractors. In ANWR, operators will maintain control and restrict the footprint as was
done at the Kuparuk Industrial Center.
IV. ANWR Coastal Plain.
The Coastal Plain of ANWR is covered with snow nearly three-quarters of the year.
During the brief arctic summer, the tundra comes alive with vegetation and wildlife. The
advances in technology ensure that all facilities are designed to minimize surface disturbance
and to protect the environment. Visual impact of oil development on the ANWR Coastal
Plain will be extremely small.
The area required for well pads, production facilities, and service centers will be
dramatically less than for the Prudhoe Bay oil field. The surface area will be reduced by
at least 50 percent by drilling more wells from smaller pads, consolidating support service
contractors, and using the latest production equipment.
V. Summary.
During the last 30 years, the oil industry has been exploring and operating on
Alaska's North Slope. In that time, the industry has conducted responsible, environmentally
sound operations -- from oil exploration to field development and production. Knowledge
gained from past and existing operations and activities has been incorporated into the
planning of future projects.
Numerous studies have enhanced our understanding of the Arctic, and show no
evidence of significant impacts. The industry is regulated and committed to continued
research and monitoring of its activities in the Arctic.
Advances in technology go hand-in-hand with operating experience. This evolution
of arctic oil field technology has ensured that alteration of the land is minimal and that
disturbances to wildlife are avoided. Therefore, oil development in the Coastal Plain of the
Arctic National Wildlife Refuge has the advantage of three decades of technological
advances in the art of oil field development.
Drill Pad
by
C
Well Bores
The evolution of directional drilling technology has helped to minimize the land needed for drilling operations. Wells
are drilled at angles away from the pad to reach various locations in the oil reservoir.